diff --git "a/fineweb-edu_407_of_4000_irish.jsonl" "b/fineweb-edu_407_of_4000_irish.jsonl" new file mode 100644--- /dev/null +++ "b/fineweb-edu_407_of_4000_irish.jsonl" @@ -0,0 +1,242 @@ +{"text": "Miriam has four children, although she has given birth six times. Two infants unfortunately died within days of birth. However, her most recent birth was different in that Miriam and her female relatives had learned from the local female community health worker (CHW) about the importance of keeping the baby warm.\nAn old custom of washing a newborn soon after birth is being discounted with the knowledge that infants were becoming sick. Instead, a baby should be gently dried with a towel and placed next to the mother's skin. Washing should wait until later.\n\"Until I received training about the care of newborn babies, I followed our old customs. I did not realize how important it is to keep the baby warm after birth,\" said a CHW. \"Embracing a newborn against the mother's warm skin is so simple, and the mothers like it, too.\"\nWith nearly nine out of 10 births in Afghanistan still occurring in the home, USAID is training local health workers in essential maternal and newborn care. They then teach pregnant mothers and their families the simple but important actions they can take to preserve the lives of newborns.\nAlthough general health has improved since 2002, Afghanistan remains a country with some of the poorest health indicators worldwide. Afghanistan has one of the highest mortality rates of any nation: about one in five children die before the age of five. Approximately 80 percent of women in rural Afghanistan give birth outside a health facility without a skilled birth provider. Consequently, teaching basic newborn care along with other basic health skills to community care providers is a vital part of the Ministry of Public Health's national strategy.\nTogether, USAID and the Afghan Ministry of Health are helping save the lives of babies born in rural homes by ensuring that local health workers know the key newborn care skills to share with pregnant mothers and their families. Families can be more confident and better prepared for their babies' births.\nLast updated: June 05, 2012", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-20", "url": "http://www.usaid.gov/results-data/success-stories/saving-newborns-rural-afghanistan", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368698207393/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516095647-00002-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9744105935, "token_count": 390, "score": 3.609375, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Tá ceithre leanbh ag Miriam, cé go bhfuil sé tar éis sé huaire a thabhairt ar an saol. Ar an drochuair, fuair beirt leanbh bás laistigh de chúpla lá tar éis dóibh breith. Mar sin féin, bhí a breithe is déanaí difriúil sa mhéid go raibh Miriam agus a ghaolta baineann foghlamtha ó oibrí sláinte pobail ban (CHW) áitiúil faoi thábhacht an leanbh a choinneáil te.\nTá an sean-oideas a bhí ann leanbh a nigh go luath tar éis a bhreith á scriosadh agus a fhios go raibh na páistí ag éirí tinn. Ina áit sin, ba cheart an leanbh a thriomú go cúramach le tuáille agus a chur in aice le craiceann na máthar. Ba chóir go mbeadh an níochán ag fanacht go dtí níos déanaí.\n\"Go dtí go bhfuair mé oiliúint maidir le cúram leanaí nuabheirthe, lean mé ár sean-dhuine. Ní raibh a fhios agam cé chomh tábhachtach is atá sé an leanbh a choinneáil te tar éis bhreith\", a dúirt CHW. \"Tá sé chomh simplí leanbh nuabheirthe a chur i nglúin i gcoinne chraiceann te an mháthair, agus is maith leis na máithreacha é freisin\".\nLe beagnach naoi as gach 10 breith san Afganastáin ag tarlú sa bhaile fós, tá USAID ag oiliúint oibrithe sláinte áitiúla i gcúram riachtanach máthar agus nuabheirthe. Ansin múineann siad na máithreacha torracha agus a dteaghlaigh na céimeanna simplí ach tábhachtacha is féidir leo a dhéanamh chun saol na n-ógánaigh a chaomhnú.\nCé go bhfuil feabhas tagtha ar shláinte ghinearálta ó 2002, tá an Afganastáin fós ar cheann de na tíortha is boichte ar domhan. Tá an tAfganastáin ar cheann de na rátaí báis is airde de gach náisiún: básann thart ar duine as gach cúigear leanbh sula mbíonn sé cúig bliana d'aois. Tugann thart ar 80 faoin gcéad de na mná i tuaithe na hAfganastáine breith lasmuigh de shuíomh sláinte gan soláthraí breithe cáilithe. Dá bhrí sin, tá cuid ríthábhachtach de straitéis náisiúnta an Aireacht Sláinte Poiblí ná cúram bunúsach nuabheirthe a theagasc in éineacht le scileanna sláinte bunúsacha eile do sholáthraithe cúraim phoiblí.\nLe chéile, tá USAID agus Aireacht Sláinte na hAfganastáine ag cabhrú le saol na leanaí a rugadh i dtithe tuaithe a shábháil trí a chinntiú go bhfuil a fhios ag oibrithe sláinte áitiúla na scileanna cúraim nuabheirthe is tábhachtaí le roinnt le máithreacha torracha agus a dteaghlaigh. Is féidir le teaghlaigh a bheith níos muiníne agus níos ullmhaithe do bhreith a gcuid leanaí.\nNuashonrú deireanach: Meitheamh 05, 2012"} +{"text": "Cox, D T C and Gaston, K J (2016) Urban bird feeding: connecting people with nature.\nPLoS ONE 11(7): e0158717. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0158717\nAt a time of unprecedented biodiversity loss, researchers are increasingly recognizing the broad range of benefits provided to humankind by nature. However, as people live more urbanized lifestyles there is a progressive disengagement with the natural world that diminishes these benefits and discourages positive environmental behaviour. The provision of food for garden birds is an increasing global phenomenon, and provides a readily accessible way for people to counter this trend. Yet despite its popularity, quite why people feed birds remains poorly understood. We explore three loosely defined motivations behind bird feeding: that it provides psychological benefits, is due to a concern about bird welfare, and/or is due to a more general orientation towards nature. We quantitatively surveyed households from urban towns in southern England to explore attitudes and actions towards garden bird feeding. Each household scored three Likert statements relating to each of the three motivations. We found that people who fed birds regularly felt more relaxed and connected to nature when they watched garden birds, and perceived that bird feeding is beneficial for bird welfare while investing time in minimising associated risks. Finally, feeding birds may be an expression of a wider orientation towards nature. Overall, we found that the feelings of being relaxed and connected to nature were the strongest drivers. As urban expansion continues both to threaten species conservation and to change peoples’ relationship with the natural world, feeding birds may provide an important tool for engaging people with nature to the benefit of both people and conservation.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05", "url": "http://bess-urban.group.shef.ac.uk/publication-feeding-birds-and-human-wellbeing/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251684146.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126013015-20200126043015-00114.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9428580999, "token_count": 338, "score": 2.890625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Cox, DTC agus Gaston, KJ (2016) Bia éan uirbeach: daoine a nascadh leis an dúlra.\nPLoS ONE 11 ((7): e0158717. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0158717\nAg am caillteanais bithéagsúlachta gan fasach, tá taighdeoirí ag aithint go méadaithe an raon leathan tairbhí a sholáthraíonn an nádúr don chine daonna. Mar sin féin, de réir mar a bhíonn daoine ag maireachtáil ar stíl mhaireachtála níos uirbeacha, tá dícheangal forásach leis an saol nádúrtha a laghdaíonn na buntáistí seo agus a chuireann bac ar iompar dearfach comhshaoil. Is feiniméan domhanda é bia a sholáthar d'eolaithe gairdín, agus soláthraíonn sé bealach inrochtana go héasca do dhaoine chun dul i ngleic leis an treocht seo. Ach in ainneoin a tóir, níl a fhios go leor fós cén fáth a gcuireann daoine bia do phéintéirí. Déanaimid iniúchadh ar thrí spreagadh a shainítear go scaoilte taobh thiar de bheathú éan: go soláthraíonn sé sochair síceolaíocha, go bhfuil sé mar gheall ar imní faoi leas éan, agus / nó go bhfuil sé mar gheall ar threocht níos ginearálta i leith na nádúire. Rinneamar suirbhé cainníochtúil ar theaghlaigh ó bhailte uirbeacha i ndeisceart Shasana chun dearcadh agus gníomhartha i leith bia éan gairdín a iniúchadh. Scóráil gach teaghlaigh trí ráiteas Likert a bhaineann le gach ceann de na trí spreagadh. Fuair muid amach go raibh daoine a thug bia do éan go rialta níos suaimhneach agus níos nasctha leis an dúlra nuair a d'fhéach siad ar éan gairdín, agus gur thuig siad go raibh bia éan tairbheach do leas éan agus iad ag infheistiú am chun na rioscaí a bhaineann leis a íoslaghdú. Ar deireadh, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh éan a bheathú mar léiriú ar threo níos leithne ar an dúlra. Ar an iomlán, fuair muid amach go raibh na mothúcháin a bhí ag daoine a bheith scíth a ligean agus a bheith nasctha leis an dúlra mar na tiománaithe is láidre. De réir mar a leanann leathnú uirbeach ag bagairt ar chaomhnú speiceas agus ag athrú caidreamh na ndaoine leis an saol nádúrtha, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh uirlis thábhachtach ag beathaíocht éan chun daoine a chur i dteagmháil leis an dúlra chun tairbhe an duine agus an chaomhnaithe araon."} +{"text": "TagsArduino Arduino Uno baking boffins build Craft cupcake diary dates Dr Matt Little Electromagnetic Field electronics EMF Camp Event events fabrication fingers frosting Geeky Girl Geeks Hacker Culture Hackspace homepage James Bond Skills LED Lock Picking LVL1 make Maker Faire UK Newcastle Oomlout.com Open Hacknight Open Source party Pledge project Rapid Prototyping Robotics Science Skills solar power Soldering tools toys workshop workshops\nLearn how to make a solar-powered USB phone charger in this easy workshop on Thursday, 29 May.\nLearn to make a working off-grid photovoltaic system in this all-day workshop.\nMake a small circuit to run a solar-powered engine in this £5 workshop.\n4 – 5 August is our Weekend of DIY Solar Power, where you can learn to make a solar power system or solar PV panels.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-26", "url": "http://nottinghack.org.uk/?tag=solar-power", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323807.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628222452-20170629002452-00473.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.793471992, "token_count": 177, "score": 2.609375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "TagsArduino Arduino Uno boffins bácála tógáil Craft cupcake dáta laethúil Dr Matt Little Electromagnetic Field leictreonaic EMF Camp Imeachtaí imeachtaí fabrication fingers frosting Geeky Girl Geeks Hacker Culture Hackspace homepage James Bond Skills LED Lock Picking LVL1 make Maker Faire UK Newcastle Oomlout.com Oscailte Hacknight Páirtí Foinse Oscailte Tionscadal gealltanas Protóití Rapid Protóití Robaiteolaíocht Scileanna Cumhacht gréine Uirlisí soldaithe bréagáin ceardlann ceardlanna ceardlanna\nFoghlaim conas charger fón USB a chumhaítear le solair a dhéanamh sa cheardlann éasca seo Déardaoin, 29 Bealtaine.\nFoghlaim conas córas fóta-bholtaic atá ag obair lasmuigh den ghréasán a dhéanamh sa cheardlann seo a bheidh ar siúl ar feadh an lae.\nDéan ciorcad beag chun inneall solár-chumhachta a reáchtáil sa cheardlann £5 seo.\n4 5 Lúnasa is é an deireadh seachtaine de chumhacht gréine DIY, áit ar féidir leat foghlaim conas córas cumhachta gréine nó painéil PV gréine a dhéanamh."} +{"text": "Besant, Annie (bĕzˈant) [key], 1847–1933, English social reformer and theosophist, b. Annie Wood. She steadily grew away from Christianity and in 1873 separated from her husband, a Protestant clergyman. In 1879 the courts deprived her of her children because of her atheism and alleged unconventionality. As a member of the National Secular Society she preached free thought and, as a member of the Fabian society, socialism. With Charles Bradlaugh she edited the National Reformer and with him reprinted an old pamphlet on birth control, The Fruits of Philosophy, for which they were tried (1877) on a charge of immorality and acquitted. In 1889 she embraced theosophy, becoming a disciple of Mme Blavatsky and, later, her biographer. She pursued her mission to India, where she soon became involved in nationalist politics. She founded the Central Hindu College at Benares (Varanasi) in 1898 and in 1916 established the Indian Home Rule League and became its president. She was president of the Indian National Congress in 1917, but later split with Gandhi. She traveled (1926–27) in England and the United States with her protégé Jiddu Krishnamurti, whom she announced as the new Messiah. President of the Theosophical Society from 1907, she wrote an enormous number of books and pamphlets on theosophy. Her works include her autobiography (1893), Four Great Religions (1897), The Ancient Wisdom (1897), and a translation of the Bhagavad Gita (1905).\nSee biographies by A. H. Nethercot (1960, 1963), R. Dinnage (1987), and C. Wessinger (1988).\nThe Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.\nMore on Annie Besant from Fact Monster:\nSee more Encyclopedia articles on: Social Reformers", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-20", "url": "http://www.factmonster.com/encyclopedia/people/besant-annie.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368709135115/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516125855-00075-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9522733688, "token_count": 414, "score": 2.640625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Besant, Annie (bĕzˈant) [ailt], 18471933, athchóiritheoir sóisialta agus teoisóifí Shasana, b. Annie Wood. D'fhág sí an Chríostaíocht go seasta agus in 1873 d'fhág sí a fear céile, a bhí ina cléireach Protastúnach. Sa bhliain 1879 d'fhág na cúirteanna a leanaí di mar gheall ar a n-athéism agus a neamhchoinbhinsiúnacht líomhnaithe. Mar bhall den National Secular Society, sheachad sí saoirse smaointe agus, mar bhall den tsochaí Fabian, sóisialachas. Le Charles Bradlaugh d'eagraigh sí an t-Athchóiritheoir Náisiúnta agus leis athphrintaigh sí sean-pampléad ar rialú breithe, The Fruits of Philosophy, ar a raibh siad ag triail (1877) ar chúiseamh neamhmhoráltachta agus a scaoileadh. Sa bhliain 1889 ghlac sí leis an teoisóip, agus tháinig sí ina dheisceabal de Mme Blavatsky agus ina dhiaidh sin, ina beathaisnéisí. Lean sí a misean go dtí an India, áit ar ghlac sí páirt go luath i bpolaitíocht náisiúnach. Bhunaigh sí an Coláiste Ceannais Hindú ag Benares (Varanasi) i 1898 agus i 1916 bhunaigh sí an Indiach Home Rule League agus bhí sé ina uachtarán. Bhí sí ina uachtarán ar Chongres Náisiúnta na hIndia i 1917, ach d'éirigh sí le Gandhi ina dhiaidh sin. Thaistil sí (192627) i Sasana agus sna Stáit Aontaithe lena protégé Jiddu Krishnamurti, a d'fhógair sí mar an Messiah nua. Uachtarán na Cumann Theosophical ó 1907, scríobh sí líon ollmhór leabhair agus lámhleabhair ar theosophy. I measc a cuid saothar tá a cuid féin-eagraíochta (1893), Ceithre Reiligiún Mór (1897), An Sean-Fhaisnéis (1897), agus aistriúchán ar Bhagavad Gita (1905).\nFéach beathaisnéisí le A. H. Nethercot (1960, 1963), R. Dinnage (1987) agus C. Wessinger (1988).\nAn t-Einsealaíocht Leictreonach Columbia, 6ú heagrán. Cóipcheart © 2012, Columbia University Press. Coimeádtar na cearta go léir.\nTuilleadh faoi Annie Besant ó Fact Monster:\nFéach tuilleadh ailt ar: Athchóiritheoirí Sóisialta"} +{"text": "The field of Ergonomics has a long history. Some of its origin can be found in the need to create an efficiently running business during the age of industrialization. Old studies, called time-and-motion studies, aimed to optimize manual workforce.\nProbably the first studies were conducted by Taylor around 1900. Taylor focused on an improvement of work rates (measured by a stopwatch) and processes to increase productivity. He often compared different ways to do a task and different tools to do a task to identify the most efficient one. For example, in one study he measured how long a worker needed to shovel coal. The result was that a worker could shovel 21 pounds without tiring. However, at that time each worker was required to bring their own shovel. To increase productivity Taylor provided his workers with shovels and even provided different shovels for different densities of material (for example, 21 pounds of snow is a larger heap compared to 21 pounds of coal).\nTaylor’s work is criticized for missing individual differences in work capability giving workers freedom to innovate, but instead aiming for a standardization of the work process and for a maximum efficiency. Taylor is said to believe in the optimization of the work process rather than focusing on individual workers. His work can be seen as a first step towards standardization of the work processes. Others, such as the Gilbreths, focused more on the workers’ wellbeing.\nFrank B. and Lillian Gilbreth, associates of Taylor, took those task analyses one step further and took photos of each individual movement while conducting a task in 1911. The studies were called time-and-motion studies and included a micro-motion analysis. The workers’ actions were recorded on video with a chronometer running in the video. Afterwards, the video was analysed with a magnifying glass to discover every motion of a worker Then each movement that a worker made was coded into 18 basic motions (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therblig) called “Therbligs” (Gilbreth spelled backwards). The therbligs were analysed for optimizations like unnecessary motions, and optimizations of the length and sequence of motions.\nFor example, one time-and-motion study concerned bricklaying. The Gilbreths discovered that a bricklayer needed to bow for each brick. After a few bricks an additional bow was required to add new mortar. When the bricklayer discovered a brick of minor quality, additional motions were needed. The minor quality brick was thrown and the bricklayer needed to bow again to pick another one. The study led to the invention of a height adjustable scaffold on which a heap of bricks and the mortar were arranged. The scaffold could be raised or lowered quickly enabling the bricklayer to work at the most convenient positions and it further enabled them to keep up with the height of the wall. By making the motions of handling and inspecting the bricks more efficient Gilbreth enabled bricklayers to increase the number of bricks that they could lay from 120 to 350 per man per hour.\nThe Gilbreths were the first to set the focus on the relationship between human, environment and tools. They described fatigue that results from a job and the thought that the provision of an adequate work environment and regular breaks forms a more efficient process in the end. Today time and motion studies are still used, for example, in health care to analyse the work of nurses to optimise a shift schedule. I will describe their procedure in another post.Sources:\nLumen (2019), Principles of management. (online) https://courses.lumenlearning.com/principlesmanagement/chapter/3-2-ancient-history-management-through-the-1990s/\nWikipedia (2019), Therblig. (online) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therblig\nContent for Pragyan (2017), Time & Motion Study – Making the most of our time. (online) https://medium.com/pragyan-blog/time-and-motion-study-ed7b6979ebfc\nM. Lopetegui, P-Y. Yen, A. Lai, J. Jeffries, P. Embi, and P. Payne (2014). Time motion studies in healthcare: What are we talking about? Journal of Biomedical Informatics, 49(2014), 292-299.\nA. Hendrich, M. Chow, B., Skierczynski, and Z., Lu (2008). A 36-Hospital Time and Motion Study: How Do Medical-Surgical Nurses Spend Their Time? The Permanente Journal, 12(3), 25-34.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05", "url": "http://www.aboutusability.com/index.php/time-motion-study", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251681412.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125191854-20200125221854-00506.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9470678568, "token_count": 963, "score": 3.328125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá stair fhada ag réimse na hErgonomics. Is féidir cuid dá bhunús a fháil sa ghá gnó a reáchtáil go héifeachtach a chruthú le linn aois na tionsclaíochta. Bhí sé mar aidhm ag sean-staidéir, ar a dtugtar staidéir ama-agus-gluaiseachta, lucht saothair láimhe a bharrfheabhsú.\nIs dócha gur rinne Taylor na chéad staidéir timpeall 1900. D'fhócas Taylor ar fheabhsú rátaí oibre (a thomhas le stopwatch) agus ar phróisis chun táirgiúlacht a mhéadú. Is minic a rinne sé comparáid idir bealaí éagsúla chun tasc a dhéanamh agus uirlisí éagsúla chun tasc a dhéanamh chun an ceann is éifeachtaí a aithint. Mar shampla, i staidéar amháin, rinne sé tomhas ar an méid ama a thógann oibrí chun guail a shlógadh. Mar thoradh air sin, d'fhéadfadh oibrí 21 punt a shéideadh gan a bheith tuirseach. Mar sin féin, bhí sé de cheangal ag gach oibrí a spádal féin a thabhairt leis an am sin. Chun táirgiúlacht a mhéadú chuir Taylor spádáin ar fáil dá oibrithe agus chuir sé fiú spádáin éagsúla ar fáil do dhlúthchaidrimh éagsúla ábhair (mar shampla, is cúim níos mó é 21 punt sneachta i gcomparáid le 21 punt guail).\nTá cáineadh déanta ar obair Taylor as difríochtaí aonair a bheith ar fáil i gcumas oibre a thugann saoirse d'oibrithe nuálaíocht a dhéanamh, ach ina ionad sin tá sé mar aidhm aige caighdeánú a dhéanamh ar an bpróiseas oibre agus éifeachtúlacht uasta a bhaint amach. Deirtear go gcreideann Taylor i bpróiseas oibre a bharrfheabhsú seachas díriú ar oibrithe aonair. Is féidir a chuid oibre a fheiceáil mar chéad chéim i dtreo caighdeánú na bpróisis oibre. Bhí daoine eile, mar shampla na Gilbreths, dírithe níos mó ar fholláine na n-oibrithe.\nGhlac Frank B. agus Lillian Gilbreth, comhghleacaithe Taylor, na hanailíseanna tasc sin céim amháin níos faide agus thóg siad grianghraif de gach gluaiseacht aonair agus iad ag déanamh tasc i 1911. Tugadh staidéar ama-agus-gluaiseachta ar na staidéir agus bhí anailís mhicrea-gluaiseachta san áireamh iontu. Taifeadadh gníomhartha na n-oibrithe ar fhíseán le cronometir ag rith sa fhíseán. Ina dhiaidh sin, anailísíodh an físeán le gloine méadaithe chun gach gluaiseacht d'oibrí a fháil amach Ansin códaíodh gach gluaiseacht a rinne oibrí ina 18 ghluaiseacht bhunúsach (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therblig) ar a dtugtar Therbligs (Gilbreth litriú siar). Rinneadh anailís ar na treabhálacha chun uasfheabhsúcháin a dhéanamh ar nós gluaiseachtaí neamhriachtanacha, agus uasfheabhsúcháin ar fhad agus ar shraith na ngluaiseachtaí.\nMar shampla, baineann staidéar ama-agus-gluaiseachta le briodála. Fuair na Gilbreths amach go raibh ar bhallaí a bocht do gach bríce. Tar éis cúpla bríce, bhí gá le bog breise chun mortair nua a chur leis. Nuair a fuair an ceardaí bríce de chaighdeán íseal, bhí gá le gluaiseachtaí breise. Bhí an bríce de chaighdeán níos lú ar fáil agus bhí ar an mbriocadóir cúlú a dhéanamh arís chun ceann eile a phiocadh. Mar thoradh ar an staidéar, cruthaíodh scaffold a bhí inchoigeartaithe ar airde ar a raibh carraigí agus an mortair socraithe. D'fhéadfaí an scaffold a ardú nó a ísliú go tapa rud a chuir ar chumas an bhriodóir oibriú sna suíomhanna is áisiúla agus chuir sé ar a gcumas tuilleadh a choinneáil suas le airde an bhalla. Trí na gluaiseachtaí a bhaineann le láimhseáil agus le cigireacht a dhéanamh ar na bríceanna a dhéanamh níos éifeachtaí, chuir Gilbreth ar chumas na mbriotóirí líon na mbrionglóidí a d'fhéadfadh siad a leagan a mhéadú ó 120 go 350 in aghaidh an duine in aghaidh na huaire.\nBa iad na Gilbreths an chéad duine a chuir an fócas ar an gcaidreamh idir an duine, an timpeallacht agus na huirlisí. Chuir siad síos ar an tuirse a thagann as obair agus ar an smaoineamh go bhfuil próiseas níos éifeachtaí ag deireadh thiar nuair a sholáthraítear timpeallacht oibre leordhóthanach agus sosanna rialta. Sa lá atá inniu ann, úsáidtear staidéir ama agus gluaiseachta fós, mar shampla, i gcúram sláinte chun obair na n-iníonanna a anailísiú chun sceideal na n-aistriú a bharrfheabhsú. Déanfaidh mé cur síos ar a nós imeachta i bpost eile.Foinse:\nLumen (2019), Prionsabail bainistíochta. (ar líne) https://courses.lumenlearning.com/principlesmanagement/chapter/3-2-ancient-history-management-through-the-1990s/\nWikipedia (2019), Therblig. (ar líne) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therblig\nÁbhar do Pragyan (2017), Staidéar Am agus Gluaiseacht An chuid is mó dár n-am a dhéanamh. (ar líne) https://medium.com/pragyan-blog/time-and-motion-study-ed7b6979ebfc\nM. Lopetegui, P-Y. Yen, A. Lai, J. Jeffries, P. Embi, agus P. Payne (2014). Staidéar ar ghluaiseacht ama i gcúram sláinte: Cad atá á labhairt againn? Journal of Biomedical Informatics, 49 ((2014), 292-299.\nA. Hendrich, M. Chow, B., Skierczynski, agus Z., Lu (2008). Staidéar ar Am agus ar Ghluaiseacht 36 Ospidéal: Conas a Chaitheann Neirbhíseoirí Leighis-Mhéide a gcuid Ama? An Iris Bhuan, 12 (3), 25-34."} +{"text": "A new study has revealed that a protein called PUMA (p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis) contributes to ulcerative colitis.\nUlcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disease thought to be related to aberrant activation of the immune system in the intestine. Recent research has also suggested that regulated cell death (apoptosis) of the intestinal epithelial cells is a contributing factor to the pathogenesis.\nHowever, the molecular mechanisms that control the cellular response to inflammation are incompletely understood.\nIn this paper, Lin Zhang, at the University of Pittsburgh, in Pennsylvania, found that in mice, PUMA was responsible for inducing apoptosis in the intestinal epithelium in response to inflammation; the absence of PUMA inhibited the inflammation-induced death of intestinal epithelial cells and development of colitis.\nPUMA levels were also increased in the diseased tissues of UC patients.\nThe researchers are hopeful that PUMA could represent a promising target for the development of new UC therapies.\nThe study is published in the Journal of Clinical Investigation.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-26", "url": "http://www.medindia.net/news/Study-Reveals-Protein-That-Contributes-to-Ulcerative-Colitis-83105-1.htm", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320695.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20170626083037-20170626103037-00706.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9499171972, "token_count": 219, "score": 2.5625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Léirigh staidéar nua go gcuireann próitéin ar a dtugtar PUMA (modulaire upregulated p53 d'apoptosis) le colitis ulcerative.\nIs galar athlastach intestinal é colitis ulcerative (UC) a mheastar a bheith bainteach le gníomhachtú neamhghnách an chórais imdhíonachta sa intestine. Tá taighde le déanaí tar éis a mholadh freisin go bhfuil bás cealla rialaithe (apoptosis) na gcealla epithelial intestinal ina fhachtóir rannpháirteach sa phaitogineas.\nMar sin féin, níl tuiscint iomlán ar na meicníochtaí móilíneacha a rialaíonn freagairt na gcealla ar athlasadh.\nSa pháipéar seo, fuair Lin Zhang, ó Ollscoil Pittsburgh, i Pennsylvania, go raibh PUMA freagrach as apoptosis a spreagadh san epithelium intestinal i bhfreagra ar athlasadh i lucha; chuir easpa PUMA cosc ar bhás cealla epithelial intestinal a spreagadh ag athlasadh agus forbairt colitis.\nBhí leibhéil PUMA méadaithe freisin i bhfíocháin ghalair othair UC.\nTá na taighdeoirí dóchasach go bhféadfadh PUMA a bheith ina sprioc gealltanach maidir le teiripeanna nua UC a fhorbairt.\nFoilsíodh an staidéar sa Journal of Clinical Investigation."} +{"text": "Snapshot Issue 1 April 2004\nIce Nucleation Protein\nIt cannot snow on cue for the purposes of a winter scene on a film set. The answer, as we all know, is artificial snow. Artificial snow has been on the scene for some years now and is quite extensively used in the States, as in Europe, to satisfy tourists on skis besides the film industry.\nA number of methods are used to make snowflakes out of water. One of which uses the abilities of bacteria such as Pseudomonas syringae. This little critter can initiate crystallization at temperatures as high as –3° C. High? Yes, –3° C is warm for ice formation considering that pure water only crystallizes at temperatures as low as –40°C! How does P.syringae do it? Well, in its membrane is lodged a protein – known as the ice nucleation protein (INP) – which is at the heart of ice nucleation. Precisely. The protein’s structure is such that it could well act as a template for the ice nucleation process by mimicking the pattern of an ice crystal lattice.\nWhy bacteria sport INPs in the first place is a mystery. Would it be for some kind of protection? It is difficult to grasp how the process of freezing could protect an organism in the first place. However, whatever secret purpose may lurk behind ice nucleation promoted by bacteria, INPs are certainly serving the interests of a certain number of humans in their pursuit of pleasure and consumption, be it for the purposes of entertainment, sport or perhaps, with time, even frozen foods.\n- Ice nucleation protein, Pseudomonas syringae : P06620\nL'édition française de cette chronique est disponible dans l'Instantanés du mois de Prolune.\n- Need to reference this article ? Please use this link:", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-20", "url": "http://web.expasy.org/spotlight/snapshots/001/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368706472050/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516121432-00053-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9392883182, "token_count": 402, "score": 3.34375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "An t-Eisdeas 1 Aibreán 2004\nPróitéin Núicléithe Oighear\nNí féidir go dtitfidh sneachta ar an gcuain chun críche radharc gheimhridh ar shuiteáil scannáin. Is é an freagra, mar a fhios againn go léir, sneachta saorga. Tá sneachta saorga ar an láthair le roinnt blianta anois agus úsáidtear go forleathan é sna Stáit, mar atá san Eoraip, chun turasóirí a shásamh ar scianna seachas tionscal na scannáin.\nÚsáidtear roinnt modhanna chun sneachta a dhéanamh as uisce. Úsáidtear cumas baictéir mar Pseudomonas syringae ar cheann acu. Is féidir leis an critter beag seo criostail a chur i ngníomh ag teocht chomh hard le 3 ° C. Sea, tá 3° C te le haghaidh cruthú oighear ag smaoineamh nach ndéanann uisce íon criostail ach ag teochtaí chomh ísle le 40° C! Conas a dhéanann P.syringae é? Bhuel, i a membrane tá a lógódh próitéin ar a dtugtar an próitéin núicléithe oighear (INP) atá ag croílár núicléithe oighear. Go díreach. Tá struchtúr próitéiní den sórt sin go bhféadfadh sé gníomhú mar theimpléad don phróiseas núicléithe oighir trí múnla gréasán criostail oighir a mhalairt.\nIs mistéar é cén fáth go bhfuil baictéir ag imirt INPs ar an gcéad dul síos. An bhféadfadh sé a bheith ina chosaint ar éigin? Tá sé deacair a thuiscint conas a d'fhéadfadh an próiseas reoite a chosaint ar orgánach sa chéad áit. Mar sin féin, cibé cuspóir rúnda a d'fhéadfadh a bheith taobh thiar de núicléasáil oighir a chuireann baictéir chun cinn, is cinnte go bhfuil INPs ag freastal ar leasanna líon áirithe daoine ina n-leanúint pléisiúir agus tomhaltas, bíodh sé chun críocha siamsaíochta, spóirt nó b'fhéidir, le himeacht ama, bia reoite fiú.\n- Prótaín núicléithe oighir, Pseudomonas syringae: P06620\nTá an t-eagrán Fraincis den chronicle seo ar fáil in Instantanés du mois de Prolune.\n- An gá tagairt a dhéanamh don alt seo ? Úsáid an nasc seo le do thoil:"} +{"text": "THE IMPORTANCE OF ORAL HISTORY\nIn recent years oral history has emerged as a powerful means of recording and preserving the unique memories and life experiences of people whose stories might otherwise have been lost. It enables us to eavesdrop on events, feelings, attitudes and ways of life which have been hidden from history, and thus create a more vivid and accurate picture of our past. Few historians and researchers can now afford to neglect the insights that oral sources provide. Oral history can enliven static displays in museums and galleries and more directly engage visitors in their own past. Reminiscence techniques can be used in older people’s residential homes and in the community, both to entertain and to encourage a sense of self-worth. Oral history has a firm place in schools as an interactive and shared experience offering children a rare chance to question history face-to-face while bringing generations together.\nThe links below will open typed versions of the oral history recordings made for each person:", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05", "url": "https://www.middlewich-heritage.org.uk/the-importance-of-oral-history/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250593295.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118164132-20200118192132-00279.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9271341562, "token_count": 199, "score": 3.71875, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "TÁSGÁIL na Stair Béal\nLe blianta beaga anuas tá stair ó bhéal tagtha chun cinn mar mhodh cumhachtach chun cuimhneachain uathúla agus eispéiris saoil daoine a d'fhéadfadh a gcuid scéalta a bheith caillte a thaifeadadh agus a chaomhnú. Cuireann sé ar ár gcumas éisteacht le himeachtaí, mothúcháin, dearcadh agus bealaí maireachtála a bhí i bhfolach ón stair, agus dá bhrí sin pictiúr níos beoga agus níos cruinne dár n-am atá caite a chruthú. Is beag staireoirí agus taighdeoirí a bhfuil cead acu anois neamhaird a dhéanamh ar na léargas a sholáthraíonn foinsí ó bhéal. Is féidir le stair ó bhéal taispeántais statacha a bheoú i músaeim agus i ngléasra agus cuairteoirí a chur i dteagmháil níos díreach lena gcuid féin. Is féidir teicnící cuimhneacháin a úsáid i dtithe cónaithe daoine scothaosta agus sa phobal, chun spraoi a chur ar dhaoine agus chun mothú féinmheas a spreagadh. Tá áit láidir ag an stair ó bhéal sna scoileanna mar thaithí idirghníomhach agus roinnte a thairgeann deis neamhchoitianta do leanaí ceist a chur ar stair os comhair an duine agus glúine a thabhairt le chéile.\nOsclaíonn naisc thíos leaganacha taipeáilte de na taifid stair ó bhéal a rinneadh do gach duine:"} +{"text": "Plant City, Florida\nThe Strawberry Capital of the United States\nLocated in Northeastern Hillsborough County, about 30 miles east of tampa, the city is agriculturally rich and has become known as the strawberry Capital of the United States.\nToday, Plant city is the center for strawberry cultivation with more than three-fourths of the midwinter strawberries grown in the United States produced in Plant City. The first American species of strawberrieswas cultivated about 1835.\nPlant City Facts:\n1. Plant city's history dates back to the mid 1800's.\n2. As early as 1839, a pine log blockhouse, Fort Hichipuckassa, existed.\n3. In 1849, settlers started the Ickepuckesassa post office, which was originally after the native American village thatonce occupied the area.\n4. In 1884, railroad entrepreneur Henry B. Plant extended the south Florida Railroad into the region.\n5. One year later, when the town was incorperated, it was renamed in his honor.\n6. The recognition goes to Mr. Plant, but also describes the surroundng farming industry, which greatly added to the city's growth.\nNovember 15, 2005", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-30", "url": "http://www.angelfire.com/celeb2/joshuanetgarcia/city/index.htm", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549425144.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20170725102459-20170725122459-00557.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9518505931, "token_count": 253, "score": 2.859375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Cathair Plandaí, Florida\nCaipitil na Meiriceánach don Strawberry\nLonnaithe i dTuaisceart Chontae Hillsborough, thart ar 30 míle soir ó Tampa, tá an chathair saibhir go talmhaíochta agus tá sé ar a dtugtar Caipitil na Stát Aontaithe na straoibhe.\nSa lá atá inniu ann, is í Plant City an t-ionad d'fhás straoberi agus tá níos mó ná trí cheathrú de na straoberi lár-gheimhridh a fhásann sna Stáit Aontaithe a tháirgtear i gCathair na bPlandaí. Bhí an chéad speiceas Meiriceánach de strabaicí a chothú thart ar 1835.\nFíricí Cathrach Plandaí:\n1. an t-am a bhí ann. Tosaíonn stair Chathair Plandaí siar go lár na 1800í.\n2. Seachadadh. Go luath i 1839, bhí blochouse lógó pinne, Fort Hichipuckassa, ann.\n3. Tá an t-am ann. Sa bhliain 1849, thosaigh lonnaitheoirí oifig phoist Ickepuckesassa, a bhí ar dtús tar éis an sráidbhaile dúchasach Mheiriceá a bhí san áit a raibh an ceantar ann.\n4. Tá an t-am Sa bhliain 1884, rinne fiontraí iarnróid Henry B. Chuir Plant i bhfad an Iarnród Florida Theas isteach sa réigiún.\n5. Tá an t-am ann. Bliain ina dhiaidh sin, nuair a chuireadh an baile isteach, athainmníodh é ina onóir.\n6. Ceacht. Tá an t-aitheantas ag an Uasal Plant, ach tuairiscíonn sé an tionscal feirmeoireachta atá timpeall air, a chuir go mór le fás na cathrach.\n15 Samhain, 2005"} +{"text": "Alabama Power Company is the largest, oldest, and historically the most significant state utility. Founded in 1906, the company\nestablished the first central station generation and transmission system in Alabama. The company's development is inextricably entwined with the history of Alabama and has been on the leading edge of economic\ndevelopment issues for most of its history. Alabama Power built the first large hydroelectric dam in Alabama and was sending\nelectricity to the Birmingham industrial district by 1914. The company's ownership and subsequent donation to the federal government of its dam site at\nMuscle Shoals on the Tennessee River during World War I threw Alabama Power into the middle of a national debate over public versus private generation and transmission of electricity.\nIn the World War II era, Alabama Power lobbied to locate defense industries and military bases in the state and after the war encouraged the\nconversion of these facilities to peacetime use. Sometimes identified as one of the Birmingham \"Big Mules,\" (Gov. Bibb Graves's term for large corporations in the state's business center), its policies were often at odds with other big businesses, such\nas its recruitment of industry into the state, which was opposed by some industrialists who were concerned that labor competition might lead to increased wages. Throughout its history, the company has been involved in community and economic\ndevelopment and currently provides reliable electricity at costs below the national average.\nThe Alabama Power Company was incorporated in Gadsden, on December 4, 1906, by Cherokee County native William Patrick Lay. At the beginning of the twentieth century, Alabama was an agricultural state with little electricity-generating capacity and no transmission system. Some Alabama cities and towns generated a small amount of electricity from isolated mostly coal-fired dynamos that operated street lights, occasional street cars, and some residential lighting. A few industries had generators for lights or motors. In 1907, Lay secured congressional approval for the construction of a dam on the Coosa River at the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Lock 12 site, but he was never able to secure money to build the dam. In 1912, he sold his company and its assets, which included only the dam site at Lock 12, to James Mitchell, a Massachusetts engineer with connections to a London investment house. Mitchell founded a holding company, Alabama Traction, Power & Light, Ltd., in Canada to facilitate moving British funds to Alabama banks and hired Montgomery attorney Thomas W. Martin as general counsel.\nOn Martin's advice, Mitchell purchased the assets of several companies that held prime dam sites on Alabama rivers, including the Alabama Interstate Power Company, which owned a site at Cherokee Bluffs on the Tallapoosa River as well as the Muscle Shoals Hydro‑Electric Company, which owned a site on the Tennessee River at Muscle Shoals. Mitchell opened an office in Montgomery's Bell Building in early 1912. He acquired the Alabama Power Development Company, which had a small dam and generating facility at Jackson Shoals on Choccolocco Creek, a transmission line to Talladega and Gadsden, and a steam plant under construction in Gadsden. That same year, 1912, Mitchell purchased other Alabama companies that held property on the Coosa River at Duncan's Riffle (now the site of Mitchell Dam) and Lock 18 (now the site of Jordan Dam).\nJames Mitchell initially planned to build his first dam on the Tallapoosa River at Cherokee Bluffs (now the site of Martin Dam). In the summer of 1912, Mitchell changed his plans after it became apparent that the Central of Georgia Railroad bridge over the Tallapoosa would have to be replaced. He instead decided to build at Lock 12 on the Coosa and construct transmission\nlines to Birmingham, the industrial heart of the state, and moved the company headquarters there that same year. The Lock\n12 dam (now Lay Dam) was completed in December 1913 and was generating electricity by April 1914 and transmitting it to Birmingham by July. The\ncompany's coal‑fired Gadsden steam plant provided backup generation when water levels in the Coosa River were too low to generate electricity.\nWorld War I and Industrialization\nIn 1914, candidates in the Democratic primary attacked the company, making an issue of the foreign money that backed the company's Alabama investments. Soon after the outcry erupted, the outbreak of World War I cut off the supply of capital from England. In addition, landowners around the Coosa Dam filed suits claiming the rising waters were a breeding place for mosquitoes and were increasing the incidence of malaria.\nAt the same time that Alabama Power began generating power, the company also worked to promote industrial development in the state and was responsible for purchasing and placing into production in Anniston the first electric furnace in the South for the manufacture of steel. The demand for electricity in Alabama soared with wartime production, and the company built another steam plant on the Warrior River, a facility later named after William Crawford Gorgas. In early 1917, with U.S. entrance into World War I seeming probable, the U.S. War Department pressured James Mitchell to donate his company's dam site on the Tennessee River at Muscle Shoals to the federal government so it could produce chemicals for explosives with an ample supply of hydroelectricity. Mitchell chose to donate the site to the government because the federal government threatened to appraise the land at northern Alabama farm rates and confiscate it under war powers. Alabama Power received a $1 check for property that Mitchell and the company had purchased for $500,000. Alabama Power ran transmission lines from its Gorgas Steam Plant to Muscle Shoals to supply electricity for construction of Wilson Dam, which was not completed until 1925, long after the war was over. When the federal government began generating electricity at the plant, Alabama Power was the only utility with transmission lines into the Muscle Shoals area, and it began purchasing power from Wilson Dam and distributing it when needed through connections with Georgia utilities across the southeast as far as North Carolina.\nMitchell died unexpectedly in 1920, and Martin assumed executive authority. That same year, under Martin's leadership, Alabama Power initiated a rural electrification program and built its first rural line in Madison County. To increase the use of electricity on farms, the company funded research at the Alabama Polytechnic Institute at Auburn and on the state's agricultural experiment stations to determine how electricity could be used to make farms more profitable and more efficient and improve the quality of life for farmers and their families. In 1920-1921, the company established a New Industries Division and sent a company representative to tour the North and Midwest to recruit industry to locate in Alabama, particularly selling the advantages of less expensive power from hydroelectricity. Economic development would provide more jobs for Alabamians, pump more money into small towns, and increase the company's industrial electricity sales.\nIn 1920, the Alabama State Legislature enacted the Public Utility Act, which was a far-reaching reform effort that gave the three-member Alabama Public Service Commission an increased budget and powers, including the authority to regulate utility rates. After President William H. Taft's 1912 veto of a bill that would have allowed Alabama Power to build a dam at the Lock 18 site on the Coosa River (where Jordan Dam was later constructed), Congress ceased enacting dam legislation. Alabama Power was unable to build on its other dam sites until Congress passed the Federal Water Power Act in 1920. In the next 10 years, Alabama Power completed Mitchell Dam (1923) and Jordan Dam (1928) on the Coosa River, and on the Tallapoosa River, Martin Dam (1926), Yates Dam (1928), and Thurlow Dam (1930). This additional generation allowed the company to meet the exploding demand for electricity that occurred in the 1920s because of new inventions and the increased manufacture of appliances and industrial motors and equipment. The electric iron was often the first appliance a family would purchase, followed by ranges, refrigerators, and hot water heaters as well as pumps to draw water from wells and provide indoor plumbing for rural homes.\nIn 1924, Martin folded Mitchell's original Canadian holding company into a new American company, Southeastern Power & Light,\nwhich was incorporated in Maine. Using Alabama Power's credit and assets, he organized Mississippi Power, Georgia Power, Gulf\nPower, and South Carolina Power under this holding company. In 1925, Alabama Power built a distinctive art deco‑style headquarters\nin Birmingham and crowned it with a gilded statue that came to symbolize the industrial revolution brought about by electricity.\nOver time, she became known as Electra.\nThe Great Depression, TVA, and Federal Regulation\nThe financial success of Southeastern Power and its operating companies attracted Wall Street financiers in 1928 and resulted in a hostile takeover of the company by a group backed by New York banking mogul J. P. Morgan. Southeastern Power & Light was folded into a billion‑dollar holding company, Commonwealth & Southern, which also controlled companies in Tennessee, Michigan, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio. Martin stayed on as president of Commonwealth & Southern but was able to wield little influence because the Midwestern and northern leadership dominated. During these years, Martin maintained his presidency of Alabama Power. The October 1929 stock market crash drastically lowered the value of C&S stock, but the operating companies continued to function despite declining revenues during the Great Depression. In June 1932, Martin resigned as president of Commonwealth & Southern and devoted all of his energies to Alabama Power.\nIn 1932, Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected president of the United States and began to implement his New Deal programs, which aimed to help the nation recover from the social and economic strife of the Great Depression. One program was the creation of the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), a government–funded, public–power corporation. Alabama Power had been supplying electricity to the Tennessee Valley region of Alabama as early as 1912, but when the federally owned TVA began generating power in 1933, Alabama Power could not compete financially and sold its Tennessee Valley assets either to TVA or to newly created municipal power systems. The company lost its profitable Northern Division and had difficulty refinancing its debt to take advantage of much lower interest rates brought about by the Depression. Wall Street investors were uneasy about how far TVA would expand.\nThe beginning of war in Europe in 1939 and the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941 increased federal spending in Alabama on military bases and defense industries. Alabama's large supply of electricity was one reason the state attracted so many wartime investments. Despite a record‑breaking drought in 1941, Alabama Power was able to provide electricity for war industries, the military, private businesses, and citizens, and was even sending power to aluminum plants in the Tennessee Valley because TVA's dams and transmission systems were not completed.\nThe 1935 Public Utility Holding Company Act outlawed holding non‑contiguous operating companies, which put Commonwealth &\nSouthern (C&S) in violation. From the mid‑1930s until after World War II, the Securities and Exchange Commission litigated\nthe meaning of the act and its application to the company. The result was a dismantling of C&S and the organization of a new\nholding company, the Southern Company, which began full operation in 1949 and was allowed to hold only Alabama Power, Georgia Power, Mississippi Power, and Gulf Power. Alabama Power's president Tom Martin\nwas heavily involved in ensuring that the new holding company was freed from all control by northern or Midwestern financial\nand utility interests. The 1952 election of President Dwight Eisenhower, who opposed TVA, helped the company achieve congressional\nrepeal of the provision in the 1945 Rivers and Harbors Act that had reserved the company's upper Coosa River dam sites for\nTVA expansion. Between 1954 and 1968, Alabama Power constructed five dams and three steam plants, including Logan Martin Dam\n(1964) on the Coosa River east of Birmingham, Lewis Smith Dam and Lake on the Sipsey Fork of the Black Warrior River near Jasper, and the Barry Steam Plant (1954) north of Mobile. Alabama Power also constructed generating facilities at the Corps of Engineers' Bankhead Dam (1963) and Holt Dam (1968)\non the Black Warrior River and the Miller Generating Plant north of Birmingham (1978). In a major financial commitment, the\ncompany built its first nuclear plant on the Chattahoochee River near Dothan in 1977. In 1983 the company completed its most recent hydro facility, Harris Dam on the Tallapoosa River.\nThe Modern Era\nThrough new technology, efficiencies, hydro generation, and economies of scale (meaning that increases in production lead to decreases in price), Alabama Power had managed to reduce its electrical rates between 1913 and 1967. In 1968, however, interest rates and inflation increased so much that the company was forced to request a general rate increase for the first time since the Alabama Public Service Commission began regulating utility rates in 1920. Governor George C. Wallace, who by this time was no longer able to exploit the issue of race to garner political support, opposed the utility for seeking higher rates. The governor's attacks, which lasted until 1979 and blocked any rate increases, helped drive Alabama Power to the brink of insolvency. Under president Joe Farley (1969‑1989) and his management team, Alabama Power developed innovative ways of maintaining cash flow, such as selling buildings for cash to pay franchise and ad valorem taxes and leasing the building back, leaving vacant positions unfilled, cutting budgets, and deferring non-essential maintenance. These cuts allowed the company to maintain jobs, services to customers, and avoid financial collapse.\nIn 1983, Alabama Power began to regain a firm financial footing in large part from decisions by the Alabama Supreme Court that the Public Service Commission had to allow adequate rates to cover expenses and a reasonable return on investment. President Elmer Harris (1989‑2001) began to make changes in the company's infrastructure, organization, and decision‑making practices. For example, he gave employees at the district and local levels more authority to make decisions. The company also strengthened its economic development team and supported the organization of the Economic Development Partnership of Alabama, which was jointly founded by Alabama businesses and industries to push economic development in the state. Alabama Power was deeply involved with the recruitment of Mercedes‑Benz to Tuscaloosa County. In April 2001, Charles D. McCrary, who had spent his career with Alabama Power and the affiliated Southern Company Services, was elected Alabama Power president and CEO. Since that time, he has continued the company's efforts in economic development and outreach programs. He led the company in its efforts to attract the ThyssenKrupp steel plant, one of the nation's largest industrial projects in decades, to the Mobile area.\nHydropower, which had been backed by coal‑fired generation, was the basis of the company's first central station system, but by 2007 Alabama Power had switched largely to coal-fired generators, accounting for some 69 percent of output. Nuclear power and natural gas accounted for 19 percent and 8 percent of output, respectively, and hydropower provided 4 percent of the company's generation. Although seemingly small, this number is significant because it is used for peaking power, the most expensive generation to build because it is used only when the demands for electricity peak on hot summer days.\nAlabama Power was involved in conducting studies to protect the environment before there was a Clean Water Act or a Clean Air Act. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, efforts were made to address environmental issues. Through 2008, Alabama Power had invested over $3 billion in environmental controls.\nAlabama Power Company is an operating company under the Atlanta-based Southern Company, which is the holding company for Georgia Power, Gulf Power, and Mississippi Power. A holding company uses the combined assets of its operating companies to maximize its ability to borrow money and provides certain cost-saving services, which prevents duplication in the operating companies. Alabama Power Company is administrated through six divisions: the Birmingham Division, the Mobile Division, the Eastern Division (with headquarters in Anniston), the Western Division (with headquarters in Tuscaloosa), the Southern Division (with headquarters in Montgomery), and the Southeast Division (with headquarters in Eufaula). In addition, the company has departments that specialize in power generation, transmission, and distribution. Alabama Power currently employs 6,800 people, has total assets of $15.7 billion, and is the largest taxpayer in the state.\nToday, Alabama Power remains politically active on the state and federal levels, and often on the county and municipal levels\nas well. As a utility heavily regulated at every level of government, and one of Alabama's largest taxpayers, decisions made\nby the Alabama Public Service Commission and legislature, and policies formulated in Washington can have a significant impact\non the company's business. The company thus maintains a strong lobbying presence at the Alabama statehouse. Alabama Power\nCompany has often taken public positions on tax, environmental and energy policy, on education, economic and community development\ninitiatives, and other issues. As for political contributions, the company is prohibited from providing corporate funds to\nany federal, state or local political candidate, political party or political action committee (PAC). However, its employee-operated state PAC pools dollars contributed by company leaders, as well as the company's rank\nand file. Those employee contributions are donated to state political candidates and PACs, but not to candidates for the Alabama\nPublic Service Commission, either directly or through other PACs.\nAlabama Power has a long history of philanthropy and provides support to United Way campaigns, educational programs, and Project Share, an energy assistance program administrated by the American Red Cross to help low-income families with their energy bills. In 1989, the company established the Alabama Power Foundation using stockholders' share of profits to streamline and increase the company's support for communities and improve the lives of Alabamians. By mid 2007, the foundation had awarded more than $100 million to nonprofit organizations across the state. Major programs, among many, have been the Railroad Reservation Park and Red Mountain Park in Birmingham; the auditorium in the Alabama Department of Archives and History's new west wing in the state capitol complex; the Maritime Museum of the Gulf Coast, located on the waterfront in Mobile; and A+ College Ready, a national math and science initiative designed to increase the number of students participating in math and science advanced placement courses in high schools throughout the state. Employees and retirees participate in volunteer activities that are coordinated through the Alabama Power Service Organization, founded in 1990. Retirees also performed volunteer work through a company-sponsored group called the Energizers. Together, these groups volunteered more than 100,000 hours of community service in the company's centennial year of 2006.\nThe company continues its outreach efforts, and the Renew Our Rivers volunteer cleanup campaign, established in 1999, has grown into the southeast's largest volunteer river cleanup program and has received national honors. The company's Target Zero safety program has reduced employee accidents by 75 percent since 2003 and has been adopted by all Southern Company operating companies. The program has become a model for other utilities across the nation.\nAtkins, Leah Rawls. \"Developed for the Service of Alabama\": The Centennial History of the Alabama Power Company. Birmingham, Ala.: Alabama Power Company, 2006.\nFarley, Joseph M. Alabama Power Company: \"Developed for the Service of Alabama.\" Birmingham, Ala.: Newcomen Society, 1988\nJackson, Harvey H., III. Putting \"Loafing Streams\" to Work: The Building of Lay, Mitchell, Martin, and Jordan Dams, 1910-1929. Tuscaloosa, Ala.: University of Alabama Press, 1997.\nMartin, Thomas W. The Story of Electricity in Alabama since the Turn of the Century, 1900-1952. Birmingham, Ala.: Birmingham Publishing Company, 1952.\nMcCrary, Charles D. Alabama Power Company: A Century of Service. Birmingham, Ala.: Newcomen Society, 2006.\nLeah Rawls Atkins\nPublished May 9, 2008\nLast updated October 26, 2012", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-48", "url": "http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-1524", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164036943/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133356-00070-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9618808627, "token_count": 4075, "score": 3.28125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is é Alabama Power Company an fóntais stáit is mó, is sine, agus is suntasaí go stairiúil. Bunaithe i 1906, an chuideachta\nBunaíodh an chéad chóras giniúna agus tarchuir stáisiúin lárnacha in Alabama. Tá forbairt na cuideachta nasctha go docht le stair Alabama agus tá sé ar thús cadhnaíochta na heacnamaíochta\nsaincheisteanna forbartha le linn a chuid is mó den stair. Alabama Cumhacht tógadh an chéad dam hidrealaíoch mór i Alabama agus bhí ag seoladh\nleictreachas chuig ceantar tionsclaíoch Birmingham faoi 1914. Ba é an t-eaglais a bhí ag an gcuideachta agus an deonú ina dhiaidh sin don rialtas cónaidhme ar a shuíomh dam ag\nChuir Muscle Shoals ar Abhainn Tennessee le linn an Chéad Chogaidh Domhanda Cumhacht Alabama i lár díospóireachta náisiúnta maidir le gineadh agus tarchur leictreachais poiblí i gcoinne príobháideach.\nSa Dara Cogadh Domhanda, rinne Cumhacht Alabama brústocaireachta chun tionscail chosanta agus bonn míleata a aimsiú sa stát agus tar éis an chogaidh spreag sé an\nathchóiriú na saoráidí sin le húsáid in am síochána. Uaireanta a aithnítear mar cheann de \"Big Mules\", Birmingham (Gov. Bhí a bheartais go minic i gcontúirt le gnólachtaí móra eile, mar shampla\nmar a earcú tionscail isteach sa stát, a bhí i gcoinne roinnt tionsclaithe a bhí buartha go bhféadfadh iomaíocht saothair a bheith ina chúis le pá méadaithe. Le linn a stair, bhí an chuideachta páirteach i\nTá an t-ardchaighdeán ag an mbonn seo agus tá sé ag soláthar leictreachais iontaofa faoi láthair ar chostais atá faoi bhun an mheán náisiúnta.\nBunaíodh Alabama Power Company i Gadsden, an 4 Nollaig, 1906, ag William Patrick Lay, ó Chontae Cherokee. Ag tús an fhichiú haois, bhí Alabama ina stát talmhaíochta le beagán cumas leictreachais a ghiniúint agus gan aon chóras tarchurtha. Ghlac roinnt cathracha agus bailte Alabama méid beag leictreachais ó dynamos coal-dearg a bhí ar leithligh a bhí ag oibriú soilse sráide, gluaisteáin sráide ó am go ham, agus roinnt soilse cónaithe. Bhí gineadóirí do sholas nó d'mótair ag cúpla tionscal. Sa bhliain 1907, d'fhógair Lay ceadú na Comhdhála le haghaidh dam a thógáil ar Abhainn Coosa ag suíomh Lock 12 Chór Innealtóirí Arm na Stát Aontaithe, ach níorbh fhéidir leis airgead a fháil chun an dam a thógáil. Sa bhliain 1912, dhíol sé a chuideachta agus a sócmhainní, a raibh an suíomh dam ag Lock 12 san áireamh, le James Mitchell, innealtóir Massachusetts a raibh naisc aige le teach infheistíochta i Londain. Bhunaigh Mitchell cuideachta shealbhú, Alabama Traction, Power & Light, Ltd., i gCeanada chun cistí na Breataine a aistriú chuig bainc Alabama agus d'fhostaigh sé aturnae Montgomery Thomas W. Martin mar chomhairleoir ginearálta.\nAr chomhairle Martin, cheannaigh Mitchell sócmhainní roinnt cuideachtaí a raibh suíomhanna príomhdhála acu ar aibhneacha Alabama, lena n-áirítear Alabama Interstate Power Company, a bhí ina úinéir ar shuíomh ag Cherokee Bluffs ar Abhainn Tallapoosa chomh maith leis an Muscle Shoals Hydro-Electric Company, a bhí ina úinéir ar shuíomh ar Abhainn Tennessee ag Muscle Shoals. D'oscail Mitchell oifig i mBille Bell Montgomery go luath i 1912. Fuair sé Cumann Forbartha Cumhachta Alabama, a raibh dam beag agus saoráid ghinearála aige ag Jackson Shoals ar Choccolocco Creek, líne tarchurtha go Talladega agus Gadsden, agus gléasra gaile atá á thógáil i Gadsden. An bhliain chéanna sin, 1912, cheannaigh Mitchell cuideachtaí Alabama eile a raibh maoin acu ar Abhainn Coosa ag Duncan's Riffle (an suíomh anois de Dhám Mitchell) agus Lock 18 (an suíomh anois de Dhám Iordáin).\nBhí sé beartaithe ag James Mitchell ar dtús a chéad dam a thógáil ar Abhainn Tallapoosa ag Cherokee Bluffs (an suíomh atá ag Dam Martin anois). Sa samhradh de 1912, d'athraigh Mitchell a chuid pleananna tar éis dó a bheith soiléir go gcaithfí droichead Iarnróid Mheán-Gearóidigh thar an Tallapoosa a athsholáthar. Ina áit sin shocraigh sé a thógáil ag Lock 12 ar an Coosa agus tarchur a thógáil\nna línte go Birmingham, croí tionsclaíoch an stáit, agus bhog sé ceanncheathrú na cuideachta ann an bhliain chéanna. An Sloc\nCuireadh 12 dam (Dam Lay anois) i gcrích i mí na Nollag 1913 agus bhí sé ag giniúint leictreachais faoi Aibreán 1914 agus ag aistrithe é go Birmingham faoi Iúil. An\nsoláthraigh gléasra gaile Gadsden a bhí ag gaoth guail an chuideachta gineadh cúltaca nuair a bhí leibhéil uisce i Abhainn Coosa ró-íseal chun leictreachas a ghiniúint.\nAn Chéad Chogadh Domhanda agus Tionsclaíocht\nI 1914, rinne iarrthóirí sa phríomh-roghchán Daonlathach ionsaí ar an gcuideachta, ag cur ceist ar an airgead eachtrach a thacaigh le hinfheistíochtaí Alabama na cuideachta. Go gairid tar éis an ráig a thit amach, chuir an Chéad Chogadh Domhanda deireadh leis an soláthar caipitil ó Shasana. Ina theannta sin, chuir úinéirí talún timpeall Chéadchath Coosa dhlí i gcoinne na mbanna ag rá go raibh na huiscí ag breitheadh sa t-uisce ag ardú agus go raibh siad ag méadú an mhálair.\nAg an am céanna a thosaigh Alabama Power ag giniúint cumhachta, d'oibrigh an chuideachta freisin chun forbairt thionsclaíoch a chur chun cinn sa stát agus bhí sí freagrach as an gcéad oigheann leictreach sa Deisceart a cheannach agus a chur i dtáirgeadh in Anniston chun cruach a mhonarú. D'ardaigh an t-éileamh ar leictreachas in Alabama le táirgeadh cogaidh, agus thóg an chuideachta gléasra gaile eile ar Abhainn Warrior, saoráid a ainmníodh ina dhiaidh sin i ndiaidh William Crawford Gorgas. Go luath i 1917, agus iontráil na Stát Aontaithe sa Chéad Chogadh Domhanda cosúil le dóchúil, chuir Roinn an Chogaidh na Stát Aontaithe brú ar James Mitchell chun suíomh dam a chuideachta ar Abhainn Tennessee ag Muscle Shoals a bhronnadh ar an rialtas cónaidhme ionas gur féidir leis ceimiceáin a tháirgeadh le haghaidh pléascóirí le soláthar leathan d'uisce-leictreachas. Roghnaigh Mitchell an suíomh a bhronnadh ar an rialtas toisc gur chuir an rialtas cónaidhme i mbaol an talamh a mheas ar rátaí feirme Alabama thuaidh agus é a choigistiú faoi chumhachtaí cogaidh. Fuair Cumhacht Alabama seic $ 1 le haghaidh maoine a cheannaigh Mitchell agus an chuideachta le haghaidh $ 500,000. D'oibrigh Cumhacht Alabama línte tarchurtha ó a Ghléasán Gaile Gorgas go Muscle Shoals chun leictreachas a sholáthar le haghaidh tógála Dhám Wilson, nach ndearnadh críochnú air go dtí 1925, fada tar éis an chogaidh a bheith críochnaithe. Nuair a thosaigh an rialtas cónaidhme ag giniúint leictreachais ag an gléasra, ba é Alabama Power an t-aon chustaiméir le línte tarchurtha isteach i gceantar Muscle Shoals, agus thosaigh sé ag ceannach cumhachta ó Dhám Wilson agus ag dáileadh é nuair a bhí gá leis trí naisc le húsáidí Georgia ar fud an oirdheiscirt chomh fada le Carolina Thuaidh.\nFuair Mitchell bás go tobann i 1920, agus ghlac Martin údarás feidhmiúcháin. An bhliain chéanna sin, faoi cheannaireacht Martin, chuir Alabama Power tús le clár leictreachais tuaithe agus thóg sé a chéad líne tuaithe i gContae Madison. Chun úsáid leictreachais a mhéadú ar fheirmeacha, mhaoinigh an chuideachta taighde in Institiúid Póliteicniúil Alabama in Auburn agus ar stáisiúin turgnaimh talmhaíochta an stáit chun a chinneadh conas a d'fhéadfaí leictreachas a úsáid chun feirmeacha a dhéanamh níos brabúsaí agus níos éifeachtaí agus chun feabhas a chur ar cháilíocht na beatha d'fheirmeoirí agus dá dteaghlaigh. I 1920-1921, bhunaigh an chuideachta Rannán Tionscail Nua agus chuir ionadaí cuideachta ar cuairt ar an Tuaisceart agus an Meán-iarthair chun tionscal a earcú chun a shuíomh in Alabama, go háirithe ag díol buntáistí cumhachta níos saoire ó uisce-leictreachas. Bheadh forbairt eacnamaíoch ag soláthar níos mó post do Alabamaigh, ag pumpáil níos mó airgid isteach i mbailte beaga, agus ag méadú díolacháin leictreachais tionsclaíoch na cuideachta.\nSa bhliain 1920, d'eisigh reachtóir stát Alabama an tAcht um Fhoideachas Poiblí, a bhí ina iarracht athchóirithe fada-raonta a thug buiséad agus cumhachtaí méadaithe do Choimisiún Seirbhíse Poiblí Alabama trí chomhalta, lena n-áirítear an t-údarás chun rátaí fóntais a rialáil. Tar éis do Uachtarán William H. Taft véit a chur i bhfeidhm i 1912 ar bhille a d'fhéadfaí a cheadú do Cumhacht Alabama dam a thógáil ag suíomh Lock 18 ar Abhainn Coosa ( áit a tógadh Dam Iordáin ina dhiaidh sin), scoir an Comhdháil reachtaíocht dam a fhorchur. Ní raibh Cumhacht Alabama in ann a thógáil ar shuíomhanna dá dhála eile go dtí gur rith an Comhdháil an tAcht um Cumhacht Uisce Feidearálach i 1920. Sna 10 mbliana amach romhainn, chríochnaigh Alabama Power Dam Mitchell (1923) agus Dam Iordáin (1928) ar Abhainn Coosa, agus ar Abhainn Tallapoosa, Dam Martin (1926), Dam Yates (1928), agus Dam Thurlow (1930). Thug an ghinearáil bhreise seo deis don chuideachta freastal ar an éileamh ag pléascadh ar leictreachas a tharla sna 1920idí mar gheall ar aireagáin nua agus ar tháirgeadh méadaithe fearais agus mótair tionsclaíocha agus trealamh. Is minic gurb é an t-iarainn leictreach an chéad fheiste a cheannaigh teaghlach, ina dhiaidh sin, meáin, fuílleacháin, agus teasóirí uisce te chomh maith le caidéil chun uisce a tharraingt ó tobar agus píblíneáil istigh a sholáthar do theaghlaigh tuaithe.\nSa bhliain 1924, phléigh Martin cuideachta shealbhú Ceanada Mitchell bunaidh i gcuideachta nua Mheiriceá, Southeastern Power & Light,\na bhí ionchorpraithe i Maine. Ag baint úsáide as creidmheas Alabama Cumhacht agus sócmhainní, eagraigh sé Cumhacht Mississippi, Cumhacht Georgia, Murascaille\nCumhacht, agus Cumhacht Carolina Theas faoin gcuideachta seo. Sa bhliain 1925, thóg Alabama Power ceanncheathrú sainiúil ar stíl déco\ni Birmingham agus coróin sé le dealbh gilded a tháinig chun siombail an réabhlóid thionsclaíoch a tháinig faoi le leictreachas.\nLe himeacht ama, tháinig aithne uirthi mar Electra.\nAn Depression Mór, an TVA, agus an Rialachán Cónaidhme\nThug rath airgeadais Southeastern Power agus a chuid cuideachtaí oibriúcháin maoinithe Wall Street i 1928 agus mar thoradh air sin ghlac grúpa a bhí le tacaíocht ó mhóigle baincéireachta Nua Eabhrac J. P. Morgan an chuideachta. Cuireadh Southeastern Power & Light le chéile i gcuideachta sealbhála billiún dollar, Commonwealth & Southern, a bhí i gceannas ar chuideachtaí i Tennessee, Michigan, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Indiana, agus Ohio freisin. D'fhan Martin mar uachtarán ar Chomhphobal & Theas ach ní raibh sé in ann mórán tionchair a imirt toisc go raibh ceannaireacht an Mheán-Tír Thiar agus an Tuaiscirt i gceannas. Le linn na mblianta seo, choinnigh Martin a uachtaránacht ar Alabama Power. Chuir an titim stocmhargaidh i mí Dheireadh Fómhair 1929 luach stoc C&S síos go mór, ach lean na cuideachtaí oibriúcháin ag feidhmiú in ainneoin ioncam ag titim le linn an Mhór-Dúlagar. I mí an Mheithimh 1932, d'éirigh Martin as uachtarán na Comhroinne & Theas agus thug sé a chuid fuinnimh go léir do Cumhacht Alabama.\nSa bhliain 1932, toghadh Franklin D. Roosevelt ina uachtarán ar na Stáit Aontaithe agus thosaigh sé ag cur i bhfeidhm a chláir New Deal, a bhí mar aidhm aige cuidiú leis an náisiún a ghnóthú ó choimhlint shóisialta agus eacnamaíoch an Chéad Chéad Uaire Mhór. Bhí clár amháin a chruthú ar an Údarás Gleann Tennessee (TVA), a rialtais-mhaoinithe, poiblí-chumhacht corparáid. Bhí Cumhacht Alabama ag soláthar leictreachais do réigiún Gleann Tennessee Alabama chomh luath le 1912, ach nuair a thosaigh TVA faoi úinéireacht an fhederála ag giniúint cumhachta i 1933, ní raibh Cumhacht Alabama in ann dul san iomaíocht ó thaobh airgeadais de agus dhíol sé a sócmhainní Gleann Tennessee le TVA nó le córais chumhachta cathrach a cruthaíodh le déanaí. Chaill an chuideachta a Rannóg Thuaisceart brabúsach agus bhí deacracht aige a fiach a athmhaoiniú chun leas a bhaint as rátaí úis i bhfad níos ísle a thug an Depression. Bhí infheisteoirí Wall Street imníoch faoi cé chomh fada a leathnódh TVA.\nD'fhás tús na cogaidh san Eoraip i 1939 agus ionsaí na Seapáine ar Pearl Harbor i mí na Nollag 1941 agus méadaigh sé caiteachas cónaidhme i Alabama ar bhonn míleata agus ar thionscail chosanta. Bhí soláthar mór leictreachais Alabama ar chúis amháin go d'fhág an stát go leor infheistíochtaí cogaidh. In ainneoin triomaithe taifead-bris i 1941, bhí Alabama Power in ann leictreachas a sholáthar do thionscail chogaidh, don mhíleata, do ghnólachtaí príobháideacha, agus do shaoránaigh, agus bhí sé ag seoladh cumhachta chuig plandaí alúmanaim i Ghleann Tennessee fiú toisc nach raibh damha agus córais tarchurtha TVA críochnaithe.\nChuir Acht na gCuideachtaí Coimeádaíochta Fóntais Phoiblí 1935 cosc ar chuideachtaí oibriúcháin neamh-in-ghabhálacha a bheith acu, rud a chuir an Chomhroinn &\nSouthern (C & S) i sárú. Ó lár na 1930idí go dtí tar éis an Dara Cogadh Domhanda, rinne an Coimisiún um Urrús agus Malartú\nciall an ghnímh agus a chur i bhfeidhm ar an gcuideachta. Ba é an toradh ná go ndearnadh C&S a dhíscaoileadh agus go ndearnadh eagraíocht nua a bhunú.\ncuideachta shealbhú, an Chuideachta Theas, a thosaigh oibríocht iomlán i 1949 agus a bhí cead aige ach Cumhacht Alabama, Cumhacht Georgia, Cumhacht Mississippi, agus Cumhacht an Ghleann a shealbhú. Alabama Cumhacht Uachtarán Tom Martin\nBhí baint mhór aige le cinntiú go raibh an chuideachta shealbhú nua saor ó gach smacht ag maoiniúcháin ó thuaidh nó ó Mheán-iarthair\nagus leasanna fóntais. Cuidigh toghchán Uachtarán Dwight Eisenhower i 1952, a bhí i gcoinne TVA, leis an gcuideachta a fháil ar chomhairle ó Chongres\nan foráil a aisghairm sa Acht Abhainní agus Chalaois 1945 a bhí á gcur in áirithe ag suíomhanna dam na cuideachta ar an Abhainn Coosa uachtarach do\nLeathnú TVA. Idir 1954 agus 1968, d'fhoirgigh Cumhacht Alabama cúig dhia agus trí ghléasra gaile, lena n-áirítear Dam Logan Martin\n(1964) ar Abhainn Coosa soir ó Birmingham, Dam Lewis Smith agus Loch ar Fork Sipsey Abhainn Black Warrior in aice le Jasper, agus Plannt Stoirme Barry (1954) ó thuaidh de Mobile. D'fhoirgigh Cumhacht Alabama saoráidí giniúna ag Dam Bankhead an Chór Innealtóirí (1963) agus Dam Holt (1968)\nar Abhainn an Géardaí Dubh agus ar an Ghléasán Gineadála Miller ó thuaidh de Bhirmingham (1978). I ngealltanas mór airgeadais,\nD'fhás an chéad ghléasra núicléach ar Abhainn Chattahoochee in aice le Dothan i 1977. Sa bhliain 1983 chríochnaigh an chuideachta a saoráid hidreacha is déanaí, Dam Harris ar Abhainn Tallapoosa.\nAn Ré Nua-aimseartha\nTrí theicneolaíocht nua, éifeachtúlachtaí, gineadh hidreolaíoch, agus geilleagair scála (a chiallaíonn go dtiocfaidh méadú ar tháirgeadh le laghdú ar phraghas), d'éirigh le Cumhacht Alabama a rátaí leictreacha a laghdú idir 1913 agus 1967. Sa bhliain 1968, áfach, d'ardaigh rátaí úis agus boilsciú an oiread sin go raibh an chuideachta iallach ar an gcuideachta ardú rátaí ginearálta a iarraidh den chéad uair ó thosaigh Coimisiún Seirbhísí Poiblí Alabama ag rialáil rátaí fóntais i 1920. Bhí an Gobharnóir George C. Wallace, nach raibh in ann an cheist rás a shaothrú chun tacaíocht pholaitiúil a fháil, i gcoinne an fheidhmeachais chun rátaí níos airde a lorg. Chabhraigh ionsaithe an rialtais, a mhair go dtí 1979 agus a chuir bac ar aon méaduithe rátaí, le Cumhacht Alabama a thiomáint go dtí an bord d'inflascacht. Faoi cheannas Joe Farley (1969-1989) agus a fhoireann bhainistíochta, d'fhorbair Alabama Power bealaí nuálacha chun sreabhadh airgid a chothabháil, mar shampla foirgnimh a dhíol le haghaidh airgid chun cánacha saincheadúnais agus ad valorem a íoc agus an foirgneamh a léasú ar ais, ag fágáil poist folamh gan líonadh, buiséid a ghearradh, agus cothabháil neamh-riachtanach a chur siar. Thug na gearrachtaí seo deis don chuideachta poist a choinneáil, seirbhísí a thabhairt do chustaiméirí, agus titim airgeadais a sheachaint.\nI 1983, thosaigh Cumhacht Alabama ag teacht ar bhonn airgeadais daingean go mór ó chinntí ó Chúirt Uachtarach Alabama go raibh ar an gCoimisiún Seirbhíse Poiblí rátaí leordhóthanacha a cheadú chun costais a chlúdach agus toradh réasúnta ar infheistíocht. Thosaigh an tUachtarán Elmer Harris (1989-2001) athruithe a dhéanamh ar bhonneagar, eagraíocht agus cleachtais cinnteoireachta na cuideachta. Mar shampla, thug sé níos mó údaráis do fhostaithe ag leibhéal na réigiún agus na háite chun cinntí a dhéanamh. Chuir an chuideachta a fhoireann forbartha eacnamaíoch ar bun freisin agus thacaigh sí le heagraíocht Chomhpháirtíocht Forbartha Eacnamaíoch Alabama, a bhunaigh gnólachtaí agus tionscail Alabama go comhpháirteach chun forbairt eacnamaíoch a bhrú sa stát. Bhí Alabama Power an-thapaithe le Mercedes-Benz a earcú i gContae Tuscaloosa. I mí Aibreáin 2001, toghadh Charles D. McCrary, a chaith a ghairm bheatha le Cumhacht Alabama agus Seirbhísí Cuideachta Theas cleamhnaithe, ina uachtarán agus ina Phríomhfheidhmeannach Cumhacht Alabama. Ó shin i leith, lean sé ar aghaidh le hiarrachtaí na cuideachta i bhforbairt eacnamaíoch agus cláir amachraíochta. Thug sé faoi cheannas an chuideachta ina chuid iarrachtaí chun an mhonarcha cruach ThyssenKrupp, ceann de na tionscadail thionsclaíocha is mó sa tír le blianta fada, a mhealladh go limistéar Mobile.\nBa é an t-uiscechumhacht, a bhí tacaithe ag giniúint a bhí ar charbon, bunús an chéad chórais stáisiúin lárnacha na cuideachta, ach faoi 2007 bhí Alabama Power tar éis aistriú go mór chuig gineadóirí a bhí ar charbon, ag cuntas ar thart ar 69 faoin gcéad den aschur. Bhí 19% agus 8% den táirgeadh ag fuinneamh núicléach agus gáis nádúrtha, faoi seach, agus chuir hidreaclacht 4% de ghiniúint na cuideachta ar fáil. Cé go bhfuil an líon seo beag, tá sé suntasach toisc go n-úsáidtear é le haghaidh cumhacht buaic, an ghlúin is costasaí a thógáil toisc nach n-úsáidtear é ach nuair a bhíonn na héilimh ar leictreachas ag buaic ar laethanta te samhraidh.\nBhí Alabama Power páirteach i staidéir a dhéanamh chun an timpeallacht a chosaint sula raibh Acht Uisce Glan nó Acht Aer Glan ann. Sna 1950idí déanacha agus sna 1960idí luatha, rinneadh iarrachtaí chun aghaidh a thabhairt ar shaincheisteanna comhshaoil. Faoi 2008, bhí Alabama Power infheistiú os cionn $ 3 billiún i rialuithe comhshaoil.\nIs cuideachta oibriúcháin í Alabama Power Company faoi Chuideachta Theas Atlanta, atá ina chuideachta shealbhú do Georgia Power, Gulf Power, agus Mississippi Power. Úsáideann cuideachta shealbhú sócmhainní comhcheangailte a gcuideachtaí oibriúcháin chun a chumas chun airgead a fháil ar iasacht a uasmhéadú agus soláthraíonn sí seirbhísí áirithe coigilte costais, rud a chosnaíonn dúblaíocht sna cuideachtaí oibriúcháin. Tá Alabama Power Company á riaradh trí shé rannán: Rannán Birmingham, Rannán Mobile, Rannán an Oirthir (le ceanncheathrú in Anniston), Rannán an Iarthair (le ceanncheathrú i Tuscaloosa), Rannán an Deiscirt (le ceanncheathrú i Montgomery), agus Rannán an Oirthuaiscirt (le ceanncheathrú i Eufaula). Ina theannta sin, tá ranna ag an gcuideachta a speisialaíonn i dtáirgeadh, tarchur agus dáileadh cumhachta. Tá 6,800 duine fostaithe ag Cumhacht Alabama faoi láthair, tá sócmhainní iomlána de $ 15.7 billiún aige, agus is é an cáiníocóir is mó sa stát é.\nSa lá atá inniu ann, tá Cumhacht Alabama gníomhach go polaitiúil ar leibhéil stáit agus cónaidhme, agus go minic ar leibhéil chontae agus cathrach\nchomh maith. Mar fóntais rialaithe go dian ag gach leibhéal den rialtas, agus ar cheann de Alabama is mó cáiníocóirí, cinntí a rinneadh\nan Choimisiún Seirbhíse Poiblí Alabama agus reachtas, agus beartais a fhoirmítear i Washington is féidir tionchar suntasach\nar ghnó na cuideachta. Tá láithreacht láidir brústocaireachta ag an gcuideachta sa státchathras Alabama. Cumhacht Alabama\nTá an chuideachta tar éis seasamh poiblí a ghlacadh go minic maidir le beartas cánach, comhshaoil agus fuinnimh, maidir le hoideachas, forbairt eacnamaíoch agus pobail\ntionscnaimh, agus saincheisteanna eile. Maidir le ranníocaíochtaí polaitiúla, tá cosc ar an gcuideachta cistí corparáideacha a chur ar fáil do\naon iarrthóir polaitiúil, páirtí polaitiúil nó coiste gníomhaíochta polaitiúla (PAC) náisiúnta, stáit nó áitiúil. Mar sin féin, a chuid PAC stáit oibrítear pools dollar a ranníocaíodh ag ceannairí cuideachta, chomh maith le rang na cuideachta\nagus comhad. Tá na ranníocaíochtaí fostaithe a bhronntar do iarrthóirí polaitiúla stáit agus PACanna, ach ní do iarrthóirí do Alabama\nAn Coimisiún Seirbhíse Poiblí, go díreach nó trí PACanna eile.\nTá stair fhada ag Cumhacht Alabama i dtaca le carthanas agus soláthraíonn sé tacaíocht do fheachtais United Way, do chláir oideachais, agus do Project Share, clár cúnaimh fuinnimh arna riaradh ag an gCros Dearg Mheiriceá chun cabhrú le teaghlaigh ar ioncam íseal lena gcuid billí fuinnimh. Sa bhliain 1989, bhunaigh an chuideachta Alabama Power Foundation ag baint úsáide as sciar scairshealbhóirí na mbrabúis chun tacú leis na pobail agus feabhas a chur ar shaol Alabamaigh. Faoi lár 2007, d'eagraigh an bunús níos mó ná $ 100 milliún d'eagraíochtaí neamhbhrabúis ar fud na stáit. I measc na bpríomhchláir, bhí Páirc Cúlchiste an Iarnróid agus Páirc na Sléibhe Dearg i Birmingham; an t-aodóir i Roinn Alabama na gCartlann agus an Ealaín nua taobh thiar i gcomhdhéanamh chaipitil an stáit; an Músaem Muirí na Cósta na Murascaille, atá suite ar an bhfarraige i Mobile; agus A + College Ready, tionscnamh náisiúnta matamaitice agus eolaíochta a ceapadh chun líon na mac léinn a ghlacann páirt i gcúrsaí meastóireachta ard matamaitice agus eolaíochta a mhéadú i scoileanna ard ar fud an stáit. Glacann fostaithe agus scoránaigh páirt i ngníomhaíochtaí deonacha a chomhordú trí Eagraíocht Seirbhís Cumhachta Alabama, a bunaíodh i 1990. Rinne daoine ar scor obair dheonach freisin trí ghrúpa urraithe ag an gcuideachta ar a dtugtar na Energizers. Le chéile, thug na grúpaí seo breis agus 100,000 uair an chloig de sheirbhís phobail deonach i mbliana céad bliain na cuideachta in 2006.\nLeanann an chuideachta a chuid iarrachtaí amach, agus tá an fheachtas glantacháin deonacha Renew Our Rivers, a bunaíodh i 1999, tar éis fás go dtí an clár glantacháin abhcóide abhcóide abhcóide is mó san oirdheisceart agus tá onóracha náisiúnta faighte aige. Tá clár sábháilteachta Target Zero na cuideachta tar éis timpistí fostaithe a laghdú 75% ó 2003 agus tá sé glactha ag gach cuideachta oibriúcháin Southern Company. Tá an clár ina múnla do chustaiméirí eile ar fud na tíre.\nAtkins, Leah Rawls. \"Forbraíodh é chun seirbhís Alabama a chur ar fáil\": The Centennial History of the Alabama Power Company. Birmingham, Ala.: Alabama Power Company, 2006.\nFarley, Joseph M. Alabama Power Company: \"Forbraíodh é chun seirbhís Alabama a chur ar fáil\". Birmingham, Ala.: Cumann Newcomen, 1988\nJackson, Harvey H., III. (Imeachtaí na hOllscoile) \"Streams Loafing\" a chur i bhfeidhm: Tógáil na mbarraí Lay, Mitchell, Martin, agus Jordan, 1910-1929. Tuscaloosa, Ala.: University of Alabama Press, 1997.\nMartin, Thomas W. The Story of Electricity in Alabama since the Turn of the Century, 1900-1952. Birmingham, Ala.: Cuideachta Foilsitheoireachta Birmingham, 1952.\nMcCrary, Charles D. Alabama Power Company: A Century of Service. (Chomhlacht Cumhachta Alabama: Séú haois de sheirbhís). Birmingham, Ala.: Cumann Newcomen, 2006.\nLeah Rawls Atkins\nFoilsithe 9 Bealtaine, 2008\nNuashonrú deireanach 26 Deireadh Fómhair, 2012"} +{"text": "Writean article on organizational theories Paper must be at least 500 words. Organizational Theories Organizational Theories Organizational Design and Change Organizational design is a metaphor that provides a structural framework through which the firm manages to realize its main qualities as indicated in its vision statement. In simple terms, organizational change helps in providing the infrastructure in which organizational processes are deployed. It also ensures that some of the organizational qualities are attained throughout the business processes (Cummings & Worley, 2009). On the other hand, organizational change occurs when the organization develops a transition to a future state. Organizational change entails the transition process in the organization. In this case, managing organizational change entails planning and implementing change throughout the organization in order to minimize organizational costs and employee resistance in the organization (Cummings & Worley, 2009). Uncertainty in the Organizational EnvironmentEnvironmental uncertainty in the organization entails the degree to which the company is related to different environmental forces that the company has to deal with including the suppliers, customers and technology (Daft, Murphy, & Willmott, 2010). Uncertainty in the organization applies to predictable future events especially to physical measurements, which are already established in the organizational environment. Uncertainty tends to arise in stochastic or observable organizational environments or due to organizational ignorance. Dealing with uncertainty calls for managers to put in strategies that see to it that they are dealt with them when occur, and this prevents stalling of processes.Relationship between Organizational Design, Change, and Uncertainty in the Organizational EnvironmentOrganizational design/change tends to generate uncertainties in the organizational environments. In most cases, complicated organizational framework through which the organization manages to realize its main qualities may end up creating complexities in the organizational environments. In simple terms, organizational changes and design lead to ambiguity in working environments (Daft, Murphy, & Willmott, 2010). Managing change and design in the organization perhaps remains the biggest challenge, which organizational managers face in most organizations today. Staying competitive in most markets would require that the organization remain open and adaptable to change. Therefore, organizational changes in this case would mean new processes and designs in the organization. Alternatively, it would mean keeping employees motivated, maintaining market demands and being open to organizational changes. In most cases, these aspects may create uncertainties in any working environment especially when the organization is overwhelmed. Organizations are also likely to struggle especially with changes and designs in place. InfluenceWith the right leadership style, organizational structure, and management tools, organizational change and design remain possible. In fact, proper management of organizational change and design can influence organizational effectiveness. Uncertainties especially in the organizational environment in most cases lead to failures and complexities in the organization. However, proper management of changes and design in the organization would minimize uncertainties in the organizational environment. On the other hand, an effective relationship between organizational design, change and uncertainties in the working environment will most definitely produce effective results in the organization. In this case, the three aspects provide infrastructure in which organizational processes are deployed. Additionally, proper changes and design in the organization help in ensuring that some of the organizational qualities are attained throughout the business processes. This aspect will limit uncertainties in the organization and instead focus on establishing effectiveness in the organization. ReferencesCummings, T. G., & Worley, C. G. (2009). Organization development & change. Australia: South-Western/Cengage Learning.Daft, R. L., Murphy, J., & Willmott, H. (2010). Organization theory and design. Andover: South-Western Cengage Learning.\nThis is a sample question\nNeed help with a similar assignment?\nPlace an order at Study Pirate\nAttach all custom instructions.\nMake Payment. (The total price is based on number of pages, academic level and deadline)\nWe’ll assign the paper to one of writers and send it back once complete.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-14", "url": "https://studypirate.com/organizational-theories/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949025.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20230329182643-20230329212643-00007.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9296821952, "token_count": 798, "score": 2.75, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Scríobh alt ar théorií eagraíochta Ní mór go mbeadh 500 focal ar a laghad sa pháipéar. Teoiric Eagraíochta Teoiric Eagraíochta Dearadh Eagraíochta agus Athrú Is metafór é dearadh eagraíochta a sholáthraíonn creat struchtúrach trína ndéanann an gnólacht a phríomhchaighdeáin a bhaint amach mar a léirítear ina ráiteas fís. Go simplí, cabhraíonn athrú eagraíochta leis an mbonneagar a sholáthar ina ndéantar próisis eagraíochta a úsáid. Cinntíonn sé freisin go mbaintear cuid de na cáilíochtaí eagraíochta amach i rith na bpróisis ghnó (Cummings & Worley, 2009). Ar an láimh eile, tarlaíonn athrú eagraíochta nuair a fhorbraíonn an eagraíocht aistriú go stát sa todhchaí. Is éard atá i gceist le hathrú eagraíochta ná an próiseas idirthréimhseach san eagraíocht. Sa chás seo, baineann bainistíocht athraithe eagraíochta le pleanáil agus cur i bhfeidhm athraithe ar fud na heagraíochta d'fhonn costais eagraíochta agus friotaíocht fostaithe sa eagraíocht a íoslaghdú (Cummings & Worley, 2009). Is éard atá i gceist le neamhchinnteacht chomhshaoil san eagraíocht ná an méid a bhaineann an chuideachta le fórsaí comhshaoil éagsúla a gcaithfidh an chuideachta déileáil leo lena n-áirítear na soláthraithe, na custaiméirí agus an teicneolaíocht (Daft, Murphy, & Willmott, 2010). Baineann éiginnteacht san eagraíocht le himeachtaí a bhfuiltear in ann a thuar amach amach go háirithe le tomhais fhisiceacha, atá bunaithe cheana féin sa timpeallacht eagraíochta. Is gnách go dtarlaíonn éiginnteacht i dtimpeallachtaí eagraíochta stocastacha nó inbhreathnaithe nó mar gheall ar aineolas eagraíochta. I gcás ina bhfuil an t-athrú seo ag teacht chun cinn, ní mór do bhainistithe a bheith cinnte go bhfuil na beartais is gá chun an t-athrú a chur i bhfeidhm. I bhformhór na gcásanna, d'fhéadfadh creat eagraíochta casta trína ndéanann an eagraíocht a phríomhchaighdeáin a bhaint amach a bheith ina gcríoch chun castachtaí a chruthú sna timpeallachtaí eagraíochta. Go simplí, bíonn amhachtaí i dtimpeallachtaí oibre mar thoradh ar athruithe eagraíochta agus dearadh (Daft, Murphy, & Willmott, 2010). Is dócha gurb é an dúshlán is mó a bhíonn os comhair bainisteoirí eagraíochta sa chuid is mó d'eagraíochtaí inniu ná athrú agus dearadh a bhainistiú san eagraíocht. Chun a bheith iomaíoch i bhformhór na margaí, bheadh sé riachtanach go mbeadh an eagraíocht oscailte agus in oiriúint do athrú. Dá bhrí sin, ba cheart go mbeadh athruithe eagraíochta sa chás seo i gceist le próisis agus dearaí nua san eagraíocht. Ina theannta sin, ba cheart go mbeadh sé ina chiall go mbeadh sé ina chúis le fostaithe a spreagadh, éilimh an mhargaidh a choimeád ar bun agus a bheith oscailte d'athruithe eagraíochta. I bhformhór na gcásanna, d'fhéadfadh na gnéithe seo éagmais a chruthú in aon timpeallacht oibre go háirithe nuair a bhíonn an eagraíocht thar a bheith. Is dócha go mbeidh eagraíochtaí ag streachailt go háirithe le hathruithe agus le dearadh atá i bhfeidhm. IonsaíLe stíl ceannaireachta ceart, struchtúr eagraíochta agus uirlisí bainistíochta, tá athrú agus dearadh eagraíochta fós indéanta. Go deimhin, is féidir le bainistíocht cheart athraithe agus dearadh eagraíochta tionchar a imirt ar éifeachtacht eagraíochta. Is minic a bhíonn neamhchinnteachtaí, go háirithe i dtimpeallacht na heagraíochta, ina chúis le teipí agus le castachtaí san eagraíocht. Mar sin féin, ba cheart go ndéanfaí bainistiú cuí ar athruithe agus ar dhearadh san eagraíocht chun éiginnteachtaí a íoslaghdú sa timpeallacht eagraíochta. Ar an láimh eile, is cinnte go dtabharfaidh gaol éifeachtach idir dearadh eagraíochta, athrú agus éiginnteachtaí san timpeallacht oibre torthaí éifeachtacha san eagraíocht. Sa chás seo, soláthraíonn na trí ghné an bonneagar ina ndéantar próisis eagraíochta a úsáid. Ina theannta sin, cabhraíonn athruithe agus dearadh cuí san eagraíocht lena chinntiú go mbaintear cuid de na cáilíochtaí eagraíochta amach i rith na bpróisis ghnó. Beidh an ghné seo ag teorainn le neamhchinnteachtaí san eagraíocht agus díreoidh sé ina ionad sin ar éifeachtacht a bhunú san eagraíocht. TagraíochtaíCummings, T. G., & Worley, C. G. (2009). Forbairt agus athrú eagraíochta. An Astráil: Ollscoil an Iarthair/Cengage Learning. Daft, R. L., Murphy, J., & Willmott, H. (2010). Teoiric agus dearadh eagraíochta. Andover: Oideachas Cengage an Iarthair Theas.\nIs ceist samplach í seo\nAn gá cabhair le haistriúchán den chineál céanna?\nCuir ordú ar Study Pirate\nCuir na treoracha saincheaptha go léir leis.\nDéan Íocaíocht. (Tá an praghas iomlán bunaithe ar líon na leathanaigh, ar an leibhéal acadúil agus ar an spriocdháta)\nCuirfimid an páipéar le ceann de na scríbhneoirí agus cuirfimid ar ais é nuair a bheidh sé críochnaithe."} +{"text": "Rumour: A protein, NRF-2, has shown to counteract inflammation and oxidation in osteoarthritis.\nTruth: This is true.\nOsteoarthritis is a condition where the bones of the body begin to degenerate. Many older adults experience osteoarthritis, leading to walking pains and disability. Although there is no treatment for osteoarthritis, NRF-2, a protein that is known to counteract bone resorption, may be promising in treating osteoarthritis.\nThe Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences have illustrated that NRF-2 can reduce inflammatory responses that elicit further bone deterioration. This protein activates genes that can protect cartilage from degradation and can reduce osteoporosis severity. This article shows promise in NRF-2’s ability to reduce oxidation and promote bone health.\nTo learn more about this study, click here.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-10", "url": "https://medicalnewsbulletin.com/osteoarthritis-rumour/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875146186.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20200226023658-20200226053658-00377.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8905810118, "token_count": 185, "score": 2.609375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Fuaim: Léiríodh go ndéanann próitéin, NRF-2, dul i ngleic le tinneas athlastaithe agus ocsaídiúcháin in osteoarthritis.\nFírinne: Is fíor é seo.\nIs é osteoarthritis riocht ina dtosaíonn cnámha an choirp ag díghrádú. Bíonn osteoarthritis ag go leor daoine fásta aosta, rud a fhágann go mbíonn pian acu ag siúl agus go mbíonn siad míchumas. Cé nach bhfuil aon chóireáil ann le haghaidh osteoarthritis, d'fhéadfadh próitéin NRF-2, a bhfuil a fhios aige go ndéanann sé frithshruthú cnámh a mhaolú, a bheith geallta i gcóireáil osteoarthritis.\nLéirigh Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences gur féidir le NRF-2 freagraí athlastacha a laghdú a spreagann meath cnámh breise. Gníomhaíonn an próitéin seo géin a chosnaíonn cartilage ó dhíscaoileadh agus a laghdaíonn déine osteoporosis. Taispeánann an t-alt seo gealltanas i gcumas NRF-2 ocsaídiú a laghdú agus sláinte cnámh a chur chun cinn.\nChun tuilleadh eolais a fháil faoin staidéar seo, cliceáil anseo."} +{"text": "TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language)\nTOEFL is a test for non-native English speakers to evaluate their ability to read, write, speak, and listen to English. The TOEFL iBT test measures your ability to use and understand English at the university level. And it evaluates how well you combine your listening, reading, speaking and writing skills to perform academic tasks.\nThere are two formats of the TOEFL test. The format you take depends on the location of your test center. Most test takers take the TOEFL iBT test. Test centers that do not have Internet access offer the Paper-based Test (PBT). In India, it is the TOEFL iBT that is conducted in various test centers across the country. Each year, nearly a million individuals of all ages take the TOEFL test to demonstrate their English-language proficiency. More than 25 million people from all over the world have taken the TOEFL test since it was first offered.\nMore than 8,000 colleges, agencies, and other institutions in over 130 countries accept TOEFL scores. Other organizations rely on TOEFL scores as well:\n- Immigration departments use them to issue residence trial and work visas\n- Medical and licensing agencies use them for professional certification purposes\n- Individuals use them to measure their progress in learning English\nThe TOEFL iBT® test is given in English and administered via the internet. There are four sections (listening, reading, speaking and writing) which take a total of about four and a half hours to complete and each section is taken online. Of these, Speaking and writing has independent as well as integrated tasks since they involve listening and reading tasks before answering questions. The total score of TOEFL iBT is 120.\n|Reading (as per changes from Nov-1, 2011)||60 to 80 minutes||36-56||Read 3 or 4 passages from academic texts and answer questions.||0 – 30|\n|Listening||60 to 90 minutes||34-51||Listen to lectures, classroom discussions, and conversations, and then answer questions.||0 –30|\n|10 Minutes Break|\n|Speaking||20 minutes||6 tasks||Express an opinion on a familiar topic; speak based on reading and listening tasks.||0 –30|\n|Writing||50 minutes||2 tasks||Write essay responses based on reading and listening tasks; support an opinion in writing.||0 –30|\nThe Reading section includes three or four reading passages. There are 12 to 14 questions per passage. You have 60 to 80 minutes to answer all the questions in the section.\nTOEFL iBT Reading passages are excerpts from university-level textbooks that would be used in introductions to a discipline or topic. The passages will cover a variety of different subjects. Don’t worry if you’re unfamiliar with the topic of a passage. All the information you need to answer the questions will be in the passage.\nThe Listening section includes test questions about academic lectures and long conversations in which the speech sounds very natural. You can take notes on any listening material throughout the entire test. The test is composed of:\n- Four to six lectures, each three to five minutes long, six questions per lecture, 60 to 90 minutes\n- Two to three conversations, each three minutes long, five questions per conversation, 60 to 90 minutes.\nYour recorded responses are sent to the ETS Scoring Network, where three to six certified experts score them holistically on a scale of 0 to 4. The average score on the six tasks is converted to a scaled score of 0 to 30.\nRaters do not expect your responses to be perfect, and even high-scoring responses may contain occasional errors. Your pronunciation does not need to sound like that of a native speaker of English. The raters are listening for the effectiveness of your communication and your ability to accomplish the tasks you are given.\nThe total time for the Writing section is 50 minutes. You are asked to write responses to two writing tasks: an integrated Writing task and an independent Writing task.\n- Integrated Writing task (20 minutes) — read a short passage and listen to a short lecture. Then write in response to what you read and listened to.\n- How many words – 250 around\n- Independent Task (30 minutes) — write an essay in response to a Writing topic", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-30", "url": "http://successoverseas.com/toefl/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423222.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20170720141821-20170720161821-00689.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9294643998, "token_count": 905, "score": 3.15625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "TOEFL (Tástáil Béarla mar Theanga Eachtrach)\nIs tástáil é TOEFL do dhaoine nach labhraíonn Béarla mar theanga dhúchais chun a gcumas Béarla a léamh, a scríobh, a labhairt agus a éisteacht a mheas. Is é an tástáil TOEFL iBT a thomhas do chumas Béarla a úsáid agus a thuiscint ar leibhéal ollscoile. Agus déanann sé measúnú ar cé chomh maith is a chomhcheanglaíonn tú do chuid scileanna éisteachta, léitheoireachta, labhairt agus scríbhneoireachta chun tascanna acadúla a dhéanamh.\nTá dhá fhormáid ag an tástáil TOEFL. Braitheann an formáid a ghlacann tú ar shuíomh do lárionad tástála. Glacann formhór na nglacann tástáil an TOEFL iBT. Tá an tástáil ar phéipéar (PBT) á thairiscint ag na hionaid tástála nach bhfuil rochtain acu ar an Idirlíon. Sa India, is é an TOEFL iBT a dhéantar i gcúig ionad tástála ar fud na tíre. Gach bliain, déanann beagnach milliún duine de gach aois an tástáil TOEFL chun a gcuid cumas i mBéarla a léiriú. Tá níos mó ná 25 milliún duine ó gach cearn den domhan tar éis an tástáil TOEFL a dhéanamh ó cuireadh ar fáil é den chéad uair.\nGlacann níos mó ná 8,000 coláiste, gníomhaireacht, agus institiúid eile i níos mó ná 130 tír scóir TOEFL. Braitheann eagraíochtaí eile ar scóir TOEFL freisin:\n- Úsáidtear iad ag ranna inimirce chun víosaí trialach cónaithe agus oibre a eisiúint\n- Úsáidtear iad ag gníomhaireachtaí leighis agus ceadúnaithe chun críocha deimhniúcháin ghairmiúla\n- Úsáideann daoine aonair iad chun a gcuid dul chun cinn i bhfoghlaim Béarla a thomhas\nTugtar an tástáil TOEFL iBT® i mBéarla agus déantar é a riaradh tríd an idirlíon. Tá ceithre chuid ann (éisteacht, léamh, labhairt agus scríobh) a thógann thart ar cheithre uair an chloig go leith ar a lán chun iad a chur i gcrích agus cuirtear gach cuid ar líne. I measc na gcúraimí sin, tá cúraimí neamhspleácha chomh maith le cúraimí comhtháite ag labhairt agus ag scríobh ós rud é go gcuimsíonn siad cúraimí éisteachta agus léitheoireachta sula bhfreagraíonn siad ar cheisteanna. Is é an scór iomlán de TOEFL iBT 120.\nLéitheoireacht (de réir athruithe ó 1 Samhain, 2011) Burasán 60 go 80 nóiméad Burasán 36-56 Burasán Léigh 3 nó 4 thuras ó théacsanna acadúla agus freagair ceisteanna. Burasán 0 30 Burasán\nÉisteacht le leabhair 60 go 90 nóiméad 34-51 \n10 nóiméad ar scor\n│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │\n│Writing Paddy Paddy50 nóiméad Paddy Paddy2 tascanna Paddy PaddyWrite aiseolas bunaithe ar a léamh agus éisteacht tascanna; tacaíocht a thabhairt do thuairim i scríbhinn. Paddy Paddy0 30 Paddy Paddy\nTá trí nó ceithre thréimhse léitheoireachta sa chuid Léitheoireachta. Tá 12 go 14 cheist in aghaidh an chéim. Tá 60 go 80 nóiméad agat chun na ceisteanna go léir sa rannán a fhreagairt.\nIs éard atá i bpáirteanna léitheoireachta TOEFL iBT ná earraigh ó leabhair teagaisc leibhéal ollscoile a d'úsáidfí mar thabhairt isteach ar dhisciplín nó ar ábhar. Beidh ábhar éagsúil i gceist sna hailt. Ná bíodh imní ort mura bhfuil tú eolach ar ábhar na hailt. Beidh an fhaisnéis go léir is gá duit chun na ceisteanna a fhreagairt sa chonair.\nI gclár Éisteacht tá ceisteanna tástála faoi léachtaí acadúla agus comhráite fada ina bhfuil an cainte go nádúrtha. Is féidir leat nótaí a dhéanamh ar aon ábhar éisteachta le linn an tástála ar fad. Tá an tástáil comhdhéanta de:\n- Ceithre go sé léacht, trí go cúig nóiméad ar fad gach ceann, sé cheist in aghaidh an léachta, 60 go 90 nóiméad\n- Dhá nó trí chomhrá, trí nóiméad ar fad gach ceann, cúig cheist in aghaidh an chomhrá, 60 go 90 nóiméad.\nSeoltar do fhreagraí taifeadta chuig Líonra Scórála ETS, áit a ndéanann trí go sé saineolaí deimhnithe scór iomlán orthu ar scála ó 0 go 4. Déantar an scór meán ar na sé tasc a thiontú go scór scálaithe de 0 go 30.\nNí bhíonn ag na rátálaithe súil go mbeidh do fhreagraí foirfe, agus d'fhéadfadh earráidí a bheith ann uaireanta fiú i bhfreagraí a bhfuil ardscór acu. Ní gá go mbeadh do fhuaimniú cosúil le fuaimniú duine a labhraíonn Béarla mar theanga dhúchais. Tá na rátálaithe ag éisteacht le héifeachtúlacht do chumarsáide agus do chumas na tascanna a thugtar duit a chur i gcrích.\nIs é an t-am iomlán don chuid Scríbhneoireachta 50 nóiméad. Iarrtar ort freagraí a scríobh ar dhá tasc scríbhneoireachta: tasc scríbhneoireachta comhtháite agus tasc scríbhneoireachta neamhspleách.\n- Tasc Comhtháite Scríbhneoireachta (20 nóiméad) léigh pasáiste gearr agus éisteacht le léacht ghearr. Ansin scríobh freagra ar an méid a léigh tú agus a chuala tú.\n- Cé mhéad focal 250 thart\n- Tasc neamhspleách (30 nóiméad) aiste a scríobh mar fhreagra ar ábhar Scríbhneoireachta"} +{"text": "Researchers at Stanford University have built what is claimed to be the first fully-working computer based on a processor built from carbon nanotube transistors, in a move hoped to help string out Moore's Law for a few more decades.\nResearchers at Stanford University have succeeded in producing the world's first microcomputer with a processor built around carbon nanotube transistors (CNTs.)\nNamed for Intel co-founder Gordon Moore, Moore's Law is the observation that the complexity of computer circuits as measured by the number of transistors crammed onto a die roughly doubles every eighteen months. Although originally merely a historical observation, it has proved remarkably accurate in predicting - or, some would argue, defining - the growth of computing.\nNow, however, Moore's Law is reaching its limits. Increasing the number of transistors in a given processor requires decreasing their size, and decreasing their size introduces a number of physics-related issues from heat generation to current leakage. As a result, some scientists believe that within the next few processor generations we will hit a hard size limit below which it will be impossible to manufacture a traditional processor.\nThat's where non-traditional materials come in. A team at the Stanford Robust Systems Group claims to have developed the world's first working computer built using a microprocessor which uses carbon nanotube transistors in place of the more traditional type used in modern computing.\nIt's a move that others in the industry have been investigating - IBM, in particular, is a proponent of carbon nanotubes as one possible solution to the coming struggles to keep up with Moore's Law - but which has yet to be realised beyond small-scale experimental systems. 'People have been talking about a new era of carbon nanotube electronics moving beyond silicon,'[i] claimed Subhasish Mitra, lead professor on the project and an electrical engineer and computer scientist. '[i]But there have been few demonstrations of complete digital systems using this exciting technology. Here is the proof.\nThe computer, admittedly, is basic by modern standards: its processor is built on a process node of one micron - 1,000 nanometres, orders of magnitude larger than today's smallest 14nm parts - and features just 142 of the carbon nanotube transistors. That was enough, however, for the team to implement a small subset of the MIPS instruction set arcitecture and to produce what they claim is a Turing-complete, general-purpose programmable computer system.\nThe team has already shown the computer is capable of performing useful tasks, albeit slowly: using a customised multi-tasking operating system, the computer has performed counting and number-sorting operations - but the team claimed that the research is more than just the creation of a slow, expensive microcomputer. 'It's not just about the CNT computer,\n' explained Mitra. 'It's about a change in directions that shows you can build something real using nanotechnologies that move beyond silicon and its cousins.\nThe team's work is published in the Nature\njournal this month.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-48", "url": "http://www.bit-tech.net/news/hardware/2013/09/26/stanford-nanotube/1", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164786099/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204134626-00079-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.944406271, "token_count": 626, "score": 4.0625, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "D'fhógair taighdeoirí in Ollscoil Stanford gur tógadh an chéad ríomhaire atá ag obair go hiomlán bunaithe ar phróiseálaí a tógadh ó thrasraitheoirí nanotube carbóin, agus tá súil acu go gcabhróidh sé le Dlí Moore a shíneadh ar feadh cúpla bliain eile.\nD'éirigh le taighdeoirí in Ollscoil Stanford an chéad mhicre-chomh ríomhaire ar domhan a tháirgeadh le próiseálaí a tógadh timpeall trasraitheoirí nana-tubaí carbóin (CNTanna).\nAinmníodh é i gcomharsaitheoir Intel Gordon Moore, is é Dlí Moore an breathnóireacht go ndéantar castacht na gcreataí ríomhaire a thomhas trí líon na n-idirthurais a chuirtear ar dhíshealbhán a dhúbailt gach ocht mbliana déag. Cé gur breathnóireacht stairiúil amháin a bhí ann ar dtús, tá sé tar éis a bheith an-chruinn maidir le fáith - nó, a mhaíonn cuid, a shainiú - an fhás ríomhaireachta.