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+ U.S. Air Force Brig. Gen. Lance Pilch, 380th Air Expeditionary Wing commander, uses the Jaws of Life tool to remove the door from a truck during an exercise Dec. 28, 2019. U.S. Air Force photo by Staff Sgt. Anna-kay Ellis
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Driving down the interstate, you reach down to grab your cellphone that fell to the passenger-side floorboard. In an instant, you inadvertently swerve onto the shoulder of the road, and your car flips as you attempt to regain control. When your car comes to rest, you've got a broken leg, your car is upside down and you're pinned underneath the dashboard. In this type of situation, rescue workers will use a set of tools commonly called the "Jaws of Life" to cut away the car and get you out.
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The term "Jaws of Life" refers to several types of piston-rod hydraulic tools known as cutters, spreaders and rams that are used to pry open vehicles involved in accidents when a victim may be trapped.
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During emergencies, when a few wasted seconds can cost lives, the Jaws of Life are brought in to remove victims from the crashed vehicle. These devices are also used to extricate victims from collapsed concrete and steel structures after earthquakes. In this article, you will learn how these simple hydraulic systems work, the purpose of each device and how they're powered.
Oil is the most commonly used incompressible fluid for hydraulic machines. However, the Jaws of Life equipment uses a phosphate-ester fluid, which is fire resistant and electrically non-conductive. At a crash scene, this type of synthetic fluid is favored over conventional oil.
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In a simple hydraulic system, when a piston pushes down on the oil, the oil transmits all of the original force to another piston, which is driven up
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The Jaws of Life equipment is some of the most unsophisticated hydraulic machinery, because there are very few parts involved in making the devices work. In the cutter and spreader, a portable engine pumps pressurized hydraulic fluid into the piston cylinder through one of two hose ports. A typical Jaws of Life machine uses about 1 quart of hydraulic fluid. An operator-controlled valve switch controls which port the fluid enters through. If it enters one port, the fluid forces the rod up and opens the arms of the spreader or blades of the cutter. The operator can then toggle the switch and cause the rod to retract, closing the arms or blades.
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In the next two sections, we will take a closer look at the types of equipment that are generally referred to as the "Jaws of Life."
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+ Spreaders
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+ The spreader is used to pull pieces of the structure apart, or it can be inserted into the side of the vehicle to tear a section out. Firehouse.com
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Spreaders and cutters are probably the two pieces of equipment that most people think about when they hear about the Jaws of Life on a news report. The powerful jaws of these machines can tear apart most vehicles like cutting through a tin can. The spreader is used to pull pieces of the structure apart, or it can be inserted into the side of the vehicle to tear a section out. The cutter, as the name suggests, is used to cut through the vehicle like a pair of giant bolt cutters. The mechanics of how these two devices work are very similar, and some Jaws of Life equipment combine the cutter and spreader into one machine.
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A spreader consists of pincer-like, aluminum alloy arms with tips made of heat-treated steel to provide maximum strength for tearing into a vehicle or building. There are spreaders of different sizes, so the specifications differ as to how much spreading force the equipment possesses or how much space can be opened up on a vehicle. Let's look at the ML-32 Hurst Jaws of Life spreader as an example. This particular spreader provides:
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16,000 pounds (71 kiloNewtons) spreading force
14,400 pounds (64 kiloNewtons) pulling force
32 inches (81.9 cm) opening distance
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Other spreaders can provide more or less spreading and pulling force. The body of the ML-32 spreader is made out of aluminum alloy and the piston and piston rod are made from forged alloy steel. When the portable engine is started, oil flows through a set of hydraulic hoses into the hydraulic pump inside the machine's housing. A typical power unit might be a 5-horsepower gasoline engine that operates at 5,000 pounds per square inch (psi), although the pressure differs in different power units. This type of engine can run on about 0.5 gallons (2 liters) of gas for about 45 minutes to an hour.
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To open the arms of the spreader, the operator slides a valve switch that causes the hydraulic fluid to flow from one hose into the cylinder, pushing the piston and rod up. This rod is attached to linkages that are conjointly attached to the spreader's arms. When the rod pushes up, it causes the linkages to rotate, which opens the arms. To close the arms, the operator moves the valve in the opposite direction, which causes the hydraulic fluid to flow through a second hose.
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To use the spreader, a rescue worker inserts the closed spreader arms into an opening in the vehicle or structure, such as a door jamb. The spreader can also clamp down on a structure to crush any material between its arms.
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As you will see in the next section, cutters are very similar to spreaders in how they operate.
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+ Cutters and Rams
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+ Jaws of Life cutters can be used to cut roofs off the tops of cars. U.S. Air Force photo/Tech. Sgt. James Hodgman
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Like spreaders, cutters have a mouth that opens and closes. However, cutters are more like big chompers that bite through metal and other vehicle materials. If you've ever seen this device in action, you know that it can snap a car-door post like a twig in a few seconds. As the pressure comes down on the door post, the cutters just snap right through it.
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Cutters typically have an aluminum-alloy housing with forged, heat-treated steel blades. The piston and piston rod are often made of heat-treated alloy steel. The cutters are used to cut or shear through materials such as sheet metal and plastic. Most often, they are used to cut through automobiles and other vehicles to free trapped passengers. Like the spreader, it can run off a gasoline-driven power unit. Jaws of Life systems can also be powered electrically, pneumatically or hydraulically.
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Instead of arms, the cutter has curved, claw-like extensions that come to a point. Just like in the spreader, hydraulic fluid flows into a cylinder, placing pressure on a piston. Depending on the side of the piston that force is exerted on, the claws either open or close. When the piston rod is raised, the claws open. As the piston rod lowers, the claws of the cutter come together around a structure, such as a car roof, and pinch through it.
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Cutters come in different sizes, but let's look at the Hurst Jaws of Life ML-40 model as an example. This particular model gives the operator:
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12,358 pounds (60 kiloNewtons) cutting force at the blade center
22,455 pounds (99.9 kiloNewtons) cutting force at the notch
4.25-inch (10.8-cm) cuts
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If you understand the operation of the spreader and cutter, the ram is going to seem about as complex as a pair of scissors (if scissors had hydraulics, of course). The ram is the most basic type of hydraulic system: It's just a matter of using hydraulic fluid to move a piston head inside a cylinder to extend and retract a piston rod. If you look at some heavy construction equipment, like a backhoe loader, you'll notice that rams are used to control the boom arm.
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+ A ram can be used to push a collapsed dashboard forward to free a victim.
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The ram's function is to push apart sections of the car (or other structure). For instance, a rescue worker can place a ram on the door frame and extend the piston to push the dashboard up, creating enough space to free a crash victim.
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+
+
+
+
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+
Hydraulics play an important part in many of the machines around us, but none may be as vital as the equipment known as the "Jaws of Life." These devices have been called upon to save thousands of lives in situations where a few seconds could mean the difference between life and death.
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For much more information, check out the links on the next page.
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+ U.S. Air Force Brig. Gen. Lance Pilch, 380th Air Expeditionary Wing commander, uses the Jaws of Life tool to remove the door from a truck during an exercise Dec. 28, 2019. U.S. Air Force photo by Staff Sgt. Anna-kay Ellis
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Driving down the interstate, you reach down to grab your cellphone that fell to the passenger-side floorboard. In an instant, you inadvertently swerve onto the shoulder of the road, and your car flips as you attempt to regain control. When your car comes to rest, you've got a broken leg, your car is upside down and you're pinned underneath the dashboard. In this type of situation, rescue workers will use a set of tools commonly called the "Jaws of Life" to cut away the car and get you out.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
The term "Jaws of Life" refers to several types of piston-rod hydraulic tools known as cutters, spreaders and rams that are used to pry open vehicles involved in accidents when a victim may be trapped.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
During emergencies, when a few wasted seconds can cost lives, the Jaws of Life are brought in to remove victims from the crashed vehicle. These devices are also used to extricate victims from collapsed concrete and steel structures after earthquakes. In this article, you will learn how these simple hydraulic systems work, the purpose of each device and how they're powered.
Oil is the most commonly used incompressible fluid for hydraulic machines. However, the Jaws of Life equipment uses a phosphate-ester fluid, which is fire resistant and electrically non-conductive. At a crash scene, this type of synthetic fluid is favored over conventional oil.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
In a simple hydraulic system, when a piston pushes down on the oil, the oil transmits all of the original force to another piston, which is driven up
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
The Jaws of Life equipment is some of the most unsophisticated hydraulic machinery, because there are very few parts involved in making the devices work. In the cutter and spreader, a portable engine pumps pressurized hydraulic fluid into the piston cylinder through one of two hose ports. A typical Jaws of Life machine uses about 1 quart of hydraulic fluid. An operator-controlled valve switch controls which port the fluid enters through. If it enters one port, the fluid forces the rod up and opens the arms of the spreader or blades of the cutter. The operator can then toggle the switch and cause the rod to retract, closing the arms or blades.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
In the next two sections, we will take a closer look at the types of equipment that are generally referred to as the "Jaws of Life."
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+
+
+
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+ Spreaders
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+ The spreader is used to pull pieces of the structure apart, or it can be inserted into the side of the vehicle to tear a section out. Firehouse.com
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Spreaders and cutters are probably the two pieces of equipment that most people think about when they hear about the Jaws of Life on a news report. The powerful jaws of these machines can tear apart most vehicles like cutting through a tin can. The spreader is used to pull pieces of the structure apart, or it can be inserted into the side of the vehicle to tear a section out. The cutter, as the name suggests, is used to cut through the vehicle like a pair of giant bolt cutters. The mechanics of how these two devices work are very similar, and some Jaws of Life equipment combine the cutter and spreader into one machine.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
A spreader consists of pincer-like, aluminum alloy arms with tips made of heat-treated steel to provide maximum strength for tearing into a vehicle or building. There are spreaders of different sizes, so the specifications differ as to how much spreading force the equipment possesses or how much space can be opened up on a vehicle. Let's look at the ML-32 Hurst Jaws of Life spreader as an example. This particular spreader provides:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
16,000 pounds (71 kiloNewtons) spreading force
14,400 pounds (64 kiloNewtons) pulling force
32 inches (81.9 cm) opening distance
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Other spreaders can provide more or less spreading and pulling force. The body of the ML-32 spreader is made out of aluminum alloy and the piston and piston rod are made from forged alloy steel. When the portable engine is started, oil flows through a set of hydraulic hoses into the hydraulic pump inside the machine's housing. A typical power unit might be a 5-horsepower gasoline engine that operates at 5,000 pounds per square inch (psi), although the pressure differs in different power units. This type of engine can run on about 0.5 gallons (2 liters) of gas for about 45 minutes to an hour.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
To open the arms of the spreader, the operator slides a valve switch that causes the hydraulic fluid to flow from one hose into the cylinder, pushing the piston and rod up. This rod is attached to linkages that are conjointly attached to the spreader's arms. When the rod pushes up, it causes the linkages to rotate, which opens the arms. To close the arms, the operator moves the valve in the opposite direction, which causes the hydraulic fluid to flow through a second hose.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
To use the spreader, a rescue worker inserts the closed spreader arms into an opening in the vehicle or structure, such as a door jamb. The spreader can also clamp down on a structure to crush any material between its arms.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
As you will see in the next section, cutters are very similar to spreaders in how they operate.
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+
+
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+ Cutters and Rams
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+ Jaws of Life cutters can be used to cut roofs off the tops of cars. U.S. Air Force photo/Tech. Sgt. James Hodgman
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Like spreaders, cutters have a mouth that opens and closes. However, cutters are more like big chompers that bite through metal and other vehicle materials. If you've ever seen this device in action, you know that it can snap a car-door post like a twig in a few seconds. As the pressure comes down on the door post, the cutters just snap right through it.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Cutters typically have an aluminum-alloy housing with forged, heat-treated steel blades. The piston and piston rod are often made of heat-treated alloy steel. The cutters are used to cut or shear through materials such as sheet metal and plastic. Most often, they are used to cut through automobiles and other vehicles to free trapped passengers. Like the spreader, it can run off a gasoline-driven power unit. Jaws of Life systems can also be powered electrically, pneumatically or hydraulically.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Instead of arms, the cutter has curved, claw-like extensions that come to a point. Just like in the spreader, hydraulic fluid flows into a cylinder, placing pressure on a piston. Depending on the side of the piston that force is exerted on, the claws either open or close. When the piston rod is raised, the claws open. As the piston rod lowers, the claws of the cutter come together around a structure, such as a car roof, and pinch through it.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Cutters come in different sizes, but let's look at the Hurst Jaws of Life ML-40 model as an example. This particular model gives the operator:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
12,358 pounds (60 kiloNewtons) cutting force at the blade center
22,455 pounds (99.9 kiloNewtons) cutting force at the notch
4.25-inch (10.8-cm) cuts
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
If you understand the operation of the spreader and cutter, the ram is going to seem about as complex as a pair of scissors (if scissors had hydraulics, of course). The ram is the most basic type of hydraulic system: It's just a matter of using hydraulic fluid to move a piston head inside a cylinder to extend and retract a piston rod. If you look at some heavy construction equipment, like a backhoe loader, you'll notice that rams are used to control the boom arm.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
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+
+
+ A ram can be used to push a collapsed dashboard forward to free a victim.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
The ram's function is to push apart sections of the car (or other structure). For instance, a rescue worker can place a ram on the door frame and extend the piston to push the dashboard up, creating enough space to free a crash victim.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Hydraulics play an important part in many of the machines around us, but none may be as vital as the equipment known as the "Jaws of Life." These devices have been called upon to save thousands of lives in situations where a few seconds could mean the difference between life and death.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
For much more information, check out the links on the next page.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ U.S. Air Force Brig. Gen. Lance Pilch, 380th Air Expeditionary Wing commander, uses the Jaws of Life tool to remove the door from a truck during an exercise Dec. 28, 2019. U.S. Air Force photo by Staff Sgt. Anna-kay Ellis
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Driving down the interstate, you reach down to grab your cellphone that fell to the passenger-side floorboard. In an instant, you inadvertently swerve onto the shoulder of the road, and your car flips as you attempt to regain control. When your car comes to rest, you've got a broken leg, your car is upside down and you're pinned underneath the dashboard. In this type of situation, rescue workers will use a set of tools commonly called the "Jaws of Life" to cut away the car and get you out.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
The term "Jaws of Life" refers to several types of piston-rod hydraulic tools known as cutters, spreaders and rams that are used to pry open vehicles involved in accidents when a victim may be trapped.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
During emergencies, when a few wasted seconds can cost lives, the Jaws of Life are brought in to remove victims from the crashed vehicle. These devices are also used to extricate victims from collapsed concrete and steel structures after earthquakes. In this article, you will learn how these simple hydraulic systems work, the purpose of each device and how they're powered.
Oil is the most commonly used incompressible fluid for hydraulic machines. However, the Jaws of Life equipment uses a phosphate-ester fluid, which is fire resistant and electrically non-conductive. At a crash scene, this type of synthetic fluid is favored over conventional oil.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
In a simple hydraulic system, when a piston pushes down on the oil, the oil transmits all of the original force to another piston, which is driven up
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
The Jaws of Life equipment is some of the most unsophisticated hydraulic machinery, because there are very few parts involved in making the devices work. In the cutter and spreader, a portable engine pumps pressurized hydraulic fluid into the piston cylinder through one of two hose ports. A typical Jaws of Life machine uses about 1 quart of hydraulic fluid. An operator-controlled valve switch controls which port the fluid enters through. If it enters one port, the fluid forces the rod up and opens the arms of the spreader or blades of the cutter. The operator can then toggle the switch and cause the rod to retract, closing the arms or blades.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
In the next two sections, we will take a closer look at the types of equipment that are generally referred to as the "Jaws of Life."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
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+
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+ Spreaders
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+ The spreader is used to pull pieces of the structure apart, or it can be inserted into the side of the vehicle to tear a section out. Firehouse.com
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Spreaders and cutters are probably the two pieces of equipment that most people think about when they hear about the Jaws of Life on a news report. The powerful jaws of these machines can tear apart most vehicles like cutting through a tin can. The spreader is used to pull pieces of the structure apart, or it can be inserted into the side of the vehicle to tear a section out. The cutter, as the name suggests, is used to cut through the vehicle like a pair of giant bolt cutters. The mechanics of how these two devices work are very similar, and some Jaws of Life equipment combine the cutter and spreader into one machine.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
A spreader consists of pincer-like, aluminum alloy arms with tips made of heat-treated steel to provide maximum strength for tearing into a vehicle or building. There are spreaders of different sizes, so the specifications differ as to how much spreading force the equipment possesses or how much space can be opened up on a vehicle. Let's look at the ML-32 Hurst Jaws of Life spreader as an example. This particular spreader provides:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
16,000 pounds (71 kiloNewtons) spreading force
14,400 pounds (64 kiloNewtons) pulling force
32 inches (81.9 cm) opening distance
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Other spreaders can provide more or less spreading and pulling force. The body of the ML-32 spreader is made out of aluminum alloy and the piston and piston rod are made from forged alloy steel. When the portable engine is started, oil flows through a set of hydraulic hoses into the hydraulic pump inside the machine's housing. A typical power unit might be a 5-horsepower gasoline engine that operates at 5,000 pounds per square inch (psi), although the pressure differs in different power units. This type of engine can run on about 0.5 gallons (2 liters) of gas for about 45 minutes to an hour.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
To open the arms of the spreader, the operator slides a valve switch that causes the hydraulic fluid to flow from one hose into the cylinder, pushing the piston and rod up. This rod is attached to linkages that are conjointly attached to the spreader's arms. When the rod pushes up, it causes the linkages to rotate, which opens the arms. To close the arms, the operator moves the valve in the opposite direction, which causes the hydraulic fluid to flow through a second hose.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
To use the spreader, a rescue worker inserts the closed spreader arms into an opening in the vehicle or structure, such as a door jamb. The spreader can also clamp down on a structure to crush any material between its arms.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
As you will see in the next section, cutters are very similar to spreaders in how they operate.
