Wait for user instructions, then begin by typing a URL into a search bar.
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Remember to perform all the actions in the currently active tab.
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+Hotels.com India
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+Hotels.com India
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+Hotels.com India
“'g' , 'o' , 'a '” 8 results are available. Use the arrow keys or swipe to navigate the list.
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+Hotels.com India
A guilt-free vacay that gives you everything you want?
It’s called an all-inclusive hotel, and you shouldn’t wait one more day to start booking. Get accommodations, food, beverages, amenities and activities, all for one affordable price. Free cancellation on most hotels. Some hotels require you to cancel more than 24 hours before check-in. Please check hotel's detail page.
All travel is subject to frequently changing governmental restrictions--please check federal, state and local advisories before scheduling trips.
+
Hotels: Offers valid at participating hotels only. Minimum night stay may be required and rules, restrictions, and blackout dates may apply. Please check individual property for details. Hotel prices displayed are per room per stay based on the cheapest double room available on the specific dates shown. Prices are updated regularly and are accurate when published. Applicable discount, if any, will be applied to the price of selected hotels, excluding taxes and other fees. Hotel savings are based upon CheapTickets’ everyday hotel rates, excluding taxes and other fees for the date(s) searched. Additional terms may apply.
+
Vacation Rental: Offers valid at participating vacation rental properties only. Minimum night stay may be required and rules, restrictions, and blackout dates may apply. Please check individual property for details. Property prices displayed are per night for stays on the specific dates shown and do not include taxes, fees, or damage deposit details. Prices and availability may change depending on number of people. Prices are updated regularly and are accurate when published. Applicable discount, if any, will be applied to the price of selected properties, excluding taxes and other fees. Additional terms may apply.
+
Air Pricing: Sample air prices are quoted for one adult for round-trip travel on the promoted airline from the specified airports, inclusive of all taxes. Prices do not include baggage fees that may be charged by the applicable airline. Actual price may vary based on time/date of search, booking date, travel dates, origin, and destination, and blackout periods may apply. Please check airline for details. Lower fares may be available to selected destinations. Prices, quoted in U.S. dollars, are updated regularly and are accurate when published. Portions of these flights may be operated by the airlines code-share partners. Seats are limited and may not be available on all flights/dates. Fares and rules are subject to change without notice. Tickets are nontransferable and nonrefundable. Read the complete penalty rules for changes and cancellations applicable to the fare you're considering booking.
+
Package: Package prices quoted are per person per stay based on the cheapest return flights and two people sharing the cheapest double room at participating hotels, inclusive of all taxes, on the specific dates shown, and blackout periods may apply. Please check individual property and airline for details Package prices do not include resort fees or other fees charged directly by the included hotel. Package prices do not include baggage fees or other fees charged directly by the airline for the included flight. Prices are updated regularly and are accurate when published. Savings based on the price of the hotel + flight booked together, as compared to the price of the same components booked separately. Savings will vary based on origin/destination, length of trip, stay dates and selected travel supplier(s). Savings are not available on all packages. Package offers are subject to all applicable terms and conditions for hotel and air. Additional terms may apply.
+
Car: Sample rates displayed are for the travel period represented. Rates may vary by date, pick-up/drop-off location, and availability. Prices are updated regularly and are accurate when published. Applicable discount, if any, will be applied to the price of selected car, excluding taxes and other fees. Car charges are billed at time of rental, unless otherwise indicated. Certain conditional charges may apply to your rental; these charges are not included in price shown. Charges for optional services are not included. Offers vary by vendor, are subject to availability and may be discontinued without notice. Rules, restrictions, and blackout dates may apply. See vendor pages for further details.
+
Activity: Prices displayed are for activities on the specific dates shown, and include promotional discounts referred to. Blackout periods may apply. Please check individual activity for details. Discounts are applied to the standard price of selected activities excluding applicable taxes and fees. Activities prices displayed are per person based on the cheapest offer available, inclusive of all taxes and service fees. Prices are updated regularly and are accurate when published. Blackout periods may apply. Offers are subject to limited availability and may be discounted without notice. Please check individual activity for details and to confirm prices, availability, and applicable terms and conditions.
You have entered into input text field. Please search or select from suggested categories below.
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diff --git a/demonstrations/hjlqoht/pages/page-48-0.html b/demonstrations/hjlqoht/pages/page-48-0.html
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+++ b/demonstrations/hjlqoht/pages/page-48-0.html
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+CheapTickets | All-inclusive resort deals
A guilt-free vacay that gives you everything you want?
It’s called an all-inclusive hotel, and you shouldn’t wait one more day to start booking. Get accommodations, food, beverages, amenities and activities, all for one affordable price. Free cancellation on most hotels. Some hotels require you to cancel more than 24 hours before check-in. Please check hotel's detail page.
All travel is subject to frequently changing governmental restrictions--please check federal, state and local advisories before scheduling trips.
+
Hotels: Offers valid at participating hotels only. Minimum night stay may be required and rules, restrictions, and blackout dates may apply. Please check individual property for details. Hotel prices displayed are per room per stay based on the cheapest double room available on the specific dates shown. Prices are updated regularly and are accurate when published. Applicable discount, if any, will be applied to the price of selected hotels, excluding taxes and other fees. Hotel savings are based upon CheapTickets’ everyday hotel rates, excluding taxes and other fees for the date(s) searched. Additional terms may apply.
+
Vacation Rental: Offers valid at participating vacation rental properties only. Minimum night stay may be required and rules, restrictions, and blackout dates may apply. Please check individual property for details. Property prices displayed are per night for stays on the specific dates shown and do not include taxes, fees, or damage deposit details. Prices and availability may change depending on number of people. Prices are updated regularly and are accurate when published. Applicable discount, if any, will be applied to the price of selected properties, excluding taxes and other fees. Additional terms may apply.
+
Air Pricing: Sample air prices are quoted for one adult for round-trip travel on the promoted airline from the specified airports, inclusive of all taxes. Prices do not include baggage fees that may be charged by the applicable airline. Actual price may vary based on time/date of search, booking date, travel dates, origin, and destination, and blackout periods may apply. Please check airline for details. Lower fares may be available to selected destinations. Prices, quoted in U.S. dollars, are updated regularly and are accurate when published. Portions of these flights may be operated by the airlines code-share partners. Seats are limited and may not be available on all flights/dates. Fares and rules are subject to change without notice. Tickets are nontransferable and nonrefundable. Read the complete penalty rules for changes and cancellations applicable to the fare you're considering booking.
+
Package: Package prices quoted are per person per stay based on the cheapest return flights and two people sharing the cheapest double room at participating hotels, inclusive of all taxes, on the specific dates shown, and blackout periods may apply. Please check individual property and airline for details Package prices do not include resort fees or other fees charged directly by the included hotel. Package prices do not include baggage fees or other fees charged directly by the airline for the included flight. Prices are updated regularly and are accurate when published. Savings based on the price of the hotel + flight booked together, as compared to the price of the same components booked separately. Savings will vary based on origin/destination, length of trip, stay dates and selected travel supplier(s). Savings are not available on all packages. Package offers are subject to all applicable terms and conditions for hotel and air. Additional terms may apply.
+
Car: Sample rates displayed are for the travel period represented. Rates may vary by date, pick-up/drop-off location, and availability. Prices are updated regularly and are accurate when published. Applicable discount, if any, will be applied to the price of selected car, excluding taxes and other fees. Car charges are billed at time of rental, unless otherwise indicated. Certain conditional charges may apply to your rental; these charges are not included in price shown. Charges for optional services are not included. Offers vary by vendor, are subject to availability and may be discontinued without notice. Rules, restrictions, and blackout dates may apply. See vendor pages for further details.
+
Activity: Prices displayed are for activities on the specific dates shown, and include promotional discounts referred to. Blackout periods may apply. Please check individual activity for details. Discounts are applied to the standard price of selected activities excluding applicable taxes and fees. Activities prices displayed are per person based on the cheapest offer available, inclusive of all taxes and service fees. Prices are updated regularly and are accurate when published. Blackout periods may apply. Offers are subject to limited availability and may be discounted without notice. Please check individual activity for details and to confirm prices, availability, and applicable terms and conditions.
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diff --git a/demonstrations/hjlqoht/pages/page-48-1.html b/demonstrations/hjlqoht/pages/page-48-1.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0641a4a9f659a15f971904630e6877f1381a7761
--- /dev/null
+++ b/demonstrations/hjlqoht/pages/page-48-1.html
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+CheapTickets | All-inclusive resort deals
A guilt-free vacay that gives you everything you want?
It’s called an all-inclusive hotel, and you shouldn’t wait one more day to start booking. Get accommodations, food, beverages, amenities and activities, all for one affordable price. Free cancellation on most hotels. Some hotels require you to cancel more than 24 hours before check-in. Please check hotel's detail page.
All travel is subject to frequently changing governmental restrictions--please check federal, state and local advisories before scheduling trips.
+
Hotels: Offers valid at participating hotels only. Minimum night stay may be required and rules, restrictions, and blackout dates may apply. Please check individual property for details. Hotel prices displayed are per room per stay based on the cheapest double room available on the specific dates shown. Prices are updated regularly and are accurate when published. Applicable discount, if any, will be applied to the price of selected hotels, excluding taxes and other fees. Hotel savings are based upon CheapTickets’ everyday hotel rates, excluding taxes and other fees for the date(s) searched. Additional terms may apply.
+
Vacation Rental: Offers valid at participating vacation rental properties only. Minimum night stay may be required and rules, restrictions, and blackout dates may apply. Please check individual property for details. Property prices displayed are per night for stays on the specific dates shown and do not include taxes, fees, or damage deposit details. Prices and availability may change depending on number of people. Prices are updated regularly and are accurate when published. Applicable discount, if any, will be applied to the price of selected properties, excluding taxes and other fees. Additional terms may apply.
+
Air Pricing: Sample air prices are quoted for one adult for round-trip travel on the promoted airline from the specified airports, inclusive of all taxes. Prices do not include baggage fees that may be charged by the applicable airline. Actual price may vary based on time/date of search, booking date, travel dates, origin, and destination, and blackout periods may apply. Please check airline for details. Lower fares may be available to selected destinations. Prices, quoted in U.S. dollars, are updated regularly and are accurate when published. Portions of these flights may be operated by the airlines code-share partners. Seats are limited and may not be available on all flights/dates. Fares and rules are subject to change without notice. Tickets are nontransferable and nonrefundable. Read the complete penalty rules for changes and cancellations applicable to the fare you're considering booking.
+
Package: Package prices quoted are per person per stay based on the cheapest return flights and two people sharing the cheapest double room at participating hotels, inclusive of all taxes, on the specific dates shown, and blackout periods may apply. Please check individual property and airline for details Package prices do not include resort fees or other fees charged directly by the included hotel. Package prices do not include baggage fees or other fees charged directly by the airline for the included flight. Prices are updated regularly and are accurate when published. Savings based on the price of the hotel + flight booked together, as compared to the price of the same components booked separately. Savings will vary based on origin/destination, length of trip, stay dates and selected travel supplier(s). Savings are not available on all packages. Package offers are subject to all applicable terms and conditions for hotel and air. Additional terms may apply.
+
Car: Sample rates displayed are for the travel period represented. Rates may vary by date, pick-up/drop-off location, and availability. Prices are updated regularly and are accurate when published. Applicable discount, if any, will be applied to the price of selected car, excluding taxes and other fees. Car charges are billed at time of rental, unless otherwise indicated. Certain conditional charges may apply to your rental; these charges are not included in price shown. Charges for optional services are not included. Offers vary by vendor, are subject to availability and may be discontinued without notice. Rules, restrictions, and blackout dates may apply. See vendor pages for further details.
+
Activity: Prices displayed are for activities on the specific dates shown, and include promotional discounts referred to. Blackout periods may apply. Please check individual activity for details. Discounts are applied to the standard price of selected activities excluding applicable taxes and fees. Activities prices displayed are per person based on the cheapest offer available, inclusive of all taxes and service fees. Prices are updated regularly and are accurate when published. Blackout periods may apply. Offers are subject to limited availability and may be discounted without notice. Please check individual activity for details and to confirm prices, availability, and applicable terms and conditions.
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The word counterculture generally refers to any movement that strives to achieve ideals counter to those of mainstream society. During the 1960s and ’70s, people—particularly young people—in many Western countries sought to upend what they saw as outdated and restrictive values. In the United States this countercultural spirit manifested itself in multiple ways, from the fight for racial justice and women’s rights to the rejection by some middle-class young adults of their parents’ lifestyles. Writers of different backgrounds and experiences—more than are included in this selective list—both documented and shaped the era’s counterculture. While counterculture may not be a literary genre per se, it’s a useful label for these nine books, each of which embodies America’s countercultural impulses in its own, sometimes unexpected ways.
On the Road is a foundational text of the American countercultural canon. Jack Kerouac based his novel on his relationship with fellow Beat poet and adventurer Neal Cassady, who appears in the book as Dean Moriarty. Kerouac himself is the basis for protagonist Sal Paradise, and a number of other characters are representative of people in Kerouac’s life. The novel, told in five parts, details various adventures taken by Sal and Dean. Sex, drugs, and jazz are the foundation from which characters like Dean grow, forcing Sal to contemplate the implications of freedom and contempt for conformity. Sal begins to travel across the United States, sometimes with Dean by his side, and broadens his perspectives through the situations he encounters. As the novel progresses, Sal begins to understand the complexity of freedom, ending with a reflection on his journeys and Dean’s role in his life. Kerouac wrote On the Road in just three weeks. It came from the journals he kept while traveling the country with Cassady, and he typed it onto a scroll of taped-together paper about 120 feet (37 meters) long. Kerouac employed a stream of consciousness technique, approaching the novel casually as if it were a letter to a friend.
Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas by Hunter S. Thompson (1971)
Similar to Kerouac’s On the Road, Hunter S. Thompson’s novel Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas is autobiographical in nature. The story is based on two trips to Las Vegas taken by Thompson and his attorney, Oscar Zeta Acosta, in an attempt to gather information for articles commissioned by Sports Illustrated and Rolling Stone. Protagonist Raoul Duke, Thompson’s literary double, goes to Las Vegas with attorney Dr. Gonzo, Acosta’s fictional counterpart. While there, Duke and Dr. Gonzo are meant to report on the Mint 400 motorcycle race, but they are constantly interrupted by their intensive use of recreational drugs including LSD, cocaine, cannabis, and alcohol. During bouts of hallucinogenic experiences, the two ponder the meaning of the “American Dream” and the counterculture. Thompson’s recounting of the past in a manner than blends both fact and fiction gave rise to the genre of gonzo journalism, an inherently countercultural method of reporting.
The Fire Next Time contains two essays by James Baldwin that challenge race relations. The first, “My Dungeon Shook: Letter to My Nephew on the One Hundredth Anniversary of Emancipation,” details the treatment of Black people in American history. Baldwin’s letter serves to educate the nephew, but it also subtly becomes a call to action for African American people, that they must continue to push for true freedom. It culminates in the argument that the 100th anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation is being celebrated 100 years too early. The second essay, “Down at the Cross: Letter from a Region in My Mind,” recounts Baldwin’s experiences with Christianity, the relationship between race and religion in general, and the Islamic ideals of African Americans in Harlem. Through these epistolary essays, Baldwin sought to counter the culture that had oppressed Black Americans for centuries.
Slaughterhouse-Five by Kurt Vonnegut (1969)
Kurt VonnegutBernard Gotfryd Photograph Collection, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (reproduction no. LC-DIG-gtfy-04376)
Kurt Vonnegut’s Slaughterhouse-Five is a satirical semi-autobiographical account of World War II. The novel follows, by use of an unreliable narrator, the story of U.S. soldier Billy Pilgrim. Pilgrim’s life is recounted in flashbacks, making the story appear out of chronological order. He begins as a chaplain’s assistant, hating war and refusing to fight. He is then captured by German troops during the Battle of the Bulge and survives a series of events that eventually lead to his rescue on V-E Day. After being treated for PTSD and settling down with a wife and children, Pilgrim is abducted by Tralfamadorians, aliens from the planet Tralfamador. He is placed in a zoo exhibit with Montana Wildhack, another human. They fall in love and have a child, but Pilgrim is sent back to Earth immediately after. Pilgrim is eventually shot and killed by a hit man years later, after giving a speech on death, at a baseball stadium. The novel counters war in a satirical manner while also promoting a fatalistic view, one that was held by the Tralfamadorians and eventually by Pilgrim himself at the end of the novel.
Stranger in a Strange Land by Robert Heinlein (1961)
Stranger in a Strange Land is a science fiction novel by Robert Heinlein that follows the life of Valentine Michael Smith, a man who was born in space and raised on Mars. Smith arrives on Earth for the first time at age 25 and encounters a society far different from that of the Martians. In a post-World War III United States, organized religion holds immense power. Smith befriends Gillian, Ben, and Jubal, who help him to escape from government officials. Smith eventually creates the Church of All Worlds in response to the corrupt religions he encounters. Within this church is a familiar sort of counterculture: open sexuality and rejection of commonly accepted laws of conformity. Members of the church learn the Martian language under Smith and eventually develop psychokinetic abilities. Smith is killed by a mob of protesters who insist that his new church is blasphemous. The book ends with the implication that Valentine Michael Smith was in fact an incarnation of an archangel. The original name of the novel was The Heretic, which furthers the implications of a divergence from contemporary religion and, therefore, cultural structure. In 2012 the Library of Congress named it a “Book That Shaped America.” An uncensored version of the novel was published in 1991, containing even more countercultural statements that had been removed by publishers on account of the shocking nature of their implications.
One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest by Ken Kesey (1962)
Ken Kesey’s One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest provides an allegorical approach to counterculture. The novel, set in an Oregon psychiatric hospital, is narrated by “Chief” Bromden—who is half Native American. Chief recounts the story of patient Randle Patrick McMurphy, who faked insanity to keep himself out of jail and was allowed to serve his sentence in a psychiatric hospital. He is constantly stirring the pot and creating chaos between the patients and the nurses. After one of the patients commits suicide, McMurphy is blamed by a nurse with whom he has constantly clashed. He lashes out and attacks her, which results in him receiving a lobotomy and being condemned to a vegetative state. Chief escapes the hospital, smothering McMurphy in an act of mercy before fleeing to freedom. The novel is seen as an antiestablishment allegory, the hospital and nurses representing the overbearing government and McMurphy the counterculture.
The Feminine Mystique attacked the mid-20th-century understanding of a woman’s function in American society. Betty Friedan conducted and recorded a plethora of research, eventually publishing it as a book because mainstream magazines would not publish her original article. She begins her book by identifying “the problem that has no name” as the unhappiness felt by American women in the 20th century. She argues that this feeling was perpetuated by the slow narrowing of the lives of women into solely domestic roles. The following 14 chapters of her best-selling book detail her extensive research, explaining in layperson’s terms the function of Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, Freudian theory, and other psychological concepts that helped to explain the widespread feelings of women in the 1950s and onward. She ends by suggesting ways in which America can prevent itself from falling further into this trap. The Feminine Mystique had a galvanizing effect on second-wave feminism in the United States during the 1960s and ’70s, though its problematic treatment of race and class—something present in other books in this list—became increasingly apparent. Writing and teaching by bell hooks, Alice Walker, Audre Lorde, and Angela Davis, among others, provide Black feminist perspectives that counter Friedan’s arguments.
Abbie Hoffman published Steal This Book as a guide to acting against the government. The book is divided into three sections—“Survive!”, “Fight!”, and “Liberate!”—with multiple subchapters. Written in the style of a how-to manual for members of the counterculture, Steal This Book is a snapshot of the hippie movement and the ideals it perpetuated. Subsections include information detailing how to successfully grow cannabis, protest, live in a commune, and—as the title indicates—shoplift. It was so provocative that Hoffman eventually created his own publishing company, Pirate Editions, in order to sell the book, as other publishers were afraid to attach their names to it. Though it was scarcely advertised, Steal This Book became very successful and was immortalized by the Woodstock Nation, who adopted Hoffman’s term for America, “Pig Nation,” as their own. Hoffman cofounded the Youth International Party—the “Yippies,” a countercultural political party.
In 1962 Rachel Carson was a best-selling science writer who had won a National Book Award after a 16-year career as a biologist working for the U.S. government—not exactly countercultural credentials. But when Silent Spring was published that year, first in The New Yorker and then as a book, her bleak depiction of the environmental harm being caused by pesticides showed her to be a woman demanding change. Carson successfully countered a culture that was complacent about how it was poisoning Earth. Her book became a best seller in the United States, infuriated the chemical industry, spurred a presidential investigation, contributed to the eventual banning of DDT, and shaped the modern environmental movement.
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Luebering, J.E. and Lohnes,
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+ Kate. "9 American Countercultural Books". Encyclopedia Britannica, 23 May. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/list/9-countercultural-books. Accessed 13 June 2023.
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Luebering, J.E. and Lohnes,
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+ Kate. "9 American Countercultural Books". Encyclopedia Britannica, 23 May. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/list/9-countercultural-books. Accessed 13 June 2023.
The word counterculture generally refers to any movement that strives to achieve ideals counter to those of mainstream society. During the 1960s and ’70s, people—particularly young people—in many Western countries sought to upend what they saw as outdated and restrictive values. In the United States this countercultural spirit manifested itself in multiple ways, from the fight for racial justice and women’s rights to the rejection by some middle-class young adults of their parents’ lifestyles. Writers of different backgrounds and experiences—more than are included in this selective list—both documented and shaped the era’s counterculture. While counterculture may not be a literary genre per se, it’s a useful label for these nine books, each of which embodies America’s countercultural impulses in its own, sometimes unexpected ways.
On the Road is a foundational text of the American countercultural canon. Jack Kerouac based his novel on his relationship with fellow Beat poet and adventurer Neal Cassady, who appears in the book as Dean Moriarty. Kerouac himself is the basis for protagonist Sal Paradise, and a number of other characters are representative of people in Kerouac’s life. The novel, told in five parts, details various adventures taken by Sal and Dean. Sex, drugs, and jazz are the foundation from which characters like Dean grow, forcing Sal to contemplate the implications of freedom and contempt for conformity. Sal begins to travel across the United States, sometimes with Dean by his side, and broadens his perspectives through the situations he encounters. As the novel progresses, Sal begins to understand the complexity of freedom, ending with a reflection on his journeys and Dean’s role in his life. Kerouac wrote On the Road in just three weeks. It came from the journals he kept while traveling the country with Cassady, and he typed it onto a scroll of taped-together paper about 120 feet (37 meters) long. Kerouac employed a stream of consciousness technique, approaching the novel casually as if it were a letter to a friend.
Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas by Hunter S. Thompson (1971)
Similar to Kerouac’s On the Road, Hunter S. Thompson’s novel Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas is autobiographical in nature. The story is based on two trips to Las Vegas taken by Thompson and his attorney, Oscar Zeta Acosta, in an attempt to gather information for articles commissioned by Sports Illustrated and Rolling Stone. Protagonist Raoul Duke, Thompson’s literary double, goes to Las Vegas with attorney Dr. Gonzo, Acosta’s fictional counterpart. While there, Duke and Dr. Gonzo are meant to report on the Mint 400 motorcycle race, but they are constantly interrupted by their intensive use of recreational drugs including LSD, cocaine, cannabis, and alcohol. During bouts of hallucinogenic experiences, the two ponder the meaning of the “American Dream” and the counterculture. Thompson’s recounting of the past in a manner than blends both fact and fiction gave rise to the genre of gonzo journalism, an inherently countercultural method of reporting.
