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/* mediaQueries.mdOrLarger */{._ae3kwy7{-webkit-flex:1 0 50% !important;-ms-flex:1 0 50% !important;flex:1 0 50% !important;padding-right:40px !important;display:none !important;}}@media screen and (min-width: 1024px) /* mediaQueries.lgOrLarger */{._ae3kwy7{-webkit-flex:1 0 33% !important;-ms-flex:1 0 33% !important;flex:1 0 33% !important;padding-right:40px !important;display:-webkit-box !important;display:-moz-box !important;display:-ms-flexbox !important;display:-webkit-flex !important;display:flex !important;}}@media screen and (max-width: 767px) /* mediaQueries.smOrSmaller */{._ae3kwy7{-webkit-flex:1 0 100% !important;-ms-flex:1 0 100% !important;flex:1 0 100% !important;padding-right:0px !important;margin-left:-4px !important;margin-right:-4px !important;min-height:56px !important;height:56px !important;display:none !important;}}._wvjbru{-webkit-box-pack:center !important;-ms-flex-pack:center !important;-webkit-box-align:center !important;-ms-flex-align:center 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704px){._1b20dct{margin-right:0px !important;}}@media screen and (max-width: 1023px) /* mediaQueries.mdOrSmaller */{._1b20dct{margin-top:16px !important;margin-right:16px !important;}}@media screen and (max-width: 767px) /* mediaQueries.smOrSmaller */{._1b20dct{-webkit-box-align:center !important;-ms-flex-align:center !important;-webkit-box-direction:normal !important;-webkit-box-orient:horizontal !important;width:100% !important;-webkit-flex-direction:row !important;-ms-flex-direction:row !important;flex-direction:row !important;-webkit-align-items:center !important;align-items:center !important;}}._zgoueth{-webkit-box-align:center !important;-ms-flex-align:center !important;cursor:pointer !important;outline:none !important;text-decoration:underline currentcolor solid !important;color:rgba(33,36,44,0.64) !important;display:-webkit-box !important;display:-moz-box !important;display:-ms-flexbox !important;display:-webkit-flex !important;display:flex !important;-webkit-align-items:center !important;align-items:center !important;}._11l3t46e{position:absolute !important;z-index:1000 !important;display:block !important;background-color:#f7f8fa !important;border-bottom:1px solid rgba(33,36,44,0.16) !important;border-top:1px solid rgba(33,36,44,0.16) !important;left:0px !important;opacity:0.99 !important;width:100% !important;}@media screen and (min-width: 1366px){._11l3t46e{background-image:
+ url("https://cdn.kastatic.org/images/learn-menu/left-background.png"),
+ url("https://cdn.kastatic.org/images/learn-menu/right-background.png")
+ !important;background-position:
+ center left,
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class="_1z0ly7r0" data-webtasks-id="45781c14-b016-49a8"><div class="_jsh6de6" data-webtasks-id="bd07f5ad-69fd-4f53"><div class="_pxfwtyj" data-webtasks-id="c0b343d8-63df-4e7a"><span class="_1o9uji3c" data-webtasks-id="d9f59003-506d-43cb">Unit 3</span><div aria-hidden="true" class="_1lf56ego" data-webtasks-id="987a6fdd-f025-4117"></div><span class="_xy39ea8" data-webtasks-id="d7303aba-4808-4968">Forces and Newton's laws of motion</span></div></div></div></a><a class="_5tdxkjz" href="/science/physics/centripetal-force-and-gravitation" data-webtasks-id="ca32a93e-6259-4d04"><div class="_1z0ly7r0" data-webtasks-id="8a63bbd6-9fe9-420f"><div class="_jsh6de6" data-webtasks-id="ae7919bb-d39c-4908"><div class="_pxfwtyj" data-webtasks-id="e8844642-ab37-448c"><span class="_1o9uji3c" data-webtasks-id="d4f510c2-dc7c-45ff">Unit 4</span><div aria-hidden="true" class="_1lf56ego" data-webtasks-id="94f2d6f3-298e-40f8"></div><span class="_xy39ea8" data-webtasks-id="2d8282e3-5bc4-4c73">Centripetal force and gravitation</span></div></div></div></a><a class="_5tdxkjz" href="/science/physics/work-and-energy" data-webtasks-id="4aaff850-a239-4cbe"><div class="_1z0ly7r0" data-webtasks-id="68ab0490-408a-43d1"><div class="_jsh6de6" data-webtasks-id="4026d983-5395-480d"><div class="_pxfwtyj" data-webtasks-id="8189c04e-d662-44d6"><span class="_1o9uji3c" data-webtasks-id="10347d53-dd58-4559">Unit 5</span><div aria-hidden="true" class="_1lf56ego" data-webtasks-id="06e14d67-2294-43d0"></div><span class="_xy39ea8" data-webtasks-id="f12e3c2b-92c6-42f7">Work and energy</span></div></div></div></a><a class="_5tdxkjz" href="/science/physics/linear-momentum" data-webtasks-id="1e4e482f-cbbb-4eb8"><div class="_1z0ly7r0" data-webtasks-id="fb740cf9-3b07-45db"><div class="_jsh6de6" data-webtasks-id="47ffbc0b-8134-48c0"><div class="_pxfwtyj" data-webtasks-id="f120d1e1-f883-4f93"><span class="_1o9uji3c" data-webtasks-id="9e50ab95-07d8-49c9">Unit 6</span><div aria-hidden="true" class="_1lf56ego" data-webtasks-id="6f763aca-daea-412f"></div><span class="_xy39ea8" data-webtasks-id="9e72b59f-9d0e-4cf0">Impacts and linear momentum</span></div></div></div></a><a class="_5tdxkjz" href="/science/physics/torque-angular-momentum" data-webtasks-id="0aa477cf-3610-4e85"><div class="_1z0ly7r0" data-webtasks-id="19210300-5f89-4f64"><div class="_jsh6de6" data-webtasks-id="6f106fb9-13b2-4c13"><div class="_pxfwtyj" data-webtasks-id="9e9dd604-3549-4770"><span class="_1o9uji3c" data-webtasks-id="eb17fa7e-c3f0-4cc7">Unit 7</span><div aria-hidden="true" class="_1lf56ego" data-webtasks-id="42d0297f-f1df-4e8c"></div><span class="_xy39ea8" data-webtasks-id="6df8fc0b-998a-4aea">Torque and angular momentum</span></div></div></div></a><a class="_5tdxkjz" href="/science/physics/mechanical-waves-and-sound" data-webtasks-id="fd275b22-3e2b-48d2"><div class="_1z0ly7r0" data-webtasks-id="720353d4-da4e-4094"><div class="_jsh6de6" data-webtasks-id="7f5cd361-8fbe-4d2e"><div class="_pxfwtyj" data-webtasks-id="a1b6191e-f31a-44f7"><span class="_1o9uji3c" data-webtasks-id="cc4a38da-531d-400b">Unit 8</span><div aria-hidden="true" class="_1lf56ego" data-webtasks-id="ae112c16-76d4-4f3a"></div><span class="_xy39ea8" data-webtasks-id="14b83615-c189-4960">Oscillations and mechanical waves</span></div></div></div></a><a class="_5tdxkjz" href="/science/physics/fluids" data-webtasks-id="2a691ebb-30c0-4557"><div class="_1z0ly7r0" data-webtasks-id="aaab5462-954f-4b0a"><div class="_jsh6de6" data-webtasks-id="b839c5ae-e44f-4ecc"><div class="_pxfwtyj" data-webtasks-id="08823376-a3a2-4a39"><span class="_1o9uji3c" data-webtasks-id="6575d51c-ddb7-48ff">Unit 9</span><div aria-hidden="true" class="_1lf56ego" data-webtasks-id="6c381058-c90c-4da5"></div><span class="_xy39ea8" data-webtasks-id="47987963-a479-4a4e">Fluids</span></div></div></div></a><a class="_5tdxkjz" href="/science/physics/thermodynamics" data-webtasks-id="c9872e9f-b887-4ba3"><div class="_1z0ly7r0" data-webtasks-id="706f2c7b-53e3-42bb"><div class="_jsh6de6" data-webtasks-id="19c8a822-4b14-4911"><div class="_pxfwtyj" data-webtasks-id="b938e9f3-2ea1-45ea"><span class="_1o9uji3c" data-webtasks-id="06b65559-ba55-439d">Unit 10</span><div aria-hidden="true" class="_1lf56ego" data-webtasks-id="bf431e4c-5596-4375"></div><span class="_xy39ea8" data-webtasks-id="73958983-c472-4197">Thermodynamics</span></div></div></div></a><a class="_5tdxkjz" href="/science/physics/electric-charge-electric-force-and-voltage" data-webtasks-id="45f4a772-e499-40b7"><div class="_1z0ly7r0" data-webtasks-id="00740d3b-63df-4020"><div class="_jsh6de6" data-webtasks-id="a114fe36-9db0-4ede"><div class="_pxfwtyj" data-webtasks-id="5bfd3f4d-649c-423b"><span class="_1o9uji3c" data-webtasks-id="eef4a2df-d707-40d2">Unit 11</span><div aria-hidden="true" class="_1lf56ego" data-webtasks-id="d964b013-da21-4dd7"></div><span class="_xy39ea8" data-webtasks-id="b1bf4a21-5acc-49e5">Electric charge, field, and potential</span></div></div></div></a><a class="_5tdxkjz" href="/science/physics/circuits-topic" data-webtasks-id="ff70f775-0ef3-4daa"><div class="_1z0ly7r0" data-webtasks-id="cf869bde-3bcf-4c62"><div class="_jsh6de6" data-webtasks-id="f987af07-859e-4439"><div class="_pxfwtyj" data-webtasks-id="948ccf61-e328-4d4f"><span class="_1o9uji3c" data-webtasks-id="ce6b5ed3-0203-468b">Unit 12</span><div aria-hidden="true" class="_1lf56ego" data-webtasks-id="7f04814d-622a-42c3"></div><span class="_xy39ea8" data-webtasks-id="83a1b6c2-1323-4d04">Circuits</span></div></div></div></a><a class="_5tdxkjz" href="/science/physics/magnetic-forces-and-magnetic-fields" data-webtasks-id="4df0b041-e355-465e"><div class="_1z0ly7r0" data-webtasks-id="e78f47f6-1961-40cf"><div class="_jsh6de6" data-webtasks-id="095e922b-c029-4538"><div class="_pxfwtyj" data-webtasks-id="49f3c195-dcf0-4b73"><span class="_1o9uji3c" data-webtasks-id="4a24e01b-35e1-403d">Unit 13</span><div aria-hidden="true" class="_1lf56ego" data-webtasks-id="328981df-7fc0-488e"></div><span class="_xy39ea8" data-webtasks-id="5c72f0c0-77cb-4e36">Magnetic forces, magnetic fields, and Faraday's law</span></div></div></div></a><a class="_5tdxkjz" href="/science/physics/light-waves" data-webtasks-id="540dddc6-c7b1-4bfe"><div