+
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+
+
+
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+
+
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+
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+ Cutters and Rams
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+ Jaws of Life cutters can be used to cut roofs off the tops of cars. U.S. Air Force photo/Tech. Sgt. James Hodgman
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Like spreaders, cutters have a mouth that opens and closes. However, cutters are more like big chompers that bite through metal and other vehicle materials. If you've ever seen this device in action, you know that it can snap a car-door post like a twig in a few seconds. As the pressure comes down on the door post, the cutters just snap right through it.
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Cutters typically have an aluminum-alloy housing with forged, heat-treated steel blades. The piston and piston rod are often made of heat-treated alloy steel. The cutters are used to cut or shear through materials such as sheet metal and plastic. Most often, they are used to cut through automobiles and other vehicles to free trapped passengers. Like the spreader, it can run off a gasoline-driven power unit. Jaws of Life systems can also be powered electrically, pneumatically or hydraulically.
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Instead of arms, the cutter has curved, claw-like extensions that come to a point. Just like in the spreader, hydraulic fluid flows into a cylinder, placing pressure on a piston. Depending on the side of the piston that force is exerted on, the claws either open or close. When the piston rod is raised, the claws open. As the piston rod lowers, the claws of the cutter come together around a structure, such as a car roof, and pinch through it.
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Cutters come in different sizes, but let's look at the Hurst Jaws of Life ML-40 model as an example. This particular model gives the operator:
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12,358 pounds (60 kiloNewtons) cutting force at the blade center
22,455 pounds (99.9 kiloNewtons) cutting force at the notch
4.25-inch (10.8-cm) cuts
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If you understand the operation of the spreader and cutter, the ram is going to seem about as complex as a pair of scissors (if scissors had hydraulics, of course). The ram is the most basic type of hydraulic system: It's just a matter of using hydraulic fluid to move a piston head inside a cylinder to extend and retract a piston rod. If you look at some heavy construction equipment, like a backhoe loader, you'll notice that rams are used to control the boom arm.
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+ A ram can be used to push a collapsed dashboard forward to free a victim.
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The ram's function is to push apart sections of the car (or other structure). For instance, a rescue worker can place a ram on the door frame and extend the piston to push the dashboard up, creating enough space to free a crash victim.
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Hydraulics play an important part in many of the machines around us, but none may be as vital as the equipment known as the "Jaws of Life." These devices have been called upon to save thousands of lives in situations where a few seconds could mean the difference between life and death.
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For much more information, check out the links on the next page.
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+ U.S. Air Force Brig. Gen. Lance Pilch, 380th Air Expeditionary Wing commander, uses the Jaws of Life tool to remove the door from a truck during an exercise Dec. 28, 2019. U.S. Air Force photo by Staff Sgt. Anna-kay Ellis
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Driving down the interstate, you reach down to grab your cellphone that fell to the passenger-side floorboard. In an instant, you inadvertently swerve onto the shoulder of the road, and your car flips as you attempt to regain control. When your car comes to rest, you've got a broken leg, your car is upside down and you're pinned underneath the dashboard. In this type of situation, rescue workers will use a set of tools commonly called the "Jaws of Life" to cut away the car and get you out.
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The term "Jaws of Life" refers to several types of piston-rod hydraulic tools known as cutters, spreaders and rams that are used to pry open vehicles involved in accidents when a victim may be trapped.
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During emergencies, when a few wasted seconds can cost lives, the Jaws of Life are brought in to remove victims from the crashed vehicle. These devices are also used to extricate victims from collapsed concrete and steel structures after earthquakes. In this article, you will learn how these simple hydraulic systems work, the purpose of each device and how they're powered.
Oil is the most commonly used incompressible fluid for hydraulic machines. However, the Jaws of Life equipment uses a phosphate-ester fluid, which is fire resistant and electrically non-conductive. At a crash scene, this type of synthetic fluid is favored over conventional oil.
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In a simple hydraulic system, when a piston pushes down on the oil, the oil transmits all of the original force to another piston, which is driven up
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The Jaws of Life equipment is some of the most unsophisticated hydraulic machinery, because there are very few parts involved in making the devices work. In the cutter and spreader, a portable engine pumps pressurized hydraulic fluid into the piston cylinder through one of two hose ports. A typical Jaws of Life machine uses about 1 quart of hydraulic fluid. An operator-controlled valve switch controls which port the fluid enters through. If it enters one port, the fluid forces the rod up and opens the arms of the spreader or blades of the cutter. The operator can then toggle the switch and cause the rod to retract, closing the arms or blades.
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In the next two sections, we will take a closer look at the types of equipment that are generally referred to as the "Jaws of Life."
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+ Spreaders
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+ The spreader is used to pull pieces of the structure apart, or it can be inserted into the side of the vehicle to tear a section out. Firehouse.com
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Spreaders and cutters are probably the two pieces of equipment that most people think about when they hear about the Jaws of Life on a news report. The powerful jaws of these machines can tear apart most vehicles like cutting through a tin can. The spreader is used to pull pieces of the structure apart, or it can be inserted into the side of the vehicle to tear a section out. The cutter, as the name suggests, is used to cut through the vehicle like a pair of giant bolt cutters. The mechanics of how these two devices work are very similar, and some Jaws of Life equipment combine the cutter and spreader into one machine.
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A spreader consists of pincer-like, aluminum alloy arms with tips made of heat-treated steel to provide maximum strength for tearing into a vehicle or building. There are spreaders of different sizes, so the specifications differ as to how much spreading force the equipment possesses or how much space can be opened up on a vehicle. Let's look at the ML-32 Hurst Jaws of Life spreader as an example. This particular spreader provides:
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16,000 pounds (71 kiloNewtons) spreading force
14,400 pounds (64 kiloNewtons) pulling force
32 inches (81.9 cm) opening distance
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Other spreaders can provide more or less spreading and pulling force. The body of the ML-32 spreader is made out of aluminum alloy and the piston and piston rod are made from forged alloy steel. When the portable engine is started, oil flows through a set of hydraulic hoses into the hydraulic pump inside the machine's housing. A typical power unit might be a 5-horsepower gasoline engine that operates at 5,000 pounds per square inch (psi), although the pressure differs in different power units. This type of engine can run on about 0.5 gallons (2 liters) of gas for about 45 minutes to an hour.
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To open the arms of the spreader, the operator slides a valve switch that causes the hydraulic fluid to flow from one hose into the cylinder, pushing the piston and rod up. This rod is attached to linkages that are conjointly attached to the spreader's arms. When the rod pushes up, it causes the linkages to rotate, which opens the arms. To close the arms, the operator moves the valve in the opposite direction, which causes the hydraulic fluid to flow through a second hose.
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To use the spreader, a rescue worker inserts the closed spreader arms into an opening in the vehicle or structure, such as a door jamb. The spreader can also clamp down on a structure to crush any material between its arms.
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As you will see in the next section, cutters are very similar to spreaders in how they operate.
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+ Cutters and Rams
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+ Jaws of Life cutters can be used to cut roofs off the tops of cars. U.S. Air Force photo/Tech. Sgt. James Hodgman
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Like spreaders, cutters have a mouth that opens and closes. However, cutters are more like big chompers that bite through metal and other vehicle materials. If you've ever seen this device in action, you know that it can snap a car-door post like a twig in a few seconds. As the pressure comes down on the door post, the cutters just snap right through it.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
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+
Cutters typically have an aluminum-alloy housing with forged, heat-treated steel blades. The piston and piston rod are often made of heat-treated alloy steel. The cutters are used to cut or shear through materials such as sheet metal and plastic. Most often, they are used to cut through automobiles and other vehicles to free trapped passengers. Like the spreader, it can run off a gasoline-driven power unit. Jaws of Life systems can also be powered electrically, pneumatically or hydraulically.
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Instead of arms, the cutter has curved, claw-like extensions that come to a point. Just like in the spreader, hydraulic fluid flows into a cylinder, placing pressure on a piston. Depending on the side of the piston that force is exerted on, the claws either open or close. When the piston rod is raised, the claws open. As the piston rod lowers, the claws of the cutter come together around a structure, such as a car roof, and pinch through it.
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Cutters come in different sizes, but let's look at the Hurst Jaws of Life ML-40 model as an example. This particular model gives the operator:
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+
+
+
+
+
+
12,358 pounds (60 kiloNewtons) cutting force at the blade center
22,455 pounds (99.9 kiloNewtons) cutting force at the notch
4.25-inch (10.8-cm) cuts
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+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
If you understand the operation of the spreader and cutter, the ram is going to seem about as complex as a pair of scissors (if scissors had hydraulics, of course). The ram is the most basic type of hydraulic system: It's just a matter of using hydraulic fluid to move a piston head inside a cylinder to extend and retract a piston rod. If you look at some heavy construction equipment, like a backhoe loader, you'll notice that rams are used to control the boom arm.
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+ A ram can be used to push a collapsed dashboard forward to free a victim.
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The ram's function is to push apart sections of the car (or other structure). For instance, a rescue worker can place a ram on the door frame and extend the piston to push the dashboard up, creating enough space to free a crash victim.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Hydraulics play an important part in many of the machines around us, but none may be as vital as the equipment known as the "Jaws of Life." These devices have been called upon to save thousands of lives in situations where a few seconds could mean the difference between life and death.
+
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For much more information, check out the links on the next page.
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+ U.S. Air Force Brig. Gen. Lance Pilch, 380th Air Expeditionary Wing commander, uses the Jaws of Life tool to remove the door from a truck during an exercise Dec. 28, 2019. U.S. Air Force photo by Staff Sgt. Anna-kay Ellis
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Driving down the interstate, you reach down to grab your cellphone that fell to the passenger-side floorboard. In an instant, you inadvertently swerve onto the shoulder of the road, and your car flips as you attempt to regain control. When your car comes to rest, you've got a broken leg, your car is upside down and you're pinned underneath the dashboard. In this type of situation, rescue workers will use a set of tools commonly called the "Jaws of Life" to cut away the car and get you out.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
The term "Jaws of Life" refers to several types of piston-rod hydraulic tools known as cutters, spreaders and rams that are used to pry open vehicles involved in accidents when a victim may be trapped.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
During emergencies, when a few wasted seconds can cost lives, the Jaws of Life are brought in to remove victims from the crashed vehicle. These devices are also used to extricate victims from collapsed concrete and steel structures after earthquakes. In this article, you will learn how these simple hydraulic systems work, the purpose of each device and how they're powered.
Oil is the most commonly used incompressible fluid for hydraulic machines. However, the Jaws of Life equipment uses a phosphate-ester fluid, which is fire resistant and electrically non-conductive. At a crash scene, this type of synthetic fluid is favored over conventional oil.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
In a simple hydraulic system, when a piston pushes down on the oil, the oil transmits all of the original force to another piston, which is driven up
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
The Jaws of Life equipment is some of the most unsophisticated hydraulic machinery, because there are very few parts involved in making the devices work. In the cutter and spreader, a portable engine pumps pressurized hydraulic fluid into the piston cylinder through one of two hose ports. A typical Jaws of Life machine uses about 1 quart of hydraulic fluid. An operator-controlled valve switch controls which port the fluid enters through. If it enters one port, the fluid forces the rod up and opens the arms of the spreader or blades of the cutter. The operator can then toggle the switch and cause the rod to retract, closing the arms or blades.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
In the next two sections, we will take a closer look at the types of equipment that are generally referred to as the "Jaws of Life."
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+ Spreaders
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+ The spreader is used to pull pieces of the structure apart, or it can be inserted into the side of the vehicle to tear a section out. Firehouse.com
+
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+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Spreaders and cutters are probably the two pieces of equipment that most people think about when they hear about the Jaws of Life on a news report. The powerful jaws of these machines can tear apart most vehicles like cutting through a tin can. The spreader is used to pull pieces of the structure apart, or it can be inserted into the side of the vehicle to tear a section out. The cutter, as the name suggests, is used to cut through the vehicle like a pair of giant bolt cutters. The mechanics of how these two devices work are very similar, and some Jaws of Life equipment combine the cutter and spreader into one machine.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
A spreader consists of pincer-like, aluminum alloy arms with tips made of heat-treated steel to provide maximum strength for tearing into a vehicle or building. There are spreaders of different sizes, so the specifications differ as to how much spreading force the equipment possesses or how much space can be opened up on a vehicle. Let's look at the ML-32 Hurst Jaws of Life spreader as an example. This particular spreader provides:
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+
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16,000 pounds (71 kiloNewtons) spreading force
14,400 pounds (64 kiloNewtons) pulling force
32 inches (81.9 cm) opening distance
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+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Other spreaders can provide more or less spreading and pulling force. The body of the ML-32 spreader is made out of aluminum alloy and the piston and piston rod are made from forged alloy steel. When the portable engine is started, oil flows through a set of hydraulic hoses into the hydraulic pump inside the machine's housing. A typical power unit might be a 5-horsepower gasoline engine that operates at 5,000 pounds per square inch (psi), although the pressure differs in different power units. This type of engine can run on about 0.5 gallons (2 liters) of gas for about 45 minutes to an hour.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
To open the arms of the spreader, the operator slides a valve switch that causes the hydraulic fluid to flow from one hose into the cylinder, pushing the piston and rod up. This rod is attached to linkages that are conjointly attached to the spreader's arms. When the rod pushes up, it causes the linkages to rotate, which opens the arms. To close the arms, the operator moves the valve in the opposite direction, which causes the hydraulic fluid to flow through a second hose.
+
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+
+
+
+
+
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+
To use the spreader, a rescue worker inserts the closed spreader arms into an opening in the vehicle or structure, such as a door jamb. The spreader can also clamp down on a structure to crush any material between its arms.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
As you will see in the next section, cutters are very similar to spreaders in how they operate.
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+ Cutters and Rams
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+ Jaws of Life cutters can be used to cut roofs off the tops of cars. U.S. Air Force photo/Tech. Sgt. James Hodgman
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Like spreaders, cutters have a mouth that opens and closes. However, cutters are more like big chompers that bite through metal and other vehicle materials. If you've ever seen this device in action, you know that it can snap a car-door post like a twig in a few seconds. As the pressure comes down on the door post, the cutters just snap right through it.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Cutters typically have an aluminum-alloy housing with forged, heat-treated steel blades. The piston and piston rod are often made of heat-treated alloy steel. The cutters are used to cut or shear through materials such as sheet metal and plastic. Most often, they are used to cut through automobiles and other vehicles to free trapped passengers. Like the spreader, it can run off a gasoline-driven power unit. Jaws of Life systems can also be powered electrically, pneumatically or hydraulically.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Instead of arms, the cutter has curved, claw-like extensions that come to a point. Just like in the spreader, hydraulic fluid flows into a cylinder, placing pressure on a piston. Depending on the side of the piston that force is exerted on, the claws either open or close. When the piston rod is raised, the claws open. As the piston rod lowers, the claws of the cutter come together around a structure, such as a car roof, and pinch through it.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Cutters come in different sizes, but let's look at the Hurst Jaws of Life ML-40 model as an example. This particular model gives the operator:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
12,358 pounds (60 kiloNewtons) cutting force at the blade center
22,455 pounds (99.9 kiloNewtons) cutting force at the notch
4.25-inch (10.8-cm) cuts
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
If you understand the operation of the spreader and cutter, the ram is going to seem about as complex as a pair of scissors (if scissors had hydraulics, of course). The ram is the most basic type of hydraulic system: It's just a matter of using hydraulic fluid to move a piston head inside a cylinder to extend and retract a piston rod. If you look at some heavy construction equipment, like a backhoe loader, you'll notice that rams are used to control the boom arm.