The Fire Next Time contains two essays by James Baldwin that challenge race relations. The first, “My Dungeon Shook: Letter to My Nephew on the One Hundredth Anniversary of Emancipation,” details the treatment of Black people in American history. Baldwin’s letter serves to educate the nephew, but it also subtly becomes a call to action for African American people, that they must continue to push for true freedom. It culminates in the argument that the 100th anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation is being celebrated 100 years too early. The second essay, “Down at the Cross: Letter from a Region in My Mind,” recounts Baldwin’s experiences with Christianity, the relationship between race and religion in general, and the Islamic ideals of African Americans in Harlem. Through these epistolary essays, Baldwin sought to counter the culture that had oppressed Black Americans for centuries.
Slaughterhouse-Five by Kurt Vonnegut (1969)
Kurt VonnegutBernard Gotfryd Photograph Collection, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (reproduction no. LC-DIG-gtfy-04376)
Kurt Vonnegut’s Slaughterhouse-Five is a satirical semi-autobiographical account of World War II. The novel follows, by use of an unreliable narrator, the story of U.S. soldier Billy Pilgrim. Pilgrim’s life is recounted in flashbacks, making the story appear out of chronological order. He begins as a chaplain’s assistant, hating war and refusing to fight. He is then captured by German troops during the Battle of the Bulge and survives a series of events that eventually lead to his rescue on V-E Day. After being treated for PTSD and settling down with a wife and children, Pilgrim is abducted by Tralfamadorians, aliens from the planet Tralfamador. He is placed in a zoo exhibit with Montana Wildhack, another human. They fall in love and have a child, but Pilgrim is sent back to Earth immediately after. Pilgrim is eventually shot and killed by a hit man years later, after giving a speech on death, at a baseball stadium. The novel counters war in a satirical manner while also promoting a fatalistic view, one that was held by the Tralfamadorians and eventually by Pilgrim himself at the end of the novel.
Stranger in a Strange Land by Robert Heinlein (1961)
Stranger in a Strange Land is a science fiction novel by Robert Heinlein that follows the life of Valentine Michael Smith, a man who was born in space and raised on Mars. Smith arrives on Earth for the first time at age 25 and encounters a society far different from that of the Martians. In a post-World War III United States, organized religion holds immense power. Smith befriends Gillian, Ben, and Jubal, who help him to escape from government officials. Smith eventually creates the Church of All Worlds in response to the corrupt religions he encounters. Within this church is a familiar sort of counterculture: open sexuality and rejection of commonly accepted laws of conformity. Members of the church learn the Martian language under Smith and eventually develop psychokinetic abilities. Smith is killed by a mob of protesters who insist that his new church is blasphemous. The book ends with the implication that Valentine Michael Smith was in fact an incarnation of an archangel. The original name of the novel was The Heretic, which furthers the implications of a divergence from contemporary religion and, therefore, cultural structure. In 2012 the Library of Congress named it a “Book That Shaped America.” An uncensored version of the novel was published in 1991, containing even more countercultural statements that had been removed by publishers on account of the shocking nature of their implications.
One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest by Ken Kesey (1962)
Ken Kesey’s One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest provides an allegorical approach to counterculture. The novel, set in an Oregon psychiatric hospital, is narrated by “Chief” Bromden—who is half Native American. Chief recounts the story of patient Randle Patrick McMurphy, who faked insanity to keep himself out of jail and was allowed to serve his sentence in a psychiatric hospital. He is constantly stirring the pot and creating chaos between the patients and the nurses. After one of the patients commits suicide, McMurphy is blamed by a nurse with whom he has constantly clashed. He lashes out and attacks her, which results in him receiving a lobotomy and being condemned to a vegetative state. Chief escapes the hospital, smothering McMurphy in an act of mercy before fleeing to freedom. The novel is seen as an antiestablishment allegory, the hospital and nurses representing the overbearing government and McMurphy the counterculture.
The Feminine Mystique attacked the mid-20th-century understanding of a woman’s function in American society. Betty Friedan conducted and recorded a plethora of research, eventually publishing it as a book because mainstream magazines would not publish her original article. She begins her book by identifying “the problem that has no name” as the unhappiness felt by American women in the 20th century. She argues that this feeling was perpetuated by the slow narrowing of the lives of women into solely domestic roles. The following 14 chapters of her best-selling book detail her extensive research, explaining in layperson’s terms the function of Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, Freudian theory, and other psychological concepts that helped to explain the widespread feelings of women in the 1950s and onward. She ends by suggesting ways in which America can prevent itself from falling further into this trap. The Feminine Mystique had a galvanizing effect on second-wave feminism in the United States during the 1960s and ’70s, though its problematic treatment of race and class—something present in other books in this list—became increasingly apparent. Writing and teaching by bell hooks, Alice Walker, Audre Lorde, and Angela Davis, among others, provide Black feminist perspectives that counter Friedan’s arguments.
Abbie Hoffman published Steal This Book as a guide to acting against the government. The book is divided into three sections—“Survive!”, “Fight!”, and “Liberate!”—with multiple subchapters. Written in the style of a how-to manual for members of the counterculture, Steal This Book is a snapshot of the hippie movement and the ideals it perpetuated. Subsections include information detailing how to successfully grow cannabis, protest, live in a commune, and—as the title indicates—shoplift. It was so provocative that Hoffman eventually created his own publishing company, Pirate Editions, in order to sell the book, as other publishers were afraid to attach their names to it. Though it was scarcely advertised, Steal This Book became very successful and was immortalized by the Woodstock Nation, who adopted Hoffman’s term for America, “Pig Nation,” as their own. Hoffman cofounded the Youth International Party—the “Yippies,” a countercultural political party.
In 1962 Rachel Carson was a best-selling science writer who had won a National Book Award after a 16-year career as a biologist working for the U.S. government—not exactly countercultural credentials. But when Silent Spring was published that year, first in The New Yorker and then as a book, her bleak depiction of the environmental harm being caused by pesticides showed her to be a woman demanding change. Carson successfully countered a culture that was complacent about how it was poisoning Earth. Her book became a best seller in the United States, infuriated the chemical industry, spurred a presidential investigation, contributed to the eventual banning of DDT, and shaped the modern environmental movement.
+ While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies.
+ Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions.
+
+
Select Citation Style
+
+
+
+
Luebering, J.E. and Lohnes,
+
+ Kate. "9 American Countercultural Books". Encyclopedia Britannica, 23 May. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/list/9-countercultural-books. Accessed 13 June 2023.
+ While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies.
+ Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions.
+
+
Select Citation Style
+
+
+
+
Luebering, J.E. and Lohnes,
+
+ Kate. "9 American Countercultural Books". Encyclopedia Britannica, 23 May. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/list/9-countercultural-books. Accessed 13 June 2023.
The word counterculture generally refers to any movement that strives to achieve ideals counter to those of mainstream society. During the 1960s and ’70s, people—particularly young people—in many Western countries sought to upend what they saw as outdated and restrictive values. In the United States this countercultural spirit manifested itself in multiple ways, from the fight for racial justice and women’s rights to the rejection by some middle-class young adults of their parents’ lifestyles. Writers of different backgrounds and experiences—more than are included in this selective list—both documented and shaped the era’s counterculture. While counterculture may not be a literary genre per se, it’s a useful label for these nine books, each of which embodies America’s countercultural impulses in its own, sometimes unexpected ways.
On the Road is a foundational text of the American countercultural canon. Jack Kerouac based his novel on his relationship with fellow Beat poet and adventurer Neal Cassady, who appears in the book as Dean Moriarty. Kerouac himself is the basis for protagonist Sal Paradise, and a number of other characters are representative of people in Kerouac’s life. The novel, told in five parts, details various adventures taken by Sal and Dean. Sex, drugs, and jazz are the foundation from which characters like Dean grow, forcing Sal to contemplate the implications of freedom and contempt for conformity. Sal begins to travel across the United States, sometimes with Dean by his side, and broadens his perspectives through the situations he encounters. As the novel progresses, Sal begins to understand the complexity of freedom, ending with a reflection on his journeys and Dean’s role in his life. Kerouac wrote On the Road in just three weeks. It came from the journals he kept while traveling the country with Cassady, and he typed it onto a scroll of taped-together paper about 120 feet (37 meters) long. Kerouac employed a stream of consciousness technique, approaching the novel casually as if it were a letter to a friend.
Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas by Hunter S. Thompson (1971)
Similar to Kerouac’s On the Road, Hunter S. Thompson’s novel Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas is autobiographical in nature. The story is based on two trips to Las Vegas taken by Thompson and his attorney, Oscar Zeta Acosta, in an attempt to gather information for articles commissioned by Sports Illustrated and Rolling Stone. Protagonist Raoul Duke, Thompson’s literary double, goes to Las Vegas with attorney Dr. Gonzo, Acosta’s fictional counterpart. While there, Duke and Dr. Gonzo are meant to report on the Mint 400 motorcycle race, but they are constantly interrupted by their intensive use of recreational drugs including LSD, cocaine, cannabis, and alcohol. During bouts of hallucinogenic experiences, the two ponder the meaning of the “American Dream” and the counterculture. Thompson’s recounting of the past in a manner than blends both fact and fiction gave rise to the genre of gonzo journalism, an inherently countercultural method of reporting.
The Fire Next Time contains two essays by James Baldwin that challenge race relations. The first, “My Dungeon Shook: Letter to My Nephew on the One Hundredth Anniversary of Emancipation,” details the treatment of Black people in American history. Baldwin’s letter serves to educate the nephew, but it also subtly becomes a call to action for African American people, that they must continue to push for true freedom. It culminates in the argument that the 100th anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation is being celebrated 100 years too early. The second essay, “Down at the Cross: Letter from a Region in My Mind,” recounts Baldwin’s experiences with Christianity, the relationship between race and religion in general, and the Islamic ideals of African Americans in Harlem. Through these epistolary essays, Baldwin sought to counter the culture that had oppressed Black Americans for centuries.
Slaughterhouse-Five by Kurt Vonnegut (1969)
Kurt VonnegutBernard Gotfryd Photograph Collection, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (reproduction no. LC-DIG-gtfy-04376)
Kurt Vonnegut’s Slaughterhouse-Five is a satirical semi-autobiographical account of World War II. The novel follows, by use of an unreliable narrator, the story of U.S. soldier Billy Pilgrim. Pilgrim’s life is recounted in flashbacks, making the story appear out of chronological order. He begins as a chaplain’s assistant, hating war and refusing to fight. He is then captured by German troops during the Battle of the Bulge and survives a series of events that eventually lead to his rescue on V-E Day. After being treated for PTSD and settling down with a wife and children, Pilgrim is abducted by Tralfamadorians, aliens from the planet Tralfamador. He is placed in a zoo exhibit with Montana Wildhack, another human. They fall in love and have a child, but Pilgrim is sent back to Earth immediately after. Pilgrim is eventually shot and killed by a hit man years later, after giving a speech on death, at a baseball stadium. The novel counters war in a satirical manner while also promoting a fatalistic view, one that was held by the Tralfamadorians and eventually by Pilgrim himself at the end of the novel.
Stranger in a Strange Land by Robert Heinlein (1961)
Stranger in a Strange Land is a science fiction novel by Robert Heinlein that follows the life of Valentine Michael Smith, a man who was born in space and raised on Mars. Smith arrives on Earth for the first time at age 25 and encounters a society far different from that of the Martians. In a post-World War III United States, organized religion holds immense power. Smith befriends Gillian, Ben, and Jubal, who help him to escape from government officials. Smith eventually creates the Church of All Worlds in response to the corrupt religions he encounters. Within this church is a familiar sort of counterculture: open sexuality and rejection of commonly accepted laws of conformity. Members of the church learn the Martian language under Smith and eventually develop psychokinetic abilities. Smith is killed by a mob of protesters who insist that his new church is blasphemous. The book ends with the implication that Valentine Michael Smith was in fact an incarnation of an archangel. The original name of the novel was The Heretic, which furthers the implications of a divergence from contemporary religion and, therefore, cultural structure. In 2012 the Library of Congress named it a “Book That Shaped America.” An uncensored version of the novel was published in 1991, containing even more countercultural statements that had been removed by publishers on account of the shocking nature of their implications.
One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest by Ken Kesey (1962)
Ken Kesey’s One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest provides an allegorical approach to counterculture. The novel, set in an Oregon psychiatric hospital, is narrated by “Chief” Bromden—who is half Native American. Chief recounts the story of patient Randle Patrick McMurphy, who faked insanity to keep himself out of jail and was allowed to serve his sentence in a psychiatric hospital. He is constantly stirring the pot and creating chaos between the patients and the nurses. After one of the patients commits suicide, McMurphy is blamed by a nurse with whom he has constantly clashed. He lashes out and attacks her, which results in him receiving a lobotomy and being condemned to a vegetative state. Chief escapes the hospital, smothering McMurphy in an act of mercy before fleeing to freedom. The novel is seen as an antiestablishment allegory, the hospital and nurses representing the overbearing government and McMurphy the counterculture.
The Feminine Mystique attacked the mid-20th-century understanding of a woman’s function in American society. Betty Friedan conducted and recorded a plethora of research, eventually publishing it as a book because mainstream magazines would not publish her original article. She begins her book by identifying “the problem that has no name” as the unhappiness felt by American women in the 20th century. She argues that this feeling was perpetuated by the slow narrowing of the lives of women into solely domestic roles. The following 14 chapters of her best-selling book detail her extensive research, explaining in layperson’s terms the function of Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, Freudian theory, and other psychological concepts that helped to explain the widespread feelings of women in the 1950s and onward. She ends by suggesting ways in which America can prevent itself from falling further into this trap. The Feminine Mystique had a galvanizing effect on second-wave feminism in the United States during the 1960s and ’70s, though its problematic treatment of race and class—something present in other books in this list—became increasingly apparent. Writing and teaching by bell hooks, Alice Walker, Audre Lorde, and Angela Davis, among others, provide Black feminist perspectives that counter Friedan’s arguments.
Abbie Hoffman published Steal This Book as a guide to acting against the government. The book is divided into three sections—“Survive!”, “Fight!”, and “Liberate!”—with multiple subchapters. Written in the style of a how-to manual for members of the counterculture, Steal This Book is a snapshot of the hippie movement and the ideals it perpetuated. Subsections include information detailing how to successfully grow cannabis, protest, live in a commune, and—as the title indicates—shoplift. It was so provocative that Hoffman eventually created his own publishing company, Pirate Editions, in order to sell the book, as other publishers were afraid to attach their names to it. Though it was scarcely advertised, Steal This Book became very successful and was immortalized by the Woodstock Nation, who adopted Hoffman’s term for America, “Pig Nation,” as their own. Hoffman cofounded the Youth International Party—the “Yippies,” a countercultural political party.
In 1962 Rachel Carson was a best-selling science writer who had won a National Book Award after a 16-year career as a biologist working for the U.S. government—not exactly countercultural credentials. But when Silent Spring was published that year, first in The New Yorker and then as a book, her bleak depiction of the environmental harm being caused by pesticides showed her to be a woman demanding change. Carson successfully countered a culture that was complacent about how it was poisoning Earth. Her book became a best seller in the United States, infuriated the chemical industry, spurred a presidential investigation, contributed to the eventual banning of DDT, and shaped the modern environmental movement.
+ While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies.
+ Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions.
+
+
Select Citation Style
+
+
+
+
Luebering, J.E. and Lohnes,
+
+ Kate. "9 American Countercultural Books". Encyclopedia Britannica, 23 May. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/list/9-countercultural-books. Accessed 13 June 2023.
+ While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies.
+ Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions.
+
+
Select Citation Style
+
+
+
+
Luebering, J.E. and Lohnes,
+
+ Kate. "9 American Countercultural Books". Encyclopedia Britannica, 23 May. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/list/9-countercultural-books. Accessed 13 June 2023.
The word counterculture generally refers to any movement that strives to achieve ideals counter to those of mainstream society. During the 1960s and ’70s, people—particularly young people—in many Western countries sought to upend what they saw as outdated and restrictive values. In the United States this countercultural spirit manifested itself in multiple ways, from the fight for racial justice and women’s rights to the rejection by some middle-class young adults of their parents’ lifestyles. Writers of different backgrounds and experiences—more than are included in this selective list—both documented and shaped the era’s counterculture. While counterculture may not be a literary genre per se, it’s a useful label for these nine books, each of which embodies America’s countercultural impulses in its own, sometimes unexpected ways.
On the Road is a foundational text of the American countercultural canon. Jack Kerouac based his novel on his relationship with fellow Beat poet and adventurer Neal Cassady, who appears in the book as Dean Moriarty. Kerouac himself is the basis for protagonist Sal Paradise, and a number of other characters are representative of people in Kerouac’s life. The novel, told in five parts, details various adventures taken by Sal and Dean. Sex, drugs, and jazz are the foundation from which characters like Dean grow, forcing Sal to contemplate the implications of freedom and contempt for conformity. Sal begins to travel across the United States, sometimes with Dean by his side, and broadens his perspectives through the situations he encounters. As the novel progresses, Sal begins to understand the complexity of freedom, ending with a reflection on his journeys and Dean’s role in his life. Kerouac wrote On the Road in just three weeks. It came from the journals he kept while traveling the country with Cassady, and he typed it onto a scroll of taped-together paper about 120 feet (37 meters) long. Kerouac employed a stream of consciousness technique, approaching the novel casually as if it were a letter to a friend.
Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas by Hunter S. Thompson (1971)
Similar to Kerouac’s On the Road, Hunter S. Thompson’s novel Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas is autobiographical in nature. The story is based on two trips to Las Vegas taken by Thompson and his attorney, Oscar Zeta Acosta, in an attempt to gather information for articles commissioned by Sports Illustrated and Rolling Stone. Protagonist Raoul Duke, Thompson’s literary double, goes to Las Vegas with attorney Dr. Gonzo, Acosta’s fictional counterpart. While there, Duke and Dr. Gonzo are meant to report on the Mint 400 motorcycle race, but they are constantly interrupted by their intensive use of recreational drugs including LSD, cocaine, cannabis, and alcohol. During bouts of hallucinogenic experiences, the two ponder the meaning of the “American Dream” and the counterculture. Thompson’s recounting of the past in a manner than blends both fact and fiction gave rise to the genre of gonzo journalism, an inherently countercultural method of reporting.
The Fire Next Time contains two essays by James Baldwin that challenge race relations. The first, “My Dungeon Shook: Letter to My Nephew on the One Hundredth Anniversary of Emancipation,” details the treatment of Black people in American history. Baldwin’s letter serves to educate the nephew, but it also subtly becomes a call to action for African American people, that they must continue to push for true freedom. It culminates in the argument that the 100th anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation is being celebrated 100 years too early. The second essay, “Down at the Cross: Letter from a Region in My Mind,” recounts Baldwin’s experiences with Christianity, the relationship between race and religion in general, and the Islamic ideals of African Americans in Harlem. Through these epistolary essays, Baldwin sought to counter the culture that had oppressed Black Americans for centuries.
Slaughterhouse-Five by Kurt Vonnegut (1969)
Kurt VonnegutBernard Gotfryd Photograph Collection, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (reproduction no. LC-DIG-gtfy-04376)
Kurt Vonnegut’s Slaughterhouse-Five is a satirical semi-autobiographical account of World War II. The novel follows, by use of an unreliable narrator, the story of U.S. soldier Billy Pilgrim. Pilgrim’s life is recounted in flashbacks, making the story appear out of chronological order. He begins as a chaplain’s assistant, hating war and refusing to fight. He is then captured by German troops during the Battle of the Bulge and survives a series of events that eventually lead to his rescue on V-E Day. After being treated for PTSD and settling down with a wife and children, Pilgrim is abducted by Tralfamadorians, aliens from the planet Tralfamador. He is placed in a zoo exhibit with Montana Wildhack, another human. They fall in love and have a child, but Pilgrim is sent back to Earth immediately after. Pilgrim is eventually shot and killed by a hit man years later, after giving a speech on death, at a baseball stadium. The novel counters war in a satirical manner while also promoting a fatalistic view, one that was held by the Tralfamadorians and eventually by Pilgrim himself at the end of the novel.
Stranger in a Strange Land by Robert Heinlein (1961)
Stranger in a Strange Land is a science fiction novel by Robert Heinlein that follows the life of Valentine Michael Smith, a man who was born in space and raised on Mars. Smith arrives on Earth for the first time at age 25 and encounters a society far different from that of the Martians. In a post-World War III United States, organized religion holds immense power. Smith befriends Gillian, Ben, and Jubal, who help him to escape from government officials. Smith eventually creates the Church of All Worlds in response to the corrupt religions he encounters. Within this church is a familiar sort of counterculture: open sexuality and rejection of commonly accepted laws of conformity. Members of the church learn the Martian language under Smith and eventually develop psychokinetic abilities. Smith is killed by a mob of protesters who insist that his new church is blasphemous. The book ends with the implication that Valentine Michael Smith was in fact an incarnation of an archangel. The original name of the novel was The Heretic, which furthers the implications of a divergence from contemporary religion and, therefore, cultural structure. In 2012 the Library of Congress named it a “Book That Shaped America.” An uncensored version of the novel was published in 1991, containing even more countercultural statements that had been removed by publishers on account of the shocking nature of their implications.
One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest by Ken Kesey (1962)
Ken Kesey’s One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest provides an allegorical approach to counterculture. The novel, set in an Oregon psychiatric hospital, is narrated by “Chief” Bromden—who is half Native American. Chief recounts the story of patient Randle Patrick McMurphy, who faked insanity to keep himself out of jail and was allowed to serve his sentence in a psychiatric hospital. He is constantly stirring the pot and creating chaos between the patients and the nurses. After one of the patients commits suicide, McMurphy is blamed by a nurse with whom he has constantly clashed. He lashes out and attacks her, which results in him receiving a lobotomy and being condemned to a vegetative state. Chief escapes the hospital, smothering McMurphy in an act of mercy before fleeing to freedom. The novel is seen as an antiestablishment allegory, the hospital and nurses representing the overbearing government and McMurphy the counterculture.
The Feminine Mystique attacked the mid-20th-century understanding of a woman’s function in American society. Betty Friedan conducted and recorded a plethora of research, eventually publishing it as a book because mainstream magazines would not publish her original article. She begins her book by identifying “the problem that has no name” as the unhappiness felt by American women in the 20th century. She argues that this feeling was perpetuated by the slow narrowing of the lives of women into solely domestic roles. The following 14 chapters of her best-selling book detail her extensive research, explaining in layperson’s terms the function of Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, Freudian theory, and other psychological concepts that helped to explain the widespread feelings of women in the 1950s and onward. She ends by suggesting ways in which America can prevent itself from falling further into this trap. The Feminine Mystique had a galvanizing effect on second-wave feminism in the United States during the 1960s and ’70s, though its problematic treatment of race and class—something present in other books in this list—became increasingly apparent. Writing and teaching by bell hooks, Alice Walker, Audre Lorde, and Angela Davis, among others, provide Black feminist perspectives that counter Friedan’s arguments.