class="_1z0ly7r0" data-webtasks-id="8a0df861-8848-4c22"><div class="_jsh6de6" data-webtasks-id="1ed85d1a-d6f1-4d08"><div class="_pxfwtyj" data-webtasks-id="b4609284-0fd7-4e4a"><span class="_1o9uji3c" data-webtasks-id="1abc25c8-92ef-4e4b">Unit 14</span><div aria-hidden="true" class="_1lf56ego" data-webtasks-id="0c2f893b-f4b4-4e76"></div><span class="_xy39ea8" data-webtasks-id="23be27be-ad6b-4a0c">Electromagnetic waves and interference</span></div></div></div></a><a class="_5tdxkjz" href="/science/physics/geometric-optics" data-webtasks-id="a6668530-67ee-48f7"><div class="_1z0ly7r0" data-webtasks-id="a589499b-a438-4653"><div class="_jsh6de6" data-webtasks-id="999cb30d-e307-4af5"><div class="_pxfwtyj" data-webtasks-id="1933919e-6791-4ec7"><span class="_1o9uji3c" data-webtasks-id="aa45d5b5-ab8a-4c7e">Unit 15</span><div aria-hidden="true" class="_1lf56ego" data-webtasks-id="012ab1f8-11af-43dd"></div><span class="_xy39ea8" data-webtasks-id="e749430f-47dd-4c9b">Geometric optics</span></div></div></div></a><a class="_5tdxkjz" href="/science/physics/special-relativity" data-webtasks-id="a8e79685-aab1-470f"><div class="_1z0ly7r0" data-webtasks-id="f9a2105f-1c8f-4a17"><div class="_jsh6de6" data-webtasks-id="35c5e6c1-73c3-4569"><div class="_pxfwtyj" data-webtasks-id="fb94dba2-d577-4b13"><span class="_1o9uji3c" data-webtasks-id="f1dcd4b1-e1a1-4622">Unit 16</span><div aria-hidden="true" class="_1lf56ego" data-webtasks-id="39798632-13e5-46d5"></div><span class="_xy39ea8" data-webtasks-id="095ae275-1909-419f">Special relativity </span></div></div></div></a><a class="_5tdxkjz" href="/science/physics/quantum-physics" data-webtasks-id="5af8f5ed-49a7-46cd"><div class="_1z0ly7r0" data-webtasks-id="caef427c-03f1-4922"><div class="_jsh6de6" data-webtasks-id="f6c038d2-a09c-4b14"><div class="_pxfwtyj" data-webtasks-id="02ad425a-5968-4378"><span class="_1o9uji3c" data-webtasks-id="cdc5e015-d4de-4b89">Unit 17</span><div aria-hidden="true" class="_1lf56ego" data-webtasks-id="46f4fbbf-32dd-4031"></div><span class="_xy39ea8" data-webtasks-id="e5c69f0b-5e3e-4202">Quantum Physics</span></div></div></div></a><a class="_5tdxkjz" href="/science/physics/discoveries" data-webtasks-id="d188e2bf-9315-448d"><div class="_1z0ly7r0" data-webtasks-id="84047f40-52f2-4988"><div class="_jsh6de6" data-webtasks-id="d9936a8b-d8bb-48bd"><div class="_pxfwtyj" data-webtasks-id="e4ee6036-5879-45bc"><span class="_1o9uji3c" data-webtasks-id="bbebc9a1-e512-4ca9">Unit 18</span><div aria-hidden="true" class="_1lf56ego" data-webtasks-id="30c55b6a-2561-4904"></div><span class="_xy39ea8" data-webtasks-id="7d7be119-67c8-4b57">Discoveries and projects</span></div></div></div></a><a class="_5tdxkjz" 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data-webtasks-id="eb32e832-825d-471f">Physics library</h1></div><div data-webtasks-id="67e6d0c6-fa16-43f0"><div class="_e296pg" style="background-color: rgba(33, 36, 44, 0.02);" data-webtasks-id="7ac25a64-286b-4977"><div class="_34fojv" style="position: relative; z-index: 1;" data-webtasks-id="888c8a9c-e01b-4c46"><div data-webtasks-id="c680b09c-ebb2-4b14"><h2 data-webtasks-id="747bb699-3cbf-477e"><div class="_7rlsjk" data-webtasks-id="ae3de56b-251f-4612">Welcome to the Physics library!</div></h2></div><div data-webtasks-id="50a6b7dd-3e06-4540"><div class="_1xxbrjb" data-webtasks-id="e2409b27-a7c4-4104">Physics is the study of matter, motion, energy, and force. Here, you can browse videos, articles, and exercises by topic. We keep the library up-to-date, so you may find new or improved material here over time.</div></div></div><div id="topic-progress" class="_xu2jcg" data-webtasks-id="ceaf9dd2-61c0-4fde"><span data-webtasks-id="ee49014d-7823-40cb"><div class="_u2euzqs" data-webtasks-id="14239031-a018-43f5"><div class="_88y2vyk" data-webtasks-id="c929af84-85d9-49bc"><div tabindex="-1" data-slug="topic-progress" class="_19q9ljyt" data-webtasks-id="608207dd-d914-4c9c"><div class="_7hv5v4c" data-webtasks-id="30d85968-a110-4044"><div class="_1nicslx5" data-webtasks-id="8484b351-dddd-48ee"></div><div data-slug="table-of-contents" class="_nypyycw" data-webtasks-id="1f8d5307-7172-4c22"><div data-slug="one-dimensional-motion" tabindex="-1" class="_12yy6f6l" data-webtasks-id="1d231701-29fe-45a1"><div class="_xu2jcg" data-webtasks-id="b56308f0-7660-43cb"><div class="_1jkfus0z" data-webtasks-id="fd2a13b9-e399-4ad6"><div class="_ad17k31" data-webtasks-id="971fbaf5-0c10-483b"><img src="https://cdn.kastatic.org/genfiles/topic-icons/icons/one_dimensional_motion.png-8bcf2d-128c.png" aria-hidden="true" alt="" class="_93e3k7" data-webtasks-id="823f3f0a-fdc6-4325"></div><div data-webtasks-id="fdfb7adf-042d-47f0" style="flex-basis: 8px; flex-shrink: 0;"></div><div class="_xu2jcg" data-webtasks-id="b821b237-bc7c-4493"><a data-test-id="unit-header" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/one-dimensional-motion" data-webtasks-id="bdf8a490-694e-496b"><h3 class="_k50sd54" data-webtasks-id="75eb4f92-995b-43b9">Unit 1: One-dimensional motion</h3></a></div><div data-webtasks-id="3b981b87-c1b3-4305" style="flex-basis: 8px; flex-shrink: 0;"></div><div class="_t0tx82" data-webtasks-id="1a10b58f-5300-49b3"></div></div><div class="_1uaitk42" data-webtasks-id="697271e1-4932-4437"><div class="_1rbo3nd6" data-webtasks-id="4d1115c2-69da-4c62"><span class="_twomc80" data-webtasks-id="aba43b89-63b9-4378"><a data-test-id="lesson-link" aria-label="Introduction to physics" title="Introduction to physics" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/one-dimensional-motion/introduction-to-physics-tutorial/v/introduction-to-physics" data-webtasks-id="8e9a7cbe-c0bb-4f06">Introduction to physics<span class="sr-only" data-webtasks-id="5ae36ece-38b5-4799">: One-dimensional motion</span></a></span><span class="_twomc80" data-webtasks-id="600551b0-c215-48a8"><a data-test-id="lesson-link" aria-label="Displacement, velocity, and time" title="Displacement, velocity, and time" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/one-dimensional-motion/displacement-velocity-time/v/introduction-to-vectors-and-scalars" data-webtasks-id="e05d1d29-5b48-4470">Displacement, velocity, and time<span class="sr-only" data-webtasks-id="dc3cd1a6-064f-4057">: One-dimensional motion</span></a></span><span class="_twomc80" data-webtasks-id="94c2fe31-338e-4bb8"><a data-test-id="lesson-link" aria-label="Acceleration" title="Acceleration" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/one-dimensional-motion/acceleration-tutorial/v/acceleration" data-webtasks-id="1a5ea385-60fd-40cd">Acceleration<span class="sr-only" data-webtasks-id="5cce5722-ddc0-4f53">: One-dimensional motion</span></a></span></div><div data-webtasks-id="925b080f-0afa-47a9" style="flex-basis: 24px; flex-shrink: 0;"></div><div class="_1rbo3nd6" data-webtasks-id="264483b1-0356-459d"><span class="_twomc80" data-webtasks-id="18437a6b-a500-44b7"><a data-test-id="lesson-link" aria-label="Kinematic formulas and projectile motion" title="Kinematic formulas and projectile motion" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/one-dimensional-motion/kinematic-formulas/v/average-velocity-for-constant-acceleration" data-webtasks-id="e8dc1d78-3e14-4c44">Kinematic formulas and projectile motion<span class="sr-only" data-webtasks-id="78a2de0b-0ee7-406e">: One-dimensional motion</span></a></span><span class="_twomc80" data-webtasks-id="86226afe-a3bd-43ce"><a data-test-id="lesson-link" aria-label="Old videos on projectile motion" title="Old videos on projectile motion" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/one-dimensional-motion/old-projectile-motion/v/projectile-motion-part-1" data-webtasks-id="293af138-0440-434d">Old videos on projectile motion<span class="sr-only" data-webtasks-id="c91e3cfd-8716-4224">: One-dimensional motion</span></a></span></div></div></div><div class="_t0tx82" data-webtasks-id="eb01b447-871b-429e"></div></div></div><div data-slug="false" class="_nypyycw" data-webtasks-id="650c29e8-5a9d-4137"><div data-slug="two-dimensional-motion" tabindex="-1" class="_12yy6f6l" data-webtasks-id="689b8262-6242-4450"><div class="_xu2jcg" data-webtasks-id="80f4cc76-c256-4414"><div class="_1jkfus0z" data-webtasks-id="b7c3cf91-515b-46a8"><div class="_ad17k31" data-webtasks-id="c963d460-361a-457f"><img src="https://cdn.kastatic.org/genfiles/topic-icons/icons/two_dimensional_motion.png-c6711c-128c.png" aria-hidden="true" alt="" class="_93e3k7" data-webtasks-id="5b07a5a7-0081-47dc"></div><div data-webtasks-id="4e662467-c37e-4d67" style="flex-basis: 8px; flex-shrink: 0;"></div><div class="_xu2jcg" data-webtasks-id="f50c0d81-5f92-473a"><a data-test-id="unit-header" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/two-dimensional-motion" data-webtasks-id="b77eba90-61e7-449c"><h3 class="_k50sd54" data-webtasks-id="70e2881d-5c3f-42ec">Unit 2: Two-dimensional motion</h3></a></div><div data-webtasks-id="4b382c01-5bd2-40d4" style="flex-basis: 8px; flex-shrink: 0;"></div><div