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+ A ram can be used to push a collapsed dashboard forward to free a victim.
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The ram's function is to push apart sections of the car (or other structure). For instance, a rescue worker can place a ram on the door frame and extend the piston to push the dashboard up, creating enough space to free a crash victim.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Hydraulics play an important part in many of the machines around us, but none may be as vital as the equipment known as the "Jaws of Life." These devices have been called upon to save thousands of lives in situations where a few seconds could mean the difference between life and death.
+
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+
+
+
+
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+
For much more information, check out the links on the next page.
The Auto Basics Channel offers detailed, accurate articles about cars and educates you on auto terminology. For fun, get to know how car crushers and car washes work or which 33 cars are named after animals.
Auto parts and systems are the building blocks that come together to make automobiles function. Understanding how auto parts work together to form automotive systems allows drivers to confidently discuss automotive problems with their mechanics.
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Buying or selling a car can be a tedious experience. Articles in this section touch on car buying and financing, insurance, warranties, VINs, and the Kelly Blue Book.
Fuel efficiency has become an extremely important topic in today's world because of rising gas prices, the need to cut our carbon footprints, and the need to cut dependence on oil-rich nations. Check out these great articles on fuel efficiency.
The Under the Hood Channel explores the systems that make your car function correctly. Learn about car parts and systems and how to do routine maintenance.
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+ Jason Fisher, head mechanic at Gosford Classic Car Museum, drives a 1966 Amphicar 770 in the Sydney Harbour, Feb. 2, 2018, in Sydney, Australia. James D. Morgan/Getty Images
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It hardly needs saying that amphibious motor vehicles like the 1961-1968 Amphicar have not exactly been common over the years. There are several reasons, including certain design compromises dictated by their dual-purpose nature and, typically, a resulting purchase price much higher than that of comparable cars or boats.
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But the Amphicar is an exception. Introduced by inventor Hans Trippel at the 1959 Geneva Salon, it saw fairly high production — 3,770 units — over a relatively lengthy period: eight years. And it was successfully marketed in both Europe and the United States at a price that was surprisingly reasonable for a machine that could do almost everything but fly.
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Advertisement
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Unfortunately, that price was so reasonable that the venture could never fly very far, but it has left us with an appealingly versatile little vehicle that had come into its own as a bona fide collectible within two decades.
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The Amphicar may have been the most commercially successful amphibian but it was far from the first. That honor likely goes to a 20-ton steam-powered monster built by Oliver Evans of Philadelphia way back in 1803. That same year, he drove his alarming contraption over a mile and a half of the city's streets and down to the banks of the Delaware River.
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Of course, he didn't stop at the water's edge but drove right in and went to work. This work was accomplished by a dredge mounted on the wide-beamed, scow-like body.
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Christened "Orukter Amphibolus," this vehicle ably fulfilled Evans' contractual assignment, which was to dredge space for a number of the Quaker City's first docks in what was to become a major harbor. Little more was heard of it after that.
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More than a century later — in 1917, to be exact — William Mazzei of Seattle, Washington, designed an amphibious car of more normal size and put together a company to produce it. Called "Hydrometer," a name more appropriate for a measuring instrument than a car, it was powered by a conventional internal-combustion engine supplied by Continental.
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Contemporary accounts describe the Hydrometer (some sources list the name as "Hydromotor") as looking more like a boat than a car, but it did have four wheels and was said to have been capable of 60 mph on land and 25 mph on water, the latter no doubt exaggerated.
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That same year, George Monnot of Canton, Ohio, announced his "Hydrocar," a car/truck combination with a steering wheel at each end and a four-cylinder Hercules engine.
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Monnot tried to interest the U.S. Army in his rig for all-purpose use in World War I, but it was rendered unnecessary by the end of hostilities the following year. By that time there was no money left for pursuing the civilian market.
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Perhaps the most famous automotive amphibian was the one that did see action, though in a later conflict: World War II. Of course, we're talking about the four-wheel-drive Schwimmwagen derived from the land-only Kübelwagen ("bucket car"), the equivalent to the American Jeep in the army of Nazi Germany's Third Reich.
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Both were designed by the renowned Dr. Ferdinand Porsche along principles he'd established with the "people's car" project so beloved by Adolf Hitler. Though neither vehicle was a "Volkswagen" in the strict sense, they're usually considered as such because they were produced at the huge new Wolfsburg factory that Hitler had erected before the war to build the little low-price car we've come to know as the Beetle.
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VW thus deserves credit for the first mass-produced amphibian, and the Schwimmwagen was indeed turned out in large numbers during the war years. Some found their way into private hands once peace returned, while others were avidly studied by motor manufacturers on both sides of the Atlantic.
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+ A close-up look at the Amphicar’s water-tight double-seal doors also provides a peek at the mostly conventional car instruments and controls. High-grade leatherette vinyl trims the small cabin.
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+ 2007 Publications International, Ltd.
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Hans Trippel, inventor of the Amphicar, pioneered land/water vehicles long before the famous Schwimmwagen that arrived during World War II. In 1932 Trippel actually began manufacturing one under his own name at a small factory in the Saarland.
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Like the Porsche design, the early Trippel employed four-wheel drive but used conventional inline engines — an Adler four or an Opel six — instead of a flat-opposed unit.
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Advertisement
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When Germany occupied the Rhineland and the Molsheim region of France, it seized the factory of the famed Bugatti concern, and Trippel soon began turning out amphibians there for the German army. After the war he set up shop in Germany, where he built small, land-only cars powered by 498cc engines.
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About the time Trippel was working on his eventual Amphicar design, Saab in Sweden briefly considered an amphibian of its own. Interestingly, the idea popped up during the early stages of the development program for the Sonett sports car of the late '60s.
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Designer Björn Karlstrum produced a series of studies for a small, doorless runabout called the Skogmatros ("Forest Sailor"), which was deemed potentially saleable to the Finnish Army for its cross-country excursions in that rugged land of lakes and forests.
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Built on an 83.4-inch wheelbase, the Skogmatros echoed the Schwimmwagen in its high, pointed front, free-standing "frogeye" headlamps and narrow track, but it looked more like the dune buggies of a later era in its pert, open bodywork featuring a rear-facing two-passenger back seat separate from the main cockpit.
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How well it might have sold on the civilian market is anybody's guess, for nothing came of the idea beyond Karlstrum's studies. This left the Amphicar — if you'll pardon the pun — to make quite a splash at its 1959 introduction.
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It took about two years to get production going, initially at Lübeck, West Germany, near the North Sea and close to the East German border. Operations were soon transferred to Karlsruhe in the Rhineland, where they continued until the last Amphicar was built in 1968. Design changes were minimal over the entire run.
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+ Amphicar Model 770 Design
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+ Jason Fisher, head mechanic at Gosford Classic Car Museum, shows off the 1966 Amphicar 770 in Sydney Harbour, Australia. James D. Morgan/Getty Images
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In 1962, Trippel launched the most sensational promotional ploy of his career by sending an Amphicar from France to Britain across the often-turbulent English Channel. This stunt was successful, and it naturally captured the attention of both car and boating enthusiasts all over the world.
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Officially designated Model 770, the Amphicar was built only as a two-door four-seat convertible with a folding cloth top. Its engine was the 1147cc (70-cid) overhead-valve inline four from the British Triumph Herald, but relocated astern to drive the rear wheels and/or a pair of propellers.
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Wheelbase was a diminutive 82.67 inches, which is more than a foot shorter overall than the 170.3-inch-long Amphicar. Overall width was 60.3 inches, about the norm for a small early-'60s European, but track dimensions were fairly narrow at 47.3/49.2 inches front/rear.
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The aft engine mounting means the trunk is up front under the "hood." A compartment behind the rear seat backrest offers a small amount of additional stowage space alongside the top and its folding supports.
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Amphicar's successful English Channel crossing generated a lot of interest in America, which would take nearly 80 percent of the amphibian's total production, some 3,000 units.
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Though often described as "chassis-less," the Amphicar's body/hull employs a box-section steel sub-frame for added torsional strength, made up of parallel longitudinal members and five cross-members. Strong mountings are used for the fully independent suspension, and all sub-frame components and the steel body panels are arc-welded.
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The owner's manual specifically warns against the use of gas welding for structural repairs because of the possible metal deformation and resulting water leaks it can cause. Considering the Amphicar's seaworthiness, it's a bit surprising Trippel didn't elect to make the body/hull in no-rust fiberglass instead of steel.
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However, he did specify metal of unusually heavy gauge. Side panels are .028, wheel arches .039, and hull bottom panels are .049. Greater thoughtfulness is evident in the design of the Amphicar doors and their absolutely watertight seals. There's a seal on each door that mates with a separate one on the door frame.
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Once a door is closed and securely latched, a second tongue-type lock compresses the seals together and prevents the door from being opened accidentally. Each door has double hinges topped with rubber plugs.
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The Amphicar's up-front luggage compartment is divided into three sections. The middle one houses the spare wheel and tire, and this secluded cavity should be checked frequently for leaks. Astern is a 70-watt electric bilge pump secured to the engine firewall. It has two hose connections and a capacity of just 6 gallons per minute.
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Frequent hull inspections at panel seams and joints are essential. Also recommended after cruising in salt or brackish water is a thorough hosing with fresh water for the entire hull and all exposed suspension and nautical propulson components.
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Because of the Herald engine, any Amphicar owner would also do well to join a Triumph owners club. However, accessibility is excellent, maintenance and repairs comparatively simple, and parts are still readily available and reasonably priced.
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It's a gutty little engine that made the Herald a satisfactory all-round performer and moderately quick in city driving, but 43 horsepower and 50 pounds-feet torque can't move mountains and, at almost 2,300 pounds, the Amphicar is some 526 pounds heavier at the curb.
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Low-end acceleration is thus leisurely despite the four-speed manual gearbox-built by Porsche, no less-with floor-mount shifter and synchromesh on all gears except first. However, the Amphicar will climb a maximum gradient of 42 percent, so it's something of a mountain goat, too.
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With its tall build (overall height is nearly 5 feet with the top up) and generous 11.2-inch ground clearance, the Amphicar can enter or leave the water at rather steep angles, and can even be backed into the drink if marina launching space is overly narrow.
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The twin three-blade screws measure a foot in diameter. Drive is taken through a separate water transmission controlled by a simple transfer lever with forward and reverse positions, located next to the conventional gearshift on the center console.
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Engine torque is carried from the crankshaft over the plate clutch to the transmission shaft, then to the main shaft and a hypoid differential. The water transmission's gears run on ball and needle bearings, versus needle bearings only for the roadgoing gearbox. Clutch adjustment, with correct free play, is particularly important because of the "dual environment" transmissions.
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Perhaps surprisingly, the Amphicar has no rudder. The front wheels take care of nautical navigation, which takes a bit of familiarization.
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+ Amphicar Roadability
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+ Note the high ground clearance and docking fixture on the rear of this 1966 Amphicar. National Motor Museum/Heritage Images/Getty Images
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As for its landworthiness, the Amphicar roadability was far better than you might imagine. It does list in turns to be sure, a function of its high center of gravity and the skinny 6.40x13 tires.
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However, the all-coil suspension smooths bumpy back roads remarkably well, especially when aided by the weight of four adults aboard, and the unassisted worm-and-roller steering is responsive and not too heavy.
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Hans Trippel was unable to remain afloat — financially, that is. The reason, quite simply, is that he sold the Amphicar for too little to make a profit. The west coast port-of-entry price in 1967 was only a little more than $3,000.
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That was about twice the cost of a Beetle, which might float in the water but couldn't maneuver under its own power. Still, few people really appreciated — or needed — the Amphicar's specialized abilities.
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Though it was expensive for what was undoubtedly perceived as a small economy car, it's likely that the limited — and noisy — on-road performance and a marginal sales and service operation were far greater detriments than price for most buyers.
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"United We Float, Divided We Sink" has been the motto of Amphicar enthusiasts for many decades now. We found the Amphicar a ball to drive and quite thrifty: a nice 32 mpg on land and about 1.5 gallons per hour over the briny deep.
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We certainly wish we had one. If you do too, your chances are good. Of the some 3,000 that came to the U.S., only about 450 had been discovered as of the late 1980s. Anyone for a treasure hunt?
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+ Amphicar Specifications
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The 1961-1968 Amphicar was oceans of fun. Why settle for off road when you can go off land in this perky and still reasonably priced collectible? Find specifications for the 1961-1968 Amphicar in the following chart.
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1961-1968 Amphicar Major Specifications*:
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General
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Manufacturer
Deutsche Industrie-Werke, Lübeck-Schlutup (1961-1962); Deutsche Waggons und Maschinenfabriken GmbH (1962-1968)
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Factory
Industrie-Werke Karlsruhe AG (1962-1968)
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Vehicle type
4-passenger, 2-wheel drive convertible with folding cloth top; land and water propulsion systems
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Construction
Unit steel with steel subframe
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Drivetrain layout
Rear engine with separate land and water transmissions
Price (new)
Approx. $3,400 port-of-entry U.S.
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Dimensions and Capacities
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Wheelbase (in.)
82.7
Overall length (in.)
170.3
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Overall width (in.)
60.3
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Overall height (in.)
59.8 (top up)
Track front/rear (in.)
47.3/49.2
Ground clearance (in.)
11.2 (unladen)/9.3 (laden)
Curb weight (lbs)
2,293
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Tire size
6.40x13
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Turning diameter curb-to-curb (ft)
36.5
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Fuel capacity (gal)
12.4 (+2.1 reserve)
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Engine oil capacity (qts)
4
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Engine
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Type
Triumph Herald ohv inline four
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Bore x Stroke (mm/in.)
69.3/2.73x76.0/2.99
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Displacement (cc/cu in.)
1147/69.9
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Compression ratio
8.0:1
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Fuel system
1 Solex 30mm B30 PESI carburetor, AC mechanical pump
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Max. horsepower (@ rpm SAE gross)
43 @ 4500
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Max. torque (lbs/ft @ rpm SAE gross)
50 @ 2700
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Ignition
12-volt
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Land Transmission
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Type
4-speed manual with floor-mount gearchange; synchromesh on II-IV only
Ratios
(I-IV: 1): 4.5/2.91/1.75/1.05 (reverse: 4.13:1)
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Final drive ratio (:1)
4.714
Clutch
Dry plate
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Fluid capacity (pts)
4.4
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Water Transmission
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Type
1-speed forward/1-speed reverse with dual propellers
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Ratio (:1)
1.0-3.0
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Oil capacity (pts)
1.75
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Propeller diameter (in.)
12
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*Source: Owner's Manual, Amphicar Corporation of America.
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Note: some dimensions differ from those variously published.
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+ Jason Fisher, head mechanic at Gosford Classic Car Museum, drives a 1966 Amphicar 770 in the Sydney Harbour, Feb. 2, 2018, in Sydney, Australia. James D. Morgan/Getty Images
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It hardly needs saying that amphibious motor vehicles like the 1961-1968 Amphicar have not exactly been common over the years. There are several reasons, including certain design compromises dictated by their dual-purpose nature and, typically, a resulting purchase price much higher than that of comparable cars or boats.
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But the Amphicar is an exception. Introduced by inventor Hans Trippel at the 1959 Geneva Salon, it saw fairly high production — 3,770 units — over a relatively lengthy period: eight years. And it was successfully marketed in both Europe and the United States at a price that was surprisingly reasonable for a machine that could do almost everything but fly.
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Unfortunately, that price was so reasonable that the venture could never fly very far, but it has left us with an appealingly versatile little vehicle that had come into its own as a bona fide collectible within two decades.