\nAnois, áfach, tá Dlí Moore ag teacht ar a theorainneacha. Chun líon na n-idirthráthóirí a mhéadú i bpróiseálaí áirithe, ní mór a méid a laghdú, agus tugann laghdú a mhéid roinnt saincheisteanna a bhaineann le fisice ó ghiniúint teasa go sceitheadh reatha. Mar thoradh air sin, creideann roinnt eolaithe go mbeidh teorainn mhór méid againn laistigh de na chéad ghlúin phróiseálaithe eile, agus go mbeidh sé dodhéanta próiseálaí traidisiúnta a mhonarú.\nSin an áit a dtagann ábhair neamhthraidisiúnta isteach. Éilíonn foireann ag Grúpa Córais Dlúthchruthach Stanford gur forbraíodh an chéad ríomhaire oibre ar domhan a tógadh ag baint úsáide as micreaphróiseálaí a úsáideann trasraitheoirí nanaíotábla carbóin in ionad an chineál níos traidisiúnta a úsáidtear i ríomhairí nua-aimseartha.\nIs é an t-aistriú go bhfuil daoine eile sa tionscal a bheith ag déanamh imscrúdaithe - IBM, go háirithe, is é a proponent de carbon nanotubes mar réiteach amháin is féidir leis na streachailtí atá le teacht a choinneáil suas le Dlí Moore - ach a bhfuil fós a bheith réalaithe thar chórais turgnamhach ar scála beag. 'Tá daoine ag caint faoi ré nua leictreonaic nanotube carbóin ag bogadh thar sileacain,'[i] a dúirt Subhasish Mitra, ollamh ceannaire ar an tionscadal agus innealtóir leictreach agus eolaí ríomhaireachta. '[i]Ach ní raibh mórán taispeántais ar chórais dhigiteacha iomlána ag baint úsáide as an teicneolaíocht spreagúil seo. Seo an cruthúnas.\nIs fíor go bhfuil an ríomhaire bunúsach de réir caighdeáin nua-aimseartha: tá a phróiseálaí tógtha ar nód próiseála de mhicrean amháin - 1,000 nanaméadar, orduithe móra ná na codanna 14nm is lú inniu - agus ní fheidhmíonn sé ach 142 de thrasstairí nanotube carbóin. Bhí sé sin go leor, áfach, chun go gcuirfeadh an fhoireann fo-sóite beag de ailtireacht tacar teagaisc MIPS i bhfeidhm agus a tháirgeadh an rud a deir siad gur córas ríomhaireachta cláraithe Turing-iomlána, ginearálta é.\nTá sé léirithe ag an bhfoireann cheana féin go bhfuil an ríomhaire in ann tascanna úsáideacha a dhéanamh, cé go mall: ag baint úsáide as córas oibriúcháin iltascála saincheaptha, rinne an ríomhaire oibríochtaí comhaireamh agus ordúcháin uimhreacha - ach d'éiligh an fhoireann go bhfuil an taighde níos mó ná ach micro-ríomhaire mall, daor a chruthú. 'Ní bhaineann sé ach leis an ríomhaire CNT,\n' a mhínigh Mitra. 'Tá sé faoi athrú i dtreo a léiríonn is féidir leat rud éigin fíor a thógáil ag baint úsáide as nanotechnologies a théann thar sileacain agus a seoltaí.\nFoilsíodh obair an fhoireann sa Nature\nJournal an mhí seo."} +{"text": "/zhah-kar'/ A mechanical loom, invented by Joseph-Marie Jacquard in 1801, which used the holes punched in pasteboard punch cards (which see) to control the weaving of patterns in fabric. It was the first machine to use punch cards, although it did no computation based on them.http://history.rochester.edu/steam/hollerith/loom.htm.\nLast updated: 1998-10-19\nJackson method ♦ Jacquard, Joseph-Marie ♦ Jacquard loom ♦ JAD ♦ JADE\nTry this search on Wikipedia, Wiktionary, Google, OneLook.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23", "url": "https://foldoc.org/Jacquard+loom", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224645595.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20230530095645-20230530125645-00661.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8526239991, "token_count": 152, "score": 3.140625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "/zhah-kar'/ Teallaim mheicniúil, arna invented ag Joseph-Marie Jacquard i 1801, a d'úsáid na poill punched i cártaí punch pasteboard (a fheiceann) chun rialú a dhéanamh ar na patrúin a fhéachaint i ndréacht. Ba é an chéad mheaisín é a d'úsáid cártaí punch, cé nach ndearna sé aon ríomhaireacht bunaithe orthu.\nNuashonrú deireanach: 1998-10-19\nMhodh Jackson ♦ Jacquard, Joseph-Marie ♦ Jacquard loom ♦ JAD ♦ JADE\nDéan iarracht an cuardach seo a dhéanamh ar Wikipedia, Wiktionary, Google, OneLook."} +{"text": "This Reading lesson supports all learners to develop inferencing skills and oral reading fluency to identify the setting in a text. Students will match setting clue cards to the location using the clues in the mysterious setting clue cards. The students will work on a recording sheet to assess progress during the activity. A follow-up assessment is also included with this activity. The lesson includes a second set of materials with modifications for struggling readers, as well as tips to differentiate this Reading lesson.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-30", "url": "https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/Using-Inferencing-clues-to-identify-the-setting-2061167", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549436321.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20170728022449-20170728042449-00259.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9528257251, "token_count": 95, "score": 3.3125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tacaíonn an ceacht Léitheoireachta seo le gach foghlaimeoir scileanna inference a fhorbairt agus sliocht léitheoireachta ó bhéal chun an suíomh i téacs a aithint. Cuirfidh mic léinn cártaí léarscáileanna socraithe i gcomparáid leis an suíomh ag baint úsáide as na leideanna sna cártaí léarscáileanna socraithe mistéireach. Oibreoidh na mic léinn ar bileog taifeadta chun dul chun cinn a mheas le linn na gníomhaíochta. Cuimsítear measúnú leantach leis an ngníomhaíocht seo freisin. Cuimsíonn an ceacht an dara sraith ábhar le hathruithe do léitheoirí atá ag streachailt, chomh maith le leideanna chun an ceacht Léitheoireachta seo a dhifreáil."} +{"text": "This course covers basic block laying, sizes, uses, layout, bonding, footers, and foundations. The various types of mortar mixes and the evolution of the masonry trade, its tools and materials will be studied. Foundation drainage and damp proofing and an introduction to bricklaying are also covered in this course.\nStudents will develop a working knowledge of blueprints and specifications for masonry projects. Topics will include masonry cost and material estimating, job site preparation and construction. Students will interpret and apply standards commonly used in masonry construction.\nThis course will give students the knowledge and ability to use an architect's scale and basic drafting skills to produce shop drawing sketches of masonry wall systems, masonry details, shapes for architectural building stone and architectural pre-cast.\nThis course introduces shop drawings, hand and stationary power tools, covering interpretation, usage, setup and safety. Skills are developed through practical experience in tool usage through a series of required projects. Each student will build projects that will require shop drawing interpretation, setup and safe use of tools and machines, along with the setup and use of jigs.\nThis course introduces the most used pieces of heavy equipment. The course describes the functional operation for each piece of equipment while providing a comprehensive overview of safety requirements on job sites with emphasis on OSHA, and NIOSH requirements. Basic requirements for personal protection, safely operating equipment, and HazCom will be presented.\nCourse instruction provides basic management skills for a residential job site lead carpenter or supervisor. This course includes information on hiring workers, managing sub-contractors, material deliveries, scheduling, contracts, and documentation.\nThis course covers the installation of finished\nceiling, floor, and wall materials as well as the principles of stair\nbuilding. The student will install floor\nand wall materials as well as calculate, cut and assemble stair parts in the\nConstruction Safety is a comprehensive study of the\nrequirements of an effective safety and health program that focuses on worker\nsafety, improved productivity and accident risk management. This is done using an OSHA Outreach safety\ntraining format designed to provide students with a basic understanding and\napplication of the OSHA standards relative to their field of study.\nThis course is an overview of the basic requirements of ownership and operation of a small construction business. The course also covers the building code sections that establish minimum standards for public safety and protect consumers from hazardous design and construction.\nThis course will look at the evolution of systems\nused in the construction of wooden house frames throughout the history of\nbuilding in America. We will begin with\nan in-depth look at the centuries-old techniques employed in timber framing,\nand then follow the progression through braced-frame and balloon frame\nbuildings. Students will apply these\ntechniques to new and/or existing structures.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-48", "url": "http://www.alfredstate.edu/blct-building-construction", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163051474/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131731-00084-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9150069356, "token_count": 572, "score": 2.890625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Clúdaíonn an cúrsa seo leagan bunscoile bloic, méideanna, úsáidí, leagan amach, greamaithe, focail, agus bunús. Déanfar staidéar ar na cineálacha éagsúla meascáin mhortair agus ar éabhlóid na trádála maisiúcháin, a n-uirlisí agus a n-ábhair. Cuimsítear sa chúrsa seo freisin draenáil agus teas-réiteach bunús agus tabhairt isteach ar bhrionglóid.\nForbróidh na mic léinn eolas oibre ar phleanphrionta agus ar shonraíochtaí do thionscadail mhaisiúna. I measc na n-ábhar a bheidh le plé ná costas na maisiúireachta agus meastachán na n-ábhar, ullmhúchán agus tógáil an láithreáin oibre. Déanfaidh mic léinn caighdeáin a úsáidtear go coitianta i dtógáil mhaisiú a léiriú agus a chur i bhfeidhm.\nTabharfaidh an cúrsa seo na scileanna agus na cumas do mhic léinn scála ailtire agus scileanna bunúsacha dréachtaithe a úsáid chun léarscáileanna líníochta siopa de chórais ballaí maisiúcháin, sonraí maisiúcháin, cruthanna do chloch tógála ailtireachta agus réamhchasta ailtireachta a tháirgeadh.\nCuirtear líníochtaí ceardlann, uirlisí láimhe agus leictreacha seasta isteach sa chúrsa seo, lena gcumhdaítear léirmhíniú, úsáid, socrú agus sábháilteacht. Forbraítear scileanna trí thaithí phraiticiúil a fháil ar úsáid uirlisí trí shraith de thionscadail riachtanacha. Beidh gach mac léinn ag tógáil tionscadal a éilíonn léirmhíniú líníochta ceardlann, socrú agus úsáid shábháilte uirlisí agus meaisíní, chomh maith le socrú agus úsáid jigs.\nCuirtear na píosaí trealaimh trom is mó a úsáidtear isteach sa chúrsa seo. Déantar cur síos sa chúrsa ar oibriú feidhmiúil gach píosa trealaimh agus cuirtear forbhreathnú cuimsitheach ar na ceanglais sábháilteachta ar shuíomhanna oibre ar fáil, agus béim á leagan ar riachtanais OSHA agus NIOSH. Cuirfear na riachtanais bhunúsacha maidir le cosaint phearsanta, trealamh oibriúcháin sábháilte, agus HazCom i láthair.\nSoláthraíonn an cúrsa teagaisc scileanna bainistíochta bunúsacha do phríomchlaochtóir nó do mhaoirseoir ar shuíomh oibre cónaithe. Áirítear sa chúrsa seo faisnéis maidir le hoibrithe a fhostú, fochonraitheoirí a bhainistiú, seachadtaí ábhair, sceidealadh, conarthaí agus doiciméadú.\nClúdaíonn an cúrsa seo suiteáil\nábhair uasteorainneacha, urláir agus balla chomh maith le prionsabail stair\nfoirgneamh. Cuirfidh an mac léinn urlár\nagus ábhair bhalla chomh maith le codanna staighre a ríomh, a ghearradh agus a chur le chéile sa\nIs staidéar cuimsitheach é Sábháilteacht Foirgníochta ar an\nceanglais maidir le clár éifeachtach sábháilteachta agus sláinte a dhíríonn ar oibrí\nsábháilteacht, táirgiúlacht níos fearr agus bainistíocht riosca timpistí. Déantar é seo ag baint úsáide as sábháilteacht OSHA Outreach\nformáid oiliúna atá deartha chun tuiscint bhunúsach a chur ar fáil do mhic léinn agus\nna caighdeáin OSHA a chur i bhfeidhm i ndáil lena réimse staidéir.\nIs forbhreathnú é an cúrsa seo ar na riachtanais bhunúsacha maidir le úinéireacht agus oibriú gnó tógála beag. Clúdaíonn an cúrsa na codanna cód tógála a leagann síos íoschaighdeáin do shábháilteacht phoiblí agus a chosnaíonn tomhaltóirí ó dhearadh agus tógáil contúirteacha.\nBeidh an cúrsa seo ag breathnú ar éabhlóid na gcóras\na úsáidtear i dtógáil frámaí teach adhmaid ar fud stair\nag tógáil i Meiriceá. Beidh muid ag tosú le\nscrúdú cuimsitheach ar na teicnící céadta bliain d'aois a úsáidtear i gcreatadh adhmaid,\nagus ansin leanúint ar aghaidh tríd an fráma braced agus fráma balún\nfoirgneamh. Beidh na mic léinn ag cur na\nteicnící a chur i bhfeidhm ar struchtúir nua agus/nó struchtúir atá ann cheana."} +{"text": "I have inherited a beautiful Chinese silk artwork. I would like to know what age it is and what the script and seal mean. Much appreciated if anyone can help\nThe traditional Chinese character 曉 was simplefied to 晓 in mainland China, but the version in the paiting is 暁, it is running script style.– xenophōnApr 18, 2019 at 5:20\nThe Title is\n江南春曉 pronounced Jiang Nan Chun Xiao\n江 mean river, most used for Changjiang River in China: Asia longest and the world third longest river\n南 mean south or southern\n春 mean spring\n曉 mean morning or dawn\nSo 江南春曉 mean A Spring Morning in Southern China\nThe script beside the title is\n己亥 is a kind of Chinese calendar to name the year, it cycle every 60 years, so it can mean 1059，1119，1179，1239，1299，1359，1419，1479，1539，1599，1659，1719，1779，1839，1899，1959，2019, if the painting is created in Qing dynasty (AD 1644–1911) it can mean any of the following year 1659，1719，1779，1839，1899 Click for More info\n永 mean forever\n秋 mean autumn\n永秋 I am not sure but it can be the name of the painter.\n逸之 is like Best Regards in English letter.\nFor the seal it contain two characters, on the left side it has 山 which mean mountain, I can't identify the character on the right.\nthe four bigger characters are \"江南春曉\"\nin which \"江南\" referring to \"lands immediately to the south of the lower reaches of the yangtze river\"\n\"春曉\" means \"mornings of the spring\"\nthe smaller characters are \"己亥初秋逸ｘ\" (ｘ: not yet identified)\n己亥 is one of the sexagenary cycle, in marking year, it's 2019-60i, e.g. 2019, 1959, 1899, 1839 . . .\n\"初秋\" means early autumn\n\"初\" is the best i can guess, might be wrong :)\n\"逸ｘ\" is, most likely, the name of the painter.\nin the seal, i suspected the right one is \"茂\", and, the left character is \"山\".\nMy first guess was 己亥永秋逸之, but that didn't make any sense, so I didn't post an answer...Also the first character of the seal looks strange, never seen a shape like that before.– dROOOzeApr 18, 2019 at 3:10\n@droooze \"永\", me too. i can't compose any meaning from this one. \"之\", omg, my initial guess is \"丁\" :( as usual, i suspected, the character \"茂\" :) Apr 18, 2019 at 3:16\n茂, maybe second character here dict.variants.moe.edu.tw/variants/rbt/…– dROOOzeApr 18, 2019 at 3:19\n@droooze, yes, similar; well found :) Apr 18, 2019 at 3:21\ni guess it's \"初秋\", answer edited. Apr 18, 2019 at 3:31\nIts 江南春晓, 己亥初秋逸之, and seal 茂山（right-to-left）\n江南春晓 is the title or name of this work, means A Spring Morning in Southern China as @Simon already said.\n己亥 is the year this work is done, and 初秋 denotes the time: at the beginning of autumn.\n逸之 is the name of the author.\nthanks for your comments. Can you tell which year it was painted Apr 19, 2019 at 23:18\nas @水巷孑蠻 already answered, 己亥 is one of the sexagenary cycle, so that the exact year is not known. 2019 is (one of) 己亥 year, any (2019-60*k) for integer k would be 己亥 year.– imkzhApr 21, 2019 at 4:47\nRegarding the seal\nit is perhaps:", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23", "url": "https://chinese.stackexchange.com/questions/33665/chinese-seal-on-silk-painting-what-does-it-mean", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224654016.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20230607211505-20230608001505-00047.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.917349577, "token_count": 1088, "score": 2.5625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá mé a d'fhás saothar ealaíne síoda Sínis álainn. Ba mhaith liom a fháil amach cad aois é agus cad a chiallaíonn an script agus séala. Go mór a mhealladh má tá duine ar bith in ann cabhrú\nSimplíodh an carachtar traidisiúnta Síneach 曉 go 晓 i dtír mhór na Síne, ach is é an leagan sa paiting 暁, tá sé ag rith ar stíl script. xenophōnApr 18, 2019 ag 5:20\nIs é an Teideal\n江南春曉 pronounced Jiang Nan Chun Xiao\n江 ciallaíonn abhainn, is mó a úsáidtear le haghaidh Abhainn Changjiang sa tSín: Abhainn is faide san Áise agus an tríú abhainn is faide ar domhan\n南 ciallaíonn an deisceart nó an deisceart\n春 ciallaíonn sé an earrach\nciallaíonn 曉 maidin nó maidin\nMar sin 江南春曉 ciallaíonn A Spring Morning i ndeisceart na Síne\nIs é an script in aice leis an teideal\nIs cineál féilire Síneach é 己 chun an bhliain a ainmniú, timthriallann sé gach 60 bliain, mar sin is féidir leis 1059,1119,1179,1239,1299,1359,1419,1479,1539,1599,1659,1719,1779,1839,1899,1959,2019 a chiallaíonn, má cruthaíodh an péintíocht i gcineasacht Qing (AD 16441911) is féidir leis aon cheann den bhliain ina dhiaidh sin a chiallaíonn 1659,1719,1779,1839,1899 Cliceáil le haghaidh tuilleadh eolais\n永 ciallaíonn go deo\n秋 meán an fhómhair\n永秋 Níl mé cinnte ach d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith mar ainm an péinteora.\nIs cosúil le \"Best Regards\" i litreacha Béarla é 逸之.\nMaidir leis an séala tá dhá charachtar ann, ar an taobh clé tá 山 aige a chiallaíonn sléibhte, ní féidir liom an carachtar ar dheis a aithint.\nIs iad na ceithre charachtar is mó \"江南春曉\"\nina bhfuil \"江南\" ag tagairt do \"tíortha díreach ó dheas de na sliocht níos ísle den abhainn Yangtze\"\nCiallaíonn \"春曉\" \"maidin an earraigh\"\nis iad na carachtair níos lú \"己初秋逸x\" (x: gan a bheith aitheanta go fóill)\nTá 己 ar cheann de na timthriallta sexagenary, i mbliain marcála, is é 2019-60i é, e.g. 2019, 1959, 1899, 1839 . . . go deo . . . go deo .\nciallaíonn \"初秋\" luath-fhoghar\n\"初\" Is é an chuid is fearr is féidir liom buille faoi thuairim, d'fhéadfadh a bheith mícheart :)\nIs dócha gurb é \"逸x\" ainm an phéinteora.\nsa shéala, amhras mé an ceann ceart \"茂\", agus, an carachtar ar chlé is \"山\".\nBa é mo chéad tuairim ná 己永秋逸之, ach ní raibh aon chiall ann, mar sin níor chuir mé freagra... Chomh maith leis sin tá an chéad charachtar den shéala ag breathnú aisteach, níor fhaca mé cruth mar sin riamh roimhe seo. dROOOzeApr 18, 2019 ag 3:10\n@droooze \"永\", mise freisin. Ní féidir liom a chumadh aon chiall ó seo. \"之\", omg, is é mo bhéim tosaigh \"丁\" :( mar is gnách, bhí mé ag amhras, an carachtar \"茂\" :) Apr 18, 2019 ag 3:16\n茂, b'fhéidir an dara carachtar anseo dict.variants.moe.edu.tw/variants/rbt/... dROOOzeApr 18, 2019 at 3:19\n@droooze, sea, cosúil; fuair sé go maith :) Apr 18, 2019 ag 3:21\nI guess it's \"初秋\", freagra a eisiúint. Apr 18, 2019 ag 3:31\nTá a 江南春晓, 己初秋逸之, agus séal 茂山 (ó dheis go dtí an taobh clé)\nIs é an teideal nó an t-ainm atá ar an saothar seo ná 江南春晓, ciallaíonn sé A Spring Morning in Southern China mar a dúirt @Simon cheana féin.\nIs é 己 an bhliain a dhéantar an obair seo, agus 初秋 léiríonn an t-am: ag tús an earraigh.\nIs é 逸之 ainm an údair.\ngo raibh maith agat as do chuid tuairimí. An féidir leat a rá cén bhliain a péinteáladh é Apr 19, 2019 ag 23:18\nmar a d'fhreagair @水 cheana féin, tá 己 ar cheann de na timthriallta sexagenary, ionas nach bhfuil an bhliain cruinn ar eolas. Is é 2019 (aon cheann de) 己 bliain, aon (2019-60*k) le haghaidh iomlán k bheadh 己 bliain. imkzhApr 21, 2019 ag 4:47\nMaidir leis an séala\nb'fhéidir gurb é:"} +{"text": "Just what are whiskers and exactly where are they located?\nWhiskers are those firmer hairs you see on either side of your cats nose and above his top lip. Theyre also located above a cats eyes, sort of like eyebrows, on the sides of his face along the jawline, and on the backs of his front legs. Whiskers are embedded much deeper than the rest of a cats fur and are connected to a cats muscular and nervous systems, which enables him to better sense his surroundings and detect possible threats.\nWhiskers are a cats radar detector.\nWhiskers have sensory organs on the tips of each tactile hair that transmit signals to the brain and nervous system, alerting the cat to changes in the environment and the potential threat of a predator. This radar-like ability also helps a cat figure out spatial awareness. He uses his whiskers to determine whether he can pass through a tight space or navigate around an obstacle, even in the dark. The whiskers are highly sensitive to touch and are able to quickly transmit signals to the brain about size, shape, distance, and movement of objects.\nWhiskers are mood barometers.\nYou can measure a cats mood by the position and movements of his whiskers. A happy cats whiskers lie idle and relaxed. Whiskers that are taut and flattened signal fear or aggression. If the hairs point forward or stand on end, your cat is excited and assessing the situation in his environment. Hes either about to pounce on one of his toys or dart across the room in pursuit of a bug.\nWhiskers are crucial to a cats well-being.\nWhiskers are essential in helping a cat gauge and monitor his environment. Take away his ability to navigate, interpret, process, and assess, and youve got a cat thats frightened, disoriented, and disadvantaged. Never shave or trim a cats whiskers. Cats need every bit of length to master their surroundings. They might occasionally lose a whisker, but it will grow back.\nWhiskers are unique to each cat.\nSome cats have short and sparse whiskers. Others have impressive-looking whiskers. Trimming them will not help them grow in any thicker. It makes no difference whether one cat has scant whiskers and the other has a lush set. Each set is essential and is designed to do the same thing:process information about the animal's surroundings.\nNext time you see your cat squeeze through a small space, leap gracefully through the air to reach his tower or scamper through a dark room without bumping into anything, you can thank his highly functional whiskers for getting him to his destination safely! As for your or your man's whiskers, youd be wise to keep them nicely trimmed.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-16", "url": "https://modkat.eu/blogs/purrr/why-do-cats-have-whiskers", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371818008.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20200408135412-20200408165912-00459.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9629341364, "token_count": 567, "score": 2.96875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Cad iad na whiskers agus cá bhfuil siad suite go díreach?\nIs iad na whiskers na gruaigí níos daingean a fheiceann tú ar gach taobh de shrón do chait agus os cionn a liopa barr. Tá siad suite freisin os cionn a cat súile, cineál cosúil le eyebrows, ar na taobhanna dá aghaidh feadh an jawline, agus ar chúl a chosa tosaigh. Tá na whiskers i bhfad níos doimhne ná an chuid eile de ghruaig cat agus tá siad nasctha le córais matáin agus néarógach cat, rud a chuireann ar a chumas tuiscint níos fearr a fháil ar a thimpeallacht agus bagairtí féideartha a bhrath.\nIs é an whiskers cat radar braiteoir.\nTá orgáin mhothúchánach ag na whiskers ar cheann gach gruaige inléite a chuireann comharthaí chuig an inchinn agus an córas néarógach, ag tabhairt foláireamh don chait faoi athruithe san timpeallacht agus faoi bhagairt féideartha de dhíreach. Cabhraíonn an cumas seo a bhfuil cuma radar air freisin le cat tuiscint a fháil ar fheasacht spásúil. Úsáideann sé a chuid whiskers chun a chinneadh an féidir leis dul trí spás te nó dul timpeall bac, fiú sa dorchadas. Tá na whiskers an-íogair le teagmháil agus is féidir leo comharthaí a tharchur go tapa chuig an inchinn faoi mhéid, cruth, fad, agus gluaiseacht rudaí.\nIs barometers mothúchán iad whiskers.\nIs féidir leat a thomhas cat a mood ag an seasamh agus gluaiseachtaí a whiskers. A cat sásta whiskers luí idle agus suaimhneach. Is comhartha eagla nó ionsaithe é whiskers atá teann agus plátaithe. Má tá na gruaigí ag pointeáil ar aghaidh nó má sheasann siad ar deireadh, tá do chait ag cur suas agus ag measúnú na staid ina timpeallacht. Tá sé ag dul a bheith ag dul ar cheann dá bréagáin nó ag dul ar fud an tseomra ag lorg bug.\nTá na whiskers ríthábhachtach do shláinte na gcait.\nTá an fhuaim ríthábhachtach chun cabhrú le cat a thimpeallacht a thomhas agus a monatóireacht. Tóg a chumas a nascleanúint, a léiriú, próiseáil, agus a mheas, agus tá tú fuair cat go bhfuil eagla, disoriented, agus faoi mhíbhuntáiste. Ná bíodh a sciath nó a sciathadh riamh ar bhróga na gcait. Teastaíonn gach píosa fad ó chait chun a dtimpeallacht a mháistir. D'fhéadfadh siad a chailliúint whisker ó am go ham, ach beidh sé fás ar ais.\nTá an fhuaim ar leith ag gach cat.\nTá whiskers gearr agus sparse ag roinnt cait. Tá whiskers suntasacha ag daoine eile. Ní chabhróidh a gcorpar iad a fhás níos tiubh. Ní dhéanann sé aon difríocht cé acu amháin cat bhfuil whiskers scanted agus an ceann eile tá seic lush. Tá gach sraith riachtanach agus tá sé deartha chun an rud céanna a dhéanamh: faisnéis a phróiseáil faoi thimpeallacht an ainmhí.\nAn chéad uair eile a fheiceann tú do chait ag dul trí spás beag, ag léim go grásach tríd an aer chun a thóir a bhaint amach nó ag rith trí sheomra dorcha gan bualadh isteach i rud ar bith, is féidir leat buíochas a ghabháil lena whiskers an-fheidhmiúil as é a thabhairt go dtí a cheann scríbe go sábháilte! Maidir le do chuid nó do fear whiskers, bheadh tú a bheith ciallmhar a choinneáil orthu go deas gearradh."} +{"text": "Security is a top priority for digital mobile devices such as smartphones or laptops.\nFor this reason, many of these devices are no longer protected with a password from external access, but with a fingerprint scanner.\nBut even these can be tricked with some effort.\nResearchers have now developed an ultrasound chip that captures a three-dimensional image of the fingertip.\nThis should be counterfeit-proof.\nWho locks his smartphone or his laptop with the fingerprint, mostly imagines on the safe side.\nThe fingerprint of a human being is unique and unique as an identification feature.\nAs far as the fairy tale hour.\nEven the printed photo of a fingerprint from a glass, enriched with some skin colored latex milk or white wood glue, is usually enough to deceive fingerprint scanners.\nJust as hackers hacked the Hamburgian chaos computer club the Apple iPhone 5s , two days after the pompous market launch on September 20, 2013.\nUltrasonic image of the fingerprint including underlying tissue\nResearchers led by David Horsley, Professor of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautical Engineering at the Berkeley Sensor and Actuator Center at the University of Califórnia.\nBerkeley and Davis, have now introduced a new filigree fingerprint scanner in the journal “Applied Physics Letters”.\nYour scanner records an ultrasound image of the fingerprint, including the underlying tissue.\nThe recordings resemble those of ultrasound scans with which pregnant women are examined. The image is only substantially smaller, it is synonymous not an embryo, but a fingerprint.\n“Echoes of elevations and valleys on the surface”\n“The ultrasound images are recorded in the same way as in medical examinations,” explains Professor Horsley.\n“Transducers on the chip emit a short ultrasonic pulse, and the converters receive echoes of elevations and valleys on the surface of the fingerprint.\n” This recording technique produces far more than just one image of the finger. “Our ultrasonic fingerprint sensors can measure a three-dimensional, volumetric image of the finger surface and tissue under the surface,” emphasizes Horsley. “This makes fingerprint sensors more reliable and safer.”\nChip fits into a smartphone\nThe ultrasonic chip developed by Horsley’s team is small enough to fit into a smartphone.\nThe researchers placed tiny ultrasonic transducers on an area with an edge length of about one centimeter.\nThe distance between the transducers is 100 micrometers.\nEach of these transducers emits ultrasonic waves that reflect the filigree groove surface.\nUnderneath the converters, there are transistors which can process the reflected ultrasound signals.\nThese data form the basis for a three-dimensional image of a fingerprint with a resolution of approximately 200 μm.\nThis resolution is sufficient to capture the skin structure with all its elevations in three dimensions.\nMass production process\nThe researchers are especially proud of the fact that they have succeeded in producing the fingerprint scanner in a mass-ready production process.\nThe so-called microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) already use smartphones in their tiny microphones, acceleration sensors and gyroscopes.\nThe researchers stacked several electrodes of silicon and molybdenum in layers one above the other.\nIn between, the scientists put a 800 nanometer (nm) thin layer of aluminum nitride.\nThis piezoelectric material generates ultrasound waves that reach a sound pressure of about 14 kilopascals.\nQuick analyzes of material surfaces are also conceivable\nDavid Horsley is convinced that this technology is suitable for low-cost mass production of ultrasound chips.\nThe researchers are now working closely with the company InvenSense in San José.\nWith these ultrasound chips, not only smartphones and laptops can be protected against illegal access in the future.\nAlso favorable and fast analyzes of material surfaces are conceivable with these chips.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-34", "url": "https://www.cadincadout.com/safeguard-fraud-secure-smartphone-3d-fingerprint/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886103910.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20170817185948-20170817205948-00359.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9137478471, "token_count": 805, "score": 3.25, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá slándáil ar thús tosaíochta d'fheistí soghluaiste digiteacha amhail fón cliste nó ríomhairí glúine.\nAr an gc��is seo, ní dhéantar cuid mhór de na feistí seo a chosaint le pasfhocal ó rochtain sheachtrach, ach le scannálaí fingerprint.\nAch is féidir fiú iad seo a mheabhrú le roinnt iarrachta.\nTá cip ultrasáunála déanta ag taighdeoirí anois a ghlacann íomhá trí-thaobhach de cheann an mhéar.\nBa chóir go mbeadh sé seo bréagach-díonach.\nCé a ghlasálann a fhón cliste nó a ríomhaire glúine leis an bpríomhfhionnmharc, is minic a shamhlaíonn sé ar an taobh sábháilte.\nTá an fingerprint de dhuine uathúil agus uathúil mar ghné aitheantais.\nChomh fada agus an uair an chloig fairy tale.\nFiú amháin an grianghraf clóite de fingerprint ó ghloine, saibhrithe le roinnt bainne latex craiceann datha nó greama adhmaid bán, is gnách go leor chun scanners fingerprint a mhealladh.\nDíreach mar a hackers hack an Hamburgian Chaos ríomhaire club an Apple iPhone 5s, dhá lá tar éis an seoladh margadh pompous ar 20 Meán Fómhair, 2013.\nÍomhá uathghránach den mhéarmhéar lena n-áirítear fíochán atá faoi bhun\nTá taighdeoirí faoi stiúir David Horsley, Ollamh Innealtóireachta Meicniúil agus Innealtóireachta Aernáitíochta ag Ionad Braiteoirí agus Gníomhaitheora Berkeley in Ollscoil California.\nBerkeley agus Davis, a bhfuil anois a thabhairt isteach scannóir filigree fingerprint nua sa iris Applied Physics Litreacha .\nTaifeadann do scáinteoir íomhá ultrafhuaime den mhéara, lena n-áirítear an fíochán atá faoi bhun.\nTá na taifid cosúil le scannáin ultrafhuaime lena ndéantar scrúdú ar mhná torracha. Níl an íomhá ach i bhfad níos lú, tá sé comhchiallach ní embrión, ach fingerprint.\nEacóidí ar ardú agus ar thalbhaí ar an dromchla\nTá na híomhánna ultrafhuaime á gclárú ar an mbealach céanna le scrúduithe leighis, a mhíníonn an tOllamh Horsley.\nTagann tras-shraitheoirí ar an sliseanna léim gearr ultrafhuaime, agus glacann na hionchuirléirí echos ar ardú agus ar thalún ar dhromchla an mhéara.\n Ní léiríonn an teicníc taifeadta seo ach i bhfad níos mó ná pictiúr amháin den mhéar. Is féidir lenár n-ionad léasair léarscála uimhreacha ultrafhuaime íomhá tríthoiseach, toirteamhachtach d'uimhreacha uimhreacha agus fíocháin faoin dromchla a thomhas,a leag Horsley béim. Déanann sé seo braiteoirí léarscáileanna a bheith níos iontaofa agus níos sábháilte.\nTá sliseanna in ann dul isteach i bhfón cliste\nTá an sliseanna ultrafhuaime a d'fhorbair foireann Horsley beag go leor chun dul isteach i bhfón cliste.\nChuir na taighdeoirí tras-athraitheoirí ultrafhuaime beaga ar limistéar a raibh faid imeall thart ar aon cheintíméadar.\nIs é an fad idir na trasductóirí 100 microméadar.\nTá na tras-athraitheoirí seo ag scaipeadh tonnta ultrafhuaime a léiríonn an dromchla filigree.\nFaoi bhun na n-athsholtóirí, tá trasraitheoirí ann ar féidir leo na comharthaí ultrafhuaime a léirítear a phróiseáil.\nIs iad na sonraí seo an bonn le haghaidh íomhá thrí-thaobhach de dhrabhsúrra le rún de thart ar 200 μm.\nTá an réiteach seo leordhóthanach chun struchtúr an chraiceann a ghabháil lena chuid ardúchán go léir i dtrí thrí.\nPróiseas táirgeachta mais\nTá na taighdeoirí bródúil go háirithe as an bhfíric gur éirigh leo an scánaire léarscáileanna a tháirgeadh i bpróiseas táirgeachta oll-shean.\nÚsáidtear na córais mhicrealaitheiriceacha (MEMS) cheana féin fóin chliste ina micreafóin bheaga, braiteoirí luathaithe agus gyroscóp.\nChuir na taighdeoirí roinnt leictreóidí siliciam agus molibdín i sraitheanna ceann os cionn an ceann eile.\nIdir an dá linn, chuir na heolaithe sraith tanaí 800 nm de níotráid alúmanaim.\nTá an t-ábhar piezoelectric seo a ghiniúint tonnta ultrafhuaime a bhaint amach brú fuaime de thart ar 14 kilopascals.\nTá anailísí tapa ar dromchlaí ábhair indéanta freisin\nTá David Horsley cinnte go bhfuil an teicneolaíocht seo oiriúnach le haghaidh táirgeadh mais chipaí ultrafhuaime ar chostas íseal.\nTá na taighdeoirí ag obair go dlúth anois leis an gcuideachta InvenSense i San José.\nLeis na sliseanna ultrafhuaime seo, ní hamháin gur féidir le fóin chliste agus ríomhairí glúine a chosaint i gcoinne rochtain neamhdhleathach sa todhchaí.\nTá anailísí fabhracha agus tapa ar dhromchlaí ábhair indéanta freisin leis na sliseanna seo."} +{"text": "SummaryRead the full fact sheet\n- Schoolies is a time when school leavers come together to celebrate the end of an important milestone – the end of their school education.\n- Plan ahead so you know what to do if things get out of hand. Before leaving, reflect on your feelings towards sex, alcohol and drugs – think about what you’re prepared to do and where you want to draw the line.\n- Partying is fun – use your head, stick with your friends and look out for each other.\n- There are a number of risks involved when you’re affected by drugs and alcohol. Try not to drink too much, and if you do take drugs, know how to reduce the risks.\nOn this page\nWhat is schoolies?\nEvery year in late November through to December, thousands of school-leavers head to holiday destinations around the country or overseas for schoolies (or leavers) to celebrate the end of school life. Popular locations in Victoria include coastal areas such as Lorne, Torquay, Rye or Phillip Island.\nIntense partying can be lots of fun if you pace yourself and plan ahead so you’re aware of any risks and know what to do in an emergency.\nPreparing for schoolies\nDecide what your limits are so you can avoid any unpleasant situations. Here are some suggestions:\n- Before you go, have a think about what you’re prepared to do and where to draw the line around sex, alcohol and drugs.\n- Talk to your friends about where they stand, and talk about ways to look out for each other. This could be things like having a code word to use if one of you is feeling uncomfortable and wants to leave a situation without having to explain to strangers or other people around.\n- Let your family and loved ones know where you are going and who you are going with.\n- Tell others if you have a health condition (such as diabetes, asthma, allergies, depression or epilepsy) so they can look out for you.\n- Do your research and learn how you can travel safely – work this into your plans. If you have a health condition, it can be helpful to know how alcohol or other drugs may affect you and how they could interact with any medication you are taking. Ask your doctor about this, and also look for further info online. Some reputable websites include the Alcohol and Drug Foundation's Drug Facts and Harm Reduction Victoria's DanceWize.\n- Check you have ambulance cover – this can save you a lot of money in an emergency.\n- If you have private health insurance, know what you’re covered for.\n- If you’re travelling overseas, make sure to get travel insurance that covers medical emergencies.\n- Some local councils run special events for schoolies in a safe environment. If this sounds like an option, visit the Council’s website before you leave for more details.\n- Reduce the spread of illnesses (such as COVID-19, gastroenteritis and glandular fever) by making sure you are up to date with any vaccines and know what to do to protect yourself and others.\n- If you are sexually active, get tested and treated for sexually transmissible infections (STIs) to avoid the risk of infection to others. Know how to practise safe sex that is respectful and consensual between partners.\nWhat to pack for schoolies\nKnowing what to pack is always tricky. Here are some essentials:\n- avoid sunburn by keeping SunSmart – take a broad-brimmed hat, sunscreen, sunglasses and protective clothing\n- insect repellent and protective clothing to keep away the mozzies\n- small first aid kit\n- medications and you may want to take a copy of your prescriptions\n- phone charger\n- ID, Medicare card and any concession cards\n- contraception (such as male and female condoms and dental dams) to avoid sexually transmissible infections (STIs)\n- hand sanitiser (with at least 60% alcohol) – good personal hygiene is important to stop the spread of germs\n- face masks are useful if you are in a public space or outside in a crowded place where you can’t physically distance..\nSafety tips for schoolies\nSometimes, when you’re in a group, you may find yourself doing things you would never do alone. Safety tips include:\n- Stick to the house rules – don’t get kicked out of your accommodation.\n- Carry your accommodation details with you in case you get lost or need a ride to the place you are staying.\n- Keep your room locked. If you’re sharing, make sure you know who has the key or swipe card, and stick with them. Or leave the key at the front desk if there is a 24-hour concierge.\n- Before going out, plan to meet somewhere in case you get separated.\n- Stick with your friends and watch out for each other. Walk to and from the main schoolies area in groups.\n- Don’t wander off alone. Avoid going off with people you are not friends with, particularly if you are intoxicated.\n- Make sure your phone is charged and has plenty of credit.\n- Carry some spare cash.\n- Keep emergency contact numbers handy.\n- Practise safe sex – carry condoms and use them if you decide to have sex.\n- Keep your shoes on outside, even on the beach. If you are in an area where there are loads of people, watch out for sharp objects (such as broken glass).\n- Don’t take risks – such as swimming or diving in unfamiliar water, or driving or getting into a car with someone who has been drinking or taking drugs.\n- Don’t leave your things unattended (such as on the beach or at a club). Take it in turns to look after everyone’s things.\n- Steer clear of groups of who seem to be wandering without purpose. Violence tends to spread through a crowd, so don’t hang around to watch if a brawl starts.\nAlcohol and other drugs – schoolie safety tips\nIf you’re going to drink or take other drugs at schoolies, be smart about it. You want to remember these fun times and not wake up with a massive hangover or be too out of it or sick to enjoy yourself. Some tips include:\n- Know your limits – try not to push yourself too hard.\n- Make sure you eat something before you start drinking.\n- Pace yourself – try to alternate an alcoholic drink with something soft, like water.\n- Stay hydrated.\n- Keep an eye on your drinks in case of drink spiking. Anyone can spike a drink with alcohol or sometimes other drugs – including mates. If you all hit the dance-floor, buy new drinks afterwards.\n- Don’t accept drinks (including water) from strangers. Buy your own and get drinks with lids to open yourself. Watch bar staff prepare your drinks.\n- If you suspect drink spiking, tell the manager or host immediately and contact emergency services by calling 000.\n- If you decide to take drugs, stick with your friends and let them know what you are planning to take so they can give this information to ambulance officers or other medical staff in case of an overdose or bad reaction. (Ambulance officers will not involve the police unless there is a direct threat to safety.)\n- Research what you are drinking or taking – you may like to use Text the Effects, an anonymous SMS service that gives you immediate information about drugs straight to your phone. Some drugs (such as amphetamines) may contain ‘fillers’ so it can be difficult to gauge reactions and side effects.\n- Steer clear of new psychoactive substances (NPS) (known as synthetic drugs). Although they claim to mimic the effects of certain drugs (such as cannabis, cocaine, MDMA and LSD) they are usually more unpredictable and often more dangerous.\n- Don’t give into peer pressure – it’s okay to say no if you don’t feel comfortable.\n- Be careful when mixing different substances (including alcohol) at the same time. They can interact negatively and increase your risk of overdose or having a bad experience. The Alcohol and Drug Foundation has more information on polydrug use.\n- If you’re feeling down or anxious, try to avoid alcohol and other drugs – they can make symptoms worse. Remember, you don’t have to drink or take drugs to have a good time.\n- Trust your instincts – if you feel unsafe, move away from the situation.\n- If you’re heading overseas, remember each country has different drug laws. Some places have heavy penalties if you’re found using or travelling with drugs. Be extra cautious and do your research before going.\nAvoiding trouble during schoolies\nTry to be savvy in situations that are risky. Schoolies sometimes receive unwanted attention from:\n- ’Toolies’ – aren’t school-leavers, but attend schoolies. They are often adults who take advantage of young people who have been drinking or taking drugs.\n- Strangers – you can’t always trust new people you meet. Play it safe – stay with your friends and don’t wander off alone, or with someone you don’t know.\n- Social media – when you’re partying hard people may find it funny to post things on social media of you acting up in ways you may later regret.\nUnfortunately, sexual assault can happen, even with people we know.\nIf someone is pressuring you to have sex, or makes you feel uncomfortable, tell them. By law, sex must be consensual, which also means respecting others’ decisions when they say ‘no’ or if they are too out of it to consent.\nIf you suspect sexual assault contact:\n- Sexual Assault Crisis Line Tel. 1800 806 292\n- Centres Against Sexual Assault (CASA) – CASAs provide a free, confidential, 24-hour emergency and crisis care service\n- Victoria Police (000)\n- National Sexual Assault, Domestic Family Violence Counselling Service (Australia) Tel. 1800 RESPECT\n- a GP (doctor).\nThere is no time limit on reporting sexual assault in Victoria. If you don’t feel like reporting a sexual assault to the police, you can call one of these confidential support services.\nWhat to do in an emergency\nCall triple zero (000) and ask for an ambulance for any of these life-threatening signs:\n- severe bleeding\n- difficulty breathing or not breathing\n- serious accidents or trauma\n- lips, face or finger nails turning blue (for people with lighter complexions) or greyish or ashen skin (for people with darker complexions)\n- agitation, confusion or extreme drowsiness\n- chest pain or chest tightness\n- sudden numbness or paralysis of the face, arm or leg\n- severe burns\n- extreme pain.\nIf someone is not breathing normally or their heart has stopped, start cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) if you feel comfortable doing so. If they are breathing normally, gently roll them onto their side (known as the recovery position) and wait for the ambulance to come.\nAmbulance officers will not involve the police unless their safety is at risk.\nRemember, if things go wrong or you are worried in any way:\n- Talk to someone you trust – such as a friend, family member or another person you feel comfortable to talk to.\n- Let others know how you are feeling, especially if you or someone you are with is having thoughts about harming themselves or experiencing a personal crisis.\n- Go to a safe place ��� have a trusted person with you.\n- Call a free confidential helpline in the ‘Where to get help’ section.\n- Chat online with a support service such as Beyond Blue, eheadspace, Kids Helpline or ReachOut.\nPlanning overseas travel for schoolies\nIf you’re planning to travel overseas for schoolies:\n- Check with your airline what the COVID-19 entry requirements are for the places you are going to visit. You may need to do a pre-departure COVID-19 test that can be arranged through your GP, travel doctor or a service recommended by your airline.\n- See your doctor 6 to 8 weeks before you go to arrange any travel vaccinations or medications you may need.\n- Let friends and family know where you are going and register your plans at Smart Traveller.\n- Get travel insurance and record the policy numbers somewhere safe.\n- Scan or take photos of important documents (such as your passport and ID), and give them to family and friends. Keep a copy of these documents with you too.\n- Know where to find help if you need it. Have the contact details of the Australian embassy or consulate handy. If there isn’t one, find out who else you can ask for assistance.\nWhere to get help\n- In an emergency, call 000 (triple zero) for police or an ambulance\n- Emergency department of your nearest hospital\n- Your GP (doctor)\n- NURSE-ON-CALL Tel. 1300 60 60 24 – for expert health information and advice (24 hours, 7 days)\n- A pharmacist in your area. Supercare Pharmacies are open 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, and offer a nursing service from 6 pm to 10 pm\n- Red Frogs – for peer support while at schoolies Tel. 1300 557 123\n- Kids Helpline Tel. 1800 551 800\n- Beyond Blue Tel. 1300 224 636 or chat online\n- DirectLine Tel. 1800 888 236 – for 24-hour confidential drug and alcohol telephone counselling, information and referral\n- DrugInfo Tel. 1300 85 85 84 – for alcohol and other drug information\n- Text the Effects SMS. 0439 835 563 (or 0439 tell me) – anonymous 24/7 service anywhere in Australia. Text the name of a drug and get immediate drug information to your phone\n- Youth Drug and Alcohol Advice service (YoDAA), Victoria Tel. (03) 9415 8881 (9am to 5pm, Monday to Friday)\n- Suicide Call Back Service Tel. 1300 659 467\n- Lifeline Tel. 13 11 14\n- Sexual Health Victoria (SHV). To book an appointment call SHV Melbourne CBD Clinic: (03) 9660 4700 or call SHV Box Hill Clinic: (03) 9257 0100 or (free call): 1800 013 952. These services are youth friendly.\n- 1800MyOptions Tel. 1800 696784 is a statewide phone service for information about sexual health as well as contraception and pregnancy options\n- Sexual Assault Crisis Line Tel. 1800 806 292\n- 1800RESPECT National Sexual Assault, Domestic Family Violence Counselling Service Tel. 1800 737 732 – free telephone counselling hotline (24 hours, 7 days)\n- Victims of Crime Helpline Tel. 1800 819 817\n- Staying safe on Schoolies, Alcohol and Drug Foundation.\n- How to party (and get home in one piece), ReachOut.\n- The National Schoolies Week Survival Guide by former Schoolies, The National Schoolies Site.\n- Schoolies week, Youth Central, Victorian Government, Australia.\n- Drink spiking, Alcohol and Drug Foundation.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23", "url": "https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/partying-safely-schoolies-week", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224649302.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20230603165228-20230603195228-00218.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9164657593, "token_count": 3228, "score": 2.578125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Gearrthóg Léigh an bileog eolais iomlán\n- Is é Scoolies an t-am a thagann daoine a fhágann an scoil le chéile chun deireadh na míle cloiche tábhachtach a cheiliúradh deireadh a gcuid oideachais scoile.\n- Pleanáil amach romhainn ionas go mbeidh a fhios agat cad atá le déanamh má théann rudaí as ucht na láimhe. Sula dtéann tú, smaoinigh ar do chuid mothúchán i leith gnéis, alcóil agus drugaí smaoinigh ar an méid atá tú réidh le déanamh agus ar an méid is mian leat a dhéanamh.\n- Tá sé spraoi páirtí a úsáid do cheann, fanacht le do chairde agus a bheith ag faire amach le chéile.\n- Tá roinnt rioscaí i gceist nuair a bhíonn drugaí agus alcól ag dul i bhfeidhm ort. Déan iarracht gan iomarca alcóil a ól, agus má ghlacann tú drugaí, bíodh a fhios agat conas na rioscaí a laghdú.\nAr an leathanach seo\nCad é schoolies?\nGach bliain ag deireadh mhí na Samhna go dtí mí na Nollag, téann na mílte duine a fhágann an scoil chuig cinn scríbe saoire ar fud na tíre nó thar lear le haghaidh scoláirí (nó scorthóirí) chun deireadh saol na scoile a cheiliúradh. I measc na n-áiteanna tóir i Victoria tá limistéir chósta cosúil le Lorne, Torquay, Rye nó Oileán Phillip.\nIs féidir le páirtí dian a bheith an-spraoi má bhíonn tú féin ag dul agus má bhíonn pleanáil agat roimh ré ionas go mbeidh tú ar an eolas faoi aon rioscaí agus go mbeidh a fhios agat cad atá le déanamh i gcás éigeandála.\nUllmhú do scoileanna\nCinntigh cad iad do theorainneacha ionas gur féidir leat aon chásanna míshásta a sheachaint. Seo roinnt moltaí:\n- Sula dtéann tú, smaoinigh ar an méid atá tú réidh le déanamh agus cá háit a tharraingfidh tú an líne i dtaca le gnéas, alcól agus drugaí.\n- Labhair le do chairde faoi cá bhfuil siad, agus labhair faoi bhealaí chun aire a thabhairt dá chéile. D'fhéadfadh sé seo a bheith ina rudaí cosúil le focal cód a úsáid má tá duine de tú ag mothú míchompordach agus ba mhaith leis a fhágáil ar staid gan a bheith ag míniú do strainséirí nó do dhaoine eile timpeall.\n- Cuir in iúl do do theaghlach agus do mhuintir céard atá á dhéanamh agat agus cé leis a bhfuil tú ag dul.\n- Inis do dhaoine eile má tá riocht sláinte agat (mar shampla diaibéiteas, asthma, ailléirgí, dúlagar nó epilepsy) ionas gur féidir leo aire a thabhairt duit.\n- Déan do thaighde agus foghlaim conas is féidir leat taisteal go sábháilte cuir seo isteach i do phleananna. Má tá tú tinn, d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith cabhrach a fhios a bheith agat conas a d'fhéadfadh alcól nó drugaí eile dul i bhfeidhm ort agus conas a d'fhéadfadh siad idirghníomhú le haon leigheas atá á ghlacadh agat. Iarr ar do dhochtúir faoi seo, agus féach freisin le haghaidh tuilleadh faisnéise ar líne. I measc roinnt suíomhanna gréasáin measartha tá Fíricí Drugaí an Chiste Alcóil agus Drugaí agus DanceWize Victoria's Harm Reduction.\n- Seiceáil go bhfuil clúdach leighis agat is féidir leis seo go leor airgid a shábháil duit i gcás éigeandála.\n- Má tá árachas sláinte príobháideach agat, bíodh a fhios agat cad atá cumhdaithe agat.\n- Má tá tú ag taisteal thar lear, déan cinnte go bhfaighidh tú árachas taistil a chlúdaíonn éigeandálaí leighis.\n- Reáchtálann roinnt comhairleacha áitiúla imeachtaí speisialta do scoláirí i dtimpeallacht shábháilte. Má tá sé seo cosúil le rogha, tabhair cuairt ar shuíomh gréasáin na Comhairle sula dtéann tú amach le haghaidh tuilleadh sonraí.\n- scaipeadh galair a laghdú (mar shampla COVID-19, gastroenteritis agus fiabhras glandular) trí a chinntiú go bhfuil tú suas chun dáta le vacsaíní agus go bhfuil a fhios agat cad atá le déanamh chun tú féin agus daoine eile a chosaint.\n- Má tá tú gníomhach go gnéasach, déan tástáil agus cóireáil le haghaidh ionfhabhtuithe a dtarchuirtear go gnéasach (STIanna) chun an baol ionfhabhtaithe a sheachaint. Bíodh a fhios agat conas gnéas sábháilte a chleachtadh a bhfuil meas agus toiliú ag na comhpháirtithe ann.\nCad atá le pacáil do schoolies\nTá sé deacair a fháil amach cad atá le pacáil. Seo cuid de na rudaí riachtanacha:\n- déan iarracht sunburn a sheachaint trí SunSmart a choinneáil glac caipín leathan-bhrí, scátháin ghrian, spéaclaí gréine agus éadaí cosanta\n- díspreagadh inseicte agus éadaí cosanta chun na mozzies a choinneáil ar shiúl\n- málaí beaga chéadchabhair\n- cógais agus b'fhéidir gur mhaith leat cóip de do chuid oideas a\n- charger fón\n- Aitheantas, cárta Medicare agus aon chártaí coimhthiúnais\n- frithghiniúint (mar shampla cóndóim fireann agus baineann agus damáistí fiacla) chun ionfhabhtuithe a tharchuirtear go gnéasach (STIanna) a sheachaint\n- sláintíocht láimhe (le 60% alcól ar a laghad) Tá sláinteachas pearsanta maith tábhachtach chun scaipeadh gciorcanna a stopadh\n- tá masc aghaidh úsáideach má tá tú i spás poiblí nó lasmuigh in áit plódaithe nach féidir leat fad a choinneáil ó dhaoine eile.\nLeideanna sábháilteachta do scoláirí\nUaireanta, nuair a bhíonn tú i ngrúpa, b'fhéidir go bhfaighidh tú féin ag déanamh rudaí nach ndéanfaidh tú riamh i d'aonar. I measc na leideanna sábháilteachta tá:\n- Lean na rialacha tí ná bí ag cur amach as do chóiríocht.\n- Tabhair sonraí do chóiríochta leat i gcás go gcaillfidh tú nó go dteastaíonn tú carr go dtí an áit a bhfuil tú ag fanacht.\n- Coinnigh do sheomra dúnta. Má tá tú ag roinnt, déan cinnte go bhfuil a fhios agat cé a bhfuil an eochair nó an cárta swipe aige, agus fan leo. Nó fág an eochair ag an mbosca tosaigh má tá concierge 24 uair an chloig ann.\n- Sula dtéann tú amach, pleanáil chun freastal áit éigin i gcás a fhaigheann tú scartha.\n- Fan le do chairde agus a bheith ag faire amach le chéile. Siúil go dtí agus ón bpríomh-choláiste i ngrúpaí.\n- Ná wander amach ina n-aonar. Seachain dul amach le daoine nach bhfuil tú cairde leo, go háirithe má tá tú ar an meisce.\n- Déan cinnte go bhfuil do ghuthán gearradh agus go bhfuil go leor creidmheasa aige.\n- Carry roinnt airgead tirim breise.\n- Coinnigh uimhreacha teagmhála éigeandála ar fáil.\n- Gnéas sábháilte a chleachtadh cónairí a iompar agus iad a úsáid má chinneann tú gnéas a bheith agat.\n- Coinnigh do bhróga ar an taobh amuigh, fiú ar an trá. Má tá tú i gceantar ina bhfuil go leor daoine, bí cúramach le rudaí géara (mar shampla gloine bhriste).\n- Ná glac rioscaí mar snámh nó tumadh in uisce nach bhfuil ar eolas agat, nó tiomáint nó dul isteach i gcarr le duine a bhí ag ól nó ag baint úsáide as drugaí.\n- Ná fág do chuid rudaí gan faireachán (mar shampla ar an trá nó i gclub). Déan é a dhéanamh ar a chéile chun aire a thabhairt do gach duine rudaí.\n- Seol amach ó ghrúpaí de a bhfuil an chuma ar a bheith ag siúl gan chuspóir. Is gnách go scaipeann foréigean trí slua, mar sin ná fan timpeall chun féachaint má thosaíonn brawl.\nAlcóil agus drugaí eile leideanna sábháilteachta do scoláirí\nMá tá tú ag dul a ól nó drugaí eile a ghlacadh ag scoileanna, bí cliste faoi. Ba mhaith leat cuimhneamh ar na hamanna spraoi agus ní a dhúiseacht suas le hangover ollmhór nó a bheith ró-out nó tinn chun taitneamh a bhaint as tú féin. I measc roinnt leideanna tá:\n- Bíodh a fhios agat cad iad do theorainneacha déan iarracht gan tú féin a bhrú ró-dhorta.\n- Bí cinnte go n-itheann tú rud éigin sula dtosaíonn tú ag ól.\n- Bí cúramach déan iarracht deoch alcólach a mhalartú le rud éigin bog, cosúil le huisce.\n- Fan hidrithe.\n- Coinnigh súil ar do dheochanna i gcás deoch spicing. Is féidir le duine ar bith deoch a chur le halcól nó uaireanta drugaí eile lena n-áirítear comhpháirtithe. Má bhuaileann tú go léir an urlár damhsa, ceannach deochanna nua ina dhiaidh sin.\n- Ná glac le deochanna (agus le huisce) ó strainséirí. Ceannaigh do chuid féin agus faigh deochanna le clúdaigh chun tú féin a oscailt. Féach ar fhoireann an bhaird ag ullmhú do dheochanna.\n- Má tá amhras ort go bhfuil alcól á chur isteach, inis don bhainisteoir nó don óstach é láithreach agus déan teagmháil le seirbhísí éigeandála trí ghlaoch ar 000.\n- Má chinneann tú drugaí a ghlacadh, fan le do chairde agus lig dóibh a fhios cad atá beartaithe agat a ghlacadh ionas gur féidir leo an fhaisnéis seo a thabhairt d' oifigeach na n-aibíle nó d' fhoireann leighis eile i gcás ró-dháileog nó droch-iarsmaí. (Ní chuirfidh oifigigh na n-aimsire na póilíní isteach mura bhfuil bagairt dhíreach ann ar shlándáil.)\n- Déan taighde ar an méid atá á ól agat nó á ghlacadh agat b'fhéidir gur mhaith leat Text the Effects a úsáid, seirbhís SMS gan ainm a thugann faisnéis láithreach duit faoi dhrugaí go díreach chuig do ghuthán. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh \"líontaí\" i roinnt drugaí (amfetamines mar shampla) agus mar sin d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith deacair imoibrithe agus fo-iarsmaí a thomhas.\n- Seachain substaintí sícighníomhacha nua (NPS) (ar a dtugtar drugaí sintéiseacha). Cé go n-éileamh siad go ndéanann siad na héifeachtaí a bhíonn ag drugaí áirithe (mar shampla cannabais, cócain, MDMA agus LSD) a shamhlú, is gnách go mbíonn siad níos dochreidte agus is minic a bhíonn siad níos contúirteacha.\n- Ná tabhair faoi bhrú páistí tá sé ceart a rá nach bhfuil má tá tú a bhraitheann compordach.\n- Bí cúramach nuair a bhíonn substaintí éagsúla (alcól san áireamh) á mheascadh ag an am céanna. Is féidir leo idirghníomhú go diúltach agus do riosca ródháileog nó droch-eispéireas a mhéadú. Tá tuilleadh eolais ag an gCiste Alcóil agus Drugaí maidir le húsáid il-drugaí.\n- Má tá tú ag mothú buartha nó imní, déan iarracht alcól agus drugaí eile a sheachaint - d'fhéadfadh siad na hairíonna a dhéanamh níos measa. Cuimhnigh, ní gá duit ól ná drugaí a ghlacadh chun am a chaitheamh go maith.\n- Bí muiníneach de do chuid instincts má bhraitheann tú neamhshábháilte, bogadh ar shiúl ón staid.\n- Má tá tú ag dul thar lear, cuimhnigh go bhfuil dlíthe drugaí éagsúla ag gach tír. Tá pionóis chrua ag roinnt áiteanna má fhaightear tú ag úsáid nó ag taisteal le drugaí. Bí an-chúramach agus déan do thaighde sula dtéann tú.\nAg seachaint trioblóide le linn na scoileanna\nDéan iarracht a bheith cliste i gcásanna a bhfuil riosca acu. Uaireanta faigheann scoláirí aird gan iarraidh ó:\n- Toolies nach bhfuil scoile-leavers, ach freastal ar schoolies. Is minic gur daoine fásta iad a thabharann leas as daoine óga a bhí ag ól nó ag baint úsáide as drugaí.\n- Strainséirí ní féidir leat muinín a bheith agat i gcónaí as daoine nua a bhuaileann tú leo. Bí cinnte fanacht le do chairde agus ná dul ar shiúl ina n-aonar, nó le duine nach bhfuil aithne agat air.\n- Meáin shóisialta nuair a bhíonn tú ag páirtí is féidir le daoine crua a bheith greannmhar rudaí a phostáil ar na meáin shóisialta de tú ag gníomhú ar bhealaí a d'fhéadfadh go mbeifeá ag aithreachas ina dhiaidh sin.\nAr an drochuair, is féidir ionsaí gnéis a tharlaíonn, fiú le daoine a bhfuil aithne againn orthu.\nMá tá duine ag brú ort gnéas a bheith agat, nó má dhéanann sé go mbraitheann tú míchompordach, inis dóibh. De réir an dlí, ní mór gnéas a bheith comhthoil, rud a chiallaíonn freisin gur chóir meas a bheith ag daoine eile ar chinntí nuair a deir siad ní nó má tá siad ró-easpa chun toiliú a thabhairt.\nMá tá amhras ort go bhfuil ionsaí gnéis ar siúl:\n- Líon Géarchéime Ionsaithe Gnéasach Tel. 1800 806 292\n- Ionaid i gcoinne ionsaí gnéis (CASA) Soláthraíonn CASAanna seirbhís cúraim éigeandála agus géarchéime saor in aisce, rúnda, 24 uair an chloig\n- Póilíní Victoria (000)\n- Seirbhís Náisiúnta um Fhorghabháil Gnéasach, um Fhorghabháil Gnéasach Teaghlaigh (an Astráil) Tel. 1800 RESPECT\n- dochtúir.\nNíl aon teorainn ama ann chun ionsaí gnéis a thuairisciú i Victoria. Mura bhfuil tú ag iarraidh ionsaí gnéis a thuairisciú don póilíní, is féidir leat glaoch ar cheann de na seirbhísí tacaíochta rúnda seo.\nCad atá le déanamh i gcás éigeandála\nGlaoigh ar triple zero (000) agus iarr ar ambulanc ar aon cheann de na comharthaí seo a chuireann beatha i mbaol:\n- fuil mhór\n- deacracht a bheith ag anailís nó gan anailís\n- timpistí tromchúiseacha nó trauma\n- liopaí, aghaidh nó ingne a bheith gorm (do dhaoine a bhfuil craiceann níos soiléire acu) nó craiceann liath nó uamhail (do dhaoine a bhfuil craiceann níos dorcha acu)\n- corraitheacht, mearbhall nó codlatacht mhór\n- pian toraidh nó teannas toraidh\n- numbness tobann nó pailís ar an aghaidh, lámh nó cos\n- dóiteáin throm\n- pian mhór.\nMura bhfuil duine ag anailís go gnáth nó má stop a chroí, cuir tús le athbheochan cardashoithíoch (CPR) má bhraitheann tú go bhfuil sé compordach é sin a dhéanamh. Má tá siad ag anailís go gnáth, cas iad go cúramach ar a thaobh (ar a dtugtar an seasamh téarnaimh) agus fan go dtiocfaidh an t-aistriúchán.\nNí chuirfidh oifigigh na mbruithneachta an póilíní i gceist mura bhfuil a sábháilteacht i mbaol.\nCuimhnigh, má théann rudaí mícheart nó má tá imní ort ar bhealach ar bith:\n- Labhair le duine a bhfuil muinín agat mar shampla cara, ball teaghlaigh nó duine eile a mbraitheann tú go bhfuil tú compordach labhairt leis.\n- Lig do dhaoine eile a fháil amach conas atá tú ag mothú, go háirithe má tá tú féin nó duine éigin atá leat ag smaoineamh ar mhilleadh a dhéanamh orthu féin nó má tá géarchéim phearsanta á fhulaingt agat.\n- Téigh go háit shábháilte bíodh duine iontaofa leat.\n- Glaoigh ar líne chabhrach rúnda saor in aisce sa chuid \"Cá bhfaighidh tú cabhair\".\n- Comhrá ar líne le seirbhís tacaíochta ar nós Beyond Blue, eheadspace, Kids Helpline nó ReachOut.\nSeachadadh thar lear a phleanáil do scoláirí\nMá tá tú ag pleanáil taisteal thar lear le haghaidh scoileanna:\n- Déan seiceáil le do aerlíne cad iad na ceanglais iontrála COVID-19 do na háiteanna a bhfuil tú chun cuairt a thabhairt orthu. B'fhéidir go mbeidh ort tástáil COVID-19 a dhéanamh roimh do theacht ar aghaidh agus is féidir é a shocrú trí do gnáth-oideas, do dhochtúir taistil nó trí sheirbhís a mhol do aerlíne.\n- Téigh i gcomhairle le do dhochtúir 6 go 8 seachtaine sula dtéann tú chun aon vacsaíní nó cógais taistil a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ag teastáil uait a shocrú.\n- Cuir in iúl do chairde agus do theaghlach cá bhfuil tú ag dul agus cláraigh do phleananna ag Smart Traveller.\n- Faigh árachas taistil agus taifead na huimhreacha polasaí áit éigin sábháilte.\n- Doiciméid thábhachtacha (mar shampla do phas agus do phas) a scanadh nó grianghraf a thógáil, agus iad a thabhairt do theaghlaigh agus do chairde. Coinnigh cóip de na doiciméid seo leat freisin.\n- A fhios a bheith agat cá háit a bhfaighidh tú cabhair má theastaíonn uait é. Bíodh sonraí teagmhála ambasáid nó consalachta na hAstráile ar fáil. Mura bhfuil aon duine ann, faigh amach cé eile ar féidir leat cabhair a iarraidh.\nCá háit a bhfaighidh tú cabhair\n- I gcás éigeandála, glaoigh ar 000 (trí n-aonad) le haghaidh póilíní nó le haghaidh luchtaigh\n- An Roinn Éigeandála i do ospidéal is gaire\n- Do dhochtúir teaghlaigh\n- NURSE-ON-CALL Tel. 1300 60 60 24 le haghaidh faisnéise agus comhairle sláinte saineolaithe (24 uair an chloig, 7 lá)\n- A cógaiseoir i do cheantar. Tá na cógaisíní Supercare oscailte 24 uair sa lá, 7 lá sa tseachtain, agus cuireann siad seirbhís altranais ar fáil ó 6 p.m. go 10 p.m.\n- Red Frogs chun tacaíocht a fháil ó pháistí agus iad ag an scoil Tel. 1300 557 123\n- Teilifín Cabhrach Leanaí. 1800 551 800\n- Thar Blue Tel. 1300 224 636 nó comhrá ar líne\n- DirectLine Tel. 1800 888 236 le haghaidh comhairle, faisnéise agus atreoruithe teileafóin rúnda drugaí agus alcóil 24 uair an chloig\n- DrugInfo Tel. 1300 85 85 84 le haghaidh faisnéise ar alcól agus drugaí eile\n- Téacs an SMS éifeachtaí. 0439 835 563 (nó 0439 inis dom) seirbhís gan ainm 24/7 in áit ar bith san Astráil. Téacs an t-ainm ar dhrugaí agus a fháil láithreach faisnéis drugaí do do ghuthán\n- Seirbhís Comhairleach um Dhrugaí agus Alcóil don Óige (YoDAA), Victoria Tel. (03) 9415 8881 (9am go 5pm, Dé Luain go hAoine)\n- Féinmharú Call Back Seirbhís Tel. 1300 659 467\n- Lifeline Tel. 13 11 14\n- Sláinte Gnéasach Victoria (SHV). Chun coinneáil ama a chur in áirithe glaoch Clinic SHV Melbourne CBD: (03) 9660 4700 nó glaoch Clinic SHV Box Hill: (03) 9257 0100 nó (glao saor in aisce): 1800 013 952. Tá na seirbhísí seo cairdiúil do dhaoine óga.\n- 1800MyOptions Tel. Is seirbhís teileafóin ar fud na stáit é 1800 696784 chun faisnéis a fháil faoi shláinte ghnéasach chomh maith le frithghiniúint agus roghanna toirchis\n- Líon Géarchéime Ionsaithe Gnéasach Tel. 1800 806 292\n- 1800RESPECT Seirbhís Náisiúnta um Thosach Gnéasach, um Fhoréigean Teaghlaigh Tel. 1800 737 732 líne theoranta comhairle ar an nguthán saor in aisce (24 uair an chloig, 7 lá)\n- Líon Cabhrach íospartaigh na gCearta Tel. 1800 819 817\n- Fan sábháilte ar Scoolies, Alcohol agus Drog Foundation.\n- Conas páirtí a dhéanamh (agus teacht abhaile i gceann amháin), ReachOut.\n- An Scoolies Seachtain Náisiúnta Survival Guide ag Scoolies iar, an Suíomh Náisiúnta Schoolies.\n- Seachtain na Scoile, Ionad Óige, Rialtas na Victiúire, an Astráil.\n- Spíonadh deochanna, an Fondúireacht Alcóil agus Drugaí."} +{"text": "Underactive Bladder Melbourne\nAn underactive bladder is a bladder with reduced or no muscle contraction. This may cause retention overflow which is the loss of urine associated with an overfull or distended bladder. Persons may notice they strain to pass urine, their urine stream has changed and they have problemswith frequency, sometimes a constant dribble and a feeling of incomplete emptying of the bladder. This group often runs into problems with recurrent urinary tract infections.\nCauses of underactive bladder:\n- Enlarged prostate\n- Faecal impaction\n- Urethral strictures\n- Spinal cord injury\n- Some medications\nManagement of an underactive bladder:\n- Surgery if enlarged prostate or strictures – this is to relieve the obstruction.\n- Intermittent catheterization – in some instances intermittent catheterization is the only option that allows a person to effectively empty their bladder.\n- Use of double voiding technique – this technique is to ensure less urine residual in the bladder.\n- Correct toileting position – allows the pelvic muscles to relax and a normal anatomical position will allow bowel motions to pass easily.\n- Reduce fluids which irritate the bladder – these include tea, coffee and alcohol.\n- Review medications and adjust/change if appropriate – some medications may cause urinary retention.\n- Ensuring a regular bowel routine – a full bowel can put pressure on the bladder causing leakage.\nFunctional incontinence is the loss of urine associated with the person’s inability to cope with normal bladder function.\nContributing factors include:\n- Impaired cognitive function\n- Impaired mobility\n- Home, hospital or facility environment\n- Availability of assistance\n- Environmental adaptations – assessing home environment and the person’s ability to access toilet/bathroom. Use of adaptive equipment i.e commode by the bedside, urinal\n- Clothing adaptations – if inability to undo clothing, the use of Velcro and other adaptive material allow the patient more independence when toileting.\n- Changes in medications – some medication may cause issues with bladder emptying. Review of medications and change where possible.\n- The use of appropriate containments aids – pads for male and female and condom drainage for males.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-16", "url": "https://northeasternurology.com.au/bladder/underactive-bladder/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371893683.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20200410075105-20200410105605-00429.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8739753962, "token_count": 457, "score": 3.0, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Blaser neamhghníomhach Melbourne\nIs éard atá i mblaser neamhghníomhach ná bolgán a bhfuil géarghá muscle laghdaithe nó gan géarghá. D'fhéadfadh sé seo iomarcach coinneála a bheith mar thoradh air, is é sin caillteanas na miotail a bhaineann le miotail ró-lártha nó leathnaithe. D'fhéadfadh daoine a thabhairt faoi deara go bhfuil siad ag streachailt chun feá a chur amach, go bhfuil athrú tagtha ar a sruth feá agus go bhfuil fadhbanna acu le minicíocht, uaireanta le dribble leanúnach agus le mothú go bhfuil an bolgán ag dul go hiomlán. Is minic a bhíonn fadhbanna ag an ngrúpa seo le haingneacha urraitheach athfhillteacha.\nCúiseanna le hin-ghníomhacht an bhlaosc:\n- Próstat méadaithe\n- Impéictáil féic\n- Srianadh urethral\n- Dramhaíl cnámh cnámha\n- Leigheas éigin\nCóireáil le hin-ghníomhacht an bhlaosc:\n- Má tá próstatach méadaithe nó éigeantais ann, má dhéantar é seo chun an cosc a mhaolú.\n- Catheterization intermittent i gcásanna áirithe is é catheterization intermittent an t-aon rogha a ligeann do dhuine a bhlasc a scaoileadh go héifeachtach.\n- Teicníc dhá shléim a úsáid tá sé mar aidhm ag an teicníc seo níos lú fual a bheith fágtha sa bhlaser.\n- Le seasamh ceart ag dul chuig an seomra folctha cuireann sé ar chumas na matáin pelvic scíth a ligean agus le seasamh anatamaíoch gnáth, ligfidh sé do ghluaiseachtaí intestinal dul trína chéile go héasca.\n- Íoslaghdú a dhéanamh ar na leachtacha a chuireann irritation ar an mblasar is é sin tae, caife agus alcól.\n- Déan athbhreithniú ar chógais agus déan coigeartú/ athrú más iomchuí d'fhéadfadh roinnt cógais coinneáil bhéaloide a chur faoi deara.\n- Rinneadh cinnte go mbeadh rothar rialta intestinal d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh brú ar an mblaosc ag intestine iomlán ag cur le sceitheadh.\nIs é an t- éagothroime feidhmiúil an caillteanas fuála a bhaineann le neamhábaltacht an duine déileáil le gnáthfheidhm an bhlasraí.\nI measc na ngnéithe rannchuidiú atá:\n- Fonn cognaíoch lag\n- Imní soghluaisteachta\n- Comhshaol sa bhaile, san ospidéal nó san ionad\n- Fáilte chuig an gclár\n- Oiriúnaithe comhshaoil measúnú a dhéanamh ar an timpeallacht tí agus ar chumas an duine dul chuig an seomra folctha/an seomra folctha. Úsáid trealamh oiriúnaithe, i.e. commode ag an leaba, urinal\n- Oiriúnaithe éadaí mura féidir leis an oireann éadaí a dhíghlasáil, cuireann Velcro agus ábhar oiriúnaithe eile ar chumas an othair níos mó neamhspleáchais a bheith aige nuair a bhíonn sé ag dul chuig an seomra folctha.\n- Athruithe i gcógas d'fhéadfadh roinnt cógas fadhbanna a bheith ann le fualann a ghlanadh. Athbhreithniú ar chógais agus athrú nuair is féidir.\n- Cabhraíonn úsáid cothabhála iomchuí le paidí d'fhir agus do mhná agus le draenáil coiscín d'fhir."} +{"text": "From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nA typical speed limit sign in the United States showing a fifty mph restriction. A road speed limit is the maximum speed allowed by law for road vehicles. Speed limits are commonly set and enforced by the legislative bodies of nations or provincial governments, such as countries within the world. The first maximum speed limit was the 10 miles per hour (16 km/h) limit introduced in the United Kingdom in 1861. The Isle of Man is the only place in the world that does not have a general speed limit. In Germany, 57% of the autobahn system remains free from speed limits. Currently, the highest posted speed limit in the world is 140 kilometres per hour (87 mph) on Polish motorways , although a variable speed limit up to 160 kilometres per hour (99 mph) was permitted experimentally on a stretch of Austrian motorway in June 2006. \nA typical 60km/h speed limit sign used in Australia Locomotive Act of 1861 (or \"Red Flag Act\") in the United Kingdom (automobiles were in those days termed “light locomotives”). In 1865, the revised Locomotive Act reduced the speed limit to 4 mph (6 km/h) in the country and 2 mph (3 km/h) in towns. The 1865 Act required a man with a red flag or lantern to walk 60 yards (50 m) ahead of each vehicle, enforce a walking pace, and warn horse riders and horse drawn traffic of the approach of a self-propelled machine. The replacement of the \"Red Flag Act\" by the Locomotive Act of 1896, and the increase of the speed limit to 14 mph (23 km/h) has been commemorated each year since 1927 by the London to Brighton Veteran Car Run.\nSafety and efficacy\nThe kinetic energy involved in a motor vehicle collision is proportional to the square\nThe first speed limit was the 10mph (16.1 km/h) limit introduced by the\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nof the speed at impact. The probability of a fatality is, for typical collision speeds, empirically correlated to the fourth power of the speed difference (depending on the type of collision, not necessarily the same as travel speed) at impact, rising much faster than kinetic energy.\nA 1994 study by Jeremy Jackson and Roger Blackman showed, consistent with the risk homeostasis theory, that although increased speed limits and reduced speeding fines significantly increased driving speed, there was no effect on accident frequency, with the 24 participants maintaining the same level of risk and risky behaviour. It also showed that an increased accident cost caused large and significant reductions in accident frequency but no change in speed choice. The abstract states that the results suggest that regulation of specific risky behaviors such as speed choice may have little influence on accident rates.\nSpeed limits, actual speeds, and aggregate safety\nThe 1998 report Synthesis of Safety Research Related to Speed and Speed Limits sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration found that changing speed limits on low and moderate speed roads appeared to have no significant effect on traffic speed or the number of crashes, whilst on high-speed roads such as freeways, increased speed limits generally resulted in higher traffic speeds and more crashes. The report commented that on high-speed roads traffic speeds would change by about one-quarter of any speed limit change, and that international studies suggested that a 1 mile per hour (1.6 km/h) speed change would result in a 5% change in the number of injury accidents. The report noted that traffic calming significantly reduced speeds and injuries in treated areas but that the decrease may be due to reduced traffic volumes. The report also suggests that \"variable speed limits that adjust with traffic and environmental conditions could provide potential benefits\" as most of the speed related crashes involve speed too fast for conditions. The report noted the landmark study (D. Solomon, \"Accidents on Main Rural Highways Related to Speed, Driver, and Vehicle\", Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC, July 1964) that observed a \"Ushaped curve\" -- subsequently referred to as the Solomon curve -- of crash probability versus speed, where crash rates were lowest for travel speeds near the mean speed of traffic, and increased with greater deviations above and below the mean. Subsequent research has found that \"The occurrence of a large number of crashes involving turning maneuver partly explains the increased risk for motorists traveling slower than average and confirms the importance of safety programs involving turn lanes, access control, grade separation, and other measures to reduce conflicts resulting from large differences in travel speeds.\"\nSpeed and crash factors\nMost \"speed-related\" crashes involve speed too fast for conditions such as limited visibility or reduced road traction, rather than in excess of the posted speed limit. Most speedrelated crashes occur on local and collector roads with relatively low speed limits. However, most speed-related traffic citations involve speeds in excess of posted maximum speed limits. Variable speed limits (q.v.) offer some potential to reduce speed-related crashes, but due to the high cost of implementation exist primarily on motorways. Speed-related crashes can occur on high speed limit roads at low speeds, e.g., below 30 mph (50 km/h); for example, truck rollovers on exit ramps.\nFactors in setting speed limits\nTraffic engineers observe that the majority of drivers drive in a safe and reasonable manner, as demonstrated by consistently favorable driving records. A report from the British Columbia Ministry of Transportation includes in its summary the finding that the incidence of crashes depends more on variations in speed between vehicles than on absolute speed, and that the likelihood of a crash happening is significantly higher if vehicles are traveling at speeds slower or faster than the mean speed of traffic. Speed limits are most frequently set through statutes. Speed limits can usually be lowered, or sometimes raised, from the legislated speed limit through a process called speed zoning. Common factors influencing speed zoning are:\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\n• 85th percentile speed • Design speed. • Road features. • Crash records. • Administrative judgment. • Engineering judgment. • Political influences. Fuel efficiency sometimes affects speed limit selection. The United States once had a maximum speed limit of 55 mph (89 km/h) to reduce fuel consumption. The law was widely disregarded by motorists and delivered a minimal fuel consumption reduction. Less commonly, speed limits are reduced to address local air quality issues or other factors affecting environmental quality. An example are \"environmental speed limits\" in the United States.\nIn commonly accepted engineering practice, design speed is considered a \"first guess\" at an appropriate speed limit.\n85th percentile rule\nTraffic engineers may rely on the 85th percentile rule to establish speed limits. The speed limit should be set to the speed that separates the bottom 85% of vehicle speeds from the top 15%. The 85th percentile is slightly greater than a speed that is one standard deviation above the mean of a normal distribution. The theory is that traffic laws that reflect the behavior of the majority of motorists may have better compliance than laws that arbitrarily criminalize the majority of motorists and encourage violations. The latter kinds of laws lack public support and often fail to bring about desirable changes in driving behavior. An example is United States’s old 55 mph (88 km/h) speed limit that was removed in part because of notoriously low compliance. Most U.S. jurisdictions report using the 85th percentile speed as the basis for their speed limits, so the 85th-percentile speed and speed limits should be closely matched. However, a review of available speed studies demonstrates that the posted speed limit is almost always set well below the 85th-percentile speed by as much as 8 to 12 mph (see p.88) (13 to 19 km/h). Some reasons for this include: • Political or bureaucratic resistance to higher limits. • Statutes that restrict jurisdictions from posting higher limits.\nIn the United States the design speed is officially defined as \"a selected speed used to determine the various geometric design features of the roadway\", according to the 2001 American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials highway design manual, commonly referred to as the \"Green Book.\" Previous versions of the Green Book referred to design speed as the \"maximum safe speed that can be maintained over a specific section of highway when conditions are so favorable that the design features of the highway govern\"; however the 2001 edition removed the term \"safe\" in order to avoid the implication that speeds greater than the design speed were necessarily \"unsafe.\" Safe operating speeds can exceed the design speed. Example reasons include: 1. A design speed is not a representative speed of an entire roadway. Rather, the road’s design speed is limited by its most restrictive feature, such as a curve, bottleneck, or hill. 2. Actual roadway design may exceed the design specifications. 3. Current parameters for determining the design speed assumes the capacity of outdated automotive technology. 4. The stated design speed for a given road is usually not changed. Therefore, the design speed on older roads, which were calculated with older methodologies, may not factor in improved automotive technology which can maintain designed safety at higher travel speeds.\nMost public roads in most places are legally assigned a default maximum speed limit. The relevance of default speed limits to road users varies; in some places, authorities always post a sign stating the maximum speed limit(s) of a given road with a numerical value which may or may not be the default speed limit. In other places, default speed limits that are relevant to road users may be indicated by a non-numeric sign, a lack of speed limit signs, the presence of streetlights, or the physical arrangement of the road. If a default limit applies everywhere within one country or state, it is known as a\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\ncommon all around the world. In the U.S., the signs are usually rectangular with the words \"SPEED LIMIT\" (in Canada, \"MAXIMUM\") and the values in black on a white background, the color scheme for night speed limit signs can be polarized and with differing text. The U.S. Federal Highway Administration’s Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices provides guidelines for the appearance of speed limit signs. Australian signs are rectangular but have a red circle like the Conventional signs, Sometimes, speed limits are also painted on the road surface as a reminder. The design of minimum speed signage also varies between countries. Most countries use blue circles based on the obligatory signs of the Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals. A Japanese minimum speed sign has the same design as a maximum speed sign but with a horizontal line below the number. In the U.S they are also identical to their respective maximum speed limit signs with the exception of the text \"MINIMUM SPEED\".\nSpeed limit sign common to much of Europe, showing a 60 km/h restriction. Similar signs in the UK are in mph. national or state speed limit. Different default speed limits usually apply to urban streets, rural highways, and freewaylike roads and these values may also vary according to the type of vehicle. A posted limit that is lower than a default speed limit is generally given precedence. A posted speed limit differing from the default speed limit is typically a linear speed limit and only applies to that road, and not necessarily any intersecting roads. Zonal speed limits apply on all roads beyond the sign that defines them. The start of a different speed limit is usually marked numerically by posting a speed limit sign. Speed limit signs often appear near borders and road intersections, and in some cases, especially the U.S., speed limit reminder signs appear at regular intervals. In the European Union, large signposts showing the national (default) speed limits of the respective country are usually erected immediately after border crossings, with a repeater sign some 200 to 500 metres (about 650 to 1,650 ft) after the first sign. The same practice is followed in many American states. Design of speed limit signage varies between countries. Many nations, some of which are not contracting parties, but especially those in much of Europe use signage which conforms to the standards set forth in the Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals. Thus a value in black text circumscribed in red on a white background is fairly\nVariable speed limits\nRecently some jurisdictions have begun experimenting with variable speed limits which change with road congestion and other factors (this is distinct from France’s reduction of limits during adverse weather). One example is on Britain’s M25 motorway, which circumnavigates London. On the most heavily-traveled 22 km section (junction 10 to 16) of the M25 variable speed limits combined with automated enforcement have been in force since 1995. Initial results indicated savings in journey times, smoother-flowing traffic, and a fall in the number of accidents, so the implementation was made permanent in 1997. Further trials on the M25 have been thus far proved inconclusive. From December 2008 the upgraded section of the M1 between the M25 and Luton will have the facility for variable speed limits. In Germany, the first experiments with variable signs took place in 1965 on A8 Munich-Salzburg with signs that were operated manually. Beginning in the 1970s, more and more advanced Streckenbeeinflussungsanlagen (linear control systems) were put into service. Modern motorway control systems can work without human intervention using various types of sensors to measure traffic\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nThe system keeps track of all traffic movement and lowers the speed limit if it detects the start of traffic congestion. When activated the speed limit can be set at 90, 70, or 50 km/h according to the level of expected traffic congestion. Variable speed limits are used on some stretches of highway in the United States. This has not, however, been implemented on a national basis. On Interstate 90 at Snoqualmie Pass, Washington, (near Seattle) variable speed limits are used to slow traffic in severe winter weather. This is also done on other mountain passes in Washington. Variable speed limit signs, in combination with variable message signs, have been in use since the 1960s on the New Jersey Turnpike, where officials can adjust the speed limit according to weather, traffic conditions, and construction. Other roadways with variable speed limits include the Pulaski Skyway in New Jersey, I-495 in Delaware, and the Missouri part of the I-270/I-255 loop around St. Louis. In Catalonia, the Generalitat Autonomous Government is to begin applying variable speed limits in the Barcelona metropolitan area in March, 2009.\nUnits of measurement\nThe vast majority of countries use metric units (kilometres per hour) rather than Imperial units (miles per hour). Occasionally, different units of speed measurement are used on each side of a border. For example, Northern Ireland (part of the UK) uses values calculated in miles per hour (mph) for speed limits and miles for distance, whereas the Republic of Ireland uses kilometres per hour (km/h) for speed limits and kilometres for distance. The UK and the United States are the only major nations still using the Imperial units system. The U.S. has shown no intention to convert to SI units, and reverted to imperial units in states that had both imperial and SI systems such as California and Arizona. However, Ohio, South Dakota, Maine, and Vermont (especially near the Canadian border) still have some SI distances and speeds on their exit distance and speed limit signs (such as 70 mph (110 km/h) / 110 km/h, or 3 miles / 5 km to next exit). When entering Canada, signs are posted reminding drivers that metric signage is in use. Conversely\nExample variable speed limit sign in the United States. flow and weather conditions. By 2007, 1200 km (10 %) of German motorways will be equipped with such systems. In 2006, Austria began experimenting with a 160 km/h (100 mph) speed limit on a selected test stretch of Autobahn as part of their program of variable speed limit, using the slogan \"flexibility with responsibility.\" New Zealand has had variable speed limits since 2001. The first installation was on the Ngauranga Gorge, a steep section of dual carriageway on SH1 north of the capital, Wellington. The speed limit is normally 80 km/h. The downhill section is monitored by a fixed speed camera. In The Netherlands, much of the dense motorway network is equipped with variable speed regulation systems. The electronic signage is commonly posted every 500 metres.\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nupon entering the U.S. from Canada, some drivers are shown a metric speed limit sign. Some exit distance signs on Interstates in New Hampshire are marked with the distance in miles followed by the distance in kilometres shown in parentheses. Houston, Texas has some signs in both SI and imperial units near its airports and downtown. Delaware Route 1 and Interstate 19 have exits numbered by kilometre - I-19 also has kilometre posts.\n• The Isle of Man has no speed limit on many rural roads. A 2004 proposal for 70 and 60 mph (112 and 96 km/h) speed limits was very unpopular, although measured travel speeds are often low. Montana, USA has had a speed limit since June 1999 (see Montana Speed Limit). Montana’s fatality rate reached its lowest when there was no speed law, from January to May 1999. Fatalities doubled after a speed limit was enforced. Australia’s Northern Territory had no blanket speed limits outside major towns until January 2007, when rural speed limits were reduced to 110 km/h or 130 km/h. Prior to the (now defunct) 1974 national 55 mph (88 km/h) speed limit in the U.S., German Autobahns had a higher fatality rate than U.S. Interstates; however, a few years later, the Autobahn rate fell below that of (then) 55 mph (88 km/h) limited U.S. Interstates. IRTAD records show the U.S. rate remains higher than that on the largely unrestricted German Autobahn network. While the fatality rate on the UK’s 70 mph (112 km/h) speed-limited motorways is about half of Germany’s, the 62 mph (100 km/h) limit in ruleconscious Japan corresponds to a motorway fatality rate greater than Germany’s. However, simple comparisons of fatality rates between countries neglect to account for differences in traffic density, quality of medical care, technical conditions of the vehicles involved, and Smeed’s law. The unprecedented experience of East German motorization after the opening of the border in November 1989 is instructive. Prior to German reunification in 1990, the \"available cars were technically outdated and had small engines. Accidents were prevented by restrictive traffic regulation.\" Within two years after the opening, motorized traffic increased by 54% and annual traffic deaths doubled, despite \"interim arrangements [which] involved the continuation of the speed limit of 100 km/h on Autobahns and of 80 km/h outside cities and a blood alcohol limit of 0.0‰\". An extensive program of the four Es (enforcement, education, engineering, and emergency response) brought the number of traffic deaths back to pre-unification levels after ten years while traffic regulations were raised to western standards (e.g., 130 km/h freeway advisory limit, 100 km/h on other rural roads, and 0.5 milligrams BAC).\nReasonable & Prudent\nGovernments also prosecute speeds that are unreasonable for conditions even if speeds are within any posted speed limits; for example, drivers are required to adjust their speed when driving in fog or heavy rain, and to not drive faster than they can see to stop in the line of sight. California Vehicle Code section 22350 is typical; it states that \"No person shall drive a vehicle upon a highway at a speed greater than is reasonable... and in no event at a speed which endangers the safety of persons or property.\" This \"basic rule\", or similar legal language, applies even where no maximum speed limit is in place (such as formerly in the U.S. state of Montana) or the majority of German motorways. Typically the burden of proof is upon the government to prove that a given speed is unreasonable for the then prevailing conditions.\nMinimum speed limits\nSome roads also have \"minimum speed limits\", where slow speeds are considered to impede traffic flow or be dangerous. Such roads are typically motorways strictly limited to motorized traffic. In the UK such slowness would be charged as ’Failure to make safe, reasonable progress’.\nRoads without speed limits\nIn some jurisdictions, public roads have no speed limits: • The German intercity Autobahn, twothirds of which have only advisory limits (Richtgeschwindigkeit); German law on such roads is the equivalent of \"reasonable and prudent.\"\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\n• Misleading definition of ’speeding’ or ’speed-related’ to combine the concepts of: • crashes that occur often at relatively low speeds, but excessive for adverse conditions, such as low visibility • citations that are issued for travel in excess of the posted speed limit • Surprisingly broad range for ’speedrelated’ fatalities as a percentage of total traffic fatalties, suggesting that categorizing accidents as ’speed-related’ is highly subjective. Among the U.S. States, the range is from 10% in New Jersey to over 60% in Rhode Island. • \"Evidence that suggests the net effect of [higher motorway] speed limits may be positive on a system wide basis [by shifting more traffic to these safer roads].\" This statement from 1998 U.S. Federal Synthesis is based on the published, peerreviewed work of Charles A. Lave et al., e.g., \"Did the 65 mph Speed Limit Save Lives?\" • Motorists generally pick reasonable speeds for conditions, even on motorways. For example, the 75 mph (120 km/h) speed limit in the U.S. State of South Dakota has good compliance: the average speed is less than or equal to the posted limit almost a decade after it was increased. • \"When speed limits are set artificially low, tailgating, weaving and speed variance (the problem of some cars traveling significantly faster than others) make roads less safe\".\nSpeed limits and their enforcement have been opposed by some motorists since their inception. The AA was formed in 1905, initially to warn members about speed traps. In more recent times, other organizations, such as the Association of British Drivers, Safe Speed, the North American National Motorists Association, and German Auto Club (\"ADAC\"), seek to ban or discredit certain speed limits as well as other measures, such as automated camera enforcement. The debate over speed limit enforcement has become a large part of the road safety and environmental policy debate in some countries. Organizations critical of speed limits and strict enforcement point to: • An \"undetectable correlation\" between speed limits and safety. The German Auto Club concludes an autobahn speed limit is unnecessary since there are numerous countries with a general highway speed limit having worse safety records than Germany; for examples, Belgium, Austria, Slovenia, Czech Republic, and the United States. • Inconclusive results from most speed limit studies. For example, a 1972 OECD Road Research Group report entitled ’Speed Limits Outside Built-Up Areas’ reviewed most international studies to that date. They concluded that \"because of the weaknesses in the research designs of many investigations, scientifically wellestablished conclusions cannot be drawn.\" \"Indeed, some of the speed limit changes were more in the nature of administrative exercises than scientifically designed experiments and the methods of analysis in these cases were deficient from the statistical point of view.\" The Group stated that \"speed limit policies should be based on reliable research work and generally accepted scientific evidence.\" They proposed an international co-operative experiment to overcome weaknesses in prior studies. However, the 1973-1974 oil price crisis intervened, and widespread blanket speed limits became more common without exacting study. More recently, a review of the effect of speed on vehicle crash rates noted that the studies and evidence are \"ample, but not unequivocal.\"\nFurther information: Road safety camera Prior to the invention of radar, speed limits were normally enforced by clocking vehicles traveling through speed traps. This is done by timing how long it takes for the automobile to pass between two fixed landmarks along a roadway, from which the vehicle’s average speed can be determined. Setting up a speed trap that could provide legally satisfactory evidence was usually time consuming, however, and early speed traps were often difficult to hide. As a result, organizations such as The Automobile Association could often keep fairly accurate records of speed trap locations.\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nIn the early 21st century, police used radar, laser rangefinders, aircraft, and automated devices. Officers also used a method called pacing: following a car for a certain time to establish speed using the calibrated speedometer of the patrol car. In several countries, notably the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, an increase in automated speed enforcement has resulted in a significant increase in the number of fake, stolen, tampered with, or incorrectly registered number plates. In France, the use of automated enforcement has been credited with contributing to a substantial reduction in fatalities. Most Western European countries now use automated enforcement on at least some roads. Speed limit policy can affect enforcement. According to the AASHTO, \"experience has ... shown that speed limits set arbitrarily below the reasonable and prudent speed perceived by the public are difficult to enforce, produce noncompliance, encourage disrespect for the law, create unnecessary antagonism toward law enforcement officers, and divert traffic to lesser routes\".\nwith automated speeding cameras. After the \"zero tolerance\" on speeding created controversy, effective 00:00 (UTC+8) on September 16, 2006, a tolerance of 10 km/h has been allowed as on other Taiwanese roads. In Hong Kong and Poland, there is a tolerance of 10 km/h over the posted speed limit. In the United Kingdom ACPO guidelines recommend a tolerance level of the speed limit \"+10% +2 mph\" (e.g., a tolerance level in a 30 mph (50 km/h) zone of 35 mph). However, each police force or safety camera partnership has the ability to use its discretion when setting the levels at which drivers will be prosecuted. In the Netherlands drivers can get a fine for driving 4 km/h over the speed limit, after applying a 3 or 4 km/h correction factor to compensate for measuring errors. Police officers are usually not allowed to use their discretion when setting the speeding threshold during enforcement activities by photo radar. Road safety improvements in the Australian state of Victoria are largely attributed by the state government to infrastructure improvements and speed management including tougher tolerances and enforcement. Low level speeding is targeted because of the overall population effects. This is best explained by the recent Auditor General’s independent review which cites: The relative risk of casualty crash involvement for vehicles travelling only a few km/h above the speed limit is lower than for those travelling a greater amount above the limit. However the contribution of “low level speeders” to the total number of casualty crashes is high because of the high number of motorists travelling at these speeds. Therefore, “low level speeding” represents a substantial risk across the road network. Victoria has some of the tightest speeding tolerances in Australia, with 3 km/h if the speed is under 100 km/h, or 3% if over 100 km/h. This is despite the fact that the Australian Design Rules only stipulate that a car’s speedometer must be accurate within a 10% tolerance. In Germany, a 3 km/h tolerance (4 km/h when speeding over 100 km/h) in favor of the\nSpeed limit enforcement often begins at a small amount above the speed limit. For example, speeding citations for 1 unit (mph or km/h) above the limit are rare. In certain cases, such as Houston, Texas, only 1% of speeding citations are for less than 10 mph (16 km/h) above the speed limit. In the United States, speeding enforcement tolerance is usually up to the discretion of the arresting officer. A small tolerance is almost always allowed, even where traffic signs advise \"NO TOLERANCE\". Some states (such as Pennsylvania) have official tolerances. Per state law, one cannot be cited by an officer using a radar/laser gun for traveling less than 10 mph (16 km/h) over a speed limit of less than 55 mph (89 km/h) or for traveling less than 6 mph (10 km/h) over a speed limit of 55 mph (89 km/h) or greater. In Taiwan, even though the Regulations on Establishing Traffic Signs and Indicating Lines (zh:??????????????) define the speed limit signs to show absolute limits, police agencies have generally agreed a tolerance of up to 10 km/h. A notable exception was the Hsuehshan Tunnel opened on June 16, 2006\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\noffender is always deducted. Fines for speeding depend on how high above the speed limit the measured speed is and where the offense occurred. Speeding in built-up areas invariably carries higher fines than outside city limits. While fines for minor offenses tend to be moderate, speeds in excess of 20 km/h above the limit in built-up areas and 30 km/h on other roads result in distinctly higher fines and points on the driver’s license, and, depending on the speed at which the offender was clocked, may lead to a driving ban of at least one month. In New Zealand, the speed limit is not enforced up to 11 km/h over the posted limit, unless the speed was considered dangerous for the road. The tolerance is reduced to 4 km/h within 250 metres of schools. In Romania, exceeding the speed limit by up to 10 km/h is not taken into consideration, however this means that the starting fine (at 11 km/h over the posted limit) is high.\nMethods for evading enforcement of speed limits have entered popular culture. Among the most familiar techniques is to purchase a radar detector to seek out police radar signals before one enters an enforcement zone. Observers have pointed out a small-scale arms race ensues, as speeders buy radar detectors of greater technology and police purchase equipment that is harder to detect. Such detectors are illegal in certain jurisdictions. Speeders can also alter their traffic behavior according to known police stakeout positions.\n• • • • • • • Design speed Operating speed Road-rule enforcement camera Road-traffic safety Speed limits by country Traffic violations reciprocity Train speed limit (United States)\n ^ \"Synthesis of Safety Research Related to Speed and Speed Limits\". U.S. Federal\nHighway Administration. http://www.tfhrc.gov/safety/speed/ speed.htm. Retrieved on 2009-04-03. Jackson JSH, Blackman R (1994). A driving-simulator test of Wilde’s risk homeostasis theory. Journal of Applied Psychology. (PDF) Review and Analysis of Posted Speed Limits and Speed Limit Setting Practices in British Columbia. British Columbia Ministry of Transportation. Spring 2003. http://www.th.gov.bc.ca/ publications/eng_publications/ speed_review/Speed_Review_Report.pdf. Copulos, Milton R. (1986-09-09). \"The High Cost of the 55 MPH Speed Limit\". The Heritage Foundation. http://www.heritage.org/Research/ SmartGrowth/bg532.cfm. Retrieved on 2007-04-19. \"Trucking Industry Asks Congress for National 65 mph Speed Limit\". Environment News Service. January 27, 2009. http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/ jan2009/2009-01-27-093.asp. Retrieved on 2009-02-08. http://www.ite.org/standards/ speed_zoning.pdf 2006 Survey of free speed \"Road Signs\". Government of Western Australia. Main Roads Western Australia. http://www2.mainroads.wa.gov.au/ Internet/Safety/road_environment/ roadsides/road_signs.asp. Retrieved on 2008-06-28. National Audit Office Report (HC 15, 2004-05): Tackling congestion by making better use of England’s motorways and trunk roads (Full Report) Schick, P. (2003) (PDF). Einfluss von Streckenbeeinflussungsanlage auf die Kapazität von Autobahnabschnitten sowie die Stabilität des Verkehrsflusses. http://elib.uni-stuttgart.de/opus/volltexte/ 2003/1468/pdf/ Dissertation_Schick.pdf#search=%22Irschenberg%2 Retrieved on 2006-08-25. Kollektive Verkehrs beeinflussungsanlagen auf Bundesfern strassen Stand Maerz 2003 \"Managing Speed\". Public Roads. www.tfhrc.gov. January/February 2003. http://www.tfhrc.gov/pubrds/03jan/ 10.htm. Retrieved on 2008-07-06. §3 Straßenverkehrsordnung, Federal Ministry of Justice (Germany)\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\n Isle of Man Guide - No All-Island Speed PChome Online: Speeding for 1 km/h Limit fined 3000 TWD, the people heavily scold Fatal Accidents Double on Montana’s the bandit government (in Chinese) Intersttes ¤µ¤é·mÂA³ø Speed limits to be introduced on NT Association of Chief Police Officers: open roads Speed enforcement guidelines \"Traffic Safety - The German Experience An independent review of Victoria’s after Reunification\", accessed speed management program which has 2008-09-07 helped to cut road trauma as part of the \"AA History, The story of the AA since Arrive Alive! strategy 1905\". http://www.theaa.com/aboutaa/ Kloeden CN, McLean AJ & Glonek G history.html. Retrieved on 2008-10-26. (2002). CR 207: Reanalysis of Travelling \"\"A group of motoring enthusiasts met at Speed and the Risk of Crash Involvement the Trocadero restaurant in London’s in Adelaide South Australia (2002). West End on 29 June to form the Australian Transport Safety Bureau, Automobile Association (the AA) – a body Canberra. http://www.atsb.gov.au/ initially intended to help motorists avoid publications/2002/Speed_Risk_3.aspx. police speed traps.\"\" Retrieved on 2006-12-18. \"Autobahn-Temporegelung\". CTV Toronto | CTV News, Shows and http://www.presse.adac.de/standpunkte/ Sports - Canadian Television Verkehr/ Autobahn_Temporegelung.asp?active1=tcm:11-18784-4. Retrieved on 2008-10-25. \"\"Der ADAC • Governments hält ein allgemeines Tempolimit auf • Transport, Local Government and the Autobahnen für nicht erforderlich... Ein Regions - Ninth Report A Zusammenhang zwischen generellem comprehensive UK report into the Tempolimit und dem Sicherheitsniveau effects of speeding. auf Autobahnen ist im internationalen • The Speeding Driver: Who, How and Vergleich nicht feststellbar. Die Zahl der Why? A major research report into the Getöteten auf Autobahnen pro 1 Mrd. psychology of the speeding driver. Fahrzeugkilometer liegt in Deutschland • Motorists’ and other groups bei 2,99 mit fallender Tendenz. • National Motorists Association A U.S. Zahlreiche Länder mit genereller organization arguing for 85th Geschwindigkeitsbeschränkung percentile limits. schneiden schlechter ab als Deutschland • Slower Speeds Initiative A UK road (z.B. Belgien, Österreich, Slowenien, safety organisation which campaigns Tschechien, USA).\"\" , Press Release, for lower speed limits. October 2007. • Higher/Flexible Speeds Initiative An Study Shows That Motorists Drive at Austrian project that aim at more Reasonable Speeds, Speed Limits . Auto flexible speed limits and also higher and Road User speed limits for a better traffic control SPEED2008.xls and safer driving. \"Highways Are Safe at Any Speed\" by • Other links Eric Peters, Wall Street Journal • John F. Carr’s State Traffic and Speed \"Road Safety in France - abstract of the Laws 2005 report\". National interministeriel • R.A. Krammes, K. Fitzpatrick, J.D. road safety Observatory. http://www.securiteroutiere.equipement.gouv.fr/ Blaschke, D.B. Fambro. Speed: Understanding Design, Operating, and infos-ref/observatoire/observatory.html. Posted Speed, Research Report 1465-1. AASHTO Policy Resolution: The National Project No. 1465. Texas Transportation Statutory Speed Limit Institute, College Station, TX. March Houston Chronicle, \"It’s really true: 1996. Drivers going less than 10 mph (16km/h) • The United States’ Transportation over limit rarely ticketed\", November 24, Research Board (TRB) National 2002). Cooperative Highway Research Speed Timing Devices\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nProgram (NCHRP): Report 504: Design Speed, Operating Speed, and Posted Speed Practices 2003. • C. Lave and P. Elias, \"Did The 65 MPH speed Limit Save Lives?