class="_t0tx82" data-webtasks-id="d4786c3d-e008-4507"></div></div><div class="_1uaitk42" data-webtasks-id="0c14a107-86c6-4c10"><div class="_1rbo3nd6" data-webtasks-id="5582e452-d171-478f"><span class="_twomc80" data-webtasks-id="bd396db6-d650-474f"><a data-test-id="lesson-link" aria-label="Two-dimensional projectile motion" title="Two-dimensional projectile motion" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/two-dimensional-motion/two-dimensional-projectile-mot/v/horizontally-launched-projectile" data-webtasks-id="f4d26cee-6bde-4bf1">Two-dimensional projectile motion<span class="sr-only" data-webtasks-id="82d9a30a-f024-4226">: Two-dimensional motion</span></a></span><span class="_twomc80" data-webtasks-id="22c7d5f9-1b6c-4f72"><a data-test-id="lesson-link" aria-label="Optimal angle for a projectile" title="Optimal angle for a projectile" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/two-dimensional-motion/optimal-projectile-angle/v/optimal-angle-for-a-projectile-part-1" data-webtasks-id="c90b5c16-f932-4a2c">Optimal angle for a projectile<span class="sr-only" data-webtasks-id="e28db5bb-bfc1-433e">: Two-dimensional motion</span></a></span></div><div data-webtasks-id="5f5c5a86-598a-4633" style="flex-basis: 24px; flex-shrink: 0;"></div><div class="_1rbo3nd6" data-webtasks-id="a0b2523c-4332-4f6b"></div></div></div><div class="_t0tx82" data-webtasks-id="79e4ec1f-e871-4564"></div></div></div><div data-slug="false" class="_nypyycw" data-webtasks-id="048f9672-5e7c-4ab0"><div data-slug="forces-newtons-laws" tabindex="-1" class="_12yy6f6l" data-webtasks-id="66018528-2157-47eb"><div class="_xu2jcg" data-webtasks-id="67ec5873-401b-40c7"><div class="_1jkfus0z" data-webtasks-id="df707690-f2e2-4d60"><div class="_ad17k31" data-webtasks-id="a787d873-9cfd-425b"><img src="https://cdn.kastatic.org/genfiles/topic-icons/icons/newtons_laws.png-3f796e-128c.png" aria-hidden="true" alt="" class="_93e3k7" data-webtasks-id="879bde0d-3578-4d7d"></div><div data-webtasks-id="042aed66-d762-4f02" style="flex-basis: 8px; flex-shrink: 0;"></div><div class="_xu2jcg" data-webtasks-id="f160ab1d-3161-4a48"><a data-test-id="unit-header" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/forces-newtons-laws" data-webtasks-id="ffb49438-4618-44de"><h3 class="_k50sd54" data-webtasks-id="521eed9a-0ff3-43b9">Unit 3: Forces and Newton's laws of motion</h3></a></div><div data-webtasks-id="a2205078-2344-4257" style="flex-basis: 8px; flex-shrink: 0;"></div><div class="_t0tx82" data-webtasks-id="5ce49a92-f563-4655"></div></div><div class="_1uaitk42" data-webtasks-id="cb61155e-f85d-43dd"><div class="_1rbo3nd6" data-webtasks-id="b91bc39c-f689-49bc"><span class="_twomc80" data-webtasks-id="632b38e9-18df-484e"><a data-test-id="lesson-link" aria-label="Newton's laws of motion" title="Newton's laws of motion" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/forces-newtons-laws/newtons-laws-of-motion/v/newton-s-1st-law-of-motion" data-webtasks-id="34cab2f4-3ba1-482d">Newton's laws of motion<span class="sr-only" data-webtasks-id="3489c3da-3d44-4f2c">: Forces and Newton's laws of motion</span></a></span><span class="_twomc80" data-webtasks-id="9858f5ad-0ea3-48a8"><a data-test-id="lesson-link" aria-label="Normal force and contact force" title="Normal force and contact force" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/forces-newtons-laws/normal-contact-force/v/normal-force-and-contact-force" data-webtasks-id="dfc13ee7-3420-4c14">Normal force and contact force<span class="sr-only" data-webtasks-id="2494b974-cc79-490b">: Forces and Newton's laws of motion</span></a></span><span class="_twomc80" data-webtasks-id="b3cbb215-cfcc-4ad3"><a data-test-id="lesson-link" aria-label="Balanced and unbalanced forces" title="Balanced and unbalanced forces" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/forces-newtons-laws/balanced-unbalanced-forces/v/balanced-and-unbalanced-forces" data-webtasks-id="7624844d-b8b4-4998">Balanced and unbalanced forces<span class="sr-only" data-webtasks-id="f0d48f90-6a8b-482f">: Forces and Newton's laws of motion</span></a></span></div><div data-webtasks-id="f89e44ec-050a-4dd4" style="flex-basis: 24px; flex-shrink: 0;"></div><div class="_1rbo3nd6" data-webtasks-id="fea8adad-7ae0-4c5a"><span class="_twomc80" data-webtasks-id="9cbc9f9d-35eb-48cf"><a data-test-id="lesson-link" aria-label="Slow sock on Lubricon VI" title="Slow sock on Lubricon VI" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/forces-newtons-laws/lubricon-vi/v/slow-sock-on-lubricon-vi" data-webtasks-id="feb1847b-a57d-4097">Slow sock on Lubricon VI<span class="sr-only" data-webtasks-id="c32ab919-fb7f-44cc">: Forces and Newton's laws of motion</span></a></span><span class="_twomc80" data-webtasks-id="349e2bdd-1829-49b3"><a data-test-id="lesson-link" aria-label="Inclined planes and friction" title="Inclined planes and friction" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/forces-newtons-laws/inclined-planes-friction/v/inclined-plane-force-components" data-webtasks-id="6447493e-bd11-44b9">Inclined planes and friction<span class="sr-only" data-webtasks-id="fba478c7-35e2-4046">: Forces and Newton's laws of motion</span></a></span><span class="_twomc80" data-webtasks-id="99817df7-b10e-4391"><a data-test-id="lesson-link" aria-label="Tension" title="Tension" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/forces-newtons-laws/tension-tutorial/v/the-force-of-tension" data-webtasks-id="67fd483e-43cd-4316">Tension<span class="sr-only" data-webtasks-id="612a9b35-ecb8-4355">: Forces and Newton's laws of motion</span></a></span><span class="_twomc80" data-webtasks-id="770ba345-9bc1-47c2"><a data-test-id="lesson-link" aria-label="Treating systems " title="Treating systems " class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/forces-newtons-laws/treating-systems/v/treating-systems-the-hard-way" data-webtasks-id="c1ed7416-86a7-4ffd">Treating systems <span class="sr-only" data-webtasks-id="cf2aae15-885a-4b81">: Forces and Newton's laws of motion</span></a></span></div></div></div><div class="_t0tx82" data-webtasks-id="31c0816e-a7ae-4b58"></div></div></div><div data-slug="false" class="_nypyycw" data-webtasks-id="90745edc-258a-4a1a"><div data-slug="centripetal-force-and-gravitation" tabindex="-1" class="_12yy6f6l" data-webtasks-id="7f919698-ea0a-4448"><div class="_xu2jcg" data-webtasks-id="c10d52d1-f10d-4403"><div class="_1jkfus0z" data-webtasks-id="d377bca1-ddaf-49a1"><div class="_ad17k31" data-webtasks-id="ffa1d9c3-1510-4788"><img src="https://cdn.kastatic.org/genfiles/topic-icons/icons/atom.png-e81d05-128c.png" aria-hidden="true" alt="" class="_93e3k7" data-webtasks-id="4bbe7da3-b60d-4237"></div><div data-webtasks-id="422fcf07-8aac-40e8" style="flex-basis: 8px; flex-shrink: 0;"></div><div class="_xu2jcg" data-webtasks-id="37c2bfa6-cec9-456b"><a data-test-id="unit-header" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/centripetal-force-and-gravitation" data-webtasks-id="4207260a-28f0-4b22"><h3 class="_k50sd54" data-webtasks-id="efe78267-b541-4c20">Unit 4: Centripetal force and gravitation</h3></a></div><div data-webtasks-id="5d6851b8-9236-4ac7" style="flex-basis: 8px; flex-shrink: 0;"></div><div class="_t0tx82" data-webtasks-id="213951d2-4cfc-440c"></div></div><div class="_1uaitk42" data-webtasks-id="01454be9-a0dc-4ad2"><div class="_1rbo3nd6" data-webtasks-id="a6e90f21-f3d5-4118"><span class="_twomc80" data-webtasks-id="71269fd7-ac0b-4816"><a data-test-id="lesson-link" aria-label="Circular motion and centripetal acceleration" title="Circular motion and centripetal acceleration" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/centripetal-force-and-gravitation/centripetal-acceleration-tutoria/v/race-cars-with-constant-speed-around-curve" data-webtasks-id="85d6e040-851f-413b">Circular motion and centripetal acceleration<span class="sr-only" data-webtasks-id="4c24c636-195f-4a28">: Centripetal force and gravitation</span></a></span><span class="_twomc80" data-webtasks-id="5dd502a9-de01-4285"><a data-test-id="lesson-link" aria-label="Centripetal forces" title="Centripetal forces" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/centripetal-force-and-gravitation/centripetal-forces/v/centripetal-force-problem-solving" data-webtasks-id="73212e4b-7d2b-4acf">Centripetal forces<span class="sr-only" data-webtasks-id="3724b719-ab7c-4161">: Centripetal force and gravitation</span></a></span><span class="_twomc80" data-webtasks-id="3e0e0219-bb79-498a"><a data-test-id="lesson-link" aria-label="Newton's law of gravitation" title="Newton's law of gravitation" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/centripetal-force-and-gravitation/gravity-newtonian/v/introduction-to-gravity" data-webtasks-id="6386c6a8-fac0-4884">Newton's law of gravitation<span class="sr-only" data-webtasks-id="18229916-e14d-48c3">: Centripetal force and gravitation</span></a></span></div><div data-webtasks-id="d87714e1-0423-4833" style="flex-basis: 