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+.vertical-story-card-item{cursor:pointer;font-family:"ReithSans","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,sans-serif;height:456px;margin:20px 10px;position:relative;width:297px}@media only screen and (max-width: 1007px){.vertical-story-card-item{width:276px}}@media only screen and (max-width: 600px){.vertical-story-card-item{width:276px}}.vertical-story-card-item img{width:100%}.vertical-story-card-item__content-box{background-color:#fff;bottom:0;box-shadow:0 0 5px #d8d8d8;display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:111px;justify-content:center;position:absolute;right:0;width:275px}@media only screen and (max-width: 1007px){.vertical-story-card-item__content-box{width:261px}}.vertical-story-card-item__content-box h1{color:#4a4a4a;font-size:.75rem;font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:3px;margin:0;padding:0 10px;text-transform:uppercase}.vertical-story-card-item__content-box h2{color:#3d3d3d;font-size:1.3125rem;font-weight:lighter;letter-spacing:-0.06px;line-height:42px;margin:0;padding:0 10px}
+.vertical-story-group{font-family:"ReithSans","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,sans-serif;position:relative}.vertical-story-group img{object-fit:cover;width:100%}.vertical-story-group__image-container{height:370px;position:relative;width:100%}.vertical-story-group__image-container img{height:100%}.vertical-story-group__image-mask{background:linear-gradient(to right, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0));bottom:0;left:0;position:absolute;right:0;top:0}.vertical-story-group__heading-container{color:#fff;left:50%;position:absolute;text-align:center;top:80px;transform:translate(-50%, -50%)}@media only screen and (max-width: 599px){.vertical-story-group__heading-container{top:120px}}.vertical-story-group__heading-container button{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.8);border:0;color:#fff;cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;font-size:.875rem;letter-spacing:.183rem;outline:none;padding:15px 32px;text-align:center;text-decoration:none}.vertical-story-group__heading-container h1{font-size:.9rem;font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:3.6px;margin-bottom:20px}.vertical-story-group__heading-container h2{font-size:2.1rem;font-weight:lighter;letter-spacing:-0.25px;line-height:42px}.vertical-story-group__heading-container-landscape{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;left:0;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;position:absolute;right:0;top:65px;width:70%}@media only screen and (max-width: 599px){.vertical-story-group__heading-container-landscape{align-items:center;flex-direction:column}}.vertical-story-group__heading-container-landscape h1{color:#fff;font-size:2.25rem;font-weight:lighter;letter-spacing:.95px;margin:0}.vertical-story-group__heading-container-landscape button{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.8);border:0;color:#fff;cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;font-size:.875rem;height:60px;letter-spacing:.183rem;outline:none;padding:15px 32px;text-align:center;text-decoration:none;width:260px}@media only screen and (max-width: 599px){.vertical-story-group__heading-container-landscape button{margin-top:50px}}.vertical-story-group__container{display:grid;grid-auto-rows:minmax(auto, auto);grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fit, minmax(290px, 310px));height:100%;justify-content:center;justify-items:center;margin-top:-210px;width:100%}@media only screen and (max-width: 599px){.vertical-story-group__container{margin-top:-120px}}.beta-btn{background-color:#e6711b;color:#fff;cursor:pointer;height:25px;line-height:12px;padding:0 7px;width:66px}.beta-btn:hover .beta-btn__arrow{cursor:pointer;transform:rotate(45deg)}.beta-btn:hover .beta-btn__arrow--expanded{transform:rotate(-35deg)}.beta-btn__copy{color:#444;display:block;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0;line-height:17px;margin:16px auto;max-width:50%}.beta-btn__arrow{border:solid #fff;border-width:0 2px 2px 0;display:inline-block;padding:3px;position:relative;top:-1px;transform:rotate(-45deg);transition:.4s}.beta-btn__arrow--expanded{transform:rotate(45deg)}
+.location-header{font-size:14px;letter-spacing:2.92px;line-height:19px;text-transform:uppercase}
+.temperature-switcher{background:rgba(0,0,0,0);border:0;cursor:pointer;font-size:14px;font-style:italic;font-weight:300;white-space:nowrap}.temperature-switcher:active{color:currentColor}.temperature-switcher__active{font-weight:bold}.temperature-switcher span{margin:0 .2ex}
+.day{--w-day-font-size: 14px;--w-day-temp-font-size: 20px;--w-day-temp-font-size-big: 32px;--w-day-temp-font-weight: 600;--w-day-name-font-weight: 500;align-items:center;color:#959595;display:flex;flex-direction:column;font-size:var(--w-day-font-size)}.day--desktop{--w-day-temp-font-size: 24px;--w-day-temp-font-weight: normal;--w-day-name-font-weight: 600}.day:first-of-type{color:#4b4b4b}.day__name{font-weight:var(--w-day-name-font-weight);line-height:1;margin-bottom:.75em;text-transform:uppercase}.day__symbol-header{display:block;height:80px;margin:7px 0 5px;width:98px}.day__symbol{display:block;height:40px;margin:7px 0 5px;width:50px}.day--desktop .day__symbol{height:60px;margin-top:15px;width:70px}.day__temp{font-size:var(--w-day-temp-font-size);font-weight:var(--w-day-temp-font-weight);line-height:1.2;margin-top:.75em;text-transform:lowercase}.day__temp--header{color:#4b4b4b;font-size:32px;font-weight:bold}.day--mobile:first-of-type{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;justify-content:center;margin-bottom:3em}.day--mobile:first-of-type .day__symbol{height:60px;margin-right:10px;overflow:visible;width:80px}.day--mobile:first-of-type .day__temp{font-size:var(--w-day-temp-font-size-big);font-weight:bold;margin-top:0}.day--mobile:first-of-type .day__location{font-size:120%;font-weight:500;margin:1em 0}.day--mobile:first-of-type .day__name{color:#959595}.day--mobile:first-of-type .day__location,.day--mobile:first-of-type .day__name{text-align:center;width:100%}
+.weather{--w-height: 50px;--w-wrapper-margin: 24px;--w-days-flexbasis: 33%;margin-bottom:2rem}.weather--desktop{--w-height: 80px;--w-wrapper-margin: 50px;--w-days-flexbasis: initial;margin-bottom:1rem}.weather:not(.weather--desktop) .weather__days{flex-flow:row wrap}.weather:not(.weather--desktop) .day:first-of-type{flex-basis:100%;width:auto}.weather__separator{border-right:1px solid #dcdcdc;display:block;height:var(--w-height)}.weather__days{align-items:center;display:flex;flex-basis:var(--w-days-flexbasis);justify-content:space-evenly;margin-top:2.5rem}.weather__days--desktop{margin-top:4rem}.weather__header{align-items:center;display:flex;flex-flow:column;justify-content:center;margin-bottom:var(--w-wrapper-margin)}.weather__header button{margin-top:1.5rem}.weather__header--desktop{position:relative}.weather__header--desktop button{margin:0;position:absolute;right:0}
+.destination-header{width:100%}.destination-header__container{align-items:center;display:flex;justify-content:center;min-height:380px;overflow:hidden;padding:0 16px;position:relative}.destination-header__image{height:100%;overflow:hidden;position:absolute;width:100%}.destination-header__image img{bottom:-100%;display:block;height:100%;left:-100%;margin:auto;min-height:100%;min-width:100%;object-fit:cover;position:absolute;right:-100%;top:-100%;width:100%}.destination-header__text{color:#fff;font-size:28px;letter-spacing:-0.95px;line-height:37.4px;max-width:488px;padding:0 20px;position:relative;text-align:center;text-transform:uppercase;width:100%}.destination-header__text a{color:#fff;font-weight:300;text-decoration:none}.destination-header__text--desktop{font-size:36px}.destination-header__text-container{border-bottom:solid 1px #fff;display:inline-block;line-height:1.3;padding-bottom:17px}.destination-header__text-container--desktop{padding-bottom:.75ex}.destination-header__link-page,.destination-header__advert{color:#fff;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:.5px;margin-top:20px;position:relative;text-align:center}.destination-header__link-page span,.destination-header__advert span{display:block;width:100%}.destination-header__link-page--desktop,.destination-header__advert--desktop{margin-top:40px}.destination-header__link-page{left:14px;margin:0;position:absolute;text-transform:uppercase;top:20px}.destination-header__link-page--desktop{left:25px;top:36px}.destination-header__background{background-image:radial-gradient(50% 49%, rgba(5, 36, 53, 0.37) 50%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 83%);height:100%;pointer-events:none;position:absolute;top:0;width:100%}.destination-header a{color:#fff;text-decoration:none}
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+.filter{display:inline-block;max-width:160px;position:relative}.filter__button{background-color:#000;border:0;color:#fff;font-size:16px;padding:16px;width:160px}.filter__content{background-color:#000;display:none;position:absolute;width:160px;z-index:1}.filter:focus .filter__content,.filter:hover .filter__content{display:block}.filter__content--open{display:block}.filter__content button{background-color:#000;border:0;color:#fff;cursor:pointer;display:block;font-style:italic;padding:12px 16px;text-decoration:none;width:100%}.filter__content button:hover{background-color:#494848}
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.mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23333'%3E%3Cpath d='M24 16v5.5c0 1.75-.75 2.5-2.5 2.5H16v-1l3-1.5-4-5.5 1-1 5.5 4 1.5-3h1zM6 16l1.5 3 5.5-4 1 1-4 5.5 3 1.5v1H7.5C5.75 24 5 23.25 5 21.5V16h1zm7-11v1l-3 1.5 4 5.5-1 1-5.5-4L6 13H5V7.5C5 5.75 5.75 5 7.5 5H13zm11 2.5c0-1.75-.75-2.5-2.5-2.5H16v1l3 1.5-4 5.5 1 1 5.5-4 1.5 3h1V7.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-shrink .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='M18.5 16c-1.75 0-2.5.75-2.5 2.5V24h1l1.5-3 5.5 4 1-1-4-5.5 3-1.5v-1h-5.5zM13 18.5c0-1.75-.75-2.5-2.5-2.5H5v1l3 1.5L4 24l1 1 5.5-4 1.5 3h1v-5.5zm3-8c0 1.75.75 2.5 2.5 2.5H24v-1l-3-1.5L25 5l-1-1-5.5 4L17 5h-1v5.5zM10.5 13c1.75 0 2.5-.75 2.5-2.5V5h-1l-1.5 3L5 4 4 5l4 5.5L5 12v1h5.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}@media(-ms-high-contrast: active){.mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-fullscreen .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cpath d='M24 16v5.5c0 1.75-.75 2.5-2.5 2.5H16v-1l3-1.5-4-5.5 1-1 5.5 4 1.5-3h1zM6 16l1.5 3 5.5-4 1 1-4 5.5 3 1.5v1H7.5C5.75 24 5 23.25 5 21.5V16h1zm7-11v1l-3 1.5 4 5.5-1 1-5.5-4L6 13H5V7.5C5 5.75 5.75 5 7.5 5H13zm11 2.5c0-1.75-.75-2.5-2.5-2.5H16v1l3 1.5-4 5.5 1 1 5.5-4 1.5 3h1V7.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-shrink .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cpath d='M18.5 16c-1.75 0-2.5.75-2.5 2.5V24h1l1.5-3 5.5 4 1-1-4-5.5 3-1.5v-1h-5.5zM13 18.5c0-1.75-.75-2.5-2.5-2.5H5v1l3 1.5L4 24l1 1 5.5-4 1.5 3h1v-5.5zm3-8c0 1.75.75 2.5 2.5 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.mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='M10.5 14l4-8 4 8h-8z'/%3E%3Cpath d='M10.5 16l4 8 4-8h-8z' fill='%23ccc'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}}.mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23333'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate:disabled .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23aaa'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 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viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23e58978'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-background .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%2333b5e5'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-background-error .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23e54e33'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-waiting .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{-webkit-animation:mapboxgl-spin 2s linear infinite;-moz-animation:mapboxgl-spin 2s infinite linear;-o-animation:mapboxgl-spin 2s infinite linear;-ms-animation:mapboxgl-spin 2s infinite linear;animation:mapboxgl-spin 2s linear infinite}@media(-ms-high-contrast: active){.mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate:disabled .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23999'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3Cpath d='M14 5l1 1-9 9-1-1 9-9z' fill='red'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-active .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%2333b5e5'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 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fill='%2333b5e5'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-background-error .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23e54e33'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}}@media(-ms-high-contrast: black-on-white){.mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath 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.mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23333'%3E%3Cpath d='M24 16v5.5c0 1.75-.75 2.5-2.5 2.5H16v-1l3-1.5-4-5.5 1-1 5.5 4 1.5-3h1zM6 16l1.5 3 5.5-4 1 1-4 5.5 3 1.5v1H7.5C5.75 24 5 23.25 5 21.5V16h1zm7-11v1l-3 1.5 4 5.5-1 1-5.5-4L6 13H5V7.5C5 5.75 5.75 5 7.5 5H13zm11 2.5c0-1.75-.75-2.5-2.5-2.5H16v1l3 1.5-4 5.5 1 1 5.5-4 1.5 3h1V7.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-shrink .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='M18.5 16c-1.75 0-2.5.75-2.5 2.5V24h1l1.5-3 5.5 4 1-1-4-5.5 3-1.5v-1h-5.5zM13 18.5c0-1.75-.75-2.5-2.5-2.5H5v1l3 1.5L4 24l1 1 5.5-4 1.5 3h1v-5.5zm3-8c0 1.75.75 2.5 2.5 2.5H24v-1l-3-1.5L25 5l-1-1-5.5 4L17 5h-1v5.5zM10.5 13c1.75 0 2.5-.75 2.5-2.5V5h-1l-1.5 3L5 4 4 5l4 5.5L5 12v1h5.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}@media(-ms-high-contrast: active){.mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-fullscreen .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cpath d='M24 16v5.5c0 1.75-.75 2.5-2.5 2.5H16v-1l3-1.5-4-5.5 1-1 5.5 4 1.5-3h1zM6 16l1.5 3 5.5-4 1 1-4 5.5 3 1.5v1H7.5C5.75 24 5 23.25 5 21.5V16h1zm7-11v1l-3 1.5 4 5.5-1 1-5.5-4L6 13H5V7.5C5 5.75 5.75 5 7.5 5H13zm11 2.5c0-1.75-.75-2.5-2.5-2.5H16v1l3 1.5-4 5.5 1 1 5.5-4 1.5 3h1V7.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-shrink .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cpath d='M18.5 16c-1.75 0-2.5.75-2.5 2.5V24h1l1.5-3 5.5 4 1-1-4-5.5 3-1.5v-1h-5.5zM13 18.5c0-1.75-.75-2.5-2.5-2.5H5v1l3 1.5L4 24l1 1 5.5-4 1.5 3h1v-5.5zm3-8c0 1.75.75 2.5 2.5 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.mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='M10.5 14l4-8 4 8h-8z'/%3E%3Cpath d='M10.5 16l4 8 4-8h-8z' fill='%23ccc'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}}.mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23333'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate:disabled .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23aaa'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 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viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23e58978'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-background .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%2333b5e5'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-background-error .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23e54e33'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-waiting .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{-webkit-animation:mapboxgl-spin 2s linear infinite;-moz-animation:mapboxgl-spin 2s infinite linear;-o-animation:mapboxgl-spin 2s infinite linear;-ms-animation:mapboxgl-spin 2s infinite linear;animation:mapboxgl-spin 2s linear infinite}@media(-ms-high-contrast: active){.mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate:disabled .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23999'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3Cpath d='M14 5l1 1-9 9-1-1 9-9z' fill='red'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-active .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%2333b5e5'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 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fill='%2333b5e5'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-background-error .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23e54e33'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}}@media(-ms-high-contrast: black-on-white){.mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath 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+                                                S422.552,424,422,424z" data-webtasks-id="a7596d34-c8fb-442e"></path></g></svg><span data-webtasks-id="8f68bc8b-60c6-482f">Sounds</span></a></li><li class="orb-nav-bitesize" data-webtasks-id="184d2f35-3b98-4626"><a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize" data-webtasks-id="bc8d7092-61e3-432e"><svg class="product-icon" width="1.75em" height="1.75em" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 512 512" enable-background="new 0 0 512 512" xml:space="preserve" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" data-webtasks-id="13f77bf4-44f3-40a4"><g data-webtasks-id="1bc0ec09-7dc0-418d"><path fill="#6100A8" d="M134,400H78c-0.552,0-1.052-0.224-1.414-0.586S76,398.552,76,398V162c0-0.552,0.224-1.052,0.586-1.414
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+                                                S254.552,400,254,400z" data-webtasks-id="eaf51b44-57b9-405d"></path><path fill="#963CE1" d="M444.77,373.863l-85.829,26.232c-0.529,0.162-1.073,0.093-1.526-0.148s-0.812-0.655-0.973-1.184
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+                                                C445.71,373.342,445.297,373.702,444.77,373.863z" data-webtasks-id="457a89a2-cd89-46c3"></path></g></svg><span data-webtasks-id="fa4d173d-2fc3-4ed2">Bitesize</span></a></li><li class="orb-nav-cbeebies" data-webtasks-id="f13961fa-3a51-42f8"><a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/cbeebies" data-webtasks-id="a17b78ce-f648-4a3a"><span data-webtasks-id="7e61ca94-65a8-4657">CBeebies</span></a></li><li class="orb-nav-cbbc" data-webtasks-id="61bfbdda-4f49-4d06"><a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/cbbc" data-webtasks-id="2ad09eca-e8fe-4530"><span data-webtasks-id="547f1e25-0c48-4558">CBBC</span></a></li><li class="orb-nav-food" data-webtasks-id="e81ea57f-f67d-446a"><a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/food" data-webtasks-id="f93b9fbc-0974-431d"><span data-webtasks-id="3f4a18fe-058e-479c">Food</span></a></li></ul></nav><nav class="orbit-header-links international" data-webtasks-id="ad335c9c-baac-462a"><ul data-orbit-navtype="Commercial Legacy" 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+                    S206.552,328,206,328z" data-webtasks-id="e36bf492-5301-4cb0"></path></g></svg><span data-webtasks-id="a07fe3ea-1347-49d6">News</span></a></li><li class="orb-nav-sport" data-webtasks-id="259e3a62-87f2-4295"><a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport" data-webtasks-id="34c2850f-a527-4e8b"><svg class="product-icon" width="1.75em" height="1.75em" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 512 512" enable-background="new 0 0 512 512" xml:space="preserve" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" data-webtasks-id="11fd0b0d-14b9-4708"><g data-webtasks-id="3066a2a9-e931-49f9"><path fill="#FFD230" d="M90,184h332c0.552,0,1.052-0.224,1.414-0.586S424,182.552,424,182V90c0-0.552-0.224-1.052-0.586-1.414
+                    S422.552,88,422,88H90c-0.552,0-1.052,0.224-1.414,0.586S88,89.448,88,90v92c0,0.552,0.224,1.052,0.586,1.414S89.448,184,90,184z" data-webtasks-id="3cc805b1-a795-4f41"></path><path fill="#FFA100" d="M306,424h116c0.552,0,1.052-0.224,1.414-0.586S424,422.552,424,422v-92c0-0.552-0.224-1.052-0.586-1.414
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+                    S209.448,304,210,304z" data-webtasks-id="93b81175-5b4b-48dd"></path></g></svg><span data-webtasks-id="527a26ad-df41-4572">Sport</span></a></li><li class="orb-nav-weather" data-webtasks-id="c6a2feda-0a8e-40c8"><a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/weather" data-webtasks-id="af74adcd-0990-401d"><svg class="product-icon" width="1.75em" height="1.75em" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 512 512" enable-background="new 0 0 512 512" xml:space="preserve" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" data-webtasks-id="bc8de1fc-713c-4c00"><g data-webtasks-id="f0182a21-5c77-44a3"><path fill="#067EB3" d="M316.234,368.56l52.326-52.326c0.391-0.391,0.586-0.902,0.586-1.414c0-0.512-0.195-1.024-0.586-1.414
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+                    S89.448,424,90,424z" data-webtasks-id="f17d5f46-bc99-4015"></path><path fill="#149EDC" d="M258,166h164c0.552,0,1.052-0.224,1.414-0.586S424,164.552,424,164V90c0-0.552-0.224-1.052-0.586-1.414
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+                    S257.448,166,258,166z" data-webtasks-id="b3ba8862-0e51-4060"></path></g></svg><span data-webtasks-id="50b1d357-9649-4b2c">Weather</span></a></li><li class="orb-nav-iplayer" data-webtasks-id="69cdc4a2-e303-487a"><a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer" data-webtasks-id="f69717f5-d8a7-4511"><svg class="product-icon" width="1.75em" height="1.75em" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 512 512" enable-background="new 0 0 512 512" xml:space="preserve" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" data-webtasks-id="57a703b0-b30d-4b54"><g data-webtasks-id="c248fa33-7f3e-4b53"><path fill="#DC2878" d="M182,358h-68c-0.55,0-1.05-0.225-1.412-0.587C112.225,357.05,112,356.55,112,356V156
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data-webtasks-id="4591572e-7eb4-4759"><a class="article-title-card-rectangle__link article-title-card-rectangle__text-container article-title-card-rectangle__text-container--desktop" target="" rel="" id="" href="/future/future-planet" data-webtasks-id="f4d36539-33e0-42d2"><span class="article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--future" data-webtasks-id="3cd5c115-b824-42cb">Future Planet</span></a><a class="article-title-card-rectangle__link article-title-card-rectangle__text-container article-title-card-rectangle__text-container--desktop" target="" rel="" id="" href="/future/article/20230815-how-undersea-sounds-help-us-understand-ocean-life" data-webtasks-id="3d03e266-580c-4c49"><h2 class="article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__header b-font-weight-300 article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__header--desktop b-reith-sans-font b-font-weight-300" data-webtasks-id="d4ae1dae-099b-4e25">Sound recordings from beneath the sea</h2></a><p 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href="/future/article/20230809-how-indigenous-guardians-are-protecting-canadas-environment" data-webtasks-id="1deda51f-d3b2-4e35"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--future" data-webtasks-id="230550b1-2142-4551"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--large" data-webtasks-id="46d606e1-19a0-4b7c" style="background-image: url(&quot;https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p077yzlp.jpg&quot;);"><picture data-webtasks-id="d937da75-854f-499b"><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0g5nlh2.webp" type="image/webp" data-webtasks-id="73dae5fe-ce29-415a"><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0g5nlh2.jpg" type="image/jpeg" data-webtasks-id="3f4a6f32-b52a-4a7d"><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0g5nlh2.webp" type="image/webp" data-webtasks-id="9843e831-db43-4773"><source media="(min-width:880px)" 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0px;"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="index-stories__story-item" data-webtasks-id="c9c88fa2-de74-4b27"><div data-bbc-container="index-stories" data-bbc-title="What would green shipping look like?" data-bbc-metadata="{&quot;APP&quot;:&quot;index-stories&quot;,&quot;CHD&quot;:&quot;card::5&quot;}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20230707-what-would-net-zero-shipping-look-like" data-bbc-client-routed="true" class="rectangle-story-item b-reith-sans-font" data-webtasks-id="d635dfa6-f9c6-48fc"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/future/article/20230707-what-would-net-zero-shipping-look-like" data-webtasks-id="40721d24-8787-44db"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--future" data-webtasks-id="73501bff-fe33-454d"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--large" style="background-image: url(&quot;https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p077yzlp.jpg&quot;);" data-webtasks-id="0fc86f53-de6d-48cc"><picture data-webtasks-id="09969fcb-daaf-400a"><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0f801nn.webp" type="image/webp" data-webtasks-id="d3e83ca5-dd17-4750"><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0f801nn.jpg" type="image/jpeg" data-webtasks-id="1e344274-1dad-4513"><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0f801nn.webp" type="image/webp" data-webtasks-id="4f6a4e4e-0aad-41f0"><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0f801nn.jpg" type="image/jpeg" data-webtasks-id="801bb979-1ae6-4bb1"><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0f801nn.webp" type="image/webp" data-webtasks-id="150b591e-3598-42b0"><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0f801nn.jpg" type="image/jpeg" data-webtasks-id="1ff1b813-bba5-4b8f"><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0f801nn.webp" type="image/webp" data-webtasks-id="6f321d31-2715-420a"><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0f801nn.jpg" type="image/jpeg" data-webtasks-id="2f00fa0d-47cd-43b7"><img loading="lazy" draggable="false" title="Shipping releases 3% of the world's greenhouse gases each year – could modern ships with added sails help cut emissions from fuel? (Credit: Oceanbird)" src="https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0f801nn.jpg" alt="Shipping releases 3% of the world's greenhouse gases each year – could modern ships with added sails help cut emissions from fuel? (Credit: Oceanbird)" id="" data-webtasks-id="e3f4ba11-e7da-46c4"></picture><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--future" data-webtasks-id="94f80277-33c0-46fc"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item__label--desktop rectangle-story-item__label--future" target="" rel="" id="" href="/future/future-planet" data-webtasks-id="fd9f5e5a-afad-4f72"><span data-webtasks-id="a6017fab-db2d-4ee2">Future Planet</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container" data-webtasks-id="f850c050-46ce-420b"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/future/article/20230707-what-would-net-zero-shipping-look-like" data-webtasks-id="6078a48c-eb35-4dbb"><h2 style="all: unset;" data-webtasks-id="0d81adf1-36b7-45f7">What would green shipping look like?</h2></a></div><div data-webtasks-id="c42cea0f-bad4-470a"><span class="rectangle-story-item__line" data-webtasks-id="01e69c07-6f19-47d8"><div class="styled-line styled-line--dark-grey styled-line--height--small" data-webtasks-id="8d0d126a-c491-43cc"></div></span><span class="rectangle-story-item__author b-font-family-serif" data-webtasks-id="d5e23cb9-07c4-4c98">By Isabelle Gerretsen</span></div></div></div><div class="index-stories__story-item" data-webtasks-id="d319239c-1b71-4890"><div data-bbc-container="index-stories" data-bbc-title="The maps revealing urban heat stress" data-bbc-metadata="{&quot;APP&quot;:&quot;index-stories&quot;,&quot;CHD&quot;:&quot;card::6&quot;}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20230706-the-simple-ways-cities-can-adapt-to-heatwaves" data-bbc-client-routed="true" class="rectangle-story-item b-reith-sans-font" data-webtasks-id="edda22d7-d1f9-451e"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/future/article/20230706-the-simple-ways-cities-can-adapt-to-heatwaves" data-webtasks-id="fb959484-ca12-48be"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--future" data-webtasks-id="3c657ca7-17fc-44d9"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--large" style="background-image: url(&quot;https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p077yzlp.jpg&quot;);" data-webtasks-id="8e9b9781-3f78-41f1"><picture data-webtasks-id="d284caca-c5ad-4488"><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0fz8v5q.webp" type="image/webp" data-webtasks-id="e83b1b3b-b493-491a"><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0fz8v5q.jpg" type="image/jpeg" data-webtasks-id="6b1896bf-a84f-4de4"><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0fz8v5q.webp" type="image/webp" data-webtasks-id="b804cfcf-02e5-400f"><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0fz8v5q.jpg" type="image/jpeg" data-webtasks-id="21512510-5df3-4c31"><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0fz8v5q.webp" type="image/webp" data-webtasks-id="a4e4bc23-b73b-4006"><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0fz8v5q.jpg" type="image/jpeg" data-webtasks-id="a1b8e401-d493-4cc2"><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0fz8v5q.webp" type="image/webp" data-webtasks-id="77111ddd-6bf5-4b83"><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0fz8v5q.jpg" type="image/jpeg" data-webtasks-id="47884857-999f-42b4"><img loading="lazy" draggable="false" title="A heat map taken during a heatwave in Prague shows water and green spaces can cool cities (Credit: European Space Agency)" src="https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0fz8v5q.jpg" alt="A heat map taken during a heatwave in Prague shows water and green spaces can cool cities (Credit: European Space Agency)" id="" data-webtasks-id="1347ae00-5dc5-406e"></picture><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--future" data-webtasks-id="227d874e-73e0-4937"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item__label--desktop rectangle-story-item__label--future" target="" rel="" id="" href="/future/future-planet" data-webtasks-id="10b3ff89-e549-4c73"><span data-webtasks-id="c6dd417f-5caa-4789">Future Planet</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container" data-webtasks-id="d30651c3-4e7b-4978"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/future/article/20230706-the-simple-ways-cities-can-adapt-to-heatwaves" data-webtasks-id="9874f714-3ba3-4007"><h2 style="all: unset;" data-webtasks-id="23fa0947-f0ba-48b4">The maps revealing urban heat stress</h2></a></div><div data-webtasks-id="2bb02e19-78bf-4744"><span class="rectangle-story-item__line" data-webtasks-id="10a5a463-d0f7-44bf"><div class="styled-line styled-line--dark-grey styled-line--height--small" data-webtasks-id="11d5fe0a-9433-4cfc"></div></span><span class="rectangle-story-item__author b-font-family-serif" data-webtasks-id="3b060c18-0620-4d0f">By Lucy Sherriff</span></div></div></div><div class="index-stories__story-item" data-webtasks-id="0d89dbef-6730-461d"><div data-bbc-container="index-stories" data-bbc-title="Why white paint could cool India" data-bbc-metadata="{&quot;APP&quot;:&quot;index-stories&quot;,&quot;CHD&quot;:&quot;card::7&quot;}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20230628-the-white-roofs-cooling-womens-homes-in-indian-slums" data-bbc-client-routed="true" class="rectangle-story-item b-reith-sans-font" data-webtasks-id="5bf871f7-f248-44ac"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/future/article/20230628-the-white-roofs-cooling-womens-homes-in-indian-slums" data-webtasks-id="39e2101d-dcb7-477d"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--future" data-webtasks-id="f6b43026-c7b9-42ec"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--large" style="background-image: url(&quot;https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p077yzlp.jpg&quot;);" data-webtasks-id="82070ead-09fa-411f"><picture data-webtasks-id="29a2ac04-f1b3-4ff5"><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0fy1f6v.webp" type="image/webp" data-webtasks-id="0a487501-2b37-4b31"><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0fy1f6v.jpg" type="image/jpeg" data-webtasks-id="60d7e795-be21-4bed"><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0fy1f6v.webp" type="image/webp" data-webtasks-id="e70a3481-788f-45e5"><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0fy1f6v.jpg" type="image/jpeg" data-webtasks-id="d141629f-ab3e-4f81"><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0fy1f6v.webp" type="image/webp" data-webtasks-id="a3b5f8a1-9c0c-4885"><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0fy1f6v.jpg" type="image/jpeg" data-webtasks-id="27da09f1-1b4d-4a5b"><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0fy1f6v.webp" type="image/webp" data-webtasks-id="e3982933-89a0-4941"><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0fy1f6v.jpg" type="image/jpeg" data-webtasks-id="0ebb1290-07c2-40a8"><img loading="lazy" draggable="false" title="A woman paints the roof of her home with white paint (Credit: Mitul Kajaria)" src="https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0fy1f6v.jpg" alt="A woman paints the roof of her home with white paint (Credit: Mitul Kajaria)" id="" data-webtasks-id="10b897a1-28b1-4bd8"></picture><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--future" data-webtasks-id="d436f9a0-a58e-43bd"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item__label--desktop rectangle-story-item__label--future" target="" rel="" id="" href="/future/future-planet" data-webtasks-id="023d061d-d9e9-4b04"><span data-webtasks-id="9d2327f9-3cbb-40fb">Future Planet</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container" data-webtasks-id="1abc3cc6-3274-4c8e"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/future/article/20230628-the-white-roofs-cooling-womens-homes-in-indian-slums" data-webtasks-id="e9cb8613-ba74-4bcf"><h2 style="all: unset;" data-webtasks-id="39f79979-d014-4b56">Why white paint could cool India</h2></a></div><div data-webtasks-id="8837b373-8313-4f1c"><span class="rectangle-story-item__line" data-webtasks-id="8ea0431f-3b48-49d3"><div class="styled-line styled-line--dark-grey styled-line--height--small" data-webtasks-id="99fe7301-8bf0-42e9"></div></span><span class="rectangle-story-item__author b-font-family-serif" data-webtasks-id="3b5b6d9d-8957-4be2">By Vandana K</span></div></div></div><div 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data-webtasks-id="fceee2e1-6654-4344"><picture data-webtasks-id="abddd49f-45dd-44bc"><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0fwq3tx.webp" type="image/webp" data-webtasks-id="b2b03fa2-59cd-4c9b"><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0fwq3tx.jpg" type="image/jpeg" data-webtasks-id="8849f801-5845-4d47"><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0fwq3tx.webp" type="image/webp" data-webtasks-id="639bafc6-d89f-4763"><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0fwq3tx.jpg" type="image/jpeg" data-webtasks-id="0634f8a2-501c-4ec4"><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0fwq3tx.webp" type="image/webp" data-webtasks-id="7a55b62c-6d8e-45e8"><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0fwq3tx.jpg" type="image/jpeg" 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srcset="https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0g7c2b6.webp" type="image/webp" data-webtasks-id="a9fa6cac-ed94-436c"><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0g7c2b6.jpg" type="image/jpeg" data-webtasks-id="ed05ea76-db10-4756"><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0g7c2b6.webp" type="image/webp" data-webtasks-id="99532394-3bf8-4e82"><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0g7c2b6.jpg" type="image/jpeg" data-webtasks-id="e8132d27-b83a-405d"><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0g7c2b6.webp" type="image/webp" data-webtasks-id="f077f67f-9e86-416d"><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0g7c2b6.jpg" type="image/jpeg" data-webtasks-id="80ef44f8-52f9-4e16"><img loading="lazy" draggable="false" title="Was Napoleon really a monster?" src="https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0g7c2b6.jpg" alt="Was Napoleon really a monster?" id="" data-webtasks-id="6f6699c3-4c73-4df4"></picture><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--culture" data-webtasks-id="5d1bf821-8332-4312"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item__label--desktop rectangle-story-item__label--white rectangle-story-item__label--culture" target="" rel="" id="" href="/culture" data-webtasks-id="0c272d3f-3b9f-4f84"><span data-webtasks-id="5af92caa-3aa8-4455">Culture</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container" data-webtasks-id="af1cba3a-488e-49e7"><a href="https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20230818-ridley-scotts-napoleon-was-the-french-leader-really-a-monster" class="rectangle-story-item__title rectangle-story-item__title--white" target="" rel="" id="" data-webtasks-id="0e0bd00b-6ba1-4c53"><h2 data-webtasks-id="725258b6-4b2b-4d2c" style="all: unset;">Was Napoleon 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type="image/jpeg" data-webtasks-id="b305ba24-6e03-467d"><img loading="lazy" draggable="false" title="London's original fast food" src="https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0g6r5m9.jpg" alt="London's original fast food" id="" data-webtasks-id="e65f0aa6-1a72-4423"></picture><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--travel" data-webtasks-id="734c2b8d-2008-48ab"></span></div></div></a><a href="https://www.bbc.com/travel" class="rectangle-story-item__label b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item__label--desktop rectangle-story-item__label--white rectangle-story-item__label--travel" target="" rel="" id="" data-webtasks-id="2a2fb5f3-bcd8-4393"><span data-webtasks-id="9bda28ec-ae63-4feb">travel</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container" data-webtasks-id="8d4f9d8a-f23b-424e"><a href="https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20230820-the-untold-story-of-londons-original-fast-food" class="rectangle-story-item__title rectangle-story-item__title--white" target="" rel="" id="" data-webtasks-id="93773001-5ce6-4286"><h2 data-webtasks-id="be531cac-e3ab-44bb" style="all: unset;">London's original fast food</h2></a></div><div data-webtasks-id="c9838042-d68d-492e"></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="swimlane__background-image swimlane__background-image--desktop swimlane__background-image--atb" data-webtasks-id="f2579cad-7026-4f61" style="background-image: linear-gradient(rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5) 0%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5) 100%), url(&quot;https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p08gp0tv.jpg&quot;); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: cover;"></div></div></div></main></div></div>
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Rhodes in July 2023 (Credit: Getty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0g4q5gh.jpg","title":"The Greek island of Rhodes has been among the worst hit by the wildfires in July 2023","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0g4q5gh","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0g4q5gh.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1692601862381},"p0g4q57x":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0g4q57x","_id":"64ccc426a471ef0d5632b708","copyright":"Kew Gardens","fileSizeBytes":0,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002Fg4\u002Fq5\u002Fp0g4q57x.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Aleppo pine is able to quickly reclaim disturbed areas, such as those burnt by forest fires (Credit: Kew Gardens)","synopsisShort":"The needs of Pinus halepensis (Credit: Kew Gardens)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0g4q57x.jpg","title":"Aleppo pine is able to quickly reclaim disturbed areas, such as those burnt by forest fires","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0g4q57x","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0g4q57x.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1692601862381},"p0g4q5pd":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0g4q5pd","_id":"64ccc425a471ef0d5632b706","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":0,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002Fg4\u002Fq5\u002Fp0g4q5pd.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"If wildfires return to an area too frequently and intensely, they risk permanently changing the vegetation that grows there (Credit: Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"Firefighter fighting bush fire on island of Sicily July 2023 (Credit: Getty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0g4q5pd.jpg","title":"If wildfires return to an area too frequently and intensely, they risk permanently changing the vegetation that grows there","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0g4q5pd","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0g4q5pd.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1692601862381},"p0dqpwd4":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0dqpwd4","_id":"64a46000a471ef0d680e6a5c","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":0,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002Fdq\u002Fpw\u002Fp0dqpwd4.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"","synopsisShort":"Future Planet (Credit: Alamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0dqpwd4.jpg","title":"Future Planet","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0dqpwd4","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0dqpwd4.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1692601862382}},"articles":{"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230817-the-weird-wind-that-can-supercharge-heatwaves-and-wildfire":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20230817-the-weird-wind-that-can-supercharge-heatwaves-and-wildfire","_id":"64e29b42a471ef0d62167ec2","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fchris-baraniuk"],"bodyIntro":"Hot \"hairdryer\" winds that whip down mountainsides may have played a role in some of this year's devastating heatwaves and wildfires – and they may become more of a problem with climate change.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIt's a word that, in German, also means \"hairdryer\". And that's just what it's like. A hot, dry wind that sweeps down a mountainside, baking everything in its path. It is powerful enough to raise air temperatures by many degrees. This is the strange, and sometimes dangerous, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.metoffice.gov.uk\u002Fweather\u002Flearn-about\u002Fweather\u002Ftypes-of-weather\u002Fwind\u002Ffoehn-effect\"\u003Eweather event known as F&ouml;hn\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis year, it has cropped up many times, including during heatwaves where it has pushed temperatures up to unbearable levels in local, literal, hotspots.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEarlier this month in Taiwan, for example, F&ouml;hn winds were associated with \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.taiwannews.com.tw\u002Fen\u002Fnews\u002F4961680\"\u003E39C (102F) heat in the southeast of the country\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The same kind of wind has also potentially exacerbated \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.connexionfrance.com\u002Farticle\u002FFrench-news\u002FWhat-is-the-foehn-effect-and-how-has-it-intensified-France-s-heatwave\"\u003Ethe intense heatwave in France\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and some speculate that it helped to generate the tinder-dry conditions that supercharged devastating wildfires in Maui, Hawaii, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nbcnews.com\u002Fnews\u002Fus-news\u002Flive-blog\u002Fmaui-fires-live-updates-lahaina-search-missing-death-toll-rcna99933\"\u003Ewhich have killed at least 106 people\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe F&ouml;hn effect can occur in much colder places, too, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftc.copernicus.org\u002Farticles\u002F16\u002F1369\u002F2022\u002F\"\u003Eeven Antarctica\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, where it can contribute to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fagupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1002\u002F2015JD023465\"\u003Ethe rapid collapse of ice shelves\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. And, in 2018, it was \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.carbonbrief.org\u002Fguest-post-how-the-greenland-ice-sheet-fared-in-2018\u002F\"\u003Eblamed for forcing a significant volume of ice\u003C\u002Fa\u003E away from the coast of Greenland.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe weird potency of F&ouml;hn winds might not stop there. There is a long-standing folk belief that they can cause \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.metoffice.gov.uk\u002Fweather\u002Flearn-about\u002Fweather\u002Ftypes-of-weather\u002Fwind\u002Ffoehn-effect\"\u003Enegative psychological effects\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, such as depression and suicidal thoughts. While there is limited hard evidence for that, it's fair to say that F&ouml;hn winds are not to be taken lightly. Science, thankfully, can help us understand them &ndash; and the risks they pose.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230817-the-weird-wind-that-can-supercharge-heatwaves-and-wildfire-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0g7cbwf"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Wildfires move down a hillside on Rhodes, Greece (Credit: Getty Images)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230817-the-weird-wind-that-can-supercharge-heatwaves-and-wildfire-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\"Usually, you need some sort of mountain or a range of hills for the F&ouml;hn effect to happen,\" says Liz Bentley, chief executive of the Royal Meteorological Society. A moist wind will rise up one side of a mountain to reach cooler air, where moisture then condenses out to form clouds or rain near or at the peak, she explains: \"That releases energy out into the atmosphere,\" causing air temperatures to rise.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also be interested in:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210513-the-most-intense-firestorms-in-the-world\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EHow wildfires create their own weather\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20230720-theres-a-heatwave-in-the-sea-and-scientists-are-worried\"\u003EWhy scientists are worried about ocean heatwaves\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200817-the-sinister-ways-heatwaves-warp-the-mind\"\u003EThe troubling way heatwaves warp your mind\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe wind then pushes on down the other, leeward side of the mountain where cloudless conditions allow the sun to heat it up even further. Air temperatures might rise by 10C (18F) or more. One record from 1972 in the US even suggests that a F&ouml;hn wind event in Loma, Montana, pushed the local temperature up&nbsp;\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncei.noaa.gov\u002Fmonitoring-content\u002Fextremes\u002Fncec\u002Freports\u002Flomamontana.pdf\"\u003Efrom -48C (-54F) to 9C (49F) &ndash; a rise of 57C (103F)\u003C\u002Fa\u003E&nbsp;in just 24 hours. A similar phenomenon saw temperatures in Cut Bank, Montana, rise by&nbsp;\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FNWSGreatFalls\u002Fstatus\u002F1218890095777976321\"\u003E29C (52F) in just one hour\u003C\u002Fa\u003E&nbsp;in January 2020.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMore commonly, F&ouml;hn winds can lead to temperature differences of several degrees. One 30-year study in the Southern Appalachian Mountains found they elevated&nbsp;\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.weather.gov\u002Fmrx\u002Ffoehnclimo\"\u003Etemperatures by at least 3C (5F)\u003C\u002Fa\u003E&nbsp;compared to nearby locations not affected by the winds. And an event on 2 January 1999 saw a narrow band of warm air move through the Great Tennessee Valley, on the northwest side of the Smoky Mountains, that was&nbsp;\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.weather.gov\u002Fmrx\u002Fdownslope\"\u003E10C (18F) warmer than the surrounding areas\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230817-the-weird-wind-that-can-supercharge-heatwaves-and-wildfire-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Once you have global warming and the normal variability like Föhn winds contributing, it all acts together and gives you the heatwave you've never seen before – Jim Overland","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230817-the-weird-wind-that-can-supercharge-heatwaves-and-wildfire-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe term F&ouml;hn comes from the Alpine region of Europe but the same effect has been given different names elsewhere in the world. In parts of the US, such as in the Rocky Mountains and Alaska, they are known as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fforecast.weather.gov\u002Fglossary.php?word=CHINOOK\"\u003EChinook winds\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, while in California \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.weather.gov\u002Fsafety\u002Fwind-mountain-valley\"\u003Epeople use the term Santa Ana\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to refer to the same phenomenon.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn Argentina, the F&ouml;hn effect \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.scirp.org\u002Fjournal\u002Fpaperinformation.aspx?paperid=56341\"\u003Eis known as Zonda\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, while in South Africa \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Frmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1002\u002Fqj.49706226707\"\u003Eit is Bergwind\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Spanish people in Valencia call it Ponent&agrave;. And in the UK the F&ouml;hn wind that occurs in the Pennines in northern England is known locally as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.metoffice.gov.uk\u002Fweather\u002Flearn-about\u002Fweather\u002Ftypes-of-weather\u002Fwind\u002Fhelm-wind\"\u003Ethe Helm Wind\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. All of them can be classified as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.eoas.ubc.ca\u002Fcourses\u002Fatsc113\u002Fflying\u002Fmet_concepts\u002F02-met_concepts\u002F02e-shear_at_aerodromes\u002Fdownslope_windstorms.html\"\u003Edownslope windstorms\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe phenomenon is likely to become all the more significant in the coming years, says Jim Overland, an Arctic meteorologist at the US's National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), since we expect to see longer, more frequent and more intense heatwaves due to climate change.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Once you have global warming and you have the normal variability like F&ouml;hn winds contributing, it all acts together and gives you the heatwave you've never seen before,\" he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOn 8 August, a terrifying wildfire, described as a \"fire hurricane\" by the Hawaiian governor, swept through the popular seaside town of Lahaina in Maui. A \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-us-canada-66470118\"\u003Ecombination of factors influenced the eruption of the fire\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, including warm temperatures, low humidity, dry grasses in the area and strong winds from a nearby hurricane. However, a downslope windstorm, or F&ouml;hn effect, was perhaps also partly to blame, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fnplareau\u002Fstatus\u002F1689366905017217028\"\u003Eaccording to some expert observers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EF&ouml;hn winds might indeed have been at work here, says Craig Clements, director of the Wild Fire Interdisciplinary Research Centre at San Jos&eacute; State University, in California, though he notes the Lahaina fires were shaped largely by powerful winds all over the area at the time.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230817-the-weird-wind-that-can-supercharge-heatwaves-and-wildfire-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Video","iFrameType":"","videoUrn":["p0g67d5d"],"id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230817-the-weird-wind-that-can-supercharge-heatwaves-and-wildfire-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe F&ouml;hn effect has often cropped up in association with serious wildfires, says Clements. He mentions examples in California and Greece. And it has been \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.jstor.org\u002Fstable\u002F2845603\"\u003Elinked to forest fires in the southern Cape of South Africa\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, such as the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS2212420923000985\"\u003Edeadly Knysna fires of 2017\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. They have also been found to cause \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcfs.nrcan.gc.ca\u002Fpubwarehouse\u002Fpdfs\u002F29152.pdf\"\u003Eerratic wildfire behaviour around the Canadian Rockies\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, where they can drive trigger \"explosive\" uphill blazes and at times drive flames downhill.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"One thing that people don't realise is it can dry the fuel,\" says Clements, referring specifically to grasses. \"The fuels can go from [having] a dew on them to being critically dry in an hour.\" This is particularly problematic because fires can spread so quickly in grasses.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe rapid influence of F&ouml;hn winds on the environment is noticeable in other places, such as on snowy mountain ranges where the onset of the phenomenon \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fearthobservatory.nasa.gov\u002Fimages\u002F144764\u002Fwarm-winds-trigger-melting-in-antarctica\"\u003Ecan rapidly melt snow and ice\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Some people call the winds \"snow-eaters\" in recognition of this, says Clements.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere is ongoing research into whether F&ouml;hn winds have psychological effects on human beings, to see whether there is any truth in the old folk beliefs from the Alps. One study in 2020 analysed data on nearly 72,000 mental health-related hospitalisations across a 35-year period in Bern, Switzerland and found that F&ouml;hn winds were \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fehp.niehs.nih.gov\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1289\u002Fisee.2020.virtual.P-0356\"\u003Eassociated with a 5% increased risk\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of such hospitalisations. Clements, though, suggests that it is difficult to prove with certainty that the winds really were the cause of patterns like this as other confounding factors could play a role.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEither way, clearly, they can have strong effects on the weather and fires in certain places, and it's important to be aware of the risks they pose, says Bentley.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"There's nothing you can do to stop the wind,\" she says &ndash; but it's important to be prepared if the effect can occur in your own part of the world, especially if there is a risk of dangerously high temperatures or deadly wildfires.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcloud.email.bbc.com\u002FSignUp10_08\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\" &ndash; a handpicked selection of stories from BBC \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFuture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Cem\u003Eand \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230817-the-weird-wind-that-can-supercharge-heatwaves-and-wildfire-6"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2023-08-21T00:01:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"The weird wind that can supercharge heatwaves and wildfire","headlineShort":"The 'hairdryers' that feed wildfires","image":["p0g7cbdx"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Palm trees silhouetted against an orange sky glowing from wildfires in Hawaii (Credit: Getty Images)","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z","Project":"wwverticals","Slug":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"64a461aca471ef30b9021812"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Hot \"hairdryer\" winds that whip down mountainsides may have played a role in some of this year's devastating heatwaves and wildfires.","summaryShort":"These hot winds sweep down mountainsides, drying everything in their path","tag":["tag\u002Fheatwaves","tag\u002Fweather","tag\u002Fclimate","tag\u002Fscience","tag\u002Fnews-features"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2023-08-20T23:01:05.041195Z","entity":"article","guid":"baaf2ee5-e54f-4d2e-aafd-17b092756f97","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230817-the-weird-wind-that-can-supercharge-heatwaves-and-wildfire","modifiedDateTime":"2023-08-20T23:01:05.041195Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230817-the-weird-wind-that-can-supercharge-heatwaves-and-wildfire","cacheLastUpdated":1692601862365},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230817-how-randomness-can-help-you-to-make-better-decisions":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20230817-how-randomness-can-help-you-to-make-better-decisions","_id":"64dff847a471ef2ee00a7b1b","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fkit-yates"],"bodyIntro":"Our modern lives can often leave us overwhelmed with choice – so might it make sense to let an external agent help us to make difficult decisions?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIf you're anything like me then you might experience mild analysis paralysis when choosing what to order from an extensive menu. I am so indecisive that the waiter often has to come back a few minutes after taking everyone else's order to finally hear mine. Many of the choices seem good, but by trying to ensure I select the absolute best, I run the risk of missing out altogether.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEven before the internet brought unprecedented consumer options directly into our homes and the phones in the palms of our hands, choice had long been seen as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2005\u002F03\u002F27\u002Fweekinreview\u002Fchoice-is-good-yes-no-or-maybe.html\"\u003Ethe driving force of capitalism\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The ability of consumers to choose between competing providers of products and services dictates which businesses thrive and which bite the dust &ndash; or so goes the long-held belief. The competitive environment engendered by consumers' free choice supposedly drives innovation and efficiency, delivering a better overall consumer experience.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever, more recent theorists have suggested that increased \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fworks.swarthmore.edu\u002Ffac-psychology\u002F198\u002F\"\u003Echoice can induce a range of anxieties in consumers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E &ndash; from the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fideas\u002Fvideos\u002Fwhy-you-should-ditch-fomo-for-jomo\u002Fp07qcm4b\"\u003Efear of missing out\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (Fomo) on a better opportunity, to loss of presence in a chosen activity (thinking \"why am I doing this when I could have been doing something else?\") and regret from choosing poorly. The raised expectations presented by a broad range of choices can lead some consumers to feel that no experience is truly satisfactory and others to experience \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1080\u002F02691728.2017.1346933\"\u003Eanalysis paralysis\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. That more options provide an inferior consumer experience and make potential customers less likely to complete a purchase is a hypothesis known as the \"\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1002\u002F9781118996874.ch8\"\u003Eparadox of choice\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\". Indeed, experiments on consumer behaviour have suggested that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1037\u002F0022-3514.79.6.995\"\u003Eexcessive choice can leave consumers feeling ill-informed and indecisive when making a purchasing decision\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe best is the enemy of the good\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe idea, particularly in subjective matters, that there is a perfect solution to a problem is known as the \"Nirvana fallacy\". In reality, there may be no solution that lives up to our idealised preconceptions. When we step back a little from the decision we are trying to make, it usually becomes clear that, although there may be one best option, there will also be several good options with which we would be satisfied. Choosing an alternative that may not be the very best, but is at least good enough, has been christened \"\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Fcontent\u002Fpdf\u002F10.1007\u002F3-540-07165-2_34.pdf\"\u003Esatisficing\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\" &ndash; a portmanteau of \"satisfying\" and \"suffice\". As the Italian proverb that the French writer and philosopher Voltaire recorded in his \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgallica.bnf.fr\u002Fark:\u002F12148\u002Fbtv1b8626129s\u002Ff13.item\"\u003EDictionnaire philosophique\u003C\u002Fa\u003E goes: \"Il meglio &egrave; l'inimico del bene\" &ndash; \"the best is the enemy of the good.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230817-how-randomness-can-help-you-to-make-better-decisions-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0g7h1hj"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"A couple trying to choose food from an overhead menu (Credit: Getty Images)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230817-how-randomness-can-help-you-to-make-better-decisions-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFortunately, as I detail in my new book &ndash; \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeni.us\u002FKitYatesBooks\"\u003EHow to Expect the Unexpected\u003C\u002Fa\u003E &ndash; randomness offers us a simple way to overcome choice-induced analysis paralysis. When faced with a multitude of choices, many of which you would be happy to accept, flipping a coin or letting a dice decide for you may be the better option. Sometimes making a quick good choice is better than making a slow perfect one, or indeed being paralysed into complete indecision.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhen struggling to choose between multiple options, having a decision seemingly made for you by an external randomising agent can help you to focus in on your true preference. This \"randomised\" strategy can help us to envisage the consequences of what was, up until that point, an apparently abstract decision. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS0022103118303950\"\u003ERecent experiments by a team of researchers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E at the University of Basel, Switzerland, have demonstrated that a randomly dictated decision prompt can help us to deal with the information overload that often precipitates analysis paralysis.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230817-how-randomness-can-help-you-to-make-better-decisions-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Being forced to contemplate the opposite standpoint made participants more certain of their original choice than when the coin flip simply reinforced their first decision","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230817-how-randomness-can-help-you-to-make-better-decisions-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAfter reading some basic background information, three groups of participants were asked to make a preliminary decision about whether to fire or re-hire a hypothetical store manager. After forming an initial opinion, two of the three groups were told that, because these decisions can be hard to make, they would be assisted by a single computer-generated coin flip. The side the coin came down on would suggest whether to stick with their original decision (group 1) or to renege (group 2). Participants were told that they could ignore the coin flip outcome if they wanted to. All three groups were then asked if they would like more information (an indicator of analysis paralysis) or whether they were happy to make their decision based on what they already knew. Once those who asked for more information had received it, all participants were asked for their final decision.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe participants who were subjected to a coin flip were three times more likely to be satisfied with their original decision &ndash; not asking for more information &ndash; than those who had not been exposed to the randomised suggestion. The random influence of the coin had helped them to make up their minds without the need for more time-consuming research.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230817-how-randomness-can-help-you-to-make-better-decisions-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0g7h101"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"A hand preparing to flip a coin (Credit: Getty Images)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230817-how-randomness-can-help-you-to-make-better-decisions-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EInterestingly, requests for further information were lower when the coin suggested the opposite of the participant's original decision than when it confirmed the participant's first thoughts. Being forced to contemplate the opposite standpoint made participants more certain of their original choice than when the coin flip simply reinforced their first decision.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile many of us would feel uncomfortable allowing a coin to dictate the direction of someone else's career, it's important to remember that you are not required to follow the decision of the randomiser blindly. The externally suggested choice is designed to put you in the position of having to seriously contemplate accepting the specified option, but doesn't force your hand one way or the other. &nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor those of us who struggle to make decisions, however, it's comforting to know that when grappling with a selection, we can get out a coin and allow it to help. Even if we resolve to reject the coin's prescription, being forced to see both sides of the argument can often kickstart or accelerate our decision-making process.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E* Kit Yates&nbsp;is a senior lecturer in mathematical biology at the University of Bath and the author of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fuk.bookshop.org\u002Fp\u002Fbooks\u002Fthe-maths-of-life-and-death-kit-yates\u002F913708?ean=9781787475403\"\u003EThe Maths of Life and Death\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeni.us\u002FKitYatesBooks\"\u003EHow to Expect the Unexpected\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcloud.email.bbc.com\u002FSignUp10_08\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\" &ndash; a handpicked selection of stories from BBC \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFuture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Cem\u003Eand \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230817-how-randomness-can-help-you-to-make-better-decisions-6"}],"collection":["future\u002Fcolumn\u002Fhow-to-think-about-x"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2023-08-19T00:01:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"How coin tosses can lead to better decisions","headlineShort":"How a coin toss can improve decisions","image":["p0g7h2dv"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"A man trying to choose between identical-looking tomatoes (Credit: Getty Images)","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z","Project":"wwverticals","Slug":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"64a461aca471ef30b9021812"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Our modern lives can often leave us overwhelmed with choice – so might it make sense to let an external agent help us to make difficult decisions?","summaryShort":"Modern life can leave us paralysed by choice, but embracing randomness may help","tag":["tag\u002Fmathematics","tag\u002Fpsychology","tag\u002Ffeatures","tag\u002Fscience"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2023-08-18T23:01:11.053255Z","entity":"article","guid":"bb4bd541-a82c-4591-9137-0ef06e237176","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230817-how-randomness-can-help-you-to-make-better-decisions","modifiedDateTime":"2023-08-18T23:01:11.053255Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230817-how-randomness-can-help-you-to-make-better-decisions","cacheLastUpdated":1692601862367},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230817-how-wildfires-push-up-temperatures-long-after-they-are-extinguished":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20230817-how-wildfires-push-up-temperatures-long-after-they-are-extinguished","_id":"64dea6eba471ef30aa60068d","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Findia-bourke"],"bodyIntro":"Extreme wildfires are increasing due to rising emissions, but they also disrupt the climate in return. Weighing up the overall impact, however, is tricker than it seems.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EApocalyptic images of wildfire devastation &ndash; from&nbsp;\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-us-canada-66465570\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Echarred homes\u003C\u002Fa\u003E&nbsp;to cities shrouded in&nbsp;\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200821-how-wildfire-pollution-may-be-harming-your-health\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Edeadly smoke\u003C\u002Fa\u003E&nbsp;&ndash; are fast coming to embody the world's unfolding climate disaster.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn Hawaii this August, the&nbsp;\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-us-canada-66489815\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Edeath toll\u003C\u002Fa\u003E&nbsp;is still rising after the deadliest US wildfire in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-us-canada-66507827\"\u003Eover a century\u003C\u002Fa\u003E ripped through Maui. In Canada, extreme fires blazing across the country are more widespread than at any other&nbsp;\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-us-canada-65816466\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Etime on record\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EResearch has shown that wildfires'&nbsp;\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.drought.gov\u002Fnews\u002Fstudy-finds-climate-change-blame-record-breaking-california-wildfires-2023-08-08\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Elikelihood\u003C\u002Fa\u003E&nbsp;and&nbsp;\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.unep.org\u002Fnews-and-stories\u002Fpress-release\u002Fnumber-wildfires-rise-50-2100-and-governments-are-not-prepared\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Eintensity\u003C\u002Fa\u003E&nbsp;have already increased due to human-caused global temperature rise. But there is still so much we don't yet understand about these powerful phenomena. Not least, wildfires' own ability to alter and disrupt climate systems long after their flames die out.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne of the most far-reaching ways fires impact the climate is their ability to release vast quantities of carbon \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mtu.edu\u002Fnews\u002F2020\u002F10\u002Fsoils-contribute-greatly-to-forest-fire-carbon-emissions.html\"\u003Estored in trees and soils\u003C\u002Fa\u003E into the atmosphere. In a vicious feed-back loop, the additional CO2 then contributes to the same long-term warming of the planet that makes the fires themselves more likely. In 2020 alone, California's wildfires were estimated to have negated&nbsp;\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0269749122011022#bbib30\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E16 years\u003C\u002Fa\u003E&nbsp;of the state's cuts to greenhouse gas emissions. Forest regrowth may occur, the researchers suggest, but not fast enough to help keep \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fscience-environment-65602293\"\u003Eglobal warming under the 1.5C limit.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20230706-the-simple-ways-cities-can-adapt-to-heatwaves\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe simple ways cities can adapt to heatwaves\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20230612-did-climate-change-cause-canadas-wildfires\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EDid climate change cause Canada's wildfires?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20230803-wildfires-the-changing-face-of-the-mediterranean-landscape\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWildfires: The changing face of the Mediterranean landscape\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENot all of wildfires' impacts on climate are so long-lasting, however. Nor do all produce warming. By blocking sunlight and attracting additional&nbsp;\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fd41586-021-02105-5\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ewater droplets that brighten clouds\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E,\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E&nbsp;smoke aerosols can reflect sunlight back into space, leading to localised cooling in the lower atmosphere.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis cooling effect typically only lasts until rain washes the aerosols back to earth. Yet as wildfires increase in scale, even these more temporary impacts are expanding their reach and duration. Australia's 2019-2020 fire season, for instance, produced a widespread smoke-induced cooling that may have influenced the recent \"triple dip\" in the La Ni&ntilde;a weather pattern,&nbsp;\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.science.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1126\u002Fsciadv.adg1213\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Eresearch suggests\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EUnderstanding how wildfires' various impacts interact is therefore key to understanding their overall impact on the climate &ndash; and thus to guiding humanity's attempts to limit dangerous climate change.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESuper outbreaks\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECalculating the net warming or cooling effect of wildfires means considering their impact across various time-scales and levels of the atmosphere, from surface up. One avenue of research has thus focused on the stratospheric reactions that take place \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.noaa.gov\u002Fjetstream\u002Fatmosphere\u002Flayers-of-atmosphere#:~:text=called%20the%20stratopause.-,Stratosphere,31%20miles%20(50%20km).\"\u003E4-31 miles (6-50km)\u003C\u002Fa\u003E up in the air.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBeneath this level, the lower troposphere is warming due to rising levels of CO2. Yet the same trend is also \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fagupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1029\u002F2020JA028623\"\u003Ecooling the&nbsp;stratosphere\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, where thinner air allows the carbon dioxide to release its energy into space.