Abbie Hoffman published Steal This Book as a guide to acting against the government. The book is divided into three sections—“Survive!”, “Fight!”, and “Liberate!”—with multiple subchapters. Written in the style of a how-to manual for members of the counterculture, Steal This Book is a snapshot of the hippie movement and the ideals it perpetuated. Subsections include information detailing how to successfully grow cannabis, protest, live in a commune, and—as the title indicates—shoplift. It was so provocative that Hoffman eventually created his own publishing company, Pirate Editions, in order to sell the book, as other publishers were afraid to attach their names to it. Though it was scarcely advertised, Steal This Book became very successful and was immortalized by the Woodstock Nation, who adopted Hoffman’s term for America, “Pig Nation,” as their own. Hoffman cofounded the Youth International Party—the “Yippies,” a countercultural political party.
In 1962 Rachel Carson was a best-selling science writer who had won a National Book Award after a 16-year career as a biologist working for the U.S. government—not exactly countercultural credentials. But when Silent Spring was published that year, first in The New Yorker and then as a book, her bleak depiction of the environmental harm being caused by pesticides showed her to be a woman demanding change. Carson successfully countered a culture that was complacent about how it was poisoning Earth. Her book became a best seller in the United States, infuriated the chemical industry, spurred a presidential investigation, contributed to the eventual banning of DDT, and shaped the modern environmental movement.
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Known as the “Mother of the Blues,” Rainey (pictured with band, below) is recognized as the first great professional blues singer, introducing the form to a wider audience.
If you distilled rock and roll into its most essential form, you’d hear Berry, whose riffs, lyrics, and manic energy set the tone for generations to come.
Entertainment and leisure activities have been a part of culture in one form or another since the ancient times. Dance performances, live music, and storytelling have a long tradition throughout history, even as the styles and available methods of delivery have shifted dramatically.
Planet Earth contains some extraordinarily diverse environments, some of which are easily habitable and some not so much. In different areas of Earth, one might find sweltering deserts, dense tropical rainforests, or bone-chilling tundras. Each biome and habitat comes with its own selection of flora and fauna, and it may include physical features such as canyons, volcanoes, rivers, or caves. Human beings have built homes in many different environments, settling the area and organizing it into units such as cities, states, regions, and countries, each with its own points of interest. Shifting trends in human migration have resulted in a human geography that is profoundly different from that of centuries ago.
The study of the human mind and body, how these function, and how they interact—not only with each other but also with their environment—has been of utmost importance in ensuring human well-being. Research on potential treatments and preventive medicine has expanded greatly with the development of modern medicine, and a network of disciplines, including such fields as genetics, psychology, and nutrition, aims to facilitate the betterment of our health.
It's easy enough to agree that human beings all around the world have certain basic requirements that must be fulfilled in order to ensure their individual and collective well-being. History has shown us, however, that it's not so easy to form societies or communities that fulfill these requirements for all members. The fight for human and civil rights has persisted for hundreds of years and remains alive today, both within the borders of nations and on an international scale. It has led to large-scale social movements and reforms concerning issues such as suffrage, slavery, women's rights, racism, environmentalism, gay rights, and much more.
With the development of language, the human imagination has found a way to create and communicate through the written word. A literary work can transport us into a fictional, fantastic new world, describe a fleeting feeling, or simply give us a picture of the past through novels, poems, tragedies, epic works, and other genres. Through literature, communication becomes an art, and it can bridge and bond people and cultures of different languages and backgrounds.
Humans have long pondered not only how we came to be but also why we came to be. The earliest Greek philosophers focused their attention upon the origin and nature of the physical world; later philosophers have theorized about the nature of knowledge, truth, good and evil, love, friendship, and much more. Philosophy involves a methodical assessment of any and all aspects of human existence and experience. The realms of philosophy and religion have sometimes intersected in conducting such inquiries as these. As with philosophy, the study of religion underscores how humankind has long speculated about its origins. The possibility of a higher being (or beings) to which livings things owe their existence has long captived human thought. Many religions also offer their own views on the nature of good and evil, and they may prescribe guidelines and judgment on different kinds of human behavior.
The world today is divided territorially into more than 190 countries, each of which possesses a national government that claims to exercise sovereignty and seeks to compel obedience to its will by its citizens. Governments can be classified in any number of ways. For example, they might be classified by the number of rulers, thus distinguishing government by one (as in a monarchy or a tyranny) from government by the few (in an aristocracy or oligarchy) and from government by the many (as in a democracy). Governments can also be classified by mode of succession; for example, ascension to governmental leadership may follow the rules of hereditary succession, or it may be determined through elections or by force. Governments also vary in terms of the laws and rules of conduct that each political entity follows.
How can the sky be blue one day and stormy the next? Why do heavy objects tend to fall downwards when dropped? How are birds able to fly (and why can’t I do the same?)? Human beings have long been curious about the world in which we live, striving to identify connections among the phenomenons we witness and to understand how it all works. The field of science has developed over many centuries as a way of studying and understanding the world, beginning with the primitive stage of simply noting important regularities in nature and continuing through the rise of modern science. The modern-day sciences cover a vast range of fields, including biology, chemistry, meteorology, astronomy, physics, and much more.
Physical contests and recreational games have long played a part in human society. In both team and solo sports, the human body has been pushed to its limits in the name of improving athletic performance and in order to break record upon record. The ancient Olympic Games are an early example of the contests in which humans have engaged to showcase physical prowess. In modern times, sports and games have evolved into a lucrative and competitive industry, while other leisure activities, such as card and video games, can be competitive or just serve as a way to unwind or socialize.
Humankind has long striven to improve its living conditions through the development of tools, instruments, and transportation and communications systems, all with the goal of making our lives easier, more productive and—why not?—more fun, too. Thanks to human curiosity and technological research, many significant inventions have been made throughout history that in turn made a difference in our daily lives.
These are the arts that meet the eye and evoke an emotion through an expression of skill and imagination. They include the most ancient forms, such as painting and drawing, and the arts that were born thanks to the development of technology, like sculpture, printmaking, photography, and installation art. Though beauty is in the eye of the beholder, different eras in art history have had their own principles to define beauty, from the richly ornamented taste of the Baroque to the simple utilitarian style of the Prairie School.
Does history really repeat itself, or can we learn from the mistakes of those who came before us? History provides a chronological, statistical, and cultural record of the events, people, and movements that have made an impact on humankind and the world at large throughout the ages.
Award-winning ProCon.org promotes critical thinking, education, and informed citizenship by presenting the pro and con arguments to controversial issues in a straightforward, nonpartisan, freely accessible way.
Discover all you need to know about retirement, investing, and household finance, without the jargon or agenda. Get reliable guidance, insight, and easy-to-understand explanations, written, edited, and verified to Britannica’s exacting standards.
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPresenting Advocacy for Animals, a blog focused primarily on animal rights, wildlife conservation, environmental health and safety, and the legal and cultural issues related to these topics. This blog is a source of information and a call to action. It is meant to be a provocation and a stimulus to thought regarding humanity’s relationship with nonhuman animals.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Alain has been writing a weekly interview column for the Italian newspaper La Stampa since 1989. His interviews celebrate some of the best known and successful personalities of the present day.
Known as the “Mother of the Blues,” Rainey (pictured with band, below) is recognized as the first great professional blues singer, introducing the form to a wider audience.
If you distilled rock and roll into its most essential form, you’d hear Berry, whose riffs, lyrics, and manic energy set the tone for generations to come.
Entertainment and leisure activities have been a part of culture in one form or another since the ancient times. Dance performances, live music, and storytelling have a long tradition throughout history, even as the styles and available methods of delivery have shifted dramatically.
Planet Earth contains some extraordinarily diverse environments, some of which are easily habitable and some not so much. In different areas of Earth, one might find sweltering deserts, dense tropical rainforests, or bone-chilling tundras. Each biome and habitat comes with its own selection of flora and fauna, and it may include physical features such as canyons, volcanoes, rivers, or caves. Human beings have built homes in many different environments, settling the area and organizing it into units such as cities, states, regions, and countries, each with its own points of interest. Shifting trends in human migration have resulted in a human geography that is profoundly different from that of centuries ago.
The study of the human mind and body, how these function, and how they interact—not only with each other but also with their environment—has been of utmost importance in ensuring human well-being. Research on potential treatments and preventive medicine has expanded greatly with the development of modern medicine, and a network of disciplines, including such fields as genetics, psychology, and nutrition, aims to facilitate the betterment of our health.
It's easy enough to agree that human beings all around the world have certain basic requirements that must be fulfilled in order to ensure their individual and collective well-being. History has shown us, however, that it's not so easy to form societies or communities that fulfill these requirements for all members. The fight for human and civil rights has persisted for hundreds of years and remains alive today, both within the borders of nations and on an international scale. It has led to large-scale social movements and reforms concerning issues such as suffrage, slavery, women's rights, racism, environmentalism, gay rights, and much more.
With the development of language, the human imagination has found a way to create and communicate through the written word. A literary work can transport us into a fictional, fantastic new world, describe a fleeting feeling, or simply give us a picture of the past through novels, poems, tragedies, epic works, and other genres. Through literature, communication becomes an art, and it can bridge and bond people and cultures of different languages and backgrounds.
Humans have long pondered not only how we came to be but also why we came to be. The earliest Greek philosophers focused their attention upon the origin and nature of the physical world; later philosophers have theorized about the nature of knowledge, truth, good and evil, love, friendship, and much more. Philosophy involves a methodical assessment of any and all aspects of human existence and experience. The realms of philosophy and religion have sometimes intersected in conducting such inquiries as these. As with philosophy, the study of religion underscores how humankind has long speculated about its origins. The possibility of a higher being (or beings) to which livings things owe their existence has long captived human thought. Many religions also offer their own views on the nature of good and evil, and they may prescribe guidelines and judgment on different kinds of human behavior.
The world today is divided territorially into more than 190 countries, each of which possesses a national government that claims to exercise sovereignty and seeks to compel obedience to its will by its citizens. Governments can be classified in any number of ways. For example, they might be classified by the number of rulers, thus distinguishing government by one (as in a monarchy or a tyranny) from government by the few (in an aristocracy or oligarchy) and from government by the many (as in a democracy). Governments can also be classified by mode of succession; for example, ascension to governmental leadership may follow the rules of hereditary succession, or it may be determined through elections or by force. Governments also vary in terms of the laws and rules of conduct that each political entity follows.
How can the sky be blue one day and stormy the next? Why do heavy objects tend to fall downwards when dropped? How are birds able to fly (and why can’t I do the same?)? Human beings have long been curious about the world in which we live, striving to identify connections among the phenomenons we witness and to understand how it all works. The field of science has developed over many centuries as a way of studying and understanding the world, beginning with the primitive stage of simply noting important regularities in nature and continuing through the rise of modern science. The modern-day sciences cover a vast range of fields, including biology, chemistry, meteorology, astronomy, physics, and much more.
Physical contests and recreational games have long played a part in human society. In both team and solo sports, the human body has been pushed to its limits in the name of improving athletic performance and in order to break record upon record. The ancient Olympic Games are an early example of the contests in which humans have engaged to showcase physical prowess. In modern times, sports and games have evolved into a lucrative and competitive industry, while other leisure activities, such as card and video games, can be competitive or just serve as a way to unwind or socialize.
Humankind has long striven to improve its living conditions through the development of tools, instruments, and transportation and communications systems, all with the goal of making our lives easier, more productive and—why not?—more fun, too. Thanks to human curiosity and technological research, many significant inventions have been made throughout history that in turn made a difference in our daily lives.
These are the arts that meet the eye and evoke an emotion through an expression of skill and imagination. They include the most ancient forms, such as painting and drawing, and the arts that were born thanks to the development of technology, like sculpture, printmaking, photography, and installation art. Though beauty is in the eye of the beholder, different eras in art history have had their own principles to define beauty, from the richly ornamented taste of the Baroque to the simple utilitarian style of the Prairie School.
Does history really repeat itself, or can we learn from the mistakes of those who came before us? History provides a chronological, statistical, and cultural record of the events, people, and movements that have made an impact on humankind and the world at large throughout the ages.
Award-winning ProCon.org promotes critical thinking, education, and informed citizenship by presenting the pro and con arguments to controversial issues in a straightforward, nonpartisan, freely accessible way.
Discover all you need to know about retirement, investing, and household finance, without the jargon or agenda. Get reliable guidance, insight, and easy-to-understand explanations, written, edited, and verified to Britannica’s exacting standards.
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPresenting Advocacy for Animals, a blog focused primarily on animal rights, wildlife conservation, environmental health and safety, and the legal and cultural issues related to these topics. This blog is a source of information and a call to action. It is meant to be a provocation and a stimulus to thought regarding humanity’s relationship with nonhuman animals.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Alain has been writing a weekly interview column for the Italian newspaper La Stampa since 1989. His interviews celebrate some of the best known and successful personalities of the present day.
The word counterculture generally refers to any movement that strives to achieve ideals counter to those of mainstream society. During the 1960s and ’70s, people—particularly young people—in many Western countries sought to upend what they saw as outdated and restrictive values. In the United States this countercultural spirit manifested itself in multiple ways, from the fight for racial justice and women’s rights to the rejection by some middle-class young adults of their parents’ lifestyles. Writers of different backgrounds and experiences—more than are included in this selective list—both documented and shaped the era’s counterculture. While counterculture may not be a literary genre per se, it’s a useful label for these nine books, each of which embodies America’s countercultural impulses in its own, sometimes unexpected ways.
On the Road is a foundational text of the American countercultural canon. Jack Kerouac based his novel on his relationship with fellow Beat poet and adventurer Neal Cassady, who appears in the book as Dean Moriarty. Kerouac himself is the basis for protagonist Sal Paradise, and a number of other characters are representative of people in Kerouac’s life. The novel, told in five parts, details various adventures taken by Sal and Dean. Sex, drugs, and jazz are the foundation from which characters like Dean grow, forcing Sal to contemplate the implications of freedom and contempt for conformity. Sal begins to travel across the United States, sometimes with Dean by his side, and broadens his perspectives through the situations he encounters. As the novel progresses, Sal begins to understand the complexity of freedom, ending with a reflection on his journeys and Dean’s role in his life. Kerouac wrote On the Road in just three weeks. It came from the journals he kept while traveling the country with Cassady, and he typed it onto a scroll of taped-together paper about 120 feet (37 meters) long. Kerouac employed a stream of consciousness technique, approaching the novel casually as if it were a letter to a friend.
Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas by Hunter S. Thompson (1971)
Similar to Kerouac’s On the Road, Hunter S. Thompson’s novel Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas is autobiographical in nature. The story is based on two trips to Las Vegas taken by Thompson and his attorney, Oscar Zeta Acosta, in an attempt to gather information for articles commissioned by Sports Illustrated and Rolling Stone. Protagonist Raoul Duke, Thompson’s literary double, goes to Las Vegas with attorney Dr. Gonzo, Acosta’s fictional counterpart. While there, Duke and Dr. Gonzo are meant to report on the Mint 400 motorcycle race, but they are constantly interrupted by their intensive use of recreational drugs including LSD, cocaine, cannabis, and alcohol. During bouts of hallucinogenic experiences, the two ponder the meaning of the “American Dream” and the counterculture. Thompson’s recounting of the past in a manner than blends both fact and fiction gave rise to the genre of gonzo journalism, an inherently countercultural method of reporting.
The Fire Next Time contains two essays by James Baldwin that challenge race relations. The first, “My Dungeon Shook: Letter to My Nephew on the One Hundredth Anniversary of Emancipation,” details the treatment of Black people in American history. Baldwin’s letter serves to educate the nephew, but it also subtly becomes a call to action for African American people, that they must continue to push for true freedom. It culminates in the argument that the 100th anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation is being celebrated 100 years too early. The second essay, “Down at the Cross: Letter from a Region in My Mind,” recounts Baldwin’s experiences with Christianity, the relationship between race and religion in general, and the Islamic ideals of African Americans in Harlem. Through these epistolary essays, Baldwin sought to counter the culture that had oppressed Black Americans for centuries.
Slaughterhouse-Five by Kurt Vonnegut (1969)
Kurt VonnegutBernard Gotfryd Photograph Collection, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (reproduction no. LC-DIG-gtfy-04376)
Kurt Vonnegut’s Slaughterhouse-Five is a satirical semi-autobiographical account of World War II. The novel follows, by use of an unreliable narrator, the story of U.S. soldier Billy Pilgrim. Pilgrim’s life is recounted in flashbacks, making the story appear out of chronological order. He begins as a chaplain’s assistant, hating war and refusing to fight. He is then captured by German troops during the Battle of the Bulge and survives a series of events that eventually lead to his rescue on V-E Day. After being treated for PTSD and settling down with a wife and children, Pilgrim is abducted by Tralfamadorians, aliens from the planet Tralfamador. He is placed in a zoo exhibit with Montana Wildhack, another human. They fall in love and have a child, but Pilgrim is sent back to Earth immediately after. Pilgrim is eventually shot and killed by a hit man years later, after giving a speech on death, at a baseball stadium. The novel counters war in a satirical manner while also promoting a fatalistic view, one that was held by the Tralfamadorians and eventually by Pilgrim himself at the end of the novel.
Stranger in a Strange Land by Robert Heinlein (1961)
Stranger in a Strange Land is a science fiction novel by Robert Heinlein that follows the life of Valentine Michael Smith, a man who was born in space and raised on Mars. Smith arrives on Earth for the first time at age 25 and encounters a society far different from that of the Martians. In a post-World War III United States, organized religion holds immense power. Smith befriends Gillian, Ben, and Jubal, who help him to escape from government officials. Smith eventually creates the Church of All Worlds in response to the corrupt religions he encounters. Within this church is a familiar sort of counterculture: open sexuality and rejection of commonly accepted laws of conformity. Members of the church learn the Martian language under Smith and eventually develop psychokinetic abilities. Smith is killed by a mob of protesters who insist that his new church is blasphemous. The book ends with the implication that Valentine Michael Smith was in fact an incarnation of an archangel. The original name of the novel was The Heretic, which furthers the implications of a divergence from contemporary religion and, therefore, cultural structure. In 2012 the Library of Congress named it a “Book That Shaped America.” An uncensored version of the novel was published in 1991, containing even more countercultural statements that had been removed by publishers on account of the shocking nature of their implications.
One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest by Ken Kesey (1962)
Ken Kesey’s One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest provides an allegorical approach to counterculture. The novel, set in an Oregon psychiatric hospital, is narrated by “Chief” Bromden—who is half Native American. Chief recounts the story of patient Randle Patrick McMurphy, who faked insanity to keep himself out of jail and was allowed to serve his sentence in a psychiatric hospital. He is constantly stirring the pot and creating chaos between the patients and the nurses. After one of the patients commits suicide, McMurphy is blamed by a nurse with whom he has constantly clashed. He lashes out and attacks her, which results in him receiving a lobotomy and being condemned to a vegetative state. Chief escapes the hospital, smothering McMurphy in an act of mercy before fleeing to freedom. The novel is seen as an antiestablishment allegory, the hospital and nurses representing the overbearing government and McMurphy the counterculture.
The Feminine Mystique attacked the mid-20th-century understanding of a woman’s function in American society. Betty Friedan conducted and recorded a plethora of research, eventually publishing it as a book because mainstream magazines would not publish her original article. She begins her book by identifying “the problem that has no name” as the unhappiness felt by American women in the 20th century. She argues that this feeling was perpetuated by the slow narrowing of the lives of women into solely domestic roles. The following 14 chapters of her best-selling book detail her extensive research, explaining in layperson’s terms the function of Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, Freudian theory, and other psychological concepts that helped to explain the widespread feelings of women in the 1950s and onward. She ends by suggesting ways in which America can prevent itself from falling further into this trap. The Feminine Mystique had a galvanizing effect on second-wave feminism in the United States during the 1960s and ’70s, though its problematic treatment of race and class—something present in other books in this list—became increasingly apparent. Writing and teaching by bell hooks, Alice Walker, Audre Lorde, and Angela Davis, among others, provide Black feminist perspectives that counter Friedan’s arguments.
Abbie Hoffman published Steal This Book as a guide to acting against the government. The book is divided into three sections—“Survive!”, “Fight!”, and “Liberate!”—with multiple subchapters. Written in the style of a how-to manual for members of the counterculture, Steal This Book is a snapshot of the hippie movement and the ideals it perpetuated. Subsections include information detailing how to successfully grow cannabis, protest, live in a commune, and—as the title indicates—shoplift. It was so provocative that Hoffman eventually created his own publishing company, Pirate Editions, in order to sell the book, as other publishers were afraid to attach their names to it. Though it was scarcely advertised, Steal This Book became very successful and was immortalized by the Woodstock Nation, who adopted Hoffman’s term for America, “Pig Nation,” as their own. Hoffman cofounded the Youth International Party—the “Yippies,” a countercultural political party.
In 1962 Rachel Carson was a best-selling science writer who had won a National Book Award after a 16-year career as a biologist working for the U.S. government—not exactly countercultural credentials. But when Silent Spring was published that year, first in The New Yorker and then as a book, her bleak depiction of the environmental harm being caused by pesticides showed her to be a woman demanding change. Carson successfully countered a culture that was complacent about how it was poisoning Earth. Her book became a best seller in the United States, infuriated the chemical industry, spurred a presidential investigation, contributed to the eventual banning of DDT, and shaped the modern environmental movement.
\n\t\t\tWhile every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies.\n\t\t\tPlease refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions.\n\t\t
\n\t\t
Select Citation Style
\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Luebering, J.E. and Lohnes, \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t Kate. \"9 American Countercultural Books\". Encyclopedia Britannica, 23 May. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/list/9-countercultural-books. Accessed 13 June 2023.
\n\t\t\tWhile every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies.\n\t\t\tPlease refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions.\n\t\t
\n\t\t
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\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Luebering, J.E. and Lohnes, \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t Kate. \"9 American Countercultural Books\". Encyclopedia Britannica, 23 May. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/list/9-countercultural-books. Accessed 13 June 2023.
The word counterculture generally refers to any movement that strives to achieve ideals counter to those of mainstream society. During the 1960s and ’70s, people—particularly young people—in many Western countries sought to upend what they saw as outdated and restrictive values. In the United States this countercultural spirit manifested itself in multiple ways, from the fight for racial justice and women’s rights to the rejection by some middle-class young adults of their parents’ lifestyles. Writers of different backgrounds and experiences—more than are included in this selective list—both documented and shaped the era’s counterculture. While counterculture may not be a literary genre per se, it’s a useful label for these nine books, each of which embodies America’s countercultural impulses in its own, sometimes unexpected ways.