24px; flex-shrink: 0;"></div><div class="_1rbo3nd6" data-webtasks-id="5f6360bd-0943-4c96"></div></div></div><div class="_t0tx82" data-webtasks-id="d8b40ea9-dc5d-4104"></div></div></div><div data-slug="false" class="_nypyycw" data-webtasks-id="1b30414b-2ce2-4417"><div data-slug="work-and-energy" tabindex="-1" class="_12yy6f6l" data-webtasks-id="360d7cb4-7624-4751"><div class="_xu2jcg" data-webtasks-id="74e3d816-bcf2-494f"><div class="_1jkfus0z" data-webtasks-id="648b4329-8ec6-497d"><div class="_ad17k31" data-webtasks-id="1bcad287-b0cd-49f5"><img src="https://cdn.kastatic.org/genfiles/topic-icons/icons/work_energy.png-0265d8-128c.png" aria-hidden="true" alt="" class="_93e3k7" data-webtasks-id="89c31ab7-c070-4cc6"></div><div data-webtasks-id="244cbb0c-3e98-4613" style="flex-basis: 8px; flex-shrink: 0;"></div><div class="_xu2jcg" data-webtasks-id="21a46ad2-99c1-4d2c"><a data-test-id="unit-header" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/work-and-energy" data-webtasks-id="145254de-cc70-47eb"><h3 class="_k50sd54" data-webtasks-id="9b67dd16-7ba8-42f3">Unit 5: Work and energy</h3></a></div><div data-webtasks-id="fe3350ea-a8d6-4f34" style="flex-basis: 8px; flex-shrink: 0;"></div><div class="_t0tx82" data-webtasks-id="6741e4ce-88f8-4e44"></div></div><div class="_1uaitk42" data-webtasks-id="fd0557e9-c130-43f5"><div class="_1rbo3nd6" data-webtasks-id="1c1266ba-a898-4a35"><span class="_twomc80" data-webtasks-id="86d0fb4b-0473-436a"><a data-test-id="lesson-link" aria-label="Work and energy" title="Work and energy" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/work-and-energy/work-and-energy-tutorial/v/introduction-to-work-and-energy" data-webtasks-id="ea13701c-b712-41b4">Work and energy<span class="sr-only" data-webtasks-id="52eba5de-3792-4165">: Work and energy</span></a></span><span class="_twomc80" data-webtasks-id="9980e784-f699-46ec"><a data-test-id="lesson-link" aria-label="Springs and Hooke's law" title="Springs and Hooke's law" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/work-and-energy/hookes-law/v/intro-to-springs-and-hooke-s-law" data-webtasks-id="29707a01-5c60-489b">Springs and Hooke's law<span class="sr-only" data-webtasks-id="2e580101-dfde-4044">: Work and energy</span></a></span><span class="_twomc80" data-webtasks-id="d014d8e2-660f-4a6d"><a data-test-id="lesson-link" aria-label="Mechanical advantage" title="Mechanical advantage" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/work-and-energy/mechanical-advantage/v/introduction-to-mechanical-advantage" data-webtasks-id="3e3d234e-772e-46ca">Mechanical advantage<span class="sr-only" data-webtasks-id="2cfdcca7-79bd-4cdf">: Work and energy</span></a></span></div><div data-webtasks-id="ef5f024d-0627-4aa7" style="flex-basis: 24px; flex-shrink: 0;"></div><div class="_1rbo3nd6" data-webtasks-id="43426256-f3a5-4105"></div></div></div><div class="_t0tx82" data-webtasks-id="e5ba0470-f440-45de"></div></div></div><div data-slug="false" class="_nypyycw" data-webtasks-id="2a9c9473-cc45-450f"><div data-slug="linear-momentum" tabindex="-1" class="_12yy6f6l" data-webtasks-id="46e54f21-7574-416f"><div class="_xu2jcg" data-webtasks-id="c5dae5b9-e33e-4928"><div class="_1jkfus0z" data-webtasks-id="458a1d28-25b8-4e79"><div class="_ad17k31" data-webtasks-id="ded045bc-859b-4edb"><img src="https://cdn.kastatic.org/genfiles/topic-icons/icons/linear_momentum.png-2868be-128c.png" aria-hidden="true" alt="" class="_93e3k7" data-webtasks-id="ad232486-8836-49dd"></div><div data-webtasks-id="4b3a3f89-36b3-4a1f" style="flex-basis: 8px; flex-shrink: 0;"></div><div class="_xu2jcg" data-webtasks-id="43ad6c76-3873-4a23"><a data-test-id="unit-header" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/linear-momentum" data-webtasks-id="47bc11d4-561c-4443"><h3 class="_k50sd54" data-webtasks-id="9da321e6-9bc9-411c">Unit 6: Impacts and linear momentum</h3></a></div><div data-webtasks-id="cfc6056b-1f1b-4c32" style="flex-basis: 8px; flex-shrink: 0;"></div><div class="_t0tx82" data-webtasks-id="e8fb9111-4a43-492c"></div></div><div class="_1uaitk42" data-webtasks-id="8d9c6141-2ebb-4670"><div class="_1rbo3nd6" data-webtasks-id="19162557-a368-47a6"><span class="_twomc80" data-webtasks-id="13bd4147-a2d4-423f"><a data-test-id="lesson-link" aria-label="Momentum and Impulse" title="Momentum and Impulse" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/linear-momentum/momentum-tutorial/e/conservation-of-momentum-apply" data-webtasks-id="93bf4d58-c718-46af">Momentum and Impulse<span class="sr-only" data-webtasks-id="30c847bf-355f-444f">: Impacts and linear momentum</span></a></span><span class="_twomc80" data-webtasks-id="d6fb86af-e80d-400e"><a data-test-id="lesson-link" aria-label="Elastic and inelastic collisions" title="Elastic and inelastic collisions" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/linear-momentum/elastic-and-inelastic-collisions/v/elastic-and-inelastic-collisions" data-webtasks-id="96b49db2-6655-466d">Elastic and inelastic collisions<span class="sr-only" data-webtasks-id="67749e53-edd5-4acc">: Impacts and linear momentum</span></a></span><span class="_twomc80" data-webtasks-id="9f913f42-1ded-4c29"><a data-test-id="lesson-link" aria-label="Center of mass" title="Center of mass" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/linear-momentum/center-of-mass/v/center-of-mass" data-webtasks-id="f09c5f02-e8df-4605">Center of mass<span class="sr-only" data-webtasks-id="3b102171-17c0-4314">: Impacts and linear momentum</span></a></span></div><div data-webtasks-id="a7ec5f88-af6c-4547" style="flex-basis: 24px; flex-shrink: 0;"></div><div class="_1rbo3nd6" data-webtasks-id="a3a617af-29e1-4bba"></div></div></div><div class="_t0tx82" data-webtasks-id="65fd7355-4791-4dd5"></div></div></div><div data-slug="false" class="_nypyycw" data-webtasks-id="3f1adac9-d9da-4e29"><div data-slug="torque-angular-momentum" tabindex="-1" class="_12yy6f6l" data-webtasks-id="26335ac8-8b30-4fe4"><div class="_xu2jcg" data-webtasks-id="998d3eb0-5a9e-4a36"><div class="_1jkfus0z" data-webtasks-id="81fd019f-e9f9-41bf"><div class="_ad17k31" data-webtasks-id="e35fff64-1c52-44c8"><img src="https://cdn.kastatic.org/genfiles/topic-icons/icons/torque.png-67a464-128c.png" aria-hidden="true" alt="" class="_93e3k7" data-webtasks-id="7958494e-fc64-4878"></div><div data-webtasks-id="941edb8e-5394-44ad" style="flex-basis: 8px; flex-shrink: 0;"></div><div class="_xu2jcg" data-webtasks-id="6d8d09a4-2354-4c42"><a data-test-id="unit-header" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/torque-angular-momentum" data-webtasks-id="e086e657-d4c8-4637"><h3 class="_k50sd54" data-webtasks-id="8785d630-87a3-4ffc">Unit 7: Torque and angular momentum</h3></a></div><div data-webtasks-id="cffe40f6-effe-4a9a" style="flex-basis: 8px; flex-shrink: 0;"></div><div class="_t0tx82" data-webtasks-id="ba2255a0-af91-4ad1"></div></div><div class="_1uaitk42" data-webtasks-id="57171d9b-6349-48d5"><div class="_1rbo3nd6" data-webtasks-id="5c060da8-8b86-40c3"><span class="_twomc80" data-webtasks-id="97b6e9d0-817b-48e0"><a data-test-id="lesson-link" aria-label="Rotational kinematics" title="Rotational kinematics" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/torque-angular-momentum/rotational-kinematics/v/angular-motion-variables" data-webtasks-id="a7deedb9-7199-4245">Rotational kinematics<span class="sr-only" data-webtasks-id="bda2fa75-549b-4300">: Torque and angular momentum</span></a></span><span class="_twomc80" data-webtasks-id="0431419a-0879-499a"><a data-test-id="lesson-link" aria-label="Torque, moments, and angular momentum" title="Torque, moments, and angular momentum" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/torque-angular-momentum/torque-tutorial/v/introduction-to-torque" data-webtasks-id="228102a5-8a01-41eb">Torque, moments, and angular momentum<span class="sr-only" data-webtasks-id="0c2f404f-c497-439c">: Torque and angular momentum</span></a></span></div><div data-webtasks-id="b0d15cc3-a996-472f" style="flex-basis: 24px; flex-shrink: 0;"></div><div class="_1rbo3nd6" data-webtasks-id="7e30d064-0df7-4fc8"></div></div></div><div class="_t0tx82" data-webtasks-id="95b93c59-0eae-433c"></div></div></div><div data-slug="false" class="_nypyycw" data-webtasks-id="168de67b-77ad-4ebd"><div data-slug="mechanical-waves-and-sound" tabindex="-1" class="_12yy6f6l" data-webtasks-id="ccdafe37-2b79-421d"><div class="_xu2jcg" data-webtasks-id="b7bbf695-0f63-4b90"><div class="_1jkfus0z" data-webtasks-id="02fc0d1d-b706-4c36"><div class="_ad17k31" data-webtasks-id="16071a20-470e-45b7"><img src="https://cdn.kastatic.org/genfiles/topic-icons/icons/mechanical_waves_and_sound.png-b19154-128c.png" aria-hidden="true" alt="" class="_93e3k7" data-webtasks-id="5c9717ed-1cc5-4201"></div><div data-webtasks-id="5cecc816-e2df-4dd2" style="flex-basis: 8px; flex-shrink: 0;"></div><div class="_xu2jcg" data-webtasks-id="83ad7c19-f935-4d66"><a