\" Accident Analysis and Prevention, Vol. 26, No. 1, 1994. • Effects of Raising and Lowering Speed Limits on Selected Roadway Sections, United States Publication No. FHWARD-97-084, January 1997.\n• Actual Speeds on the Roads Compared to the Posted Limits, Final Report 551, Arizona Dept of Transportation, October 2004. • Special Report 254: Managing Speed, Transportation Research Board, 1998. • The Flicker Fusion Factor Why we can’t drive safely at high speed • Speed control devices for vehicles Technology is being developed to assist (or in some cases, force) drivers keep to the speed limits.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-10", "url": "http://www.docstoc.com/docs/6220044/Speedingpdf", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394021727061/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305121527-00001-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9156170487, "token_count": 8064, "score": 3.546875, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Ó Wikipedia, an t-einscéalaíocht saor in aisce\nTá an t-eispéireas seo ag feidhmiú go hiomlán i gcásanna áirithe. Is éard atá i dteorainn luas bóthair an luas uasta a cheadaítear de réir dlí d'fheithiclí bóthair. Is gnách go leagann comhlachtaí reachtacha náisiúin nó rialtais chúige, mar shampla tíortha ar fud an domhain, teorainneacha luas agus déanann siad iad a fhorfheidhmiú. Ba é an chéad theorainn uasta luas an teorainn 10 míle san uair (16 km/h) a tugadh isteach sa Ríocht Aontaithe i 1861. Is í Oileán Mhanann an t-aon áit ar domhan nach bhfuil teorainn luas ginearálta ann. Sa Ghearmáin, tá 57% den chóras mótarbhealach saor ó theorainneacha luas. Faoi láthair, is é an teorainn luas is airde a fhoilsítear ar domhan ná 140 ciliméadar san uair (87 mph) ar mhótarbhealaí na Polainne, cé gur ceadaíodh teorainn luas inathraithe suas le 160 ciliméadar san uair (99 mph) go turgnamhach ar thréimhse de mhótarbhealach na hOstaire i mí an Mheithimh 2006.\nTá an comhartha 60km/h a úsáidtear i nAcht Locaimótara na hAstráile 1861 (nó \"Acht an Fhearainn Dearg\") sa Ríocht Aontaithe (mar a bhí feithiclí in amanna mar \"locaimótaraí éadrom\" ). Sa bhliain 1865, laghdaigh an tAcht Locaiméadair athbhreithnithe an teorainn luas go 4 mph (6 km / h) sa tír agus 2 mph (3 km / h) i mbailte. Éilíonn an tAcht 1865 ar dhuine a raibh bratach dearg nó lantern aige siúl 60 slat (50 m) roimh gach feithicil, luas coise a fhorfheidhmiú, agus rabhadh a thabhairt do marcaigh agus do thrácht a tharraingíonn capaill faoi theacht meaisín féin-thiomáint. Cuireadh Acht na Locaimóide 1896 in ionad \"Acht an Phláin Cheoil\" agus méadaíodh an teorainn luas go 14 mph (23 km/h) gach bliain ó 1927 le Rith Carran Veteran Londain go Brighton.\nSábháilteacht agus éifeachtúlacht\nTá an fuinneamh cinéiteach a bhaineann le timpiste feithicle mótair comhréireach leis an chearnóg\nBa é an chéad theorainn luas an teorainn 10mph (16.1 km/h) a tugadh isteach ag an\nÓ Wikipedia, an t-einscéalaíocht saor in aisce\nan luas ag timpiste. Tá dóchúlacht báis, le haghaidh luasanna tipiciúla imbhuailte, comhghaolmhar go heimpiriciúil leis an gceathrú cumhacht den difríocht luas (ag brath ar chineál an imbhuailte, ní gá go mbeadh sé mar an gcéanna le luas taistil) ag timpiste, ag ardú i bhfad níos tapúla ná fuinneamh cinneasach.\nLéirigh staidéar 1994 le Jeremy Jackson agus Roger Blackman, i gcomhréir leis an teoiric homeostasis riosca, cé go raibh méadú ar theorainneacha luas agus fíneálacha luas a laghdú méadú suntasach ar luas tiomána, ní raibh aon éifeacht ar minicíocht na timpiste, agus na 24 rannpháirtí ag coinneáil an leibhéal céanna riosca agus iompar riosca. Léirigh sé freisin gur tháinig laghdú mór agus suntasach ar minicíocht na dtuarascála mar thoradh ar chostas méadaithe na timpiste ach ní raibh aon athrú ar rogha na luas. Deirtear sa achoimre go léiríonn na torthaí go bhféadfadh tionchar beag a bheith ag rialachán iompar rioscaí ar leith amhail rogha luas ar rátaí timpistí.\nTeorainneacha luas, luasanna iarbhír, agus sábháilteacht iomlán\nFuair tuarascáil 1998 Comhcheangal Taighde Sábháilteachta a bhaineann le luas agus teorainneacha luas a urraithe ag an Riarachán Cónaidhme Bóithre go raibh an chuma ar athrú ar theorainneacha luas ar bhóithre íseal agus mheánluais gan aon éifeacht shuntasach a bheith acu ar luas tráchta nó ar líon na dtimpistí, agus ar bhóithre ardluais mar bhóithre saor, bhí luas níos airde ag teorainneacha luas de ghnáth mar thoradh ar luas tráchta níos airde agus níos mó timpistí. Dúirt an tuarascáil go n-athródh luas na tráchta ar bhóithre ardluais thart ar an ceathrú cuid de aon athrú ar theorainn luas, agus gur mhol staidéir idirnáisiúnta go mbeadh athrú luas 1 mhíle san uair (1.6 km/h) mar thoradh ar athrú 5% ar líon na dtimpistí gortaithe. Thug an tuarascáil faoi deara go laghdaigh síneadh tráchta luas agus gortuithe go suntasach i limistéir a ndearnadh cóireáil orthu ach go bhféadfadh an laghdú a bheith mar gheall ar mhéideanna tráchta laghdaithe. Tugann an tuarascáil le fios freisin go bhféadfadh \"tairbhí féideartha a bheith ag teorainneacha luas inathraithe a oiriúnaíonn le coinníollacha tráchta agus comhshaoil\" toisc go bhfuil an chuid is mó de na timpistí a bhaineann le luas ró-thapa do na coinníollacha. Thug an tuarascáil faoi deara an staidéar réamhtheachtach (D. Solomon, \"Tráthanna ar phríomh-bhóithre tuaithe a bhaineann le luas, tiománaí agus feithicil\", Riarachán na Bóithre Ceannais, Washington, DC, Iúil 1964) a thug faoi deara \"curve Uisfhoirmithe\" - dá ngairtear curve Solomon ina dhiaidh sin - dóchúlacht na timpiste i gcoinne luas, áit a raibh rátaí timpiste is ísle le haghaidh luasanna taistil in aice le meánluais na tráchta, agus méadaigh siad le héagóra níos mó os cionn agus faoi bhun an mheán. Fuair taighde ina dhiaidh sin go bhfuil \"An líon mór de thimpistí a tharlaíonn nuair a bhíonn gluaiseacht ag casadh ina chúis leis an riosca méadaithe do mhótarfheithicil ag taisteal níos moille ná an meán agus deimhníonn sé an tábhacht a bhaineann le cláir sábháilteachta a bhaineann le bealaí casadh, rialú rochtana, scaradh grád, agus bearta eile chun coinbhleachtaí a laghdú a eascraíonn as difríochtaí móra i luasanna taistil\".\nFachtóirí luas agus timpiste\nBaineann an chuid is mó de na timpistí \"a bhaineann le luas\" le luas ró-tapa do chúinsí mar fhísíocht theoranta nó tarraingt laghdaithe bóthair, seachas níos mó ná an teorainn luas foilsithe. Tarlaíonn an chuid is mó de na timpistí a bhaineann le luas ar bhóithre áitiúla agus ar bhóithre bhailiúcháin a bhfuil teorainneacha luas réasúnta íseal acu. Mar sin féin, baineann an chuid is mó de na tuairiscí tráchta a bhaineann le luas le luasanna a théann thar na teorainneacha uasta luas a foilsíodh. Teorainneacha luas inathraithe (q.v.) Tá sé de chumas ag na tionscadail seo roinnt de na timpistí a bhaineann le luas a laghdú, ach mar gheall ar chostas ard an chur chun feidhme, tá siad ar fáil go príomha ar mhótarbhealaí. Is féidir le timpistí a bhaineann le luas a bheith ar siúl ar bhóithre ard-taighde luas teoranta ag luas íseal, mar shampla, faoi bhun 30 mph (50 km/h); mar shampla, rollovers trucail ar rampanna imeachta.\nFachtóirí maidir le teorainneacha luas a shocrú\nLéiríonn innealtóirí tráchta go bhfuil formhór na tiománaithe ag tiomáint ar bhealach sábháilte agus réasúnta, mar a léirítear le taifid tiomána fabhracha i gcónaí. I dtuarascáil ó Aireacht Iompair Cholóimib na Breataine tá an méid seo a leanas le fáil ina achoimre: go bhfuil an minicíocht na dtimpistí ag brath níos mó ar athruithe sa luas idir feithiclí ná ar luas iomlán, agus go bhfuil an dóchúlacht go dtarlóidh dtimpiste i bhfad níos airde má tá feithiclí ag taisteal ag luas níos moille nó níos tapúla ná meán luas an tráchta. Is minic a shocraítear teorainneacha luas trí reachtanna. Is féidir teorainneacha luas a ísliú de ghnáth, nó a ardú uaireanta, ón teorainn luas reachtach trí phróiseas ar a dtugtar criosú luas. Is iad na fachtóirí is coitianta a mbíonn tionchar acu ar cheantair luas:\nÓ Wikipedia, an t-einscéalaíocht saor in aisce\n• luas 85ú céatadán • luas dearadh. • Feidhmeanna bóithre. • Taifid chraoladh. • Breithiúnas riaracháin. • Breithiúnas innealtóireachta. • Tionchair pholaitiúla. Bíonn tionchar ag éifeachtúlacht breosla uaireanta ar roghnú teorainn luas. Bhí teorainn uasta luas de 55 mph (89 km/h) ag na Stáit Aontaithe uair amháin chun tomhaltas breosla a laghdú. Níor thug tiománaithe aird ar an dlí go forleathan agus thug sé laghdú íosta ar thomhaltas breosla. Ní bhíonn sé chomh coitianta sin, laghdaítear teorainneacha luas chun aghaidh a thabhairt ar shaincheisteanna áitiúla maidir le cáilíocht an aeir nó ar fhachtóirí eile a théann i bhfeidhm ar cháilíocht an chomhshaoil. Sampla de sin is ea \"teorainneacha luas comhshaoil\" sna Stáit Aontaithe.\nI gcleachtas innealtóireachta a nglactar go coitianta, meastar go bhfuil luas dearadh \"an chéad bhéim\" ag teorainn luas iomchuí.\nriail an 85ú céatadáin\nFéadfaidh innealtóirí tráchta brath ar an riail 85ú céatadán chun teorainneacha luas a bhunú. Ba cheart an teorainn luas a shocrú ar an luas a scarann 85% de luasanna íseal na feithicle ó 15% den uachtarach. Tá an 85ú céatadán beagán níos mó ná luas atá ar aon mhaolú caighdeánach os cionn meán d'eascraíocht choitianta. Is é an teoiric ná go bhféadfadh go mbeadh níos mó cloí le dlíthe tráchta a léiríonn iompar an chuid is mó de na tiománaithe ná dlíthe a chrimineálann an chuid is mó de na tiománaithe go neamhspleách agus a spreagann sárú. Níl tacaíocht phoiblí ag na cineálacha dlíthe deireanach agus is minic a theipeann orthu athruithe inmhianaithe a dhéanamh ar iompar tiomána. Sampla de sin is ea an sean-tairseach luas sna Stáit Aontaithe de 88 km/h (55 mph) a cuireadh ar ceal go páirteach mar gheall ar chomhlíonadh an-íseal. Tuairiscíonn formhór na n-údarás sna Stáit Aontaithe go n-úsáideann siad an luas 85ú céatadán mar bhunús dá theorainneacha luas, mar sin ba cheart go mbeadh na teorainneacha luas agus luas 85ú céatadán ag teacht go dlúth. Mar sin féin, léiríonn athbhreithniú ar staidéir luas atá ar fáil go bhfuil an teorainn luas a leagtar amach beagnach i gcónaí i bhfad níos ísle ná an 85ú céasanteoir luas chomh mór le 8 go 12 mph (féach bl.88) (13 go 19 km/h). I measc cúiseanna seo tá: • Frithsheasmhacht pholaitiúil nó birocrátach i gcoinne teorainneacha níos airde. • Reachtanna a chuireann srian ar dhlínsí ó theorainneacha níos airde a chur.\nSna Stáit Aontaithe sainmhínítear an luas dearadh go hoifigiúil mar \"luas roghnaithe a úsáidtear chun gnéithe éagsúla dearaidh gheoiméadacha an bhóthair a chinneadh\", de réir lámhleabhar dearadh bóthair mhór 2001 de chuid Chumann Meiriceánach na mBóithre Móra Stáit agus Oifigigh Iompair, a thugtar \"Leabhar Glas\" air go coitianta. Tagraíonn le leaganacha roimhe seo den Leabhar Glas do luas dearadh mar \"an luas sábháilte uasta is féidir a choinneáil thar rannán sonrach de mhórbhealach nuair a bhíonn na dálaí chomh fabhrach sin go rialaíonn gnéithe dearaidh an mhórbhealaigh\"; áfach, chuir eagrán 2001 an téarma \"sábháilte\" as chun an impleacht a sheachaint go raibh luasanna níos mó ná an luas dearadh \"neamhshábháilte\" go forleathan. Is féidir le luasanna oibriúcháin sábháilte an luas dearadh a shárú. I measc na gcúiseanna samplacha tá: 1. Ní luas ionadaíoch de bhóthar iomlán é luas dearadh. Ina áit sin, tá luas dearadh an bhóthair teoranta ag a ghné is srianta, mar shampla cúl, clog nó cnoc. 2. Seachadadh. Féadfaidh dearadh iarbhír an bhóthair na sonraíochtaí dearadh a shárú. 3. Tá an t-am ann. Is éard atá i gceist le paraiméadair reatha chun luas dearadh a chinneadh ná cumas teicneolaíochta gluaisteán atá as dáta. 4. Tá an t-am De ghnáth ní athraítear an luas dearadh a luaitear do bhóthar áirithe. Dá bhrí sin, ní fhéadfaidh an luas deartha ar bhóithre níos sine, a ríomhadh le modheolaíochtaí níos sine, a bheith ina fhachtóir ar theicneolaíocht feabhsaithe feithicle a d'fhéadfadh sábháilteacht deartha a choinneáil ag luasanna níos airde taistil.\nTá teorainn uasta luas réamhshocraithe de réir dlí ag an gcuid is mó de bhóithre poiblí i bhformhór na n-áit. Tá difríochtaí idir na teorainneacha luas réamhshocraithe agus úsáidí úsáideoirí bóithre; i roinnt áiteanna, cuireann údaráis comhartha i gcónaí ag rá go bhfuil teorainn uasta luas (s) ar bhóthar áirithe le luach uimhriúil a d'fhéadfadh a bheith nó nach bhféadfadh a bheith mar theorainn luas réamhshocraithe. I gcásanna eile, d'fhéadfadh sé go léiríodh teorainneacha luas réamhshocraithe atá ábhartha d'úsáideoirí bóithre trí chomhartha neamh-uimhriúil, gan comharthaí teorainneacha luas, le láithreacht sholas sráide, nó le socrú fisiciúil an bhóthair. Má tá teorainn réamhshocraithe i bhfeidhm i ngach áit laistigh de thír amháin nó stát amháin, is é a dtugtar\nÓ Wikipedia, an t-einscéalaíocht saor in aisce\ncoitianta ar fud an domhain. Sna Stáit Aontaithe, is gnách go mbíonn na comharthaí ceartchearnach leis na focail \"LIMIT TÍOCHTA\" (sa Cheanada, \"MAXIMUM\") agus na luachanna i dubh ar chúlra bán, is féidir an scéim dathanna do chomharthaí teorainn luas oíche a bheith polaraithe agus le téacs éagsúil. Soláthraíonn Leabhrán Riaracháin na mBóithre Chónaidhme sna Stáit Aontaithe ar Thionscadail Aonair um Rialú Tráffic treoirlínte maidir le comharthaí teorainneacha luas a chur ar fáil. Tá comharthaí na hAstráile ceartcheannaigh ach tá ciorcal dearg acu cosúil leis na comharthaí Coitianta, Uaireanta, déantar teorainneacha luas a phéinteáil ar dhromchla an bhóthair mar mheabhrúchán. Tá éagsúlachtaí ann freisin maidir le dearadh na comharthais luas íosta ó thír go tír. Baineann an chuid is mó de na tíortha úsáid as ciorcail gorma bunaithe ar chomharthaí éigeantacha Coinbhinsiún Vín ar Shonraí agus ar Thráchtanna Bóthair. Tá an dearadh céanna ag comhartha luas íosta na Seapáine le comhartha luas uasta ach le líne uasmhéide thíos an uimhir. Sna Stáit Aontaithe tá siad comhionann freisin lena gcomharthaí teorann uasta luas lena mbaineann ach amháin an téacs \"LÍOSTA UÍMHÁIN\".\nTá an comhartha seo coitianta i gcuid mhór den Eoraip, agus léirítear go bhfuil an teorainn 60 km/h. Tá comharthaí den chineál céanna sa RA i mph. teorainn luas náisiúnta nó stát. De ghnáth, tá teorainneacha luacha éagsúla i bhfeidhm ar shráideanna uirbeacha, ar mhórbhealaí tuaithe agus ar bhóithre cosúil le saorbhealaí agus d'fhéadfadh na luachanna seo a bheith éagsúil de réir an chineáil feithicle. De ghnáth, tugtar tosaíocht do theorainn a fhoilsítear atá níos ísle ná teorainn luas réamhshocraithe. Is gnáth-ghlaschlár líneach é teorainn luas a fhoilsítear a bhfuil difríocht aige ón teorainn luas réamhshocraithe agus ní bhaineann sé ach leis an mbóthar sin, agus ní gá go mbeadh aon bhóithre a thrasnaíonn. Tá feidhm ag teorainneacha luas ceantair ar na bóithre go léir lasmuigh den chomhartha a shainmhíníonn iad. De ghnáth, is trí chomhartha teorainn luas a chur ar an mbord a dhéantar tús a theorainn luas difriúil a mharcáil go huimhriúil. Is minic a bhíonn comharthaí teorainneacha luas in aice le teorainneacha agus creathracha bóithre, agus i gcásanna áirithe, go háirithe sna Stáit Aontaithe, bíonn comharthaí meabhrúcháin teorainneacha luas le feiceáil ag eatraimh rialta. Sa Aontas Eorpach, de ghnáth, tá comharthaí móra a léiríonn teorainneacha luas náisiúnta (mostasach) na tíre faoi seach a thógáil díreach tar éis trasna teorann, le comhartha athfhillteach thart ar 200 go 500 méadar (thart ar 650 go 1,650 troigh) tar éis an chéad chomhartha. Leantar an cleachtas céanna i go leor stáit Mheiriceá. Tá éagsúlacht ann idir na tíortha maidir le dearadh na comharthaí maidir le teorainn luas. Úsáidtear i go leor náisiúin, nach páirtithe conarthacha iad cuid acu, ach go háirithe iad siúd i gcuid mhór den Eoraip, comharthaíocht a chomhlíonann na caighdeáin atá leagtha amach i gCoinbhinsiún Vín ar Shonraí agus ar Thráchtanna Bóithre. Dá bhrí sin, is é luach i dteacs dubh a bhfuil teorainn leis i ndath ar chúlra bán go leor\nTeorainneacha luas inathraithe\nLe déanaí tá roinnt dlínse ag tosú ag triail a bhaint as teorainneacha luas inathraithe a athraíonn le troscán bóithre agus le tosca eile (tá sé seo difriúil ó laghduithe teorainneacha na Fraince le linn aimsire diúltacha). Tá sampla amháin ar mhótarbhealach M25 na Breataine, a théann timpeall Londain. Ar an rannán 22 km is mó a bhfuil an-tóir air (an nasc 10 go 16) de M25 tá teorainneacha luas inathraitheach i dteannta le forfheidhmiú uathoibrithe i bhfeidhm ó 1995. Léirigh torthaí tosaigh go raibh sábháil i dtréimhsí taistil, trácht níos sreabhach, agus laghdú ar líon na dtimpistí, agus mar sin rinneadh an cur i bhfeidhm buan i 1997. Go dtí seo, tá tástálacha breise ar an M25 gan cinntí. Ó mhí na Nollag 2008 ar aghaidh beidh an tseirbhís do theorainneacha luas inathraithe ag an rannán uasghrádúithe den M1 idir an M25 agus Luton. Sa Ghearmáin, rinneadh na chéad turgnaimh le comharthaí inathraithe i 1965 ar an A8 München-Salzburg le comharthaí a oibríodh de láimh. Ag tosú sna 1970idí, cuireadh níos mó agus níos mó Streckenbeeinflussungsanlagen (córais rialaithe líneach) chun cinn i seirbhís. Is féidir le córais rialaithe mótarbhealaigh nua-aimseartha oibriú gan idirghabháil an duine trí úsáid a bhaint as cineálacha éagsúla braiteoirí chun trácht a thomhas\nÓ Wikipedia, an t-einscéalaíocht saor in aisce\nCoinníonn an córas rian ar gach gluaiseacht tráchta agus laghdaíonn sé an teorainn luas má bhrathann sé tús na congestion tráchta. Nuair a bheidh sé gníomhaithe, is féidir an teorainn luas a shocrú ag 90, 70 nó 50 km/h de réir leibhéal an chathraic tráchta a bhfuiltear ag súil leis. Úsáidtear teorainneacha luas inathraithe ar roinnt codanna de mhórbhealach sna Stáit Aontaithe. Níor cuireadh an méid sin i bhfeidhm ar bhonn náisiúnta, áfach. Ar an Idirbhóthair 90 ag Snoqualmie Pass, Washington, (in aice le Seattle) úsáidtear teorainneacha luas inathraithe chun trácht a mhoilliú i aimsir gheimhridh throm. Déantar é seo freisin ar phasanna sléibhe eile i Washington. Tá comharthaí teorann luas inathraithe, i dteannta le comharthaí teachtaireachta inathraithe, in úsáid ó na 1960idí ar an New Jersey Turnpike, áit ar féidir le hoifigigh an teorainn luas a choigeartú de réir aimsire, dálaí tráchta, agus tógála. I measc na mbóithre eile a bhfuil teorainneacha luas inathraithe acu tá Pulaski Skyway i New Jersey, I-495 i Delaware, agus an chuid Missouri den lúb I-270 / I-255 timpeall St. Louis. Sa Chatalóin, tá an Rialtas Autonómach Generalitat le tosú ag cur teorainneacha luas inathraithe i limistéar cathrach Barcelona i mí an Mhárta, 2009.\nAonad tomhais\nBaineann formhór mór na dtíortha úsáid as aonad méadrach (ciliméadar san uair) seachas aonad Impiriúil (míle san uair). Uaireanta, úsáidtear aonad éagsúla tomhais luas ar gach taobh de theorainn. Mar shampla, úsáideann Éire Thuaidh (cuid den RA) luachanna arna ríomh i míle san uair (mph) le haghaidh teorainneacha luas agus míle le haghaidh achar, agus úsáideann Poblacht na hÉireann ciliméadar san uair (km/h) le haghaidh teorainneacha luas agus ciliméadar le haghaidh achar. Is iad an Ríocht Aontaithe agus na Stáit Aontaithe na príomh-náisiúin amháin a úsáideann an córas aonaid Impiriúil fós. Níor léirigh na Stáit Aontaithe aon rún chun é a thiontú go haonaid SI, agus d'athraigh siad go haonaid impiriúla i stáit a raibh córais impiriúla agus SI araon acu mar California agus Arizona. Mar sin féin, tá roinnt fad agus luasanna SI fós ag Ohio, Dakota Theas, Maine, agus Vermont (go háirithe in aice le teorainn Cheanada) ar a n-achar agus ar a n-altanna teorainn luas (mar shampla 70 mph (110 km / h) / 110 km / h, nó 3 mhíle / 5 km go dtí an chéad aschur eile). Nuair a thagann siad isteach i gCeanada, cuirtear comharthaí ar an bpáirc ag cur i gcuimhne do thiománaithe go bhfuil comharthaíocht mheitreach á úsáid. Ar an láimh eile\nSampla de chomhartha teorainn luas inathraithe sna Stáit Aontaithe. coinníollacha sreabhadh agus aimsire. Faoi 2007, beidh 1200 km (10%) de mhótarbhealaí na Gearmáine feistithe le córais den sórt sin. In 2006, thosaigh an Ostair ag turgnamh le teorainn luas 160 km / h (100 mph) ar shraith tástála roghnaithe de Autobahn mar chuid dá gclár teorann luas inathraithe, ag baint úsáide as an sloinneadh \" solúbthacht le freagracht\". Tá teorainneacha luas inathraithe ag an Nua-Shéalainn ó 2001. Bhí an chéad shuiteáil ar an Ngauranga Gorge, codán géar de bhealaí dúbailte ar SH1 ó thuaidh den phríomhchathair, Wellington. Is é an teorainn luas de ghnáth 80 km/h. Déantar monatóireacht ar an rannán tuirlingt trí chamara treoluas seasta. I An Ísiltír, tá córas rialaithe luas inathraithe ag cuid mhór den líonra mótarbhealaigh dlúth. Is gnách go gcuirtear an comhartha leictreonach gach 500 méadar.\nÓ Wikipedia, an t-einscéalaíocht saor in aisce\nnuair a thagann siad isteach sna Stáit Aontaithe ó Cheanada, taispeántar comhartha teorainn luas méadrach do roinnt tiománaithe. Tá roinnt comharthaí fad asraonta ar Idirstáití i New Hampshire marcáilte leis an achar i mílte agus an achar i gcilómetir a thaispeántar i bprátais. Tá roinnt comharthaí ag Houston, Texas i ngrúpaí SI agus Impiriúla in aice lena aerfoirt agus lár na cathrach. Tá imeachtaí ar Rathrú 1 Delaware agus ar Idirstáit 19 atá uimhrithe de réir ciliméadar - tá post ciliméadar ar I-19 freisin.\n• Níl aon teorainn luas ar go leor bóithre tuaithe in Oileán Mhanann. Bhí an-díograis ar thogra 2004 maidir le teorainneacha luas 70 agus 60 mph (112 agus 96 km / h), cé go bhfuil luasanna taistil tomhaiste go minic íseal. Tá teorainn luas ag Montana, SAM ó mhí an Mheithimh 1999 (féach Montana Speed Limit). Tháinig ráta báis Montana ar a ráta is ísle nuair nach raibh aon dlí luas ann, ó Eanáir go Bealtaine 1999. D'éirigh le básanna a dhúbailt tar éis teorainn luas a fhorfheidhmiú. Ní raibh aon teorainneacha luas blaincéad taobh amuigh de na bailte móra i dTuaisceart na hAstráile go dtí Eanáir 2007, nuair a laghdaíodh teorainneacha luas tuaithe go 110 km / h nó 130 km / h. Roimh an teorainn náisiúnta (a bhfuil imithe i bhfeidhm anois) 1974 de 55 mph (88 km/h) sna Stáit Aontaithe, bhí ráta básmhaireachta níos airde ag Autobahns na Gearmáine ná U.S. Interstates; áfach, cúpla bliain ina dhiaidh sin, thit ráta an Autobahn faoi bhun ráta (an uair sin) 55 mph (88 km/h) U.S. Interstates teoranta. Léiríonn taifid IRTAD go bhfuil an ráta sna Stáit Aontaithe níos airde ná an ráta ar líonra Autobahn na Gearmáine nach bhfuil srianta ar a chuid is mó air. Cé go bhfuil an ráta báis ar mhórbhealaí na RA a bhfuil luas teoranta 70 mph (112 km / h) thart ar leath na Gearmáine, comhlíonann an teorainn 62 mph (100 km / h) sa tSeapáin a bhfuil a fhios aige go bhfuil ráta báis ar mhórbhealaí níos mó ná an Ghearmáin. Mar sin féin, ní chuireann comparáidí simplí ar rátaí báis idir tíortha na difríochtaí i ndlúthúlacht tráchta, i gcáilíocht na cúraim leighis, i gcoinníollacha teicniúla na bhfeithiclí a bhfuil baint acu, agus i ndlí Smeed san áireamh. Tá taithí gan fasach na mótarú san Iarthar na Gearmáine tar éis an teorainn a oscailt i mí na Samhna 1989 ina fhoghlaim. Roimh ath-aontú na Gearmáine i 1990, bhí na \"carranna atá ar fáil sean ó thaobh teicniúil de agus bhí innill bheaga acu. Cuireadh cosc ar thimpistí trí rialachán sriantach tráchta\". Laistigh de dhá bhliain tar éis an oscailt, tháinig méadú 54% ar thrácht mótarfheithiclí agus dhúbailt na mbásanna trathartha bliantúla, in ainneoin \"socrú eatramhach [a] raibh baint aige le leanúint ar aghaidh leis an teorainn luas de 100 km / h ar Autobahns agus de 80 km / h lasmuigh de chathracha agus teorainn alcóil fola de 0.0 ‰\". Thug clár fairsing de na ceithre E (fhorfheidhmiú, oideachas, innealtóireacht, agus freagairt éigeandála) líon na mbásanna tráchta ar ais go leibhéil réamh-aontaithe tar éis deich mbliana agus cuireadh rialacháin tráchta ar ardú go caighdeáin an Iarthair (e.g., 130 km / h teorainn comhairleach bóthair mhór, 100 km / h ar bhóithre tuaithe eile, agus 0.5 miligram BAC).\nRéasúnta agus Cliste\nDéanann rialtais ionchúiseamh freisin ar luasanna nach bhfuil réasúnta do dhálaí fiú má tá luasanna laistigh de na teorainneacha luas foilsithe; mar shampla, teastaíonn ó thiománaithe a luas a choigeartú nuair a bhíonn siad ag tiomáint i néal nó i bhfulaingt báistí, agus gan a bheith ag tiomáint níos tapúla ná mar is féidir leo a fheiceáil chun stop a chur sa líne radharc. Tá alt 22350 de Chód Feithicle California tipiciúil; deir sé \"Ní thiománaíonn aon duine feithicil ar mhórbhealach ag luas níos mó ná mar is réasúnta... agus i gcás ar bith ag luas a chuireann sábháilteacht daoine nó maoine i mbaol\". Baineann an \"riail bhunúsach\" seo, nó teanga dhlíthiúil den chineál céanna, fiú nuair nach bhfuil aon teorainn uasta luas i bhfeidhm (mar a bhí i stát Montana sna Stáit Aontaithe roimhe seo) nó i bhformhór na mbóithre móra na Gearmáine. De ghnáth is ar an rialtas an t-ualach fianaise a chruthú nach bhfuil luas áirithe réasúnach do na coinníollacha atá ann ag an am.\nUasmhéideanna luas\nTá \"teorainneacha luas íosta\" ag roinnt bóithre freisin, áit a meastar go gcuireann luas íseal bac ar shreabhadh tráchta nó go bhfuil sé contúirteach. Is gnách go mbíonn mótarbhealaí den sórt sin teoranta go docht do thrácht mheaisínithe. Sa RA, bheadh an mall sin mar \"Féachaint dul chun cinn sábháilte réasúnta a dhéanamh\".\nBóithre gan teorainneacha luas\nI roinnt dlínsí, níl aon teorainneacha luas ar bhóithre poiblí: • An Autobahn idirchathrach na Gearmáine, nach bhfuil ach teorainneacha comhairleacha (Richtgeschwindigkeit) ag dhá thrian díobh; is é an dlí Gearmánach ar bhóithre den sórt sin an coibhéis le \"réasúnta agus stuama\".\nÓ Wikipedia, an t-einscéalaíocht saor in aisce\n• sainmhíniú míthreorach ar luasghéarú nó a bhaineann le luas chun na coincheapa a chomhcheangal de: • timpistí a tharlaíonn go minic ag luasanna réasúnta íseal, ach atá iomarcach i gcás coinníollacha díobhálacha, amhail amharc íseal • cionta a eisítear as taisteal thar an teorainn luas a foilsíodh • raon iontas leathan do bhásanna a bhaineann le luas mar chéatadán de bhásanna iomlána tráchta, rud a thugann le tuiscint go bhfuil sé an-suibiachtúil timpistí a chatagóiriú mar a bhaineann le luas. I measc Stáit na SA, tá an raon ó 10% i New Jersey go níos mó ná 60% i Rhode Island. • \"Tá fianaise ann a thugann le tuiscint go bhféadfadh éifeacht chuimsitheach a bheith ag teorainneacha luas [na mótarbhealaí] ar bhonn an chórais ar fad [trí níos mó tráchta a aistriú chuig na bóithre níos sábháilte seo]\". Tá an ráiteas seo ó 1998 US Federal Synthesis bunaithe ar an obair foilsithe, peerreviewed de Charles A. Lave et al., e.g., \"An raibh an teorainn luas 65 mph a shábháil saol?\" • De ghnáth roghnaíonn tiománaithe luas réasúnta do na coinníollacha, fiú ar mhórbhealaí. Mar shampla, tá an teorainn luas 75 mph (120 km / h) i Stát Dakota Theas na Stát Aontaithe ag cloí go maith: tá an meán luas níos lú ná nó comhionann leis an teorainn foilsithe beagnach deich mbliana tar éis é a mhéadú. • \"Nuair a leagtar teorainneacha luas ar bhonn saorga, déanann tailgating, weaving agus difríocht luas (an fhadhb a bhaineann le roinnt gluaisteáin a théann i bhfad níos tapúla ná gluaisteáin eile) na bóithre níos lú sábháilte\".\nTá roinnt gluaisteánóirí i gcoinne teorainneacha luas agus a n-áiritheoireachta ó bunaíodh iad. Bunaíodh an AA i 1905, ar dtús chun a bhaill a rabhadh faoi thráthchraobhanna. Le déanaí, tá eagraíochtaí eile, mar Chumann na dTiománaithe na Breataine, Safe Speed, Cumann Náisiúnta na n-Mótarfheithicil Mheiriceá Thuaidh, agus Clubb Auto na Gearmáine (\"ADAC\"), ag iarraidh teorainneacha luas áirithe a thoirmeasc nó a dhíchreidiú chomh maith le bearta eile, mar fhorfheidhmiú ceamara uathoibrithe. Tá an díospóireacht maidir le forfheidhmiú teorainneacha luas tar éis a bheith ina chuid mhór den díospóireacht ar bheartas sábháilteachta bóthair agus comhshaoil i roinnt tíortha. Tugann eagraíochtaí a bhfuil cáineadh acu ar theorainneacha luas agus ar fhorfheidhmiú dian, le fios: • \"Coibhneas neamh-inbhraite\" idir theorainneacha luas agus sábháilteacht. Tá an Chlub Auto Gearmánach ag teacht ar an gconclúid nach bhfuil gá le teorainn luas ar mhórbhealaí toisc go bhfuil go leor tíortha le teorainn luas ginearálta ar mhórbhealaí a bhfuil taifid sábháilteachta níos measa ná an Ghearmáin acu; mar shampla, an Bheilg, an Ostair, an tSlóivéin, Poblacht na Seice, agus na Stáit Aontaithe. • Tá torthaí neamhchinnteach ó chuid is mó de na staidéir ar theorainneacha luas. Mar shampla, rinne tuarascáil 1972 ó Ghrúpa Taighde Bóithre OECD dar teideal Líneanna luas lasmuigh de cheantair thógtha athbhreithniú ar an gcuid is mó de na staidéir idirnáisiúnta go dtí an dáta sin. Chinn siad \"de bharr na laigí i ndearadh taighde go leor imscrúdaithe, nach féidir conclúidí eolaíochta a tharraingt\". \"Go deimhin, bhí roinnt de na hathruithe ar theorainneacha luas níos mó i nádúr cleachtaí riaracháin ná turgnaimh a ceapadh go heolaíoch agus bhí na modhanna anailíse sna cásanna seo easnamh ó thaobh staidrimh de\". Dúirt an Grúpa \"go gcaithfí beartais maidir le teorainneacha luas a bheith bunaithe ar obair thaighde iontaofa agus ar fhianaise eolaíoch a nglactar leo go ginearálta\". Mhol siad turgnamh comhoibritheach idirnáisiúnta chun laigí a bhí i staidéir roimhe seo a shárú. Mar sin féin, tháinig géarchéim praghsanna ola 1973-1974 isteach, agus tháinig teorainneacha luaschloíte níos coitianta gan staidéar iarbhír. Níos déanaí, dúirt athbhreithniú ar an tionchar a bhíonn ag luas ar rátaí tubaiste feithiclí go bhfuil na staidéir agus na fianaise \"leathan, ach ní gan amhras\".\nRoimh innill an radair, de ghnáth, forfheáladh teorainneacha luas trí fheithiclí a bhí ag taisteal trí thráthchluacha a chur ar clog. Déantar é seo trí am a chur in iúl cé chomh fada a thógann sé don ghluaisteán pas a fháil idir dhá cheann scríbe seasta ar feadh bóthar, as ar féidir meánluais an fheithiclí a chinneadh. Bhí sé de ghnáth ina thréimhse ama a chur ar bun gaile a d'fhéadfadh fianaise sásúil a sholáthar go dlíthiúil, áfach, agus go minic bhí sé deacair gaileanna luath a cheilt. Mar thoradh air sin, d'fhéadfadh eagraíochtaí mar The Automobile Association taifid sách cruinn a choinneáil de áiteanna gaoithe luas.\nÓ Wikipedia, an t-einscéalaíocht saor in aisce\nGo luath sa 21ú haois, d'úsáid na póilíní raidr, léasair-mhealltóir, aerárthaí, agus feistí uathoibrithe. Baineadh úsáid as modh ar a dtugtar pacing freisin: carr a leanúint ar feadh tréimhse áirithe chun luas a fháil amach ag baint úsáide as luasmhéadar calibrated an charr patróil. I roinnt tíortha, go háirithe san Ísiltír agus sa Ríocht Aontaithe, tá méadú ar fhorfheidhmiú uathoibrithe luas mar thoradh ar mhéadú suntasach ar líon na plátaí uimhir bréagacha, goidte, a ndearnadh ionramháil orthu nó a cláraíodh go mícheart. Sa Fhrainc, measadh go ndearna an úsáid a bhí ag forfheidhmiú uathoibrithe rannchuidiú le laghdú suntasach ar bhásanna. Tá an chuid is mó de thíortha Iarthar na hEorpa ag úsáid forfheidhmiú uathoibrithe anois ar roinnt bóithre ar a laghad. Is féidir le beartas maidir le teorainn luas difear a dhéanamh don fhorfheidhmiú. De réir AASHTO, \"tá an taithí ... le feiceáil go bhfuil sé deacair teorainneacha luas a leagtar go neamhspleách faoi bhun an luas réasúnta agus ciallmhar a mheasann an pobal a fhorfheidhmiú, a tháirgeann neamhchomhlíonadh, a spreagann mí-urramú don dlí, a chruthaíonn frithghníomhú gan ghá i leith oifigigh forfheidhmithe dlí, agus a atreoraíonn tráchta chuig bealaí níos lú\".\nle ceamaraí luasghéarchéime uathoibrithe. Tar éis an \"dúlra uasta\" ar luas a chruthú conspóide, éifeachtach 00:00 (UTC + 8) ar 16 Meán Fómhair, 2006, tá toilteanas de 10 km / h ceadaithe mar ar bhóithre Taiwanese eile. I Hong Cong agus sa Pholainn, tá toilteanas de 10 km/h thar an teorainn luas a foilsíodh. I dtreoirlínte ACPO na Ríochta Aontaithe moltar leibhéal toilteanachta den teorainn luas \"+10% +2 mph\" (e.g., leibhéal toilteanachta i gcrios 30 mph (50 km/h) de 35 mph). Tá an cumas ag gach fórsa póilíneachta nó comhpháirtíocht ceamaraí sábháilteachta, áfach, a rogha a úsáid agus na leibhéil a shocrú ag a ndéantar tiománaithe a ionchúiseamh. I An Ísiltír, is féidir le tiománaithe fíneáil a fháil as tiomáint 4 km/h thar an teorainn luas, tar éis dó coibhéis ceartaithe 3 nó 4 km/h a chur i bhfeidhm chun earráidí tomhais a chúiteamh. De ghnáth ní cheadaítear d'oifigigh póilíní a gcuid smacht a úsáid agus an tairseach luas a shocrú le linn gníomhaíochtaí forfheidhmithe trí radár grianghraf. Tá feabhsuithe sábháilteachta bóithre i stát Victoria na hAstráile i bhfad i leith ag rialtas an stáit le feabhsuithe bonneagair agus bainistíocht luas lena n-áirítear toilteanais níos déine agus forfheidhmiú. Tá luasghéarú íseal mar sprioc mar gheall ar na héifeachtaí foriomlán ar an daonra. Is é an t-úrscéal neamhspleách a rinne an t-Airí Oideachais i rith na bliana seo a mhíníonn an méid seo: Tá an baol coibhneasta go mbeidh daoine i ngleic le timpiste i gcás feithiclí nach bhfuil ach cúpla km/h os cionn an teorainn luas acu níos ísle ná i gcás feithiclí a bhfuil níos mó ama os cionn an teorainn acu. Mar sin féin, tá ranníocaíocht \"luathrátaí\" leis an líon iomlán de thimpistí le básanna ard mar gheall ar an líon mór tiománaithe a thaistealaíonn ag na luasanna seo. Dá bhrí sin, tá riosca suntasach i gceist le 'luathghéarú ar leibhéal íseal' ar fud an líonra bóthair. Tá roinnt de na toilteanais luasghéarú is déine i Victoria san Astráil, le 3 km / h má tá an luas faoi 100 km / h, nó 3% má tá sé os cionn 100 km / h. Tá sé seo in ainneoin nach ndéanann Rialacha Dearadh na hAstráile ach a fhoráil nach mór do thráthamhaire gluaisteán a bheith cruinn laistigh de thollraíocht 10%. Sa Ghearmáin, tá toilteanas 3 km/h (4 km/h nuair a bhíonn luas ag dul thar 100 km/h) i bhfabhar an\nIs minic a thosaíonn forfheidhmiú teorann luas le méid beag os cionn an teorann luas. Mar shampla, is annamh a ghearrtar cíthe luas a mhéadú le haghaidh aonad amháin (mph nó km/h) os cionn an teorainn. I gcásanna áirithe, mar shampla Houston, Texas, níl ach 1% de na haitheantais luasmhéide le haghaidh níos lú ná 10 mph (16 km / h) os cionn an teorainn luas. Sna Stáit Aontaithe, is gnách go mbíonn toilteanas forfheidhmithe luas ag an oifigeach gabháil. Ceadaítear dóthanas beag beagnach i gcónaí, fiú nuair a thugann comharthaí tráchta comhairle \"NÍ DÓTHÁIN\". Tá toilteanais oifigiúla ag roinnt stáit (ar nós Pennsylvania). De réir dlí stáit, ní féidir le hoifigeach a úsáideann gunna radair / léasair duine a lua le haghaidh taisteal níos lú ná 10 mph (16 km / h) thar teorainn luas níos lú ná 55 mph (89 km / h) nó le haghaidh taisteal níos lú ná 6 mph (10 km / h) thar teorainn luas 55 mph (89 km / h) nó níos mó. I Taiwan, cé go bhfuil na Rialacháin maidir le Socrú Soicín Tráchtála agus Líneanna Tásca (zh:??????????????) Tá an t-eagrán seo ag cur síos ar an gcaoi a ndéantar na comharthaí a shainiú chun teorainneacha iomlánacha a thaispeáint, agus comhaontaigh gníomhaireachtaí póilíneachta go ginearálta go bhfuil toilteanas suas le 10 km/h. Is eisceacht suntasach é Túnla Hsuehshan a osclaíodh an 16 Meitheamh, 2006\nÓ Wikipedia, an t-einscéalaíocht saor in aisce\nIs é an cion a ghearrtar ar an gciontair i gcónaí. Braitheann fíneálacha as luas a mhéadú ar cé chomh airde os cionn an teorainn luas atá an luas a thomhas agus cá tharla an cion. Is minic go mbíonn fíneálacha níos airde ag tiomáint go tapa i gceantair thógtha ná lasmuigh de theorainneacha na cathrach. Cé go mbíonn fíneálacha ar chionta beaga measartha, bíonn fíneálacha agus pointí ar cheadúnas tiomána an tiománaí i bhfad níos airde de bharr luasanna os cionn 20 km/h os cionn an teorainn i gceantair thógtha agus 30 km/h ar bhóithre eile, agus, ag brath ar an luas a raibh an ciontóir ag, d'fhéadfadh sé go gcuirfí cosc tiomána ar feadh míosa ar a laghad air. I Nua-Shéalainn, ní fhorfheidhmítear an teorainn luas suas le 11 km/h thar an teorainn foilsithe, mura measadh go raibh an luas contúirteach don bhóthar. Laghdaítear an t-ualú go 4 km/h laistigh de 250 méadar d'oileáin. I Rómáin, ní dhéantar cur san áireamh maidir leis an teorainn luas a shárú suas le 10 km/h, ach ciallaíonn sé seo go bhfuil an fíneáil tosaithe ard (ag 11 km/h thar an teorainn foilsithe).\nTá modhanna chun forfheidhmiú teorainneacha luas a sheachaint tar éis dul isteach sa chultúr tóir. I measc na teicnící is coitianta tá braiteoir radair a cheannach chun comharthaí radair póilíní a lorg sula dtéann duine isteach i gcrios forfheidhmithe. Thug breathnóirí le fios go bhfuil rása armála ar scála beag ag teacht, de réir mar a cheannaíonn luasghlacadóirí braiteoirí radair de theicneolaíocht níos fearr agus a cheannaíonn póilíní trealamh atá níos deacra a bhrath. Tá braiteoirí den sórt sin mídhleathach i ndlínsí áirithe. Is féidir le speeder a n-iompar tráchta a athrú de réir na n-áitithe stakeout póilíní ar a bhfuil a fhios acu.\n• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •\n↑ \"Sintéis de Thaighde Sábháilteachta a bhaineann le luas agus teorainneacha luas\". Cúntóirí\nRiarachán na bhFóramóide. Tá an t-údarás inniúil i dteideal an fhaisnéis a sholáthar do na Ballstáit lena mbaineann. Arna óstáil ar 2009-04-03. Jackson JSH, Blackman R (1994). Tástáil tiomána-shimplí ar theoiric homeostasis riosca Wilde. Iris na Síceolaíochta Feidhmeach. (PDF) Athbhreithniú agus Anailís ar Theorainneacha Luathráide Foilsithe agus ar Phraiticí um Thomhais Luathráide a Shocrú i British Columbia. Aireacht Iompair Cholóimib na Breataine. Earrach 2003. http://www.th.gov.bc.ca/publications/eng_publications/ speed_review/Speed_Review_Report.pdf. Copulos, Milton R. (1986-09-09). \"An Chostas Ard ar an Líneas Tarrthála 55 MPH\". An Fondúireacht Oidhreachta. http://www.heritage.org/Research/SmartGrowth/bg532.cfm. Arna óstáil ar 2007-04-19. \"Iarrann Tionscal Trucking ar an gComhdháil um Líneas Tarrthála Náisiúnta 65 mph\". Seirbhís Nuacht Comhshaoil. 27 Eanáir, 2009. http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/ jan2009/2009-01-27-093.asp. Arna óstáil ar 2009-02-08. http://www.ite.org/standards/ speed_zoning.pdf 2006 Suirbhé ar luas saor in aisce \"Síntíní Bóthar\". Rialtas na hAstráile Thiar. Príomhbhóithre Iarthar na hAstráile. http://www2.mainroads.wa.gov.au/ Internet/Safety/road_environment/ roadsides/road_signs.asp. Fágadh ar 28 Meitheamh 2008. Tuarascáil ón Oifig Rialála Náisiúnta (HC 15, 2004-05): Dul i ngleic le troscán trí úsáid níos fearr a bhaint as mótarbhealaí agus bóithre móra na Sasana (Tuarascáil Iomlán) Schick, P. (2003) (PDF). Einfluss von Streckenbeeinflussungsanlage auf die Kapazität von Autobahnabschnitten sowie die Stabilität des Verkehrsflusses. http://elib.uni-stuttgart.de/opus/volltexte/ 2003/1468/pdf/ Dissertation_Schick.pdf#search=%22Irschenberg%2 Aighneofar ar 2006-08-25. Kollektive Verkehrs beeinflussungsanlagen auf Bundesfern straßen Stand Maerz 2003 \"Bainistíocht luas\". Bealaí Poiblí. www.tfhrc.gov. Eanáir/Feabhra 2003. http://www.tfhrc.gov/pubrds/03jan/ 10.htm. Arna óstáil ar 2008-07-06. §3 Straßenverkehrsordnung, Aireacht Bhreithiúnais Chónaidhme (an Ghearmáin)\nÓ Wikipedia, an t-einscéalaíocht saor in aisce\nIsle of Man Guide - No All-Island Speed PChome Online: Speeding for 1 km/h Limit fined 3000 TWD, the people heavily scold Fatal Accidents Double on Montanas the bandit government (in Chinese) Interests ¤μ¤é·mÂA3ø Tá teorainneacha luas le cur isteach ar NT Association of Chief Police Officers: Open Roads Treoirlínte um fhorfheidhmiú luas \"Sábháilteacht Iompair - Taithí na Gearmáine Athbhreithniú neamhspleách ar Victorias tar éis Athaontú\", clár bainistíochta luas a bhí ar fáil a chabhraigh le trauma bóthair a laghdú mar chuid den \"AA History, The story of the AA since Arrive Alive! straitéis 1905\". http://www.theaa.com/aboutaa/ Kloeden CN, McLean AJ & Glonek G history.html. Faighte ar 2008-10-26. (2002) a chur i bhfeidhm. CR 207: Ath-anailís ar Thaisteal \"\"Bhí grúpa díograiseoirí mótarfheithicle ag teacht le chéile ag an bhFás agus an Riosca a bhaineann le Crash i mbosca Trocadero i Londain in Adelaide South Australia (2002). An 29 Meitheamh, d'fhoilsigh an West End an Australian Transport Safety Bureau, Automobile Association (AA) comhlacht Canberra. http://www.atsb.gov.au/ a bhí i gceist ar dtús chun cabhrú le tiománaithe a bheith ar an eolas faoi phoist/2002/Speed_Risk_3.aspx. \"Cliceáil ar an gcnaipe seo chun an nasc a chur ar ais. Arna óstáil ar 2006-12-18. \"Autobahn-Temporegelung\". (Slí na nAerlíne) CTV Toronto CTV News, Shows and http://www.presse.adac.de/standpunkte/ Sports - Canadian Television Verkehr/ Autobahn_Temporegelung.asp?active1=tcm:11-18784-4. Faighte ar 2008-10-25. \"Der ADAC • Governments hält ein allgemeines Tempolimit auf • Transport, Local Government and the Autobahnen für nicht erforderlich... Ein Regions - Ninth Report A Zusammenhang zwischen generellem report UK comprehensive into the Tempolimit und dem Sicherheitsniveau effects of speeding. An t-alt seo a leanas a thugann an tuairisc iomlán ar an gcaoi a bhfuil an t-ardú luas ag dul i bhfeidhm ar an ngnáth-thrácht agus ar an leibhéal sábháilteachta. auf Autobahnen ist im internationalen • An tiománaí ag luas: Cé, Conas agus Vergleich nicht feststellbar. Die Zahl der Cén fáth? Tuarascáil mhór taighde ar an Getöteten auf Autobahnen pro 1 Mrd. síceolaíocht an tiománaí ag luas. Fahrzeugkilometer liegt in Deutschland • Motorists agus grúpaí eile bei 2,99 mit fallender Tendenz. • National Motorists Association A U.S. Zahlreiche Länder mit genereller eagraíocht ag argóint le haghaidh 85ú teorainneacha percentile Geschwindigkeitsbeschränkung. schneiden schlechter ab als Deutschland • Tionscnamh Luas Luas A bóthar sa RA (z.B. België, Österreich, Slowenien, eagraíocht sábháilteachta a dhéanann feachtas Tschechien, USA). , Ráiteas Phríomhphráis, le haghaidh teorainneacha luas níos ísle. Deireadh Fómhair 2007. • Tosaíocht i dtaca le luasanna níos airde/athraitheacha Léiríonn staidéar go bhfuil tiománaithe i mbun tionscadal san Ostair a bhfuil sé mar aidhm acu luasanna níos réasúnacha, teorainneacha luas a chur ar fáil. Tá teorainneacha luas solúbtha uathoibríoch agus teorainneacha luas níos airde agus Uaslódálaithe bóthair ann freisin chun rialú tráchta níos fearr a dhéanamh SPEED2008.xls agus tiomáint níos sábháilte. \"Tá na bóithre móra sábháilte ag aon luas\" le • Nasc eile Eric Peters, Wall Street Journal • John F. Carr's State Traffic and Speed \"Road Safety in France - abstract of the Laws 2005 report\". National interministeriel • R.A. Krammes, K. Fitzpatrick, J.D. faireachán ar shábháilteacht ar bhóithre. Ba cheart an t-údarás inniúil a bheith in ann an t-earraí a chur ar fáil do na húdaráis inniúla eile. Fambro. Luas: Tuiscint ar Thionscadal, Oibriú, agus infos-ref/observatoire/observatory.html. Postáilte Speed, Tuarascáil Taighde 1465-1. AASHTO Pholasaí Rún: An Tionscadal Náisiúnta Uimh. 1465. Tá sé seo go maith. Institiúid um Theorainn luas reachtúil iompair Texas, College Station, TX. Márta Houston Chronicle, \"Is fíor go mór é: 1996. Ní minic a ghearrtar ticéid ar thiománaithe a théann níos lú ná 10 mph (16km/h) • The United States Iompar thar an teorainn\", 24 Samhain, Bord Taighde (TRB) Náisiúnta 2002). Feistí amaithe luas taighde bóthair-ealaíon comhoibritheacha\nÓ Wikipedia, an t-einscéalaíocht saor in aisce\nClár (NCHRP): Tuarascáil 504: luas dearadh, luas oibriúcháin, agus cleachtais luas foilsithe 2003. • C. Lave agus P. Elias, \"An Sábhálann an Teorann luas 65 MPH Beatha?\" Anailís agus Cosc ar Dhramhaíl, Tóg. 26, Níl. 1, 1994. • Iarsmaí a bhaineann le teorainneacha luas a ardú agus a ísliú ar rannáin roghnaithe bóithre, Foilseachán na Stát Aontaithe Uimh. FHWARD-97-084, Eanáir 1997.\n• Luas iarbhír ar na bóithre i gcomparáid leis na teorainneacha foilsithe, Tuairisc Chríochnaitheach 551, Roinn Iompair Arizona, Deireadh Fómhair 2004. • Tuairisc Speisialta 254: Bainistiú Luas, Bord Taighde Iompair, 1998. • An Fachtóir Comhcheangail Flicker Cén fáth nach féidir linn tiomáint go sábháilte ag luas ard • Feistí rialaithe luas d'fheithiclí Tá teicneolaíocht á fhorbairt chun cabhrú le tiománaithe (nó i gcásanna áirithe, a fhorchur) na teorainneacha luas a choinneáil."} +{"text": "Birds are known for their unique and fascinating care of their offspring. From the moment a bird’s egg is laid to the time when the young are ready to fledge and leave the nest, there are many different ways in which birds provide for their offspring. This includes everything from building and maintaining a nest, to incubating eggs, to feeding and protecting their young.\nIn this article, we’ll take a closer look at the various ways in which birds care for their offspring, and how they ensure that their young are well-fed and healthy. Whether you’re an avid birdwatcher or simply curious about the natural world, there’s always something new to learn about the amazing ways in which birds raise their young.\nTable of Contents\n- 1 The Process of Feeding Young Birds\n- 2 Types of Food for Baby Birds\n- 3 Care and Feeding by Mother Birds\n- 4 Care and feeding by parent birds\n- 5 Allofeeding\n- 6 Case study: Lovebirds\n- 7 Interesting Bird Feeding Behaviors\n- 8 Conclusion\nThe Process of Feeding Young Birds\nFeeding young birds is a critical process for their survival, and different bird species have unique feeding strategies. Here’s what you need to know about how birds feed their young:\nHow do birds feed their young?\nBirds have various feeding methods for their young, but most use regurgitation. Parent birds gather food and store it in their crops, then regurgitate the partially digested contents into their offspring’s mouths. Some species also use direct feeding or even feeding through the eggshell. Young birds usually beg for food by vocalizing or flapping their wings, triggering their parents’ feeding response.\nDo birds regurgitate food to feed their young?\nYes, regurgitation is a common feeding method used by many bird species to feed their young. The parent bird will consume food and store it in their crop, where it is partially digested. They then regurgitate the contents into their offspring’s mouth, providing them with a nutrient-rich diet that promotes healthy growth and development.\nHow often do birds feed their young?\nThe frequency of feeding young birds varies depending on the bird species and the age of the chicks. Some species may feed their young as often as every 15 minutes, while others may feed less frequently. During the first few days after hatching, chicks may require almost constant feeding, while as they get older, they may be fed less often as they begin to forage on their own.\nWhat does regurgitated bird food look like?\nRegurgitated bird food typically appears as a soft, partially digested mass that may have a different color or texture than the original food. Depending on the bird species and diet, the regurgitated food may contain a mix of insects, seeds, fruit, or other food items that the parent bird has consumed and partially broken down in their crop. This partially digested food provides young birds with a rich source of nutrients and energy for healthy growth and development.\nTypes of Food for Baby Birds\nWhen it comes to caring for baby birds, it’s important to provide them with the right nutrition to support their growth and development. In this section, we will discuss the different types of food that baby birds eat, how to feed them, and how often they need to be fed. By understanding the dietary needs of baby birds, you can help ensure that they receive the proper nutrition for healthy development.\nWhat kind of seeds do baby birds eat?\nBaby birds have different dietary requirements depending on their species. In general, they need a protein-rich diet to support their rapid growth and development. Many species of birds feed their young insects, while others feed them a variety of seeds, fruits, and nuts. Some species, such as doves and pigeons, regurgitate a special crop milk to feed their young. It’s important to research the specific diet of the bird species you are caring for to ensure that they receive the proper nutrition they need.\nHow do you feed a baby bird?\nFeeding a baby bird requires care and attention to ensure that they receive the right amount and type of food. Depending on the bird species, you may need to feed them with a syringe or pipette, or offer food with tweezers. For very young birds, you may need to provide a special formula that mimics the nutrients found in their mother’s milk. When feeding a baby bird, it’s important to avoid overfeeding and to provide fresh water regularly.\nHow often do you feed a baby bird?\nHow often to feed a baby bird varies based on their species and age. Very young birds require frequent feedings, often every 15 to 30 minutes, while older birds can go longer between feedings. Generally, it’s recommended to feed baby birds every 2 to 3 hours during the day, and to reduce the frequency of feedings as they get older and begin to eat solid food. It’s important to pay attention to the bird’s behavior and appetite to determine the appropriate feeding schedule.\nCare and Feeding by Mother Birds\nMother birds play a crucial role in the survival of their offspring, providing not only food but also protection and warmth. They are highly attuned to the needs of their young and use a variety of techniques to ensure their wellbeing.\nIn this section, we will explore the different ways that mother birds care for and feed their young, highlighting some of the remarkable strategies they use to ensure their offspring’s survival.\nHow do mother birds take care of their babies?\nMother birds are devoted parents and take great care to ensure the health and safety of their offspring. They incubate their eggs until they hatch and then continue to provide warmth and protection to their babies. Mother birds also feed their young, often by regurgitating food into their beaks. They keep the nest clean by removing fecal sacs and other waste to maintain a healthy environment for their young.\nDo Mama birds feed their babies at night?\nYes, many mama birds feed their babies at night. Baby birds have high metabolisms and need to be fed frequently, even throughout the night. Mother birds may adjust their feeding schedules to ensure that their young are getting enough nourishment and growing properly.\nDo birds sleep with their babies?\nSome species of birds may sleep with their babies, while others do not. In general, birds do not sleep in the same way that humans do, but rather have periods of rest throughout the day and night. Some birds, such as doves and pigeons, may cuddle with their young to provide warmth and protection.\nDo mother birds sit on their babies after they hatch?\nYes, mother birds often sit on their babies after they hatch. This helps to provide warmth and protection to the newborn chicks. As the chicks grow, the mother may gradually spend less time sitting on them, allowing them more space and freedom to move around the nest.\nWhy do baby birds poop right after eating?\nBaby birds produce a waste product called a fecal sac, which is a membrane that surrounds their waste and makes it easier for the mother bird to remove it from the nest. The sac is usually produced shortly after the baby bird has been fed, and the mother bird will typically take the sac away and dispose of it to keep the nest clean and healthy.\nCare and feeding by parent birds\nParent birds play a critical role in the care and feeding of their offspring, ensuring that their young have the necessary nutrients and protection to survive and thrive. From the method of feeding to the duration of parental care, there are many factors that contribute to the success of bird parenting.\nIn this section, we will explore the various ways in which parent birds provide for their young, including feeding habits, care strategies, and other behaviors that are crucial to the survival of their offspring.\nHow long do parent birds feed their young?\nThe duration of parent birds feeding their young depends on the bird species and the size of the nestlings. Generally, it can last from a few weeks to several months. For example, albatross parents feed their chicks for over six months, while some songbirds may feed their young for only a few weeks.\nHow do parent birds feed their young?\nParent birds feed their young in various ways, including regurgitation, catching and delivering live prey, or offering fruits and seeds. Some birds may also chew or break food into smaller pieces before feeding their young, while others may directly offer whole prey. The feeding method may vary depending on the bird species and the type of food.\nWill a baby bird survive the night?\nThe survival of a baby bird overnight depends on various factors, such as its age, health, and environmental conditions. Some species of birds have nestlings that require constant feeding, while others can go several hours without food. Additionally, if a nestling is injured, sick, or abandoned, its chances of survival may decrease.\nAllofeeding, a behavior observed in many bird species, involves the feeding of another bird’s offspring by an adult that is not their biological parent. While it is often practiced as a form of parental care, allofeeding can also serve other social functions, such as improving an individual’s social status or increasing their reputation as a selfless member of the community.\nIn this section, we will explore the phenomenon of allofeeding in birds, including which species engage in this behavior, and the different reasons why it occurs.\nWhat is Allofeeding?\nAllofeeding, also known as communal feeding or cooperative feeding, is a behavior where one bird feeds another bird’s offspring. This behavior is commonly observed in some bird species, such as ravens, crows, and penguins. Allofeeding may occur between members of the same species or different species and can serve as a form of parental care and social bonding.\nExamples of Birds that Allofeed\nThere are many bird species that exhibit Allofeeding behavior, which involves one bird feeding another bird’s offspring. Here are some examples of birds that Allofeed:\n- Penguins: Emperor penguins are known to practice allofeeding where multiple adults will regurgitate food for a chick that is not their own. Meanwhile, king penguins see birds that do not breed but still help feed chicks as very honorable and kind.\n- Crows: American crows have been observed allofeeding and providing food for the offspring of their close relatives.\n- Doves: Mourning doves have been observed allofeeding within their breeding pair, where one adult will regurgitate food for the other adult to feed the nestlings.\n- Ravens: Common ravens have been observed engaging in allofeeding and even feeding the young of different pairs.\n- Sociable weavers: These birds are known for their communal nest-building behavior and often engage in allofeeding of their nestlings, both within and outside of their breeding pairs.\n- Red-billed queleas: These birds, which are found in sub-Saharan Africa, form massive flocks and engage in allofeeding to ensure the survival of the young during breeding season.\nThese are just a few examples of bird species that practice allofeeding, but many others may also exhibit this behavior in the wild.In this way, allofeeding can serve different purposes for different species of birds, including improving social status or showing altruism.\nAllofeeding Between Mates\nAllofeeding between mates is a behavior commonly observed in some bird species, such as doves and pigeons. During allofeeding, the mate that is not incubating the eggs or brooding the young may bring food to the other mate, which is then regurgitated to feed the nestlings. This behavior can strengthen the pair bond and improve the reproductive success of the breeding pair.\nAllofeeding And Parental Care\nAllofeeding can also be a form of parental care, where adults may feed other nestlings in addition to their own offspring. This behavior can increase the survival rate of the nestlings and improve the overall reproductive success of the breeding pair. Allofeeding may also strengthen social bonds within the group or community, promoting cooperation and mutual benefits.\nCase study: Lovebirds\nWhy do lovebirds break their eggs?\nLovebirds, a popular pet bird species, are known for their nesting habits. Unfortunately, some lovebird pairs have been observed breaking their own eggs, leaving bird enthusiasts to wonder why. While there’s no single answer to this question, it’s believed that some lovebirds may break their eggs if they feel stressed or threatened.\nOther factors that may contribute to this behavior include poor nesting conditions or a lack of experience with egg incubation. However, it’s important to note that not all lovebirds engage in this behavior and that providing a suitable nesting environment can help prevent it.\nInteresting Bird Feeding Behaviors\nBirds have a wide variety of feeding behaviors, ranging from the basic act of foraging for food to more complex behaviors like regurgitation and filial cannibalism. Some bird species have unique adaptations and behaviors that allow them to find food in unusual environments or to care for their young in unconventional ways.\nIn this section, we will explore some of the most interesting and surprising bird feeding behaviors, shedding light on the fascinating world of avian biology and behavior.\nWhat bird feeds itself to its babies?\nThe European Roller is known for its unique behavior of feeding itself to its young. During nesting season, the male roller brings food to the female, who remains in the nest to incubate the eggs. Once the chicks hatch, the male continues to bring food to the female, who then regurgitates the food into the chicks’ mouths. However, sometimes the male will regurgitate food directly into the chicks’ mouths, a behavior known as “king-feeding.”\nDo birds eat their own young?\nWhile it may seem like a gruesome act, some birds do eat their own young in certain circumstances. This behavior, known as filial cannibalism, may occur when food is scarce or when the young are sick or weak. Some species that are known to engage in this behavior include eagles, hawks, gulls, and storks. However, it is important to note that this behavior is not common and is only seen in a small number of bird species.\nDo birds feed themselves?\nYes, most bird species are able to feed themselves. Adult birds typically use their beaks to forage for food, whether it be insects, seeds, fruits, or other prey. Some species, such as hummingbirds, may require more frequent feeding due to their high metabolism, but they are still able to feed themselves. However, there are some bird species, such as the American Dipper, that have unique adaptations for underwater feeding, which allows them to find food in aquatic environments.\nIn conclusion, it’s fascinating to learn about how birds feed their young and the different behaviors and strategies they use to care for their offspring. From regurgitating food to providing water and shelter, birds go to great lengths to ensure the survival and growth of their young.\nAs for birdwatchers and birding enthusiasts, understanding these behaviors and habits can make for a more rewarding and educational experience in the field. So next time you spot a mother bird caring for her young or witness a feeding frenzy, take a moment to appreciate the remarkable world of avian parenting.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23", "url": "https://learnbirdwatching.com/how-do-birds-feed-their-young/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224655143.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20230608204017-20230608234017-00797.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9560196996, "token_count": 3245, "score": 3.578125, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Tá aithne ar éin as a gcúram uathúil agus suimiúil dá gcuid páistí. Ón nóiméad a bhíonn uibheacha an éan curtha go dtí an t-am a bhíonn na páistí réidh le eitilt agus an nead a fhágáil, tá go leor bealaí éagsúla ann a ndéanann éan a gcuid leanaí a sholáthar. Áirítear leis seo gach rud ó chnón a thógáil agus a chothabháil, go huibheacha a incubating, go n-a n-aíon agus a chosaint a n-óg.\nSan alt seo, beimid ag breathnú níos dlúithe ar na bealaí éagsúla a thugann éin aire dá gcuid páistí, agus conas a chinntíonn siad go bhfuil a gcuid páistí dea-chothaithe agus sláintiúil. Cibé an bhfuil tú ina bhreathnóir éanlaithe nó go bhfuil tú díreach fiosrach faoin saol nádúrtha, tá rud éigin nua ann i gcónaí a fhoghlaim faoi na bealaí iontacha a ndéanann éanlaithe a gcuid páistí a chothú.\nTábla de na Téacsanna\n- 1 An Próiseas um Éin Óga a Chothú\n- 2 Cineál Bia do Pháistí Éanlaithe\n- 3 Cúram agus Bia ag Éin Mháthair\n- 4 Cúram agus beathaithe ag éan-phóstach\n- 5 Leith-airgead\n- 6 Staidéar cás: Lovebirds\n- 7 Iompar Éifeachtach a bhíonn ag Éin ag Bia\n- 8 Conclúid\nAn Próiseas um Chothú na nAoiseacha Óige\nTá sé ríthábhachtach go mbeifear in ann éanlaith óg a chothú chun maireachtáil, agus tá straitéisí bia uathúla ag speicis éagsúla éanlaith. Seo an méid is gá duit a bheith ar an eolas faoi conas a thugann éan a gcuid páistí:\nConas a thugann éanlaith bia dá gcuid páistí?\nTá modhanna éagsúla beathaithe ag éan le haghaidh a gcuid óga, ach úsáideann an chuid is mó regurgitation. Bailíonn na hairí tuismitheoirí bia agus stórálann siad é ina gcroí, ansin cuireann siad an t-ábhar a díleá go páirteach isteach i mbéal a gcuid páistí. Úsáidtear roinnt speiceas freisin ag caitheamh bia go díreach nó fiú ag caitheamh bia trí chraiceann na huibhe. De ghnáth, iarrann éan óga bia trí ghuth nó trína sciatháin a bhualadh, rud a spreagann freagra beathaithe a dtuismitheoirí.\nAn ndéanann éin bia a athfhágáil chun a gcuid páistí a chothú?\nSea, is modh ithe coitianta é an regurgitation a úsáideann go leor speiceas éan chun a gcuid páistí a chothú. Déanfaidh an t-éan tuismitheoir bia a ithe agus é a stóráil ina gcorp, áit a ndéantar é a dhíleá go páirteach. Ansin cuireann siad an t-ábhar isteach i mbéal a gcuid sliocht, ag soláthar aiste bia saibhir cothaitheach dóibh a chuireann fás agus forbairt shláintiúil chun cinn.\nCé chomh minic a thugann éanlaith bia dá gcuid páistí?\nTá an minicíocht a bhíonn ag beathaíocht éan óga éagsúil ag brath ar speiceas an éan agus ar aois na n-uain. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh roinnt speiceas ag ithe a gcuid pá chomh minic le gach 15 nóiméad, agus d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh daoine eile ag ithe níos minice. Le linn na chéad chúpla lá tar éis na haicme, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh gá le beathaíocht beagnach leanúnach ag na cailíní, agus de réir mar a théann siad in aois, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh siad á beathaíocht níos lú go minic de réir mar a thosaíonn siad ag lorg bia ar a gcuid féin.\nCén chuma a bhíonn ar bhia éan a athfhágtar?\nIs gnách go mbíonn bia éan a ath-bhreathnaítear le feiceáil mar mhais bog, díleáite go páirteach a d'fhéadfadh dath nó uigeacht difriúil a bheith aige ná an bia bunaidh. Ag brath ar speiceas an éan agus ar a réim bia, d'fhéadfadh meascán de inseictí, síolta, torthaí nó earraí bia eile a bheith sa bhia atá ag an éan tuismitheora agus a d'athraigh go páirteach ina gcorp a bheith sa bhia. Soláthraíonn an bia atá díleáite go páirteach seo foinse saibhir cothaithigh agus fuinnimh do phlandaí óga le haghaidh fás agus forbairt shláintiúil.\nCineálacha Bia do Pháistí Éanlaith\nNuair a bhíonn cúram á tabhairt do phéintéirí óga, tá sé tábhachtach an cothú ceart a sholáthar dóibh chun tacú lena bhfás agus lena bhforbairt. Sa chuid seo, pléimid na cineálacha éagsúla bia a itheann na héin bheaga, conas iad a chothú, agus cé chomh minic is gá iad a chothú. Trí thuiscint a fháil ar riachtanais aiste bia na n-éan óg, is féidir leat cabhrú lena chinntiú go bhfaigheann siad an cothú cuí le haghaidh forbartha sláintiúil.\nCén cineál síolta a itheann éanlaith bheaga?\nTá riachtanais éagsúla aiste bia ag na héin bheaga ag brath ar a speiceas. Go ginearálta, teastaíonn bia saibhir próitéine uathu chun tacú lena bhfás agus lena bhforbairt tapa. Tá go leor speiceas éan ag beatha a n-inseictí óga, agus tá speiceas eile ag beatha a gcuid inscithe le síolta, torthaí agus cnónna éagsúla. Déanann roinnt speiceas, amhail colbh agus colbh, bainne speisialta barra a ath-bhreathnú chun a gcuid páistí a chothú. Tá sé tábhachtach go ndéanfaidh tú taighde ar aiste bia sonrach speiceas na n-éan atá á gcúram agat chun a chinntiú go bhfaigheann siad an cothú cuí a theastaíonn uathu.\nConas a thugann tú bia do éan-éan?\nÉilíonn a bheith cúramach agus aireach le cailín óg a chothú chun a chinntiú go bhfaigheann sí an méid agus an cineál bia ceart. Ag brath ar na speiceas éan, b'fhéidir go mbeidh ort iad a chothú le stealladh nó pipette, nó bia a thairiscint le pincet. I gcás éan an-óg, b'fhéidir go mbeidh ort foirmle speisialta a sholáthar a dhéanann samhail ar na cothaithigh a fhaightear i mbainne a máthar. Nuair a bhíonn éan óg á bheathú, tá sé tábhachtach go seachnófar ró-bheathú agus go soláthrófar uisce úr go rialta.\nCé chomh minic a thugann tú bia do bhéile óg?\nAthraíonn an minicíocht a gcaithfear éan óg a chothú de réir a speiceas agus a n-aois. Éilíonn éin an-óg beathaithe go minic, go minic gach 15 go 30 nóiméad, agus d'fhéadfadh éin níos sine dul níos faide idir beathaithe. De ghnáth, moltar éanlaith a bheathú gach 2 go 3 uair an chloig i rith an lae, agus an minicíocht a laghdaítear de bheathú a laghdú de réir mar a théann siad in aois agus a thosaíonn siad ag ithe bia soladach. Tá sé tábhachtach aird a thabhairt ar iompar agus ar appetite na n-éan chun an sceideal bia cuí a chinneadh.\nCúram agus Bia ag Éin Mháthair\nTá ról ríthábhachtach ag na madraí máithreacha i maireachtáil a gcuid páistí, ní hamháin go soláthraíonn siad bia dóibh ach cosc agus teas freisin. Tá siad an-chomhcheangailte le riachtanais a gcuid óga agus úsáideann siad teicnící éagsúla chun a bhfolláine a chinntiú.\nSa chuid seo, scrúdóimid na bealaí éagsúla a ndéanann máthair éin cúram agus bia a thabhairt dá gcuid páistí, ag cur béime ar roinnt de na straitéisí suntasacha a úsáideann siad chun a gcuid páistí a chinntiú.\nConas a thugann madraí cúram dá gcuid páistí?\nIs tuismitheoirí dílis iad na madraí máithreacha agus déanann siad an-chúrsa chun sláinte agus sábháilteacht a gcuid páistí a chinntiú. Tá siad ag incubate a n-uibheacha go dtí go n-éireoidh siad agus ansin leanann siad ag soláthar teasa agus cosanta dá gcuid leanaí. Tugann madraí a gcuid páistí bia freisin, go minic trí bhia a ath-bhreathnú ina mbéac. Coinníonn siad an nead glan trí bhacáin fecal agus dramhaíola eile a bhaint chun timpeallacht shláintiúil a choinneáil dá gcuid páistí.\nAn gcuireann na héin mháthair a gcuid páistí ar bia san oíche?\nSea, tá go leor madraí mamaí ag beathú a gcuid páistí san oíche. Tá meitibileacht ard ag na héin bheaga agus caithfear iad a chothú go minic, fiú i rith na hoíche. D'fhéadfadh madraí a bheith ag athrú a sceidil bia chun a chinntiú go bhfuil a gcuid páistí ag fáil cothú leordhóthanach agus ag fás go cuí.\nAn gcodlaíonn éin lena gcuid páistí?\nD'fhéadfadh go mbeadh roinnt speiceas éan ag codladh lena gcuid páistí, ach ní dhéanann daoine eile é. Go ginearálta, ní chodlaíonn éan ar an mbealach céanna a chodlaíonn daoine, ach is fearr a bheith acu tréimhsí scíthe i rith an lae agus na hoíche. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh roinnt éan, amhail colbh agus colbh, ag cur a gcuid páistí i gcómhnuidhe lena n-a gcroí agus lena n-a gcosaint.\nAn suíann madraí ar a gcuid páistí tar éis dóibh a bheith imithe as an gcraiceann?\nSea, is minic a shuíonn madraí ar a gcuid páistí tar éis dóibh a bheith ag eitilt. Cabhraíonn sé seo le teas agus cosaint a sholáthar do na caora nuabheirthe. De réir mar a fhásann na cailíní, d'fhéadfadh an mháthair níos lú ama a chaitheamh ag suí orthu, rud a fhágann go bhfuil níos mó spáis agus saoirse acu dul timpeall an neada.\nCén fáth go ndéanann éanlaithí óga poop díreach tar éis ithe?\nTá sé seo cosúil le clúdach a chlúdaíonn a gcuid dramhaíola agus a fhágann go bhfuil sé níos éasca don mháthair é a bhaint as an nead. De ghnáth, déantar an sac a tháirgeadh go gairid tar éis an éan óg a chothú, agus is gnách go dtógfaidh an t-éan máthair an sac agus go ndéanfaidh sí é a dhiúscairt chun an nead a choinneáil glan agus sláintiúil.\nCúram agus beathaithe ag éan tuismitheoirí\nTá ról ríthábhachtach ag tuismitheoirí éan i gcúram agus i mbiadh a n-íonachta, ag cinntiú go bhfuil na cothaithigh agus an chosaint is gá ag a gcuid óga chun maireachtáil agus rathú. Ón modh beathaithe go fad cúram na dtuismitheoirí, tá go leor fachtóirí ann a chuireann le rath na tuismitheoireachta éan.\nSa chuid seo, scrúdóimid na bealaí éagsúla a ndéanann tuismitheoirí éan cúram dá gcuid páistí, lena n-áirítear nósanna beathaithe, straitéisí cúraim, agus iompar eile atá ríthábhachtach chun a gcuid páistí a mhaireachtáil.\nCé chomh fada a thugann tuismitheoirí éan bia dá gcuid páistí?\nBraitheann an fad a mhaireann na hairí dúchais ag beathú a gcuid páistí ar an speiceas éan agus ar mhéid na n-éag. De ghnáth, d'fhéadfadh sé dul ar aghaidh ó chúpla seachtain go roinnt míonna. Mar shampla, tugann tuismitheoirí albatross bia dá gcuid páistí ar feadh níos mó ná sé mhí, ach d'fhéadfadh roinnt éan amhránacha a gcuid páistí a chothú ar feadh cúpla seachtain amháin.\nConas a thugann tuismitheoirí éan bia dá gcuid páistí?\nTugann tuismitheoirí éan bia dá gcuid óga ar bhealaí éagsúla, lena n-áirítear athfhilleadh, gabháil agus díol beo a sheachadadh, nó torthaí agus síolta a thairiscint. D'fhéadfadh roinnt éan a bheith ag caitheamh bia nó ag briseadh bia ina phíosaí níos lú sula n-itheann siad a gcuid páistí, agus d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh daoine eile ag tabhairt dílse iomlán go díreach. Féadfaidh an modh beathaithe a bheith éagsúil ag brath ar speiceas na n-éan agus ar chineál an bhia.\nAn mairfidh éan óg an oíche?\nBraitheann an méid a chaitheann an t-éan óg ar feadh na hoíche ar fhachtóirí éagsúla, amhail a aois, a shláinte, agus dálaí an chomhshaoil. Tá cnuasach ag speiceas áirithe éan a dteastaíonn bia a thabhairt dóibh i gcónaí, agus is féidir le speiceas eile dul ar feadh roinnt uaireanta gan bia. Ina theannta sin, má dhéantar gortaíocht, tinnis nó tréigthe ar an n-ainneol, d'fhéadfadh a seansanna maireachtála a laghdú.\nIs éard atá i gceist le halófeeding, iompar a breathnaítear i go leor speiceas éan, ná go gcuireann duine fásta nach tuismitheoir bitheolaíoch éan eile ar mhic éan eile. Cé go ndéantar é go minic mar chineál cúraim tuismitheora, is féidir le allofeeding feidhmeanna sóisialta eile a chomhlíonadh freisin, mar shampla stádas sóisialta an duine aonair a fheabhsú nó a cháil a mhéadú mar bhall neamhfhuathach den phobal.\nSa chuid seo, scrúdóimid feiniméan na hiomláine i dtuatha, lena n-áirítear cé na speicis a bhíonn ag gabháil don iompar seo, agus na cúiseanna éagsúla a tharlaíonn sé.\nCad é Allofeeding?\nIs é an t-eitlíocht é a dtugtar Allofeeding, ar a dtugtar feeding co-chomhchoiteann nó feeding comhoibritheach, ina n-itheann éan amháin sliocht éan eile. Is minic a fheictear an iompar seo i roinnt speiceas éan, mar shampla ravens, crows, agus penguins. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh leath-tithe idir baill den speiceas céanna nó speiceas éagsúla agus is féidir é a úsáid mar chineál cúraim tuismitheoireachta agus ceangail shóisialta.\nSamplaí de Éin a Ligeann dóibh a gcuid bia a fháil\nTá go leor speiceas éan ann a léiríonn iompar Allofeeding, a chuimsíonn éan amháin ag beathaí leanbh éan eile. Seo roinnt samplaí d'eolaithe a bhfuil Allofeed:\n- Penguins: Tá a fhios go ndéanann pingíní impire cleachtas allofeeding áit a mbeidh bia a atógfaidh go leor daoine fásta do chick nach bhfuil acu féin. Idir an dá linn, feiceann pinginí rí éin nach bhfuil ag breeding ach a chabhraíonn fós le cailíní a chothú mar an-onóir agus cineál.\n- Crows: Tá crows Meiriceánach breathnaíodh allofeeding agus bia a sholáthar do na h-iníon a gcairde dlúth.\n- Colm: breathnaíodh colm ar chailín a bhfuil an t-amhrán aige a bheith ag caitheamh bia le chéile laistigh dá lánúin atáirgthe, áit a ndéanfaidh duine fásta amháin bia a ath-bhreathnú don duine fásta eile chun na n-óg a chothú.\n- Ravens: breathnaíodh go bhfuil ravens coitianta ag gabháil le comh-aithe agus fiú ag beathaíocht na n-óg de péirí éagsúla.\n- Fóntóirí sochaí: Tá aithne ar na héin seo as a n-iompar comhchoiteann maidir le nead a thógáil agus is minic a bhíonn siad ag baint úsáide as a gcuid neadanna a chur le chéile, laistigh agus lasmuigh dá bpáirtí atáirgthe.\n- Queleas dearg-billed: Tá na héin seo, a fhaightear i dtuaisceart na hAfraice, ag cruthú sluaite ollmhóra agus ag gabháil do chothú le chéile chun a chinntiú go mairfidh na daoine óga le linn an tséasúir atáirgthe.\nNíl anseo ach cúpla sampla de speicis éan a chleachtann allofeeding, ach d'fhéadfadh go leor eile an iompar seo a thaispeáint sa fhiáin freisin. Ar an mbealach seo, is féidir le allofeeding cuspóirí éagsúla a bheith aige d'ealaíona éagsúla éan, lena n-áirítear stádas sóisialta a fheabhsú nó altruism a thaispeáint.\nCaitheamh ama idir na comhpháirtithe\nIs é an t-iompar a fheictear go coitianta i roinnt speiceas éan, mar shampla colbh agus colbh, ná an t-uisce a chur idir céile. Le linn na h-uisce a chur ar an mbeirt, d'fhéadfadh an pháirtí nach bhfuil ag incubating na huibheacha nó ag caitheamh na n-óg a thabhairt bia don pháirtí eile, a chuirtear ar ais ansin chun na n-óg a chothú. Is féidir leis an iompar seo banna an péire a neartú agus rath atáirgthe an péire atáirgthe a fheabhsú.\nLeagadh agus Cúram na dTuismitheoirí\nIs féidir leis an leath-bheathú a bheith ina chineál cúraim tuismitheora freisin, áit a bhféadfadh daoine fásta beith eile a bheathú chomh maith lena gcuid féin. Is féidir leis an iompar seo ráta maireachtála na n-inneall a mhéadú agus rath atáirgthe foriomlán an péire atáirgthe a fheabhsú. Is féidir le hiomláine a neartú freisin na bannaí sóisialta laistigh den ghrúpa nó den phobal, ag cur le comhar agus le leasanna frithpháirteacha.\nStaidéar cás: Lovebirds\nCén fáth a bhris na lovebirds a n-uibheacha?\nTá a fhios go maith go bhfuil an t-ádh ar an lovebird, speiceas éan peataí, a bheith ag déanamh na n-earraí. Ar an drochuair, breathnaíodh ar roinnt péire lovebirds ag briseadh a n-uibheacha féin, rud a fhágann go bhfuil lucht díograise éan ag fiafraí cén fáth. Cé nach bhfuil aon fhreagra amháin ar an gceist seo, creidtear go bhféadfadh roinnt lovebirds a n-uibheacha a bhriseadh má bhraitheann siad strus nó bagairt.\nI measc na gcúiseanna eile a d'fhéadfadh cur leis an iompar seo tá droch-choinníollacha neadaíochta nó easpa taithí ar incubation uibheacha. Tá sé tábhachtach, áfach, a thabhairt faoi deara nach mbíonn an iompar seo ag gach lovebird agus go bhféadfadh timpeallacht oiriúnach neada a sholáthar cabhrú leis é a chosc.\nIompar Suimiúil a Bhfuil ag Éin Ag Bia\nTá éagsúlacht mhór iompar beathaithe ag éan, ó ghníomh bunúsach bia a lorg go iompar níos casta cosúil le regurgitation agus cannibalism filial. Tá oiriúnaithe agus iompar uathúil ag roinnt speiceas éan a ligeann dóibh bia a fháil i dtimpeallachtaí neamhghnácha nó aire a thabhairt dá gcuid páistí ar bhealaí neamhchoitianta.\nSa chuid seo, scrúdóimid cuid de na hiompar itheacha éan is suimiúla agus is ionadh, ag soláthar solais ar an saol suimiúil de bhith-eolaíocht agus iompar éan.\nCén éan a bheathnaíonn é féin dá leanaí?\nTá an Roller Eorpach ar eolas as a iompar uathúil féin a chothú dá leanaí. Le linn séasúr na n-uibheacha, tugann an rollaire fireann bia don mhná, a fhanann sa nead chun na huibheacha a incubate. Nuair a bhíonn na cailíní ag luí, leanann an fear ag tabhairt bia don mhná, a chuireann an bia isteach i mbéal na cailíní. Mar sin féin, uaireanta déanfaidh an fear bia a ath-bhreathnú go díreach isteach i mbéal na n-íonáin, iompar ar a dtugtar king-feeding.\nAn n-itheann éan a gcuid féin?\nCé gur cosúil gur gníomh uafásach é, itheann roinnt éan a gcuid páistí féin i gcúinsí áirithe. D'fhéadfadh an iompar seo, ar a dtugtar cannibalism filial, tarlú nuair a bhíonn bia gann nó nuair a bhíonn na daoine óga tinn nó lag. I measc roinnt speiceas a bhfuil a fhios acu go bhfuil an iompar seo acu tá eireaball, haic, gailf agus stork. Mar sin féin, tá sé tábhachtach a thabhairt faoi deara nach bhfuil an iompar seo coitianta agus nach bhfeictear é ach i líon beag speiceas éan.\nAn n-itheann éan iad féin?\nSea, is féidir le formhór speiceas éan a ithe iad féin. Úsáidtear na héin fásta a gcuid beacanna de ghnáth chun bia a fháil, bíodh sé insteallta, síolta, torthaí nó díon eile. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh gá le bia níos minice ag roinnt speiceas, mar shampla hummingbirds, mar gheall ar a meitibileacht ard, ach tá siad fós in ann iad féin a chothú. Mar sin féin, tá roinnt speiceas éan ann, mar shampla an Dipper Meiriceánach, a bhfuil oiriúnaithe uathúla acu le haghaidh beathaithe faoi uisce, rud a ligeann dóibh bia a fháil i dtimpeallachtaí uisceacha.\nMar fhocal scoir, tá sé suimiúil foghlaim faoi conas a thugann éan bia dá gcuid óga agus na hiompar agus na straitéisí éagsúla a úsáideann siad chun aire a thabhairt dá gcuid leanaí. Ó bhia a ath-bhreathnú go uisce agus cosanta a sholáthar, déanann éanlaith go mór chun a gcuid páistí a chinntiú go mairfidh siad agus go bhfásfaidh siad.\nMaidir le lucht féachana éin agus lucht díograise éin, is féidir le tuiscint a fháil ar na hiompar agus na nósanna seo taithí níos luachmhar agus oideachais a dhéanamh sa réimse. Mar sin, an chéad uair eile a fheiceann tú éan mháthair ag tabhairt aire dá cailín nó ag tabhairt aire do bhréagán bia, tóg nóiméad chun meas a bheith agat ar an saol iontach atá ag tuismitheoireacht éan."} +{"text": "This video is an extract from the online course Risk Management for Medical Devices and ISO 14971:2019.\nWhat is FMEA?\nFMEA stands for Failure Modes and Effects Analysis. Did you know that there is a standard for FMEA? It is called IEC 60812. When I refer to FMEA, I mean FMEA as it is defined in the IEC 60812 standard. And, why do I do that? The advantage of using the standards’ terms and concepts are that someone else has done the work for you on defining it. In fact, it is not only “someone” but a group of international experts that have done so.\nThis is what FMEA could look like. In this example, you can see a Design-FMEA or D-FMEA. The D-FMEA looks at components and what failure of such components would lead to. In this example, you can see how design choices or design failures leads to a breakdown of system performance. The risk is measured using an RPN number, which is short for risk priority number.\nHere is another example, in this case, it is a Process-FMEA or P-FMEA. Instead of looking at how parts of the design could fail, you look at how the production process could fail. Please note the Pd, which is an abbreviation of the probability of detection or detectability. This is a measure of how easy it is to detect the failure and prevent it from being released and then actually having an impact on the reliability of the product. The more likely the failure is to be detected, the lower the Pd score, meaning the risk would receive lower priority on the RPN scale if you are likely to detect the failure.\nHow do you perform FMEA?\nHaving looked at these examples, you may have noticed that FMEA starts with details or components. You would be looking at how specific components or process steps could fail. And there was no mention of harm in these FMEAs, were there? And since you have only looked at failure, risks relating to normal use have not been included. FMEA…:\n- starts with details / components\n- looks only at how they fail\n- does not include harm, and\n- does not include risks in normal use\nLet’s compare this with ISO 14971 risk management.\nThe 4 major differences between FMEA and ISO 14971:2019\n1. Normal and fault conditions\nRisk management according to ISO 14971 includes risks both from normal use, reasonably foreseeable misuse and fault conditions. Whereas FMEA only looks at risks relating to failure. This means that ISO 14971 would include for example the risk of infection when using a urinary catheter. As you may know, you could get such an infection even if the catheter was used exactly as prescribed, nothing was broken and the device was sterile when opening the packaging. You can still get an infection. This means that you get the infection during normal use, and it is a risk that should be addressed.\nIt may not mean that we can reduce it, but what we can do is to inform the users of this residual risk, so that they can make an informed decision on whether they want to use the product or not. This risk would never be captured when using FMEA.\n2. Risk analysis starting with hazards\nBelow is an example of a hazard traceability matrix or risk analysis. Please note what you should start with on the left-hand side.\nRisk analysis starts with hazards on the left-hand side of the table.\nHazards are potential sources of harm. The good thing about starting your risk management work with hazards is that in most cases you can identify the most important risks without doing any detailed design whatsoever.\nIn fact, you are likely to be able to come up with quite a few important risks already in the conceptual stage of product development.\nExamples of potential sources of harm or hazards:\n- Sharp edges\n- Toxic residues from production.\nAnd these hazards can be identified at a very early stage. And finding risks at an early stage usually saves a lot of money compared to finding them and having to mitigate them later on in a product development project. Or even worse, mitigating them after you have released your product.\nOn the other hand, if you are going to be looking at components or process steps in production, it requires that the design or process, in general, is quite mature. And this, by definition, will happen late in your product development, resulting in a late start in risk management.\n3. Severity should be based on harm\nAnother major difference between ISO 14971 risk management and FMEA is that the severities are rated differently.\nISO 14971 will be looking at the severity based on the harm to people. Whereas FMEA looks at severity from a system performance point of view. Meaning that a small loss of function would be a low severity and a total breakdown of system performance is a high severity. Even if the partial loss of function kills a few patients, it is still low severity, because FMEA does normally not look at harm. And if you identify risks that kill people, they should have the highest severity in risk management when done according to regulatory requirements and ISO 14971.\n4. Managing all risks?\nThe last major difference that I would like to bring up is that ISO 14971 risk management is a very comprehensive approach that will address and manage all risks related to a medical device. There are some minor exceptions to this, so using the word all is a very strong expression, but as a rule of thumb, it does hold water.\nFMEA, on the other hand, is a reliability tool. Which by definition does not include all risks. BUT, if the safety of your system is dependent on reliability, for example as in the case of a life supporting medical device, using FMEA may be a good idea to achieve reliability and thereby also safety.\nSo, now you’ve seen the major differences between ISO 14971 risk management and FMEA according to the IEC 60812 standard. It is important to remember that if you only use FMEA, you do not meet the requirements of the ISO 14971 standard.\nAnd this in turn usually means that you do not meet the requirements of the medical device regulation, nor are you likely to meet FDA’s expectations on risk management in the US.\nIf the product you are working with has essential performance, i. e. it has to function to be safe. If the product needs to function to be safe, the reliability is important, thus the FMEA should be considered. Even so, the FMEA will only be part of the overall risk management process and primarily focus on parts of the system that are essential to the performance.\nIf you perform only FMEA as defined in IEC 60812, you will not comply with the requirements of ISO 14971.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-16", "url": "https://medicaldevicehq.com/fmea-vs-iso-14971/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370521876.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20200404103932-20200404133932-00345.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9636425376, "token_count": 1447, "score": 2.6875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá an físeán seo ina shliocht ón gcúrsa ar líne Bainistíocht Riosca le haghaidh Feistí Leighis agus ISO 14971:2019.\nCad é FMEA?\nIs éard atá i FMEA ná Failure Modes and Effects Analysis. An raibh a fhios agat go bhfuil caighdeán ann do FMEA? Tugtar IEC 60812 air. Nuair a thagraím do FMEA, ciallaíonn mé FMEA mar a shainmhínítear é i gcaighdeán IEC 60812. Agus, cén fáth a ndéanaim sin? Is é an buntáiste a bhaineann le téarmaí agus coincheapa na gcaighdeáin a úsáid ná go ndearna duine eile an obair ar do shon chun é a shainiú. Go deimhin, ní hamháin gur \"duine éigin\" a rinne é ach gur grúpa saineolaithe idirnáisiúnta a rinne é.\nSeo mar a d'fhéadfadh FMEA a bheith. Sa sampla seo, is féidir leat a fheiceáil ar Thionscadal-FMEA nó D-FMEA. Breathnaíonn an D-FMEA ar chomhpháirteanna agus ar na deacrachtaí a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ag na comhpháirteanna sin. Sa sampla seo, is féidir leat a fheiceáil conas roghanna deartha nó teipeanna deartha a fhágann go bhfuil an feidhmíocht an chórais ag titim. Déantar an riosca a thomhas trí úsáid a bhaint as uimhir RPN, atá gearr le haghaidh uimhir tosaíochta riosca.\nSeo sampla eile, sa chás seo, is é an próiseas-FMEA nó P-FMEA. In ionad féachaint ar conas a d'fhéadfadh codanna den dearadh a bheith ag teip, féachann tú ar conas a d'fhéadfadh an próiseas táirgthe a bheith ag teip. Tabhair faoi deara an Pd, is é sin gearrthréimhse an dóchúlachta a bhrath nó an bhrath. Is tomhas é seo ar cé chomh héasca is atá sé an t-easnamh a bhrath agus a chosc ó scaoileadh é agus ansin tionchar a bheith aige i ndáiríre ar iontaofacht an táirge. An dóchúlacht go bhfiosfar an t-easnamh, is é an scór Pd níos ísle, rud a chiallaíonn go bhfaigheadh an riosca tosaíocht níos ísle ar scála RPN má tá seans ann go bhfiosfar an t-easnamh.\nConas a dhéanann tú FMEA?\nTar éis duit féachaint ar na samplaí seo, b'fhéidir go bhfaca tú go dtosaíonn FMEA le sonraí nó comhpháirteanna. Ba cheart duit a bheith ag féachaint ar conas a d'fhéadfadh comhpháirteanna nó céimeanna próisis ar leith a bheith ag teip. Agus ní raibh aon luaite de dochar sna FMEAs, bhí ann? Agus ós rud é nach ndearna tú ach breathnú ar theip, ní chuimsítear rioscaí a bhaineann le húsáid gnáth. FMEA: ...\n- tosaíonn sé le mionsonraí / comhpháirteanna\n- ní fhéachann sé ach ar an gcaoi a theipeann orthu\n- ní áirítear leis an gcontúirt, agus\n- ní bhaineann rioscaí leis an gnáthúsáid\nDéanaimis comparáid leis seo le bainistíocht riosca ISO 14971.\nNa 4 phríomh-idirdhealaithe idir FMEA agus ISO 14971:2019\n1. an t-am a bhí ann. Coinníollacha gnáth agus locht\nBa cheart an t-ábhar a bheith in ann a bheith ina chuid den chóras bainistíochta riosca. Cé nach bhféachann FMEA ach ar rioscaí a bhaineann le teip. Ciallaíonn sé seo go n-áireodh ISO 14971, mar shampla, an baol ionfhabhtaithe nuair a úsáidtear catheter urinary. Mar is dócha go bhfuil a fhios agat, d'fhéadfadh tú ionfhabhtú den sórt sin a fháil fiú má úsáideadh an catheter go díreach mar a forordaíodh, mura raibh aon rud briste agus go raibh an gléas sterile nuair a d'oscail tú an pacáistiú. Is féidir leat ionfhabhtaithe a fháil fós. Ciallaíonn sé seo go bhfaigheann tú an t-ionfhabhtú le linn úsáide gnáth, agus is riosca é sin ba cheart aghaidh a thabhairt air.\nB'fhéidir nach gciallóidh sé gur féidir linn é a laghdú, ach is féidir linn a dhéanamh ná na húsáideoirí a chur ar an eolas faoin mbaol iarmhar seo, ionas gur féidir leo cinneadh eolasach a dhéanamh ar an gcaoi a bhfuil siad ag iarraidh an táirge a úsáid nó nach bhfuil. Ní dhéanfaí an riosca seo a ghabháil riamh nuair a úsáidtear FMEA.\n2. Seachadadh. Anailís riosca ag tosú le guaiseacha\nTá sampla thíos de mhátrix inrianaitheachta guaise nó d'anailís riosca. Tabhair faoi deara le do thoil cad ba chóir duit tosú leis ar an taobh clé.\nTosaíonn anailís riosca le guaiseacha ar thaobh na láimhe clé den tábla.\nIs foinsí díobhála féideartha iad na rioscaí. Is é an rud maith faoi do chuid oibre bainistíochta riosca a thosú le guaiseacha ná go bhféadfá na rioscaí is tábhachtaí a shainaithint sa chuid is mó de na cásanna gan aon dhearadh mionsonraithe a dhéanamh.\nGo deimhin, is dócha go mbeidh tú in ann teacht ar roinnt rioscaí tábhachtacha cheana féin i gcéim choincheapa an fhorbairt táirge.\nSamplaí de fhoinsí díobhála nó contúirteacha féideartha:\n- Tairse gearr\n- Táisc tocsaineacha ó tháirgeadh.\nAgus is féidir na guaiseacha seo a aithint ag céim an-luath. Agus is gnách go sábhálann rioscaí a aimsiú go luath go leor airgid i gcomparáid leo a aimsiú agus iad a mhaolú níos déanaí i dtionscadal forbartha táirge. Nó níos measa fós, iad a mhaolú tar éis duit do tháirge a scaoileadh.\nAr an láimh eile, má tá tú ag dul a bheith ag féachaint ar chomhpháirteanna nó céimeanna próiseas i dtáirgeadh, éilíonn sé go bhfuil an dearadh nó an próiseas, go ginearálta, go leor aibí. Agus beidh sé seo, de réir sainmhíniú, a tharlóidh go déanach i do fhorbairt táirge, mar thoradh ar thús déanach i bainistíocht riosca.\n3. Tá an t-am ann. Ba cheart an déine a bheith bunaithe ar an dochar\nTá difríocht mhór eile idir bainistíocht riosca ISO 14971 agus FMEA ná go bhfuil na déine rátáilte ar bhealach difriúil.\nBeidh ISO 14971 ag féachaint ar an déine bunaithe ar an dochar do dhaoine. Cé go bhféachann FMEA ar thromchúis ó thaobh feidhmíochta an chórais de. Ciallaíonn sé sin go mbeadh caillteanas beag feidhme ina thromchúis íseal agus go bhfuil díortú iomlán feidhmíochta an chórais ina thromchúis ard. Fiú má tá an caillteanas páirteach feidhme a mharú roinnt othair, tá sé fós déine íseal, toisc nach bhfuil FMEA ag breathnú de ghnáth ar dochar. Agus má aithníonn tú rioscaí a mharaíonn daoine, ba cheart go mbeadh an tromchúis is airde acu i mbainistíocht riosca nuair a dhéantar é de réir riachtanais rialála agus ISO 14971.\n4. Tá an t-am Ag bainistiú gach riosca?\nIs é an difríocht mhór deireanach ba mhaith liom a thabhairt faoi deara ná go bhfuil bainistíocht riosca ISO 14971 ina chur chuige an-chuimsitheach a dhéileálfaidh le gach riosca a bhaineann le feiste leighis agus a bhainistiú. Tá roinnt eisceachtaí beaga ann, mar sin is léiriú an-neart é an focal go léir a úsáid, ach mar riail mhéara, tá sé ag coinneáil uisce.\nIs uirlis iontaofachta é FMEA, ar an láimh eile. Agus de réir sainmhíniú, ní chuimsíonn sé gach riosca. Ach, má tá sábháilteacht do chórais ag brath ar iontaofacht, mar shampla mar atá i gcás feiste leighis a thacaíonn le beatha, d'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh sé ina smaoineamh maith FMEA a úsáid chun iontaofacht a bhaint amach agus dá bhrí sin sábháilteacht freisin.\nMar sin, anois tá na difríochtaí móra le feiceáil agat idir bainistíocht riosca ISO 14971 agus FMEA de réir chaighdeáin IEC 60812. Tá sé tábhachtach a mheabhrú nach gcomhlíonann tú ceanglais chaighdeáin ISO 14971 má úsáideann tú FMEA amháin.\nAgus is é a chiallaíonn sé seo de ghnáth nach gcomhlíonann tú ceanglais rialachán na bhfeistí leighis, ná is dócha go gcomhlíonfaidh tú ionchais FDA maidir le bainistíocht riosca sna Stáit Aontaithe.\nMá tá feidhmíocht riachtanach ag an táirge a bhfuil tú ag obair leis, i.e. caithfidh sé a bheith ag feidhmiú chun a bheith sábháilte. Más gá go bhfeidhmeodh an táirge chun a bheith sábháilte, tá iontaofacht tábhachtach, agus dá bhrí sin ba cheart an FMEA a mheas. Mar sin féin, ní bheidh an FMEA ach mar chuid den phróiseas bainistíochta riosca foriomlán agus díreoidh sé go príomha ar na codanna den chóras atá riachtanach don fheidhmíocht.\nMá dhéanann tú FMEA amháin mar a shainmhínítear i IEC 60812, ní chomhlíonfaidh tú ceanglais ISO 14971."} +{"text": "What is Insulation Coordination?\nInsulation Coordination is the process of determining the proper insulation levels of various components in a power system as well as their arrangements. It is the selection of an insulation structure that will withstand voltage stresses to which the system, or equipment will be subjected to, together with the proper surge arrester. The process is determined from the known characteristics of voltage surges and the characteristics of surge arresters.\nSome common terms that must be known when performing an Insulation Coordination Study.\n1. Basic Impulse Insulation Level (BIL)\nThis is the reference insulation level expressed as an impulse crest (or peak) voltage with a standard wave not longer than a 1.2 x 50 microsecond wave.\nA 1.2 x 50 microsecond wave means that\nthe impulse takes 1.2 microseconds to reach the peak and then decays to\n50% of the peak in 50 microseconds. (Click here\nfor a figure of the BIL waveform)\n2. Withstand Voltage\nThis is the BIL level that can repeatedly be applied to an equipment\nwithout flashover, disruptive charge or other electrical failure under\n3. Chopped Wave Insulation Level\nThis is determined by using impulse waves that are of the same shape\nas that of the BIL waveform, with the exception that the wave is chopped\nafter 3 microseconds. Generally, it is assumed that the Chopped Wave Level\nis 1.15 times the BIL level for oil filled equipment such as transformers.\nHowever, for dry type equipment, it is assumed that the the Chopped Wave\nLevel is equal to the BIL level.\n4. Critical Flashover Voltage\nThis is the peak voltage for a 50% probability of flashover or disruptive\n5. Impulses Ratio\nThis is normally used for Flashover or puncture of insulation. It is\nthe ratio of the impulse peak voltage to the value of the 60 Hz voltage\nthat causes flashover or puncture. Or, it is the ratio of breakdown voltage\nat surge frequency to breakdown voltage at normal system frequency (60\nOvervoltages that need to be considered when doing an Insulation Coordination Study.\nThere are three types of overvoltages that may occur on a plant:\nThese may usually be short power frequency overvoltages or weakly damped oscillatory voltages. The main causes of these overvoltages are:\nThese surges are of short duration, irregular (or impulse form) and highly damped. The effects of such overvoltages are of great concern when the transmission voltage is greater than 300kV. However, below 300kV, some causes of these overvoltages are:\nPower systems that operate below 145kV (example the T&TEC system) overvoltages due to lightning are of greater concern than the previous two types of overvoltages. Lightning discharges are usually very short, unidirectional and have a shape similar to the BIL waveform.\nThe point of insulation flashover depends on\n(i) Geographical position of the lightning stroke\n(ii) Magnitude of the stroke\n(iii) Rise time of voltage wave\n(iv) System insulation levels\n(v) System Electrical characteristics\n(vi) Local atmospheric or ambient conditions\nOvervoltage Surge Protection\nThere are two methods of overvoltage protection:\n1. Rod or Spark Gaps\nThese devices are easy and cheap to install and are usually installed in parallel with insulators between the live equipment terminal and earth. Some disadvantages of these devices include:\nModern Surge arresters are of the gapless Zinc\nOxide type. Previously, Silicon Carbide arresters were used, but their\nuse has been superceeded by the ZnO arresters, which have a non-linear\nresistance characteristic. Thus, it is possible to eliminate the series\ngaps between the individual ZnO block making up the arrester.\nSelection Procedure for Surge arresters\n1. Determine the continuous arrester voltage.\nThis is usually the system rated voltage.\n2. Select a rated voltage for the arrester.\n3. Determine the normal lightning discharge current. Below 36kV, 5kA rated arresters are chosen. Otherwise, a 10kA\nrated arrester is used.\n4. Determine the required long duration discharge capability.\nFor rated voltage < 36kV, light duty surge arrester may be specified.\nFor rated voltage between 36kV and 245kV, heavy duty arresters may be specified.\nFor rated voltage >245kV, long duration discharge capabilities may be specified.\n5. Determine the maximum prospective fault current and protection tripping times at the location of the surge arrester\nand match with the surge arrester duty.\n6. Select the surge arrester having porcelain creepage distance in accordance with the environmental conditions.\n7. Determine the surge arrester protection level and match with standard IEC 99 recommendations.\nSome Common ratings associated with surge arresters\n1. Rated Voltage\nThe power frequency voltage across the arrester must never exceed its rated voltage, otherwise the arrester may not reseal and may catastrophically fail after absorbing the energy of the surge.\nFor effectively earthed system:\nMaximum phase to earth voltage = 80% maximum line voltage\n2. Rated Current\nArresters are tested with 8/20 microsecond discharge current waves of varying magnitudes.\n3. Normal Voltage\nNominal continuous voltage that the arrester can with stand before failing or flashover.\nBasic Impulse Insulation Level which is the maximum impulse for a 1.2 x 50 microsecond waveform.\n5. Discharge voltage\nWhen the overvoltage impulse reaches this value,\nthe arrester begins to channel energy to earth.\nFor an example of an insulation coordination procedure, please click here.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15", "url": "http://www.eng.uwi.tt/depts/elec/staff/alvin/ee35t/notes/Insulation_Coordination.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609536300.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005216-00097-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8790847659, "token_count": 1238, "score": 3.328125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Cad é Comhordaíocht Inslithe?\nIs éard atá i gcomhordú inslithe ná an próiseas chun na leibhéil inslithe cuí de chomhpháirteanna éagsúla i gcóras cumhachta a chinneadh chomh maith lena gcóras. Is é an rogha struchtúr inslithe a sheasfaidh le strus voltais a bheidh an córas nó an trealamh faoi réir, mar aon leis an gcúlchiste iomarcach cuí. Déantar an próiseas a chinneadh ó na tréithe a bhfuil ar eolas acu maidir le spleáchas a ardú agus tréithe na gcathróirí ardú.\nTá roinnt téarmaí coitianta nach mór a bheith ar eolas acu agus Staidéar um Chomhordaithe Inslithe á dhéanamh.\n1. an t-am a bhí ann. Ní mór an t-uasmhéid a bheith ar an méid seo a leanas:\nIs é seo an leibhéal inslithe tagartha arna léiriú mar voltas barr (nó barr) impulse le tonn caighdeánach nach faide ná tonn 1.2 x 50 micreathrú.\nCiallaíonn tonn 1.2 x 50 micreaséacan go\nan impulse thógann sé 1.2 microseconds chun an buaic a bhaint amach agus ansin decays go\n50% den bhuaic i 50 micreaséacan. (Cliceáil anseo\nle haghaidh figiúr de fhoirm tonn BIL)\n2. Seachadadh. Freastalaíonn Voltas\nIs é seo an leibhéal BIL is féidir a chur i bhfeidhm arís agus arís eile ar threalamh\ngan flashover, muirear suaite nó easpa leictreach eile faoi\n3. Tá an t-am ann. Leibhéal inslithe tonn gearr\nDéantar é seo a chinneadh trí úsáid a bhaint as tonnta impulse atá den fhoirm chéanna\nmar sin de na BIL tonnfhoirm, ach amháin go bhfuil an tonn chopped\ntar éis 3 mhicreaséacna. Go ginearálta, glacadh leis go bhfuil an Leibhéal tonn Chopped\nIs é 1.15 uair an leibhéal BIL le haghaidh trealamh líonta ola mar thrasfhórsadóirí.\nMar sin féin, le haghaidh trealamh cineál tirim, tá sé a glacadh go bhfuil an\nTá an leibhéal comhionann le leibhéal BIL.\n4. Tá an t-am Tosaíocht an t-uisce\nIs é seo an voltas buaic le haghaidh dóchúlacht 50% flashover nó suaitheadh\n5. Tá an t-am ann. Ráta Impulse\nÚsáidtear é seo de ghnáth le haghaidh Flashover nó le haghaidh piocadh inslithe. Tá sé\nan cóimheas idir an voltas buaic phléasc agus luach an voltais 60 Hz\ngo bhfuil flashover nó puncture mar thoradh air. Nó, tá sé an cóimheas de voltas breakdown\ni dtriomláin ard-bhreise go voltas briseadh ag minicíocht gnáthchórais (60\nTá an t-uasfholtaíocht seo le cur san áireamh agus staidéar ar chomhordú inslithe á dhéanamh.\nTá trí chineál rófholláine ann a d'fhéadfadh tarlú ar phlanda:\nIs féidir leo a bheith ina ró-bholtais minicíochta cumhachta gearr nó voltais oscillatóireachta lag-dumped. Is iad na príomhchúiseanna leis na rófhriotaíochtaí seo ná:\nTá na borradhanna seo gearr, neamhrialta (nó i bhfoirm impulse) agus go mór damped. Tá imní mhór ar éifeachtaí na rófhriota sin nuair a bhíonn an voltas tarchuir níos mó ná 300kV. Mar sin féin, faoi bhun 300kV, is iad seo a leanas cúiseanna na rófholtaíochtaí seo:\nTá imní níos mó ar chórais chumhachta a oibríonn faoi bhun 145kV (mar shampla córas T&TEC) thar-bholtais mar gheall ar thimpiste ná an dá chineál tharbholtais roimhe seo. De ghnáth bíonn scaoilte gaoithe an-ghearr, aon-threo agus tá cruth acu cosúil le tonnfhoirm BIL.\nBraitheann an pointe flashover inslithe ar\n(i) Suíomh geografach an chraobh solair\n(ii) Mhéid an stróc\n(iii) Am méadaithe tonn voltais\n(iv) Leibhéil inslithe an chórais\n(v) Feidhmeanna leictreacha an chórais\n(vi) Coinníollacha atmaisféireacha nó timpeallachta áitiúla\nCosaint ó Iompraíocht Tromchla\nTá dhá mhodh ann chun an t-ard-bholtacht a chosaint:\n1. an t-am a bhí ann. Tréimhsí Rod nó Spark\nTá na feistí seo éasca agus saor a shuiteáil agus de ghnáth suiteáiltear iad i gcomhthráth le inslitheoirí idir an chríochfort trealaimh beo agus an talamh. I measc roinnt míbhuntáistí na bhfeistí seo tá:\nTá arrestors Surge nua-aimseartha de na Zinc gapless\nCineál ocsaíd. Roimhe sin, baineadh úsáid as coinneálaithe Carbéad Sileicim, ach bhí a n-\nTá an úsáid a bhí ag na arresters ZnO, a bhfuil neamh-línearach\ntréith friotaíochta. Dá bhrí sin, is féidir an tsraith a dhíchur\nna bearnaí idir na bloic aonair ZnO a dhéanann an gabhdóir suas.\nDéanfar an t-athrú a dhéanamh ar an gcineál feithicle a bhfuil an t-athrú ar an gcineál feithicle.\n1. an t-am a bhí ann. Déan an voltas leanúnach a chinneadh.\nIs é seo de ghnáth an voltas ainmnithe an chórais.\n2. Seachadadh. Roghnaigh voltas ainmnithe don ghabháil.\n3. Tá an t-am ann. Déan an t-uaslódáil scaoilte réalta léim a chinneadh. Is féidir leis an gcineál a bhfuil an t-acmhainn aige a bheith ag feidhmiú go hiomlán. Seachas sin, 10kA\nÚsáidtear an t-aistritheoir ainmnithe.\n4. Tá an t-am Déanfar an cumas scaoilte fada ama a theastaíonn a chinneadh.\nI gcás voltais ainmnithe < 36kV, féadfar coscóir ardshrutha a shonrú.\nI gcás voltais ainmnithe idir 36kV agus 245kV, féadfar arresters tromchúiseacha a shonrú.\nI gcás voltais ainmnithe >245kV, féadfar cumas díolacháin fadtéarma a shonrú.\n5. Tá an t-am ann. Déanfar an t-uas-rialtas locht ionchasach agus amanna tripping cosanta a chinneadh ag suíomh an arrester ardshrutha\nagus comhoiriúnaigh leis an dualgas ar stopadh an tsortachta.\n6. Ceacht. Roghnaigh an t-aistritheoir ardteorainneacha a bhfuil fad creepage porceláin aige de réir na gcoinníollacha comhshaoil.\n7. Ceacht. Déanfar an leibhéal cosanta a chinneadh do choimeádtóir ardteistiméireachta agus comhoiriúnaigh leis na moltaí caighdeánacha IEC 99.\nRátaí Coitianta a bhaineann le seastairí ardshrutha\n1. an t-am a bhí ann. Tuairimí\nNí féidir leis an voltas minicíochta cumhachta ar fud an arrester a voltas ainmnithe a shárú riamh, ar shlí eile ní fhéadfaidh an arrester ath-slándáil agus d'fhéadfadh sé go dtarlódh go dtarlódh sé go tubaisteach tar éis dó fuinneamh an spéir a ionsú.\nI gcás córas atá talamhithe go héifeachtach:\nIs féidir leis an gcineál a bhfuil an t-uasmhéid de bholtás céim-sa talamh a bheith ann a bheith in ann an t-uasmhéid de bholtás líne a bhaint amach.\n2. Seachadadh. Rátaíocht reatha\nDéantar tástáil ar na stopálaithe le tonnta sruth scaoilte 8/20 microsecond de mhéideanna éagsúla.\n3. Tá an t-am ann. Voltas gnáth\nAn voltas leanúnach ainmniúil is féidir leis an gcumhdaitheoir seasamh leis sula ndéanann sé faill nó flashover.\nAn leibhéal bunúsach inslithe impulse, is é sin an impulse is mó le haghaidh tonnfhoirm 1.2 x 50 micreathrú.\n5. Tá an t-am ann. Voltas dí-scaoilte\nNuair a shroicheann an impulse ró-bholtaíocht an luach seo,\nTosaíonn an arrester fuinneamh a chanáil chuig an talamh.\nLe haghaidh sampla de nós imeachta comhordaithe inslithe, cliceáil anseo."} +{"text": "Cravings, celebrations, and stress often lead us to consume more alcohol, added sugar, and caffeine than experts advise. All three of these can fit into a balanced diet in small amounts, but eating and drinking more than what is suggested has poor effects on health and can lead to dependence or addiction. It is important to know the risks, recommendations, and replacement options for each.\nCutting back in these areas supports our bodies for life, health, and longevity. If you are trying to cut back, set a goal and ask your friends and family to support you. Plan social gatherings that minimize or avoid these foods and beverages. Focus on other healthy activities like cooking together or meeting up for an exercise class!\nAlcohol, Sugar, and Caffeine, Oh My!\nCook from scratch! Cooking from scratch means you’re in control of how much sugar is added to a recipe. Try cutting down the sugar in recipes by 25% and adding a bit more liquid.\nGradually reduce the sugar content and train your taste buds to appreciate naturally sweet foods, other flavors, and less added sugar.\n- Klemm, Sarah. Eat Right and Drink Responsibly. Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics.\n- https://www.eatright.org/food/nutrition/dietary-guidelines-and-myplate/eat-right-and-drink-responsibly. Published May 10, 2019. Accessed November 2019.\n- Klemm, Sarah. Sugar Substitutes: How Much is too Much? Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics.\n- https://www.eatright.org/food/nutrition/dietary-guidelines-andmyplate/sugar-substitutes-how-much-is-too-much. Published December 11, 2018. Accessed Novemmber 2019.\n- Cox, Jessica. Healthy Baking Alternatives. Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics.\n- https://www.eatright.org/food/planning-and-prep/cooking-tips-and-trends/healthybaking-alternatives. Published October 8, 2019. Accessed November 2019.\n- Wolfram, Taylor. Benefits of Coffee. Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics.\n- Mayo Clinic Staff. Caffeine: How much is too much? Mayo Clinic.\n- https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/indepth/caffeine/art-20045678. Published March 8, 2017. Accessed November 2019.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23", "url": "https://www.vumc.org/health-wellness/index.php/resource-articles/alcohol-sugar-and-caffeine-oh-my", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224644817.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20230529074001-20230529104001-00788.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9122986794, "token_count": 537, "score": 2.765625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is minic a chuireann cravings, ceiliúradh, agus strus orainn níos mó alcóil, siúcra breise, agus caifein a ithe ná mar a mholann saineolaithe. Is féidir na trí cinn seo a chur le réim chothrom i gcodanna beaga, ach tá droch-éifeachtaí ag ithe agus ag ól níos mó ná mar a mholtar ar shláinte agus is féidir iad a bheith ag brath nó ag brath orthu. Tá sé tábhachtach na rioscaí, na moltaí, agus na roghanna athsholáthair a fhios a bheith agat do gach ceann acu.\nAg gearradh síos sna réimsí seo tacaíonn ár gcomhlachtaí le haghaidh saol, sláinte, agus fad saoil. Má tá tú ag iarraidh a laghdú, socraigh sprioc agus iarr ar do chairde agus ar do theaghlach tacú leat. Déan pleanáil le haghaidh cruinnithe sóisialta ina mbeidh na bianna agus na deochanna seo a íoslaghdú nó a sheachaint. Dírigh ar ghníomhaíochtaí sláintiúla eile cosúil le cócaireacht le chéile nó cruinniú le haghaidh rang aclaíochta!