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The Amphicar may have been the most commercially successful amphibian but it was far from the first. That honor likely goes to a 20-ton steam-powered monster built by Oliver Evans of Philadelphia way back in 1803. That same year, he drove his alarming contraption over a mile and a half of the city's streets and down to the banks of the Delaware River.
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Of course, he didn't stop at the water's edge but drove right in and went to work. This work was accomplished by a dredge mounted on the wide-beamed, scow-like body.
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Christened "Orukter Amphibolus," this vehicle ably fulfilled Evans' contractual assignment, which was to dredge space for a number of the Quaker City's first docks in what was to become a major harbor. Little more was heard of it after that.
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More than a century later — in 1917, to be exact — William Mazzei of Seattle, Washington, designed an amphibious car of more normal size and put together a company to produce it. Called "Hydrometer," a name more appropriate for a measuring instrument than a car, it was powered by a conventional internal-combustion engine supplied by Continental.
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Contemporary accounts describe the Hydrometer (some sources list the name as "Hydromotor") as looking more like a boat than a car, but it did have four wheels and was said to have been capable of 60 mph on land and 25 mph on water, the latter no doubt exaggerated.
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That same year, George Monnot of Canton, Ohio, announced his "Hydrocar," a car/truck combination with a steering wheel at each end and a four-cylinder Hercules engine.
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Monnot tried to interest the U.S. Army in his rig for all-purpose use in World War I, but it was rendered unnecessary by the end of hostilities the following year. By that time there was no money left for pursuing the civilian market.
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Perhaps the most famous automotive amphibian was the one that did see action, though in a later conflict: World War II. Of course, we're talking about the four-wheel-drive Schwimmwagen derived from the land-only Kübelwagen ("bucket car"), the equivalent to the American Jeep in the army of Nazi Germany's Third Reich.
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Both were designed by the renowned Dr. Ferdinand Porsche along principles he'd established with the "people's car" project so beloved by Adolf Hitler. Though neither vehicle was a "Volkswagen" in the strict sense, they're usually considered as such because they were produced at the huge new Wolfsburg factory that Hitler had erected before the war to build the little low-price car we've come to know as the Beetle.
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VW thus deserves credit for the first mass-produced amphibian, and the Schwimmwagen was indeed turned out in large numbers during the war years. Some found their way into private hands once peace returned, while others were avidly studied by motor manufacturers on both sides of the Atlantic.
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+ A close-up look at the Amphicar’s water-tight double-seal doors also provides a peek at the mostly conventional car instruments and controls. High-grade leatherette vinyl trims the small cabin.
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+ 2007 Publications International, Ltd.
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Hans Trippel, inventor of the Amphicar, pioneered land/water vehicles long before the famous Schwimmwagen that arrived during World War II. In 1932 Trippel actually began manufacturing one under his own name at a small factory in the Saarland.
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Like the Porsche design, the early Trippel employed four-wheel drive but used conventional inline engines — an Adler four or an Opel six — instead of a flat-opposed unit.
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+
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When Germany occupied the Rhineland and the Molsheim region of France, it seized the factory of the famed Bugatti concern, and Trippel soon began turning out amphibians there for the German army. After the war he set up shop in Germany, where he built small, land-only cars powered by 498cc engines.
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About the time Trippel was working on his eventual Amphicar design, Saab in Sweden briefly considered an amphibian of its own. Interestingly, the idea popped up during the early stages of the development program for the Sonett sports car of the late '60s.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Designer Björn Karlstrum produced a series of studies for a small, doorless runabout called the Skogmatros ("Forest Sailor"), which was deemed potentially saleable to the Finnish Army for its cross-country excursions in that rugged land of lakes and forests.
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Built on an 83.4-inch wheelbase, the Skogmatros echoed the Schwimmwagen in its high, pointed front, free-standing "frogeye" headlamps and narrow track, but it looked more like the dune buggies of a later era in its pert, open bodywork featuring a rear-facing two-passenger back seat separate from the main cockpit.
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How well it might have sold on the civilian market is anybody's guess, for nothing came of the idea beyond Karlstrum's studies. This left the Amphicar — if you'll pardon the pun — to make quite a splash at its 1959 introduction.
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It took about two years to get production going, initially at Lübeck, West Germany, near the North Sea and close to the East German border. Operations were soon transferred to Karlsruhe in the Rhineland, where they continued until the last Amphicar was built in 1968. Design changes were minimal over the entire run.
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+ Amphicar Model 770 Design
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+ Jason Fisher, head mechanic at Gosford Classic Car Museum, shows off the 1966 Amphicar 770 in Sydney Harbour, Australia. James D. Morgan/Getty Images
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In 1962, Trippel launched the most sensational promotional ploy of his career by sending an Amphicar from France to Britain across the often-turbulent English Channel. This stunt was successful, and it naturally captured the attention of both car and boating enthusiasts all over the world.
+
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+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Officially designated Model 770, the Amphicar was built only as a two-door four-seat convertible with a folding cloth top. Its engine was the 1147cc (70-cid) overhead-valve inline four from the British Triumph Herald, but relocated astern to drive the rear wheels and/or a pair of propellers.
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Wheelbase was a diminutive 82.67 inches, which is more than a foot shorter overall than the 170.3-inch-long Amphicar. Overall width was 60.3 inches, about the norm for a small early-'60s European, but track dimensions were fairly narrow at 47.3/49.2 inches front/rear.
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The aft engine mounting means the trunk is up front under the "hood." A compartment behind the rear seat backrest offers a small amount of additional stowage space alongside the top and its folding supports.
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Amphicar's successful English Channel crossing generated a lot of interest in America, which would take nearly 80 percent of the amphibian's total production, some 3,000 units.
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Though often described as "chassis-less," the Amphicar's body/hull employs a box-section steel sub-frame for added torsional strength, made up of parallel longitudinal members and five cross-members. Strong mountings are used for the fully independent suspension, and all sub-frame components and the steel body panels are arc-welded.
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The owner's manual specifically warns against the use of gas welding for structural repairs because of the possible metal deformation and resulting water leaks it can cause. Considering the Amphicar's seaworthiness, it's a bit surprising Trippel didn't elect to make the body/hull in no-rust fiberglass instead of steel.
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However, he did specify metal of unusually heavy gauge. Side panels are .028, wheel arches .039, and hull bottom panels are .049. Greater thoughtfulness is evident in the design of the Amphicar doors and their absolutely watertight seals. There's a seal on each door that mates with a separate one on the door frame.
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Once a door is closed and securely latched, a second tongue-type lock compresses the seals together and prevents the door from being opened accidentally. Each door has double hinges topped with rubber plugs.
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The Amphicar's up-front luggage compartment is divided into three sections. The middle one houses the spare wheel and tire, and this secluded cavity should be checked frequently for leaks. Astern is a 70-watt electric bilge pump secured to the engine firewall. It has two hose connections and a capacity of just 6 gallons per minute.
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Frequent hull inspections at panel seams and joints are essential. Also recommended after cruising in salt or brackish water is a thorough hosing with fresh water for the entire hull and all exposed suspension and nautical propulson components.
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Because of the Herald engine, any Amphicar owner would also do well to join a Triumph owners club. However, accessibility is excellent, maintenance and repairs comparatively simple, and parts are still readily available and reasonably priced.
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It's a gutty little engine that made the Herald a satisfactory all-round performer and moderately quick in city driving, but 43 horsepower and 50 pounds-feet torque can't move mountains and, at almost 2,300 pounds, the Amphicar is some 526 pounds heavier at the curb.
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Low-end acceleration is thus leisurely despite the four-speed manual gearbox-built by Porsche, no less-with floor-mount shifter and synchromesh on all gears except first. However, the Amphicar will climb a maximum gradient of 42 percent, so it's something of a mountain goat, too.
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With its tall build (overall height is nearly 5 feet with the top up) and generous 11.2-inch ground clearance, the Amphicar can enter or leave the water at rather steep angles, and can even be backed into the drink if marina launching space is overly narrow.
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The twin three-blade screws measure a foot in diameter. Drive is taken through a separate water transmission controlled by a simple transfer lever with forward and reverse positions, located next to the conventional gearshift on the center console.
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Engine torque is carried from the crankshaft over the plate clutch to the transmission shaft, then to the main shaft and a hypoid differential. The water transmission's gears run on ball and needle bearings, versus needle bearings only for the roadgoing gearbox. Clutch adjustment, with correct free play, is particularly important because of the "dual environment" transmissions.
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Perhaps surprisingly, the Amphicar has no rudder. The front wheels take care of nautical navigation, which takes a bit of familiarization.
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+ Amphicar Roadability
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+ Note the high ground clearance and docking fixture on the rear of this 1966 Amphicar. National Motor Museum/Heritage Images/Getty Images
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As for its landworthiness, the Amphicar roadability was far better than you might imagine. It does list in turns to be sure, a function of its high center of gravity and the skinny 6.40x13 tires.
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However, the all-coil suspension smooths bumpy back roads remarkably well, especially when aided by the weight of four adults aboard, and the unassisted worm-and-roller steering is responsive and not too heavy.
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Hans Trippel was unable to remain afloat — financially, that is. The reason, quite simply, is that he sold the Amphicar for too little to make a profit. The west coast port-of-entry price in 1967 was only a little more than $3,000.
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That was about twice the cost of a Beetle, which might float in the water but couldn't maneuver under its own power. Still, few people really appreciated — or needed — the Amphicar's specialized abilities.
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Though it was expensive for what was undoubtedly perceived as a small economy car, it's likely that the limited — and noisy — on-road performance and a marginal sales and service operation were far greater detriments than price for most buyers.
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"United We Float, Divided We Sink" has been the motto of Amphicar enthusiasts for many decades now. We found the Amphicar a ball to drive and quite thrifty: a nice 32 mpg on land and about 1.5 gallons per hour over the briny deep.
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We certainly wish we had one. If you do too, your chances are good. Of the some 3,000 that came to the U.S., only about 450 had been discovered as of the late 1980s. Anyone for a treasure hunt?
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+ Amphicar Specifications
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The 1961-1968 Amphicar was oceans of fun. Why settle for off road when you can go off land in this perky and still reasonably priced collectible? Find specifications for the 1961-1968 Amphicar in the following chart.
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1961-1968 Amphicar Major Specifications*:
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General
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Manufacturer
Deutsche Industrie-Werke, Lübeck-Schlutup (1961-1962); Deutsche Waggons und Maschinenfabriken GmbH (1962-1968)
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Factory
Industrie-Werke Karlsruhe AG (1962-1968)
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Vehicle type
4-passenger, 2-wheel drive convertible with folding cloth top; land and water propulsion systems
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Construction
Unit steel with steel subframe
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Drivetrain layout
Rear engine with separate land and water transmissions
Price (new)
Approx. $3,400 port-of-entry U.S.
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Dimensions and Capacities
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Wheelbase (in.)
82.7
Overall length (in.)
170.3
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Overall width (in.)
60.3
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Overall height (in.)
59.8 (top up)
Track front/rear (in.)
47.3/49.2
Ground clearance (in.)
11.2 (unladen)/9.3 (laden)
Curb weight (lbs)
2,293
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Tire size
6.40x13
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Turning diameter curb-to-curb (ft)
36.5
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Fuel capacity (gal)
12.4 (+2.1 reserve)
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Engine oil capacity (qts)
4
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Engine
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Type
Triumph Herald ohv inline four
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Bore x Stroke (mm/in.)
69.3/2.73x76.0/2.99
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Displacement (cc/cu in.)
1147/69.9
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Compression ratio
8.0:1
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Fuel system
1 Solex 30mm B30 PESI carburetor, AC mechanical pump
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Max. horsepower (@ rpm SAE gross)
43 @ 4500
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Max. torque (lbs/ft @ rpm SAE gross)
50 @ 2700
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Ignition
12-volt
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Land Transmission
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Type
4-speed manual with floor-mount gearchange; synchromesh on II-IV only
Ratios
(I-IV: 1): 4.5/2.91/1.75/1.05 (reverse: 4.13:1)
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Final drive ratio (:1)
4.714
Clutch
Dry plate
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Fluid capacity (pts)
4.4
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Water Transmission
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Type
1-speed forward/1-speed reverse with dual propellers
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Ratio (:1)
1.0-3.0
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Oil capacity (pts)
1.75
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Propeller diameter (in.)
12
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*Source: Owner's Manual, Amphicar Corporation of America.
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Note: some dimensions differ from those variously published.
The Auto Basics Channel offers detailed, accurate articles about cars and educates you on auto terminology. For fun, get to know how car crushers and car washes work or which 33 cars are named after animals.
Auto parts and systems are the building blocks that come together to make automobiles function. Understanding how auto parts work together to form automotive systems allows drivers to confidently discuss automotive problems with their mechanics.
+
Buying or selling a car can be a tedious experience. Articles in this section touch on car buying and financing, insurance, warranties, VINs, and the Kelly Blue Book.
Fuel efficiency has become an extremely important topic in today's world because of rising gas prices, the need to cut our carbon footprints, and the need to cut dependence on oil-rich nations. Check out these great articles on fuel efficiency.
The Under the Hood Channel explores the systems that make your car function correctly. Learn about car parts and systems and how to do routine maintenance.
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+ Brakes are one of those things we take for granted. You step on the brake pedal and the car slows down, right? But what if it doesn't? Justin Sullivan/Getty Images
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It certainly feels bad when your brake pedal goes all the way to the floor, but is it really all that terrible? In a word, yes. Exactly how bad is a matter for discussion – a discussion you really need to have with a reputable mechanic. Even if your car is still stopping fine, this problem needs to be addressed as soon as possible.
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One of the more common causes for the brake pedal going to the floor is a loss of brake fluid. When you're out of brake fluid, your brakes simply won't work. This is pretty easy to diagnose: You should be able to see brake fluid underneath the car if there's a leak in the system. It's colorless, unlike engine oil or antifreeze, and it has the consistency of vegetable oil.
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Another possible cause is a bad brake master cylinder. The master cylinder is where brake fluid gets compressed. Pressure on the brake fluid causes the brakes to be applied to the wheels. If your master cylinder doesn't work properly or only works sometimes, you're going to lose braking power. Without that pressure, you won't feel the usual resistance when you press the brake pedal, and it could sink all the way to the floor.
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A bad brake booster also could be the culprit. The booster is a mechanism that uses vacuum pressure to take the force being applied to the brake pedal and amplify it. If the booster is bad, then the full amount of force needed to activate the master cylinder and pressurize the brake fluid isn't going to be there. Again, without that pressure, the pedal isn't going to be able to engage the brakes and stop the car.
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There's one more thing that could be causing the brake pedal to go all the way to the floor: you, the driver. The more the brakes are used, the hotter the brake fluid gets. The hotter the brake fluid gets, the more liquid and less viscous it becomes. It sounds silly, but it's sort of like what happens to Jell-O on a hot day: It goes from a thickish liquid to a thinner liquid. When the brake fluid gets hot and thin, it needs more force to be pressurized enough to operate the brakes. Your braking system may not be able to generate the force necessary. So, if your brake pedal frequently feels squishy and ineffective, and you can't find a mechanical reason, check out your driving style. Don't ride the brakes, and always make sure you take off the parking brake before you head out.
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Now That's Interesting
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Today, all cars come with anti-lock brakes, but before they were invented in Britain in 1958, drivers had to pump their brakes multiple times to keep them from locking up.
Magliozzi, Tom and Ray Magliozzi. "Dear Tom and Ray: April 2001." Cartalk.com. April 2001. (Oct. 26, 2010) http://www.cartalk.com/content/columns/Archive/2001/April/07.html
Magliozzi, Tom and Ray Magliozzi. "Dear Tom and Ray: January 2005." Cartalk.com. January 2005. (Oct. 26, 2010) http://www.cartalk.com/content/columns/Archive/2005/January/05.html
Magliozzi, Tom and Ray Magliozzi. "Dear Tom and Ray: July 1992." Cartalk.com. July 1992. (Oct. 26, 2010) http://www.cartalk.com/content/columns/Archive/1992/July/06.html
Magliozzi, Tom and Ray Magliozzi. "Dear Tom and Ray: October 1994." Cartalk.com. October 1994. (Oct. 26, 2010) http://www.cartalk.com/content/columns/Archive/1994/October/07.html
Sellen, Magnus. "5 Causes Why Your Brake Pedal When the Engine Running or Starts." Mechanicbase.com. Feb. 22, 2021. (July 5, 2021) https://mechanicbase.com/brakes/brake-pedal-goes-to-floor-when-engine-running-start/
Sun Auto Service. "Shop Talk: How to Tell If Your Car Is Leaking Brake Fluid." Sun Auto Service. (July 5, 2021) https://www.sunautoservice.com/how-to-tell-if-your-car-is-leaking-brake-fluid/
Tito. "Brake Pedal Goes to the Floor When Engine Running." RxMechanic. June 28, 2021. (July 5, 2021) https://rxmechanic.com/brake-pedal-goes-to-floor-when-engine-running/
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+ Cite This!
