---
language:
- en
tags:
- recommendation
- reviews
size_categories:
- 10B<n<100B
---

# Amazon Reviews 2023

**Please also visit [amazon-reviews-2023.github.io/](https://amazon-reviews-2023.github.io/) for more details, loading scripts, and preprocessed benchmark files.**

---

<!-- Provide a quick summary of the dataset. -->

This is a large-scale **Amazon Reviews** dataset, collected in **2023** by [McAuley Lab](https://cseweb.ucsd.edu/~jmcauley/), and it includes rich features such as:
1. **User Reviews** (*ratings*, *text*, *helpfulness votes*, etc.);
2. **Item Metadata** (*descriptions*, *price*, *raw image*, etc.);
3. **Links** (*user-item* / *bought together* graphs). 

## What's New?

In the Amazon Reviews'23, we provide:

1. **Larger Dataset:** We collected 571.54M reviews, 245.2% larger than the last version;
2. **Newer Interactions:** Current interactions range from May. 1996 to Sep. 2023;
3. **Richer Metadata:** More descriptive features in item metadata;
4. **Fine-grained Timestamp:** Interaction timestamp at the second or finer level;
5. **Cleaner Processing:** Cleaner item metadata than previous versions;
6. **Standard Splitting:** Standard data splits to encourage RecSys benchmarking.

## Basic Statistics

> We define the <b>#R_Tokens</b> as the number of [tokens](https://pypi.org/project/tiktoken/) in user reviews and <b>#M_Tokens</b> as the number of [tokens](https://pypi.org/project/tiktoken/) if treating the dictionaries of item attributes as strings. We emphasize them as important statistics in the era of LLMs.

> We count the number of items based on user reviews rather than item metadata files. Note that some items lack metadata.

### Compared to Previous Versions

|  Year       | #Review | #User | #Item | #R_Token | #M_Token | #Domain | Timespan          |
| ----------- | ---------: | -------: | -------: | ---------: | ------------: | ------------: |   ------------: |  
| [2013](https://snap.stanford.edu/data/web-Amazon-links.html) | 34.69M      | 6.64M     | 2.44M     | 5.91B             | -- |  28          |  Jun'96 - Mar'13       | 
| [2014](https://cseweb.ucsd.edu/~jmcauley/datasets/amazon/links.html)     | 82.83M      | 21.13M    | 9.86M     | 9.16B             | 4.14B | 24          | May'96 - Jul'14       |
| [2018](https://cseweb.ucsd.edu/~jmcauley/datasets/amazon_v2/)                   | 233.10M      | 43.53M   | 15.17M    | 15.73B             | 7.99B | 29          |  May'96 - Oct'18       |
| <b>[2023](https://)</b>                                                     | **571.54M**  | **54.51M** | **48.19M** | **30.14B**  | **30.78B** | **33**  | **May'96 - Sep'23**    |