data-test-id="unit-header" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/mechanical-waves-and-sound" data-webtasks-id="f1f4708d-309d-49da"><h3 class="_k50sd54" data-webtasks-id="20a8c497-11e8-47f0">Unit 8: Oscillations and mechanical waves</h3></a></div><div data-webtasks-id="37422de8-f26e-4d75" style="flex-basis: 8px; flex-shrink: 0;"></div><div class="_t0tx82" data-webtasks-id="56860fdc-da4d-4c3f"></div></div><div class="_1uaitk42" data-webtasks-id="a8eced0c-fa25-4e00"><div class="_1rbo3nd6" data-webtasks-id="e870492b-be5c-4101"><span class="_twomc80" data-webtasks-id="682f66bb-f83e-4457"><a data-test-id="lesson-link" aria-label="Simple harmonic motion" title="Simple harmonic motion" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/mechanical-waves-and-sound/harmonic-motion/v/intuition-about-simple-harmonic-oscillators" data-webtasks-id="816d80a9-0015-4b14">Simple harmonic motion<span class="sr-only" data-webtasks-id="e5c2a2c4-fab9-4ca3">: Oscillations and mechanical waves</span></a></span><span class="_twomc80" data-webtasks-id="60a6be3d-84e6-47c8"><a data-test-id="lesson-link" aria-label="Simple harmonic motion (with calculus)" title="Simple harmonic motion (with calculus)" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/mechanical-waves-and-sound/simple-harmonic-motion-with-calculus/v/introduction-to-harmonic-motion" data-webtasks-id="c7739fba-b902-4746">Simple harmonic motion (with calculus)<span class="sr-only" data-webtasks-id="bb592f65-7ead-4cae">: Oscillations and mechanical waves</span></a></span><span class="_twomc80" data-webtasks-id="b316f526-d402-48e6"><a data-test-id="lesson-link" aria-label="Introduction to mechanical waves" title="Introduction to mechanical waves" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/mechanical-waves-and-sound/mechanical-waves/v/introduction-to-waves" data-webtasks-id="83dcdd0e-1422-46e5">Introduction to mechanical waves<span class="sr-only" data-webtasks-id="6b045dc3-6199-4cfb">: Oscillations and mechanical waves</span></a></span></div><div data-webtasks-id="002b5c89-5ddd-4c13" style="flex-basis: 24px; flex-shrink: 0;"></div><div class="_1rbo3nd6" data-webtasks-id="fc159d48-e9e5-4c5f"><span class="_twomc80" data-webtasks-id="dd37e5b7-bdf4-4b64"><a data-test-id="lesson-link" aria-label="Sound" title="Sound" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/mechanical-waves-and-sound/sound-topic/v/production-of-sound" data-webtasks-id="20de0799-ede3-46d1">Sound<span class="sr-only" data-webtasks-id="bf2e8722-fda7-4ab4">: Oscillations and mechanical waves</span></a></span><span class="_twomc80" data-webtasks-id="5802c57f-27ad-40cf"><a data-test-id="lesson-link" aria-label="The Doppler effect" title="The Doppler effect" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/mechanical-waves-and-sound/doppler-effect/v/introduction-to-the-doppler-effect" data-webtasks-id="50d50791-02f0-45e9">The Doppler effect<span class="sr-only" data-webtasks-id="bf6c6542-16b8-4470">: Oscillations and mechanical waves</span></a></span><span class="_twomc80" data-webtasks-id="85b02e01-e364-4e2f"><a data-test-id="lesson-link" aria-label="Wave interference" title="Wave interference" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/mechanical-waves-and-sound/standing-waves/v/wave-interference-pulses" data-webtasks-id="fd9d2562-1e1b-4b9a">Wave interference<span class="sr-only" data-webtasks-id="1142b2e8-185a-4224">: Oscillations and mechanical waves</span></a></span></div></div></div><div class="_t0tx82" data-webtasks-id="563fa065-9617-4d82"></div></div></div><div data-slug="false" class="_nypyycw" data-webtasks-id="d903f6d4-bb93-45b0"><div data-slug="fluids" tabindex="-1" class="_12yy6f6l" data-webtasks-id="50f1c4cb-3d6b-4c61"><div class="_xu2jcg" data-webtasks-id="cbaddbdc-078a-4cd6"><div class="_1jkfus0z" data-webtasks-id="e3373ada-c7d2-4e9f"><div class="_ad17k31" data-webtasks-id="8e5649fd-35db-4823"><img src="https://cdn.kastatic.org/genfiles/topic-icons/icons/fluids.png-cd37e1-128c.png" aria-hidden="true" alt="" class="_93e3k7" data-webtasks-id="caf5023a-a034-46b6"></div><div data-webtasks-id="18a653db-1d56-499c" style="flex-basis: 8px; flex-shrink: 0;"></div><div class="_xu2jcg" data-webtasks-id="2e1c136c-4577-4507"><a data-test-id="unit-header" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/fluids" data-webtasks-id="aa8f3e67-307f-46dd"><h3 class="_k50sd54" data-webtasks-id="24b6ca7a-e73b-4073">Unit 9: Fluids</h3></a></div><div data-webtasks-id="46d70a9b-aef9-43ed" style="flex-basis: 8px; flex-shrink: 0;"></div><div class="_t0tx82" data-webtasks-id="4bbd0132-fa27-4b28"></div></div><div class="_1uaitk42" data-webtasks-id="8c7a750d-1cbe-4ee2"><div class="_1rbo3nd6" data-webtasks-id="d4b573bb-78fb-4ec1"><span class="_twomc80" data-webtasks-id="3b56481a-7818-4915"><a data-test-id="lesson-link" aria-label="Density and Pressure" title="Density and Pressure" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/fluids/density-and-pressure/v/specific-gravity" data-webtasks-id="4f6708af-85c2-49ab">Density and Pressure<span class="sr-only" data-webtasks-id="b81cc49f-a4d0-4279">: Fluids</span></a></span><span class="_twomc80" data-webtasks-id="21493f0e-4dfe-4f0b"><a data-test-id="lesson-link" aria-label="Buoyant Force and Archimedes' Principle" title="Buoyant Force and Archimedes' Principle" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/fluids/buoyant-force-and-archimedes-principle/v/fluids-part-5" data-webtasks-id="ddaa60f4-9a35-46a3">Buoyant Force and Archimedes' Principle<span class="sr-only" data-webtasks-id="044cb1a3-3736-4e3e">: Fluids</span></a></span><span class="_twomc80" data-webtasks-id="4af69d1e-141d-4da2"><a data-test-id="lesson-link" aria-label="Fluid Dynamics" title="Fluid Dynamics" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/fluids/fluid-dynamics/v/fluids-part-7" data-webtasks-id="a3aff151-bbf5-4988">Fluid Dynamics<span class="sr-only" data-webtasks-id="dfe8e4a7-ba93-466c">: Fluids</span></a></span></div><div data-webtasks-id="75a416ca-c4c0-43aa" style="flex-basis: 24px; flex-shrink: 0;"></div><div class="_1rbo3nd6" data-webtasks-id="cdb65b9a-2988-43ed"></div></div></div><div class="_t0tx82" data-webtasks-id="868159c0-4c4c-44db"></div></div></div><div data-slug="false" class="_nypyycw" data-webtasks-id="70e8f2d3-554a-4165"><div data-slug="thermodynamics" tabindex="-1" class="_12yy6f6l" data-webtasks-id="b7fbf038-4bab-45dc"><div class="_xu2jcg" data-webtasks-id="79a1b825-549e-4e8a"><div class="_1jkfus0z" data-webtasks-id="47672b54-ce68-40b8"><div class="_ad17k31" data-webtasks-id="5af97d30-e54c-453b"><img src="https://cdn.kastatic.org/genfiles/topic-icons/icons/thermodynamics.png-520ef8-128c.png" aria-hidden="true" alt="" class="_93e3k7" data-webtasks-id="588d5b0b-d619-4fed"></div><div data-webtasks-id="1d90ca42-65ce-4bf5" style="flex-basis: 8px; flex-shrink: 0;"></div><div class="_xu2jcg" data-webtasks-id="67c2a645-0a4a-42ef"><a data-test-id="unit-header" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/thermodynamics" data-webtasks-id="8257c110-1272-42ec"><h3 class="_k50sd54" data-webtasks-id="9e55f2fa-9fb7-44e6">Unit 10: Thermodynamics</h3></a></div><div data-webtasks-id="15f6a92d-278a-44d4" style="flex-basis: 8px; flex-shrink: 0;"></div><div class="_t0tx82" data-webtasks-id="5e41c67e-0adc-4d1c"></div></div><div class="_1uaitk42" data-webtasks-id="9955224b-005a-4f6a"><div class="_1rbo3nd6" data-webtasks-id="44063f9a-c666-43b4"><span class="_twomc80" data-webtasks-id="613be2e9-7cf7-4f03"><a data-test-id="lesson-link" aria-label="Temperature, kinetic theory, and the ideal gas law" title="Temperature, kinetic theory, and the ideal gas law" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/thermodynamics/temp-kinetic-theory-ideal-gas-law/v/thermodynamics-part-1" data-webtasks-id="2426d857-a58e-4ae7">Temperature, kinetic theory, and the ideal gas law<span class="sr-only" data-webtasks-id="187b625c-e29c-4821">: Thermodynamics</span></a></span><span class="_twomc80" data-webtasks-id="89ad1817-ebd9-4c06"><a data-test-id="lesson-link" aria-label="Specific heat and heat transfer" title="Specific heat and heat transfer" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/thermodynamics/specific-heat-and-heat-transfer/v/specific-heat-and-latent-leat-of-fusion-and-vaporization-2" data-webtasks-id="3135d282-c8a3-4ae3">Specific heat and heat transfer<span class="sr-only" data-webtasks-id="b2b99588-4c6b-459c">: Thermodynamics</span></a></span><span class="_twomc80" data-webtasks-id="36db1ac9-aca7-4eeb"><a data-test-id="lesson-link" aria-label="Laws of thermodynamics" title="Laws of thermodynamics" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/thermodynamics/laws-of-thermodynamics/v/macrostates-and-microstates" data-webtasks-id="8ff7fab5-9517-45de">Laws of thermodynamics<span class="sr-only" data-webtasks-id="30c6626c-ddaf-4754">: Thermodynamics</span></a></span></div><div data-webtasks-id="875fce57-4d38-404c" style="flex-basis: 