\nÓl, Siúcra, agus Caiféin, Oh My!\nCook ó scratch! Ciallaíonn cócaireacht ó scratch go bhfuil tú i gceannas ar an méid siúcra a chuirtear le hionstraim. Déan iarracht an siúcra a laghdú i mbileoga 25% agus beagán níos mó leachta a chur leis.\nLaghdaigh an méid siúcra a bhíonn sa bhia go mall agus oiliúnaigh do bhróga blas chun taitneamh a bhaint as bianna milis ó thuras na hoíche, blasanna eile, agus níos lú siúcra breise.\n- Klemm, Sarah. - Tá sé ceart go leor. Bíodh spraoi agat le do chuid bia agus le do chuid deochanna. Acadamh na hIontrála agus na hIontrála.\n- https://www.eatright.org/food/nutrition/dietary-guidelines-and-myplate/eat-right-and-drink-responsibly. - Tá an t-alt seo á chur ar fáil ag an suíomh gréasáin seo. Foilsíodh an 10 Bealtaine, 2019. Rinneadh rochtain ar an suíomh i mí na Samhna 2019.\n- Klemm, Sarah. - Tá sé ceart go leor. In ionad siúcra: Cé mhéad atá ró-mhór? Acadamh na hIontrála agus na hIontrála.\n- https://www.eatright.org/food/nutrition/dietary-guidelines-andmyplate/sugar-substitutes-how-much-is-too-much. Foilsíodh é an 11 Nollaig, 2018. Rochtain ar an nuachtán i mí na Samhna 2019.\n- Cox, Jessica. - Tá mé. Roghanna Beacáin Sláintiúla. Acadamh na hIontrála agus na hIontrála.\n- https://www.eatright.org/food/planning-and-prep/cooking-tips-and-trends/healthybaking-alternatives. Foilsíodh 8 Deireadh Fómhair, 2019. Rinneadh rochtain ar an suíomh i mí na Samhna 2019.\n- Wolfram, Taylor. - Tá sé ar an mbord. Sochair Caife. Acadamh na hIontrála agus na hIontrála.\n- Foireann Chlinic Mayo. Caiféin: Cé mhéad atá ró-mhór? Clinic Mayo.\n- https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/indepth/caffeine/art-20045678. Foilsíodh 8 Márta, 2017. Rinneadh rochtain ar an suíomh i mí na Samhna 2019."} +{"text": "Hobbies Playing Music Learning Open Chords and Strumming for Guitar Share PINTEREST Email Print Tetra Images / Getty Images Playing Music Playing Guitar Tutorials Basics Tab, Chords & Lyrics Music Education Playing Piano Home Recording By Dan Cross Dan Cross is a professional guitarist and former private instructor who has experience teaching and playing various styles of music. our editorial process Dan Cross Updated May 24, 2019 The third lesson in this series of lessons aimed at beginner guitarists will include both review material, and new material. We'll learn: The three remaining open chords—generally considered the basic chordsA new strumming patternA Blues scale Lastly, as with the previous lessons, we'll finish up by learning a few new songs that use these new techniques we've learned. 01 of 08 Learning an E Major Chord Playing an E-major chord is actually very similar to playing an A-minor chord; you just need to switch the strings you are playing the chord on. Start by placing your second finger on the second fret of the fifth string. Now, place your third finger on the second fret of the fourth string. Lastly, place your first finger on the first fret of the third string. Strum all six strings and you're playing an E-major chord. Now, as in the last lesson, test yourself to make sure you're playing the chord properly. Starting on the sixth string, strike each string one at a time, making sure each note in the chord is ringing clearly. If not, study your fingers, and identify what the problem is. Then, try to adjust your fingering so the problem goes away. 02 of 08 Learning an A Major Chord An A-major chord is a little tougher; you've got to fit all three of your fingers on the second fret, and it can feel a little crowded at first. Start by placing your first finger on the second fret of the fourth string. Next, put your second finger on the second fret on the third string. Lastly, place your third finger on the second fret of the second string. Strum the bottom five strings (being careful to avoid the sixth), and you'll be playing an A-major chord. Another common way to play an A-major chord is by flattening one finger across the second fret of all three strings. This can be tricky, and initially, will be extremely difficult to play cleanly. 03 of 08 Playing an F Major Chord The F-major chord has been left until last because of its difficulty. Many new guitarists have a problem with the F-major chord because it involves a new concept—using your first finger to press down frets on two strings. Start by placing your first finger on the first frets of both the first and second strings. Now, slightly roll the finger back (towards the headstock of the guitar). Many people find this technique makes playing the F-major chord slightly easier. Next, place your second finger on the second fret of the third string. Lastly, place your third finger on the third fret of the fourth string. Strum only the bottom four strings, and you're playing an F-major chord. Chances are, at first, very few, if any of the notes will ring when trying to strum this chord. Check to make sure your second and third fingers are curled, and not flattened against the other strings of the guitar. Although this chord seems nearly impossible at first, within weeks, you'll have it sounding as good as the rest of the chords you play. 04 of 08 Chord Review Including the three new chords in this week's lesson, we've now learned a total of nine chords. That might not seem like a whole lot, but at first, they can be hard to memorize. Getting these chords memorized is just the first step. In order for them to be useful, you'll have to learn to move from chord to chord fairly quickly. This will take much practice and patience, but you'll get the hang of it! The main reason most beginners have trouble switching chords quickly is because of wasted movement in their fretting hand. Study your fingers when moving from chord to chord. Chances are, one (or a few) of your fingers will come way off the fretboard, and often hover in mid-air while you try to decide where each finger should go. This is unnecessary, and can really slow you down. Now, try again—play a chord, and before you switch to another chord, visualize playing this second chord shape. Picture in your mind exactly which fingers will need to go where, and only after you've done this should you switch chords. Pay attention to any small, unnecessary movements your fingers make, and eliminate them. Although this is easier said than done, your hard work and attention to detail will start paying off quickly. 05 of 08 New Strumming Pattern In lesson two, we learned all about the basics of strumming. If you still aren't comfortable with the concept and execution of basic guitar strumming, return to that lesson and review. This strum isn't much different from the one in lesson two. In fact, many guitarists find it slightly easier. Before you try and play this pattern, take some time to learn what it sounds like. Listen to an mp3 clip of the strumming pattern, and try to tap along with it. Once you are comfortable with it, try it at a faster speed. Now pick up your guitar and try playing the pattern while holding down a G-major chord (be sure to use the exact upstrokes and downstrokes the diagram illustrates). If you're having trouble, put down the guitar and practice saying or tapping out the rhythm again, making sure to repeat it multiple times. If you don't have the correct rhythm in your head, you'll never be able to play it on guitar. Remember to keep the up and down strumming motion in your picking hand constant - even when you're not actually strumming the chord. Try saying out loud \"down, down up, up down up\" (or \"1, 2 and, and 4 and\") as you're playing the pattern. Tips for Strumming Make sure all strings are ringing clearly.Make sure the volume of your down-strums and up-strums are equal.Be careful not to strum too hard, as this can cause strings to rattle and produces an undesirable sound.Be careful not to strum too softly, as this will produce a \"wimpy\" sound. Your pick should be striking the strings with a firm, even stroke.Think of your elbow as being the top of a pendulum; your arm should swing up and down from it in a steady motion, never pausing at any time.Having said that, the bulk of the picking motion should come from a rotation of the wrist, rather than from the forearm. Be sure not to keep your wrist stiff when playing. 06 of 08 The Blues Scale This blues scale is referred to as a \"movable scale\", meaning that we can play the scale anywhere on the neck. For now, we will play the scale starting on the fifth fret, but feel free to play it at the tenth fret, at the first fret, or anywhere else. As with previous exercises, the blues scale requires precise fingering in your fretting hand in order for it to be most useful. All notes on the fifth fret will be played by the first finger; notes on the sixth fret will be played by the second finger; notes on the seventh fret will be played by the third finger; all notes on the eighth fret will be played by the fourth finger. One of the best ways to start working on the coordination in your fingers is to practice playing scales. Although they may seem boring, they will help build the strength and agility your fingers need to play the guitar well. Keep that in mind while practicing this new scale. Count up to the fifth fret of your guitar—on most guitars, the fifth fret will be marked with a dot on the fretboard. Place your first finger on the fifth fret of the sixth string and play that note. Next, put your fourth (pinky) finger on the eighth fret of the sixth string, and again play that note. Now, continue to the fifth string, and follow the pattern illustrated above, until you've reached the eighth fret on the first string (listen to scale). Take your time and learn this scale well as it will be one that you use often. Tips and Tricks Use alternate picking.Once you've finished the scale, try playing the scale backward—start at the first string, third fret, and play all notes in exactly the reverse order.The key here is accuracy, not speed! Try playing the scale very slowly, making sure that each note is ringing clearly. 07 of 08 Learning Songs The addition of three new minor chords to this week's lesson gives us a total of nine chords to learn songs with. These nine chords will provide you with the opportunity to play literally hundreds of country, blues, rock, and pop songs. Give these songs a try: House of the Rising Sun, The AnimalsThis song is a little tough at first; it uses five of the nine chords we've learned. Ignore the picking pattern for now—instead strum each chord six times quickly with only downstrums. Last Kiss, Pearl JamThis song is quite easy to play, as it only uses four chords which repeat for the entire song. Use this week's strumming pattern for the song (play the pattern once for each chord). Mr. Jones, The Counting CrowsThis one might be tough, because it uses an F-major chord and because some chords are held longer than others. Playing along with a recording of the song should help. Although this week's strumming pattern isn't exactly what they play, it will work fine. American Pie, Don McLeanThis one will be hard to memorize! It's very long and has lots of chords, but it should be a good project. Ignore the 7ths—play Amin instead of Am7, Emin instead of Em7, and Dmaj instead of D7. Also, ignore the chords in the brackets for now. 08 of 08 Practice Schedule Try to practice fifteen minutes every day. It's not a lot of time to play guitar, but even fifteen minutes of practice will yield good results over time. If you have the time to play more, it's highly encouraged—the more the better! Here's a suggested use of your practice time for the next few weeks. Make sure your guitar is in tune (review how to tune).Warm up by playing the blues scale, forwards and backwards, several times. Play slowly, use alternate picking, and make sure each note rings clearly.Play the E phrygian scale from lesson 2 several times, paying careful attention to detail.Review all nine major and minor chords we've learned. Practice moving from chord to chord quickly.Spend some time working on this week's new strumming pattern. Also, be sure to revisit the lesson two strumming patterns. Try switching from chord to chord while using these patterns.Try to play one or a few of the songs above. See if you can memorize part of a song, and the lyrics to the song. At this point, songs probably won't sound great when you try and play them, but with some patience, you'll be sounding like a pro within months! As was suggested in lesson two, if you find it impossible to find the time to practice all of the above in one sitting, try breaking up the material, and practicing it over several days. There is a strong human tendency to only practice things which we are already quite good at. You'll need to overcome this and force yourself to practice the things you are weakest at doing.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-16", "url": "https://www.liveabout.com/learning-guitar-lesson-three-1712054", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370499280.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20200331003537-20200331033537-00138.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9586520195, "token_count": 2421, "score": 3.375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Hobbies Ceol a imirt Ceol a imirt Ceol a imirt Ceol a imirt Ceol a imirt Ceol a imirt Ceol a imirt Ceol a imirt Ceol a imirt Ceol a imirt Ceol a imirt Ceol a imirt Ceol a imirt Ceol a imirt Ceol a imirt Ceol a imirt Ceol a imirt Ceol a imirt Ceol a imirt Ceol a imirt Ceol a imirt Ceol a imirt Ceol a imirt Ceol a imirt Ceol a imirt Ceol a imirt Ceol a imirt Ceol a imirt Ceol a imirt Ceol a imirt Ceol a imirt Ceol a imirt Ceol a imirt Ceol a imirt Ceol a imirt Ceol a imirt Ceol a imirt Ceol a imirt Ceol a imirt Ceol a imirt Ceol a imirt Ceol a imirt Ceol a imirt Ceol a imirt Ceol a imirt Ceol a imirt Ceol a imirt Ceol a imirt Ceol a imirt Ceol a imirt Ceol a imirt Ceol a imirt Ceol a imirt Ceol a imirt Ceol a imirt Ceol a imirt Ceol a imirt Ceol a imirt Ceol a imirt Ceol a imirt Ceol a imirt Ceol a imirt Ceol a imirt Ceol a imirt Ceol a imirt Ceol a imirt Ceol a imirt Ceol a imirt Ceol a imirt Ceol a imirt Ceol a imirt Ceol a imirt Ceol a imirt Ceol a Ceol a imirt Ceol a Ceol a imirt Ceol a Ceol a Ceol a Ceol a Ceol a Ceol a Ceol a Ceol a Ceol a Ceol a Ceol a Ceol a Ceol a Ceol a Ceol a Ceol a Ceol a Ceol a Ceol a Ceol a Ceol a Ceol a Ceol a Ceol a Ceol a Ceol a Ceol a Ceol a Ceol a Ceol a Ceol a Ceol a Ceol a Ceol a Ceol a Ceol a Ceol a Ceol a Ceol a Ceol a Ceol a Ceol a Ceol a Ceol a Ceol a Ceol a Ceol a Ceol a Ceol a Ceol a Ceol a Ceol a Ceol a Ceol a Ceol a Ceol a Ceol a Ceol a Ceol a Ceol a Ceol a Ceol a Ceol a Ceol a Ceol a Ceol a Ceol a Ce our editorial process Dan Cross Updated May 24, 2019 Cuimsíonn an tríú ceacht sa tsraith ceachtanna seo atá dírithe ar giotáróirí tosaithe ábhar athbhreithnithe agus ábhar nua araon. Foghlaimimid: Na trí chord oscailte atá fágtha go ginearálta a mheastar mar na cords bunúsachaPadrún strumming nuaScéal Blues Ar deireadh, mar a tharla leis na ceachtanna roimhe seo, críochnóimid trí roinnt amhráin nua a fhoghlaim a úsáideann na teicnící nua seo a d'fhoghlaim muid. 01 de 08 Ag foghlaim Chord E mór Tá sé an-chosúil le chord E mór a imirt i ndáiríre le chord A-bheag a imirt; ní mór duit ach na snáitheanna a bhfuil an chord á imirt agat a athrú. Tosaigh ag do dara méar a chur ar an dara fret den chúigiú sreang. Anois, cuir do thríú méara ar an dara fret den cheathrú sreang. Ar deireadh, cuir do chéad mhéar ar an gcéad fret den tríú sreang. Strum na sé shraith agus tá tú ag imirt chord E-mhór. Anois, mar a bhí sa léacht dheireanach, déan tástáil ort féin chun a chinntiú go bhfuil tú ag seinm an chord i gceart. Ag tosú ar an séú sreang, buail gach sreang ceann ag an am, ag cinntiú go bhfuil gach nóta sa chord ag fuaime go soiléir. Mura bhfuil, déan staidéar ar do mhéara, agus aithníodh cén fadhb atá agat. Ansin, déan iarracht do mhéara a choigeartú ionas go rachaidh an fhadhb ar shiúl. 02 de 08 Ag Foghlaim Chord A mór Tá chord A mór beagán níos deacra; caithfidh tú do thrí mhéar go léir a chur ar an dara fret, agus is féidir go mbraitheann sé beagán plódaithe ar dtús. Tosaigh trí do chéad mhéar a chur ar an dara fret den cheathrú sreang. Ansin, cuir do dara méar ar an dara fret ar an tríú sreang. Ar deireadh, cuir do thríú méara ar an dara fret den dara sreang. Strum na cúig shraith is ísle (a bheith cúramach an séú a sheachaint), agus beidh tú ag imirt chord A mór. Bealach coitianta eile chun córd A-mhóir a imirt is ea finger amháin a phláintiú ar fud an dara fret de na trí shraith go léir. Is féidir leis seo a bheith tricky, agus ar dtús, beidh sé thar a bheith deacair a imirt go glan. 03 de 08 Ag imirt Cór F Mór F-Mór chord a bhí fágtha go dtí an deireadh mar gheall ar a deacracht. Tá fadhb ag go leor giotáróirí nua leis an gcord F-mhór toisc go mbaineann sé le coincheap nua - ag baint úsáide as do chéad mhéar chun frets a bhrú síos ar dhá shnáithín. Tosaigh trí do chéad mhéar a chur ar an gcéad frets den chéad agus den dara sreang. Anois, cas an mhéar siar go beag (i dtreo ceann an giotár). Faigheann go leor daoine go bhfuil an teicníc seo ag déanamh an chord F-mhór a imirt beagán níos éasca. Ansin, cuir do dara méarloig ar an dara fret den tríú sreang. Ar deireadh, cuir do thríú méara ar an tríú fret den cheathrú sreang. Ní féidir leat ach na ceithre shraith is ísle a bhualadh, agus tá tú ag imirt chord F-mhór. Tá seansanna, ar dtús, an-bheag, má tá aon cheann de na nótaí a fuaim nuair a iarracht a strum an chord. Seiceáil go bhfuil do dara agus do thríú méara cúl, agus nach bhfuil siad plátaithe i gcoinne na sreanganna eile den giotár. Cé gur cosúil go bhfuil an chord seo beagnach dodhéanta ar dtús, laistigh de sheachtain, beidh sé ag fuaim chomh maith le chuid eile na gcord a imríonn tú. 04 de 08 Athbhreithniú Córdaí lena n-áirítear na trí chórd nua sa léacht an tseachtain seo, tá naoi gcórd foghlamtha againn anois. B'fhéidir nach bhfuil an chuma ar go leor, ach ar dtús, is féidir go mbeadh sé deacair iad a mheabhrú. Níl i gceist leis na cords seo a mheabhrú ach an chéad chéim. Chun go mbeidh siad úsáideach, beidh ort foghlaim chun bogadh ó chord go chord go leor go tapa. Tógfaidh sé seo go leor cleachtais agus foighne, ach gheobhaidh tú an t-aistriú! Is é an chúis is mó a mbíonn deacracht ag an gcuid is mó de thosaitheoirí le hacmhainní a athrú go tapa ná mar gheall ar ghluaiseacht caillte ina lámh fretting. Léigh do mhéara nuair a bhogann tú ó chord go chord. Is dócha go dtiocfaidh ceann (nó cúpla) de do mhéara amach as an mbord fret, agus go minic beidh siad ag dul in airde san aer agus tú ag iarraidh cinneadh a dhéanamh cá háit a gcaithfidh gach méar a bheith. Níl gá leis seo, agus is féidir go mór a mhoill tú síos. Anois, déan iarracht arís - cór a imirt, agus sula dtéann tú ar chór eile, samhlaigh an dara cruth cór a imirt. Samhlaigh i do intinn go díreach cé na méara a bheidh le dul cá háit, agus ní mór duit an t-acord a athrú ach amháin tar éis duit é seo a dhéanamh. Tabhair aird ar aon ghluaiseachtaí beaga, gan gá a dhéanann do mhéara, agus cuir deireadh leo. Cé go bhfuil sé níos éasca é a rá ná a dhéanamh, beidh do chuid oibre crua agus d'fhiosrúchán go mion ag tosú ag íoc as go tapa. 05 de 08 Patrúin Nua Strumming Sa dara ceacht, d'fhoghlaim muid go léir faoi bhunrialacha strumming. Mura bhfuil tú fós compordach leis an gcoincheap agus leis an gcur i bhfeidhm bunúsach de strumming giotár, filleadh ar an ceacht sin agus athbhreithniú a dhéanamh air. Níl an strum seo i bhfad difriúil ón gceann i rang a dó. Go deimhin, is féidir le go leor giotáróirí é a dhéanamh beagán níos éasca. Sula ndéanann tú iarracht an patrún seo a imirt, tabhair am chun foghlaim conas a fhuaimeann sé. Éist le clipe mp3 den patrún strumming, agus déan iarracht a tapáil leis. Nuair a bheidh tú compordach leis, déan iarracht é a dhéanamh ag luas níos tapúla. Anois tóg do ghítar agus déan iarracht an patrún a imirt agus tú ag coinneáil chord G-mhór síos (bí cinnte na strócanna suas agus síos céanna a úsáid a léiríonn an léaráid). Má tá deacracht agat, cuir an giotár síos agus cleacht an t-aird a rá nó a bhualadh amach arís, ag déanamh cinnte go ndéanann tú é arís agus arís eile. Mura bhfuil an t-airgead ceart i do cheann agat, ní bheidh tú in ann é a imirt ar an giotár. Cuimhnigh an gluaiseacht suas agus síos a choinneáil i do lámh a bhailiú i gcónaí - fiú nuair nach bhfuil tú ag strumming an chord i ndáiríre. Déan iarracht \"íos, síos suas, suas, síos suas\" (nó \"1, 2 agus, agus 4 agus\") a rá go hard agus tú ag imirt an patrún. Leideanna maidir le Strumming Déan cinnte go bhfuil gach sreang ag fuaime go soiléir. Déan cinnte go bhfuil tocht do chuid strumanna síos agus suas comhionann. Bí cúramach gan strumáil ró-dhlúth, mar d'fhéadfadh sé seo a bheith ina chúis le sreanganna a chraobhscaoileadh agus fuaim neamh-inmhianaithe a tháirgeadh. Bí cúramach gan strumáil ró-fhuar, mar go dtabharfaidh sé seo fuaim \"wimpy\". Ba chóir go mbeadh do chliceáil ag bualadh na sreanga le stróc daingean, cothrom. Smaoinigh ar do chléibhe mar bharr pendulum; ba cheart do lámh a bheith ag swing suas agus síos uaidh i ngluaiseacht seasta, gan stad a dhéanamh ag am ar bith. Tar éis a rá sin, ba cheart go mbeadh an chuid is mó den ghluaiseacht chliceála ag teacht ó rothlú an láimhe, seachas ón forearm. Bí cinnte nach gcoinníonn tú do phléasc crua agus tú ag imirt. 06 de 08 An Scaill Blúis Tugtar \"scaill ghluaiseachta\" ar an scála bhlúis seo, rud a chiallaíonn gur féidir linn an scála a imirt in áit ar bith ar an gcroí. Faoi láthair, beidh muid ag imirt an scála ag tosú ar an cúigiú fret, ach bíodh spraoi agat é a imirt ag an deichiú fret, ag an gcéad fret, nó áit ar bith eile. Cosúil le cleachtaí roimhe seo, éilíonn an scála gorm fingering beacht i do lámh fretting d'fhonn go mbeidh sé an-úsáideach. Beidh na nótaí ar an cúigiú fret a imirt ag an gcéad mhéar; nótaí ar an séú fret a imirt ag an dara mhéar; nótaí ar an seachtú fret a imirt ag an tríú mhéar; beidh na nótaí ar an ochtú fret a imirt ag an gceathrú mhéar. Ceann de na bealaí is fearr chun tosú ag obair ar an gcomhordú i do mhéara ná scála a imirt. Cé go mb'fhéidir go mbraitheann siad suimiúil, cabhróidh siad leis an neart agus an solúbthacht a fhaigheann do mhéara chun an giotár a imirt go maith a fhorbairt. Coinnigh sin i gcuimhne agus tú ag cleachtadh an scála nua seo. Léigh an t-alt seo agus déan do chuid féin a chur ar an gcúigiú fret de do ghrianghraf. Cuir do chéad mhéar ar an cúigiú fret den séú sreang agus an nóta sin a imirt. Ansin, cuir do cheathrú (pinky) mhéar ar an ochtú fret den séú sreang, agus imirt arís an nóta. Anois, lean ar aghaidh go dtí an cúigiú sreang, agus lean an patrún a léirítear thuas, go dtí go mbeidh tú tar éis an t-ochtú fret a bhaint amach ar an gcéad sreang (éist leis an scála). Tóg do chuid ama agus foghlaim go maith an scála seo mar is minic a bheidh tú ag baint úsáide as. Leideanna agus Tricks Úsáid pictiúr malartach.Nuair a bheidh an scála críochnaithe agat, déan iarracht an scála a imirt ar aistosaigh ag an gcéad shraith, an tríú fret, agus imthigh na nótaí go léir san ord iarbhír.Is é an eochair anseo cruinneas, ní luas! Déan iarracht an scála a imirt go mall, ag cinntiú go bhfuil gach nóta ag fuaime go soiléir. 07 de 08 Ceol a fhoghlaim Tá trí chord beag nua curtha leis an léacht an tseachtain seo agus dá bhrí sin tá naoi chord againn le ceol a fhoghlaim. Cuirfidh na naoi gcord seo an deis ar fáil duit literally na céadta amhrán tíre, gorma, carraig, agus pop a imirt. Bain triail as na hamhráin seo: House of the Rising Sun, The AnimalsTá an t-amhrán seo beagán deacair ar dtús; úsáideann sé cúig cinn de na naoi gcord a d'fhoghlaim muid. Ná déan dearmad ar an bpatrún piocála anois - ina ionad sin, smaoinigh ar gach cords sé huaire go tapa agus ní dhéanfaidh tú ach downstroms. Last Kiss, Pearl Jam Tá an t-amhrán seo éasca go leor a imirt, toisc nach n-úsáideann sé ach ceithre chord a athraíonn an t-amhrán ar fad. Bain úsáid as an bpatrún strumming an tseachtain seo don amhrán (chluiche an patrún uair amháin do gach chord). D'fhéadfadh sé seo a bheith deacair, toisc go n-úsáideann sé chord F-mhór agus toisc go bhfuil roinnt chords a shealbhú níos faide ná daoine eile. Ba chóir go mbeadh sé ina chabhair duit an t-amhrán a imirt in éineacht le taifeadadh an amhráin. Cé nach bhfuil an patrún strumming an tseachtain seo go díreach cad a imirt, beidh sé ag obair go maith. American Pie, Don McLean Beidh sé seo deacair a mheabhrú! Tá sé an-fhada agus tá go leor cords ann, ach ba chóir go mbeadh sé ina thionscadal maith. Ná déan dearmad ar an 7thsplay Amin in ionad Am7, Emin in ionad Em7, agus Dmaj in ionad D7. Chomh maith leis sin, ná déan dearmad ar na cords sna braicéid faoi láthair. 08 de 08 Clár Cleachtais Déan iarracht cleachtadh a dhéanamh ar feadh cúig nóiméad déag gach lá. Ní fada an t-am é giotár a imirt, ach fiú cúig nóiméad déag de chleachtadh a thabharfaidh torthaí maithe le himeacht ama. Má tá am agat níos mó a imirt, moltar go mór é - an níos mó is fearr! Seo a mholtar duit a úsáid as do chuid ama cleachtadh do na seachtainí atá romhainn. Déan cinnte go bhfuil do ghitear i ngrá (athbhreithniú ar conas a bheith ag cur i ngrá). Seinn go mall, úsáid pictiúr malartach, agus déan cinnte go bhfuil gach nóta ag fuaime go soiléir. Seinn an scála E phrygian ó léacht 2 roinnt uaireanta, ag tabhairt aird chúramach ar mhionsonraí. Athbhreithnigh na naoi gcord mór agus mion a d'fhoghlaim muid. Déan cleachtadh ar aistriú ó chord go chord go tapa. Caith am ag obair ar an bpatrún nua strumming na seachtaine seo. Chomh maith leis sin, bí cinnte go ndéanfaidh tú athbhreithniú ar an dá mhúnla strumming. Déan iarracht athrú ó chord go chord agus na patrúin seo á n-úsáid agat. Féach an féidir leat cuid de amhrán a mheabhrú, agus na liricí don amhrán. Ag an bpointe seo, is dócha nach mbeidh amhráin ag fuaime go hiontach nuair a dhéanfaidh tú iarracht iad a imirt, ach le beagán foighne, beidh tú ag fuaime mar ghairmí i gceann míonna! Mar a mholtar sa dara ceacht, má tá sé dodhéanta an t-am a fháil chun na rudaí thuasluaite a chleachtadh i suí amháin, déan iarracht an t-ábhar a bhriseadh suas, agus é a chleachtadh thar roinnt laethanta. Tá claonadh láidir daonna ann chun rudaí nach bhfuil againn ach go maith a chleachtadh. Beidh ort é seo a shárú agus tú féin a chur i bhfeidhm chun cleachtadh a dhéanamh ar na rudaí is laige atá agat a dhéanamh."} +{"text": "When the topic of bullying comes up, it is often in the context of schoolyard bullying and is often perceived as an interpersonal conflict. However, bullying occurs in the workplace as well, and workplace bullying has drawn increased attention in recent years. Historically, most bullying research focused on the targets of bullying and attempted to explain how bullies select their targets and how bullying impacts targets. In contrast, this paper will focus on the bullies themselves. While bullying can occur at any level in the organization, this paper focuses on leaders who bully and explains why bullying is not a personality conflict; rather, there are both individual and organizational factors that tolerate, if not encourage, leader bullying. Based on the published literature, this paper will present an overview of the history and development of research related to workplace bullying; the current definition of bullying and characteristics of bullies; an analysis of Adlerian concepts applied to leader bullying; an explanation of why bully leaders are promoted in organizations; an analysis of how leader bullying impacts organizations; and what executive leaders can do to eliminate bullying. This paper will also identify areas where further research is necessary to better understand how and why leaders bully, and what can be done to both stop and prevent this destructive behavior.\nLeaders who Bully: An Adlerian Perspective on the Purpose and Impact", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-39", "url": "http://alfredadler.edu/library/masters/2013/carol-halley", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818691977.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20170925145232-20170925165232-00078.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9614654183, "token_count": 262, "score": 3.390625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Nuair a thagann an t-ábhar bullying suas, is minic a bhíonn sé i gcomhthéacs bullying páirce scoile agus is minic a mheastar gur choimhlint idirphearsanta é. Ach, bíonn bullying ar siúl san ionad oibre freisin, agus tá níos mó aird curtha ar bullying san ionad oibre le blianta beaga anuas. Go stairiúil, dírigh an chuid is mó de thaighde ar bhuileáil ar spriocanna an bhuileála agus rinne sé iarracht a mhíniú conas a roghnaíonn buileálaithe a spriocanna agus conas a théann buileáil i bhfeidhm ar spriocanna. I gcodarsnacht leis sin, díreoidh an páipéar seo ar na bullies féin. Cé gur féidir bullying a tharlaíonn ag aon leibhéal san eagraíocht, dírithe ar an páipéar seo ar cheannairí a bully agus míníonn cén fáth nach bhfuil bullying coinbhleacht pearsantachta; ina ionad sin, tá fachtóirí aonair agus eagraíochta araon a fhulaingt, mura spreagann siad, ceannaire bullying. Bunaithe ar an litríocht foilsithe, tabharfaidh an páipéar seo forbhreathnú ar stair agus forbairt na taighde a bhaineann le bullying san ionad oibre; an sainmhíniú reatha ar bullying agus tréithe bullies; anailís ar choincheapa Adlerian a chuirtear i bhfeidhm ar bullying ceannaire; míniú ar an gcúis a gcuirtear ceannairí bully chun cinn in eagraíochtaí; anailís ar an gcaoi a mbíonn tionchar ag bullying ceannaire ar eagraíochtaí; agus cad is féidir le ceannairí feidhmiúcháin a dhéanamh chun bullying a dhíchur. Sa pháipéar seo, sainaithneoidh sé freisin réimsí ina bhfuil gá le tuilleadh taighde chun tuiscint níos fearr a fháil ar conas agus cén fáth a ndéanann ceannairí bullying, agus cad is féidir a dhéanamh chun stop a chur leis an iompar scriosach seo agus é a chosc.\nCeannródaithe a Bhuailíonn: Breathnú Adlerian ar an gcuspóir agus ar an tionchar"} +{"text": "The Directorate of Intelligence (DI) was established in 1952 to help the president and other policymakers make informed decisions about our country’s national security. DI analysts look at all the available information on an issue and organize it for policymakers to give them more ideas on how to think about it.\nThe grist for the analysts’ mill is a mix of often incomplete and frequently contradictory fragments of information collected around—and above—the world. From a near-void on vital topics during the early years to an overwhelming volume today, the information has come from a variety of sources and methods, including U.S. personnel overseas as well as agent reports, satellite photography, foreign media, and sophisticated sensors.\nOver the years, the DI has covered crises and confrontations, identified trends, and illuminated issues. It has produced timely information and insights available nowhere else and put them into the right hands. In so doing, it informed the decisionmaking that kept the Cold War from becoming a hot war, and it now plays a vital role in waging the global war against terrorism.\nVisit our timeline of DI events* on the full site.\n*Link will take you to the full website.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15", "url": "https://www.cia.gov/mobile/offices-of-cia/intelligence-analysis/history.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223206147.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032006-00116-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9541130662, "token_count": 240, "score": 2.703125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Bunaíodh an Stiúrthóireacht Faisnéise (DI) i 1952 chun cabhrú leis an uachtarán agus le lucht déanta beartais eile cinntí eolasacha a dhéanamh maidir le slándáil náisiúnta ár dtír. Breathnaíonn anailísithe DI ar an bhfaisnéis go léir atá ar fáil ar cheist agus eagraíonn siad é do lucht déanta beartais chun níos mó smaointe a thabhairt dóibh maidir le conas smaoineamh air.\nIs é an grist do mhill na n-anailísithe meascán de chuid faisnéise a bhailítear ar fud an domhain agus os cionn an domhain, a bhíonn go minic neamhiomlán agus go minic contrártha. Ó bhí beagnach aon ábhar ríthábhachtach ann sna blianta tosaigh go dtí méid mór an lae inniu, tá an t-eolas tagtha ó fhoinsí agus modhanna éagsúla, lena n-áirítear pearsanra na Stát Aontaithe thar lear chomh maith le tuairiscí gníomhaire, grianghrafadóireacht satailíte, meáin eachtrach, agus braiteoirí sofaisticiúla.\nLe blianta anuas, tá an DI tar éis géarchéimeanna agus agóidí a chlúdach, treochtaí a shainaithint, agus saincheisteanna a shoiléiriú. Tá faisnéis agus léargas tráthúil a tháirgtear ann nach bhfuil ar fáil in áit ar bith eile agus a chuirtear sna lámha ceart. Agus é sin á dhéanamh aige, chuir sé le cinnteoireacht a choinnigh an Cogadh Fuar ó bheith ina chogadh te, agus tá ról ríthábhachtach aige anois sa chogadh domhanda i gcoinne na sceimhlitheoireachta.\nTabhair cuairt ar ár líne ama d'imeachtaí DI* ar an suíomh iomlán.\n*Tógfaidh nasc chuig an suíomh Gréasáin iomlán."} +{"text": "TCP Data Handling and Processing: Streams, Segments and Sequence Numbers\n(Page 3 of 3)\nTCP Data Identification: Sequence Numbers\nThe fact that TCP treats data coming from an application as a stream of octets has a couple of very significant implications on the operation of the protocol. The first is related to data identification. Since TCP is reliable, it needs to keep track of all the data it receives from an application so it can make sure it is all received by the destination. Furthermore, it must make sure the data is received in the order it was sent, and must retransmit any lost data.\nIf data were conveyed to TCP in block-like messages, it would be fairly simple to keep track of the data by adding an identifier to each message. Since TCP is stream-oriented, however, that identification must be done for each byte of data! This may seem surprising, but it is actually what TCP does, through the use of sequence numbers. Each byte of data is assigned a sequence number which is used to keep track of it through the process of transmission, reception and acknowledgment (though in practice, blocks of many bytes are managed using the sequence numbers of bytes at the start and end of the block). These sequence numbers are used to ensure that data sent in segments is reassembled into the original stream of data transmitted by the sending application. They are required to implement the sliding window system that enables TCP to provide reliability and data flow control.\nThe other impact of TCP treating incoming data as a stream is that data received by an application using TCP is unstructured. For transmission, a stream of data goes into TCP on one device, and on reception, a stream of data goes back to the application on the receiving device. Even though the stream is broken into segments for transmission by TCP, these segments are TCP-level details that are hidden from the application. So, when a device wants to send multiple pieces of data, TCP provides no mechanism for indicating where the dividing line is between the pieces, since TCP doesn't examine the meaning of the data at all. The application must provide a means for doing this.\nConsider for example an application that is sending database records. It needs to transmit record #579 from the Employees database table, followed by record #581 and record #611. It sends these records to TCP, which treats them all collectively as a stream of bytes. TCP will package these bytes into segments, but in a manner the application cannot predict. It is possible that each will end up in a different segment, but more likely they will all be in one segment, or part of each will end up in different segments, depending on their length. The records themselves must have some sort of explicit markers so the receiving device can tell where one record ends and the next starts.\nHome - Table Of Contents - Contact Us\nThe TCP/IP Guide (http://www.TCPIPGuide.com)\nVersion 3.0 - Version Date: September 20, 2005\n© Copyright 2001-2005 Charles M. Kozierok. All Rights Reserved.\nNot responsible for any loss resulting from the use of this site.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-24", "url": "http://www.tcpipguide.com/free/t_TCPDataHandlingandProcessingStreamsSegmentsandSequ-3.htm", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347396300.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20200527235451-20200528025451-00427.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9543007016, "token_count": 641, "score": 3.25, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Bainistíocht agus Próiseáil Sonraí TCP: Sreabhadh, Rannóg agus Uimhreacha Srian\n(Leathanach 3 de 3)\nAithint Sonraí TCP: Uimhreacha Srian\nTá impleachtaí suntasacha ag an bhfíric go gcaitheann TCP sonraí a thagann ó fheidhmchlár mar shreabhadh oicteáin ar oibriú an phrótacail. Baineann an chéad cheann le sainaithint sonraí. Ós rud é go bhfuil TCP iontaofa, ní mór dó súil a choinneáil ar na sonraí go léir a fhaigheann sé ó fheidhmchlár ionas gur féidir leis a chinntiú go bhfaigheann an ceann scríbe iad go léir. Ina theannta sin, ní mór dó a chinntiú go bhfaightear na sonraí san ord a seoladh iad, agus ní mór dó aon sonraí caillte a athsheachadadh.\nMá chuirtear sonraí chuig TCP i dteachtaireachtaí cosúil le bloc, bheadh sé simplí go leor na sonraí a rianú trí aithintóir a chur le gach teachtaireacht. Ós rud é TCP sruth-dhírithe, áfach, go bhfuil aitheantas a dhéanamh le haghaidh gach baite sonraí! D'fhéadfadh sé seo a bheith iontas, ach is é sin i ndáiríre a dhéanann TCP, trí úsáid a bhaint as uimhreacha seicheamh. Tugtar uimhir seicheamh do gach baite sonraí a úsáidtear chun rian a choinneáil air trí phróiseas an tarchurtha, an ghlactha agus an aithint (cé go ndéantar, i gcleachtas, bloic de go leor baiteanna a bhainistiú ag baint úsáide as uimhreacha seicheamh na mbiteanna ag tús agus ag deireadh an bhloc). Úsáidtear na huimhreacha seicheamh seo chun a chinntiú go ndéantar sonraí a sheoltar i gcodanna a athcheangal isteach sa shreabhadh bunaidh sonraí a tharchur ag an iarratas a sheolann. Tá gá leo an córas fuinneog sleamhnáin a chur i bhfeidhm a chuireann ar chumas TCP iontaofacht agus rialú sruth sonraí a sholáthar.\nIs é an tionchar eile a bhíonn ag TCP ar shonraí iontrála mar shreabhadh ná nach bhfuil struchtúrú ar shonraí a fhaigheann feidhmchlár ag baint úsáide as TCP. Chun tarchur, téann sruth sonraí isteach i TCP ar ghléas amháin, agus ar fáil, téann sruth sonraí ar ais chuig an bhfeidhmchlár ar an gclár glactha. Cé go bhfuil an sruth briseadh i gcodanna le haghaidh tarchur ag TCP, tá na codanna seo sonraí TCP-leibhéal atá i bhfolach ón iarratas. Mar sin, nuair a bhíonn feiste ag iarraidh píosaí sonraí iomadúla a sheoladh, ní sholáthraíonn TCP aon mheicníocht chun a léiriú cá bhfuil an líne scoilte idir na píosaí, ós rud é nach ndéanann TCP brí na sonraí a scrúdú ar chor ar bith. Ní mór go gcuirfí ar fáil sa iarratas bealach chun é sin a dhéanamh.\nSmaoinigh, mar shampla, ar iarratas a bhíonn ag seoladh taifid bunachair sonraí. Ní mór dó taifead # 579 a tharchur ón tábla bunachar sonraí Fostaithe, ina dhiaidh sin taifead # 581 agus taifead # 611. Seolann sé na taifid seo chuig TCP, a chóireálann iad go léir le chéile mar shreabhán baiteanna. Pacáiste TCP na baithe seo i sgairteanna, ach ar bhealach nach féidir leis an iarratas a thuar. Is féidir go mbeidh gach ceann acu i dtrí shéasúr difriúil, ach is dóichí go mbeidh siad go léir i dtrí shéasúr amháin, nó go mbeidh cuid de gach ceann acu i dtrí shéasúr éagsúla, ag brath ar a fhad. Ní mór go mbeadh marcóirí sainráite ar leith ag na taifid féin ionas gur féidir leis an gléas glactha a rá cá dtéann taifead amháin i gcrích agus cá dtosaíonn an taifead eile.\nAn Céad leathanach - Liostaí - Déan teagmháil linn\nAn Treoir TCP/IP (http://www.TCPIPGuide.com)\nLeagan 3.0 - Dáta Leagan: 20 Meán Fómhair, 2005\n© Copyright 2001-2005 Charles M. Kozierok. Gach Ceart Coimeádta.\nNíl sé freagrach as aon chaillteanas a eascraíonn as úsáid an láithreáin seo."} +{"text": "Why do this problem?\nThis short problem\ncould be used to start a lesson or fill a gap made by those who finish early. It will promote thinking about numbers and offers opportunities to practise multiplication and division.\nWhat results can you find obeying these rules?\nWhy don't you put all your answers in order?\nWhat things do you notice about your different results?\nWhy do you not get any divisions by $5$?\nDoes it help to multiply by $1$? If not, why not?\nLearners could make the largest number that they can using the same rules, and then as many results in between as possible.\nUsing a calculator will help some children.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-39", "url": "http://nrich.maths.org/1881/note", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818693940.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20170926013935-20170926033935-00078.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9399017692, "token_count": 142, "score": 2.640625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Cén fáth a bhfuil an fhadhb seo?\nAn fhadhb ghearr seo\nd'fhéadfaí é a úsáid chun tús a chur le ceacht nó le spás a líonadh a rinne iad siúd a chríochnaíonn go luath. Spreagfaidh sé smaointeoireacht faoi uimhreacha agus cuireann sé deiseanna ar fáil chun moltaí agus rannáin a chleachtadh.\nCad iad na torthaí a fhaigheann tú as na rialacha seo a chomhlíonadh?\nCén fáth nach gcuireann tú do chuid freagraí go léir in ord?\nCad iad na rudaí a thugann tú faoi deara maidir le do thorthaí éagsúla?\nCén fáth nach bhfaigheann tú aon rannáin ag $5$?\nAn cuireann sé i bhfeidhm go ndéanaimid é a iolrú le $ 1? Mura bhfuil, cén fáth nach bhfuil?\nD'fhéadfadh foghlaimeoirí an líon is mó a dhéanamh is féidir leo ag baint úsáide as na rialacha céanna, agus ansin an oiread torthaí a dhéanamh idir an dá linn agus is féidir.\nCabhróidh sé le roinnt páistí ríomhaire a úsáid."} +{"text": "Searching for the Higgs Boson is not just a case of shooting particles around that collide somewhere under Switzerland (a lay person’s grasp of particle physics), CERN has to collect, analyse and manage all of the data this generates.\nBig Data is a big thing just now. In the wake of the Government’s Open Data White Paper, Government departments have just published their Data Strategies, including their plans for Big Data - defined as: ‘data which is routinely collected and held by a department as part of its everyday activities’.\nManaging and extracting value from very large and complex datasets is a challenge. The head of CERN openlab, Bob Jones, outlined for the Cloud Computing World Forum the magnitude of the data CERN created as part of its everyday activities: ‘The organisation’s existing European data centres currently manage up to 15 petabytes of data a year over 100,000 CPUs, but that only represents 20% of the total data generated by its Large Hadron Collider (LHC) accelerator. In reality, the LHC’s four major experiments…generate around a petabyte of raw data per second but only about one percent of that is stored’ (reported in Computerworld).\nThe National Archives’ own digital tape library can accommodate up to two petabytes of digital information. We were all suitably awestruck at the hugeness of our tape library – big enough to fill four million filing cabinets of paper documents. But only two seconds’ worth of raw data from the Large Hadron Collider…\nFortunately CERN has its own archive, and has its data under control, not least because 30 years ago Sir Tim Berners-Lee came up with an idea for managing it:\nAs some news organisations have pointed out in these heady times of celebrating the confirmation of the Higgs Boson, (or something very like it, or maybe not it all but something equally momentous), the other great achievement to come out of CERN was the invention of the World Wide Web.\nOther than a wide ranging collection of the UK Government’s use of Sir Tim Berners-Lee’s invention in the UK Government Web Archive, I wondered, on my way to work the other day, as the news broke about the Higgs Boson, what else we might have relating to CERN in the archives. The UK was after all one of the founding nations of the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN is its French Acronym: Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire). If you pop ‘CERN’ into our Discovery search box, (I did this from my BlackBerry on the train) the list of records it returns quickly gives you a feel for the Cold War world of atomic energy in the 1950s and 60s: atomic energy and disarmament; civilian uses of atomic energy; should the USSR be allowed to join? The participating government departments were, as you might expect: Cabinet Office, Foreign Office, The Science and Engineering Research Council, UK Atomic Energy Authority, Housing and Local Government… Housing and Local Government? The file titles on my BlackBerry screen were tantalising:\n‘European Organisation for Nuclear Research (CERN): site for new particle accelerator’\n‘Proposal to offer a site in Mundford, Norfolk for a large proton accelerator’\nThey were going to build a particle accelerator, here? A thing that shoots particles around under East Anglia? I couldn’t wait to get into the office and order up the records.\nIndeed, it was a highly developed proposal. The particle accelerator at CERN wasn’t big enough, and member countries were invited to propose alternative sites. The details are in EW 13/20.\nThis was in the era of the Wilson Government’s white heat of technology, although the Macmillan Government had already looked at the costs of High Energy Physics, and the possibility of a collaboration with the USA:\nCERN required applicants to fill in a very detailed questionnaire about the facilities in the neighbourhood; the answers given not only reflect the attitude of the times towards education and employment, they also offer a snapshot of East Anglian society of interest to the future local historian.\nHowever, when the British Geological Survey investigated the site, the water table was higher than expected; this could be fixed, albeit with expensive pumping equipment, and the government remained optimistic, believing that CERN would not rule it out because no site was likely to be perfect. There were environmental objections from the Nature Conservancy Council – we have their file, too: FT 3/690, nonetheless the application process to build ‘the Atom Smasher’ at Mundford continued.\nThen in 1968 the economy took a downturn… it seemed the UK would pull out altogether, not only from the site but maybe from CERN itself.\nThe story is continued two years later in a Foreign and Commonwealth office file, FCO 55/564, in the context of a change of government and Britain’s’ entry into the Common Market (as the EU was back then). CERN had come up with a cheaper option building on the existing accelerator ring. The Minister for Education and Science, Margaret Thatcher, went to CERN to have at look at particles colliding and announced to the House of Commons the UK’s continued support.\nA cutting from the Eastern Daily Press in EW 13/20 argued the case for the Mundford Accelerator, quoting the Government’s senior scientific advisors:\n‘No one in the eighteenth century had any intimation of the electrical industry, in the nineteenth of an atomic energy industry and certainly there will be fields of practice in the twenty-first century of which we in the twentieth know nothing, but the foundation of which will be laid.’\nWho knows what big data may yield? The exciting thing is: nobody does.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15", "url": "http://blog.nationalarchives.gov.uk/blog/higgs-boson-the-big-data-challenge-could-have-happened-in-mundford/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223202774.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032002-00558-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9447527528, "token_count": 1220, "score": 2.671875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Ní hamháin go bhfuil an Boson Higgs á lorg ag páirteanna a lámhach timpeall a thitim áit éigin faoi an Eilvéis (a bhfuil tuiscint ag duine neamhspleách ar fhisice na bpáirtnéid), ní mór do CERN na sonraí go léir a ghintear a bhailiú, a anailísiú agus a bhainistiú.\nIs mór an rud é an t-eolas mór faoi láthair. I ndiaidh an Pháipéir Bán um Shonraí Oscailte ón Rialtas, tá na ranna Rialtais tar éis a n-Istraitéisí Sonraí a fhoilsiú, lena n-áirítear a gcuid pleananna do Dhátaí Móra - a shainmhínítear mar: sonraí a bhailíonn agus a choinníonn ranna de ghnáth mar chuid dá ngníomhaíochtaí laethúla.\nIs dúshlán é luach a bhainistiú agus a bhaint as tacar sonraí an-mhór agus casta. Chuir ceann openlab CERN, Bob Jones, le fios don Fóram Domhanda um Ríomhaireacht Cloud cé chomh mór is atá na sonraí a chruthaíonn CERN mar chuid dá ghníomhaíochtaí laethúla: \"Tá na hionaid sonraí Eorpacha atá ann cheana féin ag an eagraíocht ag bainistiú suas le 15 peitábít de shonraí in aghaidh na bliana thar 100,000 CPU, ach ní dhéanann sin ach 20% den shonraí iomlán a ghineann a luathaitheoir Large Hadron Collider (LHC). I ndáiríre, tá ceithre thaithí mhóra an LHC...ag giniúint thart ar péitábít de shonraí amh in aghaidh an tsoicind ach níl ach thart ar aon faoin gcéad de sin stóráilte (a thuairiscítear i Computerworld).\nIs féidir le leabharlann dígiteach an Chartlann Náisiúnta féin suas le dhá péitábít de fhaisnéis dhigiteach a chur san áireamh. Bhí an-áthas orainn go léir ar an méid ollmhór a bhí againn ar ár leabharlann téipí - mór go leor chun ceithre mhilliún scáileán comhad a líonadh le doiciméid páipéir. Ach níl ach dhá soicind de shonraí amh ón gComhdhéantóir Mór Hadron...\nAr an dea-uair, tá a chartlann féin ag CERN, agus tá a chuid sonraí faoi smacht, ní amháin toisc go raibh smaoineamh ag Sir Tim Berners-Lee ar bhainistiú é 30 bliain ó shin:\nMar a thug roinnt eagraíochtaí nuachta le fios sna hamanna tofa seo chun ceiliúradh a dhéanamh ar dhearbhú an Boson Higgs, (nó rud éigin an-chosúil leis, nó b'fhéidir nach é sin go léir ach rud éigin chomh mór céanna), ba é an t-éacht mhór eile a tháinig as CERN an t-oideas ar an nGréasán Domhanda.\nSeachas bailiúchán leathan de úsáid Rialtas na Ríochta Aontaithe a bhaint as aireagán Sir Tim Berners-Lee i gCartlann Gréasáin Rialtas na Ríochta Aontaithe, bhí mé ag smaoineamh, ar mo bhealach chun oibre an lá eile, nuair a bhriseadh an nuacht faoi Boson Higgs, cad eile a d'fhéadfadh a bheith againn a bhaineann le CERN sna cartlanna. Bhí an Ríocht Aontaithe ar cheann de na náisiúin bhunaitheacha den Eagraíocht Eorpach um Thaighde Núicléach (CERN is é a sighríocht Fraincis: Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire). Má chuireann tú \"CERN\" isteach inár mbosca cuardaigh Discovery, (dhéanaim é seo ó mo BlackBerry ar an traein) tugann an liosta taifid a thugann sé go tapa tuiscint duit ar shaol an Chogaidh Fuar fuinnimh adamhach sna 1950idí agus na 60idí: fuinneamh adamhach agus dí-armú; úsáidí sibhialta fuinnimh adamhach; ba cheart cead a thabhairt don USSR páirt a ghlacadh? Bhí na ranna rialtais rannpháirteacha, mar a d'fhéadfadh tú a bheith ag súil: Oifig an Chaibinéid, Oifig Eachtrach, Comhairle Taighde Eolaíochta agus Innealtóireachta, Údarás Fuinnimh Adamhach na Ríochta Aontaithe, Tithíocht agus Rialtas Áitiúil... Bhí na teidil chomhaid ar mo scáileán BlackBerry tantalising:\nEagraíocht Eorpach um Thaighde Núicléach (CERN): suíomh le haghaidh luathaire coirp nua\nTogra chun suíomh a thairiscint i Mundford, Norfolk le haghaidh luathaire mór prótain\nBhí siad ag dul chun a thógáil luasaire coirp, anseo? Rud a shoots coirpigh timpeall faoi Oirthear Anglia? Ní raibh mé in ann fanacht chun dul isteach san oifig agus na taifid a ordú.\nGo deimhin, ba togra an-fhorbartha é. Ní raibh an luathaire coisín ag CERN mór go leor, agus cuireadh do na ballstáit suíomhanna malartacha a mholadh. Tá na sonraí in EW 13/20.\nBhí sé seo i ré an Rialtais Wilson's teas bán na teicneolaíochta, cé go raibh an Rialtas Macmillan ag breathnú cheana féin ar chostais Fhisic Ard-Eolais, agus an fhéidearthacht comhoibriú leis na Stáit Aontaithe:\nIarrann CERN ar iarratasóirí ceistneoir an-fhiosrach a líonadh faoi na saoráidí sa chomharsanacht; ní hamháin go léiríonn na freagraí a thugtar dearcadh na huaire i leith oideachais agus fostaíochta, ach cuireann siad léargas ar shochaí East Anglian ar spéis leis an staire áitiúil amach anseo.\nMar sin féin, nuair a rinne Suirbhéireacht Geolaíochta na Breataine imscrúdú ar an suíomh, bhí an bonn uisce níos airde ná mar a bhíothas ag súil leis; d'fhéadfaí é seo a shocrú, cé go raibh trealamh caidéil daor ann, agus d'fhan an rialtas dóchasach, ag creidiúint nach dtarlódh CERN é mar nach dócha go mbeadh aon suíomh foirfe. Bhí agóidí comhshaoil ón gComhairle um Chaomhnú an Dúlra tá a gcuid comhad againn freisin: FT 3/690, áfach lean an próiseas iarratais chun an Atom Smasher a thógáil i Mundford.\nAnsin i 1968 ghlac an geilleagar le hincreas... d'fhéach sé go mbeadh an Ríocht Aontaithe a tharraingt amach go hiomlán, ní hamháin ó an suíomh ach b'fhéidir ó CERN féin.\nLean an scéal dhá bhliain ina dhiaidh sin i gcomhad Oifig Eachtrach agus Comhphobail, FCO 55/564, i gcomhthéacs athrú rialtais agus iontráil na Breataine sa Mhargadh Chomhchoiteann (mar a bhí an AE ar ais ansin). Bhí rogha níos saoire ag CERN ag tógáil ar an fáinne luathaitheora atá ann cheana. Chuaigh an tAire Oideachais agus Eolaíochta, Margaret Thatcher, go CERN chun breathnú ar chraobhchláir a chur i gcothroime agus d'fhógair sí do Theach na dTeachtaí go leanfadh an Ríocht Aontaithe de thacaíocht a thabhairt.\nD'áitigh gearradh ón Eastern Daily Press in EW 13/20 an cás do Luasghéarthóir Mundford, ag lua na príomhchomhairleoirí eolaíochta an Rialtais:\nNí raibh aon duine sa ochtú haois déag ag smaoineamh ar thionscal an leictreachais, sa naoú haois déag ar thionscal na fuinneamh adamhach agus is cinnte go mbeidh réimsí cleachtais sa chéad chéid déag den chéad gcéad déag nach bhfuil a fhios againn sa fichead ach a mbeidh a mbonn curtha.\nCé a fhios cad a d'fhéadfadh sonraí móra a thabhairt? Is é an rud spreagúil ná: ní dhéanann aon duine."} +{"text": "- Crop Production: cover crops, cropping systems, no-till\n- Production Systems: holistic management, organic agriculture, permaculture\n- Soil Management: organic matter, soil analysis, soil quality/health\nPermanent raised beds (PRB) have been shown to provide various agroecological benefits without compromising yields. Farmers around the world have implemented PRB systems to improve soil structure and nutrient retention, increase soil water holding capacity, and reduce weed pressure. Little, however, is known about how these systems function in the Northeastern United States. Between 2018-19, my research proposes to test a PRB system in use on my farm to assess its effects on three agroecological parameters: (1) weed suppression, (2) soil health, and (3) production potential. I have established a new PRB in one of four sections of my farm each year, creating a time series of bed establishment, allowing me to assess how PRB affects these parameters over time. To assess weed suppression, I will measure the abundance and community composition of the soil weed seed bank, as well as aboveground weed biomass. To evaluate soil health, I will have soil samples tested for physical, chemical, and biological factors. To determine production potential, I will harvest and weigh marketable produce from three crops, day-neutral strawberries, garlic, and leafy greens. These data will be shared with other farmers through Cooperative Extension publications and at twilight meetings conducted at my farm. I will also report the results at local and regional farmer and professional meetings and in peer-reviewed journals. The impacts of this research will extend beyond New Hampshire farms, as PRB systems may represent a cost-effective, low-input, low barrier strategy for mixed-vegetable production throughout the Northeast.\nProject objectives from proposal:\nMy farm is located on a glacial Esker, with a thin organic horizon on top of 1.5-2 meters of sand. To address the lack of organic matter on the farm, I decided to establish a no-till Permanent raised beds (PRB) system to build soil and soil water holding capacity. Anecdotally, the no-till PRB system I have established on my farm has allowed me to effectively build soil organic matter, manage weeds, and increase overall yields compared to the more traditional organic agriculture practices our colleagues have been using. However, I have not formally collected the data necessary to validate these observations.\nMy research has three main objectives that will provide quantitative data to help improve on-farm productivity, reduce production and management costs, and improve farm viability, while building healthy soils. To better understand how our PRB system works, I will (1) assess effectiveness of weed suppression, (2) evaluate soil health, and (3) calculate production potential for three main crops, strawberries, garlic, and mixed leafy greens. I will conduct the proposed study for two growing seasons in 2018-19.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "url": "https://projects.sare.org/sare_project/fne18-914/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510498.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20230929054611-20230929084611-00880.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9339498281, "token_count": 618, "score": 3.046875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "- Táirgeadh glasraí: glasraí clúdach, córais glasraí, gan tuilte\n- Córais Táirgthe: bainistíocht iomlánach, feirmeoireacht orgánach, permaculture\n- Bainistíocht ithreach: ábhar orgánach, anailís ithreach, cáilíocht ithreach/a sláinte\nTá sé léirithe go soláthraíonn leapacha ardaithe buan (PRB) buntáistí éagsúla agro-eacúlacha gan toradh a chur i gcontúirt. Tá córais PRB curtha i bhfeidhm ag feirmeoirí ar fud an domhain chun struchtúr ithreach agus coinneáil cothaithigh a fheabhsú, cumas coinneála uisce ithreach a mhéadú, agus brú fíonchaora a laghdú. Níl mórán ar eolas, áfach, faoi conas a oibríonn na córais seo in Oirthear Thuaidh na Stát Aontaithe. Idir 2018-19, molann mo thaighde córas PRB a thástáil atá in úsáid ar mo fheirm chun a éifeachtaí ar thrí pharaiméadar agro-éiceolaíoch a mheas: (1) cur síos ar an bhféar, (2) sláinte ithir, agus (3) acmhainn táirgthe. Tá PRB nua bunaithe agam i gceann de cheithre chuid de mo fheirm gach bliain, ag cruthú sraith ama de bhunaithe leaba, rud a ligeann dom a mheas conas a théann PRB i bhfeidhm ar na paraiméadair seo le himeacht ama. Chun an cur i gcoinne féirín a mheas, tomhaisfidh mé líon agus comhdhéanamh an phobail den bhanc síolta féirín talún, chomh maith le bithmhaise féirín os cionn talún. Chun sláinte na talún a mheas, déanfaidh mé samplaí talún a thástáil le haghaidh fachtóirí fisiciúla, ceimiceacha agus bitheolaíocha. Chun an cumas táirgthe a chinneadh, bainfidh mé torthaí inmharthanacha ó thrí thorthaí, strabairí lá-neitralacha, garlic, agus glas duilleach, a bhaint agus a mheá. Déanfar na sonraí seo a roinnt le feirmeoirí eile trí fhoilseacháin Fheabhsú Comhoibrithe agus ag cruinnithe creimire a reáchtáiltear ar mo fheirm. Cuirfidh mé tuairisc ar na torthaí freisin ag cruinnithe feirmeoirí agus gairmiúla áitiúla agus réigiúnacha agus i dtuarascálacha a ndéantar athbhreithniú piaraí orthu. Beidh tionchar an taighde seo níos faide ná feirmeacha New Hampshire, mar is féidir le córais PRB straitéis chostaí-éifeachtach, íseal-ionchuir, íseal-bhac a léiriú le haghaidh táirgeachta glasraí measctha ar fud an Oirthuaiscirt.\ncuspóirí an tionscadail ón togra:\nTá mo fheirm suite ar Esker glasach, le tairseach orgánach tanaí ar bharr 1.5-2 méadar de ghaineamh. Chun dul i ngleic le easpa ábhair orgánacha ar an bhfeirm, shocraigh mé córas leapaí ardaithe buan (PRB) gan fhilleadh a bhunú chun cumas coinneála uisce ithir agus ithir a thógáil. Go hais, thug an córas PRB gan tuilte a bhunaigh mé ar mo fheirm deis dom ábhar orgánach ithreach a thógáil go héifeachtach, féar a bhainistiú, agus toradh foriomlán a mhéadú i gcomparáid leis na cleachtais feirmeoireachta orgánacha níos traidisiúnta a bhí á n-úsáid ag ár gcomhghleacaithe. Mar sin féin, ní raibh mé go foirmiúil a bhailiú na sonraí is gá chun na tuairimí seo a bhailíochtú.\nTá trí phríomhchuspóir ag mo thaighde a sholáthróidh sonraí cainníochtúla chun cabhrú le táirgiúlacht ar fheirm a fheabhsú, costais táirgthe agus bainistíochta a laghdú, agus inbhuanaitheacht feirme a fheabhsú, agus ithir shláintiúil á thógáil ag an am céanna. Chun tuiscint níos fearr a fháil ar an gcaoi a n-oibríonn ár gcóras PRB, (1) measfaidh mé éifeachtúlacht an chúnamh ar an weed, (2) measfaidh mé sláinte an ithir, agus (3) ríomhfaidh mé acmhainneacht táirgthe do thrí phríomhfhithil, strabair, garlic, agus glas duilleach measctha. Déanfaidh mé an staidéar atá beartaithe a dhéanamh ar dhá shéasúr fáis in 2018-19."} +{"text": "Assignment 2 : Gamble flusher\nAfter the toilet observation last week, Themis and I decided to work with the toilet flusher. According to the inconsistent flush of the automatic flusher, what if the flushing system turn into a gamble game. You might have to lose some precious time just because you lost in the gamble. Our toilet flusher is triggered by two sensors, the IR beam breaker and the PIR sensor. In case you need to flush, you have to swap your hand to the sensor and get the flushing method. You might lucky and the toilet flushes automatically otherwise you have to dance till it flushes!\nThe Idea starts with the question that \"what if you have to dance to flush the toilet ?\" and Themis come up with the idea of gambling after went to the resident talk at ITP.\nAbout the sensor\nThere are two parts of this sensor which are the receiver and the sender. When we block the light between the sender and the receiver, the sensor will be detected. We decided to use this sensor as a switch to trigger the random function for the flush\nThe infrared sensor that detects the motion by receiving the infrared radiation from the living body. We use the PIR sensor to detect the movement of the users while they dance because the PIR can detect how much the movement is happening.\nAfter my research about this sensor, I found that we can adjust the knobs on the back of the sensor to change the sensitivity of the sensor to detect more distance and time.\nTo demonstrate our idea, we use the P5 sketch to represent the flush. Mostly I work on the part of the PIR sensor and combining the code.\nFirst We used the state of the IR Beam breaker to trigger the random function in p5. If the result shows as automatic flush, the water in the sketch will be decreased automatically otherwise the result will be the dancing mode and the user have to dance till the water is empty.\nwe used the value of the PIR sensor to trigger the flushing in the dance mode. When I test the sensor, I found that the normal value of the sensor is in the range between 400 to 500. According to that, I set the threshold below and above the minimum and maximum value of the usual reading to detect the movement.\nBig thanks to Themis for handling all the fabrication parts for our prototype. Working with her was such a pleasure to me. I really enjoy and appreciate our collaboration! (Check out Themis's blog for more information)\nTesting with LED\nTesting with the sketch", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-24", "url": "https://www.atchareeya-j.com/post/assignment-2-gamble-flusher", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590348492427.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20200605014501-20200605044501-00439.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9140674472, "token_count": 522, "score": 2.640625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tasc 2: Gamble flusher\nTar éis an tsúil san toileat an tseachtain seo caite, Themis agus chinn mé a bheith ag obair leis an flusher toileata. De réir an flush neamhsheasmhach an flusher uathoibríoch, cad a tharlaíonn má an córas flushing casadh isteach i gcluiche cearrbhachais. B'fhéidir go gcaillfidh tú roinnt ama luachmhar ach amháin toisc go chaill tú sa chearrbhachas. Tá ár flusher cithfholcadh triggered ag dhá braiteoirí, an briseadh lúb IR agus an braiteoir PIR. I gcás go gcaithfidh tú a splanadh, caithfidh tú do lámh a mhalartú leis an braiteoir agus an modh splanála a fháil. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh tú fortanach agus an toileat flushes go huathoibríoch eile beidh ort a damhsa go dtí go flushes sé!\nTosaíonn an smaoineamh leis an gceist \"cad a tharlaíonn má tá tú ag damhsa chun an cithfholcadh a shlánú ?\" agus Themis teacht suas leis an smaoineamh ar cearrbhachas tar éis chuaigh sé go dtí an labhairt cónaitheoir ag ITP.\nMaidir leis an braiteoir\nTá dhá chuid den sensor seo atá an glacadóir agus an seoltóir. Nuair a bhacfaimid an solas idir an seoltóir agus an glacadóir, déantar an braiteoir a bhrath. Chinn muid a úsáid an braiteoir seo mar lasc chun an fheidhm randamach a spreagadh don sruth\nAn braiteoir infra-dearg a bhraitheann an ghluaiseacht trí radaíocht infra-dearg a fháil ón gcomhlacht beo. Úsáidimid an braiteoir PIR chun gluaiseacht na n-úsáideoirí a bhrath agus iad ag damhsa toisc gur féidir leis an PIR a bhrath cé mhéad gluaiseacht atá ag tarlú.\nTar éis mo thaighde faoin braiteoir seo, fuair mé amach gur féidir linn na cnaipe ar chúl an braiteora a choigeartú chun íogaireacht an braiteora a athrú chun níos mó ama agus fad a bhrath.\nChun ár smaoineamh a léiriú, bainimid úsáid as an sceitse P5 chun an flush a léiriú. Go príomha, oibrím ar an gcuid den sensor PIR agus an cód a chomhcheangal.\nAn chéad úsáid muid an stát an briseadh IR Beam chun an fheidhm randamach i p5 a spreagadh. Má léirítear an toradh mar shlándáil uathoibríoch, laghdófar an t-uisce sa sceitse go huathoibríoch, ar shlí eile beidh an toradh ar an modh damhsa agus caithfidh an t-úsáideoir damhsa go dtí go bhfuil an t-uisce folamh.\nd'úsáid muid luach an braiteora PIR chun an sruthlú a spreagadh sa mhodh damhsa. Nuair a thástáil mé an braiteoir, fuair mé amach go bhfuil an luach gnáth an braiteoir i raon idir 400 agus 500. De réir sin, shocraigh mé an tairseach thíos agus os cionn an íos- agus uasluach an léitheoireachta is gnách a bhrath an ghluaiseacht.\nGo raibh maith agat go mór do Themis as na codanna déantúsaíochta go léir a láimhseáil dár bpróitéiní. Bhí sé chomh taitneamhach dom oibriú léi. Is breá liom an obair a dhéanaimid le chéile agus is mór agam an t-ádh! (Déan seiceáil ar bhlag Themis le haghaidh tuilleadh faisnéise)\nTástáil le LED\nTástáil leis an sceitse"} +{"text": "Biol 5099,Selected Topics:\n(This course is not offered this semester)\nThis course has the following features:\n(1) More than 10 molecular techniques used in molecular ecology, population genetics, behavior, and conservation will be discussed in class. These techniques include, allozyme, RAPD-PCR, RFLP, microsattelite markers, realtime PCR, gradient gel electrophoresis, and PCR-SSCP, microarry, SNP, etc.\n(2) Each technique will discussed in the contents of \"principles\", \"Lab setup and procedures\", \"Applications and limitations\", and \"Data analysis and interpretation\".\n(3) Laboratory experiments include hands-on experiments of molecular techniques and computational data analysis.\nInstructor: Dr. Quentin Fang\nThis page has been accessed 128017 times since January 1, 2001\n1997-present by Q. Q. Fang", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23", "url": "http://www.bio.georgiasouthern.edu/Bio-home/fang/biol_5099.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997902579.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025822-00122-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8276805282, "token_count": 189, "score": 2.5625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Biol 5099,Tagmhas Roghnaithe:\n(Ní thairgtear an cúrsa seo an seimeastar seo)\nTá na gnéithe seo a leanas ag an gcúrsa seo:\n(1) Déileálfar sa rang le níos mó ná 10 teicníc mhóilíneach a úsáidtear in éiceolaíocht mhóilíneach, géineolaíocht daonra, iompraíocht agus caomhnú. Áirítear leis na teicnící seo, allozyme, RAPD-PCR, RFLP, marcóirí microsatellite, PCR fíor-ama, leictreaphoréisis géil gradient, agus PCR-SSCP, microarry, SNP, srl.\n(2) Déileálfar le gach teicníc i n-ábhar \"Principles\", \"Lab setup and procedures\", \"Applications and limitations\", agus \"Data analysis and interpretation\".\n(3) Cuimsíonn turgnaimh saotharlainne turgnaimh phraiticiúla ar theicnící móilíneacha agus anailís ríomhaireachta ar shonraí.\nTeagascóir: an Dr. Quentin Fang\nRinneadh rochtain ar an leathanach seo 128017 uair ó 1 Eanáir 2001\n1997-am atá ann faoi láthair ag Q. Q. Fang"} +{"text": "Itching, scratching, and congestion – if your cat has these symptoms, it is probably suffering from an allergy. There are a plethora of things that can trigger allergies in cats.\nUnfortunately, some of these allergens are present in your home. So, knowing “what can I give my cat for allergies?” is crucial.\nThe best anti-allergy you can give your cat is an over-the-counter antihistamine a veterinarian prescribes. If your feline has a mild allergy, OTC antihistamines will also work.\nTable of Contents\n- What Are Allergies in Cats?\n- Types of Cats Allergies\n- What Are the Symptoms of Allergies in Cats?\n- How to Treat Allergies in Cats\n- Tips to Reduce Allergies in Cats\n- Frequently Asked Questions\nWhat Are Allergies in Cats?\nLike humans, felines become sensitive to some things around them. In fact, allergies are one of the most common medical conditions a cat may experience.\nExperts still do not know exactly how common allergies in felines are. However, about 10 to 15 percent of cats experience a variety of allergies.\nAllergies occur in cats when their immune system goes haywire due to foreign substances, causing various symptoms like irritation. Allergens can come from food, insects, plants, and anything that may come in contact with your feline body.\nBut before you can treat cats with allergies, you first need to know the types of allergies your pet may experience.\nTypes of Cats Allergies\n1. Food allergy\nThe common cat allergens found in cat food are:\nTreating allergies in cats involves knowing which foods are causing their allergy and replacing their food with a hypoallergenic one.\n2. Flea allergy\nFleas are tiny insects that dwell on the skin and furs of cats. They create small, deep bites on the cat’s skin and feed on their blood.\nThe saliva of fleas can get into their bite wound, causing it to affect the entire body. As a result, your feline may experience extreme itchiness all over its body.\n3. Environmental allergy\nCats can be allergic to environmental irritants like dust, mold, mildew, pollens, and allergens they may inhale.\nEnvironmental allergies occur in cats when they inhale allergens. Skin contact with environmental allergens or shampoos, bedding materials, and other substances around them may also affect them.\nA kitten with allergies to its environment may also develop respiratory issues.\nWhat Are the Symptoms of Allergies in Cats?\nEach type of cat allergy shows different symptoms. If your cat is sensitive to some food ingredients, it may develop digestive issues, including flatulence, diarrhea, and vomiting.\nFailure to help cats with allergies to food may cause malnutrition, as they cannot properly absorb the nutrients in the food they eat.\nMoreover, flea allergy symptoms manifest in felines as localized and generalized skin inflammation, itching, rashes, and papules.\nOn the other hand, you will notice respiratory issues similar to asthma in your feline friend if it has an environmental allergy. This respiratory issue results in sneezing, nasal or ocular discharge, wheezing and coughing.\nHow to Treat Allergies in Cats\nIf you ever wonder what to do for a cat with allergies, the best way to help it is to identify its allergens and prevent them from getting near your cat.\nBut if your cat is already experiencing an allergy, there are various treatments for cats with allergies that you can try at home.\n1. Food allergy treatment\nUnfortunately, food allergies are not curable. Instead, you can manage them by avoiding food ingredients that trigger your cat’s allergies.\nOnce your cat has ingested food that it is allergic to, you can give it an antihistamine for cat allergies. Then, you need to bring your pet to the vet to identify what ingredients it is sensitive to.\nThe vet will then help you tailor a diet appropriate for your feline.\nSome felines have severe reactions even to trace amounts of allergens. So, it is crucial to choose hypoallergenic food options.\n2. Flea allergy treatment\nCats with mild flare ups due to fleas may get better if you use over-the-counter flea treatments. Such treatments kill the fleas on your pet’s skin, thus preventing them from reproducing.\nAfter getting rid of the fleas, you need to use flea repellant to ensure they will not return. You also need to clean your home, especially the cat’s belongings, as there surely are fleas living in them.\nYou can also use a feline liquid allergy medicine or OTC antihistamines for mild symptoms.\nOn the other hand, a cat with a severe flea allergy needs the vet’s attention. The vet may either prescribe steroids or antibiotics.\nThe steroids work by reducing itch and inflammation on your feline’s skin. Meanwhile, your pet needs antibiotics if the flea bites have already caused a skin infection.\n3. Environmental allergy treatment\nFeline environmental allergies are the most difficult to manage, as you cannot remove the allergens from your pet’s environment.\nIf your cat has allergies, treatment includes occasional or long-term allergy medicine for cats, depending on the symptom’s severity. However, it is worth noting that feline atopy medications will only treat the allergy and not stop it.\nSo, you may consider feline desensitization therapy. This treatment involves injecting your feline with small traces of its allergens to try and get its immune system used to it.\nHowever, there is no guarantee that this therapy will work. Or, if it will, it may take months before your cat becomes less sensitive to its environmental allergens.\nTips to Reduce Allergies in Cats\nWhile allergies are incurable, there are medications for cat allergies that reduce their symptoms.\n- As mentioned, you can replace your feline friend’s food with hypoallergenic ones if it is sensitive to particular food ingredients. You must also keep allergens, such as eggs and proteins like chicken and meat, out of your cat’s reach.\n- You also need to regularly clean your home to remove anything that may cause flare-ups on your cat. However, limit the use of scented cleaners and chemical detergents as they can cause respiratory issues for your cat.\nUsing chemical cleaners for allergies, sneezing, and respiratory issues may cause your feline to suffer.\n- Vacuuming your floors and furniture at least once a week will also help get rid of environmental allergies like dust and dust mites.\n- After bringing your feline friend outside, wipe it with anti-allergy wipes before entering your home. This way, you can remove irritants on your cat’s furs, preventing them from entering your home.\nFrequently Asked Questions\nWhy do cats get allergies?\nA cat’s immune system may become overly sensitive to various things in its environment, which is why they experience allergies. Once allergens are inside the feline’s body, or even on its skin and furs, its immune system will try to eliminate them.\nThe hypersensitivity of your pet’s immune system results in flare ups, including:\n- skin irritation\n- sneezing and coughing\n- nasal and oral discharge\n- skin infection in severe cases.\nThe side effects of cat allergy medication\nSimilar to humans, the most common side effect of allergy medications in felines is drowsiness. While there are many pet-friendly antihistamines, some cats still experience side effects from these medications.\nThese side effects include diarrhea, vomiting, loss of appetite, dry mouth, and depression. If the allergy medication your cat uses results in these symptoms, you need to consult your veterinarian for other medication options.\nTips to get rid of allergens in a cat’s litter box\nThe best way to get rid of allergens in your feline friend’s litter box is to empty and clean it regularly. You need to wash the litter box at least once a week to prevent allergens from building up in it.\nIn addition, scooping out urine and feces as soon as you see them will prevent allergens in the litter box from affecting your cat.\nIf your pet is suffering from environmental allergies, choose litter sand that does not have a strong scent.\nCats are similar to humans in more ways than one. Among these similarities is experiencing allergies from various irritants.\nFortunately, feline allergies are treatable as long as you can invest time, patience, and commitment in taking care of your pet. Having a close relationship with your trusted veterinarian is also important.\nThis way, you can improve your cat’s quality of life despite its allergies.\nAfter everything that’s said, we hope that this article helped you answer the question, “what can I give my cat for allergies?”\nHi, I am Amy Sawy, a veterinary professional working in the field for nearly 15 years. This site is established to provide cat guardians access to helpful information and health care advice. My co-worker and I run this site mainly to help inexperienced families currently taking care of their cats without professional guidance.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "url": "https://www.fveap.org/what-can-i-give-my-cat-for-allergies/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510697.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20230930145921-20230930175921-00039.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9354630709, "token_count": 1972, "score": 2.875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Itching, scratching, and congestion má tá na hairíonna seo ag do chait, is dócha go bhfuil ailléirgí air. Tá go leor rudaí ann a d'fhéadfadh ailléirgí a spreagadh i gcait.\nAr an drochuair, tá cuid de na hailléirgíní seo i do theach. Tá sé ríthábhachtach, mar sin, go mbeadh a fhios agam cad is féidir liom a thabhairt do mo chait le haghaidh ailléirgí.\nIs é an frith-ailléirge is fearr is féidir leat a thabhairt do do chait ná frith-histamine thar an gcuntar a fhorordóidh dochtúir tréidliachta. Má tá ailléirgí éadrom ag do chaitín, oibreoidh frith-histamíní OTC freisin.\nTábla de na Téacsanna\n- Cad iad Ailléirgí i gCat?\n- Cineálacha Ailléirgí ar Chait\n- Cad iad na hairíonna a bhaineann le hailléirgí i gcait?\n- Conas Ailléirgí a Chur i gCat\n- Leideanna chun Ailléirgí a Laghdú i gCat\n- Ceisteanna a chuirtear go minic\nCad iad Ailléirgí i gCat?\nCosúil le daoine, bíonn cathainí íogair do roinnt rudaí timpeall orthu. Go deimhin, tá ailléirgí ar cheann de na coinníollacha leighis is coitianta a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ag cat.\nNíl a fhios ag saineolaithe fós go díreach cé chomh coitianta is atá ailléirgí i gcaitíní. Mar sin féin, bíonn éagsúlacht ailléirgí ag thart ar 10 go 15 faoin gcéad de na cait.\nTarlaíonn ailléirgí i gcait nuair a théann a gcóras imdhíonachta as a chéile mar gheall ar shubstaintí coigríche, rud a fhágann go bhfuil comharthaí éagsúla cosúil le greannú. Is féidir le hailléirgíní teacht ó bhia, ó inseictí, ó phlandaí, agus ó aon rud a d'fhéadfadh teagmháil a dhéanamh le do chorp cat.\nAch sula bhféadfaidh tú cóireáil a dhéanamh ar chait a bhfuil ailléirgí orthu, ní mór duit a fhios ar dtús cén cineál ailléirgí a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ag do pheata.\nCineálacha Ailléirgí ar Chait\n1. an t-am a bhí ann. Ailléirgí bia\nIs iad na hailléirgíní cat coitianta a fhaightear i mbia cat:\nI measc na gcóireála ailléirgeacha i gcait is ea a fhios a bheith agat cén bia atá ag cruthú ailléirge agus a gcuid bia a chur in ionad bia hypoallergenic.\n2. Seachadadh. Ailléirgí ar phlé\nIs éard atá i bplátaí ná feithidí beaga a chónaíonn ar chraiceann agus ar fhéileacha na gcait. Cruthaíonn siad greimí beaga, domhain ar chraiceann na gcait agus beathaíonn siad ar a gcuid fola.\nIs féidir le saille na bplóga dul isteach ina ghuí, rud a fhágann go mbíonn tionchar aige ar an gcorp ar fad. Mar thoradh air sin, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh itchiness mhór ag do chaitín ar fud a chorp.\n3. Tá an t-am ann. Ailléirgí comhshaoil\nIs féidir le cait a bheith ailléirgeach do gháireoirí comhshaoil mar duslach, múnla, mildew, pollens, agus ailléirgíní a d'fhéadfadh siad a aintriú.\nTarlaíonn ailléirgí comhshaoil i gcait nuair a bhíonn ailléirgí á n-insilt acu. D'fhéadfadh tionchar a bheith acu freisin ar chraiceann a bhíonn i dteagmháil le hailléirgíní ó thimpeallacht nó le seampúin, le hábhair leaba, agus le substaintí eile a bhíonn timpeall orthu.\nD'fhéadfadh fadhbanna astuithe a bheith ag cathairín a bhfuil ailléirgí aige lena thimpeallacht.\nCad iad na Comharthaí a bhaineann le Hailéirgeacha i gCatanna?\nLéiríonn gach cineál ailléirge cat comharthaí éagsúla. Má tá do chait íogair do chuid comhábhair bia, d'fhéadfadh sé fadhbanna díleá a fhorbairt, lena n-áirítear flatulence, diarrhea, agus vomiting.\nD'fhéadfadh mí-chothú a bheith mar thoradh ar mhainneachtain cabhrú le cait a bhfuil ailléirgí bia orthu, toisc nach féidir leo na cothaithigh a bhíonn sa bhia a itheann siad a ionsú i gceart.\nIna theannta sin, léirítear comharthaí ailléirgí ar phlé i gcaitíní mar athlasadh craiceann áitiúla agus ginearálta, itching, rashes, agus papules.\nAr an láimh eile, tabharfaidh tú faoi deara fadhbanna haeráide cosúil le haiste i do chara cat má tá ailléirgí timpeallachta aige. Tá an fhadhb análaithe seo mar thoradh ar sneachta, scaoileadh nasal nó súl, wheezing agus coughing.\nConas Ailléirgí a Chur i gCat\nMá tá tú ag smaoineamh ar cad atá le déanamh le haghaidh cat a bhfuil ailléirgí air, is é an bealach is fearr chun cabhrú leis ná a ailléirgíní a aithint agus iad a chosc ó bheith in aice le do chait.\nAch má tá ailléirgí ag do chait cheana féin, tá cóireálacha éagsúla ann do chait a bhfuil ailléirgí orthu ar féidir leat triail a bhaint astu sa bhaile.\n1. an t-am a bhí ann. Cóireáil ailléirgí bia\nAr an drochuair, ní féidir ailléirgí bia a leigheas. Ina áit sin, is féidir leat iad a bhainistiú trí chomhábhair bia a chuireann ailléirgí do chata i ngníomh a sheachaint.\nNuair a bheidh bia a bhfuil ailléirgí aige ar do chait inghlactha, is féidir leat frith-histamine a thabhairt dó le haghaidh ailléirgí cait. Ansin, ní mór duit do pheata a thabhairt chuig an vet chun a aithint cé na comhábhair a bhfuil sé íogair dóibh.\nCabhróidh an tréidliachta leat ansin aiste bia a oiriúnú do do chaitín.\nTá imoibriú tromchúiseach ag roinnt cathain fiú le huimhir rian de ailléirgíní. Mar sin, tá sé ríthábhachtach roghanna bia hypoallergenic a roghnú.\n2. Seachadadh. Cóireáil ailléirgí ar phlé\nIs féidir le cait a bhfuil flare ups éadrom mar gheall ar fleas a fháil níos fearr má úsáideann tú cóireálacha fleas thar an cóireáil. Mar sin, ní féidir leis na lochtanna a bheith ag fás.\nTar éis na fleas a scriosadh, ní mór duit repellent fleas a úsáid chun a chinntiú nach dtiocfaidh siad ar ais. Ní mór duit do theach a ghlanadh freisin, go háirithe earraí an chata, mar is cinnte go bhfuil fleasanna ina gcónaí iontu.\nIs féidir leat leigheas ailléirge leachtacha catine nó frith-histamíní OTC a úsáid freisin le haghaidh comharthaí éadrom.\nAr an láimh eile, ní mór aire an vet a thabhairt do chait a bhfuil ailléirgí tromchúiseach le flea. Féadfaidh an tréidliachta stéaróidigh nó antaibheathaigh a fhorordú.\nOibríonn na stéaróidigh trí itch agus athlasadh ar chraiceann do chataí a laghdú. Idir an dá linn, ní mór do pheata antaibheathaigh a fháil má tá ionfhabhtú craiceann mar thoradh ar bites an phlé.\n3. Tá an t-am ann. Cóireáil ailléirgeacha comhshaoil\nIs iad ailléirgí comhshaoil na gcaitíní is deacra a bhainistiú, toisc nach féidir leat na hailléirgí a bhaint as timpeallacht do pheataí.\nMá tá ailléirgí ag do chait, áirítear le cóireáil leigheas ailléirgí ócáideach nó fadtéarmach do chait, ag brath ar thromchúis na hairíonna. Mar sin féin, is fiú a thabhairt faoi deara nach ndéanfaidh cógais atopy cat ach an t-ailléirge a chóireáil agus ní chuirfidh siad deireadh leis.\nMar sin, d'fhéadfá a mheas catine dé-éagmhéadú teiripe. Baineann an cóireáil seo le craiceann beag ailléirgeanna a instealladh le do chaitín chun iarracht a dhéanamh a chóras imdhíonachta a úsáid.\nMar sin féin, níl aon ráthaíocht ann go n-oibreoidh an teiripe seo. Nó, má dhéanfaidh sé, d'fhéadfadh sé go dtógfadh sé míonna sula mbeidh do chait níos lú íogair do ailléirgeanna an chomhshaoil.\nLeideanna chun Ailléirgí a Laghdú i gCat\nCé go bhfuil ailléirgí neamh-iníocúil, tá cógais ann do ailléirgí cat a laghdaíonn a n-iarsmaí.\n- Mar a luadh, is féidir leat bia hypoallergenic a chur in ionad bia do chara catin má tá sé íogair do chomhábhair bia áirithe. Ní mór duit ailléirgeanna, mar shampla uibheacha agus próitéiní cosúil le sicín agus feoil, a choinneáil amach ó shroich do chait.\n- Ní mór duit do theach a ghlanadh go rialta freisin chun aon rud a d'fhéadfadh flare-ups a bheith ag do chait a bhaint. Mar sin féin, déan teorainn le húsáid ghlanadháin agus glóthacha ceimiceacha bochta mar is féidir leo fadhbanna astuithe a chur ar do chait.\nD'fhéadfadh go mbeadh do chaitín ag fulaingt má úsáideann tú glanadóirí ceimiceacha le haghaidh ailléirgí, sneachta, agus fadhbanna astuithe.\n- Cabhróidh sé freisin le fuadain a chur ar do urlár agus ar do theach uair sa tseachtain ar a laghad chun fáil réidh le hailléirgí comhshaoil mar dhúshláin agus miotail dhúshláin.\n- Tar éis duit do chara catine a thabhairt amach, scrios é le wipes frith-ailléirgeacha sula dtéann tú isteach i do theach. Ar an mbealach seo, is féidir leat irritants a bhaint ar chraiceann do chait, ag cosc a chur orthu dul isteach i do theach.\nCeisteanna a Chuirtear go minic\nCén fáth a mbíonn ailléirgí ag cait?\nD'fhéadfadh córas imdhíonachta cat a bheith ró-íogair do rudaí éagsúla ina timpeallacht, agus is é sin an fáth go mbíonn ailléirgí orthu. Nuair a bhíonn ailléirgíní taobh istigh de chorp an chaitín, nó fiú ar a chraiceann agus a chuid gruaige, déanfaidh a chóras imdhíonachta iarracht iad a dhíchur.\nTá hipersensitivity an chórais imdhíonachta do pheata ina thoradh ar flare ups, lena n-áirítear:\n- irritation skin\n- sneachta agus coughing\n- scaoileadh nasal agus béil\n- ionfhabhtú craiceann i gcásanna tromchúiseacha.\nNa fo-iarsmaí a bhaineann le cógais ailléirge cat\nCosúil le daoine, is é an drowsiness an fo-iarsma is coitianta de chógais ailléirgeacha i gcaitíní. Cé go bhfuil go leor frith-histamíní atá oiriúnach do pheataí, bíonn fo-iarsmaí ag roinnt cait fós ó na cógais seo.\nI measc na n-easnamh díobhálacha seo tá diarrhea, vomiting, caillteanas appetite, béal tirim, agus dúlagar. Má tá na comharthaí seo mar thoradh ar an gcógas ailléirge a úsáideann do chait, ní mór duit dul i gcomhairle le do dhealbhóir tréidliachta maidir le roghanna cógais eile.\nLeideanna chun fáil réidh le hailléirgíní i mbosca litreacha cat\nIs é an bealach is fearr chun fáil réidh le hailléirgíní i mbosca liathróid do chara cat a bheith folamh agus glan é go rialta. Ní mór duit an bosca leá a ní uair sa tseachtain ar a laghad chun cosc a chur ar ailléirgeanna a bheith ag bailiú ann.\nIna theannta sin, cuirfidh sé cosc ar ailléirgeanna sa bhosca liathróid tionchar a imirt ar do chait má scuabann tú an t-uisceach agus an feces a luaithe a fheiceann tú iad.\nMá tá ailléirgí comhshaoil ag do pheata, roghnaigh gaineamh litreacha nach bhfuil cumhacht láidir aige.\nTá cait cosúil le daoine ar níos mó ná bealach amháin. I measc na cosúlachtaí seo tá ailléirgí a bhaineann le hairíonna éagsúla.\nAr an dea-uair, is féidir ailléirgí catine a chóireáil chomh fada agus is féidir leat am, foighne, agus tiomantas a infheistiú i gcúram do pheata. Tá sé tábhachtach freisin go mbeadh caidreamh dlúth agat le do dheainmhí-eitiltire iontaofa.\nAr an mbealach seo, is féidir leat cáilíocht saoil do chait a fheabhsú in ainneoin a ailléirgí.\nTar éis gach rud a dúirt muid, tá súil againn gur chabhraigh an t-alt seo leat an cheist a fhreagairt, cad is féidir liom a thabhairt do mo chait le haghaidh ailléirgí?\nHi, is mise Amy Sawy, gairmiúil tréidliachta ag obair sa réimse ar feadh beagnach 15 bliana. Tá an suíomh seo bunaithe chun rochtain a thabhairt do chaomhnóirí cat ar fhaisnéis úsáideach agus comhairle cúraim sláinte. Tá mé féin agus mo chomhghleacaí ag rith an láithreáin seo go príomha chun cabhrú le teaghlaigh gan taithí atá ag tabhairt aire dá gcaitíní gan treoir ghairmiúil faoi láthair."} +{"text": "Sixth Avenue (Manhattan) facts for kids\nLua error in Module:Attached_KML at line 211: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).\nThe \"skyscraper alley\" of International Style buildings along Sixth Avenue looking north from 40th Street to Central Park\n|Other name(s)||Avenue of the Americas|\n|Owner||City of New York|\n|Location||Manhattan, New York City|\n|South end||Church / Franklin Streets in Tribeca|\n|Herald Square in Midtown|\n|North end||Central Park South / Center Drive in Midtown|\n|East||Fifth Avenue (north of Waverly Pl)|\n|West||Varick Street (south of Houston St)\nSeventh Avenue (north of Houston St)\nSixth Avenue – officially Avenue of the Americas, although this name is seldom used by New Yorkers – is a major thoroughfare in New York City's borough of Manhattan, on which traffic runs northbound, or \"uptown\". It is commercial for much of its length.\nSixth Avenue begins four blocks below Canal Street, at Franklin Street in TriBeCa, where the northbound Church Street divides into Sixth Avenue to the left and the local continuation of Church Street to the right, which then ends at Canal Street. From this beginning, Sixth Avenue traverses SoHo and Greenwich Village, roughly divides Chelsea from the Flatiron District and NoMad, passes through the Garment District and skirts the edge of the Theater District while passing through Midtown Manhattan.\nSixth Avenue's northern end is at Central Park South, adjacent to the Artists Gate traffic entrance to Central Park at Center Drive. Historically, Sixth Avenue continued north of Central Park, but that segment was renamed Lenox Avenue in 1887 and co-named Malcolm X Boulevard in 1987.\nSixth Avenue was laid out in the Commissioners' Plan of 1811. As originally designed, Sixth Avenue's southern terminus was at Carmine Street in Greenwich Village. In the early and mid 1800s it passed by the popular roadhouse and tavern Old Grapevine at the corner of 11th street, which in the early 1800s was the northern edge of the city. The IRT Sixth Avenue Line elevated railway (the \"El\") was constructed on Sixth Avenue in 1878, darkening the street and reducing its real-estate value.\nProposals to extend the street south from Carmine Street, to allow easier access to lower Manhattan, were discussed by the city's Board of Aldermen as early as the mid-1860s. The southern extension was carried out in the mid-1920s, to ease traffic in the Holland Tunnel, facilitate construction of the IND Eighth Avenue Line and to connect with Church Street near its northern end, forming a continuous four-lane through-route for traffic from Lower Manhattan. Construction of the extension resulted in considerable dislocation to existing residents. One historian said that \"ten thousand people were displaced, most of them Italian immigrants who knew no other home in America\". According to the WPA Guide to New York City, the extension resulted in blank side walls facing the \"uninspiring thoroughfare\" and small leftover spaces. Dozens of buildings, including the original Church of Our Lady of Pompeii, were demolished.\nIn late 1887, the Harlem portion of what was then considered Sixth Avenue was renamed Lenox Avenue for philanthropist James Lenox; it was later co-named Malcolm X Boulevard, in honor of the slain civil rights leader, a century later.\nBy the mid-20th century, a coalition of commercial establishments and building owners along Sixth Avenue campaigned to have the El removed. The El was closed on December 4, 1938 and came down in stages, beginning in Greenwich Village in 1938–39; the Sixth Avenue subway replaced it a couple of years later.\nDemolition of the Sixth Avenue elevated railway, meanwhile, resulted in accelerated commercial development of the avenue in Midtown. Beginning in the 1960s, the avenue was entirely rebuilt above 42nd Street as an all-but-uninterrupted avenue of corporate headquarters housed in glass slab towers of International Modernist style. Among the buildings constructed was the CBS Building at 52nd Street, by Eero Saarinen (1965), dubbed \"Black Rock\" from its dark granite piers that run from base to crown without a break; this designated landmark is Saarinen's only skyscraper.\nOn March 10, 1957, Sixth Avenue was reconfigured to carry one-way traffic north of its intersection with Broadway in Herald Square. The rest of the avenue followed on November 10, 1963.\nIn the mid-1970s, the city \"spruced up\" the street, including the addition of patterned brick crosswalks, repainting of streetlamps, and new pedestrian plazas. Special lighting, rare throughout the rest of the city, was also installed.\nRenaming and co-naming\nThe avenue's official name was changed to Avenue of the Americas in 1945 by the City Council, at the behest of Mayor Fiorello La Guardia, who signed the bill into law on October 2, 1945. The intent was to honor \"Pan-American ideals and principles\" and the nations of Central and South America, and to encourage those countries to build consulates along the avenue. It was felt at the time that the name would provide greater grandeur to a shabby street, and to promote trade with the Western Hemisphere.\nAfter the name change, round signs were attached to streetlights on the avenue, showing the national seals of the nations honored. However, New Yorkers seldom used the avenue's newer name, and the street has been labelled as both \"Avenue of the Americas\" and \"Sixth Avenue\" in recent years. Most of the old round signs with country emblems were gone by the late 1990s, and the ones remaining were showing signs of age.\nNotable buildings and events\nSights along Sixth Avenue include Juan Pablo Duarte Square; with the polychrome High Victorian Gothic Jefferson Market Courthouse, currently occupied by the Jefferson Market Library; the surviving stretch of grand department stores of 1880 to 1900 in the Ladies' Mile Historic District that runs from 18th Street to 23rd Street; the former wholesale flower district; Herald Square at 34th Street, site of Macy's department store; Bryant Park from 40th to 42nd Streets; and the corporate stretch above 42nd Street, which includes the Bank of America Tower, W. R. Grace Building, International Center of Photography, Rockefeller Center — including the Time-Life Building, News Corp. Building, Exxon Building and McGraw-Hill Building, as well as Radio City Music Hall. The Steinway Hall of New York was moved to 1130 Sixth Avenue in October 2014. A new Steinway Hall is planned to open on 1155 Sixth Avenue in 2015.\nSixth Avenue is the site of the annual Village Halloween Parade in Greenwich Village and the Dominican Day Parade in Midtown.\nSixth Avenue is served by the New York City Subway with the IND Sixth Avenue Line (B D F M trains) north of Houston Street, and the IND Eighth Avenue Line (A C E trains) south of Greenwich Avenue. The Harlem portion of Sixth Avenue (Lenox Avenue) is served by the IRT Lenox Avenue Line (Template:NYCS Lenox trains) north of Central Park North. The PATH to New Jersey also runs under Sixth Avenue (JSQ–33 HOB-33 trains) from 9th to 33rd Streets.\nIn popular culture\nThe avenue is referenced both in the name and in the lyrics of \"6th Avenue Heartache\" by The Wallflowers.\nSixth Avenue (Manhattan) Facts for Kids. Kiddle Encyclopedia.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-29", "url": "https://kids.kiddle.co/Sixth_Avenue_(Manhattan)", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657129517.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20200712015556-20200712045556-00406.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9597942233, "token_count": 1593, "score": 2.8125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Fíricí ar an Séú Aibhne (Manhattan) do pháistí\nLua error in Module:Attached_KML at line 211: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).\nAn \"sráid skyscraper\" de thogaisc Stíl Idirnáisiúnta ar feadh an Séú Sráid ag breathnú ó thuaidh ó 40ú Sráid go dtí an Phairc Mhór\nTá ainm eile ag an Avenue of the Americas\nIs é úinéir an tí seo an t-úinéir.\nSuíomh: Manhattan, New York City\n♬ South end ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬ ♬\nCearnóg Herald i lár na cathrach\n♬Central Park South / Center Drive i lár na cathrach ♬\n♬ East ♬ FIFTH AVEENUE (thuaidh de Waverly Pl) ♬\n\"Sráid Varick (deisceart Sráid Houston) \"\nSeachtú Aibhne (deisceart Sráid Houston)\nIs príomhshráid i mbarr Manhattan i gCathair Nua Eabhrac é an Séú Aibhne go hoifigiúil Aibhne na Meirice, cé go n-úsáideann Nua-Eabhraigh an t-ainm seo go seasta , ar a dtéann trácht i dtreo na tuaiscirt, nó \"uptown\". Tá sé tráchtála le haghaidh cuid mhór dá fhad.\nTosaíonn Sixth Avenue ceithre bhloc thíos Canal Street, ag Franklin Street i TriBeCa, áit a roinntear Sráid an Eaglais i dtreo thuaidh ina Séú Sráid ar chlé agus leanúnachas áitiúil Sráid an Eaglais ar dheis, a chríochnaíonn ansin ag Sráid an Chainéal. Ón tús seo, ritheann an Séú Aibhne tríd SoHo agus Greenwich Village, roinntear Chelsea go garbh ó Cheantar Flatiron agus NoMad, téann sé tríd an gCúige Gárda agus casann sé imeall na Ceantair Amharclainne agus é ag dul trí Mheánmhéid Manhattan.\nTá deireadh thuaidh an Séú Aibhne ag Central Park South, in aice le geata tráchta Artists Gate chuig Central Park ag Center Drive. Go stairiúil, lean an Séú Aibhne ó thuaidh de Pháirc na hIaráice, ach athainmníodh an chuid sin mar Lenox Avenue i 1887 agus ainmníodh Malcolm X Boulevard i 1987.\nTógadh Sixth Avenue i bPlean na gCoimisinéirí i 1811. Mar a ceapadh ar dtús, bhí deireadh theas an Séú Aibhne ag Sráid Carmine i Greenwich Village. Go luath agus go lár na 1800idí, chuaigh sé tríd an teach bóthair agus an taverna Old Grapevine ar choirnéal an 11ú sráide, a bhí ar imeall thuaidh na cathrach go luath sna 1800idí. Tógadh iarnród ard IRT Sixth Avenue Line (an \"El\") ar an Séú Aibhne i 1878, ag dorchadas an tsráid agus ag laghdú a luach eastáit réadaigh.\nPhléigh Bord Aldermen na cathrach tograí chun an tsráid a leathnú ó dheas ó Sráid Carmine, chun rochtain níos éasca a cheadú ar Manhattan níos ísle, chomh luath le lár na 1860idí. Rinneadh an síneadh ó dheas i lár na 1920idí, chun trácht i dTúnla Holland a éascú, tógáil Líne an Eighú Aibhne IND a éascú agus ceangal le Church Street in aice lena cheann thuaidh, ag cruthú bealaí leanúnacha trí cheithre-líne do thrácht ó Manhattan Is ísle. Mar thoradh ar an síneadh, tháinig dífhostú suntasach ar chónaitheoirí atá ann cheana. Dúirt staraí amháin go raibh \"deich míle duine díláithrithe, an chuid is mó acu ina n-imeachtaí na hIodáile nach raibh aon bhaile eile acu i Meiriceá\". De réir an WPA Guide to New York City, bhí ballaí taobh folamh mar thoradh ar an leathnú a bhí os comhair an \"sráide neamh-inspioráideach\" agus spásanna beaga fágtha. Bhí na deiseanna ag na daoine a bhí ag an dúnadh, agus bhí an t-eaglais de chuid na hAlban ag an dúnadh.\nI ndeireadh 1887, athainmníodh an chuid de Harlem den a bhí á mheas mar Sixth Avenue ansin mar Lenox Avenue don daonlathach James Lenox; ainmníodh Malcolm X Boulevard é ina dhiaidh sin, in onóir an cheannaire cearta sibhialta a maraíodh, céad bliain ina dhiaidh sin.\nFaoi lár an 20ú haois, rinne comhghuaillíocht de bhunaíochtaí tráchtála agus úinéirí foirgneamh ar feadh Sixth Avenue feachtas chun an El a bhaint. Dúnadh an El ar 4 Nollaig, 1938 agus tháinig sé síos i gcéimeanna, ag tosú i Greenwich Village i 193839; chuir an folláine Sixth Avenue in ionad cúpla bliain ina dhiaidh sin.\nMar thoradh ar scriosadh an iarnróid ardtearnróid ar an Séú Aibhne, d'éirigh le forbairt tráchtála luath an tsráid i mBéal Átha Cliath. Ag tosú sna 1960idí, atógadh an bealaí go hiomlán os cionn an 42ú Sráid mar bealaí gan bhriseadh de cheanncheathrú corparáideach a bhí lonnaithe i túir sleamhnáin ghloine de stíl Nua-Aimseartha Idirnáisiúnta. I measc na bhfoirgnimh a tógadh bhí Foirgneamh CBS ag 52ú Sráid, le Eero Saarinen (1965), darbh ainm \"Black Rock\" óna piallaí gráiníte dorcha a ritheann ó bhun go crown gan bhriseadh; is é an suaitheantas ainmnithe seo an t-aon skyscraper Saarinen.\nAr 10 Márta, 1957, athrógadh an Séú Aibhne chun trácht aon-bhealach a iompar ó thuaidh dá chrois-chrois le Broadway i Sráid Herald. Lean an chuid eile den tsráid ar 10 Samhain, 1963.\nI lár na 1970idí, \"scrapadh\" an chathair an tsráid, lena n-áirítear trasnúí bríce patrún a chur leis, lampaí sráide a athphéinteáil, agus plazaí coisithe nua. Cuireadh solais speisialta, a bhí annamh i gcuid eile den chathair, ar bun freisin.\nAthainmniú agus comhainmniú\nAthraíodh ainm oifigiúil an tsráid go Avenue of the Americas i 1945 ag Comhairle na Cathrach, ar thogra an Mhéara Fiorello La Guardia, a shínigh an bille i ndlí an 2 Deireadh Fómhair, 1945. Ba é an rún é \"idéilí agus prionsabail Pan-Mheiriceánach\" agus náisiúin Mheiriceá Láir agus Theas a urramú, agus na tíortha sin a spreagadh chun consalachtaí a thógáil ar feadh an tsráid. Bhí an tuiscint ag an am go gcuirfeadh an t-ainm níos mó mó móide ar shráid shabby, agus chun trádáil leis an Leithréimse Thiar a chur chun cinn.\nTar éis an t-athrú ainm, cuireadh comharthaí babhta le solas na sráide ar an mbóthar, ag taispeáint séalaí náisiúnta na náisiún a raibh onóir orthu. Mar sin féin, is annamh a d'úsáid New Yorkers ainm níos nuaí an tsráid, agus tá an sráid lipéadaithe mar \"Avenue of the Americas\" agus \"Sixth Avenue\" le blianta beaga anuas. Bhí an chuid is mó de na sean-chláir bhabhta le haimbléamaí na tíre imithe faoi dheireadh na 1990idí, agus bhí comharthaí aois ag na cinn a bhí fágtha.\nTithe agus imeachtaí suntasacha\nI measc na nithe is díol spéise ar an Séú Aibhne tá Cearnóg Juan Pablo Duarte; leis an Ard-Victorian Gothic Jefferson Market Courthouse, ina bhfuil Leabharlann Jefferson Market faoi láthair; an stráice atá fágtha de stóirí mórdhíola ó 1880 go 1900 sa Cheantar Stairiúil Ladies' Mile a ritheann ó 18ú Sráid go 23ú Sráid; an iar-cheantar bláthanna mórdhíola; Cearnóg Herald ag 34ú Sráid, suíomh stóir Macy's; Páirc Bryant ó 40ú go 42ú Sráid; agus an stráice corparáideach os cionn 42ú Sráid, lena n-áirítear Torr Banc na Meirice, Foirgneamh W. R. Grace, Ionad Idirnáisiúnta na Saiteachais, Ionad Rockefeller lena n-áirítear Foirgneamh Time-Life, Foirgneamh News Corp., Foirgneamh Exxon agus Foirgneamh McGraw-Hill, chomh maith le Halla Ceoil Radio City. Aistríodh Halla Steinway i Nua-Eabhrac go 1130 Sixth Avenue i mí Dheireadh Fómhair 2014. Tá sé beartaithe Halla nua Steinway a oscailt ar 1155 Sixth Avenue in 2015.\nIs é an Séú Aibhne an suíomh do Pháráid Bhliana na Bhalcáin bhliantúil i Greenwich Village agus an Pháráid Lá na Doiminiceach i Midtown.\nTá an Subway i gCathair Nua Eabhrac ag freastal ar Sixth Avenue le Líne IND Sixth Avenue (traenacha B D F M) ó thuaidh de Sráid Houston, agus Líne IND Eighth Avenue (traenacha A C E) ó dheas de Greenwich Avenue. Tá an chuid Harlem den Séú Aibhne (Aibhne Lenox) á sheirbheáil ag an IRT Lenox Avenue Line (Treoracha Lenox NYCS) ó thuaidh de Pháirc Ceannais Thuaidh. Ritheann an PATH go New Jersey freisin faoi Sixth Avenue (traenacha JSQ33 HOB-33) ó 9ú go 33ú Sráideanna.\nSa chultúr tóir\nTá tagairt don tsráid sa ainm agus sa liricí de \"6th Avenue Heartache\" ag The Wallflowers.\nFíricí don Leanaí ar an Séú Aibhne (Manhattan). Leabharlann Kiddle."} +{"text": "The central dogma of molecular biology, as proposed in 1970 by Francis Crick and James Watson, holds that genetic information is transferred from DNA to functional proteins by way of messenger RNA (mRNA). This suggests that mRNA has but a single role, that being to encode for proteins.\nNow, a cancer genetics team at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC) suggests there is much more to RNA than meets the eye.\nIn a study appearing in the June 24, 2010 issue of Nature, the authors describe a new regulatory role for RNA -- independent of their protein-coding function -- that relies on their ability to communicate with one another. Of potentially even greater significance, because this new function also holds true for thousands of noncoding RNAs, the discovery dramatically increases the known pool of functional genetic information.\nThe new findings suggest that nature has crafted a clever tale of espionage such that thousands upon thousands of mRNAs and noncoding RNAs, together with a mysterious group of genetic relics known as pseudogenes, take part in undercover reconnaissance of cellular microRNAs, resulting in a new category of genetic elements which, when mutated, can have consequences for cancer and human disease at large.\n\"Because this new function does not depend on the blueprint that RNAs harbor in their protein-encoding nucleotide sequence, the discovery additionally holds true for the thousands of noncoding RNA molecules in the cell,\" explains senior author Pier Paolo Pandolfi, MD, PhD, Director of Research at the BIDMC Cancer Center and George C. Reisman Professor of Medicine at Harvard Medical School.\"This means that not only have we discovered a new language for mRNA, but we have also translated the previously unknown language of up to 17,000 pseudogenes and at least 10,000 long non-coding (lnc) RNAs. Consequently, we now know the function of an estimated 30,000 new entities, offering a novel dimension by which cellular and tumor biology can be regulated, and effectively doubling the size of the functional genome.\"\nMicroRNAs are small RNA molecules that repress the expression levels of numerous genes by binding to mRNA, thereby preventing it from delivering its protein coding message. As a result, microRNAs are known to have a hand in human diseases, including cancer.\nBut, the Pandolfi team thought that RNA might be taking a different tactic. \"Although it is conventional knowledge that microRNA can block mRNA function, we suspected that the roles of microRNA and mRNA were actually flipped,\" explains Pandolfi. \"In other words, instead of microRNA binding to mRNA, we thought that RNAs were actually sequestering the microRNAs, thereby protecting mRNA and rendering the microRNAs ineffective on their other targets.\"\nAnd, indeed this proved to be the case. The authors coined the term \"competitive endogenous RNAs\" or \"ceRNAs\" to describe this new RNA activity.\nTo further test their hypothesis, the scientists turned to pseudogenes, a group of \"genetic relics\" that do not encode for proteins. Since pseudogenes are more or less identical to their ancestral genes, the authors knew they would be the perfect \"combatants\" because they would both recognize and compete for the same group of microRNAs as their ancestral genes.\nThe scientists studied the interaction between the RNA encoding for the PTEN tumor suppressor gene and its closely related pseudogene, PTENP1. Through this new mechanism, they were able to demonstrate that PTENP1 also acts as a tumor suppressor. They also proved this to be true for the KRAS oncogene and its pseudogene KRAS1P; in this case the pseudogene was acting as a new oncogene.