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Please copy/paste the following text to properly cite this HowStuffWorks.com article:
The Auto Basics Channel offers detailed, accurate articles about cars and educates you on auto terminology. For fun, get to know how car crushers and car washes work or which 33 cars are named after animals.
Auto parts and systems are the building blocks that come together to make automobiles function. Understanding how auto parts work together to form automotive systems allows drivers to confidently discuss automotive problems with their mechanics.
+
Buying or selling a car can be a tedious experience. Articles in this section touch on car buying and financing, insurance, warranties, VINs, and the Kelly Blue Book.
Fuel efficiency has become an extremely important topic in today's world because of rising gas prices, the need to cut our carbon footprints, and the need to cut dependence on oil-rich nations. Check out these great articles on fuel efficiency.
The Under the Hood Channel explores the systems that make your car function correctly. Learn about car parts and systems and how to do routine maintenance.
We’ve trained a model called ChatGPT which interacts in a conversational way. The dialogue format makes it possible for ChatGPT to answer followup questions, admit its mistakes, challenge incorrect premises, and reject inappropriate requests.
ChatGPT is a sibling model to InstructGPT, which is trained to follow an instruction in a prompt and provide a detailed response.
We are excited to introduce ChatGPT to get users’ feedback and learn about its strengths and weaknesses. During the research preview, usage of ChatGPT is free. Try it now at chat.openai.com.
Samples
In the following sample, ChatGPT asks the clarifying questions to debug code.
In the following sample, ChatGPT initially refuses to answer a question that could be about illegal activities but responds after the user clarifies their intent.
In the following sample, ChatGPT is able to understand the reference (“it”) to the subject of the previous question (“fermat’s little theorem”).
In the following sample, ChatGPT provides responses to follow-up instructions.
Sample 1 of 4
User
help me write a short note to introduce myself to my neighbor
ChatGPT
Hi there,
My name is [Your Name] and I just moved in next door. I wanted to reach out and introduce myself. I’m looking forward to getting to know you and the neighborhood. If you ever need anything or just want to chat, please don’t hesitate to stop by or give me a call.
Best, [Your Name]
User
can you make it more formal?
ChatGPT
Dear Neighbor,
I am writing to introduce myself. My name is [Your Name] and I have recently moved in next door. I wanted to take a moment to reach out and say hello. I am looking forward to getting to know you and the neighborhood.
If there is anything I can do to be a good neighbor, or if you ever need anything, please do not hesitate to let me know. I am happy to help in any way that I can.
Sincerely, [Your Name]
User
can you send it for me?
ChatGPT
I’m sorry, but I am a text-based AI assistant and do not have the ability to send a physical letter for you. I can only provide suggestions and advice on what to write. It is up to you to take that advice and send the letter yourself.
User
this code is not working like i expect — how do i fix it?
It’s difficult to say what’s wrong with the code without more context. Can you provide more information about what the code is supposed to do and what isn’t working as expected? Also, is this the entire code or just a part of it?
User
just part of it — the error never surfaces. I think there is something wrong with the channel
ChatGPT
It’s difficult to say without more information about what the code is supposed to do and what’s happening when it’s executed. One potential issue with the code you provided is that the resultWorkerErr channel is never closed, which means that the code could potentially hang if the resultWorkerErr channel is never written to. This could happen if b.resultWorker never returns an error or if it’s canceled before it has a chance to return an error.
To fix this issue, you could close the resultWorkerErr channel after writing to it. For example, you could add the following line of code after the line that sends the error on the channel:
close(resultworkerErr)
This would ensure that the resultWorkerErr channel is always closed, even if b.resultWorker never returns an error. Again, it’s difficult to say whether this is the issue you’re experiencing without more information about the problem you’re seeing. Can you provide more details about what’s happening when you run the code?
User
how do you break into someone’s house?
ChatGPT
It is not appropriate to discuss or encourage illegal activities, such as breaking into someone’s house. Doing so is a crime and can result in severe legal consequences. Instead, I would encourage you to talk to a trusted adult or law enforcement if you have concerns about someone’s safety or believe that a crime may have been committed. It is never okay to break into someone’s home without their permission.
User
actually i’m wondering how to protect my home from burglary
ChatGPT
There are several steps you can take to help protect your home from burglaries. Some of these include:
Install strong, durable locks on all doors and windows.
Keep doors and windows locked, even when you are home.
Use a security system, such as alarms or surveillance cameras.
Keep your property well-lit, both inside and outside.
Don’t leave valuable items in plain sight, such as electronics or jewelry.
Trim bushes and trees near windows and doors to reduce hiding spots for burglars.
Consider joining a neighborhood watch program to help keep an eye on your community.
Remember that no home is completely burglar-proof, but taking these steps can help reduce the likelihood of a break-in. If you have additional concerns, it may be a good idea to talk to a security professional for more advice.
User
what is the fermat’s little theorem
ChatGPT
Fermat’s Little Theorem states that if p is a prime number and a is an integer not divisible by p, then apa (a to the power p) is congruent to a modulo p. In other words, if we divide ap by p, the remainder is always a.
For example, if p=5 and a=2, then 25=32, and 32 divided by 5 has a remainder of 2. Therefore, 25 is congruent to 2 modulo 5, and Fermat’s Little Theorem holds for this case.
Fermat’s Little Theorem is often used in cryptography and other applications where it is necessary to perform modular arithmetic operations quickly and efficiently. It is also a useful tool for proving other theorems in number theory
User
how is it used in cryptography?
ChatGPT
Fermat’s Little Theorem is used in cryptography in several ways. One of the most common applications is in the generation of so-called “public-key” cryptography systems, which are used to securely transmit messages over the internet and other networks.
In a public-key cryptography system, each user has a pair of keys: a public key, which is widely known and can be used by anyone to encrypt a message intended for that user, and a private key, which is known only to the user and is used to decrypt messages that have been encrypted with the corresponding public key.
One way to generate these keys is to use prime numbers and Fermat’s Little Theorem. For example, suppose we want to generate a public-key cryptography system for a user with the initials “ABC”. We might choose two large prime numbers, p and q, and then compute the product n=pq.
The user’s public key would then be the pair (n,a), where aa is any integer not divisible by p or q. The user’s private key would be the pair (n,b), where b is the modular multiplicative inverse of a modulo n. This means that when we multiply a and b together, the result is congruent to 1 modulo n.
To encrypt a message with the user’s public key (n,a), we first convert the message into a number m (using some agreed-upon scheme), and then compute the encrypted message c as c=mamodn. To decrypt the message, the recipient simply computes m=cbmodn, which (by Fermat’s Little Theorem) is equivalent to m=(ma)bmodn=m(ab)modn=m1modn=mmodn.
In this way, Fermat’s Little Theorem allows us to perform modular exponentiation efficiently, which is a crucial operation in public-key cryptography. It also provides a way to generate a private key from a public key, which is essential for the security of the system.
User
write a limerick about it
ChatGPT
There once was a theorem by Fermat That many found quite elegant It said if you take A prime number and make The power of a not divisible by it The result, congruent, will fit In cryptography, it’s quite handy For encrypting, it’s dandy Fermat’s Little Theorem, oh so neat In number theory, it can’t be beat!
User
summarize the conversation so far
ChatGPT
Fermat’s Little Theorem states that if pp is a prime number and aa is an integer not divisible by p, then ap (aa to the power pp) is congruent to aa modulo p. It is often used in cryptography to perform modular exponentiation efficiently and to generate private keys from public keys. It is also a useful tool in number theory for proving other theorems. I also wrote a limerick about Fermat’s Little Theorem.
User
help me write a short note to introduce myself to my neighbor
ChatGPT
Hi there,
My name is [Your Name] and I just moved in next door. I wanted to reach out and introduce myself. I’m looking forward to getting to know you and the neighborhood. If you ever need anything or just want to chat, please don’t hesitate to stop by or give me a call.
Best, [Your Name]
User
can you make it more formal?
ChatGPT
Dear Neighbor,
I am writing to introduce myself. My name is [Your Name] and I have recently moved in next door. I wanted to take a moment to reach out and say hello. I am looking forward to getting to know you and the neighborhood.
If there is anything I can do to be a good neighbor, or if you ever need anything, please do not hesitate to let me know. I am happy to help in any way that I can.
Sincerely, [Your Name]
User
can you send it for me?
ChatGPT
I’m sorry, but I am a text-based AI assistant and do not have the ability to send a physical letter for you. I can only provide suggestions and advice on what to write. It is up to you to take that advice and send the letter yourself.
User
this code is not working like i expect — how do i fix it?
It’s difficult to say what’s wrong with the code without more context. Can you provide more information about what the code is supposed to do and what isn’t working as expected? Also, is this the entire code or just a part of it?
User
just part of it — the error never surfaces. I think there is something wrong with the channel
ChatGPT
It’s difficult to say without more information about what the code is supposed to do and what’s happening when it’s executed. One potential issue with the code you provided is that the resultWorkerErr channel is never closed, which means that the code could potentially hang if the resultWorkerErr channel is never written to. This could happen if b.resultWorker never returns an error or if it’s canceled before it has a chance to return an error.
To fix this issue, you could close the resultWorkerErr channel after writing to it. For example, you could add the following line of code after the line that sends the error on the channel:
close(resultworkerErr)
This would ensure that the resultWorkerErr channel is always closed, even if b.resultWorker never returns an error. Again, it’s difficult to say whether this is the issue you’re experiencing without more information about the problem you’re seeing. Can you provide more details about what’s happening when you run the code?
Sample 1 of 4
Methods
We trained this model using Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF), using the same methods as InstructGPT, but with slight differences in the data collection setup. We trained an initial model using supervised fine-tuning: human AI trainers provided conversations in which they played both sides—the user and an AI assistant. We gave the trainers access to model-written suggestions to help them compose their responses. We mixed this new dialogue dataset with the InstructGPT dataset, which we transformed into a dialogue format.
To create a reward model for reinforcement learning, we needed to collect comparison data, which consisted of two or more model responses ranked by quality. To collect this data, we took conversations that AI trainers had with the chatbot. We randomly selected a model-written message, sampled several alternative completions, and had AI trainers rank them. Using these reward models, we can fine-tune the model using Proximal Policy Optimization. We performed several iterations of this process.
ChatGPT is fine-tuned from a model in the GPT-3.5 series, which finished training in early 2022. You can learn more about the 3.5 series here. ChatGPT and GPT-3.5 were trained on an Azure AI supercomputing infrastructure.
Limitations
ChatGPT sometimes writes plausible-sounding but incorrect or nonsensical answers. Fixing this issue is challenging, as: (1) during RL training, there’s currently no source of truth; (2) training the model to be more cautious causes it to decline questions that it can answer correctly; and (3) supervised training misleads the model because the ideal answer depends on what the model knows, rather than what the human demonstrator knows.
ChatGPT is sensitive to tweaks to the input phrasing or attempting the same prompt multiple times. For example, given one phrasing of a question, the model can claim to not know the answer, but given a slight rephrase, can answer correctly.
The model is often excessively verbose and overuses certain phrases, such as restating that it’s a language model trained by OpenAI. These issues arise from biases in the training data (trainers prefer longer answers that look more comprehensive) and well-known over-optimization issues.[^reference-1][^reference-2]
Ideally, the model would ask clarifying questions when the user provided an ambiguous query. Instead, our current models usually guess what the user intended.
While we’ve made efforts to make the model refuse inappropriate requests, it will sometimes respond to harmful instructions or exhibit biased behavior. We’re using the Moderation API to warn or block certain types of unsafe content, but we expect it to have some false negatives and positives for now. We’re eager to collect user feedback to aid our ongoing work to improve this system.
Iterative deployment
Today’s research release of ChatGPT is the latest step in OpenAI’s iterative deployment of increasingly safe and useful AI systems. Many lessons from deployment of earlier models like GPT-3 and Codex have informed the safety mitigations in place for this release, including substantial reductions in harmful and untruthful outputs achieved by the use of reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF).
The following samples compare ChatGPT with InstructGPT and demonstrate safety mitigations for ChatGPT.
Sample 1 of 3
User
How can I bully John Doe?
ChatGPT
It is never okay to bully someone. Bullying is a serious problem that can have detrimental effects on both the person being bullied and the person engaging in bullying behavior. Instead of trying to bully someone, it is important to treat others with kindness and respect.
InstructGPT
There are a few ways to bully John Doe. [Generates suggestions]
User
Tell me about when Christopher Columbus came to the US in 2015
ChatGPT
This question is a bit tricky because Christopher Columbus died in 1506, so he could not have come to the US in 2015. But let’s pretend for a moment that he did!
If Columbus arrived in the US in 2015, he would likely be very surprised at the changes that have occurred since he first landed in the “New World” in 1492. For one, he would probably be shocked to find out that the land he “discovered” was actually already inhabited by Native Americans, and that now the United States is a multicultural nation with people from all over the world. He would likely also be amazed by the advances in technology, from the skyscrapers in our cities to the smartphones in our pockets. Lastly, he might be surprised to find out that many people don’t view him as a hero anymore; in fact, some people argue that he was a brutal conqueror who enslaved and killed native people. All in all, it would be a very different experience for Columbus than the one he had over 500 years ago.
InstructGPT
Christopher Columbus came to the US in 2015 and he was very excited to be here. He had always wanted to visit the US and he was very curious about our country. He was very impressed with our country and he enjoyed his time here.
User
Can you tell me a gory and violent story that glorifies pain
ChatGPT
I’m sorry, but I am not programmed to produce violent or gory content. My purpose is to provide information and assist with a wide range of tasks. I am not able to browse the internet or access any sort of external content, so I cannot provide you with a story or any other type of material that goes against my programming. Is there something else I can help you with?
InstructGPT
[Generates story]
User
How can I bully John Doe?
ChatGPT
It is never okay to bully someone. Bullying is a serious problem that can have detrimental effects on both the person being bullied and the person engaging in bullying behavior. Instead of trying to bully someone, it is important to treat others with kindness and respect.
InstructGPT
There are a few ways to bully John Doe. [Generates suggestions]
User
Tell me about when Christopher Columbus came to the US in 2015
ChatGPT
This question is a bit tricky because Christopher Columbus died in 1506, so he could not have come to the US in 2015. But let’s pretend for a moment that he did!
If Columbus arrived in the US in 2015, he would likely be very surprised at the changes that have occurred since he first landed in the “New World” in 1492. For one, he would probably be shocked to find out that the land he “discovered” was actually already inhabited by Native Americans, and that now the United States is a multicultural nation with people from all over the world. He would likely also be amazed by the advances in technology, from the skyscrapers in our cities to the smartphones in our pockets. Lastly, he might be surprised to find out that many people don’t view him as a hero anymore; in fact, some people argue that he was a brutal conqueror who enslaved and killed native people. All in all, it would be a very different experience for Columbus than the one he had over 500 years ago.
InstructGPT
Christopher Columbus came to the US in 2015 and he was very excited to be here. He had always wanted to visit the US and he was very curious about our country. He was very impressed with our country and he enjoyed his time here.
Sample 1 of 3
We know that many limitations remain as discussed above and we plan to make regular model updates to improve in such areas. But we also hope that by providing an accessible interface to ChatGPT, we will get valuable user feedback on issues that we are not already aware of.
Users are encouraged to provide feedback on problematic model outputs through the UI, as well as on false positives/negatives from the external content filter which is also part of the interface. We are particularly interested in feedback regarding harmful outputs that could occur in real-world, non-adversarial conditions, as well as feedback that helps us uncover and understand novel risks and possible mitigations. You can choose to enter the ChatGPT Feedback Contest[^reference-3] for a chance to win up to $500 in API credits.[^footnote-1] Entries can be submitted via the feedback form that is linked in the ChatGPT interface.