On the Road is a foundational text of the American countercultural canon. Jack Kerouac based his novel on his relationship with fellow Beat poet and adventurer Neal Cassady, who appears in the book as Dean Moriarty. Kerouac himself is the basis for protagonist Sal Paradise, and a number of other characters are representative of people in Kerouac’s life. The novel, told in five parts, details various adventures taken by Sal and Dean. Sex, drugs, and jazz are the foundation from which characters like Dean grow, forcing Sal to contemplate the implications of freedom and contempt for conformity. Sal begins to travel across the United States, sometimes with Dean by his side, and broadens his perspectives through the situations he encounters. As the novel progresses, Sal begins to understand the complexity of freedom, ending with a reflection on his journeys and Dean’s role in his life. Kerouac wrote On the Road in just three weeks. It came from the journals he kept while traveling the country with Cassady, and he typed it onto a scroll of taped-together paper about 120 feet (37 meters) long. Kerouac employed a stream of consciousness technique, approaching the novel casually as if it were a letter to a friend.
Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas by Hunter S. Thompson (1971)
Similar to Kerouac’s On the Road, Hunter S. Thompson’s novel Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas is autobiographical in nature. The story is based on two trips to Las Vegas taken by Thompson and his attorney, Oscar Zeta Acosta, in an attempt to gather information for articles commissioned by Sports Illustrated and Rolling Stone. Protagonist Raoul Duke, Thompson’s literary double, goes to Las Vegas with attorney Dr. Gonzo, Acosta’s fictional counterpart. While there, Duke and Dr. Gonzo are meant to report on the Mint 400 motorcycle race, but they are constantly interrupted by their intensive use of recreational drugs including LSD, cocaine, cannabis, and alcohol. During bouts of hallucinogenic experiences, the two ponder the meaning of the “American Dream” and the counterculture. Thompson’s recounting of the past in a manner than blends both fact and fiction gave rise to the genre of gonzo journalism, an inherently countercultural method of reporting.
The Fire Next Time contains two essays by James Baldwin that challenge race relations. The first, “My Dungeon Shook: Letter to My Nephew on the One Hundredth Anniversary of Emancipation,” details the treatment of Black people in American history. Baldwin’s letter serves to educate the nephew, but it also subtly becomes a call to action for African American people, that they must continue to push for true freedom. It culminates in the argument that the 100th anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation is being celebrated 100 years too early. The second essay, “Down at the Cross: Letter from a Region in My Mind,” recounts Baldwin’s experiences with Christianity, the relationship between race and religion in general, and the Islamic ideals of African Americans in Harlem. Through these epistolary essays, Baldwin sought to counter the culture that had oppressed Black Americans for centuries.
Slaughterhouse-Five by Kurt Vonnegut (1969)
Kurt VonnegutBernard Gotfryd Photograph Collection, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (reproduction no. LC-DIG-gtfy-04376)
Kurt Vonnegut’s Slaughterhouse-Five is a satirical semi-autobiographical account of World War II. The novel follows, by use of an unreliable narrator, the story of U.S. soldier Billy Pilgrim. Pilgrim’s life is recounted in flashbacks, making the story appear out of chronological order. He begins as a chaplain’s assistant, hating war and refusing to fight. He is then captured by German troops during the Battle of the Bulge and survives a series of events that eventually lead to his rescue on V-E Day. After being treated for PTSD and settling down with a wife and children, Pilgrim is abducted by Tralfamadorians, aliens from the planet Tralfamador. He is placed in a zoo exhibit with Montana Wildhack, another human. They fall in love and have a child, but Pilgrim is sent back to Earth immediately after. Pilgrim is eventually shot and killed by a hit man years later, after giving a speech on death, at a baseball stadium. The novel counters war in a satirical manner while also promoting a fatalistic view, one that was held by the Tralfamadorians and eventually by Pilgrim himself at the end of the novel.
Stranger in a Strange Land by Robert Heinlein (1961)
Stranger in a Strange Land is a science fiction novel by Robert Heinlein that follows the life of Valentine Michael Smith, a man who was born in space and raised on Mars. Smith arrives on Earth for the first time at age 25 and encounters a society far different from that of the Martians. In a post-World War III United States, organized religion holds immense power. Smith befriends Gillian, Ben, and Jubal, who help him to escape from government officials. Smith eventually creates the Church of All Worlds in response to the corrupt religions he encounters. Within this church is a familiar sort of counterculture: open sexuality and rejection of commonly accepted laws of conformity. Members of the church learn the Martian language under Smith and eventually develop psychokinetic abilities. Smith is killed by a mob of protesters who insist that his new church is blasphemous. The book ends with the implication that Valentine Michael Smith was in fact an incarnation of an archangel. The original name of the novel was The Heretic, which furthers the implications of a divergence from contemporary religion and, therefore, cultural structure. In 2012 the Library of Congress named it a “Book That Shaped America.” An uncensored version of the novel was published in 1991, containing even more countercultural statements that had been removed by publishers on account of the shocking nature of their implications.
One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest by Ken Kesey (1962)
Ken Kesey’s One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest provides an allegorical approach to counterculture. The novel, set in an Oregon psychiatric hospital, is narrated by “Chief” Bromden—who is half Native American. Chief recounts the story of patient Randle Patrick McMurphy, who faked insanity to keep himself out of jail and was allowed to serve his sentence in a psychiatric hospital. He is constantly stirring the pot and creating chaos between the patients and the nurses. After one of the patients commits suicide, McMurphy is blamed by a nurse with whom he has constantly clashed. He lashes out and attacks her, which results in him receiving a lobotomy and being condemned to a vegetative state. Chief escapes the hospital, smothering McMurphy in an act of mercy before fleeing to freedom. The novel is seen as an antiestablishment allegory, the hospital and nurses representing the overbearing government and McMurphy the counterculture.
The Feminine Mystique attacked the mid-20th-century understanding of a woman’s function in American society. Betty Friedan conducted and recorded a plethora of research, eventually publishing it as a book because mainstream magazines would not publish her original article. She begins her book by identifying “the problem that has no name” as the unhappiness felt by American women in the 20th century. She argues that this feeling was perpetuated by the slow narrowing of the lives of women into solely domestic roles. The following 14 chapters of her best-selling book detail her extensive research, explaining in layperson’s terms the function of Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, Freudian theory, and other psychological concepts that helped to explain the widespread feelings of women in the 1950s and onward. She ends by suggesting ways in which America can prevent itself from falling further into this trap. The Feminine Mystique had a galvanizing effect on second-wave feminism in the United States during the 1960s and ’70s, though its problematic treatment of race and class—something present in other books in this list—became increasingly apparent. Writing and teaching by bell hooks, Alice Walker, Audre Lorde, and Angela Davis, among others, provide Black feminist perspectives that counter Friedan’s arguments.
Abbie Hoffman published Steal This Book as a guide to acting against the government. The book is divided into three sections—“Survive!”, “Fight!”, and “Liberate!”—with multiple subchapters. Written in the style of a how-to manual for members of the counterculture, Steal This Book is a snapshot of the hippie movement and the ideals it perpetuated. Subsections include information detailing how to successfully grow cannabis, protest, live in a commune, and—as the title indicates—shoplift. It was so provocative that Hoffman eventually created his own publishing company, Pirate Editions, in order to sell the book, as other publishers were afraid to attach their names to it. Though it was scarcely advertised, Steal This Book became very successful and was immortalized by the Woodstock Nation, who adopted Hoffman’s term for America, “Pig Nation,” as their own. Hoffman cofounded the Youth International Party—the “Yippies,” a countercultural political party.
In 1962 Rachel Carson was a best-selling science writer who had won a National Book Award after a 16-year career as a biologist working for the U.S. government—not exactly countercultural credentials. But when Silent Spring was published that year, first in The New Yorker and then as a book, her bleak depiction of the environmental harm being caused by pesticides showed her to be a woman demanding change. Carson successfully countered a culture that was complacent about how it was poisoning Earth. Her book became a best seller in the United States, infuriated the chemical industry, spurred a presidential investigation, contributed to the eventual banning of DDT, and shaped the modern environmental movement.
\n\t\t\tWhile every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies.\n\t\t\tPlease refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions.\n\t\t
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Luebering, J.E. and Lohnes, \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t Kate. \"9 American Countercultural Books\". Encyclopedia Britannica, 23 May. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/list/9-countercultural-books. Accessed 13 June 2023.
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Luebering, J.E. and Lohnes, \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t Kate. \"9 American Countercultural Books\". Encyclopedia Britannica, 23 May. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/list/9-countercultural-books. Accessed 13 June 2023.
The word counterculture generally refers to any movement that strives to achieve ideals counter to those of mainstream society. During the 1960s and ’70s, people—particularly young people—in many Western countries sought to upend what they saw as outdated and restrictive values. In the United States this countercultural spirit manifested itself in multiple ways, from the fight for racial justice and women’s rights to the rejection by some middle-class young adults of their parents’ lifestyles. Writers of different backgrounds and experiences—more than are included in this selective list—both documented and shaped the era’s counterculture. While counterculture may not be a literary genre per se, it’s a useful label for these nine books, each of which embodies America’s countercultural impulses in its own, sometimes unexpected ways.
On the Road is a foundational text of the American countercultural canon. Jack Kerouac based his novel on his relationship with fellow Beat poet and adventurer Neal Cassady, who appears in the book as Dean Moriarty. Kerouac himself is the basis for protagonist Sal Paradise, and a number of other characters are representative of people in Kerouac’s life. The novel, told in five parts, details various adventures taken by Sal and Dean. Sex, drugs, and jazz are the foundation from which characters like Dean grow, forcing Sal to contemplate the implications of freedom and contempt for conformity. Sal begins to travel across the United States, sometimes with Dean by his side, and broadens his perspectives through the situations he encounters. As the novel progresses, Sal begins to understand the complexity of freedom, ending with a reflection on his journeys and Dean’s role in his life. Kerouac wrote On the Road in just three weeks. It came from the journals he kept while traveling the country with Cassady, and he typed it onto a scroll of taped-together paper about 120 feet (37 meters) long. Kerouac employed a stream of consciousness technique, approaching the novel casually as if it were a letter to a friend.
Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas by Hunter S. Thompson (1971)
Similar to Kerouac’s On the Road, Hunter S. Thompson’s novel Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas is autobiographical in nature. The story is based on two trips to Las Vegas taken by Thompson and his attorney, Oscar Zeta Acosta, in an attempt to gather information for articles commissioned by Sports Illustrated and Rolling Stone. Protagonist Raoul Duke, Thompson’s literary double, goes to Las Vegas with attorney Dr. Gonzo, Acosta’s fictional counterpart. While there, Duke and Dr. Gonzo are meant to report on the Mint 400 motorcycle race, but they are constantly interrupted by their intensive use of recreational drugs including LSD, cocaine, cannabis, and alcohol. During bouts of hallucinogenic experiences, the two ponder the meaning of the “American Dream” and the counterculture. Thompson’s recounting of the past in a manner than blends both fact and fiction gave rise to the genre of gonzo journalism, an inherently countercultural method of reporting.
The Fire Next Time contains two essays by James Baldwin that challenge race relations. The first, “My Dungeon Shook: Letter to My Nephew on the One Hundredth Anniversary of Emancipation,” details the treatment of Black people in American history. Baldwin’s letter serves to educate the nephew, but it also subtly becomes a call to action for African American people, that they must continue to push for true freedom. It culminates in the argument that the 100th anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation is being celebrated 100 years too early. The second essay, “Down at the Cross: Letter from a Region in My Mind,” recounts Baldwin’s experiences with Christianity, the relationship between race and religion in general, and the Islamic ideals of African Americans in Harlem. Through these epistolary essays, Baldwin sought to counter the culture that had oppressed Black Americans for centuries.
Slaughterhouse-Five by Kurt Vonnegut (1969)
Kurt VonnegutBernard Gotfryd Photograph Collection, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (reproduction no. LC-DIG-gtfy-04376)
Kurt Vonnegut’s Slaughterhouse-Five is a satirical semi-autobiographical account of World War II. The novel follows, by use of an unreliable narrator, the story of U.S. soldier Billy Pilgrim. Pilgrim’s life is recounted in flashbacks, making the story appear out of chronological order. He begins as a chaplain’s assistant, hating war and refusing to fight. He is then captured by German troops during the Battle of the Bulge and survives a series of events that eventually lead to his rescue on V-E Day. After being treated for PTSD and settling down with a wife and children, Pilgrim is abducted by Tralfamadorians, aliens from the planet Tralfamador. He is placed in a zoo exhibit with Montana Wildhack, another human. They fall in love and have a child, but Pilgrim is sent back to Earth immediately after. Pilgrim is eventually shot and killed by a hit man years later, after giving a speech on death, at a baseball stadium. The novel counters war in a satirical manner while also promoting a fatalistic view, one that was held by the Tralfamadorians and eventually by Pilgrim himself at the end of the novel.
Stranger in a Strange Land by Robert Heinlein (1961)
Stranger in a Strange Land is a science fiction novel by Robert Heinlein that follows the life of Valentine Michael Smith, a man who was born in space and raised on Mars. Smith arrives on Earth for the first time at age 25 and encounters a society far different from that of the Martians. In a post-World War III United States, organized religion holds immense power. Smith befriends Gillian, Ben, and Jubal, who help him to escape from government officials. Smith eventually creates the Church of All Worlds in response to the corrupt religions he encounters. Within this church is a familiar sort of counterculture: open sexuality and rejection of commonly accepted laws of conformity. Members of the church learn the Martian language under Smith and eventually develop psychokinetic abilities. Smith is killed by a mob of protesters who insist that his new church is blasphemous. The book ends with the implication that Valentine Michael Smith was in fact an incarnation of an archangel. The original name of the novel was The Heretic, which furthers the implications of a divergence from contemporary religion and, therefore, cultural structure. In 2012 the Library of Congress named it a “Book That Shaped America.” An uncensored version of the novel was published in 1991, containing even more countercultural statements that had been removed by publishers on account of the shocking nature of their implications.
One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest by Ken Kesey (1962)
Ken Kesey’s One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest provides an allegorical approach to counterculture. The novel, set in an Oregon psychiatric hospital, is narrated by “Chief” Bromden—who is half Native American. Chief recounts the story of patient Randle Patrick McMurphy, who faked insanity to keep himself out of jail and was allowed to serve his sentence in a psychiatric hospital. He is constantly stirring the pot and creating chaos between the patients and the nurses. After one of the patients commits suicide, McMurphy is blamed by a nurse with whom he has constantly clashed. He lashes out and attacks her, which results in him receiving a lobotomy and being condemned to a vegetative state. Chief escapes the hospital, smothering McMurphy in an act of mercy before fleeing to freedom. The novel is seen as an antiestablishment allegory, the hospital and nurses representing the overbearing government and McMurphy the counterculture.
The Feminine Mystique attacked the mid-20th-century understanding of a woman’s function in American society. Betty Friedan conducted and recorded a plethora of research, eventually publishing it as a book because mainstream magazines would not publish her original article. She begins her book by identifying “the problem that has no name” as the unhappiness felt by American women in the 20th century. She argues that this feeling was perpetuated by the slow narrowing of the lives of women into solely domestic roles. The following 14 chapters of her best-selling book detail her extensive research, explaining in layperson’s terms the function of Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, Freudian theory, and other psychological concepts that helped to explain the widespread feelings of women in the 1950s and onward. She ends by suggesting ways in which America can prevent itself from falling further into this trap. The Feminine Mystique had a galvanizing effect on second-wave feminism in the United States during the 1960s and ’70s, though its problematic treatment of race and class—something present in other books in this list—became increasingly apparent. Writing and teaching by bell hooks, Alice Walker, Audre Lorde, and Angela Davis, among others, provide Black feminist perspectives that counter Friedan’s arguments.
Abbie Hoffman published Steal This Book as a guide to acting against the government. The book is divided into three sections—“Survive!”, “Fight!”, and “Liberate!”—with multiple subchapters. Written in the style of a how-to manual for members of the counterculture, Steal This Book is a snapshot of the hippie movement and the ideals it perpetuated. Subsections include information detailing how to successfully grow cannabis, protest, live in a commune, and—as the title indicates—shoplift. It was so provocative that Hoffman eventually created his own publishing company, Pirate Editions, in order to sell the book, as other publishers were afraid to attach their names to it. Though it was scarcely advertised, Steal This Book became very successful and was immortalized by the Woodstock Nation, who adopted Hoffman’s term for America, “Pig Nation,” as their own. Hoffman cofounded the Youth International Party—the “Yippies,” a countercultural political party.
In 1962 Rachel Carson was a best-selling science writer who had won a National Book Award after a 16-year career as a biologist working for the U.S. government—not exactly countercultural credentials. But when Silent Spring was published that year, first in The New Yorker and then as a book, her bleak depiction of the environmental harm being caused by pesticides showed her to be a woman demanding change. Carson successfully countered a culture that was complacent about how it was poisoning Earth. Her book became a best seller in the United States, infuriated the chemical industry, spurred a presidential investigation, contributed to the eventual banning of DDT, and shaped the modern environmental movement.
The word counterculture generally refers to any movement that strives to achieve ideals counter to those of mainstream society. During the 1960s and ’70s, people—particularly young people—in many Western countries sought to upend what they saw as outdated and restrictive values. In the United States this countercultural spirit manifested itself in multiple ways, from the fight for racial justice and women’s rights to the rejection by some middle-class young adults of their parents’ lifestyles. Writers of different backgrounds and experiences—more than are included in this selective list—both documented and shaped the era’s counterculture. While counterculture may not be a literary genre per se, it’s a useful label for these nine books, each of which embodies America’s countercultural impulses in its own, sometimes unexpected ways.
On the Road is a foundational text of the American countercultural canon. Jack Kerouac based his novel on his relationship with fellow Beat poet and adventurer Neal Cassady, who appears in the book as Dean Moriarty. Kerouac himself is the basis for protagonist Sal Paradise, and a number of other characters are representative of people in Kerouac’s life. The novel, told in five parts, details various adventures taken by Sal and Dean. Sex, drugs, and jazz are the foundation from which characters like Dean grow, forcing Sal to contemplate the implications of freedom and contempt for conformity. Sal begins to travel across the United States, sometimes with Dean by his side, and broadens his perspectives through the situations he encounters. As the novel progresses, Sal begins to understand the complexity of freedom, ending with a reflection on his journeys and Dean’s role in his life. Kerouac wrote On the Road in just three weeks. It came from the journals he kept while traveling the country with Cassady, and he typed it onto a scroll of taped-together paper about 120 feet (37 meters) long. Kerouac employed a stream of consciousness technique, approaching the novel casually as if it were a letter to a friend.
Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas by Hunter S. Thompson (1971)
Similar to Kerouac’s On the Road, Hunter S. Thompson’s novel Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas is autobiographical in nature. The story is based on two trips to Las Vegas taken by Thompson and his attorney, Oscar Zeta Acosta, in an attempt to gather information for articles commissioned by Sports Illustrated and Rolling Stone. Protagonist Raoul Duke, Thompson’s literary double, goes to Las Vegas with attorney Dr. Gonzo, Acosta’s fictional counterpart. While there, Duke and Dr. Gonzo are meant to report on the Mint 400 motorcycle race, but they are constantly interrupted by their intensive use of recreational drugs including LSD, cocaine, cannabis, and alcohol. During bouts of hallucinogenic experiences, the two ponder the meaning of the “American Dream” and the counterculture. Thompson’s recounting of the past in a manner than blends both fact and fiction gave rise to the genre of gonzo journalism, an inherently countercultural method of reporting.
The Fire Next Time contains two essays by James Baldwin that challenge race relations. The first, “My Dungeon Shook: Letter to My Nephew on the One Hundredth Anniversary of Emancipation,” details the treatment of Black people in American history. Baldwin’s letter serves to educate the nephew, but it also subtly becomes a call to action for African American people, that they must continue to push for true freedom. It culminates in the argument that the 100th anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation is being celebrated 100 years too early. The second essay, “Down at the Cross: Letter from a Region in My Mind,” recounts Baldwin’s experiences with Christianity, the relationship between race and religion in general, and the Islamic ideals of African Americans in Harlem. Through these epistolary essays, Baldwin sought to counter the culture that had oppressed Black Americans for centuries.
Slaughterhouse-Five by Kurt Vonnegut (1969)
Kurt VonnegutBernard Gotfryd Photograph Collection, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (reproduction no. LC-DIG-gtfy-04376)
Kurt Vonnegut’s Slaughterhouse-Five is a satirical semi-autobiographical account of World War II. The novel follows, by use of an unreliable narrator, the story of U.S. soldier Billy Pilgrim. Pilgrim’s life is recounted in flashbacks, making the story appear out of chronological order. He begins as a chaplain’s assistant, hating war and refusing to fight. He is then captured by German troops during the Battle of the Bulge and survives a series of events that eventually lead to his rescue on V-E Day. After being treated for PTSD and settling down with a wife and children, Pilgrim is abducted by Tralfamadorians, aliens from the planet Tralfamador. He is placed in a zoo exhibit with Montana Wildhack, another human. They fall in love and have a child, but Pilgrim is sent back to Earth immediately after. Pilgrim is eventually shot and killed by a hit man years later, after giving a speech on death, at a baseball stadium. The novel counters war in a satirical manner while also promoting a fatalistic view, one that was held by the Tralfamadorians and eventually by Pilgrim himself at the end of the novel.
Stranger in a Strange Land by Robert Heinlein (1961)
Stranger in a Strange Land is a science fiction novel by Robert Heinlein that follows the life of Valentine Michael Smith, a man who was born in space and raised on Mars. Smith arrives on Earth for the first time at age 25 and encounters a society far different from that of the Martians. In a post-World War III United States, organized religion holds immense power. Smith befriends Gillian, Ben, and Jubal, who help him to escape from government officials. Smith eventually creates the Church of All Worlds in response to the corrupt religions he encounters. Within this church is a familiar sort of counterculture: open sexuality and rejection of commonly accepted laws of conformity. Members of the church learn the Martian language under Smith and eventually develop psychokinetic abilities. Smith is killed by a mob of protesters who insist that his new church is blasphemous. The book ends with the implication that Valentine Michael Smith was in fact an incarnation of an archangel. The original name of the novel was The Heretic, which furthers the implications of a divergence from contemporary religion and, therefore, cultural structure. In 2012 the Library of Congress named it a “Book That Shaped America.” An uncensored version of the novel was published in 1991, containing even more countercultural statements that had been removed by publishers on account of the shocking nature of their implications.
One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest by Ken Kesey (1962)
Ken Kesey’s One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest provides an allegorical approach to counterculture. The novel, set in an Oregon psychiatric hospital, is narrated by “Chief” Bromden—who is half Native American. Chief recounts the story of patient Randle Patrick McMurphy, who faked insanity to keep himself out of jail and was allowed to serve his sentence in a psychiatric hospital. He is constantly stirring the pot and creating chaos between the patients and the nurses. After one of the patients commits suicide, McMurphy is blamed by a nurse with whom he has constantly clashed. He lashes out and attacks her, which results in him receiving a lobotomy and being condemned to a vegetative state. Chief escapes the hospital, smothering McMurphy in an act of mercy before fleeing to freedom. The novel is seen as an antiestablishment allegory, the hospital and nurses representing the overbearing government and McMurphy the counterculture.