\n\"We now understand how these RNA units talk with one another,\" says Pandolfi. \"Because all RNA molecules are competing to be heard, it had been difficult to tease out the messages amid the noise. But now that we know what to listen for, we can computationally predict which RNA can act as a ceRNA and what that ceRNA can do. And we can apply these findings to any RNA molecule.\n\"We have identified PTENP1 and KRAS1P as well as several thousand other uncharacterized RNA molecules as potential new factors contributing to human disease,\" he adds. \"These findings help define a new fundamental biological dimension that we hope will allow for the rapid identification and functional characterizations of new disease-related genes including cancer, thereby improving diagnosis and effective therapy.\"\nThis study was supported, in part, by a grant from the National Institutes of Health, as well as fellowship support from the Istituto Toscano Tumori, the American Italian Cancer Foundation, the Human Frontier Science Program and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research.\nCoauthors include Laura Poliseno and Leonardo Salmena (co-first authors) and William Haveman, all of BIDMC; Jiangwen Zhang of the Center for Systems Biology at Harvard University; and Brett Carver of Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center.\nCite This Page:", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23", "url": "http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/06/100623132102.htm", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997874283.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025754-00247-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9532125592, "token_count": 1045, "score": 3.125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Deir dogma lárnach na bitheolaíochta móilíneacha, mar a mhol Francis Crick agus James Watson i 1970, go n-aistrítear faisnéis ghéiniteach ó DNA go próitéiní feidhmiúla trí mRNA teachtaire. Tugann sé seo le tuiscint nach bhfuil ach ról amháin ag mRNA, is é sin chun códú a dhéanamh ar phróitéiní.\nAnois, léiríonn foireann géineolaíochta ailse ag Ionad Leighis Beth Israel Deaconess (BIDMC) go bhfuil i bhfad níos mó le RNA ná mar a bhíonn ag an tsúil.\nI staidéar a nochtadh i dTréimhse 24 Meitheamh 2010 de Nature, déanann na húdair cur síos ar ról rialála nua do RNA - neamhspleách ar a bhfeidhm códaithe próitéine - a thacaíonn lena gcumas cumarsáid a dhéanamh lena chéile. D'fhéadfadh sé a bheith níos tábhachtaí fós, toisc go bhfuil an fheidhm nua seo fíor freisin do na mílte RNA neamhchódála, méadaíonn an fionnachtanas go suntasach an linnte eolais ghinearálta feidhmiúil.\nTugann na torthaí nua le tuiscint go bhfuil scéal cliste spiúnaíochta déanta ag an dúlra ar bhealach go bhfuil na mílte ar na mílte mRNA agus RNA neamhchódála, mar aon le grúpa mistéireach de chuid fáinní géiniteacha ar a dtugtar pseudogenes, rannpháirteach i dtuiscint faoi cheilt de microRNA ceallach, rud a fhágann go bhfuil catagóir nua eilimintí géiniteacha a d'fhéadfadh iarmhairtí a bheith acu ar ailse agus ar ghalar daonna go ginearálta, nuair a dhéantar mutation orthu.\n\"Toisc nach bhfuil an fheidhm nua seo ag brath ar an bpleanphriont a bhfuil ARNanna ina n-iarsma núicléatíd códaithe próitéine, tá an fionnachtanas fíor freisin do na mílte móilín RNA neamhchódúcháin sa chill\", a mhíníonn an t-ardúire Pier Paolo Pandolfi, MD, PhD, Stiúrthóir Taighde ag Ionad Ailse BIDMC agus Ollamh Leighis George C. Reisman ag Scoil Leighis Harvard. \"Ciallaíonn sé seo nach bhfuil ach teanga nua le haghaidh mRNA a fuair muid amach, ach gur aistriúamar freisin an teanga nach raibh ar eolas roimhe seo de suas le 17,000 pseudogenes agus ar a laghad 10,000 RNA neamh-chódála fada (lnc). Dá bhrí sin, tá a fhios againn anois feidhm thart ar 30,000 eintiteas nua, rud a thugann gné nua trína bhféadfar bithcheolaíocht chealla agus tumor a rialáil, agus a dhúbailt go héifeachtach méid an ghéinóm feidhmiúil\".\nIs móilíní RNA beaga iad na micreRNAanna a chuireann cosc ar leibhéil léiriú gnéis de go leor géiní trí cheangal le mRNA, agus ar an gcaoi sin a chosc óna teachtaireacht códaithe próitéine a sheachadadh. Mar thoradh air sin, tá a fhios go bhfuil baint ag micreARNanna le galair an duine, lena n-áirítear ailse.\nAch, cheap foireann Pandolfi go bhféadfadh RNA a bheith ag glacadh tactic difriúil. \"Cé go bhfuil sé ar eolas go coitianta gur féidir le microRNA cosc a chur ar fheidhm mRNA, bhí amhras againn go raibh róil microRNA agus mRNA innéite i ndáiríre\", a mhíníonn Pandolfi. \"I bhfocail eile, in ionad microRNA a cheangal le mRNA, shíl muid go raibh RNAanna ag seictear na microRNAanna i ndáiríre, rud a chosnaíonn mRNA agus a fhágann nach bhfuil na microRNAanna éifeachtach ar a spriocanna eile\".\nAgus, i ndáiríre, bhí sé amhlaidh. Rinne na húdair an téarma \"RNAs endogenacha iomaíocha\" nó \"ceRNAs\" a chumadh chun cur síos a dhéanamh ar an ngníomhaíocht nua RNA seo.\nChun a gcuid hipitéis a thástáil tuilleadh, d'fhéach na heolaithe ar pseudogenes, grúpa \"réaltaí géiniteacha\" nach gcódú do phróitéiní. Ós rud é go bhfuil pseudogenes níos mó nó níos lú comhionann lena ngéin sinsearach, bhí a fhios ag na húdair go mbeadh siad na \"combatants\" foirfe toisc go n-aithneoidh siad araon agus go n-iomaíonn siad don ghrúpa céanna microRNAanna mar a ngéin sinsearach.\nRinne na heolaithe staidéar ar an idirghníomhaíocht idir an RNA a chódáil don ghine supressóir tumoir PTEN agus an pseudogene atá gar dá thaobh, PTENP1. Trí mheicníocht nua seo, bhí siad in ann a thaispeáint go n-oibríonn PTENP1 freisin mar choscóir tinneas. D'éirigh leo freisin go raibh sé seo fíor don oncogene KRAS agus a pseudo-ghine KRAS1P; sa chás seo bhí an pseudo-ghine ag gníomhú mar oncogene nua.\n\"Tá a fhios againn anois conas a labhraíonn na haonaid RNA seo lena chéile\", a deir Pandolfi. \"Toisc go bhfuil na móilíní RNA go léir ag dul san iomaíocht le bheith á éisteacht, bhí sé deacair na teachtaireachtaí a bhaint amach i measc an fhuaim. Ach anois go bhfuil a fhios againn cad a éisteacht le haghaidh, is féidir linn computationally a thuar cad is féidir le RNA gníomhú mar ceRNA agus cad is féidir leis an ceRNA a dhéanamh. Agus is féidir linn na torthaí seo a chur i bhfeidhm ar aon mhóilín ARN.\n\"Tá PTENP1 agus KRAS1P aitheanta againn chomh maith le roinnt míle móilín RNA eile nach bhfuil a gcáilíocht aitheanta acu mar fhachtóirí nua féideartha a rannchuidíonn le galar an duine\", a deir sé. \"Cuidíonn na torthaí seo le gné bhunúsach bitheolaíoch nua a shainiú a bhfuil súil againn go ligfidh sé aitheantas tapa agus tréithe feidhmiúla gínn nua a bhaineann le galar lena n-áirítear ailse, rud a chuirfidh feabhas ar dhiagnóis agus ar chóireáil éifeachtach\".\nCuireadh tacaíocht, go páirteach, leis an staidéar seo le deontas ó na hInstitiúidí Náisiúnta Sláinte, chomh maith le tacaíocht comhaltachais ó Istituto Toscano Tumori, an American Italian Cancer Foundation, an Clár Eolaíochta Human Frontier agus na hInstitiúidí Ceannais Sláinte Cheanada.\nI measc na gcomh-údar tá Laura Poliseno agus Leonardo Salmena (co-údarúirí) agus William Haveman, go léir de BIDMC; Jiangwen Zhang ón Ionad um Bithéolaíocht Córais in Ollscoil Harvard; agus Brett Carver ó Ionad Ailse Memorial Sloan-Kettering.\nCiteáil an Leathanach seo:"} +{"text": "According to Professor Tilson’s lecture on China and Japan, a Tulou is – an earthen house built around a central courtyard for defense purposes\nWhen Vitruvius wrote about the education of the architect, he described theory as -the ability to demonstrate and explain the principles of proportion as they relate to a designed object\nThe atrium in the typical Pompeian home -was central to the dwelling, providing light and water collection for the home\nOne of the typical features of an ancient dwelling found in Pompeii is the –atrium\nAccording to Professor Tilson’s lecture on Rome, roman builders used a volcanic ash know as pozzolana\nOther samples, services and questions:\nWhen you use PaperHelp, you save one valuable — TIME\nYou can spend it for more important things than paper writing.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "url": "https://essay-services.org/1e21dbe2f2bfcedf/none", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510481.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20230929022639-20230929052639-00098.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9358139038, "token_count": 174, "score": 3.0625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "De réir léacht an Ollamh Tilson ar an tSín agus ar an tSeapáin, is é Tulou teach talún a tógadh timpeall cúlchríocha lárnacha chun críocha cosanta\nNuair a scríobh Vitruvius faoi oideachas an ailtire, chuir sé síos ar theoiric mar - an cumas chun prionsabail an chomhréireachta a thaispeáint agus a mhíniú de réir mar a bhaineann siad le réad deartha\nBhí an atrium sa bhaile tipiciúil Pompeian - lárnach don áit chónaithe, ag soláthar solais agus bailiú uisce don bhaile\nCeann de na gnéithe tipiciúla de thithíocht ársa a fuarthas i Pompeii ná an atrium\nDe réir léacht an Ollamh Tilson ar an Róimh, thógann Rómhánaigh úsáid as uachtar bolcánach ar a dtugtar pozzolana\nSamhlacha, seirbhísí agus ceisteanna eile:\nNuair a úsáideann tú PaperHelp, sábhálann tú TIME luachmhar\nIs féidir leat é a chaitheamh ar rudaí níos tábhachtaí ná páipéar a scríobh."} +{"text": "Princeton University | Princeton, New Jersey\nWith Michele Parrinello, for inventing an efficient computational method that maps the interactions of large numbers of atoms in motion using quantum mechanics, an approach now used to describe and design diverse chemicals and materials, as well as to understand biological systems.\nComets are named for famous astronomers like Halley and diseases for famous physicians like Parkinson. In computational quantum mechanics, fame is bestowed on methods, and the famous “Car-Parrinello method” is named for Roberto Car and Michele Parrinello. Car, who is today a theoretical chemist at Princeton University, and Parrinello, a computational chemist at ETH Zurich and USI Lugano, first joined forces in 1984 to propose a new method for calculating the movement of electrons and their nuclei, which before had to be studied independently. The Car-Parrinello molecular dynamics method became a powerful tool for studying chemical processes; it’s been called a “virtual microscope” for looking at the motion of individual atoms. The technique has had broad applications in physics and chemistry, explaining phenomena such as changes in electrical conductivity of materials in the transition from solid to liquid state. The Car-Parrinello method allows quantum chemists and physicists to understand atomic behavior in far-ranging applications; for example, analyzing the structure of the Earth’s mantle or molecular interactions within cells.\nRoberto Car and Michele Parrinello make an atomic pair. Like protons and electrons, they were drawn together, and the result was extraordinary. Car, professor of chemistry and physics at Princeton University, and Parrinello, professor in computational sciences at ETH Zurich and Università della Svizzera Italiana in Switzerland, brought together their complementary expertise to do what was once considered impossible: they developed a computer algorithm that calculates the movement of electrons while taking into account that movement’s impact on the atomic nuclei.\nTheir method grew out of an unusual scientific partnership. Car was trained in quantum mechanics. Parrinello had a background in molecular dynamics. They met in Trieste, a small Italian city on the Adriatic Sea, which was an international center for free-wheeling theoretical physics in the 1980s. Parrinello joked that when he and Car met, they knew enough about each other’s fields to understand the problem of molecular dynamics—predicting how the motion and structural changes of a molecule over time affect its function—but not enough to understand how difficult it would be to solve it.\nBoth men are Italian. Car grew up in Trieste and Milan and shared his parents’ post-war optimism that society could be rebuilt on a new equitable foundation and that science would be the key to that future. But his father was diagnosed with brain cancer when Car was 11 and passed away two years later. The loss drove Car to find solace in schoolwork, especially math and physics where the fundamental laws of nature revealed themselves in mathematical terms. He earned his Ph.D. in physics from the Milan Institute of Technology in 1971 and held postdoctoral positions at the University of Milan, the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), and the IBM T.J. Watson Research Center in the United States, before returning to his hometown in 1984 as a faculty member at the International School for Advanced Studies in Trieste. Car’s research focused on quantum mechanics, especially density function theory and electronic structure calculations—predicting the structural characteristics of materials at the atomic level.\nParrinello is from the opposite end of Italy, Messina, in Sicily. While in high school, Parrinello didn’t consider himself a brilliant student, but he did love math, and, like Car, saw physics as a way to apply it. In 1968, he earned his physics Ph.D. at the University of Bologna and in 1976, joined the University of Trieste. In 1980, Parrinello went on sabbatical in the U.S. at the Argonne National Laboratory to work with Aneesur Rahman, who is considered the “founding father of molecular dynamics.” Together they developed the “Parrinello-Rahman method” of molecular dynamics simulations, which analyzes structural phase transitions of solids. That work was considered foundational for the field of atomic computer simulations.\nCar and Parrinello finally crossed paths in Trieste at the International School for Advanced Studies in 1984. At the time, there was no way to calculate the positions of fast-moving electrons within an atom, while taking into account the electrons’ impact on the atom’s nucleus, which moved slowly in response to the electrons’ movement. Car described himself then as a “solid state theorist.” But Parrinello brought him to see the computer’s blossoming potential in predicting more dynamic atomic arrangements.\nPursuing a new joint approach, they worked virtually round the clock for months, pushing the latest computer power to its limits. Their labor culminated in the 1985 paper, “Unified Approach for Molecular Dynamics and Density-Functional Theory.” Published in Physical Review Letters, it opened a new era for simulating matter at the atomic level and became the fifth-most-cited article in the history of the journal. In what became known as the “Car-Parrinello method,” for the first time, the motion of nuclei could be considered while at the same time solving the electrons’ position. The technique was transformative in their fields, and paved the way for quantum physicists to explain the behavior of molecules, including both biological and inorganic materials.\nIn the years since, Parrinello has become renowned for his interdisciplinary approach to the study of complex chemical reactions, materials science, and protein dynamics. Parrinello has developed a new method that he calls “metadynamics” for the study of rare events and the calculation of free energies. Car is celebrated for applying computational physics to simulating the atomic and energetic structure of materials. He is currently working to improve atomic approximations by adjusting time scales to account for matter state changes or chemical reactions.\nCar and Parrinello’s achievements have been recognized by numerous prizes. Together they shared the 2009 Sidney Fernbach Award of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, the 2009 Dirac Medal of the International Centre for Theoretical Physics, the 1995 Rahman Prize of the American Physical Society, and the 1990 Hewlett Packard Europhysics Prize. Separately, Parrinello was awarded the 2017 Dreyfus Prize, the 2011 Marcel Benoist Prize, and the 2001 American Chemical Society Award in Theoretical Chemistry. Car won the 2016 American Chemical Society Award in Theoretical Chemistry, the 2012 Enrico Fermi Prize of the Italian Physical Society, and the 2010 Berni J. Alder CECAM Prize in Computational Physics, among others. They are both elected members of the National Academy of Sciences. Car is a fellow of the American Physical Society and of the Royal Society of Chemistry. Parrinello is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the British Royal Society, and the Italian Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei.\nCar and Parrinello remain friends and collaborators, authoring 22 research articles together since 1985. They make a phenomenal team, figuring out how to predict molecular dynamics that are far too small to observe directly.\nInformation as of March 2020", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-29", "url": "https://www.fi.edu/laureates/roberto-car", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655890181.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20200706191400-20200706221400-00036.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9462128282, "token_count": 1546, "score": 3.578125, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Ollscoil Princeton Princeton, New Jersey\nLe Michele Parrinello, as modh ríomhleithleach éifeachtach a chruthú a léiríonn idirghníomhaíochtaí líon mór adamh i ngníomh trí mheicnic chuanamacha a úsáid, cur chuige a úsáidtear anois chun ceimiceáin agus ábhair éagsúla a thuairisciú agus a dhearadh, chomh maith le córais bitheolaíocha a thuiscint.\nAinmnítear coimhéadaigh ar réalteolaithe cáiliúla cosúil le Halley agus galair ar dhochtúirí cáiliúla cosúil le Parkinson. I meicnic chuanmach ríomhaireachta, tugtar clú ar mhodhanna, agus ainmnítear an t-aisteoir cáiliúil Car-Parrinello i ndiaidh Roberto Car agus Michele Parrinello. Car, atá inniu ina cheimicí teoiriciúil in Ollscoil Princeton, agus Parrinello, ceimic ríomhaireachta in ETH Zurich agus USI Lugano, chuaigh siad le chéile den chéad uair i 1984 chun modh nua a mholadh chun gluaiseacht leictreon agus a gcroí a ríomh, a raibh orthu a staidéar go neamhspleách roimhe sin. Tháinig modh dinimic mhóilíneach Car-Parrinello ina uirlis chumhachtach chun próisis cheimiceacha a staidéar; tá sé ar a dtugtar \"míocroscóip fíorúil\" chun gluaiseacht na n-adamh aonair a fheiceáil. Tá feidhmíocht leathan ag an teicníc i fisice agus i gceimic, ag míniú feiniméin mar athruithe ar threoirleacht leictreach ábhair sa aistriú ó stádas soladach go leacht. Ligeann modh Car-Parrinello do cheimicí agus do fhisiceoirí cuantaí iompar adamhach a thuiscint i bhfeidhmchlár i bhfad i gcéin; mar shampla, struchtúr múnla na Talún nó idirghníomhaíochtaí móilíneacha laistigh de chealla a anailísiú.\nIs péire adamhach iad Roberto Car agus Michele Parrinello. Cosúil le prótóin agus leictreon, tharraing siad le chéile, agus bhí an toradh thar a bheith iontach. Chuir Car, ollamh ceimice agus fisice in Ollscoil Princeton, agus Parrinello, ollamh i heolaíochtaí ríomhaireachta in ETH Zurich agus in Università della Svizzera Italiana san Eilvéis, a saineolas comhlántach le chéile chun rud a bhí ina shamhlaíocht dodhéanta a dhéanamh: d'fhorbair siad algartam ríomhaire a ríomhann gluaiseacht leictreon agus tionchar na gluaiseachta sin ar na núicléas adamhsa a chur san áireamh.\nD'fhás a modh amach as comhpháirtíocht eolaíoch neamhghnách. Bhí an carr a oiliúint i meicnic quantum. Bhí cúlra ag Parrinello i dtimpeallacht mhóilíneach. Bhuail siad i Trieste, cathair bheag na hIodáile ar Mhuir Adriatic, a bhí ina ionad idirnáisiúnta le haghaidh fisice theoiriciúil saor-rudaí sna 1980idí. Bhí Parrinello ag magadh go raibh a fhios acu go leor faoi réimsí a chéile chun tuiscint a fháil ar fhadhb na dinimic mhóilíneach - ag tuar conas a théann gluaiseacht agus athruithe struchtúracha móilín thar am i bhfeidhm ar a fheidhm - ach ní leor chun a thuiscint cé chomh deacair a bheadh sé a réiteach.\nIs Éireannach iad an dá fhear. D'fhás Car suas i Trieste agus i Mílan agus roinn sé dóchas a thuismitheoirí i ndiaidh an chogaidh go bhféadfaí an tsochaí a atógáil ar bhonn cothrom nua agus go mbeadh an eolaíocht ina eochair don todhchaí sin. Ach fuair a athair ailse inchinn nuair a bhí Car 11 agus fuair sé bás dhá bhliain ina dhiaidh sin. Chuir an caillteanas Car chun comhshó a fháil i obair scoile, go háirithe matamaitic agus fisice áit a nochtadh dlíthe bunúsacha an nádúir iad féin i dtéarmaí matamaiticiúla. Fuair sé a Ph.D. i bhfeisic ó Institiúid Teicneolaíochta Milan i 1971 agus bhí postdochtúireachta aige in Ollscoil Milan, in Institiúid Teicneolaíochta Chónaidhme na hEilvéise Lausanne (EPFL), agus i Ionad Taighde IBM T.J. Watson sna Stáit Aontaithe, sula bhfill sé ar a bhaile dúchais i 1984 mar chomhalta dáimhe ag an Scoil Idirnáisiúnta um Staidéar Ardteicneolaíochta i Trieste. Díríodh taighde Carr ar mheicnic chuanma, go háirithe teoiric fheidhm dlús agus ríomhanna struchtúr leictreonacha, ag tuar na saintréithe struchtúracha de ábhair ag leibhéal adamhach.\nTá Parrinello ó dheireadh eile na hIodáile, Messina, i Sicily. Cé go raibh Parrinello i scoil ard, ní mheas sé gur dalta iontach é féin, ach bhí grá aige do mhatamaitic, agus, cosúil le Car, chonaic sé an fhisice mar bhealach chun é a chur i bhfeidhm. Sa bhliain 1968, bhain sé a Ph.D. Físeáin amach in Ollscoil Bologna agus sa bhliain 1976, chuaigh sé isteach in Ollscoil Trieste. I 1980, chuaigh Parrinello ar shabbatical sna Stáit Aontaithe ag an Saotharlann Náisiúnta Argonne chun oibriú le Aneesur Rahman, a mheastar a bheith mar athair bunaitheach na dinimic mhóilíneach. Le chéile d'fhorbair siad an Parrinello-Rahman modh de shamhlaíochtaí dinimic mhóilíneacha, a dhéanann anailís ar thrasuithe chéim struchtúrtha soladach. Meastar gur bunaíodh an obair sin le haghaidh réimsí na samhlacha ríomhaireachta adamhach.\nChroisigh Car agus Parrinello a gconairí sa deireadh i Trieste ag an Scoil Idirnáisiúnta um Fhoghlaim Ard i 1984. Ag an am, ní raibh aon bhealach ann chun suíomhanna leictreon a bhí ag gluaiseacht go tapa laistigh d'aon adamh a ríomh, agus tionchar na n-eileacróin ar núicléas an adamh á chur san áireamh, a ghluais go mall mar fhreagra ar ghluaiseacht na n-eileacróin. Chuir Car síos air féin ansin mar \"teoiréiseach staid shoiléir\". Ach thug Parrinello dó a fheiceáil go bhféadfadh an ríomhaire a bheith ag bláthú i réamhamharc a dhéanamh ar shocruithe adamhacha níos dinimiciúla.\nAg leanúint le cur chuige nua comhpháirteach, d'oibrigh siad beagnach timpeall an chloig ar feadh míonna, ag brú an chumhacht ríomhaireachta is déanaí go dtí a theorainneacha. Tháinig a gcuid saothair chun cinn i bpáipéar 1985, \"Croí Aonaithe ar Dhainimeolaíocht Moileculach agus ar Theoiric Dlúth-Fhocsaí\". Foilsíodh é i Litreacha Athbhreithnithe Físeacha, d'oscail sé ré nua le haghaidh ábhar a shamhlú ar leibhéal adamhach agus tháinig sé ar an cúigiú alt is mó a luaite i stair an iris. Sa rud a tugadh ar an modh Car-Parrinello, den chéad uair, d'fhéadfaí gluaiseacht núicléas a mheas agus an seasamh leictreon a réiteach ag an am céanna. Bhí an teicníc tras-athraitheach ina réimsí, agus d'oscail sé an bealach do fhisiceoirí cuanta chun iompar móilíní a mhíniú, lena n-áirítear ábhair bhitheolaíocha agus neamhorgánacha araon.\nSna blianta ó shin, tá cáil ar Parrinello as a chur chuige idirdhisciplíneach maidir le staidéar a dhéanamh ar imoibrithe ceimiceacha casta, eolaíocht ábhair, agus dinimic próitéine. D'fhorbair Parrinello modh nua a thug sé ar a dtugtar \"metadynamics\" chun staidéar a dhéanamh ar imeachtaí neamhchoitianta agus chun fuinneamh saor in aisce a ríomh. Tá ceiliúradh ar Car as fisice ríomhaireachta a chur i bhfeidhm chun struchtúr adamhach agus fuinnimh ábhair a shamhlú. Tá sé ag obair faoi láthair chun cur le garbhú adamhach trí scála ama a choigeartú chun athruithe stáit ábhair nó imoibrithe ceimiceacha a chur san áireamh.\nTá go leor duaiseanna tugtha do Car agus do Parrinello. Le chéile roinn siad Gradam Sidney Fernbach 2009 ó Institiúid Innealtóirí Leictreacha agus Leictreonacha, Bronntanas Dirac 2009 an Ionaid Idirnáisiúnta um Fisice Teoranta, Duais Rahman 1995 de Chomhlacht Fisice Mheiriceá, agus Duais Eorphisice Hewlett Packard 1990. Ar leithligh, bronnadh Duais Dreyfus 2017 ar Parrinello, Duais Marcel Benoist 2011 agus Duais Cumann Ceimiceach Mheiriceá 2001 i gCéimic Theoriticiúil. Bhuaigh Car Duais an Chomhlachta Ceimiceach Mheiriceá 2016 i gCéimic Theoranta, Duais Enrico Fermi 2012 de chuid an Chomhlachta Físeach Iodálach, agus Duais Berni J. Alder CECAM 2010 i gComhfhiosach ríomhaireachta, i measc daoine eile. Tá siad araon ina mbaill tofa den Acadamh Náisiúnta Eolaíochta. Tá Car ina chomhalta de Chumann Físeolaíochta Mheiriceá agus de Chumann Ríoga Ceimice. Tá Parrinello ina bhall den Acadamh Meiriceánach Ealaíon agus Eolaíochta, den Royal Society na Breataine, agus den Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei na hIodáile.\nTá Car agus Parrinello fós ina gcairde agus ina gcomhghleacaithe, agus tá 22 alt taighde scríofa acu le chéile ó 1985. Tá foireann iontach acu, ag teacht amach conas dinimic mhóilíneach a thuar atá ró-bheag le breathnú go díreach.\nFaisnéis i mí an Mhárta 2020"} +{"text": "This page is in progress and will be updated periodically. Submissions are welcome.\nRainforest lesson plans, teacher resources, help for school reports and school projects\nHandouts and lesson plans\nkids.mongabay.com in other languages:\nGames and activities\nOther mongabay sites\nNews articles on various topics\nAdvice from scientists and experts\nInterviews with Scientists [Interviews appear on the mongabay.con news site]\nOther useful sites\n- Rainforests An overview of tropical rainforests for kids from mongabay.com\n- Jimmy the Joey: The True Story of an Amazing Koala Rescue This warm and inspirational photographic picture book for ages 4 to 8 is a compelling and uplifting true story, with a sweet message about coping with loss that draws attention to an important and threatened wild animal.\n- Ten friends to remember [PDF] An illustrated story book for children designed to serve as an environmental education tool. FREE download!\n- The Day Mother Nature Decided to Paint Her House Children 4 and older are introduced to the whimsical character, Mother Nature, as she enlist the aid of her dear friend Father Time to help her paint her house.\n- Through Endangered Eyes - a poetic journey into the wild 21 endangered species represented with poems and acrylic dot paintings; children ages 4-9 years old\n- The Little Maestro The Little Maestro is a boy born in the rainforest to save it from sadness and destruction. As he grows, he becomes the pied piper of the forest, bringing harmony to all the animals and plants, to the music of the rainforest. A spirited blend of fact and fantasy, poetry and prose, and lots of song lyrics.\nThe Mongabay Kids site (kids.mongabay.com) aims to help children learn about rainforests and the environment. This site is still under development and I am working to add additional content as time permits. If you have comments or are interested in submitting educational content for the site, please feel free to contact me.\nThe site is available in many different languages, including Portuguese, Chinese, French, Spanish, Japanese, and German.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23", "url": "http://kids.mongabay.com/lesson_plans/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997892648.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025812-00076-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.912469089, "token_count": 446, "score": 3.109375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá an leathanach seo á chur ar bun agus déanfar é a nuashonrú go tréimhsiúil. Tá fáilte roimh aighneachtaí.\nPleananna ceachta na bhForaoise Trá, acmhainní múinteoirí, cabhair le haghaidh tuarascálacha scoile agus tionscadail scoile\nLeabhair agus pleananna ceachta\nkids.mongabay.com i dteangacha eile:\nCluichí agus gníomhaíochtaí\nÁiteanna eile mongabay\nArtaigílí nuachta ar ábhair éagsúla\nComhairle ó eolaithe agus saineolaithe\n[Tuairimí ar an suíomh nuachta mongabay.con]\nSuímh úsáideacha eile\n- Foraoisí Trópaiceacha Léargas ar fhoraoisí trópaiceacha do leanaí ó mongabay.com\n- Jimmy an Joey: An Fíor-Scéal de Amazing Koala Rescue Is leabhar pictiúr grianghrafadóireachta te agus inspioráideach é seo d'aois 4 go 8 scéal fíor tarraingteach agus ardú, le teachtaireacht milis faoi dul i ngleic le caillteanas a tharraingíonn aird ar ainmhí fiáine tábhachtach agus faoi bhagairt.\n- Ten friends to remember [PDF] Leabhar scéalta íoctha do leanaí atá ceaptha a bheith ina uirlis oideachais comhshaoil. Íoslódáil saor in aisce!\n- An Lá a Chinn Máthair Nádúr a Teach a Phéinteáil Tugtar leanaí 4 bliana d'aois agus níos sine isteach ar an gcarachtar whimsical, Máthair Nádúr, agus sí ag gabháil le cabhair a cara dearfa, Athair Am chun cabhrú léi a teach a phéinteáil.\n- Trí Súil na nEagla - turas filíochta isteach sa tsaoirse 21 speiceas atá i mbaol a léirítear le dánta agus le pictiúir phointe achrailice; leanaí idir 4-9 bliana d'aois\n- An Maestro Little Is é an Maestro Little buachaill a rugadh sa foraoise báistí a shábháil ó brón agus scrios. De réir mar a fhásann sé, bíonn sé ina phléadóir píopaí an fhoraoise, ag tabhairt comhchuibheas do na hainmhithe agus na plandaí go léir, le ceol na foraoise báistí. Comhcheangal fionn de fhíric agus fantaisíocht, filíocht agus prósa, agus go leor liricí amhrán.\nTá sé mar aidhm ag suíomh Mongabay Kids (kids.mongabay.com) cabhrú le páistí foghlaim faoi fhoraoisí báistí agus an timpeallacht. Tá an suíomh seo fós faoi fhorbairt agus táim ag obair chun ábhar breise a chur leis de réir mar a cheadaíonn an t-am. Má tá tuairimí agat nó má tá suim agat ábhar oideachais a chur isteach don láithreán, bíodh spraoi agat teagmháil a dhéanamh liom.\nTá an suíomh ar fáil i go leor teangacha éagsúla, lena n-áirítear Portaingéilis, Sínis, Fraincis, Spáinnis, Seapáinis agus Gearmáinis."} +{"text": "What are the features of vitamins? There are two main teams: water soluble and B-group vitamins These vitamins are required to sustain many bodily features, including development, metabolic rate, as well as healthy and balanced eye vision. In this write-up, you’ll discover water-soluble vitamins and also B-group vitamins, and also their resources in the diet. You’ll additionally learn more about the relevance of getting a great balance of these essential nutrients. Yet what are the various other groups of vitamins? If you are you looking for more on https://Reboundpartyrecovery.com/ look into the web page.\nPeople can just absorb specific sorts of vitamins in their diet, consisting of those in the B vitamin family and also vitamin C. These vitamins, which liquify in water, can provide a wide array of advantages. They increase the body immune system and transform food right into power, as well as because they are not saved in the body, they need to be taken in daily. You can buy dietary supplements that consist of water-soluble vitamins, such as vitamin C, and drink them to get your everyday dosage of these crucial nutrients.\nAll B and C vitamins are water-soluble, indicating that they leave your body with pee. This indicates that you must eat enough of these vitamins on a normal basis to keep your body healthy and balanced. However, there are some exemptions to this regulation, such as vitamin B12, which can be saved in the liver for numerous years. When you don’t take in sufficient of any vitamin, it can cause a vitamin shortage, which can cause wellness issues.\nThe B-group vitamins are a household of 8 water-soluble vitamins important for metabolic procedures. The body can not store many of these vitamins, so they must be taken daily in the diet plan. However, expanded cooking, food handling, and extreme alcohol intake can destroy a few of them. Additionally, some might be poisonous when taken in the incorrect quantity or can mask a vitamin deficiency. This write-up will certainly discuss the B-group vitamins as well as just how to establish their degrees in your diet regimen.\nB-group vitamins can also contribute to cardio conditions. The heart requires a great deal of energy and deficiency in B vitamins can compromise its feature. Along with this, foods high in sugars and processed products can spoil the balance in your gastrointestinal system, making it difficult to absorb B vitamins In addition, the microbiota in your digestive system is not suited to the absorption of B vitamins. Therefore, you must aim to consume a selection of foods which contain a high amount of B vitamins.\nNutritional resources of vitamins.\nIn the research of diet regimens of united state grownups, nutritional resources of vitamin C were the most common. Vegetables and fruit added much less than 13% of complete vitamin C consumption. Vegetables and fruit resources were the top sources of vitamin C for Latino-Mexican women and males. Broccoli and cauliflower were the leading veggie sources of vitamin C in all ethnic-sex teams. Among Latino-Mexican women and also men, orange/grapefruit/pomelo added one of the most vitamin C.\nBesides vegetables and fruits, Vitamins B complex and also k are present in various pet and also plant-based items. You can obtain this vitamin from eggs, lean meat, nuts, and cereals. Nonetheless, the amount of vitamins An as well as K in foods can differ substantially from one item to another. Light as well as high temperature levels can influence vitamin web content, so see to it you read tags carefully. For example, eating a lot of red meat will certainly deplete vitamin A web content.\nFunctions of vitamins.\nVitamins as well as minerals are important substances in the body and also play a crucial role in basal metabolism as well as cell framework. It is vital to get adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals in your day-to-day diet plan, especially if you are young or elderly. The adhering to are the numerous features of vitamins as well as minerals in the body. Keep reading to read more about these nutrients as well as their benefits for your wellness. Likewise, bear in mind that your body needs various amounts of each minerals and vitamin.\nVitamin An assists to avoid cell damage triggered by totally free radicals. It is likewise essential for the production of collagen. Vitamin C also aids your body take in iron and folic acid. It also helps your body transform carbohydrates into energy. Vitamin E is an additional essential vitamin for your body. It is necessary for the functioning of the nervous system and also assists you maintain a healthy way of life. Vitamin D is necessary for correct cardio health. Folic acid is practical for the nervous system. If you liked this post and you would like to acquire far more facts concerning hangover patch https://reboundpartyrecovery.com kindly stop by the web-page.\nFar more strategies from highly recommended publishers:", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "url": "https://myoldtea.com/22682-what-are-the-features-of-vitamins-30/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506399.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922102329-20230922132329-00462.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.957279563, "token_count": 1030, "score": 2.796875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Cad iad na gnéithe a bhaineann le vitimíní? Tá dhá phríomhfhoireann ann: vitimíní insolúbla in uisce agus vitimíní B-grúpa Tá gá leis na vitimíní seo chun go leor gnéithe coirp a chothabháil, lena n-áirítear forbairt, ráta meitibileach, chomh maith le radharc súl sláintiúil agus chothromaithe. Sa scríbhneoireacht seo, gheobhaidh tú vitimíní insolúbla in uisce agus vitimíní B-ghrúpa, agus a n-acmhainní san aiste bia freisin. Beidh tú ag foghlaim níos mó freisin faoi thábhacht an chothromaíochta iontach a fháil ar na cothaithigh riachtanacha seo. Ach cad iad na grúpaí vitimíní éagsúla eile? Má tá tú ag lorg tuilleadh ar https://Reboundpartyrecovery.com/ féach isteach sa leathanach gréasáin.\nNí féidir le daoine ach cineálacha sonracha vitimíní a ionsú ina n-aiste bia, ina bhfuil na vitimíní sin den teaghlach vitimín B agus vitimín C freisin. Is féidir leis na vitimíní seo, a bhfuil leachtú acu san uisce, raon leathan buntáistí a sholáthar. Cuireann siad le córas imdhíonachta an chomhlachta agus déanann siad bia a athrú go ceart i gcumhacht, chomh maith leis toisc nach stóráiltear iad sa chorp, ní mór iad a ghlacadh go laethúil. Is féidir leat forlíontaí aiste bia a cheannach ina bhfuil vitimíní insolúbla in uisce, amhail vitimín C, agus iad a ól chun do dáileog laethúil de na cothaithigh ríthábhachtacha seo a fháil.\nTá na vitimíní B agus C go léir insliú in uisce, rud a léiríonn go bhfágann siad do chorp le piss. Léiríonn sé seo go gcaithfidh tú go leor de na vitimíní seo a ithe go rialta chun do chorp a choinneáil sláintiúil agus cothrom. Mar sin féin, tá roinnt díolúintí ón rialachán seo, mar shampla vitimín B12, ar féidir é a shábháil sa mhilseog ar feadh blianta iomadúla. Nuair nach nglacann tú go leor de vitimín ar bith, d'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh easpa vitimín ann, rud a d'fhéadfadh fadhbanna folláine a chur i gcúis.\nIs teaghlach de 8 vitimín insolúbtha in uisce iad vitimíní B-ghrúpa atá tábhachtach do phróisis mheitibileach. Ní féidir leis an gcomhlacht go leor de na vitimíní seo a stóráil, mar sin ní mór iad a ghlacadh go laethúil sa phlean aiste bia. Mar sin féin, is féidir le cócaireacht mhéadaithe, láimhseáil bia, agus tomhaltas iomarcach alcóil cuid acu a scriosadh. Ina theannta sin, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh roinnt díobh nimhiúil má ghlacann tú an méid mícheart díobh nó d'fhéadfadh siad easpa vitimín a chur in iúl. Déanfaidh an t-alt seo plé ar na vitimíní B-grúpa chomh maith le conas a leibhéil a bhunú i do chóras aiste bia.\nIs féidir le vitimíní B-grúpa cur le coinníollacha cardio freisin. Éilíonn an croí go leor fuinnimh agus is féidir le easnamh vitimíní B a fheidhm a chur i gcontúirt. Chomh maith leis sin, is féidir le bianna ard siúcra agus táirgí próiseáilte an chothromaíocht i do chóras gastrointestinal a mhilleadh, rud a fhágann go bhfuil sé deacair vitimíní B a ionsú Ina theannta sin, níl an microbiota i do chóras díleá oiriúnach do ionsú vitimíní B. Dá bhrí sin, ní mór duit a bheith ag iarraidh bia a roghnú a bhfuil méid ard vitimíní B iontu.\nFoinsí cothaitheacha vitimíní.\nI dtaighde ar chórais aiste bia daoine fásta Stáit Aontaithe, ba iad na hacmhainní cothaitheacha vitimín C an ceann is coitianta. Ní raibh ach 13% den tomhaltas iomlán vitimín C ag glasraí agus torthaí. Ba iad glasraí agus torthaí na príomhfhoinsí vitimín C do mhná agus d'fhir Laidineach-Mheicsiceo. Ba iad an bhróicli agus an caol-fhlór na príomhfhoinsí glasraí de vitimín C i ngach foireann eitneach-ghnéas. I measc na mban Laidineach-Mheicsiceo agus fir freisin, oráiste / grapefruit / pomelo chuir ceann de na vitimín C is mó.\nChomh maith le glasraí agus torthaí, tá vitimíní B casta agus k i láthair i dtáirgí peataí éagsúla agus i dtáirgí plandaí freisin. Is féidir an vitimín seo a fháil ó uibheacha, ó fheoil lean, ó fhéithidí, agus ó ghránna. Mar sin féin, d'fhéadfadh méid na vitimíní A agus K a bheith difriúil go suntasach ó bhianna go bianna eile. Is féidir le leibhéil solais chomh maith le leibhéil ardteochta tionchar a imirt ar ábhar líonra vitimín, mar sin déan cinnte go léann tú lipéid go cúramach. Mar shampla, is cinnte go gcuirfidh an iomarca feola dearga a ithe ábhar gréasáin vitimín A ar an teilifís.\nFeidhmeanna vitimíní.\nTá vitimíní chomh maith le mianraí ina substaintí tábhachtacha sa chorp agus tá ról ríthábhachtach acu freisin i mbetabóilíocht bhunúsach chomh maith le creat cealla. Tá sé ríthábhachtach go bhfaighidh tú méideanna leordhóthanacha vitimíní agus mianraí i do phlean aiste bia ó lá go lá, go háirithe má tá tú óg nó níos sine. Tá na gnéithe iomadúla vitimíní chomh maith le mianraí sa chorp ag cloí leis. Lean ort ag léamh chun níos mó a léamh faoi na cothaithigh seo chomh maith lena sochair do do shláinte. Ar an gcaoi chéanna, cuimhnigh go dteastaíonn méideanna éagsúla de gach mianraí agus vitimín ó do chorp.\nCabhraíonn Vitimín A le damáiste cille a sheachaint a spreagann radaicí saor in aisce go hiomlán. Tá sé riachtanach freisin chun collagen a tháirgeadh. Cabhraíonn vitimín C freisin le do chorp iarann agus aigéad fólach a ghlacadh. Cabhraíonn sé freisin le do chorp carbaihiodráití a athrú go fuinneamh. Tá vitimín E ina vitimín riachtanach eile do do chorp. Tá sé riachtanach chun go bhfeidhmeoidh an córas néaróg agus cuireann sé cabhrú leat freisin stíl mhaireachtála sláintiúil a choinneáil. Tá vitimín D riachtanach le haghaidh sláinte cardashoic. Tá aigéad fólach praiticiúil don chóras néarógach. Má thaitin leat an post seo agus ba mhaith leat a fháil amach i bhfad níos mó fíricí maidir le patch hangover https://reboundpartyrecovery.com stop le do thoil ag an leathanach gréasáin.\nI bhfad níos mó straitéisí ó fhoilsitheoirí a mholtar go mór:"} +{"text": "Badges of rank sleeve insignia / command flag\nRear Admiral (originally rear-admiral, English: Rear Admiral; French: contre- amiral ) is a grade designation for a flag officer in the Navy.\nThe term Rear Admiral is the German equivalent of the French contre - amiral. Originally, the French contre was used, which was officially Germanized January 1, 1899 as counterattack.\nThe admiral in command of a fleet sailed usually in the middle of the Association. His first deputy, the vice-admiral, supported him at the head of the association, while he was a Rear Admiral to the side at the end. If the association operated against (Fr. contre ) the original direction, the Rear Admiral was at the top. In the Anglo-American naval forces of the rank is referred to as rear admiral, derived from its rearward position at the end (rear) of the fleet ( see also rear-guard, rear guard for French ).\nIn Dutch, the Rear Admiral had initially has the designation Schoutbynacht, that name went as Lehnswort in the Danish-Norwegian and Swedish Navy before it was even there replaced by Rear Admiral.\nAustria ( - Hungary)\nWhen k.u.k. Kriegsmarine was the name, derived from the French, \" Rear-Admiral .\"\nIn the German Navy, the Admiral called the lowest flag rank.\n→ Blackboard, Ranks of the Navy\nThe Rear Admiral was in the People's Navy of the GDR, the lowest rank in the rank Admiral and comparable to the one-star rank of general ( NATO rank code OF- 6). It corresponded to the Major-General of the NPA. The rank insignia consisted of shoulder pieces with navy blue background and then a braided gold and silver cord was attached to the pentagonal silver-colored star General ( \" pimples \"). Shoulder pieces were worn on all uniform items.\nThe sleeve insignia consisted of a broad yellow stripes and a further simple stripes. In a five-pointed star was mounted in the interior of which was the emblem of the GDR. In contrast to all other German naval forces the sleeve badges covered only about 40% of the circumference of the sleeve.\nThe Admiral insignia showed a golden tendril, which had an angle of 90 ° at the bottom. The cap badge corresponded to that of Rear Admiral in the German Navy.\nThe figure shows an example of the rank insignia: Admiralsarbesken ( 1), shoulder ( 2) sleeve insignia ( 3), leg stripes (4) and the corresponding command flag (5).\n⇒ ranks of the National People's Army, People's Navy\nThe Rear Admiral is the third highest of the four Admiral ranks of the Bundeswehr. This rank corresponds in other branches of the armed forces of the Federal Armed Forces Major General. In the Bundeswehr Medical Service is the naval staff physician of the appropriate rank.\nThe badges of rank of Rear Admiral, which are worn on both sleeves of the sub Dienstjacketts consist of a golden-yellow wide stripes, another golden strips of single-wide and a five-pointed star. The visor shows a dual, oppositely directed tendril of golden oak leaves, hand-stitched metal fabrication. The Rear Admiral is remunerated by the federal pay scale ( BBesO ) with B7.\nThe Rear Admiral is mostly used as a fleet commander or head of department, but also in many other Admiral uses in all management areas reason at all management levels. The address is Mr / Mrs Admiral.\nSoldiers in this rank can give teams, NCOs without sword knot, sword knot with NCOs, lieutenants, captains and staff officers commands within the limits of the superior regulation ( VorgV ) limits.\nIn NATO, the Admiral has the NATO rank code OF- seventh\n→ Blackboard ranks of the German Navy\nThe U.S. Navy and the U.S. Coast Guard, and the uniformed corps of the United States Public Health Service and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration distinguish two ranks, the Rear Admiral (lower half), equivalent to the German Rear Admiral, and Rear Admiral ( upper half ), which corresponds to the German Rear Admiral.\nThis practice was recorded in the late 19th century, when the Rear Admiral of the U.S. Navy and the U.S. Coast Guard on the promotion list were given a seniority. Although all had the same rank, Rear Admiral were ( upper half ) on the upper half of the promotion list paid more.\n1943, the rank of Commodore for the duration of World War II was formally abolished in 1952 and reintroduced again. The Defence Officer Personnel Management Act of 1982, the rank was living under the new name \"Commodore Admiral \" on back. Already in 1983 the service rate was again changed to \"Commodore\", only to be changed again in 1986. He has since read \"Rear Admiral (lower half) \".\nThe address is in two ranks \"Rear Admiral \". In correspondence the list abbreviation for the Rear Admiral ( lh ) \" RDML \" and for the Rear Admiral ( uh) \" RADM \" or is the competition for the \" Rear Admiral \" each one ( lh ) or ( uh) adjusted to their seniority to show.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-29", "url": "https://memim.com/counter-admiral.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657181335.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20200716021527-20200716051527-00095.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9601239562, "token_count": 1117, "score": 2.796875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá an t-ordú seo ag an Aire.\nIs ainmniú grád é an Cúl-Amiral (ar dtús, Cúl-Amiral, Béarla: Rear Admiral; Fraincis: contre-amiral) d'oifigeach bratach sa Mhuirigh.\nIs é an téarma Conar Admiral an coibhéis Gearmáinis leis an bhfrangach contre - amiral. Ar dtús, baineadh úsáid as an contre Fraincis, a bhí Gearmánaithe go hoifigiúil an 1 Eanáir, 1899 mar aghaidh-ionsaí.\nAn t-airdmharael i gceannas ar an bhfarmadach seol de ghnáth i lár an Chumann. Chuir a chéad leas-aimiréal, an leas-aimiréal, tacaíocht air ag ceann an chomhlachais, agus bhí sé ina Cúl-Aimiréal ar an taobh ag an deireadh. Má bhí an comhlachas ag feidhmiú i gcoinne (Fr. ) i gcoinne an treo bunaidh, bhí an Conar-Amiral ar an mbarr. I fórsaí cabhlaigh na Breataine-Mheiriceánach, tugtar tuairisc ar an rang mar iar-aimiréal, a dhíorthaítear as a shuíomh cúlra ag deireadh (cúl) an chabhlaigh (féach freisin rear-guard, rear guard don Fhraincis).\nSa Ollainnis, bhí ainmniúchán Schoutbynacht ag an Ard-Aimiréal ar dtús, chuaigh an t-ainm sin mar Lehnswort sa Mhuirigh Danmhairg-Iorua agus Sualainnis sular cuireadh an Ard-Aimiréal in ionad é fiú.\nAn Ostair ( - an Ungáir)\nNuair a k.u.k. Ba é Kriegsmarine an t-ainm, a tháinig ó na Fraince, \"Contra-Admiral\".\nSa Cabhlach Gearmánach, tugtar an Ard-Amiral an rang bratach is ísle.\n→ Blackboard, Rangacha an Cabhlaigh\nBa é an Conar-Amiral in Cabhlach Daonlathach na Gearmáine Theas, an rang is ísle sa rang Admiral agus inchomparáide le rang ceann-réalta na ginearála (cód ranga NATO OF-6). Bhí sé i gcomhar leis an Mór-Ginearál den NPA. Bhí an sainchomhartha ranga comhdhéanta de phíosaí ghualainn le cúlra gorm mara agus ansin bhí cordon ór agus airgid braided ceangailte leis an réalta pentagonal airgid-dath Ginearálta (\" pimples \"). Bhí píosaí gualainn á n-úsáid ar gach mír éide.\nBhí stiall leathan buí agus stiall simplí eile ar an inscne sleeve. I réalta cúig-pointed bhí suite i an taobh istigh a bhí an emblem an GDR. I gcodarsnacht le gach fórsa cabhlaigh Gearmánach eile, ní chlúdaigh na bronntanas sleeve ach thart ar 40% de imchlúdach an sleeve.\nLéiríodh ar an insinneach Admiral tendril órga, a raibh uillinn 90 ° aige ag an mbun. Ba é an léarscáil chapa a bhí ag an gComh-Amiral sa Cabhlach Gearmánach.\nTaispeánann an figiúr sampla de chomhartha grád: Admiralsarbesken (1), comhartha scála (2), comhartha sleeve (3), stiallacha cos (4) agus an bratach ordú comhfhreagrach (5).\n⇒ sraitheanna na Arm Náisiúnta Daonlathach, Cabhlach Daonlathach\nIs é an Conar-Amiral an tríú céim is airde de na ceithre chéim Admiral de Bundeswehr. Baineann an grád seo le brainsí eile de na fórsaí armtha de na Fórsaí Armtha Cónaidhme, Ginearál-Mhéara. Sa tSeirbhís Leighis Bundeswehr tá an dochtúir foirne cabhlaigh den rang cuí.\nIs éard atá i mbád na rang a bhfuil an t-Aimiréal, a caitheadh ar an dá sleeves de na sub Dienstjacketts is éard atá ann na stiallacha leathan órga-geal, stiallacha órga eile de singil-leathan agus réalta cúig phointe. Taispeánann an físleabhar tendril dhúbailte, atá dírithe go frithpháirteach de dhuilleoga oighir órga, déantúsaíocht miotail lámh-scríbhneoireachta. Tá an Conar-Amiral á luach saothair ag an scála pá cónaidhme (BBesO) le B7.\nÚsáidtear an Conar-Amiral den chuid is mó mar cheannasaí cabhlaigh nó mar cheann roinn, ach úsáidtear é freisin i go leor úsáidí Admiral eile i ngach réimse bainistíochta ar gach leibhéal bainistíochta. Is é an seoladh an tUasal / Mrs Admiral.\nIs féidir le saighdiúirí sa rang seo foirne, NCOanna gan nóid claíomh, nóid claíomh a thabhairt le NCOanna, luitenants, caipitíní agus oifigigh foirne a ordú laistigh de theorainneacha na teorainneacha rialacháin níos airde (VorgV).\nI NATO, tá cód rang NATO OF- seachtú ag an Admiral\n→ Rangacha Blackboard na Mara Gearmáine\nTá dhá rang ag Cabhlach na Stát Aontaithe agus Garda Cósta na Stát Aontaithe, agus corp éide Sláinte Phoiblí na Stát Aontaithe agus Riarachán Náisiúnta na nAigéan agus na hAthmosféare, an Rear Admiral (leath leath), atá coibhéiseach leis an Admiral Gearmánach, agus Rear Admiral (leath leath ), a fhreagraíonn don Admiral Gearmánach.\nTaifeadadh an cleachtas seo i ndeireadh an 19ú haois, nuair a tugadh seanchéim do Chéad-Aimiréil Mhuirigh na Stát Aontaithe agus do Chúram Cósta na Stát Aontaithe ar an liosta ardú céime. Cé go raibh an grád céanna ag gach duine, bhí an t-Aimiréal Connach (an leath uachtarach) ar an leath uachtarach den liosta cur chun cinn a íocadh níos mó.\n1943, cuireadh deireadh go foirmiúil le céim an Commodore le linn an Dara Cogadh Domhanda i 1952 agus tugadh isteach arís é. An tAcht um Bainistíocht Pearsanra Oifigeach Cosanta 1982, bhí an rang ina chónaí faoin ainm nua \"Commodore Admiral\" ar chúl. I 1983 cheana féin, athraíodh an ráta seirbhíse arís go \"Commodore\", ach ní athraíodh arís é i 1986. Ó shin i leith tá sé ag léamh \"Rear Admiral (lower half) \".\nTá an seoladh i dhá ranganna \"Rear Admiral\". I gcorespórtáil an liosta gearrthréimhse don Conradh Admiral (lh) \" RDML \" agus don Conradh Admiral (uh) \" RADM \" nó an comórtas don \" Conradh Admiral \" gach ceann acu (lh) nó (uh) a choigeartú lena seanchéime a thaispeáint ."} +{"text": "According to the Bible God put the sun, the stars, and the moon in the heavens to be used for measuring time. (In the dictionary see “sidereal.” In the Bible see Gen 1:14-18; Gal 4:10.) It is already well known that we can tell time during the day by the sun. Many people also know we can tell the time and the season by the stars. But now for the first time in history we can also tell time – fairly accurately – at night using only the moon. This method truly shows the Bible has always been correct: the moon really is A LUNAR CLOCK.\nIn 1989 I invented this fairly simple way to use the moon as a clock. Since then I’ve learned that other methods exist…but they all rely on the use of supplemental charts rather than using the moon itself as a clock. So, here’s how you can use the moon to tell time without needing any charts. I’ll cover the BASICS, teach you my METHOD, go over EXAMPLES of telling time at night, and close with a review QUIZ.\nPart One: The BASICS\nThe only time you do not need my method of turning the moon into a clock is when the moon is full. When the moon is full it can be used to tell time exactly the same way the sun is always used during the day. When the sun is coming up over the eastern horizon it is sunrise, or 6AM. It then takes the sun 6 hours to reach its zenith, where it boldly proclaims the time to be 12 noon. When the sun is halfway between its zenith and the western horizon, the time is 3PM. And the sun sets in the west at 6PM.\nIn my examples I shall always use 5 sky positions – as in the above daytime illustration. (My illustrations will always be the viewpoint of an observer in the northern hemisphere facing due south.) The 5 sky positions reveal information that can be used when telling time by the moon. For instructional purposes I am assigning 12 hours to both day and night. However, you will notice the sun and moon rise and set at different times depending on your latitude, the season, your position inside your time zone, and whether or not it is daylight savings. For example, the moon is higher, has a longer arc, and is in the sky longer during winter. So, to be accurate you must adjust your time estimates according to your situation, which may mean, for example, that you’ll assign more/fewer hours from midnight/noon (the southern zenith) to the eastern and western horizons than the instructional 6 hours I use from positions 1-3 and 3-5.\nPosition 1: The sun has just come up from the eastern horizon, so it is sunrise, dawn, 6AM. It has 6 hours until its noon zenith.\nPosition 2: The sun has traveled three hours up the sky from the eastern horizon. And it has 9 hours of travel before it sets on the western horizon. It is 9AM.\nPosition 3: This is the zenith because it is due south. It is therefore noon (or midnight if this were a full moon). Here the sun is 6 hours above the eastern horizon and 6 hours from the western horizon. (If you do not know where due south is, you will not know where the sky’s zenith is…which will affect your time estimate. For example, if you thought due south was halfway between positions 3 & 4 above, it would affect your time estimate by as much as 90 minutes.) How high the moon is at its zenith changes during the year (the moon is higher at night in winter), so it is important to use due south rather than how high the moon is in the sky.\nPosition 4: It took the sun 9 hours to get here from the eastern horizon, and it has three hours until it sets in the west. It is 3 PM.\nPosition 5: The sun has been in the sky for 12 hours and is just setting. It is 6PM.\nI have covered these basics about evaluating the sun’s position in the sky because this info is well known and intuitive. Evaluating the moon’s position in the sky is done the same way, but you cannot tell time just by the moon’s position like we did with the sun above (unless it is a full moon). In other words, if the moon is at position 2 it reveals the same info as the sun: the moon rose 3 hours ago and will set in the west in 9 hours. The sun’s position also told us what time it was – but with the moon we need to first “read the moon” in order to figure out the time.\nPart Two: My METHOD of Reading the Moon\nIf you are going to successfully tell time by the moon you must master the technique of reading the moon, and you must do this step before you do the above step 2 (evaluating the moon’s position in the sky). The most common difficulty beginners have with using the moon as a clock is they have a strong tendency to put the cart before the horse by doing step 2 first – because that is what they’ve always done with the sun. So, I expect you to have no problems because you are always going to properly and methodically do step 1 – reading the moon – first. That means you must ignore the moon’s position in the sky, carefully do step 1 by reading the moon, and then move on to step 2, which is applying what you learned in step 1 to what the moon’s position in the sky tells you. Let’s look at how to read the moon:\nThe moon is a map or picture of the night sky. It tells you what the moon will be doing that night – and when it will be doing it. The above full moon is just an example to show you, first, that the moon must be read “backwards”, from right to left. (Note: If you live in the southern hemisphere, much of this info will be backwards. For example, when you “read the moon” you must read it “frontwards”, from left to right. And the below waxing and waning moons will be reversed for you. Also, the closer you live to the equator, the more “tilted” the moon will appear – so your “reading” will be angled.) And, second, that the lunar orb is the face of a clock. The leading (right) edge represents sundown, the beginning of night, 6PM (or whatever time actual sunset is where you are). The left edge represents sunrise, the end of night, the beginning of day, 6AM. Everything in between is to be appropriately divided into the different hours of the night. Let’s now look at how we apply those lunar clock positions to different phases of the moon.\nThe line on the moon where light and dark meet (which is called the terminator) is crucial if the moon is to become a clock. Let’s analyze the different phases of the moon:\nNEW : The new moon is usually represented on calendars by a black circle – no light. That is a picture of the night sky that night. It means the moon will not be up at all. If you need to know what time it is on a night with a new moon, consult your watch.\nYOUNG: Reading from right to left we see that at the beginning of night, 6PM, the moon will be in the sky – because the right edge of the moon is light, not dark. But as we keep going left across the “clock” of the moon we quickly encounter the light/dark line. That line is very close to the right edge, which we’ll interpolate as about 30 minutes after the 6PM right edge. That means the moon’s light will disappear at about 6:30PM; the moon will set in the west. The rest of the night, as accurately represented by the major portion of the lunar clock, will be dark – moonless. So on this night we’ll only be able to tell time for the short period of time the moon is visible in the sky.\nWAXING CRESCENT: A waxing moon is getting bigger every night. Reading from right to left we see the part of the lunar clock that is light is the right 25%. That means the first 3 hours of that night the moon will be up. The line where light changes to dark is at about the 9PM spot, so we know this moon will set in the west at 9. And from 9PM through the rest of the night the sky will be moonless, dark, just as the rest of the lunar clock indicates.\nWAXING QUARTER: A quick glance tells us the moon will be up exactly half the night, or 6 hours. Reading right to left we see the clock goes dark in the middle, at midnight. That means the moon will set in the west at midnight. Notice something else about the lunar clock: When some or all of the right half of the clock (which is the earlier half of the night) is light, that tells us the moon will be in the western half of the sky. And the fact that none of the left, or later, part of the lunar clock is illuminated means the eastern half of our night sky will not have the moon in it that night.\nWAXING GIBBOUS: Gibbous just means fairly full, somewhere between full and a quarter. (What we might think of as a “half” moon is actually called a quarter moon.) As you quickly notice when looking at the gibbous lunar clock, most of the night will be illuminated by a moon. Reading right to left we see that our gibbous moon won’t set in the west until 3 in the morning; it will be up this night for 9 hours, from 6PM until 3AM. Also notice the gibbous part of the moon that extends over into the later part of the night (the left half of our clock) is telling us our eastern part of the sky is going to have the moon in it some of this night. How much of the night will the moon be in the eastern part of our sky? Let’s read the moon and find out: The right edge is light so we know the moon will be visible somewhere in the sky at 6PM. We don’t know where it will be yet; we just know it’ll be up there. Continuing to read we pass 9PM and midnight and see the moon will still be visible at those hours. At 3AM we encounter the line where the moon’s light stops. That means the moon will set at 3AM, which means it will set 9 hours after the right-edge, 6PM beginning of night. Let’s use that 9 hours: If we point at the western horizon and sweep our arm through the sky backwards (towards the east) for an arc of about 9 hours we’ll come to a spot halfway between the zenith and the eastern horizon. That spot is where our gibbous moon will be in the eastern sky when the sun goes down at 6PM. The gibbous moon will then travel west for 9 hours through the night and set at 3AM – just like our right-to-left reading of the gibbous clock told us!\nFULL: The entire surface of our lunar clock is illuminated, so this moon will be up all night. It will come up in the east just as the sun sets in the west. It will reach the zenith at midnight. And it will set in the west at 6AM just as the sun is coming up in the east. It is simple to tell time by a full moon, but don’t let that lull you into thinking you can ignore the all-important step 1 for all the other phases of the moon. Always begin by reading the moon.\nWANING GIBBOUS: Beginning our read at the right edge of the lunar clock we see that it is dark. That’s right, at 6PM this night there will be no moon in the sky. Continuing to read we pass 7PM, 8PM, and finally at about 9PM we reach the all-important line where dark changes to light. Yes, this line means the moon will rise above the eastern horizon at 9PM. Continuing to move left across our clock from the 9PM line we can imagine the moon rising with us. Three hours past the 9PM line we reach the middle of the clock that stands for midnight. That means at 12AM our waning gibbous moon will have climbed 3 hours until it is halfway up to the zenith. From the midnight spot on our clock our eyes continue left for another 3 hours to the 3AM spot. That means the moon will have climbed another 3 hours to the zenith. So if we saw this moon at the zenith at night we’d be able to figure out it was 3AM. (We’ll practice this in a bit.) From the 3AM spot on our clock we move the last three hours to the left edge of the lunar clock, which is dawn. So, at dawn, 6AM when the sun is starting to come up, our gibbous moon will have traveled another 3 hours from the zenith halfway down toward the western horizon.\nWANING QUARTER: Reading right to left we see that the night will start out moonless and continue that way until midnight, when the moon will rise in the east. We also note that only the left half of our clock is illuminated. That means the moon will not spend any of the night in the western sky. And sure enough, our clock not only tells us the moon will rise from the eastern horizon at midnight, but that by the time the moon climbs for 6 hours up to the zenith, it will be 6AM and time for the sun to come up. If you are just getting up at sunrise, therefore, you should still be able to see this waning quarter at the zenith before it fades from view with the increasing light of the sun.\nWANING CRESCENT: Most of the night is moonless. At 3AM this moon rises in the east. By the time it climbs 3 hours halfway toward the zenith the sun comes up.\nOLD : This moon won’t come up until almost dawn, and the sun will shortly follow it and hide it from view.\nPart Three: EXAMPLES of Reading the Moon\nStep 1, we locate the moon and remember to start by reading it. We start at the right edge and see at the beginning of night, 6PM, there is no moon up. That continues all the way across the lunar clock until we get to the important line where dark and light meet. That line means the moon will rise in the east at this time. Notice the light/dark line isn’t much before the end of night, dawn, 6AM. So we’ll guestimate the amount of light left on our clock before dawn to be half an hour, which means moonrise will be about 5:30AM. Armed with that info we go to step 2 and analyze the moon’s actual position. It has just peeked up above the eastern horizon, so we’ll pronounce the time to be 5:30AM. The farmer is in the barn milking the goats. That was easy, so let’s try another.\nThis example is a little tougher, so let’s be very methodical. Step 1, ignore where the moon is in the sky and just read its lunar clock: From right to left, the moon is already up at 6PM; it is also up at 9pm, midnight, and light meets dark at 3AM. So this waxing gibbous will set on the western horizon at 3AM. Step 2: Evaluate the moon’s position: The moon is about halfway between the zenith and the western horizon, so this moon has about 3 more hours until it sets. The lunar clock told us this moon sets at 3AM. Backing up in the sky from the western horizon where it will set to where it is now is 3 hours. Three hours earlier than 3AM is midnight. Are we correct? Is it now midnight? Go back to the lunar clock. If it is now midnight, that is the center of the lunar clock, and that would, as we go left from the midnight position, put moonset at 3AM. And, yes, that checks with the moon’s actual position in the sky because it looks like it has 3 hours before it hits the western horizon. The correct time in the above picture is midnight.\nWe ignore the fact that the moon is at the zenith and dutifully and properly begin with step 1 by reading the moon. From right to left we see that it isn’t up yet at 6PM, but that it rises over the eastern horizon at about 9PM, and it’s up the rest of the night. OK, it rose in the east at 9PM, so let’s take that info to step 2, which is applying the moon’s position to what we learned when we read the moon: The moon is now at the zenith, which means it is 6 hours above the eastern horizon. It rose from that horizon at 9PM. Adding 6 hours to 9PM we get the present time of 3AM.\nOK, before I give you a quiz I’ll tell you what this knowledge will do for you: It’ll ruin some movies and some advertisements! You may see a sleeping pill ad with a guy fast asleep (smiling, of course) next to an alarm clock that reads 11PM. And outside the window you see a picturesque WANING CRESCENT! The alarm clock is wrong; a waning crescent doesn’t come up until almost dawn!\nIn the movie scene a family on vacation is just about to eat supper. The dad and the kids, out on the porch, are looking at the sight of a zillion stars. And there, just above the treed horizon, is a WAXING GIBBOUS! You’ll quickly scan the moon from right to left, and see that the only time of night it would be anywhere near any horizon would be before it sets at 3AM!\nPart Four: IT’S QUIZ TIME!\n· There will be 3 lunar clocks for you to figure out.\n· The correct times will be posted at the end.\n· Remember, be methodical by doing step 1 before step 2:\nCongratulations, you’ve finished the course. You have learned how to use the moon as a lunar clock. Practice it a few times when you see the moon at night and it’ll become second nature. But remember...always read the moon first. That’s all there is to it.\n(The waxing gibbous will set at 3AM, and it has 6 hours to go before that.)\n(The waxing quarter will set at midnight, and that’s what it is doing.)\n(The waning quarter rose at midnight, and that was 3 hours ago.)\nPsalm 19:1 The heavens declare the glory of God;\nand the firmament sheweth his handywork.\nPromoting Bible study over theology\nbecause of the truth, the authority,\nand the necessity of the Bible.\n|Among other things, this lesson will show you\nwhy the above moon is too high in the sky.\nThe picture is a nice one...but it isn't realistic.\n|Internationally acclaimed method.\nTaught and used worldwide.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-35", "url": "http://www.theswordbearer.org/p009_moon.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535919886.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20140909043823-00090-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9399799705, "token_count": 4166, "score": 3.125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "De réir na Bíobla chuir Dia an ghrian, na réaltaí, agus an ghealach sna flaithis chun a bheith in úsáid chun an t-am a thomhas. (Sa foclóir féach sidereal. Sa Bhíobla féach Gen 1:14-18; Gal 4:10.) Tá sé ar eolas go maith cheana féin gur féidir linn an t-am a insint i rith an lae trí na gréine. Tá a fhios ag go leor daoine freisin gur féidir linn an t-am agus an séasúr a insint trí na réaltaí. Ach anois den chéad uair sa stair is féidir linn an t-am a insint go leor cruinn san oíche ag baint úsáide as an ghealach amháin. Léiríonn an modh seo go fírinneach go raibh an Bíobla ceart i gcónaí: is OIRLÁ LUNAR í an ghealach i ndáiríre.\nSa bhliain 1989 chruthaigh mé an bealach simplí seo chun an ghealach a úsáid mar uaireadóir. Ó shin i leith, d'fhoghlaim mé go bhfuil modhanna eile ann...ach tá siad go léir ag brath ar úsáid chairteanna forlíontacha seachas an ghealach féin a úsáid mar uaireadóir. Mar sin, seo conas is féidir leat an ghealach a úsáid chun am a insint gan aon chairteanna a bheith ag teastáil. Tabharfaidh mé faoi na BUNSÁIDÍ, múinfidh mé mo MHOTHÓD duit, rachaidh mé ar aghaidh ar EAMPLAÍ le cur in iúl ar an am san oíche, agus críochnóidh mé le VEIDÉAMHÁIN athbhreithnithe.\nCuid a hAon: NA BUNSÍOL\nAn t-aon uair nach gá duit mo mhodh a casadh an ghealach i clog nuair a bhíonn an ghealach lán. Nuair a bhíonn an ghealach lán is féidir é a úsáid chun an t-am a insint go díreach ar an mbealach céanna a ��sáidtear an ghrian i gcónaí i rith an lae. Nuair a thagann an ghrian suas thar an réadóg thoir tá sé ar an am a thagann an ghrian amach, nó 6AM. Ansin thógann sé 6 uair an chloig ar an ghrian a zenith a bhaint amach, áit a fhógairt sé go cróga an t-am a bheith 12 meán lae. Nuair a bhíonn an ghrian leathbhealach idir a zenith agus an réad thiar, is é an t-am 3PM. Agus an ghrian a shuiteáil sa iarthar ag 6PM.\nI mo shamplaí, úsáidfidh mé 5 shuíomh ar an spéir i gcónaí mar atá sa léaráid lánaimseartha thuas. (Beidh mo léaráidí i gcónaí ar an dearcadh an breathnóir sa leathsféar thuaidh ag tabhairt aghaidh go díreach ó dheas.) Léiríonn na 5 shuíomh ar an spéir faisnéis is féidir a úsáid chun an t-am a insint ag an ghealach. Chun críocha teagaisc tá 12 uair an chloig á gcur agam ar an lá agus ar an oíche araon. Mar sin féin, tabharfaidh tú faoi deara go dtosóidh an ghrian agus an ghealach agus go dtiocfaidh siad síos ag amanna éagsúla ag brath ar do leitheid, an séasúr, do shuíomh laistigh de do chrios ama, agus cibé an bhfuil nó nach bhfuil sé ag an am a chaitear an t-am a chaitear an t-am a chaitear. Mar shampla, tá an ghealach níos airde, tá achar níos faide aige, agus tá sé níos faide sa spéir i rith an gheimhridh. Mar sin, chun a bheith cruinn ní mór duit do mheastacháin ama a choigeartú de réir do shuíomh, rud a d'fhéadfadh a chiallaíonn, mar shampla, go gcuirfidh tú níos mó/níos lú uaireanta ó lár oíche/le meán lae (an zenith theas) chuig na spéireanna thoir agus thiar ná na 6 uair an chloig teagaisc a úsáideann mé ó shuímh 1-3 agus 3-5.\nSuíomh 1: Tá an ghrian díreach tar éis teacht suas ón bhfód ó thuaidh, mar sin tá sé ag teacht ar an ghrian, ag breacadh na gréine, 6AM. Tá sé 6 uair an chloig go dtí a zenith meán lae.\nSuíomh 2: Tá an ghrian tar éis taisteal trí uair an chloig suas an spéir ón bhfód thoir. Agus tá sé 9 uair an chloig de thuras sula dtéann sé ar an bhfód thiar. Tá sé 9AM.\nSuíomh 3: Is é seo an zenith toisc go bhfuil sé go díreach ó dheas. Dá bhrí sin, tá sé ag meán lae (nó ag meán oíche dá mbeadh sé ina ghealach lán). Anseo tá an ghrian 6 uair an chloig os cionn an réadóg thoir agus 6 uair an chloig ón réadóg thiar. (Mura bhfuil a fhios agat cá bhfuil an deisceart ceart, ní bheidh a fhios agat cá bhfuil an zenith spéir...a dhéanfaidh difear do mheastachán ama. Mar shampla, má cheap tú go raibh an taobh ó dheas leathbhealach idir na suíomhanna 3 & 4 thuas, d'fhéadfadh sé difear a dhéanamh do mheastachán ama chomh mór le 90 nóiméad.) Athraíonn cé chomh hard is atá an ghealach ag a zenith i rith na bliana (tá an ghealach níos airde san oíche sa gheimhreadh), mar sin tá sé tábhachtach an deisceart a úsáid seachas cé chomh hard is atá an ghealach sa spéir.\nSuíomh 4: Thóg sé 9 uair an chloig don ghrian teacht anseo ón bhfód thoir, agus tá trí uair an chloig aige go dtí go dtéann sé i dtreo an iarthair. Tá sé 3 PM.\nSuíomh 5: Tá an ghrian sa spéir le 12 uair an chloig agus tá sé ag dul i léig. Tá sé 6PM.\nTá mé clúdaithe na bunleaganacha seo faoi mheasúnú an suns seasamh sa spéir toisc go bhfuil an t-eolas go maith ar eolas agus intuitive. Déantar an seasamh na gealaí sa spéir a mheas ar an mbealach céanna, ach ní féidir leat an t-am a insint ach trí sheasamh na gealaí mar a rinneamar leis an ghrian thuas (mura bhfuil sé lán ghealach). I bhfocail eile, má tá an ghealach ag seasamh 2 nochtann sé an fhaisnéis chéanna leis an ngrian: tháinig an ghealach suas 3 uair an chloig ó shin agus tiocfaidh sé siar san iarthar i 9 uair an chloig. Dúirt an suíomh na gréine dúinn freisin cad é an t-am ach leis an ghealach ní mór dúinn an ghealach a léamh ar dtús chun an t-am a fháil amach.\nCuid a Dó: Mo METHOD chun an Ghealach a Léamh\nMá tá tú chun an t-am a insint go rathúil ag an ghealach ní mór duit an teicníc a bheith agat chun an ghealach a léamh, agus ní mór duit an chéim seo a dhéanamh sula ndéanann tú an chéim 2 thuas (a mheasú ar shuíomh an ghealach sa spéir). Is é an deacracht is coitianta atá ag toscairí leis an ghealach a úsáid mar chlog ná go bhfuil claonadh láidir acu an charthán a chur roimh an capall trí chéim 2 a dhéanamh ar dtús toisc gurb é sin a rinne siad i gcónaí leis an ngrian. Mar sin, tá mé ag súil go bhfuil tú aon fhadhbanna toisc go bhfuil tú i gcónaí ag dul go ceart agus go modhealach a dhéanamh céim 1 léamh an ghealach ar dtús. Ciallaíonn sé sin nach mór duit aird a thabhairt ar shuíomh na gealaí ar an spéir, déan céim 1 go cúramach trí léamh na gealaí, agus ansin bog ar aghaidh go dtí céim 2, rud a chiallaíonn go bhfuil an méid a d'fhoghlaim tú i gcéim 1 á chur i bhfeidhm ar an méid a insíonn suíomh na gealaí ar an spéir duit. Déanaimis féachaint ar conas an ghealach a léamh:\nIs léarscáil nó pictiúr den spéir oíche é an ghealach. Insíonn sé duit cad a bheidh an ghealach ag déanamh an oíche sin agus nuair a bheidh sé ag déanamh é. Níl sa ghealach iomlán thuas ach sampla chun a thaispeáint duit, ar dtús, go gcaithfidh an ghealach a léamh \"ar ais\", ó dheis go dtí an chlé. (Nóta: Má tá cónaí ort san leathsféar theas, beidh cuid mhór den fhaisnéis seo ar ais. Mar shampla, nuair a leabharann tú an ghealach ní mór duit é a léamh ag aghaidh, ó chlé go ceart. Agus beidh na gealaí níos ísle ag méadú agus ag laghdú a bheith in aghaidh duit. Chomh maith leis sin, is é an níos gaire a chónaíonn tú don echatóir, is é an níos mó tilted an ghealach a bheidh le feiceáil mar sin beidh do léamh á n-uillinn.) Agus, an dara, go bhfuil an spéir ghealach an aghaidh de clog. Léiríonn an imeall tosaigh (deas) grianlaithe, tús na hoíche, 6PM (nó cibé am a bhíonn an ghrianlaithe iarbhír sa áit a bhfuil tú). Léiríonn an imeall ar chlé an ghrian, deireadh na hoíche, tús an lae, 6AM. Gach rud idir an dá linn a bheith roinnte go cuí i n-uaireanta éagsúla na hoíche. Déanaimis anois féachaint ar an gcaoi a gcuirimid na suíomhanna cloig mhíle sin i bhfeidhm ar chéimeanna éagsúla na gealaí.\nTá an líne ar an ghealach ina mbuaileann solas agus dorchadas (ar a dtugtar an críochnaitheoir) ríthábhachtach má tá an ghealach le bheith ina clog. Déanaimis anailís ar chéimeanna éagsúla na gealaí:\nNEW: Is gnách go léirítear an ghealach nua ar féilirí trí chiorcal dubh gan solas. Is é sin pictiúr den spéir oíche an oíche sin. Ciallaíonn sé nach mbeidh an ghealach suas ar chor ar bith. Más gá duit a fháil amach cé chomh fada atá sé ar oíche le gealach nua, féach ar do uaireadóir.\nÓn: Léitheoireacht ó dheis go dtí an chlé a fheicimid go ag tús na hoíche, 6PM, beidh an ghealach sa spéir toisc go bhfuil an imeall ceart an ghealach éadrom, nach dorcha. Ach de réir mar a leanann muid ag dul ar chlé ar fud an \"uaire\" na gealaí, tagann muid go tapa ar an líne solais/dorcha. Tá an líne sin an-ghar don imeall dheis, a bheidh muid ag interpolate mar thart ar 30 nóiméad tar éis an 6PM imeall dheis. Ciallaíonn sé sin go mbeidh solas na gealaí ag dul in éag ag thart ar 6:30PM; tiocfaidh an ghealach chun solais san iarthar. Beidh an chuid eile den oíche, mar a léirítear go cruinn ag an bpríomh-chuid den uaireadóir ghealach, dorcha gan ghealach. Mar sin, ar an oíche seo beidh muid ach a bheith in ann a rá an t-am le haghaidh an tréimhse ghearr ama an ghealach atá le feiceáil ar an spéir.\nAn ghealach ag fás, tá sé ag éirí níos mó gach oíche. Ag léamh ó dheis go dtí an chlé feicimid an chuid den uaireadóir ghealach go bhfuil solas an ceart 25%. Ciallaíonn sé sin go mbeidh an ghealach suas ar an gcéad 3 uair an chloig den oíche sin. Tá an líne nuair a athraíonn solas go dorchadas ag thart ar an 9PM láthair, mar sin tá a fhios againn go mbeidh an ghealach seo a shuiteáil sa iarthar ag 9. Agus ó 9PM tríd an chuid eile den oíche beidh an spéir moonless, dorcha, díreach mar a léiríonn an chuid eile den uaireadóir gealach.\nCeartú WAXING: léargas tapa a insíonn dúinn go mbeidh an ghealach suas go díreach leath na hoíche, nó 6 uair an chloig. Ag léamh ó dheis go dtí an chlé feicimid go dtéann an clog dorcha sa lár, ag meán oíche. Ciallaíonn sé sin go mbeidh an ghealach a shuiteáil san iarthar ag meán oíche. Tabhair faoi deara rud eile faoin uaireadóir ghealach: Nuair a bhíonn cuid nó an chuid is mó den leath dheis den uaireadóir (is é sin an leath níos luaithe den oíche) solais, deir sé sin dúinn go mbeidh an ghealach sa leath thiar den spéir. Agus an fhíric go bhfuil aon chuid ar chlé, nó níos déanaí, an chuid den uaireadóir ghealach éillithe ciallaíonn an leath thoir ar ár spéir oíche ní bheidh an ghealach ann an oíche sin.\nIs éard atá i gceist le Gibbous ach go leor lán, áit éigin idir lán agus ceathrú. (Is é an rud a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ag smaoineamh mar leath ghealach a dtugtar ceathrú ghealach i ndáiríre.) Mar a fheiceann tú go tapa nuair a fhéachann tú ar an clog gealaí gibbous, beidh an chuid is mó den oíche soilsithe ag gealach. Ag léamh ó dheis go dtí an chlé feicimid nach mbeidh ár ghealach gibbous ag dul i ngleic leis an iarthar go dtí 3 ar maidin; beidh sé suas an oíche seo ar feadh 9 uair an chloig, ó 6PM go 3AM. Chomh maith leis sin a thabhairt faoi deara an chuid gibbous na gealaí go leathnaíonn thar isteach sa chuid níos déanaí den oíche (an leath chlé ár n-uaire) ag insint dúinn ár chuid thoir den spéir ag dul a bheith ar an ghealach ann cuid den oíche seo. Cé mhéad den oíche a bheidh an ghealach sa chuid thoir dár spéir? Déanaimis an ghealach a léamh agus faigh amach: Tá an imeall dheis solais mar sin tá a fhios againn go mbeidh an ghealach le feiceáil áit éigin ar an spéir ag 6PM. Níl a fhios againn cá mbeidh sé fós; níl a fhios againn ach go mbeidh sé suas ann. Le leanúint ar aghaidh ag léamh, tá muid thar 9PM agus meán oíche agus feicimid go mbeidh an ghealach fós le feiceáil ag na huaireanta sin. Ag 3AM, buaileann muid leis an líne ina stopann solas na gealaí. Ciallaíonn sé sin go mbeidh an ghealach a shuiteáil ag 3AM, rud a chiallaíonn go mbeidh sé a shuiteáil 9 uair an chloig tar éis an taobh ceart, 6PM tús na hoíche. Ba mhaith linn na 9 uair an chloig sin a úsáid: Má léiríonn muid ar an bhfód thiar agus má scuabann muid ár lámh tríd an spéir siar (i dtreo an ear) ar feadh achar de thart ar 9 uair an chloig, tiocfaidh muid go dtí an áit atá leathslighe idir an zenith agus an fód thoir. Is é an áit sin an áit a mbeidh ár ghealach gibbous sa spéir thoir nuair a théann an ghrian síos ag 6PM. Beidh an ghealach gibbous ansin taisteal siar ar feadh 9 uair an chloig tríd an oíche agus a shuiteáil ag 3AM díreach mar a dúirt ár léitheoireacht ceart go dtí an chlé ar an clog gibbous dúinn!\nTá an dromchla iomlán ar ár n-uaire luaine soilsithe, mar sin beidh an ghealach seo suas ar feadh na hoíche. Beidh sé ag teacht suas san oirthear díreach mar a théann an ghrian i n-iarthar. Beidh sé a bhaint amach an zenith ag meán oíche. Agus beidh sé a shuiteáil sa iarthar ag 6AM díreach mar a bhíonn an ghrian ag teacht suas sa oirthear. Tá sé simplí an t-am a insint trí ghealach lán, ach ná lig sin duit smaoineamh gur féidir leat an chéim 1 atá an-tábhachtach a neamhaird do gach céim eile den ghealach. Tosaíonn tú i gcónaí ag léamh an ghealach.\nGIBBOUS WANING: ag tosú ar ár léitheoireacht ag an imeall ceart an clog gealach feicimid go bhfuil sé dorcha. Sin ceart, ag 6PM anocht ní bheidh aon ghealach ar an spéir. Ag leanúint ar aghaidh ag léamh, déanaimid 7PM, 8PM, agus ar deireadh ag thart ar 9PM, bainimid an líne is tábhachtaí nuair a athraíonn dorchadas go solas. Sea, ciallaíonn an líne seo go dtiocfaidh an ghealach os cionn an tairseach thoir ag 9PM. Ag leanúint ar aghaidh ag bogadh ar chlé ar fud ár n-uaire ó líne 9PM is féidir linn a shamhlú an ghealach ag ardú linn. Trí uair an chloig tar éis an líne 9PM bainimid amach lár an clog a sheasann le haghaidh meán oíche. Ciallaíonn sé sin ag 12AM beidh ár ghealach gibbous ag éirí níos lú tar éis 3 uair an chloig a shárú go dtí go mbeidh sé leathbhealach suas go dtí an zenith. Ón láthair lárnacht ar ár n-uair leanann ár súile ar chlé ar feadh 3 uair an chloig eile go dtí an 3AM láthair. Ciallaíonn sé sin go mbeidh an ghealach tar éis 3 uair an chloig eile a bheith ag dul suas go dtí an zenith. Mar sin, má chonaic muid an ghealach seo ag an zenith san oíche bheadh muid in ann a fháil amach go raibh sé 3AM. (Beidh muid ag cleachtadh seo i beagán.) Ón 3AM áit ar ár n-uair a bhogfaimid an trí uair an chloig deireanach go dtí an imeall ar chlé an clog gealach, a bhfuil an breacadh. Mar sin, ag an amharc, 6AM nuair a bhíonn an ghrian ag tosú ag teacht suas, beidh ár ghealach gibbous taisteal 3 uair an chloig eile ón zenith leathbhealach síos i dtreo an réadóg thiar.\nWANING QUARTER: Léitheoireacht ar dheis go dtí ar chlé a fheicimid go mbeidh an oíche ag tosú moonless agus leanúint ar aghaidh ar an mbealach sin go dtí meán oíche, nuair a bheidh an ghealach ag teacht suas san oirthear. Tuigimid freisin nach bhfuil ach leath chlé ár n-uaire ina sholas. Ciallaíonn sé sin nach mbeidh an ghealach ag caitheamh aon chuid den oíche sa spéir thiar. Agus go leor cinnte, ár n-uair ní amháin a insíonn dúinn an ghealach a ardú ón ufás thoir ag meán oíche, ach ag an am a théann an ghealach ar feadh 6 uair an chloig suas go dtí an zenith, beidh sé 6AM agus am don ghrian a teacht suas. Dá bhrí sin, má tá tú ag teacht suas ag breithe na gréine, ba chóir go mbeadh tú in ann an ceathrú cuid seo a bhíonn ag dul i léig ag an mbarr a fheiceáil fós sula dtéann sé as radharc le solas méadaitheach na gréine.\nWANING CRESCENT: Tá an chuid is mó den oíche moonless. Ag 3AM an ghealach seo ardaíonn san oirthear. Faoin am a théann sé suas 3 uair an chloig leathbhealach i dtreo an zenith an ghrian ag teacht suas.\nNí bheidh an ghealach seo teacht suas go dtí beagnach amárach, agus beidh an ghrian a leanúint go gairid agus é a cheilt ó radharc.\nCuid a Trí: Samplaí de Léitheoireacht na Gealach\nCéim 1, suímh a chur ar an ghealach agus cuimhnigh a thosú ag léamh é. Tosaímid ag an imeall dheis agus feicimid ag tús na hoíche, 6PM, níl aon ghealach suas. Leanann sé sin ar feadh an tslí ar fud an clog gealach go dtí go bhfaighimid an líne thábhachtach áit a mbuaileann dorchadas agus solas. Ciallaíonn an líne go mbeidh an ghealach ag teacht chun cinn san oirthear ag an am seo. Tabhair faoi deara nach bhfuil an líne solais/dorcha fada roimh dheireadh na hoíche, an mhaidin, 6AM. Mar sin beidh muid guestimate an méid solas fágtha ar ár clog roimh an mhaidin a bheith leath uair an chloig, rud a chiallaíonn go mbeidh moonrise a bheith thart ar 5:30AM. Armed leis an bhfaisnéis sin téimid go dtí céim 2 agus anailís a dhéanamh ar an suíomh iarbhír na gealaí. Tá sé díreach peeked suas os cionn an réadchomhartha thoir, mar sin beidh muid a fhógairt an t-am a bheith 5:30AM. Tá an feirmeoir sa chistin ag milking na gabhair. Bhí sé sin éasca, mar sin a ligean ar iarracht eile.\nTá an sampla seo beagán níos deacra, mar sin a ligean ar a bheith an-methodical. Céim 1, ná déan dearmad ar an áit a bhfuil an ghealach sa spéir agus léigh a uaireadóir ghealach: Ó dheis go clé, tá an ghealach suas cheana féin ag 6PM; tá sé suas ag 9pm, meán oíche, agus buaileann solas agus dorchadas ag 3AM. Mar sin beidh an gibbous ceallaithe seo a shuiteáil ar an tairseach thiar ag 3AM. Céim 2: Measú ar shuíomh na gealaí: Tá an ghealach thart ar leathbhealach idir an zenith agus an tairseach thiar, mar sin tá thart ar 3 uair an chloig eile ag an ghealach seo go dtí go dtéann sé síos. Dúirt an clog gealach dúinn go bhfuil an ghealach seo ag 3AM. Ag dul ar ais sa spéir ón bhfód thiar áit a mbeidh sé a shuiteáil go dtí an áit a bhfuil sé anois tá sé 3 uair an chloig. Tá trí uair an chloig níos luaithe ná 3AM meán oíche. An bhfuil muid ceart? An bhfuil sé meán oíche anois? Téigh ar ais go dtí an clog gealach. Má tá sé anois meán oíche, go bhfuil an lár an clog Lunar, agus go mbeadh, mar a théann muid ar chlé ó an suíomh meán oíche, a chur moonset ag 3AM. Agus, tá, go checks leis an ghealach ' s suíomh iarbhír ar an spéir toisc go bhfuil sé cosúil go bhfuil sé 3 uair an chloig sula bhuaileann sé an réadóg an iarthair. Is é an t-am ceart sa phictiúr thuas meán oíche.\nNí dhéanaimid dearmad ar an bhfíric go bhfuil an ghealach ag an zenith agus go dleathach agus go ceart tús le céim 1 trí léamh an ghealach. Ó dheis go clé feicimid nach bhfuil sé ar bun fós ag 6PM, ach go dtosóidh sé thar an taobh thoir thart ar 9PM, agus go bhfuil sé ar bun an chuid eile den oíche. OK, tháinig sé ar an taobh thoir ag 9PM, mar sin a ligean ar a ghlacadh go bhfuil an t-eolas go dtí céim 2, a bhfuil an seasamh na gealaí a chur i bhfeidhm ar an méid a d'fhoghlaim muid nuair a léigh muid an ghealach: Tá an ghealach anois ag an zenith, rud a chiallaíonn go bhfuil sé 6 uair an chloig os cionn an réadóg thoir. D'ardaigh sé ón bhfód sin ag 9PM. Ag cur 6 uair an chloig le 9PM faigheann muid an t-am reatha de 3AM.\nBhuel, sula ndéanfaidh mé ceist duit, inseoidh mé duit cad a dhéanfaidh an t-eolas seo duit: scriosfaidh sé roinnt scannáin agus roinnt fógraí! B'fhéidir go bhfeicfidh tú fógra pills codlata le fear ag codladh go tapa (ag gáire, ar ndóigh) in aice le clog foláirimh a léann 11PM. Agus taobh amuigh den fhuinneog feiceann tú WING CRESCENT pictiúrtha! Tá an clog aláraim mícheart; ní thagann croíghill ag dul in olcas go dtí go bhfuil sé beagnach ag breacadh!\nSa radharc scannán tá teaghlach ar saoire díreach chun dinnéar a ithe. Tá an t-athair agus na páistí, amuigh ar an veranda, ag féachaint ar an radharc de na réaltaí zillion. Agus ansin, díreach os cionn na spéire crann, is é an GIBBOUS WAXING! Beidh tú scanadh go tapa an ghealach ó dheis go dtí an chlé, agus a fheiceáil go mbeadh an t-am amháin den oíche a bheadh sé in aice le aon tairseach a bheadh sula dtéann sé ag 3AM!\nCuid a Ceathair: IS ÉIS AN AM QUIZ!\n· Beidh 3 uaireadóirí gealach ann le teacht amach agat.\n· Cuirfear na huaireanta ceart ar an mbosca ag an deireadh.\n· Cuimhnigh, bí cúramach trí chéim 1 a dhéanamh roimh chéim 2:\nComhghairdeas, tá an cúrsa críochnaithe agat. Tá tú foghlaim conas a úsáid an ghealach mar clog gealach. Déan cleachtadh air cúpla uair nuair a fheiceann tú an ghealach san oíche agus beidh sé ina dara nádúr. Ach cuimhnigh... a léamh i gcónaí an ghealach ar dtús. Sin é an rud go léir atá ann.\n(An gibbous waxing a socraíonn ag 3AM, agus tá sé 6 uair an chloig chun dul roimh sin.)\n(An ceathrú ceathrú craiceann a chur ag meán oíche, agus that's cad tá sé ag déanamh.)\n(An ceathrú ag titim ardaíodh ag meán oíche, agus go raibh sé 3 uair an chloig ó shin.)\nSalm 19: 1 Deir na flaithis glóir Dé;\nAgus léiríonn an spéir a chuid oibre.\nStaidéar ar an mBíobla a chur chun cinn thar na teolaíochta\nmar gheall ar an fhírinne, an t-údarás,\nagus an gá atá leis an Bíobla.\nI measc rudaí eile, léireoidh an ceacht seo duit\ncén fáth go bhfuil an ghealach thuas ró-ard sa spéir.\nTá an pictiúr deas...ach níl sé réalaíoch.\n▪ modh a bhfuil cáil idirnáisiúnta air.\nMúinte agus a úsáidtear ar fud an domhain."} +{"text": "There is still some confusion about the difference between Bokeh and the depth of field. We will clarify that for you in this article. But first, we will answer the question of whether or not you can create the Bokeh effect with your smartphone.\nYou can achieve Bokeh with your camera phone. Some cameras use dual-lens to get these kinds of images. Other smartphones need an app to apply Bokeh after you take the picture.\nGood to know, right? So how is it done? Follow this step-by-step guide, and you will have excellent results. We will show you how to mimic Bokeh. It works a bit differently than using a DSLR, where aperture, focal length, and the distance between the photographer and the subject are the three components to create this effect.\nThe gear I used for writing this blog can be found on my favorite gear page.\nHow do I shoot Bokeh with my phone?\nSeveral settings in your phone can help to achieve a shallow depth of field and lovely bokeh effect. Newer phones with dual cameras (or more) can mimic the result by using two or more different lenses. But you can also achieve Bokeh with a single camera, with or without a third-party app. Let’s dive into the magical world of Bokeh.\nBokeh effect with dual-camera phones\nDual-camera smartphones don’t produce a real Bokeh effect, at least not as DSLR or mirrorless cameras would. Mobile phones have tiny lenses and sensors. They cannot fit large hardware to get the same results. That’s why smartphones have to simulate the Bokeh effect with software. Dual or multi-camera phones take multiple pictures with different settings and combine them as one.\nWith these steps, you can take some fantastic images with a shallow depth of field. You can even use them with your single camera phone.\n1. Choose a large aperture\nWhen your smartphone has manual settings, you can set the aperture. Look for Aperture, Manual mode, or Pro mode; these settings can help you in achieve Bokeh with your phone. You have to choose a large aperture (small number) like F/2.8 or lower. This large aperture will create a beautiful depth of field.\n2. Use portrait mode\nSome cameras have a portrait mode that you can use to shoot images with a shallow depth of field. It will make your subject sharp and the background blurry.\n3. Get close to the subject\nGet closer to your item and increase the distance between the object and the background. You can set up a tripod to create sharp results, or to put yourself in the image. I use either the Joby Gorillapod 3K or the Mactrem Professional Tripod. Both are available from Amazon.\n4. Use a Bokeh effect app\nIf you cannot get a shallow depth of field with a soft and delicate quality Bokeh, you can use a third-party app.\nIs there a Bokeh effect app for my phone?\nSeveral third-party mobile apps like Afterfocus, Snapseed, Google Camera, Portrait Blur, and Focos can create a Bokeh effect. These applications use software to create a soft aesthetically pleasing effect.\nWith the Afterfocus application, you can create DSLR-style blurry backgrounds. The app automatically recognizes the focus area, even with objects that have complex shapes and forms. If that doesn’t work, you can indicate the focus area by drawing lines. You can emphasize the spotlight in the background by using the Bokeh effect filter. Find the app on Android & iOs\nThere are different ways to achieve Bokeh with the Snapseed application. The first way is relatively easy, but the quality is not as accurate as you can get with the second solution. You can use portrait mode via lens blur. You can choose a linear blur or circular blur option.\nThe second solution takes a bit of time and manual adjustments. Choose the lens blur option in tools. Use the pinch-in gesture to make the blur as small as possible (there’s only one circle left). Click on edit stack, tap view edits, and on lens blur. You now have the option to highlight the subject yourself. Done? Tap on the invert icon. It will reverse the highlight effect and make the background red. Confirm the changes, wait a few seconds, and you will see the created effect. Find the app on Android & iOs\nThe lens blur feature of the Google Camera app lets you take pictures with the Bokeh effect. You can change the focal point after the photo is taken. By dragging the depth of field slider, you can adjust the simulated aperture size. The Bokeh effects come in different levels, from very soft to surreal. Find the app on Android\nThere are two other apps for iOs that can create a subtle Bokeh effect.\nHow to create Bokeh in Lightroom?\nAll well-known software can create a Bokeh effect. I’ll show you how to do it quite easily in Lightroom. Follow these steps for jaw-dropping results. By blurring the background, you can add Bokeh. There are different ways you can do this. This is one of the easiest and fastest ways.\n- Open the photo you want to add blur to and go to the developer mode.\n- Select the adjustment brush to create a background mask.\n- Select the background of the photo to create a mask. Change the brush size when needed to select parts of the image around the subject.\n- Adjust the blur effect clarity and sharpness filters to achieve the desired blur.\n- To make the blurry effect even stronger, you can copy the previous mask.\nWhat is the Bokeh effect?\nBokeh is the visual quality of areas that are out-of-focus on your image. So the aesthetically pleasing quality of everything that is not in focus before or after the subject. Some photographers refer to Bokeh when they talk about the quality of circular light reflections.\nOriginally Bokeh comes from the Japanese word ‘Boke,’ which means blur or haze. The noun was derived from the verb Bokeru, which refers to being blurry, hazy, or out-of-focus. The term Bokeh became popular in the nineties when Mike Johnston from Photo Techniques magazine published three articles on the topic in 1997.\nWhat makes good Bokeh?\nBecause Bokeh is a subjective term that ‘measures’ the quality of the blur, it is hard to determine what makes beautiful Bokeh. Many photographers are looking for a soft, creamy blur with bulbs of light in the background. So the smoother and silkier the background, the more pleasing the Bokeh is considered to be. It will not distract the eye from the subject, and the colors of the Bokeh will add to the quality of the overall picture. You can try different settings and lights to find your favorite way of shooting Bokeh.\nWhen do you use Bokeh?\nYou commonly use Bokeh in portraits and macro photography. It is best used when you need to give the image a sense of depth. Many wedding photographers use this technique to create a romantic atmosphere. It is also a clear and easy way to bring the subject to the foreground.\nWhat is the difference between Bokeh and shallow depth of field?\nDepth of field refers to how much of your image is in focus and how much is blurry. The Bokeh aspect is the quality of the blur in your photograph.\nThe narrower your focal plane is, the more blur you have in front of and behind the subject. You can achieve more blur with a wide aperture like f/2.0. A narrow lens opening, like f/8.0, will make the subject and the background appear sharper.\nAlthough Bokeh is very subjective, every photographer has an idea of good or bad Bokeh. The depth of field is not a subjective approach. It is a precise measurement determined by the distance between the camera and the subject, the focal length, and the aperture.\nWhich smartphones can create excellent shallow depth of field?\nAny smartphone with a dual camera or multiple lenses can create a shallow depth of field and allow you to take bokeh images.\nHere are some good-quality camera phones that can help you achieve this soft, esthetically pleasing effect.\nTop 3 High-End Camera Phones\nApple iPhone 12 Pro\nThe iPhone 12 Pro has an overall reliable camera or better-said cameras. The images look natural and not over-processed, as some high-end cameras might tend to do. The portrait mode will give you great opportunities to shoot at a shallow depth of field. Check the latest iPhone 12 Pro prices on Amazon. You can even choose a carrier like T-Mobile, Verizon, AT&T, and Sprint in the Apple Store.\nHuawei P30 Pro\nP30 Pro has a lot to love. The camera phone has superb low-light photography possibilities, unbelievable zoom capabilities (5x optical), and other powerful specs. The smartphone has four lenses at the back of the device, a time-of-flight sensor. A ToF camera uses infrared light (lasers invisible to human eyes) to determine depth information. It means you have fantastic depth sensing. The overall quality of the images is not as good as the iPhone 11 Pro, though. And it still comes with Android 10.\n➽ Update 2022: try the Huawei P50 Pro. Available from Amazon.\nSamsung Galaxy S10\nThe Galaxy S series from Samsung always has reliable cameras. The Galaxy S10 is no exception. It has four rear cameras that feature wide, ultrawide, telephoto, and time-of-flight lenses. They all have excellent performance. The primary camera sensor is ‘only’ 12 megapixels. Don’t be put off by that; this sensor can compete with the 40 and 48MP sensors.\nTop 3 Budget phones\nGoogle Pixel 3A\nIt might not be a real budget phone, but between $350 and $375, you will get a lot of phone for this price. The camera quality is one of the main reasons you want to buy a Pixel 3A. It uses the same Sony IMX 363 sensor as the high-end Pixel 3 camera phone. This primary camera is stabilized and uses the OIS motor when shooting a 2x digital zoom. Therefore it will capture far better images than most other phones without a telephoto camera.\n➽ Update 2022: Check out the newest Pixel 6 phone from Google.\nMoto G7 Plus\nThe camera hardware of the Moto G7 Plus is unusually good in the budget phone category. It has a 16-megapixel primary rear camera. The lens aperture of F/1.75 is wide for a cheaper phone. The Moto G7 Plus makes sharp and detailed photographs in daylight. Its low-light performance is better than many budget phones, but it is not as good as you might hope.\n➽ Update 2022: You should go for the Moto G8 series, they are very well priced for such a good camera phone.\nSamsung Galaxy A50\nThe Galaxy A50 from Samsung is a good mid-range phone with a 25MP primary camera. Its performance in mixed lighting conditions is excellent. But it comes up a bit short in low-light environments. What you do get is a dedicated wide-angle lens and a depth camera for portrait shots.\n➽ Update 2022: Check out the newer Galaxy A52 on Amazon.\nHurray for Bokeh, our final thoughts\nShooting with shallow depth of field and soft, smooth Bokeh is another adventure in smartphone photography. We will send you on your way with many tips and tricks to get the best out of your camera phone. And as always, practice makes perfect. Find your own personal way of shooting Bokeh. Macro photography is an excellent way to start practicing and using shallow depth of field.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "url": "https://smartphone-photography.com/can-i-achieve-bokeh-with-my-camera-phone-get-sparkling-results/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510100.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20230925215547-20230926005547-00143.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9184526801, "token_count": 2571, "score": 2.828125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá roinnt mearbhall fós ann maidir leis an difríocht idir Bokeh agus doimhneacht an réimse. Déanfaimid é sin a shoiléiriú duit san alt seo. Ach ar dtús, freagróimid an cheist an féidir leat nó nach féidir leat éifeacht Bokeh a chruthú le do ghuthán cliste.\nIs féidir leat Bokeh a bhaint amach le do ghuthán ceamara. Úsáideann roinnt ceamaraí dé-linsí chun na cineálacha íomhánna seo a fháil. Teastaíonn feidhmchlár ó fhóin chliste eile chun Bokeh a chur i bhfeidhm tar éis duit an pictiúr a thógáil.\nMaith a fhios, ceart? Mar sin, conas a dhéantar é? Lean an treoir seo céim ar chéim, agus beidh torthaí den scoth agat. Taispeánfaimid duit conas Bokeh a mhalairt. Oibríonn sé beagán difriúil ná úsáid a bhaint as DSLR, áit a bhfuil an t-oscail, an fad fócasach, agus an fad idir an grianghrafadóir agus an ábhar na trí chomhpháirt chun an éifeacht seo a chruthú.\nIs féidir an trealamh a d'úsáid mé chun an blag seo a scríobh a fháil ar mo leathanach trealamh is fearr liom.\nConas a shoot mé Bokeh le mo ghuthán?\nIs féidir le roinnt socruithe i do ghuthán cabhrú le doimhneacht ciseal cothroime agus éifeacht bokeh álainn a bhaint amach. Is féidir le fóin níos nuaí le dá chamara (nó níos mó) an toradh a mhalairt trí dhá lionsa nó níos mó a úsáid. Ach is féidir leat Bokeh a bhaint amach le ceamara amháin, le feidhmchlár tríú páirtí nó gan é. Déanaimis tumadh isteach i saol draíochta Bokeh.\nEifeacht Bokeh le fóin dúbailte ceamara\nNí dhéanann fón cliste a bhfuil dhá chamara ann éifeacht Bokeh fíor, ar a laghad ní mar a dhéanfadh DSLR nó ceamaraí gan scáthán. Tá lionsaí agus braiteoirí beagáinín ag fóin phóca. Ní féidir leo crua-earraí móra a chur in oiriúint chun na torthaí céanna a fháil. Sin é an fáth go gcaithfidh fón cliste éifeacht Bokeh a shamhlú le bogearraí. Tógann fóin dúbailte nó il-camara pictiúir iolracha le socruithe éagsúla agus iad a chur le chéile mar cheann amháin.\nLeis na céimeanna seo, is féidir leat grianghraif iontach a thógáil le doimhneacht ciseal íseal. Is féidir leat iad a úsáid fiú le do ghuthán le ceamara amháin.\n1. an t-am a bhí ann. Roghnaigh oscailt mhór\nNuair a bhíonn socruithe láimhe ag do ghuthán cliste, is féidir leat an t-oscail a shocrú. Féach ar Aperture, modh lámhleabhar, nó modh Pro; is féidir leis na socruithe seo cabhrú leat Bokeh a bhaint amach le do ghuthán. Ní mór duit oscailt mhór (uimhir bheag) a roghnú mar F/2.8 nó níos ísle. Cruthaíonn an t-oscail mhór seo doimhneacht réimse álainn.\n2. Seachadadh. Bain úsáid as modh portréite\nTá modh portréite ag roinnt ceamaraí ar féidir leat íomhánna a thógáil le doimhneacht cúlra íseal. Déanfaidh sé do ábhar géar agus an cúlra blurry.\n3. Tá an t-am ann. Téigh in aice leis an ábhar\nTéigh níos gaire don rud agus méadaigh an fad idir an rud agus an cúlra. Is féidir leat trí-chabhán a chur ar bun chun torthaí géara a chruthú, nó chun tú féin a chur san íomhá. Bainim úsáid as an Joby Gorillapod 3K nó an Mactrem Pro Tripod. Tá an dá cheann ar fáil ó Amazon.\n4. Tá an t-am Úsáid feidhmchlár éifeacht Bokeh\nMura féidir leat doimhneacht ciseal ciseal a fháil le Bokeh cáilíochta bog agus íogair, is féidir leat aip tríú páirtí a úsáid.\nAn bhfuil feidhmchlár éifeacht Bokeh ann do mo ghuthán?\nIs féidir le roinnt aipeanna soghluaiste tríú páirtí cosúil le Afterfocus, Snapseed, Google Camera, Portrait Blur, agus Focos éifeacht Bokeh a chruthú. Úsáideann na feidhmchláir seo bogearraí chun éifeacht mhaol taitneamhach a chruthú.\nLeis an iarratas Afterfocus, is féidir leat cúlra fuamhacha a chruthú ar stíl DSLR. Aithníonn an aip an limistéar fócas go huathoibríoch, fiú le rudaí a bhfuil cruthanna agus foirmeacha casta acu. Mura n-oibríonn sé sin, is féidir leat an limistéar fócas a chur in iúl trí línte a tharraingt. Is féidir leat an solas spéise sa chúlra a chur i bhfios trí úsáid a bhaint as scagaire éifeacht Bokeh. Faigh an aip ar Android & iOs\nTá bealaí éagsúla ann Bokeh a bhaint amach leis an iarratas Snapseed. Tá an chéad bhealach réasúnta éasca, ach níl an caighdeán chomh cruinn agus is féidir leat a fháil leis an dara réiteach. Is féidir leat modh portréite a úsáid trí mhaise lionsa. Is féidir leat rogha blur líneach nó blur ciorclach a roghnú.\nTógann an dara réiteach beagán ama agus coigeartuithe láimhe. Roghnaigh an rogha blur lionsa i uirlisí. Úsáid an ghné pinch-in chun an blur a dhéanamh chomh beag agus is féidir (níl ach ciorcal amháin fágtha). Cliceáil ar an stac eagarthóireachta, tapáil ar eagarthóireachtaí radharc, agus ar an léine a mhaolú. Tá an rogha agat anois an t-ábhar a chur i bhfios duit féin. Ar éirigh leat? Cliceáil ar an íomhá inbhéartaithe. Athróidh sé an éifeacht a léiríonn agus déanfaidh sé an cúlra dearg. Deimhnigh na hathruithe, fan cúpla soicind, agus feicfidh tú an éifeacht a cruthaíodh. Faigh an aip ar Android & iOs\nLigeann gné blur lionsa app Google Camera duit grianghraif a thógáil leis an éifeacht Bokeh. Is féidir leat an pointe fócais a athrú tar éis an grianghraf a thógáil. Trí thomhais an slider domhain réimse a tharraingt, is féidir leat méid an oscailte samhlaithe a choigeartú. Tagann éifeachtaí Bokeh i leibhéil éagsúla, ó an-éadrom go hionraic. Faigh an aip ar Android\nTá dhá aip eile ann do iOS a chruthaíonn éifeacht Bokeh subtle.\nConas Bokeh a chruthú i Lightroom?\nIs féidir le gach bogearraí ar a dtugtar a chruthú éifeacht Bokeh. Taispeánfaidh mé duit conas é a dhéanamh go héasca i Lightroom. Lean na céimeanna seo le haghaidh torthaí a fhágann go bhfuil an t-am ag titim. Trí chúlra a mhaolú, is féidir leat Bokeh a chur leis. Tá bealaí éagsúla ann ar féidir leat é seo a dhéanamh. Tá sé seo ar cheann de na bealaí is éasca agus is tapúla.\n- Oscail an grianghraf ar mhaith leat blur a chur leis agus téigh go dtí an modh forbróir.\n- Roghnaigh an scuab coigeartaithe chun masc cúlra a chruthú.\n- Roghnaigh cúlra an ghrianghraf chun masc a chruthú. Athraigh méid an scuab nuair is gá chun codanna den íomhá timpeall an ábhair a roghnú.\n- Déan na scagairí soiléire agus géarchéime a choigeartú chun an soiléire atá ag teastáil a bhaint amach.\n- Chun an éifeacht blurry a dhéanamh níos láidre, is féidir leat an masc roimhe seo a chóipeáil.\nCad é éifeacht Bokeh?\nIs é Bokeh cáilíocht amhairc na limistéar nach bhfuil fócas orthu ar do íomhá. Mar sin, an cháilíocht aesthetically taitneamhach gach rud nach bhfuil i fócas roimh nó tar éis an ábhar. Tagraíonn roinnt grianghrafadóirí do Bokeh nuair a labhraíonn siad faoi cháilíocht na léargas ciorclach.\nBunaithe ar Bokeh, is é an focal Seapánach Boke, a chiallaíonn blur nó haze. Baineadh an t-ainmfhocal ón bhriathar Bokeru, a thagraíonn do bheith blurry, fuzzy, nó as fócas. Tháinig an téarma Bokeh tóir ar na naoiúidí nuair a d'fhoilsigh Mike Johnston ó iris Photo Techniques trí alt faoin ábhar i 1997.\nCad a dhéanann Bokeh maith?\nToisc gur téarma suibiachtúil é Bokeh a \"méadaíonn\" cáilíocht an bhlag, tá sé deacair a chinneadh cad a dhéanann Bokeh álainn. Tá go leor grianghrafadóirí ag lorg blur bog, creiméadach le bolgáin solais sa chúlra. Mar sin, is é an Bokeh a mheastar a bheith níos taitneamhaí, is é an cúlra a bhíonn níos réidh agus níos síodaí. Ní chuirfidh sé an tsúil óna ábhar, agus cuirfidh dathanna an Bokeh le cáilíocht an phictiúr foriomlán. Is féidir leat suíomhanna agus soilse éagsúla a thriail chun do bhealach is fearr leat chun Bokeh a lámhach a fháil.\nNuair a úsáideann tú Bokeh?\nÚsáidtear Bokeh go coitianta i bpictiúir agus i ngrianghrafadóireacht mhaicre. Úsáidtear é is fearr nuair is gá duit tuiscint domhain a thabhairt don íomhá. Baineann go leor grianghrafadóirí bainise úsáid as an teicníc seo chun atmaisféar rómánsúil a chruthú. Is bealach soiléir agus éasca é freisin chun an t-ábhar a thabhairt chun tosaigh.\nCad é an difríocht idir Bokeh agus doimhneacht ciseal ciseal?