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230817-how-wildfires-push-up-temperatures-long-after-they-are-extinguished-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0g7bfs2"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230817-how-wildfires-push-up-temperatures-long-after-they-are-extinguished-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EUntil recently, it was thought only volcanoes or nuclear explosions were powerful enough to interrupt this cooling process by propelling smoke up into the stratosphere. But when large wildfires meet with the right&nbsp;\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.ametsoc.org\u002Fview\u002Fjournals\u002Fmwre\u002F145\u002F6\u002Fmwr-d-16-0232.1.xml\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Emeteorological conditions\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, they can produce vast dirty thunderstorms which darken the sky,&nbsp;\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.ametsoc.org\u002Fview\u002Fjournals\u002Fbams\u002F103\u002F5\u002FBAMS-D-21-0199.1.xml\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ecreate erratic winds and tornadoes,\u003C\u002Fa\u003E&nbsp;and inject large plumes of wildfire smoke&nbsp;\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fnhess.copernicus.org\u002Farticles\u002F20\u002F1497\u002F2020\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Efive to nine miles\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (8-14km) above the surface. Known as pyrocumulonimbus clouds, or pyroCbs, these thunder-clouds release aerosols that can travel thousands of miles across the globe.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOnce airborne, the black carbon in these wildfire aerosols absorb heat, causing them to rise and warm the surrounding stratosphere, says Matthias Stocker from the Wegener Center for Climate and Global Change at the University of Graz, Austria.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHis research on large&nbsp;\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41598-021-02335-7\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ewildfires' stratospheric impact\u003C\u002Fa\u003E&nbsp;has shown that smoke from the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41612-021-00192-9\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EpyroCb super outbreak in Australia\u003C\u002Fa\u003E&nbsp;in 2019-20 caused the stratosphere to warm very strongly (by up to 10C\u002F18F) during the plumes' early development. Over the next few months, it remained an average of 3.5C (6.3F) warmer, before the aerosols sank back to earth.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230817-how-wildfires-push-up-temperatures-long-after-they-are-extinguished-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The big thing we've already learnt is that wildfires can be important for several effects in the stratosphere – Matthias Stocker","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230817-how-wildfires-push-up-temperatures-long-after-they-are-extinguished-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ECanada has this year seen by far its most active pyroCb year over the last decade, says David A Peterson, a meteorologist with the US Naval Research Laboratory in Washington DC, which is attempting to create a prediction system for the movement of pyroCb smoke, and has been building a global dataset since 2013.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"At least 133 pyroCbs have been observed in Canada since early May, with 153 observed worldwide,\" he adds &ndash; more than doubling the country's previous seasonal maximum. \u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E(Read about the latest science on \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20230612-did-climate-change-cause-canadas-wildfires\"\u003Ewhether climate change caused Canada's wildfires\u003C\u002Fa\u003E).\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever, none of the many pyroCb events observed in 2023 rival the stratospheric impact of the 2019-20 Australia super outbreak, or the 2017 Pacific Northwest&nbsp;\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41612-018-0039-3\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Eevent in Canada\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, says Peterson. Both produced stratospheric smoke plumes that \"rival or exceed the impact from the majority of volcanic eruptions over the past decade\", he says &ndash; persisting at high altitudes for many months.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EStratosphere vs troposphere\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EModels clearly show that the&nbsp;\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fagupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1029\u002F2019GL083699\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Econditions for pyroCb wildfires\u003C\u002Fa\u003E&nbsp;are set to increase, meaning there is the potential for the effects of such aerosols to become significant enough \"to change dynamics in the stratosphere and have consequences,\" Stocker says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne particular concern is that the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41586-022-05683-0\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Erecovery of the ozone layer\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which blocks harmful ultraviolet radiation, could be delayed &ndash; and research has already demonstrated some negative impacts.&nbsp;\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E(Read more about \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20220321-what-happened-to-the-worlds-ozone-hole\"\u003Ewhat happened to the world's ozone hole\u003C\u002Fa\u003E).\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230817-how-wildfires-push-up-temperatures-long-after-they-are-extinguished-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0g7bhkh"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230817-how-wildfires-push-up-temperatures-long-after-they-are-extinguished-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EExactly how stratospheric warming could affect weather, almost all of which occurs in the troposphere,&nbsp;is not yet known, however. Changes in the heat of the stratosphere in turn changes the circulation of winds, says Karen Rosenlof&nbsp;of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)'s Chemical Sciences Laboratory. \"Changing the winds can change how waves propagate in the stratosphere, and that provides the feedbacks on the troposphere.\" But the impact on surface weather is \"going to depend on the distribution of the heating in the stratosphere, so it's not really possible to generalise\", she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The big thing we've already learnt is that wildfires can be important for several effects in the stratosphere,\" says Stocker. \"It's a big experiment. And in my opinion, I don't want to try out the changes. Researchers see there can already be harmful effects.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EAlbedo and evaporation\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWildfires can also influence climate back on the ground.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne mechanism involves changes to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fiopscience.iop.org\u002Farticle\u002F10.1088\u002F1748-9326\u002F9\u002F6\u002F065003\"\u003Ea landscapes' albedo\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, or ability to reflect light. In the aftermath of a fire, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fiopscience.iop.org\u002Farticle\u002F10.1088\u002F1748-9326\u002F9\u002F6\u002F065003\"\u003Echarred surfaces can reduce albedo, leading to an increase in surface warming\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Conversely, a reduced forest canopy can raise albedo by exposing more reflective entities such as grass or snow, leading to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC5859174\u002F\"\u003Ea cooling effect.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnother process involves the evaporation of water. Thriving plants release water from their leaves in a process known transpiration, and water also evaporates directly from the soil and canopies. The surrounding air is cooled as a result. But when wildfires suppress this, warming increases.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA 2019 study which investigated the interplay of these factors found that the&nbsp;\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41467-018-08237-z\"\u003Eaverage surface temperature can warm for at least five years after flames are extinguished\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.&nbsp;Reduced transpiration was found to be the main cause of this, says Zhihua Liu,&nbsp;an ecology researcher at&nbsp;the University of Montana and&nbsp;lead author of the study\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"If there are more frequent and severe fires in the future, this land surface warming may contribute to climate warming,\" he adds. \"However, the interactions among climate warming, vegetation dynamics, and fire are very complex, and yet to be fully understood.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E'\u003Cstrong\u003EIt\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E'\u003Cstrong\u003Es a big experiment\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E'\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWith wildfires impacting the climate system in so many ways, understanding the&nbsp;\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstorymaps.arcgis.com\u002Fstories\u002F4682a23f15ca4fc4913ecfdf54728e6e\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Edifferent interactions\u003C\u002Fa\u003E&nbsp;and timescales is essential for understanding their overall impact in the long term. \"We need to understand the net outcomes because we need to understand how fast to reduce our human CO2 emissions,\" says Stocker.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere are suggestions that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fresearch.noaa.gov\u002F2021\u002F05\u002F07\u002Fsimulated-geoengineering-evaluation-cooler-planet-but-with-side-effects\u002F\"\u003Esolar geoengineering\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which would simulate the cooling effects of volcano and wildfire smoke, could help address some of climate change's worst effects by artificially injecting aerosols into the stratosphere.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut doing so when we cannot yet fully model wildfires' myriad impacts would be unwise, Stocker says. \"At the moment, we don't know what geoengineering would do. [Studying wildfires] helps us to understand what changes there could be &ndash; but hopefully we won't try a big geoengineering scenario.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E--\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcloud.email.bbc.com\u002FSignUp10_08\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\" &ndash; a handpicked selection of stories from BBC \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFuture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Cem\u003Eand \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230817-how-wildfires-push-up-temperatures-long-after-they-are-extinguished-6"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2023-08-18T00:05:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"How Canada's wildfires are warming the stratosphere","headlineShort":"When wildfires reach the stratosphere","image":["p0g7b7bl"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z","Project":"wwverticals","Slug":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"64a461aca471ef30b9021812"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Extreme wildfires are increasing due to rising emissions, but they also disrupt the climate in return. Weighing up the overall impact, however, is tricker than it seems.","summaryShort":"Like volcanic eruptions, extreme wildfires could wreak havoc on the atmosphere","tag":["tag\u002Ffire","tag\u002Fnaturaldisaster","tag\u002Fclimatechange","tag\u002Fnews-features","tag\u002Fenvironment","tag\u002Fscience"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2023-08-17T23:01:46.572323Z","entity":"article","guid":"3449afe1-3a1c-47a4-a82f-c335cec0db65","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230817-how-wildfires-push-up-temperatures-long-after-they-are-extinguished","modifiedDateTime":"2023-08-18T10:08:21.55404Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230817-how-wildfires-push-up-temperatures-long-after-they-are-extinguished","cacheLastUpdated":1692601862367},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230816-the-farmers-boosting-crops-with-electricity":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20230816-the-farmers-boosting-crops-with-electricity","_id":"64dd565ba471ef0d612df592","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fsally-adee"],"bodyIntro":"Electrical horticulture is on the horizon, as farmers search for ways to boost productivity without harming the environment. Could we all be enjoying electrified vegetables soon?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe translucent orange cubes jiggle temptingly under the grow lights, looking for all the world like exotic confectionery, somewhere between gummy bears and Turkish delight. If it weren't for the vibrant green leaves poking out of the little air tunnels that perforate them, I might be tempted to pop one in my mouth when \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fplantae.org\u002Fmaddalena-salvalaio-plant-physiology-first-author\u002F\"\u003EMaddalena Salvalaio\u003C\u002Fa\u003E isn't looking. She seems to read my mind. \"We often have to remind visitors not to eat them,\" she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe cubes are made of hydrogel, a material with a network structure that holds liquid. It's more typically found in medical devices and nappies. But here, in the Plant Morphogenesis Laboratory at Imperial College London, Salvalaio &ndash; a research technician &ndash; and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.imperial.ac.uk\u002Fpeople\u002Fg.sena\"\u003EGiovanni Sena\u003C\u002Fa\u003E &ndash; a principal investigator &ndash; are using them to change the future of vertical farming. The secret sauce in this bold new approach is the electrodes that flank either side of each cube.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESalvalaio and Sena's experiment is one of a growing global constellation of projects that aim to boost agriculture using a variety of electrical interventions. The last decade or two have seen a proliferation of ways to electrically stimulate seeds, crops and fields: increasing yield under the influence of an electric field; shocking seeds to hasten germination; even zapping the water they are doused with. In the US, the National Science Foundation (NSF) has given \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fiucrc.nsf.gov\u002Fcenters\u002Fhigh-pressure-plasma-energy-agriculture-and-biomedical-technologies\u002F\"\u003Emillions of dollars\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to research the agricultural uses of cold plasma &ndash; essentially controlled lightning delivered at room temperature.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn China, the government is backing agricultural projects that use giant rigs to draw electricity into the soil \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.newscientist.com\u002Farticle\u002Fmg24332440-800-inside-chinas-attempt-to-boost-crop-yields-with-electric-fields\u002F\"\u003Eto boost crop yields\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. In Canada, a commercial grower has been experimenting with \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencenews.org\u002Farticle\u002Fcold-plasma-agriculture-sustainable-farms-fertilizer\"\u003Ecold plasma to fertilise its lettuces\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Now startups are entering the scene, like Vivent, a Swiss company whose \"EEG\" can eavesdrop on plants' inner electrical lives and is being aggressively courted by the ag industry. Even the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.livingetc.com\u002Fadvice\u002Fwhat-is-electro-culture-gardening\"\u003Eorganic gardening influencer community\u003C\u002Fa\u003E is sniffing around the trend.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe proliferation of new projects would look very familiar to the practitioners of a strange 19th Century obsession: electroculture, in which electricity was liberally applied to plants to make them produce better flowers, leaves and fruit, or even rid them of pests &ndash; with decidedly mixed results. (\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20230419-the-eccentric-pioneers-of-vegetable-electricity\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ERead more from BBC Future about the eccentric pioneers of vegetable electricity\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe new crop of researchers shuns the word \"electroculture\", favouring terms like \"smart farming\" or \"fourth agricultural revolution\". But the underlying mechanism remains the same, and advocates are united in the conviction that, after centuries in the desert, electricity for plants is finally ready to bear fruit. The hope is that these futuristic systems can be enlisted to combat the global food crisis &ndash; reducing the environmental consequences of mass scale agriculture.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EModern agriculture presents many environmental challenges. Based on an \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ipcc.ch\u002Fsite\u002Fassets\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F02\u002Far4-wg3-chapter8-1.pdf\"\u003Eestimate from 2005\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, globally, its various constituents may contribute to between 10-12% of greenhouse gas emissions each year. Production of the synthetic fertiliser created by the energy-guzzling Haber-Bosch process, which revolutionised farming in the early 20th Century, now accounts for hundreds of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41929-019-0280-0\"\u003Emillions of tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) per year\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Soil erosion from unregulated land use \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flordslibrary.parliament.uk\u002Fresearch-briefings\u002Flln-2020-0020\u002F\"\u003Eadds even more\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut the plant ecologist Nina Buchmann &ndash; who directs the World Food System Center at ETH Zurich, Switzerland &ndash; has little patience for critics. \"Sometimes I'm tempted to ask them: Did you eat something today?\" she \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.vontobel.com\u002Fen-int\u002Fimpact\u002Fhave-you-eaten-today-15028\u002F\"\u003Etold attendees\u003C\u002Fa\u003E at an agronomy awards ceremony organised by the investment company Vontobel. Agricultural companies are asked to thread a difficult needle: feed a fast-growing population but without polluting pesticides or fertiliser run-off, while lowering energy costs, using less land, and constantly increasing crop yields in an increasingly unpredictable, warming world.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMany researchers at the vanguard of the new wave of electrical agriculture think it can play a role in improving each of those aspects of food production.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230816-the-farmers-boosting-crops-with-electricity-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0g71dy1"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230816-the-farmers-boosting-crops-with-electricity-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EElectrifying yield \u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETo increase yield, some of the scientists are returning to inventions inspired by the \"electro-vegetometer\", invented by a French physicist in the 1780s &ndash; a kind of lightning rod that delivered atmospheric electricity to crops, often with less-than-desirable consequences. A more advanced version can be found in Beijing, where researchers have set up a rig that resembles the original device to infuse their plants with electricity. Unlike their predecessors, they \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs43016-021-00449-9\"\u003Ereported excellent results, notably on green beans\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in 2022.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the US, a number of institutions are trying to resurrect a different approach: artificial lightning. Lightning had long been understood to invigorate plants and even mushrooms. When the old electroculturists first tried to harness lightning's benefits centuries ago, however, dubious anecdotal results were all the approach \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20230419-the-eccentric-pioneers-of-vegetable-electricity\"\u003Ehad to recommend it\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The artificial version was as likely to smite the plant as to enliven it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut in the 20th Century, it became possible to deliver lightning more precisely. In nature, lightning generates plasma &ndash; superheated matter, usually several million degrees, that has formed into a kind of ionised gas. Cutting-edge tools from the microchip age have made it possible to wield the stuff at room temperature. Known as cold plasma, this approach to agriculture is \"an extremely active area right now,\" says Jose Lopez, a professor at Seton Hall University who recently completed his term as director of the plasma physics programme at the US National Science Foundation. He and Alexander Volkov, a biochemist at Oakwood University in Alabama, are among those who have embraced the growing agricultural trend of zapping young seeds with cold plasma in many forms.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn his experiments, Volkov saw increases in harvest of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.google.com\u002Furl?q=https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1071\u002FFP20293&amp;sa=D&amp;source=docs&amp;ust=1689951669940362&amp;usg=AOvVaw390ODmaT6-2Uqs2MjnxIwx\"\u003E20\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.publish.csiro.au\u002Ffp\u002FFP20293\"\u003E-75%\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cspan\u003E,\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.publish.csiro.au\u002Ffp\u002FFP20293\"\u003E depending on the plant\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Treating seeds in plasma for less than a minute led to a 40% increase in potato harvests. \"One cabbage farm let us experiment, to get statistics,\" says Volkov. \"We increased cabbage production by 75%. It also tasted better.\" The flavour, he said, was sweeter.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EVolkov was not alone. A smattering of seed-zapping studies have reported a range of benefits, from helping plants grow \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fsrep13033\"\u003Efaster\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1002\u002Fppap.202000181\"\u003Ebigger\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to resisting pests.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The plasma acts by waking up the seed, to the best of our knowledge,\" explains Lopez. When seeds are first germinating, that's when the new plant is most vulnerable to a wide range of environmental stressors. As a consequence, the seed refuses to open until it&rsquo;s happy with its environment. Hurrying along this process has been standard practice in agriculture for a long time, though it has more typically been accomplished through chemical means like acids. Plasma seems to do the same thing, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Farticles\u002F10.3389\u002Ffphy.2021.617345\u002Ffull\"\u003Ebut much more effectively\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \"It perforates the seed wall, and when you plant that seed, it is better able to take up water and soil,\" says Lopez. \"After you treat them for just a few seconds, that plant grows faster than untreated seeds.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPlasma even appears to invigorate already-grown plants, says Lopez, whose own group at NSF used a precision tool called a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fnews050919-13\"\u003Eplasma pencil\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to spot-treat sweet basil plants. The plasma stimulated more robust and healthy growth, bestowing a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1140\u002Fepjd\u002Fs10053-023-00633-5\"\u003E20% increase in not just the height but the overall mass of the plant\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The results are remarkable,\" says Lopez &ndash; though there is the small matter of how \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Farticles\u002F10.3389\u002Ffphy.2021.617345\u002Ffull\"\u003Ewe&rsquo;re still not entirely sure how any of this works\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, especially when it comes to electricity&rsquo;s interaction with whole plants. Volkov is on the hunt for molecular mechanisms responsible for the seed boosts. The NSF, in 2017, awarded a multi-university group, which included Volkov, a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.uah.edu\u002Fnews\u002Fresearch\u002Fuah-leading-effort-that-secures-20-million-grant-from-the-national-science-foundation\"\u003E$20m (&pound;15.7m) grant\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to work it out. In 2022, it added another $20m.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECreeping doubts\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis uncertainty goes some way to explaining why electricity in agriculture still has its share of doubters. Sceptics object that, 200 years after the first Victorians \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F28963966\u002F\"\u003Ezapped their perennials\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to unscientific success, it is still poorly understood how exactly electricity interacts with plant biology. This \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwarwick.ac.uk\u002Ffac\u002Fcross_fac\u002Fiatl\u002Freinvention\u002Farchive\u002Fvolume2issue1\u002Fkinahan\u002F\"\u003Esame back-and-forth has emerged\u003C\u002Fa\u003E every time electroculture has come back into vogue since the 1700s, driving it back into useless obscurity.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230816-the-farmers-boosting-crops-with-electricity-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0g71ccd"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230816-the-farmers-boosting-crops-with-electricity-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\"We have known for decades and decades that electric fields enhance plant growth,\" says Sena. The problem is that this data has never been fully reproduced; experiments were done under varying conditions. And after 200 years of being told \"we zapped things and they grew more\", Sena says, people can be forgiven for a bit of impatience. \"Of course they grew more! But do you understand why?\" he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut to turn this intervention into a technologically sound method, it helps to understand the fundamental science.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EUnpicking the molecular mechanism of a plant&rsquo;s response to an electrical field is the crux of the work Sena&rsquo;s group undertakes at Imperial. Among others, they have begun to zero in on an underappreciated aspect of this response: the plant's own internally generated electrical signals. Plants send myriad of these at every growth stage and in every part of their anatomy. In a recent review, Eleonora Moratto, a doctoral student in Sena's lab, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.liebertpub.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1089\u002Fbioe.2023.0001\"\u003Eitemised the wide variety of\u003C\u002Fa\u003E them. Seedlings show a spike in electrical current before the emergence of roots. Grown plants send electrical signals both in response to predation and to identify themselves to friends. The distinctive shape of a flowers' electric field may identify it to favoured pollinators, but as Moratto also found, the bioelectrical characteristics of its roots also \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fiopscience.iop.org\u002Farticle\u002F10.1088\u002F1478-3975\u002Face751\"\u003Emight make \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fiopscience.iop.org\u002Farticle\u002F10.1088\u002F1478-3975\u002Face751\"\u003Ethem \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fiopscience.iop.org\u002Farticle\u002F10.1088\u002F1478-3975\u002Face751\"\u003Etempting targets for \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fiopscience.iop.org\u002Farticle\u002F10.1088\u002F1478-3975\u002Face751\"\u003Eharmful \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fiopscience.iop.org\u002Farticle\u002F10.1088\u002F1478-3975\u002Face751\"\u003Emicrobes\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETools capable of listening to and deciphering this cacophony of signals have proliferated. Even so, in a 2021 review of the state-of-the-art in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubs.acs.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1021\u002Facs.chemrev.1c00525\"\u003Ebioelectronic implantable devices for plants\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, Eleni Stavrinidou and her co-authors at Link&ouml;ping University, Sweden pointed out that these remain underutilised, even though they would be extremely helpful at monitoring and modulating crop biology. This year the World Economic Forum named \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.weforum.org\u002Freports\u002Ftop-10-emerging-technologies-of-2023\u002Fin-full\"\u003Eplant wearables a top 10 technologies of 2023\u003C\u002Fa\u003E for their potential to improve agriculture. This is precisely what some commercial growers and startups are trying to use them for.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cspan\u003E&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWearables for plants \u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFew places take crops \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.economist.com\u002Feurope\u002F2023\u002F03\u002F23\u002Fthe-cucumber-saudis-how-the-dutch-got-too-good-at-farming\"\u003Emore seriously than The Netherlands\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Their greenhouses can look more like microchip fabrication plants than garden centres. That's certainly true of Tomatoworld, an 8,000 sq m (86,000sq ft) , high-tech research greenhouse facility in Honselersdijk, Holland, where the gardeners wear lab coats. \"If you could see how we produce tomatoes now&hellip;.\" says Ab van Marrjewik, who has made his living as a tomato grower for 47 years. That can be a hard task at scale: tomatoes require particular temperatures, and to grow to their full potential they need to avoid stresses.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETomatoworld is trialling a cutting-edge technology, a kind of \"EEG\" for tomatoes. The technology, called PhytlSigns &ndash; made by Vivent, a plant technology business based in Switzerland &ndash; uses the plant equivalent of an implanted brain electrode to listen to the signals in the stem. Together with deep learning algorithms trained on the plant electrical signalling literature, this system forms the basis of a kind of plant-to-English translator. The point of this is to give greenhouse operators access to the plant&rsquo;s own early warning systems that indicate thirst or pest infection &ndash; before they are bad enough to require major disruptive intervention. Tomatoworld placed the first of its experimental sensors in 2021, and the following year it says it began to see results.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe PhytlSigns interface, which looks a bit like a heart monitor, codes a plant's squiggly electrical activity into three easily understood bands: green means the tomato plant is having a normal day &ndash; experiencing agreeable temperatures, absorbing enough water, and taking in normal amounts of CO2. Yellow indicates some kind of stress. If you see orange, everyone has to stop what they&rsquo;re doing and figure out what went wrong.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis Rosetta stone, van Marrewijk hopes, will help growers like him to understand how his baby plum tomatoes feel about the technological interventions that are set to populate the agricultural future.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor van Marrewijk at least, the tomato EEG seems to be working. One Saturday morning at 5:30am, the temperature in the greenhouse dipped to 12C (56F), from the prescribed constant of 15-16C (59-43F). A later review of the PhytlSigns readouts showed the as the greenhouse temperature dropped below the plants' comfort zone, the amplitude and frequency of their electrical signals charted a steady rise from happy green into alarmed yellow.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230816-the-farmers-boosting-crops-with-electricity-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0g71n39"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230816-the-farmers-boosting-crops-with-electricity-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe early sensors were a crude way of eavesdropping on the plant signals, says Nigel Wallbridge, chief scientist at Vivent. \"It's a bit like listening to a football crowd rather than an individual conversation,\" he says. Two years later, however, while the sensors remain at their listening posts at Tomatoworld, upgraded versions have proliferated beyond tomatoes and into the world beyond the greenhouse. \"We are doing way more outdoors now,\" says Wallbridge. \"Sugarbeet, potatoes, we are even listening to the signals in seeds.\" A range of new partners have snaffled PhytlSigns sensors into their own field trials in Italy, Germany, France, the UK, the Netherlands and Sweden. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Finformaconnect.com\u002Fvivent-partners-with-bayer-to-help-growers-secure-yields\u002F\"\u003EAgricultural giant Bayer is among them\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne of the most welcome new signals is a plant&rsquo;s \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.agric.wa.gov.au\u002Fspring\u002Fmanaging-powdery-mildew-wheat\"\u003Eresponse to mildew\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which can be devastating. \"Once you can see it, your crop is already gone,\" says Wallbridge. After an airborne spore lands, it only takes a few days to progress to an incurable disease, at which point you have to raze the whole crop. \"You can only prevent it, never cure\". Preventive measures include spraying every week with a toxic chemical, whether there is evidence of infestation or not. Being able to tap into the plant&rsquo;s own defence signals instead of relying on visible evidence is a game changer, Wallbridge says. \"That opens the way for treatments that don&rsquo;t involve constant pre-emptive spraying\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EVivent also shares its data with universities, which yields even more insight. When Kavya Sai and her colleagues at the National Institute of Technology Jalandhar, in Punjab drilled down into the signals obtained by PhytlSigns, they were able to detect \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS0981942822003333\"\u003Eand classify specific nutrient deficiencies\u003C\u002Fa\u003E with high accuracy. \"Plants leave testimonies of their underlying physical state in their electrophysiological data,\" the authors wrote, revealing information as specific as iron and manganese deficiencies.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWallbridge thinks this is why wearable technology for plants will play such a crucial role in the coming electrical revolution in agriculture. &ldquo;We have drones, satellites, and soil sensors, but none of those gives you access to the plant&rsquo;s internal state,&rdquo; he says. Eavesdropping on these is powerful because it makes it &nbsp;possible to use less of everything. Targeting specific nutrient deficiencies lets you use less fertiliser, which will mean fewer nitrates leaching into the groundwater. \"You can start using the right amounts if you know exactly what the plants actually need and when they need it,\" he says, be that water, pest control, food &ndash; even land.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe sky is the limit\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EUnlike other needs, however, you can&rsquo;t just make more land. For a long time, the best answer to this problem has been the promise of vertical farming, which would allow crops to grow on any surface.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere's just one problem, says Sena. What we call vertical farming is a bit of a misnomer. We are not growing plants vertically; we are vertically stacking narrow boxes of horizontal growth on top of each other.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThat's because roots don&rsquo;t do vertical. Roots obey the law of gravity. They seek water and they seek \"down\". This is why, incidentally, it is very difficult to grow plants with many roots in space. Without gravity, roots wander all over the place, making it logistically difficult to feed them adequately.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhat if vertical farming literally did what it says on the tin? What if it was possible to grow crops and trees whose roots extended lengthwise instead of down?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ERoots grow down because the living organism senses the pull of the gravitational field and the presence of water and coordinates its tissue to follow. However, that's not all roots can sense. They can also sense electric fields. What's more, that sense may be able to override the others. Scientists have understood for the past 100 years that under an electric field, anything will crawl toward the cathode end. This phenomenon, increasingly well \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.the-scientist.com\u002Freading-frames\u002Fthe-skin-battery-70964\"\u003Eunderstood in medicine for wound healing\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, has now become a hot topic in plant research as well: an electric field has veto power over &nbsp;roots' response to the gravitational field.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELast year Salvalaio and Sena showed for the first time in precise molecular detail how to use specific doses of electricity to make \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Facademic.oup.com\u002Fplphys\u002Farticle\u002F188\u002F3\u002F1604\u002F6459184\"\u003Ethe Arabidopsis plant\u003C\u002Fa\u003E re-orient the direction of its root growth. In other words, they made it grow how they wanted it to grow.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHence those tasty-looking cubes. Salvalaio and Sena partnered with the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.imperial.ac.uk\u002Fpeople\u002Fconnor.myant\"\u003EDyson School of Design Engineering\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in London to develop the special 3D-printed patterned hydrogel cubes, capable of housing the growing \u003Cem\u003EArabidopsis \u003C\u002Fem\u003Eplants &ndash; and the electrodes that will guide their roots' growth into the sideways position. The bright green leaves make it clear that the aerating tunnels have proven a nurturing environment. Their roots snake thickly throughout.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESalvalaio aims to start zapping later this summer. If things go well, saying \"the sky is the limit\" would be an understatement. \"Being able to control the direction of root growth would mean we could grow trees from the ceiling as well as a wall,\" says Sena. With this new electrical breakthrough, it would even be possible to grow trees in zero-gravity environments. Perhaps soon there will be trees on the International Space Station (ISS), or forests on the moon.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E&nbsp;or&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story,&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcloud.email.bbc.com\u002FSignUp10_08\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\" &ndash; a handpicked selection of stories from BBC&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFuture\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E,&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E,&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E,&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E&nbsp;\u003Cem\u003Eand&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E&nbsp;delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230816-the-farmers-boosting-crops-with-electricity-6"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2023-08-17T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"The farmers boosting crops with electricity","headlineShort":"Why this 1700s trend is coming back","image":["p0g71jtr"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z","Project":"wwverticals","Slug":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"64a461aca471ef30b9021812"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Electrical horticulture is on the horizon, as farmers search for ways to boost productivity without harming the environment. Could we all be enjoying electrified vegetables soon?","summaryShort":"Electrical horticulture is on the horizon. Could it boost productivity?","tag":["tag\u002Fplant","tag\u002Ffood","tag\u002Fenvironment"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2023-08-16T23:05:45.685292Z","entity":"article","guid":"483671df-fad5-4a3a-ae7b-43d6d923b746","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230816-the-farmers-boosting-crops-with-electricity","modifiedDateTime":"2023-08-17T16:17:19.905772Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230816-the-farmers-boosting-crops-with-electricity","cacheLastUpdated":1692601862368},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230815-how-undersea-sounds-help-us-understand-ocean-life":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20230815-how-undersea-sounds-help-us-understand-ocean-life","_id":"64dc0ab6a471ef2ea1438d89","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fkatherine-latham"],"bodyIntro":"Scientists have long listened to the ocean, but new technology is helping to piece together a far more complex picture of life beneath the waves. Here, BBC Future lets you listen in.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EBeneath the surface, a ruckus fills the ocean. Clicks, grunts and barks of countless species make up the marine soundscape &ndash; a chorus to which humans are often oblivious. Below, you can hear some of these for yourself via sound recordings researchers have made of ocean life.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.fisheries.noaa.gov\u002Finsight\u002Funderstanding-sound-ocean\"\u003ESound is essential\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to many marine animals and one of the main tools they use to survive in the ocean. Light reaches just a few hundred feet below the surface of the water, but sound can travel much \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Foceanservice.noaa.gov\u002Ffacts\u002Fsound.html\"\u003Efarther and faster\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in water than it does in the air. Some sounds, particularly low-frequency ones like those made by whales, can cover vast distances &ndash; travelling for \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbcearth.com\u002Fnews\u002Fthe-loudest-voice-in-the-animal-kingdom\"\u003Ethousands of kilometres\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.fisheries.noaa.gov\u002Finsight\u002Funderstanding-sound-ocean\"\u003Eacross entire ocean basins\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230815-how-undersea-sounds-help-us-understand-ocean-life-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Scientists believe just 10% of ocean species have been found, with around two million remaining undiscovered","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230815-how-undersea-sounds-help-us-understand-ocean-life-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EThe ocean covers almost two thirds of world's surface and plays a critical role in supporting life on our planet &ndash; from the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Foceanexplorer.noaa.gov\u002Ffacts\u002Foceanproduction.html\"\u003Eair we breathe\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and the food we eat, to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Foceanexplorer.noaa.gov\u002Ffacts\u002Fclimate.html\"\u003Eweather and climate patterns\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. But there are still huge gaps in our knowledge of ocean life. Scientists believe&nbsp;just \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ox.ac.uk\u002Fnews\u002F2023-04-27-oxford-university-joins-largest-ever-ocean-survey-global-effort-save-marine-life\"\u003E10% of ocean species have been found, with around two million remaining undiscovered\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EEven as we uncover new species, however, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS0065288122000177?via%253Dihub\"\u003Emarine life is being damaged\u003C\u002Fa\u003E by \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Farticles\u002F10.3389\u002Ffmars.2021.770805\u002Ffull\"\u003Eoverfishing, pollution and climate change\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. A lack of knowledge of ocean life is considered \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fbs.amb.2022.09.002\"\u003Eone of the biggest barriers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to restoring this marine biodiversity.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EIn recent years, new technologies &ndash; especially artificial intelligence &ndash; have allowed researchers to begin listening in to the songs of the ocean in a way they never have before. Recordings of already-known species are helping them to monitor changes in ocean ecosystems due to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdosits.org\u002Funderwater-sound-and-coral-reef-restoration\u002F\"\u003Eclimate change\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and other \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdukespace.lib.duke.edu\u002Fdspace\u002Fbitstream\u002Fhandle\u002F10161\u002F15813\u002FStanistreet%2520et%2520al%25202017.pdf?sequence=1\"\u003Ehuman impacts\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Meanwhile, others are as-yet unidentified. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Foceancensus.org\"\u003ENew aquatic species are being discovered\u003C\u002Fa\u003E all the time, providing valuable information on ocean communities &ndash; and the biodiversity which is essential for all life on Earth.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EIn this piece, BBC Future Planet delves into some of the most fascinating recordings from beneath the waves, and allows you to hear them for yourself.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EAn explosion of sound\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EOf the almost \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.marinespecies.org\u002Faphia.php?p=stats\"\u003E250,000 known marine species\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, scientists think \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fphys.org\u002Fnews\u002F2023-04-fish-bay-moon-odd-songs.html\"\u003Eall fully-aquatic marine mammals emit sounds\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, as well as at least 100 invertebrates and 1,000 fish species.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EFish and invertebrates use sound for basic life functions &ndash; take the tiny \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20230519-the-sound-recordings-used-to-coax-back-species\"\u003Eoyster larvae which use sound to guide them to a healthy reef\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Cetaceans (whales, dolphins, and porpoises), meanwhile, have \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.fisheries.noaa.gov\u002Finsight\u002Funderstanding-sound-ocean\"\u003Eevolved over millions of years\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to use a variety of complex sounds to help them navigate, communicate with each other and mate.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230815-how-undersea-sounds-help-us-understand-ocean-life-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0g6v3c6"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Researcher Steve Simpson says he has heard reefs both die and recover (Credit: Tim Lamont)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230815-how-undersea-sounds-help-us-understand-ocean-life-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EUnderwater sound recorders, known as hydrophones, offer researchers a low-cost, non-invasive way to monitor life in the world's murkiest marine environments. Hydrophones can be deployed for days or weeks at a time, giving scientists a real-time look at marine life behaviour, movements and response to environmental changes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003E\"If we concentrate when we're diving, we can hear animals all around us,\" says Steve Simpson, a professor of marine biology and global change at the University of Bristol in the UK. \"But when we put an underwater microphone into the reef it comes alive, giving us a whole new dimension.\" \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20220712-how-to-fix-our-ocean-noise-pollution-problem\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHow\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E to fix our ocean noise problem\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20230519-the-sound-recordings-used-to-coax-back-species\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe scientists coaxing back nature with sound\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20230725-seawilding-the-scottish-community-reviving-a-loch\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESeawilding: the Scottish community reviving a loch\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003ETo begin with hydrophones were prohibitively expensive, says Simpson, but prices have dropped \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fzslpublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1002\u002Frse2.249\"\u003Ein the past decade\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and it's become possible for researchers to have 20 or 30 hydrophones. There are now thousands of underwater recorders in the world's oceans. And, this year, saw a world first collaboration in underwater sound recording.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EOn 8 June, scientists all around the world took part in a global study of aquatic sound for \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwo-pam.com\"\u003EWorld Oceans Passive Acoustic Monitoring Day\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Researchers compared audio from over 250 sites, creating a snapshot of the global ocean soundscape at one moment in time.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EThere has also been a \"gold rush\" of other sensory research in the decades since Simpson first started listening to the ocean, he says, with researchers observing how underwater creatures use everything from \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedaily.com\u002Freleases\u002F2021\u002F02\u002F210224100901.htm\"\u003Esmell\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cell.com\u002Fcurrent-biology\u002Ffulltext\u002FS0960-9822(21)00476-0\"\u003Emagnetism\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbioone.org\u002Fjournals\u002Fchelonian-conservation-and-biology\u002Fvolume-10\u002Fissue-1\u002FCCB-0888.1\u002FSun-Compass-Orientation-by-Juvenile-Green-Sea-Turtles-Chelonia-mydas\u002F10.2744\u002FCCB-0888.1.short\"\u003Esolar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1111\u002Ffog.12521\"\u003Elunar compasses\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to navigate their world.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe sounds of the reef\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003ETeeming with life, a healthy coral reef is one of the noisiest places in the ocean. Listening to the presence or absence of noises made by various creatures can give a good indication of whether it is healthy or degraded.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230815-how-undersea-sounds-help-us-understand-ocean-life-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Video","iFrameType":"","videoImageAlign":"centre","videoUrn":["p0g6v7fz"],"id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230815-how-undersea-sounds-help-us-understand-ocean-life-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003E\"When we listen to a reef, we hear lots of species at the same time &ndash; often animals we can't see,\" says Simpson. \"A soundscape is an acoustic register of species, which is a really powerful way for us to measure biodiversity.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EThe above healthy reef recording is full of snapping shrimp crackle &ndash; a sound that defines healthy reefs and that disappeared when a large portion of the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-australia-38127320\"\u003EGreat Barrier Reef died in 2015&ndash;16\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003ESimpson began researching the lifecycle of coral reef fish 25 years ago. \"It turned out there was a lot we didn't know,\" he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EFor example, adult coral reef fish live on the reefs, but they produce eggs and larvae that develop out in the open ocean. The larvae \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.the-scientist.com\u002Fnotebook\u002Fscientists-use-sound-to-attract-baby-oysters-70326\"\u003Ethen return to the coral reef habitats\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, often the same reefs they started on. \"The question was how? What kind of sensory world do they live in that would allow them to choose where and when they wanted to make a reef their home. That's a bit of a big ask of a three-week-old animal,\" says Simpson.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230815-how-undersea-sounds-help-us-understand-ocean-life-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The break-neck speed artificial intelligence is moving at is removing data-processing as a bottleneck, and enabling researchers to analyse far more samples collected by more hydrophones","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230815-how-undersea-sounds-help-us-understand-ocean-life-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003ESimpson says his team has \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pnas.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1073\u002Fpnas.1719291115\"\u003Eheard reefs die\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, but also \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbesjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1111\u002F1365-2664.14089\"\u003Erecover\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003E\"Healthy, vibrant environments start to go quiet, sometimes before you see the change,\" he says. \"You're hearing them dying on the inside. Then you see more obvious bright, colourful animals decline afterwards... Where we are setting up marine protected areas, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbesjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1111\u002F1365-2664.14089\"\u003Ewe hear the communities return\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. We hear the vibrancy of the reef come back.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EDamselfish are also prevalent at most coral reefs &ndash; and are used as indicator species for both healthy and degraded reefs. The various sounds heard from different species of damselfish in particular can tell us a lot about the health of an ecosystem.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003E\"The overfishing of mesopredators, like snapper and grouper, causes herbivorous damselfish populations to increase, while some species of herbivorous damselfish will actively kill coral to grow their algae gardens,\" says Munger. If too many herbivorous damselfish can be heard, scientists can tell the reef is in trouble.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EOcean languages\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EScientists have also been able to link the various noises of a single species not only to their presence, but to their specific behaviours.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EThe recording below is an aggressive territorial display from a dominant female clown fish, defending her anemone on the reef in Moorea, French Polynesia.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003E\"By listening to reefs, we realised we could start to unlock their language,\" says Simpson. \"We've been focusing on clownfish to decode the acoustic language that they use to look after each other, to beat each other up, to attract their mates, to look after their offspring and so on.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230815-how-undersea-sounds-help-us-understand-ocean-life-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Video","iFrameType":"","videoImageAlign":"centre","videoUrn":["p0g6v921"],"id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230815-how-undersea-sounds-help-us-understand-ocean-life-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EScientists have also learned a lot about the complex behaviours of the damselfish through listening to their sounds, another factor which helps in their use as indicator species.\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EThe sound in the clip below is called a pulse train &ndash; associated with the courtship display of the male damselfish.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230815-how-undersea-sounds-help-us-understand-ocean-life-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Video","iFrameType":"","videoImageAlign":"centre","videoUrn":["p0g6vt65"],"id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230815-how-undersea-sounds-help-us-understand-ocean-life-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EThe sergeant major, a species of damselfish, creates a noise by snapping its pharyngeal teeth together and the resulting sound is resonated by the swim-bladder, says Jill Munger, a marine acoustics analyst at the non-profit \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fconservationmetrics.com\u002F\"\u003EConservation Metrics\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. This creates pops and clicks which are generally associated with aggressive behaviour and nest defence.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003ENesting sergeant majors lay their eggs on open reef and then terrorise anything that comes near with these \"booming chirps and aggressive chasing\", says Simpson.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230815-how-undersea-sounds-help-us-understand-ocean-life-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Video","iFrameType":"","videoImageAlign":"centre","videoUrn":["p0g6v9c6"],"id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230815-how-undersea-sounds-help-us-understand-ocean-life-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EListening to the same habitat over time is also revealing the cyclic behaviour of damselfish. \"We realised there are \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fprogrammes\u002Farticles\u002F34j4WPCGZnFJvj2Xq9NGK7M\u002Fcreating-an-underwater-soundscape\"\u003Eday-night cycles, and dawn and dusk choruses\u003C\u002Fa\u003E,\" says Simpson. The fish school together during feeding, then \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.marinebio.org\u002Fspecies\u002Fsergeant-majors\u002Fabudefduf-saxatilis\u002F\"\u003Edisperse at night\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to hide from nocturnal predators.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA wealth of ocean data\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EHydrophones have been used by scientists to record sounds such as those above for decades, but now artificial intelligence is allowing the analysis of huge amounts of data in a matter of moments. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003E\"We are no longer in a position where we have students sitting with headphones, listening to recordings and noting down what they detect,\" says Simpson. \"With machine learning, we can listen to 10 years of data &ndash; or recordings from all over the world from a particular moment in time &ndash; simultaneously.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EThe break-neck speed artificial intelligence is moving at is therefore removing data-processing as a bottleneck and enabling researchers to analyse far more samples collected by more hydrophones, adds Munger. \"The more instruments we can get in the water, the more recordings we can collect from a wider variety of places and for longer periods of time too,\" she say, adding that this is also allowing replication and thus leading to better statistical power of research than ever before. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EResearchers are also exploring how \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS1470160X22004575?via=ihub\"\u003EAI can be used to livestream and analyse recordings\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in real time, says Simpson.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230815-how-undersea-sounds-help-us-understand-ocean-life-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"We've heard what happens when humans change their behaviour. We've heard what happens when we restore habitats – Steve Simpson","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230815-how-undersea-sounds-help-us-understand-ocean-life-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EAnnie Innes-Gold\u003Cstrong\u003E,\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E a PhD student at the Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, collects fish acoustic data from the seas around&nbsp;Hawai'i.&nbsp;She is examining how environmental variables such as temperature changes or nutrient fluctuations might affect vegetation patterns and fish populations.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003ETo do this, Innes-Gold has constructed three artificial reefs made out of cinder blocks in Kāne'ohe Bay, on the windward side of O'ahu. She uses hydrophones &ndash; and AI &ndash; to listen in on them.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003E\"I'll leave the hydrophones for a month and they record sounds throughout the whole time,\" she says. \"Then I pick them up and offload the data. It's a way to get a lot more information without being physically present.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230815-how-undersea-sounds-help-us-understand-ocean-life-16"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0g6v2tp"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Annie Innes-Gold collects fish acoustic data from the seas around Hawai'i, where she has heard multiple \"mystery fish\" she has not been able to identify (Credit: Annie Innes Gold)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230815-how-undersea-sounds-help-us-understand-ocean-life-17"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EMunger from \u003Cspan\u003EConservation Metrics\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E analyses Innes-Gold's sounds using AI. Initially, she inputs just a fraction of the sounds as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20230717-what-you-should-know-about-artificial-intelligence-from-a-z\"\u003Etraining data\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The AI then learns from this what it is listening for and identifies similar sounds from a whole month or more of recordings.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EThe AI can also calculate a visual representation of sound using spectrograms, says Munger. You can see and hear this in the video below:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230815-how-undersea-sounds-help-us-understand-ocean-life-18"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Video","iFrameType":"","videoImageAlign":"centre","videoUrn":["p0g6wctf"],"id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230815-how-undersea-sounds-help-us-understand-ocean-life-19"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003ESpectrograms show frequency on the (vertical) y-axis, which can be thought of as the pitch of the sound, and time on the (horizontal) x-axis, representing the length of the sound. The energy, or loudness, of sound is represented by the brightness of the colour.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003E\"If we translate the sound into spectrograms, we can then use image classification machine learning models to analyse much larger datasets than if we were to listen manually to all the recordings,\" Munger says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe unknown depths\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EThe spectrogram above is of a \"mystery fish\" &ndash; meaning Munger has not been able to identify it. It could be a known species of fish or a one new to science &ndash; or it might not be a fish at all. Whatever it is, it's very common at one of Innes-Gold's research sites but not at another site nearby. Many of Innes-Gold's recordings are of mystery species.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003E\"The unknown sounds part of acoustics research is really a difficult problem that everybody's running into,\" says Munger. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EBut by sharing information, she says, it's a lot easier to piece together the puzzle. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EInnes-Gold's recordings will be part of the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Farticles\u002F10.3389\u002Ffevo.2022.810156\u002Ffull\"\u003EGlobal Library of Underwater Biological Sounds (Glubs)\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, an upcoming open-access online platform designed to collate global information on marine soundscapes. The library will allow researchers to share their data and compare recordings from all over the world.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EAnother mystery, the trumpeting sound of the \"cascading saw\" is incredibly prolific at one of Innes-Gold's sites and at a comparison site in Hawaii. It is also incredibly prolific in Palmyra Atoll and possibly in the Red Sea.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230815-how-undersea-sounds-help-us-understand-ocean-life-20"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Video","iFrameType":"","videoImageAlign":"centre","videoUrn":["p0g6vz53"],"id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230815-how-undersea-sounds-help-us-understand-ocean-life-21"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003E\"It might be a fish, but we don't know,\" says Munger. \"If it is a fish, it could be a new mechanism of sound production.\" \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EMunger identified thousands of examples of the cascading saw sound at Palmyra Atoll.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003E\"What is it and what is it doing at just one site? Was it a spawning aggregation? Are they there year-round? Is it a rare or a common species, a small or big species? This is a discovery waiting to happen.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA noisy competition\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EPassive acoustic monitoring like the examples above has been \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbesjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1111\u002F1365-2435.14275\"\u003Eshown to be an effective non-invasive technique\u003C\u002Fa\u003E for sampling aquatic systems &ndash; and is particularly useful in deep, dark, turbid and rapidly changing or remote locations.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230815-how-undersea-sounds-help-us-understand-ocean-life-22"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"calloutBodyHtml":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe emissions from travel it took to report this story were 0kg CO2. The digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per page view. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFind out more about how we calculated this figure here.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","calloutTitle":"Carbon Count","cardType":"CalloutBox","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230815-how-undersea-sounds-help-us-understand-ocean-life-23"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EIt is, however, becoming increasingly difficult to hear marine animals under the din of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20220712-how-to-fix-our-ocean-noise-pollution-problem\"\u003Eanthropogenic noise\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Cem\u003E(\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20220712-how-to-fix-our-ocean-noise-pollution-problem\"\u003ERead more about how we can fix our ocean noise problem\u003C\u002Fa\u003E)\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EStill, having witnessed ecosystems coming back from the brink, Simpson is hopeful.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003E\"We've heard what happens when humans change their behaviour. We've heard what happens when we restore habitats. We've heard glimpses of a future which isn't one we need to fear.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcloud.email.bbc.com\u002FSignUp10_08\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\" &ndash; a handpicked selection of stories from BBC \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFuture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Cem\u003Eand \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230815-how-undersea-sounds-help-us-understand-ocean-life-24"}],"collection":["future\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Ffuture-planet"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2023-08-16T00:05:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"The people eavesdropping on the ocean","headlineShort":"Sound recordings from beneath the sea","image":["p0g6v1r6"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Researcher Annie Innes-Gold deploys a hydrophone used to listen in on ocean sounds (Credit: Dava Watson)","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z","Project":"wwverticals","Slug":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"64a461aca471ef30b9021812"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Scientists have long listened to the ocean, but new technology is helping to piece together a far more complex picture of life beneath the waves. Here, BBC Future lets you listen in.","summaryShort":"We are hearing more of the deep ocean than ever before","tag":["tag\u002Foceans","tag\u002Focean","tag\u002Ffuture-planet","tag\u002Ffeatures","tag\u002Fenvironment","tag\u002Ffish","tag\u002Fsustainability","tag\u002Fsound"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2023-08-15T23:30:45.662709Z","entity":"article","guid":"9db2b76d-5b77-4c82-bba9-0d9e5a724f7a","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230815-how-undersea-sounds-help-us-understand-ocean-life","modifiedDateTime":"2023-08-16T09:40:29.370268Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230815-how-undersea-sounds-help-us-understand-ocean-life","cacheLastUpdated":1692601862368},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230815-the-ancient-tech-keeping-space-missions-alive":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20230815-the-ancient-tech-keeping-space-missions-alive","_id":"64dc0426a471ef2ea1438d87","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Frichard-hollingham"],"bodyIntro":"Some of the most famous space missions, including the two Voyager probes, have been exploring our Solar System for decades. The technology helping to keep them aloft, however, is not what you'd expect.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E4 June 1996, European space port, French Guiana&hellip;\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt took more than 10 years to design and build Europe's four identical Cluster satellites for launch; and just 39 seconds to lose them all in an enormous fireball.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETheir remains rained down over the South American jungle as the Ariane 5 rocket veered off course and exploded. VIPs who had been sipping champagne on the outdoor viewing gallery moments earlier were ushered back inside to avoid being injured by the falling debris.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe disaster was one of the European Space Agency's (Esa) \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20150505-the-numbers-that-lead-to-disaster\"\u003Emost visible and spectacular failures\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. But within months, work had begun on a replacement mission, Cluster II.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDesigned to fly in formation to investigate the interaction between charged particles from the Sun &ndash; the solar wind &shy;&ndash; and the magnetic bubble surrounding the Earth, known as the magnetosphere, Cluster II ranks as one of the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.esa.int\u002FScience_Exploration\u002FSpace_Science\u002FCluster\"\u003Emost successful and long-lasting science missions ever flown\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The satellites (named Rumba, Salsa, Samba and Tango, since you ask) have just celebrated 23 years in orbit.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The mission was only designed to last three years,\" says Cluster's mission operations manager at the European Space Operations Centre (Esoc) at Darmstadt in Germany, Bruno Sousa. \"It has a very enthusiastic group of scientists working on the mission &ndash; some of them are waiting for it to finally end so they can enjoy their retirement.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECluster is one of many missions still alive today thanks to the skill and ingenuity of the engineering and science teams behind them, problem-solving their way through glitches, malfunctions and near-catastrophic failures. This challenge of maintaining spacecraft long after their original best-before date was highlighted recently when \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fscience-environment-66408851\"\u003Econtrollers briefly lost contact\u003C\u002Fa\u003E with Voyager 2.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELaunched almost 46 years ago in 1977, the twin Voyager probes continue to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200908-the-weird-space-that-lies-outside-our-solar-system\"\u003Esend back data from beyond the Solar System\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EI checked with Nasa, which has assured me that the spacecraft are still being controlled from the same beige cubicle in an annex of its Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) that I visited in 2017, marked with a homemade cardboard sign reading: \"Mission critical hardware &ndash; PLEASE DO NOT TOUCH\". (\u003Cem\u003EYou can \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20170818-voyager-inside-the-worlds-greatest-space-mission\"\u003Eread the full story of the mission here\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and listen to a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fprogrammes\u002Fw3csvntg\"\u003Eradio programme I produced about it here\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe set-up will be familiar to the Cluster mission controllers, who have had to battle with 20th-Century ground control software built on an obsolete operating system.