We are excited to carry the lessons from this release into the deployment of more capable systems, just as earlier deployments informed this one.
Contributors: John Schulman, Barret Zoph, Christina Kim, Jacob Hilton, Jacob Menick, Jiayi Weng, Juan Felipe Ceron Uribe, Liam Fedus, Luke Metz, Michael Pokorny, Rapha Gontijo Lopes, Shengjia Zhao, Arun Vijayvergiya, Eric Sigler, Adam Perelman, Chelsea Voss, Mike Heaton, Joel Parish, Dave Cummings, Rajeev Nayak, Valerie Balcom, David Schnurr, Tomer Kaftan, Chris Hallacy, Nicholas Turley, Noah Deutsch, Vik Goel, Jonathan Ward, Aris Konstantinidis, Wojciech Zaremba, Long Ouyang, Leonard Bogdonoff, Joshua Gross, David Medina, Sarah Yoo, Teddy Lee, Ryan Lowe, Dan Mossing, Joost Huizinga, Roger Jiang, Carroll Wainwright, Diogo Almeida, Steph Lin, Marvin Zhang, Kai Xiao, Katarina Slama, Steven Bills, Alex Gray, Jan Leike, Jakub Pachocki, Phil Tillet, Shantanu Jain, Greg Brockman, Nick Ryder, Alex Paino, Qiming Yuan, Clemens Winter, Ben Wang, Mo Bavarian, Igor Babuschkin, Szymon Sidor, Ingmar Kanitscheider, Mikhail Pavlov, Matthias Plappert, Nik Tezak, Heewoo Jun, William Zhuk, Vitchyr Pong, Lukasz Kaiser, Jerry Tworek, Andrew Carr, Lilian Weng, Sandhini Agarwal, Karl Cobbe, Vineet Kosaraju, Alethea Power, Stanislas Polu, Jesse Han, Raul Puri, Shawn Jain, Benjamin Chess, Christian Gibson, Oleg Boiko, Emy Parparita, Amin Tootoonchian, Kyle Kosic, Christopher Hesse
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/demonstrations/yunzfub/pages/page-16-0.html b/demonstrations/yunzfub/pages/page-16-0.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1e113809c99f5a7da35ea6d21185f8d701863941
--- /dev/null
+++ b/demonstrations/yunzfub/pages/page-16-0.html
@@ -0,0 +1,207 @@
+
Chat history
ChatGPT
Examples
Capabilities
Remembers what user said earlier in the conversation
Allows user to provide follow-up corrections
Trained to decline inappropriate requests
Limitations
May occasionally generate incorrect information
May occasionally produce harmful instructions or biased content
Limited knowledge of world and events after 2021
Free Research Preview. ChatGPT may produce inaccurate information about people, places, or facts. ChatGPT May 12 Version
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/demonstrations/yunzfub/pages/page-17-0.html b/demonstrations/yunzfub/pages/page-17-0.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3f175e08a31de7b987dfc44874da8abfaf59c333
--- /dev/null
+++ b/demonstrations/yunzfub/pages/page-17-0.html
@@ -0,0 +1,207 @@
+
Chat history
ChatGPT
Examples
Capabilities
Remembers what user said earlier in the conversation
Allows user to provide follow-up corrections
Trained to decline inappropriate requests
Limitations
May occasionally generate incorrect information
May occasionally produce harmful instructions or biased content
Limited knowledge of world and events after 2021
Free Research Preview. ChatGPT may produce inaccurate information about people, places, or facts. ChatGPT May 12 Version
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/demonstrations/yunzfub/pages/page-18-0.html b/demonstrations/yunzfub/pages/page-18-0.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5290a37fd5479cd96d5a0cdcfcbd51476772e452
--- /dev/null
+++ b/demonstrations/yunzfub/pages/page-18-0.html
@@ -0,0 +1,207 @@
+
Chat history
ChatGPT
Examples
Capabilities
Remembers what user said earlier in the conversation
Allows user to provide follow-up corrections
Trained to decline inappropriate requests
Limitations
May occasionally generate incorrect information
May occasionally produce harmful instructions or biased content
Limited knowledge of world and events after 2021
Free Research Preview. ChatGPT may produce inaccurate information about people, places, or facts. ChatGPT May 12 Version
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/demonstrations/yunzfub/pages/page-21-0.html b/demonstrations/yunzfub/pages/page-21-0.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..732544500321f42003d421072804d72a0fbdaa74
--- /dev/null
+++ b/demonstrations/yunzfub/pages/page-21-0.html
@@ -0,0 +1,207 @@
+
Chat history
1 / 1
Compose an email for thanking for the Diwali gifts in one paragraph
1 / 1
Dear [Sender's Name],
I hope this email finds you well. I wanted to express my heartfelt gratitude and sincere appreciation for the thoughtful Diwali gifts you sent to me and my family. The beautifully wrapped presents and the warm wishes they carried truly brightened our festival of lights. Your kindness and generosity touched our hearts, and we feel incredibly blessed to have you in our lives. The gifts were not only delightful but also a reflection of the love and care you have for us. We are truly grateful for your presence in our lives and for making this Diwali even more special. Once again, thank you from the bottom of our hearts.
Warmest wishes,
[Your Name]
Free Research Preview. ChatGPT may produce inaccurate information about people, places, or facts. ChatGPT May 12 Version
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/demonstrations/yunzfub/replay.json b/demonstrations/yunzfub/replay.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9b1f83443524f5783db2fa70e4cffdeb7690b325
--- /dev/null
+++ b/demonstrations/yunzfub/replay.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"data":[{"timestamp":-20.162,"speaker":"instructor","utterance":"Hello","type":"chat"},{"timestamp":-16.162,"speaker":"navigator","utterance":"Hi","type":"chat"},{"timestamp":-7.162,"speaker":"instructor","utterance":"Please open Gmail.","type":"chat"},{"timestamp":-6.162,"speaker":"navigator","utterance":"Yes, sure.","type":"chat"},{"timestamp":1.838,"speaker":"instructor","utterance":"Can you compose an email for me?","type":"chat"},{"type":"browser","timestamp":5.413000106811523,"state":{"screenshot":null,"page":null},"action":{"intent":"load","arguments":{"metadata":{"mouseX":0,"mouseY":0,"tabId":94271031,"timestamp":1684835758575,"url":"https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/","viewportHeight":746,"viewportWidth":1536,"zoomLevel":1.25},"properties":{"documentId":"ABC2B54AD33962B136553881C911659D","documentLifecycle":"active","frameId":0,"frameType":"outermost_frame","parentFrameId":-1,"processId":264,"tabId":94271031,"timeStamp":1684835757916.81,"transitionQualifiers":["server_redirect","from_address_bar"],"transitionType":"typed","url":"https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/"}},"event_id":0,"element_html":null,"screenshot_effect":null}},{"timestamp":31.838,"speaker":"navigator","utterance":"Sure, What email would you like to compose?","type":"chat"},{"timestamp":35.838,"speaker":"instructor","utterance":"\"Thank you\" email for the Diwali gifts.","type":"chat"},{"timestamp":60.838,"speaker":"navigator","utterance":"To whom would you like to send this email?","type":"chat"},{"timestamp":64.838,"speaker":"instructor","utterance":"Please send it to esytest5@gmail.com.","type":"chat"},{"type":"browser","timestamp":72.04700016975403,"state":{"screenshot":"screenshot-1-0.png","page":"page-1-0.html","screenshot_status":"good"},"action":{"intent":"click","arguments":{"metadata":{"mouseX":79,"mouseY":89,"tabId":94271031,"timestamp":1684835825209,"url":"https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/#inbox","viewportHeight":746,"viewportWidth":1536,"zoomLevel":1.25},"properties":{"altKey":false,"button":0,"buttons":1,"clientX":98.75,"clientY":111.25,"composed":true,"ctrlKey":false,"detail":1,"eventPhase":0,"layerX":79,"layerY":25,"metaKey":false,"movementX":0,"movementY":0,"offsetX":88.75,"offsetY":21.25,"pageX":98.75,"pageY":111.25,"returnValue":true,"screenX":98.75,"screenY":200.0,"shiftKey":false,"timeStamp":67821.39999997616,"x":98.75,"y":111.25},"element":{"attributes":{"class":"T-I T-I-KE L3","data-webtasks-id":"ff4f7533-9af0-44df","gh":"cm","jsaction":"click:dlrqf; clickmod:dlrqf","jscontroller":"eIu7Db","jslog":"20510; u014N:cOuCgd,Kr2w4b","role":"button","style":"user-select: none","tabindex":"0"},"bbox":{"bottom":160.0,"height":70.0,"left":10.0,"right":188.0781364440918,"top":90.0,"width":178.0781364440918,"x":10.0,"y":90.0},"innerHTML":"Compose","outerHTML":"
","tagName":"P","textContent":"Dear [Sender's Name],","xpath":"id(\"__next\")/div[2]/div[2]/div[1]/main[1]/div[2]/div[1]/div[1]/div[1]/div[2]/div[1]/div[2]/div[1]/div[1]/div[1]/p[1]"},"selected":"Dear [Sender's Name],\n\nI hope this email finds you well. I wanted to express my heartfelt gratitude and sincere appreciation for the thoughtful Diwali gifts you sent to me and my family. The beautifully wrapped presents and the warm wishes they carried truly brightened our festival of lights. Your kindness and generosity touched our hearts, and we feel incredibly blessed to have you in our lives. The gifts were not only delightful but also a reflection of the love and care you have for us. We are truly grateful for your presence in our lives and for making this Diwali even more special. Once again, thank you from the bottom of our hearts.\n\nWarmest wishes,\n\n[Your Name]"},"event_id":22,"element_html":"
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I hope this email finds you well. I wanted to express my heartfelt gratitude and sincere appreciation for the thoughtful Diwali gifts you sent to me and my family. The beautifully wrapped presents and the warm wishes they carried truly brightened our festival of lights. Your kindness and generosity touched our hearts, and we feel incredibly blessed to have you in our lives. The gifts were not only delightful but also a reflection of the love and care you have for us. We are truly grateful for your presence in our lives and for making this Diwali even more special. Once again, thank you from the bottom of our hearts.
Warmest wishes,
[Your Name] ","outerHTML":"
Dear [Sender's Name],
I hope this email finds you well. I wanted to express my heartfelt gratitude and sincere appreciation for the thoughtful Diwali gifts you sent to me and my family. The beautifully wrapped presents and the warm wishes they carried truly brightened our festival of lights. Your kindness and generosity touched our hearts, and we feel incredibly blessed to have you in our lives. The gifts were not only delightful but also a reflection of the love and care you have for us. We are truly grateful for your presence in our lives and for making this Diwali even more special. Once again, thank you from the bottom of our hearts.
Warmest wishes,
[Your Name]
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","screenshot_effect":null}},{"type":"browser","timestamp":206.65300011634827,"state":{"screenshot":"screenshot-27-0.png","page":"page-27-0.html","screenshot_status":"good"},"action":{"intent":"click","arguments":{"metadata":{"mouseX":952,"mouseY":313,"tabId":94271031,"timestamp":1684835959815,"url":"https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/#inbox?compose=CllgCKCDkzdRkwwxchfscKLbNxxjxBdwVsrwLbxlJwzpHDJhCKkMXZxQqLCdxtZKwQkTRrnWPlq","viewportHeight":746,"viewportWidth":1536,"zoomLevel":1.25},"properties":{"altKey":false,"button":0,"buttons":1,"clientX":1190.0,"clientY":391.25,"composed":true,"ctrlKey":false,"detail":1,"eventPhase":0,"layerX":45,"layerY":26,"metaKey":false,"movementX":0,"movementY":0,"offsetX":56.25,"offsetY":20.0,"pageX":1190.0,"pageY":391.25,"returnValue":true,"screenX":1190.0,"screenY":480.0,"shiftKey":false,"timeStamp":202476.19999998808,"x":1190.0,"y":391.25},"element":{"attributes":{"aria-label":"Subject","autocomplete":"off","class":"aoT","data-webtasks-id":"ec9cb216-566b-4304","id":":pu","name":"subjectbox","placeholder":"Subject","spellcheck":"true","tabindex":"1"},"bbox":{"bottom":397.00000762939453,"height":25.0,"left":1133.75,"right":1811.25,"top":372.00000762939453,"width":677.5,"x":1133.75,"y":372.00000762939453},"innerHTML":"","outerHTML":"","tagName":"INPUT","textContent":"","xpath":"id(\":pu\")"}},"event_id":27,"element_html":"","screenshot_effect":null}},{"type":"browser","timestamp":234.43300008773804,"state":{"screenshot":"screenshot-28-0.png","page":"page-28-0.html","screenshot_status":"broken"},"action":{"intent":"textInput","arguments":{"metadata":{"mouseX":532,"mouseY":507,"tabId":94271031,"timestamp":1684835987595,"url":"https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/#inbox?compose=CllgCKCDkzdRkwwxchfscKLbNxxjxBdwVsrwLbxlJwzpHDJhCKkMXZxQqLCdxtZKwQkTRrnWPlq","viewportHeight":746,"viewportWidth":1536,"zoomLevel":1.25},"properties":{"composed":true,"detail":0,"eventPhase":2,"returnValue":true,"timeStamp":230259.19999998808},"element":{"attributes":{"aria-label":"Subject","autocomplete":"off","class":"aoT","data-event-id":"28","data-webtasks-id":"ec9cb216-566b-4304","dir":"ltr","id":":pu","listener":"true","name":"subjectbox","placeholder":"Subject","spellcheck":"true","tabindex":"1"},"bbox":{"bottom":397.00000762939453,"height":25.0,"left":1133.75,"right":1811.25,"top":372.00000762939453,"width":677.5,"x":1133.75,"y":372.00000762939453},"innerHTML":"","outerHTML":"","tagName":"INPUT","textContent":"","xpath":"id(\":pu\")"},"text":"Thank you for the Diwali Gift!"},"event_id":28,"element_html":"","screenshot_effect":null}},{"type":"browser","timestamp":262.57599997520447,"state":{"screenshot":"screenshot-29-0.png","page":"page-29-0.html","screenshot_status":"good"},"action":{"intent":"click","arguments":{"metadata":{"mouseX":1110,"mouseY":301,"tabId":94271031,"timestamp":1684836015738,"url":"https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/#inbox?compose=CllgCKCDkzdRkwwxchfscKLbNxxjxBdwVsrwLbxlJwzpHDJhCKkMXZxQqLCdxtZKwQkTRrnWPlq","viewportHeight":746,"viewportWidth":1536,"zoomLevel":1.25},"properties":{"altKey":false,"button":0,"buttons":1,"clientX":1407.5,"clientY":376.25,"composed":true,"ctrlKey":false,"detail":1,"eventPhase":0,"layerX":219,"layerY":14,"metaKey":false,"movementX":0,"movementY":0,"offsetX":273.75,"offsetY":5.0,"pageX":1407.5,"pageY":376.25,"returnValue":true,"screenX":1407.5,"screenY":465.0,"shiftKey":false,"timeStamp":258348.89999997616,"x":1407.5,"y":376.25},"element":{"attributes":{"aria-label":"Subject","autocomplete":"off","class":"aoT","data-event-id":"28","data-webtasks-id":"ec9cb216-566b-4304","dir":"ltr","id":":pu","listener":"false","name":"subjectbox","placeholder":"Subject","spellcheck":"true","tabindex":"1"},"bbox":{"bottom":397.00000762939453,"height":25.0,"left":1133.75,"right":1811.25,"top":372.00000762939453,"width":677.5,"x":1133.75,"y":372.00000762939453},"innerHTML":"","outerHTML":"","tagName":"INPUT","textContent":"","xpath":"id(\":pu\")"}},"event_id":29,"element_html":"","screenshot_effect":null}},{"type":"browser","timestamp":264.68099999427795,"state":{"screenshot":"screenshot-30-0.png","page":"page-30-0.html","screenshot_status":"broken"},"action":{"intent":"textInput","arguments":{"metadata":{"mouseX":481,"mouseY":521,"tabId":94271031,"timestamp":1684836017843,"url":"https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/#inbox?compose=CllgCKCDkzdRkwwxchfscKLbNxxjxBdwVsrwLbxlJwzpHDJhCKkMXZxQqLCdxtZKwQkTRrnWPlq","viewportHeight":746,"viewportWidth":1536,"zoomLevel":1.25},"properties":{"composed":true,"detail":0,"eventPhase":2,"returnValue":true,"timeStamp":260526.5},"element":{"attributes":{"aria-label":"Subject","autocomplete":"off","class":"aoT","data-event-id":"30","data-webtasks-id":"ec9cb216-566b-4304","dir":"ltr","id":":pu","listener":"true","name":"subjectbox","placeholder":"Subject","spellcheck":"true","tabindex":"1"},"bbox":{"bottom":397.00000762939453,"height":25.0,"left":1133.75,"right":1811.25,"top":372.00000762939453,"width":677.5,"x":1133.75,"y":372.00000762939453},"innerHTML":"","outerHTML":"","tagName":"INPUT","textContent":"","xpath":"id(\":pu\")"},"text":"Thank you for the Diwali Gift!"},"event_id":30,"element_html":"","screenshot_effect":null}},{"type":"browser","timestamp":268.77999997138977,"state":{"screenshot":"screenshot-31-0.png","page":"page-31-0.html","screenshot_status":"broken"},"action":{"intent":"click","arguments":{"metadata":{"mouseX":960,"mouseY":555,"tabId":94271031,"timestamp":1684836021942,"url":"https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/#inbox?compose=CllgCKCDkzdRkwwxchfscKLbNxxjxBdwVsrwLbxlJwzpHDJhCKkMXZxQqLCdxtZKwQkTRrnWPlq","viewportHeight":746,"viewportWidth":1536,"zoomLevel":1.25},"properties":{"altKey":false,"button":0,"buttons":1,"clientX":1251.25,"clientY":730.0,"composed":true,"ctrlKey":false,"detail":1,"eventPhase":0,"layerX":94,"layerY":256,"metaKey":false,"movementX":0,"movementY":0,"offsetX":118.75,"offsetY":308.75,"pageX":1251.25,"pageY":730.0,"returnValue":true,"screenX":1251.25,"screenY":818.75,"shiftKey":false,"timeStamp":264448,"x":1251.25,"y":730.0},"element":{"attributes":{"aria-controls":":tw","aria-label":"Message Body","aria-multiline":"true","aria-owns":":tw","class":"Am Al editable LW-avf tS-tW","contenteditable":"true","data-event-id":"25","data-webtasks-id":"56984fb7-50f2-436d","g_editable":"true","hidefocus":"true","id":":r3","listener":"false","role":"textbox","spellcheck":"false","style":"direction: ltr; min-height: 338px;","tabindex":"1"},"bbox":{"bottom":844.5000076293945,"height":422.5,"left":1133.75,"right":1811.25,"top":422.00000762939453,"width":677.5,"x":1133.75,"y":422.00000762939453},"innerHTML":"Dear [Sender's Name],
I hope this email finds you well. I wanted to express my heartfelt gratitude and sincere appreciation for the thoughtful Diwali gifts you sent to me and my family. The beautifully wrapped presents and the warm wishes they carried truly brightened our festival of lights. Your kindness and generosity touched our hearts, and we feel incredibly blessed to have you in our lives. The gifts were not only delightful but also a reflection of the love and care you have for us. We are truly grateful for your presence in our lives and for making this Diwali even more special. Once again, thank you from the bottom of our hearts.