\nTagraíonn doimhneacht réimse do mhéid de do íomhá atá i bhfócas agus an méid atá blurry. Is é an gné Bokeh cáilíocht an blur i do ghrianghraf.\nAn níos caol do phlean fócais, an níos mó blur tá tú os comhair agus taobh thiar den ábhar. Is féidir leat níos mó fuaraithe a bhaint amach le huisceacht leathan mar f/2.0. Cuirfidh oscailt choimhlint caol, mar f/8.0, an t-ábhar agus an cúlra le feiceáil níos géire.\nCé go bhfuil Bokeh an-suibiachtúil, tá smaoineamh ag gach grianghrafadóir ar Bokeh maith nó olc. Ní cur chuige suibiachtúil í doimhneacht an réimse. Is tomhas beacht é a chinntear leis an achar idir an ceamara agus an ábhar, an fad fócais, agus an t-oscail.\nCé na fóin chliste a chruthaíonn doimhneacht réimse superficial?\nIs féidir le haon fhón cliste le ceamara dúbailte nó le lionsaí ilghnéitheacha doimhneacht cúlra íseal a chruthú agus ligean duit íomhánna bokeh a thógáil.\nSeo roinnt fóin ceamara dea-chaighdeán a chabhróidh leat an éifeacht mhaol, taitneamhach seo a bhaint amach.\nNa 3 Fón Ceamara Ard-Deireadh\nApple iPhone 12 Pro\nTá ceamara iontaofa iomlán ag an iPhone 12 Pro nó ceamaraí níos fearr a rá. Tá na híomhánna nádúrtha agus ní ró-phróiseáilte, mar a d'fhéadfadh roinnt ceamaraí ard-deireadh a bheith ag déanamh. Tabharfaidh an modh portréite deis iontach duit lámhach ag doimhneacht ciseal ciseal. Seiceáil na praghsanna is déanaí iPhone 12 Pro ar Amazon. Is féidir leat a roghnú fiú a iompróir cosúil le T-Mobile, Verizon, AT & T, agus Sprint i Apple Store.\nHuawei P30 Pro\nTá go leor le grá a thabhairt do P30 Pro. Tá féidearthachtaí iontach grianghrafadóireachta íseal-solas ag an bhfón ceamara, cumas súim dochreidte (5x optúil), agus specs cumhachtacha eile. Tá ceithre lionsa ag an bhfón cliste ar chúl an ghléas, braiteoir ama eitilte. Úsáideann ceamara ToF solas infra-dearg (léasairí nach bhfuil le feiceáil ag súile an duine) chun faisnéis domhain a chinneadh. Ciallaíonn sé go bhfuil tú iontach doimhneacht sensing. Níl cáilíocht iomlán na n-íomhánna chomh maith le iPhone 11 Pro, áfach. Agus tá sé fós le teacht le Android 10.\n Nuashonrú 2022: déan iarracht an Huawei P50 Pro. Ar fáil ó Amazon.\nSamsung Galaxy S10\nTá ceamaraí iontaofa i gcónaí ag an tsraith Galaxy S ó Samsung. Níl an Galaxy S10 ar aon eisceacht. Tá ceithre cheamara cúlra aige a bhfuil lionsaí leathan, ultra-leathan, teileamaitigh agus ama eitilte acu. Tá feidhmíocht den scoth acu go léir. Tá an príomh-shensóir ceamara ach 12 megapixel. Ná bíodh imní ort faoi sin; is féidir leis an braiteoir seo dul san iomaíocht leis na braiteoirí 40 agus 48MP.\nNa 3 Fón Ísealchostas is Fearr\nGoogle Pixel 3A\nB'fhéidir nach bhfuil sé ina fhón fíor bhuiséad, ach idir $ 350 agus $ 375, gheobhaidh tú go leor fón don phraghas seo. Tá cáilíocht an cheamara ar cheann de na príomhchúiseanna ar mhaith leat Pixel 3A a cheannach. Úsáideann sé an braiteoir Sony IMX 363 céanna leis an bhfón ceamara Pixel 3 ard-deireadh. Tá an príomhchamara seo cobhsaithe agus úsáideann sé an mótar OIS nuair a bhíonn zoom digiteach 2x á lámhach aige. Dá bhrí sin, gheobhaidh sé íomhánna i bhfad níos fearr ná an chuid is mó de na fóin eile gan ceamara teileafóta.\n Nuashonrú 2022: Féach ar an bhfón Pixel 6 is nua ó Google.\nMoto G7 Plus\nTá crua-earraí ceamara an Moto G7 Plus thar a bheith maith sa chatagóir fón buiséid. Tá ceamara tosaigh 16 megapixel ar chúl. Tá an t-oscail lionsa F / 1.75 leathan le haghaidh fón níos saoire. Déanann an Moto G7 Plus grianghraif géara agus mionsonraithe i solas an lae. Tá a fheidhmíocht i solas íseal níos fearr ná go leor fóin bhuiséid, ach ní chomh maith agus a d'fhéadfadh tú a bheith ag súil leis.\n Nuashonrú 2022: Ba cheart duit dul don tsraith Moto G8, tá praghas an-mhaith acu le haghaidh fón ceamara den sórt sin.\nSamsung Galaxy A50\nIs fón maith lár-réimse é an Galaxy A50 ó Samsung le príomhchamara 25MP. Tá a fheidhmíocht in choinníollacha solais mheasctha den scoth. Ach tá sé beagán gearr i dtimpeallachtaí ísealsolas. Is é an rud a fhaigheann tú ná lionsa leathan-uillinn tiomnaithe agus ceamara doimhneachta le haghaidh lámhaigh phortait.\n Nuashonrú 2022: Féach ar an Galaxy A52 is nua ar Amazon.\nHurray do Bokeh, ár smaointe deiridh\nIs eachtra eile é grianghrafadóireacht fón cliste a thógáil le doimhneacht ciseal íseal agus Bokeh bog, réidh. Cuirfimid go leor leideanna agus cleasanna ar fáil duit chun an chuid is fearr a bhaint as do ghuthán ceamara. Agus mar is gnách, déanann cleachtadh foirfeacht. Faigh do bhealach pearsanta féin chun Bokeh a lámhach. Is bealach iontach é grianghrafadóireacht mhaicró chun tosú ag cleachtadh agus ag úsáid doimhneacht ciseal ciseal."} +{"text": "Being located in a zone known as the ring of fire, Indonesia has quite a lot of volcanoes. Indonesia has around 127 volcanoes, most of them are active, throughout the country including Central Java Province. Here are the list of 6 volcanoes in Central Java Province.\n- Mount Merapi\nMount Merapi is considered as the most popular volcano in Indonesia, since Mount Merapi has some eruptions lately and still active to this day. The mount is located in Yogyakarta and Central Java Provinces and has an altitude of 2.958 meters above sea level. One of its biggest eruption that significantly changed the civilization happened in 1006. This event is recorded in Pucangan Inscription in 1941 by King Airlangga from Kahuripan Kingdom. The eruption in 1006 heavily harmed Mataram era in Central Java and parts of Borobudur Temple and Mendut Temple. The latest eruption of Mount Merapi occurred on 17 November 2019. According to PVMBG (government body for volcanology and natural disaster), the eruption exceeded as high as 1.000 meter and produced ashes to the western direction (Magelang District). There are some differences between mountain water and sea water.\n- Mount Slamet\nAnother active volcano, Mount Slamet, has an altitude of 3.428 meters above sea level and is considered as the highest mount in Central Java Province. It’s a volcanic cone type and belongs to five administrative districts of Banyumas, Brebes, Purbalingga, Pemalang and Tegal. Mount Slamet is popular of its difficult hiking trails. The mount has erupted since 19th century and witnessed some small eruptions until now. The latest recorded activity was the lava production in Mei till June 2009. In 2014, Mount Slamet had high alert level after producing 170 earthquakes and 51 thick smoke events from the crater. Indonesia is among one of the 10 countries with the most islands in the world.\n- Mount Sindoro\nMount Sindoro is also one of the 6 volcanoes in Central Java Province, specifically located in Temanggung. The mount with an altitude of 3.150 meters above sea level has such crater with cliff in the northwest and south sides. The largest crater is named Kembang. The eruption history of Mount Sindoro is not well recorded, but the eruption has occurred in 1806, 1818, 1882, 1883, 1887, 1902, 1903, 1906, 1908, 1910, 1970, and 2011. However, Mount Sindoro is quite popular for mount climbers. The best time for climbing the mount is between June and August during the window of good weather and dry season. Volcanoes could produce volcanic lakes, and Indonesia has some of them.\n- Mount Sumbing\nMount Sumbing has an altitude of 3.371 meters above sea level and is considered as the second highest mount in Central Java. Administratively, it’s located in Magelang, Temanggung, and Wonosobo Districts. From Temanggung, the Mount Sumbing looks like the twin of Mount Sindoro. It happens since those mounts are close to each other and have relatively similar height. The latest eruption of the Mount Sumbing occurred in 1730 which created a lava dome. However, the Mount Sumbing becomes a favourite for mount climbers with the popular hiking trails named Garuda Post.\n- Mount Merbabu\nMount Merbabu is another active volcano. The stratovolcano type mount is located in Magelang District for the western part, Boyolali District for the southern and eastern part, and Semarang District for the northern part. Mount Merbabu, with an altitude of 3.145 meters above sea level, has erupted in 1560 and 1797. Mount Merbabu has been written in some ancient scripts in pre-Islamic era as Damalung Mount or Pamarihan Mount. Merbabu name is coming from meru (mount) and abu (ash). Besides volcanos, you should also read about the Galapagos Island.\n- Mount Dieng\nNot only being popular of its highland, but there is also an active volcano in Dieng. Administratively, Dieng Mount is located in Banjarnegara, Batang, and Wonosobo Districts. It has six active craters; Condrodimuko, Siglagah, Sikidang, Sileri, Sinilia, and Timbang. The latest eruption of Mount Dieng occurred in 2011, from the Timbang crater in Banjarnegara. Every eruption was accompanied by toxic gas of carbon monoxide. The toxic gas has killed around 149 people in 1979. In several centuries, the Mount Dieng activities was mostly about phreatic eruption and geothermal. Besides volcanoes, Indonesia also has some pretty lakes in Papua.\nSo that’s the list of 6 volcanoes in Central Java Province, which are mostly active. Hopefully this article is useful for you.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-29", "url": "https://deepoceanfacts.com/volcanoes-in-central-java-province", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655896169.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20200708000016-20200708030016-00183.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9620530605, "token_count": 1030, "score": 3.0, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Ós rud é go bhfuil sé suite i gcrios ar a dtugtar fáinne an tine, tá go leor bolcán ann san Indinéis. Tá thart ar 127 bolcán ag an Indinéis, agus tá an chuid is mó acu gníomhach, ar fud na tíre lena n-áirítear Cúige Lár Java. Seo liosta de 6 volcán i gCúige Lár Java.\n- Múnt Merapi\nMeastar gurb é Mount Merapi an bolcán is mó tóir san Indinéis, ós rud é go bhfuil roinnt easpaí ag Mount Merapi le déanaí agus go bhfuil sé fós gníomhach go dtí an lá atá inniu ann. Tá an sliabh suite i gCúige Yogyakarta agus i lár Java agus tá airde 2.958 méadar os cionn leibhéal na farraige. Tharla ceann dá easpa is mó a d'athraigh an sibhialtacht go suntasach i 1006. Tá an t-imeacht seo taifeadta i Inscríbhinn Pucangan i 1941 ag Rí Airlangga ó Ríocht Kahuripan. Chuir an titim i 1006 dochar mór do ré Mataram i lár Java agus do chodanna de Theampall Borobudur agus Teampall Mendut. Tharla an titim is déanaí de Mount Merapi ar 17 Samhain 2019. De réir PVMBG (comhlacht rialtais le haghaidh volcanology agus tubaiste nádúrtha), sháraigh an titim chomh hard le 1.000 méadar agus tháirg sé luaithreach go dtí an treo thiar (Crios Magelang). Tá roinnt difríochtaí idir uisce sléibhe agus uisce farraige.\n- Slamet Mór\nTá airde 3.428 méadar os cionn leibhéal na farraige ag bolcán gníomhach eile, Mount Slamet, agus meastar gurb é an sliabh is airde i gCúige Lár Java é. Is cineál coinnle bolcánach é agus baineann sé le cúig cheantar riaracháin de Banyumas, Brebes, Purbalingga, Pemalang agus Tegal. Tá an Slamet ar eolas mar gheall ar a threoirí trekking deacair. Tá an sliabh ag fulú ó 19ú haois agus bhí roinnt fulúin bheaga ann go dtí seo. Ba é an ghníomhaíocht is déanaí a taifeadadh ná táirgeadh lábha i mí na Bealtaine go dtí mí an Mheithimh 2009. I 2014, bhí leibhéal airdealaithe ard ag Mount Slamet tar éis 170 crith talún agus 51 imeacht deataigh tiubh a tháirgeadh ón gcrathar. Tá an Indinéis ar cheann de na 10 tír is mó oileáin ar domhan.\n- Beinn Sindoro\nTá Mount Sindoro ar cheann de na 6 bholcán i gCúige Lár Java, go sonrach i Temanggung. Tá an crater sin le cnoc ar an taobh thiar thuaidh agus an taobh theas den sliabh a bhfuil airde 3.150 méadar os cionn leibhéal na farraige aige. Tugtar Kembang ar an gcrater is mó. Níl an stair easpaithe Mount Sindoro taifeadta go maith, ach tharla an easpa i 1806, 1818, 1882, 1883, 1887, 1902, 1903, 1906, 1908, 1910, 1970 agus 2011. Mar sin féin, tá an t-ardán Sindoro tóir go leor ar shléibheoirí. Is é an t-am is fearr chun an sliabh a shléachtú idir Meitheamh agus Lúnasa le linn na fuinneoga de thimpeallacht mhaith agus séasúr tirim. D'fhéadfadh bolcánanna lochanna bolcánacha a tháirgeadh, agus tá cuid acu san Indinéis.\n- Mount Sumbing\nTá airde 3.371 méadar ar leibhéal na farraige ag Mount Sumbing agus meastar gurb é an dara sléibhte is airde i Lár Java é. Go riaracháin, tá sé suite i dTuaisceart Magelang, Temanggung, agus Wonosobo. Ó Temanggung, is cosúil go bhfuil Mount Sumbing cosúil le cúpla Mount Sindoro. Tarlaíonn sé mar go bhfuil na monatóireachtaí sin gar dá chéile agus go bhfuil airde réasúnta den chineál céanna acu. Tharla an titim is déanaí de Mount Sumbing i 1730 a chruthaigh domh lavha. Mar sin féin, is é an Sumbing Mount an ceann is fearr leat do lucht claíomh sléibhe leis na cosáin siúlóide tóir ar a dtugtar Garuda Post.\n- Beinn Merbabu\nIs é Mount Merbabu volcán gníomhach eile. Tá an sliabh cineál stratovolcano suite i gContae Magelang don chuid thiar, i gContae Boyolali don chuid theas agus thoir, agus i gContae Semarang don chuid thuaidh. Tá Mount Merbabu, le airde de 3.145 méadar os cionn leibhéal na farraige, tar éis éirí amach i 1560 agus 1797. Scríobhadh Mount Merbabu i roinnt scripteanna ársa i ré ré réamhionscail mar Damalung Mount nó Pamarihan Mount. Tagann ainm Merbabu ó meru (sliabh) agus abu (sliabh). Chomh maith le bolcánanna, ba chóir duit léamh faoi Oileán Galapagos freisin.\n- Beinn Dieng\nNí amháin go bhfuil an t-ardchríoch tóir ar a chuid ardchríocha, ach tá bolcán gníomhach i Dieng freisin. Go riaracháin, tá sliabh Dieng suite i gCeantair Banjarnegara, Batang, agus Wonosobo. Tá sé craters gníomhacha ann; Condrodimuko, Siglagah, Sikidang, Sileri, Sinilia, agus Timbang. Tharla an titim is déanaí de Mount Dieng i 2011, ó chrathar Timbang i Banjarnegara. Bhí gáis cheallmhar de mhonócsaíd charbóin ag gabháil le gach ráfla. Tá an gáis cheircóch tar éis thart ar 149 duine a mharú i 1979. I roinnt céadta bliain, ba é gníomhaíochtaí Mhonta Dieng den chuid is mó faoi easpa fréatúil agus geotermal. Chomh maith le bolcáin, tá roinnt lochanna áille ag an Indinéis i bPapúa.\nMar sin, is é sin an liosta de 6 volcanoes i lár Java Cúige, atá gníomhach den chuid is mó. Tá súil agam go mbeidh an t-alt seo úsáideach duit."} +{"text": "Mastering the Art of Creating Accountability\nAccountability, in traditional environments, is about power. Who has it? How is it used? The teeth in traditional accountability is the power to reward and punish.\nAccountability as pressure:\nShort-sighted leaders use accountability to pressure people.\nThe context of pressure is resistance.\nDependence on traditional accountability suggests people are already resistant.\nAccountability is drawing out the best in others.\n#1. Help people excel at what they want to do, not what you’re pressuring them to do.\nPeople need new jobs when the things they want don’t serve organizational goals.\n#2. Expect people to do what they say.\nHold people accountable to the commitments they impose on themselves, not the ones you impose on them.\n#3. Focus on their power, not yours, when creating accountability.\nPowerful people go further than powerless.\n#4. Honor follow through.\n#5. Call out inconsistency.\nMediocrity prevails when inconsistency wins the day.\n#6. Discuss how people are depending on each other.\n#7. Clarify expectations.\nAmbiguity is the enemy of accountability.\nSeven simple ways to create accountability:\n- Reports and check-ins.\n- “How is your project going,” asked at the water cooler.\n- What would you like me to ask the next time we meet?\n- What are you going to do next/today/this week?\n- When are you taking your next step?\n- What are you going to do?\nFour essentials for healthy accountability:\n- Shared passion to maximize talent.\n- Shifts from external coercion to internal drive.\n- Respect for success.\n- Consequences for failure. One consequence might be removal of responsibilities.\nA point of discomfort:\nI’m troubled by reliance on promises and commitments. Reliance on promises suggests this time you really mean it; normally you don’t.\nAccountability is about clarifying results and behaviors, not making promises.\nWhere does accountability go wrong?\nWhat are the aspects of healthy accountability?", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-47", "url": "https://leadershipfreak.blog/2016/02/10/mastering-the-art-of-creating-accountability/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934809160.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20171124234011-20171125014011-00607.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9179949164, "token_count": 449, "score": 2.96875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "An Ealaín chun Cuntas a Chur\nTá cuntasacht, i dtimpeallachtaí traidisiúnta, faoi chumhacht. Cé a bhfuil sé? Conas a úsáidtear é? Is é an t-idirdhealú i dliteanas traidisiúnta an chumhacht chun luach saothair agus pionós a chur.\nFreagracht mar bhrú:\nÚsáideann ceannairí gearrthógtha cuntasacht chun brú a chur ar dhaoine.\nIs é an comhthéacs brú resistance.\nTugann an spleáchas ar fhreagracht thraidisiúnta le tuiscint go bhfuil daoine ag seasamh in aghaidh cheana féin.\nIs é an cuntasacht an rud is fearr a tharraingt amach i ndaoine eile.\n# 1. Cabhraigh le daoine a bheith den scoth i ndáil leis an méid is mian leo a dhéanamh, ní i ndáil leis an méid atá á bhrú agat orthu a dhéanamh.\nTá gá le daoine le poist nua nuair nach bhfuil na rudaí a theastaíonn uathu ag freastal ar chuspóirí eagraíochta.\n# 2. Ag súil go ndéanfaidh daoine a ndúirt siad.\nCoinnigh daoine freagrach as na gealltanais a chuireann siad orthu féin, ní na cinn a chuireann tú orthu.\n# 3. Dírigh ar a gcumhacht, ní ar do chuid féin, agus cuntasacht á chruthú agat.\nTéann daoine cumhachtach níos faide ná daoine neamhchumhachtach.\n# 4. Lean an onóir tríd.\n# 5. Cuir in iúl go bhfuil sé mí-chomhréireach.\nTá an meánmhéide i réim nuair a bhuaigh an neamhsheasmhacht an lá.\n# 6. Déan plé ar an gcaoi a bhfuil daoine ag brath ar a chéile.\n# 7. Soiléiriú a dhéanamh ar na hionchais.\nIs é an t-easnamh namhaid an fhreagrachta.\nSeacht bhealach simplí chun cuntasacht a chruthú:\n- Tuarascálacha agus seiceálacha isteach.\n- \"Conas atá do thionscadal ag dul?\" a d'fhiafraigh sé ag an gcúlra uisce.\n- Cad ba mhaith leat a iarraidh orm an chéad uair eile a bhuail muid?\n- Cad atá le déanamh agat an tseachtain seo chugainn/an lá atá inniu ann/an tseachtain seo?\n- Nuair a bheidh tú ag glacadh do chéad chéim eile?\n- Cad atá tú ag dul a dhéanamh?\nCeithre rud atá riachtanach le haghaidh cuntasachta sláintiúil:\n- Passion comhroinnte a uasmhéadú tallann.\n- Athraíonn sé ó fhoréigean seachtrach go tiomáint inmheánach.\n- Urraim don rath.\n- Iarsmaí le haghaidh teip. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh freagrachtaí á n-aisghabháil agat mar thoradh air sin.\npointe míchompord:\nTá imní orm faoi bheith ag brath ar ghealltanais agus ar thiomantas. Tugann muinín as gealltanais le tuiscint go bhfuil tú i ndáiríre i gceist leis an uair seo; de ghnáth ní dhéanann tú.\nIs é an cuntasacht ná torthaí agus iompraíochtaí a shoiléiriú, ní gealltanas a dhéanamh.\nCá háit a théann cuntasacht mícheart?\nCad iad na gnéithe de fhreagracht shláintiúil?"} +{"text": "After more than three months living and working aboard the International Space Station (ISS), the Expedition 1 crew of NASA astronaut William P. Shepherd, Yuri P. Gidzenko, and Sergei K. Krikalev of Roscosmos received their second group of visitors. The STS-98 crew of Kenneth D. Cockrell, Mark L. Polansky, Robert L. Curbeam, Marsha S. Ivins, and Thomas D. Jones arrived aboard space shuttle Atlantis to deliver the U.S. Laboratory module Destiny to the ISS. During three spacewalks, the astronauts attached the module to the front of the station, greatly expanding its habitable volume. The joint crews began activating the new element, preparing it for the arrival of future systems and research facilities on subsequent space shuttle missions. The delivery of Destiny marked a milestone in the establishment of a world-class research facility in low-Earth orbit.\nLeft: Progress M1-4, also known as 2P in the International Space Station (ISS) assembly sequence, approaches the ISS just before docking. Middle: Expedition 1 astronaut William M. Shepherd works with the Middeck Active Control Experiment-II (MACE-II) in the Node 1 module. Right: Shepherd building the temporary wardroom table in the Zvezda Service Module.\nShepherd, Gidzenko, and Krikalev continued to improve the habitability of their orbital outpost. They deployed the Interim Resistive Exercise Device (IRED), delivered during the STS-97 mission in December 2000, in the Node 1 module. The IRED provided a third exercise device for the onboard crew with Shepherd declaring on Dec. 12, 2000, “The weight room is open” on the ISS. The Progress M1-4 cargo vehicle that undocked just prior to STS-97 and had been station keeping nearby, re-docked with the ISS on Dec. 26. Using leftover stowage frames from the cargo craft, Shepherd, Gideznko, and Krikalev designed and built a temporary wardroom table since the permanent one was not due to arrive for several months. The table gave them a place to enjoy their meals together. The crew members set up the Chibis Lower Body Negative Device to monitor and challenge their cardiovascular systems, in the Zvezda Service Module. Shepherd, Gidzenko, and Krikalev were the first expedition team to spend Christmas and New Year’s aboard the ISS. For Christmas, they sent a holiday message to the ground that began, “As the most ‘forward deployed’ citizens of the planet at this moment, We, the first expedition crew aboard Space Station Alpha, send our holiday greetings to Earth.” For New Year’s Day, Shepherd honored a naval tradition by writing a poem as the first entry in the onboard logbook for 2001. In January 2001, Shepherd conducted the Middeck Active Control Experiment-II, the first active American research experiment aboard the ISS. On Feb. 2, the crew participated in an event to open the Payload Operations and Integration Center (POIC) at NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama. The POIC became the nerve center of research operations aboard the ISS. On Feb. 7, the crew celebrated its 100th day in space, and the next day undocked the Progress M1-4 cargo craft for the second and final time.\nLeft: At NASA’s Kennedy Space Center’s (KSC) Space Station Processing Facility, KSC Director Roy D. Bridges, left, Randy H. Brinkley, International Space Station Program Manager, and Kenneth D. Cockrell, commander of STS-98, at the Nov. 30, 1998 Destiny naming ceremony. Middle: The payload canister containing the Destiny module arriving at Launch Pad 39A at KSC. Right: The Destiny module installed in the payload bay of space shuttle Atlantis.\nThe primary objective of the STS-98 mission was to deliver the U.S. Laboratory module to the ISS. Construction of the 28-foot-long research module began in 1995, and after it arrived at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center (KSC), it formally received the name Destiny during a ceremony on Nov. 30, 1998. Destiny became the centerpiece of NASA’s research activities at the orbiting facility while also providing essential core systems functions. Designed to house 10 systems and 13 research racks, each weighing about 1,200 pounds, Destiny launched with only five systems racks due to upmass constraints on the space shuttle. Those five racks provided critical functions to the station, such as electrical power distribution, cooling, air revitalization, and temperature and humidity control. The remaining racks arrived on subsequent space shuttle flights. Destiny also included a nadir-facing optical quality window for Earth observations.\nLeft: The STS-98 crew patch. Right: STS-98 astronauts Robert L. Curbeam, left, Mark L. Polansky, Marsha S. Ivins, Kenneth D. Cockrell, and Thomas D. Jones.\nThe seventh space shuttle assembly and resupply mission to the orbital facility began a few minutes after sunset on Feb. 7, 2001, with the launch of space shuttle Atlantis from KSC’s Launch Pad 39A on the STS-98 mission. Less than two days later, Cockrell guided Atlantis to a smooth docking with the ISS at the Pressurized Mating Adapter-3, or PMA-3, located on the nadir or Earth-facing port of the Node 1 module, also known as Unity. The Expedition 1 crew observed the docking, the third visit by Atlantis to the ISS. The astronauts opened the hatches between Atlantis and the ISS for about four hours for some early transfers and then closed them to allow the spacewalks of the next few days to proceed.\nLeft: Launch of Atlantis on space shuttle mission STS-98. Middle: View of the International Space Station (ISS) from Atlantis during the rendezvous and docking maneuver. Right: View from inside the ISS of space shuttle Atlantis with the Destiny laboratory module visible in the payload bay.\nLeft: The joint crews of STS-98 and Expedition 1 pose in the Unity Node 1 module. Middle: The shuttle’s remote manipulator lists the U.S. laboratory module Destiny for transfer to the International Space Station. Right: NASA astronaut Robert L. Curbeam during the first STS-98 spacewalk.\nOn Feb. 10, the mission’s fourth day, using the shuttle’s robotic arm, Ivins grappled the PMA-2 on the forward port of the Unity module and removed it to begin its transfer to a temporary location on the Z1 truss, this clearing the port for Destiny. Meanwhile, Jones and Curbeam exited the shuttle’s airlock to begin the first spacewalk. First working in separate locations, Curbeam disconnected cables between Atlantis and Destiny while Jones translated up to the Z1 truss to assist Ivins with relocating and securing the PMA-2 in that location. Ivins then grappled Destiny, lifted it out of the payload bay, rotated it 180 degrees, and steered it to attach it to Unity’s forward port. Bolts in the berthing mechanism ensured a tight link between the two modules. The mission’s first spacewalk lasted 7 hours 33 minutes. The arrival of Destiny added 32,000 pounds to the overall mass of the ISS and increased its habitable volume by 41%. After its installation, Cockrell and Shepherd began to remotely activate Destiny’s systems. The next morning, the Expedition 1 and STS-98 crews entered Destiny for the first time to continue its activation.\nLeft: The interior of the Destiny laboratory module after hatch opening. Right: An image taken during the second STS-98 spacewalk showing the complex connection between Destiny at right and the Z1 truss.\nLeft: NASA astronaut Robert L. Curbeam during the second STS-98 spacewalk. Middle: STS-98 astronauts Kenneth D. Cockrell, left, Thomas D. Jones, Mark L. Polansky, and Curbeam prepare for the third spacewalk. Right: Jones during the third spacewalk of the mission.\nOn Feb. 12, Jones and Curbeam ventured outside for their second spacewalk. Their first major task involved assisting Ivins with removing the PMA-2 from its temporary location and attaching it to the forward hatch of Destiny to allow future shuttles to dock there. During the remainder of the 6-hour 50-minute spacewalk, they completed numerous other tasks to prepare Destiny for its long orbital stay. Jones and Curbeam ventured out a third time on Feb. 14 to complete the remaining installation tasks during a spacewalk lasting 5 hours 25 minutes. The two crews spent the next two days completing transfers between Atlantis and the ISS and readying Destiny for its operations.\nLeft: The STS-98 and Expedition 1 crews pose inside the newly activated Destiny module. Right: The STS-98 crew poses for a photo on the flight deck of Atlantis.\nWith Polansky at the controls, Atlantis undocked from the ISS on Feb. 16 and completed a fly-around of the expanded station, with the crew taking photographs to document its condition. Inclement weather at KSC forced the crew to stay in orbit an extra two days and diverted the landing to Edwards Air Force Base in California. On Feb. 20, the astronauts closed Atlantis’ payload bay doors, put on their launch and entry suits, strapped into their seats, and fired the shuttle’s engines for the trip back to Earth. Cockrell guided Atlantis to a smooth landing, ending a highly successful 13-day mission, adding the Destiny module to enable a robust research program aboard the ISS.\nLeft: A view of the International Space Station as seen from Atlantis during its departure, with the newly added Destiny module at lower right. Right: Atlantis makes a smooth landing at Edwards Air Force Base in California.\nEnjoy the crew-narrated video about the STS-98 mission.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/history/space-station-20th-sts-98-delivers-destiny-to-the-international-space-station/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100762.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20231208144732-20231208174732-00523.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9017659426, "token_count": 2092, "score": 2.765625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tar éis breis agus trí mhí a bheith ina gcónaí agus ag obair ar bord an Stáisiún Spáis Idirnáisiúnta (ISS), fuair criú Eacnamaíochta 1 de chuid spásaire NASA William P. Shepherd, Yuri P. Gidzenko, agus Sergei K. Krikalev de Roscosmos a dara grúpa cuairteoirí. Tháinig criú STS-98 de Kenneth D. Cockrell, Mark L. Polansky, Robert L. Curbeam, Marsha S. Ivins, agus Thomas D. Jones ar bord an charrlainne spáis Atlantis chun na Stáit Aontaithe a sheachadadh. Modúl saotharlainne Destiny chuig an ISS. Le linn trí shéalaíocht spáis, chuir na spásairí an modúl i gceangal le tosaigh an stáisiúin, ag leathnú go mór a toirte ináitithe. Thosaigh na foirne comhpháirteacha an ghné nua a ghníomhachtú, ag ullmhú dó le haghaidh córais agus áiseanna taighde sa todhchaí a bheith ag teacht ar mhisean na seoltóirí spáis ina dhiaidh sin. Bhí an seachadadh de Destiny mar chloch mhíle i mbunú áis taighde den scoth i gciorcal íseal-Dhomhanda.\nAr chlé: Progress M1-4, ar a dtugtar 2P freisin i seicfhiosrúchán tionól an Stáisiún Spáis Idirnáisiúnta (ISS), ag teacht ar an ISS díreach roimh docking. I lár: Oibríonn spásaire Eitiltis 1 William M. Shepherd le Meath-Eispéireas Rialú Gníomhach Middeck-II (MACE-II) i modúl Node 1. Ar dheis: Shepherd ag tógáil an tábla shealadach seomra wardroom sa Módúl Seirbhíse Zvezda.\nLean Shepherd, Gidzenko, agus Krikalev ag feabhsú in áit chónaithe a bpost amach timpeall. Chuir siad an Feiste Oiliúna Frithsheasmhachta Idirmheánach (IRED), a tugadh le linn misean STS-97 i mí na Nollag 2000, i modúl Node 1. Thug an IRED an tríú feiste aclaíochta don fhoireann ar bord agus dhearbhaigh Shepherd an 12 Nollaig 2000, \"Tá an seomra meáchain ar oscailt\" ar an ISS. An Progress M1-4 feithicil lasta a undocked díreach roimh STS-97 agus bhí stáisiún ag coinneáil in aice láimhe, re-docked leis an ISS ar 26 Nollaig. Ag baint úsáide as frámaí stocaireachta fágtha ón ngréasán lasta, dhear Shepherd, Gideznko, agus Krikalev agus thóg siad tábla sealadach seomra wardroom ós rud é nach raibh an ceann buan le teacht ar feadh roinnt míonna. Bhí an tábla ina áit dóibh a gcuid béilí a fháil le chéile. Chuir baill an fhoireann an Chibis Lower Body Negative Device ar bun chun a gcórais chárdaí-aigéalach a mhonatóireacht agus a dhúshlánú, sa Mhodúl Seirbhíse Zvezda. Ba é Shepherd, Gidzenko, agus Krikalev an chéad fhoireann expedition a chaith Nollaig agus Bliain Nua ar bord an ISS. Le haghaidh na Nollag, chuir siad teachtaireacht saoire chuig an talamh a thosaigh, \"Mar na saoránaigh is mó a forward deployed den phláinéid ag an nóiméad seo, Táimid, an chéad fhoireann expedition ar bord an Stáisiún Spáis Alpha, a sheoladh ár beannachtaí saoire ar an Domhan. Le haghaidh Lá na Bliana Nua, Shepherd onóir a thraidisiún cabhlaigh trí scríobh an dán mar an chéad iontráil sa leabhar lógó ar bord le haghaidh 2001. I mí Eanáir 2001, rinne Shepherd Eipirimí Rialú Gníomhach Middeck-II, an chéad turgnamh taighde gníomhach Mheiriceá ar bord an ISS. Ar 2 Feabhra, ghlac an criú páirt in imeacht chun an tIonad Oibríochtaí agus Comhtháthaithe Luchta (POIC) a oscailt i Lárionad eitilte Spáis Marshall NASA i Huntsville, Alabama. Tháinig an POIC chun bheith ina lárionad néaróg d'oibríochtaí taighde ar bord an ISS. Ar 7 Feabhra, cheiliúradh an criú a 100ú lá san spás, agus an lá dar gcionn d'fhág an craft lasta Progress M1-4 an dara uair agus an uair dheireanach.\nAr chlé: Ag Áras Próiseála an Stáisiún Spáis i Lárionad Spáis Kennedy (KSC) NASA, Stiúrthóir KSC Roy D. Bridges, ar chlé, Randy H. Brinkley, Bainisteoir Clár an Stáisiún Spáis Idirnáisiúnta, agus Kenneth D. Cockrell, ceannasaí STS-98, ag searmanas ainmniúcháin Destiny an 30 Samhain, 1998. Meán: An canastair lasta úsáideach ina bhfuil an modúl Destiny ag teacht go Pad Seoladh 39A ag KSC. Ar dheis: Tá an modúl Destiny suiteáilte i gcalafort an ualach úsáideach ar an seoltóir spáis Atlantis.\nBa é príomhchuspóir misean STS-98 na Stáit Aontaithe a sheachadadh Modúl saotharlainne chuig an ISS. Thosaigh tógáil an mhódúl taighde 28-ft-fhada i 1995, agus tar éis dó teacht ar Ionad Spáis Kennedy NASA (KSC), fuair sé an t-ainm Destiny go foirmiúil le linn searmanais an 30 Samhain, 1998. Tháinig Destiny mar lárghné de ghníomhaíochtaí taighde NASA ag an saoráid imchuairte agus feidhm chórais lárnacha riachtanach á soláthar aige freisin. Dearadh chun 10 córas agus 13 raic taighde a shuiteáil, gach ceann acu ag meáchan thart ar 1,200 punt, seoladh Destiny le cúig raic chórais amháin mar gheall ar shrianta upmass ar an seoltóir spáis. Bhí na cúig raca sin ag soláthar feidhmeanna ríthábhachtacha don stáisiún, amhail dáileadh cumhachta leictreach, fuaraithe, athbheochan aeir, agus rialú teochta agus taise. Tháinig na racaí a bhí fágtha ar eitiltí tar éis na seoltóirí spáis. Bhí fuinneog cháilíochta optúla atá os comhair na n-ádir le haghaidh breathnóireachtaí ar an Domhan san áireamh ar Destiny freisin.\nAr chlé: An patch foirne STS-98. Ar dheis: Rúnaithe STS-98 Robert L. Curbeam, ar chlé, Mark L. Polansky, Marsha S. Ivins, Kenneth D. Cockrell, agus Thomas D. Jones.\nThosaigh an seachtú misean tionóil agus athsholáthair an tsamhraidh spáis chuig an saoráid imchlúdach cúpla nóiméad tar éis an lae a bheith imithe ar 7 Feabhra, 2001, le seoladh an tsamhraidh spáis Atlantis ó Chéim Seolta 39A KSC ar mhisean STS-98. Níos lú ná dhá lá ina dhiaidh sin, threoraigh Cockrell Atlantis go docking réidh leis an ISS ag an Adaptóir Páirtithe Brúite-3, nó PMA-3, atá suite ar an nadir nó ag port atá os comhair na Talún de mhódúl Node 1, ar a dtugtar Unity freisin. D'amharc criú Eacnamaíochta 1 ar an docking, an tríú cuairt ag Atlantis ar an ISS. D'oscail na spásairí na luchtaí idir Atlantis agus an ISS ar feadh thart ar cheithre uair an chloig le haghaidh roinnt aistriú luath agus ansin d'oscail siad iad chun ligean do na siúlóidí spáis sna cúpla lá amach romhainn dul ar aghaidh.\nAr chlé: Seoladh Atlantis ar mhisean na seoltóra spáis STS-98. I lár: Léargas ar an Stáisiún Spáis Idirnáisiúnta (ISS) ó Atlantis le linn an chomhair agus an maneabra doic. Ar dheis: Léargas ó taobh istigh de ISS na seoltóir spáis Atlantis leis an modúl saotharlainne Destiny le feiceáil sa bhosca lasta.\nAr chlé: Léiríonn foirne comhpháirteacha STS-98 agus Expedition 1 i modúl Unity Node 1. Meán: Liostaíonn manipulatóir iargúlta an seoltóra modúl saotharlainne SAM Destiny le haistriú chuig an Stáisiún Spáis Idirnáisiúnta. Ar dheis: Astronaut NASA Robert L. Curbeam le linn an chéad siúlóid spáis STS-98.\nAr 10 Feabhra, an ceathrú lá den misean, ag baint úsáide as lámh róbatach an seata, ghlac Ivins an PMA-2 ar phort tosaigh mhódúl Unity agus thóg sé é chun tús a chur lena aistriú go suíomh sealadach ar an truss Z1, ag glanadh an chalafoirt seo do Destiny. Idir an dá linn, d'fhág Jones agus Curbeam slua aeir an seoltóra chun an chéad siúlóid spáis a thosú. Ag obair ar dtús in áiteanna ar leithligh, chuir Curbeam cáblaí idir Atlantis agus Destiny as a chéile agus d'aistrigh Jones suas go dtí an truss Z1 chun cabhrú le Ivins an PMA-2 a athlonnú agus a dhaingniú sa suíomh sin. Ansin ghlac Ivins Destiny, thóg sé amach as an gcalafort lasta, chas sé 180 céim air, agus threoraigh sé é chun é a cheangal le calafort tosaigh Unity. Ba é boltaí sa mheicníocht clóite a chinntigh go raibh nasc daingean idir an dá mhódúl. D'fhan an chéad siúlóid spáis den misean 7 uair an chloig agus 33 nóiméad. Chuir teacht Destiny £ 32,000 le mais iomlán an ISS agus mhéadaigh sé a toirte ináitithe 41%. Tar éis a shuiteáil, thosaigh Cockrell agus Shepherd ag cur córais Destiny i bhfeidhm óna chéile. An mhaidin dár gcionn, chuaigh foirne Eacnamaíocht 1 agus STS-98 isteach i Destiny den chéad uair chun leanúint lena ghníomhachtú.\nAr chlé: Innear mhódúl saotharlainne an Destiny tar éis an luchta a oscailt. Ar dheis: Íomhá a tógadh le linn an dara siúlóid spáis STS-98 a léiríonn an nasc casta idir Destiny ar dheis agus an truss Z1.\nAr chlé: Astronaut NASA Robert L. Curbeam le linn an dara siúlóid spáis STS-98. I lár: Astronautaí STS-98, Kenneth D. Cockrell, ar chlé, Thomas D. Jones, Mark L. Polansky, agus Curbeam ag ullmhú don tríú siúlóid spáis. Ceart: Jones le linn an tríú siúlóid spáis den mhisean.\nAr 12 Feabhra, d'fhág Jones agus Curbeam amach lena dara siúlóid spáis. Ba é an chéad phríomhchúram a bhí orthu cabhrú le Ivins an PMA-2 a bhaint as a shuíomh sealadach agus é a cheangal le hais tosaigh Destiny chun ligean do shuttleanna amach anseo dul i gcalafort ann. Le linn an chuid eile den spáis-chúrsa 6 uair an chloig 50 nóiméad, chríochnaigh siad go leor tascanna eile chun Destiny a ullmhú le haghaidh a fanacht fada i bhfithis. D'fhág Jones agus Curbeam an tríú uair ar 14 Feabhra chun na tascanna suiteála atá fágtha a chríochnú le linn siúlóid spáis a mhair 5 uair 25 nóiméad. Chaith an dá fhoireann an dá lá eile ag críochnú aistrithe idir Atlantis agus an ISS agus ag ullmhú Destiny le haghaidh a chuid oibríochtaí.\nAr chlé: Léiríonn foirne STS-98 agus Expedition 1 taobh istigh den mhódúl Destiny a ndearnadh gníomhachtú le déanaí. Ceart: Tá foireann STS-98 ag cur i láthair le haghaidh grianghraf ar dhúshlán eitilte Atlantis.\nLe Polansky ag na rialuithe, d'éirigh Atlantis as an ISS ar 16 Feabhra agus chríochnaigh sé eitilt timpeall an stáisiúin leathnaithe, agus an criú ag glacadh grianghraif chun a riocht a dhoiciméadú. Chuir aimsir dhroch-aimsire ag KSC iallach ar an bhfoireann fanacht ar an orbit dhá lá breise agus dírigh siad ar an tuirlingt go Bunús Airm Edwards i California. Ar 20 Feabhra, dún na spásairí doirse locht úsáideach Atlantis, chuir siad ar a n-suits scaoilte agus iontrála, leagadh isteach ina suíocháin, agus chuir siad gluaisrothar na seoltóirí ar bun le haghaidh an turais ar ais go Domhan. Thug Cockrell le Atlantis tuirlingt shlaghda, ag críochnú misean 13 lá an-rathúil, ag cur an mhódúl Destiny leis chun clár taighde láidir a chumasú ar bord an ISS.\nAr chlé: Léargas ar an Stáisiún Spáis Idirnáisiúnta mar a fheictear ó Atlantis le linn a imeacht, leis an modúl Destiny a cuireadh leis go déanaí ag an taobh dheis íseal. Ceart: Déantar Atlantis tuirlingt réidh ag Ciste Airm Edwards i California.\nBain taitneamh as an físeán a insíonn an criú faoi mhisean STS-98."} +{"text": "Ultrasonography should be used in the evaluation of the critically ill patient in cardiac arrest to establish the likely cause of arrest and prioritise life-saving treatments. In the hands of a skilled clinician, a haemo-peritoneum, a haemo or pneumothorax and cardiac tamponade can be reliably diagnosed within minutes. Appropriate interventions post diagnosis can then be established.\nCardiac tamponade is the underlying cause of approximately 10% of cardiac arrest in trauma. Penetrating injury to the chest or epigastric region is the most common cause of pericardial tamponade and treatment with immediate RT can be life-saving. Where the option to surgically manage the patient is not immediately available then pericardiocentesis can be attempted in the patient who is peri-arrest or in cardiac arrest with a high suspicion of tamponade until definitive care can be arranged. Needle aspiration of tamponade is unreliable, as the pericardium is usually full of clotted blood. However if immediate surgical option is not available then needle aspiration should be conducted under ultrasound guidance, where available.\nThe success of resuscitative thoracotomy (RT) is time critical. Penetrating trauma is more likely to respond to Resuscitative Thoracotomy than blunt trauma, where survival is poor. RT is unlikely to be successful if performed more than 10 minutes after the onset of cardiac arrest. A RT can:\nRelease tension pneumothorax and cardiac tamponade.\nAllow direct control of intrathoracic haemorrhage.\nAllow cross clamping of the descending aorta which will stop blood loss below the diaphragm, thereby improving brain and cardiac perfusion.\nPermit open cardiac compression and defibrillation.\nThe decision to proceed with a RT will be based on the mechanism of injury, whether there is likely to be a surgically correctable problem and the duration since the onset of cardiac arrest. In order to give the patient the best chance of survival, the following needs to be in place prior to consideration of RT:\nA highly skilled and trained team led by a competent medical practitioner who are operating under a robust governance framework.\nAdequate equipment to carry out the procedure and deal with the findings.\nIdeally RT should be carried out in an operating theatre environment but may be considered in other suitably resourced environments.\nThe time from loss of vital signs to commencing RT should be no longer than 10 minutes.\nIf any of the four criteria is not met, then RT should not be attempted.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-34", "url": "https://trauma.reach.vic.gov.au/guidelines/traumatic-cardiac-arrest/resuscitation-procedures", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738950.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20200812225607-20200813015607-00489.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9087519646, "token_count": 531, "score": 2.71875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Ba cheart ultrafhuaim a úsáid i meastóireacht ar othair atá i gcontúirt i ngéarghníomhaíocht cardashoird chun an chúis dóchúil le stopadh a bhunú agus chun cóireálacha a shábháil ar shaol a chur ar thús. I lámha cliniceoir oilte, is féidir haemo-peritoneum, haemo nó pneumothorax agus tamponade croí a dhiagnóisiú go hiontaofa i gceann cúpla nóiméad. Is féidir idirghabhálacha iomchuí tar éis an diagnóis a bhunú ansin.\nIs é tamponade cardasach an chúis bhunúsach le thart ar 10% de stad cardasach i dtroma. Is é an chúis is coitianta le tamponade pericardial ná díobháil a sháraíonn an tóin nó an réigiún epigastric agus is féidir le cóireáil RT láithreach a bheith ina shábháil saoil. I gcás nach bhfuil an rogha chun an t-othar a bhainistiú go héigeantach ar fáil láithreach, is féidir pericardiocentesis a thriail i gcás an othair atá i peri- arrest nó i stad cardashocair le amhras ard ar tamponade go dtí go bhféadfar cúram críochnaitheach a shocrú. Níl an t-aigéad a chuirtear isteach i tamponade iontaofa, toisc go mbíonn an pericardium lán de fhuil chlúdaithe de ghnáth. Mar sin féin, mura bhfuil rogha máinliachta láithreach ar fáil, ba cheart an t- aidhm a bheith ag an tsúilín a dhéanamh faoi threoir ultrafhuaime, i gcás ina bhfuil sé ar fáil.\nTá rath thoracotomy athbheochan (RT) criticiúil ama. Tá seans níos mó ann go bhfreagróidh trauma iontrála ar Thoracotomy Athbheochan ná trauma tuillte, áit a bhfuil maireachtáil lag. Tá sé dóchúil nach mbeidh RT rathúil má dhéantar níos mó ná 10 nóiméad tar éis tús na stad cardashoíche. Is féidir le RT:\nScaoileadh teannas pneumothorax agus tamponade cardashoighne.\nLig do rialú díreach a dhéanamh ar fhuilíocht intrathoracic.\nLig tras-clamping an aorta ag titim a stopfaidh caillteanas fola faoi bhun an diaphragm, rud a fheabhsóidh perfusion inchinn agus croí.\nLig do chúnamh croí oscailte agus do dhífhriothú.\nBeidh an cinneadh RT a dhéanamh bunaithe ar mheicníocht an ghortú, an dóigh go mbeidh fadhb a d'fhéadfaí a cheartú go héigeandálach agus an tréimhse ó thús na stad cardasaí. Chun an seans is fearr a thabhairt don othar maireachtáil, ní mór na rudaí seo a leanas a bheith i bhfeidhm sula ndéantar RT a mheas:\nTá foireann ard-chabhrach agus oiliúna faoi stiúir dochtúir inniúil atá ag feidhmiú faoi chreat rialachais láidir.\nTrealamh leordhóthanach chun an nós imeachta a dhéanamh agus chun déileáil leis na torthaí.\nBa cheart RT a dhéanamh go hidéalach i dtimpeallacht seomra oibriúcháin ach d'fhéadfaí é a mheas i dtimpeallachtaí eile a bhfuil acmhainní oiriúnacha acu.\nNíor chóir go mbeadh an t-am ó chailliúint na gcomharthaí ríthábhachtach go dtí tús RT níos faide ná 10 nóiméad.\nMura gcomhlíontar aon cheann de na ceithre chritéar, níor cheart RT a dhéanamh."} +{"text": "Clara M. Luper, a black civil rights activist in Oklahoma whose early leadership of lunch counter sit-ins helped break down racial barriers at restaurants and diners nearly two years before the Greensboro, N.C., sit-ins captured national attention in 1960, died of natural causes Wednesday at her home in Oklahoma City, her family said. She was 88.\nLuper's role in civil rights history began with a Greyhound bus trip to New York City in 1957. A high school history teacher, Luper had written a play called \"Brother President,\" about the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr., the leader of the successful Montgomery, Ala., bus boycott. Luper and her students were invited to perform the play at the NAACP's national convention in New York.\nKnowing that many of her students had never been outside Oklahoma, Luper plotted a route through the North that would expose them to cities where segregation was not practiced. During a stopover in St. Louis for dinner, the group ate at a lunch counter with white customers for the first time in their lives.\n\"That was amazing to us,\" recalled Marilyn Hildreth, Luper's daughter, who was 8 at the time.\nAfter their performance in New York, the group took a Southern route home. As they reentered Jim Crow territory, they once again were eating their meals out of paper sacks.\nAccording to her daughter, Luper often said \"a little bit of freedom is a dangerous thing.\" On the way home, she thought about her father, a World War II veteran who died that year, never having had the experience she and her students had in St. Louis.\n\"I remembered how he used to tell us that someday he would take us to dinner and to parks and zoos,\" Luper wrote in her memoir, \"Behold the Walls\" (1979). \"And when I asked him when was someday, he would always say, 'Someday will be real soon,' as tears ran down his cheeks. So my answer was, 'Yes, tonight is the night. History compels us to go, and let history alone be our final judge.' \"\nBack in Oklahoma City, the youth council decided to launch a new project: breaking down the color lines that prevented blacks from being served equally with whites at lunch counters.\nThey tried negotiations first, but the city's eating establishments feared losing their white customers if they began serving blacks and refused to change. After a year of unsuccessful talks, Luper and the youth council took direct action.\nOn Aug. 19, 1958, Luper and 13 students, who ranged in age from 6 to 17, entered Katz drugstore in downtown Oklahoma City and took seats at the counter. \"Thirteen Cokes, please,\" Luper said, but the waitresses ignored them. White customers spit and poured drinks on them, hurled epithets and left in disgust without finishing their meals. \"People that had known us for years began to curse at us,\" Luper recalled in a 2005 interview with the blog Stories in America.\nAfter several hours, the protesters gave up. But when they returned the next day, they were served drinks and burgers. \"Within that hamburger was the whole essence of democracy,\" Luper said later.\nCheered by their success, the \"sit-inners,\" as they were called, took their peaceful protests to every restaurant in the downtown area. Similar protests popped up at diners across the state.\nIn 1960, the sit-ins spread across the country after four students from North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University sat at a whites-only lunch counter inside a Greensboro Woolworth's store.\nLuper was arrested 26 times before the Oklahoma City Council passed an ordinance in 1964 outlawing discrimination in public accommodations because of race, religion or color. It was adopted two days after President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964.\nA native of Okfuskee County, Okla., Luper was born May 3, 1923. She earned a bachelor's degree in mathematics from Langston University in Langston, Okla., in 1944 and a master's in history from Oklahoma University in 1951. She taught public school for 40 years, served on the Oklahoma City school board, led battles for school integration and championed the teaching of black history.\nIn addition to Hildreth, she is survived by a son, Calvin; another daughter, Chelle Luper Wilson; a sister, Onita Brown; five grandchildren and eight great-grandchildren.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-47", "url": "http://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/la-me-clara-luper-20110610-story.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806317.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20171121055145-20171121075145-00297.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9832649231, "token_count": 925, "score": 2.90625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Clara M. Luper, gníomhaí cearta sibhialta dubh in Oklahoma a bhí ina ceannaireacht luath ar shuí ag cóimire lóin a chabhraigh le bacainní ciníocha a bhriseadh síos i mbialann agus i mbialann beagnach dhá bhliain sula raibh Greensboro, N.C., shuí ag gabháil le aird náisiúnta i 1960, fuair bás de chúiseanna nádúrtha Dé Céadaoin ina theach i Oklahoma City, a dúirt a teaghlach. Bhí sí 88.\nThosaigh ról Luper i stair na gceart sibhialta le turas bus Greyhound go Cathair Nua Eabhrac i 1957. Bhí múinteoir stair ar scoil ard, Luper a scríobh dráma ar a dtugtar \"Brathair Uachtarán\", faoi an Rev. Martin Luther King Jr., ceannaire an bhróg rathúil Montgomery, Ala., bus. Tugadh cuireadh do Luper agus dá mic léinn an dráma a léiriú ag tionól náisiúnta NAACP i Nua-Eabhrac.\nAgus a fhios aici nach raibh go leor dá mic léinn riamh lasmuigh d'Oklahoma, phléiligh Luper bealach tríd an Tuaisceart a chuirfeadh iad i láthair i gcathracha nach raibh idirdhealú ann. Le linn stopadh i St. Louis le haghaidh dinnéar, d'ith an grúpa ag cóiméir l��in le custaiméirí bán den chéad uair ina saol.\n\"Bhí sé sin iontach dúinn\", a dúirt Marilyn Hildreth, iníon Luper, a bhí 8 mbliana d'aois ag an am.\nTar éis a n-oibriú i Nua-Eabhrac, ghlac an grúpa bealach Theas abhaile. Agus iad ag dul isteach i gcríoch Jim Crow, bhí siad ag ithe a gcuid béilí as málaí páipéir arís.\nDe réir a hiníon, dúirt Luper go minic \"tá beagán saoirse ina rud contúirteach\". Ar an mbealach abhaile, shíl sí faoi a hathair, veterán an Dara Cogadh Domhanda a fuair bás an bhliain sin, gan taithí a bheith aici riamh ar an taithí a bhí aici féin agus a mic léinn i St. Louis.\n\"Cuimhnigh mé ar an gcaoi a d'úsáid sé a insint dúinn go dtabharfadh sé dinnéar dúinn lá éigin agus go páirceanna agus gciúgaí\", a scríobh Luper ina chuimhní cinn, \"Behold the Walls\" (1979). \"Agus nuair a d'fhiafraigh mé dó nuair a bhí lá éigin, bheadh sé ag rá i gcónaí, 'Beidh lá éigin fíor go luath,' agus deora ag rith síos a cheangail. Mar sin, bhí mo fhreagra, 'Sea, anocht an oíche. Cuireann an stair iallach orainn dul, agus lig don stair ina n-aonar ár mbreitheamh deiridh.' \"\nAr ais i Oklahoma City, shocraigh an Chomhairle Óige tionscadal nua a sheoladh: na línte dathanna a bhriseadh síos a chuir cosc ar na dubha freastal go cothrom le daoine bán ag cótaí lóin.\nRinne siad iarracht caibidlíocht a dhéanamh ar dtús, ach bhí eagla ar bhunaíochtaí itheacháin na cathrach a gcustaiméirí bána a chailleadh dá dtosódh siad ag freastal ar dubha agus diúltaigh siad athrú. Tar éis bliain de chainteanna gan rath, ghlac Luper agus an chomhairle óige gníomh díreach.\nAr 19 Lúnasa, 1958, chuaigh Luper agus 13 mac léinn, a bhí idir 6 agus 17 bliana d'aois, isteach i siopa drugaí Katz i lár Oklahoma City agus ghlac siad suíocháin ag an gcuntar. \"Trí déag Coke, le do thoil\", Luper dúirt, ach na seirbhísigh neamhaird orthu. D'ith custaiméirí bán spí agus deochanna orthu, chuir siad epithets orthu agus d'fhág siad i mbrionglóid gan a gcuid béilí a chríochnú. \"Thosaigh daoine a raibh aithne acu orainn le blianta ag curse orainn\", a dúirt Luper i agallamh 2005 leis an mblag Stories in America.\nTar éis roinnt uaireanta, thug na hidirbheartaithe suas. Ach nuair a d'fhill siad ar an lá dár gcionn, bhí deochanna agus burgáirí á n-eagrú dóibh. \"Bhí croílár an daonlathais ar fad sa hamburger sin\", a dúirt Luper ina dhiaidh sin.\nArna spreagadh ag a n-éacht, thug na \"sit-inners\", mar a bhí ar a dtugtar iad, a n-agóidí síochánta chuig gach bialann i gceantar lár na cathrach. Tháinig agóidí den chineál céanna ar siúl ag dinnéir ar fud an stáit.\nSa bhliain 1960, scaipeadh na suí-ins ar fud na tíre tar éis do cheithre mac léinn ó Ollscoil Talmhaíochta agus Teicniúil Stáit Carolina Thuaidh suí ag cóta lóin bán amháin taobh istigh de stór Greensboro Woolworth.\nGlacadh Luper 26 uair sular rith Comhairle Chathair Oklahoma ordú i 1964 ag cur idirdhealú i gcathair phoiblí as a gcúis ciníoch, reiligiúnach nó dath. Glacadh é dhá lá tar éis don Uachtarán Lyndon B. Johnson an tAcht um Chearta Sibhialta 1964 a shíniú.\nRugadh Luper ar 3 Bealtaine, 1923. Fuair sí céim baitsiléir i matamaitic ó Ollscoil Langston i Langston, Okla., i 1944 agus máistreacht i stair ó Ollscoil Oklahoma i 1951. Mhúin sí scoil phoiblí ar feadh 40 bliain, sheirbheáil sí ar bhord scoile Oklahoma City, threoraigh sí cathanna le haghaidh lánpháirtiú scoile agus chuir sí chun cinn teagasc stair dubh.\nChomh maith le Hildreth, tá mac, Calvin; iníon eile, Chelle Luper Wilson; deirfiúr, Onita Brown; cúig neacht agus ochtar neacht."} +{"text": "The original map was proposed first by Ikeda as a model of light going around across a nonlinear optical resonator (ring cavity containing a nonlinear dielectric medium) in a more general form. It is reduced to the above simplified \"normal\" form by Ikeda, Daido and Akimoto stands for the electric field inside the resonator at the n-th step of rotation in the resonator, and and are parameters which indicates laser light applied from the outside, and linear phase across the resonator, respectively. In particular the parameter is called dissipation parameter characterizing the loss of resonator, and in the limit of the Ikeda map becomes a conservative map.\nThe original Ikeda map is often used in another modified form in order to take the saturation effect of nonlinear dielectric medium into account:\nA 2D real example of the above form is:\nwhere u is a parameter and\nFor some values of u, this system has a chaotic attractor.\nThis animation shows how the attractor of the system changes as the parameter is varied from 0.0 to 1.0 in steps of 0.01. The Ikeda dynamical system is simulated for 500 steps, starting from 20000 randomly placed starting points. The last 20 points of each trajectory are plotted to depict the attractor. Note the bifurcation of attractor points as is increased.\nThe plots below show trajectories of 200 random points for various values of . The inset plot on the left shows an estimate of the attractor while the inset on the right shows a zoomed in view of the main trajectory plot.\nOctave/MATLAB code for point trajectories\nThe Octave/MATLAB code to generate these plots is given below:\n% u = ikeda parameter % option = what to plot % 'trajectory' - plot trajectory of random starting points % 'limit' - plot the last few iterations of random starting points function ikeda(u, option) P = 200;%how many starting points N = 1000;%how many iterations Nlimit = 20; %plot these many last points for 'limit' option x = randn(1,P)*10;%the random starting points y = randn(1,P)*10; for n=1:P, X = compute_ikeda_trajectory(u, x(n), y(n), N); switch option case 'trajectory' %plot the trajectories of a bunch of points plot_ikeda_trajectory(X);hold on; case 'limit' plot_limit(X, Nlimit); hold on; otherwise disp('Not implemented'); end end axis tight; axis equal text(-25,-15,['u = ' num2str(u)]); text(-25,-18,['N = ' num2str(N) ' iterations']); end % Plot the last n points of the curve - to see end point or limit cycle function plot_limit(X,n) plot(X(end-n:end,1),X(end-n:end,2),'ko'); end % Plot the whole trajectory function plot_ikeda_trajectory(X) plot(X(:,1),X(:,2),'k'); %hold on; plot(X(1,1),X(1,2),'bo','markerfacecolor','g'); hold off end %u is the ikeda parameter %x,y is the starting point %N is the number of iterations function [X] = compute_ikeda_trajectory(u, x, y, N) X = zeros(N,2); X(1,:) = [x y]; for n = 2:N t = 0.4 - 6/(1 + x^2 + y^2); x1 = 1 + u*(x*cos(t) - y*sin(t)) ; y1 = u*(x*sin(t) + y*cos(t)) ; x = x1; y = y1; X(n,:) = [x y]; end end\n- K.Ikeda, Multiple-valued Stationary State and its Instability of the Transmitted Light by a Ring Cavity System, Opt. Commun. 30 257-261 (1979); K. Ikeda, H. Daido and O. Akimoto, Optical Turbulence: Chaotic Behavior of Transmitted Light from a Ring Cavity, Phys. Rev. Lett. 45, 709–712 (1980)", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-41", "url": "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikeda_map", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657140379.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011220-00152-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.7141468525, "token_count": 964, "score": 2.828125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Mhol Ikeda an léarscáil bhunaidh ar dtús mar múnla solais ag dul timpeall ar thras resonator optúil neamhlíneach (comhchlúdach fáinne ina bhfuil meán díleictreach neamhlíneach) i bhfoirm níos ginearálta. Tá sé laghdaithe go dtí an fhoirm \"gnáth\" simplithe thuas ag Ikeda, Daido agus Akimoto a sheasann don réimse leictreach taobh istigh den resonator ag an n-ú céim de rothlú sa resonator, agus agus is paraiméadair iad a léiríonn solas léasair a chuirtear i bhfeidhm ón taobh amuigh, agus céim líneach ar fud an resonator, faoi seach. Go háirithe, tugtar an paraiméadar ar an paraiméadar díothú a dhéanann saintréith ar chailliúint an réabhlóide, agus i dteorainn léarscáile Ikeda bíonn sé ina léarscáil choimeádach.\nIs minic a úsáidtear léarscáil bhunaidh Ikeda i bhfoirm mhodhnaithe eile d'fhonn éifeacht saturaíochta meán díleictreach neamhlínéar a chur san áireamh:\nSampla fíor 2D den fhoirm thuas:\náit a bhfuil u ina pharaiméadar agus\nI gcás roinnt luachanna de u, tá tarraingtóir chaotic ag an gcóras seo.\nTaispeánann an beochan seo conas a athraíonn tarraingteoir an chórais de réir mar a athraítear an paraiméadar ó 0.0 go 1.0 i gcéimeanna de 0.01. Déantar córas dinimiciúil Ikeda a shamhlú ar feadh 500 céim, ag tosú ó 20000 pointe tosaigh a chuirtear go randamach. Tá na 20 pointe deireanach de gach trajectory plódaithe chun an tarraingteoir a léiriú. Tabhair faoi deara go bhfuil an dá ghné de na pointí tarraingthe ag méadú.\nTaispeánann na plátaí thíos treochtaí 200 pointe randamach le haghaidh luachanna éagsúla de . Taispeánann an phláta inset ar chlé meastachán ar an mealltóir agus léiríonn an phláta inset ar dheis zoomed i bhfianaise an phríomhphláta treochta.\nCód octave/MATLAB le haghaidh treochtaí pointe\nTugtar an cód Octave/MATLAB chun na plátaí seo a ghiniúint thíos:\n% u = ikeda parameter % option = what to plot % 'trajectory' - plot trajectory of random starting points % 'limit' - plot the last few iterations of random starting points function ikeda (((u, option) P = 200; %how many starting points N = 1000;%how many iterations Nlimit = 20; %plot these many last points for 'limit' option x = randn, 1, P) * 10; %the random starting points y = randn, 1, P) * 10; for n=1:P, X = compute_ikeda_trajectory, x, n, y, n); switch option case 'trajectory' %t, 1); hold on case 'limit' plot, N; hold on case 'limit' plot, N; otherwise; otherwise; otherwise; otherwise; otherwise; otherwise; otherwise; otherwise; otherwise; otherwise; otherwise; otherwise; otherwise; otherwise; otherwise; otherwise; otherwise; otherwise; otherwise; otherwise; otherwise; otherwise; otherwise; otherwise; otherwise; otherwise; otherwise; otherwise; otherwise; otherwise; otherwise; otherwise; otherwise; otherwise; otherwise; otherwise; otherwise; otherwise; otherwise; otherwise; otherwise; otherwise; otherwise; otherwise; otherwise; otherwise; otherwise; otherwise; otherwise; otherwise; otherwise; otherwise; otherwise; otherwise; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; (x; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else; else)\n- K.Ikeda, Staid Seasta il-luachmhar agus éagobhsaíocht an Solas a Tharraingítear le Córas Ceallraí Ringe, Opt. Comhchoiteann. 30 257-261 (1979); K. Ikeda, H. Daido agus O. Akimoto, Optical Turbulence: Chaotic Behavior of Transmitted Light from a Ring Cavity, Phys. Rev. Lett. 45, 709712 (1980)"} +{"text": "In the late 1700s, the western part (St. Domingue) of the Caribbean island of Hispaniola was under French colonial rule. It had long been a major centre of sugar production on plantations using enslaved African labour. In 1791, Toussaint Louverture led the first – and only – successful uprising of slaves, in St Domingue. After a series of bloody conflicts and traumas with European colonial powers, St Domingue was renamed Haïti and became the first independent Black republic in 1804. These events became known as the Haitian revolution and played an important role in the decline of the Transatlantic slave trade. This lithograph depicts the Battle of Vertières in 1803, the final engagement between Haiti’s revolutionaries and Napoleon’s French forces.\nThe 1800s saw a series of protests and uprisings in Britain, as people campaigned against slavery, unjust taxes and laws imposed by the government and in support of fair wages, the right to vote and to have their voices heard in parliament. Protest flags, posters and banners carrying radical slogans were a popular way for campaigners to get their message across at marches and rallies, and to cooperate without endangering individuals. The Skelmanthorpe flag was created in secret, in Huddersfield, initially to honour the victims of what became known as the Peterloo Massacre, in 1819.\nThe movement to abolish the Transatlantic slave trade was a long and difficult struggle. Campaigners for abolition used every means they could, including sugar boycotts, meetings, petitions, publications, and circulating images showing its shameful nature, to bring the issue to people’s attention in Europe. Enslaved Africans played an essential part, having long resisted their enslavement and treatment through ‘go-slows’, revolts, intellectual and religious claims, and demonstrable capacity to retain and transmit their African or creole (mixed) cultures and languages. Escaped or freed slaves forced judges and social elites to confront the issue through court cases, publications, and performances. Propelled by much of this pressure and evidence, William Wilberforce led the long political campaign to outlaw the slave trade in Britain.\nBetween the 1500s and early 1800s, millions of Africans were kidnapped, sold and transported to the Americas to work as slaves, in unimaginably cruel conditions, on hugely profitable plantations, producing sugar, tobacco and other commodities. These plantations were largely owned by Europeans and Euro-Americans. Britain grew rich on the profits from this transatlantic slave trade, which were reinvested into other economic sectors. Only in the late eighteenth century did public opinion slowly begin to turn against the trade in Africans, and campaigners for abolition used every way they could to bring the issue to people’s attention in Europe.\nThis print was made to highlight the inhumane conditions under which enslaved Africans were transported across the Atlantic Ocean, forced to make the long voyage from West Africa to the Americas, tightly packed into the hold of ships and held in chains.\nOlaudah Equiano was an African-born writer who documented his experiences of capture and enslavement and became involved in the movement to abolish slavery.\nOne of the ways British people tried to challenge slavery, was to stop buying sugar - one of the most profitable products of the Caribbean plantations.\nThe campaign for the abolition of Transatlantic slavery, acts of resistance by those who were enslaved, and opposition from those who stood to benefit from the brutal trade in African people.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-34", "url": "https://ageofrevolution.org/tag/abolition/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738015.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20200808165417-20200808195417-00023.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9711501002, "token_count": 715, "score": 4.34375, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "I ndeireadh na 1700idí, bhí an chuid thiar (St. Domingue) de oileán na Cairibe Hispaniola faoi riail choilíneach na Fraince. Bhí sé ina ionad mór táirgeachta siúcra ar phlandálacha a úsáideann saothair sclábhaithe na hAfraice. Sa bhliain 1791, bhí Toussaint Louverture i gceannas ar an gcéad agus an t-aon éirí amach rathúil de sclábhaithe, i Saint Domingue. Tar éis sraith coimhlintí folacha agus traumaí le cumhachtaí coilíneacha na hEorpa, athainmníodh Saint Domingue mar Haïti agus tháinig sé ar an gcéad phoblacht neamhspleách Dubh i 1804. Bhí an t-imeacht seo ar a dtugtar réabhlóid na Háití agus bhí ról tábhachtach aige i gcúlchiste an thrádála sclábhaí trasatlántaigh. Léiríonn an litagraf seo Cath Vertières i 1803, an chomhpháirtíocht dheireanach idir réabhlóideach na Háití agus fórsaí na Fraince Napoleon.\nSa 1800s chonaic sraith agóidí agus ardaithe sa Bhreatain, mar a rinne daoine feachtas i gcoinne sclábhaíocht, cánacha éagórach agus dlíthe a fhorchuirtear ag an rialtas agus i dtaca le pá cothrom, an ceart chun vótáil agus a gcuid guthanna a chloisteáil sa pharlaimint. Ba bhealach coitianta do lucht feachtais a gcuid teachtaireacht a chur in iúl ag imeachtaí agus ag rallyí, agus comhoibriú gan daoine aonair a chur i mbaol, ba iad bratacha agóide, póstairí agus banners a bhí le slogainí radacacha. Cruthaíodh bratach Skelmanthorpe i bhfolach, i Huddersfield, ar dtús chun onóir a thabhairt do na híospartaigh a tháinig ar a dtugtar Murt Peterloo, i 1819.\nBhí an gluaiseacht chun deireadh a chur leis an trádáil sclábhaithe trasatlantánach ina streachailt fhada agus deacair. D'úsáid lucht feachtais a rinne an scriosadh gach bealach a bhí ar a gcumas, lena n-áirítear boicéid siúcra, cruinnithe, achainí, foilseacháin, agus íomhánna a scaipeadh a thaispeánann a nádúr náire, chun aird na ndaoine san Eoraip a thabhairt ar an gceist. Bhí ról ríthábhachtach ag na hAfraiceacha sclábhaithe, tar éis dóibh seasamh in aghaidh a n-sclábhaithe agus a gcaitheamh le fada trí go-slow , reabhlóid, éilimh intleachtúla agus reiligiúnacha, agus cumas léirithe chun a gcultúir agus a dteangacha Afracacha nó creola (measc) a choinneáil agus a tharchur. Chuir sclábhaithe a d'eascraigh nó a scaoileadh saor iallach ar bhreithiúna agus ar élite sóisialta aghaidh a thabhairt ar an gceist trí chásanna cúirte, foilseacháin agus léirithe. Arna spreagadh ag cuid mhór den bhrú agus den fhianaise seo, threoraigh William Wilberforce an feachtas polaitiúil fada chun an trádáil sclábhaí a dhíobháil sa Bhreatain.\nIdir na 1500í agus na 1800í, bhí na milliúin Afracach a kidnapped, díol agus a iompar go dtí na Meiriceá a bheith ag obair mar sclábhaithe, i gcoinníollacha unimaginably cruelty, ar plandaí an-bhrabúsach, ag táirgeadh siúcra, tobac agus earraí eile. Bhí na plandaí seo faoi úinéireacht na hEorpaigh agus na Meiriceánaigh Eorpacha den chuid is mó. D'fhás an Bhreatain saibhir ar na brabúis ón trádáil sclábhaithe trasatlantach seo, a ath-infheistíodh i ngníomhaíochtaí eacnamaíocha eile. Ní raibh an pobal ach ag deireadh an ochtú haois déag ag tosú ag casadh go mall i gcoinne an trádála san Afraic, agus rinne lucht feachtais a bhí ag iarraidh an cealú gach bealach a d'fhéadfadh siad a úsáid chun aird na ndaoine san Eoraip a thabhairt ar an gceist.\nRinneadh an priont seo chun béim a chur ar na coinníollacha neamhdhaonna a bhí ag na hAfraiceacha sclábhaithe a iompórtáil trasna an Aigéin Atlantach, a cuireadh iallach orthu an turas fada a dhéanamh ó Iarthar na hAfraice go Meiriceá, a bhí pacáilte go daingean i gcúl na long agus a bhí i gceangail.\nBhí Olaudah Equiano ina scríbhneoir Afracach a d'fhoilsigh a thaithí ar ghabháil agus ar sclábhaíocht agus a bhí páirteach sa ghluaiseacht chun an sclábhaíocht a dhíothú.\nCeann de na bealaí a rinne daoine na Breataine iarracht dúshlán a thabhairt don sclábhaíocht, ná stop a chur le siúcra a cheannach - ceann de na táirgí is brabúsaí de phlandaí na gCaraibí.\nAn feachtas chun sclábhaíocht trasatlantánach a dhíothú, gníomhartha frithsheasmhachta ag na daoine a bhí ina sclábhaithe, agus freasúra ó na daoine a bhí ag brath ar thrádáil thromchúiseach na ndaoine Afracacha."} +{"text": "Addison's Disease is primarily a deficiency of hormones produced by the adrenal glands. There is increased\nexcretion of salt. In Addison's disease, your adrenal glands produce too little cortisol, which is one of the hormones in a group called the glucocorticoids. It helps maintain blood pressure and water and salt balance in the body by helping the kidney retain sodium and excrete potassium. When aldosterone production falls too low, the kidneys are not able to regulate salt and water balance, causing blood volume and blood pressure to drop. Addison's disease occurs when the adrenal glands do not produce enough of the hormone cortisol and, in some cases, the hormone aldosterone.Treatment for Addison's disease involves taking hormones to replace the insufficient amounts being made by your adrenal glands.\nAddison's disease is a hormone deficiency (not enough hormone) caused by damage to the outer layer of the adrenal gland (the part known as the adrenal cortex). These glands are part of your endocrine system, and they produce hormones that give instructions to virtually every organ and tissue in your body. The condition was first described by British physician Thomas Addison in his 1855 publication, On the Constitutional and Local Effects of Disease of the Suprarenal Capsules . Cortisol mobilizes nutrients, modifies the body's response to inflammation, stimulates the liver to raise the blood sugar, and also helps to control the amount of water in the body. Aldosterone regulates salt and water levels which affects blood volume and blood pressure. Cortisol production is regulated by another hormone, adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), made in the pituitary gland which is located just below the brain. Because cortisol is so vital to health, the amount of cortisol produced by the adrenals is precisely balanced. Like many other hormones, cortisol is regulated by the brain's hypothalamus and the pituitary gland, a bean-sized organ at the base of the brain. First, the hypothalamus sends \"releasing hormones\" to the pituitary gland.\nAddison's disease is an endocrine or hormonal disorder that occurs in all age groups and afflicts men and women equally. The inner part of the adrenal ( called the medulla ) produces epinephrine ( also called adrenaline ) which is produced at times of stress and helps the body respond to \"fight or flight\" situations by raising the pulse rate, adjusting blood flow, and raising blood sugar.Addison's disease (also known as chronic adrenal insufficiency , or hypocortisolism ) is a rare endocrine disorder which results in the body not producing sufficient amounts of certain adrenal hormones Sometimes, Addison's disease also involves insufficient production of aldosterone, one of the mineralocorticoid hormones. It belongs to a class of hormones called glucocorticoids, which affect almost every organ and tissue in the body. In cases in which the electrolyte levels are normal this is the only test for the problem and it will be missed unless it is looked for specifically.\nCauses of Addison's Disease\nThe common Causes of Addison's Disease :\n- The immune system mistakenly attacking the gland (autoimmune disease)\n- Chronic infections, such as fungal infections.\n- Infections such as tuberculosis , HIV, or fungal infections.\n- Hemorrhage, blood loss.\n- Invasion of the adrenal glands by cancer cells from another part of the body.\n- Use of blood-thinning drugs (anticoagulants) .\n- The symptoms of Addison's disease are caused by the failure of the adrenal glands, seated above the kidneys , to produce enough of the hormone cortisol and, in some cases, the hormone aldosterone .\nSymptoms of Addison's Disease\nSome common Symptoms of Addison's Disease :\n- Weight loss and loss of appetite.\n- Unintentional weight loss.\n- Low blood pressure, even fainting.\n- Muscle weakness.\n- Salt craving.\n- Nausea and vomiting .\n- Loss of appetite.\n- Chronic diarrhea.\n- Darkening of your skin (hyperpigmentation).", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-47", "url": "http://health-disease.org/endocrine-disorders/addisons-disease.htm", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806419.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20171121151133-20171121171133-00628.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9141303301, "token_count": 859, "score": 3.921875, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Is é an galar Addison go príomha easpa hormóin a tháirgeann na glúine adrenal. Tá méadú tagtha ar\nscaoileadh salann. I ghalair Addison, déanann do ghlandáin adrenal cortisol ró-bheag a tháirgeadh, ar cheann de na hormóiní i ngrúpa ar a dtugtar na glucocorticoids. Cabhraíonn sé le brú fola agus cothromaíocht uisce agus salann a chothabháil sa chorp trína chabhrú leis an mball sodam a choinneáil agus potaisiam a eisiúint. Nuair a thiteann táirgeadh aldosterone ró-íseal, ní féidir leis na duáin cothromaíocht salann agus uisce a rialáil, rud a fhágann go laghdaíonn tobar fola agus brú fola. Tarlaíonn galar Addison nuair nach ndéanann na glúine adrenal go leor de na hormóin cortisol agus, i gcásanna áirithe, an hormóin aldosterone a tháirgeadh. Baineann cóireáil le galar Addison le hormóin a ghlacadh chun na méideanna neamhleor atá á ndéanamh ag do ghláir adrenal a athsholáthar.\nIs easnamh hormónach é galar Addison (ní leor hormóin) a tharlaíonn de bharr damáiste a dhéanamh do shraith sheachtrach an gland adrenal (an chuid ar a dtugtar an cortex adrenal). Tá na glúine seo mar chuid de do chóras endocrine, agus déanann siad hormóin a thugann treoracha do gach orgán agus fíochán i do chorp. Chuir an dochtúir Breataine Thomas Addison an staid seo síos den chéad uair ina fhoilseachán i 1855, Ar Thorthaí Bunreachtúla agus Áitiúla Aonghort na gCáipéisí Suprarenal . Déanann cortisol cothaithigh a shlógadh, modhnaíonn sé freagairt an chomhlachta ar athlasadh, spreagann sé an ae chun siúcra fola a ardú, agus cuireann sé le méid an uisce sa chorp a rialú freisin. Rialaíonn aldosterone leibhéil salann agus uisce a théann i bhfeidhm ar mhéid fola agus brú fola. Tá táirgeadh cortisol á rialú ag hormóin eile, hormóin adrenocorticotrophic (ACTH), a dhéantar sa ghland pituitary atá suite díreach faoi bhun an inchinn. Toisc go bhfuil cortisol chomh ríthábhachtach don tsláinte, tá an méid cortisol a tháirgtear ag na adrenals cothrom go beacht. Cosúil le go leor hormóin eile, déanann hypothalamus an inchinn agus an gland pituitary, orgán de mhéid na féinne ag bun an inchinn, cortisol a rialáil. Ar dtús, cuireann an hypothalamus \"hormóin scaoilte\" chuig an gland pituitary.\nIs neamhoird endócrineach nó hormónach é galar Addison a tharlaíonn i ngach aoisghrúpa agus a théann i bhfeidhm ar fhir agus ar mhná go cothrom. Táirgeann an chuid inmheánach den adrenal (ar a dtugtar an medulla) epinephrine (ar a dtugtar adrenaline freisin) a tháirgtear i amanna strus agus a chabhraíonn leis an gcomhlacht freagairt do chásanna \"sabaid nó teipe\" trí ráta an phulsa a ardú, sreabhadh fola a choigeartú, agus siúcra fola a ardú. Is neamhoird neamhchoitianta endocrine é galar Addison (ar a dtugtar neamhdhóthanacht adrenal ainsealach nó hypocortisolism) a fhágann nach dtáirgeann an corp méideanna leordhóthanacha d'hormónna áirithe adrenal Uaireanta, bíonn neamhdhóthanacht aldosterone, ceann de na hormóiní mineralocorticoid, i gceist le galar Addison freisin. Baineann sé le haicme hormóin ar a dtugtar glucocorticoids, a théann i bhfeidhm ar beagnach gach orgán agus fíochán sa chorp. I gcásanna ina bhfuil na leibhéil leictrealaithe gnáth, is é seo an t-aon tástáil don fhadhb agus caillfear é mura bhfuil sé á lorg go sonrach.\nCúiseanna Le Galar Addison\nIs iad na cúiseanna is coitianta a bhaineann le galar Addison:\n- An córas imdhíonachta ag ionsaí an ghland go botún (ghalair uath-imdhíonachta)\n- Aithní ainsealacha, mar shampla aithní fungacha.\n- Infections such as tuberculosis , HIV, or fungal infections. - Infections such as tuberculosis, HIV, or fungal infections.\n- Fuil, caillteanas fola.\n- Iompú ar na glúine adrenal ag cealla ailse ó chuid eile den chorp.\n- Úsáid drugaí a dhéanann fola a thinn (anticoagulants).\n- Tá na hairíonna de ghalar Addison mar thoradh ar an teip ar na glúine adrenal, suíochán os cionn na duáin , a tháirgeadh go leor de na cortisol hormóin agus, i gcásanna áirithe, an aldosterone hormóin .\nComharthaí Breoiteacht Addison\nCúpla gnáth-Simplíon ar Breoiteacht Addison:\n- Meáchain caillteanas agus caillteanas ocras.\n- Caillteanas meáchain gan iarraidh.\n- brú fola íseal, fiú fainting.\n- Laghdú matáin.\n- Gá salann.\n- Nausea agus vomiting .\n- Caillteanas ocrais.\n- Díreach diarrhea ainsealach.\n- Dathú do chraiceann (hiperpigmentation)."} +{"text": "Millions Of Households Lacked Adequate Food In 2009\nMore than 17 million households in the United States didn’t have enough money to provide food to all of family members for at least some of 2009, according to the results of a Department of Agriculture study.\nThe study, which was conducted by USDA researchers Mark Nord, Alisha Coleman-Jensen, Margaret Andrews, and Steven Carlson, found that 85.3 percent of American households had enough income and other resources to fully provide for all members of the family.\nThe remaining 14.7 percent had difficulty providing for the entire household sometime during the year, and 5.7 percent of those–a total of 6.8 million homes–were said to experience severe food insecurity, meaning that “the food intake of some household members was reduced and normal eating patterns were disrupted due to limited resources.”\nAccording to CNN.com, the food security levels were essentially unchanged from 2008, but that the rates remained the highest they been since the USDA began keeping track of the statistics in 1995.\nCNN also reports that participation in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program had increased by 18.7 percent; the National School Lunch Program, which provides free lunches for underprivileged schoolchildren, rose by 5.4 percent; and the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) jumped 5.8 percent.\nThe USDA report concluded that food insecurity rates were “substantially higher” in households at or below the Federal poverty line, single-parent households, and Black and Hispanic households. Furthermore, those living in large cities were more likely to suffer from a lack of resources than those living in rural or suburban locales.\n“It’s a considerable reflection of what is going on in the economy,” Kevin Concannon, the USDA’s undersecretary for food, nutrition and consumer services, told Washington Post Staff Writer Kimberly Kindy on Tuesday, adding that he was somewhat hopeful that the numbers appeared to stabilize despite a spike in unemployment rates from 9 million in 2008 to 14 million in 2009.\n“This report highlights just how critical federal nutrition assistance programs are for American families,” Concannon added in a statement, according to CNN.com.\nOn the Net:", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-41", "url": "http://www.redorbit.com/news/health/1951314/millions_of_households_lacked_adequate_food_in_2009/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657129407.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011209-00279-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9753085971, "token_count": 469, "score": 2.8125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Bhí Mílte Teaghlaigh gan Bhia Leordhóthanach in 2009\nNí raibh go leor airgid ag níos mó ná 17 milliún teaghlaigh sna Stáit Aontaithe chun bia a sholáthar do bhaill uile an teaghlaigh le cuid de 2009 ar a laghad, de réir torthaí staidéar ón Roinn Talmhaíochta.\nFuair an staidéar, a rinne taighdeoirí USDA Mark Nord, Alisha Coleman-Jensen, Margaret Andrews, agus Steven Carlson, go raibh ioncam agus acmhainní eile leordhóthanach ag 85.3 faoin gcéad de theaghlaigh Mheiriceá chun soláthar iomlán a dhéanamh do gach ball den teaghlach.\nBhí deacracht ag an 14.7 faoin gcéad eile soláthar do theaghlaigh ar fad tráth éigin i rith na bliana, agus dúirt 5.7 faoin gcéad díobh sin - 6.8 milliún teaghlach san iomlán - go raibh easpa sábháilteachta bia tromchúiseach acu, rud a chiallaíonn go raibh laghdú ar iontógáil bia roinnt baill teaghlaigh agus go ndearnadh cur isteach ar ghnáthphéistíní ithe mar gheall ar acmhainní teoranta.\nDe réir CNN.com, ní raibh na leibhéil slándála bia ag athrú go bunúsach ó 2008, ach d'fhan na rátaí an leibhéal is airde a bhí acu ó thosaigh USDA ag rianú na staitisticí i 1995.\nTuairiscíonn CNN freisin go raibh méadú 18.7 faoin gcéad tagtha ar rannpháirtíocht sa Chlár Cúnamh Cothú Cothú; an Clár Náisiúnta Lunch Scoile, a sholáthraíonn lóin saor in aisce do mhic léinn scoile atá faoi mhíbhuntáiste, méadú 5.4 faoin gcéad; agus an Clár Cothú Cothú Speisialta do Mná, Leanaí agus Leanaí (WIC) léim 5.8 faoin gcéad.\nTháinig tuarascáil USDA chun críche go raibh rátaí éiginnteachta bia go suntasach níos airde i dtithe atá ag an líne bhochtaineachta Feidearálach nó faoi bhun í, i dtithe aonpharant, agus i dtithe Dubha agus Hispanic. Ina theannta sin, bhí seans níos mó ag na daoine a bhí ina gcónaí i gcathracha móra go mbeadh easpa acmhainní orthu ná iad siúd a bhí ina gcónaí i gceantair thuaithe nó i mbruachbhailte.\n\"Is léiriú suntasach é ar an méid atá ag tarlú san gheilleagar\", a dúirt Kevin Concannon, Leas-Rúnaí na Stát Aontaithe do bhia, cothú agus seirbhísí tomhaltóirí, le Kimberly Kindy, Scríbhneoir Foireann Washington Post Dé Máirt, ag cur leis go raibh dóchas aige go raibh an chuma ar na huimhreacha go seasfadh siad ar bun in ainneoin méadú ar rátaí dífhostaíochta ó 9 milliún in 2008 go 14 milliún in 2009.\n\"Léiríonn an tuarascáil seo cé chomh ríthábhachtach is atá cláir chúnamh cothaithe cónaidhme do theaghlaigh Mheiriceá\", a dúirt Concannon i ráiteas, de réir CNN.com.\nAr an Líonra:"} +{"text": "Lead poisoning (high levels of lead in your body) can cause serious problems during pregnancy, like premature birth and miscarriage.\nIf you have low levels of lead in your body, it’s safe to breastfeed. Ask your provider to check your lead levels before you start breastfeeding.\nIf you think you or someone in your family may have lead poisoning, tell your health care provider.\nWhat is lead and lead poisoning?\nLead is a metal that comes from the ground, but it can be in the air, water and food. You can’t see, smell or taste it. High levels of lead in your body (called lead poisoning) can cause serious health problems for you and your family.\nMost lead comes from paint in older homes. When old paint cracks or peels, it makes dust that has lead in it. The dust may be too small to see. You can breathe in the dust and not know it.\nAre you at risk for lead poisoning?\nYou and your family may be more likely than others to have high levels of lead in your bodies if:\n- Your drinking water has high amounts of lead in it.\n- You live in or work in an older home that has lead paint in it.\n- You live in or recently lived in a place where there’s a lot of lead, like near a mine or a smelter or in a country where they still use leaded gasoline.\n- You work with or live with someone who works with lead, like in auto repair, construction or in a plant that makes paint, batteries, plastics or ships.\n- You use or work with lead-glazed ceramic pottery.\n- You eat nonfood items, like clay or dirt. This is called pica. Tell your provider if you or anyone in your family has pica.\n- You use herbal products or supplements that may have lead in them.\nCommon sources of lead in and around homes in the United States include:\n- Arts and crafts supplies, like oil paint, ceramic glazes and materials used to make stained glass\n- Canned food, candy, toys and makeup made outside the United States\n- Lead crystal glassware and ceramic dishes. Don’t use these for cooking or eating. Ceramics you buy in a store may be safer than those made by craftspeople. Always check the product label to make sure your dishes are safe for cooking and eating.\n- Lead-based paint and dust in homes built before 1978 and paint used on old toys\n- Water that comes from wells or through old pipes\nIf you or your partner work with lead:\n- Shower and change clothes (including shoes) before you go home from work.\n- Wash your work clothes at work or wash them at home separately from the rest of the laundry.\n- Wash your hands before eating.\nPencil lead is not the same as the metal lead. It’s not lead it all—it’s really a substance called graphite. Don’t worry about being exposed to lead through chewing on a pencil or getting stuck by pencil point.\nCan lead poisoning affect pregnancy?\nYes. You can pass lead to your baby through the placenta. The placenta grows in your uterus (womb) and supplies your baby with food and oxygen through the umbilical cord.\nExposure to high levels of lead before and during pregnancy can cause:\n- Fertility problems, like reduced sperm count or abnormal sperm. Sperm in a man’s semen fertilizes a woman's egg to get her pregnant. Sperm count is the number of sperm in a man’s semen when he ejaculates.\n- High blood pressure (also called hypertension). This is when the force of blood against the walls of your blood vessels is too high. High blood pressure can cause problems during pregnancy.\n- Problems with the development of your baby’s brain and nervous system. The nervous system includes your brain, spinal cord and nerves. Your nervous system helps you move, think and feel. Babies exposed to lead before birth are likely to have learning problems and slow growth.\n- Premature birth. This is birth that happens too early, before 37 weeks of pregnancy.\n- Low birthweight. This is when your baby weighs less than 5 pounds, 8 ounces at birth.\n- Miscarriage. This is when a baby dies in the womb before 20 weeks of pregnancy.\nDuring pregnancy, eating foods with certain vitamins and nutrients can help absorb lead from your body and protect your growing baby. If you’re pregnant and think you may be exposed to lead, eat foods that contain:\n- Calcium, including milk, yogurt, cheese and green leafy vegetables\n- Iron, including lean red meat, beans, cereal and spinach\n- Vitamin C, including oranges, green and red peppers, broccoli, tomatoes and juices\nIf you’re pregnant, don’t take herbal products or supplements because some may have lead in them. An herbal product, like pills or tea, is made from plants used in cooking. A supplement is a product you take to make up for certain nutrients that you don’t get enough of in the foods you eat. If you do take an herbal product or supplement during pregnancy, tell your health care provider.\nIf you’re pregnant and work with lead and are pregnant, talk to your boss about changing job responsibilities to help keep you and your baby safe during pregnancy.\nHow does lead poisoning affect children?\nChildren younger than 6 years can be severely affected by lead. It can affect development of the brain and body. Very high levels can cause death. Signs and symptoms of lead poisoning in children include:\n- Being irritable or fatigued (really tired)\n- Belly pain and constipation. Constipation is when you don’t have bowel movements, they don’t happen often or your stools (poop) are hard to pass.\n- Developmental delays and learning problems. Developmental delays are when your child doesn't reach developmental milestones when expected. A developmental milestone is a skill or activity that most children can do at a certain age. Milestones include sitting, walking, talking, having social skills and having thinking skills.\n- Hearing loss\n- Loss of appetite and weight loss\nIf you think your child may have lead poisoning, tell his health care provider. His provider can check his lead levels with a blood test.\nHow does lead poisoning affect adults?\nLead targets a person’s nervous system, so it can cause problems like delirium (not being able to think clearly), seizures, coma and death. But most people with lead poisoning don’t know they have it. Signs and symptoms of lead poisoning in adults include:\n- Belly pain and constipation\n- Fatigue (feeling really tired)\n- High blood pressure or anemia. Anemia is when you don't have enough healthy red blood cells to carry oxygen to the rest of your body.\n- Loss of appetite or weight loss\n- Mood disorders, like depression. Depression is a medical condition in which strong feelings of sadness last for a long time and interfere with your daily life. It needs treatment to get better.\n- Muscle or joint pain or pain, numbness or tingling in the hands and feet\n- Trouble concentrating or remembering things\nIf you think you or someone in your family has lead poisoning, tell your health care provider. Your provider can check your lead levels with a blood test.\nIf you’ve been exposed to lead, is it safe to breastfeed?\nIf you think you’ve been exposed to lead and are breastfeeding or planning to breastfeed, tell your provider. She can test your lead levels to see if breastfeeding is safe for your baby. If you have more than 40 micrograms/dL of lead in your system, it’s not safe to breastfeed. Pump your breast milk and throw it out until your lead levels are safe.\nHow can you protect yourself and your family from lead in paint in your home?\nLead-based paint and dust with lead in it are the most dangerous sources of lead for babies and children in the United States. Lead paint in homes built before 1978 may chip or peel and make dust. Breathing or swallowing chips or dust can be harmful. Children younger than 6 are at the greatest risk because they often put their hands, toys and other things in their mouths. These may be coated with lead chips or dust.\nIf your house was built after 1978, you probably don’t need to worry about lead in your home. If your house was built before 1978, here’s what you can do to help prevent your family from being exposed to lead in paint:\n- Look for peeling or chipping paint. Clean it up with water.\n- If you’re remodeling or having repairs done, stay out of your home, especially rooms where paint is being sanded or scraped.\n- Keep floors, porches, windows, window sills and other flat surfaces clean from dust.\n- Wash your hands before eating. Teach your children to do this, too.\n- Have your home inspected for lead. Your local health department can help you find an inspector. If the inspector finds lead in your home, hire trained workers to remove it. Stay out of your home until the lead is removed. If you rent, your landlord is responsible for making repairs safely. If you need help talking to your landlord about lead, contact your local health department. For more information about removing lead from your home, visit the Environmental Protection Agency or contact the National Lead Information Center at (800) 424-LEAD (5323).\nHow can you protect yourself and your family from lead in drinking water?\nDrinking water may contain lead if you have lead pipes in your home or if you use well water. Boiling water doesn’t get rid of lead.\nIf you think you have lead in your drinking water:\n- Use bottled or filtered water for cooking and drinking. If you use tap water, use only cold water for drinking and cooking. Water from cold-water pipes has less lead than water from hot-water pipes. Run cold tap water for 1 to 2 minutes before using it. Fill containers with cold tap water to use later.\n- Get your pipes tested. Contact your local health or water department to find out how to test your pipes for lead.\n- If you use well water, contact the EPA’s Safe Drinking Water Hotline at (800) 426-4791 for information on testing your water for lead.\nLast reviewed: May, 2016", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "url": "https://www.marchofdimes.org/find-support/topics/parenthood/lead-poisoning", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100724.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20231208045320-20231208075320-00573.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9547089338, "token_count": 2210, "score": 3.15625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is féidir le nimhiú luaidhe (leibhéil arda luaidhe i do chorp) fadhbanna tromchúiseacha a chur faoi deara le linn toirchis, cosúil le breith roimh am agus mí-úsáid.\nMá tá leibhéil íseal luaidhe i do chorp, tá sé sábháilte a breastfeed. Iarr ar do dhochtúir do leibhéil luaidhe a sheiceáil sula dtosaíonn tú ag beathú cíche.\nMá cheapann tú go bhfuil tú féin nó duine de do theaghlach ag meáchan luaidhe, inis do sholáthraí cúraim sláinte é.\nCad é luaidhe agus meirgeadh luaidhe?\nIs miotail é luaidhe a thagann ón talamh, ach is féidir é a bheith san aer, san uisce agus san bhia. Ní féidir leat é a fheiceáil, a bholadh ná a bhraitheann. D'fhéadfadh leibhéil arda luaidhe i do chorp (ar a dtugtar nimhiú luaidhe) fadhbanna tromchúiseacha sláinte a chur ort féin agus do do theaghlach.\nTagann an chuid is mó luaidhe ó pheant i dtithe níos sine. Nuair a bhíonn sean-pint ag creathadh nó ag casadh, déanann sé deannaigh ina bhfuil luaidhe ann. B'fhéidir go bhfuil an deannach ró-bheag le feiceáil. Is féidir leat a anailís sa deannach agus nach bhfuil a fhios agat é.\nAn bhfuil tú i mbaol go mbeidh méadú ar do chuid fola?\nD'fhéadfadh go mbeadh tú féin agus do theaghlach níos dóchúla ná daoine eile a bheith ag leibhéil arda luaidhe i do chorp má:\n- Tá méideanna móra luaidhe sa uisce óil atá agat.\n- Tá cónaí ort nó ag obair i dteach níos sine a bhfuil péint luaidhe ann.\n- An bhfuil cónaí ort nó go raibh cónaí ort le déanaí in áit ina bhfuil go leor luaidhe, cosúil in aice le mianach nó le mionscrúdú nó i dtír ina n-úsáidtear gáisín luaidhe fós.\n- Oibríonn tú le duine a oibríonn le plumb, nó a chónaíonn leat, mar shampla i gceartú gluaisteán, i dtógáil nó i gclár a dhéanann péint, cadhnraí, plaisteach nó longa.\n- Úsáidtear ceirmeacha ceirmeacha glaiste luaidhe nó oibríonn tú leo.\n- Itheann tú earraí neamh-bhia, cosúil le cré nó salachar. Tugtar pica air seo. Inis do sholáthraí cóireála má tá pica agat féin nó ag duine ar bith i do theaghlach.\n- Úsáid tú táirgí luibhe nó forlíontaí a d'fhéadfadh luaidhe a bheith iontu.\nI measc na bhfoinsí coitianta luaidhe i dtithe agus timpeall orthu sna Stáit Aontaithe tá:\n- Soláthairtí ealaíon agus ceardaíochta, amhail péint ola, glasaithe ceirmeacha agus ábhair a úsáidtear chun gloine stainithe a dhéanamh\n- Bia cannaithe, siúcra, bréagáin agus gró, a dhéantar lasmuigh de na Stáit Aontaithe\n- Soithí gloine criostail luaidhe agus miasa ceirmeacha. Ná húsáid iad seo le haghaidh cócaireachta nó ithe. B'fhéidir go bhfuil ceirmeacha a cheannaíonn tú i siopa níos sábháilte ná iad siúd a dhéantar ag ceardaí. Déan seiceáil i gcónaí ar lipéad an táirge chun a chinntiú go bhfuil do mhias sábháilte le cócaireacht agus le hithe.\n- Péint agus deannach atá bunaithe ar luaidhe i dtithe a tógadh roimh 1978 agus péint a úsáidtear ar shean-imhrí\n- Uisce a thagann ó tobar nó trí phíopaí d'aois\nMá oibríonn tú féin nó do pháirtí le plumb:\n- Bain cith agus déileáil le héadaí (agus bróga) sula dtéann tú abhaile ón obair.\n- Nigh do chuid éadaí oibre ag an obair nó nígh iad sa bhaile ar leithligh ón gcuid eile den níochán.\n- Nigh do lámha sula n-itheann tú.\nNí hé luaidhe peann luaidhe an rud céanna le luaidhe miotail. Ní luaidhe é go léir, is substaint é go deimhin ar a dtugtar graifíte. Ná bíodh imní ort faoi bheith nochtaithe do luaidhe trí phinseal a chew nó trí cheann phinseal a bheith greamaithe.\nAn féidir le nimhiú luaidhe difear a dhéanamh do thráthúlacht?\nSea, tá. Is féidir leat luaidhe a chur ar do leanbh tríd an placenta. Fásann an placenta i do uterus (bhroinn) agus soláthraíonn sé bia agus ocsaigin do do leanbh tríd an gcord umbilical.\nD'fhéadfadh an nochtadh do leibhéil arda luaidhe roimh agus le linn toirchis:\n- fadhbanna torthúlachta, cosúil le líon íseal sperm nó sperm neamhghnácha. Tá an sperm i sperm an fhir ag feithil uibhe an mhná chun í a chur ag iompar clainne. Is é líon na sperm i sperm fear nuair a eiaculates sé.\n- Teannas fola ard (ar a dtugtar hipertineas freisin). Is é seo nuair a bhíonn an neart fola i gcoinne bhallaí do shoithigh fola ró-ard. Is féidir le brú fola ard fadhbanna a chur i bhfeidhm le linn toirchis.\n- fadhbanna le forbairt inchinn agus córas néaróg do pháiste. Áirítear ar an gcóras néaróg do inchinn, do chnámh cnámh agus do néaróga. Cabhraíonn do chóras néaróg leat gluaiseacht, smaoineamh agus mothú. Is dócha go mbeidh fadhbanna foghlama agus fás mall ag leanaí a bhíonn nochtaithe do luaidhe sular rugadh iad.\n- Rugadh roimh am. Is é seo breith a tharlaíonn ró-luath, roimh 37 seachtaine toirchis.\n- Meáchan breith íseal. Is é seo nuair a bhíonn do leanbh ag meáchan níos lú ná 5 punt, 8 uncail ag an bhreith.\n- Mí-ghorta. Is é seo nuair a bháis leanbh sa údar roimh 20 seachtaine toirchis.\nLe linn toirchis, is féidir le bia a ithe a bhfuil vitimíní agus cothaithigh áirithe ann cabhrú le luaidhe a ionsú ó do chorp agus do leanbh atá ag fás a chosaint. Má tá tú ag iompar clainne agus má cheapann tú go bhféadfadh tú a bheith nochtaithe le plumb, ithe bianna ina bhfuil:\n- Cailciam, lena n-áirítear bainne, iogart, cáis agus glasraí duilleacha glas\n- Iarainn, lena n-áirítear feoil dhearg lean, pónairí, gráin agus spinach\n- Vitimín C, lena n-áirítear oráiste, piobar glas agus piobar dearg, bróicli, trátaí agus sú\nMá tá tú ag iompar clainne, ná tóg táirgí luibhe nó forlíontaí mar d'fhéadfadh luaidhe a bheith i gcuid acu. Déantar táirge luibhe, cosúil le pills nó tae, ó phlandaí a úsáidtear i gcodladh. Is táirge é forlíonadh a ghlacann tú chun cothaithigh áirithe a dhéanamh suas nach bhfaigheann tú go leor de sna bianna a itheann tú. Má ghlacann tú táirge luibhe nó forlíonadh le linn toirchis, inis do sholáthraí cúraim sláinte é.\nMá tá tú ag obair le plumb agus má tá tú ag iompar clainne, labhair le do sheanfhear faoi fhreagrachtaí oibre a athrú chun cabhrú leat tú féin agus do leanbh a choinneáil sábháilte le linn toirchis.\nConas a théann eitilt luaidhe i bhfeidhm ar leanaí?\nIs féidir le cloinne atá níos óige ná 6 bliana d'aois a bheith go mór faoi thionchar luaidhe. Is féidir leis difear a dhéanamh do fhorbairt an inchinn agus an chomhlachta. Is féidir le leibhéil an-ard bás a chur i gcúis. I measc na comharthaí agus na hairíonna atá ag meirgeadh luaidhe i leanaí tá:\n- A bheith in éagóir nó tuirseach (go mór tuirseach)\n- Píobáil bolg agus constipation. Is é an constipation nuair nach bhfuil gluaiseachtaí intestinal agat, ní tharlaíonn siad go minic nó tá do chuid feces (poop) deacair a fháil amach.\n- Laghdú forbartha agus fadhbanna foghlama. Is é moill fhorbartha nuair nach sroicheann do leanbh na mílte mílíne forbartha nuair a bhíothas ag súil leo. Is éard atá i gceist le cloch mhíle forbartha ná scileanna nó gníomhaíochtaí a fhéadann an chuid is mó leanaí a dhéanamh ag aois áirithe. I measc na gcinntí seo tá suí, siúl, labhairt, scileanna sóisialta agus scileanna smaointeoireachta.\n- Caillteanas éisteachta\n- Caillteanas ocrais agus meáchain caillteanas\nMá cheapann tú go bhféadfadh otracht luaidhe a bheith ag do leanbh, inis do sholáthraí cúraim sláinte. Is féidir lena sholáthraí a leibhéil luaidhe a sheiceáil le tástáil fola.\nConas a théann eitilt luaidhe i bhfeidhm ar dhaoine fásta?\nTá sé dírithe ar chóras néaróg duine, agus mar sin is féidir leis fadhbanna a chur ar bun mar delirium (ní féidir smaoineamh go soiléir), cois, coma agus bás. Ach ní bhíonn a fhios ag formhór na ndaoine a bhfuil nimhiú luaidhe orthu go bhfuil sé acu. I measc na comharthaí agus na hairíonna atá ag daoine fásta maidir le póinníocht luaidhe tá:\n- Píobáil agus constipated\n- Tuirse (a bheith an- tuirseach)\n- Teannas fola ard nó anaimic. Is é anemia nuair nach bhfuil go leor cealla fola dearga sláintiúla agat chun ocsaigin a iompar chuig an gcuid eile de do chorp.\n- Caillteanas ocrais nó meáchain\n- Athruithe mothúcháin, cosúil le dúlagar. Is staid leighis í an dúlagar ina mbíonn mothúcháin láidir brónta ar feadh i bhfad agus a chuireann isteach ar do shaol laethúil. Teastaíonn cóireáil uaidh chun a bheith níos fearr.\n- Pléasc nó pian comhpháirteacha nó pian, numbness nó tingling sna lámha agus sna cosa\n- Dícháineadh nó cuimhneamh ar rudaí\nMá cheapann tú go bhfuil nimhiú luaidhe agat féin nó ag duine de do theaghlach, inis do sholáthraí cúraim sláinte é. Féadfaidh do sholáthraí sláinte do leibhéil luaidhe a sheiceáil le tástáil fola.\nMá bhí tú nochtaithe do luaidhe, an bhfuil sé sábháilte a bheith ag beathú cíche?\nMá cheapann tú go raibh tú nochtaithe do luaidhe agus má tá tú ag beathú cíche nó má tá sé beartaithe agat beathú cíche a dhéanamh, inis do sholáthraí. Féadfaidh sí do leibhéil luaidhe a thástáil chun a fháil amach an bhfuil beathú cíche sábháilte do do leanbh. Má tá níos mó ná 40 microgram/dL luaidhe i do chóras, ní bheidh sé sábháilte a bheith ag beathú cíche. Pump do bhainne cíche agus caith amach é go dtí go bhfuil do leibhéil luaidhe sábháilte.\nConas is féidir leat tú féin agus do theaghlach a chosaint ar mhola i bpeanta sa teach?\nIs iad péint luaidhe agus deannach luaidhe iontu na foinsí luaidhe is contúirteacha do naíonáin agus do leanaí sna Stáit Aontaithe. D'fhéadfadh péint luaidhe i dtithe a tógadh roimh 1978 a bheith ag sceitheadh nó ag sceitheadh agus ag déanamh deannaigh. D'fhéadfadh sé a bheith díobhálach chips nó deannach a aintriú nó a shlógáil. Tá leanaí atá níos óige ná 6 bliana d'aois i mbaol is mó toisc go gcuireann siad a lámha, bréagáin agus rudaí eile ina mbéal go minic. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh scipeanna luaidhe nó deannaigh orthu.\nMá tógadh do theach tar éis 1978, is dócha nach gá duit a bheith buartha faoi luaidhe i do theach. Má tógadh do theach roimh 1978, seo cad is féidir leat a dhéanamh chun cabhrú le do theaghlach a chosc ó bheith nochtaithe do luaidhe i péint:\n- Féach le haghaidh péint peeling nó chipping. Glan é le huisce.\n- Má tá tú ag athdhéanamh nó ag déanamh deisiúcháin, fan amach as do theach, go háirithe seomraí ina bhfuil péint á sclábhaithe nó á scrabhadh.\n- Coinnigh urláir, verandaí, fuinneoga, sills fuinneoige agus dromchlaí cothrom eile glan ó dhúshláin.\n- Nigh do lámha sula n-itheann tú. Múin do leanaí é seo a dhéanamh freisin.\n- Déan iniúchadh ar do theach le haghaidh luaidhe. Is féidir leis an Roinn Sláinte áitiúil cabhrú leat cigire a aimsiú. Má fhaigheann an t-imscrúdaitheoir luaidhe i do theach, bíodh oibrithe oilte agat chun é a bhaint. Fan amach as do theach go dtí go mbainfear an luaidhe as. Má tá tú ag ligean ar cíos, is é do thiarna talún atá freagrach as na deisiúcháin a dhéanamh go sábháilte. Má theastaíonn cabhair uait chun labhairt le do thiarna talún faoi luaidhe, déan teagmháil le do chuid sláinte áitiúil. Chun tuilleadh eolais a fháil faoi mhola a bhaint as do theach, tabhair cuairt ar an nGníomhaireacht um Chosaint Comhshaoil nó déan teagmháil leis an Ionad Náisiúnta um Fhaisnéis faoi mhola ar (800) 424-LEAD (5323).\nConas is féidir leat tú féin agus do theaghlach a chosaint ar luaidhe san uisce óil?\nD'fhéadfadh plumb a bheith san uisce óil má tá píopaí plumb sa bhaile agat nó má úsáideann tú uisce tobar. Ní scaoilfidh uisce fiuchta luaidhe.\nMá cheapann tú go bhfuil luaidhe i do uisce óil:\n- Úsáid uisce buidéil nó uisce scagtha chun cócaireacht agus ól. Má úsáideann tú uisce píopa, ní úsáidfidh tú ach uisce fuar le haghaidh ól agus cócaireachta. Tá níos lú luaidhe sa uisce ó phíopaí uisce fuar ná uisce ó phíopaí uisce te. Cuir uisce fuar le rith ar feadh 1 go 2 nóiméad sula n-úsáidtear é. Líon na coimeádáin le huisce fuar ón bpíobán le húsáid níos déanaí.\n- Faigh do phíopaí tástáil. Déan teagmháil le do roinn sláinte nó uisce áitiúil chun a fháil amach conas do phíopaí a thástáil le haghaidh luaidhe.\n- Má úsáideann tú uisce tobar, déan teagmháil le Hotline Uisce Óil Shábháilte EPA ag (800) 426-4791 le haghaidh faisnéise maidir le tástáil luaidhe ar do uisce.\nAthbhreithnithe deireanach: Bealtaine, 2016"} +{"text": "25 July 2011\nCascading style sheets (CSS) and HTML-formatted text can be used to format Classic text fields. For example, you can create a text string formatted with HTML tags (\n, etc.) and then assign styles to each of the HTML tags in use. The result is a fully styled Flash text field where you can adjust the text formatting from an external CSS file.\nThis sample demonstrates how to use an external CSS file to format HTML text applied to a Classic text field. Look at helloworld.css as well as the ActionScript code to see how everything fits together.\nTip: Be sure to embed all the fonts defined in your style sheet so that you can see the formatting work as expected. For example, if you'd like to be able to use any combination of Arial regular, bold, and italic, you need to embed Arial regular, Arial bold, Arial italic, and Arial bold italic in the FLA file.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-47", "url": "http://www.adobe.com/devnet/actionscript/samples1/media_7.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806338.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20171121094039-20171121114039-00392.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8132912517, "token_count": 205, "score": 2.984375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "25 Iúil 2011\nIs féidir bileoga stíl cascading (CSS) agus téacs formáidithe HTML a úsáid chun réimsí téacs clasaiceacha a fhormáidú. Mar shampla, is féidir leat sreang téacs a chruthú formáidithe le clibeanna HTML (\n, etc.) agus ansin stíl a shannadh do gach ceann de na clibeanna HTML in úsáid. Is é an toradh réimse téacs Flash atá sti sti sti stiúrtha go hiomlán inar féidir leat an formáid téacs a choigeartú ó chomhad CSS seachtrach.\nLéiríonn an sampla seo conas comhad CSS seachtrach a úsáid chun téacs HTML a chur i bhformáid a chuirtear i bhfeidhm ar réimse téacs Clasaiceach. Féach ar helloworld.css chomh maith leis an gcód ActionScript chun a fheiceáil conas a oireann gach rud le chéile.\nLeideanna: Bí cinnte go gcuirtear na clóiteacha go léir a shainmhínítear i do bhileog stíl isteach ionas gur féidir leat an obair fhormátaithe a fheiceáil mar a bhfuil súil agat. Mar shampla, más mian leat a bheith in ann aon teaglaim de Arial rialta, bold, agus italic a úsáid, ní mór duit Arial rialta, Arial bold, Arial italic, agus Arial bold italic a chur isteach sa chomhad FLA."} +{"text": "Rise vs Arise\nThere are many words that are made from the verb rise and they create confusion in the minds of the learners of English language. Some of the words that are made from rise are arise, raise, rose, risen, and rising. These are all very commonly used words in different contexts. It is the pair rise and arise that creates maximum confusion because of the similarities in the meanings of the words. This article takes a closer look at these two words to come up with their differences.