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\"\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003EWe've developed a complicated setup where we have modern Linux servers running a virtual environment with an emulator of the old operating system,\" says Sousa. \"The person running the software is part of the original team, he&rsquo;ll retire when the mission is over.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20170818-voyager-inside-the-worlds-greatest-space-mission\"\u003EVoyager: Inside the world's greatest space mission\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20230721-barbies-surprising-role-in-moon-exploration\"\u003EWhy Barbie is being caked in Moon dust\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20181206-the-rocket-tower-being-built-in-tropical-jungle\"\u003EThe rocket tower built in tropical jungle\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPower has also been an issue. The Cluster satellites are fitted with solar arrays for electricity but, twice a year, they pass into the Earth's shadow and need batteries to survive.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The batteries were only designed to last five years and after six we started to lose capacity,\" says Sousa. \"Then we had cracks and eventually leaks and they became completely unusable.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe solution was to power-down the satellites as they approach the eclipse and then send signals to reboot them in an automated sequence. It's like giving Cluster a factory reset twice a year. In fact, when it comes to spacecraft aftercare, the manufacturers are often asked to step in.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230815-the-ancient-tech-keeping-space-missions-alive-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0g6vzqq"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Launch of Cluster satellite at Baikonur (Credit: Getty Images)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230815-the-ancient-tech-keeping-space-missions-alive-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ETake Esa's 10m-long (33ft) XMM-Newton space telescope, for instance. Built by Airbus and designed to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.esa.int\u002FScience_Exploration\u002FSpace_Science\u002FXMM-Newton_overview\"\u003Einvestigate x-ray emissions from distant galaxies\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, over 24 years the giant telescope has observed black holes, witnessed the birth and death of stars and has helped transform our understanding of the invisible universe. But 10 years into its mission, it was showing its age.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELike many satellites, XMM-Newton has thrusters for manoeuvring and employs reaction wheels to keep it stable. Powered by the solar arrays, these wheels spin rapidly to create a force that causes the orbiter to rotate in the opposite direction. The telescope was designed to operate with three wheels, with a fourth as backup. But, like a struggling computer hard drive, after a decade these moving parts were wearing out.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ERather than wait until the reaction wheels gave up completely, mission controllers had the idea of activating the fourth wheel but running all the wheels at a slower speed.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"We designed the detailed algorithms and software and uploaded it to the spacecraft in 2013,\" explains UK-based Airbus engineer Patrick Chapman, who had worked on the XMM-Newton since 1995. \"It's still healthy and we're even saving fuel.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230815-the-ancient-tech-keeping-space-missions-alive-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"We had a lot of alarms going off and only three hours of power left on the satellite – Richard Southworth","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230815-the-ancient-tech-keeping-space-missions-alive-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EDeveloping the fix that saved the telescope played-out over several months but sometimes time is not an option.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAt 10.30am on 22 September 2021, the alarms went off in Esa's Integral mission control room at Esoc. A reaction wheel had stopped working on \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.esa.int\u002FScience_Exploration\u002FSpace_Science\u002FIntegral\"\u003Ethe 19-year-old gamma ray observatory\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, tripping the satellite into safe mode but, worse, sending it slowly spinning out of control.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"We had a lot of alarms going off and only three hours of power left on the satellite,\" says mission operations manager Richard Southworth.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"We were running out of power because it was rotating away from the Sun,\" adds spacecraft operations engineer Greta De Marco.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESouthworth says in some ways they were lucky. \"It was morning, we were all at work and, by chance, I was on a Zoom call with around 100 Airbus engineers so I could share the anomaly with them.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230815-the-ancient-tech-keeping-space-missions-alive-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0g6vzw1"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Saurn image from Voyager 2 (Credit: Nasa\u002FGetty Images)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230815-the-ancient-tech-keeping-space-missions-alive-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe team needed to buy time to work out how to tell the satellite where it was pointing, says De Marco. \"We took the decision to power down the instruments.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\"\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003EThe batteries were dying and I knew that if we had to rotate one more time, that would be it,\" says Southworth. \"At that point I was a bit pessimistic.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEventually, despite intermittent communications caused by the spinning, the team managed to adjust the speed of the other reaction wheels.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"That was the moment when I thought, this has to work or we're done for,\" says Southworth.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"After hours and hours, and a lot of people involved in the fight,\" says De Marco, \"we managed to get the satellite back under control.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230815-the-ancient-tech-keeping-space-missions-alive-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The original software for part of the onboard navigation system was running on a Windows 98 PC that no-one could find the password to","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230815-the-ancient-tech-keeping-space-missions-alive-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESince then, Integral has been operating well. But what if something goes wrong when your elderly spacecraft is around a distant world 150 million km (93 million miles) away?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELaunched in 2003, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.esa.int\u002FScience_Exploration\u002FSpace_Science\u002FMars_Express\"\u003EEsa's Mars Express\u003C\u002Fa\u003E was designed to orbit Mars for two years. After nearly 20, the mission has investigated the atmosphere and delivered stunning imagery of the Martian surface, as well as acting as a relay for a series of Nasa rovers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELike their colleagues, controllers have also had to cope with elderly computer systems. Following a glitch with its onboard computer, for instance, engineers worked out a new way of loading commands into the spacecraft's 2MB RAM memory (just by way of comparison, an iPhone 14 starts at 128GB &ndash; which is 64,000 times more memory).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThey also discovered that the original software for part of the onboard navigation system was running on a Windows 98 PC that no-one could find the password to and ended up using bolt cutters to extract the hard drives. But the biggest challenge came five years ago and, once again, it was a mechanical failure that threatened to bring the mission to an untimely end.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230815-the-ancient-tech-keeping-space-missions-alive-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0g6vzzs"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Voyager 2 control room in 1980 (Credit: Getty Images)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230815-the-ancient-tech-keeping-space-missions-alive-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMars Express is fitted with six gyroscopes to measure rotation. Together with two cameras &ndash; known as star trackers &ndash; these enable the spacecraft to determine its orientation in space. But by 2017 it was clear the gyros were failing.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"We had this big meeting to discuss the state of the spacecraft and it was concluded that it had two years left to live,\" says spacecraft operations engineer Simon Wood. \"It was a pretty depressing meeting to come out of.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFortunately, the spacecraft was built to a standard design which was also used for other missions including \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.esa.int\u002FScience_Exploration\u002FSpace_Science\u002FRosetta\"\u003Ethe cometary explorer, Rosetta\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Although Mars Express was never designed to operate without its gyros, Rosetta's software allowed \u003Cem\u003Eits\u003C\u002Fem\u003E gyros to be turned off. So, could they hack code designed more than 20 years ago for Rosetta and make it work for Mars Express?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\"\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003EMost of our colleagues thought we were mad because the very idea that you would go elbow deep into on-board software source code was almost unheard of,\" says Wood. \"But we stuck at it.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn 2018, they prepared to upload the software and reboot the spacecraft. \"The spacecraft hadn't been restarted from cold for 12 years, so it wasn't without its risks,\" Wood says. \"It works better than we ever dared hope and we now have a mission extension until 2028.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230815-the-ancient-tech-keeping-space-missions-alive-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"A lot of things have been built on heritage knowledge – Joseph Hunt","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230815-the-ancient-tech-keeping-space-missions-alive-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut another mission in orbit at Mars has lasted even longer. With 95,000 orbits on the clock, Nasa's \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmars.nasa.gov\u002Fodyssey\u002F\"\u003EOdyssey\u003C\u002Fa\u003E is the oldest operating spacecraft in orbit around another planet.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"I feel very fortunate to have such a robust robot at Mars,\" says mission project scientist Jeffrey Plaut, who calls the current phase a \"golden age\" of Mars exploration. \"The mission was only expected to last a handful of years and it's gratifying because it allows us to do science we never expected to do, in particular long-term monitoring of the weather and climate at Mars&hellip; it's really quite remarkable.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPlaut has been working on Odyssey since it arrived to Mars' orbit in 2001, but the current operations team, based at JPL in Pasadena, has only been on the mission for 18 months after the previous incumbents retired and passed on the baton, alongside decades of wisdom.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230815-the-ancient-tech-keeping-space-missions-alive-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0g6w018"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Impression of Mars Express craft (Credit: Esa\u002FGetty Images)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230815-the-ancient-tech-keeping-space-missions-alive-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMission manager Jared Call is responsible for keeping the spacecraft going as long as possible. Ideally longer than their Esa rival and, to be fair, partner. \"I don't know of a contest [with Mars Express], but if we're in one, I hope to win,\" laughs Call.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEventually though, both Mars orbiters will run out of fuel. \u003Cstrong\u003E\"\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003EThe spacecraft doesn't have a fuel gauge,\" says Call. \"The artistry involved in estimating propellant is probably three parts art, two parts math and one part engineering and physics.\"&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut however much artistry the mission controllers employ, all these missions will eventually come to an end. Except perhaps one. With their messages from Earth on a golden disc strapped to their sides, the twin Voyager spacecraft will continue their journey for millions of years&nbsp;&ndash; our legacy to the Universe long after we're gone.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcloud.email.bbc.com\u002FSignUp10_08\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\" &ndash; a handpicked selection of stories from BBC \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFuture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Cem\u003Eand \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230815-the-ancient-tech-keeping-space-missions-alive-14"}],"collection":["future\u002Fcolumn\u002Fspace-station"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2023-08-16T00:01:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"The ancient technology keeping space missions alive","headlineShort":"How decades-old PCs run space missions","image":["p0g6tjqh"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z","Project":"wwverticals","Slug":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"64a461aca471ef30b9021812"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Some of the most famous space missions have been running for decades. The technology helping to keep them aloft is anything but space age.","summaryShort":"Ancient computers are keeping spacecraft alive","tag":["tag\u002Fspace","tag\u002Fsolar-system","tag\u002Fsatellite","tag\u002Fnews-features"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2023-08-15T23:02:45.795569Z","entity":"article","guid":"be2cda28-3e5c-47b8-b621-3ab18585b177","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230815-the-ancient-tech-keeping-space-missions-alive","modifiedDateTime":"2023-08-16T15:28:17.303226Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230815-the-ancient-tech-keeping-space-missions-alive","cacheLastUpdated":1692601862369},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230803-the-town-where-people-live-underground":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20230803-the-town-where-people-live-underground","_id":"64cc32b2a471ef0d4311d5c7","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fzaria-gorvett"],"bodyIntro":"In one unusual outback town, everything is subterranean – from churches to campsites. As the world heads for 2.7C (4.9F) of global warming, should we be heading underground?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOn the long road towards central Australia, as you travel 848km (527 miles) north from Adelaide's coastal plains, is a scattering of enigmatic sand-pyramids. Around them, the landscape is utterly desolate &ndash; an endless expanse of salmon-pink dust, with the occasional determined shrub.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut as you venture further along the highway, more of these mystery constructions emerge &ndash; piles of pale earth, haphazardly scattered like long-forgotten monuments. Every now and then, there is a white pipe sticking up from the ground next to one.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThese are the first signs of Coober Pedy, an opal mining town with a population of around \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cooberpedy.com\u002Fabout-coober-pedy-2\u002F\"\u003E2,500 people\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Many of its little peaks are the waste soil from decades of mining, but they are also evidence of another local specialty &ndash; underground living.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn this corner of the world, 60% of the population inhabits homes built into the iron-rich sandstone and siltstone rock. In some neighbourhoods, the only signs of habitation are ventilation shafts sticking up, and the excess soil that has been dumped near entrances.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the winter, this troglodyte lifestyle may seem merely eccentric. But on a summer's day, Coober Pedy &ndash; loosely translated from an indigenous Australian term that means \"\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cooberpedy.sa.gov.au\u002Fexplore-coober-pedy\u002Fhistory\"\u003Ewhite man in a hole\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\" &ndash; needs no explanation: it regularly hits \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.britannica.com\u002Fplace\u002FCoober-Pedy\"\u003E52C (126F)\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, so hot that birds have been known to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20140818-brutal-climate-shiny-payday\"\u003Efall from the sky\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and electronics must be \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.independent.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fwoman-builds-cave-desert-australia-b2201946.html\"\u003Estored in fridges\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis year, the strategy seems more prescient than ever. In July, the city of Chongquing, in southwest China, resorted to opening up air raid shelters built during WW2 &ndash; amid large-scale \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.sagepub.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1177\u002F0096144215579056?journalCode=juha\"\u003Ebombing\u003C\u002Fa\u003E from Japan &ndash; to shelter citizens from a very different threat: a 10-day streak of weather above 35C (95F). Others have been retreating to underground \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-asia-china-62669737\"\u003E\"cave hotpot\" restaurants\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which are popular in the city. As \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20230714-how-texas-is-fighting-back-against-heatwaves\"\u003Ethe blistering three-month heatwave\u003C\u002Fa\u003E continues in the US &ndash; with \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.usatoday.com\u002Fstory\u002Fnews\u002Fnation\u002F2023\u002F07\u002F26\u002Fsaguaro-cactus-dying-arizona-heat-reuters\u002F70470713007\u002F\"\u003Etemperatures even cacti can't handle\u003C\u002Fa\u003E &ndash; and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fav\u002Fworld-europe-66222132\"\u003Ewildfires incinerate swathes of southern Europe\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, what could we learn from Coober Pedy's residents?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA long history\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECoober Pedy is not the world's first, or even its largest, subterranean settlement. People have been retreating underground to cope with challenging climates for thousands of years, from the human ancestors who dropped their tools in a South African cave \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS0277379121001141\"\u003Etwo million years ago\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, to the Neanderthals who created inexplicable piles of stalagmites in a French grotto during an ice age \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fnature18291\"\u003E176,000 years ago\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Even chimpanzees have been \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs10329-007-0038-1\"\u003Eobserved cooling down in caverns\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, to help them cope with the extreme daytime heat in southeastern Senegal.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230803-the-town-where-people-live-underground-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0g4pmdj"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230803-the-town-where-people-live-underground-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ETake Cappadocia, an ancient district of central Turkey. The region sits on an arid plateau, and is famous for its striking, almost fantasy geology, with a landscape of sculpted pinnacles, chimneys, and spires of rock, like a kingdom in a fairytale. But it is what's among these that is truly spectacular.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAccording to popular rumour, it all started with some disappearing chickens. In 1963, a man was knocking through the basement of his home when his poultry \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002Farticle\u002F20220810-derinkuyu-turkeys-underground-city-of-20000-people\"\u003Ekept going missing\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. He soon found they were disappearing into a hole he'd accidentally opened up, and after clearing the way, he followed them in. From there, things became even stranger. The man had discovered a secret passageway &ndash; a steep subterranean path that led to a labyrinth of niches and further corridors. This was one of many entrances to the lost city of Derinkuyu.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDerinkuyu is just one of hundreds of cave dwellings and several underground cities in the area, and is thought to have been built around the 8th Century BC. It was almost constantly inhabited for millennia &ndash; with its own ventilation shafts, wells, stables, churches, warehouses and a vast network of underground homes &ndash; and doubled as an emergency shelter for up to 20,000 people, in case of invasion.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELike at Coober Pedy, subterranean living helped the region's inhabitants to cope with the continental climate, which swings between hot, dry summers and frigid, snowy winters &ndash; while outside, it varies from well below zero to above 30C (86F), underground it is always 13C (55F). (\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ERead more about the ancient city of \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002Farticle\u002F20220810-derinkuyu-turkeys-underground-city-of-20000-people\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EDerinkuyu from BBC Travel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEven now, the region's man-made caves are renowned for their \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20190822-are-there-alternatives-to-air-conditioning\"\u003Epassive cooling abilities\u003C\u002Fa\u003E &ndash; a building technique involving using design choices instead of energy to reduce heat gain and loss. Today Cappadocia's ancient galleries and passages are piled high with thousands of tonnes of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Fcities\u002F2014\u002Fmay\u002F30\u002Fancient-underground-city-cappadocia-fruit-produce-warehouse\"\u003Epotatoes, lemons, cabbages\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and other produce that would otherwise need to be refrigerated. They are in such popular demand, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com\u002Fnatures-fridges-keeping-stuff-cool-in-cappadocia-64733\"\u003Enew ones are being built\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EAn effective solution\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFurther along the road to Coober Pedy is the main town. At first glance, it could be mistaken for an ordinary outback settlement &ndash; the streets are pink with dust, and there are restaurants, bars, supermarkets and petrol stations. On a ridge overlooking all this is the town's only tree, a sculpture made of metal. Coober Pedy is eerily empty. The buildings are widely spaced, and something doesn't quite add up.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut below ground, all is explained. Some of Coober Pedy's \"dugouts\", as they are known, are accessed through what look like small ordinary buildings &ndash; as you step inside, their underground passages gradually reveal themselves, like stepping through a wardrobe into Narnia. Others are more obvious &ndash; at Riba's, a campsite where people can pitch their tents in niches several metres below ground, the entrance is a dark tunnel.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230803-the-town-where-people-live-underground-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0g4ph95"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230803-the-town-where-people-live-underground-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn Coober Pedy, subterranean buildings must be at least four metres (13ft) deep, to prevent their \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gemsociety.org\u002Farticle\u002Fopal-mining-coober-pedy\u002F\"\u003Eroofs collapsing\u003C\u002Fa\u003E &ndash; and under this amount of rock, it is always a balmy 23C (73F). While above-ground residents must endure \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.domain.com.au\u002Fadvice\u002Fwhy-coober-pedy-is-the-opal-of-the-australian-desert-20161215-gtbrqe\u002F\"\u003Eoven-hot summers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and frigid winter nights, where it regularly dips to 2-3C (36-37F), subterranean homes remain at perfect room temperature, 24 hours a day, year-round.&nbsp;&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EApart from comfort, one major advantage of underground living is money. Coober Pedy generates all its own electricity &ndash; \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Freneweconomy.com.au\u002Fcoober-pedy-powered-by-100-per-cent-renewables-most-of-the-time-80275\u002F\"\u003E70% of which is powered by wind and solar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E &ndash; but running air conditioning is often impossibly expensive. \"To live above ground, you pay an absolute fortune for heating and cooling, when it's often above 50C (122F) in the summer\", says Jason Wright, a resident who runs Riba's.&nbsp;&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOn the other hand, many underground homes in Coober Pedy are relatively affordable. During a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.abc.net.au\u002Fnews\u002F2021-06-16\u002Fcoober-pedy-auction-results\u002F100217652\"\u003Erecent auction\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, the average three-bedroom house sold for around AU$40,000 (&pound;21,000 or US$26,000). Though many of these properties were extremely basic or in need of renovation, there's a large gap between these valuations and those in the nearest major city, Adelaide, where the average house price is AU$700,000 (&pound;361,000 or US$457,000). Other benefits include zero insects &ndash; \"when you get to the door flies jump off your back, they don't want to come into the dark and the cold,\" says Wright &ndash; and a lack of sound and light pollution.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOddly, the subterranean lifestyle might also provide some protection against earthquakes, which Wright describes as producing a vibrating noise that builds to a crescendo, then rolls through to the other side of the dugout. \"We've had two since I've lived here and I've never even flinched,\" he says. (However, how \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.usgs.gov\u002Ffaqs\u002Fcan-you-feel-earthquake-if-youre-cave-it-safer-be-cave-during-earthquake\"\u003Esafe underground structures are\u003C\u002Fa\u003E during seismic activity is entirely dependent on how large, complex and deep they are.)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230803-the-town-where-people-live-underground-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0g4tlw0"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230803-the-town-where-people-live-underground-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EAn ideal setup\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe question is, could underground homes help people to cope with the effects of climate change elsewhere? And why aren't they more common?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere are several reasons why making dugouts in Coober Pedy is uniquely practical. The first is the rock &ndash; \"It's very soft, you can scratch it with a pocket knife or your fingernail,\" says Barry Lewis, who works at the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cooberpedy.com\"\u003Etourist information centre\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBack in the 1960s and 70s, the residents of Coober Pedy expanded their homes the same way they created the opal mines &ndash; using \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gemsociety.org\u002Farticle\u002Fopal-mining-coober-pedy\u002F\"\u003Eexplosives, pickaxes and shovels\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Some didn't require much digging at all, with many locals using abandoned mine shafts as a starting point. Today they are often excavated with industrial tunnelling equipment. \"A good tunnelling machine can do about six cubic metres (211 cubic ft) of rock per hour, so you could have a dugout made in less than a month,\" says Wright.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever, it's still possible to excavate by hand &ndash; so when residents need more space, they sometimes simply \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=8n9PbHXA6Lo\"\u003Estart hacking\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. And as an opal mining area, it's not unheard of for a renovation project to actually make money. One man discovered a large gem sticking out of the wall when he was \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=8n9PbHXA6Lo\"\u003Einstalling a shower\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and a local hotel discovered opals worth AU$1.5m (&pound;774,000\u002F$985,000) while \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=ywBwXyF1UuI&amp;pp=ygULY29vYmVyIHBlZHk%3D\"\u003Ebuilding an extension\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230803-the-town-where-people-live-underground-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Video","iFrameType":"","videoUrn":["p07qsdg9"],"id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230803-the-town-where-people-live-underground-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFurthermore, the sandstone is structurally sound without supports, so it's possible to make (literally) cavernous rooms with high ceilings, in any shape you like, with no additional materials. In fact, tunnelling in Coober Pedy is so straightforward, many locals live in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.realestate.com.au\u002Fnews\u002Fthis-jawdropping-home-is-completely-underground\u002F\"\u003Eelaborate, luxury dwellings\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, with underground swimming pools, games rooms, expansive bathrooms, and high-spec living rooms. One local has previously described his subterranean home as \"\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Flifeandstyle\u002F2020\u002Ffeb\u002F22\u002Fthe-bats-used-to-fly-in-the-extreme-end-of-heritage-living\"\u003Elike a castle\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\", with 50,000 tumble bricks and arched doorways to every room.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"We've got some stunning dugouts here,\" says Wright, who explains that the residents are notoriously private &ndash; another possibility when you live underground &ndash; so you only tend to find out about them when you're invited over for dinner.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA question of moisture\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever, the feats at Cooper Pedy would not be possible everywhere. One major challenge with any underground structure is damp.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230803-the-town-where-people-live-underground-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0g4pj0c"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230803-the-town-where-people-live-underground-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOf the many rock dwellings that have been inhabited by humans, the majority are in dry areas &ndash; from the towers and walls built onto the cliffs at \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nps.gov\u002Fmeve\u002Flearn\u002Fhistoryculture\u002Fcliff_dwellings_home.htm\"\u003EMesa Verde\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in Colorado, inhabited for over 700 years by the Ancestral Pueblo people, to the elaborate temples, tombs and palaces cut into the pink sandstone at \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwhc.unesco.org\u002Fen\u002Flist\u002F326\u002F\"\u003EPetra, Jordan\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Today, one of the last inhabited rock-cut villages in the world is Kandovan, in the foothills of Mount Sahand in Iran &ndash; a valley scattered with strange, pointed caves that have been hollowed out into houses, like a colony of termite mounds. The area receives just 11mm (0.43in) of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.whereandwhen.net\u002Fwhen\u002Fmiddle-east\u002Firan\u002Fkandovan\u002F\"\u003Erainfall each month\u003C\u002Fa\u003E on average throughout the entire summer.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOn the other hand, building underground in wetter areas is notoriously tricky. To waterproof the original London underground tunnels, which were built in the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftfl.gov.uk\u002Fcorporate\u002Fabout-tfl\u002Fculture-and-heritage\u002Flondons-transport-a-history\u002Flondon-underground\u002Fa-brief-history-of-the-underground\"\u003E19th Century\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, each one was encased in several layers of brick and a liberal \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.buildingdesignindex.co.uk\u002Fentry\u002F142881\u002FDelta-Membrane-Systems\u002FTunnel-waterproofing-at-London-Underground\u002F\"\u003Ecoating of bitumen\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (today more modern methods are used). But even with those precautions, there are still regular reports of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mylondon.news\u002Fnews\u002Fzone-1-news\u002Flondon-underground-commuter-horrified-after-26251360\"\u003Eblack mould\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The same issue plagues basements, bunkers and car parks in high-rainfall areas throughout the globe. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere are two main reasons for this: a lack of ventilation, which can allow moisture from cooking, showering and breathing to condense onto a cave's cool walls, and groundwater &ndash; if underground homes are built \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.foundationrecoverysystems.com\u002Fglossary\u002Fbasement-waterproofing\u002Fhigh-water-table\u002F#:~:text=A%20high%20water%20table%20will,to%20bow%20inward%20or%20crack.\"\u003Enear the water table\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230803-the-town-where-people-live-underground-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0g4pgp4"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230803-the-town-where-people-live-underground-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ETake the Hazan Caves in Israel, a complex network of underground hideouts built by Jewish people avoiding persecution by the Romans in the 2nd Century AD &ndash; complete with olive presses, kitchens, halls, water reservoirs and a columbarium for storing funerary urns. Just 66m (217ft) into the cave, the temperature drops significantly compared to outside, but the humidity also leaps from just 40% to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcris.bgu.ac.il\u002Fen\u002Fpublications\u002Funderground-dwellings-and-their-microclimate-under-arid-condition\"\u003Edouble this level\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. This may be partly because the cave system is built into \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcris.bgu.ac.il\u002Fen\u002Fpublications\u002Funderground-dwellings-and-their-microclimate-under-arid-condition\"\u003Eporous rock in a lowland area\u003C\u002Fa\u003E &ndash; where there tends to be more groundwater. With narrow passageways and limited entrances, it also has poor air flow. &nbsp;&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230803-the-town-where-people-live-underground-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"calloutBodyHtml":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe emissions from travel it took to report this story were 0kg CO2. The digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per page view. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFind out more about how we calculated this figure here.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","calloutTitle":"Carbon Count","cardType":"CalloutBox","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230803-the-town-where-people-live-underground-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut in Coober Pedy, which sits on \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.energymining.sa.gov.au\u002Findustry\u002Fminerals-and-mining\u002Fmineral-commodities\u002Fopal\"\u003E50m (164ft) of porous sandstone\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, conditions are arid even underground. \"It's very, very dry here,\" says Wright. Ventilation shafts are added to ensure an adequate supply of oxygen and to allow moisture from indoor activities to escape, though these are often just simple pipes sticking up through the ceiling.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere are some other downsides to these heatwave-proof bunkers. Lewis currently lives above ground on a caravan park, after his underground home &ndash; at the very same spot &ndash; collapsed. \"It doesn't happen very often,\" he says. \"It was on bad ground.\" It's also not unheard of for residents to accidentally knock through into a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=ywBwXyF1UuI&amp;pp=ygULY29vYmVyIHBlZHk%3D\"\u003Eneighbour's house\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDespite the setback, Lewis misses dugout life &ndash; and Wright would highly recommend it to anyone who is currently suffering in unreasonably high temperatures. \"It's a no-brainer when you experience that heat,\" he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPerhaps soon Coober Pedy's peculiar sand-pyramids will start popping up in other places too.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcloud.email.bbc.com\u002FSignUp10_08\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\" &ndash; a handpicked selection of stories from BBC \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFuture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Cem\u003Eand \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230803-the-town-where-people-live-underground-14"}],"collection":["future\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Ffuture-planet"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2023-08-04T00:01:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"The Australian town where people live underground","headlineShort":"The town where people live underground","image":["p0g4pfyk"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z","Project":"wwverticals","Slug":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"64a461aca471ef30b9021812"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":["p0g4tlw0"],"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"In one unusual outback town, everything is subterranean – from churches to campsites. As the world heads for 2.7C (4.9F) of global warming, should we be heading underground?","summaryShort":"In Coober Pedy, everything is underground – from churches to campsites","tag":["tag\u002Fheatwaves","tag\u002Fweather","tag\u002Fclimatechange","tag\u002Faustralia","tag\u002Fnews-features"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2023-08-03T23:05:05.039752Z","entity":"article","guid":"1b016181-82c7-4cd3-a6c7-434f5265836c","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230803-the-town-where-people-live-underground","modifiedDateTime":"2023-08-04T14:54:09.60325Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230803-the-town-where-people-live-underground","cacheLastUpdated":1692601862370},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230802-what-is-the-best-clothing-to-keep-you-cool":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20230802-what-is-the-best-clothing-to-keep-you-cool","_id":"64cae0b2a471ef0d5632b6f7","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Flucy-sherriff"],"bodyIntro":"Is it dry or humid? This is the ultimate question when choosing what to wear.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAs the world continues to grapple with \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20230714-how-texas-is-fighting-back-against-heatwaves\"\u003Eextreme heatwaves\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which are becoming ever more regular thanks to climate change, the clothing we wear is a vital component in how we stay cool. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.insidescience.org\u002Fnews\u002Fcool-new-fabric-see-through-radiated-body-heat\"\u003EResearchers have found\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that by wearing appropriate clothes, it is possible to turn the air-conditioning up by 2C (3.6F) &ndash;&nbsp;which over the long term would save considerable energy, both saving money and cutting greenhouse gas emissions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo what should you wear to stay cool?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EColour and design\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhen it comes to colour, most people wear white in the summer &ndash; because \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencefocus.com\u002Fscience\u002Fdo-white-clothes-really-keep-you-cool-in-summer\u002F\"\u003Ewhite reflects the sun's rays,\u003C\u002Fa\u003E rather than absorbing the light like black does.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever, this theory gets a little more complex when we start talking about the thickness and fit of clothing, because heat doesn't just come from the sun &ndash; it comes from our bodies too. When that heat from our bodies hits the white clothing, it is reflected back at us.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn 1980, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002F283373a0\"\u003Ea study\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of why Bedouins &ndash; an indigenous, semi-nomadic people who inhabit desert regions in the Arabian peninsula, Middle East and North Africa &ndash; wear black robes in the desert, found that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fmagazine-23255554\"\u003Eheat exposure was the same\u003C\u002Fa\u003E whether tribal members wore black or white robes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230802-what-is-the-best-clothing-to-keep-you-cool-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0g4fxcd"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"People in hats working on a church roof in Pheonix, Arizona, during the 2023 heatwave (Credit: Getty Images)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230802-what-is-the-best-clothing-to-keep-you-cool-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHow is that possible?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBlack coloured fabrics are a better radiator of heat &ndash;&nbsp;meaning they&nbsp;\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgizmodo.com\u002Fthe-physics-that-explain-why-you-should-wear-black-this-5903956\"\u003Eabsorb heat emanating from the body\u003C\u002Fa\u003E &ndash; so this can also play a role in cooling your body down. The Bedouin's secret is wearing loose-fitting black clothing, especially if it's windy. The loose black clothes heat up the space between the fabric and the skin,&nbsp;\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Fscience\u002F2012\u002Faug\u002F19\u002Fmost-improbable-scientific-research-abrahams\"\u003Epromoting an upward air current\u003C\u002Fa\u003E &ndash; like a chimney &ndash; and providing cooling relief.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The amount of heat gained by a Bedouin exposed to the hot desert is the same whether he wears a black or a white robe,\" the study notes. \"The additional heat absorbed by the black robe was lost before it reached the skin,\" it says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20230502-how-to-make-your-wardrobe-sustainable\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EHow to make your wardrobe more sustainable\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20230706-the-simple-ways-cities-can-adapt-to-heatwaves\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EThe simple ways cities can adapt to heatwaves\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20230720-theres-a-heatwave-in-the-sea-and-scientists-are-worried\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EThere's a heatwave in the sea and scientists are worried\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo the fit of the clothing is actually more important than the colour. However, if you are going to be wearing tight-fitting clothing, then stick with white. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftherake.com\u002Fstories\u002Fstyle\u002Fhow-to-wear-seersucker\u002F\"\u003EFabrics with texture &ndash;&nbsp;such as seersucker or pique, \u003C\u002Fa\u003Ea fabric often used in sports polo shirts &ndash;&nbsp;also help to lift clothing off your skin, rather than staying snug and tight-fitting.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230802-what-is-the-best-clothing-to-keep-you-cool-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"In terms of clothes, it's better to have a material that allows water vapour to pass through so that it doesn't block the sweat evaporation – Rhett Allain","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230802-what-is-the-best-clothing-to-keep-you-cool-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EMaterial matters\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Your choice of fabric is crucial,\" says stylist and fashion writer Heather Newberger. \"If you're wearing an oversized denim jumpsuit - you're going to feel way hotter than your friend in a more constricted outfit made of gauze or chiffon.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhen it comes to fit, lightweight woven fabrics such as cotton and silk are usually better at hanging loosely than knits. This is especially important when it's humid &ndash; in dry heat, wicking alone may be enough because the sweat will be absorbed from your body and evaporate in the heat. When it's humid and hot, the air around you is already saturated with water vapour, meaning \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1080\u002F23328940.2016.1182669\"\u003Ethe sweat your clothes just soaked up doesn't have anywhere to go\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"In terms of clothes, it's better to have a material that allows water vapour to pass through so that it doesn't block the sweat evaporation.\" says Rhett Allain, associate professor of physics at Southeastern Louisiana University. \"Some of the newer sports-based materials do this.&nbsp; Cotton does not do so great with this.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAll textiles trap infrared radiation given off by the body to some degree, which helps to keep us warm in cold weather &ndash;&nbsp;but isn't ideal on a hot day and so wearing breathable clothes is important. Uncoated cotton, linen, nylon and polyester are \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1186\u002Fs40798-022-00449-4\"\u003Eall classed as breathable fabrics\u003C\u002Fa\u003E&nbsp;to some degree&nbsp;&ndash;&nbsp;meaning they allow sweat and heat to escape through the material. They're different to wicking fabrics, though, which actively pull water from your body.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECotton and polyester absorb and reflect the majority of the infrared that hits them &ndash; \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubs.acs.org\u002Fdoi\u002Fepdf\u002F10.1021\u002Facsphotonics.5b00140\"\u003Enearly 99%\u003C\u002Fa\u003E &ndash; meaning they often appaer white in infrared images. But these materials also allow&nbsp;\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubs.acs.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1021\u002Facsphotonics.5b00140\"\u003E30-40%\u003C\u002Fa\u003E&nbsp;of visible light through. This combination can cause the body to warm up faster than it otherwise would, according to researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). This occurs because the incoming visible light can generate heat that can then not escape as infrared radiation generated by the body.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut the body's other cooling mechanism &ndash; sweating &ndash; also plays a role. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1186\u002Fs40798-022-00449-4\"\u003ECotton absorbs moisture\u003C\u002Fa\u003E but it doesn't dry quickly, so if you're sweating a lot your clothes will stay wet, making them less comfortable. Linen is widely worn as it has excellent breathability due to its large fibres, but like cotton it is slow to dry. Merino wool has been a popular choice for outdoor enthusiasts as it's breathable and wicks moisture without retaining odour.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENylon and polyester are used in most activewear as they wick moisture and dry quickly &ndash;&nbsp;but they retain odour. Research has also shown that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1186\u002Fs40798-022-00449-4\"\u003Enylon has a higher moisture absorption and better wicking capabilities than polyester\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, but is slower to dry. Synthetic fibres like nylon and polyester can feel uncomfortable when they get wet though, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS1665642317300391\"\u003Eand one study suggested wearing clothing made of bamboo\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which is a low conductor of heat, and doesn't compromise on comfort.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIf you really want to keep cool, then strip off completely&nbsp;&ndash; as long as this is appropriate, of course,&nbsp;\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.npr.org\u002F2012\u002F07\u002F25\u002F157302810\u002Fsummer-science-clothes-keep-you-cool-more-or-less\"\u003Esays \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.npr.org\u002F2012\u002F07\u002F25\u002F157302810\u002Fsummer-science-clothes-keep-you-cool-more-or-less\"\u003EGeorge Havenith\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a professor of environmental physiology and ergonomics at Loughborough University in Leicestershire, UK. Clothes protect your skin from burning, but being naked is better for keeping cool. The less clothing you wear, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Fchapter\u002F10.1007\u002F8415_2015_183\"\u003Ethe more opportunity there is for an evaporative heat exchange\u003C\u002Fa\u003E between your skin and the air. Although of course, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20220704-why-childhood-sunburns-are-so-dangerous\"\u003Eprotecting your skin from UV rays\u003C\u002Fa\u003E is a priority.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut there may be alternatives &ndash; new materials and fabrics that will help to cool the body.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230802-what-is-the-best-clothing-to-keep-you-cool-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0g4fznh"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Residents swimming at Barton Creek Pool, Texas amid temperatures of 46C (115F) (Credit: Getty Images)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230802-what-is-the-best-clothing-to-keep-you-cool-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ENew science\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESports companies such as Nike and Adidas&nbsp;\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.imarcgroup.com\u002Fglobal-smart-textiles-market\"\u003Einvest millions\u003C\u002Fa\u003E&nbsp;in designing smart fabrics, and scientists have also been pouring resources into \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1111\u002Fsms.12117\"\u003Eresearching which fabrics are better at keeping the body cool\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Scientists at MIT&nbsp;\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubs.acs.org\u002Fdoi\u002Fepdf\u002F10.1021\u002Facsphotonics.5b00140\"\u003Efound the key balance for allowing heat to radiate away from the body more effectively\u003C\u002Fa\u003E is a material that's opaque to visible light &ndash;&nbsp;reflects and doesn't absorb sunlight &ndash; but transparent in the infrared &ndash;&nbsp;allowing heat to leave the body rather than trapping between the material and the skin. They found that by making nylon and polyester fibres thinner &ndash; around one micrometre in diameter &ndash; and weaving them into a yarn 30 micrometres thick could help the wearer maintain a more comfortable temperature.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.science.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1126\u002Fscience.aau1217\"\u003EScientists at the University of Maryland in the US also developed synthetic fibres\u003C\u002Fa\u003E&nbsp;with coatings that actually change their structure in response to outside conditions &ndash;&nbsp;releasing more heat as temperature rises. The adaptive yarn expands and collapses, changing the space between the fibres. Wider spacing allows the textile to breathe, allowing heat to radiate so the wearer can cool down.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnother group \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS2666386422002399\"\u003Eexperimented with garments laced with strips\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that flatten and bend to help cool the body down by more than 2C (3.6F). In hot weather, the strips bend towards the air, dissipating heat from the body. Other teams have been exploring \"phase-change\" materials that incorporate capsules or fibres of material that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubs.acs.org\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1021\u002Facsami.0c02300\"\u003Emelt as they warm up\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, helping to absorb excess heat.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EGetting wet\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPerhaps, the best way to stay cool in the heat when it comes to clothing is actually just wearing wet clothes, Allain points out. Water needs heat energy to evaporate, and as it makes this transition from a liquid to a gas, it uses the heat coming from your body,&nbsp;\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fmagazine-23255554\"\u003Ecooling your skin and lowering your body temperature.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo it turns out that picking an outfit to stay cool is a little more complex than simply throwing on a white T-shirt. But the right fabric, appropriate fit and occasionally a splash of water when possible should help you keep your temperature down when the mercury heats up &ndash;&nbsp;and save on air-conditioning too.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcloud.email.bbc.com\u002FSignUp10_08\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\" &ndash; a handpicked selection of stories from BBC \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFuture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Cem\u003Eand \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230802-what-is-the-best-clothing-to-keep-you-cool-6"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2023-08-03T00:01:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"What is the best clothing to keep you cool in a heatwave?","headlineShort":"What colour should you wear in the heat","image":["p0g4fxfs"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"A pedestrian covers their head with scarf while walking in sunshine (Credit: Getty Images)","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z","Project":"wwverticals","Slug":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"64a461aca471ef30b9021812"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Is it dry or humid? This is the ultimate question when choosing what to wear.","summaryShort":"Is it dry or humid? This is the ultimate question when choosing what to wear.","tag":["tag\u002Fheatwaves","tag\u002Fweather","tag\u002Fclimate","tag\u002Fclimatechange","tag\u002Ffashion","tag\u002Fnews-features"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2023-08-02T23:02:56.370876Z","entity":"article","guid":"71072eb2-5e6b-48db-b77b-3468b0b7c541","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230802-what-is-the-best-clothing-to-keep-you-cool","modifiedDateTime":"2023-08-03T15:56:40.555517Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230802-what-is-the-best-clothing-to-keep-you-cool","cacheLastUpdated":1692601862371},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230712-how-ancient-skywells-are-keeping-chinese-homes-cool":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20230712-how-ancient-skywells-are-keeping-chinese-homes-cool","_id":"64af31bba471ef2ee72d0a3f","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fxiaoying-you"],"bodyIntro":"In the eras before air-conditioning, southern China's skywells played a key role in keeping people's homes cool. Could they do it again today?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ERu Ling loves spending time in skywells. To her, these courtyards of old Chinese houses are the perfect place to be in on a hot and humid day.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"They are airy, cool and well-shaded,\" says 40-year-old Ru.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFrom 2014 to 2021, Ru lived in a century-old timber-framed home in the village of Guanlu in eastern China's Anhui province. She moved there for a change of life after living and working in air-conditioned buildings for many years.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The natural cool feeling of my home in summer was so refreshing, and a rare find in the modern world,\" she says. \"It also gave the house a calming and zen vibe.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ERu says that the house's skywell helped create this cooling effect. And she's not alone in extolling the benefits of skywells in hot weather. Studies have found that the temperatures inside some of the skywells in southern China are significantly lower than the outside &ndash; by up to 4.3C.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn today's rapidly urbanising China, fewer and fewer people live in skywell dwellings &ndash; air-conditioned flats in multi-storeyed buildings and tower blocks are the main forms of homes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut a revival of interest in traditional Chinese architecture is leading some of historic buildings with skywells to be restored for modern times. Meanwhile, as&nbsp;a government push has made \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.futurarc.com\u002Fcommentary\u002Fa-case-study-from-china-low-carbon-building-innovations-are-changing-future-architecture\u002F\"\u003Elow-carbon innovations\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in the building sector a trend in the country, some architects are drawing inspiration from skywells and other traditional Chinese architectural features to help keep new buildings cooler.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230712-how-ancient-skywells-are-keeping-chinese-homes-cool-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0g0055d"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230712-how-ancient-skywells-are-keeping-chinese-homes-cool-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EA skywell, or \"tian jing\" (天井) in Mandarin, is a typical feature of a traditional home in southern and eastern China. Different from a northern Chinese courtyard, or \"yuan zi\" (院子), a skywell is smaller and less exposed to the outdoor environment.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThey are commonly seen in homes dating to Ming (1368-1644) and Qing (1644-1911) dynasties, which were designed to house different generations of relatives, according to a 2010 paper published by the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwenku.baidu.com\u002Fview\u002Fd7df21cead51f01dc281f1d4?bfetype=new&amp;_wkts_=1669151208171\"\u003EJournal of Nanchang University\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in China.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough a skywell's size and design vary from region to region, it is almost always rectangular and located in the core of a house. It is either enclosed by rooms on four sides or three sides plus a wall. Some large houses have more than one skywell.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThey are relatively common in historic residences in large swathes of southern and eastern China, such as Sichuan, Jiangsu, Anhui and Jiangxi. Some of the best-preserved can be found in Huizhou (徽州), a historical region that spreads between modern-day Anhui and Jiangxi.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESkywells were designed to cool buildings in an era well before air-conditioning existed. When wind blows above a skywell house, \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002F61.143.209.103:81\u002FQikan\u002FArticle\u002FDetail?id=34110308\"\u003Eit can enter the indoor space through the opening\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Because outdoor air is often cooler than indoor air, the incoming breeze travels down the walls to the lower stories and create airflows by replacing warmer indoor air, which rises and leaves through the opening.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20220920-how-indias-lattice-buildings-cool-without-air-con\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHow India's lattice buildings cool without air con\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20230706-the-simple-ways-cities-can-adapt-to-heatwaves\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe simple ways cities can adapt to heatwaves\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20230628-the-white-roofs-cooling-womens-homes-in-indian-slums\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe white roofs cooling women's homes in Indian slums\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYu Youhong, 55, has spent more than 30 years restoring skywell homes in Wuyuan county of Jiangxi province, a part of the old Huizhou. As an \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.xinhuanet.com\u002Fenglish\u002Feurope\u002F2019-03\u002F24\u002Fc_137920307_6.htm\"\u003Einheritor of&nbsp;intangible cultural heritage\u003C\u002Fa\u003E recognised by China's Ministry of Culture and Tourism, he has obtained a wealth of knowledge about skywells.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe main purposes of a skywell, he says, is to allow in light, improve ventilation and harvest rainwater. In Huizhou, a skywell is small but tall, and the rooms around it can block out sunlight on hot days, enabling the bottom of the skywell to stay cool, he adds.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMeanwhile, hot air inside the house can rise and escape through the opening above the skywell, which \"works just like a chimney\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The ground floor of old Huizhou houses normally have very high ceilings and face towards the skywell directly, which is good for ventilation,\" Yu says. \"Some wealthy families had two or even three skywells, enabling them to have even better ventilation.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230712-how-ancient-skywells-are-keeping-chinese-homes-cool-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0g00f9g"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230712-how-ancient-skywells-are-keeping-chinese-homes-cool-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAlthough skywell buildings have existed in China for hundreds of years, in recent times they have often been forgotten by people who prefer modern facilities. Over the past two decades, however, due to a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1080\u002F13467581.2023.2182637\"\u003Erevival of traditional Chinese architecture\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, part of a broader resurgence of traditional Chinese culture, skywell buildings have been making a comeback.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne of the skywell homes restored by Yu is in the village of Yan, in Wuyuan county. The once-derelict 300-year-old house was bought by Edward Gawne, a former marketing director from the UK, and his Chinese wife, Liao Minxin, in 2015. The couple turned the three-storey house into a 14-room boutique hotel with the help of Yu.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough Gawne and Liao had air-conditioning fitted in all their guestrooms, they kept the communal spaces surrounding the skywells in their original status: unsealed and with natural airflow. Gawne says that even without air conditioning the skywell areas are very comfortable in summer. \"Everyone notes when they step into the house how naturally cool it is.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYu says he expects skywells, as an architectural feature, to be \"more and more popular\" among younger generations because of their ventilation and lighting functions, especially as sustainability becomes an important element for new buildings.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEven when there is no natural wind, \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002F61.143.209.103:81\u002FQikan\u002FArticle\u002FDetail?id=34110308\"\u003Eair circulation still takes place inside a skywell home due to the \"chimney effect\"\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The temperature difference between the top and bottom of the skywell means warm air inside the skywell rises, drawing cooler air from the rooms to the bottom of the skywell.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230712-how-ancient-skywells-are-keeping-chinese-homes-cool-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Everyone notes when they step into the house how naturally cool it is - Edward Michael Gawne","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230712-how-ancient-skywells-are-keeping-chinese-homes-cool-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ETraditional skywell homes further south in Lingnan (岭南), a historical region consisting of the modern-day Chinese provinces of Guangxi, Guangdong and Hainan and what is now northern and central Vietnam, \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002F61.143.209.103:81\u002FQikan\u002FArticle\u002FDetail?id=34110308\"\u003Ehave smaller and deeper skywells\u003C\u002Fa\u003E than other areas due to the longer and hotter summers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs a transition space between indoor life and the outdoor environment, a skywell acts as an \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002F61.143.209.103:81\u002FQikan\u002FArticle\u002FDetail?id=34110308\"\u003Eeffective heat buffer to shield residents from the hot air outside\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. But the largest part of skywell's cooling effect actually comes when there are bodies of water in the enclosure.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEvaporated water cools hot air, a process known as evaporative cooling which is well-reflected in Huizhou skywells. In the past, Huizhou families collected rainwater in their skywells because they believed such an action \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1080\u002F13467581.2020.1838908\"\u003Ecould safeguard and boost their wealth\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESkywells here therefore have channels around them to drain rainwater coming from the roofs. According to Yu, some wealthy families had a drainage system dug under the skywell to ensure that rainwater would only leave the house after circumnavigating the front hall under the ground.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHuizhou skywells also have a large stone vat in the middle to hold water for daily use and to put out fires.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA 2021 \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.hindawi.com\u002Fjournals\u002Face\u002F2021\u002F6666701\u002F\"\u003Estudy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of skywell dwellings in two traditional Huizhou villages found that evaporative cooling was likely the main reason that average temperatures inside the skywells were 2.6-4.3C lower than the average external temperatures.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230712-how-ancient-skywells-are-keeping-chinese-homes-cool-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0g01hpp"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230712-how-ancient-skywells-are-keeping-chinese-homes-cool-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EToday, government directives are starting to play a key role in the return of skywells in modern buildings. Since 2013, the Chinese central government has been pushing for \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.udspub.com\u002Fajj\u002Fpublic\u002Findex.php\u002Fszgc\u002Farticle\u002Fview\u002F1624\u002F0\"\u003Egreen buildings\u003C\u002Fa\u003E which save resources and emit less pollution in their entire lifecycles. A 2019 government instruction required that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gov.cn\u002Fxinwen\u002F2019-11\u002F05\u002F5448936\u002Ffiles\u002F7a105ee3d9b24dec8a430dd9f64ef97f.pdf\"\u003E70%\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of buildings completed in 2022 should meet its \"\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.ccpitbuild.org\u002Fzhengce\u002F2021-10-25\u002F482.html\"\u003Egreen\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\" standard, which includes a series of specific criteria, including how good a building's insulation is and how environmentally-friendly the building materials are.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EArchitects are now looking towards the principles behind skywells while designing new buildings to save energy. One example is the National Heavy Vehicle Engineering Technology Research Centre in the eastern Chinese city of Jinan. The 18-storey glass-walled tower block, completed last year, has a giant interior skywell in the middle, which stretches from the fifth to the top floor. The elevators, toilets and meeting rooms are all situated around this shaft, which helps improve the lighting and ventilation of the centre and reduces the overall energy consumption, the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.archiposition.com\u002Fitems\u002F20221121104318\"\u003Earchitects\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, from the Shanghai-based CCDI Group say.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230712-how-ancient-skywells-are-keeping-chinese-homes-cool-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"calloutBodyHtml":"\u003Cp\u003EThe emissions from travel it took to report this story were 0kg CO2. The digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per page view.&nbsp;\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFind out more about how we calculated this figure here.\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","calloutTitle":"CARBON COUNT","cardType":"CalloutBox","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230712-how-ancient-skywells-are-keeping-chinese-homes-cool-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn the county of Jixi in Xuancheng, a part of historic Huizhou, the site of the former town hall was revamped in 2013 to be a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.archdaily.com\u002F897439\u002Fjixi-museum-atelier-li-xinggang\"\u003Emuseum\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The complex pays homage to its surroundings of Huizhou-style architectures by having several skywells, which it says brings airflow to the inside and helps to preserve several ancient trees on the site.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMeanwhile, a popular tourist village in Sichuan &ndash; a province known for its hot and humid summer &ndash; has a series of round houses with skywells and large eaves.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESome skyscrapers use the ventilation principle of skywells to improve airflows without building a courtyard out of concerns of practicality. The 68-storey Dongguan TBA Tower in Guandong province, for example, brings natural airflows to every floor with internal \"windpipes\" that function in a similar way to skywells. The tower's general manager told a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.igreen.org\u002Findex.php?m=content&amp;c=index&amp;a=show&amp;catid=15&amp;id=2758\"\u003Elocal newspaper\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that the aim is to keep the building&rsquo;s temperature comfortable in spring and autumn, using only natural ventilation.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230712-how-ancient-skywells-are-keeping-chinese-homes-cool-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0g00gzb"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230712-how-ancient-skywells-are-keeping-chinese-homes-cool-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAncient \"green wisdom\" such as skywells continue to inspire today's climate adaptive design and innovations in passive cooling, according to Wang Zhengfeng, a postdoctoral researcher in environmental humanities at the Institute for Area Studies at Leiden University in the Netherlands who previously trained as an architect. Passive cooling is a method that incorporates design and technology to cool a building without the use of power.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever, Wang points out some challenges for bringing skywells into modern designs. The mechanisms of courtyards facilitating natural lighting, ventilation and rain collection are well known, but applying these principles needs to be site-specific, she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBecause traditional skywells had different shapes, sizes and features, which were highly dependent on their natural surroundings &ndash; for example, how much sunlight or rainfall there was in the region &ndash; adding skywells into modern buildings requires designers to be sensitive to their project's context and situation, making it difficult to apply them as a universal solution, she explains.