The Feminine Mystique attacked the mid-20th-century understanding of a woman’s function in American society. Betty Friedan conducted and recorded a plethora of research, eventually publishing it as a book because mainstream magazines would not publish her original article. She begins her book by identifying “the problem that has no name” as the unhappiness felt by American women in the 20th century. She argues that this feeling was perpetuated by the slow narrowing of the lives of women into solely domestic roles. The following 14 chapters of her best-selling book detail her extensive research, explaining in layperson’s terms the function of Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, Freudian theory, and other psychological concepts that helped to explain the widespread feelings of women in the 1950s and onward. She ends by suggesting ways in which America can prevent itself from falling further into this trap. The Feminine Mystique had a galvanizing effect on second-wave feminism in the United States during the 1960s and ’70s, though its problematic treatment of race and class—something present in other books in this list—became increasingly apparent. Writing and teaching by bell hooks, Alice Walker, Audre Lorde, and Angela Davis, among others, provide Black feminist perspectives that counter Friedan’s arguments.
Abbie Hoffman published Steal This Book as a guide to acting against the government. The book is divided into three sections—“Survive!”, “Fight!”, and “Liberate!”—with multiple subchapters. Written in the style of a how-to manual for members of the counterculture, Steal This Book is a snapshot of the hippie movement and the ideals it perpetuated. Subsections include information detailing how to successfully grow cannabis, protest, live in a commune, and—as the title indicates—shoplift. It was so provocative that Hoffman eventually created his own publishing company, Pirate Editions, in order to sell the book, as other publishers were afraid to attach their names to it. Though it was scarcely advertised, Steal This Book became very successful and was immortalized by the Woodstock Nation, who adopted Hoffman’s term for America, “Pig Nation,” as their own. Hoffman cofounded the Youth International Party—the “Yippies,” a countercultural political party.
In 1962 Rachel Carson was a best-selling science writer who had won a National Book Award after a 16-year career as a biologist working for the U.S. government—not exactly countercultural credentials. But when Silent Spring was published that year, first in The New Yorker and then as a book, her bleak depiction of the environmental harm being caused by pesticides showed her to be a woman demanding change. Carson successfully countered a culture that was complacent about how it was poisoning Earth. Her book became a best seller in the United States, infuriated the chemical industry, spurred a presidential investigation, contributed to the eventual banning of DDT, and shaped the modern environmental movement.
The word counterculture generally refers to any movement that strives to achieve ideals counter to those of mainstream society. During the 1960s and ’70s, people—particularly young people—in many Western countries sought to upend what they saw as outdated and restrictive values. In the United States this countercultural spirit manifested itself in multiple ways, from the fight for racial justice and women’s rights to the rejection by some middle-class young adults of their parents’ lifestyles. Writers of different backgrounds and experiences—more than are included in this selective list—both documented and shaped the era’s counterculture. While counterculture may not be a literary genre per se, it’s a useful label for these nine books, each of which embodies America’s countercultural impulses in its own, sometimes unexpected ways.
On the Road is a foundational text of the American countercultural canon. Jack Kerouac based his novel on his relationship with fellow Beat poet and adventurer Neal Cassady, who appears in the book as Dean Moriarty. Kerouac himself is the basis for protagonist Sal Paradise, and a number of other characters are representative of people in Kerouac’s life. The novel, told in five parts, details various adventures taken by Sal and Dean. Sex, drugs, and jazz are the foundation from which characters like Dean grow, forcing Sal to contemplate the implications of freedom and contempt for conformity. Sal begins to travel across the United States, sometimes with Dean by his side, and broadens his perspectives through the situations he encounters. As the novel progresses, Sal begins to understand the complexity of freedom, ending with a reflection on his journeys and Dean’s role in his life. Kerouac wrote On the Road in just three weeks. It came from the journals he kept while traveling the country with Cassady, and he typed it onto a scroll of taped-together paper about 120 feet (37 meters) long. Kerouac employed a stream of consciousness technique, approaching the novel casually as if it were a letter to a friend.
Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas by Hunter S. Thompson (1971)
Similar to Kerouac’s On the Road, Hunter S. Thompson’s novel Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas is autobiographical in nature. The story is based on two trips to Las Vegas taken by Thompson and his attorney, Oscar Zeta Acosta, in an attempt to gather information for articles commissioned by Sports Illustrated and Rolling Stone. Protagonist Raoul Duke, Thompson’s literary double, goes to Las Vegas with attorney Dr. Gonzo, Acosta’s fictional counterpart. While there, Duke and Dr. Gonzo are meant to report on the Mint 400 motorcycle race, but they are constantly interrupted by their intensive use of recreational drugs including LSD, cocaine, cannabis, and alcohol. During bouts of hallucinogenic experiences, the two ponder the meaning of the “American Dream” and the counterculture. Thompson’s recounting of the past in a manner than blends both fact and fiction gave rise to the genre of gonzo journalism, an inherently countercultural method of reporting.
The Fire Next Time contains two essays by James Baldwin that challenge race relations. The first, “My Dungeon Shook: Letter to My Nephew on the One Hundredth Anniversary of Emancipation,” details the treatment of Black people in American history. Baldwin’s letter serves to educate the nephew, but it also subtly becomes a call to action for African American people, that they must continue to push for true freedom. It culminates in the argument that the 100th anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation is being celebrated 100 years too early. The second essay, “Down at the Cross: Letter from a Region in My Mind,” recounts Baldwin’s experiences with Christianity, the relationship between race and religion in general, and the Islamic ideals of African Americans in Harlem. Through these epistolary essays, Baldwin sought to counter the culture that had oppressed Black Americans for centuries.
Slaughterhouse-Five by Kurt Vonnegut (1969)
Kurt VonnegutBernard Gotfryd Photograph Collection, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (reproduction no. LC-DIG-gtfy-04376)
Kurt Vonnegut’s Slaughterhouse-Five is a satirical semi-autobiographical account of World War II. The novel follows, by use of an unreliable narrator, the story of U.S. soldier Billy Pilgrim. Pilgrim’s life is recounted in flashbacks, making the story appear out of chronological order. He begins as a chaplain’s assistant, hating war and refusing to fight. He is then captured by German troops during the Battle of the Bulge and survives a series of events that eventually lead to his rescue on V-E Day. After being treated for PTSD and settling down with a wife and children, Pilgrim is abducted by Tralfamadorians, aliens from the planet Tralfamador. He is placed in a zoo exhibit with Montana Wildhack, another human. They fall in love and have a child, but Pilgrim is sent back to Earth immediately after. Pilgrim is eventually shot and killed by a hit man years later, after giving a speech on death, at a baseball stadium. The novel counters war in a satirical manner while also promoting a fatalistic view, one that was held by the Tralfamadorians and eventually by Pilgrim himself at the end of the novel.
Stranger in a Strange Land by Robert Heinlein (1961)
Stranger in a Strange Land is a science fiction novel by Robert Heinlein that follows the life of Valentine Michael Smith, a man who was born in space and raised on Mars. Smith arrives on Earth for the first time at age 25 and encounters a society far different from that of the Martians. In a post-World War III United States, organized religion holds immense power. Smith befriends Gillian, Ben, and Jubal, who help him to escape from government officials. Smith eventually creates the Church of All Worlds in response to the corrupt religions he encounters. Within this church is a familiar sort of counterculture: open sexuality and rejection of commonly accepted laws of conformity. Members of the church learn the Martian language under Smith and eventually develop psychokinetic abilities. Smith is killed by a mob of protesters who insist that his new church is blasphemous. The book ends with the implication that Valentine Michael Smith was in fact an incarnation of an archangel. The original name of the novel was The Heretic, which furthers the implications of a divergence from contemporary religion and, therefore, cultural structure. In 2012 the Library of Congress named it a “Book That Shaped America.” An uncensored version of the novel was published in 1991, containing even more countercultural statements that had been removed by publishers on account of the shocking nature of their implications.
One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest by Ken Kesey (1962)
Ken Kesey’s One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest provides an allegorical approach to counterculture. The novel, set in an Oregon psychiatric hospital, is narrated by “Chief” Bromden—who is half Native American. Chief recounts the story of patient Randle Patrick McMurphy, who faked insanity to keep himself out of jail and was allowed to serve his sentence in a psychiatric hospital. He is constantly stirring the pot and creating chaos between the patients and the nurses. After one of the patients commits suicide, McMurphy is blamed by a nurse with whom he has constantly clashed. He lashes out and attacks her, which results in him receiving a lobotomy and being condemned to a vegetative state. Chief escapes the hospital, smothering McMurphy in an act of mercy before fleeing to freedom. The novel is seen as an antiestablishment allegory, the hospital and nurses representing the overbearing government and McMurphy the counterculture.
The Feminine Mystique attacked the mid-20th-century understanding of a woman’s function in American society. Betty Friedan conducted and recorded a plethora of research, eventually publishing it as a book because mainstream magazines would not publish her original article. She begins her book by identifying “the problem that has no name” as the unhappiness felt by American women in the 20th century. She argues that this feeling was perpetuated by the slow narrowing of the lives of women into solely domestic roles. The following 14 chapters of her best-selling book detail her extensive research, explaining in layperson’s terms the function of Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, Freudian theory, and other psychological concepts that helped to explain the widespread feelings of women in the 1950s and onward. She ends by suggesting ways in which America can prevent itself from falling further into this trap. The Feminine Mystique had a galvanizing effect on second-wave feminism in the United States during the 1960s and ’70s, though its problematic treatment of race and class—something present in other books in this list—became increasingly apparent. Writing and teaching by bell hooks, Alice Walker, Audre Lorde, and Angela Davis, among others, provide Black feminist perspectives that counter Friedan’s arguments.
Abbie Hoffman published Steal This Book as a guide to acting against the government. The book is divided into three sections—“Survive!”, “Fight!”, and “Liberate!”—with multiple subchapters. Written in the style of a how-to manual for members of the counterculture, Steal This Book is a snapshot of the hippie movement and the ideals it perpetuated. Subsections include information detailing how to successfully grow cannabis, protest, live in a commune, and—as the title indicates—shoplift. It was so provocative that Hoffman eventually created his own publishing company, Pirate Editions, in order to sell the book, as other publishers were afraid to attach their names to it. Though it was scarcely advertised, Steal This Book became very successful and was immortalized by the Woodstock Nation, who adopted Hoffman’s term for America, “Pig Nation,” as their own. Hoffman cofounded the Youth International Party—the “Yippies,” a countercultural political party.
In 1962 Rachel Carson was a best-selling science writer who had won a National Book Award after a 16-year career as a biologist working for the U.S. government—not exactly countercultural credentials. But when Silent Spring was published that year, first in The New Yorker and then as a book, her bleak depiction of the environmental harm being caused by pesticides showed her to be a woman demanding change. Carson successfully countered a culture that was complacent about how it was poisoning Earth. Her book became a best seller in the United States, infuriated the chemical industry, spurred a presidential investigation, contributed to the eventual banning of DDT, and shaped the modern environmental movement.
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Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas by Hunter S. Thompson (1971)
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The word counterculture generally refers to any movement that strives to achieve ideals counter to those of mainstream society. During the 1960s and ’70s, people—particularly young people—in many Western countries sought to upend what they saw as outdated and restrictive values. In the United States this countercultural spirit manifested itself in multiple ways, from the fight for racial justice and women’s rights to the rejection by some middle-class young adults of their parents’ lifestyles. Writers of different backgrounds and experiences—more than are included in this selective list—both documented and shaped the era’s counterculture. While counterculture may not be a literary genre per se, it’s a useful label for these nine books, each of which embodies America’s countercultural impulses in its own, sometimes unexpected ways.
On the Road is a foundational text of the American countercultural canon. Jack Kerouac based his novel on his relationship with fellow Beat poet and adventurer Neal Cassady, who appears in the book as Dean Moriarty. Kerouac himself is the basis for protagonist Sal Paradise, and a number of other characters are representative of people in Kerouac’s life. The novel, told in five parts, details various adventures taken by Sal and Dean. Sex, drugs, and jazz are the foundation from which characters like Dean grow, forcing Sal to contemplate the implications of freedom and contempt for conformity. Sal begins to travel across the United States, sometimes with Dean by his side, and broadens his perspectives through the situations he encounters. As the novel progresses, Sal begins to understand the complexity of freedom, ending with a reflection on his journeys and Dean’s role in his life. Kerouac wrote On the Road in just three weeks. It came from the journals he kept while traveling the country with Cassady, and he typed it onto a scroll of taped-together paper about 120 feet (37 meters) long. Kerouac employed a stream of consciousness technique, approaching the novel casually as if it were a letter to a friend.
Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas by Hunter S. Thompson (1971)
Similar to Kerouac’s On the Road, Hunter S. Thompson’s novel Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas is autobiographical in nature. The story is based on two trips to Las Vegas taken by Thompson and his attorney, Oscar Zeta Acosta, in an attempt to gather information for articles commissioned by Sports Illustrated and Rolling Stone. Protagonist Raoul Duke, Thompson’s literary double, goes to Las Vegas with attorney Dr. Gonzo, Acosta’s fictional counterpart. While there, Duke and Dr. Gonzo are meant to report on the Mint 400 motorcycle race, but they are constantly interrupted by their intensive use of recreational drugs including LSD, cocaine, cannabis, and alcohol. During bouts of hallucinogenic experiences, the two ponder the meaning of the “American Dream” and the counterculture. Thompson’s recounting of the past in a manner than blends both fact and fiction gave rise to the genre of gonzo journalism, an inherently countercultural method of reporting.
The Fire Next Time contains two essays by James Baldwin that challenge race relations. The first, “My Dungeon Shook: Letter to My Nephew on the One Hundredth Anniversary of Emancipation,” details the treatment of Black people in American history. Baldwin’s letter serves to educate the nephew, but it also subtly becomes a call to action for African American people, that they must continue to push for true freedom. It culminates in the argument that the 100th anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation is being celebrated 100 years too early. The second essay, “Down at the Cross: Letter from a Region in My Mind,” recounts Baldwin’s experiences with Christianity, the relationship between race and religion in general, and the Islamic ideals of African Americans in Harlem. Through these epistolary essays, Baldwin sought to counter the culture that had oppressed Black Americans for centuries.
Slaughterhouse-Five by Kurt Vonnegut (1969)
Kurt VonnegutBernard Gotfryd Photograph Collection, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (reproduction no. LC-DIG-gtfy-04376)
Kurt Vonnegut’s Slaughterhouse-Five is a satirical semi-autobiographical account of World War II. The novel follows, by use of an unreliable narrator, the story of U.S. soldier Billy Pilgrim. Pilgrim’s life is recounted in flashbacks, making the story appear out of chronological order. He begins as a chaplain’s assistant, hating war and refusing to fight. He is then captured by German troops during the Battle of the Bulge and survives a series of events that eventually lead to his rescue on V-E Day. After being treated for PTSD and settling down with a wife and children, Pilgrim is abducted by Tralfamadorians, aliens from the planet Tralfamador. He is placed in a zoo exhibit with Montana Wildhack, another human. They fall in love and have a child, but Pilgrim is sent back to Earth immediately after. Pilgrim is eventually shot and killed by a hit man years later, after giving a speech on death, at a baseball stadium. The novel counters war in a satirical manner while also promoting a fatalistic view, one that was held by the Tralfamadorians and eventually by Pilgrim himself at the end of the novel.
Stranger in a Strange Land by Robert Heinlein (1961)
Stranger in a Strange Land is a science fiction novel by Robert Heinlein that follows the life of Valentine Michael Smith, a man who was born in space and raised on Mars. Smith arrives on Earth for the first time at age 25 and encounters a society far different from that of the Martians. In a post-World War III United States, organized religion holds immense power. Smith befriends Gillian, Ben, and Jubal, who help him to escape from government officials. Smith eventually creates the Church of All Worlds in response to the corrupt religions he encounters. Within this church is a familiar sort of counterculture: open sexuality and rejection of commonly accepted laws of conformity. Members of the church learn the Martian language under Smith and eventually develop psychokinetic abilities. Smith is killed by a mob of protesters who insist that his new church is blasphemous. The book ends with the implication that Valentine Michael Smith was in fact an incarnation of an archangel. The original name of the novel was The Heretic, which furthers the implications of a divergence from contemporary religion and, therefore, cultural structure. In 2012 the Library of Congress named it a “Book That Shaped America.” An uncensored version of the novel was published in 1991, containing even more countercultural statements that had been removed by publishers on account of the shocking nature of their implications.
One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest by Ken Kesey (1962)
Ken Kesey’s One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest provides an allegorical approach to counterculture. The novel, set in an Oregon psychiatric hospital, is narrated by “Chief” Bromden—who is half Native American. Chief recounts the story of patient Randle Patrick McMurphy, who faked insanity to keep himself out of jail and was allowed to serve his sentence in a psychiatric hospital. He is constantly stirring the pot and creating chaos between the patients and the nurses. After one of the patients commits suicide, McMurphy is blamed by a nurse with whom he has constantly clashed. He lashes out and attacks her, which results in him receiving a lobotomy and being condemned to a vegetative state. Chief escapes the hospital, smothering McMurphy in an act of mercy before fleeing to freedom. The novel is seen as an antiestablishment allegory, the hospital and nurses representing the overbearing government and McMurphy the counterculture.
The Feminine Mystique attacked the mid-20th-century understanding of a woman’s function in American society. Betty Friedan conducted and recorded a plethora of research, eventually publishing it as a book because mainstream magazines would not publish her original article. She begins her book by identifying “the problem that has no name” as the unhappiness felt by American women in the 20th century. She argues that this feeling was perpetuated by the slow narrowing of the lives of women into solely domestic roles. The following 14 chapters of her best-selling book detail her extensive research, explaining in layperson’s terms the function of Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, Freudian theory, and other psychological concepts that helped to explain the widespread feelings of women in the 1950s and onward. She ends by suggesting ways in which America can prevent itself from falling further into this trap. The Feminine Mystique had a galvanizing effect on second-wave feminism in the United States during the 1960s and ’70s, though its problematic treatment of race and class—something present in other books in this list—became increasingly apparent. Writing and teaching by bell hooks, Alice Walker, Audre Lorde, and Angela Davis, among others, provide Black feminist perspectives that counter Friedan’s arguments.
Abbie Hoffman published Steal This Book as a guide to acting against the government. The book is divided into three sections—“Survive!”, “Fight!”, and “Liberate!”—with multiple subchapters. Written in the style of a how-to manual for members of the counterculture, Steal This Book is a snapshot of the hippie movement and the ideals it perpetuated. Subsections include information detailing how to successfully grow cannabis, protest, live in a commune, and—as the title indicates—shoplift. It was so provocative that Hoffman eventually created his own publishing company, Pirate Editions, in order to sell the book, as other publishers were afraid to attach their names to it. Though it was scarcely advertised, Steal This Book became very successful and was immortalized by the Woodstock Nation, who adopted Hoffman’s term for America, “Pig Nation,” as their own. Hoffman cofounded the Youth International Party—the “Yippies,” a countercultural political party.
In 1962 Rachel Carson was a best-selling science writer who had won a National Book Award after a 16-year career as a biologist working for the U.S. government—not exactly countercultural credentials. But when Silent Spring was published that year, first in The New Yorker and then as a book, her bleak depiction of the environmental harm being caused by pesticides showed her to be a woman demanding change. Carson successfully countered a culture that was complacent about how it was poisoning Earth. Her book became a best seller in the United States, infuriated the chemical industry, spurred a presidential investigation, contributed to the eventual banning of DDT, and shaped the modern environmental movement.
The word counterculture generally refers to any movement that strives to achieve ideals counter to those of mainstream society. During the 1960s and ’70s, people—particularly young people—in many Western countries sought to upend what they saw as outdated and restrictive values. In the United States this countercultural spirit manifested itself in multiple ways, from the fight for racial justice and women’s rights to the rejection by some middle-class young adults of their parents’ lifestyles. Writers of different backgrounds and experiences—more than are included in this selective list—both documented and shaped the era’s counterculture. While counterculture may not be a literary genre per se, it’s a useful label for these nine books, each of which embodies America’s countercultural impulses in its own, sometimes unexpected ways.
On the Road is a foundational text of the American countercultural canon. Jack Kerouac based his novel on his relationship with fellow Beat poet and adventurer Neal Cassady, who appears in the book as Dean Moriarty. Kerouac himself is the basis for protagonist Sal Paradise, and a number of other characters are representative of people in Kerouac’s life. The novel, told in five parts, details various adventures taken by Sal and Dean. Sex, drugs, and jazz are the foundation from which characters like Dean grow, forcing Sal to contemplate the implications of freedom and contempt for conformity. Sal begins to travel across the United States, sometimes with Dean by his side, and broadens his perspectives through the situations he encounters. As the novel progresses, Sal begins to understand the complexity of freedom, ending with a reflection on his journeys and Dean’s role in his life. Kerouac wrote On the Road in just three weeks. It came from the journals he kept while traveling the country with Cassady, and he typed it onto a scroll of taped-together paper about 120 feet (37 meters) long. Kerouac employed a stream of consciousness technique, approaching the novel casually as if it were a letter to a friend.
Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas by Hunter S. Thompson (1971)
Similar to Kerouac’s On the Road, Hunter S. Thompson’s novel Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas is autobiographical in nature. The story is based on two trips to Las Vegas taken by Thompson and his attorney, Oscar Zeta Acosta, in an attempt to gather information for articles commissioned by Sports Illustrated and Rolling Stone. Protagonist Raoul Duke, Thompson’s literary double, goes to Las Vegas with attorney Dr. Gonzo, Acosta’s fictional counterpart. While there, Duke and Dr. Gonzo are meant to report on the Mint 400 motorcycle race, but they are constantly interrupted by their intensive use of recreational drugs including LSD, cocaine, cannabis, and alcohol. During bouts of hallucinogenic experiences, the two ponder the meaning of the “American Dream” and the counterculture. Thompson’s recounting of the past in a manner than blends both fact and fiction gave rise to the genre of gonzo journalism, an inherently countercultural method of reporting.
The Fire Next Time contains two essays by James Baldwin that challenge race relations. The first, “My Dungeon Shook: Letter to My Nephew on the One Hundredth Anniversary of Emancipation,” details the treatment of Black people in American history. Baldwin’s letter serves to educate the nephew, but it also subtly becomes a call to action for African American people, that they must continue to push for true freedom. It culminates in the argument that the 100th anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation is being celebrated 100 years too early. The second essay, “Down at the Cross: Letter from a Region in My Mind,” recounts Baldwin’s experiences with Christianity, the relationship between race and religion in general, and the Islamic ideals of African Americans in Harlem. Through these epistolary essays, Baldwin sought to counter the culture that had oppressed Black Americans for centuries.