24px; flex-shrink: 0;"></div><div class="_1rbo3nd6" data-webtasks-id="c321f058-f126-47bb"></div></div></div><div class="_t0tx82" data-webtasks-id="233153aa-f3ec-4055"></div></div></div><div data-slug="false" class="_nypyycw" data-webtasks-id="39467120-ccbf-4249"><div data-slug="electric-charge-electric-force-and-voltage" tabindex="-1" class="_12yy6f6l" data-webtasks-id="370bed30-7649-4510"><div class="_xu2jcg" data-webtasks-id="4016ed45-09ca-46ab"><div class="_1jkfus0z" data-webtasks-id="8e2e116b-6dfb-422e"><div class="_ad17k31" data-webtasks-id="5b6ab33f-c853-4515"><img src="https://cdn.kastatic.org/genfiles/topic-icons/icons/electric_charge-electric-force-and-voltage.png-b83cd8-128c.png" aria-hidden="true" alt="" class="_93e3k7" data-webtasks-id="357fde92-72e0-4204"></div><div data-webtasks-id="9805ca7e-8131-4fb6" style="flex-basis: 8px; flex-shrink: 0;"></div><div class="_xu2jcg" data-webtasks-id="eff7ce56-cd01-4ee9"><a data-test-id="unit-header" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/electric-charge-electric-force-and-voltage" data-webtasks-id="53748264-97f7-4e1d"><h3 class="_k50sd54" data-webtasks-id="d50c27f6-73eb-4b12">Unit 11: Electric charge, field, and potential</h3></a></div><div data-webtasks-id="ab5ccd94-985e-410a" style="flex-basis: 8px; flex-shrink: 0;"></div><div class="_t0tx82" data-webtasks-id="d8f73f8c-709e-45ad"></div></div><div class="_1uaitk42" data-webtasks-id="0b2e40fa-bb1b-45c6"><div class="_1rbo3nd6" data-webtasks-id="7b1012df-8676-4ecb"><span class="_twomc80" data-webtasks-id="9e6251fc-8beb-4e81"><a data-test-id="lesson-link" aria-label="Charge and electric force (Coulomb's law)" title="Charge and electric force (Coulomb's law)" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/electric-charge-electric-force-and-voltage/charge-electric-force/v/triboelectric-effect-and-charge" data-webtasks-id="f0594885-fb68-4de4">Charge and electric force (Coulomb's law)<span class="sr-only" data-webtasks-id="96600f29-d5fa-41c9">: Electric charge, field, and potential</span></a></span><span class="_twomc80" data-webtasks-id="11ebc23a-7af5-4852"><a data-test-id="lesson-link" aria-label="Electric field" title="Electric field" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/electric-charge-electric-force-and-voltage/electric-field/v/electric-field-definition" data-webtasks-id="e26d2b2b-7182-48e2">Electric field<span class="sr-only" data-webtasks-id="694b783f-5233-4b2f">: Electric charge, field, and potential</span></a></span><span class="_twomc80" data-webtasks-id="153171f3-fefa-4106"><a data-test-id="lesson-link" aria-label="Electric potential energy, electric potential, and voltage" title="Electric potential energy, electric potential, and voltage" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/electric-charge-electric-force-and-voltage/electric-potential-voltage/v/electric-potential-energy" data-webtasks-id="5f1f5b47-838c-4a38">Electric potential energy, electric potential, and voltage<span class="sr-only" data-webtasks-id="3d73edce-48f3-46f3">: Electric charge, field, and potential</span></a></span></div><div data-webtasks-id="12c16104-77e6-4004" style="flex-basis: 24px; flex-shrink: 0;"></div><div class="_1rbo3nd6" data-webtasks-id="160b895f-f032-4ca8"></div></div></div><div class="_t0tx82" data-webtasks-id="8cc18115-b259-451f"></div></div></div><div data-slug="false" class="_nypyycw" data-webtasks-id="ac3107e7-5c2a-4d7a"><div data-slug="circuits-topic" tabindex="-1" class="_12yy6f6l" data-webtasks-id="84793e6d-609e-408b"><div class="_xu2jcg" data-webtasks-id="c48a0581-f006-4716"><div class="_1jkfus0z" data-webtasks-id="bfadbe80-6d74-41a2"><div class="_ad17k31" data-webtasks-id="033b9fe2-e222-4775"><img src="https://cdn.kastatic.org/genfiles/topic-icons/icons/circuits.png-c736f2-128c.png" aria-hidden="true" alt="" class="_93e3k7" data-webtasks-id="d9177d5a-043a-461c"></div><div data-webtasks-id="608e2e65-63b4-4b3f" style="flex-basis: 8px; flex-shrink: 0;"></div><div class="_xu2jcg" data-webtasks-id="6f862822-abd0-427f"><a data-test-id="unit-header" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/circuits-topic" data-webtasks-id="e6adc9a9-89f7-4286"><h3 class="_k50sd54" data-webtasks-id="0521c064-30a2-4a45">Unit 12: Circuits</h3></a></div><div data-webtasks-id="95cbdf0d-cb33-4e28" style="flex-basis: 8px; flex-shrink: 0;"></div><div class="_t0tx82" data-webtasks-id="72909791-05ed-4d3d"></div></div><div class="_1uaitk42" data-webtasks-id="ed98bd50-9f12-4883"><div class="_1rbo3nd6" data-webtasks-id="fb76ac66-100e-495f"><span class="_twomc80" data-webtasks-id="21f49da0-f58c-4253"><a data-test-id="lesson-link" aria-label="Ohm's law and circuits with resistors" title="Ohm's law and circuits with resistors" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/circuits-topic/circuits-resistance/v/circuits-part-1" data-webtasks-id="313031e3-3208-4819">Ohm's law and circuits with resistors<span class="sr-only" data-webtasks-id="7876dd8b-c187-4ccc">: Circuits</span></a></span><span class="_twomc80" data-webtasks-id="33c7d473-cb2c-400d"><a data-test-id="lesson-link" aria-label="Circuits with capacitors" title="Circuits with capacitors" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/circuits-topic/circuits-with-capacitors/v/capacitors-and-capacitance" data-webtasks-id="4ba3dc01-6d60-4443">Circuits with capacitors<span class="sr-only" data-webtasks-id="7eac9428-1ad5-4c3f">: Circuits</span></a></span></div><div data-webtasks-id="7df67b15-f601-4322" style="flex-basis: 24px; flex-shrink: 0;"></div><div class="_1rbo3nd6" data-webtasks-id="cc555d13-b4d5-4148"></div></div></div><div class="_t0tx82" data-webtasks-id="59417976-61c8-4eca"></div></div></div><div data-slug="false" class="_nypyycw" data-webtasks-id="79dc938a-328c-4859"><div data-slug="magnetic-forces-and-magnetic-fields" tabindex="-1" class="_12yy6f6l" data-webtasks-id="14576148-e726-4930"><div class="_xu2jcg" data-webtasks-id="ed7f8608-30f5-4eb0"><div class="_1jkfus0z" data-webtasks-id="da835a29-5b60-4d4a"><div class="_ad17k31" data-webtasks-id="caca2afd-a6ab-460e"><img src="https://cdn.kastatic.org/genfiles/topic-icons/icons/magnetic_forces_and_magnetic_fields.png-f72dfd-128c.png" aria-hidden="true" alt="" class="_93e3k7" data-webtasks-id="bfc962ba-01c6-4c80"></div><div data-webtasks-id="c171aea0-2f07-46d9" style="flex-basis: 8px; flex-shrink: 0;"></div><div class="_xu2jcg" data-webtasks-id="645c07f2-5a6e-4fe3"><a data-test-id="unit-header" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/magnetic-forces-and-magnetic-fields" data-webtasks-id="d6ea8c9c-5602-4629"><h3 class="_k50sd54" data-webtasks-id="9d8e15b6-0c52-4869">Unit 13: Magnetic forces, magnetic fields, and Faraday's law</h3></a></div><div data-webtasks-id="0807f112-610f-48b1" style="flex-basis: 8px; flex-shrink: 0;"></div><div class="_t0tx82" data-webtasks-id="2df8bf73-cc96-4d49"></div></div><div class="_1uaitk42" data-webtasks-id="68a039ba-a657-4d19"><div class="_1rbo3nd6" data-webtasks-id="d54c1c3d-dc1f-43f7"><span class="_twomc80" data-webtasks-id="332cb3eb-c844-4b0d"><a data-test-id="lesson-link" aria-label="Magnets and Magnetic Force" title="Magnets and Magnetic Force" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/magnetic-forces-and-magnetic-fields/magnets-magnetic/v/introduction-to-magnetism" data-webtasks-id="8ee7c50a-64e5-4532">Magnets and Magnetic Force<span class="sr-only" data-webtasks-id="4d83ac58-c6f8-4b67">: Magnetic forces, magnetic fields, and Faraday's law</span></a></span><span class="_twomc80" data-webtasks-id="5d81a678-b3eb-40b9"><a data-test-id="lesson-link" aria-label="Magnetic field created by a current" title="Magnetic field created by a current" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/magnetic-forces-and-magnetic-fields/magnetic-field-current-carrying-wire/v/magnetism-6-magnetic-field-due-to-current" data-webtasks-id="06bd8d82-a121-4b85">Magnetic field created by a current<span class="sr-only" data-webtasks-id="fa0f73b2-e216-4135">: Magnetic forces, magnetic fields, and Faraday's law</span></a></span><span class="_twomc80" data-webtasks-id="9c6db24d-44df-44ec"><a data-test-id="lesson-link" aria-label="Electric motors" title="Electric motors" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/magnetic-forces-and-magnetic-fields/electric-motors/v/magnetism-9-electric-motors" data-webtasks-id="5086c6c3-6254-412d">Electric motors<span class="sr-only" data-webtasks-id="0a487490-e211-46d5">: Magnetic forces, magnetic fields, and Faraday's law</span></a></span></div><div data-webtasks-id="fe2131af-901f-468e" style="flex-basis: 24px; flex-shrink: 0;"></div><div class="_1rbo3nd6" data-webtasks-id="782e277e-b2b6-4589"><span class="_twomc80" data-webtasks-id="0e5dd7a1-e42c-4f05"><a data-test-id="lesson-link" aria-label="Magnetic flux and Faraday's law" title="Magnetic flux and Faraday's law" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/magnetic-forces-and-magnetic-fields/magnetic-flux-faradays-law/v/flux-and-magnetic-flux" data-webtasks-id="fee76f01-ae08-494a">Magnetic flux and Faraday's law<span class="sr-only" data-webtasks-id="7c4d42f9-3194-45d1">: Magnetic forces, magnetic fields, and Faraday's law</span></a></span></div></div></div><div class="_t0tx82" data-webtasks-id="81e39913-9157-4b00"></div></div></div><div data-slug="false" class="_nypyycw" data-webtasks-id="3e500183-6c59-4fec"><div data-slug="light-waves" tabindex="-1" class="_12yy6f6l" data-webtasks-id="d609637d-e2a1-4f78"><div class="_xu2jcg" data-webtasks-id="1a89c96f-d3c4-46e5"><div class="_1jkfus0z" data-webtasks-id="8c0fd013-9c60-4b5e"><div class="_ad17k31" data-webtasks-id="93553f9d-e84f-414a"><img src="https://cdn.kastatic.org/genfiles/topic-icons/icons/light_waves.png-259787-128c.png" aria-hidden="true" alt="" class="_93e3k7" data-webtasks-id="24266423-19a4-4bb3"></div><div data-webtasks-id="390bb74b-91f8-4243" style="flex-basis: 8px; flex-shrink: 0;"></div><div class="_xu2jcg" data-webtasks-id="3584bf4d-40f4-42bc"><a data-test-id="unit-header" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/light-waves" data-webtasks-id="0395d302-7aa0-4af2"><h3 class="_k50sd54" data-webtasks-id="f29e9f21-c683-4855">Unit 14: Electromagnetic waves and interference</h3></a></div><div data-webtasks-id="9cfe1c95-81fd-4df4" style="flex-basis: 8px; flex-shrink: 0;"></div><div class="_t0tx82" data-webtasks-id="3a6e6e8b-9a5b-4759"></div></div><div class="_1uaitk42" data-webtasks-id="6cd357f8-b561-461d"><div class="_1rbo3nd6" data-webtasks-id="fee44ce0-20ef-4940"><span class="_twomc80" data-webtasks-id="4f403b9a-9270-4e48"><a data-test-id="lesson-link" aria-label="Introduction to electromagnetic waves" title="Introduction to electromagnetic waves" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/light-waves/introduction-to-light-waves/a/light-and-the-electromagnetic-spectrum" data-webtasks-id="2c0b9419-9942-459f">Introduction to electromagnetic waves<span class="sr-only" data-webtasks-id="0f06ed46-69c3-4505">: Electromagnetic waves and interference</span></a></span><span class="_twomc80" data-webtasks-id="58e63f56-9d7d-4ccd"><a data-test-id="lesson-link" aria-label="Interference of electromagnetic waves" title="Interference of electromagnetic waves" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/light-waves/interference-of-light-waves/v/constructive-and-destructive-interference" data-webtasks-id="6c578355-02c8-4d3d">Interference of electromagnetic waves<span class="sr-only" data-webtasks-id="b2dacf22-3dbe-45c6">: Electromagnetic waves and interference</span></a></span></div><div data-webtasks-id="eca2f167-7481-47b8" style="flex-basis: 24px; flex-shrink: 0;"></div><div class="_1rbo3nd6" data-webtasks-id="28bfe883-a917-479e"></div></div></div><div class="_t0tx82" data-webtasks-id="e049efff-f0b1-4f6e"></div></div></div><div data-slug="false" class="_nypyycw" data-webtasks-id="fd3ace73-a86e-4f3b"><div data-slug="geometric-optics" tabindex="-1" class="_12yy6f6l" data-webtasks-id="06bd8234-c261-46f0"><div class="_xu2jcg" data-webtasks-id="3bc4d820-3e81-4782"><div class="_1jkfus0z" data-webtasks-id="863a1100-4dab-4399"><div class="_ad17k31" data-webtasks-id="b2616383-abb8-424c"><img src="https://cdn.kastatic.org/genfiles/topic-icons/icons/geometric_optics.png-c6f673-128c.png" aria-hidden="true" alt="" class="_93e3k7" data-webtasks-id="e6b786e7-3c8a-4f73"></div><div data-webtasks-id="c4e72351-99a0-42e9" style="flex-basis: 8px; flex-shrink: 0;"></div><div class="_xu2jcg" data-webtasks-id="3a2ee86d-fdda-4d37"><a data-test-id="unit-header" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/geometric-optics" data-webtasks-id="90f9cc11-5f85-4f8a"><h3 class="_k50sd54" data-webtasks-id="53816261-bb41-4d29">Unit 15: Geometric optics</h3></a></div><div data-webtasks-id="c9e2eca0-405c-4c25" style="flex-basis: 8px; flex-shrink: 0;"></div><div class="_t0tx82" data-webtasks-id="e5e22794-9486-41a2"></div></div><div class="_1uaitk42" data-webtasks-id="39dfa484-8144-4a06"><div class="_1rbo3nd6" data-webtasks-id="1607553f-7676-4206"><span class="_twomc80" data-webtasks-id="a368f3ae-034f-423d"><a data-test-id="lesson-link" aria-label="Reflection and refraction" title="Reflection and refraction" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/geometric-optics/reflection-refraction/v/specular-and-diffuse-reflection" data-webtasks-id="3a209f8c-7324-41df">Reflection and refraction<span class="sr-only" data-webtasks-id="3eda112f-d887-4da6">: Geometric optics</span></a></span><span class="_twomc80" data-webtasks-id="e72ab9db-ea36-49de"><a data-test-id="lesson-link" aria-label="Mirrors" title="Mirrors" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/geometric-optics/mirrors/v/virtual-image" data-webtasks-id="c429db35-e3f6-4dc1">Mirrors<span class="sr-only" data-webtasks-id="75d522e6-568d-4eaf">: Geometric optics</span></a></span><span class="_twomc80" data-webtasks-id="67f665af-6388-4b22"><a data-test-id="lesson-link" aria-label="Lenses" title="Lenses" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/geometric-optics/lenses/v/convex-lenses" data-webtasks-id="4c09370e-b579-4c4c">Lenses<span class="sr-only" data-webtasks-id="9e8e060b-c798-486d">: Geometric optics</span></a></span></div><div data-webtasks-id="6825cf2f-21d6-4531" style="flex-basis: 24px; flex-shrink: 0;"></div><div class="_1rbo3nd6" data-webtasks-id="4b645a99-5eae-4e10"></div></div></div><div class="_t0tx82" data-webtasks-id="9af05d43-95c2-4367"></div></div></div><div data-slug="false" class="_nypyycw" data-webtasks-id="2ae7972c-07e1-45ac"><div data-slug="special-relativity" tabindex="-1" class="_12yy6f6l" data-webtasks-id="1f03c346-05db-40ac"><div class="_xu2jcg" data-webtasks-id="c46f4402-cc5a-407d"><div class="_1jkfus0z" data-webtasks-id="d314091a-fe3d-468a"><div class="_ad17k31" data-webtasks-id="6e27d640-738d-48df"><img src="https://cdn.kastatic.org/genfiles/topic-icons/icons/universe_scale.png-9fa814-128c.png" aria-hidden="true" alt="" class="_93e3k7" data-webtasks-id="a3186608-e6f3-487a"></div><div data-webtasks-id="dc811bf4-a5cd-4fba" style="flex-basis: 8px; flex-shrink: 0;"></div><div class="_xu2jcg" data-webtasks-id="ba028666-176e-4ba6"><a data-test-id="unit-header" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/special-relativity" data-webtasks-id="69cb2215-157a-4b38"><h3 class="_k50sd54" data-webtasks-id="88f25663-4ca7-49ce">Unit 16: Special relativity </h3></a></div><div data-webtasks-id="d301c613-22f5-4949" style="flex-basis: 8px; flex-shrink: 0;"></div><div class="_t0tx82" data-webtasks-id="048066d4-5288-4dea"></div></div><div class="_1uaitk42" data-webtasks-id="0c36f4b1-b847-4a21"><div class="_1rbo3nd6" data-webtasks-id="99fd2533-bfe4-4813"><span class="_twomc80" data-webtasks-id="56cc7c23-70c7-4276"><a data-test-id="lesson-link" aria-label="Michelson and Morley's luminiferous ether experiment" title="Michelson and Morley's luminiferous ether experiment" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/special-relativity/michelson-and-morleys-luminiferous-ether-experiment/v/light-and-the-luminiferous-ether" data-webtasks-id="fe735f57-e1ab-4cad">Michelson and Morley's luminiferous ether experiment<span class="sr-only" data-webtasks-id="9011deb0-9d70-4cf9">: Special relativity </span></a></span><span class="_twomc80" data-webtasks-id="84559c7f-740f-4a7f"><a data-test-id="lesson-link" aria-label="Minkowski spacetime" title="Minkowski spacetime" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/special-relativity/minkowski-spacetime/v/starting-to-set-up-a-newtonian-space-time-diagram" data-webtasks-id="08856df2-6e0a-41e4">Minkowski spacetime<span class="sr-only" data-webtasks-id="d2a3e97f-f82b-4d7c">: Special relativity </span></a></span><span class="_twomc80" data-webtasks-id="2e7cd14b-bd6a-4dea"><a data-test-id="lesson-link" aria-label="Lorentz transformation" title="Lorentz transformation" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/special-relativity/lorentz-transformation/v/introduction-to-the-lorentz-transformation" data-webtasks-id="c675565e-8894-4ab6">Lorentz transformation<span class="sr-only" data-webtasks-id="c28a9ac5-cb51-41dc">: Special relativity </span></a></span></div><div data-webtasks-id="32440398-7139-47d3" style="flex-basis: 24px; flex-shrink: 0;"></div><div class="_1rbo3nd6" data-webtasks-id="6c2bd584-a29b-473a"><span class="_twomc80" data-webtasks-id="21b5a4cc-1e15-443a"><a data-test-id="lesson-link" aria-label="Einstein velocity addition" title="Einstein velocity addition" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/special-relativity/einstein-velocity-addition/v/lorentz-transformation-for-change-in-coordinates" data-webtasks-id="1fd2479a-8cf3-40b4">Einstein velocity addition<span class="sr-only" data-webtasks-id="f5c44b42-aed2-4d99">: Special relativity </span></a></span></div></div></div><div class="_t0tx82" data-webtasks-id="05c0810e-6b00-4d76"></div></div></div><div