### Grouped by Category

| Category                 | #User   | #Item   | #Rating   | #R_Token | #M_Token | Download                     |
| ------------------------ | ------: | ------: | --------: | -------: | -------: | ------------------------------: |
| All_Beauty | 632.0K | 112.6K | 701.5K | 31.6M | 74.1M | <a href='https://datarepo.eng.ucsd.edu/mcauley_group/data/amazon_2023/raw/review_categories/All_Beauty.jsonl.gz' download> review</a>, <a href='https://datarepo.eng.ucsd.edu/mcauley_group/data/amazon_2023/raw/meta_categories/meta_All_Beauty.jsonl.gz' download> meta </a> |
| Amazon_Fashion | 2.0M | 825.9K | 2.5M | 94.9M | 510.5M | <a href='https://datarepo.eng.ucsd.edu/mcauley_group/data/amazon_2023/raw/review_categories/Amazon_Fashion.jsonl.gz' download> review</a>, <a href='https://datarepo.eng.ucsd.edu/mcauley_group/data/amazon_2023/raw/meta_categories/meta_Amazon_Fashion.jsonl.gz' download> meta </a> |
| Appliances | 1.8M | 94.3K | 2.1M | 92.8M | 95.3M | <a href='https://datarepo.eng.ucsd.edu/mcauley_group/data/amazon_2023/raw/review_categories/Appliances.jsonl.gz' download> review</a>, <a href='https://datarepo.eng.ucsd.edu/mcauley_group/data/amazon_2023/raw/meta_categories/meta_Appliances.jsonl.gz' download> meta </a> |
| Arts_Crafts_and_Sewing | 4.6M | 801.3K | 9.0M | 350.0M | 695.4M | <a href='https://datarepo.eng.ucsd.edu/mcauley_group/data/amazon_2023/raw/review_categories/Arts_Crafts_and_Sewing.jsonl.gz' download> review</a>, <a href='https://datarepo.eng.ucsd.edu/mcauley_group/data/amazon_2023/raw/meta_categories/meta_Arts_Crafts_and_Sewing.jsonl.gz' download> meta </a> |
| Automotive | 8.0M | 2.0M | 20.0M | 824.9M | 1.7B | <a href='https://datarepo.eng.ucsd.edu/mcauley_group/data/amazon_2023/raw/review_categories/Automotive.jsonl.gz' download> review</a>, <a href='https://datarepo.eng.ucsd.edu/mcauley_group/data/amazon_2023/raw/meta_categories/meta_Automotive.jsonl.gz' download> meta </a> |
| Baby_Products | 3.4M | 217.7K | 6.0M | 323.3M | 218.6M | <a href='https://datarepo.eng.ucsd.edu/mcauley_group/data/amazon_2023/raw/review_categories/Baby_Products.jsonl.gz' download> review</a>, <a href='https://datarepo.eng.ucsd.edu/mcauley_group/data/amazon_2023/raw/meta_categories/meta_Baby_Products.jsonl.gz' download> meta </a> |
| Beauty_and_Personal_Care | 11.3M | 1.0M | 23.9M | 1.1B | 913.7M | <a href='https://datarepo.eng.ucsd.edu/mcauley_group/data/amazon_2023/raw/review_categories/Beauty_and_Personal_Care.jsonl.gz' download> review</a>, <a href='https://datarepo.eng.ucsd.edu/mcauley_group/data/amazon_2023/raw/meta_categories/meta_Beauty_and_Personal_Care.jsonl.gz' download> meta </a> |
| Books | 10.3M | 4.4M | 29.5M | 2.9B | 3.7B | <a href='https://datarepo.eng.ucsd.edu/mcauley_group/data/amazon_2023/raw/review_categories/Books.jsonl.gz' download> review</a>, <a href='https://datarepo.eng.ucsd.edu/mcauley_group/data/amazon_2023/raw/meta_categories/meta_Books.jsonl.gz' download> meta </a> |
| CDs_and_Vinyl | 1.8M | 701.7K | 4.8M | 514.8M | 287.5M | <a href='https://datarepo.eng.ucsd.edu/mcauley_group/data/amazon_2023/raw/review_categories/CDs_and_Vinyl.jsonl.gz' download> review</a>, <a href='https://datarepo.eng.ucsd.edu/mcauley_group/data/amazon_2023/raw/meta_categories/meta_CDs_and_Vinyl.jsonl.gz' download> meta </a> |
| Cell_Phones_and_Accessories | 11.6M | 1.3M | 20.8M | 935.4M | 1.3B | <a href='https://datarepo.eng.ucsd.edu/mcauley_group/data/amazon_2023/raw/review_categories/Cell_Phones_and_Accessories.jsonl.gz' download> review</a>, <a href='https://datarepo.eng.ucsd.edu/mcauley_group/data/amazon_2023/raw/meta_categories/meta_Cell_Phones_and_Accessories.jsonl.gz' download> meta </a> |
| Clothing_Shoes_and_Jewelry | 22.6M | 7.2M | 66.0M | 2.6B | 5.9B | <a href='https://datarepo.eng.ucsd.edu/mcauley_group/data/amazon_2023/raw/review_categories/Clothing_Shoes_and_Jewelry.jsonl.gz' download> review</a>, <a href='https://datarepo.eng.ucsd.edu/mcauley_group/data/amazon_2023/raw/meta_categories/meta_Clothing_Shoes_and_Jewelry.jsonl.gz' download> meta </a> |