Slaughterhouse-Five by Kurt Vonnegut (1969)
Kurt VonnegutBernard Gotfryd Photograph Collection, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (reproduction no. LC-DIG-gtfy-04376)
Kurt Vonnegut’s Slaughterhouse-Five is a satirical semi-autobiographical account of World War II. The novel follows, by use of an unreliable narrator, the story of U.S. soldier Billy Pilgrim. Pilgrim’s life is recounted in flashbacks, making the story appear out of chronological order. He begins as a chaplain’s assistant, hating war and refusing to fight. He is then captured by German troops during the Battle of the Bulge and survives a series of events that eventually lead to his rescue on V-E Day. After being treated for PTSD and settling down with a wife and children, Pilgrim is abducted by Tralfamadorians, aliens from the planet Tralfamador. He is placed in a zoo exhibit with Montana Wildhack, another human. They fall in love and have a child, but Pilgrim is sent back to Earth immediately after. Pilgrim is eventually shot and killed by a hit man years later, after giving a speech on death, at a baseball stadium. The novel counters war in a satirical manner while also promoting a fatalistic view, one that was held by the Tralfamadorians and eventually by Pilgrim himself at the end of the novel.
Stranger in a Strange Land by Robert Heinlein (1961)
Stranger in a Strange Land is a science fiction novel by Robert Heinlein that follows the life of Valentine Michael Smith, a man who was born in space and raised on Mars. Smith arrives on Earth for the first time at age 25 and encounters a society far different from that of the Martians. In a post-World War III United States, organized religion holds immense power. Smith befriends Gillian, Ben, and Jubal, who help him to escape from government officials. Smith eventually creates the Church of All Worlds in response to the corrupt religions he encounters. Within this church is a familiar sort of counterculture: open sexuality and rejection of commonly accepted laws of conformity. Members of the church learn the Martian language under Smith and eventually develop psychokinetic abilities. Smith is killed by a mob of protesters who insist that his new church is blasphemous. The book ends with the implication that Valentine Michael Smith was in fact an incarnation of an archangel. The original name of the novel was The Heretic, which furthers the implications of a divergence from contemporary religion and, therefore, cultural structure. In 2012 the Library of Congress named it a “Book That Shaped America.” An uncensored version of the novel was published in 1991, containing even more countercultural statements that had been removed by publishers on account of the shocking nature of their implications.
One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest by Ken Kesey (1962)
Ken Kesey’s One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest provides an allegorical approach to counterculture. The novel, set in an Oregon psychiatric hospital, is narrated by “Chief” Bromden—who is half Native American. Chief recounts the story of patient Randle Patrick McMurphy, who faked insanity to keep himself out of jail and was allowed to serve his sentence in a psychiatric hospital. He is constantly stirring the pot and creating chaos between the patients and the nurses. After one of the patients commits suicide, McMurphy is blamed by a nurse with whom he has constantly clashed. He lashes out and attacks her, which results in him receiving a lobotomy and being condemned to a vegetative state. Chief escapes the hospital, smothering McMurphy in an act of mercy before fleeing to freedom. The novel is seen as an antiestablishment allegory, the hospital and nurses representing the overbearing government and McMurphy the counterculture.
The Feminine Mystique attacked the mid-20th-century understanding of a woman’s function in American society. Betty Friedan conducted and recorded a plethora of research, eventually publishing it as a book because mainstream magazines would not publish her original article. She begins her book by identifying “the problem that has no name” as the unhappiness felt by American women in the 20th century. She argues that this feeling was perpetuated by the slow narrowing of the lives of women into solely domestic roles. The following 14 chapters of her best-selling book detail her extensive research, explaining in layperson’s terms the function of Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, Freudian theory, and other psychological concepts that helped to explain the widespread feelings of women in the 1950s and onward. She ends by suggesting ways in which America can prevent itself from falling further into this trap. The Feminine Mystique had a galvanizing effect on second-wave feminism in the United States during the 1960s and ’70s, though its problematic treatment of race and class—something present in other books in this list—became increasingly apparent. Writing and teaching by bell hooks, Alice Walker, Audre Lorde, and Angela Davis, among others, provide Black feminist perspectives that counter Friedan’s arguments.
Abbie Hoffman published Steal This Book as a guide to acting against the government. The book is divided into three sections—“Survive!”, “Fight!”, and “Liberate!”—with multiple subchapters. Written in the style of a how-to manual for members of the counterculture, Steal This Book is a snapshot of the hippie movement and the ideals it perpetuated. Subsections include information detailing how to successfully grow cannabis, protest, live in a commune, and—as the title indicates—shoplift. It was so provocative that Hoffman eventually created his own publishing company, Pirate Editions, in order to sell the book, as other publishers were afraid to attach their names to it. Though it was scarcely advertised, Steal This Book became very successful and was immortalized by the Woodstock Nation, who adopted Hoffman’s term for America, “Pig Nation,” as their own. Hoffman cofounded the Youth International Party—the “Yippies,” a countercultural political party.
In 1962 Rachel Carson was a best-selling science writer who had won a National Book Award after a 16-year career as a biologist working for the U.S. government—not exactly countercultural credentials. But when Silent Spring was published that year, first in The New Yorker and then as a book, her bleak depiction of the environmental harm being caused by pesticides showed her to be a woman demanding change. Carson successfully countered a culture that was complacent about how it was poisoning Earth. Her book became a best seller in the United States, infuriated the chemical industry, spurred a presidential investigation, contributed to the eventual banning of DDT, and shaped the modern environmental movement.
The word counterculture generally refers to any movement that strives to achieve ideals counter to those of mainstream society. During the 1960s and ’70s, people—particularly young people—in many Western countries sought to upend what they saw as outdated and restrictive values. In the United States this countercultural spirit manifested itself in multiple ways, from the fight for racial justice and women’s rights to the rejection by some middle-class young adults of their parents’ lifestyles. Writers of different backgrounds and experiences—more than are included in this selective list—both documented and shaped the era’s counterculture. While counterculture may not be a literary genre per se, it’s a useful label for these nine books, each of which embodies America’s countercultural impulses in its own, sometimes unexpected ways.
On the Road is a foundational text of the American countercultural canon. Jack Kerouac based his novel on his relationship with fellow Beat poet and adventurer Neal Cassady, who appears in the book as Dean Moriarty. Kerouac himself is the basis for protagonist Sal Paradise, and a number of other characters are representative of people in Kerouac’s life. The novel, told in five parts, details various adventures taken by Sal and Dean. Sex, drugs, and jazz are the foundation from which characters like Dean grow, forcing Sal to contemplate the implications of freedom and contempt for conformity. Sal begins to travel across the United States, sometimes with Dean by his side, and broadens his perspectives through the situations he encounters. As the novel progresses, Sal begins to understand the complexity of freedom, ending with a reflection on his journeys and Dean’s role in his life. Kerouac wrote On the Road in just three weeks. It came from the journals he kept while traveling the country with Cassady, and he typed it onto a scroll of taped-together paper about 120 feet (37 meters) long. Kerouac employed a stream of consciousness technique, approaching the novel casually as if it were a letter to a friend.
Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas by Hunter S. Thompson (1971)
Similar to Kerouac’s On the Road, Hunter S. Thompson’s novel Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas is autobiographical in nature. The story is based on two trips to Las Vegas taken by Thompson and his attorney, Oscar Zeta Acosta, in an attempt to gather information for articles commissioned by Sports Illustrated and Rolling Stone. Protagonist Raoul Duke, Thompson’s literary double, goes to Las Vegas with attorney Dr. Gonzo, Acosta’s fictional counterpart. While there, Duke and Dr. Gonzo are meant to report on the Mint 400 motorcycle race, but they are constantly interrupted by their intensive use of recreational drugs including LSD, cocaine, cannabis, and alcohol. During bouts of hallucinogenic experiences, the two ponder the meaning of the “American Dream” and the counterculture. Thompson’s recounting of the past in a manner than blends both fact and fiction gave rise to the genre of gonzo journalism, an inherently countercultural method of reporting.
The Fire Next Time contains two essays by James Baldwin that challenge race relations. The first, “My Dungeon Shook: Letter to My Nephew on the One Hundredth Anniversary of Emancipation,” details the treatment of Black people in American history. Baldwin’s letter serves to educate the nephew, but it also subtly becomes a call to action for African American people, that they must continue to push for true freedom. It culminates in the argument that the 100th anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation is being celebrated 100 years too early. The second essay, “Down at the Cross: Letter from a Region in My Mind,” recounts Baldwin’s experiences with Christianity, the relationship between race and religion in general, and the Islamic ideals of African Americans in Harlem. Through these epistolary essays, Baldwin sought to counter the culture that had oppressed Black Americans for centuries.
Slaughterhouse-Five by Kurt Vonnegut (1969)
Kurt VonnegutBernard Gotfryd Photograph Collection, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (reproduction no. LC-DIG-gtfy-04376)
Kurt Vonnegut’s Slaughterhouse-Five is a satirical semi-autobiographical account of World War II. The novel follows, by use of an unreliable narrator, the story of U.S. soldier Billy Pilgrim. Pilgrim’s life is recounted in flashbacks, making the story appear out of chronological order. He begins as a chaplain’s assistant, hating war and refusing to fight. He is then captured by German troops during the Battle of the Bulge and survives a series of events that eventually lead to his rescue on V-E Day. After being treated for PTSD and settling down with a wife and children, Pilgrim is abducted by Tralfamadorians, aliens from the planet Tralfamador. He is placed in a zoo exhibit with Montana Wildhack, another human. They fall in love and have a child, but Pilgrim is sent back to Earth immediately after. Pilgrim is eventually shot and killed by a hit man years later, after giving a speech on death, at a baseball stadium. The novel counters war in a satirical manner while also promoting a fatalistic view, one that was held by the Tralfamadorians and eventually by Pilgrim himself at the end of the novel.
Stranger in a Strange Land by Robert Heinlein (1961)
Stranger in a Strange Land is a science fiction novel by Robert Heinlein that follows the life of Valentine Michael Smith, a man who was born in space and raised on Mars. Smith arrives on Earth for the first time at age 25 and encounters a society far different from that of the Martians. In a post-World War III United States, organized religion holds immense power. Smith befriends Gillian, Ben, and Jubal, who help him to escape from government officials. Smith eventually creates the Church of All Worlds in response to the corrupt religions he encounters. Within this church is a familiar sort of counterculture: open sexuality and rejection of commonly accepted laws of conformity. Members of the church learn the Martian language under Smith and eventually develop psychokinetic abilities. Smith is killed by a mob of protesters who insist that his new church is blasphemous. The book ends with the implication that Valentine Michael Smith was in fact an incarnation of an archangel. The original name of the novel was The Heretic, which furthers the implications of a divergence from contemporary religion and, therefore, cultural structure. In 2012 the Library of Congress named it a “Book That Shaped America.” An uncensored version of the novel was published in 1991, containing even more countercultural statements that had been removed by publishers on account of the shocking nature of their implications.
One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest by Ken Kesey (1962)
Ken Kesey’s One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest provides an allegorical approach to counterculture. The novel, set in an Oregon psychiatric hospital, is narrated by “Chief” Bromden—who is half Native American. Chief recounts the story of patient Randle Patrick McMurphy, who faked insanity to keep himself out of jail and was allowed to serve his sentence in a psychiatric hospital. He is constantly stirring the pot and creating chaos between the patients and the nurses. After one of the patients commits suicide, McMurphy is blamed by a nurse with whom he has constantly clashed. He lashes out and attacks her, which results in him receiving a lobotomy and being condemned to a vegetative state. Chief escapes the hospital, smothering McMurphy in an act of mercy before fleeing to freedom. The novel is seen as an antiestablishment allegory, the hospital and nurses representing the overbearing government and McMurphy the counterculture.
The Feminine Mystique attacked the mid-20th-century understanding of a woman’s function in American society. Betty Friedan conducted and recorded a plethora of research, eventually publishing it as a book because mainstream magazines would not publish her original article. She begins her book by identifying “the problem that has no name” as the unhappiness felt by American women in the 20th century. She argues that this feeling was perpetuated by the slow narrowing of the lives of women into solely domestic roles. The following 14 chapters of her best-selling book detail her extensive research, explaining in layperson’s terms the function of Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, Freudian theory, and other psychological concepts that helped to explain the widespread feelings of women in the 1950s and onward. She ends by suggesting ways in which America can prevent itself from falling further into this trap. The Feminine Mystique had a galvanizing effect on second-wave feminism in the United States during the 1960s and ’70s, though its problematic treatment of race and class—something present in other books in this list—became increasingly apparent. Writing and teaching by bell hooks, Alice Walker, Audre Lorde, and Angela Davis, among others, provide Black feminist perspectives that counter Friedan’s arguments.
Abbie Hoffman published Steal This Book as a guide to acting against the government. The book is divided into three sections—“Survive!”, “Fight!”, and “Liberate!”—with multiple subchapters. Written in the style of a how-to manual for members of the counterculture, Steal This Book is a snapshot of the hippie movement and the ideals it perpetuated. Subsections include information detailing how to successfully grow cannabis, protest, live in a commune, and—as the title indicates—shoplift. It was so provocative that Hoffman eventually created his own publishing company, Pirate Editions, in order to sell the book, as other publishers were afraid to attach their names to it. Though it was scarcely advertised, Steal This Book became very successful and was immortalized by the Woodstock Nation, who adopted Hoffman’s term for America, “Pig Nation,” as their own. Hoffman cofounded the Youth International Party—the “Yippies,” a countercultural political party.
In 1962 Rachel Carson was a best-selling science writer who had won a National Book Award after a 16-year career as a biologist working for the U.S. government—not exactly countercultural credentials. But when Silent Spring was published that year, first in The New Yorker and then as a book, her bleak depiction of the environmental harm being caused by pesticides showed her to be a woman demanding change. Carson successfully countered a culture that was complacent about how it was poisoning Earth. Her book became a best seller in the United States, infuriated the chemical industry, spurred a presidential investigation, contributed to the eventual banning of DDT, and shaped the modern environmental movement.
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The word counterculture generally refers to any movement that strives to achieve ideals counter to those of mainstream society. During the 1960s and ’70s, people—particularly young people—in many Western countries sought to upend what they saw as outdated and restrictive values. In the United States this countercultural spirit manifested itself in multiple ways, from the fight for racial justice and women’s rights to the rejection by some middle-class young adults of their parents’ lifestyles. Writers of different backgrounds and experiences—more than are included in this selective list—both documented and shaped the era’s counterculture. While counterculture may not be a literary genre per se, it’s a useful label for these nine books, each of which embodies America’s countercultural impulses in its own, sometimes unexpected ways.
On the Road is a foundational text of the American countercultural canon. Jack Kerouac based his novel on his relationship with fellow Beat poet and adventurer Neal Cassady, who appears in the book as Dean Moriarty. Kerouac himself is the basis for protagonist Sal Paradise, and a number of other characters are representative of people in Kerouac’s life. The novel, told in five parts, details various adventures taken by Sal and Dean. Sex, drugs, and jazz are the foundation from which characters like Dean grow, forcing Sal to contemplate the implications of freedom and contempt for conformity. Sal begins to travel across the United States, sometimes with Dean by his side, and broadens his perspectives through the situations he encounters. As the novel progresses, Sal begins to understand the complexity of freedom, ending with a reflection on his journeys and Dean’s role in his life. Kerouac wrote On the Road in just three weeks. It came from the journals he kept while traveling the country with Cassady, and he typed it onto a scroll of taped-together paper about 120 feet (37 meters) long. Kerouac employed a stream of consciousness technique, approaching the novel casually as if it were a letter to a friend.
Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas by Hunter S. Thompson (1971)
Similar to Kerouac’s On the Road, Hunter S. Thompson’s novel Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas is autobiographical in nature. The story is based on two trips to Las Vegas taken by Thompson and his attorney, Oscar Zeta Acosta, in an attempt to gather information for articles commissioned by Sports Illustrated and Rolling Stone. Protagonist Raoul Duke, Thompson’s literary double, goes to Las Vegas with attorney Dr. Gonzo, Acosta’s fictional counterpart. While there, Duke and Dr. Gonzo are meant to report on the Mint 400 motorcycle race, but they are constantly interrupted by their intensive use of recreational drugs including LSD, cocaine, cannabis, and alcohol. During bouts of hallucinogenic experiences, the two ponder the meaning of the “American Dream” and the counterculture. Thompson’s recounting of the past in a manner than blends both fact and fiction gave rise to the genre of gonzo journalism, an inherently countercultural method of reporting.
The Fire Next Time contains two essays by James Baldwin that challenge race relations. The first, “My Dungeon Shook: Letter to My Nephew on the One Hundredth Anniversary of Emancipation,” details the treatment of Black people in American history. Baldwin’s letter serves to educate the nephew, but it also subtly becomes a call to action for African American people, that they must continue to push for true freedom. It culminates in the argument that the 100th anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation is being celebrated 100 years too early. The second essay, “Down at the Cross: Letter from a Region in My Mind,” recounts Baldwin’s experiences with Christianity, the relationship between race and religion in general, and the Islamic ideals of African Americans in Harlem. Through these epistolary essays, Baldwin sought to counter the culture that had oppressed Black Americans for centuries.
Slaughterhouse-Five by Kurt Vonnegut (1969)
Kurt VonnegutBernard Gotfryd Photograph Collection, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (reproduction no. LC-DIG-gtfy-04376)
Kurt Vonnegut’s Slaughterhouse-Five is a satirical semi-autobiographical account of World War II. The novel follows, by use of an unreliable narrator, the story of U.S. soldier Billy Pilgrim. Pilgrim’s life is recounted in flashbacks, making the story appear out of chronological order. He begins as a chaplain’s assistant, hating war and refusing to fight. He is then captured by German troops during the Battle of the Bulge and survives a series of events that eventually lead to his rescue on V-E Day. After being treated for PTSD and settling down with a wife and children, Pilgrim is abducted by Tralfamadorians, aliens from the planet Tralfamador. He is placed in a zoo exhibit with Montana Wildhack, another human. They fall in love and have a child, but Pilgrim is sent back to Earth immediately after. Pilgrim is eventually shot and killed by a hit man years later, after giving a speech on death, at a baseball stadium. The novel counters war in a satirical manner while also promoting a fatalistic view, one that was held by the Tralfamadorians and eventually by Pilgrim himself at the end of the novel.
Stranger in a Strange Land by Robert Heinlein (1961)
Stranger in a Strange Land is a science fiction novel by Robert Heinlein that follows the life of Valentine Michael Smith, a man who was born in space and raised on Mars. Smith arrives on Earth for the first time at age 25 and encounters a society far different from that of the Martians. In a post-World War III United States, organized religion holds immense power. Smith befriends Gillian, Ben, and Jubal, who help him to escape from government officials. Smith eventually creates the Church of All Worlds in response to the corrupt religions he encounters. Within this church is a familiar sort of counterculture: open sexuality and rejection of commonly accepted laws of conformity. Members of the church learn the Martian language under Smith and eventually develop psychokinetic abilities. Smith is killed by a mob of protesters who insist that his new church is blasphemous. The book ends with the implication that Valentine Michael Smith was in fact an incarnation of an archangel. The original name of the novel was The Heretic, which furthers the implications of a divergence from contemporary religion and, therefore, cultural structure. In 2012 the Library of Congress named it a “Book That Shaped America.” An uncensored version of the novel was published in 1991, containing even more countercultural statements that had been removed by publishers on account of the shocking nature of their implications.
One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest by Ken Kesey (1962)
Ken Kesey’s One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest provides an allegorical approach to counterculture. The novel, set in an Oregon psychiatric hospital, is narrated by “Chief” Bromden—who is half Native American. Chief recounts the story of patient Randle Patrick McMurphy, who faked insanity to keep himself out of jail and was allowed to serve his sentence in a psychiatric hospital. He is constantly stirring the pot and creating chaos between the patients and the nurses. After one of the patients commits suicide, McMurphy is blamed by a nurse with whom he has constantly clashed. He lashes out and attacks her, which results in him receiving a lobotomy and being condemned to a vegetative state. Chief escapes the hospital, smothering McMurphy in an act of mercy before fleeing to freedom. The novel is seen as an antiestablishment allegory, the hospital and nurses representing the overbearing government and McMurphy the counterculture.
The Feminine Mystique attacked the mid-20th-century understanding of a woman’s function in American society. Betty Friedan conducted and recorded a plethora of research, eventually publishing it as a book because mainstream magazines would not publish her original article. She begins her book by identifying “the problem that has no name” as the unhappiness felt by American women in the 20th century. She argues that this feeling was perpetuated by the slow narrowing of the lives of women into solely domestic roles. The following 14 chapters of her best-selling book detail her extensive research, explaining in layperson’s terms the function of Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, Freudian theory, and other psychological concepts that helped to explain the widespread feelings of women in the 1950s and onward. She ends by suggesting ways in which America can prevent itself from falling further into this trap. The Feminine Mystique had a galvanizing effect on second-wave feminism in the United States during the 1960s and ’70s, though its problematic treatment of race and class—something present in other books in this list—became increasingly apparent. Writing and teaching by bell hooks, Alice Walker, Audre Lorde, and Angela Davis, among others, provide Black feminist perspectives that counter Friedan’s arguments.
Abbie Hoffman published Steal This Book as a guide to acting against the government. The book is divided into three sections—“Survive!”, “Fight!”, and “Liberate!”—with multiple subchapters. Written in the style of a how-to manual for members of the counterculture, Steal This Book is a snapshot of the hippie movement and the ideals it perpetuated. Subsections include information detailing how to successfully grow cannabis, protest, live in a commune, and—as the title indicates—shoplift. It was so provocative that Hoffman eventually created his own publishing company, Pirate Editions, in order to sell the book, as other publishers were afraid to attach their names to it. Though it was scarcely advertised, Steal This Book became very successful and was immortalized by the Woodstock Nation, who adopted Hoffman’s term for America, “Pig Nation,” as their own. Hoffman cofounded the Youth International Party—the “Yippies,” a countercultural political party.
In 1962 Rachel Carson was a best-selling science writer who had won a National Book Award after a 16-year career as a biologist working for the U.S. government—not exactly countercultural credentials. But when Silent Spring was published that year, first in The New Yorker and then as a book, her bleak depiction of the environmental harm being caused by pesticides showed her to be a woman demanding change. Carson successfully countered a culture that was complacent about how it was poisoning Earth. Her book became a best seller in the United States, infuriated the chemical industry, spurred a presidential investigation, contributed to the eventual banning of DDT, and shaped the modern environmental movement.
The word counterculture generally refers to any movement that strives to achieve ideals counter to those of mainstream society. During the 1960s and ’70s, people—particularly young people—in many Western countries sought to upend what they saw as outdated and restrictive values. In the United States this countercultural spirit manifested itself in multiple ways, from the fight for racial justice and women’s rights to the rejection by some middle-class young adults of their parents’ lifestyles. Writers of different backgrounds and experiences—more than are included in this selective list—both documented and shaped the era’s counterculture. While counterculture may not be a literary genre per se, it’s a useful label for these nine books, each of which embodies America’s countercultural impulses in its own, sometimes unexpected ways.
On the Road is a foundational text of the American countercultural canon. Jack Kerouac based his novel on his relationship with fellow Beat poet and adventurer Neal Cassady, who appears in the book as Dean Moriarty. Kerouac himself is the basis for protagonist Sal Paradise, and a number of other characters are representative of people in Kerouac’s life. The novel, told in five parts, details various adventures taken by Sal and Dean. Sex, drugs, and jazz are the foundation from which characters like Dean grow, forcing Sal to contemplate the implications of freedom and contempt for conformity. Sal begins to travel across the United States, sometimes with Dean by his side, and broadens his perspectives through the situations he encounters. As the novel progresses, Sal begins to understand the complexity of freedom, ending with a reflection on his journeys and Dean’s role in his life. Kerouac wrote On the Road in just three weeks. It came from the journals he kept while traveling the country with Cassady, and he typed it onto a scroll of taped-together paper about 120 feet (37 meters) long. Kerouac employed a stream of consciousness technique, approaching the novel casually as if it were a letter to a friend.
Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas by Hunter S. Thompson (1971)
Similar to Kerouac’s On the Road, Hunter S. Thompson’s novel Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas is autobiographical in nature. The story is based on two trips to Las Vegas taken by Thompson and his attorney, Oscar Zeta Acosta, in an attempt to gather information for articles commissioned by Sports Illustrated and Rolling Stone. Protagonist Raoul Duke, Thompson’s literary double, goes to Las Vegas with attorney Dr. Gonzo, Acosta’s fictional counterpart. While there, Duke and Dr. Gonzo are meant to report on the Mint 400 motorcycle race, but they are constantly interrupted by their intensive use of recreational drugs including LSD, cocaine, cannabis, and alcohol. During bouts of hallucinogenic experiences, the two ponder the meaning of the “American Dream” and the counterculture. Thompson’s recounting of the past in a manner than blends both fact and fiction gave rise to the genre of gonzo journalism, an inherently countercultural method of reporting.
The Fire Next Time contains two essays by James Baldwin that challenge race relations. The first, “My Dungeon Shook: Letter to My Nephew on the One Hundredth Anniversary of Emancipation,” details the treatment of Black people in American history. Baldwin’s letter serves to educate the nephew, but it also subtly becomes a call to action for African American people, that they must continue to push for true freedom. It culminates in the argument that the 100th anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation is being celebrated 100 years too early. The second essay, “Down at the Cross: Letter from a Region in My Mind,” recounts Baldwin’s experiences with Christianity, the relationship between race and religion in general, and the Islamic ideals of African Americans in Harlem. Through these epistolary essays, Baldwin sought to counter the culture that had oppressed Black Americans for centuries.
Slaughterhouse-Five by Kurt Vonnegut (1969)
Kurt VonnegutBernard Gotfryd Photograph Collection, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (reproduction no. LC-DIG-gtfy-04376)
Kurt Vonnegut’s Slaughterhouse-Five is a satirical semi-autobiographical account of World War II. The novel follows, by use of an unreliable narrator, the story of U.S. soldier Billy Pilgrim. Pilgrim’s life is recounted in flashbacks, making the story appear out of chronological order. He begins as a chaplain’s assistant, hating war and refusing to fight. He is then captured by German troops during the Battle of the Bulge and survives a series of events that eventually lead to his rescue on V-E Day. After being treated for PTSD and settling down with a wife and children, Pilgrim is abducted by Tralfamadorians, aliens from the planet Tralfamador. He is placed in a zoo exhibit with Montana Wildhack, another human. They fall in love and have a child, but Pilgrim is sent back to Earth immediately after. Pilgrim is eventually shot and killed by a hit man years later, after giving a speech on death, at a baseball stadium. The novel counters war in a satirical manner while also promoting a fatalistic view, one that was held by the Tralfamadorians and eventually by Pilgrim himself at the end of the novel.
Stranger in a Strange Land by Robert Heinlein (1961)
Stranger in a Strange Land is a science fiction novel by Robert Heinlein that follows the life of Valentine Michael Smith, a man who was born in space and raised on Mars. Smith arrives on Earth for the first time at age 25 and encounters a society far different from that of the Martians. In a post-World War III United States, organized religion holds immense power. Smith befriends Gillian, Ben, and Jubal, who help him to escape from government officials. Smith eventually creates the Church of All Worlds in response to the corrupt religions he encounters. Within this church is a familiar sort of counterculture: open sexuality and rejection of commonly accepted laws of conformity. Members of the church learn the Martian language under Smith and eventually develop psychokinetic abilities. Smith is killed by a mob of protesters who insist that his new church is blasphemous. The book ends with the implication that Valentine Michael Smith was in fact an incarnation of an archangel. The original name of the novel was The Heretic, which furthers the implications of a divergence from contemporary religion and, therefore, cultural structure. In 2012 the Library of Congress named it a “Book That Shaped America.” An uncensored version of the novel was published in 1991, containing even more countercultural statements that had been removed by publishers on account of the shocking nature of their implications.
One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest by Ken Kesey (1962)
Ken Kesey’s One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest provides an allegorical approach to counterculture. The novel, set in an Oregon psychiatric hospital, is narrated by “Chief” Bromden—who is half Native American. Chief recounts the story of patient Randle Patrick McMurphy, who faked insanity to keep himself out of jail and was allowed to serve his sentence in a psychiatric hospital. He is constantly stirring the pot and creating chaos between the patients and the nurses. After one of the patients commits suicide, McMurphy is blamed by a nurse with whom he has constantly clashed. He lashes out and attacks her, which results in him receiving a lobotomy and being condemned to a vegetative state. Chief escapes the hospital, smothering McMurphy in an act of mercy before fleeing to freedom. The novel is seen as an antiestablishment allegory, the hospital and nurses representing the overbearing government and McMurphy the counterculture.
The Feminine Mystique attacked the mid-20th-century understanding of a woman’s function in American society. Betty Friedan conducted and recorded a plethora of research, eventually publishing it as a book because mainstream magazines would not publish her original article. She begins her book by identifying “the problem that has no name” as the unhappiness felt by American women in the 20th century. She argues that this feeling was perpetuated by the slow narrowing of the lives of women into solely domestic roles. The following 14 chapters of her best-selling book detail her extensive research, explaining in layperson’s terms the function of Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, Freudian theory, and other psychological concepts that helped to explain the widespread feelings of women in the 1950s and onward. She ends by suggesting ways in which America can prevent itself from falling further into this trap. The Feminine Mystique had a galvanizing effect on second-wave feminism in the United States during the 1960s and ’70s, though its problematic treatment of race and class—something present in other books in this list—became increasingly apparent. Writing and teaching by bell hooks, Alice Walker, Audre Lorde, and Angela Davis, among others, provide Black feminist perspectives that counter Friedan’s arguments.
Abbie Hoffman published Steal This Book as a guide to acting against the government. The book is divided into three sections—“Survive!”, “Fight!”, and “Liberate!”—with multiple subchapters. Written in the style of a how-to manual for members of the counterculture, Steal This Book is a snapshot of the hippie movement and the ideals it perpetuated. Subsections include information detailing how to successfully grow cannabis, protest, live in a commune, and—as the title indicates—shoplift. It was so provocative that Hoffman eventually created his own publishing company, Pirate Editions, in order to sell the book, as other publishers were afraid to attach their names to it. Though it was scarcely advertised, Steal This Book became very successful and was immortalized by the Woodstock Nation, who adopted Hoffman’s term for America, “Pig Nation,” as their own. Hoffman cofounded the Youth International Party—the “Yippies,” a countercultural political party.
In 1962 Rachel Carson was a best-selling science writer who had won a National Book Award after a 16-year career as a biologist working for the U.S. government—not exactly countercultural credentials. But when Silent Spring was published that year, first in The New Yorker and then as a book, her bleak depiction of the environmental harm being caused by pesticides showed her to be a woman demanding change. Carson successfully countered a culture that was complacent about how it was poisoning Earth. Her book became a best seller in the United States, infuriated the chemical industry, spurred a presidential investigation, contributed to the eventual banning of DDT, and shaped the modern environmental movement.
The word counterculture generally refers to any movement that strives to achieve ideals counter to those of mainstream society. During the 1960s and ’70s, people—particularly young people—in many Western countries sought to upend what they saw as outdated and restrictive values. In the United States this countercultural spirit manifested itself in multiple ways, from the fight for racial justice and women’s rights to the rejection by some middle-class young adults of their parents’ lifestyles. Writers of different backgrounds and experiences—more than are included in this selective list—both documented and shaped the era’s counterculture. While counterculture may not be a literary genre per se, it’s a useful label for these nine books, each of which embodies America’s countercultural impulses in its own, sometimes unexpected ways.
On the Road is a foundational text of the American countercultural canon. Jack Kerouac based his novel on his relationship with fellow Beat poet and adventurer Neal Cassady, who appears in the book as Dean Moriarty. Kerouac himself is the basis for protagonist Sal Paradise, and a number of other characters are representative of people in Kerouac’s life. The novel, told in five parts, details various adventures taken by Sal and Dean. Sex, drugs, and jazz are the foundation from which characters like Dean grow, forcing Sal to contemplate the implications of freedom and contempt for conformity. Sal begins to travel across the United States, sometimes with Dean by his side, and broadens his perspectives through the situations he encounters. As the novel progresses, Sal begins to understand the complexity of freedom, ending with a reflection on his journeys and Dean’s role in his life. Kerouac wrote On the Road in just three weeks. It came from the journals he kept while traveling the country with Cassady, and he typed it onto a scroll of taped-together paper about 120 feet (37 meters) long. Kerouac employed a stream of consciousness technique, approaching the novel casually as if it were a letter to a friend.
Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas by Hunter S. Thompson (1971)
Similar to Kerouac’s On the Road, Hunter S. Thompson’s novel Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas is autobiographical in nature. The story is based on two trips to Las Vegas taken by Thompson and his attorney, Oscar Zeta Acosta, in an attempt to gather information for articles commissioned by Sports Illustrated and Rolling Stone. Protagonist Raoul Duke, Thompson’s literary double, goes to Las Vegas with attorney Dr. Gonzo, Acosta’s fictional counterpart. While there, Duke and Dr. Gonzo are meant to report on the Mint 400 motorcycle race, but they are constantly interrupted by their intensive use of recreational drugs including LSD, cocaine, cannabis, and alcohol. During bouts of hallucinogenic experiences, the two ponder the meaning of the “American Dream” and the counterculture. Thompson’s recounting of the past in a manner than blends both fact and fiction gave rise to the genre of gonzo journalism, an inherently countercultural method of reporting.
The Fire Next Time contains two essays by James Baldwin that challenge race relations. The first, “My Dungeon Shook: Letter to My Nephew on the One Hundredth Anniversary of Emancipation,” details the treatment of Black people in American history. Baldwin’s letter serves to educate the nephew, but it also subtly becomes a call to action for African American people, that they must continue to push for true freedom. It culminates in the argument that the 100th anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation is being celebrated 100 years too early. The second essay, “Down at the Cross: Letter from a Region in My Mind,” recounts Baldwin’s experiences with Christianity, the relationship between race and religion in general, and the Islamic ideals of African Americans in Harlem. Through these epistolary essays, Baldwin sought to counter the culture that had oppressed Black Americans for centuries.
Slaughterhouse-Five by Kurt Vonnegut (1969)
Kurt VonnegutBernard Gotfryd Photograph Collection, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (reproduction no. LC-DIG-gtfy-04376)
Kurt Vonnegut’s Slaughterhouse-Five is a satirical semi-autobiographical account of World War II. The novel follows, by use of an unreliable narrator, the story of U.S. soldier Billy Pilgrim. Pilgrim’s life is recounted in flashbacks, making the story appear out of chronological order. He begins as a chaplain’s assistant, hating war and refusing to fight. He is then captured by German troops during the Battle of the Bulge and survives a series of events that eventually lead to his rescue on V-E Day. After being treated for PTSD and settling down with a wife and children, Pilgrim is abducted by Tralfamadorians, aliens from the planet Tralfamador. He is placed in a zoo exhibit with Montana Wildhack, another human. They fall in love and have a child, but Pilgrim is sent back to Earth immediately after. Pilgrim is eventually shot and killed by a hit man years later, after giving a speech on death, at a baseball stadium. The novel counters war in a satirical manner while also promoting a fatalistic view, one that was held by the Tralfamadorians and eventually by Pilgrim himself at the end of the novel.
Stranger in a Strange Land by Robert Heinlein (1961)
Stranger in a Strange Land is a science fiction novel by Robert Heinlein that follows the life of Valentine Michael Smith, a man who was born in space and raised on Mars. Smith arrives on Earth for the first time at age 25 and encounters a society far different from that of the Martians. In a post-World War III United States, organized religion holds immense power. Smith befriends Gillian, Ben, and Jubal, who help him to escape from government officials. Smith eventually creates the Church of All Worlds in response to the corrupt religions he encounters. Within this church is a familiar sort of counterculture: open sexuality and rejection of commonly accepted laws of conformity. Members of the church learn the Martian language under Smith and eventually develop psychokinetic abilities. Smith is killed by a mob of protesters who insist that his new church is blasphemous. The book ends with the implication that Valentine Michael Smith was in fact an incarnation of an archangel. The original name of the novel was The Heretic, which furthers the implications of a divergence from contemporary religion and, therefore, cultural structure. In 2012 the Library of Congress named it a “Book That Shaped America.” An uncensored version of the novel was published in 1991, containing even more countercultural statements that had been removed by publishers on account of the shocking nature of their implications.
One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest by Ken Kesey (1962)
Ken Kesey’s One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest provides an allegorical approach to counterculture. The novel, set in an Oregon psychiatric hospital, is narrated by “Chief” Bromden—who is half Native American. Chief recounts the story of patient Randle Patrick McMurphy, who faked insanity to keep himself out of jail and was allowed to serve his sentence in a psychiatric hospital. He is constantly stirring the pot and creating chaos between the patients and the nurses. After one of the patients commits suicide, McMurphy is blamed by a nurse with whom he has constantly clashed. He lashes out and attacks her, which results in him receiving a lobotomy and being condemned to a vegetative state. Chief escapes the hospital, smothering McMurphy in an act of mercy before fleeing to freedom. The novel is seen as an antiestablishment allegory, the hospital and nurses representing the overbearing government and McMurphy the counterculture.
The Feminine Mystique attacked the mid-20th-century understanding of a woman’s function in American society. Betty Friedan conducted and recorded a plethora of research, eventually publishing it as a book because mainstream magazines would not publish her original article. She begins her book by identifying “the problem that has no name” as the unhappiness felt by American women in the 20th century. She argues that this feeling was perpetuated by the slow narrowing of the lives of women into solely domestic roles. The following 14 chapters of her best-selling book detail her extensive research, explaining in layperson’s terms the function of Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, Freudian theory, and other psychological concepts that helped to explain the widespread feelings of women in the 1950s and onward. She ends by suggesting ways in which America can prevent itself from falling further into this trap. The Feminine Mystique had a galvanizing effect on second-wave feminism in the United States during the 1960s and ’70s, though its problematic treatment of race and class—something present in other books in this list—became increasingly apparent. Writing and teaching by bell hooks, Alice Walker, Audre Lorde, and Angela Davis, among others, provide Black feminist perspectives that counter Friedan’s arguments.
Abbie Hoffman published Steal This Book as a guide to acting against the government. The book is divided into three sections—“Survive!”, “Fight!”, and “Liberate!”—with multiple subchapters. Written in the style of a how-to manual for members of the counterculture, Steal This Book is a snapshot of the hippie movement and the ideals it perpetuated. Subsections include information detailing how to successfully grow cannabis, protest, live in a commune, and—as the title indicates—shoplift. It was so provocative that Hoffman eventually created his own publishing company, Pirate Editions, in order to sell the book, as other publishers were afraid to attach their names to it. Though it was scarcely advertised, Steal This Book became very successful and was immortalized by the Woodstock Nation, who adopted Hoffman’s term for America, “Pig Nation,” as their own. Hoffman cofounded the Youth International Party—the “Yippies,” a countercultural political party.
In 1962 Rachel Carson was a best-selling science writer who had won a National Book Award after a 16-year career as a biologist working for the U.S. government—not exactly countercultural credentials. But when Silent Spring was published that year, first in The New Yorker and then as a book, her bleak depiction of the environmental harm being caused by pesticides showed her to be a woman demanding change. Carson successfully countered a culture that was complacent about how it was poisoning Earth. Her book became a best seller in the United States, infuriated the chemical industry, spurred a presidential investigation, contributed to the eventual banning of DDT, and shaped the modern environmental movement.
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The word counterculture generally refers to any movement that strives to achieve ideals counter to those of mainstream society. During the 1960s and ’70s, people—particularly young people—in many Western countries sought to upend what they saw as outdated and restrictive values. In the United States this countercultural spirit manifested itself in multiple ways, from the fight for racial justice and women’s rights to the rejection by some middle-class young adults of their parents’ lifestyles. Writers of different backgrounds and experiences—more than are included in this selective list—both documented and shaped the era’s counterculture. While counterculture may not be a literary genre per se, it’s a useful label for these nine books, each of which embodies America’s countercultural impulses in its own, sometimes unexpected ways.
On the Road is a foundational text of the American countercultural canon. Jack Kerouac based his novel on his relationship with fellow Beat poet and adventurer Neal Cassady, who appears in the book as Dean Moriarty. Kerouac himself is the basis for protagonist Sal Paradise, and a number of other characters are representative of people in Kerouac’s life. The novel, told in five parts, details various adventures taken by Sal and Dean. Sex, drugs, and jazz are the foundation from which characters like Dean grow, forcing Sal to contemplate the implications of freedom and contempt for conformity. Sal begins to travel across the United States, sometimes with Dean by his side, and broadens his perspectives through the situations he encounters. As the novel progresses, Sal begins to understand the complexity of freedom, ending with a reflection on his journeys and Dean’s role in his life. Kerouac wrote On the Road in just three weeks. It came from the journals he kept while traveling the country with Cassady, and he typed it onto a scroll of taped-together paper about 120 feet (37 meters) long. Kerouac employed a stream of consciousness technique, approaching the novel casually as if it were a letter to a friend.
Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas by Hunter S. Thompson (1971)
Similar to Kerouac’s On the Road, Hunter S. Thompson’s novel Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas is autobiographical in nature. The story is based on two trips to Las Vegas taken by Thompson and his attorney, Oscar Zeta Acosta, in an attempt to gather information for articles commissioned by Sports Illustrated and Rolling Stone. Protagonist Raoul Duke, Thompson’s literary double, goes to Las Vegas with attorney Dr. Gonzo, Acosta’s fictional counterpart. While there, Duke and Dr. Gonzo are meant to report on the Mint 400 motorcycle race, but they are constantly interrupted by their intensive use of recreational drugs including LSD, cocaine, cannabis, and alcohol. During bouts of hallucinogenic experiences, the two ponder the meaning of the “American Dream” and the counterculture. Thompson’s recounting of the past in a manner than blends both fact and fiction gave rise to the genre of gonzo journalism, an inherently countercultural method of reporting.
The Fire Next Time contains two essays by James Baldwin that challenge race relations. The first, “My Dungeon Shook: Letter to My Nephew on the One Hundredth Anniversary of Emancipation,” details the treatment of Black people in American history. Baldwin’s letter serves to educate the nephew, but it also subtly becomes a call to action for African American people, that they must continue to push for true freedom. It culminates in the argument that the 100th anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation is being celebrated 100 years too early. The second essay, “Down at the Cross: Letter from a Region in My Mind,” recounts Baldwin’s experiences with Christianity, the relationship between race and religion in general, and the Islamic ideals of African Americans in Harlem. Through these epistolary essays, Baldwin sought to counter the culture that had oppressed Black Americans for centuries.
Slaughterhouse-Five by Kurt Vonnegut (1969)
Kurt VonnegutBernard Gotfryd Photograph Collection, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (reproduction no. LC-DIG-gtfy-04376)
Kurt Vonnegut’s Slaughterhouse-Five is a satirical semi-autobiographical account of World War II. The novel follows, by use of an unreliable narrator, the story of U.S. soldier Billy Pilgrim. Pilgrim’s life is recounted in flashbacks, making the story appear out of chronological order. He begins as a chaplain’s assistant, hating war and refusing to fight. He is then captured by German troops during the Battle of the Bulge and survives a series of events that eventually lead to his rescue on V-E Day. After being treated for PTSD and settling down with a wife and children, Pilgrim is abducted by Tralfamadorians, aliens from the planet Tralfamador. He is placed in a zoo exhibit with Montana Wildhack, another human. They fall in love and have a child, but Pilgrim is sent back to Earth immediately after. Pilgrim is eventually shot and killed by a hit man years later, after giving a speech on death, at a baseball stadium. The novel counters war in a satirical manner while also promoting a fatalistic view, one that was held by the Tralfamadorians and eventually by Pilgrim himself at the end of the novel.
Stranger in a Strange Land by Robert Heinlein (1961)
Stranger in a Strange Land is a science fiction novel by Robert Heinlein that follows the life of Valentine Michael Smith, a man who was born in space and raised on Mars. Smith arrives on Earth for the first time at age 25 and encounters a society far different from that of the Martians. In a post-World War III United States, organized religion holds immense power. Smith befriends Gillian, Ben, and Jubal, who help him to escape from government officials. Smith eventually creates the Church of All Worlds in response to the corrupt religions he encounters. Within this church is a familiar sort of counterculture: open sexuality and rejection of commonly accepted laws of conformity. Members of the church learn the Martian language under Smith and eventually develop psychokinetic abilities. Smith is killed by a mob of protesters who insist that his new church is blasphemous. The book ends with the implication that Valentine Michael Smith was in fact an incarnation of an archangel. The original name of the novel was The Heretic, which furthers the implications of a divergence from contemporary religion and, therefore, cultural structure. In 2012 the Library of Congress named it a “Book That Shaped America.” An uncensored version of the novel was published in 1991, containing even more countercultural statements that had been removed by publishers on account of the shocking nature of their implications.
One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest by Ken Kesey (1962)
Ken Kesey’s One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest provides an allegorical approach to counterculture. The novel, set in an Oregon psychiatric hospital, is narrated by “Chief” Bromden—who is half Native American. Chief recounts the story of patient Randle Patrick McMurphy, who faked insanity to keep himself out of jail and was allowed to serve his sentence in a psychiatric hospital. He is constantly stirring the pot and creating chaos between the patients and the nurses. After one of the patients commits suicide, McMurphy is blamed by a nurse with whom he has constantly clashed. He lashes out and attacks her, which results in him receiving a lobotomy and being condemned to a vegetative state. Chief escapes the hospital, smothering McMurphy in an act of mercy before fleeing to freedom. The novel is seen as an antiestablishment allegory, the hospital and nurses representing the overbearing government and McMurphy the counterculture.
The Feminine Mystique attacked the mid-20th-century understanding of a woman’s function in American society. Betty Friedan conducted and recorded a plethora of research, eventually publishing it as a book because mainstream magazines would not publish her original article. She begins her book by identifying “the problem that has no name” as the unhappiness felt by American women in the 20th century. She argues that this feeling was perpetuated by the slow narrowing of the lives of women into solely domestic roles. The following 14 chapters of her best-selling book detail her extensive research, explaining in layperson’s terms the function of Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, Freudian theory, and other psychological concepts that helped to explain the widespread feelings of women in the 1950s and onward. She ends by suggesting ways in which America can prevent itself from falling further into this trap. The Feminine Mystique had a galvanizing effect on second-wave feminism in the United States during the 1960s and ’70s, though its problematic treatment of race and class—something present in other books in this list—became increasingly apparent. Writing and teaching by bell hooks, Alice Walker, Audre Lorde, and Angela Davis, among others, provide Black feminist perspectives that counter Friedan’s arguments.