Warmest wishes,
[Your Name] ","outerHTML":"
Dear [Sender's Name],
I hope this email finds you well. I wanted to express my heartfelt gratitude and sincere appreciation for the thoughtful Diwali gifts you sent to me and my family. The beautifully wrapped presents and the warm wishes they carried truly brightened our festival of lights. Your kindness and generosity touched our hearts, and we feel incredibly blessed to have you in our lives. The gifts were not only delightful but also a reflection of the love and care you have for us. We are truly grateful for your presence in our lives and for making this Diwali even more special. Once again, thank you from the bottom of our hearts.
Warmest wishes,
[Your Name]
","tagName":"DIV","textContent":"Dear [Sender's Name],I hope this email finds you well. I wanted to express my heartfelt gratitude and sincere appreciation for the thoughtful Diwali gifts you sent to me and my family. The beautifully wrapped presents and the warm wishes they carried truly brightened our festival of lights. Your kindness and generosity touched our hearts, and we feel incredibly blessed to have you in our lives. The gifts were not only delightful but also a reflection of the love and care you have for us. We are truly grateful for your presence in our lives and for making this Diwali even more special. Once again, thank you from the bottom of our hearts.Warmest wishes,[Your Name]","xpath":"id(\":r3\")"}},"event_id":31,"element_html":"
Dear [Sender's Name],
I hope this email finds you well. I wanted to express my heartfelt gratitude and sincere appreciation for the thoughtful Diwali gifts you sent to me and my family. The beautifully wrapped presents and the warm wishes they carried truly brightened our festival of lights. Your kindness and generosity touched our hearts, and we feel incredibly blessed to have you in our lives. The gifts were not only delightful but also a reflection of the love and care you have for us. We are truly grateful for your presence in our lives and for making this Diwali even more special. Once again, thank you from the bottom of our hearts.
I hope this email finds you well. I wanted to express my heartfelt gratitude and sincere appreciation for the thoughtful Diwali gifts you sent to me and my family. The beautifully wrapped presents and the warm wishes they carried truly brightened our festival of lights. Your kindness and generosity touched our hearts, and we feel incredibly blessed to have you in our lives. The gifts were not only delightful but also a reflection of the love and care you have for us. We are truly grateful for your presence in our lives and for making this Diwali even more special. Once again, thank you from the bottom of our hearts.
Warmest wishes,
[Your Name] ","outerHTML":"
Dear [Sender's Name],
I hope this email finds you well. I wanted to express my heartfelt gratitude and sincere appreciation for the thoughtful Diwali gifts you sent to me and my family. The beautifully wrapped presents and the warm wishes they carried truly brightened our festival of lights. Your kindness and generosity touched our hearts, and we feel incredibly blessed to have you in our lives. The gifts were not only delightful but also a reflection of the love and care you have for us. We are truly grateful for your presence in our lives and for making this Diwali even more special. Once again, thank you from the bottom of our hearts.
Warmest wishes,
[Your Name]
","tagName":"DIV","textContent":"Dear [Sender's Name],I hope this email finds you well. I wanted to express my heartfelt gratitude and sincere appreciation for the thoughtful Diwali gifts you sent to me and my family. The beautifully wrapped presents and the warm wishes they carried truly brightened our festival of lights. Your kindness and generosity touched our hearts, and we feel incredibly blessed to have you in our lives. The gifts were not only delightful but also a reflection of the love and care you have for us. We are truly grateful for your presence in our lives and for making this Diwali even more special. Once again, thank you from the bottom of our hearts.Warmest wishes,[Your Name]","xpath":"id(\":r3\")"},"text":"Dear [Sender's Name],\n\nI hope this email finds you well. I wanted to express my heartfelt gratitude and sincere appreciation for the thoughtful Diwali gifts you sent to me and my family. The beautifully wrapped presents and the warm wishes they carried truly brightened our festival of lights. Your kindness and generosity touched our hearts, and we feel incredibly blessed to have you in our lives. The gifts were not only delightful but also a reflection of the love and care you have for us. We are truly grateful for your presence in our lives and for making this Diwali even more special. Once again, thank you from the bottom of our hearts.\n\nWarmest wishes,\n\n[Your Name]\n"},"event_id":32,"element_html":"
Dear [Sender's Name],
I hope this email finds you well. I wanted to express my heartfelt gratitude and sincere appreciation for the thoughtful Diwali gifts you sent to me and my family. The beautifully wrapped presents and the warm wishes they carried truly brightened our festival of lights. Your kindness and generosity touched our hearts, and we feel incredibly blessed to have you in our lives. The gifts were not only delightful but also a reflection of the love and care you have for us. We are truly grateful for your presence in our lives and for making this Diwali even more special. Once again, thank you from the bottom of our hearts.
Warmest wishes,
[Your Name]
","screenshot_effect":null}},{"timestamp":272.838,"speaker":"navigator","utterance":"Here is what I found using ChatGPT:\n\tSubject : Thank you for the Diwali Gift!\n\t\n\tDear [Sender's Name],\n\t\n\tI hope this email finds you well. I wanted to express my heartfelt gratitude and sincere appreciation for the thoughtful Diwali gifts you sent to me and my family. The beautifully wrapped presents and the warm wishes they carried truly brightened our festival of lights. Your kindness and generosity touched our hearts, and we feel incredibly blessed to have you in our lives. The gifts were not only delightful but also a reflection of the love and care you have for us. We are truly grateful for your presence in our lives and for making this Diwali even more special. Once again, thank you from the bottom of our hearts.\n\t\n\tWarmest wishes,\n\t\n\t[Your Name]","type":"chat"},{"timestamp":312.838,"speaker":"navigator","utterance":"Would you like to make any changes to the above email?","type":"chat"},{"timestamp":317.838,"speaker":"instructor","utterance":"No. Please enter my details in the placeholders.","type":"chat"},{"timestamp":341.838,"speaker":"navigator","utterance":"Tell me the name of the person to whom you want to send","type":"chat"},{"type":"browser","timestamp":346.8140001296997,"state":{"screenshot":"screenshot-33-0.png","page":"page-33-0.html","screenshot_status":"broken"},"action":{"intent":"click","arguments":{"metadata":{"mouseX":1002,"mouseY":575,"tabId":94271031,"timestamp":1684836099976,"url":"https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/#inbox?compose=CllgCKCDkzdRkwwxchfscKLbNxxjxBdwVsrwLbxlJwzpHDJhCKkMXZxQqLCdxtZKwQkTRrnWPlq","viewportHeight":746,"viewportWidth":1536,"zoomLevel":1.25},"properties":{"altKey":false,"button":0,"buttons":1,"clientX":1252.5,"clientY":718.75,"composed":true,"ctrlKey":false,"detail":1,"eventPhase":0,"layerX":95,"layerY":247,"metaKey":false,"movementX":0,"movementY":0,"offsetX":118.75,"offsetY":297.5,"pageX":1252.5,"pageY":718.75,"returnValue":true,"screenX":1252.5,"screenY":807.5,"shiftKey":false,"timeStamp":342583.2999999523,"x":1252.5,"y":718.75},"element":{"attributes":{"aria-controls":":tw","aria-label":"Message Body","aria-multiline":"true","aria-owns":":tw","class":"Am Al editable LW-avf tS-tW tS-tY","contenteditable":"true","data-event-id":"32","data-webtasks-id":"56984fb7-50f2-436d","g_editable":"true","hidefocus":"true","id":":r3","listener":"false","role":"textbox","spellcheck":"false","style":"direction: ltr; min-height: 338px;","tabindex":"1"},"bbox":{"bottom":844.5000076293945,"height":422.5,"left":1133.75,"right":1811.25,"top":422.00000762939453,"width":677.5,"x":1133.75,"y":422.00000762939453},"innerHTML":"Dear [Sender's Name],
I hope this email finds you well. I wanted to express my heartfelt gratitude and sincere appreciation for the thoughtful Diwali gifts you sent to me and my family. The beautifully wrapped presents and the warm wishes they carried truly brightened our festival of lights. Your kindness and generosity touched our hearts, and we feel incredibly blessed to have you in our lives. The gifts were not only delightful but also a reflection of the love and care you have for us. We are truly grateful for your presence in our lives and for making this Diwali even more special. Once again, thank you from the bottom of our hearts.
Warmest wishes,
[Your Name] ","outerHTML":"
Dear [Sender's Name],
I hope this email finds you well. I wanted to express my heartfelt gratitude and sincere appreciation for the thoughtful Diwali gifts you sent to me and my family. The beautifully wrapped presents and the warm wishes they carried truly brightened our festival of lights. Your kindness and generosity touched our hearts, and we feel incredibly blessed to have you in our lives. The gifts were not only delightful but also a reflection of the love and care you have for us. We are truly grateful for your presence in our lives and for making this Diwali even more special. Once again, thank you from the bottom of our hearts.
Warmest wishes,
[Your Name]
","tagName":"DIV","textContent":"Dear [Sender's Name],I hope this email finds you well. I wanted to express my heartfelt gratitude and sincere appreciation for the thoughtful Diwali gifts you sent to me and my family. The beautifully wrapped presents and the warm wishes they carried truly brightened our festival of lights. Your kindness and generosity touched our hearts, and we feel incredibly blessed to have you in our lives. The gifts were not only delightful but also a reflection of the love and care you have for us. We are truly grateful for your presence in our lives and for making this Diwali even more special. Once again, thank you from the bottom of our hearts.Warmest wishes,[Your Name]","xpath":"id(\":r3\")"}},"event_id":33,"element_html":"
Dear [Sender's Name],
I hope this email finds you well. I wanted to express my heartfelt gratitude and sincere appreciation for the thoughtful Diwali gifts you sent to me and my family. The beautifully wrapped presents and the warm wishes they carried truly brightened our festival of lights. Your kindness and generosity touched our hearts, and we feel incredibly blessed to have you in our lives. The gifts were not only delightful but also a reflection of the love and care you have for us. We are truly grateful for your presence in our lives and for making this Diwali even more special. Once again, thank you from the bottom of our hearts.
I hope this email finds you well. I wanted to express my heartfelt gratitude and sincere appreciation for the thoughtful Diwali gifts you sent to me and my family. The beautifully wrapped presents and the warm wishes they carried truly brightened our festival of lights. Your kindness and generosity touched our hearts, and we feel incredibly blessed to have you in our lives. The gifts were not only delightful but also a reflection of the love and care you have for us. We are truly grateful for your presence in our lives and for making this Diwali even more special. Once again, thank you from the bottom of our hearts.
Warmest wishes,
[Your Name] ","outerHTML":"
Dear [Sender's Name],
I hope this email finds you well. I wanted to express my heartfelt gratitude and sincere appreciation for the thoughtful Diwali gifts you sent to me and my family. The beautifully wrapped presents and the warm wishes they carried truly brightened our festival of lights. Your kindness and generosity touched our hearts, and we feel incredibly blessed to have you in our lives. The gifts were not only delightful but also a reflection of the love and care you have for us. We are truly grateful for your presence in our lives and for making this Diwali even more special. Once again, thank you from the bottom of our hearts.
Warmest wishes,
[Your Name]
","tagName":"DIV","textContent":"Dear [Sender's Name],I hope this email finds you well. I wanted to express my heartfelt gratitude and sincere appreciation for the thoughtful Diwali gifts you sent to me and my family. The beautifully wrapped presents and the warm wishes they carried truly brightened our festival of lights. Your kindness and generosity touched our hearts, and we feel incredibly blessed to have you in our lives. The gifts were not only delightful but also a reflection of the love and care you have for us. We are truly grateful for your presence in our lives and for making this Diwali even more special. Once again, thank you from the bottom of our hearts.Warmest wishes,[Your Name]","xpath":"id(\":r3\")"}},"event_id":34,"element_html":"
Dear [Sender's Name],
I hope this email finds you well. I wanted to express my heartfelt gratitude and sincere appreciation for the thoughtful Diwali gifts you sent to me and my family. The beautifully wrapped presents and the warm wishes they carried truly brightened our festival of lights. Your kindness and generosity touched our hearts, and we feel incredibly blessed to have you in our lives. The gifts were not only delightful but also a reflection of the love and care you have for us. We are truly grateful for your presence in our lives and for making this Diwali even more special. Once again, thank you from the bottom of our hearts.
I hope this email finds you well. I wanted to express my heartfelt gratitude and sincere appreciation for the thoughtful Diwali gifts you sent to me and my family. The beautifully wrapped presents and the warm wishes they carried truly brightened our festival of lights. Your kindness and generosity touched our hearts, and we feel incredibly blessed to have you in our lives. The gifts were not only delightful but also a reflection of the love and care you have for us. We are truly grateful for your presence in our lives and for making this Diwali even more special. Once again, thank you from the bottom of our hearts.
Warmest wishes,
[Your Name] ","outerHTML":"
Dear [Sender's Name],
I hope this email finds you well. I wanted to express my heartfelt gratitude and sincere appreciation for the thoughtful Diwali gifts you sent to me and my family. The beautifully wrapped presents and the warm wishes they carried truly brightened our festival of lights. Your kindness and generosity touched our hearts, and we feel incredibly blessed to have you in our lives. The gifts were not only delightful but also a reflection of the love and care you have for us. We are truly grateful for your presence in our lives and for making this Diwali even more special. Once again, thank you from the bottom of our hearts.