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Meanwhile, artificial lighting, air conditioning and water supply have become so readily available that we depend on them with little regard for the environmental cost,\" she adds. \"It won't be easy to be sustainable by learning from the past without reflecting on our current behaviours.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhen asked about why skywells have caught more attention of modern Chinese people, Wang says that the courtyard is also designed to serve as a gathering space for families or communities, and comes with ritual meanings. \"Perhaps changes in the way of life could also trigger vernacular nostalgia among people living in concrete and glass forests.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcloud.email.bbc.com\u002FSignUp10_08\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\" &ndash; a handpicked selection of stories from BBC \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFuture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Cem\u003Eand \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230712-how-ancient-skywells-are-keeping-chinese-homes-cool-12"}],"collection":["future\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Ffuture-planet"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2023-07-13T00:05:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"How ancient 'skywells' are keeping Chinese homes cool","headlineShort":"The ancient Chinese way to cool homes","image":["p0g00417"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z","Project":"wwverticals","Slug":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"64a461aca471ef30b9021812"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"In the eras before air-conditioning, southern China's skywells played a key role in keeping people's homes cool. Could they do it again today?","summaryShort":"Can China's traditional form of 'air conditioning' be used in modern buildings?","tag":["tag\u002Farchitecture","tag\u002Fclimate","tag\u002Ffuture-planet","tag\u002Fnews-features","tag\u002Fweather","tag\u002Fenvironment"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2023-07-12T23:05:13.927408Z","entity":"article","guid":"8b7856f2-2826-4aaf-858b-8ab6038d7ee3","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230712-how-ancient-skywells-are-keeping-chinese-homes-cool","modifiedDateTime":"2023-07-13T15:58:12.636263Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230712-how-ancient-skywells-are-keeping-chinese-homes-cool","cacheLastUpdated":1692601862371},"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20230730-are-luggage-free-trips-the-future":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:travel\u002Farticle\u002F20230730-are-luggage-free-trips-the-future","_id":"64c6c7d0a471ef2ee00a7a68","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"With sustainably minded destinations and progressive tour operators advising passengers to pack less, are travellers being primed for an ultralight future?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Paragraph SCXW215846888 BCX0\"\u003EAs summer ramps up in the northern hemisphere, many of us will begin packing suitcases, carry-ons and duffel bags as we prepare to head away on holiday.&nbsp;&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Paragraph SCXW215846888 BCX0\"\u003EFar too many clothes will be packed, of course, followed by sunglasses and swimwear and sandals, last year's suntan lotion and a good book. A sweater or jacket will probably be thrown in too, just in case. Perhaps, some of us will reassess how much luggage we really need to take. Most will not.&nbsp;&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Paragraph SCXW215846888 BCX0\"\u003EBut with more new ways to reduce your carbon footprint than ever before &ndash; and some destinations toying with banning certain types of luggage outright &ndash; stuffing your life in a suitcase may soon be a thing of the past. After all, by packing less, we create fewer carbon emissions, reduce our travel footprint and become more protective of nature.&nbsp;&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Paragraph SCXW215846888 BCX0\"\u003ETo highlight how travelling sustainably first starts at home, here are some places that are challenging the long-established idea of packing before you leave &ndash; and offering shortcuts to a more streamlined holiday.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20230730-are-luggage-free-trips-the-future-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"infographic","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Passengers in Tokyo with luggage","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20230730-are-luggage-free-trips-the-future-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Paragraph SCXW223938030 BCX0\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EJapan&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Paragraph SCXW223938030 BCX0\"\u003EIn a daring move towards a more sustainable aviation industry, Japan Airlines recently launched a pilot programme giving overseas travellers the option to rent clothes for their stay in the country in advance &ndash; thus eliminating the need to lug and load.&nbsp;&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Paragraph SCXW223938030 BCX0\"\u003ERunning until the end of August, the \"\u003Ca class=\"Hyperlink SCXW223938030 BCX0\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpress.jal.co.jp\u002Fen\u002Frelease\u002F202307\u002F007481.html\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EAny Wear, Anywhere?\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\" stunt has been fashioned so passengers heading to Japan can check-in or carry-on minimal luggage, meaning the airline can better measure the environmental impact of handling less luggage, as well as lower airplane weight. Once travellers arrive in Tokyo, Osaka or Fukuoka, tailored clothes in a range of sizes and styles are delivered to the hotels where visitors are staying.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Paragraph SCXW223938030 BCX0\"\u003EHowever, while the concept helps lighten a traveller's load, not everyone is convinced that it's the right approach.&nbsp;&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20230730-are-luggage-free-trips-the-future-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Personal accountability is important and innovation is great, but we should take care that it doesn't distract us from the real system changes that are needed","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20230730-are-luggage-free-trips-the-future-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\"It's both a nice idea, and a masterclass in deflection &ndash; a feel-good way to get us to lower our impacts rather than scrutinise theirs,\" said Justin Francis, co-founder and CEO of UK-based activist holiday company \u003Ca class=\"Hyperlink SCXW103268424 BCX0\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Femea01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\u002F?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.responsibletravel.com%2F&amp;data=05%7C01%7C%7C6c92704775b9448063f908db885637a9%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C638253676131451189%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C3000%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=skvQULo7e%2FHmFTS0hKWqEMJO%2BHNw7niO%2F7Xi%2B8HFvb8%3D&amp;reserved=0\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EResponsible Travel\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \"Much like voluntary carbon offsets, it shifts the burden of responsibility away from airlines onto individuals. Personal accountability is important and innovation is great, but we should take care that it doesn't distract us from the real system changes that are needed: robust regulation and fairer taxes on fuel, for instance.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20230730-are-luggage-free-trips-the-future-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Tarentaise, Alps, France at sunset","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20230730-are-luggage-free-trips-the-future-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Paragraph SCXW102419536 BCX0\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe Alps&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Paragraph SCXW102419536 BCX0\"\u003EAround the world, skiers are trying to lower their carbon footprints. But while winter sports holidays have long been the domain of excess oversized baggage costs, there is an element of changing perceptions. A new idea is emerging in resorts across France, Switzerland and Austria: leave the gear at home and rent it at the resort.&nbsp;&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Paragraph SCXW102419536 BCX0\"\u003ETo counter luggage space &ndash; and also reduce the need for travellers to invest in high-value sports equipment &ndash; resorts and rental companies are emphasising reducing and reusing by renting out hats, gloves, goggles, pants and jackets &ndash; as well as the customary skis, poles, boots, boards and helmets. And for those keen to travel by train or other public transport, it is already a hit, from \u003Ca class=\"Hyperlink SCXW102419536 BCX0\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.skiservice.com\u002Fen\u002Fverbier-ski-clothing-hire\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EVerbier\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in Switzerland to resorts across Austria thanks to nationwide services like \u003Ca class=\"Hyperlink SCXW102419536 BCX0\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fskigala.com\u002F\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ESkiGala\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.&nbsp;&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Paragraph SCXW102419536 BCX0\"\u003E\"It's easy to pack light for a winter sports holiday when you know you can collect most of the gear you'll need upon arrival,\" said Krissy Roe, senior sustainability manager at \u003Ca class=\"Hyperlink SCXW102419536 BCX0\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.hotelplan.co.uk\u002F\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EHotelplan\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a pan-European group of specialist tour operators, including \u003Ca class=\"Hyperlink SCXW102419536 BCX0\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.inghams.co.uk\u002F\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EInghams\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca class=\"Hyperlink SCXW102419536 BCX0\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.espritski.com\u002F\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EEsprit\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \"Every item manufactured has a carbon footprint, so it's far better that item is well used by multiple customers and can be repaired by people with the skills and tools to give it a longer shelf-life. Cost-wise, it can also be better value to rent in resort, instead of paying for checked bags and oversized luggage on flights.\"&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20230730-are-luggage-free-trips-the-future-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Photo of Banje Beach in Dubrovnik","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20230730-are-luggage-free-trips-the-future-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Paragraph SCXW164021192 BCX0\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EDubrovnik&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Paragraph SCXW164021192 BCX0\"\u003EWhile \u003Ca class=\"Hyperlink SCXW164021192 BCX0\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-europe-30151781\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EVenice\u003C\u002Fa\u003E was the first destination bold enough to consider banning wheelie suitcases to better preserve the city's overcrowded streets in 2014, Dubrovnik has turned the argument into action &ndash; now recommending visitors leave their rolling luggage at home.&nbsp;&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Paragraph SCXW164021192 BCX0\"\u003ENot for the first time in recent years, overtourism has drawn the ire of locals living in the fortified Adriatic city, and the currents that swirl below the surface have led the Dubrovik Tourist Office to take action. Releasing \u003Ca class=\"Hyperlink SCXW164021192 BCX0\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=sKxCpnxLucQ\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ea guidance video\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and updated advice on appropriate visitor etiquette earlier this month, the city now recommends visitors not disturb the historic cobbled streets by carrying &ndash; not dragging &ndash; wheeled baggage around.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Paragraph SCXW164021192 BCX0\"\u003E\"Often, travellers with 20-plus kilograms of luggage simply fill up their suitcase as they believe they've paid for it,\" explained Pippa Ganderton, product director of \u003Ca class=\"Hyperlink SCXW164021192 BCX0\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fhalo.atpi.com\u002F\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EATPI Halo\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a CO2 measurement, reduction and offset service and provider of sustainable travel solutions. \"One potential solution that airlines may consider in the future would be adding more weight categories for hand-luggage and carry-on luggage. By offering smaller options, travellers as well as destinations can win while decreasing flight emissions.\"&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20230730-are-luggage-free-trips-the-future-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Four giraffes walking in Masai Mara, Kenya","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20230730-are-luggage-free-trips-the-future-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Paragraph SCXW260297761 BCX0\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EEast Africa&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Paragraph SCXW260297761 BCX0\"\u003ESafari lodges in national parks across Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda offer a different proposition to most holidays. Despite the high price tag, the vibe is always relaxed and unbuttoned, with dressing down &ndash; not dressing up &ndash; the appropriate look that informs the whole campfire mood.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Paragraph SCXW260297761 BCX0\"\u003EBut while there is no ban on certain types of luggage, restrictions are commonly in place and there is an expectation for travellers to understand and respect the need to arrive light.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Paragraph SCXW260297761 BCX0\"\u003EThis battle of the baggage means compact, soft-sided bags have long been favoured by the bulk of tour operators and luggage with wheels or, worse still, those with an in-built frame often won't make it past the departures lounge and onto the runway.&nbsp;&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Paragraph SCXW260297761 BCX0\"\u003E\"We always advise safari clients to pack light for a number of reasons,\" said Kathy Boate, CEO of \u003Ca class=\"Hyperlink SCXW260297761 BCX0\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.cartologytravel.com\u002F\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECartology Travel\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a bespoke luxury travel agency. \"There aren't only strict weight restrictions on the smaller planes, but many regions use light aircraft where you can't take hard sided suitcases &ndash; they just won't fit in the hold. Plus, you just don't need a lot of clothes while on safari anyway. Quality lodges also supply toiletries and towels, sunscreen and insect repellent, helping you cut down on your need to pack at home in the first place.\"&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Paragraph SCXW260297761 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\"\u003E---&nbsp;&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Paragraph SCXW260297761 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin more than three million BBC Travel fans by liking us on&nbsp;\u003Ca class=\"Hyperlink SCXW260297761 BCX0\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCTravel\u002F\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, or follow us on&nbsp;\u003Ca class=\"Hyperlink SCXW260297761 BCX0\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Travel\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E&nbsp;and&nbsp;\u003Ca class=\"Hyperlink SCXW260297761 BCX0\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbc_travel\u002F\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Paragraph SCXW260297761 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story,&nbsp;\u003Ca class=\"Hyperlink SCXW260297761 BCX0\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcloud.email.bbc.com\u002FSignUp10_08\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E&nbsp;called \"The Essential List\". A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20230730-are-luggage-free-trips-the-future-10"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2023-07-31T10:27:12Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"Are luggage-free trips the future?","headlineShort":"Could luggage be a thing of the past?","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Aerial view of several suitcases","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"46.0961","longitude":"7.2286","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"travel","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"Aerial view of several suitcases","promoImage":[],"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"With sustainably minded destinations and progressive tour operators advising passengers to pack less, are travellers being primed for an ultralight future?","summaryShort":"Some places are challenging the usual idea of packing before you leave","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2023-07-30T20:27:43.025491Z","entity":"article","guid":"7b8e90ea-b34e-4cbc-abea-205ed4744648","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20230730-are-luggage-free-trips-the-future","modifiedDateTime":"2023-08-17T13:59:26.757329Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20230730-are-luggage-free-trips-the-future","cacheLastUpdated":1692601862373},"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20230606-how-to-tip-around-the-world":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:travel\u002Farticle\u002F20230606-how-to-tip-around-the-world","_id":"64a46162a471ef2ebf29ec7f","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"From China to Denmark, countries around the world have different ways to show appreciation. Here's five spots with their own distinctive tipping traits, plus advice on how much to tip.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EThe ongoing debate about&nbsp;tipping&nbsp;culture in the United States has been reignited with the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002F65503170\"\u003Erecent news\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that employees at the first-ever unionised Apple Store in the US \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002F65503170\"\u003Eare proposing asking for tips\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. It has sparked intense debate about tipping culture in North America, which people believe is getting out of control. Already, buzzwords like \"guilt tipping\", \"tipping fatigue\", \"tip creep\", \"viral tip shaming\" and \"tipflation\" are creeping into the lexicon.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"ssrcss-1q0x1qg-paragraph\"\u003EThe divisive practice has spread across the world &ndash; most recently \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Feuroweeklynews.com\u002F2023\u002F04\u002F08\u002Fto-tip-or-not-to-tip-new-american-style-tipping-system-causing-controversy-in-spain\u002F\"\u003Ecausing controversy in Spain\u003C\u002Fa\u003E &ndash; but not everywhere embraces the culture with such vim and vigour as Americans do. In France, \"\u003Cem\u003Eservice compris\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\" means the gratuity is already included in the bill. In other places, particularly in East Asia, the lack of any tipping tradition is a source of pride.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003ETo highlight the age-old tipping dilemma, here are places with their own distinctive tipping traits, each picked because of what they say about the culture of appreciation and how their tipping attitudes reflect wider aspects of society.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20230606-how-to-tip-around-the-world-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20230606-how-to-tip-around-the-world-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EJapan\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EReceived wisdom has it that Japan is the sort of ascetic paradise where litter is unheard of, imperfection (or \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002Farticle\u002F20181021-japans-unusual-way-to-view-the-world\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003Ewabi-sabi\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) is honoured and social consciousness is elevated into an art form (don't walk while eating; be quiet on public transport; don't point with hands or chopsticks; don't blow your nose in public &ndash; the list goes on).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EIt's also a place where tipping isn't just uncommon; it's considered embarrassing and awkward. And, since the Japanese have a tip-free service culture, it really needs to be spelled out to the foreign visitor with a think-twice warning: do so and you'll cause offence.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003E\"Even if travellers are told Japan doesn't tip, some people are still keen to show their appreciation with money &ndash; but it doesn't work like that,\" said James Mundy of UK-based tour operator \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.insidejapantours.com\u002F\"\u003EInsideJapan Tours\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \"It's common for people to leave money for waiting staff at restaurants, then be chased down a road and given their money back. Many cannot understand people do their job with pride, and an '\u003Cem\u003Eoishikatta'\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (it was delicious), or a '\u003Cem\u003Egochiso sama\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cem\u003E'\u003C\u002Fem\u003E'thank you for preparing the meal) will go down very well. Money doesn't always talk.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EThe Japanese revulsion to tipping is palpable.&nbsp;\u003Cem\u003EShokunin kishitsu\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, which roughly translates to \"the craftsmanship\", flows through many aspects of Japanese life and is a philosophy perfected by many in tourist-facing industries, from hotel bellhops to food cart vendors to sushi chefs. Service is about the bare necessities of doing a job with pride, and appreciation is most commonly shown through compliments (preferably in Japanese) or by bowing.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EBut one exception applies: in \u003Cem\u003Eryokans\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, Japan's traditional tatami-matted guesthouses, travellers can leave money for the \u003Cem\u003Enakai san\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (the kimono-wearing server who prepares your food and futon), but only when done properly. Don't hand over a tip in person; instead seal pristine notes in a specially decorated envelope.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20230606-how-to-tip-around-the-world-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"square","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20230606-how-to-tip-around-the-world-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EEgypt\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EA deeply entrenched social norm in North Africa, the Middle East and South Asia is the concept of \u003Cem\u003Ebaksheesh\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, meaning a tip or charitable alms. It can be solicited outright by a taxi driver or tour guide, or whispered suggestively from a street corner bazaar, but ultimately means the same thing: a present or small tip is called for, regardless of the service given.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EWrongly interpreted it can be translated as begging. But giving alms to the poor is one of the five tenets of Islam and understanding that will deepen a traveller's grasp of this part of the world, with the benefactor supposedly made holier by the action.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EIn Egypt, such handouts are commonplace for restaurant workers, taxi drivers, tour guides and hotel staff, but also door openers, bathroom attendants, security personnel and shopkeepers. A deeper look at baksheesh also reveals it is part of a loosely defined pay-it-forward system, in which tour guides and hotel concierges from Cairo to Aswan can give preferential treatment, ensure top-notch service and grant favours if tipped in advance. Dollars are welcome, as are Egyptian Pounds, and US$1-2 (or E&pound;30-40) is enough to let loose a welcome grin.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EIn these circumstances, it is not uncommon for a key to a locked temple door in the Valley of the Kings to miraculously appear, or for an out-of-bounds museum toilet to suddenly be open to visitors again. And travellers won't find that insight in many tourist brochures.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20230606-how-to-tip-around-the-world-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20230606-how-to-tip-around-the-world-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EChina\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EEven in the most modern of China's megalopolises, like Beijing and Shanghai, there is a sense of superstition and tradition. Gratuities are not expected &ndash; far from it &ndash; and, while it seems hard to credit in a country obsessed with technological breakthrough and the world of tomorrow, here tipping was once prohibited.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EIndeed, one of the tenets of China is all people are equal and none is a servant to another; and implying superiority over someone else has long been a taboo. And while China is increasingly a country of grand hotels and circus-style restaurants, tipping &ndash; particularly in lesser-visited cities and towns &ndash; still exists somewhere between being ill-mannered and a bribe.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EBut the growth of Chinese tourism, as well as the assimilation of many Western customs, is leading to incremental change, according to Maggie Tian, general manager of China for Australian-based tour operator \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.intrepidtravel.com\u002F\"\u003EIntrepid Travel\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20230606-how-to-tip-around-the-world-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The Chinese still aren't in the habit of tipping, but gratuities are now acceptable","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20230606-how-to-tip-around-the-world-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003E\"While tipping in China historically was considered rude, times are changing,\" she explained. \"The Chinese still aren't in the habit of tipping, but gratuities are now acceptable, especially in bigger cities where there are many foreign residents and visitors. If you're visiting, tipping porters, tour guides and bartenders a small amount for exceptional service or special support is welcome. Despite the history, locals will be appreciative.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20230606-how-to-tip-around-the-world-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20230606-how-to-tip-around-the-world-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EUnited States\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EFew countries take tipping culture as seriously as the US. It is ingrained in the national psyche as much as the Super Bowl, and, at times, it can be hard for a foreign traveller to measure or explain this spirit.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EIt's now custom to add 20-25% to a bill, and tipflation presents challenges for both locals and visitors alike. Indeed, these days, the amount given and expected has increased exponentially and the rise of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.entrepreneur.com\u002Fbusiness-news\u002Fstarbucks-customers-are-furious-over-new-digital-tipping\u002F440437\"\u003Edigital tipping options\u003C\u002Fa\u003E has added to the complexity.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20230606-how-to-tip-around-the-world-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"calloutBodyHtml":"\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EWhile every country has different rules around gratuities, and the process can sometimes seem like a minefield, it's important to always be respectful to other cultures when travelling.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EBe sure to research local tipping customs before you travel to a destination to avoid causing offence.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","calloutTitle":"Tipping advice","cardType":"CalloutBox","iFrameType":"","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20230606-how-to-tip-around-the-world-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EIf service staff are underpaid and depend on a daily cycle of gratuities, it is also true that more retailers, from gas stations to Starbucks, are now adding an optional service charge to once straightforward counter sales. The crux is pretty much anything &ndash; with service or not &ndash; can cost extra. There are many ways to do it wrong (not tipping per drink while sat at a bar will see a patron fail to get served, for instance), and yet just one way to do it right. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003E\"The US has a tipping culture like nowhere else,\" said Peter Anderson, managing director at travel concierge service \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.knightsbridgecircle.com\u002F\"\u003EKnightsbridge Circle\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \"In New York recently, I bought a bottle of water from a shop and when paying was asked for a tip. But I picked up the water myself, took it to the counter and paid, and yet I was expected to leave 20%. In too many places, it is just a way of paying staff a lower wage and passing more cost onto the customer. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EWhile the US is seeing \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.eater.com\u002F21398973\u002Frestaurant-no-tipping-movement-living-wage-future\"\u003Ea no-tipping movement\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and a shift towards more equitable compensation methods for staff, progress has been slow. For now, realise that while tipping is legally voluntary in the US, hourly wages for wait staff and other frontline tourism workers is often sub-minimal. And it always pays to be nice, especially when travelling as an ambassador for your own homeland.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20230606-how-to-tip-around-the-world-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20230606-how-to-tip-around-the-world-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EDenmark\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003ECommonly labelled one of the world's happiest countries for its egalitarian society, community generosity and benevolence to others, it might come as a surprise to learn the Danish are by and large a nation of non-tippers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EChiefly, the reasons are twofold: citizens benefit from higher GDP per capita and a better welfare system than in most other countries around the globe, meaning service staff, taxi drivers and frontline workers aren't dependent on tips in the same way; and service is normally included on the bill at restaurants and hotels.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EBut while tipping isn't tradition, it's a norm in Denmark &ndash; and across wider Scandinavia &ndash; to round up a bill in a restaurant as a token gesture. And crucially, like almost everywhere in Europe these days, above-and-beyond service is commonly rewarded with either a monetary tip or the loyalty of repeat visits, which are equally worth their weight in gold.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E---&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin more than three million BBC Travel fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCTravel\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Travel\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbc_travel\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcloud.email.bbc.com\u002FSignUp10_08\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E called \"The Essential List\". A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003E&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20230606-how-to-tip-around-the-world-14"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2023-06-07T06:09:48Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"How to tip around the world","headlineShort":"Where tipping is considered offensive?","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"37.0902","longitude":"-95.7129","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"travel","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":[],"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"From China to Denmark, countries around the world have different ways to show appreciation. Here's five spots with their own distinctive tipping traits plus advice on how much to tip.","summaryShort":"In some places, tipping is considered embarrassing and awkward","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2023-06-06T20:42:52.565393Z","entity":"article","guid":"afc84c5e-2b3a-4496-8e8a-91ce5919f98f","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20230606-how-to-tip-around-the-world","modifiedDateTime":"2023-06-14T04:42:06.993595Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20230606-how-to-tip-around-the-world","cacheLastUpdated":1692601862373},"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20230604-japans-ultimate-lesson-in-gratitude":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:travel\u002Farticle\u002F20230604-japans-ultimate-lesson-in-gratitude","_id":"64a46162a471ef30c83d5d18","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Despite enduring 150 years of oppression, the Indigenous Ainu people still retain a strong sense of appreciation for the world – and travellers can now experience this in person.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EEach satisfying crunch of compacted powder underfoot was a small victory as I stepped between linden trees, trying to keep my balance, wearing snowshoes for the first time in my life. I used to hate snow with a passion, but on this occasion I couldn't stop beaming, thankful for every step of the woodland that hugs the shores of Lake Akan in Hokkaido, Japan's northernmost island. Wowed by my guide's explanation of how his community reveres the natural world, I practically squealed as two incredibly rare red-crowned cranes flew overhead.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs well as being an area of wild natural beauty and a hot springs haven, Lake Akan is home to one of the very few Ainu \u003Cem\u003Ekotan\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (villages) in Japan. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002Farticle\u002F20200519-japans-forgotten-indigenous-people\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EThe Ainu people\u003C\u002Fa\u003E are the earliest inhabitants of Hokkaido and thrived here for centuries before the Japanese arrived. The exact origins of the Ainu are unknown; as a culture they didn't write anything down and their history is shared through song, but their presence across the islands was recorded by neighbouring kingdoms in medieval times.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELed by my Ainu guide Kengo Takiguchi, who imparted both botanical and &ndash; at times &ndash; existential wisdom, this snowy walk is his \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.anytimeainutime.jp\u002Ftour\u002Fforest-time\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EForest Time\u003C\u002Fa\u003E workshop; just one of the portfolio of tours Takiguchi developed for \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.anytimeainutime.jp\u002Ftour\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EAnytime, Ainu \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.anytimeainutime.jp\u002Ftour\u002F\"\u003ETime\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, the learning centre established by the Ainu Association of Hokkaido.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20230604-japans-ultimate-lesson-in-gratitude-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20230604-japans-ultimate-lesson-in-gratitude-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\"This isn't cold, it's a beautiful day,\" he laughed, as I hopped about, trying to stay warm in temperatures of 2C. He wasn't wrong &ndash; the sun shone between the colonnades of trees &ndash; but I got the impression that for Takiguchi, every day is a wonder.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHe's been leading these tours for three years, dressing in his traditional patterned robe and \u003Cem\u003Ematanpushi\u003C\u002Fem\u003E headscarf while doing so. The workshops were launched in early 2020, shortly after the Japanese government passed a bill that recognised the Ainu as Hokkaido's Indigenous people after 150 years of oppression and hostility.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EI first read about the Anytime, Ainu Time programme in 2021, and had been eagerly awaiting the country's \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-asia-63003802\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ereopening\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Not only are these workshops among the very few in Japan where you can learn about the Ainu directly from Ainu guides, but by the time of my visit, I'd been practicing gratitude for 1,100 days and counting. In January 2020, I'd started writing five things I'm grateful for every night before bed &ndash; and what started as a New Year's resolution became a strict ritual throughout the pandemic. Reading about the Ainu around that time, I became interested in their reverence and appreciation of every living thing. I wanted to learn more about gratitude from the Ainu themselves.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Because Ainu have the perspective that god is everywhere, they appreciate everything. Humans are part of nature, not above or below,\" explained Dr Kinko Ito, professor of sociology at the University of Arkansas, Little Rock, who has been interviewing Ainu elders for more than 10 years and making \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=0Q6cYEQUpBg\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Edocumentaries\u003C\u002Fa\u003E from her footage. \"Ainu people have a symbiotic coexistence with the natural world. They never exploit it. They lead a more ecological life than us.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20230604-japans-ultimate-lesson-in-gratitude-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20230604-japans-ultimate-lesson-in-gratitude-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAinu faith is animistic, believing that \u003Cem\u003Ekamuy \u003C\u002Fem\u003E(deities) are alive in every being and every element of nature. This includes mountains, rivers, fire and even tsunamis, as well as all flora and fauna. Their prayers, rituals and interactions with the natural, deity-laden environment are all designed to give thanks and reverence to the \u003Cem\u003Eramat\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (the spirits of the kamuy). The Ainu believe that these spirits are just visiting our world, and when people are respectful to them, once their role here is completed, the ramat will travel through the six layers of heavens to the realm of the kamuy, giving a good report of this world and ensuring their return for next year's seasons and harvests.&nbsp;&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"[The Ainu's] prayers show gratitude to nature, but they also pray and give thanks for abundance; there's always a prayer to the gods first before utilising anything from nature,\" Ito explained.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETraditionally Ainu robes were skilfully made from tree bark, and their homes, altars and food were also entirely sourced from the environment at hand. Ito explained that instead of focusing on what they lack, the Ainu are appreciative and are grateful for what they have. \"They are not greedy, they never over-harvest,\" she said, \"they take only what they immediately need, leaving the rest for the next person.\"&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EI saw this in action during our Forest Time tour, when we passed a tall lakeside tree that had a red ribbon tied around it. \"If we use some tree bark, we tie a ribbon around the tree so it can regrow, never killing a tree,\" Takiguchi said, before breaking me off a piece of bark to use in tea if I'm ever feeling sick.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20230604-japans-ultimate-lesson-in-gratitude-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20230604-japans-ultimate-lesson-in-gratitude-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFor centuries, the Ainu lived harmoniously with the seasonally harsh elements, first as hunters then as traders across Hokkaido; the Kuril Islands; Sakhalin Island (which is now Russia &ndash; the last Ainu living there were forced off in 1951); and some northern areas of Japan's largest island, Honshu. They lived peacefully and at one with nature, paying respect to the kamuy, until the Japanese colonised their lands, which started in earnest in the late 1800s.&nbsp;&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAinu people are not monocultural; there are differences between the communities who live across Hokkaido today. But during their forced assimilation some things were universal: their language was banned, traditional tattoos were outlawed and fishing prohibited &ndash; which terminated their way of life, stripping them of any ability to make an income and be self-sustaining. Many ended up working as indentured labourers across Japan. Through remarkable resilience, around 24,000 Ainu live in Hokkaido today (although the number is suspected to be larger, as many still feel safer to go uncounted) and impressively, despite the persecutions suffered, there is a resurgence of their language and traditions.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe systematically aggressive treatment they sustained only makes the Ainu positivity, gratitude and enduring sense of abundance all the more incredible. \"I asked all my interviewees if they're happy to be Ainu, and they all said they are content where they are and they appreciate it,\" Ito told me. \"They are very resilient. Wars took place between the Ainu and Japanese, the Ainu were not passive. They are peace-loving people, but they defended themselves where they could.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs we trekked through the forest, Takiguchi demonstrated the Ainu gratitude for the natural world, not only by talking, but by subtly doing. He knew the names of every tree, plant and animal in three languages (Japanese, Ainu, English), noting any interesting aesthetics and outlining how the Ainu use them. Before the tour ended, I got a lesson in playing the mukkuri, a mouth harp made from bamboo. Takiguchi suggested that \"hearing the mukkuri resonate in the middle of the quiet forest gives you the feeling that humans are a part of nature\". It certainly did when he played &ndash; each note sent vibrations into my chest, weaving a connection between myself and everything in the forest. I felt this unity starkly in the stillness as the glaring sunlight reflected off the snow.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20230604-japans-ultimate-lesson-in-gratitude-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20230604-japans-ultimate-lesson-in-gratitude-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAfter my tour, I visited Takiguchi's woodwork shop and met his artist wife and skittish old dog. Out of traditional costume, he explained that he set up Anytime, Ainu Time three years ago with support from the elders of his community. \"I'm the baby here,\" he smiled. It turned out he was hosting me on his 41st birthday, which only made me all the more grateful, as I apologised for having him work.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Don't worry about it,\" he grinned.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EI left the Takiguchi woodwork shop feeling an intrinsic connection between nature and people, realising that appreciation and gratitude for every living thing leads to a feeling of abundance. Tuning in and valuing the tiniest details leading to wholeness. I wanted to skip to my bus stop but remembered to walk carefully in the snow, grateful to bursting.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin more than three million BBC Travel fans by liking us on&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCTravel\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Travel\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E&nbsp;and&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbc_travel\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story,&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=ear.bbc.email.we.email-signup\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E&nbsp;called \"The Essential List\". A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20230604-japans-ultimate-lesson-in-gratitude-8"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2023-06-05T10:23:33Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"Japan's ultimate lesson in gratitude","headlineShort":"Japan's ultimate lesson in gratitude","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"43.4573","longitude":"144.1040","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"travel","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Despite enduring 150 years of oppression, the Indigenous Ainu people still retain a strong sense of appreciation for the world – and travellers can now experience this in person.","summaryShort":"The Ainu people share their soulful, creative, nature-led way of life","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2023-06-04T21:24:05.071711Z","entity":"article","guid":"5b622734-8609-4e00-b5a8-742bc7d64f5d","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20230604-japans-ultimate-lesson-in-gratitude","modifiedDateTime":"2023-06-14T04:39:27.208033Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20230604-japans-ultimate-lesson-in-gratitude","cacheLastUpdated":1692601862373},"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20230807-want-to-cope-with-heatwaves-look-to-japans-creative-cooling-solutions":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:travel\u002Farticle\u002F20230807-want-to-cope-with-heatwaves-look-to-japans-creative-cooling-solutions","_id":"64d15093a471ef30aa6005d0","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["travel\u002Fauthor\u002Fdaniel-seifert"],"bodyIntro":"As extreme heat hammers the globe, one traveller discovers a wealth of cooling solutions, from high-tech underwear to ancient philosophies, on a journey round Japan.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EWhen our iPhones alerted us that the temperature had crept past 37C, we paused. Every sun-drenched step outside felt like we were \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002Farticle\u002F20221005-the-wagyu-olympics-the-quest-for-the-worlds-best-beef\"\u003Ewagyu\u003C\u002Fa\u003E steaks sizzling on the grill. Was honeymooning in Japan in July &ndash; one of its hottest, most humid months &ndash; really a good idea?\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003Cbr \u002F\u003E From Osaka to Kobe to Kyoto, my wife Erin and I planned every day with one goal: avoid melting into puddles. Around us, hordes of tourists were in the same sweaty boat. But a few days in, I noticed something. The locals looked noticeably cooler, less crabby, more comfortable. Why? \u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003Cbr \u002F\u003E The answer should come as no surprise. Japan, a nation renowned for its design thinking and innovation, is armed with a fistful of ways to survive punishing heat. While they love air-con as much as the next heat-stricken country, they also find respite in creative remedies, from electrically ventilated clothes to water-based rituals.\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003Cbr \u002F\u003E Solutions like these epitomise a nation where ancient traditions fuse with hyper-modern cities reaching endlessly towards the future. Here's six ways that locals cope with extreme heat.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20230807-want-to-cope-with-heatwaves-look-to-japans-creative-cooling-solutions-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0g4hncd"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"People in traditional clothes with parasols at Koishikawa Korakuen garden","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20230807-want-to-cope-with-heatwaves-look-to-japans-creative-cooling-solutions-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EZen spaces, Zen mindset\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EYou could see it in every tourist's eyes as they fanned their sweaty faces: I want out of the sun, now. In times like this, a Japanese concept is a useful balm. \u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fberkleycenter.georgetown.edu\u002Fposts\u002Fmono-no-aware-the-transience-of-life\"\u003EMono no aware\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003C\u002Fem\u003Ecan perhaps best be summed up in the phrase \"this too shall pass\", the notion that all things are beautiful, fleeting and temporary &ndash; even sweltering heat. In \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.scmp.com\u002Fmagazines\u002Fpost-magazine\u002Flong-reads\u002Farticle\u002F2161028\u002Fliving-edge-british-reporter-japans-stoicism-face\"\u003Ean interview\u003C\u002Fa\u003E with the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.scmp.com\u002Fmagazines\u002Fpost-magazine\u002Flong-reads\u002Farticle\u002F2161028\u002Fliving-edge-british-reporter-japans-stoicism-face\"\u003ESouth China Morning Post\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, Tokyo-based journalist Richard Lloyd Parry, who wrote a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fus.macmillan.com\u002Fbooks\u002F9781250192813\u002Fghostsofthetsunami\"\u003Ebook\u003C\u002Fa\u003E about the 2011 Japanese tsunami, theorised that exposure to extreme weather has moulded Japan's national character. Earthquakes, punishing seasons, typhoons &ndash; \"all this has bred a deep strain of fatalism or acceptance [in the Japanese psyche]\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EIf achieving the ever-accepting state of mono no aware seems unachievable in high temperatures, be like a local and head to a real Zen space. In Kyoto, the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.japan-guide.com\u002Fe\u002Fe3904.html\"\u003EHeian Jingu Shrine garden\u003C\u002Fa\u003E is a literal breath of fresh air. Shaded by maple and cherry trees and ribboned by a cool pond, the park feels like a door to a calmer dimension. Its centrepiece is the aptly named Bridge of Peace, whose dark, creaking eaves are filled with hundreds of \u003Cem\u003Efurin\u003C\u002Fem\u003E glass chimes. Often dotted around temples as a symbol of protection against evil, the ringing notes of furin act as a gentle reminder of cool winds. Surrounded by these chimes, with fat koi swimming lazily in the water below, I can attest that their sound felt like respite.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFashion: Ultra-baggy and fan-powered\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhether in baking street markets or Shinto shrines, tourists cope by shedding layers. Singlets, crop tops and shorts became our way of recognising fellow visitors. Conversely, many locals were swathed in cloth. Yuri Cath, who was raised in Yokohama, explained that apart from allowing air to circulate around your limbs freely, loose clothes are a nod to the country's conservative fashion mores. \"It's still frowned upon to wear revealing clothing in Japan,\" Cath said, \"so people get creative with cooler layering, while still looking stylish.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20230807-want-to-cope-with-heatwaves-look-to-japans-creative-cooling-solutions-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0g4hn85"],"imageAlignment":"left","imageAltText":"A man wears a jacket with built-in electric fans in Tokyo","imageOrientation":"square","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20230807-want-to-cope-with-heatwaves-look-to-japans-creative-cooling-solutions-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EIt's also worth picking up a few clothes from Uniqlo, a fashion brand beloved in Japan and abroad. They have an innovative line called AIRism, made from thin fabric that wicks sweat and dries quickly. I bought no fewer than four AIRism boxers on the honeymoon, and count those thin, silky purchases as my best souvenirs.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20230807-want-to-cope-with-heatwaves-look-to-japans-creative-cooling-solutions-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"calloutBodyHtml":"\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECooling sunscreen\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003EWalk down Japan's pharmacy aisles and you'll be met with an Aladdin's Cave of sprays, foams and sticks that keep you cool and UV-ray safe. Look out for the Cool UV Spray from a brand called Ishizawa.\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003Cstrong\u003EIced neck rings\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E Hugely popular in Japan, you just stick one in the fridge before you go and it keeps you cool on the move. Take your pick from brands, which offer rings that are cheap, stylish and everything in between.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EShaved ice machines\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003ECheap, cooling, adaptable for any flavour &ndash; shaved ice desserts (think mounds of pebble-sized ice drizzled in fruit or sauce) are popular in Japan and much of southeast Asia. Many households still use the old mechanical ice-shaver; travellers can spring for snazzier handheld models that are perfect for picnics.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","calloutTitle":"Three Japanese products to help you stay chilled","cardType":"CalloutBox","iFrameType":"","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20230807-want-to-cope-with-heatwaves-look-to-japans-creative-cooling-solutions-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EMeanwhile, I enviously eyed Japanese men who strolled past in \u003Cem\u003Etobi \u003C\u002Fem\u003Etrousers (think MC Hammer's parachute pants, but even baggier). Tobiwere originally worn by construction workers who favoured them as the billowing fabric kept you cool.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EWant something more high-tech? On sun-baked intersections, we saw crossing guards clad in what looked like bulky jackets and winced in sympathy. Turns out we were misguided: those jackets come with \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.japantimes.co.jp\u002Flife\u002F2020\u002F09\u002F08\u002Fstyle\u002Fjapan-summer-fan-fitted-clothes\u002F\"\u003Epowerful built-in fans\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that, when the jacket is zipped, create a kind of closed-loop system of coolness.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESalty solutions\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EYou can't walk a block in Japan without stumbling over a vending machine, and while bottles of water are welcome, one drink truly hits the spot. Pocari Sweat may not have the most attractive English name, but its mix of electrolytes, originally inspired by the makeup of an IV solution, is (according to their website at least) designed to rehydrate you faster. All I can say is the cool, tangy liquid felt like a lifesaver at high noon.\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003Cbr \u002F\u003E More than one Japanese friend credits Pocari's popularity to their advertising prowess. When temperatures rise, the brand kicks into high gear. In 2014, they even placed \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.marketing-interactive.com\u002Fpocari-sweat-summer-time-for-heat-sensitive-ads\"\u003Eheat-sensitive branded stickers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E at bus stops that turned red when the thermometer passed 30C. \u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EIf there's no nearby vending machine, duck into to a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002Farticle\u002F20190610-the-unique-culture-of-japanese-convenience-stores\"\u003Eubiquitous convenience store\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. As you savour the air-con, pick up a bag of salt plum candies &ndash; a treat to suck on while replenishing your sodium levels.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20230807-want-to-cope-with-heatwaves-look-to-japans-creative-cooling-solutions-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0g4hn54"],"imageAlignment":"left","imageAltText":"Japanese vending machine with sports and vitamin drinks","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20230807-want-to-cope-with-heatwaves-look-to-japans-creative-cooling-solutions-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESpeak the language of summer\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003ENot surprisingly, Japan has built an entire vocabulary around heat. There is a practicality to this shared language. If someone tells you tomorrow's weather will be \u003Cem\u003Ekokusho \u003C\u002Fem\u003E(intense heat around 35C), then you'll dress accordingly. If they say it will be hot but bearable, thanks to a \u003Cem\u003Ekunpuu \u003C\u002Fem\u003E(summer breeze), better still. Or if you suffer from \u003Cem\u003Enatsubate, \u003C\u002Fem\u003Esummer exhaustion, and want to hunker on your couch chugging Pocari Sweat, there's a name for that activity too: \u003Cem\u003Eshokibarai \u003C\u002Fem\u003E(roughly: \"cheering the mind and body to dispel the heat\").\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003ESpeaking of shokibarai, Cath says that in the summer, many TV channels here show endless reruns of horror films. There is a belief, she explained, in the literal \"chilling\" power of movies that send shivers down your spine. \"I love it,\" sighed Cath, \"though I always regret watching them afterwards.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EIt's no coincidence ghost stories fill screens each summer: Obon, an ancient festival honouring deceased loved ones, is held in August. During this time, it's thought that the dead temporarily walk the Earth once more.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20230807-want-to-cope-with-heatwaves-look-to-japans-creative-cooling-solutions-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0g4hn3l"],"imageAlignment":"left","imageAltText":"Chochin lanterns hang at a shrine in Nagoya, Japan, during Obon celebrations","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20230807-want-to-cope-with-heatwaves-look-to-japans-creative-cooling-solutions-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EStay in sync\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EApparently, when my wife and I were devouring platefuls of \u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbcgoodfood.com\u002Frecipes\u002Fnext-level-chicken-katsu-curry\"\u003Ekatsu \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbcgoodfood.com\u002Frecipes\u002Fnext-level-chicken-katsu-curry\"\u003Ecurry\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, we were being smart. Like \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002Farticle\u002F20201110-sichuan-peppercorn-a-chinese-spice-so-hot-it-cools\"\u003Emany cultures across Asia\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, the Japanese believe spicy foods can pep up your tired system after a warm day, or even make you sweat, thereby cooling you. There may also be something in the philosophy of eating, and living, in sync with the weather around you. As Cath noted, \"You might notice that air-con in public spaces is set to ensure it's not too cold.\" \u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003Cbr \u002F\u003E True enough, more than one train we saw had a sign saying \"mildly air-conditioned\" on the side. That's not just a great energy-saving measure, says Cath: it helps keep you regulated with the ambient heat.\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003Cstrong\u003EPouring heat away\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EWe noticed several shopkeepers carefully throwing buckets of water on the street outside their establishment. Only later did I realise that in warm weather, this act goes beyond the Japanese passion for cleanliness. It's an ancient practice known as \u003Cem\u003Euchimizu, \u003C\u002Fem\u003Esaid to cool the ambient air temperature and tamp down dust by splashing water with your hand or tossing it from a bucket onto the ground. For decades, the Japanese Water Federation has run \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.forbes.com\u002Fsites\u002Fchristinero\u002F2022\u002F09\u002F02\u002Fhow-social-norms-affect-heat-risks-in-japan\u002F?sh=3b31f47c397f\"\u003Ecampaigns\u003C\u002Fa\u003E encouraging people to get sprinkling (ideally with collected rainwater rather than wasteful tap water).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20230807-want-to-cope-with-heatwaves-look-to-japans-creative-cooling-solutions-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0g4hmwh"],"imageAlignment":"left","imageAltText":"People sprinkle water during Uchimizu festival in Tokyo, Japan","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20230807-want-to-cope-with-heatwaves-look-to-japans-creative-cooling-solutions-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhile there have been few scientific studies into uchimizu, one \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fphys.org\u002Fnews\u002F2017-04-traditional-japanese-uchimizu-technique-cool.html\"\u003Eexperiment\u003C\u002Fa\u003E by a team at Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands concluded that \"this simple method of sprinkling water has the potential to considerably reduce extreme heat in paved urban areas\". They added that the practice \"presents an opportunity to increase the awareness of city dwellers and to encourage them to [&hellip;] save energy.\" Many of the bucket-throwers we passed were old. Time will tell whether the practice will be passed on from the elder generation or die out.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EMy wife and I finished our honeymoon in love with Japan, and drained by 10 days of battling the elements. On the blessedly air-conditioned plane ride home, I wondered if my future travels would be viewed through the same lens: learning from the ancient and new ways that locals cope with a warming planet.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E---&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin more than three million BBC Travel fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCTravel\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Travel\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbc_travel\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcloud.email.bbc.com\u002FSignUp10_08\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E called \"The Essential List\". A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20230807-want-to-cope-with-heatwaves-look-to-japans-creative-cooling-solutions-12"}],"collection":["travel\u002Fcolumn\u002Fculture-identity"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2023-08-08T10:13:24Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"Want to cope with heatwaves? Look to Japan's creative cooling solutions","headlineShort":"Japan's innovative cooling solutions","image":["p0g4hnkv"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"People in traditional dress splash water during the Uchimizu water sprinkling event","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"36.2048","longitude":"138.2529","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z","Project":"wwverticals","Slug":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"64a461aca471ef30b9021812"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"travel","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"People in traditional dress splash water during the Uchimizu water sprinkling event","promoImage":["p0g4hnkv"],"relatedStories":["travel\u002Farticle\u002F20230730-are-luggage-free-trips-the-future","travel\u002Farticle\u002F20230606-how-to-tip-around-the-world","travel\u002Farticle\u002F20230604-japans-ultimate-lesson-in-gratitude"],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"As extreme heat hammers the globe, one traveller discovers a wealth of cooling solutions, from high-tech underwear to ancient philosophies, on a journey round Japan.","summaryShort":"From high-tech underwear to ancient philosophies","tag":["tag\u002Fcultural-activities","tag\u002Fnews-features"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2023-08-07T20:13:54.347096Z","entity":"article","guid":"d8d2d3d4-6347-4049-8d8a-17077f478fb9","id":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20230807-want-to-cope-with-heatwaves-look-to-japans-creative-cooling-solutions","modifiedDateTime":"2023-08-08T15:27:31.663594Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"travel\u002Farticle\u002F20230807-want-to-cope-with-heatwaves-look-to-japans-creative-cooling-solutions","destinationIds":["travel\u002Fdestination-guide\u002Fjapan","travel\u002Fdestination-guide\u002Fasia"],"destinationStat":"asia_japan_asia","cacheLastUpdated":1692601862372},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230814-why-fidgeting-is-good-for-you":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20230814-why-fidgeting-is-good-for-you","_id":"64dab243a471ef30a87ef007","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fsarah-griffiths"],"bodyIntro":"Often seen as a sign of rudeness, nerves or simply that you are not paying attention, it may be time to change our view of people who jiggle, tap and fiddle.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAs a child, I was regularly told off for swinging on my chair, absent-mindedly nibbling the pink rubbers off pencils and fidgeting through storytime, unable to get comfortable on the carpet while other children sat neatly cross-legged. As a result, over time, I learned to ignore the impulse to fidget. Today, I can sit still for hours with barely a shuffle.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt turns out, however, I may have been better off before. Fidgeting, research is revealing, may help us maintain a healthy weight, manage stress, and possibly even live longer.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"If you're sedentary, that's not good for you. But if you are sedentary and fidget, then actually that does reduce your risk of long-term ill health,\" reveals Janet Cade, a nutritional epidemiologist at the University of Leeds, on \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fprogrammes\u002Fm001n8b6\"\u003Ea recent episode of the BBC's The Infinite Monkey Cage\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo let us dig into the science to find out more.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230814-why-fidgeting-is-good-for-you-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"calloutBodyHtml":"\u003Cp\u003EBrian Cox and Robin Ince host a witty, irreverent look at the world through scientists' eyes. To hear what else The Infinite Monkey Cage has to offer, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.chtbl.com\u002Finfinitemonkeycage\"\u003Eyou can listen and subscribe to the podcast here\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","calloutTitle":"The Infinite Monkey Cage","cardType":"CalloutBox","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230814-why-fidgeting-is-good-for-you-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFidgeting is usually defined in dictionaries as moving or acting restlessly or nervously, but obesity expert James Levine, a professor of medicine at the Mayo Clinic and president of the rare disease non-profit Fondation Ipsen, says it is better defined as a neurologically programmed rhythmic movement of a body part. He says \"the fidget factor\" is an outward manifestation of an innate impulse to move.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFat-fighting fidgets\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWorldwide, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.who.int\u002Fnews-room\u002Ffact-sheets\u002Fdetail\u002Fobesity-and-overweight\"\u003Eobesity has nearly tripled\u003C\u002Fa\u003E since 1975. Part of this is down to the increasingly \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fmagazine-18774067\"\u003Esedentary nature of many forms of work\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nhs.uk\u002Flive-well\u002Fexercise\u002Fexercise-guidelines\u002Fwhy-sitting-too-much-is-bad-for-us\u002F\"\u003ESitting for long periods\u003C\u002Fa\u003E is thought to slow the metabolism, which affects the body's ability to regulate blood sugar and blood pressure, as well as to break down body fat.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut growing evidence suggests that the impulse to fidget may help us unconsciously manage our weight by prompting us to move, a little like a vibration alert on a fitness tracker. If acted upon, these tiny movements can have a big impact, says Levine.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor example, Levine has found that slimmer office workers tend to act on their fidget impulses more often, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Farticles\u002F10.3389\u002Ffspor.2023.1122938\u002Ffull\"\u003Estanding and moving around for two hours more a day than those with obesity\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. This may reflect a biological predisposition to movement, he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut fidgeting itself &ndash; even as slight as tapping a foot &ndash; may also help us to burn off excess energy, that could otherwise end up being stored as fat.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne small study measuring the energy expenditure of fidgeting-like activities in 24 people found that fidgeting while sitting can \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0002916523069046\"\u003Eincrease the amount of calories burned by 29%\u003C\u002Fa\u003E compared to lying down without moving. Fidgeting when standing, which Levine says tends to take the form of rocking or shifting from foot to foot, boosts the number of calories burned by 38%, compared to lying down.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever, while movements like fidgeting contribute to the body's energy balance, they are not a replacement for movement or exercise.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230814-why-fidgeting-is-good-for-you-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0g6nvmm"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"An entry on fidgeting in the 1920s book Etiquette in Everyday Life (Credit: Alamy)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230814-why-fidgeting-is-good-for-you-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\"It's a little like the spark plugs of a car,\" says Levine, explaining the spark plugs are going when the key is in the ignition, but the car will only move if the driver presses down on the accelerator. In his analogy, the sparks are fidgets that occur no matter what, but choosing to respond to them &ndash; pushing the accelerator &ndash; unlocks benefits.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn another small study, Levine examined the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.science.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1126\u002Fscience.283.5399.212\"\u003Eimpact of fidgeting on human physiology\u003C\u002Fa\u003E by feeding 16 lean volunteers 1,000 additional calories a day over a period of eight weeks. The experiment revealed that some participants were \"remarkably resilient\" to fat gain because they \"activated their fidget factors\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe study found overfeeding can trigger an increase energy expenditure through the fidget factor by 700 calories per day, because the participants subconsciously moved more, including walking more energetically. This \"non-exercise activity thermogenesis\", as Levine and his team describe fidgeting, accounted for a 10-fold difference in fat storage.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe finding is echoed in the animal kingdom. Scientists have noticed that songbirds, such as finches never seem to get fat, despite bingeing on seeds from bird feeders. This is because they \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cell.com\u002Ftrends\u002Fecology-evolution\u002Ffulltext\u002FS0169-5347(18)30185-X\"\u003Eunconsciously adjust how efficiently they use energy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E from food by changing their wingbeat frequency or singing patterns, says environmental biologist Lewis Halsey of the University of Roehampton.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"We need to remember that 'energy in' isn't what's shoved down the beak but what's taken up through the gut and then what's extracted by the cells; looking at it as just the amount of food consumed is too simplistic,\" he says. \"And this goes for humans and other animals, not just songbirds.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe good news is that people who have fewer impulses to move or simply resist the urge to fidget can tap into fidgety benefits by using prompts such as a vibrating fitness tracker to move more, or simply change their routine or environment to encourage them to fidget and move, from standing while taking a phone call to planning walking meetings. Levine himself spent our 30 minute online interview standing.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere could be other benefits to fidgeting that go beyond controlling our weight, though. It might also help our brains.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EConcentration boost\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere is a close relationship between movements and cognitive performance, says Maxwell Melin, a neuroscientist at the University of California Los Angeles and the California Institute of Technology's Medical Scientist Training Program. But whether fidgeting aids concentration is not straightforward and may come down to the type of fidgeting.