\nRise is a word that means to ascend. It is a verb that is applied mostly in cases of things to individuals moving from a lower to a higher level. A rising thing or person is moving upwards. Take a look at the following examples.\n• The sun rises in the east.\n• I rise early in the morning to catch the train.\n• The sound from the music concert was rising in pitch.\n• The hot air balloon is rising up in the sky.\nRemember that raise is not the same as rise. You raise your hand and do not rise it. Similarly, you get a raise in salary and not the rise. Also, you can raise your hand or even children but not rise them.\nArise is an irregular verb that is used to talk about situations such as opportunities, problems, needs etc. Take a look at the following examples.\n• I want you to be here if the need arises.\n• Hopes arise in the gloomiest of situations.\n• Do not be despondent as opportunities can arise any moment.\n• He promised his help if the need arose.\n• The question of military takeover does not arise.\nThus, it becomes clear that ‘arise’ means to come into existence or to take shape.\nWhat is the difference between Rise and Arise?\n• Arise is used to talk about situations, whereas rise is used for things that move up or higher.\n• Arise is to get up or awaken while rise is anything moving from a lower to a higher level.\n• To take shape or to come into existence is to arise as in ‘new problems arise every day’.\n• Sun rises in the east is an example of the word rise.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-41", "url": "http://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-rise-and-vs-arise/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657128337.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011208-00287-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9596254826, "token_count": 463, "score": 3.1875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Rise vs Arise\nTá go leor focail ann a dhéantar ón ngníomh ardú agus cruthaíonn siad mearbhall i gcuimhne lucht foghlama na teanga Béarla. Tá roinnt de na focail a dhéantar ó ardú ar ardú, ardú, ardú, ardú, ardú, agus ardú. Is focail iad seo a úsáidtear go coitianta i gcomhthéacsanna éagsúla. Is é an péire ardú agus ardú a chruthaíonn an mearbhall is mó mar gheall ar na cosúlachtaí i bríonna na bhfocal. Déantar breathnú níos dlúithe ar an dá fhocal seo san alt seo chun teacht ar a n-idirdhealaithe.\nIs éard atá i 'Rise' ná 'Ascend'. Is briathar é a chuirtear i bhfeidhm den chuid is mó i gcásanna rudaí le daoine aonair ag bogadh ó leibhéal níos ísle go leibhéal níos airde. Tá rud nó duine atá ag ardú ag bogadh suas. Féach ar na samplaí seo a leanas.\n• Tá an ghrian ag éirí san oirthear.\n• Éiríonn mé go luath ar maidin chun an traein a fháil.\n• Bhí an fhuaim ón cheolchoirm ag ardú i gcúis.\n• Tá an balún aer te ag ardú suas sa spéir.\nCuimhnigh nach bhfuil an méadú céanna le méadú. Ardaíonn tú do lámh agus ní ardaíonn sé é. Ar an gcaoi chéanna, gheobhaidh tú méadú pá agus ní an méadú. Chomh maith leis sin, is féidir leat a ardú do lámh nó fiú leanaí ach ní ardú iad.\nIs briathar neamhrialta é arise a úsáidtear chun labhairt faoi chásanna mar dheiseanna, fadhbanna, riachtanais srl. Féach ar na samplaí seo a leanas.\n• Ba mhaith liom go mbeadh tú anseo má thagann an gá.\n• Tá dóchas ag teacht chun cinn sa chás is lúcháire.\n• Ná bíodh díomá ort mar is féidir go dtiocfadh deiseanna ar fáil ag am ar bith.\n• Geall sé go gcabhródh sé má bhí gá leis.\n• Ní thagann ceist ar uachtar ar an arm.\nDá bhrí sin, is léir go gciallaíonn 'arise' teacht chun bheith ann nó cruth a ghlacadh.\nCad é an difríocht idir Éirí Amach agus Éirí Amach?\n• Úsáidtear arise chun labhairt faoi shuíomhanna, ach úsáidtear arise le haghaidh rudaí a ghluaiseann suas nó níos airde.\n• Is é an t-eascadh ná éirí suas nó éirí as, agus is é an ardú aon rud a ghluaiseann ó leibhéal níos ísle go leibhéal níos airde.\n• Is é an rud a chiallaíonn cruth a ghlacadh nó teacht chun bheith ann ná teacht chun cinn mar atá i 'déantar fadhbanna nua a chruthú gach lá'.\n• Is sampla den fhocal é an ghrian ag éirí san oirthear."} +{"text": "Electronic Signatures vs Digital Signatures\nIn today’s digital age, signatures play a crucial role in ensuring the authenticity, integrity, and legal validity of documents. Understanding the difference between digital signatures and electronic signatures is essential for individuals and organizations operating in an increasingly paperless environment.\nDigital signatures are cryptographic techniques that verify the authenticity and integrity of digital documents or messages. They use a unique algorithm to create a digital fingerprint, or hash, of the document that is encrypted using the sender’s private key. This encrypted hash is attached to the document, providing a secure and verifiable digital signature.\nOn the other hand, electronic signatures (esignature) encompass a broader range of methods used to indicate consent or approval in electronic form. These signatures can take various forms, including typed names, scanned images, or digital representations, such as clicking an “I Agree” button on a website. Electronic signatures aim to capture the intent of the signer and establish their agreement with the content of a document.\nThe importance of signatures in the digital age cannot be overstated. They enable secure transactions, streamline workflows, and eliminate the need for physical paperwork. Both digital and electronic signatures offer numerous benefits, but they differ in their underlying technology, legal acceptance, and level of security.\nHow Digital Signatures Work\n- Definition and Purpose of Digital Signatures: A digital signature is a mathematical technique that ensures the authenticity and integrity of digital documents or messages. It provides a way to verify that the document has not been tampered with since it was signed.\n- Encryption and Decryption Processes: Digital signatures use asymmetric cryptography, also known as public-key cryptography. The signer generates a pair of cryptographic keys: a private key and a corresponding public key. The private key remains confidential and is used for signing, while the public key is shared with others for verification. To create a digital signature, the signer’s private key is used to generate a unique digital fingerprint, or hash, of the document. The hash is encrypted using the private key, creating the digital signature. The encrypted hash is then attached to the document.\n- Use of Public and Private Keys:The recipient of the digitally signed document can use the signer’s public key to decrypt the encrypted hash. This process verifies the authenticity of the signature because only the signer’s private key can decrypt the hash successfully. If the decrypted hash matches the recalculated hash of the received document, the signature is valid and the document remains unaltered.\n- Role of Digital Certificates: Digital certificates, issued by trusted certification authorities, bind the signer’s identity to their public key. These certificates contain information about the signer, the public key, and the certification authority’s digital signature. They serve as a digital equivalent of an ID card, providing additional assurance of the signer’s identity.\nAdvantages of Digital Signatures\nDigital signatures offer several advantages over traditional ink signatures or other types of electronic signatures.\n- Enhanced Security and Authentication: Digital signatures provide a higher level of security than other signature methods. The encryption and decryption processes, along with the use of private and public keys, ensure the authenticity and integrity of the signed document. This cryptographic protection makes it extremely difficult for anyone to forge or tamper with the signature.\n- Tamper-Proof and Non-Repudiation: Digital signatures are tamper-proof, meaning that any alteration to the document after signing would render the signature invalid. Additionally, digital signatures provide non-repudiation, which means the signer cannot later deny their involvement or claim the document was modified without their knowledge.\n- Time-Stamping and Document Integrity: Digital signatures can include a time stamp, indicating the exact time the document was signed. This time-stamping feature adds an additional layer of integrity and helps establish a chronological record of events related to the document.\n- Cost and Time Savings: By eliminating the need for physical paperwork and manual processes, digital signatures significantly reduce costs and save time. Documents can be signed and exchanged electronically, eliminating printing, postage, and shipping expenses. Additionally, the entire signing process can be completed in a matter of minutes, improving overall efficiency.\n- Legal Compliance and Acceptance: Digital signatures are legally recognized in many jurisdictions worldwide, thanks to the adoption of electronic signature laws and regulations. They provide the same legal validity as traditional ink signatures in many cases, enabling businesses and individuals to operate digitally without compromising legal compliance.\nTypes of Electronic Signatures\n- Basic Electronic Signatures: Also known as simple electronic signatures, are the most basic form of electronic signatures. They can be as simple as a scanned image of a handwritten signature, a typed name at the end of an email, or a checkbox indicating agreement on a web form.\n- Advanced Electronic Signatures: Offer a higher level of security and integrity. AES typically involves additional measures, such as the use of unique identification credentials, secure signing devices, or secure digital certificates. These measures provide stronger assurance of the signer’s identity and protect the integrity of the signed document.\n- Qualified Electronic Signatures: The highest level of electronic signatures in terms of legal recognition. QES requires the use of a qualified certificate issued by a trusted certification authority and is subject to specific regulatory requirements. They provide the same legal effect as a handwritten signature and are often used for highly sensitive or regulated transactions.\nAdvantages of Electronic Signature\nElectronic signatures offer numerous advantages in various contexts and industries.\n- Convenience and Ease of Use: Electronic signatures eliminate the need for physical presence, allowing documents to be signed remotely. They offer a seamless and convenient signing experience for both the signer and the recipient, saving time and effort.\n- Speed and Efficiency: With electronic signatures, documents can be signed and transmitted instantly, reducing delays in business processes and transactions. It eliminates the need for physical delivery or manual processing, enabling faster turnaround times.\n- Reduced Paper Usage and Environmental Impact: By transitioning to electronic signatures, organizations significantly reduce their paper consumption, leading to reduced environmental impact. This eco-friendly approach aligns with sustainability goals and reduces waste.\n- Integration with Digital Workflows: Electronic signatures can be seamlessly integrated into digital workflows and document management systems. This integration streamlines processes, improves collaboration, and eliminates the need for manual document handling, reducing errors and increasing productivity.\n- Legally Binding and Recognized: Electronic signatures are legally recognized in many countries and jurisdictions. Electronic signature laws and regulations have been established to provide legal validity to electronically signed documents, enabling organizations to conduct business digitally while complying with legal requirements.\nDifferences Between Digital and Electronic Signatures\nAlthough digital signatures and electronic signatures serve the same fundamental purpose of verifying the authenticity and integrity of documents, they differ in their underlying technology, legal framework, and level of security.\nDigital vs Electronic Signatures: Technology and Infrastructure\nTechnical Requirements for Each Type of Signature\nDigital signatures require a more complex technological infrastructure compared to electronic signatures. They involve cryptographic algorithms, secure key management systems, and trusted certification authorities. In contrast, electronic signatures can be implemented using simpler technologies such as email or web-based signing solutions.\nEncryption and Authentication Methods\nDigital signatures rely on asymmetric encryption algorithms, whereas electronic signatures may or may not involve encryption. Digital signatures use public and private key pairs to encrypt and decrypt the document’s hash, ensuring secure verification. In electronic signatures, the focus is on capturing the intent of the signer, rather than encryption and decryption processes.\nUse of Certificates and Key Management\nDigital signatures require the use of digital certificates issued by trusted certification authorities. These certificates bind the signer’s identity to their public key, providing additional assurance of the signer’s authenticity. Electronic signatures may or may not involve the use of certificates, depending on the type and level of signature.\nDigital vs Electronic Signatures: Legal Framework and Acceptance\nInternational and Regional Legal Standards\nDigital signatures are governed by international standards, such as the eIDAS Regulation in the European Union, the UETA (Uniform Electronic Transactions Act) in the United States, and the UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Signatures. These standards provide a legal framework for the recognition and acceptance of digital signatures. Electronic signatures, on the other hand, may have varying legal frameworks and acceptance depending on the jurisdiction.\nCompliance with Regulations and Industry Requirements\nDigital signatures are often required or preferred for specific industries and regulated transactions, such as financial services, healthcare, and government sectors. Compliance with industry-specific regulations and requirements may necessitate the use of digital signatures. Electronic signatures, while legally recognized in many cases, may not always meet certain industry-specific compliance standards.\nDifferent Levels of Legal Recognition\nDigital signatures, especially those created using qualified certificates, generally have a higher level of legal recognition and acceptance. They provide the same legal effect as a handwritten signature in many jurisdictions. Electronic signatures, depending on the type and level, may have varying degrees of legal recognition and enforceability.\nDigital vs Electronic Signatures: Use Cases and Industry Applications\nIndustries and Sectors Where Digital Signatures are Commonly Used\nDigital signatures are widely used in industries and sectors that require high levels of security, integrity, and legal compliance. This includes financial institutions for signing contracts and transactions, government agencies for securely exchanging sensitive documents, and healthcare organizations for electronically signing medical records and prescriptions.\nIndustries and Sectors Where Electronic Signatures are Commonly Used\nElectronic signatures have broader applications and are commonly used in various industries. They are prevalent in e-commerce for customer agreements and terms of service, HR departments for signing employment contracts, real estate for property transactions, and logistics for digitally signing delivery confirmations.\nDigital signatures and electronic signatures are distinct methods of ensuring the authenticity and integrity of digital documents. Digital signatures rely on cryptographic algorithms, public and private keys, and digital certificates to provide a high level of security and legal recognition. They are commonly used in industries with stringent compliance requirements. On the other hand, electronic signatures encompass a broader range of methods, offering convenience, speed, and ease of use. While legally recognized in many jurisdictions, their acceptance and legal effect may vary. Understanding the differences between these signature types is crucial when choosing the appropriate method for specific use cases, taking into account factors such as security, compliance, and industry requirements.\nAs the world continues to evolve digitally, having a trusted partner like Ubique Digital Solutions can truly make a difference. With our expertise in offering robust, secure, and legally binding digital signature solutions, we can help you streamline your operations and bolster your security. Don’t let technology complexities hinder your success. Reach out to us today, let’s partner together, and we’ll guide you every step of the way to digital excellence. Together, we can navigate the digital landscape and elevate your business to new heights of success.\nQ: What is the main difference between digital signatures and electronic signatures?\nThe main difference between digital signatures and electronic signatures is that digital signatures offer more security and include encryption to verify the signer’s identity, whereas electronic signatures can be as simple as a typed name or scanned image of a handwritten signature without such validation.\nQ: Are digital signatures more secure than electronic signatures?\nYes, digital signatures are generally more secure than electronic signatures. This is due to the fact that digital signatures use encryption technology and a certificate-based digital ID to authenticate the signer’s identity.\nQ: Can electronic signatures be used for legally binding contracts?\nYes, electronic signatures can be used for legally binding contracts in many jurisdictions, provided certain requirements are met. However, specific rules can vary by country, so it’s important to verify this with relevant local laws\nQ: Do digital signatures require special software or hardware?\nYes, digital signatures typically require special software or hardware. This could be in the form of a dedicated digital signature platform or hardware like a special cryptographic card reader.\nQ: Are digital signatures recognized internationally?\nYes, digital signatures are recognized internationally thanks to laws and regulations like eIDAS in the EU and the ESIGN Act in the US. However, the level of recognition can vary between countries and regions and is subject to local laws and regulations.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "url": "https://ubiquedigitalsolutions.com/blog/electronic-signature-vs-digital-signature/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100499.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203094028-20231203124028-00242.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8957433105, "token_count": 2528, "score": 3.6875, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Sínithe leictreonacha vs Sínithe Digiteacha\nSa ré digiteach atá againn inniu, tá ról ríthábhachtach ag síniú i gcinntiú fírinneacht, sláine agus bailíocht dhlíthiúil doiciméid. Tá sé ríthábhachtach go dtuigeann daoine aonair agus eagraíochtaí an difríocht idir síniú digiteach agus síniú leictreonach a oibríonn i dtimpeallacht atá ag éirí níos gan pháipéar.\nIs teicnící criptografacha iad síniúcháin dhigiteacha a fhíoraíonn barántúlacht agus sláine doiciméid nó teachtaireachtaí digiteacha. Úsáideann siad algartam uathúil chun fingerprint digiteach, nó hash, den doiciméad a chruthú atá criptithe ag baint úsáide as eochair phríobháideach an t-iarratasóra. Tá an hash criptithe seo ceangailte leis an doiciméad, rud a sholáthraíonn síniú digiteach slán agus in-fhianaithe.\nAr an láimh eile, cuimsíonn síniú leictreonach (sínniú) raon níos leithne modhanna a úsáidtear chun toiliú nó ceadú a léiriú i bhfoirm leictreonach. Is féidir leis na síniúcháin seo foirmeacha éagsúla a ghlacadh, lena n-áirítear ainmneacha taipeáilte, íomhánna scannáilte, nó léiriú digiteach, mar shampla cliceáil ar chnaipe Aontaím ar shuíomh Gréasáin. Tá sé mar aidhm ag síniú leictreonach intinn an síniúcháin a ghabháil agus a chomhaontú le hábhar doiciméad a bhunú.\nNí féidir an tábhacht a bhaineann le síniúcháin san aois dhigiteach a rá go leor. Cuireann siad idirbhearta slán ar fáil, cuireann siad sreabhadh oibre ar fáil go huathoibríoch, agus ní gá go mbeadh páipéar fisiciúil ann. Tá go leor buntáistí ag síniú digiteach agus leictreonach araon, ach tá difríocht idir na síniúcháin sin sa teicneolaíocht atá ina gcroílár, sa cheadúnas dlíthiúil agus sa leibhéal slándála.\nConas a Oibríonn Síniúcháin Digiteacha\n- Sainmhíniú agus cuspóir na síniú digiteach: Is teicníc matamaiticiúil é síniú digiteach a chinntíonn barántúlacht agus sláine doiciméid nó teachtaireachtaí digiteacha. Soláthraíonn sé bealach chun a fhíorú nach ndearnadh aon mheabhrú ar an doiciméad ó síníodh é.\n- Próisis Criptiúcháin agus Díchriptiúcháin: Baineann síniúcháin dhigiteacha úsáid as criptagrafaíocht neamhréireach, ar a dtugtar criptagrafaíocht eochair phoiblí freisin. Gineann an síniúchán péire eochair chriptografacha: eochair phríobháideach agus eochair phoiblí comhfhreagrach. Tá an eochair phríobháideach faoi rún agus úsáidtear é chun síniú a dhéanamh, agus roinntear an eochair phoiblí le daoine eile chun a fhíorú. Chun síniú digiteach a chruthú, úsáidtear eochair phríobháideach an síniúcháin chun fingerprint digiteach uathúil, nó hash, an doiciméid a ghiniúint. Déantar an hash a chriptiú ag baint úsáide as an eochair phríobháideach, ag cruthú an shíniú digiteach. Déantar an hash criptithe a cheangal leis an doiciméad ansin.\n- Úsáid eochair phoiblí agus phríobháideacha:Is féidir le faighteoir an doiciméid a síníodh go digiteach eochair phoiblí an síniúcháin a úsáid chun an hash criptithe a dhíchriptiú. Déantar an próiseas seo chun barántúlacht an shíniú a fhíorú toisc nach féidir ach le eochair phríobháideach an síniúcháin an hash a dhíchriptiú go rathúil. Má chomhlíonann an hash a díchriptítear le hash athcháilithe an doiciméid a fuarthas, tá an síniú bailí agus fanann an doiciméad gan athrú.\n- Ról na nDeimhniúcháin Digiteacha: Deimhniúcháin digiteacha, arna n-eisiúint ag údaráis deimhniúcháin iontaofa, a cheanglaíonn aitheantas an síniúcháin leis an eochair phoiblí. Tá faisnéis sna deimhnithe seo faoin síniútóir, faoin eochair phoiblí agus faoin síniú digiteach ón údarás deimhniúcháin. Tá siad mar chomhionann digiteach le cárta aitheantais, ag soláthar cinnteachta breise maidir le húinéireacht an síniúcháin.\nBuntáistí na Síniúcháin Digiteacha\nTá roinnt buntáistí ag síniú digiteach i gcomparáid le síniú dúch traidisiúnta nó le cineálacha eile síniú leictreonach.\n- Slándáil agus Fíordheimhniú Feabhsaithe: Soláthraíonn síniú digiteach leibhéal níos airde slándála ná modhanna eile síniúcháin. Cinntíonn na próisis criptithe agus dícriptithe, mar aon le húsáid eochair phríobháideacha agus phoiblí, barántúlacht agus sláine an doiciméid shínithe. Déanann an cosaint chripteagrafach seo go bhfuil sé thar a bheith deacair do dhuine ar bith an síniú a fhalsú nó a mhíchumas.\n- Proof-Tamper agus Non-Repudiation: Tá síniú digiteach do-tamper, rud a chiallaíonn go ndéanfadh aon athrú ar an doiciméad tar éis síniú a dhéanamh ar an síniú neamhbhailí. Ina theannta sin, soláthraíonn síniú digiteach neamh-díscaoileadh, rud a chiallaíonn nach féidir leis an síniútóir a rannpháirtíocht a dhiúltú níos déanaí nó a éileamh go ndearnadh an doiciméad a mhodhnú gan a fhios.\n- Stampáil ama agus sláine doiciméid: Is féidir le síniú digiteach stampáil ama a bheith ann, ag léiriú an t-am beacht a síníodh an doiciméad. Cuireann an ghné seo a bhaineann le stampaíocht ama sraith breise de shláine leis agus cabhraíonn sé le taifead cróineolaíoch a bhunú ar imeachtaí a bhaineann leis an doiciméad.\n- Coigiltis costais agus ama: Trí dhíothú na páipéarlainne fisiceach agus na bpróisis láimhe, laghdaíonn síniúcháin dhigiteacha costais go suntasach agus sábhálann siad am. Is féidir doiciméid a shíniú agus a mhalartú go leictreonach, rud a fhágann nach bhfuil aon chostais le priontáil, seoladh agus seoladh. Ina theannta sin, is féidir an próiseas síniúcháin iomlán a chríochnú i gceann cúpla nóiméad, rud a fheabhsaíonn an éifeachtúlacht foriomlán.\n- Comhlíonadh Dlí agus Glacadh: Tá síniú digiteach aitheanta go dlíthiúil i go leor dlínsí ar fud an domhain, a bhuíochas le dlíthe agus rialacháin a ghlacadh maidir le síniú leictreonach. Soláthraíonn siad an bailícht dhlíthiúil céanna le síniúanna dúch traidisiúnta i go leor cásanna, rud a chuireann ar chumas gnólachtaí agus daoine aonair oibriú go digiteach gan cur i gcontúirt comhlíonadh dhlíthiúil.\nCineálacha Sínithe Leictreonacha\n- Bunús Síniú leictreonach: Is iad na síniúcháin leictreonacha is bunúsaí iad, ar a dtugtar síniúcháin leictreonacha simplí freisin. Is féidir leo a bheith chomh simplí le híomhá scannáilte de shíniú lámhscríofa, ainm taipeáilte ag deireadh ríomhphoist, nó bosca seiceála a léiríonn comhaontú ar fhoirm gréasáin.\n- Síniúcháin Leictreonacha Ardteicneolaíochta: Tairgeann siad leibhéal níos airde slándála agus sláine. Is gnách go mbíonn bearta breise i gceist le AES, amhail úsáid a bhaint as creidiúnais aitheantais uathúla, feistí síniúcháin slán, nó deimhnithe digiteacha slán. Soláthraíonn na bearta seo cinnteacht níos láidre maidir le húinéireacht an síniúcháin agus cosaint a thabhairt do shláine an doiciméid sínithe.\n- Síniú leictreonach cáilithe: An leibhéal is airde de shíniúcháin leictreonacha i dtéarmaí aitheantais dhlíthiúil. Ní mór do QES deimhniú cáilithe a eisiúint ag údarás deimhniúcháin iontaofa a úsáid agus tá sé faoi réir ceanglais rialála sonracha. Tá an éifeacht dhlíthiúil céanna acu le síniú lámhscríofa agus is minic a úsáidtear iad le haghaidh idirbhearta an-íogair nó rialáilte.\nBuntáistí an Shínithe Leictreonaigh\nTá buntáistí iomadúla ag síniú leictreonach i gcomhthéacsanna agus i dtionscail éagsúla.\n- Áisiúlacht agus Éascacht Úsáid: Ní gá go mbeadh duine i láthair go fisiciúil chun síniú leictreonach a dhéanamh, rud a fhágann gur féidir doiciméid a shíniú óna chéile. Cuireann siad eispéireas comharthaithe gan uaim agus áisiúil ar fáil don duine atá ag síniú agus don té a fhaigheann, ag coigilt ama agus iarrachta.\n- Luas agus Éifeachtúlacht: Le síniú leictreonach, is féidir doiciméid a shíniú agus a tharchur láithreach, ag laghdú moilleanna i bpróisis ghnó agus i dtráchtálacha. Cuirtear deireadh leis an ngá le seachadadh fisiciúil nó próiseáil láimhe, rud a chuireann amanna casadh níos tapúla ar fáil.\n- Úsáid páipéir agus tionchar comhshaoil a laghdú: Trí aistriú go síniú leictreonach, laghdaíonn eagraíochtaí a n-úsáid páipéir go suntasach, rud a fhágann go laghdaítear a dtionchar ar an gcomhshaol. Tá an cur chuige seo atá neamhdhíobhálach don chomhshaol ag teacht le spriocanna inbhuanaitheachta agus laghdaíonn sé dramhaíl.\n- Comhtháthú le Sreabhadh Oibre Digiteach: Is féidir síniúcháin leictreonacha a chomhtháthú go huathoibríoch le sreabhadh oibre digiteach agus le córais bainistíochta doiciméid. Tá an comhtháthú seo ag cur próisis ar shruthlú, ag feabhsú comhoibriú, agus ag cur deireadh leis an ngá le láimhseáil doiciméadacha láimhe, ag laghdú earráidí agus ag méadú táirgiúlacht.\n- Ceangal Dlí agus Aitheantas: Tá síniú leictreonach aitheanta go dlíthiúil i go leor tíortha agus dlínsí. Bunaíodh dlíthe agus rialacháin maidir le síniú leictreonach chun bailíocht dhlíthiúil a sholáthar do dhoiciméid a sínítear go leictreonach, rud a chuireann ar chumas eagraíochtaí gnó a dhéanamh go digiteach agus ceanglais dhlíthiúla á gcomhlíonadh acu.\nDifríochtaí idir Síniú Digiteach agus Síniú Leictreonach\nCé go bhfuil an cuspóir bunúsach céanna ag síniú digiteach agus síniú leictreonach maidir le fírinneacht agus sláine doiciméid a fhíorú, tá difríochtaí idir na síniúcháin sin maidir leis an teicneolaíocht atá bunta, an creat dlíthiúil agus an leibhéal slándála atá acu.\nSíniú Digiteach vs Síniú Leictreonach: Teicneolaíocht agus Bonneagar\nI gcás ina bhfuil an t-údar i dteideal a bheith i gceannas ar an bhfianaise, déanfar an t-údar a chur ar an eolas.\nNí mór go mbeadh bonneagar teicneolaíoch níos casta ag baint le síniú digiteach i gcomparáid le síniú leictreonach. Baineann siad le halgartaim criptografacha, córais bainistíochta eochair slán, agus údaráis deimhnithe iontaofa. I gcodarsnacht leis sin, is féidir síniú leictreonach a chur i bhfeidhm ag baint úsáide as teicneolaíochtaí níos simplí amhail ríomhphost nó réitigh síniúcháin bunaithe ar an ngréasán.\nModhanna Criptiú agus Fíordheimhniúcháin\nTá síniú digiteach ag brath ar algartam criptithe neamhréireach, ach d'fhéadfadh criptithe a bheith i gceist le síniú leictreonach nó nach mbeadh. Úsáidtear páirteanna eochair phoiblí agus príobháideacha le síniú digiteach chun hash an doiciméid a chriptiú agus a dhíchriptiú, ag cinntiú fíorú slán. I síniú leictreonach, tá an fócas ar intinn an síniúcháin a ghabháil, seachas próisis chriptiú agus díchriptiú.\nÚsáid Deimhnithe agus Bainistíocht eochair\nNí mór do shíniúcháin dhigiteacha deimhnithe digiteacha a eisíonn údaráis deimhnithe iontaofa a úsáid. Déantar na deimhnithe seo a cheangal ar bhreithniú an síniúcháin ar a eochair phoiblí, rud a thugann cinnteacht bhreise ar fhíor-aitheantas an síniúcháin. Féadfaidh síniú leictreonach úsáid a bhaint as deimhnithe nó gan úsáid a bhaint as deimhnithe, ag brath ar chineál agus ar leibhéal an shíniú.\nSíniú Digiteach vs Síniú Leictreonach: Creat Dlí agus Glacadh\nCaighdeáin Dlíthiúla Idirnáisiúnta agus Réigiúnacha\nTá síniú digiteach faoi rialú ag caighdeáin idirnáisiúnta, mar shampla Rialachán eIDAS san Aontas Eorpach, an UETA (Acht um Idirbhearta Leictreonacha Aonair) sna Stáit Aontaithe, agus an tAcht Samhail UNCITRAL maidir le Síniúcháin Leictreonacha. Soláthraíonn na caighdeáin sin creat dlíthiúil chun síniú digiteach a aithint agus a ghlacadh. D'fhéadfadh creat dlíthiúil agus glacadh éagsúil a bheith ag síniú leictreonach, ar an láimh eile, ag brath ar an dlínse.\nComhlíonadh Rialacháin agus Riachtanais an Tionscail\nIs minic a éilítear síniú digiteach nó is fearr é do thionscail ar leith agus do thráchtálacha rialaithe, mar shampla seirbhísí airgeadais, cúram sláinte agus earnálacha rialtais. Féadfaidh sé go mbeidh gá le síniú digiteach chun rialacháin agus ceanglais earnálacha sonracha a chomhlíonadh. Cé go n-aithnítear síniú leictreonach go dlíthiúil i go leor cásanna, b'fhéidir nach gcomhlíonann siad caighdeáin chomhlíonta áirithe atá sonrach do thionscal i gcónaí.\nLeibhéil éagsúla aitheantais dhlíthiúil\nTá leibhéal níos airde aitheantais agus glactha dlíthiúil ag síniú digiteach, go háirithe iad siúd a cruthaítear ag baint úsáide as deimhnithe cáilithe. Soláthraíonn siad an éifeacht dhlíthiúil céanna le síniú lámhscríofa i go leor dlínsí. Féadfaidh na sínithe leictreonacha, ag brath ar an gcineál agus ar an leibhéal, a bheith ag teacht le céimeanna éagsúla aitheantais dhlíthiúla agus in-fheidhmithe.\nSíniú Digiteach vs Síniú Leictreonach: Cásanna Úsáide agus Iarratas Tionscail\nTionscail agus earnálacha ina n-úsáidtear síniú digiteach go coitianta\nÚsáidtear síniú digiteach go forleathan in tionscail agus i gcúrsaí a éilíonn leibhéil arda slándála, ionraic agus comhlíonadh dlíthiúil. Áirítear leis seo institiúidí airgeadais chun conarthaí agus idirbhearta a shíniú, gníomhaireachtaí rialtais chun doiciméid íogaire a mhalartú go slán, agus eagraíochtaí cúraim sláinte chun taifid leighis agus oideasanna a shíniú go leictreonach.\nTionscail agus earnálacha ina n-úsáidtear síniú leictreonach go coitianta\nTá feidhmchláir níos leithne ag síniú leictreonach agus úsáidtear iad go coitianta i dtionscail éagsúla. Tá siad forleathan i ríomhthráchtáil le haghaidh comhaontuithe agus téarmaí seirbhíse custaiméirí, ranna HR chun conarthaí fostaíochta a shíniú, eastát réadach le haghaidh idirbhearta maoine, agus lóistíocht chun deimhniúcháin seachadta a shíniú go digiteach.\nIs modhanna ar leith iad síniú digiteach agus síniú leictreonach chun barántúlacht agus sláine doiciméid dhigiteacha a áirithiú. Tá síniú digiteach ag brath ar algartam criptografach, eochair phoiblí agus príobháideacha, agus deimhnithe digiteacha chun ardleibhéal slándála agus aitheantais dhlíthiúil a sholáthar. Úsáidtear iad go coitianta i dtionscail a bhfuil ceanglais shrianta comhlíontachta acu. Ar an láimh eile, cuimsíonn síniú leictreonach raon níos leithne modhanna, rud a thairgeann áisiúlacht, luas agus éascaíocht úsáide. Cé go bhfuil aitheantas dlíthiúil acu i go leor dhlínsí, d'fhéadfadh a n-aontú agus a n-éifeacht dhlíthiúil a bheith éagsúil. Tá sé ríthábhachtach na difríochtaí idir na cineálacha síniú seo a thuiscint agus an modh cuí á roghnú le haghaidh cásanna úsáide sonracha, ag cur le tosca amhail slándáil, comhlíonadh agus ceanglais tionscail san áireamh.\nDe réir mar a leanann an domhan ag forbairt go digiteach, is féidir le comhpháirtí iontaofa cosúil le Ubique Digital Solutions difríocht a dhéanamh i ndáiríre. Leis an saineolas atá againn maidir le réitigh shláintiúla digiteacha atá láidir, slán agus ceangailteach ó thaobh dlí a thairiscint, is féidir linn cabhrú leat do chuid oibríochtaí a shruthlú agus do shlándáil a threisiú. Ná lig do chastacht teicneolaíochta do rath a bhac. Déan teagmháil linn inniu, déanaimis comhpháirtíocht le chéile, agus treoróidh muid gach céim ar an mbealach chun feabhas digiteach. Le chéile, is féidir linn an tírdhreach digiteach a nascadh agus do ghnó a ardú go airde nua rathúlachta.\nC: Cad é an príomhdhifríocht idir síniú digiteach agus síniú leictreonach?\nIs é an príomhdhifríocht idir síniú digiteach agus síniú leictreonach ná go dtugann síniú digiteach níos mó slándála agus go gcuimsíonn sé criptiú chun aitheantas an síniúcháin a fhíorú, ach is féidir le síniú leictreonach a bheith chomh simplí le hainm taipeáilte nó íomhá scanta de shíniú lámhscríofa gan bailíochtú den sórt sin.\nC: An bhfuil síniú digiteach níos sábháilte ná síniú leictreonach?\nSea, tá síniú digiteach níos slán de ghnáth ná síniú leictreonach. Tá sé seo mar gheall ar an bhfíric go n-úsáideann síniúcháin dhigiteacha teicneolaíocht criptithe agus ID dhigiteach bunaithe ar theastas chun aitheantas an síniúcháin a fhíordheimhniú.\nC: An féidir síniú leictreonach a úsáid le haghaidh conarthaí ceangailteacha ó thaobh dlí de?\nSea, is féidir síniú leictreonach a úsáid le haghaidh conarthaí ceangailteacha ó thaobh dlí i go leor dlínsí, ar choinníoll go gcomhlíontar ceanglais áirithe. Tá sé tábhachtach, áfach, go ndéanfar na rialacha sonracha a fhíorú le dlíthe áitiúla ábhartha.\nC: An gá bogearraí nó crua-earraí speisialta a bheith ag baint le síniú digiteach?\nSea, de ghnáth, éilíonn síniú digiteach bogearraí nó crua-earraí speisialta. D'fhéadfadh sé seo a bheith i bhfoirm ardán sínithe digiteacha tiomnaithe nó crua-earraí cosúil le léitheoir cárta criptagrafach speisialta.\nC: An aithnítear síniú digiteach go hidirnáisiúnta?\nSea, aithnítear síniú digiteach go hidirnáisiúnta a bhuíochas le dlíthe agus rialacháin cosúil le eIDAS san AE agus an tAcht ESIGN sna Stáit Aontaithe. Mar sin féin, is féidir go mbeidh difríochtaí idir tíortha agus réigiúin maidir leis an leibhéal aitheantais agus tá sé faoi réir dlíthe agus rialachán áitiúla."} +{"text": "PHP is a programming language widely used everywhere who wants to build dynamic websites, It is fast rising to be one of the most preferred web browser programming languages because of this user control, user-friendliness and efficiency. PHP permits the user to explain explicit function within the code in order to significantly control the way a web browser exhibits and organizes information. To reach the desired effect user can mix up the HTML and PHP together in the same documents. In this post, we will explain why it is chosen by most of the people? & why individuals prefer PHP Training in Chennai, how PHP works and who use it.\nIntroduction of PHP\nPHP is also called as Hypertext Preprocessor and it helps the user to have additional control over the Hyper Text Markup Languages that makes up web pages. In the beginning, PHP is called as Personal Home Page, which describes the point of the language. It can work within a browser when compared with other programming languages. PHP is very easy to learn and understand, this is the major reason people choose to learn PHP Training and it also permits the user to create a web pages look and behave exactly what they actually want it.\nEasy to Learn\nOver the programming language list, PHP is one of the best programming languages and it can be easily understood by everyone, even the non-IT background people can also learn PHP to design a dynamic website. Most of the programming languages are very difficult and threatening the users while PHP is clean, fluent and organized. The user can easily add a new function in PHP whenever they need without having to make sure the fresh code in the correct place. This is exceptional for the users who build their websites with long script code in many of their web pages, especially for reference document and style sheet.\nEasy to Modify\nPHP allow the user to edit and the user can quickly scan a PHP document for the code that they are seeking for and modify it to suit their requirements. Most of the programming language needs that you modify multiple functions within quite a lot of documents in order to do the same thing that PHP can.\nPHP provides many controls over the web browser than new programming languages do. Many additional programming languages need a very large script to do the simple task while PHP can do the similar thing with a small number of codes.\nPHP is Free\nThe major reason people preferred to use is completely free, but most of the programming language requires payings to access the support files. PHP is an open source, it can access by anyone, anywhere at any time. If you are beginner you need not worry about finding technical support, once you attend PHP course in Chennai you can start designing your own website with help of official PHP community support, so start learning PHP by today itself to become a great PHP developer.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-51", "url": "http://javatraininginchennai.com/blog/the-key-benefits-of-php-programming-language/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948609934.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20171218063927-20171218085927-00504.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9396589398, "token_count": 564, "score": 3.0, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is teanga cláir é PHP a úsáidtear go forleathan i ngach áit a bhfuil sé ag iarraidh láithreáin ghréasáin dinimiciúla a thógáil, Tá sé ag ardú go tapa chun a bheith ar cheann de na teangacha cláir brabhsálaithe gréasáin is fearr mar gheall ar an rialú úsáideora, cairdiúlacht úsáideora agus éifeachtúlacht. Ceadaíonn PHP don úsáideoir feidhm shláintiúil a mhíniú laistigh den chód d'fhonn rialú suntasach a dhéanamh ar an mbealach a léiríonn brabhsálaí gréasáin agus a eagraíonn faisnéis. Chun an éifeacht inmhianaithe a bhaint amach is féidir leis an úsáideoir an HTML agus an PHP a mheascadh le chéile sna doiciméid chéanna. Sa phost seo, míneoimid cén fáth a roghnaíonn an chuid is mó de na daoine é? & cén fáth go bhfuil daoine ag iarraidh PHP Training in Chennai, conas a oibríonn PHP agus cé a úsáideann é.\nTús a chur le PHP\nTugtar Preprocessor Hipirtéacs ar PHP freisin agus cabhraíonn sé leis an úsáideoir rialú breise a bheith aige ar na Teangacha Marcaíochta Hipirtéacs a dhéanann leathanaigh ghréasáin. I dtús báire, tugtar leathanach baile pearsanta ar PHP, a chuireann síos ar phointe an teanga. Is féidir leis oibriú laistigh de bhrabhsálaí i gcomparáid le teangacha cláir eile. Tá PHP an-éasca a fhoghlaim agus a thuiscint, is é seo an chúis is mó a roghnaíonn daoine oiliúint PHP a fhoghlaim agus ceadaíonn sé freisin don úsáideoir leathanach gréasáin a chruthú agus a iompar go díreach mar a theastaíonn uathu i ndáiríre.\nÉasca le Foghlaim\nThar an liosta teangacha cláir, is é PHP ceann de na teangacha cláir is fearr agus is féidir le gach duine é a thuiscint go héasca, fiú na daoine neamh-IT cúlra is féidir leo PHP a fhoghlaim freisin chun suíomh Gréasáin dinimiciúil a dhearadh. Tá an chuid is mó de na teangacha cláir an-deacair agus tá siad ina mbagairt do na húsáideoirí agus PHP glan, sreabhach agus eagraithe. Is féidir leis an úsáideoir feidhmiú nua a chur go héasca i PHP aon uair is gá dóibh gan a bheith cinnte go bhfuil an cód úr san áit cheart. Tá sé seo eisceachtúil do na húsáideoirí a thógann a láithreáin ghréasáin le cód scripte fada i go leor dá leathanaigh ghréasáin, go háirithe le haghaidh doiciméad tagartha agus bileog stíl.\nÉasca le hAltráil\nLigeann PHP don úsáideoir eagarthóireacht a dhéanamh agus is féidir leis an úsáideoir doiciméad PHP a scanadh go tapa chun an cód atá á lorg acu a aimsiú agus é a mhodhnú chun freastal ar a riachtanais. An chuid is mó de na teangacha cláir ag teastáil go bhfuil tú a mhodhnú feidhmeanna iomadúla laistigh de go leor de na doiciméid d'fhonn a dhéanamh ar an rud céanna go bhfuil PHP is féidir.\nSoláthraíonn PHP go leor rialaithe ar an bhrabhsálaí gréasáin ná mar a dhéanann teangacha cláir nua. Ní mór script an-mhór a bheith ag go leor teangacha cláir bhreise chun an tasc shimplí a dhéanamh agus is féidir le PHP an rud céanna a dhéanamh le líon beag cóid.\nPHP Is Free\nIs é an chúis is mó a roghnaigh daoine a úsáid go hiomlán saor in aisce, ach éilíonn an chuid is mó de na teangacha cláir íocaíochtaí chun rochtain a fháil ar na comhaid tacaíochta. Is foinse oscailte é PHP, is féidir le duine ar bith rochtain a fháil air, áit ar bith ag am ar bith. Má tá tú nua-aimseartha ní gá duit a bheith buartha faoi chúnamh teicniúil a fháil, nuair a bheidh tú ag freastal ar chúrsa PHP i Chennai is féidir leat tosú ag dearadh do shuíomh Gréasáin féin le cabhair ó phobal oifigiúil PHP, mar sin tosú ag foghlaim PHP inniu féin chun a bheith ina forbróir PHP iontach."} +{"text": "Introduction / History\nPalestinian Arabs fall into a category classified as Levant Arabs. \"Levant\" is a broad term that includes several groups of Arabs: the Jordanian, Palestinian, Iraqi, Arabic Jewish, Chaldean, and Syrian Arabs. Today, several hundred thousand Levant Arabs live along the northern edges of the Arabian Desert. They are spread from Israel to Kuwait and as far east as Iran. Small groups can also be found in North Africa.\nMost scholars consider Arabs from the Arabian Peninsula to be the original Arabs. Tribes of nomads and villagers who lived in the Arabian Desert developed the Arabian culture. It was also from there that Arab migrations began, eventually leading to the expansion of the Arab world.\nThe Palestinian Arabs have had a close association with Islam throughout their history and today, most of them are Muslims. However, there has long been a sizable contingent of committed Christians among the Palestinian Arabs. The two main branches of Islam in the region are the Shi'ites and Shafiites. Palestinian Arabs speak an Arabic language called Mashriqi, with various local dialects.\nWhat are Their Lives Like?\nThe Palestinian Arabs typically live in villages located near fertile regions; however, they can also be found near mountain foothills in less arid regions.\nAlthough the Palestinian Arabs have settled in towns or villages, they are still tribal in nature. The various tribes are ruled by sheiks (Arab chiefs that are considered to be experts in Islam and in relating to the outside world). Their fortress-like villages can be easily defended. Each house has windows on all sides and is built facing the outside of the village. All goods and persons passing through town are strictly controlled.\nIndividual dwellings tend to be elaborately decorated, flat-roofed homes called \"town houses.\" Lime wash and brickwork are used around the windows as a form of artistic design. The rooms usually have some type of carpeting, and when entering the house, one must leave his shoes at the door. The walls are lined with mattresses and cushions to sit on and lean against. A main reception room and a kitchen are located on the top floor. The flat roofs are used by the women for drying laundry.\nSocial life is extremely important to Arabs. They like to share a daily coffee time by sitting on the floor and drinking coffee from cups without handles. Their diet basically consists of wheat bread and porridge made with boiled meat or chicken.\nDespite Islamic teachings on equality, different classes of Arabs still persist. The type of clothing worn has become one of the determining factors. Palestinian Arab tribesmen dress differently than other villagers and can be easily recognized. The women wear veils both in town and at home. Boys show that they are becoming men by changing their headgear and wearing daggers.\nMuslims are allowed to have up to four wives but most marriages among the Palestinian Arabs are monogamous. In the past, all marriages were arranged by the parents; however, it is becoming more acceptable for young people to choose their own mates.\nIn recent years, many of the Arabic Jewish Arabs have settled into mountain villages where they raise grains, vegetables, coffee, melons, dates, mangoes, and pomegranates. Domestic animals are kept to supply milk and eggs.\nWhat are Their Beliefs?\nVirtually all of the Palestinian Arabs are Muslims. Islam is a religion of works that is based on five basic \"pillars\" which are (1) A Muslim must affirm that \"there is no god but Allah, and Mohammed is his prophet;\" (2) He must pray five times a day while facing Mecca; (3) He must give generously; (4) He must fast during Ramadan, the ninth month of the Muslim year; and (5) He must try to make at least one pilgrimage to Mecca in his lifetime.\nIslamic laws have greatly influenced the lives of the Palestinian Arabs. For example, to preserve their people, they are only allowed to marry those inside their own group. The tribes living in the mountainous regions have intermarried the least with other Arab groups. Their society, like other Islamic communities, is patrilineal. This means that inheritances are passed down through the males. In this system, boys inherit more than girls. Since children are considered a family's greatest asset, females are valued for their ability to bear children.\nWhat are Their Needs?\nThere is a great need for the Gospel to be preached among the Palestinian Arabs.\nA Muslim who professes faith in Jesus Christ can lose his family, his honor, his job, or even his life. At the present time, there are only a few known Palestinian Arab Christians. Evangelization efforts among these tribes are challenging due to restrictions in many of the countries, as well as general antagonism to Christianity. Intercession is the key to reaching them with the Gospel.\n* Ask the Lord to send forth willing laborers to live and work among these tribes.\n* Pray that God will raise up faithful intercessors who will stand in the gap for the Palestinian Arabs.\n* Ask God to give the few Palestinian Arab believers opportunities to share the love of Christ with their own people.\n* Pray that their traditional Muslim culture will soften, creating open doors for the Gospel to be preached among them.\n* Ask the Lord to raise up strong local churches among the Palestinian Arabs.\n|Profile Source: Bethany World Prayer Center|", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-42", "url": "http://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/14276/CO", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507441801.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005721-00009-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9712213278, "token_count": 1104, "score": 3.78125, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Tús / Stair\nTagann Arabach na Palaistíne isteach i gcatagóir atá aicmithe mar Arabach Levant. Is téarma leathan é \"Levant\" a chuimsíonn roinnt grúpaí Arabacha: na hIordáine, na Palaistíne, na hIaráic, na Giúdaigh Arabach, na Chaldeach, agus na hArabacha Siria. Sa lá atá inniu ann, tá roinnt céad míle Arabach Levant ag maireachtáil ar feadh imeall thuaidh an Desert Arabach. Tá siad scaipthe ó Iosrael go Cúáit agus chomh fada san oirthear le hIaráin. Is féidir grúpaí beaga a fháil san Afraic Thuaidh freisin.\nMeasann formhór na scoláirí gur iad na hArabaigh as an Iar-Chulainn Arabacha na hArabaigh bunaidh. D'fhorbair treibheanna nóiméid agus sráidbhailte a bhí ina gcónaí i dTír na nArab, cultúr na nArab. Ba as sin a thosaigh imirce na nArabach, rud a d'fhág go raibh an domhan Arabach ag leathnú.\nBhí dlúthbhaint ag na hAraibí Palaistíneacha leis an Ioslam ar fud a stair agus inniu, is Moslamaigh formhór acu. Mar sin féin, bhí coinníoll suntasach de Chríostaithe tiomanta i measc na nArabaigh Palaistíneach le fada. Is iad an dá phríomhghlaoch Ioslam sa réigiún na Shi'ites agus Shafiites. Labhraíonn Arabach na Palaistíne teanga Arabach ar a dtugtar Mashriqi, le diailéicí áitiúla éagsúla.\nCén Saol atá acu?\nDe ghnáth, tá na hAraibí Palaistíneach ina gcónaí i sráidbhailte atá suite in aice le réigiúin thorthúla; áfach, is féidir iad a fháil in aice le foirgneamh na sléibhte i réigiúin níos ísle.\nCé go bhfuil na hArabaigh Palaistíneach socraithe i mbailte nó i sráidbhailte, tá siad fós tribal i nádúr. Tá na treibheanna éagsúla faoi rialú ag sheiks (cailíní Arabacha a mheastar a bheith ina saineolaithe san Ioslam agus i gcaidreamh leis an domhan lasmuigh). Is féidir a gcuid sráidbhailte cosúil le daingne a chosaint go héasca. Tá fuinneoga ag gach teach ar gach taobh agus tá siad tógtha os comhair taobh amuigh den sráidbhaile. Déantar gach earraí agus daoine a théann tríd an gcathair a rialú go docht.\nIs gnách go mbíonn tithe aonair décoite go hiontach, tithe le díon cothrom ar a dtugtar \"tithe baile\". Úsáidtear glanadh líomóide agus brionglóid timpeall na fuinneoga mar chineál dearadh ealaíne. De ghnáth bíonn cineál éigin carpéad ar na seomraí, agus nuair a théann duine isteach sa teach, ní mór dó a bhróga a fhágáil ag an doras. Tá na ballaí líonta le matracaí agus le cnámha chun suí orthu agus le cur ina luí orthu. Tá príomh-seomra fáilte agus cistin suite ar an urlár is airde. Baineann na mná úsáid as na díon phláta chun éadaí a thriomú.\nTá an saol sóisialta thar a bheith tábhachtach do na hArabaigh. Is maith leo am caife laethúil a roinnt trí suí ar an urlár agus caife a ól ó chupan gan láimhseálacha. Is arán cruithneachta agus porridge a dhéantar le feoil nó sicín bruite a bhíonn ina n-aiste bia.\nIn ainneoin theagasc Ioslamach ar chomhionannas, tá aicmeacha éagsúla na nArabaigh fós ann. Tá an cineál éadaí a chaitear ar cheann de na fachtóirí a chinneann. Tá tribal Arabach na Palaistíne ag caitheamh go difriúil ná daoine eile sa bhaile agus is féidir iad a aithint go héasca. Bíonn na mná ag caitheamh veil sa bhaile agus sa bhaile araon. Léiríonn buachaillí go bhfuil siad ag éirí ina bhfear trí a gcinn a athrú agus daggers a chaitheamh.\nCeadaítear do Mhuslamaigh suas le ceithre bhean chéile a bheith acu ach tá an chuid is mó de na póstaí i measc na nArabaigh Phleastíneacha monogamúil. San am atá caite, bhí na tuismitheoirí ag socrú gach pósadh; áfach, tá sé ag éirí níos inghlactha go roghnaíonn daoine óga a gcomhpháirtithe féin.\nLe blianta beaga anuas, tá go leor de na hIúdaigh Arabach a d'fhan i sráidbhailte sléibhe ina bhfuil siad ag fás gráin, glasraí, caife, melons, dátaí, mangoes, agus pomegranates. Coinnítear ainmhithe tí chun bainne agus uibheacha a sholáthar.\nCad iad a n-Creideamh?\nIs Moslamaigh beagnach gach Araib Phleastíneach. Is reiligiún oibre é an Ioslam atá bunaithe ar chúig \"piollair\" bunúsacha (1) Ní mór do Mhuslamach a dhearbhú nach bhfuil \"níl aon dia ach Allah, agus is é Muhammad a fáidh;\" (2) Ní mór dó guí cúig huaire sa lá agus é ag tabhairt aghaidh ar Mecca; (3) Ní mór dó a thabhairt go haibhne; (4) Ní mór dó a bheith ag fasta le linn Ramadan, an naoú mí den bhliain Moslamach; agus (5) Ní mór dó iarracht a dhéanamh píolóireacht a dhéanamh go Mecca ar a laghad uair amháin ina shaolré.\nTá tionchar mór ag dlíthe Ioslamacha ar shaol na nArabaigh Palaistíneach. Mar shampla, chun a gcuid daoine a chaomhnú, ní cheadaítear dóibh pósadh ach amháin iad siúd laistigh dá ngrúpa féin. Tá an t-am is lú ag na treibheanna a chónaíonn sna réigiúin sléibheacha póstaí a dhéanamh le grúpaí Arabacha eile. Tá a sochaí, cosúil le pobail Ioslamacha eile, patrilineal. Ciallaíonn sé seo go bhfuil oidhreacht a tharchur tríd na fir. Sa chóras seo, is mó a oireann do bhuachaillí ná do chailíní. Ós rud é go meastar gur ioncam is mó teaghlaigh iad leanaí, déantar meas ar mhná as a gcumas leanaí a iompar.\nCad iad a n-Iarrachtaí?\nTá an-riachtanas ann go ndéanfaí an Soiscéal a sheachadadh i measc na nArabaigh Phleasláine.\nIs féidir le Moslamach a admhaíonn go gcreideann sé i Íosa Críost a theaghlach, a onóir, a phost, nó fiú a shaol a chailleadh. Faoi láthair, níl ach cúpla Críostaí Arabach Palaistíneach ar eolas. Tá iarrachtaí soiscéalaithe i measc na treibheanna seo dúshlánach mar gheall ar shrianta i go leor de na tíortha, chomh maith le frithghníomh ginearálta leis an gCríostaíocht. Is é an t-idirghabháil an eochair chun an Soiscéal a bhaint amach leo.\n* Iarr ar an Tiarna oibrithe deonacha a sheoladh amach chun cónaí agus oibriú i measc na treibheanna seo.\n* Guí go dtógfaidh Dia idirghabhálaithe dílis a sheasfaidh sa bhearna do na hAraibigh Palaistíneach.\n* Iarr ar Dhia deis a thabhairt do na creidimh Arabach Palaistíneach beag grá Chríost a roinnt lena gcuid féin daoine.\n* Guí go mbeidh a gcultúr Moslamach traidisiúnta a mhaolú, ag cruthú doirse oscailte chun an Soiscéal a sheachadadh i measc iad.\n* Iarr ar an Tiarna eaglaisí áitiúla láidre a ardú i measc na nArabaigh Palaistíneach.\n Proifíl Foinse: Bethany World Prayer Center"} +{"text": "What is the Ideal Temperature for a Store?\nWhen we step into a store, we often pay attention to the products, the layout, and the overall ambiance. However, there is one crucial factor that can significantly impact our shopping experience: the temperature inside the store. The ideal temperature in a retail space can influence customer behavior, employee productivity, and even the shelf life of certain products. Striking the right balance in temperature is essential for creating a comfortable and pleasant shopping environment. In this article, we will explore the factors that determine the ideal store temperature, its effects on various aspects of retail operations, and some practical tips for maintaining the best temperature in a store.\nFactors Influencing Ideal Store Temperature\nSeveral factors come into play when determining the ideal temperature for a store. It’s essential to consider the following:\n1. Customer Comfort: One of the primary considerations for setting the store’s temperature is customer comfort. A store that is too hot or too cold can drive customers away, impacting foot traffic and sales. Customers are more likely to spend time exploring the store and making purchases if they feel comfortable and relaxed.\n2. Product Sensitivity: Different products have specific temperature requirements. For instance, perishable items like fresh produce, dairy, and meats require cooler temperatures to maintain their quality and extend their shelf life. On the other hand, certain electronic devices and cosmetics can be affected negatively by high temperatures. Thus, the store’s temperature should be optimized to ensure the longevity of its inventory.\n3. Energy Efficiency: Maintaining an ideal store temperature also involves considering energy efficiency. Cooling or heating a store can consume significant amounts of energy, impacting both the environment and the store’s operating costs. Striking a balance between comfort and energy efficiency is essential for sustainable retail practices.\n4. Location and Climate: The geographical location of the store and the local climate are significant factors influencing the ideal temperature. Stores located in hotter regions may require more extensive cooling systems, while those in colder climates may need efficient heating solutions.\nThe Effects of Store Temperature on Retail Operations\nThe temperature inside a store can have various effects on different aspects of retail operations. Let’s explore some of these effects:\n1. Customer Behavior: Store temperature plays a crucial role in shaping customer behavior. In a comfortable environment, customers are more likely to spend more time in the store, leading to increased chances of making impulse purchases and exploring new products. On the contrary, an uncomfortably hot or cold store may drive customers away quickly.\n2. Employee Productivity: The store temperature can significantly impact employee productivity and morale. Unbearable heat or cold can lead to discomfort, making it challenging for employees to focus on their tasks. Maintaining a pleasant working environment can boost employee satisfaction and efficiency.\n3. Perishable Product Shelf Life: As mentioned earlier, perishable products have specific temperature requirements. Failing to meet these requirements can result in spoilage and waste, leading to financial losses for the store. The ideal temperature can help extend the shelf life of perishable items, reducing waste and saving costs.\n4. Energy Costs: The temperature settings directly impact energy consumption. Keeping the store too cold during summers or too hot during winters can lead to higher energy bills. By finding the right balance, store owners can reduce energy costs and contribute to environmental sustainability.\nTips for Maintaining the Ideal Store Temperature\nTo achieve and maintain the ideal temperature in a store, consider the following tips:\n1. Invest in a Good HVAC System: A reliable and efficient heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system is essential for regulating the store’s temperature. Regular maintenance and timely repairs will ensure that the system operates optimally.\n2. Use Zoning Techniques: If the store has different sections with varying temperature requirements, consider using zoning techniques. Zoning allows you to control the temperature in specific areas independently, optimizing comfort and energy usage.\n3. Monitor Humidity Levels: In addition to temperature, humidity levels also play a role in customer comfort and product shelf life. Monitoring and controlling humidity can help preserve product quality and create a more pleasant shopping environment.\n4. Implement Smart Technology: Smart technology and automation can help regulate the store’s temperature more efficiently. Temperature sensors and programmable thermostats can adjust settings based on foot traffic and occupancy, ensuring optimal conditions at all times.\n5. Seek Customer Feedback: Don’t underestimate the power of customer feedback. Encourage customers to provide input on the store’s temperature through surveys or feedback forms. This information can help you fine-tune the temperature settings to better align with customer preferences. For construction temperature of cold storage read on.\nThe ideal temperature for a store goes beyond just providing comfort; it affects customer behavior, product quality, employee productivity, and energy costs. Striking the right balance in temperature is crucial for creating a positive shopping experience and optimizing retail operations. By considering factors such as customer comfort, product sensitivity, energy efficiency, location, and climate, store owners can determine the best temperature settings. Investing in a good HVAC system, using zoning techniques, monitoring humidity levels, and implementing smart technology are essential steps toward maintaining the ideal store temperature. In doing so, retailers can create a welcoming environment that keeps customers coming back and employees satisfied while ensuring the longevity of their products and contributing to a more sustainable future.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "url": "https://commgen.com.au/2023/08/04/what-is-the-ideal-temperature-for-a-store/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100531.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204151108-20231204181108-00313.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.89817518, "token_count": 1110, "score": 2.6875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Cad é an Teochta Ideal do Stór?\nNuair a théann muid isteach i siopa, is minic a thugann muid aird ar na táirgí, ar an leagan amach, agus ar an timpeallacht i gcoitinne. Mar sin féin, tá fachtóir ríthábhachtach amháin ann a d'fhéadfadh tionchar suntasach a bheith aige ar ár dtaithí siopadóireachta: teocht taobh istigh den siopa. Is féidir leis an teocht idéalach i spás miondíola tionchar a imirt ar iompar na gcustaiméirí, ar tháirgiúlacht na bhfostaithe, agus fiú ar shaolré seilfe táirgí áirithe. Tá sé ríthábhachtach an cothromaíocht ceart a bhaint amach i teocht chun timpeallacht shocair agus taitneamhach siopadóireachta a chruthú. San alt seo, scrúdóimid na fachtóirí a chinneann an teocht idéalach i siopa, a héifeachtaí ar ghnéithe éagsúla d'oibríochtaí miondíola, agus roinnt leideanna praiticiúla chun an teocht is fearr a choinneáil i siopa.\nFachtóirí a Iompraíonn Teochta Ideal Stórála\nTá roinnt fachtóirí i gceist nuair a bhíonn an teocht idéalach le haghaidh siopa á chinneadh. Tá sé ríthábhachtach na nithe seo a leanas a chur san áireamh:\n1. an t-am a bhí ann. Cobhsaíocht an chustaiméara: Ceann de na príomh-bhreithnithe maidir le teocht an stór a shocrú ná cobhsaíocht an chustaiméara. D'fhéadfadh siopa atá ró-te nó ró-fhuar custaiméirí a dhíbirt, ag dul i bhfeidhm ar thrácht chos agus ar dhíolacháin. Tá seans níos mó ann go gcaithfidh custaiméirí am ag iniúchadh an siopa agus ag ceannach má bhraitheann siad compordach agus suaimhneach.\n2. Seachadadh. Tá an t-ábhar seo ar fáil i bhfoirm an-simplí agus tá sé ar fáil i bhfoirm an-simplí. Mar shampla, ní mór go mbeadh teocht níos ísle ag earraí a chailleann go tapa cosúil le táirgí úra, déiríochtaí agus feoil chun a gcáilíocht a choinneáil agus a saolré seilfe a fhadú. Ar an láimh eile, d'fhéadfadh teochtaí ard tionchar diúltach a bheith ag teochtaí ard ar fheistí leictreonacha agus cosmaidí áirithe. Dá bhrí sin, ba cheart teocht an stór a bharrfheabhsú chun fad saoil a stoc a chinntiú.\n3. Tá an t-am ann. Éifeachtúlacht Fuinnimh: Baineann sé le teocht idéalach stórála a chothabháil freisin éifeachtúlacht fuinnimh a mheas. Is féidir le fuarú nó teasáil stór méid suntasach fuinnimh a chaitheamh, ag dul i bhfeidhm ar an gcomhshaol agus ar chostais oibriúcháin an stór araon. Tá sé ríthábhachtach cothromaíocht a bhaint amach idir compord agus éifeachtúlacht fuinnimh le haghaidh cleachtais inbhuanaithe miondíola.\n4. Tá an t-am Suíomh agus Aeráid: Is fachtóirí suntasacha iad suíomh geografach an stór agus aeráid na háite a mbíonn tionchar acu ar an teocht idéalach. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh córas fuaraithe níos fairsinge ag teastáil ó stórálacha atá suite i réigiúin níos te, agus d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh réitigh theite éifeachtacha ag teastáil ó na stórais sin i gclimaí níos fuar.\nNa héifeachtaí a bhíonn ag teocht an stór ar oibríochtaí miondíola\nIs féidir le teocht taobh istigh de stór tionchar éagsúil a bheith aige ar ghnéithe éagsúla d'oibríochtaí miondíola. Déanaimis iniúchadh ar chuid de na héifeachtaí seo:\n1. an t-am a bhí ann. Iompraíocht an Chustaiméara: Tá ról ríthábhachtach ag teocht an stór i ngníomhartha an chustaiméara. I dtimpeallacht compordach, is dóichí go gcaithfidh custaiméirí níos mó ama sa siopa, rud a fhágann go mbeidh seans níos mó acu ceannachanna impulse a dhéanamh agus táirgí nua a iniúchadh. Ar a mhalairt, d'fhéadfadh siopa atá neamhchoitianta a bheith te nó fuar a bheith ag cur custaiméirí ar shiúl go tapa.\n2. Seachadadh. Táirgiúlacht na bhfostaithe: Is féidir le teocht an stór tionchar suntasach a imirt ar táirgiúlacht agus ar mhorál na bhfostaithe. D'fhéadfadh teas nó fuar dochreidte míchompord a chur ar dhaoine, rud a fhágann go bhfuil sé deacair ar oibrithe díriú ar a gcuid tascanna. Is féidir le timpeallacht oibre taitneamhach a chothabháil go gcuirfidh sé le sásamh agus éifeachtúlacht na bhfostaithe.\n3. Tá an t-am ann. Saol an Táirgí In-Aontaithe: Mar a luadh roimhe seo, tá riachtanais theochta sonracha ag táirgí in-aontaithe. Má mhainnítear na ceanglais seo a chomhlíonadh, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh an t-earraí ag dul in olcas agus ag caitheamh, rud a d'fhéadfadh caillteanais airgeadais a bheith ann don siopa. Is féidir leis an teocht idéalach cabhrú le saolré seilfe earraí a chailleann a fhadú, ag laghdú dramhaíola agus ag coigilt costais.\n4. Tá an t-am Costas Fuinnimh: Tá tionchar díreach ag na socruithe teocht ar thomhaltas fuinnimh. Má choinnítear an stór ró-fhuar i rith an tsamhraidh nó ró-te i rith an gheimhridh, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh billí fuinnimh níos airde ann. Trí an cothromaíocht cheart a aimsiú, is féidir le húinéirí siopaí costais fuinnimh a laghdú agus cur le hinbhuanaitheacht an chomhshaoil.\nLeideanna chun an Teochta Stór Ideal a Chothabháil\nChun an teocht idéalach a bhaint amach agus a choinneáil i siopa, smaoinigh ar na leideanna seo a leanas:\n1. an t-am a bhí ann. Infheistíocht i gCóras Áitneolaíoch agus Teiripeach maith: Tá córas teasa, aerála agus aerchóirithe (HVAC) iontaofa agus éifeachtúil riachtanach chun teocht an stór a rialáil. Cinnteoidh cothabháil rialta agus deisiú tráthúil go n-oibreoidh an córas ar bhealach is fearr.\n2. Seachadadh. Úsáid Teicnící Ceapadh: Má tá rannáin éagsúla ag an siopa le riachtanais teocht éagsúil, smaoinigh ar theicnící ceapadh a úsáid. Ligeann ceapadh ceantair duit an teocht a rialú i limistéir ar leith go neamhspleách, ag uasmhéadú compordach agus úsáid fuinnimh.\n3. Tá an t-am ann. Léim na leibhéil taise: Chomh maith leis an teocht, tá ról ag leibhéil taise freisin i gcómhdach an chustaiméara agus i saolré seilfe an táirge. Is féidir le monatóireacht agus rialú taise cabhrú le cáilíocht an táirge a chaomhnú agus timpeallacht siopadóireachta níos taitneamhaí a chruthú.\n4. Tá an t-am Cuir teicneolaíocht chliste i bhfeidhm: Is féidir le teicneolaíocht chliste agus uathoibriú cabhrú le teocht an stór a rialáil níos éifeachtaí. Is féidir le braiteoirí teochta agus le teirmostaití in-phrogramáilte socruithe a choigeartú bunaithe ar thrácht chos agus ar fhisiceacht, ag cinntiú coinníollacha is fearr i gcónaí.\n5. Tá an t-am ann. Faigh tuairimí ó chustaiméirí: Ná mí-mheas cumhacht a thabhairt ar aiseolas ó chustaiméirí. Spreagtar custaiméirí chun a gcuid tuairimí a thabhairt ar theochlaíocht an stór trí shuirbhéanna nó trí fhoirmeacha aiseolas. Is féidir leis an bhfaisnéis seo cabhrú leat na socruithe teochta a chur in oiriúint níos fearr do roghanna an chustaiméara. Maidir le teocht tógála stórála fuar, léigh ar aghaidh.\nNí hamháin go gcuireann teochta idéalach siopa compord ar fáil; bíonn tionchar aige ar iompar an chustaiméara, ar cháilíocht an táirge, ar tháirgiúlacht na bhfostaithe, agus ar chostais fuinnimh. Tá sé ríthábhachtach an chothromaíocht cheart a bhaint amach i teocht chun eispéireas shocair siopadóireachta a chruthú agus oibríochtaí miondíola a bharrfheabhsú. Trí fhachtóirí a mheas, amhail compord an chustaiméara, íogaireacht an táirge, éifeachtúlacht fuinnimh, suíomh, agus aeráid, is féidir le húinéirí siopaí na socruithe teochta is fearr a chinneadh. Tá sé ríthábhachtach go ndéanfaí infheistíocht i gcóras maith HVAC, teicnící criosúcháin a úsáid, leibhéil taise a mhaoirsiú, agus teicneolaíocht chliste a chur i bhfeidhm chun an teocht idéalach a choinneáil. Is féidir le miondíoltóirí a gcuid táirgí a chur ar fáil go héifeachtach agus a chur ar fáil go héifeachtach do thomhaltóirí agus do thomhaltóirí eile."} +{"text": "9 out of 10 new diesel cars are failing to meet EU air pollution limits, according to a report published today by sustainable transport group Transport & Environment. This is due to manufacturers testing their new vehicles in laboratory conditions which do not reflect actual emissions of pollutants on the road. The research found that on average diesel cars in the EU are producing emissions about five times higher than the permitted limit.\nIt came as the UK government admitted in a consultation document this weekend that 50,000 people in the UK are dying prematurely each year as a result of air pollution, 23,500 of them from toxic nitrogen dioxide (NO2) which is emitted largely from diesel engines.\nLiberal Democrat MEP Catherine Bearder, one of the lead negotiators on the EU's new air quality law, commented:\n\"Once seen as a way to tackle climate change, we now know that the switch to diesel has had a disastrous impact on air quality in our cities.\n\"This research shows manufacturers are still dragging their heels when it comes to making the transition to cleaner vehicles.\n\"It is about time that EU air pollution limits were properly enforced and not sidestepped or ignored. The longer we wait, the more lives will be tragically cut short.\"", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-51", "url": "http://www.bearder.eu/9_out_of_10_diesel_cars_failing_to_meet_eu_pollution_limits", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948592972.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20171217035328-20171217061328-00061.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9612029791, "token_count": 246, "score": 2.640625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Ní chomhlíonann 9 as 10 carr nua díosail teorainneacha truaillithe aeir an AE, de réir tuarascála a d'fhoilsigh an grúpa iompair inbhuanaithe Transport & Environment inniu. Tá sé seo mar gheall ar mhonaróirí a gcuid feithiclí nua a thástáil i gcoinníollacha saotharlainne nach léiríonn astaíochtaí iarbhír truailleán ar an mbóthar. Fuair an taighde amach go bhfuil astaíochtaí de ghnáth gluaisteán díosail san AE thart ar chúig huaire níos airde ná an teorainn cheadaithe.\nTháinig sé de réir mar a d'admhaigh rialtas na Ríochta Aontaithe i ndoiciméad comhairliúcháin an deireadh seachtaine seo go bhfuil 50,000 duine sa Ríocht Aontaithe ag fáil bháis go luath gach bliain mar thoradh ar thruailliú aeir, 23,500 acu ó dhia-ocsaíd nítrigine tocsaineach (NO2) a astaítear go mór ó innill díosail.\nDúirt an FPE Daonlathach Liobrálach Catherine Bearder, ceann de na caibidlíochtaí ceannais ar dhlí nua cháilíocht aeir an AE:\n\"Mar a bhí sé le feiceáil mar bhealach chun dul i ngleic le hathrú aeráide, tá a fhios againn anois go bhfuil tionchar tubaisteach ag an aistriú go díosail ar cháilíocht an aeir inár gcathracha.\n\"Taispeánann an taighde seo go bhfuil déantúsóirí fós ag tarraingt a n-íonáin nuair a thagann sé chun an t-aistriú a dhéanamh go feithiclí níos glaine.\n\"Tá sé thar am go gcuirfí teorainneacha truaillithe aeir an AE i bhfeidhm i gceart agus nach ndéantar seachnóireacht ná neamhaird orthu. An níos faide a bheidh muid ag fanacht, is mó na beatha a ghearrfar go tragóideach\"."} +{"text": "This activity involves using a Hundreds Number Chart - a chart with any set of hundreds. e.g. 1 - 100, 101 - 200, 501 - 600, etc. Click here to use this customizable Hundreds Number Chart. You can enter any hundred set you like although you're probably best to start with 1 - 100.\nColour all the numbers that end with a zero.\nColour all the numbers that end with a or five or two.\n|\"Do you see a pattern? Tell me about the pattern.\"|\n|\"I see that all the numbers make one line down the left hand side of the paper.\"||\"Excellent!\"|\nDo this exercise looking for different number patterns again and again so that your child will become a master at the hundred's chart. Remember, you can get a printable Number Chart here..\nThe above counting activity was created by Diane Massie, a HelpingWithMath.com contributor, and it is part of her Handling Math program.\nFirst hand experiences brings mastery of a skill and concept.\nMore Math Help", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-42", "url": "http://www.helpingwithmath.com/resources/activities/act_hundreds01.htm", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414637897717.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20141030025817-00223-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8454293609, "token_count": 219, "score": 3.609375, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Baineann an ghníomhaíocht seo le Chart Uimhreacha na céadta a úsáid - cairt le haon sraith de na céadta. e.g. 1 - 100, 101 - 200, 501 - 600, etc. Cliceáil anseo chun an Chart Uimhreacha na céadta saincheaptha seo a úsáid. Is féidir leat a chur isteach ar aon céad sraith is mian leat cé go bhfuil tú is dócha is fearr chun tús a chur le 1 - 100.\nDath na n-uimhreacha go léir a chríochnaíonn le nialas.\nDath na n-uimhreacha go léir a chríochnaíonn le 1 nó 5 nó 2.\n\"An bhfeiceann tú patrún? Inis dom faoin bpatrún. \"a bhfuil\n\"Féachann mé go bhfuil na huimhreacha go léir a dhéanamh ar líne amháin síos an taobh clé den pháipéar. \"Sábháilteacht\"Sármhaith! \"a bhfuil\nDéan an cleachtadh seo ag lorg patrún uimhreacha éagsúla arís agus arís eile ionas go mbeidh do leanbh ina mháistir ar chairt na céadta. Cuimhnigh, is féidir leat a fháil ar Chart Uimhir inphriontáilte anseo ..\nAn t-aistriúchán thuas a bhí cruthaithe ag Diane Massie, a HelpingWithMath.com ranníocóir, agus tá sé mar chuid de a cuid a láimhseáil Matamaitice clár.\nTugann taithí ar an gcéad láimh máistreacht ar scileanna agus ar choincheapa.\nCabhair Méadú"} +{"text": "An infinite sum of the form\nis known as an infinite series. Such series appear in many areas of modern mathematics. Much of this topic was developed during the seventeenth century. Leonhard Euler continued this study and in the process solved many important problems. In this article we will explain Euler’s argument involving one of the most surprising series.\nYou are likely to have already met perhaps the most important series which is the geometric progression. Given constants and we want to sum\nIf we can make sense of the infinite sum – something known by Newton – which is\nThis was one of the first, and only, general results known during the seventeenth century. Another series then known was\nSimilar methods were used to find the sums\nNow all these series converge. That is to say we can make sense of the infinite sum as a finite number. This is not true of a particularly famous series which is known as the harmonic series:\nThe following medieval proof that the harmonic series diverges was discovered and published by a French monk called Orseme around 1350 and relies on grouping the terms in the series as follows:\nThe harmonic series diverges\nIt follows that the sum can be made as large as we please by taking enough terms. In fact this series diverges quite slowly. A more accurate estimate of the speed of divergence can be made using the following more modern proof. This uses a technique known as the integral test which compares the graph of a function with the terms of the series. By integrating the function using calculus we can compare the sum of the series with the integral of the function and draw conclusions from this.\nIn this case we compare terms in the series with the area under the graph of the function . In particular, figure 1 shows that\nFigure 1: The series 1/n above the graph of 1/(1+x)\nOf course the integral on the right is easy. Solving this gives\nFigure 2: The series 1/n below the graph of 1/x\nThe harmonic series generalisedThe harmonic series can be described as \"the sum of the reciprocals of the natural numbers\". Another series that presents itself as being similar is the \"the sum of the squares of reciprocals of the natural numbers\". That is to say, the series\nBust of Leibniz by Johann Gottfried Schmidt\n\"Infinite polynomial\" - power seriesBefore solving this problem we look briefly at a piece of theory Euler used which allowed him to write the function in a particular way. This really could (or perhaps should) be the subject of an article in its own right. What Euler knew, as as we will see in a moment, is that can be written as an \" infinite polynomial\" in the following way:\nEuler's solution to the Basel Problem\nEuler was working on the Basel Problem at the age of 24 in 1731 by calculating a numerical approximation. This is an arduous task by hand with a series which converges as slowly as this. In 1735 he arrived at the following exact result:\nThis is a truly remarkable result. No one expected the value , the ratio of the circumference of a circle to the diameter, to appear in the formula for the sum. Euler starts with an th degree polynomial with the following properties:\nhas non-zero roots ,\nThen may be written as a product in the following form:\nWe paraphrase Euler’s next claim as \"what holds for a finite polynomial holds for an infinite polynomial\". He applies this claim to the polynomial\nwhich is an infinite polynomial with . Furthermore, as Euler knew, can be written as a series:\nMultiplying by he obtained\nThis has zeros at for since these are the zeros of . We can now use the claim above and write as an infinite product and equate the two as\nThe second line pairs the positive and negative roots – the last line uses the difference of two squares to combine these. If you don’t believe this can be done you are right to question the logic here! Euler is being incredibly bold in his assertion that \"what holds for a finite polynomial holds for an infinite polynomial\". His use turns out to give the correct answer in this case!\nEuler’s trick is to write in two different ways. He exploits this by expanding the right hand side. This infinite product will be very complicated but there will be a constant term and one can collect the term without too much effort as follows:\nNow Euler equates the coefficients of to conclude that\nNow Euler didn’t stop here – he expanded the product further and equated other coefficients to sum other series. In this way he obtained\nIn 1744 he obtained\nby this method. In principle his method solves\nfor all natural numbers .\nExtensions of the Basel problemIn a style typical of Euler, he not only solved the problem in hand but also used the method to solve a class of related problems. You will notice that his method only works for even powers. What then, about\nYou can find out more about some on Euler's work on infinite series (including a derivation of the last result) in his paper Remarques sur un beau rapport entre les series des puissances tant directes que reciproques.\nAbout the author\nChris Sangwin is a member of staff in the School of Mathematics and Statistics at the University of Birmingham. He is a Research Fellow in the Learning and Teaching Support Network centre for Mathematics, Statistics, and Operational Research. His interests lie in mathematical Control Theory.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "url": "https://plus.maths.org/content/comment/reply/node/2202/comment_node_article", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679099892.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20231128151412-20231128181412-00090.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9516773224, "token_count": 1166, "score": 3.25, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Sum gan teorainn den fhoirm\nis eol é mar shraith gan teorainn. Tá sraitheanna den sórt sin le feiceáil i go leor réimsí den mhatamaitic nua-aimseartha. Forbraíodh cuid mhór den ábhar seo le linn an seachtú haois déag. Lean Leonhard Euler leis an staidéar seo agus sa phróiseas réitigh sé go leor fadhbanna tábhachtacha. San alt seo míneoimid argóint Euler a bhaineann le ceann de na sraitheanna is iontas.\nIs d��cha go bhfuil tú ag freastal cheana féin b'fhéidir an tsraith is tábhachtaí a bhfuil an dul chun cinn géimeatrach. Tugtar seasmhach agus ba mhaith linn a chur le chéile\nMás féidir linn ciall a dhéanamh den suim gan teorainn rud éigin ar a dtugtar ag Newton atá\nBa é seo ceann de na chéad torthaí ginearálta, agus amháin, a bhí ar eolas le linn an seachtú haois déag. Bhí sraith eile ar a dtugtar ansin\nBaineadh úsáid as modhanna den chineál céanna chun na suimeanna a fháil\nAnois, na sraitheanna seo go léir converge. Is é sin le rá gur féidir linn ciall a bhaint as an suim gan teorainn mar uimhir chríoch. Ní fíor é seo maidir le sraith a bhfuil cáil air go háirithe ar a dtugtar an tsraith harmónach:\nAn fhianaise mheánréime seo a leanas go bhfuil an tsraith harmónach ag imeacht a bhí le fáil agus foilsithe ag manach na Fraince ar a dtugtar Orseme thart ar 1350 agus tá sé ag brath ar na téarmaí sa tsraith a ghrúpáil mar seo a leanas:\nTá an tsraith harmónach ag imeacht\nLeanann sé sin gur féidir an suim a dhéanamh chomh mór agus is mian linn trí thriail go leor téarmaí. Go deimhin, téann an tsraith seo as chéile go mall go leor. Is féidir meastachán níos cruinne a dhéanamh ar luas an éagothroime ag baint úsáide as an cruthúnas níos nua-aimseartha seo a leanas. Úsáidtear teicníc ar a dtugtar an tástáil chomhpháirteach a dhéanann comparáid idir graif fheidhm agus téarmaí na sraithe. Trí an fheidhm a chomhtháthú ag baint úsáide as ríomh is féidir linn suim na sraithe a chur i gcomparáid le comhtháthú an fheidhm agus conclúidí a tharraingt as seo.\nSa chás seo déanaimid comparáid idir téarmaí sa tsraith agus an limistéar faoi ghraf an fheidhm . Go háirithe, léiríonn Figiúr 1 go bhfuil\nFigiúr 1: An tsraith 1/n os cionn graif 1/(1+x)\nAr ndóigh, tá an chomhtháite ar dheis éasca. Tugann réiteach seo\nFigiúr 2: An tsraith 1/n faoi bhun ghraf 1/x\nIs féidir an tsraith harmónach a chur in iúl mar \"sóim na n-aisghabhálacha ar na huimhreacha nádúrtha\". Sraith eile a léiríonn é féin mar a bheith cosúil leis an \"suim na cearnach de reciprocals na n-uimhreacha nádúrtha\". Is é sin le rá, an tsraith\nBust de Leibniz ag Johann Gottfried Schmidt\n\"Poilínóim Infinite\" - sraith cumhachta Sula réiteofar an fhadhb seo, féachfaimid go hachomair ar phíosa teoiric a d'úsáid Euler a lig dó an fheidhm a scríobh ar bhealach ar leith. D'fhéadfadh sé seo (nó b'fhéidir ba chóir) a bheith ina ábhar d'alt dá chuid féin. Cad a bhí ar eolas ag Euler, mar a fheicfimid in am, is féidir é a scríobh mar \"polynomial gan teorainn\" ar an mbealach seo a leanas:\nRéiteach Euler ar Phroblema Basel\nBhí Euler ag obair ar Phroblema Basel ag aois 24 i 1731 trí mheastóireacht uimhriúil a ríomh. Is tasc deacair é seo le chéile le sraith a thagann chomh mall le seo. Sa bhliain 1735 tháinig sé ar an toradh cruinn seo a leanas:\nIs toradh iontach é seo i ndáiríre. Ní raibh aon duine ag súil go mbeadh an luach, cóimheas imchlúdach ciorcla agus an trastomhas, le feiceáil sa fhoirmle don suim. Tosaíonn Euler le poilinóim de chéim th leis na hairíonna seo a leanas:\ntá fréamhacha neamh-null aige ,\nAnsin, is féidir é a scríobh mar tháirge sa fhoirm seo a leanas:\nDéanaimid athfhocail ar an éileamh eile a rinne Euler mar \"rud a shealbhaíonn polynomial críochnaithe, shealbhaíonn sé polynomial gan teorainn\". Baineann sé an t-éileamh seo leis an polynomial\na bhfuil polynomial infinite leis . Ina theannta sin, mar a bhí ar eolas ag Euler, is féidir é a scríobh mar shraith:\nIolrú trí a fuair sé\nTá nialas ag for leis seo ós rud é go bhfuil na nialas de . Is féidir linn anois an t-éileamh thuas a úsáid agus é a scríobh mar tháirge gan teorainn agus an dá cheann a chothromú mar\nAn dara líne lánúineacha na fréamhacha dearfacha agus diúltacha an líne deireanach úsáideann an difríocht de dhá chearnóg a chur le chéile iad seo. Mura gcreideann tú gur féidir é seo a dhéanamh tá sé ceart agat an loighic a bheith agat anseo! Tá Euler ag a bheith thar a bheith cróga ina dhearbhú go bhfuil \"cad a shealbhaíonn do polynomial críochnaithe shealbhaíonn do polynomial gan teorainn\". A úsáid a thiocfaidh chun bheith ar an freagra ceart a thabhairt sa chás seo!\nIs é cleas Euler a scríobh ar dhá bhealach éagsúla. Baineann sé leas as seo trí leathnú a dhéanamh ar an taobh dheis. Beidh an táirge gan teorainn seo an-chasta ach beidh téarma seasmhach ann agus is féidir an téarma a bhailiú gan an iomarca iarrachta mar seo a leanas:\nAnois Euler equates na comhéifeachtaí a thabhairt chun críche go\nNí stop Euler anseo, leathnaigh sé an táirge tuilleadh agus choibhéiseann sé comhéifeachtaí eile chun sraith eile a chur le chéile. Ar an mbealach seo fuair sé\nSa bhliain 1744 fuair sé\nleis an modh seo. I bprionsabal réitíonn a mhodh\ndo na huimhreacha nádúrtha go léir .\nLeathnú ar fhadhb BaselIn stíl tipiciúil Euler, ní amháin go réitigh sé an fhadhb atá i láimh ach d'úsáid sé an modh chun rang de fhadhbanna gaolmhara a réiteach. Tabharfaidh tú faoi deara nach n-oibríonn a mhodh ach le haghaidh cumhachtaí fiú. Cad a tharla ansin, faoi\nIs féidir leat tuilleadh a fháil amach faoi chuid de obair Euler ar shraith gan teorainn (lena n-áirítear díorthacht an toradh deireanach) ina pháipéar Remarques sur un beau rapport entre les series des puissances tant directes que reciproques.\nMaidir leis an údar\nTá Chris Sangwin ina bhall foirne in Scoil na Matamaitice agus Staidrimh in Ollscoil Birmingham. Tá sé ina Chomhalta Taighde sa lárionad Líonra Tacaíochta Foghlama agus Teagaisc do Mhatamaitic, Staidrimh agus Taighde Oibríochta. Tá spéis aige i dTeoiric Rialaithe matamaitice."} +{"text": "Here, we introduce how to obtain various CBED patterns under different experimental conditions. CBED (convergent-beam electron diffraction) patterns are obtained by producing an electron\nprobe of 5–20 nm in diameter as a demagnified image of the electron source (~10 nm - 40 µm). A strong upper-objective polepiece is needed to create a convergent beam to form a CBED pattern. Four microscope variables are needed to be adjusted to provide different information, for instance, about the crystal symmetry:\ni) The beam convergence semiangle (The convergence angle can be defined by an aperture).\nii) The camera length (L) (i.e., the magnification).\niii) The focus of the pattern.\niv) The size of the beam.\nAlthough CBED operation procedure can vary from microscope to microscope, the basic steps are essentially the same for all TEMs:\ni) After aligning the microscope, start with your specimen in the eucentric plane as usual and then, form a focused image on the TEM screen with the area of interest onto the crosshairs.\nii) Select a large C2 aperture about 100 - 200 µm in diameter (to get nonoverlapping disks - Kossel-Möllenstedt (K-M) pattern, an appropriate C2 aperture should be selected; typically, the Bragg angle is a few milliradians and C2 apertures in the 10-50 µm range usually ensures the K-M conditions.), center it on the crosshairs, and adjust the C2 lens to form a focused spot on the area of interest.\niii) Keep C1 weakly excited to give a relatively large spot, about 100-200 FWTH, containing sufficient current to give high intensity in the pattern.\niv) Select a small camera length, < 500 mm, to give a wide-angle view of the pattern.\nv) To observe the CBED pattern by pressing CBED or DIFF mode ( make sure the objective and SAD apertures are retracted).\nvi) Focus the resulting CBED pattern using the diffraction spot knob. Different camera lengths are available by turning the magnification knob but this does not affect the imaging magnification when you return to image mode.\nvii) Tilting to a zone axis can easily be accomplished by following Kikuchi lines to a point where two or more Kikuchi lines intersect (this intersect is a zone axis).\nviii) The size of the diffraction disks depends on convergence semiangle α, which can be changed by changing the C2 aperture.\nIn principle, for CBED the largest obtainable convergence angle is used to observe as much structure as possible within the CBED disks.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-05", "url": "http://www.globalsino.com/EM/page4142.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084886476.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20180116164812-20180116184812-00034.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8692004681, "token_count": 567, "score": 3.328125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Anseo, cuirimid isteach conas patrún CBED éagsúla a fháil faoi choinníollacha turgnamhacha éagsúla. Is féidir patrúin CBED (difríocht leictreonach léas comhghaolta) a fháil trí leictreon a tháirgeadh\nIs féidir leis an scrúdú a dhéanamh ar an gcúis a bhfuil an t-eagrán a úsáidtear chun an scrúdú a dhéanamh. Tá gá le póla-phéire láidir uachtarach-gnéasach chun léam comhghaoltach a chruthú chun patrún CBED a chruthú. Caithfear ceithre athróg mhicreascóip a choigeartú chun faisnéis dhifriúil a sholáthar, mar shampla, faoin síimitéireacht criostail:\ni) An leathuainéal comhtháthaithe an tsraith (Is féidir an t-uillinn comhtháthaithe a shainiú le huisce).\nii) Fad an cheamara (L) (i.e. an méadú).\n(iii) Díriú an phéinteála.\niv) Méad an tsléibhe.\nCé go bhféadfadh nós imeachta oibriúcháin CBED a bheith éagsúil ó mhicreascóip go micreascóip, tá na céimeanna bunúsacha mar an gcéanna do gach TEM:\ni) Tar éis an micreascóip a ailíniú, tosaigh le do speiceas sa phláin eicintreach mar is gnách agus ansin, déan íomhá fócaithe ar an scáileán TEM leis an limistéar spéise ar na cros-aird.\nii) Roghnaigh oscailt mhór C2 thart ar 100 - 200 μm de trastomhas (chun dioscaí neamh-sár-aicme a fháil - patrún Kossel-Möllenstedt (K-M), ba cheart oscailt C2 oiriúnach a roghnú; de ghnáth, is é an uillinn Bragg cúpla milliradians agus de ghnáth cinntíonn oscailtí C2 sa raon 10-50 μm coinníollacha K-M. ), cuir an lionsa C2 i lár an chros-spéir, agus socraigh an lionsa C2 chun pointe fócaithe a chruthú ar an limistéar spéise.\niii) Coinnigh C1 ag spreagadh go laige chun láthair réasúnta mór a thabhairt, thart ar 100-200 FWTH, ina bhfuil go leor reatha chun dian-dhlúth a thabhairt sa patrún.\niv) Roghnaigh fad beag ceamara, < 500 mm, chun radharc leathan-uillinn den phéintéireacht a thabhairt.\nv) Chun patrún CBED a urramú trí bhrú ar an modh CBED nó DIFF (a chinntiú go bhfuil na huirlisí cuspóir agus SAD tarraingthe siar).\nvi) Foclóir an patrún CBED mar thoradh air ag baint úsáide as an mbarra difríocht spot. Tá fadanna éagsúla ceamara ar fáil trí an cnaipe méadaithe a chasadh ach ní dhéanann sé seo difear do mhéadaithe na híomhá nuair a fhilleann tú ar an modh íomhá.\n(vii) Is féidir an t-aistriú go hais crios a bhaint amach go héasca trí línte Kikuchi a leanúint go pointe ina ndéanann dhá líne Kikuchi nó níos mó crochadh (is é an crochadh seo a aisi crios).\nviii) Braitheann méid na dioscaí difrasaíochta ar an leathuainéal comhtháthaithe α, is féidir é a athrú trí oscailt C2 a athrú.\nI bprionsabal, maidir le CBED, úsáidtear an t-uillinn comhtháthaithe is mó is féidir a fháil chun an struchtúr is mó is féidir laistigh de na dioscaí CBED a bhreathnú."} +{"text": "NAVY BOARD REPORT OFFERS A SEA POLICY; Findings, Now Being Drafted, Cover Relative Values of All Units in Naval Defense. AIRCRAFT HAS A BIG PART But It and Submarines Are Called Auxiliary Only, With the Battleship in First Place.\nSpecial to The New York Times. ();\nJanuary 09, 1925,\n, Section , Page 3, Column , words\nWASHINGTON, Jan. 8. -- The General Board of the Navy, after three months of investigation of the relative value of the various elements composing the force, undertaken at the direction of President Coolidge, has virtually completed its report.\nJanuary 09, 1925\nThank you for visiting The New York Times archive.\nNew York Times subscribers* enjoy full access to TimesMachine—view 129 years of New York Times journalism, as it originally appeared. 99¢ for your first 4 weeks.\nOr, purchase this article individually for $3.95 and download a high-resolution PDF.\n* Does not include NYT Now or Premium Crosswords subscribers.\nAlready a subscriber? Log in to view this article »", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-42", "url": "http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=980CEEDC113BE233A2575AC0A9679C946495D6CF", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414637898477.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20141030025818-00238-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8671545386, "token_count": 227, "score": 2.578125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "TÁIRIS CINNEADH NAIRCEAÍOCHTA OFFERS A SEA POLICY; Cuimsíonn torthaí, atá á dhréachtú anois, luachanna coibhneasta na n-aonad uile i gcosantóir na Mara. Tá Páirt Mór ag Aerárthaí ach ní ghlactar leis ná le fonn-uisceáin ach mar chúnamh, leis an gclaíomh ar an gcéad áit.\nSpeisialta do The New York Times. ();\n9 Eanáir, 1925,\n, Rannóg , Leathanach 3, Colún , focail\nWASHINGTON, 8 Eanáir. -- An Bord Ginearálta na Mara, tar éis trí mhí de imscrúdú ar an luach coibhneasta na n-eilimintí éagsúla comhdhéanta an fórsa, a rinneadh ar an treoir an tUachtarán Coolidge, tá beagnach críochnaithe a tuarascáil.\n9 Eanáir, 1925\nGo raibh maith agat as cuairt a thabhairt ar chartlann The New York Times.\nTá rochtain iomlán ag síntiúsóirí New York Times* ar 129 bliain d'iriseoireacht New York Times, mar a d'éirigh leis ar dtús. 99 cent do do chéad 4 sheachtain.\nNó, ceannach an t-alt seo ar leithligh ar $3.95 agus íoslódáil PDF ard-chinntiúis.\n* Ní áirítear le NYT Now ná le síntiúsóirí Premium Crosswords.\nAn bhfuil síntiúsóir agat cheana féin? Logáil isteach chun an t-alt seo a fheiceáil "} +{"text": "During pregnancy, maintaining a healthy diet isn't just a personal choice; it's a vital factor in ensuring the well-being of both the mother and the developing baby. The significance of consuming nutritious foods is amplified during this crucial time. One aspect that often goes underestimated is the role of snacks in bolstering maternal health.\nHealthy snacks for pregnant women play a pivotal role in meeting the increased nutritional demands of this phase. These snacks serve as not just momentary satisfactions for cravings but as essential contributors to a well-rounded diet. Incorporating the right snacks ensures a balance of key nutrients like iron, calcium, folic acid, and omega-3 fatty acids – all crucial for the proper development of the baby and the sustained health of the mother.\nIn this exploration of healthy snacks during pregnancy, we delve into snack choices that go beyond mere taste preferences. It's about selecting options that offer a powerhouse of nutrients, catering to the unique needs of pregnancy. Let's embark on this journey to discover how mindful snacking can be a cornerstone in fostering a healthy and thriving pregnancy.\nEmbarking on the journey of pregnancy requires choosing snacks carefully to keep both the mom and baby healthy. Picking snacks that are rich in important nutrients is crucial during this special time.\nThink about including snacks with lots of iron. Iron is important for preventing anaemiaanemia, which is common during pregnancy. Good choices include lean meats, beans, and cereals with added nutrients. For the baby's bone development, get calcium from yogurt, cheese, and leafy greens. It's also important to get enough folic acid, found in green veggies and citrus fruits, to prevent issues with the baby's neural tube.\nOmega-3 fatty acids are great for the baby's brain and vision development. You can get them from nuts, seeds, and fatty fish. Choosing snacks with these nutrients is not just about following a diet; it's a conscious effort to give the baby the best start for growth and development.\nWhen it comes to nutrient-rich snacks, having a variety is important. Eating different kinds of snacks ensures you get a range of important vitamins and minerals. By picking snacks that meet the specific needs of pregnancy, you're setting the stage for a healthier and stronger journey through these important nine months.\nQuick and Easy Snack Ideas\nAmidst the whirlwind of pregnancy, finding quick and easy snack solutions is a game-changer. Here's a curated list of snacks that not only fit into a busy schedule but also contribute to a well-rounded, healthy diet.\n- Greek Yogurt Parfait: Layer Greek yogurt with fresh fruits and a sprinkle of granola for a delicious and quick snack rich in protein and essential vitamins.\n- Trail Mix: Create a customised trail mix with a mix of nuts, seeds, and dried fruits. It's a portable, energy-boosting snack that requires no preparation.\n- Cheese and Whole Grain Crackers: Pairing cheese with whole grain crackers provides a satisfying combination of protein and complex carbohydrates, ideal for sustaining energy levels.\n- Veggies and Hummus: Keep pre-cut veggies like carrots, cucumbers, and bell peppers on hand for a quick, crunchy snack when paired with nutrient-packed hummus.\n- Hard-Boiled Eggs: A simple and protein-packed snack, hard-boiled eggs are easy to prepare in advance and grab on the go.\n- Fruit Smoothies: Blend your favourite fruits with yogurt or milk for a refreshing and nutritious smoothie. Portable and quick to prepare, it's a perfect snack option.\n- Nut Butter on Whole Grain Toast: Spread almond or peanut butter on whole grain toast for a satisfying and quick snack that combines healthy fats and complex carbohydrates.\nThese quick pregnancy snacks aren't just about convenience; they're designed to keep energy levels stable, curb cravings, and ensure you get the nutrients needed for a healthy pregnancy. With minimal effort, these snack ideas make nourishing yourself during this busy time a straightforward and delicious task.\nSnacks to Manage Pregnancy Symptoms\nNavigating through pregnancy symptoms requires strategic snacking to alleviate discomfort and provide relief. Let's explore targeted snack solutions for common issues like nausea, cravings, and fatigue.\n- Ginger Infused Snacks: Ginger is renowned for its anti-nausea properties. Opt for ginger-infused snacks like ginger snaps or ginger tea to help manage morning sickness and nausea during pregnancy.\n- Craving-Specific Options: Cravings are a common part of pregnancy. Instead of succumbing to less healthy options, find alternatives that satisfy cravings without compromising nutrition. For example, if you're craving something sweet, opt for a piece of dark chocolate or a small serving of fruit.\n- Small, Frequent Meals: Combat fatigue by opting for small, frequent meals rather than three large ones. Snacking on healthy options like nuts, seeds, or a piece of cheese can help maintain energy levels throughout the day.\n- Hydrating Fruits: Dehydration can exacerbate feelings of nausea and fatigue. Choose hydrating fruits like watermelon, cucumber, or oranges to stay refreshed while also getting essential vitamins.\n- Protein-Rich Snacks: Protein helps in stabilising blood sugar levels, reducing the likelihood of energy crashes. Consider snacks like a handful of almonds, a yogurt parfait, or a boiled egg to incorporate protein into your diet.\n- Whole Grain Crackers: For nausea relief, keep a stash of whole grain crackers by your bedside. Consuming a few before getting out of bed can help settle your stomach.\nBy tailoring your snack choices to address specific pregnancy symptoms, you not only find relief but also contribute to a more comfortable and enjoyable journey through this transformative phase of life. These snack solutions are simple, effective, and focused on making your pregnancy experience as pleasant as possible.\nA healthy solution to cravings\nIn conclusion, the role of healthy snacks during pregnancy extends far beyond satisfying cravings. It is a cornerstone for ensuring the overall well-being of both the mother and the developing baby. By adopting mindful snacking habits, pregnant women can navigate the unique nutritional demands of this transformative period with grace and vitality.\nThroughout this exploration, we've emphasised the significance of nutrient-rich options, quick and easy snack ideas, and snacks tailored to manage specific pregnancy symptoms. These aren't just suggestions; they are practical solutions designed to make your journey through pregnancy healthier and more enjoyable.\nRemember, nutrient-dense snacks contribute essential elements such as iron, calcium, folic acid, and omega-3 fatty acids, laying the foundation for optimal growth and development. Quick and easy snack ideas accommodate the demands of a busy schedule without compromising on nutritional value. Addressing pregnancy symptoms through strategic snacking ensures comfort and relief.\nAs you embark on this remarkable journey, prioritise your nutrition. These simple adjustments to your snack choices can have a profound impact on your well-being and the health of your baby. So, seize the opportunity to nourish yourself and your growing bundle of joy. Your journey through pregnancy is unique, and by making informed snack choices, you are actively investing in a healthy and vibrant pregnancy experience. Here's to embracing the nourishing power of snacks and relishing every moment of this extraordinary chapter.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "url": "https://diabesmart.in/blogs/diet-for-diabetics/what-are-some-healthy-snacks-for-pregnant-women", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475825.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20240302120344-20240302150344-00675.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9108117223, "token_count": 1496, "score": 2.625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Le linn toirchis, ní rogha pearsanta amháin é aiste bia sláintiúil a choinneáil; is fachtóir ríthábhachtach é chun folláine an mháthair agus an linbh atá ag fás a chinntiú. Tá sé tábhachtach go n-itheann daoine bia cothaitheach le linn na tréimhse ríthábhachtach seo. Tá gné amháin a dhéantar mí-mheas air go minic ná an ról atá ag snacks i ndúnadh sláinte na máthar.\nTá ról lárnach ag snacks sláintiúla do mhná torracha chun freastal ar éilimh mhéadaithe cothaitheacha an chéim seo. Ní shásaíonn na cnaipí seo ach éileamh nóiméad ach cuireann siad go mór le réim bia maith. Áiritheoidh na sneaiceanna ceart cothromaíocht na n-aistí cothaitheacha tábhachtacha cosúil le iarann, cailciam, aigéad fólach agus aigéid shailleacha omega-3 - atá ríthábhachtach go léir d'fhorbairt cheart an linbh agus do shláinte leanúnach na máthar.\nSa taighde seo ar mhiasáin shláintiúla le linn toirchis, déanaimid rogha mhiasáin a théann thar rogha blas amháin. Baineann sé le roghanna a roghnú a thairgeann cumhachtchumhachta cothaithigh, ag freastal ar riachtanais uathúla na toirchis. Tógfaimid ar an turas seo chun a fháil amach conas is féidir le snacking aireach a bheith ina chúlchloch i gcothú toirchis shláintiúil agus rathúil.\nChun tús a chur leis an turas a bhaineann le toirchis, ní mór go roghnófaí na sneaiceanna go cúramach chun an mháthair agus an leanbh araon a choinneáil sláintiúil. Tá sé ríthábhachtach snacks a roghnú atá saibhir i gcothaithigh thábhachtacha le linn na tréimhse speisialta seo.\nSmaoinigh ar snacks a chur san áireamh le go leor iarann. Tá iarann tábhachtach chun anemia a chosc, rud atá coitianta le linn toirchis. I measc na dtorthaí is fearr tá feoil lean, pónairí, agus gráin a bhfuil cothaithigh bhreise acu. Chun cnámh an linbh a fhorbairt, faigh cailciam ó iógart, cáis, agus glasraí duilleacha. Tá sé tábhachtach freisin go leor aigéad fólach a fháil, a fhaightear i glasraí glas agus torthaí citris, chun fadhbanna a sheachaint le tiúb néaróg an linbh.\nTá aigéid shailleacha Omega-3 iontach do fhorbairt inchinn agus fís an linbh. Is féidir leat iad a fháil ó na cnónna, na síolta, agus ó iasc sailleach. Ní bhaineann le greim bia a roghnú le cothaithigh seo ach aiste bia a leanúint; is iarracht chonaic é chun an tús is fearr a thabhairt don leanbh le haghaidh fáis agus forbartha.\nNuair a thagann sé chun greimíní saibhir cothaitheach, tá sé tábhachtach éagsúlacht a bheith agat. Má itheann tú cineálacha éagsúla greimnéaracha, cinntíonn sé go bhfaighidh tú raon vitimíní agus mianraí tábhachtacha. Trí snacks a roghnú a chomhlíonann riachtanais shonracha na toirchis, tá tú ag leagan an chéim do thuras níos sláintiúla agus níos láidre trí na naoi mí tábhachtacha seo.\nSmaointe Snack Gasta agus Éasca\nI measc an chonair toirchis, is é réiteach tapa agus éasca snack a aimsiú athrú cluiche. Seo liosta de na sneaiceanna a chuirtear i láthair nach bhfuil ach oiriúnach do sceideal gnóthach ach a chuireann le aiste bia sláintiúil agus cuimsitheach.\n- Iogart Gréagach Parfait: Iogart Gréagach le torthaí úra agus granola le haghaidh greannán blasta agus tapa atá saibhir i bpróitéin agus vitimíní riachtanacha.\n- Meascán Slí: Déan meascán saincheaptha slí le meascán de na n-uibheacha, na síolta, agus na torthaí triomaithe. Is greimníocht iomlána, fuinnimh-boosting é nach dteastaíonn ullmhúchán uaidh.\n- Craicéirí cáis agus gráin iomlána: Soláthraíonn an cáis agus na craicéirí gráin iomlána meascán sásúil próitéine agus carbaihiodráití casta, atá oiriúnach chun leibhéil fuinnimh a chothabháil.\n- Glasraí agus Hummus: Bíodh glasraí réamh-ghearrtha cosúil le carróidí, cucumbers, agus piobar cloig ar láimh le haghaidh greiméar tapa, crunchy nuair a bhíonn siad páirteach le hummus pacáilte cothaitheach.\n- Uibheacha crua-bhuailte: Snack simplí agus próitéine-pacaithe, tá uibheacha crua-bhuailte éasca a ullmhú roimh ré agus a ghlacadh ar an dul.\n- Smoothies torthaí: Cuir do thorthaí is fearr leat le iógart nó bainne chun smoothie athnuachana agus cothaitheach a fháil. Is rogha snasta foirfe é, a sheoltar agus a ullmhaítear go tapa.\n- Buntáiste ar an mbothar ar an toast gráin iomlán: Spread bata almóide nó peanut ar an toast gráin iomlán le haghaidh snack sásúil agus tapa a chomhcheanglaíonn saill sláintiúla agus carbaihiodráití casta.\nNí bhaineann na siúlóidí luath toirchis seo le háisiúlacht amháin; tá siad deartha chun leibhéil fuinnimh a choinneáil cobhsaí, cravings a chur faoi chois, agus a chinntiú go bhfaigheann tú na cothaithigh a theastaíonn le haghaidh toirchis shláintiúil. Le iarracht íosta, déanann na smaointe greimnéireachta seo tú féin a chothú le linn na tréimhse gnóthach seo ina tasc simplí agus blasta.\nSnacks chun Síomptóim an Uachtar a Rialú\nChun dul tríd na comharthaí toirchis, ní mór go mbeadh snacking straitéiseach chun míchompord a mhaolú agus faoiseamh a sholáthar. Déanaimis iniúchadh ar réitigh dírithe ar bhia liathróid do shaincheisteanna coitianta cosúil le nausea, cravings, agus tuirse.\n- Snacks Infused Ginger: Tá cáil ar Ginger as a chuid airíonna frith-nausea. Roghnaigh greannáin a bhfuil ginger iontu mar snaps ginger nó tae ginger chun cabhrú le tinneas maidin agus nausea a bhainistiú le linn toirchis.\n- Roghanna Craving-Specific: Is cuid choitianta den toirchis é cravings. In ionad a bheith ag cur isteach ar roghanna nach bhfuil chomh sláintiúil sin, faigh roghanna eile a shásóidh do chuid cravings gan cur isteach ar chothú. Mar shampla, má tá tú ag iarraidh rud éigin milis, roghnaigh píosa seacláide dorcha nó seirbhís bheag torthaí.\n- Béilí Beag, Is minic: Coimhlint le tuirse trí bheith ag roghnú béilí bheaga, is minic seachas trí bhéilí móra. Is féidir le snackanna sláintiúla cosúil le cnónna, síolta, nó píosa cáise cabhrú le leibhéil fuinnimh a choinneáil i rith an lae.\n- torthaí hidreacha: d'fhéadfadh díhiodráit a bheith ag méadú mothúcháin nausea agus tuirse. Roghnaigh torthaí hidreacha mar watermelon, cucumber, nó oráiste chun fanacht úr agus vitimíní riachtanacha a fháil freisin.\n- Snacks saibhir i bpróitéin: Cabhraíonn próitéin le leibhéil siúcra fola a chobhsú, ag laghdú an dóchúlacht go dtarlódh tubaistí fuinnimh. Smaoinigh ar snacks cosúil le dornán almonds, parfait iogart, nó uibheadh bruite chun próitéin a ionchorprú i do réim bia.\n- Craicíní Gráin Fheilte: Chun faoiseamh na nausea, coinnigh stash de craicíní gráin fheilte ag do leaba. D'fhéadfadh roinnt de na bianna sin a ithe sula dtéann tú as an leaba cabhrú leat do bholg a shocrú.