| Digital_Music | 101.0K | 70.5K | 130.4K | 11.4M | 22.3M | <a href='https://datarepo.eng.ucsd.edu/mcauley_group/data/amazon_2023/raw/review_categories/Digital_Music.jsonl.gz' download> review</a>, <a href='https://datarepo.eng.ucsd.edu/mcauley_group/data/amazon_2023/raw/meta_categories/meta_Digital_Music.jsonl.gz' download> meta </a> |
| Electronics | 18.3M | 1.6M | 43.9M | 2.7B | 1.7B | <a href='https://datarepo.eng.ucsd.edu/mcauley_group/data/amazon_2023/raw/review_categories/Electronics.jsonl.gz' download> review</a>, <a href='https://datarepo.eng.ucsd.edu/mcauley_group/data/amazon_2023/raw/meta_categories/meta_Electronics.jsonl.gz' download> meta </a> |
| Gift_Cards | 132.7K | 1.1K | 152.4K | 3.6M | 630.0K | <a href='https://datarepo.eng.ucsd.edu/mcauley_group/data/amazon_2023/raw/review_categories/Gift_Cards.jsonl.gz' download> review</a>, <a href='https://datarepo.eng.ucsd.edu/mcauley_group/data/amazon_2023/raw/meta_categories/meta_Gift_Cards.jsonl.gz' download> meta </a> |
| Grocery_and_Gourmet_Food | 7.0M | 603.2K | 14.3M | 579.5M | 462.8M | <a href='https://datarepo.eng.ucsd.edu/mcauley_group/data/amazon_2023/raw/review_categories/Grocery_and_Gourmet_Food.jsonl.gz' download> review</a>, <a href='https://datarepo.eng.ucsd.edu/mcauley_group/data/amazon_2023/raw/meta_categories/meta_Grocery_and_Gourmet_Food.jsonl.gz' download> meta </a> |
| Handmade_Products | 586.6K | 164.7K | 664.2K | 23.3M | 125.8M | <a href='https://datarepo.eng.ucsd.edu/mcauley_group/data/amazon_2023/raw/review_categories/Handmade_Products.jsonl.gz' download> review</a>, <a href='https://datarepo.eng.ucsd.edu/mcauley_group/data/amazon_2023/raw/meta_categories/meta_Handmade_Products.jsonl.gz' download> meta </a> |
| Health_and_Household | 12.5M | 797.4K | 25.6M | 1.2B | 787.2M | <a href='https://datarepo.eng.ucsd.edu/mcauley_group/data/amazon_2023/raw/review_categories/Health_and_Household.jsonl.gz' download> review</a>, <a href='https://datarepo.eng.ucsd.edu/mcauley_group/data/amazon_2023/raw/meta_categories/meta_Health_and_Household.jsonl.gz' download> meta </a> |
| Health_and_Personal_Care | 461.7K | 60.3K | 494.1K | 23.9M | 40.3M | <a href='https://datarepo.eng.ucsd.edu/mcauley_group/data/amazon_2023/raw/review_categories/Health_and_Personal_Care.jsonl.gz' download> review</a>, <a href='https://datarepo.eng.ucsd.edu/mcauley_group/data/amazon_2023/raw/meta_categories/meta_Health_and_Personal_Care.jsonl.gz' download> meta </a> |
| Home_and_Kitchen | 23.2M | 3.7M | 67.4M | 3.1B | 3.8B | <a href='https://datarepo.eng.ucsd.edu/mcauley_group/data/amazon_2023/raw/review_categories/Home_and_Kitchen.jsonl.gz' download> review</a>, <a href='https://datarepo.eng.ucsd.edu/mcauley_group/data/amazon_2023/raw/meta_categories/meta_Home_and_Kitchen.jsonl.gz' download> meta </a> |
| Industrial_and_Scientific | 3.4M | 427.5K | 5.2M | 235.2M | 363.1M | <a href='https://datarepo.eng.ucsd.edu/mcauley_group/data/amazon_2023/raw/review_categories/Industrial_and_Scientific.jsonl.gz' download> review</a>, <a href='https://datarepo.eng.ucsd.edu/mcauley_group/data/amazon_2023/raw/meta_categories/meta_Industrial_and_Scientific.jsonl.gz' download> meta </a> |
| Kindle_Store | 5.6M | 1.6M | 25.6M | 2.2B | 1.7B | <a href='https://datarepo.eng.ucsd.edu/mcauley_group/data/amazon_2023/raw/review_categories/Kindle_Store.jsonl.gz' download> review</a>, <a href='https://datarepo.eng.ucsd.edu/mcauley_group/data/amazon_2023/raw/meta_categories/meta_Kindle_Store.jsonl.gz' download> meta </a> |
| Magazine_Subscriptions | 60.1K | 3.4K | 71.5K | 3.8M | 1.3M | <a href='https://datarepo.eng.ucsd.edu/mcauley_group/data/amazon_2023/raw/review_categories/Magazine_Subscriptions.jsonl.gz' download> review</a>, <a href='https://datarepo.eng.ucsd.edu/mcauley_group/data/amazon_2023/raw/meta_categories/meta_Magazine_Subscriptions.jsonl.gz' download> meta </a> |