Abbie Hoffman published Steal This Book as a guide to acting against the government. The book is divided into three sections—“Survive!”, “Fight!”, and “Liberate!”—with multiple subchapters. Written in the style of a how-to manual for members of the counterculture, Steal This Book is a snapshot of the hippie movement and the ideals it perpetuated. Subsections include information detailing how to successfully grow cannabis, protest, live in a commune, and—as the title indicates—shoplift. It was so provocative that Hoffman eventually created his own publishing company, Pirate Editions, in order to sell the book, as other publishers were afraid to attach their names to it. Though it was scarcely advertised, Steal This Book became very successful and was immortalized by the Woodstock Nation, who adopted Hoffman’s term for America, “Pig Nation,” as their own. Hoffman cofounded the Youth International Party—the “Yippies,” a countercultural political party.
In 1962 Rachel Carson was a best-selling science writer who had won a National Book Award after a 16-year career as a biologist working for the U.S. government—not exactly countercultural credentials. But when Silent Spring was published that year, first in The New Yorker and then as a book, her bleak depiction of the environmental harm being caused by pesticides showed her to be a woman demanding change. Carson successfully countered a culture that was complacent about how it was poisoning Earth. Her book became a best seller in the United States, infuriated the chemical industry, spurred a presidential investigation, contributed to the eventual banning of DDT, and shaped the modern environmental movement.
The word counterculture generally refers to any movement that strives to achieve ideals counter to those of mainstream society. During the 1960s and ’70s, people—particularly young people—in many Western countries sought to upend what they saw as outdated and restrictive values. In the United States this countercultural spirit manifested itself in multiple ways, from the fight for racial justice and women’s rights to the rejection by some middle-class young adults of their parents’ lifestyles. Writers of different backgrounds and experiences—more than are included in this selective list—both documented and shaped the era’s counterculture. While counterculture may not be a literary genre per se, it’s a useful label for these nine books, each of which embodies America’s countercultural impulses in its own, sometimes unexpected ways.
On the Road is a foundational text of the American countercultural canon. Jack Kerouac based his novel on his relationship with fellow Beat poet and adventurer Neal Cassady, who appears in the book as Dean Moriarty. Kerouac himself is the basis for protagonist Sal Paradise, and a number of other characters are representative of people in Kerouac’s life. The novel, told in five parts, details various adventures taken by Sal and Dean. Sex, drugs, and jazz are the foundation from which characters like Dean grow, forcing Sal to contemplate the implications of freedom and contempt for conformity. Sal begins to travel across the United States, sometimes with Dean by his side, and broadens his perspectives through the situations he encounters. As the novel progresses, Sal begins to understand the complexity of freedom, ending with a reflection on his journeys and Dean’s role in his life. Kerouac wrote On the Road in just three weeks. It came from the journals he kept while traveling the country with Cassady, and he typed it onto a scroll of taped-together paper about 120 feet (37 meters) long. Kerouac employed a stream of consciousness technique, approaching the novel casually as if it were a letter to a friend.
Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas by Hunter S. Thompson (1971)
Similar to Kerouac’s On the Road, Hunter S. Thompson’s novel Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas is autobiographical in nature. The story is based on two trips to Las Vegas taken by Thompson and his attorney, Oscar Zeta Acosta, in an attempt to gather information for articles commissioned by Sports Illustrated and Rolling Stone. Protagonist Raoul Duke, Thompson’s literary double, goes to Las Vegas with attorney Dr. Gonzo, Acosta’s fictional counterpart. While there, Duke and Dr. Gonzo are meant to report on the Mint 400 motorcycle race, but they are constantly interrupted by their intensive use of recreational drugs including LSD, cocaine, cannabis, and alcohol. During bouts of hallucinogenic experiences, the two ponder the meaning of the “American Dream” and the counterculture. Thompson’s recounting of the past in a manner than blends both fact and fiction gave rise to the genre of gonzo journalism, an inherently countercultural method of reporting.
The Fire Next Time contains two essays by James Baldwin that challenge race relations. The first, “My Dungeon Shook: Letter to My Nephew on the One Hundredth Anniversary of Emancipation,” details the treatment of Black people in American history. Baldwin’s letter serves to educate the nephew, but it also subtly becomes a call to action for African American people, that they must continue to push for true freedom. It culminates in the argument that the 100th anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation is being celebrated 100 years too early. The second essay, “Down at the Cross: Letter from a Region in My Mind,” recounts Baldwin’s experiences with Christianity, the relationship between race and religion in general, and the Islamic ideals of African Americans in Harlem. Through these epistolary essays, Baldwin sought to counter the culture that had oppressed Black Americans for centuries.
Slaughterhouse-Five by Kurt Vonnegut (1969)
Kurt VonnegutBernard Gotfryd Photograph Collection, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (reproduction no. LC-DIG-gtfy-04376)
Kurt Vonnegut’s Slaughterhouse-Five is a satirical semi-autobiographical account of World War II. The novel follows, by use of an unreliable narrator, the story of U.S. soldier Billy Pilgrim. Pilgrim’s life is recounted in flashbacks, making the story appear out of chronological order. He begins as a chaplain’s assistant, hating war and refusing to fight. He is then captured by German troops during the Battle of the Bulge and survives a series of events that eventually lead to his rescue on V-E Day. After being treated for PTSD and settling down with a wife and children, Pilgrim is abducted by Tralfamadorians, aliens from the planet Tralfamador. He is placed in a zoo exhibit with Montana Wildhack, another human. They fall in love and have a child, but Pilgrim is sent back to Earth immediately after. Pilgrim is eventually shot and killed by a hit man years later, after giving a speech on death, at a baseball stadium. The novel counters war in a satirical manner while also promoting a fatalistic view, one that was held by the Tralfamadorians and eventually by Pilgrim himself at the end of the novel.
Stranger in a Strange Land by Robert Heinlein (1961)
Stranger in a Strange Land is a science fiction novel by Robert Heinlein that follows the life of Valentine Michael Smith, a man who was born in space and raised on Mars. Smith arrives on Earth for the first time at age 25 and encounters a society far different from that of the Martians. In a post-World War III United States, organized religion holds immense power. Smith befriends Gillian, Ben, and Jubal, who help him to escape from government officials. Smith eventually creates the Church of All Worlds in response to the corrupt religions he encounters. Within this church is a familiar sort of counterculture: open sexuality and rejection of commonly accepted laws of conformity. Members of the church learn the Martian language under Smith and eventually develop psychokinetic abilities. Smith is killed by a mob of protesters who insist that his new church is blasphemous. The book ends with the implication that Valentine Michael Smith was in fact an incarnation of an archangel. The original name of the novel was The Heretic, which furthers the implications of a divergence from contemporary religion and, therefore, cultural structure. In 2012 the Library of Congress named it a “Book That Shaped America.” An uncensored version of the novel was published in 1991, containing even more countercultural statements that had been removed by publishers on account of the shocking nature of their implications.
One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest by Ken Kesey (1962)
Ken Kesey’s One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest provides an allegorical approach to counterculture. The novel, set in an Oregon psychiatric hospital, is narrated by “Chief” Bromden—who is half Native American. Chief recounts the story of patient Randle Patrick McMurphy, who faked insanity to keep himself out of jail and was allowed to serve his sentence in a psychiatric hospital. He is constantly stirring the pot and creating chaos between the patients and the nurses. After one of the patients commits suicide, McMurphy is blamed by a nurse with whom he has constantly clashed. He lashes out and attacks her, which results in him receiving a lobotomy and being condemned to a vegetative state. Chief escapes the hospital, smothering McMurphy in an act of mercy before fleeing to freedom. The novel is seen as an antiestablishment allegory, the hospital and nurses representing the overbearing government and McMurphy the counterculture.
The Feminine Mystique attacked the mid-20th-century understanding of a woman’s function in American society. Betty Friedan conducted and recorded a plethora of research, eventually publishing it as a book because mainstream magazines would not publish her original article. She begins her book by identifying “the problem that has no name” as the unhappiness felt by American women in the 20th century. She argues that this feeling was perpetuated by the slow narrowing of the lives of women into solely domestic roles. The following 14 chapters of her best-selling book detail her extensive research, explaining in layperson’s terms the function of Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, Freudian theory, and other psychological concepts that helped to explain the widespread feelings of women in the 1950s and onward. She ends by suggesting ways in which America can prevent itself from falling further into this trap. The Feminine Mystique had a galvanizing effect on second-wave feminism in the United States during the 1960s and ’70s, though its problematic treatment of race and class—something present in other books in this list—became increasingly apparent. Writing and teaching by bell hooks, Alice Walker, Audre Lorde, and Angela Davis, among others, provide Black feminist perspectives that counter Friedan’s arguments.
Abbie Hoffman published Steal This Book as a guide to acting against the government. The book is divided into three sections—“Survive!”, “Fight!”, and “Liberate!”—with multiple subchapters. Written in the style of a how-to manual for members of the counterculture, Steal This Book is a snapshot of the hippie movement and the ideals it perpetuated. Subsections include information detailing how to successfully grow cannabis, protest, live in a commune, and—as the title indicates—shoplift. It was so provocative that Hoffman eventually created his own publishing company, Pirate Editions, in order to sell the book, as other publishers were afraid to attach their names to it. Though it was scarcely advertised, Steal This Book became very successful and was immortalized by the Woodstock Nation, who adopted Hoffman’s term for America, “Pig Nation,” as their own. Hoffman cofounded the Youth International Party—the “Yippies,” a countercultural political party.
In 1962 Rachel Carson was a best-selling science writer who had won a National Book Award after a 16-year career as a biologist working for the U.S. government—not exactly countercultural credentials. But when Silent Spring was published that year, first in The New Yorker and then as a book, her bleak depiction of the environmental harm being caused by pesticides showed her to be a woman demanding change. Carson successfully countered a culture that was complacent about how it was poisoning Earth. Her book became a best seller in the United States, infuriated the chemical industry, spurred a presidential investigation, contributed to the eventual banning of DDT, and shaped the modern environmental movement.
The word counterculture generally refers to any movement that strives to achieve ideals counter to those of mainstream society. During the 1960s and ’70s, people—particularly young people—in many Western countries sought to upend what they saw as outdated and restrictive values. In the United States this countercultural spirit manifested itself in multiple ways, from the fight for racial justice and women’s rights to the rejection by some middle-class young adults of their parents’ lifestyles. Writers of different backgrounds and experiences—more than are included in this selective list—both documented and shaped the era’s counterculture. While counterculture may not be a literary genre per se, it’s a useful label for these nine books, each of which embodies America’s countercultural impulses in its own, sometimes unexpected ways.
On the Road is a foundational text of the American countercultural canon. Jack Kerouac based his novel on his relationship with fellow Beat poet and adventurer Neal Cassady, who appears in the book as Dean Moriarty. Kerouac himself is the basis for protagonist Sal Paradise, and a number of other characters are representative of people in Kerouac’s life. The novel, told in five parts, details various adventures taken by Sal and Dean. Sex, drugs, and jazz are the foundation from which characters like Dean grow, forcing Sal to contemplate the implications of freedom and contempt for conformity. Sal begins to travel across the United States, sometimes with Dean by his side, and broadens his perspectives through the situations he encounters. As the novel progresses, Sal begins to understand the complexity of freedom, ending with a reflection on his journeys and Dean’s role in his life. Kerouac wrote On the Road in just three weeks. It came from the journals he kept while traveling the country with Cassady, and he typed it onto a scroll of taped-together paper about 120 feet (37 meters) long. Kerouac employed a stream of consciousness technique, approaching the novel casually as if it were a letter to a friend.
Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas by Hunter S. Thompson (1971)
Similar to Kerouac’s On the Road, Hunter S. Thompson’s novel Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas is autobiographical in nature. The story is based on two trips to Las Vegas taken by Thompson and his attorney, Oscar Zeta Acosta, in an attempt to gather information for articles commissioned by Sports Illustrated and Rolling Stone. Protagonist Raoul Duke, Thompson’s literary double, goes to Las Vegas with attorney Dr. Gonzo, Acosta’s fictional counterpart. While there, Duke and Dr. Gonzo are meant to report on the Mint 400 motorcycle race, but they are constantly interrupted by their intensive use of recreational drugs including LSD, cocaine, cannabis, and alcohol. During bouts of hallucinogenic experiences, the two ponder the meaning of the “American Dream” and the counterculture. Thompson’s recounting of the past in a manner than blends both fact and fiction gave rise to the genre of gonzo journalism, an inherently countercultural method of reporting.
The Fire Next Time contains two essays by James Baldwin that challenge race relations. The first, “My Dungeon Shook: Letter to My Nephew on the One Hundredth Anniversary of Emancipation,” details the treatment of Black people in American history. Baldwin’s letter serves to educate the nephew, but it also subtly becomes a call to action for African American people, that they must continue to push for true freedom. It culminates in the argument that the 100th anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation is being celebrated 100 years too early. The second essay, “Down at the Cross: Letter from a Region in My Mind,” recounts Baldwin’s experiences with Christianity, the relationship between race and religion in general, and the Islamic ideals of African Americans in Harlem. Through these epistolary essays, Baldwin sought to counter the culture that had oppressed Black Americans for centuries.
Slaughterhouse-Five by Kurt Vonnegut (1969)
Kurt VonnegutBernard Gotfryd Photograph Collection, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (reproduction no. LC-DIG-gtfy-04376)
Kurt Vonnegut’s Slaughterhouse-Five is a satirical semi-autobiographical account of World War II. The novel follows, by use of an unreliable narrator, the story of U.S. soldier Billy Pilgrim. Pilgrim’s life is recounted in flashbacks, making the story appear out of chronological order. He begins as a chaplain’s assistant, hating war and refusing to fight. He is then captured by German troops during the Battle of the Bulge and survives a series of events that eventually lead to his rescue on V-E Day. After being treated for PTSD and settling down with a wife and children, Pilgrim is abducted by Tralfamadorians, aliens from the planet Tralfamador. He is placed in a zoo exhibit with Montana Wildhack, another human. They fall in love and have a child, but Pilgrim is sent back to Earth immediately after. Pilgrim is eventually shot and killed by a hit man years later, after giving a speech on death, at a baseball stadium. The novel counters war in a satirical manner while also promoting a fatalistic view, one that was held by the Tralfamadorians and eventually by Pilgrim himself at the end of the novel.
Stranger in a Strange Land by Robert Heinlein (1961)
Stranger in a Strange Land is a science fiction novel by Robert Heinlein that follows the life of Valentine Michael Smith, a man who was born in space and raised on Mars. Smith arrives on Earth for the first time at age 25 and encounters a society far different from that of the Martians. In a post-World War III United States, organized religion holds immense power. Smith befriends Gillian, Ben, and Jubal, who help him to escape from government officials. Smith eventually creates the Church of All Worlds in response to the corrupt religions he encounters. Within this church is a familiar sort of counterculture: open sexuality and rejection of commonly accepted laws of conformity. Members of the church learn the Martian language under Smith and eventually develop psychokinetic abilities. Smith is killed by a mob of protesters who insist that his new church is blasphemous. The book ends with the implication that Valentine Michael Smith was in fact an incarnation of an archangel. The original name of the novel was The Heretic, which furthers the implications of a divergence from contemporary religion and, therefore, cultural structure. In 2012 the Library of Congress named it a “Book That Shaped America.” An uncensored version of the novel was published in 1991, containing even more countercultural statements that had been removed by publishers on account of the shocking nature of their implications.
One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest by Ken Kesey (1962)
Ken Kesey’s One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest provides an allegorical approach to counterculture. The novel, set in an Oregon psychiatric hospital, is narrated by “Chief” Bromden—who is half Native American. Chief recounts the story of patient Randle Patrick McMurphy, who faked insanity to keep himself out of jail and was allowed to serve his sentence in a psychiatric hospital. He is constantly stirring the pot and creating chaos between the patients and the nurses. After one of the patients commits suicide, McMurphy is blamed by a nurse with whom he has constantly clashed. He lashes out and attacks her, which results in him receiving a lobotomy and being condemned to a vegetative state. Chief escapes the hospital, smothering McMurphy in an act of mercy before fleeing to freedom. The novel is seen as an antiestablishment allegory, the hospital and nurses representing the overbearing government and McMurphy the counterculture.
The Feminine Mystique attacked the mid-20th-century understanding of a woman’s function in American society. Betty Friedan conducted and recorded a plethora of research, eventually publishing it as a book because mainstream magazines would not publish her original article. She begins her book by identifying “the problem that has no name” as the unhappiness felt by American women in the 20th century. She argues that this feeling was perpetuated by the slow narrowing of the lives of women into solely domestic roles. The following 14 chapters of her best-selling book detail her extensive research, explaining in layperson’s terms the function of Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, Freudian theory, and other psychological concepts that helped to explain the widespread feelings of women in the 1950s and onward. She ends by suggesting ways in which America can prevent itself from falling further into this trap. The Feminine Mystique had a galvanizing effect on second-wave feminism in the United States during the 1960s and ’70s, though its problematic treatment of race and class—something present in other books in this list—became increasingly apparent. Writing and teaching by bell hooks, Alice Walker, Audre Lorde, and Angela Davis, among others, provide Black feminist perspectives that counter Friedan’s arguments.
Abbie Hoffman published Steal This Book as a guide to acting against the government. The book is divided into three sections—“Survive!”, “Fight!”, and “Liberate!”—with multiple subchapters. Written in the style of a how-to manual for members of the counterculture, Steal This Book is a snapshot of the hippie movement and the ideals it perpetuated. Subsections include information detailing how to successfully grow cannabis, protest, live in a commune, and—as the title indicates—shoplift. It was so provocative that Hoffman eventually created his own publishing company, Pirate Editions, in order to sell the book, as other publishers were afraid to attach their names to it. Though it was scarcely advertised, Steal This Book became very successful and was immortalized by the Woodstock Nation, who adopted Hoffman’s term for America, “Pig Nation,” as their own. Hoffman cofounded the Youth International Party—the “Yippies,” a countercultural political party.
In 1962 Rachel Carson was a best-selling science writer who had won a National Book Award after a 16-year career as a biologist working for the U.S. government—not exactly countercultural credentials. But when Silent Spring was published that year, first in The New Yorker and then as a book, her bleak depiction of the environmental harm being caused by pesticides showed her to be a woman demanding change. Carson successfully countered a culture that was complacent about how it was poisoning Earth. Her book became a best seller in the United States, infuriated the chemical industry, spurred a presidential investigation, contributed to the eventual banning of DDT, and shaped the modern environmental movement.
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Thompson (1971)\n\tThe Fire Next Time by James Baldwin (1963)\n\tSlaughterhouse-Five by Kurt Vonnegut (1969)\n\tStranger in a Strange Land by Robert Heinlein (1961)\n\tOne Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest by Ken Kesey (1962)\n\tThe Feminine Mystique by Betty Friedan (1963)\n\tSteal This Book by Abbie Hoffman (1971)\n\tSilent Spring by Rachel Carson (1962)","type":"chat"},{"timestamp":190.029,"speaker":"instructor","utterance":"Give me a description of Silent Spring.","type":"chat"},{"type":"browser","timestamp":256.2850000858307,"state":{"screenshot":"screenshot-61-1.png","page":"page-61-0.html","screenshot_status":"good"},"action":{"intent":"click","arguments":{"metadata":{"mouseX":388,"mouseY":145,"tabId":1482529625,"timestamp":1686641833256,"url":"https://www.britannica.com/list/9-countercultural-books","viewportHeight":746,"viewportWidth":1536,"zoomLevel":1.25},"properties":{"altKey":false,"button":0,"buttons":1,"clientX":485.0,"clientY":181.25,"composed":true,"ctrlKey":false,"detail":1,"eventPhase":0,"layerX":22,"layerY":6602,"metaKey":false,"movementX":0,"movementY":0,"offsetX":1.25,"offsetY":6.25,"pageX":485.0,"pageY":8341.25,"returnValue":true,"screenX":485.0,"screenY":270.0,"shiftKey":false,"timeStamp":212436.70000000298,"x":485.0,"y":181.25},"element":{"attributes":{"class":"topic-paragraph","data-webtasks-id":"77786e3b-864c-43ba"},"bbox":{"bottom":824.8750495910645,"height":649.5000457763672,"left":484.24999237060547,"right":1352.2500228881836,"top":175.37500381469727,"width":868.0000305175781,"x":484.24999237060547,"y":175.37500381469727},"innerHTML":"In 1962 Rachel Carson was a best-selling science writer who had won a National Book Award after a 16-year career as a biologist working for the U.S. government—not exactly countercultural credentials. 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In 1962 Rachel Carson was a best-selling science writer who had won a National Book Award after a 16-year career as a biologist working for the U.S. government—not exactly countercultural credentials. But when Silent Spring was published that year, first in The New Yorker and then as a book, her bleak depiction of the environmental harm being caused by pesticides showed her to be a woman demanding change. Carson successfully countered a culture that was complacent about how it was poisoning Earth. Her book became a best seller in the United States, infuriated the chemical industry, spurred a presidential investigation, contributed to the eventual banning of DDT, and shaped the modern environmental movement.
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In 1962 Rachel Carson was a best-selling science writer who had won a National Book Award after a 16-year career as a biologist working for the U.S. government—not exactly countercultural credentials. But when Silent Spring was published that year, first in The New Yorker and then as a book, her bleak depiction of the environmental harm being caused by pesticides showed her to be a woman demanding change. Carson successfully countered a culture that was complacent about how it was poisoning Earth. Her book became a best seller in the United States, infuriated the chemical industry, spurred a presidential investigation, contributed to the eventual banning of DDT, and shaped the modern environmental movement.
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In 1962 Rachel Carson was a best-selling science writer who had won a National Book Award after a 16-year career as a biologist working for the U.S. government—not exactly countercultural credentials. But when Silent Spring was published that year, first in The New Yorker and then as a book, her bleak depiction of the environmental harm being caused by pesticides showed her to be a woman demanding change. Carson successfully countered a culture that was complacent about how it was poisoning Earth. Her book became a best seller in the United States, infuriated the chemical industry, spurred a presidential investigation, contributed to the eventual banning of DDT, and shaped the modern environmental movement.
","screenshot_effect":null}},{"timestamp":264.029,"speaker":"navigator","utterance":"Sure, below is the description of silent spring:\n\tIn 1962 Rachel Carson was a best-selling science writer who had won a National Book Award after a 16-year career as a biologist working for the U.S. government—not exactly countercultural credentials. But when Silent Spring was published that year, first in The New Yorker and then as a book, her bleak depiction of the environmental harm being caused by pesticides showed her to be a woman demanding change. Carson successfully countered a culture that was complacent about how it was poisoning Earth. Her book became a best seller in the United States, infuriated the chemical industry, spurred a presidential investigation, contributed to the eventual banning of DDT, and shaped the modern environmental movement.","type":"chat"},{"timestamp":266.029,"speaker":"instructor","utterance":"Okay, That's all for now.","type":"chat"},{"timestamp":278.029,"speaker":"navigator","utterance":"Alright.","type":"chat"}],"status":"checked"}
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