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230814-why-fidgeting-is-good-for-you-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Feet tapping while sitting, for example, can protect the arteries in legs and potentially help prevent arterial disease","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230814-why-fidgeting-is-good-for-you-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFidgety people \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1111\u002Fj.1467-6494.1986.tb00402.x\"\u003Etend to daydream\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which can distract them \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1111\u002Fj.1467-6494.1986.tb00402.x\"\u003Eat school\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and work. But fidgeting, like \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1002\u002Facp.1561\"\u003Edoodling\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, can also provide \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Fthe-surprising-science-of-fidgeting-77525\"\u003Ephysiological stimulation\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which can \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Fpopping-toys-the-latest-fidget-craze-might-reduce-stress-for-adults-and-children-alike-158746\"\u003Ehelp some people focus on a task\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. In one experiment, people who doodled throughout a phone call \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1002\u002Facp.1561\u002Fabstract\"\u003Eremembered 29% more details\u003C\u002Fa\u003E than those who did not, suggesting the activity may aid cognitive performance, although more research is needed.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EResearch by Katherine Isbister, a professor of computational media at the University of California, Santa Cruz, has indicated that people often \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdrive.google.com\u002Ffile\u002Fd\u002F1xATuZkjSpyTCOFly2DtgCvVbkrvh6BA_\u002Fview\"\u003Echoose to fidget with objects\u003C\u002Fa\u003E &ndash; such as paper clips, folded pieces of paper or widgets &ndash; that provide the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdl.acm.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1145\u002F2971485.2971557\"\u003Eright level of stimulation when they need\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn some cases, it can depend on the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.biorxiv.org\u002Fcontent\u002F10.1101\u002F2023.06.26.546404v1\"\u003Etype of movement involved\u003C\u002Fa\u003E as to whether it is associated with good task performance, adds Melin. He gives the example of a professional tennis player bouncing a ball before serving. \"They do not need to bounce the ball for a serve, but many professionals find a pre-serve routine helps them focus,\" he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever, swatting a fly before hitting a serve would be an example of a non-stereotyped movement. In other words, some actions can sharpen our focus, while other movements that are unrelated to completing a task seem to distract us.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"What we still don't know is the directionality of this relationship,\" says Melin. \"Do stereotyped movements actually cause better task performance, or are they merely a symptom of a person who is actively engaged in the task at hand?\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMelin is intrigued by whether movements have a causal impact on sophisticated thinking skills, because they could potentially be used to help people with ADHD, who can be prone to fidgeting, and other conditions that affect behaviour.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA longer life?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile there is no evidence to show that fidgeting directly leads to a longer life, experts know that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fnews.yale.edu\u002F2021\u002F12\u002F06\u002Fstress-makes-lifes-clock-tick-faster-chilling-out-slows-it-down\"\u003Echronic stress\u003C\u002Fa\u003E can shorten our lifespan, while a sedentary lifestyle \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.who.int\u002Fnews\u002Fitem\u002F04-04-2002-physical-inactivity-a-leading-cause-of-disease-and-disability-warns-who\"\u003Eincreases all causes of mortality\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, doubling the risk of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and obesity, as well as increasing the risks of depression and anxiety. Fidgeting may help with both.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor one, fidgeting may help us cope with stress. In one study, 42 men were \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.3109\u002F10253890.2012.707709?journalCode=ists20\"\u003Eput in a stressful situation\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, given a simulated job interview followed by a mental arithmetic task that they had to complete in front of two people. Researchers found that those who fidgeted by displaying \"displacement behaviours\" such as scratching, biting their lips or touching their face found the experience less stressful.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230814-why-fidgeting-is-good-for-you-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Video","iFrameType":"","videoUrn":["p09wk29n"],"id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230814-why-fidgeting-is-good-for-you-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMeanwhile, fidgeting also may help lower some of the other risks that come with a sedentary lifestyle. Researchers have found that feet tapping while sitting, for example, can protect the arteries in legs and potentially help \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.physiology.org\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1152\u002Fajpheart.00297.2016\"\u003Eprevent arterial disease\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMeanwhile, drawing upon the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fukwcs.leeds.ac.uk\u002F\"\u003EUK Women's Cohort Study\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which analyses the eating patterns of more than 35,000 women, researchers found \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ajpmonline.org\u002Farticle\u002FS0749-3797(15)00345-1\u002Ffulltext\"\u003Eno increased risk of mortality\u003C\u002Fa\u003E from longer sitting times in those who considered themselves to fidget a moderate amount or a lot when compared to more active women.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe findings raise questions about whether \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.leeds.ac.uk\u002Fnews-health\u002Fnews\u002Farticle\u002F3758\u002Fif-you-re-sitting-down-don-t-sit-still-new-research-suggests\"\u003Ethe way we perceive people who fidget should change\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, says Cade. Fidgeting is often seen as rude or an indication that someone is not concentrating. But it these simple movements are beneficial for our health, maybe they should be indulged, she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThey also support the suggestion that it is best to avoid sitting still for long periods of time and fidgeting may offer enough of a break to make a difference.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELevine believes that crushing the natural urge to fidget is \"\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Farticles\u002F10.3389\u002Ffspor.2023.1122938\u002Ffull\"\u003Ea public health calamity\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\" but society has an opportunity to fight against sedentary routines and environments.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"If you allow the body's natural drive to move&hellip; the likelihood is you are actually going to be healthier, happier and thinner, and quite frankly, live longer,\" he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcloud.email.bbc.com\u002FSignUp10_08\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\" &ndash; a handpicked selection of stories from BBC \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFuture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Cem\u003Eand \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230814-why-fidgeting-is-good-for-you-8"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2023-08-15T01:01:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"Why fidgeting is good for you","headlineShort":"How 'the fidget factor' improves health","image":["p0g6nvgd"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Paper clips bent into a series of shapes (Credit: Getty Images)","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z","Project":"wwverticals","Slug":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"64a461aca471ef30b9021812"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"A young boy fidgeting with his feet (Credit: Getty Images)","promoImage":["p0g6nvvd"],"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Often seen as a sign of rudeness or not paying attention, compulsively jiggling your knee, fiddling with a pen or tapping your fingers might bring some surprising benefits.","summaryShort":"Maybe its time to change our view of people who jiggle, tap and fiddle","tag":["tag\u002Fhealth","tag\u002Fexercise","tag\u002Fscience","tag\u002Fwellness","tag\u002Ffeatures"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2023-08-14T23:01:06.989427Z","entity":"article","guid":"a785b977-f7cc-4b41-88ef-7836ddc29755","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230814-why-fidgeting-is-good-for-you","modifiedDateTime":"2023-08-15T13:34:40.795287Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230814-why-fidgeting-is-good-for-you","cacheLastUpdated":1692601862373},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230811-which-is-the-best-position-to-sleep-in":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20230811-which-is-the-best-position-to-sleep-in","_id":"64d960fea471ef0d4311d65a","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fclaudia-hammond"],"bodyIntro":"Some swear by a night on their side, others on their back. But which sleeping position is the best for a good night's rest?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIf you live anywhere affected by the recent heatwaves, you may well have spent your nights tossing and turning, trying out different sleeping positions in an attempt to get comfortable. But what does the evidence say about which sleeping positions are actually the best?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EStudies on everyone from seafarers on container ships to welders in Nigeria might be able to help us, although given how important sleep is to us it's surprising how \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbmjopen.bmj.com\u002Fcontent\u002F9\u002F6\u002Fe027633\"\u003Efew large-scale studies have been conducted\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFirst you need a way of working out which position people are sleeping in. You can ask them of course, but we only really remember the way we were lying when we were trying to fall asleep and the position we wake up in. To find out more, researchers have tried a variety of techniques including filming people while they sleep or getting them to use wearable technology that monitors their movements.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn Hong Kong researchers are developing what they call the \"Blanket Accommodative Sleep Posture Classification System\", which uses \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mdpi.com\u002F1424-8220\u002F21\u002F16\u002F5553\"\u003Einfrared depth cameras\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that can detect a person's sleep position even through a thick blanket.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EResearchers in Denmark used small motion-sensor detectors attached to volunteers' thighs, upper backs and upper arms before they went to sleep to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.dovepress.com\u002Fsleep-positions-and-nocturnal-body-movements-based-on-free-living-acce-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-NSS\"\u003Eestablish their favoured sleeping position\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. They found that during their time in bed, people spent just over half their time on their sides, around 38% on their backs and 7% on their fronts. The older the people were, the more time they spent on their sides.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230811-which-is-the-best-position-to-sleep-in-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Video","iFrameType":"","videoUrn":["p06fshzv"],"id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230811-which-is-the-best-position-to-sleep-in-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThis bias towards sleeping on our sides is something we develop only as we become adults, because children over the age of three spend on average an&nbsp;\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Facademic.oup.com\u002Fsleep\u002Farticle\u002F15\u002F2\u002F143\u002F2742862\"\u003Eequal amount of time sleeping on their sides, back and fronts\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBabies, meanwhile, sleep mainly on their backs because&nbsp;\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20221024-the-search-for-what-causes-sids\"\u003Ethey're put in their cots this way for safety reasons\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20230509-will-we-everhibernate-in-space\"\u003EWill we ever&hellip; hibernate in space?\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20230315-how-the-seasons-change-our-sleep\"\u003EWhy you need more sleep in winter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20220524-why-humans-get-less-sleep-than-other-primates\"\u003EHow evolution changed our sleep\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo sleeping on your side is the most common position and we could trust the wisdom of the crowd to choose the position where they sleep best, but what about the data? A very small observational study in which people could sleep however they preferred found that those who slept on their right side slept&nbsp;\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC9416198\"\u003Eslightly better than those on their left\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, followed by those on their backs.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIf you find it easy to sleep on your side, then it's probably also best for anyone else trying to get to sleep nearby. On one occasion, while touring a submarine for a radio programme I was making, the submariners showed me their sleeping quarters, where the bunks were stacked so closely on top of each other that it was hard to turn over. That meant they tended to sleep on their backs, so they told me it was a race to get to sleep first before the whole cabin was full of snoring men.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnother small study looked at seafarers working on merchant container ships and found that respiratory disturbances such as snoring were more common when the&nbsp;\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mdpi.com\u002F1660-4601\u002F20\u002F4\u002F3168\"\u003Eseafarers were sleeping on their backs\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230811-which-is-the-best-position-to-sleep-in-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0g65kqq"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Woman sleeping on back (Credit: Getty Images)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230811-which-is-the-best-position-to-sleep-in-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESome snoring is caused by severe obstructive sleep apnoea, where breathing stops and starts while the person is sleeping. This has been found to be more common in people who \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.hindawi.com\u002Fjournals\u002Fisrn\u002F2013\u002F670381\u002F\"\u003Econsistently sleep on their backs\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBy contrast, lying on your side helps to clear the upper airway and prevents the uvula (the fleshy bit that hangs down in the back of your throat) and the tongue from obstructing the throat, leading to less snoring. Indeed, in some cases, a move from sleeping mainly on your back to mainly sleeping on your side has been shown to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1111\u002Fjsr.12097\"\u003Esolve the problem of sleep apnoea altogether\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESleeping on your side may well have other benefits too. For instance, research into the sleep patterns of welders on container ships in Nigeria showed that those who slept on their back were \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fprofile\u002FGabriel-Ayeni-4\u002Fpublication\u002F277962865_Risk-Disposing_Habits_of_Lowback_Pain_amongst_Welders_and_Panel_Beaters_in_Owerri_South-East_Nigeria\u002Flinks\u002F558d0aaa08aee43bf6ae574a\u002FRisk-Disposing-Habits-of-Lowback-Pain-amongst-Welders-and-Panel-Beaters-in-Owerri-South-East-Nigeria.pdf\"\u003Emore likely to suffer back pain\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, compared with those who slept on their sides.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230811-which-is-the-best-position-to-sleep-in-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"People who slept in a straighter, more supported side position reported having less neck pain","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230811-which-is-the-best-position-to-sleep-in-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut this doesn't mean sleeping on your side works for everyone or is a panacea for all aches and pains. It depends on your ailment and the exact position you adopt during sleep.&nbsp; Researchers in Western Australia monitored volunteers' bedrooms for 12 hours a night using automatic cameras and found that those who said they regularly woke up with a stiff neck spent more time sleeping in what the researchers refer to as \"provocative side sleeping positions\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis phrase might conjure up all sorts of possibilities in your mind, but what it means in this context is sleeping on your side in a twisted position, for example, with your top thigh reaching across the other thigh, twisting the spine. By contrast, people who slept in a straighter, more supported side position \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC8631621\u002F\"\u003Ereported having less neck pain\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhat the design of this study couldn't ascertain of course is whether sleeping in the \"provocative\" position was causing the neck pain or whether people were adopting this position because it was the only way they could get comfortable because of neck pain.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230811-which-is-the-best-position-to-sleep-in-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0g65mz0"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Bunks on US Navy submarine (Credit: Getty Images)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230811-which-is-the-best-position-to-sleep-in-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESo how about if you got people to trial a new sleeping position and then followed them to see if it made a difference to the pains they experienced?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn a study conducted with older people taking part in a fitness programme in Portugal, people with back pain were instructed to sleep on their sides and those with neck pain to try sleeping on their backs. Four weeks later 90% of the participants said their \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcontent.iospress.com\u002Farticles\u002Fwork\u002Fwor2243\"\u003Erespective pains had reduced\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis looks like an impressive result, but there is a caveat. Only 20 people took part in the study &ndash; a small sample &ndash; so it's not possible to conclude that this simple change of sleeping position would have such a positive effect on everyone who suffers from back or neck pain. As ever in scientific research, more studies are needed.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230811-which-is-the-best-position-to-sleep-in-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"If you do suffer with heartburn, it might be worth trying to sleep more on your left side in future","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230811-which-is-the-best-position-to-sleep-in-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFor one medical issue, it\u003Cspan\u003E'\u003C\u002Fspan\u003Es not just a question of whether to lie on your back or side, but rather,&nbsp;which side you lie on.&nbsp;In acid reflux, gastric juices come up from the stomach, causing an intense burning in the chest.&nbsp;Sometimes doctors advise people to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nhsinform.scot\u002Fillnesses-and-conditions\u002Fstomach-liver-and-gastrointestinal-tract\u002Findigestion#treating-indigestion\"\u003Etry sleeping on propped-up pillows\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in an attempt to relieve this very unpleasant kind of pain.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIf the discomfort happens&nbsp;repeatedly it is known as gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, which can have serious consequences. Why this should have happened is not entirely clear, but one possible explanation is that sleeping on the left keeps the junction between the stomach and oesophagus above the level of the gastric acid. Sleeping on the right relaxes the lower oesophageal sphincter, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.lww.com\u002Fajg\u002FAbstract\u002F2000\u002F10000\u002FThe_Role_of_Diet_and_Lifestyle_Measures_in_The.6.aspx\"\u003Eallowing the acid to escape\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230811-which-is-the-best-position-to-sleep-in-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0g65jd1"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Man sleeping on side on bench (Credit: Getty Images)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230811-which-is-the-best-position-to-sleep-in-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhatever the answer, if you do suffer with heartburn, it might be worth trying to sleep more on your left side in future.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"xmsonospacing\"\u003ESo far I've concentrated on sleeping on your side or your back because that is what the majority of people do. But what about those people &ndash; a small minority &ndash; who sleep on their fronts?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWell, to start with, one study&nbsp;suggests it&rsquo;s not a good idea \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs00405-014-3476-6\"\u003Eif you suffer with jaw pain\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which is perhaps not very surprising.&nbsp;&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd what about wrinkles? Surely, lying with your face squashed into your pillow makes wrinkles worse?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWriting in Aesthetic Surgery Journal, a group of plastic surgeons suggest, rather poetically, that the skin on your face is best preserved if it is treated like \"\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Facademic.oup.com\u002Fasj\u002Farticle\u002F36\u002F8\u002F931\u002F2613967\"\u003Eseaweed that sways while tethered to a stalk\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo the idea is to impose the least strain possible on your face while you sleep and that rules out sleeping face down. And if preserving your skin is most important to you than sleeping better or dealing with aches and pains or reflux, then \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.lww.com\u002Fdermatologicsurgery\u002FAbstract\u002F2013\u002F09000\u002FEffect_of_Sleep_Position_on_Perceived_Facial_Aging.10.aspx\"\u003Esleeping on your side isn't ideal either.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhat then can we conclude from all this? First that, all other things being equal, sleeping on your side seems to have several advantages, but your precise posture can have an effect on neck and back pain &ndash; and the side you sleep on can increase or reduce acid reflux. Snoring increases if you sleep on your back, but we all vary so it could still be the way you sleep best.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt's worth trying out new sleep positions and keeping a diary if your current position isn't giving you a good night's sleep. But remember not to obsess too much about different positions or you \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Farticles\u002F10.3389\u002Ffpsyt.2021.677136\u002Ffull\"\u003Emay keep yourself awake worrying\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcloud.email.bbc.com\u002FSignUp10_08\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\" &ndash; a handpicked selection of stories from BBC \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFuture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Cem\u003Eand \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230811-which-is-the-best-position-to-sleep-in-12"}],"collection":["future\u002Fcolumn\u002Fmedical-myths"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2023-08-14T01:01:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"Which is the best position to sleep in?","headlineShort":"Which is the best sleeping position?","image":["p0g65lx3"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z","Project":"wwverticals","Slug":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"64a461aca471ef30b9021812"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Some swear by a night on their side, others on their back. But which sleeping position is the best for a good night's rest?","summaryShort":"Is it best to snooze on your side, your back or your front?","tag":["tag\u002Fsleep","tag\u002Fhealth","tag\u002Fwellness","tag\u002Fscience","tag\u002Ffeatures"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2023-08-13T23:02:05.058702Z","entity":"article","guid":"6d3fdb4c-ba1b-47bc-9c06-103e984770e7","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230811-which-is-the-best-position-to-sleep-in","modifiedDateTime":"2023-08-14T13:23:32.870469Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230811-which-is-the-best-position-to-sleep-in","cacheLastUpdated":1692601862374},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230811-mission-to-the-moon-who-will-win-russian-and-indias-race-to-the-lunar-south-pole":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20230811-mission-to-the-moon-who-will-win-russian-and-indias-race-to-the-lunar-south-pole","_id":"64d66e32a471ef2ed1049eb8","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fchris-baraniuk"],"bodyIntro":"Two spacecraft – one built by India and the other by Russia – are hurtling on missions towards our Moon by very different routes. But does it matter which touches down first?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ERight now, a mini space race is afoot. Two spacecraft, one Russian and the other Indian, are headed for the South Pole of the Moon &ndash; where no lander has ever successfully gone before. The \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov\u002Fnmc\u002Fspacecraft\u002Fdisplay.action?id=LUNA-25\"\u003ERussian\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.isro.gov.in\u002FChandrayaan3_Details.html\"\u003EIndian vehicles\u003C\u002Fa\u003E are on competing quests to search for \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nasa.gov\u002Ffeature\u002Fames\u002Fice-confirmed-at-the-moon-s-poles\"\u003Ewater ice\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and potentially useful minerals that might be \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0032063312001821\"\u003Etucked away in the lunar dust\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESuch was the timing of the crafts' departures that they are due to reach their destinations around the same date. No one planned this showdown, it is simply a curious twist of fate &ndash; but one that has got the world watching, and wondering: who will get there first?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230811-mission-to-the-moon-who-will-win-russian-and-indias-race-to-the-lunar-south-pole-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"calloutBodyHtml":"\u003Cp\u003EThe timing of Luna-25's arrival seems to have worried the Indian Space Research Organisation, who two days before Russia's planned launch issued a public statement \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.isro.gov.in\u002FCurrent_Space_Situation_around_Moon_Assessment.html\"\u003Eassessing the increasingly cramped orbital space around the Moon\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. It warned that there are already six active spacecraft orbiting the Moon &ndash; four belong to Nasa, one is from South Korea and another from an earlier Indian mission &ndash; but added that with the arrival of Luna-25 followed by nine further spacecraft over the next two years there will be a growing risk of collisions. It said that its own \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.isro.gov.in\u002FChandrayaan_2.html\"\u003EChandrayaan-2 spacecraft\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which launched three years ago, has already had to perform three collision avoidance manoeuvres to prevent close encounters with Nasa's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter and the Korea Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","calloutTitle":"Worries around the Moon","cardType":"CalloutBox","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230811-mission-to-the-moon-who-will-win-russian-and-indias-race-to-the-lunar-south-pole-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFor decades, our reading of things that happen in space has been unavoidably shaped by the original space race of the 1960s, in which the United States and the Soviet Union vied to put a human being on the Moon. Despite the Soviet Union becoming the first nation to put a satellite in Earth orbit, launch a human into space, and land an uncrewed spacecraft on the Moon, the US grabbed \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20230516-apollo-how-moon-missions-changed-the-modern-world\"\u003Ethe biggest prize of all\u003C\u002Fa\u003E when the Apollo 11 mission carried astronauts to the lunar surface. Their adventure was broadcast on TV screens around the world and it was followed by further crewed \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nasa.gov\u002Fmission_pages\u002Fapollo\u002Fmissions\u002Findex.html\"\u003EApollo missions in subsequent years\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, with the last taking place in 1972. More than 50 years later, the US remains the only country to have achieved a crewed Moon landing.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Indian lander,&nbsp;\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.isro.gov.in\u002FChandrayaan3_Details.html\"\u003EChandrayaan-3\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, blasted off from Earth on 14 July, packed with a payload of scientific equipment as well as a small, six-wheeled rover for exploration of the lunar surface. It's due to touch down on the lunar surface on 23 August after first sling-shotting around the Earth a few times and&nbsp;\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-asia-india-66402526\"\u003Espending several weeks orbiting the Moon\u003C\u002Fa\u003E&nbsp;in preparation for the landing. The Russian lander, meanwhile, Luna-25, departed our planet only recently, taking off just after 2am Moscow time on 11 August (11pm GMT 10 August). It is taking a much faster, more direct route to the Moon and could \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.reuters.com\u002Ftechnology\u002Fspace\u002Frussia-launch-lunar-spacecraft-race-find-water-moon-2023-08-10\u002F\"\u003Ereach the surface in as little as 10 days post-launch, on 21 August\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Officials at the Russian space agency Roscosmos have made no secret about their desire to be first to make a soft landing at the Moon's South Pole.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut Luna-25's journey might take slightly longer than that, meaning Chandrayaan-3 could arrive on the Moon first, in the end. Slow and steady could win this race.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe missions, however, reflect the renewed interest in the Moon for space exploration. The recent discovery of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nasa.gov\u002Ffeature\u002Fames\u002Fice-confirmed-at-the-moon-s-poles\"\u003Esignificant pockets of water ice\u003C\u002Fa\u003E on our nearest celestial neighbour has excited scientists because hydrogen in the water could potentially be extracted to make rocket fuel at a future Moon base. Plus, the water might even be drinkable after treatment.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe so-called race between Luna-25 and Chandrayaan-3 encapsulates \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fscience-environment-64002977\"\u003Ea new era of lunar exploration\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, in which nations including the US, Israel, and China, as well as private companies, are targeting the Moon with spacecraft and forthcoming crewed missions. For many, it's just friendly competition. And yet, a fresh chapter of human exploration is at stake. The small steps taken by individual landers and crewed missions \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nasa.gov\u002Fspecials\u002Fartemis\u002F\"\u003Ecould add up to giant leaps\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in conquering the Solar System in the coming decades and centuries. Who gets there first really could matter.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"It's turned out to be more of a coincidence than anything,\" says Wendy Whitman Cobb, professor of strategy and security studies at the US Air and Space Force's Air University, referring to the timing of the Luna-25 and Chandrayaan-3 missions. \"But it is a very interesting coincidence.\" Luna-25's launch has been repeatedly delayed &ndash; it was originally scheduled for 2021.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230811-mission-to-the-moon-who-will-win-russian-and-indias-race-to-the-lunar-south-pole-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Video","iFrameType":"","videoImageAlign":"centre","videoUrn":["p0g62qnd"],"id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230811-mission-to-the-moon-who-will-win-russian-and-indias-race-to-the-lunar-south-pole-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIndia has a \"leg up\", she says, since its spacecraft is already in orbit around the Moon. The Russians probably feel some pressure to get there first, though, she suggests, given their more direct route. Chandrayaan-3 is twice as heavy as Luna-25 and was also launched using a much less powerful rocket, meaning it needed to build up speed by taking large elliptical orbits around the Earth before it could swing out towards the Moon itself. Operators of the two craft will have to assure themselves of the performance of each vehicle before starting the touchdown procedure. Unexpected malfunctions could push the attempt back or scupper it entirely. They won't know how it's going to go, really, until they get there.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENational pride will probably be a factor in pushing ahead wherever possible. Russia is arguably hoping to prove its continued capabilities in space given that the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.esa.int\u002FNewsroom\u002FPress_Releases\u002FRedirecting_ESA_programmes_in_response_to_geopolitical_crisis\"\u003Ecountry's space programme has been affected by sanctions\u003C\u002Fa\u003E following Russia's invasion of Ukraine. \"Their space industry has really, really suffered,\" says Whitman Cobb.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut it's hardly a race to the Moon, as such, for Russia, says Stefania Paladini, who studies the space industry at Queen Margaret University in the UK, because the former Soviet Union succeeded in putting multiple landers and even rovers on the Moon 50 years ago. In that sense, the Russians won the race long ago and, clearly in homage to that, the name Luna-25 harks back to the last Russian lunar mission, Luna 24 in 1976. The \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov\u002Fnmc\u002Fspacecraft\u002Fdisplay.action?id=1959-012A\"\u003ESoviet Luna 1 space probe\u003C\u002Fa\u003E is regarded as the first spacecraft to reach the Moon (\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov\u002Fnmc\u002Fspacecraft\u002Fdisplay.action?id=1959-012A\"\u003Eobservers concluded that it was designed to impact the lunar body\u003C\u002Fa\u003E but instead passed it by, 3,725 miles (5,995km) above its surface) in 1959.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230811-mission-to-the-moon-who-will-win-russian-and-indias-race-to-the-lunar-south-pole-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"We don't want to end up in some territorial disputes on the Moon, things are bad enough on Earth – Jack Burns","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230811-mission-to-the-moon-who-will-win-russian-and-indias-race-to-the-lunar-south-pole-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EConversely, if Chandrayaan-3 touches down as planned, it \"would be the first time for India to actually succeed\", in achieving a \"soft landing\" on the Moon, says Paladini, noting how the nation's previous attempt, with the Chandrayaan-2 lander,&nbsp;\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-asia-india-49632316\"\u003Eended in failure when the vehicle crashed onto the lunar surface in September 2019\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. (India has technically sent a spacecraft to the Moon's South Pole before with its&nbsp;\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.isro.gov.in\u002FChandrayaan-1_science.html\"\u003EMoon Impact Probe\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which smashed into a ridge close to&nbsp;\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.hou.usra.edu\u002Fmeetings\u002Flpsc2021\u002Fpdf\u002F1013.pdf\"\u003EShackleton Crater in November 2008\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, but it was far from being a soft landing and the spacecraft was never expected to survive the landing.)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20230505-the-crazy-plan-to-explode-a-nuclear-bomb-on-the-moon\"\u003EThe bizarre US plan to nuke the Moon\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20230303-how-the-moon-is-making-days-longer-on-earth\"\u003EHow the Moon is making days longer on Earth\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20230418-what-it-takes-to-make-a-suit-fit-for-the-moon\"\u003EThe space suits designed for the next lunar explorers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhat is new here is the targeted landing sites at the South Pole of the Moon. No spacecraft has ever touched down there successfully. All of the&nbsp;\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fprogrammes\u002Farticles\u002F3gDG023plXCJLVpvHZ8qtBf\u002Ffind-the-apollo-landing-sites\"\u003EApollo missions went to locations further north\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, near to the Moon's equator &ndash; those landing sites featured relatively smooth terrain and plenty of sunlight. At the South Pole, in contrast, the terrain is much bumper,&nbsp;\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nasa.gov\u002Ffeature\u002Fmoon-s-south-pole-in-nasa-s-landing-sites\"\u003Elittered with craters\u003C\u002Fa\u003E,&nbsp;and light from the Sun arrives at a harsher angle. (\u003Cem\u003ERead about how&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20230705-what-will-the-next-footprints-on-the-moon-look-like\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003Ethe boots worn by the next astronauts to walk on the Moon will cope with the conditions at the lunar South Pole\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230811-mission-to-the-moon-who-will-win-russian-and-indias-race-to-the-lunar-south-pole-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0g66dw3"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Onlookers wave flags as India's Chandrayaan-3 lifts off on July 14 (Credit: Getty Images)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230811-mission-to-the-moon-who-will-win-russian-and-indias-race-to-the-lunar-south-pole-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\"The sun is very low over the horizon,\" explains Jack Burns, a professor of astrophysics and planetary science at the University of Colorado Boulder. \"\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fsvs.gsfc.nasa.gov\u002F4893\"\u003EThe shadows are very long\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, the Moon is very uniform in terms of its grey surface, so being able to differentiate between craters and boulders is going to be much more challenging.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe US aims to send a crewed mission, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nasa.gov\u002Fpress-release\u002Fnasa-identifies-candidate-regions-for-landing-next-americans-on-moon\"\u003EArtemis III, to the lunar South Pole\u003C\u002Fa\u003E as early as 2025, so learning from the experiences of robotic landers before that date will presumably be useful to some extent. But crewed spaceflight will always be much harder than uncrewed, notes Whitman Cobb. \"I don't even see it as being necessarily in the same league,\" she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhat really matters, going forward, is who is able to set up a sustained and worthwhile presence on the moon, argues Vishnu Reddy, professor of planetary sciences at the University of Arizona. He disapproves of talk of a race or competition between nations and private companies. \"Honestly, I think it's a distraction,\" he says. \"Competitions only take you to the flag. You can't have sustainable, long-term presence based on politics or trying to beat one nation or the other.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe scientific equipment aboard each lander is relatively similar, he points out. The vehicles will hopefully help scientists to better understand more about the crucial lunar water ice, minerals, and the Moon's limited atmosphere, among other things. Just getting a clearer picture of the lunar South Pole is helpful, as is proving the capacity to land safely in such a tricky location.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere is another way of framing current expeditions to the Moon, though, says Anu Ojha, engagement, international and inspiration director at the UK Space Agency, who was previously involved in reviewing the Luna-25 mission before the invasion of Ukraine \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.esa.int\u002FNewsroom\u002FPress_Releases\u002FRedirecting_ESA_programmes_in_response_to_geopolitical_crisis\"\u003Eled the European Space Agency to discontinue its activities with Russia\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Think of it like international \"architectures\" competing against one another, he suggests. The US, UK and India are among 27 countries signed up to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nasa.gov\u002Fspecials\u002Fartemis-accords\u002Findex.html\"\u003Ethe Artemis Accords\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Meanwhile, Russia and China are collaborating on their own future Moon base, the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-asia-china-56342311\"\u003EInternational Lunar Research Station\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Construction could begin as early as 2026. Luna-25 and Chandrayaan-3 are essentially early forays from each of these two international conglomerations.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230811-mission-to-the-moon-who-will-win-russian-and-indias-race-to-the-lunar-south-pole-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0g67249"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"An engineer explains the route India's Chandrayaan-3 will take to reach the Moon (Credit: Alamy)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230811-mission-to-the-moon-who-will-win-russian-and-indias-race-to-the-lunar-south-pole-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAnd the question that hovers over the lunar horizon is this: what next? What if we do set up lunar bases and begin extracting resources from the Moon for use in future space missions? \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.unoosa.org\u002Foosa\u002Fen\u002Fourwork\u002Fspacelaw\u002Ftreaties\u002Fintroouterspacetreaty.html\"\u003EThe Outer Space Treaty\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, signed in 1967, establishes the fact that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.rmg.co.uk\u002Fstories\u002Ftopics\u002Fwho-owns-moon\"\u003Eno nation can own the Moon\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. However, a subsequent treaty, known as the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.unoosa.org\u002Foosa\u002Fen\u002Fourwork\u002Fspacelaw\u002Ftreaties\u002Fintromoon-agreement.html\"\u003EMoon Agreement\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which more carefully defines that no nation can own resources on the Moon, has never been signed by key countries including the US, China and Russia.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"What does that mean going forward, when you're mining resources? Does everybody have an equal claim?\" asks Burns, pondering the political headaches that will likely face new lunar pioneers. These headaches are going to have to be sorted out somehow, he notes. \"We don't want to end up in some territorial disputes on the Moon, things are bad enough on Earth.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor now, Luna-25 and Chandrayaan-3 fly silently through the vacuum of space, just small players in a human quest to explore the Moon and potentially expand the reach of our species into the vast Solar System beyond. These two landers are but tiny chess pieces on one very big board. But, as players of chess know, it is a game where every move counts.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcloud.email.bbc.com\u002FSignUp10_08\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\" &ndash; a handpicked selection of stories from BBC \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFuture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Cem\u003Eand \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230811-mission-to-the-moon-who-will-win-russian-and-indias-race-to-the-lunar-south-pole-10"}],"collection":["future\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Fthe-next-giant-leap"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2023-08-11T12:46:59Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"Mission to the Moon: Who will win Russian and India's race to the lunar South Pole?","headlineShort":"Will Russia beat India to the Moon?","image":["p0g780n9"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Russia's Luna-25 takes off from Vostochny cosmodrome (Credit: Alamy)","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z","Project":"wwverticals","Slug":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"64a461aca471ef30b9021812"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Two spacecraft – one built by India and the other by Russia – are hurtling on missions towards our Moon by very different routes. Does it matter which will win?","summaryShort":"Both have just launched similar missions to the Moon – who will get there first?","tag":["tag\u002Fmoon","tag\u002Fspace","tag\u002Fsolar-system","tag\u002Fnews-features"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2023-08-11T17:21:37.376048Z","entity":"article","guid":"d5994edb-07ea-4144-95e1-11f755be5164","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230811-mission-to-the-moon-who-will-win-russian-and-indias-race-to-the-lunar-south-pole","modifiedDateTime":"2023-08-17T12:59:42.746008Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230811-mission-to-the-moon-who-will-win-russian-and-indias-race-to-the-lunar-south-pole","cacheLastUpdated":1692601862375},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230809-the-lifelong-effects-of-the-favourite-child":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20230809-the-lifelong-effects-of-the-favourite-child","_id":"64d56c75a471ef0d62167e68","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fdebra-dennett"],"bodyIntro":"Most parents won't admit it, but a surprising number have a 'hidden favourite' and the way they treat that child compared to their siblings can have long-lasting impacts on their mental health as adults and on family relationships.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMy siblings and I always knew when our middle brother was coming to visit my parents: my mother would put out little bowls of prawn cocktail, as a special starter.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Prodigal son,\" we would protest, slightly miffed that the rest of us never had this kind of privileged treatment.&nbsp;The official explanation was that he didn't come over for Sunday lunch as often as the rest of us, but that still didn't really seem fair.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn truth, despite the prawn cocktail, I did not think my parents had any favourites.&nbsp;I grew up as one of six siblings in a working-class family in north London. Of course, my brothers, sister and I all had different roles and jobs in the family, but the reasons just seemed practical. As the youngest, for example, I was always the one to go fetch things for my parents, maybe because they thought I had lots of energy anyway. My sister was usually the one to go shopping, because she could drive. It was a busy house and to add to the mix, we also owned a dalmatian dog, Sheba.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOverall, it all felt quite even-handed to me. But last year, at a family gathering, one of my brothers blurted out that he thought \u003Cem\u003EI\u003C\u002Fem\u003E was my father's favourite.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMy sister seemed a bit surprised by that. And I realised that there might be more to the story I had told myself &ndash; of our parents not really having favourites.&nbsp;I wondered how people in my and other families really experience these dynamics, and how they might shape us in the long run even if we're not fully aware of them.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EResearch suggests that parental favouritism is surprisingly common &ndash; and rather than being just a quirk of family life, can actually be very harmful. It occurs in around \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC7399693\u002F\"\u003E65% of families\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and has been \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS019074091830879X\"\u003Eidentified and studied\u003C\u002Fa\u003E across many \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpsycnet.apa.org\u002Frecord\u002F2016-38394-001\"\u003Edifferent cultures\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. As widespread as it is, it can damage children's wellbeing across the lifespan, from their \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpsycnet.apa.org\u002Ffulltext\u002F2005-16478-009.html\"\u003Echildhood\u003C\u002Fa\u003E into \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Facademic.oup.com\u002Fpsychsocgerontology\u002Farticle\u002F72\u002F6\u002F1054\u002F2632100\"\u003Emiddle age\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and beyond. It is considered such an important factor in a range of emotional problems that psychologists have a name and acronym for it: \"\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1111\u002F1467-9507.00117\"\u003Eparental differential treatment\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\", or PDT.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever, as in my exchange with my brother, siblings in the same family may disagree over whether their family is even affected by it. That's because feeling less-favoured can be very subjective, says Laurie Kramer, a professor of applied psychology at Northeastern University in the US. \"It is the experience that people have, that a parent prefers another child to them,\" she says. \"This could be by devoting more time, attention, praise, or affection. Possibly asserting less control, so that they may enjoy fewer restrictions, be subject to less discipline or even punishment.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EImportantly, not everyone in the family may see it that way. \"This may not be the same observation that the other sibling encounters and may be different again for what the parent believes they have engaged in,\" says Kramer.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor the person who feels like they are treated as second-best, the consequences can be profound. Research suggests that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpsycnet.apa.org\u002Ffulltext\u002F2005-16478-009.html\"\u003Efrom an early age\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, children are aware of differential treatment, such as parents showing more warmth to one sibling than another. Such perceived parental favouritism has been associated with \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpsycnet.apa.org\u002Ffulltext\u002F2005-16478-009.html\"\u003Elow self-esteem in children\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, as well as childhood anxiety, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1111\u002Fj.1741-3737.2008.00495.x\"\u003Edepression\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and behavioural problems, including \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1111\u002Ffamp.12166\"\u003Erisky behaviour\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. There may also be a knock-on effect on emotional wellbeing that causes other, more indirect problems. Researchers in China have, for example, shown that parental favouritism is a predictor for \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS0190740920321885\"\u003Emobile phone addiction\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in adolescents. In a small Canadian study of eight homeless teenagers, seven said they felt that their parents had favoured a sibling over them, while they had always been the \"\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.sagepub.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fpdf\u002F10.1177\u002F0192513X19839748\"\u003Eproblem child\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\", and that this had contributed to the breakdown of family ties.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile this final study is too small to draw wider conclusions, it highlights just how far a child's experience of favouritism can potentially go.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230809-the-lifelong-effects-of-the-favourite-child-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0g5rj31"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Illustration of love hearts on a set of scales (Credit: Emmanuel Lafont)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230809-the-lifelong-effects-of-the-favourite-child-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe mental health impact may persist into adulthood, with maternal favouritism for example being associated with \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1111\u002Fj.1741-3737.2010.00703.x\"\u003Ehigher depression scores\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in adult children. The bias itself may also continue in later life, with parents still playing favourites with their \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Facademic.oup.com\u002Fpsychsocgerontology\u002Farticle\u002F68\u002F4\u002F593\u002F570557\"\u003Eadult children\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. And while the parents rather than the siblings bear the responsibility for this, favouritism can \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.sagepub.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1177\u002F0192513X211064876\"\u003Eharm the sibling bond\u003C\u002Fa\u003E over the life course and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Facademic.oup.com\u002Fpsychsocgerontology\u002Farticle\u002F68\u002F4\u002F593\u002F570557\"\u003Eincrease tensions and conflict between siblings\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. This is especially worrying as having \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpsycnet.apa.org\u002Ffulltext\u002F2019-46911-001.html\"\u003Egood relationships with our siblings\u003C\u002Fa\u003E is important for our lifelong health and happiness.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also be interested in:&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20230110-only-child-or-siblings-one-and-done\"\u003EWhy siblings are becoming less common\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20230417-how-secrets-affect-families\"\u003EThe family secrets kept for generations\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20211117-how-do-children-choose-a-best-friend\"\u003EHow children find their 'best friend'\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20221207-the-parents-who-sever-ties-with-their-children\"\u003EThe parents who severe ties with their children\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGiven how damaging it is, can parents not simply avoid picking a favourite?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn Kramer's view, they may not doing so intentionally, and are likely not even aware they are. \"Preferential treatment may begin for parents due to one child being easier to parent, they may relate to that child more, see similarities between them and the child,\" she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHer research on \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpsycnet.apa.org\u002Frecord\u002F2004-21520-014\"\u003Eadolescents and their parents\u003C\u002Fa\u003E has shown that families \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpsycnet.apa.org\u002Frecord\u002F2006-04983-006\"\u003Edon't tend to talk about this\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which makes it even harder to clear up any hurt or misunderstandings.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"If these situations were addressed in a sensitive manner, where no one feels they are being blamed or that it is their fault, you can have more open conversations on all sides to understand,\" Kramer says. Parents could, for example, ask why the child feels they prefer a sibling. \"If a parent listens [and] then provides a reason for the differential behaviours to a child, that can work wonders.\" The child may realise that there is a practical reason, and that it's not about the sibling being loved more.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn my family, we had never broached the subject of favouritism, either. But after my brother's throw-away comment on me being the favourite, I decided to find out more.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFirst, I asked my brother why he had made this comment. He replied that our father had once told him off for scaring me with the Mole from the Thunderbirds TV series &ndash; a kind of giant drilling machine &ndash; and making me cry. I have no recollection of this moment, maybe as I was not on the receiving end of the telling-off.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs my siblings and I talked more, we remembered my mother sometimes giving our eldest brother preferential treatment, probably because he was her firstborn. Meanwhile, our father often praised our middle brother for being shrewd, a quality he admired, and which they both shared. And then there's that prawn cocktail that comes out when our middle brother visits, of course.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThey are small differences, but it's easy to see that they might have amplified into something more and could even have led to resentment. It's possible that the impact was watered down by the fact that there are six of us &ndash; and the five who didn't always get the \"prawn cocktail treatment\" could joke to each other about it. And we all still got to enjoy the prawn cocktail when my middle brother visited. Imagine a family with only two grown children, and one is served a prawn cocktail lunch, while the other always gets the plain option: it would probably feel very cruel to that child, like being punished or cut out.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230809-the-lifelong-effects-of-the-favourite-child-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The strongest predictor for emotional closeness were the parent's feelings of the child being similar to them","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230809-the-lifelong-effects-of-the-favourite-child-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMegan Gilligan, an associate professor of human development and family&nbsp;science at the University of Missouri, worked with Jill Suitor, a professor of sociology at Purdue University and Karl Pillemer, a psychology professor at Cornell University, on the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.ics.purdue.edu\u002F~jsuitor\u002Fwithin-family-differences-study\u002F\"\u003EWithin-Family Differences Study\u003C\u002Fa\u003E&nbsp;in the US, a longitudinal project funded by National institute of Aging. The project has tracked different families for two decades in order to better understand relationships between the generations. As part of the study, the researchers asked mothers and fathers a direct question about favouritism &ndash; for many, it was the first time they were asked about it at all.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe question was: \"To which of your children do you feel most emotional closeness?\" After a slight deliberation, a high proportion of mothers (75%) then named one of their children. The rest chose none, or said they felt equally close to all of them.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThey were also asked who they felt more disappointment and conflict with. The answer had consequences across the lifespan, with the child picked early on as \"disappointing\" then also \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1111\u002Fjomf.12288\"\u003Etreated that way later on\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBirth order played a role in some aspects of favouritism, but perhaps not as much as is often assumed. \"In adulthood, [research does not] find this to be an overwhelming predictor of favouritism,\" says Gilligan.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESpecifically, my guess that the first-born would naturally be picked as the \"golden child\" is not backed up by the scientific research. For emotional closeness, last-born children are actually more likely to be chosen than the middle or first child, Gilligan says. But the strongest predictor for emotional closeness were the parent's feelings of the child being similar to them.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGilligan also highlighted the real damage that can result from differential treatment, which showed up in the longitudinal story, such as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Facademic.oup.com\u002Fpsychsocgerontology\u002Farticle\u002F68\u002F4\u002F593\u002F570557\"\u003Epoor sibling relationships\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, the less-favoured sibling feeling more inadequate about themselves, and having a less positive relationship with the parent.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230809-the-lifelong-effects-of-the-favourite-child-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0g5rkq3"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"A boy and a girl on either side of a toy Mole (Credit: Emmanuel Lafont)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230809-the-lifelong-effects-of-the-favourite-child-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBeing the \"golden child\" \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Fchapter\u002F10.1007\u002F978-3-319-71544-5_13\"\u003Ecan also come with pain\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \"You might expect being a favourite child to come with many benefits, however, it can also cause emotional distress for adult children,\" she says. \"We have found favouritism to be associated with higher depressive symptoms for favoured children. We believe that this is because being a mother's favorite child creates conflict in their favoured children's relationships with their siblings. We have found that that this tension with siblings in adulthood is consequential for psychological well-being.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt may also lead to an unequal burden later in life. When a parent eventually requires care by family, they often \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Facademic.oup.com\u002Fgerontologist\u002Farticle\u002F54\u002F4\u002F580\u002F649146\"\u003Eturn to the child they feel was the favoured one\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd while favouritism can \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Facademic.oup.com\u002Fpsychsocgerontology\u002Farticle\u002F73\u002F6\u002F1123\u002F2631934?login=false\"\u003Ehaunt us even as adults\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, our experience of it can \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1111\u002Fjomf.12067\"\u003Echange subtly as we age\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Gillian authored a review of studies on the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1111\u002Fjftr.12385\"\u003Eimpact of favouritism across the lifespan\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, from very young children to grown children now in their 60s or older. She found that there are differences in how it shows up at different stages. For younger children, favouritism may be more about how much time parents spend with them compared to a sibling. For adult children, it may be more about unequal financial support.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe answer is not to treat all of one's children exactly the same, says Kramer. \"It is impossible to treat kids the same in every situation, and neither do children want this,\" she says. \"They want to be understood for who they are, their age, interest, gender, personality.\" Still, being more self-aware can help parents avoid consistently causing unfair situations, she says. This is especially important as children may learn the pattern of favouritism, and as adults, apply it to their own parenting style and relationships: \"Unless we are aware and take action to break that transmission, we are likely to engage in the same behaviour.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe idea of learning certain biases from our parents, certainly rings true. My mother would always plate up slightly larger portions for my brothers, as they were seen as \"growing lads\". My partner has noticed that when I dish up our evening meal, I do the same, serving him more than myself.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EI don't feel traumatised by the slight differences in the way my siblings and I were treated as children, and perhaps, even today. We are close to our parents, and to each other. Looking back, our pet dog, Sheba, was possibly my dad's real favourite.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut becoming more aware of some of these differences in treatment, and how they've shaped my own behaviour, has made me see a few things in a different light. For a start, I might try serving myself larger portions in the future &ndash; and I don't wait for my brother to visit to treat myself to a prawn cocktail.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcloud.email.bbc.com\u002FSignUp10_08\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\" &ndash; a handpicked selection of stories from BBC \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFuture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Cem\u003Eand \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230809-the-lifelong-effects-of-the-favourite-child-6"}],"collection":["future\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Ffamily-tree"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2023-08-11T01:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"The lifelong effects of 'the favourite child'","headlineShort":"How parents unknowingly harm siblings","image":["p0g5rjtw"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Illustration of a boy's head with prawn cocktail sticking out of it (Credit: Emmanuel Lafont)","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z","Project":"wwverticals","Slug":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"64a461aca471ef30b9021812"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Most parents won't admit it, but a surprising number have a 'hidden favourite' and the way they treat that child compared to their siblings can have long-lasting impacts.","summaryShort":"Most parents won't admit it, but a surprising number have a 'hidden favourite'","tag":["tag\u002Fpsychology","tag\u002Ffamily","tag\u002Fparenting","tag\u002Fchildren","tag\u002Ffeatures","tag\u002Fscience"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2023-08-10T23:01:56.322282Z","entity":"article","guid":"74e9a195-e841-4cd0-b497-471f55b3a34e","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230809-the-lifelong-effects-of-the-favourite-child","modifiedDateTime":"2023-08-11T18:08:08.76958Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230809-the-lifelong-effects-of-the-favourite-child","cacheLastUpdated":1692601862375},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230808-atomic-bomb-spike-carbon-radioactive-body-anthropocene":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20230808-atomic-bomb-spike-carbon-radioactive-body-anthropocene","_id":"64d2c931a471ef0d556f4b8f","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Frichard-fisher"],"bodyIntro":"Nuclear weapons tests in the mid-20th Century left a hidden legacy within our cells – along with most living things on Earth. This \"bomb spike\" has proven surprisingly useful to scientists, helping them crack police investigations and bust brain myths. Now, it has provided a clever way to mark the start of the Anthropocene.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EIt's in your teeth. Your eyes and your brain too. Scientists call it the \"bomb spike\" (or \"bomb pulse\") &ndash; and for more than half a century its signature has been present inside the human body.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EIn the 1950s, there were so many nuclear bomb explosions above ground that it \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgml.noaa.gov\u002Fccgg\u002Fisotopes\u002Fbombspike.html\"\u003Etransformed the chemical make-up of the atmosphere\u003C\u002Fa\u003E &ndash; altering the carbon composition of life on Earth ever since, along with oceans, sediments, stalactites and more.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EUnlike the direct radioactive fallout from the explosions, the bomb spike is not harmful. In fact, it's proven surprisingly helpful for scientists in recent years. Some have even gone so far as to describe it as the \"\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.science.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1126\u002Fscience.321.5895.1434\"\u003Emushroom cloud's silver lining\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EWhy? Evidence of the pulse is so ubiquitous that it can, among many other insights, tell forensic scientists \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1111\u002F1556-4029.14227\"\u003Ewhen a person was born (or died)\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, provide discoveries about \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cell.com\u002Ffulltext\u002FS0092-8674(13)00533-3\"\u003Ethe age of neurons\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in our brains, reveal the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cambridge.org\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002Fradiocarbon\u002Farticle\u002F14c-bomb-peak-analysis-of-african-elephant-tusks-and-its-relation-to-cites\u002F12052FC4261543FBC576B53EE45CF9A7\"\u003Eorigin of poached wildlife\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, determine \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubs.acs.org\u002Fdoi\u002Fpdf\u002F10.1021\u002Fbk-2011-1081.ch006\"\u003Ered wine vintage\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and even unlock the true age of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.science.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1126\u002Fscience.aaf1703\"\u003Ecenturies-old sharks\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (see box: \u003Cem\u003E\"The bomb spike's multiple uses\"\u003C\u002Fem\u003E).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EAnd now it may also help to define a new geological era. In July, a group of earth scientists recommended that its presence in a Canadian lake &ndash; along with other human-made markers from the mid-20th Century &ndash; should represent the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fscience-environment-66132769\"\u003Eofficial start of the Anthropocene\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003ESo, what exactly is the bomb spike, and what can it reveal about us and the world?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230808-atomic-bomb-spike-carbon-radioactive-body-anthropocene-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0g5jrx8"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230808-atomic-bomb-spike-carbon-radioactive-body-anthropocene-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EBefore the 1963 Nuclear Test Ban Treaty obligated signatory nations to test nuclear bombs underground, governments exploded hundreds of atomic weapons out in the open air. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.armscontrol.org\u002Ffactsheets\u002Fnucleartesttally\"\u003EMore than 500 of these blasts\u003C\u002Fa\u003E &ndash;&nbsp;mainly conducted by the US and Russia &ndash;&nbsp;spewed their contents into the atmosphere.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EIt's well-established that these tests \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.epa.gov\u002Fradtown\u002Fradioactive-fallout-nuclear-weapons-testing\"\u003Espread radioactive material\u003C\u002Fa\u003E far and wide, harming \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Fnceh\u002Fradiation\u002Ffallout\u002Frf-gwt_home.htm\"\u003Ehumans and wildlife\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and rendering \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fthebulletin.org\u002F2021\u002F03\u002Fafter-75-years-its-time-to-clean-bikini\u002F\"\u003Ewhole regions uninhabitable\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Perhaps lesser known outside the scientific laboratory is that the bombs also reacted with natural nitrogen to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.climate.gov\u002Fnews-features\u002Fclimate-qa\u002Fhow-do-we-know-build-carbon-dioxide-atmosphere-caused-humans\"\u003Eform new isotopes\u003C\u002Fa\u003E &ndash; particularly carbon-14.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EBy the 1960s, overground bomb testing had produced almost twice the amount of carbon-14 in the atmosphere compared with previous levels. First the isotope entered water, sediments and vegetation, and then it passed along the food chain \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS0168583X1200571X\"\u003Eto humans\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. It has even reached organisms \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fagupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1029\u002F2018GL081514\"\u003Ein the deepest ocean trench\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\"In essence, every carbon pool on Earth which was in exchange with atmospheric CO2&nbsp;since the late 1950s has been labelled by bomb&nbsp;carbon-14,\" writes Walter Kutschera of the University of Vienna, who published \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cambridge.org\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002Fradiocarbon\u002Farticle\u002Fversatile-uses-of-the-14c-bomb-peak\u002F19711B800768D62F15EF84313592BCB7\"\u003Ea review of the scientific applications of the spike\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in the journal Radiocarbon in 2022.