data-slug="false" class="_nypyycw" data-webtasks-id="50147658-b952-49a6"><div data-slug="quantum-physics" tabindex="-1" class="_12yy6f6l" data-webtasks-id="2393be2d-6c3f-4fae"><div class="_xu2jcg" data-webtasks-id="06a66796-5c0c-4a43"><div class="_1jkfus0z" data-webtasks-id="10a8b207-81fc-4d48"><div class="_ad17k31" data-webtasks-id="242b095f-a7e0-4ec9"><img src="https://cdn.kastatic.org/genfiles/topic-icons/icons/light_waves.png-259787-128c.png" aria-hidden="true" alt="" class="_93e3k7" data-webtasks-id="80ac189f-34fb-43e5"></div><div data-webtasks-id="6ed4e486-c6a1-46f9" style="flex-basis: 8px; flex-shrink: 0;"></div><div class="_xu2jcg" data-webtasks-id="9230ff89-a8b6-48bd"><a data-test-id="unit-header" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/quantum-physics" data-webtasks-id="8261b2f5-e676-459e"><h3 class="_k50sd54" data-webtasks-id="52a732a9-93e7-443c">Unit 17: Quantum Physics</h3></a></div><div data-webtasks-id="0cfb107f-ec2a-4509" style="flex-basis: 8px; flex-shrink: 0;"></div><div class="_t0tx82" data-webtasks-id="d1eef316-851d-4952"></div></div><div class="_1uaitk42" data-webtasks-id="33b9e4f3-af71-47cf"><div class="_1rbo3nd6" data-webtasks-id="af8f2a2f-7687-4f42"><span class="_twomc80" data-webtasks-id="2a546058-919d-4be2"><a data-test-id="lesson-link" aria-label="Photons" title="Photons" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/quantum-physics/photons/v/photon-energy" data-webtasks-id="4f3f96fe-51da-4fda">Photons<span class="sr-only" data-webtasks-id="199cf427-7b88-4720">: Quantum Physics</span></a></span><span class="_twomc80" data-webtasks-id="4cd1cde3-8f93-4933"><a data-test-id="lesson-link" aria-label="Atoms and electrons" title="Atoms and electrons" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/quantum-physics/atoms-and-electrons/v/de-broglie-wavelength" data-webtasks-id="1dc8fddf-5625-4f27">Atoms and electrons<span class="sr-only" data-webtasks-id="c046be38-bcf6-437e">: Quantum Physics</span></a></span><span class="_twomc80" data-webtasks-id="2555171d-9bff-409b"><a data-test-id="lesson-link" aria-label="Quantum numbers and orbitals" title="Quantum numbers and orbitals" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/quantum-physics/quantum-numbers-and-orbitals/a/the-quantum-mechanical-model-of-the-atom" data-webtasks-id="26b36710-5cf6-49c5">Quantum numbers and orbitals<span class="sr-only" data-webtasks-id="778023f8-50a9-442a">: Quantum Physics</span></a></span></div><div data-webtasks-id="2ccf849d-5f18-4d0c" style="flex-basis: 24px; flex-shrink: 0;"></div><div class="_1rbo3nd6" data-webtasks-id="3d4e18ae-bc01-4132"><span class="_twomc80" data-webtasks-id="8e28e622-a4ef-4f37"><a data-test-id="lesson-link" aria-label="Nuclei" title="Nuclei" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/quantum-physics/in-in-nuclei/v/mass-defect-and-binding-energy" data-webtasks-id="c53f8fa4-b731-41ca">Nuclei<span class="sr-only" data-webtasks-id="adedb429-5454-4877">: Quantum Physics</span></a></span></div></div></div><div class="_t0tx82" data-webtasks-id="fd9be944-88b6-4c6b"></div></div></div><div data-slug="false" class="_nypyycw" data-webtasks-id="03b2964d-934d-4449"><div data-slug="discoveries" tabindex="-1" class="_12yy6f6l" data-webtasks-id="c66ca12c-901a-467c"><div class="_xu2jcg" data-webtasks-id="d001fd16-000c-42bb"><div class="_1jkfus0z" data-webtasks-id="f4c1147c-4d03-49fa"><div class="_ad17k31" data-webtasks-id="3abfbe81-09bc-4204"><img src="https://cdn.kastatic.org/genfiles/topic-icons/icons/torque.png-67a464-128c.png" aria-hidden="true" alt="" class="_93e3k7" data-webtasks-id="6b53fe49-5f15-46b8"></div><div data-webtasks-id="b36376df-2515-4e9b" style="flex-basis: 8px; flex-shrink: 0;"></div><div class="_xu2jcg" data-webtasks-id="d21e3557-d428-4608"><a data-test-id="unit-header" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/discoveries" data-webtasks-id="394e1a4b-5cb3-4122"><h3 class="_k50sd54" data-webtasks-id="bd93f8d2-79ec-4395">Unit 18: Discoveries and projects</h3></a></div><div data-webtasks-id="adb52ae1-530e-48ca" style="flex-basis: 8px; flex-shrink: 0;"></div><div class="_t0tx82" data-webtasks-id="7dbb29c3-43c9-4739"></div></div><div class="_1uaitk42" data-webtasks-id="e1303de3-9f9e-45d3"><div class="_1rbo3nd6" data-webtasks-id="74b1ac8e-d1f5-4d63"><span class="_twomc80" data-webtasks-id="5b2f46e3-2cfc-4991"><a data-test-id="lesson-link" aria-label="Discovery of magnetism" title="Discovery of magnetism" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/discoveries/magnetism/v/discovery-of-magnetism" data-webtasks-id="f8d8ede8-ec3c-4d58">Discovery of magnetism<span class="sr-only" data-webtasks-id="1663f4f0-a4f5-4424">: Discoveries and projects</span></a></span><span class="_twomc80" data-webtasks-id="d65c6325-6beb-454f"><a data-test-id="lesson-link" aria-label="Discovery of magnetic fields" title="Discovery of magnetic fields" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/discoveries/magnetic-fields/v/magnet-near-compass" data-webtasks-id="01f9643e-6a08-4e07">Discovery of magnetic fields<span class="sr-only" data-webtasks-id="85d4833a-96db-4c7c">: Discoveries and projects</span></a></span><span class="_twomc80" data-webtasks-id="deb294b4-871c-4cef"><a data-test-id="lesson-link" aria-label="Measuring magnetic fields" title="Measuring magnetic fields" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/discoveries/measure-magnets/v/are-two-magnets-stronger-than-one" data-webtasks-id="f6ccc3c2-f134-4b48">Measuring magnetic fields<span class="sr-only" data-webtasks-id="bf9b707b-1808-4aac">: Discoveries and projects</span></a></span><span class="_twomc80" data-webtasks-id="b6aeea2e-1e5c-488b"><a data-test-id="lesson-link" aria-label="Discovery of batteries" title="Discovery of batteries" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/discoveries/batteries/v/zinc-copper-cell-reduction-oxidation" data-webtasks-id="7f7df6da-bdb4-481c">Discovery of batteries<span class="sr-only" data-webtasks-id="f1100d45-e0b4-401c">: Discoveries and projects</span></a></span><span class="_twomc80" data-webtasks-id="6df188bb-21f4-4cfc"><a data-test-id="lesson-link" aria-label="Discovery of electromagnetism" title="Discovery of electromagnetism" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/discoveries/electromagnet/v/discovery-of-electromagnetism" data-webtasks-id="e88fb2c3-5b78-48eb">Discovery of electromagnetism<span class="sr-only" data-webtasks-id="7056c8e2-24e9-4d0b">: Discoveries and projects</span></a></span></div><div data-webtasks-id="60dfadc3-7ee4-4bae" style="flex-basis: 24px; flex-shrink: 0;"></div><div class="_1rbo3nd6" data-webtasks-id="756ba169-8ba3-46a0"><span class="_twomc80" data-webtasks-id="bf20b593-6b8f-4f83"><a data-test-id="lesson-link" aria-label="Discovery of resistors" title="Discovery of resistors" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/discoveries/resistance/v/current-change-due-to-electromagnet-load" data-webtasks-id="8d637fa8-b906-4708">Discovery of resistors<span class="sr-only" data-webtasks-id="9810e0c5-c5ab-4cab">: Discoveries and projects</span></a></span><span class="_twomc80" data-webtasks-id="00d3921f-0882-4ac8"><a data-test-id="lesson-link" aria-label="Electric motor" title="Electric motor" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/discoveries/electric-motor/v/motor-hd-youtube" data-webtasks-id="cbf2cab8-b8ad-48f8">Electric motor<span class="sr-only" data-webtasks-id="d3743331-2191-4507">: Discoveries and projects</span></a></span><span class="_twomc80" data-webtasks-id="f8691a81-e583-4504"><a data-test-id="lesson-link" aria-label="Electrostatics" title="Electrostatics" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/discoveries/electrostatics/v/discovery-of-electrostatics" data-webtasks-id="2299511c-e766-4b8d">Electrostatics<span class="sr-only" data-webtasks-id="7b677c2c-7497-4fe6">: Discoveries and projects</span></a></span><span class="_twomc80" data-webtasks-id="d206d72a-8bd1-4396"><a data-test-id="lesson-link" aria-label="Projectile launcher" title="Projectile launcher" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/discoveries/projectile-launcher/v/ping-pong-ball-launcher-introduction" data-webtasks-id="4dc87420-5fa9-4121">Projectile launcher<span class="sr-only" data-webtasks-id="eea32b04-5bb9-4973">: Discoveries and projects</span></a></span><span class="_twomc80" data-webtasks-id="1b550e9d-bcfc-4943"><a data-test-id="lesson-link" aria-label="Thermo can" title="Thermo can" class="_dwmetq" href="/science/physics/discoveries/thermo-can/v/thermo-can" data-webtasks-id="f37a2b2f-507c-4e90">Thermo can<span class="sr-only" data-webtasks-id="41c15947-bcb2-4366">: Discoveries and projects</span></a></span><span class="_twomc80" data-webtasks-id="57310167-645b-4a00"><a data-test-id="lesson-link" aria-label="Simple machines explorations" 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