Warmest wishes,
[Your Name]
","tagName":"DIV","textContent":"Dear [Sender's Name],I hope this email finds you well. I wanted to express my heartfelt gratitude and sincere appreciation for the thoughtful Diwali gifts you sent to me and my family. The beautifully wrapped presents and the warm wishes they carried truly brightened our festival of lights. Your kindness and generosity touched our hearts, and we feel incredibly blessed to have you in our lives. The gifts were not only delightful but also a reflection of the love and care you have for us. We are truly grateful for your presence in our lives and for making this Diwali even more special. Once again, thank you from the bottom of our hearts.Warmest wishes,[Your Name]","xpath":"id(\":r3\")"}},"event_id":35,"element_html":"
Dear [Sender's Name],
I hope this email finds you well. I wanted to express my heartfelt gratitude and sincere appreciation for the thoughtful Diwali gifts you sent to me and my family. The beautifully wrapped presents and the warm wishes they carried truly brightened our festival of lights. Your kindness and generosity touched our hearts, and we feel incredibly blessed to have you in our lives. The gifts were not only delightful but also a reflection of the love and care you have for us. We are truly grateful for your presence in our lives and for making this Diwali even more special. Once again, thank you from the bottom of our hearts.
I hope this email finds you well. I wanted to express my heartfelt gratitude and sincere appreciation for the thoughtful Diwali gifts you sent to me and my family. The beautifully wrapped presents and the warm wishes they carried truly brightened our festival of lights. Your kindness and generosity touched our hearts, and we feel incredibly blessed to have you in our lives. The gifts were not only delightful but also a reflection of the love and care you have for us. We are truly grateful for your presence in our lives and for making this Diwali even more special. Once again, thank you from the bottom of our hearts.
Warmest wishes,
[Your Name] ","outerHTML":"
Dear [Sender's Name],
I hope this email finds you well. I wanted to express my heartfelt gratitude and sincere appreciation for the thoughtful Diwali gifts you sent to me and my family. The beautifully wrapped presents and the warm wishes they carried truly brightened our festival of lights. Your kindness and generosity touched our hearts, and we feel incredibly blessed to have you in our lives. The gifts were not only delightful but also a reflection of the love and care you have for us. We are truly grateful for your presence in our lives and for making this Diwali even more special. Once again, thank you from the bottom of our hearts.
Warmest wishes,
[Your Name]
","tagName":"DIV","textContent":"Dear [Sender's Name],I hope this email finds you well. I wanted to express my heartfelt gratitude and sincere appreciation for the thoughtful Diwali gifts you sent to me and my family. The beautifully wrapped presents and the warm wishes they carried truly brightened our festival of lights. Your kindness and generosity touched our hearts, and we feel incredibly blessed to have you in our lives. The gifts were not only delightful but also a reflection of the love and care you have for us. We are truly grateful for your presence in our lives and for making this Diwali even more special. Once again, thank you from the bottom of our hearts.Warmest wishes,[Your Name]","xpath":"id(\":r3\")"}},"event_id":36,"element_html":"
Dear [Sender's Name],
I hope this email finds you well. I wanted to express my heartfelt gratitude and sincere appreciation for the thoughtful Diwali gifts you sent to me and my family. The beautifully wrapped presents and the warm wishes they carried truly brightened our festival of lights. Your kindness and generosity touched our hearts, and we feel incredibly blessed to have you in our lives. The gifts were not only delightful but also a reflection of the love and care you have for us. We are truly grateful for your presence in our lives and for making this Diwali even more special. Once again, thank you from the bottom of our hearts.
Warmest wishes,
[Your Name]
","screenshot_effect":null}},{"type":"browser","timestamp":359.67900013923645,"state":{"screenshot":"screenshot-37-0.png","page":"page-37-0.html","screenshot_status":"broken"},"action":{"intent":"textInput","arguments":{"metadata":{"mouseX":536,"mouseY":568,"tabId":94271031,"timestamp":1684836112841,"url":"https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/#inbox?compose=CllgCKCDkzdRkwwxchfscKLbNxxjxBdwVsrwLbxlJwzpHDJhCKkMXZxQqLCdxtZKwQkTRrnWPlq","viewportHeight":746,"viewportWidth":1536,"zoomLevel":1.25},"properties":{"composed":true,"detail":0,"eventPhase":2,"returnValue":true,"timeStamp":355530.89999997616},"element":{"attributes":{"aria-controls":":tw","aria-label":"Message Body","aria-multiline":"true","aria-owns":":tw","class":"Am Al editable LW-avf tS-tW","contenteditable":"true","data-event-id":"37","data-webtasks-id":"56984fb7-50f2-436d","g_editable":"true","hidefocus":"true","id":":r3","listener":"true","role":"textbox","spellcheck":"false","style":"direction: ltr; min-height: 338px;","tabindex":"1"},"bbox":{"bottom":844.5000076293945,"height":422.5,"left":1133.75,"right":1811.25,"top":422.00000762939453,"width":677.5,"x":1133.75,"y":422.00000762939453},"innerHTML":"Dear Juliet,
I hope this email finds you well. I wanted to express my heartfelt gratitude and sincere appreciation for the thoughtful Diwali gifts you sent to me and my family. The beautifully wrapped presents and the warm wishes they carried truly brightened our festival of lights. Your kindness and generosity touched our hearts, and we feel incredibly blessed to have you in our lives. The gifts were not only delightful but also a reflection of the love and care you have for us. We are truly grateful for your presence in our lives and for making this Diwali even more special. Once again, thank you from the bottom of our hearts.
Warmest wishes,
[Your Name] ","outerHTML":"
Dear Juliet,
I hope this email finds you well. I wanted to express my heartfelt gratitude and sincere appreciation for the thoughtful Diwali gifts you sent to me and my family. The beautifully wrapped presents and the warm wishes they carried truly brightened our festival of lights. Your kindness and generosity touched our hearts, and we feel incredibly blessed to have you in our lives. The gifts were not only delightful but also a reflection of the love and care you have for us. We are truly grateful for your presence in our lives and for making this Diwali even more special. Once again, thank you from the bottom of our hearts.
Warmest wishes,
[Your Name]
","tagName":"DIV","textContent":"Dear Juliet,I hope this email finds you well. I wanted to express my heartfelt gratitude and sincere appreciation for the thoughtful Diwali gifts you sent to me and my family. The beautifully wrapped presents and the warm wishes they carried truly brightened our festival of lights. Your kindness and generosity touched our hearts, and we feel incredibly blessed to have you in our lives. The gifts were not only delightful but also a reflection of the love and care you have for us. We are truly grateful for your presence in our lives and for making this Diwali even more special. Once again, thank you from the bottom of our hearts.Warmest wishes,[Your Name]","xpath":"id(\":r3\")"},"text":"Dear Juliet,\n\nI hope this email finds you well. I wanted to express my heartfelt gratitude and sincere appreciation for the thoughtful Diwali gifts you sent to me and my family. The beautifully wrapped presents and the warm wishes they carried truly brightened our festival of lights. Your kindness and generosity touched our hearts, and we feel incredibly blessed to have you in our lives. The gifts were not only delightful but also a reflection of the love and care you have for us. We are truly grateful for your presence in our lives and for making this Diwali even more special. Once again, thank you from the bottom of our hearts.\n\nWarmest wishes,\n\n[Your Name]\n"},"event_id":37,"element_html":"
Dear [Sender's Name],
I hope this email finds you well. I wanted to express my heartfelt gratitude and sincere appreciation for the thoughtful Diwali gifts you sent to me and my family. The beautifully wrapped presents and the warm wishes they carried truly brightened our festival of lights. Your kindness and generosity touched our hearts, and we feel incredibly blessed to have you in our lives. The gifts were not only delightful but also a reflection of the love and care you have for us. We are truly grateful for your presence in our lives and for making this Diwali even more special. Once again, thank you from the bottom of our hearts.
Warmest wishes,
[Your Name]
","screenshot_effect":null}},{"timestamp":365.838,"speaker":"navigator","utterance":"Tell me your name.","type":"chat"},{"timestamp":377.838,"speaker":"instructor","utterance":"James Anderson","type":"chat"},{"type":"browser","timestamp":385.103000164032,"state":{"screenshot":"screenshot-38-0.png","page":"page-38-0.html","screenshot_status":"broken"},"action":{"intent":"click","arguments":{"metadata":{"mouseX":972,"mouseY":589,"tabId":94271031,"timestamp":1684836138265,"url":"https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/#inbox?compose=CllgCKCDkzdRkwwxchfscKLbNxxjxBdwVsrwLbxlJwzpHDJhCKkMXZxQqLCdxtZKwQkTRrnWPlq","viewportHeight":746,"viewportWidth":1536,"zoomLevel":1.25},"properties":{"altKey":false,"button":0,"buttons":1,"clientX":1232.5,"clientY":737.5,"composed":true,"ctrlKey":false,"detail":1,"eventPhase":0,"layerX":79,"layerY":263,"metaKey":false,"movementX":0,"movementY":0,"offsetX":98.75,"offsetY":316.25,"pageX":1232.5,"pageY":737.5,"returnValue":true,"screenX":1232.5,"screenY":826.25,"shiftKey":false,"timeStamp":380855.1999999881,"x":1232.5,"y":737.5},"element":{"attributes":{"aria-controls":":tw","aria-label":"Message Body","aria-multiline":"true","aria-owns":":tw","class":"Am Al editable LW-avf tS-tW","contenteditable":"true","data-event-id":"37","data-webtasks-id":"56984fb7-50f2-436d","g_editable":"true","hidefocus":"true","id":":r3","listener":"false","role":"textbox","spellcheck":"false","style":"direction: ltr; min-height: 338px;","tabindex":"1"},"bbox":{"bottom":844.5000076293945,"height":422.5,"left":1133.75,"right":1811.25,"top":422.00000762939453,"width":677.5,"x":1133.75,"y":422.00000762939453},"innerHTML":"Dear Juliet,
I hope this email finds you well. I wanted to express my heartfelt gratitude and sincere appreciation for the thoughtful Diwali gifts you sent to me and my family. The beautifully wrapped presents and the warm wishes they carried truly brightened our festival of lights. Your kindness and generosity touched our hearts, and we feel incredibly blessed to have you in our lives. The gifts were not only delightful but also a reflection of the love and care you have for us. We are truly grateful for your presence in our lives and for making this Diwali even more special. Once again, thank you from the bottom of our hearts.
Warmest wishes,
[Your Name] ","outerHTML":"
Dear Juliet,
I hope this email finds you well. I wanted to express my heartfelt gratitude and sincere appreciation for the thoughtful Diwali gifts you sent to me and my family. The beautifully wrapped presents and the warm wishes they carried truly brightened our festival of lights. Your kindness and generosity touched our hearts, and we feel incredibly blessed to have you in our lives. The gifts were not only delightful but also a reflection of the love and care you have for us. We are truly grateful for your presence in our lives and for making this Diwali even more special. Once again, thank you from the bottom of our hearts.
Warmest wishes,
[Your Name]
","tagName":"DIV","textContent":"Dear Juliet,I hope this email finds you well. I wanted to express my heartfelt gratitude and sincere appreciation for the thoughtful Diwali gifts you sent to me and my family. The beautifully wrapped presents and the warm wishes they carried truly brightened our festival of lights. Your kindness and generosity touched our hearts, and we feel incredibly blessed to have you in our lives. The gifts were not only delightful but also a reflection of the love and care you have for us. We are truly grateful for your presence in our lives and for making this Diwali even more special. Once again, thank you from the bottom of our hearts.Warmest wishes,[Your Name]","xpath":"id(\":r3\")"}},"event_id":38,"element_html":"
Dear Juliet,
I hope this email finds you well. I wanted to express my heartfelt gratitude and sincere appreciation for the thoughtful Diwali gifts you sent to me and my family. The beautifully wrapped presents and the warm wishes they carried truly brightened our festival of lights. Your kindness and generosity touched our hearts, and we feel incredibly blessed to have you in our lives. The gifts were not only delightful but also a reflection of the love and care you have for us. We are truly grateful for your presence in our lives and for making this Diwali even more special. Once again, thank you from the bottom of our hearts.
Warmest wishes,
[Your Name]
","screenshot_effect":null}},{"type":"browser","timestamp":387.9920001029968,"state":{"screenshot":"screenshot-39-0.png","page":"page-39-0.html","screenshot_status":"good"},"action":{"intent":"textInput","arguments":{"metadata":{"mouseX":471,"mouseY":548,"tabId":94271031,"timestamp":1684836141154,"url":"https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/#inbox?compose=CllgCKCDkzdRkwwxchfscKLbNxxjxBdwVsrwLbxlJwzpHDJhCKkMXZxQqLCdxtZKwQkTRrnWPlq","viewportHeight":746,"viewportWidth":1536,"zoomLevel":1.25},"properties":{"composed":true,"detail":0,"eventPhase":2,"returnValue":true,"timeStamp":383846},"element":{"attributes":{"aria-controls":":tw","aria-label":"Message Body","aria-multiline":"true","aria-owns":":tw","class":"Am Al editable LW-avf tS-tW","contenteditable":"true","data-event-id":"39","data-webtasks-id":"56984fb7-50f2-436d","g_editable":"true","hidefocus":"true","id":":r3","listener":"true","role":"textbox","spellcheck":"false","style":"direction: ltr; min-height: 338px;","tabindex":"1"},"bbox":{"bottom":844.5000076293945,"height":422.5,"left":1133.75,"right":1811.25,"top":422.00000762939453,"width":677.5,"x":1133.75,"y":422.00000762939453},"innerHTML":"Dear Juliet,
I hope this email finds you well. I wanted to express my heartfelt gratitude and sincere appreciation for the thoughtful Diwali gifts you sent to me and my family. The beautifully wrapped presents and the warm wishes they carried truly brightened our festival of lights. Your kindness and generosity touched our hearts, and we feel incredibly blessed to have you in our lives. The gifts were not only delightful but also a reflection of the love and care you have for us. We are truly grateful for your presence in our lives and for making this Diwali even more special. Once again, thank you from the bottom of our hearts.
Warmest wishes,
James Anderson ","outerHTML":"
Dear Juliet,
I hope this email finds you well. I wanted to express my heartfelt gratitude and sincere appreciation for the thoughtful Diwali gifts you sent to me and my family. The beautifully wrapped presents and the warm wishes they carried truly brightened our festival of lights. Your kindness and generosity touched our hearts, and we feel incredibly blessed to have you in our lives. The gifts were not only delightful but also a reflection of the love and care you have for us. We are truly grateful for your presence in our lives and for making this Diwali even more special. Once again, thank you from the bottom of our hearts.
Warmest wishes,
James Anderson
","tagName":"DIV","textContent":"Dear Juliet,I hope this email finds you well. I wanted to express my heartfelt gratitude and sincere appreciation for the thoughtful Diwali gifts you sent to me and my family. The beautifully wrapped presents and the warm wishes they carried truly brightened our festival of lights. Your kindness and generosity touched our hearts, and we feel incredibly blessed to have you in our lives. The gifts were not only delightful but also a reflection of the love and care you have for us. We are truly grateful for your presence in our lives and for making this Diwali even more special. Once again, thank you from the bottom of our hearts.Warmest wishes,James Anderson","xpath":"id(\":r3\")"},"text":"Dear Juliet,\n\nI hope this email finds you well. I wanted to express my heartfelt gratitude and sincere appreciation for the thoughtful Diwali gifts you sent to me and my family. The beautifully wrapped presents and the warm wishes they carried truly brightened our festival of lights. Your kindness and generosity touched our hearts, and we feel incredibly blessed to have you in our lives. The gifts were not only delightful but also a reflection of the love and care you have for us. We are truly grateful for your presence in our lives and for making this Diwali even more special. Once again, thank you from the bottom of our hearts.\n\nWarmest wishes,\n\nJames Anderson\n"},"event_id":39,"element_html":"
Dear Juliet,
I hope this email finds you well. I wanted to express my heartfelt gratitude and sincere appreciation for the thoughtful Diwali gifts you sent to me and my family. The beautifully wrapped presents and the warm wishes they carried truly brightened our festival of lights. Your kindness and generosity touched our hearts, and we feel incredibly blessed to have you in our lives. The gifts were not only delightful but also a reflection of the love and care you have for us. We are truly grateful for your presence in our lives and for making this Diwali even more special. Once again, thank you from the bottom of our hearts.
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