| Movies_and_TV | 6.5M | 747.8K | 17.3M | 1.0B | 415.5M | <a href='https://datarepo.eng.ucsd.edu/mcauley_group/data/amazon_2023/raw/review_categories/Movies_and_TV.jsonl.gz' download> review</a>, <a href='https://datarepo.eng.ucsd.edu/mcauley_group/data/amazon_2023/raw/meta_categories/meta_Movies_and_TV.jsonl.gz' download> meta </a> |
| Musical_Instruments | 1.8M | 213.6K | 3.0M | 182.2M | 200.1M | <a href='https://datarepo.eng.ucsd.edu/mcauley_group/data/amazon_2023/raw/review_categories/Musical_Instruments.jsonl.gz' download> review</a>, <a href='https://datarepo.eng.ucsd.edu/mcauley_group/data/amazon_2023/raw/meta_categories/meta_Musical_Instruments.jsonl.gz' download> meta </a> |
| Office_Products | 7.6M | 710.4K | 12.8M | 574.7M | 682.8M | <a href='https://datarepo.eng.ucsd.edu/mcauley_group/data/amazon_2023/raw/review_categories/Office_Products.jsonl.gz' download> review</a>, <a href='https://datarepo.eng.ucsd.edu/mcauley_group/data/amazon_2023/raw/meta_categories/meta_Office_Products.jsonl.gz' download> meta </a> |
| Patio_Lawn_and_Garden | 8.6M | 851.7K | 16.5M | 781.3M | 875.1M | <a href='https://datarepo.eng.ucsd.edu/mcauley_group/data/amazon_2023/raw/review_categories/Patio_Lawn_and_Garden.jsonl.gz' download> review</a>, <a href='https://datarepo.eng.ucsd.edu/mcauley_group/data/amazon_2023/raw/meta_categories/meta_Patio_Lawn_and_Garden.jsonl.gz' download> meta </a> |
| Pet_Supplies | 7.8M | 492.7K | 16.8M | 905.9M | 511.0M | <a href='https://datarepo.eng.ucsd.edu/mcauley_group/data/amazon_2023/raw/review_categories/Pet_Supplies.jsonl.gz' download> review</a>, <a href='https://datarepo.eng.ucsd.edu/mcauley_group/data/amazon_2023/raw/meta_categories/meta_Pet_Supplies.jsonl.gz' download> meta </a> |
| Software | 2.6M | 89.2K | 4.9M | 179.4M | 67.1M | <a href='https://datarepo.eng.ucsd.edu/mcauley_group/data/amazon_2023/raw/review_categories/Software.jsonl.gz' download> review</a>, <a href='https://datarepo.eng.ucsd.edu/mcauley_group/data/amazon_2023/raw/meta_categories/meta_Software.jsonl.gz' download> meta </a> |
| Sports_and_Outdoors | 10.3M | 1.6M | 19.6M | 986.2M | 1.3B | <a href='https://datarepo.eng.ucsd.edu/mcauley_group/data/amazon_2023/raw/review_categories/Sports_and_Outdoors.jsonl.gz' download> review</a>, <a href='https://datarepo.eng.ucsd.edu/mcauley_group/data/amazon_2023/raw/meta_categories/meta_Sports_and_Outdoors.jsonl.gz' download> meta </a> |
| Subscription_Boxes | 15.2K | 641 | 16.2K | 1.0M | 447.0K | <a href='https://datarepo.eng.ucsd.edu/mcauley_group/data/amazon_2023/raw/review_categories/Subscription_Boxes.jsonl.gz' download> review</a>, <a href='https://datarepo.eng.ucsd.edu/mcauley_group/data/amazon_2023/raw/meta_categories/meta_Subscription_Boxes.jsonl.gz' download> meta </a> |
| Tools_and_Home_Improvement | 12.2M | 1.5M | 27.0M | 1.3B | 1.5B | <a href='https://datarepo.eng.ucsd.edu/mcauley_group/data/amazon_2023/raw/review_categories/Tools_and_Home_Improvement.jsonl.gz' download> review</a>, <a href='https://datarepo.eng.ucsd.edu/mcauley_group/data/amazon_2023/raw/meta_categories/meta_Tools_and_Home_Improvement.jsonl.gz' download> meta </a> |
| Toys_and_Games | 8.1M | 890.7K | 16.3M | 707.9M | 848.3M | <a href='https://datarepo.eng.ucsd.edu/mcauley_group/data/amazon_2023/raw/review_categories/Toys_and_Games.jsonl.gz' download> review</a>, <a href='https://datarepo.eng.ucsd.edu/mcauley_group/data/amazon_2023/raw/meta_categories/meta_Toys_and_Games.jsonl.gz' download> meta </a> |
| Video_Games | 2.8M | 137.2K | 4.6M | 347.9M | 137.3M | <a href='https://datarepo.eng.ucsd.edu/mcauley_group/data/amazon_2023/raw/review_categories/Video_Games.jsonl.gz' download> review</a>, <a href='https://datarepo.eng.ucsd.edu/mcauley_group/data/amazon_2023/raw/meta_categories/meta_Video_Games.jsonl.gz' download> meta </a> |
| Unknown | 23.1M | 13.2M | 63.8M | 3.3B | 232.8M | <a href='https://datarepo.eng.ucsd.edu/mcauley_group/data/amazon_2023/raw/review_categories/Unknown.jsonl.gz' download> review</a>, <a href='https://datarepo.eng.ucsd.edu/mcauley_group/data/amazon_2023/raw/meta_categories/meta_Unknown.jsonl.gz' download> meta </a> |