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou may also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20230712-robert-oppenheimer-manhattan-project-nuclear-scientist-atomic-bomb\"\u003EWho was the real Robert Oppenheimer?\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20230719-the-blue-flash-louis-slotin-accident-manhattan-project-oppenheimer-atomic-bomb\"\u003EThe Blue Flash: How a careless slip led to a fatal accident in the Manhattan Project\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20170816-the-monster-atomic-bomb-that-was-too-big-to-use\"\u003EThe monster atomic bomb that was too big to use\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EBack in the mid-20th Century, scientists noted the carbon-14 spike when atmospheric testing stopped, but it took decades for them to realise that the elevated levels might be useful. From the 1950s onwards, they had been \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs43586-021-00058-7\"\u003Eusing carbon-14 to date paleolithic remains or ancient texts\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, but that was based on its radioactive decay &ndash; known as radiocarbon dating. The isotope is unstable: it decays slowly into nitrogen with a half-life of 5,730 years. So, when a Neanderthal died, for instance, the quantity of carbon-14 in their bones and teeth would have started to gradually decline. Measure the extent of the decline, and you have a Neanderthal date of death.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003ERadiocarbon dating, however, tends to be limited to samples that are more than 300 years old, because of the isotope's slow decay rate. Any younger, and it hasn't decayed enough for an accurate date. Muddying recent dating further is humanity's introduction of additional CO2 into the atmosphere since the Industrial Revolution &ndash; the so-called \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002F0160412079900059\"\u003ESuess effect\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EAround the turn of the century, however, researchers realised that the bomb spike could help them use carbon-14 in a different way &ndash;&nbsp;and crucially it allows for dating within the past 70-80 years.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230808-atomic-bomb-spike-carbon-radioactive-body-anthropocene-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0g5jsl9"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230808-atomic-bomb-spike-carbon-radioactive-body-anthropocene-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EEver since the peak in the 1950s, levels of the isotope in nature (and human beings) have gradually declined. Scientists can therefore analyse the proportions of carbon-14 in any organic substance that has exchanged atmospheric carbon since the tests, and specify the window in which it formed, down to a resolution of one to two years.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EAnd that includes you and me. If you were born in the 1950s, your tissues will have accumulated more carbon-14 than a 1980s child, but levels are only now approaching the pre-atomic state.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EForensic analysis\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EOne of the earliest uses of the bomb spike was to assist crime investigators seeking to identify the age of unidentified human remains. Forensic scientists have found that they can measure bomb carbon-14 in teeth, bones, hair or even the lens of the eye to help them estimate how old a person was, or when they died, according to Eden Centaine Johnstone-Belford of Monash University and Soren Blau of the Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine in Australia.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1111\u002F1556-4029.14227\"\u003EIn a 2019 review\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, Centaine Johnstone-Belford and Blau cite multiple examples where the bomb spike has informed police enquiries. For example, in 2010 investigators used it to confirm \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cambridge.org\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002Fradiocarbon\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fdetermining-14c-content-in-different-human-tissues-implications-for-application-of-14c-bombspike-dating-in-forensic-medicine\u002F2D6A0D66F7D34B5DA58A63D0F03EF5D4\"\u003Ea body found in a northern Italian lake\u003C\u002Fa\u003E had been dumped there by the killer the previous year.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EThe pair also point out that knowing the time since death can be \"a vital determination in human rights abuse cases such as war crimes, genocide and extrajudicial killings\". In 2004, for example, bomb spike dating of hair samples from a mass grave in Ukraine allowed \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS0168583X03016045\"\u003Einvestigators to identify a Nazi war crime\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that occurred between 1941 and 1952.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230808-atomic-bomb-spike-carbon-radioactive-body-anthropocene-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"calloutBodyHtml":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWINE VINTAGE: \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003EIn 2011, researchers from the University of Adelaide showed that bomb carbon-14 in grapes and other compounds could \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubs.acs.org\u002Fdoi\u002Fpdf\u002F10.1021\u002Fbk-2011-1081.ch006\"\u003Eaccurately date wine\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EELEPHANT ORIGINS: \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pnas.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1073\u002Fpnas.1614938113\"\u003EBomb spike analysis of a haul of poached tusks\u003C\u002Fa\u003E showed the elephants had died in the previous three years, which helped explain population declines.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESHARK AGE: \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003EGreenland sharks are staggeringly old, but it took \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.science.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1126\u002Fscience.aaf1703\"\u003Ea carbon-14 analysis of their eye lens\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to reveal a true age: 400 years\u003Cstrong\u003E.\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","calloutTitle":"The bomb spike's multiple uses","cardType":"CalloutBox","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230808-atomic-bomb-spike-carbon-radioactive-body-anthropocene-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EThe bomb spike has also unlocked new scientific discoveries, revealing new insights about the cells in our bodies and brains. In 2005, the biologist Kirsty Spalding of the Karolinska Institute in Sweden and colleagues showed that it was possible to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cell.com\u002Ffulltext\u002FS0092-8674(05)00408-3\"\u003Edate the relative ages of our cells\u003C\u002Fa\u003E by analysing bomb carbon-14 within their DNA. Across several subsequent studies, she has used the technique to answer whether certain cells in our bodies have been around since birth, or whether they are continually replaced.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EFor example, in 2008 Spalding and colleagues showed that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fnature06902\"\u003Ethe body continually replaces fat cells called adipocytes as the cells die\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The number of these fat cells, she found, stays constant across adulthood &ndash; which promises new ways to tackle obesity. \"Understanding that this is a dynamic process opens up new avenues of therapy, which may include manipulating the birth or death rate of fat cells, in combination with exercise and diet, to help reduce the number of fat cells in obesity,\" she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EIn 2013, Spalding and colleagues also used the bomb spike to look at \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cell.com\u002Ffulltext\u002FS0092-8674(13)00533-3\"\u003Ethe turnover of brain cells\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. For many years, researchers assumed that the number of neurons was fixed in childhood, and indeed her earlier research had suggested that was the case in regions like \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cell.com\u002Ffulltext\u002FS0092-8674(05)00408-3\"\u003Ethe cortex\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. However, by using carbon-14 to date neurons within the hippocampus, she and her team confirmed that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cell.com\u002Ffulltext\u002FS0092-8674(13)00533-3\"\u003Enew neurons may be produced there throughout adult life\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003ECorroborated by other research, the possible existence of \"adult neurogenesis\" has proven to be \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.scientificamerican.com\u002Farticle\u002Fdoes-the-adult-brain-really-grow-new-neurons\u002F\"\u003Eone of the most important neuroscience discoveries\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of the past 20 years. While the science is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fnature25975\"\u003Efar from settled\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, it has suggested \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC6659986\u002F\"\u003Enew avenues for medical strategies\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that might prevent neuron loss via disease, or even increase the generation of new neurons.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EDawn of a new age\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EFinally, the bomb spike was recently nominated as one of several markers that could help to officially recognise the dawn of the Anthropocene &ndash; the new geological era defined by human activity.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003ENot long after the idea of the Anthropocene was floated, geologists began to discuss how to define its location on Earth with a so-called \"golden spike\" &ndash; a rock, ice core or layer of sediment where \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstratigraphy.org\u002Fgssps\u002F\"\u003Ea new era begins in the stratigraphic record\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Every \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstratigraphy.org\u002Fgssps\u002F\"\u003Emajor geological period\u003C\u002Fa\u003E has one. The beginning of the Holocene is marked by a particular ice core from the centre of Greenland. The base of the Jurassic begins in the Austrian Alps, at Kuhjoch pass in the Karwendel Mountains, where the smooth-shelled \u003Cem\u003EPsiloceras\u003C\u002Fem\u003E ammonite makes a first appearance. And \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstratigraphy.org\u002Fgssps\u002Ffiles\u002Fediacaran.pdf\"\u003Eone of the oldest golden spikes on Earth\u003C\u002Fa\u003E can be found in the Flinders Mountains of Australia, marking the start of the Ediacaran more than 600 million years ago &ndash; a period when the climate was periodically plunging into a \"Snowball Earth\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230808-atomic-bomb-spike-carbon-radioactive-body-anthropocene-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0g5jsy2"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230808-atomic-bomb-spike-carbon-radioactive-body-anthropocene-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EOver the years, various signatures of human activity have been explored as possibilities to mark the Anthropocene's dawn: it could have been the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1023\u002Fb:clim.0000004577.17928.fa\"\u003Erise in methane caused by early farming\u003C\u002Fa\u003E thousands of years ago (seen in ice cores), evidence of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.sagepub.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1177\u002F2053019618756682?icid=int.sj-abstract.similar-articles.1\"\u003Eearly lead pollution from mining and smelting 3,000 years ago\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, or the rise in fossil fuel byproducts \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Fchapter\u002F10.1007\u002F3-540-26590-2_3\"\u003Eduring the Industrial Revolution\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EHowever, in 2016 the Anthropocene Working Group (AWG) &ndash; part of \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fquaternary.stratigraphy.org\u002F\"\u003Ethe organisation charged with making the decision\u003C\u002Fa\u003E &ndash; \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fquaternary.stratigraphy.org\u002Fworking-groups\u002Fanthropocene\u002F\"\u003Erecommended the 1950s\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, when the carbon-14 bomb spike entered the geological record, along with other nuclear markers such as plutonium fallout and isotopes such as caesium-137 and strontium-90, as well as man-made deposits like spheroidal carbonaceous particles (SCPs), a type of fly ash produced by burning coal at high temperatures.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003ENot everyone agreed that selecting the 1950s was a good idea &ndash; indeed, one member of the group \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fanthroecology.org\u002Fwhy-i-resigned-from-the-anthropocene-working-group\u002F\"\u003Erecently resigned in protest\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, arguing that profound human impacts began much earlier. However, the Working Group propose that the mid-20th Century marks \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS1040618214009136\"\u003Ea clear, recognisable point in geological strata\u003C\u002Fa\u003E when humanity made its presence in nature truly and fully known right across the globe. It also coincides, they say, with the \"\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.sagepub.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1177\u002F2053019614564785\"\u003Egreat acceleration\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\" when our impact on the planet exploded through exponential rises in greenhouse emissions, water and land use, ocean acidification, fisheries exploitation, tropical forest loss, and more.\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd the bomb spike will also last a long time, allowing geologists to see it in tens of thousands of years. \"The radiocarbon signal will be detectable for about 60,000 years and is a fairly routine analysis,\" says geologist Colin Waters of the University of Leicester, who chairs the AWG.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230808-atomic-bomb-spike-carbon-radioactive-body-anthropocene-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0g5jtjd"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230808-atomic-bomb-spike-carbon-radioactive-body-anthropocene-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EThe AWG \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.science.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1126\u002Fscience.ade2310\"\u003Estudied 12 candidate locations\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that could host the official golden spike, including a cave in Italy where the bomb pulse and the other markers are encased in stalactites, an archaeological excavation in Vienna, a patch of peatland near the border of the Czech Republic and Poland, and a coral reef off the north-east coast of Australia.\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003ELast month, they recommended a (perhaps soon-to-be infamous) \"winner\": \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.sagepub.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1177\u002F20530196221149281\"\u003ECrawford Lake in Ontario, Canada\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. A core from the muddy lake sediments, featuring carbon-14, a particularly abrupt plutonium marker, and other man-made signatures, will be kept at a museum in the Canadian capital, Ottawa, accompanied by a brass plaque. (Read more: \u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fscience-environment-66132769\"\u003EThe Anthropocene: Canadian lake mud 'symbolic of human changes to Earth'\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EWhile the lake core is poised to become the official designation, if it's approved, it technically means that we too will hold one of the markers of the Anthropocene's dawn in our cells. Future generations won't, because the elevated carbon-14 has almost returned to previous levels. Therefore if tomorrow's archaeologists happen to study our preserved bodily remains, it might tell them about a unique point in history &ndash; a time&nbsp;of nuclear bombs, a great acceleration, and the century when humans began to have an impact on nature unlike any before.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E*Richard Fisher is the author of \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.hachette.co.uk\u002Ftitles\u002Frichard-fisher\u002Fthe-long-view\u002F9781472285232\u002F\"\u003EThe Long View: Why We Need to Transform How the World Sees Time\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, and a senior journalist for BBC Future. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, or follow us on \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E or \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcloud.email.bbc.com\u002FSignUp10_08\"\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, called \"The Essential List\" &ndash; a handpicked selection of stories from BBC \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\"\u003EFuture\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\"\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\"\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\"\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\"\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fa\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230808-atomic-bomb-spike-carbon-radioactive-body-anthropocene-10"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2023-08-09T00:14:26Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"The atomic bomb marker inside your body","headlineShort":"The atomic 'bomb spike' in your body","image":["p0g5jt4v"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z","Project":"wwverticals","Slug":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"64a461aca471ef30b9021812"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Nuclear weapons tests in the mid-20th Century left a hidden legacy within our cells – along with most living things on Earth.","summaryShort":"It's in your teeth, eyes and brain – and it's surprisingly useful to scientists","tag":["tag\u002Fnuclear","tag\u002Fhealth","tag\u002Fenvironment","tag\u002Fclimate","tag\u002Fnews-features"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2023-08-08T23:00:47.920024Z","entity":"article","guid":"a94a4362-f664-4cad-9450-1c5f8de87f65","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230808-atomic-bomb-spike-carbon-radioactive-body-anthropocene","modifiedDateTime":"2023-08-09T10:30:53.267705Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230808-atomic-bomb-spike-carbon-radioactive-body-anthropocene","cacheLastUpdated":1692601862375},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230809-the-promise-of-banking-umbilical-cord-blood":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20230809-the-promise-of-banking-umbilical-cord-blood","_id":"64d41aefa471ef0d5e68ea04","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fkamala-thiagarajan"],"bodyIntro":"Private cord blood banking is booming around the world – but would it be better to set up more public banks as the uses for umbilical cord blood increase?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn 2019, Praveen Gudipati and Ramya Raj, a couple based in Houston, Texas, gave birth to their first child, Kiaan. Before he was born, they made an important decision: what to do with the blood from his umbilical cord. It could either be discarded, donated, or stored privately for Kiaan's own future use if he needed it. For Gudipati, an IT professional, and Raj, an artist, the answer was clear.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"We decided to donate to a public non-profit bank, which meant that anyone who could benefit from the cord blood could access it for free,\" Gudipati says. His wife interviewed several cord blood banks before settling on Cord for Life Foundation.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhat makes \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F32491422\u002F\"\u003Ecord blood\u003C\u002Fa\u003E so precious is that it contains blood stem cells &ndash; cells that can grow into any kind of blood cell in the human body, including the red blood cells that carry oxygen or white blood cells that form part of the immune system. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.dovepress.com\u002Frole-of-stem-cell-transplantation-in-leukemia-treatment-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-SCCAA\"\u003EBlood stem cells\u003C\u002Fa\u003E have been used to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nhs.uk\u002Fconditions\u002Fstem-cell-transplant\u002F#:~:text=A%20stem%20cell%20or%20bone,such%20as%20leukaemia%20and%20lymphoma.\"\u003Etreat leukaemia\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and other blood diseases. They are not only found in cord blood, but are also in bone marrow, which is why many treatments for blood diseases require surgical bone marrow transplants. In cases where a patient's own bone marrow is also affected by the disease, they need to be matched to a donor for the transplant &ndash; and there is still a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nhs.uk\u002Fconditions\u002Fstem-cell-transplant\u002Frisks\u002F\"\u003Ehigh risk of rejection\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in these procedures, meaning the patient's body may not accept the donated cells.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECord blood transplantation, on the other hand, is comparatively simpler &ndash; more akin to an ordinary infusion of blood. The frozen cord blood is thawed, the stem cells are tested for viability and then infused intravenously. If your parents stored your cord blood privately when you were born, you could in theory have access to a supply of your own blood stem cells later in life (although it is worth noting that the longest cord blood stem cells have been stored with the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mdpi.com\u002F2077-0383\u002F10\u002F2\u002F293\"\u003Ecells still found to be viable is 20 years\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). If they chose a public bank, it could also be donated to others.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Thousands of life-saving transplants are done every year using blood stem cells,\" says Leonard Zon, professor of pediatric medicine at Harvard Medical School and director of the Stem Cell Programme, Children's Hospital, Boston.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn terms of rejection risk, contamination and infection, cord blood cells have an advantage, says Zon. They don't need the surgery associated with a transplant, and they can self-renew. \"A single blood stem cell could replicate and replace six pints [3.4 litres] of your blood,\" he says. \"Currently medical experts are \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Facademic.oup.com\u002Fstcltm\u002Farticle\u002F10\u002Fs2\u002FS62\u002F6522004?login=false\"\u003Eusing cord blood to treat blood diseases\u003C\u002Fa\u003E &ndash; to either build up red blood cells in conditions such as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Facademic.oup.com\u002Fstcltm\u002Farticle\u002F2\u002F5\u002F337\u002F6385736\"\u003Esickle cell anemia\u003C\u002Fa\u003E or to treat leukemia,\" he adds, noting that they can also be used to treat rare inherited genetic disorders.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230809-the-promise-of-banking-umbilical-cord-blood-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0g5phgf"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"A laboratory worker in Poland prepares umbilical cord blood for use (Credit: Getty Images)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230809-the-promise-of-banking-umbilical-cord-blood-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAround the world, a small but growing number of parents are concluding that banking their baby's cord blood is the best way of ensuring future access to this potentially life-saving resource &ndash; though the procedure's popularity varies a lot between countries. According to Cell Trials Data, a provider of data on clinical trials of advances cell therapy, cord blood banking rates are highest in the US, at \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcelltrials.org\u002Fmaps-cell-and-gene-therapy\u002Fpercentage-of-births-banking-cord-blood\u002Funited-states\"\u003E3% of births each year\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. In India, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcelltrials.org\u002Fmaps-cell-and-gene-therapy\u002Fpercentage-of-births-banking-cord-blood\u002Findia\"\u003Ethat number hovers around 0.4% of births\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, while in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcelltrials.org\u002Fmaps-cell-and-gene-therapy\u002Fpercentage-of-births-banking-cord-blood\u002Funited-kingdom\"\u003Ethe UK\u003C\u002Fa\u003E just 0.3% of births bank cord blood each year and in France that number is as low as 0.08%. The global cord blood banking market \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.alliedmarketresearch.com\u002Fcord-blood-banking-services-market#:~:text=The%20global%20cord%20blood%20banking,13.3%25%20from%202021%20to%202030.\"\u003Ewas valued at $1.3bn (&pound;1.03bn) in 2020, and is expected to grow to $4.5bn\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (&pound;3.6bn) in the next decade.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor parents who can afford to bank their baby's blood privately, the decision may feel easy. After all, there is no risk in storing it, and they would then have direct access to perfectly matched blood. However, some argue that as a health resource, cord blood is at its most powerful when used as a public good, not a private one.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAccording to the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpediatrics.aappublications.org\u002Fcontent\u002Fearly\u002F2017\u002F10\u002F26\u002Fpeds.2017-2695\"\u003EAmerican Academy of Pediatrics\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, even though there are over six times as many units of cord blood stored in private banks worldwide compared to public banks, the latter have released about 30 times more units for therapeutic use.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EZon points out that blood stem cells are an immensely valuable resource, but that doesn't mean that private storage is the only option for accessing them. \"I always tell parents that if they can afford it, to privately bank their cord blood. Otherwise, it's just not required,\" says Zon. As long as public banks keep growing, and donations get more diverse, it is possible to find a match if ever you need it, he says. He also urges parents to be realistic in their expectations of private banks, and choose theirs carefully. \"In any procedure where you're storing a tissue, there's a chance of it being infected. So, the competence (of the healthcare worker) who's storing the cord blood is important.\"&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EParents also need to be aware that cord blood likely has a finite shelf-life, where it can't be stored indefinitely, Zon says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230809-the-promise-of-banking-umbilical-cord-blood-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"One study of the claims made by private cord blood banking companies in Canada reported there was \"substantial hype\" in their online marketing material","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230809-the-promise-of-banking-umbilical-cord-blood-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn some countries, cord blood could indirectly help address other problems &ndash; such as the spread of antibiotics-resistant \"superbugs\" in hospitals. In India, for example, there have been concerns over rising antimicrobial resistance, and avoiding surgery could be hugely beneficial, experts say. (\u003Cem\u003ERead \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20220927-neonatal-sepsis-the-new-threat-posed-by-superbugs\"\u003EBBC Future's report on the superbug crisis\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E.)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Multi-drug resistant bacterial infections [for which antibiotics have failed to work] are a huge problem in paediatric bone marrow transplant patients in India,\" says Hariharan Periasamy, a scientist at the Drug Discovery Research Centre, Wockhardt Research Centre in Aurangabad, Maharashtra. This is leading to longer hospital stays and higher costs, he says. Blood infusions from cord blood, on the other hand, don't carry such a high risk.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also be interested in:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20201103-the-controversial-cells-that-saved-10-million-lives\"\u003EThe controversial cells that saved 10 million lives\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20230119-the-weird-history-of-baby-myths\"\u003EHow an ancient Greek baby myth still shapes our minds\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20190819-the-unwarranted-hype-of-stem-cell-therapies-for-autism-ms\"\u003EThe unwarranted hype of stem cell therapies\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever, some experts caution that the power of cord blood should not be over-estimated. One study of the claims made by private cord blood banking companies in Canada reported there was&nbsp;\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs10561-021-09919-7\"\u003E\"substantial hype\" in their online marketing material\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, from overstating the odds of a child needing to use their cord blood, to amplifying the promise of how it can be used. The Canadian Blood Services, which funded the study, say the chance of cord blood being needed by a child as between \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.blood.ca\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002FM1268_Cord-QA-FINAL.pdf\"\u003Eone in 20,000 (0.005%) to one in 250,000 (0.0004%)\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. In India, the probability of needing the stored cord blood in the first 20 years of life is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmain.icmr.nic.in\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002Fupload_documents\u002FUCBB_eng.pdf\"\u003Eestimated to be 0.04% to 0.005%\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"It's not a magic pill that cures all, and yet it's being marketed that way as 'biological insurance', which is misleading,\" says Somya Gupta, an obstetrician and gynaecologist at Cloudnine Group of Hospitals in the North Indian city of Gurugram. \"If you bank your baby's cord blood, it's a 100% match for them, but if it's a rare disease that you're trying to treat, their cord blood would still have the factors that drive the illness, so it can't be used.\" She favours public banks &ndash; of which \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fparentsguidecordblood.org\u002Fen\u002Fpublic-banking\"\u003Ethere are very few in India\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \"We do urgently need to establish public cord blood banks.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230809-the-promise-of-banking-umbilical-cord-blood-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0g5pfvm"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Umbilical cord blood samples undergoing microbiological testing (Credit: Getty Images)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230809-the-promise-of-banking-umbilical-cord-blood-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ECurrently, parents in India either pay a huge sum to store cord blood in private banks, or discard the cord blood. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmain.icmr.nic.in\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002Fupload_documents\u002FGUCBB_F.pdf\"\u003EThe Indian Society of Blood and Marrow Transplantation registry data\u003C\u002Fa\u003E shows that only 60 unrelated cord blood transplants were done in India from 2012 to 2020.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the US, where public banks are more abundant, there is a slightly different debate around cord blood &ndash; namely, whether it might be used \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fashpublications.org\u002Fbloodadvances\u002Farticle\u002F4\u002F13\u002F3041\u002F461270\u002FReduced-intensity-single-unit-unrelated-cord-blood\"\u003Eto treat certain inherited diseases\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ENew hope?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhen Bertrand Might was two years old, he received an infusion of his own cord blood cells. He was suffering from a condition that was affecting his brain, says Matthew Might, Bertrand's father and director of the Hugh Kaul Precision Medicine Institute at the University of Alabama, Birmingham.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe exact condition was not identified until much later: Bertrand was the first patient diagnosed with NGLY1 deficiency, a complex neurological disorder in which there is a deficiency of an enzyme known as N-glycanase 1 (NGLY1).&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Our thought was that if the mutation did not affect his cord blood, these stem cells might begin to help repair some of the brain damage and produce a functional version of his missing enzyme,\" Might says. \"Even if it didn't produce the enzyme, there was reason to hope that it might temporarily halt or reverse the loss of white matter in his brain.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe infusion was given as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1111\u002Fj.1537-2995.2010.02720.x\"\u003Epart of an experimental study\u003C\u002Fa\u003E by Joanne Kurtzberg, professor of pediatrics at Duke University in 2009, testing the impact of stem cell infusions on children with conditions that impacted the brain.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230809-the-promise-of-banking-umbilical-cord-blood-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0g5phzf"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Umbilical cord blood being removed from cold storage (Credit: Getty Images)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230809-the-promise-of-banking-umbilical-cord-blood-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe infusions did indeed appear to help Bertrand, at least temporarily. For a period of two years, MRI scans showed that there was no further loss of white matter in the brain. Might also noticed an improvement in his son's motor skills. \"I recall him being able to hold a spoon again most vividly,\" says Might. \"His babbling became more coherent and intentional as well, even if not speech. It provided a pause on what had been a relentless decline. It bought us time to get a formal diagnosis.\" The diagnosis in turn helped provide Bertrand with the right care and treatment, and to extend his life, says Might.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBertrand passed away at age 12 in 2020. The infused cells ultimately lacked the ability to heal his condition, Might says, since they contained the same mutations that caused his disorder. &nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile using a patient's own cord blood in these situations is unlikely to work as it will carry the same genetic faults causing the disease, matching them to donated cord blood holds more promise.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne small-scale trial conducted at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh used donated umbilical cord blood from public banks&nbsp;\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fashpublications.org\u002Fbloodadvances\u002Farticle\u002F4\u002F13\u002F3041\u002F461270\u002FReduced-intensity-single-unit-unrelated-cord-blood\"\u003Eto treat 44 children with a variety of 20 non-cancerous genetic disorders\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, including sickle cell anemia, metabolic disorders, Hunter syndrome and immune deficiencies. The trial has raised hopes that infusions of donated cord blood could be used to treat a wide range of patients with inherited illnesses.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor Gudipati and Raj, the couple in Texas, this hope of helping another child is what ultimately made them donate their son Kiaan's cord blood: \"We believed that Kiaan made his way into the world with the hope of making a significant difference in someone's life,\" says Gudipati. \"So we didn't hesitate. We didn't want this precious resource to end up as bio-waste.\"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E&nbsp;or&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story,&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcloud.email.bbc.com\u002FSignUp10_08\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\" &ndash; a handpicked selection of stories from BBC&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFuture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E,&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E,&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E,&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E&nbsp;\u003Cem\u003Eand&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E&nbsp;delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230809-the-promise-of-banking-umbilical-cord-blood-8"}],"collection":["future\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Ffamily-tree"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2023-08-10T01:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"The promise of banking umbilical cord blood","headlineShort":"The growing promise of cord blood","image":["p0g5pjrk"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"A laboratory worker carries a sample of umbilical cord blood (Credit: Getty Images)","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z","Project":"wwverticals","Slug":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"64a461aca471ef30b9021812"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Private cord blood banking is booming around the world – but would it be better to set up more public banks as the uses for umbilical cord blood increase?","summaryShort":"Infusions of umbilical cord blood can be used to treat a range of diseases","tag":["tag\u002Fhealth","tag\u002Fbabies","tag\u002Fparenting","tag\u002Fmedicine","tag\u002Ffeatures"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2023-08-09T23:01:50.009147Z","entity":"article","guid":"87afd61b-526b-4ab5-85c2-4bff3feba2dd","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230809-the-promise-of-banking-umbilical-cord-blood","modifiedDateTime":"2023-08-10T17:28:36.103321Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230809-the-promise-of-banking-umbilical-cord-blood","cacheLastUpdated":1692601862376},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230807-undiagnosed-diseases-the-mysterious-syndromes-without-a-name":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20230807-undiagnosed-diseases-the-mysterious-syndromes-without-a-name","_id":"64d177f5a471ef30a87eefb6","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fkrupa-padhy"],"bodyIntro":"Helene Cederroth lost three children to an undiagnosed disease. While relatively rare, such conditions affect 350 million people worldwide – and disproportionately affect children.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\"It's all in your mind.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHelene Cederroth has lost count of the number of times doctors have said this to her. Yet she knew, soon after her son Wilhelm was born in 1983, that something wasn't quite right with her second child.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"He looked like a perfect baby with red cheeks,\" says Helene. \"Everyone at the hospital thought he was perfectly healthy.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230807-undiagnosed-diseases-the-mysterious-syndromes-without-a-name-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"calloutBodyHtml":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThis article contains details that some readers may find distressing.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","calloutTitle":"Content warning","cardType":"CalloutBox","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230807-undiagnosed-diseases-the-mysterious-syndromes-without-a-name-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut by the time he reached one year old, Wilhelm had developed epilepsy and chronic stomach problems. By the age of three, he developed an inflammation of the upper airways known as false croup, and his family was told he had asthma.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHelene was far from satisfied. She wanted to know more. What was causing these medical conditions, specifically? Were they related? And could they be cured?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHelene was seeking what is known in the medical world as a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgenomemedicine.biomedcentral.com\u002Farticles\u002F10.1186\u002Fs13073-022-01026-w\"\u003Ecausative diagnosis\u003C\u002Fa\u003E: one unifying diagnosis that could explain all of Wilhelm's health issues. She says this was the only way to get a better understanding of the course of Wilhelm's disease &ndash; and of his chances of a recovery.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESadly, Wilhelm's experience was only the start of his family's fraught journey with the enigma of undiagnosed diseases.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EMystery conditions\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAn \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fundiagnosed.hms.harvard.edu\u002Fabout-us\u002Ffaqs\u002F\"\u003Eundiagnosed disease\u003C\u002Fa\u003E is a medical condition without a known cause, despite extensive evaluation. While undiagnosed diseases are relatively rare, they still affect millions. Up to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjmg.bmj.com\u002Fcontent\u002F56\u002F12\u002F783\"\u003E350 million people\u003C\u002Fa\u003E around the world have an \"undiagnosed\" or \"rare\" condition (a rare condition is defined as affecting \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fresearch-and-innovation.ec.europa.eu\u002Fresearch-area\u002Fhealth\u002Frare-diseases_en\"\u003Eless than one in 2,000\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of the general population in the European Union or \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.fda.gov\u002Fpatients\u002Frare-diseases-fda\"\u003Efewer than 200,000 people in the US\u003C\u002Fa\u003E).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EChildren under the age of five are disproportionately affected: they make up 50% of cases, 30% of whom will die before the age of five, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002FS2213-8587(19)30006-3\"\u003Eaccording to one report\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. In the UK alone, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcontact.org.uk\u002Fabout-contact\u002Fnews-and-views\u002Fits-undiagnosed-childrens-day-2023\u002F\"\u003E6,000 children are born each year\u003C\u002Fa\u003E with \"syndromes without a name&rdquo; (Swanis).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDealing with a child's medical challenges is hard enough. But going without a diagnosis opens up a myriad of added challenges for clinicians and families. That&rsquo;s something \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gosh.nhs.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fnursing-children-nameless-conditions\u002F\"\u003EAnna Jewitt\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a clinical nurse specialist for Swan children at the Great Ormond Street Hospital in London, knows well. Without an explanation for their child's health, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1111\u002Fcch.12866\"\u003Eparents are left feeling lost and alone\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESometimes, despite their concerns, caregivers are told their child is \"normal\". Yet this \"is often the worst word for a parent with a child with an undiagnosed condition\", says Jewitt. &nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne difficulty is that most children who present with a symptom do not have a serious disease. Generally, it's more likely to be something minor or temporary. As a result, most parents need reassurance that their child is fine &ndash; not dozens of laboratory tests and weeks of additional medical investigation.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"If you were to take 100 parents who come in with complaints, most of them do need the reassurance that nothing is going on,\" says \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.genome.gov\u002Fstaff\u002FWilliam-A-Gahl-MD-PhD\"\u003EWilliam Gahl\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a senior investigator at the National Human Genome Institute in Bethesda, Maryland.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut in some cases, that tactic can backfire &ndash; as it did with Wilhelm. Physicians reassured Helene and her husband Mikk that there was nothing sinister going on with their baby's health, just a bad-luck hand of epilepsy, asthma and false croup together. Unconvinced, the couple pressed on with medical investigations.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230807-undiagnosed-diseases-the-mysterious-syndromes-without-a-name-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0g5chpx"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Mikk Cederroth driving a cart with Emma, Hugo and Wilhelm in the back (Credit: Helene Cederroth)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230807-undiagnosed-diseases-the-mysterious-syndromes-without-a-name-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn the meantime, life went on. \"Wilhelm was great in school with lots of friends. He was a kind boy. The teachers in the school said he would be the United Nations General Secretary,\" remembers Helene. \"He was fun. He was like a normal boy.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELike most normal kids, Wilhelm and his elder sister would come home from school with pesky bugs and infections. But for Wilhelm, recovery was beginning to take longer than usual. Helene was met with the same response from doctors: \"for some children, that's just the way it is\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne afternoon when Wilhelm was five, he went out to pick raspberries. When he came inside, he had a cough so intense his eyes became bloodshot. His face swelled, followed by a high fever. Doctors had never seen a raft of symptoms quite like this, but they also couldn't find anything wrong.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHelene was assured by the doctors that whatever was causing Wilhelm's various symptoms, it wasn't hereditary or genetic. When Wilhelm was eight years old, Helene and Mikk went on to have their third child, Hugo.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn fact, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1186\u002Fs13073-022-01026-w\"\u003Eup to 80% of undiagnosed and rare conditions are genetic.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E But as Gahl points out, most physicians are not geneticists. \"Part of the issue is physicians want to reassure the parents that they can have a second child. When they don't know what the genetic cause is, they can't put an estimate on the percentage recurrence rate,\" he says. \"Sometimes the default will be to say, 'We don't think it is genetic' &ndash; and the basis for that is that there is no known genetic cause.\" Gahl says that \"it's not the best default\" answer to give parents.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ELiving with uncertainty\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn her third trimester with Hugo, Helene felt a strange movement: an erratic kick that reminded her of young children with epilepsy. It was something she'd never felt before with Wilhelm or his older sister. The doctors told her it was the baby hiccupping.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHugo was born on 27 December 1991. At six hours old he had his first seizure. Helene's suspicions were right &ndash; Hugo had epilepsy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230807-undiagnosed-diseases-the-mysterious-syndromes-without-a-name-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"He turned around and walked eight steps, proving the doctors wrong. He went on to not only walk, but run","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230807-undiagnosed-diseases-the-mysterious-syndromes-without-a-name-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHugo spent the first six months of his life in hospital. To make the family's trauma worse, his medical team became suspicious that Mikk was shaking Hugo.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"That's still in my husband's head today,\" Helene says. \"In some ways you are afraid to go to the hospital.\" Helene remembers having her parenting monitored by the team. \"It was the most horrible thing I've ever gone through,\" she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFear of judgement is something Jewitt hears in her conversations with the many families she tries to reassure. For some parents it's \"feeling like people don't believe them, and being called an overanxious mother\", she says. \"Others who don't come from privileged backgrounds might feel like they are being judged.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere were moments of hope for the family. When Hugo was 18 months old, Helene was told he would never walk or sit by himself. The same day they went home from hospital, a determined Hugo propped himself up on a corner sofa. \"He turned around and walked eight steps, proving the doctors wrong,\" she says. He went on to not only walk, but run.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHelene became pregnant again with her fourth child. She was a daughter, and this gave her parents additional hope: their oldest, a girl, had good health, and Helene was told the symptoms Wilhelm and Hugo were experiencing (such as epilepsy) only impacted boys.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEmma was born on 24 January 1994. At 30 minutes old, she had her first seizure.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E'Nature's cruel lottery'\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOver the next several years, Emma grew into a mischievous character who loved to make her parents laugh. Like Hugo, she adored animals. Despite the children's challenges, which included autism and sleep apnoea in addition to epilepsy, family life continued as best it could &ndash; as is common among \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1007\u002Fs10897-017-0193-5\"\u003Emany families with children who have chronic undiagnosed illnesses\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo did the hunt for answers. What, Helene and Mikk wondered, was the overall cause linking all the symptoms affecting Wilhelm, Hugo and Emma?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe family met with specialists at Great Ormond Street Hospital in London, UK and John Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland. Doctors were unable to unravel what was happening, describing the children's condition as \"nature's cruel lottery\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThen Wilhelm reached the age of 12 and his condition started to deteriorate. There was now a new cause for concern: childhood dementia. He forgot how to ride his bike. He would run into stinging nettles without recognising the risk. Homework became a battle. And while he previously had played with Hugo and Emma like an elder brother, he began to play with them like they were peers. When Wilhelm didn't recognise his grandmother one day, Helene realised he was regressing.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn Austria, Wilhelm underwent specialist treatment with the permission of the country's medical ethics committee. This was followed in 1997-98 by a Franco-Swiss research team who investigated whether the three siblings might have a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmitochondrialdisease.nhs.uk\u002Fpatient-area\u002Fwhat-mitochondrial-disease\u002F\"\u003Emitochondrial disease\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Helene and the children underwent DNA sequencing, but it offered no answers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe family might have different results if they were undergoing the process today: the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.genome.gov\u002Fhuman-genome-project\"\u003EHuman Genome Project\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which aimed to identify the order of all DNA bases to obtain the \"genetic blueprint\" of humans, launched in 1990. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fcolumns\u002Fbeyond-the-genome\"\u003ECompleted in 2003\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, it has radically improved our understanding of how new diseases form. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.illumina.com\u002Ftechniques\u002Fsequencing\u002Fdna-sequencing\u002Fwhole-genome-sequencing\u002Fwhole-genome-vs-exome.html\"\u003EExome testing\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which looks specifically at&nbsp; a genome's protein-coding regions (making up about 2% of the whole genome), has become especially helpful, says Gahl.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut in the 1990s genome sequencing was too primitive to help Wilhelm. By the time he was 15 years old, it became clear he would not recover. He was brought home for palliative care with the support of a nursing team.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHe died on 2 September 1999, aged just 16. An autopsy found no clear cause of death.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230807-undiagnosed-diseases-the-mysterious-syndromes-without-a-name-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0g5c4wh"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Emma, Wilhelm and Hugo Cederroth (Credit: Helene Cederroth)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230807-undiagnosed-diseases-the-mysterious-syndromes-without-a-name-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn the wake of losing Wilhelm, Helene and Mikk faced a catalogue of new challenges.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETheir youngest, Emma, fell into her first coma three weeks after Wilhelm's funeral, where they believe she had picked up a virus. She recovered but continued to experience intermittent comas in the months that followed, until doctors decided there was nothing they could do. Emma died at home on 20 December 2000, surrounded by her loved ones. She was six years old. &nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENot quite two years later, on 8 December 2002, the family lost Hugo just before his 11th birthday. He had developed lung problems and complications with his epilepsy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs Hugo's health failed, his father asked a local construction company for a favour. They agreed to park their digger outside Hugo's window. Carrying his backpack with an intravenous solution, Mikk would take Hugo out to drive and dig together.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJust like Emma and Wilhelm before him, Hugo's parting words to Helene were \"thank you, Mum\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENone of the three children ever received a causative diagnosis explaining their conditions, or identifying the links between them. Again, had they been born later they may have learned more. In the UK in 2023, thousands of children with severe developmental disorders finally received a diagnosis, via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fhealth-65266255\"\u003Ea study that found 60 new diseases\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the US, the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fundiagnosed.hms.harvard.edu\u002F\"\u003EUndiagnosed Diseases Network\u003C\u002Fa\u003E &ndash; a consortium of 12 research teams and clinical centres across the country &ndash; is also working to solve these medical mysteries. In 2018, just two years after it had been established, the consortium had \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nejm.org\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1056\u002FNEJMoa1714458\"\u003Eidentified 31 new syndromes\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and had diagnosed 132 patients. Today it has evaluated more than 2,220 patients and successfully diagnosed 676 of them. It has described a total of 53 new conditions. Funding for this kind of work, however, continues to be a problem and support for the Undiagnosed Diseases Network from the National Institutes of Health Common Fund is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcommonfund.nih.gov\u002Fdiseases\"\u003Edue to end this year.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230807-undiagnosed-diseases-the-mysterious-syndromes-without-a-name-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0g5c22g"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Helene and Mikk Cederroth (Credit: Rick Guidotti)","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230807-undiagnosed-diseases-the-mysterious-syndromes-without-a-name-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHelene acknowledges that an overall diagnosis may not have kept her children alive. However, she believes it would have at least offered an explanation for what was happening to their bodies. In addition, says Jewitt, a diagnosis can \"open doors\", if only to \"simple things like applying to a charity for support\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAfter their children's deaths, Helene and Mikk turned their attention to fundraising, launching their charity the&nbsp;\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwilhelmfoundation.org\u002F\"\u003EWilhelm Foundation\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. They had been frustrated by the lack of collaboration between the doctors around the world who treated their children. Recognising this, as well as the additional challenges faced by families in&nbsp;\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Farticles\u002F10.3389\u002Ffpubh.2023.1079601\u002Ffull\"\u003Emiddle and lower income countries\u003C\u002Fa\u003E&nbsp;(such as access to resources), in 2014 they brought together top experts for a world congress on undiagnosed diseases. The&nbsp;\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwilhelmfoundation.org\u002Finternational\u002Fworld-congresses\"\u003Eannual gathering\u003C\u002Fa\u003E&nbsp;continues to this day.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWilhelm, Hugo and Emma all died in the build-up to Christmas, and this time of year continues to be difficult for Helene and Mikk. Emma especially loved the festive season. She always said she wanted to paint Santa's beard blue, her favourite colour.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn her final days in a coma, Emma was visited by a blue-bearded Santa Claus. Helene is confident she heard Emma make a gleeful sound when she sensed him entering the room. \"Or maybe,\" she says, \"that was in our mind.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETwo years ago, Helene and Mikk were approached by a top diagnostic geneticist who believed that their children probably had a new disease. The couple have since submitted genetic samples for&nbsp;\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Femea.illumina.com\u002Ftechniques\u002Fsequencing\u002Fdna-sequencing\u002Fwhole-genome-sequencing.html#:~:text=What%20is%20Whole%2DGenome%20Sequencing,progression%2C%20and%20tracking%20disease%20outbreaks.\"\u003Ewhole-genome sequencing\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Sadly, it is too late to help Wilhelm, Hugo or Emma. But there is still time, they say, to use what they've learned about their family to save another child&rsquo;s life.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcloud.email.bbc.com\u002FSignUp10_08\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\" &ndash; a handpicked selection of stories from BBC \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFuture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Cem\u003Eand \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230807-undiagnosed-diseases-the-mysterious-syndromes-without-a-name-10"}],"collection":["future\u002Fcolumn\u002Fhealth-gap"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2023-08-08T00:01:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"The painful puzzle of diseases that have no name","headlineShort":"The diseases that have no name","image":["p0g5c30w"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Emma, Hugo and Wilhelm Cederroth in bath robes (Credit: Helene Cederroth)","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z","Project":"wwverticals","Slug":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"64a461aca471ef30b9021812"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Helene Cederroth lost three children to an undiagnosed disease. While relatively rare, such conditions affect 350 million people worldwide – and disproportionately affect children","summaryShort":"All children fall sick – but what happens when doctors can't tell you why?","tag":["tag\u002Fhealth","tag\u002Fchildren","tag\u002Fgenetics","tag\u002Fparenting","tag\u002Ffeatures"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2023-08-07T23:01:56.351759Z","entity":"article","guid":"d74a4646-1df2-48d6-9ed8-aa54046e22f6","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230807-undiagnosed-diseases-the-mysterious-syndromes-without-a-name","modifiedDateTime":"2023-08-08T14:06:57.690701Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230807-undiagnosed-diseases-the-mysterious-syndromes-without-a-name","cacheLastUpdated":1692601862380},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230804-is-there-a-sinister-side-to-the-rise-of-female-robots":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20230804-is-there-a-sinister-side-to-the-rise-of-female-robots","_id":"64d0267ea471ef0d5126e165","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fmark-shea"],"bodyIntro":"When we give AI a humanoid form, we typically choose the robot to have feminine characteristics. Are we playing on stereotypes?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThere is a popular idea that artificial intelligence (AI) is out to get us.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt was this public image problem that the United Nations was recently trying to address at its AI for Good conference in Geneva.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe event in July was intended promote AI to help solve global problems, and it was described as the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Faiforgood.itu.int\u002Fsummit23\u002F#robots\"\u003Elargest-ever gathering of humanoid robots\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere was Ai-Da (the \"world's first ultra-realistic humanoid robot artist\") and Grace (the \"world&rsquo;s foremost nursing assistant robot\") as well as Sophia, Nadine, and Mika. There was even a rock star robot, Desdemona.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAll of these androids have one thing in common &ndash; they are all female by design. So why is it that creators typically choose to give their robots feminine characteristics?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt is often argued that the choice to make AI voice systems female is rooted in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20220614-why-your-voice-assistant-might-be-sexist\"\u003Egender bias\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. But sometimes there is a more innocent reason for the sex a designer gives their robot: they have modelled it on themselves.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20160209-the-truth-about-sex-robots\"\u003EThe truth about sex robots\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20230224-the-ai-emotions-dreamed-up-by-chatgpt\"\u003EThe AI emotions dreamed up by ChatGPT\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20221118-the-martian-robots-that-came-to-life\"\u003EThe Martian robots that came to life\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E&nbsp;This is the case with Nadine, whose creator Nadia Magnenat Thalmann describes her as a \"robot selfie\". Meanwhile, Geminoid, the only robot at the conference that was explicitly male, is the spitting image of its maker, Japanese roboticist \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fspectrum.ieee.org\u002Fhiroshi-ishiguro-the-man-who-made-a-copy-of-himself\"\u003EHiroshi Ishiguro\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne of the keynote speakers at the conference was \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ai-darobot.com\u002F\"\u003EAi-Da\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, an AI machine which can draw, paint and sculpt, and is also a performance artist.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELisa Zevi, head of operations for the Ai-Da project, tells the BBC that in this particular case, there was a good reason for giving Ai-Da a broadly female look.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Female voices are typically very underrepresented in both the art and technology spaces,\" she says. \"We want to give a voice to those underrepresented groups effectively.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESpecifically, Ai-Da's persona is inspired by Victorian mathematician Ada Lovelace &ndash; considered by many to be the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fscience-environment-34243042\"\u003Efirst computer programmer\u003C\u002Fa\u003E &ndash; as is her appearance.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOther than those robots modelled on an individual, one particular reason is often suggested for choosing a female robot: we have an innate preference for women's voices.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EKarl MacDorman, an expert in robotics and human-computer interaction from the University of Indiana in the US, believes this argument may have a basis. He has conducted \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fmacdorman.com\u002Fkfm\u002Fwritings\u002Fpubs\u002FMitchell2010DoesSocialDesirabilityBiasFavorHumans.pdf\"\u003Eresearch\u003C\u002Fa\u003E which has found that women prefer women's voices, and men do not really have a preference.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230804-is-there-a-sinister-side-to-the-rise-of-female-robots-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0g4vb5f"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Roboticist Hiroshi Ishiguro (Credit: Getty Images)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230804-is-there-a-sinister-side-to-the-rise-of-female-robots-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBy testing their reactions to voices, the research found a discrepancy between what people report on questionnaires and what they really feel &ndash; women like a female voice far more than they admit, and men say they greatly prefer a female voice on questionnaires (even though they don't really care).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Thus, a female voice may work better for both groups. Women on average are happier interacting with female voices, and men believe they should be happier, even if they're indifferent,\" MacDorman concludes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis might not tell the whole story though.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEarly versions of AI like Siri and Alexa were given female voices, and MacDorman's work has been quoted as justification for this choice. Yet he believes some major corporate decisions had already been made for entirely different reasons, and his findings were simply convenient.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230804-is-there-a-sinister-side-to-the-rise-of-female-robots-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Women like a female voice far more than they admit, and men say they greatly prefer a female voice on questionnaires","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230804-is-there-a-sinister-side-to-the-rise-of-female-robots-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\"I suspect they had made their decision before I had published any work on this topic,\" he says. \"They probably made the decision for reasons that are unconscious, or reasons that they might not like to admit to, and then they need the justification for it later when they are challenged.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMacDorman believes our own expectations may play a bigger part in the decision-making than many designers are prepared to admit. \"In terms of quality of service or customer service roles I think that they may be more associated with women than with men.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The initial stereotype then becomes reinforced just because it becomes a popular choice to give artificial intelligence a female voice.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMacDorman believes that this could be considered sexist, because the roles that AI typically performs &ndash; delivering information or customer service &ndash; are in a sense servile.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd he hints that this may also play into male fantasies.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EKathleen Richardson, professor of ethics and culture of robots and AI at the UK's De Montfort University, remembers when humanoid robots did not typically take an adult female form.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"In the lab that I was in [15 years ago], they always made them child-like,\" she tells the BBC. \"The idea was, if they were childlike, they wouldn't be threatening to people, and people would be more comfortable with inviting them into their home.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230804-is-there-a-sinister-side-to-the-rise-of-female-robots-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0g4vbmk"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Ai-Da at 2023 robotic conferece (Credit: Getty Images)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230804-is-there-a-sinister-side-to-the-rise-of-female-robots-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ERichardson says this drive to make androids less threatening has morphed into the female forms that we see today, and it is driven by the preoccupation that we have about the increasing role that technology is playing.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"You've got to dislodge this very deep fear of depersonalisation and dehumanisation that comes with introducing more technologies into our lives, particularly in our personal arenas,\" she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"People write reams of how terrifying it is, how the terminators are around the corner. That would be terrifying to have in the home, right?\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMacDorman &ndash; who has also worked with robots for decades &ndash; agrees these fears had a role in robot design, especially early on. \"A female android is generally considered more approachable, especially for children, so it was considered better suited to human-robot interaction experiments,\" he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230804-is-there-a-sinister-side-to-the-rise-of-female-robots-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"We can't just transfer what's going on inside people and inside people's relationships to these new artefacts – Kathleen Richardson","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230804-is-there-a-sinister-side-to-the-rise-of-female-robots-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThis tallies with his experience of \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.macdorman.com\u002Fkfm\u002Fwritings\u002Fpubs\u002FMacDorman2006AndroidScience.pdf\"\u003Eworking on robots in Japan between 2003 and 2005\u003C\u002Fa\u003E &ndash; many of the experiments were with children and the team he worked with believed a female android seemed less threatening.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut Richardson suspects that there may be an altogether more basic motive at play in modern designs of humanoid robots.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EShe likens robots to art &ndash; what you see is just an image on a surface &ndash; and believes that robot design suffers from the same issues that modern art critics often lament when they appraise historical paintings.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"There was a famous theorist called Laura Mulvey who talked about the male gaze in art, and how male artists were representing female figures. They were normally representing them as submissive, as naked, as objects of male desire. And I think in a way, we're seeing the male gaze just replicated in robotics, because these are just images on surfaces &ndash; there's nothing that that sits behind these images. There's no sentient being. There's no life.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"We can't just transfer what's going on inside people and inside people's relationships to these new artefacts that are created.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230804-is-there-a-sinister-side-to-the-rise-of-female-robots-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0g4v93q"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"aryl Hannah in a scene from Blade Runner (1982) (Credit: Warner Bros\u002FGetty Images)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230804-is-there-a-sinister-side-to-the-rise-of-female-robots-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhen she looks at the anthropomorphic adult female figures on display at the Geneva conference, Richardson says she sees \"a bunch of puppets\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMacDorman agrees that heterosexual male designers &ndash; and it is a very male-dominated industry, he says &ndash; are choosing to make their creations female because of their interest in the opposite sex.