> Check Pure ID files and corresponding data splitting strategies in <b>[Common Data Processing](data_processing/index)</b> section.

## Quick Start

### Load User Reviews


```
import json

file = # e.g., "All_Beauty.jsonl", downloaded from the `review` link above
with open(file, 'r') as fp:
    for line in fp:
        print(json.loads(line.strip()))
```

```text
......
{
  "sortTimestamp": 1634275259292,
  "rating": 3.0,
  "helpfulVotes": 0,
  "title": "Meh",
  "text": "These were lightweight and soft but much too small for my liking. I would have preferred two of these together to make one loc. For that reason I will not be repurchasing.",
  "images": [
    {
      "smallImageUrl": "https://m.media-amazon.com/images/I/81FN4c0VHzL._SL256_.jpg",
      "mediumImageUrl": "https://m.media-amazon.com/images/I/81FN4c0VHzL._SL800_.jpg",
      "largeImageUrl": "https://m.media-amazon.com/images/I/81FN4c0VHzL._SL1600_.jpg",
      "attachmentType": "IMAGE"
    }
  ],
  "asin": "B088SZDGXG",
  "verifiedPurchase": true,
  "parent_asin": "B08BBQ29N5",
  "user_id": "AEYORY2AVPMCPDV57CE337YU5LXA"
}
......
```

### Load Item Metadata

```
import json

file = # e.g., "meta_All_Beauty.jsonl", downloaded from the `meta` link above
with open(file, 'r') as fp:
    for line in fp:
        print(json.loads(line.strip()))
```

```text
......
{
  "main_category": "All Beauty",
  "title": "Lurrose 100Pcs Full Cover Fake Toenails Artificial Transparent Nail Tips Nail Art for DIY",
  "average_rating": 3.7,
  "rating_number": 35,
  "features": [
    "The false toenails are durable with perfect length. You have the option to wear them long or clip them short, easy to trim and file them to in any length and shape you like.",
    "ABS is kind of green enviromental material, and makes the nails durable, breathable, light even no pressure on your own nails.",
    "Fit well to your natural toenails. Non toxic, no smell, no harm to your health.",
    "Wonderful as gift for girlfriend, family and friends.",
    "The easiest and most efficient way to do your toenail tips for manicures or nail art designs. It's fashion, creative, a useful accessory brighten up your look, also as a gift."
  ],
  "description": [
    "Description",
    "The false toenails are durable with perfect length. You have the option to wear them long or clip them short, easy to trim and file them to in any length and shape you like. Plus, ABS is kind of green enviromental material, and makes the nails durable, breathable, light even no pressure on your own toenails. Fit well to your natural toenails. Non toxic, no smell, no harm to your health.",
    "Feature",
    "- Color: As Shown.- Material: ABS.- Size: 14.3 x 7.2 x 1cm.",
    "Package Including",
    "100 x Pieces fake toenails"
  ],
  "price": 6.99,
  "images": [
    {
      "hiRes": "https://m.media-amazon.com/images/I/41a1Sj7Q20L._SL1005_.jpg",
      "thumb": "https://m.media-amazon.com/images/I/31dlCd7tHSL._SS40_.jpg",
      "large": "https://m.media-amazon.com/images/I/31dlCd7tHSL.jpg",
      "variant": "MAIN"
    },
    {
      "hiRes": "https://m.media-amazon.com/images/I/510BWq7O95L._SL1005_.jpg",
      "thumb": "https://m.media-amazon.com/images/I/31sLajrdHOL._SS40_.jpg",
      "large": "https://m.media-amazon.com/images/I/31sLajrdHOL.jpg",
      "variant": "PT01"
    },
    ......
  ],
  "videos": [],
  "boughtTogether": null,
  "store": "Lurrose",
  "categories": [],
  "details": {
    "Color": "As Shown",
    "Size": "Large",
    "Material": "Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)",
    "Brand": "Lurrose",
    "Style": "French",
    "Product Dimensions": "5.63 x 2.83 x 0.39 inches; 1.9 Ounces",
    "UPC": "799768026253",
    "Manufacturer": "Lurrose"
  },
  "parent_asin": "B07G9GWFSM"
}
......
```

```{seealso}
Check data loading examples and Huggingface datasets APIs in <b>[Common Data Loading](data_loading/index)</b> section.
```


## Data Fields

### For User Reviews

| Field | Type |  Explanation |
| ----- | ---- | ----------- |
| rating | float | Rating of the product (from 1.0 to 5.0). |
| title  | str | Title of the user review. |
| text   | str | Text body of the user review. |
| images | list | Images that users post after they have received the product. Each image has different sizes (small, medium, large), represented by the small_image_url, medium_image_url, and large_image_url respectively. |
| asin  | str | ID of the product. |
| parent_asin | str | Parent ID of the product. Note: Products with different colors, styles, sizes usually belong to the same parent ID. The “asin” in previous Amazon datasets is actually parent ID. <b>Please use parent ID to find product meta.</b> |
| user_id | str | ID of the reviewer |
| timestamp | int | Time of the review (unix time) |
| verified_purchase | bool | User purchase verification |
| helpful_vote | int | Helpful votes of the review |

### For Item Metadata

| Field | Type |  Explanation |
| ----- | ---- | ----------- |
| main_category | str | Main category (i.e., domain) of the product. |
| title | str | Name of the product. |
| average_rating | float | Rating of the product shown on the product page. |
| rating_number | int | Number of ratings in the product. |
| features | list | Bullet-point format features of the product. |
| description | list | Description of the product. |
| price  | float | Price in US dollars (at time of crawling). |
| images | list |  Images of the product. Each image has different sizes (thumb, large, hi_res). The “variant” field shows the position of image. |
| videos | list | Videos of the product including title and url. |
| store | str | Store name of the product. |
| categories | list | Hierarchical categories of the product. |
| details | dict | Product details, including materials, brand, sizes, etc. |
| parent_asin | str | Parent ID of the product. |
| bought_together | list | Recommended bundles from the websites. |

## Contact Us

- **Report Bugs**: To report bugs in the dataset, please file an issue on our [GitHub](https://github.com/hyp1231/AmazonReviews2023/issues/new).

- **Others**: For research collaborations or other questions, please email **yphou AT ucsd.edu**.