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"There's definitely a sexualisation. The more realistic the robot and the more realistic the voice, the greater the tendency to sexualise it. If it's something very realistic, there's the tendency to see it or to treat it as if it were human. It's kind of pressing our Darwinian buttons, so to speak,\" he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhere could this sexulisation of robots end up? Richardson fears a future in which robots are routinely used for sexual purposes. Her Campaign Against Porn Robots aims to draw attention to the ethical harm of normalising such uses of this technology.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe idea of having sex with an android has existed in mainstream entertainment for decades, in science fictions films such as Blade Runner, AI Artificial Intelligence, Her and Ex Machina.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn her book Man-Made Women, Richardson warns of a growing trend &ndash; the idea has jumped from science fiction to morning talk shows and music videos. Sex doll brothels are \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-europe-43463625\"\u003Eopening in Barcelona, Berlin and Moscow\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230804-is-there-a-sinister-side-to-the-rise-of-female-robots-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"There's a concern generally with AI, especially when it's related to sex: human relationships are difficult – Karl MacDorman","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230804-is-there-a-sinister-side-to-the-rise-of-female-robots-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\"For those wanting to attend talks on the subject there is even an \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.lovewithrobots.com\u002F\"\u003Eannual international conference on love and sex with robots\u003C\u002Fa\u003E,\" she writes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EShe cautions that there would be a massive cost to normalising such interaction. \"What we're building into society is this very egocentric idea that actually what a single human being is feeling and thinking and experiencing is \"a relationship\". So they can project onto an AI avatar all these feelings.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"But people know intuitively, a relationship involves two parties. It's not just something happening in one person &ndash; it has to be something that happens between you and another person. And the relationship is the bit in the middle, really, isn't it? It's not going on just on one side or the other.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMacDorman sees the potential for a growing industry to evolve around this function.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"There's a concern generally with AI, especially when it's related to sex: human relationships are difficult. There's risk involved with any kind of intimacy, and AI is more compliant.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESome people find pornography easier than dating, he says, and AI could provide a way of avoiding the effort of dealing with other human beings, and the fear of rejection that this brings.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230804-is-there-a-sinister-side-to-the-rise-of-female-robots-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0g4v6b6"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Female AI avatar on mobile phone (Credit: Getty Images)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230804-is-there-a-sinister-side-to-the-rise-of-female-robots-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOne particular danger, he says, is that the often servile nature of AI can feed people's narcissism.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut the high price of such robots may act as a limit to their adoption. \"In order to build an android, there's considerable cost relative to other kinds of robots,\" he says. \"To make them realistic is expensive.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHe sees more of a future in animated characters which are interactive, rather than three-dimensional humanoid \"companion bots\". \"Pretty much anything with moving parts is going to be problematic. Think about the attention the automobile requires compared to whatever computer you're working on.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"You probably use the computer for a much longer period of time throughout the day, and it requires much, much less attention.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHe thinks that regardless of our erotic desires, humanoid robots will therefore remain unaffordable for most consumers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMost &ndash; but not all. \"Just as some people can afford supercars, there will be those who can afford androids,\" he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcloud.email.bbc.com\u002FSignUp10_08\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\" &ndash; a handpicked selection of stories from BBC \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFuture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Cem\u003Eand \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230804-is-there-a-sinister-side-to-the-rise-of-female-robots-14"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2023-08-07T12:56:46Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"Is there a sinister side to the rise of female robots?","headlineShort":"The sinister side to female robots?","image":["p0g58z7q"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Artist's impression of female robot (Credit: Getty Images)","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z","Project":"wwverticals","Slug":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"64a461aca471ef30b9021812"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"When we give AI a humanoid form, we typically choose the robot to have feminine characteristics. Are we playing on stereotypes?","summaryShort":"The male gaze updated for the 21st Century","tag":["tag\u002Fartificialintelligence","tag\u002Frobot","tag\u002Ffeatures"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2023-08-06T23:02:05.016642Z","entity":"article","guid":"89da3f6e-c6b1-478d-bd90-48c5bbc49eae","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230804-is-there-a-sinister-side-to-the-rise-of-female-robots","modifiedDateTime":"2023-08-07T10:32:02.713289Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230804-is-there-a-sinister-side-to-the-rise-of-female-robots","cacheLastUpdated":1692601862381},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230803-wildfires-the-changing-face-of-the-mediterranean-landscape":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20230803-wildfires-the-changing-face-of-the-mediterranean-landscape","_id":"64cd8375a471ef0d62167e19","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fkatherine-latham"],"bodyIntro":"Heatwaves across southern Europe have brought devastating wildfires to the region. How is the Mediterranean's vegetation likely to recover and adapt as climate change increases the risk of these blazes?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EThe contrast is stark &ndash; where vast swathes of land were once rich with life, they are blackened and smouldering ruins, decimated by fire. In just 12 days, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjoint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu\u002Fjrc-news-and-updates\u002Fwildfires-mediterranean-monitoring-impact-helping-response-2023-07-28_en\"\u003E135,000 hectares (521sq miles)\u003Cstrong\u003E&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003Eof land were left burnt in southern Europe\u003C\u002Fa\u003E after fires broke out in mid-July. Italy and Greece were worst hit, including the islands of Rhodes, Corfu and Sicily.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EWildfires,\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fnewslink.reuters.com\u002Fclick\u002F32208215.57702\u002FaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cucmV1dGVycy5jb20vd29ybGQvZXVyb3BlL2dyZWVjZS1zZWVzLXNvbWUtd2lsZGZpcmUtcmVzcGl0ZS10aG91Z2gtc3R1YmJvcm4tYmxhemVzLXJhZ2UtMjAyMy0wNy0yNi8_dXRtX3NvdXJjZT1TYWlsdGhydSZ1dG1fbWVkaXVtPU5ld3NsZXR0ZXImdXRtX2NhbXBhaWduPVN1c3RhaW5hYmxlLVN3aXRjaCZ1dG1fdGVybT0wNzI3MjM\u002F6336b84468abad26cc00ece4C30ffe4b8\"\u003E supercharged by strong winds\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and a heatwave with temperatures exceeding 40C (104F), have left the land scorched, at least \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-europe-66319340\"\u003E40 people dead\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and thousands more forced to flee. On the opposite side of the Mediterranean \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-africa-66329884\"\u003Ehuge wildfires in Algeria and Tunisia\u003C\u002Fa\u003E have claimed dozens of lives and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-europe-66308728\"\u003Eled to widespread evacuations\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EWhile the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fav\u002Fworld-europe-66295033\"\u003Ehomes and lives devastated by the flames\u003C\u002Fa\u003E will take time to recover, there are also questions about how the habitats left scorched in their wake will be restored, especially with the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fannforsci.biomedcentral.com\u002Farticles\u002F10.1007\u002Fs13595-020-00933-5\"\u003Egrowing threat of more wildfires each year due to climate change\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EWildfires have always been \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.fao.org\u002Fforestry\u002F49223-06791969d1427714a896b8faeee2aa501.pdf\"\u003Epart of the life-cycle of Mediterranean ecosystems\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, but faced with ever-larger, more intense fires, can they keep rising from the ashes? Or are we witnessing a permanent change in the Mediterranean landscape?&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003E\"Mediterranean ecosystems are designed to burn,\" says Jenny Williams, a senior spatial analyst at the Royal Botanic Gardens in Kew, London, UK. Williams uses remote sensing &ndash; such drone or satellite imagery &ndash; to map changes in vegetation following forest fires. Wildfires, she says, are an important and natural occurrence. In fact, without fires, some species would cease to exist.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003E\"[Many species have] hard casing on the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.plos.org\u002Fplosone\u002Farticle?id=10.1371\u002Fjournal.pone.0051523\"\u003Eseeds that don't release until fire ignites\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Then, after a fire, you get this massive explosion of seedlings,\" she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230803-wildfires-the-changing-face-of-the-mediterranean-landscape-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0g4q5gh"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Section of burnt forest following fires on the island of Rhodes in July 2023 (Credit: Getty Images)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230803-wildfires-the-changing-face-of-the-mediterranean-landscape-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EThe Mediterranean, and other regions around the world with similar climates, are considered \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Farticles\u002F10.3389\u002Ffpls.2018.00851\u002Ffull\"\u003Ebiodiversity hotspots\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. They account for 5% of the Earth's land surface, but contain \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002F0169534796100446\"\u003E20% of its biodiversity\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. These regions, which can be found not only around the Mediterranean basin but also in Australia, California, South Africa and Chile, share the unusual climatic regime of mild, wet winters and warm, dry summers &ndash; and recurrent fire. Fires can even boost biodiversity. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1111\u002Fele.14177\"\u003EOne recent study\u003C\u002Fa\u003E found higher biodiversity is linked to higher pyrodiversity.\u003Cstrong\u003E&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003E\"Pyrodiversity is the variability in the fire regime &ndash; its frequency, its intensity,\" says Adam Pellegrini, associate professor in plant sciences at Cambridge University. Pellegrini researches the traits that allow a plant to deal with fire and how changing fire regimes are impacting ecosystems and their ability to recover.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003E\"Fire changes the conditions of the ecosystem,\" he says. \"Right after a fire you can have more light, the soil can be hotter, ash can make the soil more alkaline&hellip; Different species are adapted to these different conditions. Look at a hillside in Greece, for example, and you might see a mosaic of areas at different stages of recovery. Different plant species specialise in those different stages. So, you start to see more biodiversity because variability in fire allows for more species to coexist.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230803-wildfires-the-changing-face-of-the-mediterranean-landscape-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Problems come with human encroachment into nature – with pathways, roads, fences, lines cut into the wilderness","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230803-wildfires-the-changing-face-of-the-mediterranean-landscape-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EOver millions of years, Mediterranean plants are thought to have \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC6038726\u002F%23:~:text=There%2520are%2520numerous%2520examples%2520of,resprouting%3B%2520(4)%2520regeneration%2520from\"\u003Eevolved to survive fires\u003C\u002Fa\u003E by developing traits that help them to adapt to these conditions. Many trees have \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Farticles\u002F10.3389\u002Ffpls.2018.00825\u002Ffull\"\u003Efire-resistant tissues in the form of thick bark\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and can even self-prune dead branches. Some plants \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ffireecology.springeropen.com\u002Farticles\u002F10.4996\u002Ffireecology.0601095\"\u003Estore water in succulent tissues\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, while others' roots remain alive below-ground only to re-sprout post-fire. Heat-resistant seeds, too, lie stored in the soil awaiting their chance to grow. Forest fires can remove dead bark, wood and leaf litter from the soil so that new seedlings can establish and grow.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003E\"Intact forests largely protect themselves,\" says Williams. \"They restrict airflow, [reducing] the wind going through. If it's a closed canopy forest, you're looking at up to 10m (33ft) incursion for a fire. Then it peters out because it's not moving fast enough.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EProblems come with human encroachment into nature &ndash; with pathways, roads, fences, lines cut into the wilderness.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003E\"Once a fire has a little avenue in, it can burn in along those corridors,\" she says. \"That becomes more and more, year on year. The gaps get bigger and the habitat doesn't have time to infill and protect itself.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EAnd while many of the fire-resistant adaptations can help plant life survive lower intensity surface fires, they \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS1360138510002335#bib0005\"\u003Emay struggle when faced with ferocious blazes\u003C\u002Fa\u003E fanned by drought and winds. Temperatures in the most intense wildfires \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.usda.gov\u002Fmedia\u002Fblog\u002F2019\u002F07\u002F29\u002Fmultiagency-effort-goes-deep-inside-fire\"\u003Ecan exceed 1,100C (2000F).\u003C\u002Fa\u003E When ecosystems burn too fiercely or too frequently \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pnas.org\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1073\u002Fpnas.2208120120\"\u003Ethey can't regenerate\u003C\u002Fa\u003E effectively.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003ENow \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fessopenarchive.org\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1002\u002Fessoar.10512410.1\"\u003Eglobal warming is also reshaping Europe's pyroregions\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. For places where fire is a natural part of the ecosystem, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.science.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1126\u002Fscience.aam7672\"\u003Eclimate change-driven fires\u003C\u002Fa\u003E can be quite different from natural fire regimes. Extreme fire seasons are becoming \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fscience2017.globalchange.gov\u002Fchapter\u002F8\u002F\"\u003Elonger\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, more \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwwfeu.awsassets.panda.org\u002Fdownloads\u002Fwwf_fires_forests_and_the_future_report.pdf\"\u003Ecommon and increasingly unpredictable\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230803-wildfires-the-changing-face-of-the-mediterranean-landscape-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0g4q57x"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230803-wildfires-the-changing-face-of-the-mediterranean-landscape-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EA \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwwfeu.awsassets.panda.org\u002Fdownloads\u002Fwwf_fires_forests_and_the_future_report.pdf\"\u003Egrowing number of scientists believe\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that increases in fire frequency, intensity and scale are outstripping the capacity for ecosystems to recover. Depending on species and growth speed, vegetation needs between \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwwfeu.awsassets.panda.org\u002Fdownloads\u002Fwwf_fires_forests_and_the_future_report.pdf\"\u003E25 to 250 years to reach maturity\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Southern California's chaparral habitat, for example, can take \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.jstor.org\u002Fstable\u002F1942434\"\u003E30-60 years to return to maturity\u003C\u002Fa\u003E after a wildfire. Canada's boreal and temperate forest ecosystems, on the other hand, appear to recover more rapidly &ndash; in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0378112715006386\"\u003Earound 10 years according to one study\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20230612-did-climate-change-cause-canadas-wildfires\"\u003EIs climate change behind Canada's wildfires?\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200821-how-wildfire-pollution-may-be-harming-your-health\"\u003EHow wildfire pollution harms your health\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20190822-why-is-the-arctic-on-fire\"\u003EWhy the arctic is smouldering\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EBut as the interval between fires shortens, this recovery becomes harder to achieve.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EPlus, when forests regrow after burning, they are \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwwfeu.awsassets.panda.org\u002Fdownloads\u002Fwwf_fires_forests_and_the_future_report.pdf\"\u003Esmaller, younger and drier\u003C\u002Fa\u003E than before, so their carbon storage capacity is reduced.&nbsp; As fire severity increases, deeper layers of soil are damaged, releasing centuries-old \"legacy carbon\". High-intensity fires can also \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs11676-022-01475-4\"\u003Edamage soil, cause erosion and prevent water absorption\u003C\u002Fa\u003E &ndash; all leading to biodiversity loss.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003ESome ecosystems never recover &ndash; studies in the Montane forests of the Rocky Mountains in the US, for example, suggest these will \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1111\u002Fgeb.13174\"\u003Eincreasingly convert to grass and shrublands\u003C\u002Fa\u003E as forest fires rob them of their trees in a warming world.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EMediterranean ecosystems are particularly at risk. Many Mediterranean species depend solely on post-fire seed germination for recovery. According to one \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.uv.es\u002Fjgpausas\u002Fpapers\u002FKeeley-Pausas-2022-AREES_evolutionary_ecology_of_fire.pdf\"\u003Erecent study\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, this is perhaps the most vulnerable fire-adaptation.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230803-wildfires-the-changing-face-of-the-mediterranean-landscape-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Video","iFrameType":"","videoUrn":["p0g2mddk"],"id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230803-wildfires-the-changing-face-of-the-mediterranean-landscape-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003ESo, are we witnessing a changing Mediterranean landscape? Or do these ecosystems have the power to recover?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EPerhaps both, says Williams.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003E\"Mediterranean ecosystems are designed to burn. I think they can recover &ndash; but for the first two to three years it will look different. They've lost a lot of their soil and their natural protection. We're probably looking at about 15 years for a better kind of recovery. It's still probably going to be different though, a new normal.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EIn this changing climate, Williams says things will have to rebalance.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003E\"Some species might not come back and that might be the new order of things. Change is always happening &ndash; and it isn't necessarily bad.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EShe hopes in the future we will see fully functioning ecosystems again &ndash; providing all the vital ecosystem services. And, she says, we can give \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS0378112723002335\"\u003Enatural regeneration\u003C\u002Fa\u003E a helping hand&nbsp;by starting small and working with local people. Rather than large-scale reforestation which has been \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Facademic.oup.com\u002Fbioscience\u002Farticle\u002F70\u002F11\u002F947\u002F5903754\"\u003Eseen to fail\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.kew.org\u002Fscience\u002Four-science\u002Fprojects\u002Fregeneration-and-livelihoods-madagascar\"\u003EWilliams recommends\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \"little in lots of places\" to fast track the recovery of these unique landscapes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, or follow us on \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E or \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcloud.email.bbc.com\u002FSignUp10_08\"\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, called \"The Essential List\" &ndash; a handpicked selection of stories from BBC \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\"\u003EFuture\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\"\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\"\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\"\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\"\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fa\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230803-wildfires-the-changing-face-of-the-mediterranean-landscape-8"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2023-08-04T00:01:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"Wildfires: The changing face of the Mediterranean landscape","headlineShort":"How landscapes recover from wildfires","image":["p0g4q5pd"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Firefighter fighting bush fire on island of Sicily July 2023 (Credit: Getty Images)","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z","Project":"wwverticals","Slug":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"64a461aca471ef30b9021812"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"How is the Mediterranean's vegetation likely to recover and adapt as climate change increases the risk of wildfires?","summaryShort":"As wildfires become more frequent and intense, vegetation is likely to change","tag":["tag\u002Fenvironment","tag\u002Fclimatechange","tag\u002Fheatwaves","tag\u002Ffire","tag\u002Fweather","tag\u002Fnews-features"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2023-08-04T23:01:56.309142Z","entity":"article","guid":"6c2ebfef-6ca9-4e8f-97c2-788e09c301a3","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230803-wildfires-the-changing-face-of-the-mediterranean-landscape","modifiedDateTime":"2023-08-04T23:01:56.309142Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20230803-wildfires-the-changing-face-of-the-mediterranean-landscape","cacheLastUpdated":1692601862381},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220405-the-fungi-cleaning-new-delhis-air":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20220405-the-fungi-cleaning-new-delhis-air","_id":"64a46123a471ef2ea8336a38","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"In Northern India, a concoction of seven different fungi could help to thin the smog that pervades the capital city with the worst air pollution in the world.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe onset of spring brings relief in more ways than one to Delhi. The air is cool and crisp, and with the milder weather come light showers that make the vegetation more lush. Around April, south-westerly winds sweep through the region, and the blanket of acrid smog that covers the city in the autumn and winter months begins to disperse. But it never really goes away.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor the last 10 years, Shaheen Khokhar has witnessed this annual cycle as a resident of Gurugram, south-west of Delhi in the Northern Indian state of Haryana. Around October, when she drives into the city, the unnaturally grey, seemingly overcast skies creep up without warning. \"One minute, there's sunshine, and the next, you're engulfed in this dark, smoky haze,\" she says. \"Every day, we see a deeply distressing, visual reminder of the pollution that we're forced to live with.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS2666765720300119\"\u003Eeffects of that pollution\u003C\u002Fa\u003E range from skin and eye irritation to severe neurological, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchitis, lung capacity loss, emphysema, cancer, and increased mortality rates. Globally, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.who.int\u002Fhealth-topics\u002Fair-pollution#tab=tab_1\"\u003Eoutdoor air pollution kills around 4.2 million people each year\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220405-the-fungi-cleaning-new-delhis-air-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The year-round average for PM2.5 pollution in New Delhi was the worst of any capital city in the world by a large margin","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220405-the-fungi-cleaning-new-delhis-air-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn October and November, school children across Northern India, especially in India's capital city of New Delhi (which lies within the National Capital Territory of Delhi) and in the vicinity around Gurugram, have to contend with frequent disruptions. As the pollution worsens, schools shut for around two weeks every year. \"Our children have worn masks to school long before the Covid crisis,\" says Khokhar.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETwenty-one of the world's 30 cities with the worst levels of air pollution are in India, according to data compiled in the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.iqair.com\u002Fus\u002Fworld-air-quality-report\"\u003E2021 World Air Quality Report\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Six Indian cities are in the top 10. New Delhi has the highest exposure to toxic air in the country. People in India had the fifth highest annual recordings of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), a particularly harmful form of air pollution. The year-round average for PM2.5 pollution in New Delhi was the worst of any capital city in the world by a large margin.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20211117-how-indias-living-bridges-could-transform-architecture\"\u003EThe ingenious living bridges of India\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210805-the-search-for-the-worlds-largest-methane-sources\"\u003EThe vast methane leaks seen from space\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210615-the-force-that-could-redraw-the-peninsula-of-india\"\u003EThe idyllic Indian beach that vanished\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIndustrial pollution and vehicular emissions are some of the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.orfonline.org\u002Fresearch\u002Fair-pollution-delhi-filling-policy-gaps\u002F#:~:text=The%20most%20crucial%20reasons%20for,and%20large%2Dscale%20construction%20activities.\"\u003Egreatest factors accounting for toxic air \u003C\u002Fa\u003Ethe whole year round, according to a report by the think tank Observer Research Foundation. But in the months of October and November, the pollution grows still more intense because of farmland fires. In 2019, Nasa's \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fearthobservatory.nasa.gov\u002Fimages\u002F145827\u002Fhaze-smothers-northern-india\"\u003EEarth observing satellites detected these fires from space\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EExactly how much of the annual peak in air pollution is down to crop burning is uncertain &ndash; \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-46138064\"\u003Eofficial figures put it at around 10%\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, while \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS2405844021010768\"\u003Eother research suggests it could be higher\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. In Delhi, crop burning is thought to contribute \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcpcb.nic.in\u002Fuploads\u002FAQM\u002FTERI_Brief_Report.pdf\"\u003Eas much as 42% of \u003C\u002Fa\u003Eall particulate matter \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcpcb.nic.in\u002Fuploads\u002FAQM\u002FTERI_Brief_Report.pdf\"\u003Ein the\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcpcb.nic.in\u002Fuploads\u002FAQM\u002FTERI_Brief_Report.pdf\"\u003Eair\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. In the state of Haryana, observed PM2.5 and PM10 (a larger but also harmful form of particulate matter) rise to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS2405844021010768\"\u003E2-3 times higher\u003C\u002Fa\u003E than \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Ftopics\u002Fagricultural-and-biological-sciences\u002Fnational-ambient-air-quality-standards\"\u003ENational Ambient Air Quality Standard limits\u003C\u002Fa\u003E during the autumn burning season. People from all age groups \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcpcb.nic.in\u002Fuploads\u002FAQM\u002FTERI_Brief_Report.pdf\"\u003Eexperience increased respiratory illnesses during this time of year\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220405-the-fungi-cleaning-new-delhis-air-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220405-the-fungi-cleaning-new-delhis-air-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn 2015, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpib.gov.in\u002Fnewsite\u002FPrintRelease.aspx?relid=190615\"\u003Ecrop burning was made illegal in Delhi and the states of Rajasthan, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh and Haryana\u003C\u002Fa\u003E &ndash; but \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-asia-india-54930380\"\u003Ethe ban has proven hard to enforce\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. In January 2019, the Indian government launched the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmoef.gov.in\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F05\u002FNCAP_Report.pdf\"\u003ENational Clean Air Program\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a five-year plan aiming to curb worsening levels of pollution across the country and to improve monitoring and awareness. Today, the country may be on the cusp of change. The answer has involved addressing age-old agricultural practices that are worsening pollution, says Ashok Kumar Singh, director of the Indian Agricultural Research Institute.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ENo fire without smoke\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOn a pleasant afternoon in September 2021, Dhruv Sawhney, an engineer and COO of nurture.farm, a digital platform for sustainable agricultural solutions, was addressing an audience of 200 men and women &ndash; all farmers in a village near Karnal in Haryana. In the open courtyard of a farmer's home, filled with rickety chairs stools and lightweight cots, and surrounded by ripe paddy fields, Sawhney explained how switching to a new method of clearing agricultural residue could help the farmer earn more, and in the long-term, would improve the health of the soil. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220405-the-fungi-cleaning-new-delhis-air-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"calloutBodyHtml":"\u003Cp\u003EThe emissions from travel it took to report this story were 0kg CO2. The digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per page view. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\"\u003EFind out more about how we calculated this figure here\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","calloutTitle":"Carbon Count","cardType":"CalloutBox","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220405-the-fungi-cleaning-new-delhis-air-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAs is commonplace in these gatherings, Sawhney was met with some disbelief. One burly farmer in particular wasn't impressed. \"Are you sure this will work?\" he asked sceptically. \"I'd rather set my fields alight and be done with it.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESawhney paused mid-speech. \"If it doesn't work, I'll set your fields alight myself,\" he joked.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe solution he was urging farmers to try was a new organic microbial spray developed by the Indian Agricultural Research Institute in Delhi. Sawhney's platform, nurture.farm, was one of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pib.gov.in\u002FPressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1744517\"\u003E12 Indian companies\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to whom the institute had licensed the use of this technology in August 2021.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECalled the Pusa Decomposer, it is composed of seven different species of fungus naturally present in the soil, says Singh. After many lab trials, these species of fungi were found to be extremely effective in decomposing the stubble for energy and nutrients. This microbial spray would completely and rapidly decompose the stubble still left in the fields after the paddy was harvested. Within three weeks, the old stubble would integrate with the soil, acting as compost for the next growing season.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut field tests alone wouldn't be enough to see the spray rolled out among farmers. Understanding why farmers set their fields alight in the first place was critical to developing a solution, says Singh.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Rice and wheat are predominant crops in India. These are crops that require substantial ground water for good growth,\" he says. \"Ten years ago, rice paddy was cultivated in the beginning of April, during the hot summer months and harvested in September.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220405-the-fungi-cleaning-new-delhis-air-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220405-the-fungi-cleaning-new-delhis-air-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHowever, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fiopscience.iop.org\u002Farticle\u002F10.1088\u002F1748-9326\u002Fac10de\"\u003Ebecause of groundwater depletion\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, the government decided to shift the sowing season to mid-June (when groundwater would be replenished by India's monsoons). The crop would then be harvested in the first week of November.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENovember is also the ideal time for farmers to grow wheat. \"When you delay sowing wheat past 20 November, the yield declines drastically,\" says Singh. \"So now, the farmer has a very narrow window to clear the fields of paddy stalks [residue from the rice harvest] and to prepare the field for sowing wheat. Burning this residue allows them to clear their fields quickly.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe practice flourished from the 1980s, particularly after Indian farmers started using mechanised harvesting techniques that left plenty of paddy stalks stuck in the soil. Prior to this, traditional labour meant harvesting paddy by hand. While this may have been time-consuming, it didn't leave the fields studded with stalks, Singh says. However, as farmers scaled up operations, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cimmyt.org\u002Fnews\u002Falternatives-to-burning-can-increase-indian-farmers-profits-and-cut-pollution-new-study-shows\u002F\"\u003E23 million tonnes of paddy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E residue is now burnt every year in Northern India. If you could package up all those stalks into 20kg (44lb) bales and stack them on top of one another, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cimmyt.org\u002Fnews\u002Falternatives-to-burning-can-increase-indian-farmers-profits-and-cut-pollution-new-study-shows\u002F\"\u003Ethe tower would reach further than the Moon\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFrom waste to wealth \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe fungal spray was not the first solution put forward to deal with the astronomical scale of the problem. In \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.icar-iirr.org\u002Findex.php\u002Finstitute-research\u002Finstitue-technologies-developed\u002F33-iirr-technologies\u002F106-technology-4#:~:text=DRR%20Dhan%2045%2C%20India's%20first,released%20in%20India%20during%202015.\"\u003E2014\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, farmers were given the option to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.rkbodisha.in\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002F2019-10\u002FProduction%20Practices%20of%20DRR%20Dhan%2042%20Rice%20Variety%20in%20English.pdf\"\u003Esow a drought tolerant hybrid rice variety that could be harvested in 120 days\u003C\u002Fa\u003E &ndash; that would give them a month to plough their fields manually and get rid of paddy stalk instead of burning the residue. However, hybrid varieties of rice weren't as popular with farmers as they remained \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.jstor.org\u002Fstable\u002F4412746\"\u003Eunconvinced of their economic viability\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn 2006, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tatatrusts.org\u002Four-work\u002Flivelihood\u002Fagriculture-practices\u002Fending-burning-crop-stubble-through-happy-seeder-technology\"\u003EThe Happy Seeder\u003C\u002Fa\u003E &ndash; a machine devised for sowing could also remove the stubble, mulching and scattering it across the field. And though the government offers it at a 50% subsidy for small farmers, it is still an expensive proposition, especially if you are farming smaller parcels of land. The Indian Agricultural Research Institute noted the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fkrishi.icar.gov.in\u002Fjspui\u002Fbitstream\u002F123456789\u002F7136\u002F2\u002FTHS.pdf\"\u003Emachine didn't distribute seeds uniformly and it caused issues with germination\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fkrishi.icar.gov.in\u002Fjspui\u002Fbitstream\u002F123456789\u002F7136\u002F2\u002FTHS.pdf\"\u003E.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E Many farmers saw it as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Findianexpress.com\u002Farticle\u002Findia\u002Fpunjab-crop-residue-burning-gurdaspur-why-happy-seeder-isnt-a-happy-proposition-stubble-burning-air-pollution-6095159\u002F\"\u003Eunviable investment\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe fungal spray, too, got off to a bumpy start. Initially, farmers were required to ferment and prepare the microbial solution themselves. Each farmer was given five capsules containing the fungi. They were instructed to add five litres of water to each capsule, 150g of jaggery (a type of cane sugar that acted as a food source for the fungi) and 15g of chickpea (a source of protein). Each capsule was fermented for three days, and 25 litres of this solution was manually sprayed onto the fields over a period of two weeks. Each capsule cost the farmer 60-70 rupees (61-71p\u002F80-93 cents) and could be used over one hectare (2.5 acres).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220405-the-fungi-cleaning-new-delhis-air-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220405-the-fungi-cleaning-new-delhis-air-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHowever, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fthebastion.co.in\u002Fpolitics-and\u002Fthe-hits-and-misses-of-the-pusa-capsule-the-delhi-governments-solution-to-stubble-burning\u002F\"\u003Emedia reports indicated \u003C\u002Fa\u003Ethat farmers weren't able to execute the solution effectively and authorities surmised that there were bound to be irregularities in preparing the capsules. The Pusa decomposer is now available in powder form; 300g of the formula is enough to spray on roughly half a hectare of land. Adapting the process has ensured that machines, made freely available to farmers, spray the fields in a more uniform way. The decomposed stubble enriches the soil, reducing dependence on chemical fertilisers by as much as 25%, says Singh. \"When farmers burn the crop residue, the temperature of the top layer of soil rises to 42C and ends up killing all the beneficial microbes in the soil. The microbial spray, however, enriches the soil,\" he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe solution tackles not just air pollution, but poor soil health\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.fao.org\u002Fdocuments\u002Fcard\u002Fen\u002Fc\u002Fcb4827en\"\u003E that can compromise our quality of food and water\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, according to a report led by Natalia Rodr&iacute;guez Eugenio of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Poor soil health has the ability to impact biodiversity as well, says \u003Cspan\u003ERattan Lal\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, a distinguished professor of soil science at Ohio State University, Columbus.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Soil in India is increasingly depleted of its organic matter stock,\" says Lal, who is not connected with the project. \"In north-western states such as Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh, soil organic carbon content in the surface 30cm (1ft) layer of soil is less than 0.25% and often as little as 0.1%.\" The optimal range for soil organic carbon should at least be 1-1.5%. He sees the fungal spray as a promising way to address the gap. \"This way of using agricultural residue won't have adverse effects on the health of the soil,\" he says. \"However, it's important to keep an eye on the cost and to ensure that the farmer is compensated for adapting a process that protects the planet.\"&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEarlier, some amount of crop residue was used as cattle feed before farmers burnt the rest. Using the Pusa spray could mean that there may be less available to feed India's 553 million livestock, says Lal. \"Ensuring that doesn't happen and keeping an eye on the domino effect is important too. A judicious management of crop residue is critical to strengthening the 'one health' concept &ndash; the health of soil, plants, animals, people and ecosystems &ndash; it's all inter-related,\" he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EKrishna Kumar, 48, has been farming for the last 30 years in the village of Bhanan Khera in the Hisar district of Haryana, where he owns five acres of land and has leased another 15. \"I was intrigued by the decomposer spray, ever since a relative recommended I try it out,\" he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHe used it last year and the crop residue on his lands decomposed completely. It enriched the soil and helped him save around 1,000-1,500 rupees (&pound;10-15) per acre in fertiliser costs. He believes the long-term health of the soil looks promising. \"Burning our fields, dealing with all that smoke isn't easy for the farmer either. I'm glad there's another viable option now,\" he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220405-the-fungi-cleaning-new-delhis-air-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220405-the-fungi-cleaning-new-delhis-air-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ECompanies like nurture.farm have stepped in to make the process of deploying the microbial spray much easier for farmers, offering an app where the spraying can be booked for free, as well as offering other paid agricultural services such as equipment hire. Sawhney hopes eventually that the app could become a platform for the sale of carbon credits, due to the emissions saved by fungal decomposition.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOut of 3 million hectares (7.4 million acres) in Punjab under paddy, roughly half was burnt in the last cropping season across North India, says Singh. So far, the Pusa decomposer has been employed across 500,000 hectares (1.2 million acres) in the four states where the majority of the crop burning takes place: Punjab, Haryana, Delhi and Uttar Pradesh.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAfter being used in this pilot project over a single season (the next phase will span a bigger area), it's still too early to exactly quantify the spray's impact on curbing overall pollution. Stubble burning remains just one part of India's air pollution challenge, alongside industry and transport. But if the spray is adopted on a wider scale, with more farmers and companies signing on, the difference could be quite significant, says Singh. Especially when pollution peaks in October and November.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs the relative respite of spring and changing winds help to thin the smog in the region of Delhi, residents like Shaheen Khokhar can only hope that interventions like this microbial spray might make the onset of the next smog a little more manageable than the season just past.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E&nbsp;or&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story,&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\" &ndash; a handpicked selection of stories from BBC&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFuture\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E,&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E,&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E,&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E&nbsp;\u003Cem\u003Eand&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E&nbsp;delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220405-the-fungi-cleaning-new-delhis-air-12"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2022-04-05T00:01:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"The world's most polluted capital city","headlineShort":"The world's most polluted capital city","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"In Northern India, a concoction of seven different fungi could help to thin the smog that pervades the capital city with the worst air pollution in the world.","summaryShort":"'Our children have worn masks to school long before the Covid crisis'","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2022-04-05T23:05:18.515046Z","entity":"article","guid":"ff6cbe09-0df4-48a1-8fe7-00614d532595","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220405-the-fungi-cleaning-new-delhis-air","modifiedDateTime":"2022-04-06T16:28:16.379687Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220405-the-fungi-cleaning-new-delhis-air","cacheLastUpdated":1692601862382},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220222-the-mystery-of-mexicos-vanishing-stream-oaks":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20220222-the-mystery-of-mexicos-vanishing-stream-oaks","_id":"64a46123a471ef30a50dc82a","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Mexico has more species of oak tree than any other country. In recent years, the saplings of one of its most vulnerable and well-loved oak species have disappeared.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003EBy the banks of a seasonal riverbed in north-western Mexico, a collection of towering, gnarled oak trees stand guard. These trees descend from ancestors that lived more than 50 million years ago and their species has faced, and survived, any number of challenges.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003EToday fewer than 5,000 of them are still standing, and they are found only in the Sierra La Laguna mountains, in the state of Baja California Sur. These trees, at the tip of the Baja California peninsula, are the last living populations of \u003Cem\u003EQuercus brandegeei\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, a species of oak known locally as \"encino arroyero\" (stream oak) due to its restricted habitat along the banks of streams.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003E\"They are survivors, those trees are heroes,\" says Silvia &Aacute;lvarez Clare, a Costa Rican ecologist who is the director of the Global Tree Program of the Morton Arboretum, a botanical garden and conservation center in Illinois.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMexico is home to\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fglobaltrees.org\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2021\u002F01\u002FOaks2020HR.pdf\"\u003E more species of oak than any country in the world\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, though many of them are threatened. In the case of the arroyo oak, as it is known, the species now faces a particularly troubling problem. Though plenty of trees aged more than 100 years can be found, locals noticed that in recent years there had been no seedlings that have sprouted from their acorns in sight. For some reason, the trees had simply stopped reproducing.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220222-the-mystery-of-mexicos-vanishing-stream-oaks-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220222-the-mystery-of-mexicos-vanishing-stream-oaks-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003E&Aacute;lvarez Clare describes the trees as \"a community of arroyo oak pensioners, because we haven't been able to find juveniles. And in a healthy population of trees there are a lot of young individuals\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003EMexican and US scientists, alongside local communities, are now seeking not only to solve this mystery of the missing stream oak saplings, but to save this iconic species from extinction.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EGlobal but vulnerable\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003E\"It is estimated that there are between 400 and 600 species of oaks in the world,\" explains Maricela Rodr&iacute;guez, a Mexican botanist specialising in oaks and the coordinator for Mexico and Central America of the Global Consortium for the Conservation of Oaks (GCCO).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003ESome scientists conservatively estimate there to be \"a figure of 435 species, of which 168 are found in Mexico\", says Rodr&iacute;guez. \"In other words,\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bgci.org\u002Fwp\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2021\u002F01\u002FMANUAL-PARA-LA-PROPAGACION-DE-QUERCUS.pdf\"\u003E 38% of the total are found in this part of the world\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Other regions with high oak species richness are South East Asia, which is home to 140 species, and the United States with 91 species.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Red List of Oaks 2020,\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fglobaltrees.org\u002Fresources\u002Fthe-red-list-of-oaks-2020\u002F\"\u003E a study published by the Morton Arboretum and the&nbsp;Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI)\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, indicates that at least one third of oak species are endangered. And for about another 105 species, there is not enough information to tell how the population is doing.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220222-the-mystery-of-mexicos-vanishing-stream-oaks-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220222-the-mystery-of-mexicos-vanishing-stream-oaks-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003E\"I find it incredible. They are such rare, new [to science] or unknown species that we don't even know if they are threatened or not,\" says &Aacute;lvarez Clare.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003EIn the case of Mexico, the Red List estimates that 32 of the country's oak species are in danger of extinction. And among the most threatened is the arroyo oak.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA haven in Mexico\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003EPart of the puzzle lies in the species' limited range, far from its evolutionary relatives. The most closely related species to the stream oak is \u003Cem\u003EQuercus fusiformis\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, which is found in Texas, Oklahoma and north-east Mexico, says botanist Allen Coombes, who curates scientific collections at the Botanic Garden of the University of Puebla in Mexico.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003ESo how did the stream oak come to survive only at the tip of the Baja California peninsula?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003E\"Since its appearance\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Fbook\u002F10.1007\u002F978-3-319-69099-5\"\u003E about 55 million years ago\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, in the late Paleocene, the genus Quercus has survived many biological and physical changes,\" says Rodr&iacute;guez. \"Since then, climatic changes have caused population movements, expansions and decreases in their distribution, both latitudinally and altitudinally.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003EThe arroyo oak probably had a wider distribution in the past, and found a haven in the Sierra La Laguna, says Mexican ecologist Aurora Breceda from the Centre for Biological Research of the Northwest (Cibnor). \"Everything indicates that it is a relict species,&rdquo; she says, referring to species that survive only in small populations, serving as remnants of the past.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003E\"There is only that relic of the historical distribution of the arroyo oak that we calculate must have a total of less than 5,000 individuals, very restricted to only the banks of the streams,\" says &Aacute;lvarez Clare.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220222-the-mystery-of-mexicos-vanishing-stream-oaks-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220222-the-mystery-of-mexicos-vanishing-stream-oaks-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003EScientists believe that the species failed to adapt to changes that, over millions of years, created a near-desert climate in this region. Today, the habitat is so dry that many streams are only filled with water by winter rains or hurricanes that create powerful but ephemeral currents.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003EIt is only in the humidity of sandy soil on the banks of the streams of the Sierra La Laguna, that the arroyo oak found its refuge.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EAn oasis and a resource\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EQuercus brandegeei\u003C\u002Fem\u003E is considered a key species for the ecosystem and is highly valued by the local population.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003EThe arroyo oaks \"are beautiful\", says Breceda. \"Here in Baja California Sur, an area with scarce vegetation cover, you have these huge trees.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003E\"An arroyo oak can measure 20m [66ft] in height and have crowns of 30sq m [320sq ft]. They are like a peaceful oasis.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003EMost of these scattered oak populations are\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.iucnredlist.org\u002Fspecies\u002F30726\u002F2795363\"\u003E found within a range of 3,000sq km (1,200sq miles),\u003C\u002Fa\u003E most inside the perimeter of the Sierra La Laguna Biosphere Reserve. Biosphere reserves are natural spaces identified by Unesco &ndash; the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization &ndash; where biological conservation coexists with the cultural and economic development of local people. The arroyo oak survives here alongside humans and their cattle, which are allowed to roam the area freely.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003EMany locals report having lived with this species for generations. \"I remember my grandmother who used the acorns to make oil, tortillas,\" says Rogelio Rosas L&oacute;pez, owner of a local tour agency, Rancho Ecol&oacute;gico El Refugio. His grandmother, he recalls, also cooked with the seeds \"atole\", a typical Mexican pudding. \"And she used to take us and pinch us because we had to gather sacks of acorns to give to the pigs.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220222-the-mystery-of-mexicos-vanishing-stream-oaks-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220222-the-mystery-of-mexicos-vanishing-stream-oaks-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003EThe acorns of the stream oak are food for pigs and goats, as well as wild animals. Occasionally, if there is a fallen tree, the wood is used.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003E\"A lot would be lost for the ecosystem if the oaks weren't there, mainly the shade. We wouldn't enjoy such a beautiful landscape,\" says Juan Refugio Manr&iacute;quez Rosas, another member of the community. \"People would lose the best acorns, and everything from birds to raccoons and squirrels would be affected.\" The honey from this oak, too, is highly valued and has become a source of local income, he adds.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe missing saplings\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003ENo one knows exactly how old the arroyo oaks of the Sierra La Laguna are. \"It really is a great mystery. We think they are definitely over a hundred years old. But it could be that they are hundreds of years old,\" said &Aacute;lvarez Clare. In 2022, a team of experts in dendrochronology, the science of dating trees, is expected to find a conclusive answer to the question.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003EBut the biggest puzzle is the absence of juveniles, something that has long drawn the attention of local inhabitants.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003E\"My grandfather used to say that there were many more trees,\" said Jos&eacute; Abelino Cota, owner of a plot of land in the Sierra La Laguna. \"It is very rare to see a new tree. I don't know what is the reason for it.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003EExplaining this lack of regeneration is vital. Although oaks can sometimes reproduce asexually, producing underground stems with shoots that give rise to new individuals, this form of reproduction does not protect the future of the species. It only creates clones of the same tree, without the genetic variability necessary to respond to drastic environmental changes or new diseases.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003EOnly sexual reproduction, with small trees born from acorns, is likely to maintain the arroyo oak in the long run.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ELooking for answers\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003EScientists explored various hypotheses to explain the lack of regeneration. The first was the impact of climate change, which, according to &Aacute;lvarez Clare, has caused \"the dry season to be drier and hotter, and the rains to be more unpredictable in this area of ​​Baja California Sur\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe second hypothesis was the lack of viability of the acorns &ndash; but\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcibnor.repositorioinstitucional.mx\u002Fjspui\u002Fhandle\u002F1001\u002F2430\"\u003E a study at Cibnor showed the opposite\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \"We collected seeds from several locations. At Cibnor we measured them, did a morphological study and put them to germinate. And they have a very high germination rate &ndash; more than 90% germinate,\" says Breceda.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220222-the-mystery-of-mexicos-vanishing-stream-oaks-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220222-the-mystery-of-mexicos-vanishing-stream-oaks-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003EThe third hypothesis, according to the Morton Arboretum's &Aacute;lvarez Clare, was the conflict with the ranchers' cattle. \"We think the cows are definitely a problem for the oak because they love to be in the shade and they crush the seedlings,\" she says. \"And besides, the pigs eat the acorns.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003EFor &Aacute;lvarez Clare, the mystery of the stream oak's lack of regeneration continues and \"has only been partially solved\". Scientists agree on the impact of livestock crushing and eating acorns, but the consequences of climate change raise further questions. \"Climate change is indeed a problem, but how much and to what magnitude is something we are still not sure about,\" she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003EFor Breceda, the big problem could be the\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.metoffice.gov.uk\u002Fbinaries\u002Fcontent\u002Fassets\u002Fmetofficegovuk\u002Fpdf\u002Fresearch\u002Fclimate-science\u002Fclimate-observations-projections-and-impacts\u002Fmexico.pdf\"\u003E changes in the temporary patterns of both rainfall and temperatures\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \"We really don't know if the effects of climate change could be causing variations in these seasonal patterns, which could be affecting the species. We don't know, a separate study is required.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E'Let's Save the Arroyo Oak'\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003EAlthough the precise impact of climate change on the germination of acorns is unknown, there is one thing that the project's experts are certain about: the way to save these oaks lies in the hands of the community members themselves.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003E\"The ranchers have a double function: they are part of the problem, but they are our only solution if we want to save the arroyo oak,\" says &Aacute;lvarez Clare.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003EThe scientists' response has been to establish a tree care and adoption program with ranchers and other residents called Salvemos al Encino Arroyero, or \"Let's save the Arroyo Oak\". The project is part of the\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bgci.org\u002Four-work\u002Fprojects-and-case-studies\u002Fglobal-trees-campaign\u002F\"\u003E Global Trees Campaign\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, an initiative to save the world's threatened trees coordinated by the BGCI.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003EThe idea is that local people plant, care for and \"adopt\" seedlings, becoming guardians of the species, says Mexican biologist and researcher Daniel Wblesther P&eacute;rez Morales, who leads the work with the communities, explains. The residents will in turn benefit from the acorns and the many other services that these trees provide.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003E\"We established a community nursery and propagated seedlings to plant new arroyo oak trees in the region,\" says P&eacute;rez Morales. It's important that collected acorns are planted, as the seeds of the stream oak do not tolerate being dehydrated. So far, close to 500 new trees have been planted with the help of the inhabitants of the communities.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220222-the-mystery-of-mexicos-vanishing-stream-oaks-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220222-the-mystery-of-mexicos-vanishing-stream-oaks-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003E\"We plan to plant about 1,200 new oaks in the region. We will plant within the fences of the ranches to ensure that each oak is growing protected and well cared for,\" says P&eacute;rez Morales.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003E\"We will also plant outside the ranches in areas where there is less pressure from predators. And with the help of the municipal authorities, we will plant in public spaces, where each planted tree has protection, care and its growth can be monitored.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003EThe Morton Arboretum and the GCCO are also working with botanic gardens in Mexico to establish the oak elsewhere beyond its current range, to improve the chances for conservation of the species. Currently 15 trees are growing in the botanic garden of the University of Puebla in central Mexico.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EAn exchange of knowledge\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003EScientists, local authorities, ranchers and other members of the community in the town of San Dionisio in Baja California Sur came together to discuss the oak's future at a workshop on the initiative in late 2021. \"It was a workshop where we co-constructed knowledge,\" says Breceda. \"Because it's not like 'wise' scientists are going to tell local people what to do with something that has been theirs for hundreds of years. They grew up with these trees.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003ELocal people know better than anyone the best places to plant, says P&eacute;rez Morales. And they know that without their help, in an increasingly dry and unpredictable climate, it will be very difficult for the oak to survive.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003E\"It is important that we ranchers give ourselves the task of taking care of these spaces, of watering the trees until they are at least two years old,\" says Rogelio Rosas L&oacute;pez.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003EMore workshops are planned in 2022, as well as the first \"Festival of the Arroyo Oak\" in San Dionisio. The idea is also to promote other activities that are a source of income, including ecotourism and artisan products such as mango jelly or a drink from damiana, a local plant.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EClinging to life\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003EThe stream oak project shows how complex, and case-by-case, the task of saving endangered species is.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003E\"The work has not been easy since the results of these efforts are not immediate and it must be understood that they will be seen over longer periods. However, we are on the right track,\" says P&eacute;rez Morales.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003ENoelia &Aacute;lvarez de Rom&aacute;n, director of conservation for Latin America and the Caribbean of the BGCI, has praised the outcomes so far. \"The \u003Cem\u003EQuercus brandegeei\u003C\u002Fem\u003E conservation project has resulted in important advances in knowledge of the species and its threats, in the dissemination of the importance of its conservation and in the increase of capacities of local collaborators,\" she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003E\"If this species disappears, it disappears from the face of the known universe,\" says Cibnor's Aurora Breceda. \"And on the other hand we lose the possibility of sustainable resources for the rural populations of Baja California Sur, for which I have enormous respect and admiration.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003EThe Morton Arboretum's &Aacute;lvarez Clare never ceases to be amazed that \"currents, storms, hurricanes, droughts happen to these oaks and they are still clinging there, producing their acorns, providing shade, cleaning the air, giving life\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003E\"Actually, when I'm next to one of those trees, I just touch the trunk and say, 'thank you!'.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003E\"The arroyo oaks have been there much longer than we have,\" says &Aacute;lvarez Clare. \"And we want to ensure that they are there for our children and our grandchildren, that they can have the shade of that wonderful tree that our grandparents had.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EAlejandra Martins is a broadcast journalist at BBC Mundo. This article was originally published in Spanish on BBC Mundo &ndash; you can read it\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fmundo\u002Fnoticias-60233341\"\u003E here\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. This is also why this story does not have an estimate for its carbon emissions,\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\"\u003E as Future Planet stories usually do\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on&nbsp;\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, or follow us on&nbsp;\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E&nbsp;or&nbsp;\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story,&nbsp;\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, called \"The Essential List\" &ndash; a handpicked selection of stories from BBC&nbsp;\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\"\u003EFuture\u003C\u002Fa\u003E,&nbsp;\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\"\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fa\u003E,&nbsp;\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\"\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fa\u003E,&nbsp;\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\"\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fa\u003E&nbsp;and&nbsp;\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\"\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fa\u003E&nbsp;delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220222-the-mystery-of-mexicos-vanishing-stream-oaks-12"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2022-02-23T00:01:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"The mystery of Mexico's vanishing stream oaks","headlineShort":"The puzzle of Mexico's ageing oaks","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Mexico has more species of oak tree than any other country. In recent years, the saplings of one of its most vulnerable and well-loved oak species have disappeared.","summaryShort":"'They are survivors, those trees are heroes'","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2022-02-23T00:05:11.046122Z","entity":"article","guid":"9ae62930-e1fc-4f38-b12c-4cd88b58659b","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220222-the-mystery-of-mexicos-vanishing-stream-oaks","modifiedDateTime":"2022-03-18T15:26:02.911057Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220222-the-mystery-of-mexicos-vanishing-stream-oaks","cacheLastUpdated":1692601862383},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220329-how-a-caribbean-community-restored-its-dying-mangrove":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20220329-how-a-caribbean-community-restored-its-dying-mangrove","_id":"64a46136a471ef2ebf29ec43","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"When a pristine Caribbean mangrove was decimated by a tourism project, locals on Union Island found a way restore it to its former glory.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOn a sweltering summer day in 1994, an ancient mangrove forest on Union Island was ripped apart.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA foreign investor had started the foundation work for a hotel, marina and golf course in Ashton lagoon on Union Island, one of the 32 Grenadine islands which dot the clear, blue waters of the southern Caribbean Sea.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe sounds of birds chirping and waves crashing against the intricately woven roots of the mangroves was replaced by the noise of excavators and cement trucks, cutting the trees to make way for culverts and concrete pillars.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPoorly-sized pillars collapsed, cutting off tidal flow in the 10-acre (4-hectare) lagoon. More mangrove trees began dying. The clear water turned putrid and yellow. And what was once the most ecologically diverse lagoon in the region became a barren eyesore and mosquito breeding ground.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EYou may also like:\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20220125-how-dubai-is-pushing-back-its-encroaching-deserts\"\u003EHow Dubai is pushing back its encroaching deserts\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20220310-the-illinois-town-valmeyer-could-be-a-model-for-relocation\"\u003EThe Illinois town that got up and left\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20220225-how-hong-kong-protects-people-from-its-deadly-landslides\"\u003EHow Hong Kong protects people from dangerous landslides\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMatthew Harvey, a local fisherman and campaigner, was 37 years old at the time and recalls watching the destruction. His home in the nearby coastal community of Ashton provides a panoramic, aerial view of the site. That view, which had brought him immense joy, began to leave him sad. The hurt was personal: for three years Harvey had protested the development. He knew it would destroy the mangroves and in turn, a fishery that provided the fishermen of Union Island and nearby islands with sea bass, herring, snapper, lobster, conch and shrimp.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHarvey had warned that giving investors rights to the mangroves could mean unprecedented ecological disaster for the island. But like similar projects in the Caribbean, promises of development and tourists were too alluring for a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fglobalcoral.org\u002F_oldgcra\u002FWater%20Quality%20in%20Ashton%20Harbour.htm\"\u003Egovernment eager to attract\u003C\u002Fa\u003E foreign investment and reduce unemployment.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"I tried, I protested,\" Harvey told me as we stood outside his home in January 2020. \"Mangroves are important to survival on Union.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220329-how-a-caribbean-community-restored-its-dying-mangrove-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220329-how-a-caribbean-community-restored-its-dying-mangrove-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ELess than a year after dredging began, the Valdetarro Construction Company declared bankruptcy. Grace Deagazio, who formerly worked for the company as a secretary and public relations officer, says an environmental impact assessment was carried out before works started.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The assessment was done at the time for the mangroves and there was no problem with regards to the coral reefs,\" she says. \"There would have been no major environmental damage to the island itself, but our company went bankrupt due to an unfortunate series of financial problems. Union Island unfortunately got stuck right in the middle of the company&rsquo;s bankruptcy; the project got frozen and it&rsquo;s unfortunate.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFuture Planet also&nbsp;contacted members of the former leadership of the company&nbsp;but received no reply. The company declared bankruptcy in 1995.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAshton Lagoon's story is part of a sadly familiar wider picture. Despite their \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.unesco.org\u002Fnews\u002Fcelebrating-mangroves-sustainable-solutions-climate-change-caribbean\"\u003Ekey role providing coastal protection, supporting local livelihoods and storing huge amounts of carbon\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, mangroves are disappearing, destroyed for coastal development. Globally, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.fao.org\u002F3\u002Fca9825en\u002Fca9825en.pdf\"\u003Ethe area of mangroves decreased by over a million hectares (3,860 sq miles)\u003C\u002Fa\u003E between 1990 and 2020 &ndash; an area larger than the island of Puerto Rico. The economic fallout, including the loss of fisheries, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.unep.org\u002Fnews-and-stories\u002Fpress-release\u002Fdestruction-carbon-rich-mangroves-costs-us42-billion-economic\"\u003Ehas been calculated as greater than $40bn (&pound;30bn) a year.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThese forests of the sea are \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.plos.org\u002Fplosone\u002Farticle?id=10.1371\u002Fjournal.pone.0010095\"\u003Eamong the world's most at-risk ecological systems\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and are being razed \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.unep.org\u002Fnews-and-stories\u002Fpress-release\u002Fdestruction-carbon-rich-mangroves-costs-us42-billion-economic\"\u003Efour times faster than terrestrial forests\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut Ashton Lagoon is not among those statistics, because its mangroves and fisheries are now thriving. The story of how that happened provides a blueprint for how other degraded mangroves around the world could one day be revived.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220329-how-a-caribbean-community-restored-its-dying-mangrove-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220329-how-a-caribbean-community-restored-its-dying-mangrove-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMangroves live where most plants would die. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sussex.ac.uk\u002Faffiliates\u002Fhalophytes\u002Findex.php?content=about\"\u003EOf the almost 400,000 plant species, only\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cspan\u003E \u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sussex.ac.uk\u002Faffiliates\u002Fhalophytes\u002Findex.php?content=about\"\u003E1,500 are tolerant\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cspan\u003E to saltwater\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. Some of these halophytes, as they are called, prevent salt from entering their roots, a process known as exclusion. Others excrete salt from special glands in their leaves.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAshton Lagoon has three of the world's 80 mangrove species: the red, which are excluders, and the black and white, which secrete salt. Today, the dark green, pointy leaves of black and red mangroves mingle with the round, light green leaves of the white to make a thick canopy. Its clear, emerald-green waters reveal submerged roots mooring the forest to the ocean floor.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220329-how-a-caribbean-community-restored-its-dying-mangrove-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Mangroves are essential to our livelihood, especially for us fishermen – Matthew Harvey","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220329-how-a-caribbean-community-restored-its-dying-mangrove-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe area is a critical habitat for many species. Mangrove flowers attract birds like the egret, heron, bullfinch and hummingbird. Other birds, such as the brown pelican and the endangered West Indian whistling duck, use the forest for food and nesting. Fiddler and mangrove tree crabs scurry through the maze of roots, which also provide refuge to leatherback, hawksbill, loggerhead and the rare green turtles. Near the ocean floor, the ecosystem is home to large fish, like snappers and parrotfish, and juvenile fish, like the grouper, which can remain in the mangrove nursery for more than five years.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Mangroves are essential to our livelihood, especially for us fishermen,\" Harvey says. \"Before the damage, there were nurseries for all marine life: conchs, lobster, fish, sharks. We fed our families and sold them to residents and businesses.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHarvey, now 62 years old, is fit and slim, a man always on the go. His toughness and strength were key to what happened on Union Island after the tourism development failed.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn 1998, four years after the company declared bankruptcy, two Canadian researchers, Stephen Price and Purnima G Price, declared that Ashton Lagoon was \"ecologically dead\" in a report for the Union Island Association for Ecological Preservation. Mangrove forests are a notoriously difficult ecosystem to bring back once disturbed, they said, although damage to the lagoon system could be reversible \"to some extent\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn an effort to reverse the damage, Harvey, who was at the time president of the Union Island Eco Tourism Movement, teamed up with Orisha Joseph, director of local conservation agency SusGren, Lisa Sorenson, a conservation biologist and head of BirdsCaribbean, as well as officials of the Eastern Caribbean Coalition for Environmental Awareness.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220329-how-a-caribbean-community-restored-its-dying-mangrove-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220329-how-a-caribbean-community-restored-its-dying-mangrove-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe trio knew that a scientist named Gregg Moore had also visited the lagoon in 1998 and conducted some tests, and they reached out to ask for his view.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMoore, a mangrove restoration ecologist at the University of New Hampshire, was surprised to hear from the team. It had been 10 years since his assessment of the lagoon. For many on Union Island, including Harvey, those years had been spent taking care of families and making ends meet, though the daily sight of the lagoon was never far from their minds.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt turned out that Moore's assessment was indeed more optimistic than that of the Prices.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMoore told them that while the lagoon was severely damaged and the remaining trees were suffering from heat stress and extreme salinity, there was hope.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220329-how-a-caribbean-community-restored-its-dying-mangrove-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Mangroves are extremely resilient plants. They're not delicate, but you have to have the right conditions for them – Gregg Moore","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220329-how-a-caribbean-community-restored-its-dying-mangrove-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\"Mangroves are extremely resilient plants,\" says Moore. \"They're not delicate, but you have to have the right conditions for them. If you change the hydrology in the system dramatically, then you turn off their ability to self-regulate. Soil dumped during construction had blocked the tidal exchange and salt was no longer being flushed out and diluted.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHe told Harvey and Joseph that, at the very least, tidal flow needed to be re-established in the system.&nbsp;Doing this, however, would cost roughly $700,000 (&pound;530,000), an amount the island could not afford. SusGren approached aid agencies for funding and started a community-based ecological restoration program. Harvey continued his environmental advocacy.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn May 2007, a workshop organised by Sorenson through Birds Caribbean brought the local community together to hear from coastal engineers, tourism consultants and scientists. Residents, fishers, teachers, environmentalists and the business community \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cavehill.uwi.edu\u002Fcermes\u002Fgetdoc\u002F399e32f8-4de1-4220-b4cf-81ad63e377aa\u002Fsorenson_2008_ashton_lagoon_workshop_report.aspx\"\u003Evoiced their concerns, asked questions and made requests\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Moore, who attended this first town hall, says that residents had the final say on how to proceed &ndash; a crucial aspect of community-based restoration.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn 2010, SusGren secured financing for the project, but it was quickly withdrawn \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fsusgren.org\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2021\u002F05\u002FSusGren-Annual-Report-2015.pdf\"\u003Ebecause the government of St Vincent and the Grenadines had not granted permission for the restoration work\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The go-ahead would come years later. For now, it looked as though, despite enormous community support, restoration was stalled. It had been 16 years since the mangroves had been decimated.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"We felt that if restoration works did not start soon, a new developer would come in,\" says SusGren's Joseph.&nbsp;\"That fear is always there and we wanted to be the investor with the plan to protect the mangroves and provide opportunities for our people within them.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThen in 2014, the Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre, the German Development Bank and the Philip Stevenson Foundation, which owns the neighbouring island of Petit St Vincent, came through with the $700,000 (&pound;530,000).&nbsp;With funds and government permission now in place, \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.agriculture.gov.vc\u002Fagriculture\u002Findex.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=386:restoration-activities-at-ashton-lagoon-begins&amp;catid=104&amp;Itemid=288\"\u003Ework could begin\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220329-how-a-caribbean-community-restored-its-dying-mangrove-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220329-how-a-caribbean-community-restored-its-dying-mangrove-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOn the surface, restoration work might seem as simple as growing new mangrove plants and embedding them among existing trees. But the reality is far more complex.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EToward the end of 2017, excavators, trucks and bulldozers returned to Ashton Lagoon. But this time the machinery was there to undo the damage done a quarter of a century earlier.&nbsp;\"We dug out the place, removed thousands of rusty galvanised sheet piles and pillars,\" says Joseph.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EConstruction crews removed collapsed concrete culverts and excavated openings in the piers of the abandoned marina. Soon the tidal flow began to resemble what it had been in the past.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe next step was planting, led by Harvey. In 2018, he assembled a small team of four to replant the mangroves. Meshanda Laborde, a young woman from Union Island who is passionate about science, was among this group. The first step was to build a mangrove nursery using wood and coconut branches to regulate sunlight for the seedlings, she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"We then dug a small well near the shed to easily access water for the seedlings with the conditions closest to the environment we would eventually introduce them to.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ERestoration planting typically involves potting seedlings in small, black plastic bags (Harvey eschewed these bags and used bamboo stems from Grenada) in shallow water in a nursery before moving them back to the mangrove for planting.&nbsp;The seedlings were collected in the lagoon, carefully transported to the nursery for specialised care and root development, and returned to the mangrove when the planters believed they were strong enough to survive.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220329-how-a-caribbean-community-restored-its-dying-mangrove-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"We had already cleared out the rotting and dead mangroves, so we took our plants into those areas and started setting them into the mud. We were knee-deep in mud but we didn't mind – Meshanda Laborde","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220329-how-a-caribbean-community-restored-its-dying-mangrove-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe team initially spent hours gathering as many \"wildling\" seedlings as they could find from mature mangroves. \"We gathered 1,500 and 1,700 wildlings in the first two weeks,\" says Laborde.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECasil Thomas, another member of the team, recalls collecting, setting and nursing the first batch of seedlings. \"We had very early mornings, leaving before the Sun came up and we worked until it set. We pampered them and cared for them like our babies.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThree months later, strong, healthy roots were jutting out of the bamboo stems &ndash; some of them over a foot (0.3m) long, says Laborde. They were ready for replanting, although the holders planned to give them protection for a further three years.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220329-how-a-caribbean-community-restored-its-dying-mangrove-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"calloutBodyHtml":"\u003Cp\u003EThe emissions from travel it took to report this story were 0kg CO2. The digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per page view. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EFind out more about how we calculated this figure here.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","calloutTitle":"Carbon Count","cardType":"CalloutBox","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220329-how-a-caribbean-community-restored-its-dying-mangrove-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\"We had already cleared out the rotting and dead mangroves, so we took our plants into those areas and started setting them into the mud,\" says Laborde. \"We were knee-deep in mud but we didn't mind.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJust as the team was experiencing some success, however, disaster hit the nursery. \"There was a rat infestation,\" says Harvey. \"Rodents cut all the leaves and roots of the plants, to make nests.\" Despite constant monitoring, they lost hundreds of the seedlings. The team spent two weeks inspecting every bamboo stem and its seedling for damage. They spread a mixture of cement and cornmeal between the rows of plants to get rid of the rodents.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETo regain some of the lost time, Harvey experimented with a new method. \"Instead of setting the seedlings in the shallow water where they take about six weeks to produce sufficient roots, we pushed them into the soil in the lagoon and within one week we got a good root system for planting,\" he says. \"I was happy because it worked and reduced the wait time.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELaborde, who had studied human and social biology at school hoping to become a nurse, says she began to think of the seedlings as patients. \"I learned so much, especially new planting techniques, even from the disappointments.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220329-how-a-caribbean-community-restored-its-dying-mangrove-16"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220329-how-a-caribbean-community-restored-its-dying-mangrove-17"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWith increasing numbers of category 5 hurricanes, rising sea levels and fears of disappearing coastlines, restoration failure in Union Island could \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Funfccc.int\u002Fresource\u002Fdocs\u002Fpublications\u002Fcc_sids.pdf\"\u003Emean devastation not just of the fisheries, but of the entire island.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EUnion Island resident and educator Ann Harvey knows that well. In 2004, she opened a pre-school in memory of her son, Jamie, who had died suddenly the year before and had loved school and volunteering in social and environmental causes. The school was located less than 100m (328ft) from a small, bushy shrub of mangroves that had been spared from the excavator.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDuring the opening celebration, however, radio bulletins warned of an impending storm. As Harvey and her staff scrambled to place sandbags and board up the building, she worried that her new school would not stand a chance against raging wind and waves.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWithin 24 hours, Hurricane Ivan, one of the most powerful hurricanes in a decade, bore down on the southern Caribbean. It destroyed \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fnews.un.org\u002Fen\u002Fstory\u002F2004\u002F09\u002F115072-un-agencies-step-help-countries-hardest-hit-hurricane-ivan\"\u003E90% of the infrastructure on nearby Grenada\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220329-how-a-caribbean-community-restored-its-dying-mangrove-18"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The mangroves were taking the brunt of the storm, protecting the school. For hours, they swayed in the wind and big waves crashed into them – Ann Harvey","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220329-how-a-caribbean-community-restored-its-dying-mangrove-19"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHarvey watched the waves from her house a few miles inland. \"I stood in a corner, just staring, concerned that the [school] roof would be blown away,\" she says.&nbsp;\"But then I noticed something. The mangroves were taking the brunt of the storm, protecting the school. For hours, they swayed in the wind and big waves crashed into them. Some of them eventually broke away, but nothing happened to the school.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAround the world, coastal structures like the pre-school are becoming increasingly vulnerable as climate change intensifies storms and sea-level rise means more water can rush inland. Coastal communities are particularly vulnerable to the impacts of warming ocean temperatures, sea-level rise, storms and flooding, according to a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ipcc.ch\u002Fsrocc\u002F\"\u003E2019 special report \u003C\u002Fa\u003Eon oceans by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220329-how-a-caribbean-community-restored-its-dying-mangrove-20"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220329-how-a-caribbean-community-restored-its-dying-mangrove-21"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EShoring up marine ecosystems, like mangroves, is one of the pillars of building resilience, the IPCC said. With their thick foliage and gnarled, thick root systems, mangroves \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs13280-016-0838-x\"\u003Ehave been found to reduce wave height and energy.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E&nbsp;\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Frepository.tudelft.nl\u002Fislandora\u002Fobject\u002Fuuid%3Ac77ceec8-8db6-4080-b5bb-f414dca9d39d\"\u003EA 100m (328ft) buffer of mangroves can reduce wave height by up to 66%\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, one report found, and a 500m (1,640ft) buffer can reduce it as much as 99%.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis ability is critical to the future of many islands. \"We have so many low-lying areas, some below sea level,\" Matthew Harvey says. \"If not for these mangroves, I am worried that people would not even be able to live here soon.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMangroves are also able to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fpdf\u002F10.4155\u002Fcmt.12.20\"\u003Etrap and store large amounts of carbon dioxide\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, an ability that has gained them \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fukcop26.org\u002Fevents\u002Fcoastal-blue-carbon-panel-the-vital-role-of-mangroves-for-climate-change-mitigation-and-adaptation\u002F\"\u003Eincreasing attention\u003C\u002Fa\u003E as an important component of climate mitigation.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut mangrove restoration has not always proven successful. Before the 1970s, mangroves were \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Farticles\u002F10.3389\u002Ffmars.2020.603651\u002Ffull\"\u003Esometimes seen as a nuisance\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, but in 1984, the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0743016721000085\"\u003EWorld Bank funded one of the first major restoration projects\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, providing a $26m (&pound;20m) loan to plant just under 2,500 acres (1,000 hectares) of mangroves in the Philippines.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe government of the Philippines hoped that by replanting the mangroves, fish would return and the lives of over 90,000 residents improved. However, \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu\u002Fviewdoc\u002Fdownload?doi=10.1.1.1070.9918&amp;rep=rep1&amp;type=pdf\"\u003Ein 1995 researchers revealed that just 18% of the three million planted trees had survived\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Researchers say the project failed to plant suitable species in appropriate sites.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMany other mangrove restoration projects have failed, including, more recently, a project in Sri Lanka to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww2.ulb.ac.be\u002Fsciences\u002Fbiocomplexity\u002Fpub\u002FKodikaraetal_2017_RestorationEcol.pdf\"\u003Eplant 3,000 acres (1,200 hectares) of mangrove\u003C\u002Fa\u003E after the 2004 tsunami.&nbsp;Less than 500 of those acres (202 hectares) have mangroves on them today &ndash; researchers attribute this to lack of attention to basic indicators for restoration such as selecting the right species, salinity and hydrology and the best sites. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fesajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1890\u002F15-1077\"\u003EIn a 2015 study\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of 160 marine coastal restoration projects over the previous 40 years, researchers found that half of the initiatives had failed.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220329-how-a-caribbean-community-restored-its-dying-mangrove-22"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220329-how-a-caribbean-community-restored-its-dying-mangrove-23"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EEcologists like Moore say many of the projects are hampered by short-term thinking &ndash; they tend to focus on construction and ignore the community and the importance of long-term monitoring and stewardship.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Most of the time the money spent on [coastal restoration] projects is for the engineering and the mobilisation and demobilisation of heavy equipment needed to prepare the site and obtain the right hydrology,\" Moore says. \"Then those trucks and bulldozers leave the site, construction crews take their final land survey, say 'we got the grade right, the elevation right', shake hands, pat each other on the back, and they're done.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220329-how-a-caribbean-community-restored-its-dying-mangrove-24"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"I went into the schools and I got the students to understand the importance of mangroves, even before taking them to help restore them. Restoration requires a lot of hands and ongoing support and monitoring – Yvonne Edwin","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220329-how-a-caribbean-community-restored-its-dying-mangrove-25"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EYvonne Edwin, a marine biologist from nearby St Lucia, agrees, but says the Caribbean is getting it right. Edwin was one of more than a dozen people who came together to restore a 10-acre belt of mangroves in St Lucia's largest mangrove forest, the Makote Mangroves.&nbsp;She says the accomplishment would not have been possible without community involvement.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"I went into the schools and I got the students to understand the importance of mangroves, even before taking them to help restore them,\" she says. \"Restoration requires a lot of hands and ongoing support and monitoring. Over 400 students joined the community and partners in this venture.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEdwin says mangrove restoration is already fraught with environmental challenges and projects cannot afford to be abandoned once the planting is over. This is especially the case in the Caribbean, which is sometimes faced with heavy rains post-planting.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Farticles\u002F10.3389\u002Ffmars.2020.00327\u002Ffull\"\u003EStudies\u003C\u002Fa\u003E support Moore and Edwin's view. The late ecologist Roy Lewis, one of the world's first mangrove restoration experts, also \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Focean.floridamarine.org\u002FCHIMMP\u002FResources\u002FLewis%20and%20Brown%202014%20Ecological%20Mangrove%20Rehabilitation.pdf\"\u003Ewarned against programmes \u003C\u002Fa\u003Ethat bring in community members to collect and plant seedlings but fail to retain them as stewards.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EUnion Island is trying learn these lessons and ensure stewardship is passed from one generation to another. SusGren has trained more than 50 young people in conservation and ecosystem monitoring, including former schoolteacher Kenya Ford. Her tasks included testing the salinity of the water in the mangrove, assessing tree growth and replanting trees to see where they grow best.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESuch continued stewardship by residents will be integral to long-term success for the project, says Moore.&nbsp;\"Successful mangrove projects care more than just \u003Cstrong\u003E'\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003Ewe planted a thousand trees and a thousand trees lived\u003Cstrong\u003E',\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\" he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220329-how-a-caribbean-community-restored-its-dying-mangrove-26"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220329-how-a-caribbean-community-restored-its-dying-mangrove-27"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.fao.org\u002F3\u002Fca9825en\u002Fca9825en.pdf\"\u003EIt is this approach to restoration which has helped the Caribbean become one of the few regions to increase mangrove cover in the last decade\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.&nbsp;SusGren and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.usaid.gov\u002Feastern-and-southern-caribbean\u002Fnews-information\u002Fpress-releases\u002Fus-government-supports-environment\"\u003Eits partners\u003C\u002Fa\u003E now view Ashton Lagoon as fully restored, with over 90% of the mangroves planted in the lagoon still alive.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThese 3,000 mangrove trees now stand about 5ft (1.5m) above sea level along 14 acres (6 hectares) of shoreline. Tidal flushing is back and the turquoise ocean water flows freely into the jade water of the mangrove twice daily. The fish and birds have returned.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFarmers now harvest sea moss from the lagoon &ndash; the raw seaweed is used to make ice cream and energy drinks popular in the Caribbean. With flowers in abundance in the mangroves again, bees have returned and beekeeping is thriving.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220329-how-a-caribbean-community-restored-its-dying-mangrove-28"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"It's better than a hotel. It's not a case of a rich investor coming in and owning everything – Orisha Joseph","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220329-how-a-caribbean-community-restored-its-dying-mangrove-29"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESusGren has constructed boardwalks and a pair of bridges across the lagoon, as well as bird towers and viewing decks. The once desolate area is now visited by tourists, academics and, for the first time in 25 years, locals, who have returned to enjoy the beauty and tranquility of the lagoon.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"It's better than a hotel,\" says Joseph. \"It's not a case of a rich investor coming in and owning everything.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHarvey opened a neighbourhood bar in 2011 to supplement his struggling fishing income, and it is still open today. Now, though, he goes out to sea almost daily, sometimes spending up to 12 hours fishing. It's hard work for a 62-year-old, but he plans to continue. As he sits on a small wooden bench at his bar and&nbsp;looks toward the lagoon, he runs his fingers through his full grey beard, saying: \"It took us a long time, but our mangroves are back.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\" &ndash; a handpicked selection of stories from BBC \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFuture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Cem\u003Eand \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220329-how-a-caribbean-community-restored-its-dying-mangrove-30"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2022-03-30T00:05:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"The Caribbean mangrove forest that defied destruction","headlineShort":"The mangrove that defied destruction","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"When a pristine Caribbean mangrove was decimated by a tourism project, locals on Union Island found a way restore it to its former glory.","summaryShort":"It's no easy task to replant this unique ecosystem","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2022-03-29T23:05:22.282019Z","entity":"article","guid":"827f4785-9e0c-46d1-9f42-25eae6bda04b","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220329-how-a-caribbean-community-restored-its-dying-mangrove","modifiedDateTime":"2022-03-30T10:29:28.067324Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220329-how-a-caribbean-community-restored-its-dying-mangrove","cacheLastUpdated":1692601862383},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220105-lithium-batteries-big-unanswered-question":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20220105-lithium-batteries-big-unanswered-question","_id":"64a46123a471ef0d4e533658","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"As the world looks to electrify vehicles and store renewable power, one giant challenge looms: what will happen to all the old lithium batteries?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAs the quiet whirr of electric vehicles gradually replaces the revs and noxious fumes of internal combustion engines, a number of changes are set to filter through our familiar world. The overpowering smell of gas stations will fade away into odourless charge stations where cars can re-juice their batteries as needed. Meanwhile, gas-powered generator sites that dot the horizon may be retrofitted to house \u003Cspan\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20201217-renewable-power-the-worlds-largest-battery\"\u003Emassive batteries that could one day power entire cities with renewable energy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis electrified future is much closer than you might think. General Motors \u003Cspan\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.caranddriver.com\u002Fnews\u002Fa35352321\u002Fgm-eliminate-gas-vehicles-2035\u002F#:~:text=GM%20CEO%20Mary%20Barra%20announced,place%20by%20states%20like%20California.\"\u003Eannounced earlier this year that it plans to stop selling gas-powered vehicles by 2035\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.france24.com\u002Fen\u002Flive-news\u002F20210622-audi-to-stop-making-fossil-fuel-cars-by-2033-ceo\"\u003EAudi's goal is to stop producing them by 2033\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and many other major auto companies are following suit. In fact, \u003Cspan\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bloomberg.com\u002Fnews\u002Farticles\u002F2021-08-09\u002Fat-least-two-thirds-of-global-car-sales-will-be-electric-by-2040\"\u003Eaccording to BloombergNEF\u003C\u002Fa\u003E,\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E two-thirds of the world's passenger vehicle sales will be electric by 2040. And grid-scale systems the world over are \u003Cspan\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nrel.gov\u002Fnews\u002Fprogram\u002F2021\u002Fgrid-scale-storage-us-storage-capacity-could-grow-five-fold-by-2050.html\"\u003Egrowing rapidly thanks to advancing battery storage technology\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile this may sound like the ideal path to sustainable power and road travel, there's one big problem. Currently, lithium (Li) ion batteries are those typically used in EVs and the megabatteries used to store energy from renewables, and Li batteries are hard to recycle.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220105-lithium-batteries-big-unanswered-question-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"As demand for EVs escalates, as it's projected to, the impetus to recycle more of them is set to barrel through the battery and motor vehicle industry","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220105-lithium-batteries-big-unanswered-question-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOne reason is that the most widely used methods of recycling more traditional batteries, like lead-acid batteries, don't work well with Li batteries. The latter are typically larger, heavier, much more complex and even \u003Cspan\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fbusiness-56574779\"\u003Edangerous if taken apart wrong\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20201217-renewable-power-the-worlds-largest-battery\"\u003EThe world's largest batteries\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210706-how-flooded-coal-mines-could-heat-homes\"\u003EThe new use for old coal mines\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20211207-the-legal-battle-against-climate-change\"\u003EWhy environmental lawsuits are on the rise\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn your average battery recycling plant, battery parts are shredded down into a powder, and then that powder is either melted (pyrometallurgy) or dissolved in acid (hydrometallurgy). But Li batteries are made up of lots of different parts that could explode if they're not disassembled carefully. And even when Li batteries are broken down this way, the products aren't easy to reuse.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The current method of simply shredding everything and trying to purify a complex mixture results in expensive processes with low value products,\" says Andrew Abbott, a physical chemist at the University of Leicester. As a result, it \u003Cspan\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wired.com\u002Fstory\u002Fthe-race-to-crack-battery-recycling-before-its-too-late\u002F\"\u003Ecosts more to recycle them than to mine more lithium\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E to make new ones. Also, since large scale, cheap ways to recycle Li batteries are lagging behind, only\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fbusiness-56574779\"\u003E about 5%\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of Li batteries are recycled globally, meaning the majority are simply going to waste.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut as demand for EVs escalates, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bloomberg.com\u002Fnews\u002Farticles\u002F2021-08-09\u002Fat-least-two-thirds-of-global-car-sales-will-be-electric-by-2040\"\u003Eas it's projected to\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.forbes.com\u002Fsites\u002Fmergermarket\u002F2021\u002F11\u002F03\u002Fdemand-for-metals-charges-up-lithium-ion-battery-recycling\u002F?sh=4ea8830a6f43\"\u003Eimpetus to recycle\u003C\u002Fa\u003E more of them is set to barrel through the battery and motor vehicle industry.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220105-lithium-batteries-big-unanswered-question-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220105-lithium-batteries-big-unanswered-question-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe current shortcomings in Li battery recycling isn't the only reason they are an environmental strain. Mining the various metals needed for Li batteries requires vast resources. It takes \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wired.co.uk\u002Farticle\u002Flithium-batteries-environment-impact\"\u003E500,000 gallons (2,273,000 litres) of water\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to mine one tonne of lithium. In Chile's Atacama Salt Flats, lithium mining has been linked to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS0303243419300996\"\u003Edeclining vegetation, hotter daytime temperatures and increasing drought conditions in national reserve areas\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. So even though EVs may help reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions over their lifetime, the battery that powers them starts its life laden with a large environmental footprint.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220105-lithium-batteries-big-unanswered-question-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"We can no longer treat the batteries as disposable – Shirley Meng","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220105-lithium-batteries-big-unanswered-question-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIf the millions upon millions of Li batteries that will give out \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbatteryuniversity.com\u002Farticle\u002Fbu-1003a-battery-aging-in-an-electric-vehicle-ev\"\u003Eafter around 10 years or so of use &nbsp;\u003C\u002Fa\u003E&nbsp;are recycled more efficiently, however, it will help neutralise all that energy expenditure. Several labs have been working on refining more efficient recycling methods so that, eventually, a standardised, eco-friendly way to recycle Li batteries will be ready to meet skyrocketing demand.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"We have to find ways to make it enter what we call a circular lifecycle, because the lithium and the cobalt and nickel take a lot of electricity and a lot of effort to be mined and refined and made into the batteries. We can no longer treat the batteries as disposable,\" says Shirley Meng, professor in energy technologies at the University of California, San Diego.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHow to recycle Li batteries\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcen.acs.org\u002Fmaterials\u002Fenergy-storage\u002Ftime-serious-recycling-lithium\u002F97\u002Fi28\"\u003ELi battery cell\u003C\u002Fa\u003E has a metal cathode, or positive electrode that collects electrons during the electrochemical reaction, made of lithium and some mix of elements that typically include cobalt, nickel, manganese and iron. It also has an anode, or the electrode that releases electrons to the external circuit, made of graphite, a separator and an electrolyte of some kind, which is the medium that transports the electrons between cathode and anode. The lithium ions travelling from the anode to the cathode form an electric current. The metals in the cathode are the most valuable parts of the battery, and these are what chemists focus on preserving and refurbishing when they dismantle an Li battery.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMeng says to think of an Li battery like a bookshelf with many layers, and the lithium ions rapidly move across each shelf, cycling back each time to the top shelf &ndash; a process called \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Facademic.oup.com\u002Fnsr\u002Farticle\u002F4\u002F1\u002F26\u002F2669335\"\u003Eintercalation\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. After years and years, the bookshelf naturally starts to break down and collapse. So when chemists like Meng dismantle an Li battery, that's the sort of degradation they see in the structure and materials.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"We can actually find the mechanisms, [and] either using heat or some kind of chemical treatment method, we can put the bookshelf back [together],\" says Meng. \"So we can let those recycled and refurbished materials go back to the assembly line to the [Li battery] factories to be made into new batteries.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220105-lithium-batteries-big-unanswered-question-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220105-lithium-batteries-big-unanswered-question-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EImproving Li battery recycling and ultimately making their parts reusable will reinfuse value into the Li batteries already out there. This is why scientists are advocating for the direct recycling process Meng describes &ndash; because it can give the most precious parts of Li batteries, like the cathode and anode, a second life. This could significantly offset the energy, waste and costs associated with manufacturing them.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut disassembling Li batteries is currently being done predominantly by hand in lab settings, which will need to change if direct recycling is to compete with more traditional recycling methods. \"In the future, there will need to be more technology in disassembly,\" says Abbott. \"If a battery is assembled using robots, it is logical that it needs to be disassembled in the same way.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220105-lithium-batteries-big-unanswered-question-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"calloutBodyHtml":"\u003Cp\u003EThe emissions from travel it took to report this story were 0kg CO2. The digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per page view. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EFind out more about how we calculated this figure here.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","calloutTitle":"Carbon Count","cardType":"CalloutBox","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220105-lithium-batteries-big-unanswered-question-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAbbott's team at the Faraday Institution in the UK is investigating the robotic disassembly of Li batteries as part of the ReLib Project, which specialises in the recycling and reuse of Li batteries. The team has also found a way to achieve direct recycling of the anode and cathode using an \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.faraday.ac.uk\u002Ffaster-greener-technique-invented-to-improve-recycling-process-for-electric-vehicle-batteries\u002F\"\u003Eultrasonic probe\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \"like what the dentist uses to clean your teeth,\" he explains. \"It focuses ultrasound on a surface which creates tiny bubbles that implode and blast the coating off the surface.\" This process avoids having to shred the battery parts, which can make recovering them exceedingly difficult.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAccording to Abbott's team's research, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.faraday.ac.uk\u002Ffaster-greener-technique-invented-to-improve-recycling-process-for-electric-vehicle-batteries\u002F\"\u003Ethis ultrasonic recycling method can process 100 times more material\u003C\u002Fa\u003E over the same period than the more traditional \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubs.acs.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1021\u002Facssuschemeng.8b03545\"\u003Ehydrometallurgy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E method. He says it can also be done for less than half the cost of creating a new battery from virgin material.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAbbott believes the process can easily be applied to scale, and used on larger grid-based batteries, because they typically have the same battery cell structure, they just contain more cells. However, the team is currently only applying it to production scrap, from which parts are easier to separate, because they're already free of their casings. The team's robotic dismantling tests are ramping up though. \"We have a demonstrator unit that currently works on whole electrodes and we hope in the next 18 months to be able to showcase an automated process working in a production facility,\" says Abbott.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EDegradable batteries\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESome scientists are advocating for a move away from Li batteries in favour of ones that can be produced and broken down in more eco-friendly ways. Jodie Lutkenhaus, a professor of chemical engineering at Texas A&amp;M University, has been working on a battery that is made of organic substances that can degrade on command.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Many batteries today are not recycled because of the associated energy and labour cost,\" says Lutkenhaus. \"Batteries that degrade on command may simplify or lower the barrier to recycling. Eventually, these degradation products could be reconstituted back into a fresh new battery, closing the materials life-cycle loop.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt's a fair argument considering that, even when a Li battery is dismantled and its parts are refurbished, there will still be some parts that can't be saved and become waste. A degradable battery like the one \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdevicematerialscommunity.nature.com\u002Fposts\u002Forganic-radical-peptide-batteries\"\u003ELutkenhaus' team is working on\u003C\u002Fa\u003E could be a more sustainable power source.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubs.acs.org\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1021\u002Facsami.7b18252\"\u003EOrganic Radical Batteries (ORBs)\u003C\u002Fa\u003E have been around since the 2000s, and function with the help of organic materials that are synthesised to store and release electrons. \"An Organic Radical Battery has two of these [materials], both acting as electrodes, that work in concert to store and release electrons, or energy, together,\" explains Lutkenhaus.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe team uses an acid to break their ORBs down into amino acids and other byproducts, however, conditions need to be just right for the parts to degrade properly. \"Eventually we found that acid at elevated heat worked,\" says Lutkenhaus.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere are a number of challenges ahead for this degradable battery though. The materials needed to create it are expensive, and it has yet to provide the amount of power required for high-demand applications like EVs and power grids. But perhaps the greatest challenge degradable batteries like Lutkenhaus's face is competing with the already well-established Li battery.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220105-lithium-batteries-big-unanswered-question-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"infographic","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220105-lithium-batteries-big-unanswered-question-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe next step for scientists pushing direct recycling of Li batteries forward is working with battery manufacturers and recycling plants to streamline the process from build to breakdown.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"We are really encouraging all the battery cell manufacturers to barcode all the batteries so with robotic AI techniques we can easily sort out the batteries,\" says Meng. \"It takes the entire field to cooperate with each other in order to make that happen.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELi batteries are used to power many different devices, from laptops to cars to power grids, and the chemical makeup differs depending on the purpose, sometimes significantly. This should be reflected in the way they're recycled. Scientists say battery recycling plants must separate the various Li batteries into separate streams, similar to how different types of plastic are sorted when recycled, in order for the process to be most efficient.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd even though they face an uphill battle, more sustainable batteries are slowly but surely coming onto the scene. \"We can already see designs entering the market which make assembly and disassembly easier, and it is probable that this will be an important topic in future battery development,\" says Abbott.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOn the production side, battery and car manufacturers are \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fd41586-021-02222-1\"\u003Eworking on cutting down\u003C\u002Fa\u003E on the materials needed to build Li batteries to help reduce energy expenditure during mining and the waste each battery creates at the end of its life.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EElectric car manufacturers have also begun to reuse and repurpose their own batteries in a number of different ways. For example, Nissan is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fbusiness-56574779\"\u003Erefurbishing old Leaf car batteries\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and putting them in automated guided vehicles that bring parts to its factories.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESpeed bumps ahead\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe steadily increasing market demand for EVs already has companies across the automobile industry spending billions of dollars on increasing the sustainability of Li batteries. However, China is currently the \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fsmeng.ucsd.edu\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002FDyatkin-Meng2020_Article_COVID-19DisruptsBatteryMateria.pdf\"\u003Elargest producer of Li batteries\u003C\u002Fa\u003E by far, and subsequently \u003Cspan\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mining.com\u002Fli-ion-battery-recycling-market-to-reach-31bn-per-year-by-2040-report\u002F\"\u003Eahead when it comes to recycling them\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220105-lithium-batteries-big-unanswered-question-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220105-lithium-batteries-big-unanswered-question-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWidely adopting standardised methods for recycling Li batteries that include sorting streams for the different types will get them a big step closer. Meanwhile, using AI technology to refurbish the most useful parts, such as the cathode, could help countries with small supplies of Li battery components to not have to rely so much on China.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDeveloping \u003Cspan\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencefocus.com\u002Ffuture-technology\u002Felectric-cars-what-can-we-do-with-the-growing-number-of-dead-batteries\u002F\"\u003Enew batteries that might rival the Li battery\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E will also likely shake up the industry by creating some healthy competition. \"I do think it does the world better if we diversify the portfolio for battery storage, particularly for grid storage,\" says Meng.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe advent of a less complex, safer battery that is cheaper to make and easier to separate at the end of its life is the ultimate answer to the current sustainability problem with EVs. But until such a battery makes an appearance, standardising Li battery recycling is a significant move in the right direction.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd in about 2025, when millions of EV batteries reach the end of their initial life cycles, a streamlined recycling process will look much more appealing to economies the world over. So perhaps, by the time EVs become the predominant form of transport, there will be a good chance their batteries will be gearing up for a second life.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E&nbsp;or\u003Cstrong\u003E&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story,&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\". A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220105-lithium-batteries-big-unanswered-question-14"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2022-01-06T00:01:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"Lithium batteries' big unanswered question","headlineShort":"The big question for lithium batteries","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"As the world looks to electrify vehicles and store renewable power, one giant challenge looms: what will happen to all the old lithium batteries?","summaryShort":"'We can no longer treat batteries as disposable'","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2022-01-06T00:05:01.973471Z","entity":"article","guid":"d7fb63c4-928c-46ba-a0ad-b768af892ff1","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220105-lithium-batteries-big-unanswered-question","modifiedDateTime":"2022-02-24T19:34:57.557857Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220105-lithium-batteries-big-unanswered-question","cacheLastUpdated":1692601862384},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-what-is-future-planet":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-what-is-future-planet","_id":"64a4611da471ef30c83d5cbf","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Welcome to Future Planet, a new section of BBC Future where you will find stories on the people who are confronting pressing environmental challenges around the world.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWe know that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20181102-what-can-i-do-about-climate-change\"\u003Ewe are living through a climate crisis\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20171022-the-hidden-crisis-shaping-life-on-earth\"\u003Ea mass extinction\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and an era of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20191113-the-toxic-killers-in-our-air-too-small-to-see\"\u003Enormalised pollution that harms our health\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The urgent question is now: what do we do about it? What are the solutions to these problems?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFuture Planet is a home for in-depth, evidence-based stories on potential solutions. You will be hearing from the writers who are best placed to tell these stories: local reporters on the ground in the communities who have witnessed the challenge first hand. Meanwhile, in our global stories that span borders, our writers unravel how institutions, industries, laws and societal norms are changing &ndash; and how they need to change further.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECarbon footprint\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe way we find and tell these stories is as important as the stories themselves. That is why we are bringing the carbon footprint of our journalism to the fore, so we can be accountable for and transparent about what we do.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYou&rsquo;ll see a figure on all our stories estimating the carbon it took to produce them, and you can \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Eread more about how we calculate that figure here\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. To our knowledge, we are the first major environment publication to take this step. We will use this as a starting point for wider plans to monitor and reduce the carbon it takes to bring global stories to a global audience.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe hope you enjoy Future Planet, which in its first week will take you to \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-the-divers-trying-to-save-indias-vaan-island-from-sinking\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ethe people saving tiny islands from erosion off the southern coast of India\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200203-the-south-african-plant-fighting-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ethickets of a hardy succulent in South Africa that can sequester as much carbon as a rainforest\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, to the chilly streets of Belgium where sustainable heat is coming from an unlikely source.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe also want to know what you think are the solutions we need to create a sustainable world. From the people who are changing social norms, to the cities and industries that are being reimagined, and the sustainable technologies that can help us get there. Let us know via the social buttons below.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EMartha Henriques is editor of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffutureplanet\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EFuture Planet\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. You can get in touch with her on Twitter here: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FMartha_Rosamund\"\u003E@Martha_Rosamund\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per page view. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EFind out more about how we calculated this figure here\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E&nbsp;or&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story,&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called &ldquo;The Essential List&rdquo;. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-what-is-future-planet-0"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-02-03T01:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"What is Future Planet?","headlineShort":"What is Future Planet?","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":[],"summaryLong":"Welcome to Future Planet, a new section of BBC Future where you will find stories on the people who are confronting pressing environmental challenges around the world.","summaryShort":"Carbon-conscious reporting on environment solutions from around the world.","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-02-03T01:00:53.156342Z","entity":"article","guid":"9466c6e9-b688-4823-ac9c-c94347a0b884","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-what-is-future-planet","modifiedDateTime":"2022-02-24T18:45:48.102947Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-what-is-future-planet","cacheLastUpdated":1692601862385},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon","_id":"64a4611da471ef30a920998d","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"On all Future Planet stories, you'll see an estimate of the carbon it took to report and publish that article. How do we get that figure and why do we calculate it?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ELike almost every human activity in the world, journalism releases carbon dioxide. Reporters often need to travel to reach a story, whether across a city or further afield. They need to switch on the lights, power up laptops and make phone calls. As in other industries, journalism&rsquo;s carbon impact will lessen over time as (and if) more of the world&rsquo;s power grids and transit systems are powered by sustainable energy. But for now, this is the reality we face.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBecause \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffutureplanet\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EFuture Planet\u003C\u002Fa\u003E is our new section devoted to covering the climate crisis, pollution and the environment, we felt it was important for it, as much as possible, to be part of the solution. As a result, we wanted to minimise our carbon footprint.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe do this, first, by keeping journalists&rsquo; travel to a minimum and prioritising local voices.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut that doesn&rsquo;t eliminate our carbon emissions from transport entirely. Sometimes local or regional travel is essential when there is no lower-carbon way to tell the story. And, in what may come as a surprise to some, digital publishing releases carbon emissions too: as a whole, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sustainablewebmanifesto.com\u002F\"\u003Ethe internet would be the sixth greatest emitter of greenhouse gases if it were a country\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-what-is-future-planet\"\u003EWhat is Future Planet?\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20190117-how-bbc-future-is-tackling-gender-imbalance\"\u003EHow we&rsquo;re tackling our gender imbalance\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20181115-why-climate-change-photography-needs-a-new-look\"\u003EWhy climate change photography needs a new look\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAt Future Planet, we want to be accountable for the impact we have &ndash; and be transparent with our readers. That&rsquo;s why each Future Planet story carries a figure estimating the carbon emissions associated with creating it. To our knowledge, we are the first major environment publication to take this step.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHow do we get these figures?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe start by breaking each story&rsquo;s carbon footprint down into two parts: carbon emissions from reporters&rsquo; transport for the story, and the emissions from the digital infrastructure needed to publish it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETransport emissions\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhen deciding whether to even assign a story, how much travel is required is a key factor for us. If a reporter needs to take a flight to reach their story, we are highly unlikely to commission it, and so far Future Planet has remained a flight-free publication. We would encourage them to look for stories closer to home or discuss whether it&rsquo;s possible to do the story justice with reporting by phone and video calls. Cutting out flights is a major way we&rsquo;ve reduced the carbon footprint of Future Planet &ndash; a single flight from London to, say, Cape Town, for example, emits 1.6 tonnes of carbon &ndash; the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.epa.gov\u002Fenergy\u002Fgreenhouse-gas-equivalencies-calculator\"\u003Eequivalent of running an average home&rsquo;s electricity for nearly 100 days\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOur focus on working with local reporters around the world also keeps long-distance travel to a minimum. If a longer-distance story is commissioned, we might ask the reporter to look around for other strong stories in the area, to make the most of our transport emissions. And once a story has been commissioned, our reporters keep note of what travel they do to report the story, including how far they go and the method of transport they use, and use an independently audited carbon calculator for travel to estimate emissions. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EDigital footprint\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis part of the calculation involves estimating the energy used to transfer data over the internet and the carbon intensity of electricity (the amount of CO2 emitted per unit of electricity consumed). We worked with the agency Wholegrain Digital to get a bespoke carbon estimate for Future Planet stories. (The BBC does not endorse particular products or services; rather, it was the only agency we could find offering a service to calculate carbon for a website&rsquo;s emissions.)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor a digital story, one of the big things we need to think about is the number of people who read it. As we can&rsquo;t predict exactly how many readers will click on the story before we publish it, we use a per-pageview emissions estimate, which is the same for all stories. We got this figure using a test story, calculating emissions as above and then dividing that by the pageviews that the test story actually had over six months. That gives us a better estimate than just plugging in the URL from a story to the agency&rsquo;s standard carbon calculator, because for a story where the number of pageviews is a weighty factor in the equation, using data on actual pageviews makes it more accurate.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe story we used as a test to get this figure was a BBC Future story, and we used the actual number of pageviews it had over a six-month period. Factors such as how many images a page has and the length of the story can make a big difference in the energy required to load the page, and how long the reader spends on the page. Our stories vary in length and number of images, so it&rsquo;s important to stress that this figure is an estimate, not a precise measurement.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHere are some other inherent unknowns we had to contend with:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EThe device that a reader accesses the story on can make a big difference to the energy used. A phone uses much less energy than a laptop, for example. We don&rsquo;t have this data in real-time, so our calculation has to make an assumption based on typical reader behaviour. The calculation \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mdpi.com\u002F2078-1547\u002F6\u002F1\u002F117#abstract\"\u003Eassumes an average spread of devices based on how web users access pages\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and also takes an average for other equipment used such as broadband routers.\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EOur readers are based all around the world. The carbon intensity of the energy grid varies between countries. The calculation assumed the average intensity as reported by the International Energy Agency (475g CO2-equivalent per kWh). But in reality, this will vary based on where readers are in the world.\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EFuture Planet does not reside on any single server, and the BBC has servers in multiple datacentres. The BBC also uses Content Delivery Networks, third-party networks of servers that reduce the load on our own. The calculation doesn&rsquo;t take account of this, which slightly inflates the estimate as CDNs are more efficient.\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe cumulative uncertainty from these factors is the reason we show the digital component of emissions as a range, rather than a single figure. It is a first-order approximation that, in time, we hope to make more precise.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ELimitations\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBecause of the complexity of both travel and the internet, we can&rsquo;t directly measure the exact carbon emissions from any specific story. Everyday trains and buses aren&rsquo;t fitted with emissions measuring devices, for example, so we can&rsquo;t be sure \u003Cem\u003Eexactly \u003C\u002Fem\u003Ehow much our journalist-passenger emitted on his or her journey. Similarly, we can&rsquo;t yet measure for a given click exactly how much carbon is released from the transfer of that exact data over the internet, the energy to run those specific servers at any instant, or which type of device a reader is using when they make that click.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere are other factors that some might argue should be counted in a story&rsquo;s carbon emissions, too. What about the BBC staff who work on Future Planet, some full-time but many sporadically among other obligations &ndash; do we count, for example, the energy used to heat and power the office? If we do, should we count the carbon emissions from the large number of energy-hungry servers housed in the building, or is that irrelevant as they don&rsquo;t host Future Planet? Or you could take it even further: if a journalist ate a sandwich while on location reporting for us, do we count the carbon footprint of the food &ndash; or not, since they&rsquo;d likely have to eat regardless of whether they were on assignment? What about the energy used to power their laptop as they did their research and wrote?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ELooking ahead\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt&rsquo;s easy to get lost in the weeds remarkably quickly. But we don&rsquo;t see these complexities as an excuse not to make most accurate estimate we can, based on the most recent and relevant research &ndash; and to be open with you about not only these figures, but their limitations.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe currently use the best tools available to monitor our emissions from transport and digital publishing. As new ways to estimate carbon emissions in the complex connected digital and analogue worlds improve, we will refine our carbon-counting strategy to match. You&rsquo;ll be able to read updates on that here.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe calculations involved are complex, the assumptions made are many and varied, but at the heart of Future Planet is a simple ethos: we want to be open about our carbon footprint and we want to make it smaller, using whatever tools currently available. These tools may not yet be perfect. Our efforts may not be, either. But we believe that heading in the right direction is better than taking no steps at all.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per pageview.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EMartha Henriques is editor of \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffutureplanet\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFuture Planet\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E. You can get in touch with her on Twitter: \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FMartha_Rosamund\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E@Martha_Rosamund\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E&nbsp;or\u003Cstrong\u003E&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story,&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called &ldquo;The Essential List&rdquo;. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon-4"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-02-03T01:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"Why and how does Future Planet count carbon?","headlineShort":"Why does Future Planet count carbon?","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":[],"summaryLong":"On all Future Planet stories, you'll see an estimate of the carbon it took to report and publish that article. How do we get that figure and why do we calculate it?","summaryShort":"Future Planet brings you global environment stories with a low carbon footprint","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-02-03T01:01:10.368421Z","entity":"article","guid":"61546195-4ce9-4fad-b9dc-067354747490","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon","modifiedDateTime":"2022-02-24T18:45:53.015019Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon","cacheLastUpdated":1692601862385}},"tags":{"tag\u002Fheatwaves":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:tag:tag\u002Fheatwaves","_id":"64ca7d74a471ef0d556f4b3c","assetImage":null,"description":"The BBC's stories about heatwaves around the world.","linkUrl":"","name":"Heatwaves","creationDateTime":"2023-08-02T15:59:31.784481Z","entity":"tag","guid":"f2499f31-c4a8-4574-9bf5-91eca7304d60","id":"tag\u002Fheatwaves","modifiedDateTime":"2023-08-02T15:59:31.784481Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"tag\u002Fheatwaves","cacheLastUpdated":1692601862382},"tag\u002Fweather":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:tag:tag\u002Fweather","_id":"64a461bfa471ef0d5036c732","assetImage":null,"description":"","linkUrl":"","name":"Weather","creationDateTime":"2015-05-20T11:10:46.357393Z","entity":"tag","guid":"76ed0b1c-29a0-408b-9343-4af117061214","id":"tag\u002Fweather","modifiedDateTime":"2022-02-28T00:00:34.341727Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"tag\u002Fweather","cacheLastUpdated":1692601862382},"tag\u002Fclimate":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:tag:tag\u002Fclimate","_id":"64a461b9a471ef2e935d75d4","assetImage":null,"description":"The BBC's latest climate stories from around the world","linkUrl":"","name":"Climate","creationDateTime":"2015-08-31T16:14:05.26893Z","entity":"tag","guid":"cce0c59b-cfd1-457c-8b26-7df7bda35ad8","id":"tag\u002Fclimate","modifiedDateTime":"2022-08-26T11:11:57.967718Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"tag\u002Fclimate","cacheLastUpdated":1692601862376},"tag\u002Fscience":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:tag:tag\u002Fscience","_id":"64bff60da471ef2ede54721a","assetImage":null,"description":"The BBC's latest stories from around the world about science","linkUrl":"","name":"Science","creationDateTime":"2023-07-25T16:19:08.556074Z","entity":"tag","guid":"e44f1aff-d297-4cd7-8884-7dc2051585c9","id":"tag\u002Fscience","modifiedDateTime":"2023-07-25T16:19:08.556074Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"tag\u002Fscience","cacheLastUpdated":1692601862375},"tag\u002Fnews-features":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:tag:tag\u002Fnews-features","_id":"64a461bca471ef0d647c5ad9","assetImage":null,"description":"All the news features from across the 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+                                            S122.552,304,122,304z" data-webtasks-id="f65a7f70-a54e-46d3"></path><path fill="#D24712" d="M230,376h-80c-0.552,0-1.052-0.224-1.414-0.586S148,374.552,148,374V138c0-0.552,0.224-1.052,0.586-1.414
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+                                            S254.552,400,254,400z" data-webtasks-id="b97aeba3-a454-4179"></path><path fill="#963CE1" d="M444.77,373.863l-85.829,26.232c-0.529,0.162-1.073,0.093-1.526-0.148s-0.812-0.655-0.973-1.184
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