\nTrí do chuid roghanna snack a oiriúnú chun aghaidh a thabhairt ar shimplíonna áirithe toirchis, ní amháin go bhfaighidh tú faoiseamh ach cuideoidh sé freisin le turas níos compordaí agus taitneamhach tríd an gcéim athraitheach seo den saol. Tá na réitigh snack seo simplí, éifeachtach, agus dírithe ar do thaithí toirchis a dhéanamh chomh taitneamhach agus is féidir.\nRéiteach sláintiúil do mhianta\nSa deireadh, ní hamháin go bhfuil sé tábhachtach snack sláintiúil a ithe le linn toirchis chun an t-éileamh a shásamh. Is bunchloch é chun leas iomlán an mháthair agus an linbh atá ag fás a chinntiú. Trí nósanna snacking aireach a ghlacadh, is féidir le mná torracha na héilimh chothaitheacha uathúla den tréimhse athraitheach seo a nascadh le grásta agus beogacht.\nLe linn na taiscéalaíochta seo, chuir muid béim ar thábhacht roghanna atá saibhir i gcothaithigh, smaointe greimnéireachta tapa agus éasca, agus greimnéirí atá oiriúnach chun comharthaí áirithe toirchis a bhainistiú. Ní moltaí iad seo ach amháin; is réitigh phraiticiúla iad atá deartha chun do thuras trí thráthúlacht a dhéanamh níos sláintiúla agus níos taitneamhaí.\nCuimhnigh, cuireann snacks saibhir cothaitheach eilimintí riachtanacha ar nós iarann, cailciam, aigéad fólach, agus aigéid shailleacha omega-3 leis, rud a leagann bunús le haghaidh fás agus forbairt is fearr. Tá smaointe greannán tapa agus éasca ann chun freastal ar éilimh sceideal gnóthach gan dul i ngleic le luach cothaitheach. Cinntíonn aghaidh a thabhairt ar thimpléid toirchis trí snacking straitéiseach compord agus faoiseamh.\nAgus tú ag dul ar an turas iontach seo, tabhair tosaíocht do chothú. Is féidir leis na hathruithe simplí seo ar do rogha greimíní tionchar mór a imirt ar do fholláine agus ar shláinte do pháiste. Mar sin, bain an deis chun tú féin agus do chnapán áthas atá ag fás a chothú. Tá do thuras trí thráthúlacht uathúil, agus trí roghanna snasta eolasacha a dhéanamh, tá tú ag infheistiú go gníomhach i dtaithí thráthúil sláintiúil agus beoga. Seo chun glacadh le cumhacht cothaitheach snacks agus relishing gach nóiméad den chaibidil urghnách seo."} +{"text": "The figures below don’t do justice to the harm an earthquake would do. There is $1.9 trillion dollars of property at risk from earthquakes in the San Francisco Bay Area, where a catastrophic earthquake on the Hayward Fault would almost certainly have ripple effects throughout California, the U.S. and the world, since this area has one of the highest concentrations of people, wealth, and innovation in the U.S. (Grossi).\nThese are just a few of the earthquake faults and their estimated costs in California:\nEarthquake (Cost / Where):\n- $ 69 billion / Southern California Puente Hills fault\n- $ 54 billion / Northern California San Andreas Fault\n- $ 213 billion / Southern California San Andreas Fault (Ii 2016, USGS 2008)\n- $ 49 billion / Southern California Newport-Inglewood fault\n- $ 190-235 billion / Northern California Hayward Fault (Lesle 2014, Grossi 2013)\n- $ 30 billion / Southern California Palos Verdes fault\n- $ 29 billion / Southern California Whittier fault\n- $ 24 billion / Southern California Verdugo fault\nPossible cascading effects of a large earthquake would be:\n- Destruction of the delta levee system, resulting in $40 billion losses and no drinking water for 23 million people\n- Crashing the U.S. financial system, perhaps also the global financial system\n- Los Angeles is the #1 port in the USA and Oakland #7 in the value of import and exported goods\n- Food security: California supplies a third of food in the United States, and exports a great deal of food as well\n- Bankruptcy of most insurance and re-insurance companies, delaying and preventing recovery\n- Earthquakes sometimes result in compound disasters, in which the major event triggers a secondary event, natural or from the failure of a man-made system. In urban areas, fires may originate in gas lines and spread to storage facilities for petroleum products, gases, and chemicals. These fires often are a much more destructive agent than the tremors themselves because water mains and fire-fighting equipment are rendered useless. More than 80 percent of the total damage in the 1906 San Francisco quake was due to fire (OTA).\nCalifornia Bay Area Hayward or San Andreas earthquake\n- According to reports by the Association of Bay Area Governments, more than 100,000 dwellings would be uninhabitable and as many as 400,000 could sustain some damage. In a region where rents and home prices are at a premium and vacancies are extremely low, damage to one third of the housing stock in the counties closest to the fault rupture (combined with the business disruption and the inability to travel around the region) would create a social and financial disaster.\n- The potential for massive disruption is a function of the physical conditions in the region. The building stock and the infrastructure are old. The geography of the region has concentrated urban development between the hills and the bay, forcing limited transit corridors with little redundancy and creating significant distances between the urban core immediately surrounding the bay and outlying communities.\nOn July 17, 2014, the United States Geological Survey (USGS) announced updated U.S. National Seismic Hazard Maps, with the latest scientific views on where, how often, and how hard future earthquakes will be. Some of the details have changed since the maps were last released in 2008 (National Seismic Hazard Project.)\nLack of Insurance in the San Francisco Bay Area\nOver half of the loss after Hurricane katrina was covered by insurance. But only 5% to 10% of the total residential losses and 15% to 20% of the commercial losses of a major Hayward Fault earthquake are expected to be reimbursed by insurance. Overall, insurance payments will cover between 10% and 15% of the total loss—somewhere between $11 and $26 billion (Grossi).\n[ Appendix A has a house hearing on earthquakes in the U.S. below, after the references ]\nAlice Friedemann www.energyskeptic.com author of “When Trucks Stop Running: Energy and the Future of Transportation, 2015, Springer\nMary C. Comerio. 2000. Paying for the Next Big One. Our system for financing recovery from natural disasters is in shambles. Issues in Science & Technology. National Academy of Sciences.\nB. Rowshandel, et. al. 2003. Estimation of Future Earthquake Losses in California. California Geological Survey.\nEarthquake Engineering Research Institute (EERI), Scenario for a Magnitude 7.0 Earthquake on the Hayward Fault (Oakland, Calif.: EERI, 1996).\nGrossi, P., et al. 2013. 1868 Hayward Earthquake: 145-year retrospective. Risk Management Solutions.\nIi, Rong-gong Lin. May 5, 2016. San Andreas Fault ‘locked, loaded and ready to roll’ with big quake, expert says. Los Angeles Times.\nLesle, T. 2014. Doomsday 4: A Massive Quake Could Be Only the Beginning of the Bay Area’s Woes. Cal Alumni Association, UC Berkeley.\nOTA (Office of Technology Assessment). 1990. Physical Vulnerability of Electric System to Natural Disasters and Sabotage. OTA-E-453. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.\nPeter May and Walter Williams, Disaster Policy Implementation: Managing Programs Under Shared Governance (New York: Plenum Press, 1986).\nRisa Palm and Michael Hodgson, After a California Earthquake: Attitude and Behavior Change (Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press, 1992).\nJeanie Perkins et al., Preventing the Nightmare (Oakland, Calif.: Association of Bay Area Governments, 1999).\nJeanie Perkins et al., Shaken Awake (Oakland, Calif.: Association of Bay Area Governments, 1996).\nRutherford H. Platt, Disasters and Democracy: The Politics of Extreme Natural Events (Washington, D.C: Island Press, 1999).\nUSGS. 2008. The ShakeOut Scenario. United States Geological Survey. Report 2008-1150\nHouse 112-13. April 7, 2011. Are we prepared? Assessing earthquake risk reduction in the U.S. House hearing. 82 pages.\nThe hearing will examine various elements of the Nation’s level of earthquake preparedness and resiliency including the U.S. capability to detect earthquakes and issue notifications and warnings, coordination between federal, state and local stakeholders for earthquake emergency preparation, and research and development measures supported by the federal government designed to improve the scientific understanding of earthquakes. Portions of all 50 states are vulnerable to earthquake hazards, although risks vary across the country and within individual states. Twenty-six urban areas in 14 U.S. states face significant seismic risk. Earthquake hazards are greatest in the western United States, particularly in California, Oregon, Washington, Alaska, and Hawaii. Though infrequent, earthquakes are unique among natural hazards in that they strike without warning. Earthquakes proceed as cascades, in which the primary effects of faulting and ground shaking induce secondary effects such as landslides, liquefaction, and tsunami, which in turn set off destructive processes within the built environment; structures collapse, people are injured or killed, infrastructure is disrupted, and business interruption begins. The socioeconomic effects of large earthquakes can reverberate for decades. The recent earthquake that struck off the coast of northern Japan on March 11, 2011, illustrates that the effects of an earthquake can be catastrophic. The earthquake, recorded as a 9.0 on the Richter scale, is the most powerful quake to hit the country, and it triggered a devastating tsunami that swept over cities and farmland in the northern part of the country. As Japan struggles with rescue efforts, it also faces a nuclear emergency due to damage to the nuclear reactors at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station. As of March 31, the official death toll from the earthquake and resulting tsunami includes more than 11,600, and more than 16,000 people were listed as missing. The final toll is expected to reach nearly 20,000. More than 190,000 people remained housed in temporary shelters; tens of thousands of others evacuated their homes due to the nuclear crisis and related fear.\nIn Japan, the after effects of the quakes have reduced supplies of water and electricity, hampering their ability to export many manufacturing products and forcing some businesses to slow or stop operation all together. Supply chains for important technology products here in the States have also been interrupted, directly impacting our productivity.\nClearly the consequences of a major earthquake are felt on a global scale. These hazards represent a serious threat to both national security and global commerce. Given our current economic situation, it would be even more painful for the United States to endure a disastrous earthquake, the socioeconomic effects of which would reverberate for decades.\nCHRIS POLAND, CHAIRMAN AND CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER, DEGENKOLB ENGINEERS AND CHAIRMAN, NEHRP ADVISORY COMMITTEE\nI am testifying on behalf of the 140,000 members of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). At ASCE, I am Chairman of the Infrastructure and Research Policy Committee. Additionally, I serve as Chairman, Degenkolb Engineers; and I serve as Chairman of the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP) Advisory Committee. I am registered civil and structural engineer, and have worked for more than 35-years as an advisor on government programs for earthquake hazard mitigation and in related professional activities.\nIt also must be recognized that resilience is not just about the built environment. It starts with individuals, families, communities, and includes their organizations, businesses, and local governments. In addition to an appropriately constructed built environment, resilience includes plans for post event governance, reconstruction standards that assure better performance in the next event, and a financial roadmap for funding the recovery.\nWhile the nation can promote resilience through improved design codes and mitigation strategies, implementation and response occur at the local level. Making such a shift to updated codes and generating community support for new policies are not possible without solid, unified support from all levels of government.\nThe federal government needs to set performance standards that can be embedded in the national design codes, be adamant that states adopt contemporary building codes including provisions for rigorous enforcement, provide financial incentives to stimulate mitigation that benefits the nation, and continue to support research that delivers new technologies that minimize the cost of mitigation, response, and recovery. Regions need to identify the vulnerability of their lifeline systems and set programs for their mitigation to the minimum level of need. Localities need to develop mandatory programs that mitigate their built environment as needed to assure recovery.\n[In response to a question about how prepared we are on a scale of 1 to 100 for resiliency, preparation, and recovery]: Are we prepared? No. I would say maybe 10. In areas of very high seismicity in California, Oregon and Washington, there have been building codes in place for 20 years that are going to help people be safe. Other parts of the country that we talk about, those things are not in place., From a scale of safety, I believe that California will maybe 50 or 60. On a scale of resilience to be able to recover quickly and not have a significant impact on the national economy, we are still down in the 10–20 range.\nThe vast majority of our building stock and utility systems in place today were not designed for earthquake effects let alone given the ability to recover quickly from strong shaking and land movement. Earthquake Engineering is a new and emerging field and only since the mid-1980s has sufficient information been available to assure safe designs. Design procedures that will assure resilience are just now being developed. Strong, community destroying earthquakes are expected to occur throughout the United States. In most regions outside of California, little is being done about it. While modern building codes and design standards are available, they are not routinely implemented on new construction or during major rehabilitation efforts because of the complexity and cost. Many communities do not believe they are vulnerable and if they do accept the vulnerability, find the demands of seismic mitigation unreachable.\nThe problem of implementation and acceptance does not just lie with the public, but also with the earthquake professionals. Because this is an emerging area of understanding, conservatism is added whenever there is significant uncertainty. Earth Science research has made great strides in identifying areas that will be affected by strong shaking. Unfortunately, each earthquake brings different styles of shaking and building performance. This leaves many structural engineers generally uncertain about what causes buildings to collapse, and unwilling to predict the extent of damage that will occur, let alone whether a building will be usable during repairs or if lifeline systems can be restored quickly enough. Resilience demands transparent performance and significant earthquake science and earthquake engineering research and guideline development is needed to bring that ability to communities.\nComprehensive worldwide monitoring and data gathering related to earthquake intensity and impact. Extensive instrumentation is needed to adequately record the size and characteristics of the energy released and the variation in intensity of strong shaking that affect the built environment. We are lucky if we obtain a handful of records for entire cities but in reality thousands are needed to record the dramatic differences that occur and to understand the damage that results. In addition, the geologic changes that occur due to faulting, landslides, and liquefaction need to be surveyed, recorded, and used to understand the future vulnerability of the built environment to land movement. A network of observation centers is needed to record, catalogue and maintain information related to the impacts on society, and the factors influencing communities’ disaster risk and resilience. At present, earthquake engineering is based more on anecdotal observations of damage that are translated into conservative design procedures without the benefit of accurate data about what actually happened. In my mind, expanded monitoring is the single most important area that will reduce the cost of seismic design and mitigation that will allow us to achieve greater resilience.\nAn Overarching Framework that defines resilience in terms of Performance Goals Resiliency is all about how a community of individuals and their built environment weather the damage, respond and recover. It is more about improvisation and redundancy than about how any single element or system performs. Buildings and systems are designed one structure at a time for the worst conditions they are expected to experience. This approach worked well when life safety was the goal, and there was no need to consider the overall performance of the built environment. Resiliency, however, demands that performance goals and their interdependencies are set at the community level for the classes of structures and systems communities depend during the recovery process. Facilities providing essential services during post-earthquake response and recovery must function without interruption. Electric power is needed before any other system can be fully restored. Emergency generators can only last a few days without additional deliveries of fuel. Power restoration, however, depends on access for emergency repair crews and their supplies. Community level recovery depends on neighborhoods being restored within a few weeks so the needed workforce is available to restart the local economy. People must be able to shelter in place in their homes, even without utilities, but cannot be expected to stay and work after a few days without basic utility services. To ensure that past and future advances in building, lifelines, urban design, technology, and socioeconomic research result in improved community resilience, a framework for measuring, monitoring and evaluating community resilience is needed. This framework must consider performance at various scales-e.g., building, lifeline, and community-and build on the experience and lessons of past events. Only the Federal government can break the stalemate related to setting performance goals that if left alone will eventually cripple the nation.\nSenator David Wu, Oregon. As an Oregonian, I am particularly concerned with the prospect of a similar disaster occurring in the Pacific Northwest. Off the coast of Oregon, Washington and northern California, we have the Cascadia subduction zone, and this fault is currently locked in place, but research over the last 30 years indicates that the same stress now accumulating has been released as a large earthquake once about every 300 years dating back to the last ice age about 12,000 years ago. The last Cascadia earthquake occurred 309 or 310 years ago. It was a magnitude 9.0 earthquake, the same destructive magnitude as the one that stuck Japan. All indications show that we Oregonians can expect another quake any time. It is a matter of when, not a matter of if.\nWhen the next earthquake occurs on our fault, there will be prolonged shaking, perhaps for as long as five minutes, with the potential to collapse buildings, create landslides, and destroy water, power, and other crucial infrastructure and lifelines. Such an earthquake will also likely trigger a devastating tsunami that could overwhelm the Oregon coast in less than 15 minutes, resulting in potentially thousands of fatalities and billions of dollars in damage. Unfortunately, this type of disaster scenario is not limited to the Western United States. In fact, more than 75 million Americans across 39 states face significant risk from earthquakes.\nJACK HAYES, DIRECTOR, NATIONAL EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS REDUCTION PROGRAM, NIST. Since the beginning of 2010, we have witnessed horrific losses of life in Haiti (over 230,000) and Japan (toll still unknown but numbering in the tens of thousands) due to the combined earthquake and tsunami impacts, and lesser, but nevertheless significant, losses of life in Chile and New Zealand. The toll in terms of human life is overwhelming, and we all offer our heartfelt sympathy to those nations and their citizens.\nHaiti and Chile earthquakes provided a stark contrast in the effectiveness of modern building codes and sound construction practices. In Haiti, where such standards were minimal or non-existent, many thousands were killed in the collapses of homes and other buildings. In Chile, with much more modern building codes and engineering practices, the loss of life, while still tragic, was far smaller, about 500, despite the fact that the Chile earthquake had a significantly higher magnitude of 8.8 (M8.8) than the Haiti earthquake (M7.0). The fault rupture that caused the Chile earthquake released approximately 500 times the energy released in the Haiti earthquake. The Chilean building code provisions had been based in large part on U.S. model building codes that have been developed by researchers and practitioners who have been associated with and supported by NEHRP. Scientists and engineers have not yet had enough time since the 2011 earthquakes in New Zealand (M6.3) and Japan (M9.0) to draw detailed conclusions. We do know that Japan and New Zealand are international leaders in seismology and earthquake engineering—we in the U.S. partner with our counterparts in both countries, because we have much to learn from one another. Despite their technical prowess, leaders in both countries have been taken aback by the amount of damage that has occurred. One lesson we take from this before we even begin detailed studies is that we still have much to learn about the earthquake hazards we face and the engineering measures needed to minimize the risks from those hazards. Assuming that we already know everything we need to know is the surest strategy for catastrophe. The other broad lesson that has already become clear from both of these events is that local, and indeed national, resilience —to recover in a timely manner from the occurrence of an earthquake or other hazard event—is vital, going far beyond the essential, but narrowly focused, issue of ensuring life safety in buildings and other locations when an earthquake occurs. In Christchurch, NZ, the central business district has been largely closed since the February 21 earthquake, severely impacting the local economy. Some reports indicate as many as 50,000 people are out of work as a result of this closure. In Japan, the impact of the March 11 earthquake and resulting tsunami have been far worse on the national economy, with energy, agriculture, and commercial disruptions of monumental proportions. Some estimates already put the economic losses over $300 billion, and economic disruption is certain to continue for years and extend far beyond Japan’s shores.\nThe 2010 and 2011 events followed decades or even centuries of quiescence on the faults where they struck and are sobering reminders of the unexpected tragedies that can occur. The USGS has recently issued updated assessments of earthquake hazards in the U.S. that provide appropriate perspectives for us. For example, in 2008, the USGS, the Southern California Earthquake Center (SCEC), and the California Geological Survey (CGS), with support from the California Earthquake Authority (CEA), jointly forecast a greater than 99% certainty of California’s experiencing a M6.7 or greater earthquake within the next 30 years.\nThe recent New Zealand earthquake, at M6.3, is slightly less severe than that which is postulated for California. The recent Chile and Japan earthquakes, at M8.8–M9.0, occurred in tectonic plate collision zones where one plate overrides another; that characteristic is closely comparable to those which generated 1964 Alaska earthquake and more ancient earthquakes off the coasts of Oregon and Washington, in the Cascadia Subduction Zone. Seismologists thus believe that what we have recently observed in Chile and Japan should serve as clear indication to us for what may likely occur again someday off the Alaska, Oregon, and Washington coasts.\nWhile concern for future earthquake activity is always great along our West Coast, the National Research Council has noted in its publications that 39 states in the U.S. have some degree of earthquake risk, with 18 of those having high or very high seismicity. In 2011 and 2012, earthquake practitioners and state and local leaders in Memphis, St. Louis, and other Midwestern locales will participate in events that will commemorate the bicentennial anniversary of the New Madrid sequence of earthquakes, which included at least four earthquakes with magnitudes estimated at 7.0 or greater.\nIf a southern California earthquake severely damaged the ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach, as happened to the port of Kobe, Japan, in 1995, there would be national economic implications. Similarly, if a major earthquake occurred in the Central U.S., one or more Mississippi River transcontinental rail or highway crossings in the Saint Louis to Memphis region, as well as oil and natural gas transmission lines could be severely disrupted.\nIn 2008, the USGS, California Geological Survey, and Southern California Earthquake Center produced a plausible scenario of a rupture of the southern end of the San Andreas fault that could result in about 1,800 deaths, 50,000 injuries, and economic losses exceeding $200 billion in the greater Los Angeles area. This scenario formed the basis for the 2008 Great Southern California Shakeout earthquake preparedness and response exercise.\nJIM MULLEN, DIRECTOR, WASHINGTON STATE EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT DIVISION AND PRESIDENT, NATIONAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION\nResponse & Recovery. A major event involving multiple disciplines is complex and difficult to manage. While firefighters, law enforcement officials, and emergency medical personnel often constitute the traditional first responders, emergency managers provide the all important coordination function. This coordination far exceeds the initial response as emergency managers also maintain responsibility for the transition from the lights and sirens of response into the complex and often long-term efforts of recovery. Once an event occurs, the response is a three-tiered process of escalation where the level of support is directly related to the need of the impacted jurisdiction. The initial response is at the local level where first responders and local emergency managers provide assistance. Should the incident exceed the capacity of those local responders, the state may offer assistance in myriad ways including personnel, response resources, financial support, and mutual aid. On rare occasions, an event will even overwhelm the state’s ability to mount an effective response. This is usually the only time in which the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) is called upon to offer assistance. FEMA assistance is triggered by a direct request from the Governor to the President. Should the President deem the event worthy of federal assets, a Presidential Disaster Declaration is declared and FEMA can provide assistance such as assets from the Department of Defense, financial aid, and expertise. Disaster assistance from FEMA traditionally comes in one of three forms. The first is the Public Assistance (PA) Program which provides supplemental financial assistance to state and local governments as well as certain private non-profit organizations for response and recovery activities required as a result of a disaster. The PA Program provides assistance for debris removal, emergency protective measures, and permanent restoration of infrastructure. Federal share of these expenses are typically not less than 75 percent of eligible costs. The PA Program encourages protection from future damages by providing assistance for Hazard Mitigation\nVICKI MCCONNELL, DIRECTOR, OREGON DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY AND MINERAL INDUSTRIES\nOregon’s Department of Transportation published in 2009 the Seismic Vulnerability of Oregon State Highway Bridges: Mitigation Strategies to Reduce Major Mobility Risks. This study incorporates FEMA HAZUS risk assessment modeling funded by NEHRP as well as NEHRP soil conditions data to determine peak ground acceleration (PGA). Their findings indicate that 38% of state-owned bridges in western Oregon would fail or be too heavily damaged to be serviceable after a magnitude 9.0 earthquake and that repair or replacement would take 3–5 years essentially cutting the Oregon coastal communities off from the rest of the state.\nChairman QUAYLE. Mr. Poland, in your testimony you compared the different results of the earthquakes that occurred in Haiti and Japan, and even what happened in the Northridge quake, and the quake that occurred in San Francisco. You mentioned that it would be cost-prohibitive to retrofit buildings across the United States. What is your suggestion to minimize the repercussions of an earthquake? Do you mostly look at where different communities lie along faults? For example, a city is close to the San Andreas fault, you obviously take different things into account than cities in middle America located away from the New Madrid fault line.\nMr. POLAND. The biggest problem we have is that the built environment that we have right now in the country has not been designed for earthquake effects, both in terms of public safety and in terms of being able to recover and resiliency. And so the biggest problem we have is, what do we do with 85 or 90 percent of our buildings and systems that are not adequate for the kind of performance that we want. When I spoke about it being cost-prohibitive, I was speaking about retrofitting those buildings and those systems so that they can perform properly, and that is what costs so much money.\nMr. WU. My second question is that we do have a number of nuclear reactors that are sitting on active seismic zones, and I believe one of them is on the West Coast. Can you all comment on what can be done to build resiliency and recovery into these nuclear facilities? You know, what we found in Japan is that it wasn’t the earthquake, it was the tsunami and the loss of electricity and it affected both the reactor itself and the fuel that was stored in pools on top of the reactor facility. Can you all comment on how we can do a better job with our own nuclear facilities?\nDr. HAYES. NEHRP itself does not address the nuclear facilities in the United States. That is the responsibility of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission and the Department of Energy.\nMr. POLAND. I would just like to add that the design process that has been done for nuclear power plants since their inception has been extraordinarily rigorous and much more detailed and much more carefully done than for any other kind of construction by many orders of magnitude. Our facilities, our nuclear facilities from a standpoint of strong shaking are the safest buildings that we have in the Nation. The problem in Japan, as you mentioned, had to do with the tsunami, and it wasn’t that they didn’t think they were going to have a tsunami. They had a wall. The wall wasn’t tall enough. The backup systems didn’t work as well as they thought that they would.\nMr. SARBANES. Okay. Humans are notoriously shortsighted about everything, and even with the earthquake activity of recent days, we will get back to being shortsighted even on this question, and I wonder if you could speak to—I mean, I would imagine if you went to any budget hearing at a local level, at a city, municipality level or at the state level if earthquake preparation and resiliency was even on the budget document, it would be on the last page on the last line because there are so many other things obviously that are pulling on our resources and our attention. So it makes me wonder how much—and I think you have spoken to this a little bit, but the opportunity to piggyback the kinds of things you want to see done onto other kinds of initiatives that are out there that have greater priority in the minds of planners and budgeters and all the rest of it so that you can kind of come along with a little bit, of leverage and not so much add a cost, say, well, as long as you are doing X, Y and Z, why not add this into the mix, and that can go to codes and building standards and so forth. But it also could go particularly well with community resiliency planning, and I wonder if you could speak to that and maybe throw in whether sort of green building codes and sustainable building codes are ones where there can be some added elements with respect to resiliency and so\nMr. MULLEN. I will tell you that on the West Coast, there are significant discussions taking place in local communities about earthquakes and tsunami threats and measures that should be taken. One of the things we haven’t really talked about is the importance of the general public understanding not only the risk they face but the measures they can take to protect themselves. I am very enthusiastic about getting a warning about something that might be coming like the tsunami warning we got a few weeks ago really helped us but the type of events, the no- notice events that we would deal with in the central Puget Sound or in Oregon or on the coast, they are not going to get a lot of warning for an earthquake. One of the things that we need to do is make sure people are prepared to take the protective steps that they need immediately. They need to be able to drop cover and hold. They need to know that they have got—that they need to have some resources for themselves. And on the coast, we have been working hard with the communities about their evacuation programs, knowing what it means to move quickly. The ground motion in an earthquake that is right off our coast is your signal. We also have an elaborate system of warning systems that we can activate to tell people to move to high ground. The difficulty we have, the challenge that communities have as they prepare with us and they have worked with us is there is not a vertical evacuation site that is necessarily readily available to every community, and so we have been trying to plan for the type of vertical evacuation structure that would be necessary on the coast in the Port of Los Angeles or Long Beach or Ilwaco where those folks can get to a place of safety which may not be the warmest, driest place but it will at least be above any kind of potential wave. That is an important step. There is no such structure right now but the communities are planning with it. I think the key to this whole thing that you are getting at in terms of where people are, and I would not hazard a guess about the scale because I would just be making something up. I will tell you if you educate people about the risks that they face and you level with people about what they can do to protect themselves and their families, whether it is the average citizen, someone running a business or the emergency management community or the local elected officials, you begin to generate the kind of interest that will get people looking at this as another issue that they have to deal with and move it up on that committee agenda. The national-level exercise I spoke of in my testimony is an attempt in the Midwest, in eight Midwestern states to begin to educate people at the same time that we are determining whether our doctrines and plans are going to work for us or not. That will be an extremely challenging exercise. We expect failure to occur because we want to find out what our condition is. So we are very eager to find out where we are weak, where we have got strengths and make sure we capitalize on the strengths and shore up the weaknesses.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-05", "url": "http://energyskeptic.com/2016/earthquakes-in-california/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084886830.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20180117063030-20180117083030-00696.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9556577802, "token_count": 6681, "score": 3.03125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Ní léiríonn na figiúirí thíos an damáiste a dhéanfadh crith talún. Tá $ 1.9 trilliún dollar de mhaoin i mbaol ó threascailte i Limistéar Bhaile San Francisco, áit a mbeadh tionchair ribe ar threascailt tubaisteach ar Hayward Fault beagnach cinnte go mbeadh iarmhairtí ribe ar fud California, na SA agus an domhain, ós rud é go bhfuil an limistéar seo ar cheann de na tiúchan is airde daoine, saibhreas, agus nuálaíocht sna SA (Grossi).\nNíl anseo ach cuid de na lochtanna crith talún agus a gcostas measta i California:\nCrith talún (Costas / C�� háit):\n- $ 69 billiún / Southern California Puente Hills locht\n- $ 54 billiún / Northern California San Andreas Fault\n- $ 213 billiún / Southern California San Andreas Fault (Ii 2016, USGS 2008)\n- $ 49 billiún / Southern California Newport-Inglewood locht\n- $ 190-235 billiún / Northern California Hayward Fault (Lesle 2014, Grossi 2013)\n- $ 30 billiún / Southern California Palos Verdes locht\n- $ 29 billiún / Southern California Whittier faill\n- $ 24 billiún / Southern California Verdugo locht\nIs iad seo a leanas na héifeachtaí féideartha a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ag crith talún mór:\n- Destruction an córas delta levee, mar thoradh ar $ 40 billiún caillteanais agus gan uisce óil do 23 milliún duine\n- Crashing an córas airgeadais na SA, b'fhéidir freisin an córas airgeadais domhanda\n- Is é Los Angeles an port # 1 sna Stáit Aontaithe agus Oakland # 7 i luach earraí allmhairithe agus onnmhairithe\n- Slándáil bhia: soláthraíonn California an tríú cuid de bhia sna Stáit Aontaithe, agus onnmhairíonn sé cuid mhór bia chomh maith\n- Féimheacht an chuid is mó de na cuideachtaí árachais agus athárachais, ag moille agus ag cur cosc ar aisghabháil\n- Uaireanta bíonn tubaistí comhcheangailte mar thoradh ar threascaoil, ina gcuireann an príomh-imeacht toscaire ar imeacht tánaisteach, nádúrtha nó ó mhainneachtain a tharlaíonn i gcóras a rinne an duine. I gceantair uirbeacha, d'fhéadfadh tinte a bheith ina dtús i línte gáis agus scaipeadh go saoráidí stórála le haghaidh táirgí peitriliam, gáis agus ceimiceáin. Is minic gur gníomhaire i bhfad níos díothaí iad na tinte seo ná na crith talún féin toisc go ndéantar píopaí uisce agus trealamh tine-aicme a bheith gan úsáid. Bhí tine (OTA) mar thoradh ar níos mó ná 80 faoin gcéad den damáiste iomlán i dtimpeallacht San Francisco 1906.\nRéimse Bhaile California Hayward nó crith talún San Andreas\n- De réir tuairiscí ó Chomhlachas Rialtais Limistéar na mBá, bheadh níos mó ná 100,000 tithíocht neamh-inhabitable agus d'fhéadfadh go leor mar 400,000 damáiste a dhéanamh. I réigiún ina bhfuil cíosanna agus praghsanna tithe ar phréimh agus ina bhfuil folúntais an-íseal, d'fhéadfadh damáiste do thrian den stoc tithíochta sna contae is gaire don bhriseadh locht (in éineacht leis an cur isteach ar ghnó agus an neamhábaltacht taisteal timpeall an réigiúin) tubaiste shóisialta agus airgeadais a chruthú.\n- Is é an fhéidearthacht go ndéanfaí cur isteach ollmhór mar fheidhm de na dálaí fisiciúla sa réigiún. Tá an stoc foirgníochta agus an bonneagar sean. Tá forbairt uirbeach tiubhaithe ag geografaíocht an réigiúin idir na cnoic agus an cala, ag cur cosáin idirthurais theoranta le beagán díleá agus ag cruthú achar suntasach idir an croí uirbeach a chuairteann an cala agus na pobail imeallach.\nAr an 17 Iúil, 2014, d'fhógair Suirbhéireacht Gheolaíochta na Stát Aontaithe (USGS) Mapeanna Náisiúnta na Stát Aontaithe um Chásca Seismic nuashonraithe, leis na tuairimí eolaíocha is déanaí maidir le cá háit, cé chomh minic agus cé chomh láidir is a bheidh crith talún sa todhchaí. Tá roinnt sonraí athraithe ó scaoileadh na léarscáileanna den uair dheireanach i 2008 (Tionscadal Náisiúnta um Chontúirt Seismic.)\nEaspa Árachais i Limistéar Bhaile San Francisco\nClúdaíodh níos mó ná leath na caillteanais tar éis Hurricane Katrina le árachas. Ach ní mheastar go n-aisíocfar ach 5% go 10% de na caillteanais cónaithe iomlána agus 15% go 20% de na caillteanais tráchtála de threascar mór Hayward Fault le árachas. Ar an iomlán, clúdóidh íocaíochtaí árachais idir 10% agus 15% den chaillteanas iomlán - áit éigin idir $11 agus $26 billiún (Grossi).\n[An t-Airteagal A tá éisteacht teach ar threascaile sna Stáit Aontaithe thíos, tar éis na tagairtí]\nAlice Friedemann www.energyskeptic.com údar When Trucks Stop Running: Fuinneamh agus Todhchaí na hIompair, 2015, Springer\nMary C. Comerio. 2000. Tá sé seo go maith. Ag íoc as an Next Big One. Tá ár gcóras chun maoiniú a fháil ar ais ó thubaistí nádúrtha i bpríosún. Ceisteanna i dTeicneolaíocht agus i Teicneolaíocht. Acadamh Náisiúnta na nEolaíochtaí.\nB. Rowshandel, et. al. 2003. Tá sé seo fíor. Measúnú ar Chaillteanais Aithris sa Todhchaí i California. Suirbhé Geolaíochta California.\nInstitiúid Taighde Innealtóireachta Crith talún (EERI), Scéim le haghaidh Crith talún de Mhéadrom 7.0 ar an Hayward Fault (Oakland, Calif.: EERI, 1996).\nGrossi, P., et al. 2013. Ceoltóirí 1868 Crith talún Hayward: réamhamharc 145 bliain. Réitigh Bainistíochta Riosca.\nIi, Rong-gong Lin. 5 Bealtaine, 2016. San Andreas Fault ag dúnadh, luchtaithe agus réidh le rolladh le crith mór, a deir saineolaí. Los Angeles Times. - Tá sé ar bun.\nLesle, T. 2014. Doomsday 4: D'fhéadfadh crith talún ollmhór a bheith ach an tús na Bay Area's woe. Cumann Alumni Cal, UC Berkeley.\nOTA (Oifig na Measúnaithe Teicneolaíochta). 1990. an t-am. Laghdaitheacht fhisiceach an chórais leictreach do thubaistí nádúrtha agus do shéamh. OTA-E-453. Washington, D.C.: Oifig Chlódóireachta Rialtais na Stát Aontaithe.\nPeter May agus Walter Williams, Cur chun feidhme Beartais Thuaise: Cláranna Bainistíochta faoi Rialáil Chomhroinnte (New York: Plenum Press, 1986).\nRisa Palm agus Michael Hodgson, Tar éis Crith talún California: Athrú dearcadh agus iompair (Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press, 1992).\nJeanie Perkins et al., Preventing the Nightmare (Oakland, Calif.: Cumann Rialtais Limistéar na mBá, 1999).\nJeanie Perkins et al., Shaken Awake (Oakland, Calif.: Comhlachas Rialtais Limistéar na mBá, 1996).\nRutherford H. Platt, Contúirtí agus Daonlathas: Polaitíocht na nIontrálacha Náisiúnta Trom (Washington, D.C: Island Press, 1999).\nUSGS. 2008. An Scéim ShakeOut. Suirbhé Geolaíochta na Stát Aontaithe. Tuarascáil 2008-1150\nTigh 112-13. 7 Aibreán, 2011. An bhfuil muid réidh? Measúnú a dhéanamh ar laghdú riosca crith talún i gcloisteáil Teach na Stát Aontaithe. 82 leathanach.\nScrúdaíonn an éisteacht gnéithe éagsúla de leibhéal ullmhachta agus athléimneachta crith talún na Náisiún lena n-áirítear cumas na Stát Aontaithe crith talún a bhrath agus fógraí agus rabhaidh a eisiúint, comhordú idir geallsealbhóirí cónaidhme, stáit agus áitiúla le haghaidh ullmhúchán éigeandála crith talún, agus bearta taighde agus forbartha a thacaíonn an rialtas cónaidhme atá deartha chun tuiscint eolaíoch ar crith talún a fheabhsú. Tá codanna de na 50 stát go léir leochaileach i gcoinne contúirtí crith talún, cé go bhfuil rioscaí éagsúil ar fud na tíre agus laistigh de stáit aonair. Tá 26 limistéar uirbeach i 14 stát sna Stáit Aontaithe i mbaol mór seismic. Tá na rioscaí crith talún is mó i ndeisceart na Stát Aontaithe, go háirithe i California, Oregon, Washington, Alaska, agus Hawaii. Cé nach mbíonn siad go minic, tá crith talún uathúil i measc na mbaol nádúrtha toisc go mbíonn siad ag bualadh gan rabhadh. Téann crith talún ar aghaidh mar chaisleáin, ina ndéanann na príomhéifeachtaí a bhaineann le briseadh agus le crith talún éifeachtaí tánaisteacha a spreagadh mar thréimhse, liquefaction, agus tsunami, a chuireann próisis scriosúla ar bun laistigh den timpeallacht tógtha; titim struchtúir, daoine gortaithe nó maraithe, bonneagar a chur ar ceal, agus tosaíonn cur isteach ar ghnó. Is féidir le héifeachtaí socheacnamaíocha crith talún mór dul i bhfeidhm ar feadh na mblianta. Léiríonn an crith talún a bhuail cósta thuaidh na Seapáine ar 11 Márta 2011 go bhféadfadh tionchar tubaisteach a bheith aige. Is é an crith talún, a taifeadadh mar 9.0 ar scála Richter, an crith talún is cumhachtaí a bhuail an tír, agus chuir sé tsunami tubaisteach ar bun a scrios na cathracha agus na talún talún i dtrácht an tír. De réir mar a bhíonn an tSeapáin ag streachailt le hiarrachtaí tarrthála, tá éigeandáil núicléach ag teastáil uaithi mar gheall ar damáiste do na hionraitheoirí núicléacha ag Stáisiún Cumhachta Núicléach Fukushima Daiichi. Faoi 31 Márta, tá líon oifigiúil na mbásanna ón dtarraing talún agus ón tsunaim a tháinig ina dhiaidh sin níos mó ná 11,600, agus tá níos mó ná 16,000 duine liostaithe mar dhaoine atá ar iarraidh. Táthar ag súil go sroichfidh an líon deiridh beagnach 20,000. Bhí níos mó ná 190,000 duine suite i n-áit chónaithe sealadacha; d'fhág na mílte daoine eile a dtithe mar gheall ar an ngéarchéim núicléach agus an eagla a bhí leis.\nSa tSeapáin, tá laghdú tagtha ar sholáthar uisce agus leictreachais mar thoradh ar iarthosca na crith talún, rud a chuir bac ar a gcumas go leor táirgí déantúsaíochta a onnmhairiú agus a chuir iallach ar roinnt gnólachtaí oibriú a mhoilliú nó a stopadh go hiomlán. Tá slabhraí soláthair le haghaidh táirgí teicneolaíochta tábhachtacha anseo sna Stáit curtha ar ceal freisin, ag dul i bhfeidhm go díreach ar ár dtáirgeacht.\nIs léir go mbraitheann iarmhairtí crith talún mór ar scála domhanda. Is bagairt thromchúiseach iad na rioscaí seo ar shlándáil náisiúnta agus ar thrádáil dhomhanda araon. I bhfianaise ár staid eacnamaíoch reatha, bheadh sé níos pianmhara fós do na Stáit Aontaithe crith talún tubaisteach a fhulaingt, a mbeadh iarmhairtí socheacnamaíocha ann a bheadh ag teacht ar feadh na mblianta.\nCHRIS POLAND, Cathaoirleach agus Príomh-Oifigeach Feidhmiúcháin, DEGENKOLB ENGINEERS agus CATAIRLEACH, COMHÉIMHTA CUNTAICHE NEHRP\nTáim ag fianaise a thabhairt thar ceann na 140,000 ball de Chumann Mheiriceá na hinnealtóirí Sibhialta (ASCE). Ag ASCE, is mé Chathaoirleach an Choiste um Bheartas Bonneagair agus Taighde. Ina theannta sin, táim mar Chathaoirleach ar Innealtóirí Degenkolb; agus táim mar Chathaoirleach ar Choiste Comhairleach an Chláir Náisiúnta um Laghdú na dTreasaimh (NEHRP). Tá mé cláraithe mar innealtóir sibhialta agus struchtúrtha, agus d'oibrigh mé ar feadh níos mó ná 35 bliain mar chomhairleoir ar chláir rialtais maidir le hais na crith talún a mhaolú agus i ngníomhaíochtaí gairmiúla gaolmhara.\nNí mór a aithint freisin nach bhfuil athléimneacht ach faoi thimpeallacht thógtha. Tosaíonn sé le daoine aonair, teaghlaigh, pobail, agus áirítear leo a n-eagraíochtaí, gnólachtaí, agus rialtais áitiúla. I dteannta timpeallacht thógtha a tógadh go cuí, áirítear le athléimneacht pleananna le haghaidh rialachais iar-imeacht, caighdeáin athchóirithe a chinntíonn feidhmíocht níos fearr sa chéad imeacht eile, agus léarscáil airgeadais chun an téarnamh a mhaoiniú.\nCé gur féidir leis an náisiún athléimneacht a chur chun cinn trí chód dearadh feabhsaithe agus straitéisí maolúcháin, tarlaíonn cur chun feidhme agus freagairt ar an leibhéal áitiúil. Ní féidir athrú den sórt sin a dhéanamh ar chód nuachtaithe agus tacaíocht phobail a ghiniúint do bheartais nua gan tacaíocht láidir, aontaithe ó gach leibhéal rialtais.\nNí mór don rialtas cóid feidhmíochta a leagan síos a fhéadfar a chur isteach sna cóid dearaidh náisiúnta, a bheith diongbháilte go nglacfaidh stáit cóid tógála comhaimseartha lena n-áirítear forálacha maidir le forfheidhmiú dian, dreasachtaí airgeadais a sholáthar chun maolú a spreagadh a thabharfaidh tairbhe don náisiún, agus leanúint ar aghaidh ag tacú le taighde a sholáthraíonn teicneolaíochtaí nua a íoslaghdaíonn costas maolú, freagartha agus aisghabhála. Ní mór do réigiúin leochaileacht a gcóras beatha a aithint agus cláir a leagan síos chun iad a mhaolú go dtí an leibhéal íosta riachtanas. Ní mór do na háiteanna cláir éigeantacha a fhorbairt a mhaolóidh a dtimpeallacht tógtha de réir mar is gá chun a chinntiú go n-aisghabhálfar.\n[Mar fhreagra ar cheist faoi cé chomh ullmhaithe atá muid ar scála 1 go 100 maidir le athléimneacht, ullmhúchán agus téarnamh]: An bhfuil muid ullmhaithe? Níl. Ba mhaith liom a rá b'fhéidir 10. I gceantair a bhfuil seismicity an-ard i California, Oregon agus Washington, tá cóid tógála i bhfeidhm le 20 bliain a chabhróidh le daoine a bheith sábháilte. Áiteanna eile den tír go bhfuil muid ag caint faoi, na rudaí nach bhfuil i bhfeidhm., Ó scála sábháilteachta, creidim go California beidh b'fhéidir 50 nó 60. Ar scála athléimneachta chun a bheith in ann é a ghnóthú go tapa agus gan tionchar suntasach a bheith aige ar an ngeilleagar náisiúnta, táimid fós síos sa raon 1020.\nNí dheartha an chuid is mó dár stoc foirgníochta agus ár gcórais fóntais atá i bhfeidhm inniu le haghaidh éifeachtaí crith talún gan trácht ar a gcumas é a ghnóthú go tapa ó chrathadh láidir agus gluaiseacht talún. Is réimse nua atá ag teacht chun cinn é Innealtóireacht na hAerthrithimh agus ní raibh faisnéis leordhóthanach ar fáil chun dearaí sábháilte a chinntiú ach ó lár na 1980idí. Tá nósanna imeachta dearaidh atá le hairíonnacht a chinntiú á bhforbairt anois. Táthar ag súil go dtarlóidh crith talún láidir, a scriosfaidh pobail ar fud na Stát Aontaithe. I bhformhór na réigiún lasmuigh de California, níl mórán á dhéanamh faoi. Cé go bhfuil cóid tógála nua-aimseartha agus caighdeáin dearaidh ar fáil, ní chuirtear i bhfeidhm iad go rialta ar thógáil nua nó le linn iarrachtaí móra athchóirithe mar gheall ar an chastacht agus an costas. Ní chreideann go leor pobail go bhfuil siad leochaileach agus má ghlacann siad leis an leochaileacht, is féidir leis na héilimh maidir le maolú seismic a bhaint amach.\nNí amháin go bhfuil an pobal i gceist le cur i bhfeidhm agus glacadh leis, ach tá na gairmithe crith talún i gceist freisin. Toisc gur réimse atá ag teacht chun cinn é seo de thuiscint, cuirtear coimeádach leis aon uair a bhíonn éiginnteacht shuntasach ann. Tá dul chun cinn mór déanta ag taighde Eolaíochtaí na Talún maidir le limistéir a shainaithint a mbeidh tionchar ag crith láidir orthu. Ar an drochuair, tugann gach crith talún stíleanna éagsúla de shaking agus feidhmíocht tógála. Fágann sé seo go leor innealtóirí struchtúracha neamhchinnte go ginearálta faoi na cúiseanna a mbíonn foirgnimh ag titim, agus gan a bheith toilteanach an méid damáiste a tharlóidh a thuar, gan trácht ar cibé an mbeidh foirgneamh inúsáidte le linn deisiúcháin nó más féidir córais líne beatha a athbhunú go tapa go leor. Tá gá le feidhmíocht thrédhearcach chun athléimneacht a bhaint amach agus tá gá le taighde suntasach ar eolaíocht agus innealtóireacht na crith talún agus forbairt treoirlínte chun an cumas sin a thabhairt do phobail.\nMonatóireacht chuimsitheach ar fud an domhain agus bailiú sonraí a bhaineann le déine agus tionchar na crith talún. Tá gá le hionstraimíocht fhorleathan chun méid agus tréithe an fhuinnimh a scaoiltear agus an athrú ar neart na crathadh láidir a théann i bhfeidhm ar an timpeallacht tógtha a thaifeadadh go cuí. Tá muid ádh má fhaighimid dornán taifid do chathracha iomlána ach i ndáiríre tá na mílte ag teastáil chun na difríochtaí suntasacha a tharlaíonn a thaifeadadh agus chun an damáiste a thagann as a thuiscint. Ina theannta sin, ní mór na hathruithe geolaíocha a tharlaíonn mar gheall ar bhristeadh, sceitheadh talún, agus leachtacht a suirbhé, a thaifeadadh, agus a úsáid chun tuiscint a fháil ar leochaileacht an chomhshaoil tógtha i dtreo gluaiseacht talún sa todhchaí. Tá gá le líonra de lárionaid bhreathnaithe chun faisnéis a bhaineann leis na tionchair ar an tsochaí, agus na tosca a mbíonn tionchar acu ar riosca tubaistí agus athléimneacht phobail a thaifeadadh, a chatalógú agus a chothabháil. Faoi láthair, tá innealtóireacht crith talún bunaithe níos mó ar bhreathnuithe anicdotúla ar damáiste a aistrítear i nósanna imeachta dearadh coimeádach gan tairbhe sonraí cruinn faoi na rudaí a tharla i ndáiríre. I mo thuairim, is é monatóireacht leathnaithe an réimse is tábhachtaí a laghdóidh costas dearadh agus maolú seismic a ligfidh dúinn athléimneacht níos mó a bhaint amach.\nCreat Uachtaráin a shainmhíníonn athléimneacht i dtéarmaí Spriocanna Feidhmíochta Tá sé níos mó faoi improvisation agus iomarca ná faoi conas a fheidhmíonn aon ghné nó córas aonair. Déantar foirgnimh agus córais a dhearadh, struchtúr amháin ag an am, do na coinníollacha is measa a bhfuiltear ag súil go mbeidh siad ag fulaingt. D'oibrigh an cur chuige seo go maith nuair a bhí sábháilteacht na beatha mar aidhm, agus ní raibh gá le feidhmíocht fhoriomlán an chomhshaoil tógtha a mheas. Éilíonn athléimneacht, áfach, go socrófar spriocanna feidhmíochta agus a n-idirspleáchas ar leibhéal an phobail do na haicmí struchtúr agus córais ar a bhfuil pobail ag brath le linn an phróisis athshlánaithe. Ní mór go n-oibreoidh saoráidí a sholáthraíonn seirbhísí riachtanacha le linn freagairt agus athshlánú tar éis crith talún gan bhriseadh. Tá gá le cumhachta leictreach sula bhféadfar aon chóras eile a athbhunú go hiomlán. Ní féidir le gineadóirí éigeandála maireachtáil ach cúpla lá gan seachadtaí breosla breise. Braitheann athshlánú cumhachta, áfach, ar rochtain d'fhoirne deisiúcháin éigeandála agus a gcuid soláthairtí. Braitheann an téarnamh ar leibhéal an phobail ar chathracha a athbhunú laistigh de chúpla seachtain ionas go mbeidh an lucht oibre is gá ar fáil chun an geilleagar áitiúil a athshlánú. Ní mór do dhaoine a bheith in ann áit a fháil ina dtithe, fiú gan fóntais, ach ní féidir a bheith ag súil go bhfanfaidh siad agus go n-oibreoidh siad tar éis cúpla lá gan seirbhísí fóntais bhunúsacha. Chun a chinntiú go mbeidh feabhas ar athléimneacht an phobail mar thoradh ar dhul chun cinn san am atá thart agus sa todhchaí i bhfoirgneamh, i línte saoil, i ndearadh uirbeach, i dteicneolaíocht agus i dtaighde socheacnamaíoch, tá gá le creat chun athléimneacht an phobail a thomhas, a mhonatóireacht agus a mheas. Ní mór don chreat seo feidhmíocht a mheas ar scálaí éagsúla - mar shampla, foirgneamh, líne saoil, agus pobal - agus tógáil ar thaithí agus ar dheochaintí ó imeachtaí a tharla roimhe seo. Ní féidir ach leis an rialtas Cónaidhme an stalemate a bhaineann le spriocanna feidhmíochta a shocrú a bhriseadh, má fhágtar ina n-aonar é, cuirfidh sé an náisiún faoi chois.\nAn Seanadóir David Wu, Oregon. Mar Oregonian, tá imní orm go háirithe maidir le dóchúlacht go dtarlóidh tubaiste den chineál céanna i dTuaisceart an Aigéin Chiúin. I ndeisceart Oregon, Washington agus California, tá crios subduction Cascadia againn, agus tá an locht seo faoi láthair faoi ghlas, ach léiríonn taighde le 30 bliain anuas go bhfuil an strus céanna atá ag tiomsú anois scaoilte mar threascar mór uair amháin gach 300 bliain ó shin go dtí an t-aois oighear deireanach thart ar 12,000 bliain ó shin. Tharla an crith talún deireanach Cascadia 309 nó 310 bliain ó shin. Bhí sé ina chrith talún de mhéid 9.0, an mhéid scriosach céanna leis an gceann a bhuail an tSeapáin. Léiríonn gach comhartha gur féidir le daoine Oregon a bheith ag súil le crith eile am ar bith. Is ceist é an uair, ní ceist é an bhfuil.\nNuair a tharlaíonn an chéad crith talún eile ar ár gcúis, beidh seic fada ann, b'fhéidir ar feadh cúig nóiméad, agus an fhéidearthacht ann go dtiocfadh foirgnimh i dtimpiste, go dtarlódh sleamhnáin talún, agus go scriosfaí uisce, cumhachta, agus bonneagar ríthábhachtach eile agus líonraí saoil. Is dócha go dtosóidh crith talún den sórt sin le tsunami tubaisteach a d'fhéadfadh an chósta Oregon a shárú i níos lú ná 15 nóiméad, rud a d'fhéadfadh na mílte bás a bhaint as agus billiúin dollar damáiste a dhéanamh. Ar an drochuair, ní hamháin i Meiriceá Thiar a bhíonn an cineál seo de chásanna tubaiste. Go deimhin, tá níos mó ná 75 milliún Meiriceánach ar fud 39 stáit ag tabhairt aghaidh ar riosca suntasach ó threascaile.\nJack Hayes, Stiúrthóir, Clár Náisiúnta um Laghdú na Gásanna Tréimhsí, NIST. Ó thús 2010, chonaiceamar caillteanais uafásacha beatha in Haití (os cionn 230,000) agus sa tSeapáin (táille nach bhfuil ar eolas fós ach atá ag teacht i na mílte) mar gheall ar thionchar comhcheangailte na crith talún agus an t-sunama, agus caillteanais níos lú, ach fós suntasacha, sa tSile agus sa Nua-Shéalainn. Tá an líon daoine a cailleadh thar a bheith mór, agus cuirimid ár gcomhbhrón ó chroí ar fáil do na náisiúin sin agus dá saoránaigh.\nLéirigh crith talún na Háití agus na Síle go mór an difríocht idir éifeachtacht na gcód tógála nua-aimseartha agus na gcleachtais thógtha fónta. I Háití, áit nach raibh na caighdeáin sin chomh mór sin nó nach raibh aon cheann acu, maraíodh na mílte i gcraobhanna tithe agus foirgneamh eile. Sa tSile, le cóid tógála agus cleachtais innealtóireachta i bhfad níos nua-aimseartha, bhí an caillteanas beatha, cé go raibh sé tragóideach fós, i bhfad níos lú, thart ar 500, in ainneoin go raibh crith talún na Sile i bhfad níos airde de 8.8 (M8.8) ná crith talún na Háití (M7.0). An briseadh locht a d'fhág gur tharla crith talún na Síle scaoileadh thart ar 500 uair an fhuinneamh a scaoileadh i dtréimhsí na Háiti. Bhí forálacha cóid tógála na Sile bunaithe go mór ar múnla cóid tógála na Stát Aontaithe a d'fhorbair taighdeoirí agus cleachtóirí a bhí bainteach le NEHRP agus a thacaigh leis. Níorbh leor ama ag eolaithe agus innealtóirí fós ó tharla crith talún 2011 sa Nua-Shéalainn (M6.3) agus sa tSeapáin (M9.0) chun conclúidí mionsonraithe a tharraingt. Tá a fhios againn go bhfuil an tSeapáin agus an Nua-Shéalainn ina gceannairí idirnáisiúnta i seismology agus innealtóireacht crith talún - táimid i gcomhpháirtíocht na SA lenár gcomhghleacaithe sa dá thír, toisc go bhfuil go leor le foghlaim againn óna chéile. In ainneoin a n-eagna teicniúil, tá na ceannairí sa dá thír iontas orthu faoin méid damáiste a tharla. Is é an rud a fhoghlaimimid as seo sula dtosaímid ar staidéir mhionsonraithe ná go bhfuil go leor le foghlaim againn fós faoi na rioscaí a bhaineann le crith talún agus na bearta innealtóireachta is gá chun na rioscaí a bhaineann leis na rioscaí sin a íoslaghdú. Is é an straitéis is cinnte do thubaiste é a mheas go bhfuil a fhios againn cheana féin gach rud a theastaíonn uainn a fháil amach. Is é an léacht leathan eile a tháinig chun solais cheana féin ó na haimsireanna seo ná go bhfuil an athléimneacht áitiúil, agus go deimhin náisiúnta, \"a ghnóthú ar bhealach tráthúil ó thitim talún nó ó eachtra contúirte eile\" ríthábhachtach, ag dul i bhfad níos faide ná an cheist bhunúsach, ach dírithe go géar, maidir le sábháilteacht na beatha a chinntiú i bhfoirgnimh agus i suíomhanna eile nuair a tharlaíonn crith talún. I gCríostchurc, An Nua-Shéalainn, tá an ceantar gnó lárnach dúnta go mór ó tharla an crith talún 21 Feabhra, rud a bhfuil tionchar mór aige ar an ngeilleagar áitiúil. Deir roinnt tuairiscí go bhfuil suas le 50,000 duine gan obair mar thoradh ar an dúnadh seo. Sa tSeapáin, tá tionchar an crith talún 11 Márta agus an tsunaim dá thoradh i bhfad níos measa ar gheilleagar na tíre, le cur isteach ar an fhuinneamh, ar an talmhaíocht, agus ar thrádáil ar mhéideanna móra. Meastar go bhfuil na caillteanais eacnamaíocha os cionn $300 billiún cheana féin, agus is cinnte go leanfaidh an cur isteach eacnamaíoch ar feadh blianta agus go leathnóidh sé i bhfad thar chóstaí na Seapáine.\nTháinig na himeachtaí 2010 agus 2011 tar éis blianta nó fiú na céadta bliain de shíocháin ar na lochtanna inar bhuail siad agus is cuimhneacháin shúbhríocha iad ar na tragóidí gan choinne a d'fhéadfadh tarlú. Tá USGS scaoileadh le déanaí measúnuithe nuashonraithe de na rioscaí crith talún sna Stáit Aontaithe a sholáthraíonn peirspictíochtaí cuí dúinn. Mar shampla, i 2008, rinne an USGS, an tIonad Crith talún de chuid Southern California (SCEC), agus Suirbhé Geolaíochta California (CGS), le tacaíocht ó Údarás Crith Talún California (CEA), réamh-mheas go comhpháirteach ar chinnteacht níos mó ná 99% go bhfaighidh California crith talún M6.7 nó níos mó laistigh de na 30 bliain amach romhainn.\nTá an crith talún le déanaí sa Nua-Shéalainn, ag M6.3, beagán níos lú ná an crith talún a cheaptar i California. Tharla na crith talún a tharla le déanaí i Sile agus sa tSeapáin, ag M8.8M9.0, i limistéir chollóide plátaí teicteonacha ina bhfuil pláta amháin thar ceann eile; tá an saintréith sin inchoibhéiseach go dlúth leis na cinn a ghin crith talún Alasca 1964 agus crith talún níos ársa ó chóstaí Oregon agus Washington, i gCeantar Subduction Cascadia. Dá bhrí sin, creideann seismologists gur chóir go mbeadh an méid a breathnaíodh le déanaí sa tSeili agus sa tSeapáin ina thásca soiléir dúinn maidir leis an méid a d'fhéadfadh tarlú arís lá éigin amach ó chóstaí Alasca, Oregon, agus Washington.\nCé go bhfuil imní i gcónaí faoi ghníomhaíocht seismic sa todhchaí ar feadh ár gCósta Thiar, thug an Chomhairle Náisiúnta Taighde faoi deara ina fhoilseacháin go bhfuil 39 stát sna Stáit Aontaithe i mbaol seismic go pointe éigin, agus go bhfuil seismicity ard nó an-ard ag 18 acu. I 2011 agus 2012, beidh cleachtóirí crith talún agus ceannairí stáit agus áitiúla i Memphis, St. Louis, agus i gceantair Mheánchríochnaithe eile rannpháirteach in imeachtaí a bheidh ag comóradh an dá chéad bliain ó sheisiún crith talún Nua-Mádrid, a raibh ceithre crith talún ar a laghad ann a meastar a bheith ag 7.0 nó níos mó.\nMá dhéanfadh crith talún i ndeisceart California damáiste mór do chalafoirt Los Angeles agus Long Beach, mar a tharla do chalafoirt Kobe, an tSeapáin, i 1995, bheadh impleachtaí eacnamaíocha náisiúnta ann. Ar an gcaoi chéanna, dá dtarlódh crith talún mór i Lár na SA, d'fhéadfadh trasnú tras-chontae amháin nó níos mó iarnróid nó bóithre móra i réigiún Saint Louis go Memphis, chomh maith le línte tarchurtha ola agus gáis nádúrtha a bheith go mór.\nI 2008, d'eisigh USGS, Suirbhé Geolaíochta California, agus Ionad Tréimhsí Theas California cás inchreidte de bhriseadh ar dheireadh theas na locht San Andreas a d'fhéadfadh a bheith mar thoradh ar thart ar 1,800 bás, 50,000 gortaithe, agus caillteanais eacnamaíocha os cionn $ 200 billiún i limistéar Los Angeles níos mó. Bhí an cás seo mar bhunús do thriail 2008 Great Southern California Shakeout ullmhacht agus freagairt a fheidhmiú.\nJIM MULLEN, Stiúrthóir, Rannóg Bainistíochta Éigeandála Stáit Washington agus Uachtarán, Cumann Bainistíochta Éigeandála Náisiúnta\nFreagra agus Athshlánú. Tá imeacht mór a bhaineann le disciplíní éagsúla casta agus deacair a bhainistiú. Cé go mbíonn na tineoirí, na hoifigigh forfheidhmithe dlí, agus pearsanra sláinte éigeandála ina gcuid de na chéad fhreagróirí traidisiúnta, soláthraíonn bainisteoirí éigeandála an fheidhm chomhordúcháin tábhachtach go léir. Tá an comhordú seo i bhfad níos faide ná an fhreagra tosaigh toisc go gcoinníonn bainisteoirí éigeandála freagracht freisin as an aistriú ó na soilse agus na síoráin freagartha go dtí na hiarrachtaí casta agus fadtéarmacha a bhaineann le haistriú. Nuair a tharlaíonn imeacht, is próiseas treo-leibhéil é an fhreagra maidir le méadú a dhéanamh ar an leibhéal tacaíochta a bhaineann go díreach le riachtanais an dlínse a bhfuil tionchar aige. Tá an chéad fhreagra ar an leibhéal áitiúil, áit a dtugann na chéad fhreagróirí agus bainisteoirí éigeandála áitiúla cúnamh. Má théann an eachtra thar acmhainn na n-fhreagróirí áitiúla sin, féadfaidh an stát cúnamh a thairiscint ar bhealaí iomadúla lena n-áirítear pearsanra, acmhainní freagartha, tacaíocht airgeadais agus cúnamh frithpháirteach. I gcásanna neamhchoitianta, beidh imeacht fiú a overwhelm an stát's cumas a mount freagairt éifeachtach. Is é seo an t-aon uair de ghnáth a ghlaonn an Ghníomhaireacht Riaracháin Éigeandála Chónaidhme (FEMA) chun cabhair a thairiscint. Tosaítear cúnamh FEMA trí iarraidh dhíreach ón Gobharnóir ar an Uachtarán. Má mheasann an tUachtarán go bhfuil an ócáid fiú sócmhainní cónaidhme, dearbhaítear Dearbhú Dúshláin Uachtaránachta agus is féidir le FEMA cúnamh a sholáthar mar shócmhainní ó Roinn na Cosanta, cúnamh airgeadais agus saineolas. Tagann cúnamh tubaiste ó FEMA go traidisiúnta i gceann de thrí fhoirm. Is é an chéad cheann an Clár Cúnaimh Phoiblí (PA) a sholáthraíonn cúnamh airgeadais forlíontach do rialtais stáit agus áitiúla chomh maith le heagraíochtaí neamhbhrabúis phríobháideacha áirithe le haghaidh gníomhaíochtaí freagartha agus téarnaimh a theastaíonn mar thoradh ar thubaiste. Soláthraíonn an Clár PA cúnamh le haghaidh scriosadh scrios, bearta cosanta éigeandála, agus athchóiriú buan ar bhonneagar. De ghnáth ní lú ná 75 faoin gcéad de chostais incháilithe is é an sciar cónaidhme sna costais sin. Cuireann an Clár PA cosaint ó damáistí amach anseo chun cinn trí chúnamh a sholáthar do Chomhshláint na dTiaga\nVICKI MCCONNELL, Stiúrthóir, Roinn Oregon na Geolaíochta agus na dTrídhealtóireachta Mionraí\nD'fhoilsigh Roinn Iompair Oregon i 2009 an Sochrochtaineacht Seismic de Droichid Bhóithre Stáit Oregon: Straitéisí Laghdaithe chun Mór-Riosca Soghluaisteachta a Laghdú. Tá an staidéar seo comhtháite le samhail measúnaithe riosca FEMA HAZUS a mhaoiníonn NEHRP chomh maith le sonraí faoi choinníollacha ithreach NEHRP chun an luasghéarú is airde talún (PGA) a chinneadh. Léiríonn a gcuid torthaí go dtarlódh 38% de na droichid faoi úinéireacht an stáit in iarthar Oregon nó go mbeadh damáiste ró-mhór orthu le bheith in úsáid tar éis crith talún de mhéid 9.0 agus go dtógfadh an t-aistriú nó an athsholáthar 35 bliain ag gearradh na bpobal cósta Oregon ar shiúl ó chuid eile den stát.\nAn Cathaoirleach QUAYLE. An tUasal Polainne, i do fianaise rinne tú comparáid idir na torthaí éagsúla na crith talún a tharla i Haiti agus an tSeapáin, agus fiú cad a tharla sa Northridge crith talún, agus an crith talún a tharla i San Francisco. Dúirt tú go mbeadh sé cost-prohibitive a athshóiriú foirgnimh ar fud na Stát Aontaithe. Cad é do mhol chun iarmhairtí crith talún a íoslaghdú? An bhfuil tú ag breathnú go príomha ar an áit a bhfuil pobail éagsúla ag luí le chéile? Mar shampla, tá cathair in aice leis an bhfreagra San Andreas, is léir go bhfuil rudaí éagsúla i gcuimhne agat ná cathracha i Meiriceá lárnach atá suite ar shiúl ó líne bhfreagra Nua-Mádrid.\nAn tUasal POLAND. Is é an fhadhb is mó atá againn ná nach bhfuil an timpeallacht tógtha atá againn anois sa tír deartha le haghaidh éifeachtaí crith talún, ó thaobh sábháilteachta poiblí agus ó thaobh a bheith in ann é a aisghabháil agus éadrom a dhéanamh. Agus mar sin is é an fhadhb is mó atá againn, cad a dhéanaimid le 85 nó 90 faoin gcéad dár bhfoirgnimh agus ár gcórais nach bhfuil leordhóthanach don chineál feidhmíochta atá ag teastáil uainn. Nuair a labhair mé faoi bheith cost-prohibitive, bhí mé ag caint faoi ath-uasghrádú na bhfoirgnimh agus na córais sin ionas gur féidir leo a fheidhmiú i gceart, agus is é sin a chosnaíonn an oiread sin airgid.\nAn tUasal Wu. Is é mo dara ceist go bhfuil roinnt imoibrithe núicléacha againn atá suite ar limistéir seismic gníomhacha, agus creidim go bhfuil ceann acu ar an gCósta Thiar. An féidir leat a rá go léir cad is féidir a dhéanamh chun athléimneacht agus athshlánú a thógáil sna saoráidí núicléacha seo? Tá a fhios agat, cad a fuair muid sa tSeapáin go raibh sé nach raibh an crith talún, bhí sé an tsunami agus an caillteanas leictreachais agus tá sé tionchar ag an imoibreoir féin agus an breosla a bhí stóráilte i linnte ar bharr an saoráid imoibreoir. An féidir leat a rá go léir conas is féidir linn a dhéanamh post níos fearr le ár n-ionad núicléach féin?\nDr. Hayes. Ní bhaineann an NEHRP féin leis na saoráidí núicléacha sna Stáit Aontaithe. Is é an Coimisiún Rialála Núicléach agus an Roinn Fuinnimh atá freagrach as sin.\nAn tUasal POLAND. Ba mhaith liom a rá go bhfuil an próiseas dearadh a rinneadh le haghaidh gléasraí cumhachta núicléacha ó thosaigh siad go hiontach agus i bhfad níos mionsonraithe agus i bhfad níos cúramach ná aon chineál eile tógála ag ordú mór. Is iad ár saoráidí, ár saoráidí núicléacha ó thaobh na crathadh láidir de na foirgnimh is sábháilte atá againn sa Náisiún. Bhí an fhadhb sa tSeapáin, mar a luaigh tú, a dhéanamh leis an tsunami, agus ní raibh sé nach raibh siad ag smaoineamh go raibh siad ag dul a bheith le tsunami. Bhí balla acu. Ní raibh an balla ard go leor. Ní raibh na córais cúltaca ag obair chomh maith agus a cheap siad go mbeadh siad.\nAn tUasal Sarbanes. Tá sé ceart go leor. Tá daoine ar eolas go bhfuil siad gearrthéarmach faoi gach rud, agus fiú leis an ngníomhaíocht talún na laethanta beaga anuas, beidh muid ag dul ar ais go dtí a bheith gearrthéarmach fiú ar an gceist seo, agus tá mé ag smaoineamh má d'fhéadfá labhairt le I gceist agam, is féidir liom a shamhlú má chuaigh tú chuig aon éisteacht bhuiséad ar leibhéal áitiúil, ar leibhéal cathrach, ar leibhéal bardaí nó ar leibhéal stáit má bhí ullmhúchán agus athléimneacht talún ar an doiciméad buiséadach fiú, bheadh sé ar an leathanach deireanach ar an líne deireanach toisc go bhfuil an oiread sin rudaí eile go soiléir atá ag tarraingt ar ár n-acmhainní agus ár n-aird. Mar sin, tá sé a dhéanann mé wonder cé mhéad - agus sílim go bhfuil tú ag labhairt leis seo beagán, ach an deis a piggyback na cineálacha rudaí is mian leat a fheiceáil déanta ar cineálacha eile tionscnaimh go bhfuil amach ann go bhfuil tosaíocht níos mó i n-intinn na pleanálaithe agus buiséadairí agus gach an chuid eile de go bhfuil tú a chineál teacht le beagán, de leverage agus ní i bhfad a chur le costas, a rá, go maith, chomh fada agus a bhfuil tú ag déanamh X, Y agus Z, cén fáth nach bhfuil a chur leis seo sa meascán, agus go féidir dul go cóid agus caighdeáin tógála agus mar sin de. Ach d'fhéadfadh sé dul go maith freisin le pleanáil athléimneachta pobail, agus tá mé ag smaoineamh má d'fhéadfá labhairt leis sin agus b'fhéidir a chur isteach an bhfuil cineál cóid tógála glas agus cóid tógála inbhuanaithe ann inar féidir roinnt eilimintí breise a bheith ann maidir le athléimneacht agus mar sin\nAn tUasal MULLEN. Inseoidh mé duit go bhfuil díospóireachtaí suntasacha ag tarlú ar an gCósta Thiar i bpobail áitiúla faoi bhagairtí crith talún agus tsunami agus bearta a ba cheart a ghlacadh. Ceann de na rudaí nár labhair muid faoi i ndáiríre ná an tábhacht a bhaineann le tuiscint an phobail i gcoitinne, ní hamháin ar an mbaol a bhíonn os a chomhair ach ar na bearta is féidir leo a ghlacadh chun iad féin a chosaint. Táim an-díograiseach faoi a fháil ar rabhadh faoi rud éigin a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ag teacht cosúil leis an rabhadh tsunami a fuair muid cúpla seachtain ó shin i ndáiríre chabhraigh dúinn ach an cineál na n-imeachtaí, na neamh-raon fógra a dhéileálfaimis leis i lár Puget Sound nó in Oregon nó ar an gcósta, ní bheidh siad a fháil go leor rabhadh le haghaidh crith talún. Ceann de na rudaí a chaithfimid a dhéanamh ná a chinntiú go bhfuil daoine réidh chun na céimeanna cosanta a theastaíonn uathu a ghlacadh láithreach. Ní mór dóibh a bheith in ann a scaoileadh clúdach agus a choinneáil. Ní mór dóibh a fhios go bhfuil siad ag fáil go bhfuil gá leo roinnt acmhainní a bheith acu dóibh féin. Agus ar an gcósta, tá muid ag obair go crua leis na pobail maidir lena gclár um imtheacht, agus a fhios againn cad a chiallaíonn sé bogadh go tapa. Is é an gluaiseacht talún i dtréimhsí atá díreach amach as ár gcósta do chomhartha. Tá córas casta rabhaidh againn freisin ar féidir linn a ghníomhachtú chun a rá le daoine dul chuig talamh ard. Is é an deacracht atá againn, an dúshlán atá ag pobail agus iad ag ullmhú linn agus ag obair linn ná nach bhfuil suíomh um eitilt in airde ann nach bhfuil go héasca ar fáil do gach pobail, agus mar sin táimid ag iarraidh pleanáil don chineál struchtúr eitilte in airde a bheadh riachtanach ar an gcósta i mBaile Átha Cliath nó Long Beach nó Ilwaco áit ar féidir leis na daoine sin teacht ar áit shábháilte nach bhféadfadh a bheith ar an áit is teo, is tirim ach ar a laghad beidh sé os cionn aon chineál tonn féideartha. Is céim thábhachtach í sin. Níl struchtúr den sórt sin ann faoi láthair ach tá na pobail ag pleanáil leis. Sílim go bhfuil an eochair a bhfuil tú ag teacht ar an rud ar fad i dtéarmaí áit a bhfuil daoine, agus ní bheadh mé hazard a guess faoi an scála mar go mbeadh mé ach a dhéanamh suas rud éigin. Inseoidh mé duit má oideachas tú daoine faoi na rioscaí a bhfuil siad ag tabhairt aghaidh orthu agus má éiríonn tú le daoine faoi na rudaí is féidir leo a dhéanamh chun iad féin agus a dteaghlaigh a chosaint, cibé acu is saoránach meán é, duine ag seoladh gnó nó an pobal bainistíochta éigeandála nó na hoifigigh togha áitiúla, tosaíonn tú ag cruthú an cineál spéise a chuirfidh daoine ag féachaint air seo mar ábhar eile a gcaithfidh siad déileáil leis agus é a bhogadh suas ar chlár oibre an choiste sin. Is é an cleachtadh ar leibhéal náisiúnta a labhair mé faoi i mo fhianaise iarracht sa Mheán-iarthair, i ocht stát Meán-iarthair chun tús a chur le daoine a oideachasú ag an am céanna go bhfuil muid ag cinneadh an bhfuil ár n-dochtúir agus pleananna ag dul a bheith ag obair dúinn nó nach bhfuil. Beidh sé sin ina fheidhmiú thar a bheith dúshlánach. Tá súil againn go dtarlóidh teip toisc go dteastaíonn uainn a fháil amach cad é ár riocht. Mar sin, táimid an-sásta a fháil amach cá bhfuil ár laigí, cá bhfuil ár láidreachtaí agus déan cinnte go mbainfimid leas as na láidreachtaí agus go gcuirfimid na laigí ar bun."} +{"text": "Google adores the idea of studying and storing the entire scope of human knowledge. It has some lofty goals in that regard, like digitizing every single one of the estimated 130 million books that exist in bound paper-and-glue form. That's a ton of books, but Google has something even crazier in mind: studying the entirety of the Internet, which consists of over one trillion pages.\nInstead of researching the impact of the Web itself, though, Google's handing the job off to the World Wide Web Federation and donating $1 million towards an annual analysis of the Internet as it grows and changes. The organization, founded by Tim Berners-Lee (remember him? He basically created the World Wide Web), is kicking off an initiative called the Web Index to study the impact of the Web on a global scale and rank countries by their level of Web integration.\nThe Web Index isn't about cataloging the entirety of the Internet, page by page, into a giant list--it's about studying how the web affects our lives socially and economically. Additionally, the Web Index wants to look at the backbone of the Internet and see how it differs from one country to the next:\nThe Web Index will provide a unique, multi-dimensional measure of the Web and its impact on people and nations. It will be a composite Index, incorporating political, economic, social, and developmental indicators, as well as indicators of Web connectivity and infrastructure. This will make the Web Index a powerful tool for analysis, and should contribute to a greater understanding of the Web and its impact around the world.\nBoth the negative and the positive impact of the Web on society will be considered. There will be full transparency in the construction of the Index: the data and methodology used to produce it will be published openly and could be used by others to undertake their own research. It will be published on an annual basis, and we expect to launch the first edition in early 2012.\nThe Web Index's findings will take the form of an annual report that it theorizes could be useful for governments and corporations out to gauge their success against the rest of the world. Those results could prove to be enlightening--will faster network infrastructures like South Korea's and Japan's show positive economic benefits? Will Internet censorship have a demonstrably negative impact?\nThat's where the \"index\" part comes in--countries will be ranked based on a variety of survey data and expert opinions. Any bets on who comes out on top?", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-49", "url": "http://www.tested.com/tech/2861-how-many-web-pages-exist-on-the-internet-today/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931010149.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155650-00175-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9364655614, "token_count": 507, "score": 2.703125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is breá le Google an smaoineamh staidéar a dhéanamh agus raon iomlán eolais an duine a stóráil. Tá roinnt spriocanna ard ag an eagraíocht maidir leis sin, mar shampla gach ceann de na 130 milliún leabhar a mheastar a bheith ann i bhfoirm páipéir agus greamaithe a dhigitíochtú. Tá tonna leabhar ann, ach tá rud níos measa ag Google: staidéar a dhéanamh ar an Idirlíon ar fad, atá comhdhéanta de níos mó ná trilliún leathanach.\nIn ionad taighde a dhéanamh ar thionchar an Idirlín féin, áfach, tá Google ag tabhairt an obair chuig an gCónaidhm Idirlín Domhanda agus ag tabhairt $ 1 milliún le haghaidh anailís bhliantúil ar an Idirlíon de réir mar a fhásann sé agus a athraíonn sé. An eagraíocht, a bhunaigh Tim Berners-Lee (cuimhnigh air? Is é a chruthaigh an World Wide Web go bunúsach), ag tosú tionscnamh ar a dtugtar an tIonad Gréasáin chun tionchar an ghréasáin a staidéar ar scála domhanda agus tíortha a rangú de réir a leibhéal comhtháthaithe gréasáin.\nNí bhaineann an tIonad Gréasáin le catalógáil ar an Idirlíon iomlán, leathanach ar leathanach, i liosta ollmhór - baineann sé le staidéar a dhéanamh ar an gcaoi a mbíonn tionchar ag an ngréasán ar ár saol go sóisialta agus go heacnamaíoch. Ina theannta sin, ba mhaith leis an Innéacs Gréasáin breathnú ar chnámh cothaithe an Idirlín agus a fheiceáil conas a bhíonn sé difriúil ó thír go tír:\nSoláthróidh an tIonad Gréasáin tomhas uathúil il-dimhionscanta den Líonra agus a thionchar ar dhaoine agus ar náisiúin. Beidh sé ina Innéacs comhdhéanta, ina mbeidh táscairí polaitiúla, eacnamaíocha, sóisialta agus forbartha, chomh maith le táscairí nascachta agus bonneagair an Idirlín. Is uirlis chumhachtach anailíse é seo a dhéanfaidh an tIonad Gréasáin, agus ba cheart go gcuirfeadh sé le tuiscint níos fearr ar an nGréasán agus ar a thionchar ar fud an domhain.\nDéanfar measúnú ar an tionchar diúltach agus ar an tionchar dearfach atá ag an nGréasán ar an tsochaí. Beidh trédhearcacht iomlán ann i dtógáil an Innéacs: foilseofar na sonraí agus an mhodheolaíocht a úsáidtear chun é a tháirgeadh go hoscailte agus d'fhéadfadh daoine eile iad a úsáid chun a gcuid taighde féin a dhéanamh. Foilseofar é ar bhonn bliantúil, agus tá súil againn an chéad eagrán a sheoladh go luath in 2012.\nBeidh torthaí an Innéacs gréasáin a ghlacadh i bhfoirm tuarascáil bhliantúil go theoritizes d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith úsáideach do rialtais agus corparáidí amach a thomhas a n-éacht i gcomparáid leis an gcuid eile den domhan. D'fhéadfadh na torthaí sin a bheith léargas - an léireoidh bonneagair líonra níos tapúla cosúil le hÍs na Cóiré Theas agus na Seapáine buntáistí eacnamaíocha dearfacha? An mbeidh tionchar diúltach léirithe ag cinsireacht Idirlín?\nSin an áit a dtagann an chuid \"innéacs\" isteach - rangófar tíortha bunaithe ar shonraí suirbhé éagsúla agus tuairimí saineolaithe. Aon geall ar cé a thagann amach ar bharr?"} +{"text": "Noticias: IUCN: Steps must be made to address the power imbalance against indigenous peoples\nSteps will be made to grow the Whakatane Mechanism into a device that can help redress power imbalances against indigenous peoples, and become a conflict resolution tool that can be available to all for the long-term.\nThe decision was made as part of the International Union for Conservation of Nature’s (IUCN) World Conservation Congress, being held in Hawai’i until September 10. One of the events hosted by Forest Peoples Programme, Can Whakatane Conflict Resolution Processes Snowball to the Global? Resolving community/conservation conflicts brought together some 36 experts in their field to talk about the tension that occurs when indigenous peoples lose their rights to their land because it is designated as a national park or protected area. This frequently occurs despite their having been custodians of the land and the ecosystem for generations, and their presence and care for their lands being the reason why conservationists see value in it.\nIntroducing the event, UN Special Rapporteur for Indigenous Peoples Vicky Tauli-Corpuz said: “People should really realise that these indigenous peoples have been living there for so long and have managed to save the forests, and save the marine life. They should be able to continue living there. What is it that’s making it so difficult?”\nForest Peoples Programme’s Justin Kenrick introduced the Whakatane Mechanism, a tool that has so far been used in response to requests for help from communities; affected parties are brought together into a discussion, and a fact-finding mission to the area is then carried out to delve deeper into the situation, before more assessment meetings are held to try to find a solution.\nHe pointed out that long-term solutions are ones where both conservation and communities win: “By recognising communities rights to their ancestral lands, conservation can help secure communities' livelihoods, culture and ongoing commitment to the conservation of their lands. For protected areas to be effective, conservationists need to focus on supporting communities to conserve their lands rather than evicting and alienating them, and thereby losing conservation’s strongest allies”.\nThere were calls from among the speakers for widening the mandate of the mechanism to make it available to all as a tool, to increase funding to it in order to facilitate longer engagement with conflicting parties, and to support it to grow into a more robust and well-used facility.\nSpeaking from Rainforest Foundation UK, Director Simon Counsell said that from a sample study of 34 protected areas, from five countries in central Africa, 26 of them reported experiencing conflicts or the eviction of the indigenous local community, while the remaining eight did not provide information this. He called for work to redress the power imbalance between the indigenous communities and national, often State-controlled, parks.\nAroha Mead, Chair of the Commission on Environmental, Economic and Social Policy at the IUCN, said the steps already made should be acknowledged. She said: “For indigenous peoples to get to the point of having a meeting with people they would not otherwise have access can be an achievement in itself.”\nHarry Jonas, co-founder of Natural Justice, quoted the UN Special Rapporteur for Indigenous Peoples’ report on conservation’s observation that 50% of protected areas had been established on indigenous peoples’ lands and territories but that figure spiked to 90% in Central America.\n“Access to justice is simply often times severely lacking, so we should welcome the Whakatane Mechanism and celebrate it and support it,” he added.\nA decision was made to explore the possibility of using the Whakatane Mechanism in response to a request from the Sengwer community who are being evicted from Embobut forest, in western Kenya, their home for generations.\nSpeaking through a video message Milka Chepkorir, a Sengwer woman, said: “Since the 1960s, evictions have taken place, but since 2014, they have been so intense.” She added “yet we are the ones who have taken care of the forests forever”.\nA decision was made to approach the IUCN Director General Inger Andersen about writing directly to the Kenyan Government, Kenya Wildlife Service and Kenya Forest Service to ask them to properly address the situation of the Sengwer.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "url": "https://whakatane-mechanism.org/es/news/201609iucn-steps-must-be-made-address-power-imbalance-against-indigenous-peoples", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474445.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223185223-20240223215223-00396.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9618003964, "token_count": 912, "score": 2.984375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Noticias: IUCN: Ní mór céimeanna a dhéanamh chun aghaidh a thabhairt ar an míchothromú cumhachta i gcoinne na bpobal dúchasacha\nDéanfar céimeanna chun Meicníocht Whakatane a fhorbairt ina fheiste a chabhróidh le míchothromaíochtaí cumhachta i gcoinne na bpobal dúchasacha a leigheas, agus a bheith ina uirlis réitigh choimhlinte a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ar fáil do chách ar feadh fadtéarma.\nGhlac an cinneadh mar chuid den Chomhdháil Dhomhanda um Chaomhnú an Dúlra (IUCN) a bhí ar siúl i Haváí go dtí an 10 Meán Fómhair. Ceann de na himeachtaí a óstáil Clár na nDaoine Foraoise, An féidir le Próisis Réitigh Choinbhleachta Whakatane Snowball a thabhairt don Domhan? D'éirigh le réiteach na gcoimhlintí pobail/chomhchosaithe le chéile thart ar 36 saineolaí ina réimse chun labhairt faoin teannas a tharlaíonn nuair a chailleann daoine dúchasacha a gcearta ar a gcuid talún toisc go bhfuil sé ainmnithe mar pháirc náisiúnta nó mar limistéar cosanta. Tarlaíonn sé seo go minic in ainneoin gur chaomhnóirí na talún agus na héiceachórais iad le glúine, agus is é a láithreacht agus a gcúram dá gcuid talún an chúis a fheiceann caomhnóirí luach ann.\nAg cur isteach ar an ócáid, dúirt Rapóirtéir Speisialta na Náisiún Aontaithe do Dhaoine Dúchasacha Vicky Tauli-Corpuz: Ba cheart do dhaoine a thuiscint go fírinneach go bhfuil na daoine dúchasacha seo ag maireachtáil ann ar feadh an oiread sin ama agus gur éirigh leo na foraoisí a shábháil, agus an saol muirí a shábháil. Ba cheart go mbeadh siad in ann leanúint ar aghaidh ag maireachtáil ann. Cad é a dhéanann sé chomh deacair?\nChuir Justin Kenrick, ó Chlár na ndaoine Foraoise, isteach Meicníocht Whakatane, uirlis a úsáideadh go dtí seo mar fhreagra ar iarratais ar chabhair ó phobail; tugtar páirtithe a bhfuil tionchar acu le chéile i gcumarsáid, agus déantar misean fíricí chuig an limistéar ansin chun dul níos doimhne ar an staid, sula ndéantar níos mó cruinnithe meastóireachta chun réiteach a fháil.\nThug sé le fios gur réitigh fhadtéarmacha iad na réitigh ina n-airgeann an chaomhnú agus na pobail araon: De réir aitheantas a thabhairt do chearta pobail ar a dtailte sinsearacha, is féidir le caomhnú cabhrú le maireachtáil, cultúr agus tiomantas leanúnach pobail a chinntiú chun a dtailte a chaomhnú. Chun go mbeidh limistéir chosanta éifeachtach, ní mór do na coimirceoirí díriú ar thacú le pobail chun a gcuid talún a chaomhnú seachas iad a dhíbirt agus a dhíbirt, agus dá bhrí sin na comhghuaillithe is láidre a chailleann an chaomhnú.\nBhí glaonna ó na cainteoirí chun sainordú an mheicníochta a leathnú chun é a chur ar fáil do chách mar uirlis, chun maoiniú a mhéadú dó chun rannpháirtíocht níos faide a éascú le páirtithe i gcontúirt, agus chun tacú leis chun fás ina saoráid níos láidre agus a úsáidtear go maith.\nAg labhairt dó ó Rainforest Foundation UK, dúirt an Stiúrthóir Simon Counsell gur thug staidéar samplach ar 34 limistéar cosanta, ó chúig tír i lár na hAfraice, 26 acu tuairisc ar choimhlintí nó ar dhíbirt an phobail áitiúil dúchasaigh, agus níor thug na hocht eile faisnéis seo. D'iarr sé go ndéanfaí obair chun an míchothromú cumhachta idir na pobail dúchasacha agus na páirceanna náisiúnta, a rialaítear ag an Stát go minic, a cheartú.\nDúirt Aroha Mead, Cathaoirleach an Choimisiúin um Bheartas Comhshaoil, Eacnamaíoch agus Sóisialta ag IUCN, gur cheart aitheantas a thabhairt do na céimeanna a rinneadh cheana féin. Dúirt sí: \"Is é an t-éacht féin do phobail dúchasacha teacht ar an bpointe a bheith acu bualadh le daoine nach mbeadh rochtain acu ar shlí eile.\nD'aistrigh Harry Jonas, comhbhunaitheoir Natural Justice, tuarascáil an Rapóirtéara Speisialta na Náisiún Aontaithe do Dhaoine Dúchasacha ar choimeádta a choimeádta go raibh 50% de na limistéir chosanta bunaithe ar thailte agus ar chríoch na ndaoine dúchasacha ach gur tháinig an figiúr sin go 90% i Meiriceá Láir.\n\"Tá rochtain ar cheartas go simplí go minic ag teip go mór, mar sin ba cheart dúinn fáilte a chur roimh Mheicníocht Whakatane agus é a cheiliúradh agus a thacú leis\", a dúirt sé.\nGhlac cinneadh an fhéidearthacht a bhaineann le Meicníocht Whakatane a úsáid a iniúchadh mar fhreagra ar iarraidh ó phobal Sengwer atá á n-eisiúint ó fhoraois Embobut, in iarthar na Ceinéia, a mbaile le glúine.\nAg labhairt di trí teachtaireacht físe, dúirt Milka Chepkorir, bean Sengwer: Ó na 1960idí, tá dífhostaithe tagtha i gcrích, ach ó 2014, tá siad chomh dian. Dúirt sí ach is sinne a thug aire do na foraoisí go deo.\nGhlac cinneadh teagmháil a dhéanamh le Ard-Stiúrthóir IUCN Inger Andersen maidir le scríobh go díreach chuig Rialtas na Céine, Seirbhís Fiadhúlra na Céine agus Seirbhís Foraoise na Céine chun a iarraidh orthu dul i ngleic go cuí le staid na Sengwer."} +{"text": "Detailed map colored by counties and showing early towns, post offices, roads, rail lines, etc. Large inset plan of Chicago, colored by wards. The earliest map of Chicago to appear in a commercial atlas.\nSA Mitchell Jr. acquired his father's former business from DeSilver in 1860 and relaunched a very successful atlas publishing business which survived another 20+ years, before licensing and selling off much of his inventory and rights.\nSamuel Augustus Mitchell Jr. inherited the Mitchell Company from his father in 1860. For over thirty years, the company had specialized in the production of school atlases and wall maps of America. They were one of the pioneers on engraving on steel plates. In 1860, Samuel Jr. released the New General Atlas, which had been compiled in house and replaced a previous atlas by Tanner. The elder Mitchell died in 1868 and Samuel Jr. continued the business until the 1890s. At its height, the Mitchell Company employed 250 people and sold 400,000 publications annually.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-45", "url": "https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/56430", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107898499.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20201028103215-20201028133215-00699.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9823784828, "token_count": 208, "score": 2.828125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Léarscáil mhionsonraithe datha de réir contae agus a léiríonn luathchathracha, oifigí poist, bóithre, línte iarnróid, srl. Plean mór inscithe de Chicago, datha de réir wardanna. An léarscáil is luaithe ar Chicago a thaispeántar i dtríoplóma tráchtála.\nFuair SA Mitchell Jr. iar-ghnóthaí a athar ó DeSilver i 1860 agus d'athnuaigh sé gnó foilsitheoireachta atlasaí an-rathúil a mhair 20+ bliain eile, sula raibh sé ag ceadúnú agus ag díol cuid mhór dá réadmhaoin agus dá chearta.\nD'fhás Samuel Augustus Mitchell Jr. Cuideachta Mitchell óna athair i 1860. Le breis agus tríocha bliain, bhí an chuideachta speisialaithe i dtáirgeadh atlaisí scoile agus léarscáileanna balla Mheiriceá. Bhí siad ar cheann de na ceannródaithe ar ghrianghrafadh ar phlátaí cruach. Sa bhliain 1860, d'eisigh Samuel Jr. an New General Atlas, a comhlánaíodh sa teach agus a chuir in ionad atlas roimhe seo ag Tanner. Fuair an sean-Michell bás i 1868 agus lean Samuel Jr. an gnó go dtí na 1890í. Ag a airde, d'fhostaigh Cuideachta Mitchell 250 duine agus dhíol siad 400,000 foilseachán gach bliain."} +{"text": "New Research Center in Penn State College of Health and Human Development to Tackle Childhood Obesity Epidemic\nJune 30, 2005\n(University Park, Pa) — Childhood obesity has reached epidemic proportions in the United States — so much so, in fact, that it is now considered to be the primary health issue facing American children in the 21st century.image of Dr. Leann Birch\nGiven the catastrophic ramifications that this crisis could have on the health and well-being of individuals and communities, the Penn State College of Health and Human Development has decided to tackle this issue. On July 1, the college will open the Center for Childhood Obesity Research, which it hopes will create the evidence base needed to develop successful childhood obesity prevention and treatment programs.\n“A primary focus of our efforts will be on developing programs that prevent the development of obesity during the first years of life,” says Dr. Leann Birch, distinguished professor of human development and nutritional sciences and director of the new center. “This will include helping families foster the development patterns of food intake and physical activity in children so they can maintain healthy weight status.”\nAccording to Dr. Raymond T. Coward, Schultz Professor and Dean of the College of Health and Human Development, one of the biggest advantages of establishing the center in the college is that world-class faculty representing nearly every discipline within the college already are studying the childhood obesity problem. “By establishing this center, we have created a location where our scientists can explore this epidemic collaboratively from a basic, clinical, environmental, physiological and social perspective,” he says. ”We can now pool their expertise and resources in order to conduct the cutting-edge research needed to tackle this problem in the most effective and efficient manner.”\nA 2002 study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association indicates that the prevalence of childhood obesity in the past 30 years has more than doubled for preschool children (2-5 years old) and adolescents (12-18 years old), and has more than tripled for children between the ages of 6 and 11. In fact, approximately nine million American children over the age of six are already considered to be obese.\nAdditional studies indicate that more than 60 percent of obese children between the ages of five and 10 already have at least one physiological cardiovascular-disease risk factor and more than one-third of all children born in 2000 are expected to develop Type 2 diabetes at some point in their lives. The childhood obesity epidemic also threatens to reduce the average life expectancy of adults, thereby reversing a trend that has the average life expectancy increase by almost 30 years in the past century.\nTackling the childhood obesity epidemic requires a massive effort that involves every element of society — schools, families, health professionals, communities, industry, and government — and is as comprehensive and ambitious as national anti-smoking efforts, according to a September 2004 report issued by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) Committee on Prevention of Obesity in Children and Youth. However, such actions require a solid evidence base that does not currently exist.\n“It seems simple — childhood obesity occurs when energy intake exceeds expenditure,” says Birch, who was a member of the IOM committee that prepared the report. “However, we know little about how to effectively prevent and treat it. Therefore, there is a significant need for research that will provide the basis for successful prevention and treatment of childhood obesity.”\nBirch, who also currently leads the Children’s Eating Laboratory at Penn State, is recognized internationally as one of the pioneers and leading experts in the study of young children’s eating behaviors. For more than two decades, her work has shaped the international agenda for nutrition education research aimed at improving eating behaviors and preventing and treating childhood obesity and eating disorders. A great deal of her research focuses on how children acquire food preferences and develop the ability to control the amount of food they consume during the first years of their lives. Overall, Birch has received more than $8 million in funding, has been published in 25 books and has written more than 140 scholarly publications.\nIn addition to serving on the IOM Committee, Birch sits on the board and scientific advisory committee of the International Life Sciences Institute’s Physical Activity and Nutrition Program as well as the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) Council of Scientific Advisors to its Children’s Nutrition Research Center. She is also an editor for Appetite magazine and works regularly with organizations such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases and the USDA Advisory Group on Nutrition.\n“By conducting research that explores how children’s environments factors and early experience influence the developing controls of food intake and activity patterns, the Center for Childhood Obesity Research has a real chance to make a difference and confront this epidemic,” she says. “At the same time, it allows us to deal indirectly with the adult obesity epidemic facing the nation. One of the biggest risks for childhood obesity is having overweight parents who serve as models for children’s developing eating and activity patterns and create children’s eating and activity environments. So, promoting healthy eating and activity patterns among parents will be central to preventing childhood obesity.”\nFaculty from the Penn State colleges of Medicine and Agricultural Sciences also will be actively involved in projects being conducted by the center.\n- hhd -\nEditors: Dr. Birch can be reached at (814) 863-0053 or email@example.com. For additional information, please contact Bill Hessert, director of college relations for the Penn State College of Health and Human Development, at (814) 863-4325 or firstname.lastname@example.org.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-49", "url": "http://www.hhdev.psu.edu/news/2005/6_30_05_ccor.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931009825.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155649-00215-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.958897233, "token_count": 1183, "score": 2.6875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Ionad Taighde Nua i gColáiste Sláinte agus Forbartha Daonna Penn State chun dul i ngleic le Eipidéim Obesity na mBliana\n30 Meitheamh, 2005\n(Páirc Ollscoile, Pa.) Tá an murtall óige tar éis méideanna eipidéime a bhaint amach sna Stáit Aontaithe go leor, i ndáiríre, go meastar anois gurb é an phríomhcheist sláinte atá ag tabhairt aghaidh ar leanaí Mheiriceá sa 21ú haois. íomhá an Dr. Leann Birch\nI bhfianaise na sliocht tubaisteach a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ag an ngéarchéim seo ar shláinte agus ar fholláine daoine aonair agus pobail, tá cinneadh déanta ag Coláiste Sláinte agus Forbartha Daonna Stáit Penn dul i ngleic leis an gceist seo. Ar an 1 Iúil, osclóidh an coláiste an Ionad um Thaighde ar Mhiotais Leanaí, a bhfuil súil aige go gcruthóidh sé an bonn fianaise a theastaíonn chun cláir rathúla cosc agus cóireála mhiotais le linn na hóige a fhorbairt.\n'Beidh príomhfhócas ár n-iarrachtaí ar chláir a fhorbairt a choscann go dtiocfaidh murtall ar leanaí le linn na gcéad bhlianta de shaol na leanaí,' a deir an Dr. Leann Birch, ollamh aitheanta forbartha an duine agus eolaíochtaí cothaithe agus stiúrthóir an ionaid nua. Cuirfear leis sin cabhrú le teaghlaigh chun na patrúin forbartha a chothú maidir le hiontráil bia agus gníomhaíocht fhisiceach i leanaí ionas gur féidir leo stádas meáchain sláintiúil a choinneáil.\nDe réir an Dr. Raymond T. Coward, Ollamh Schultz agus Dean na Coláiste Sláinte agus Forbartha Daonna, is é ceann de na buntáistí is mó a bhaineann leis an ionad a bhunú sa choláiste ná go bhfuil ollamh den scoth ar domhan a léiríonn beagnach gach disciplín laistigh den choláiste ag déanamh staidéir cheana féin ar fhadhb an murtall óige. \"Le bunú an ionaid seo, tá suíomh cruthaithe againn inar féidir lenár n-eolaithe an eipidéim seo a iniúchadh go comhoibríoch ó thaobh bunúsach, cliniciúil, comhshaoil, fiseolaíoch agus sóisialta de\", a deir sé. Is féidir linn a gcuid saineolas agus acmhainní a chomhthiomsú anois chun an taighde is fearr a dhéanamh a theastaíonn chun dul i ngleic leis an bhfadhb seo ar an mbealach is éifeachtaí agus is éifeachtúla.\nLéiríonn staidéar a foilsíodh i 2002 in Journal of the American Medical Association go bhfuil an líon leanaí atá sailleach le 30 bliain anuas níos mó ná dúbailte i measc leanaí réamhscoile (2-5 bliana d'aois) agus déagóirí (12-18 bliana d'aois), agus tá níos mó ná trí huaire sa mhéid a bhaineann le leanaí idir 6 agus 11 bliana d'aois. Go deimhin, meastar go bhfuil thart ar naoi milliún leanbh Meiriceánach os cionn sé bliana d'aois saibhir cheana féin.\nLéiríonn staidéir bhreise go bhfuil fachtóir riosca fisiceolaíoch amháin ar a laghad ag níos mó ná 60 faoin gcéad de na páistí saill idir cúig agus deich mbliana d'aois cheana féin agus táthar ag súil go dtiocfaidh diaibéiteas Cineál 2 ar níos mó ná aon trian de na páistí go léir a rugadh sa bhliain 2000 ag pointe éigin ina saol. Tá bagairt ag an eipidéim murtall óige freisin go laghdófar meán-ionchas saoil na ndaoine fásta, agus go gcuirfear treocht ina dhiaidh sin a bhfuil méadú beagnach 30 bliain déanta ar an meán-ionchas saoil sa chéad bliain anuas.\nÉilíonn dul i ngleic leis an eipidéim murtall óige iarracht ollmhór a chuimsíonn gach gné den tsochaí - scoileanna, teaghlaigh, gairmithe sláinte, pobail, tionscal agus rialtas - agus tá sé chomh cuimsitheach agus uaillmhianach le hiarrachtaí náisiúnta frith-tobac, de réir tuarascála a d'eisigh Coiste Institiúid na Leigheasra (IOM) ar Chosc Murtall i mBí agus i nÓg i mí Mheán Fómhair 2004. Mar sin féin, ní mór bonn fianaise láidir a bheith ag gníomhartha den sórt sin nach bhfuil ann faoi láthair.\n'Is cosúil go bhfuil sé simplí tarlaíonn murtall óige nuair a bhíonn an iontógáil fuinnimh níos mó ná an caiteachas,' a deir Birch, a bhí ina chomhalta den choiste OIM a d'ullmhaigh an tuarascáil. Ar an drochuair, níl mórán eolais againn faoi conas é a chosc agus a chóireáil go héifeachtach. Dá bhrí sin, tá gá mhór le taighde a sholáthróidh an bonn chun go n-éireoidh le cosc agus cóireáil murtall óige.\nTá aitheantas idirnáisiúnta ar Birch, a cheannaíonn an Saotharlann itheanna leanaí ag Penn State, mar cheann de na ceannródaithe agus na saineolaithe is mó i staidéar ar iompar ithe leanaí óga. Le breis agus dhá scór bliain, tá a cuid oibre tar éis an clár oibre idirnáisiúnta a mhúnlú le haghaidh taighde oideachais cothaithe a bhfuil sé mar aidhm aige iompar ithe a fheabhsú agus murtall leanaí agus neamhoird ithe a chosc agus a chóireáil. Díríonn cuid mhór dá taighde ar an gcaoi a bhfaigheann leanaí roghanna bia agus an cumas a fhorbairt chun rialú a dhéanamh ar an méid bia a itheann siad le linn na gcéad bhlianta dá saol. Ar an iomlán, fuair Birch níos mó ná $ 8 milliún i maoiniú, foilsíodh é i 25 leabhar agus scríobh sé níos mó ná 140 foilseachán eolaíoch.\nChomh maith le bheith ag freastal ar Choiste IOM, tá Birch ar bhord agus ar choiste comhairleach eolaíoch Chlár Gníomhaíochta Fisiceach agus cothaithe an Institiúid Idirnáisiúnta Eolaíochtaí Beatha chomh maith le Comhairle Comhairleoirí Eolaíochta Roinn Talmhaíochta na Stát Aontaithe (USDA) a Lárionad Taighde Cothaithe Leanaí. Tá sí ina eagarthóir freisin do iris Appetite agus oibríonn sí go rialta le heagraíochtaí mar na hIonaid um Rialú agus Cosc ar Ghalair, an Institiúid Náisiúnta Diaibéiteas agus Ghalair Díleá agus Kidney agus Grúpa Comhairleach USDA ar Chothú.\nDe réir taighde a dhéanamh ar an gcaoi a ndéanann fachtóirí timpeallachta leanaí agus taithí luath tionchar ar rialú forbartha a dhéanamh ar iontógáil bia agus ar múnlaí gníomhaíochta, tá fíor-seans ag an Ionad um Thaighde ar Mhiotais Leanaí difríocht a dhéanamh agus aghaidh a thabhairt ar an eipidéim seo,a deir sí. Ag an am céanna, tugann sé deis dúinn déileáil go hindíreach leis an eipidéim murtall a bhíonn ag an náisiún. Ceann de na rioscaí is mó a bhaineann le murtall óige ná tuismitheoirí atá róthrom a bheith acu a fheidhmíonn mar mhúnlaí do leanaí ag forbairt patrúin ithe agus gníomhaíochta agus ag cruthú timpeallachtaí ithe agus gníomhaíochta do leanaí. Mar sin, beidh sé ríthábhachtach go gcuirfear ar chumas tuismitheoirí ithe agus gníomhaíocht shláintiúil a chur chun cinn chun go gcuirfear obesity óige i gcéin.\nBeidh múinteoirí ó choláistí na Meiriceánach um Leigheas agus Eolaíochtaí Talmhaíochta rannpháirteach go gníomhach i dtionscadail atá á ndéanamh ag an ionad.\n- hhd -\nRíomhthreoir: Is féidir teagmháil a dhéanamh le Dr. Birch ar (814) 863-0053 nó ar email@example.com. Le haghaidh tuilleadh faisnéise, déan teagmháil le Bill Hessert, stiúrthóir caidrimh coláiste do Choláiste Sláinte agus Forbartha Daonna Penn State, ag (814) 863-4325 nó firstname.lastname@example.org."} +{"text": "Arad is located 18.5 mi. [30 km.] east–northeast of Beersheba. The Iron Age (Israelite) Citadel was excavated by Yohanan Aharoni in the 1960’s. It is situated on the northeastern lip of the eastern basin of the Biblical Negev. The region only receives about 12 inches of rain each year. Good grain crops are typically produced in only one of every four years. The soil in the area is a windblown \"loess\" soil.\nArad was not a city, but a Judean fortress guarding the southern approach to Hebron in the Hill Country of Judah. It also served as an administrative outpost at which taxes and tolls were collected.\nThe larger lower portion (Early Bronze Age) of the tell was excavated by Ruth Amiran — Click Here to view.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "url": "https://holylandphotos.org/browse.asp?s=1,2,9,25,100", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476180.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20240303011622-20240303041622-00770.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9784474373, "token_count": 177, "score": 3.046875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá Arad suite 18.5 míle. [30 km.] soir-northeast de Beersheba. Rinne Yohanan Aharoni an Citadel (Iosraelití) Aosmhéide a chaith sé sna 1960í. Tá sé suite ar an taobh thoir thuaidh den chladach thoir den Negev Bíobla. Ní fhaigheann an réigiún ach thart ar 12 orlach de bháisteach gach bliain. De ghnáth ní tháirgtear barra gráin mhaith ach uair amháin de gach ceithre bliana. Is ithir \"loess\" é an ithir sa cheantar a bhfuil an ghaoth ag cur leis.\nNí cathair a bhí in Arad, ach daingne Iúdá a bhí ag faire ar an mbealach ó dheas go Heibhrón i dTír Chnocúil Iúdá. Bhí sé ina ionad riaracháin freisin a bailíodh cánacha agus muileanna ann.\nRinne Ruth Amiran an chuid níos ísle (Aois Chéad Bhrónsa) den insint a chaith."} +{"text": "This week at home for families\nResources for worshipping together at home\nJohn 9.1-41: Jesus heals a man who was born without sight.\nSense the story\nInvite the children to close their eyes and listen to the sounds they can hear in the room. Then ask them to imagine they can hear Jesus’ voice talking, as you read from the passage. Encourage the children to keep their eyes closed as they hear the story of what happened to a man who could not see, focusing on all their senses except sight.\nAs he walked along, Jesus saw a man who had been born blind. Jesus walked towards him, then spat on the ground and made mud; he took the mud and spread it on the man’s eyes. Then he said, ‘Go and wash in the pool of Siloam.’ So the man went; he washed and suddenly he could see again!\nPeople who saw him were puzzled. Wasn’t this the man who sat and begged? How can he now see?\nThe man told them, ‘Jesus spread mud on my eyes, and told me to go to Siloam and wash. I did and now I can see!’\nThe crowd took the man to the Pharisees and they asked him how he could see. The man replied, ‘Jesus spread mud on my eyes and told me to go to Siloam and wash. I did and now I can see.’\nNow all this happened on the sabbath. Some of the Pharisees were angry and began to mutter. ‘This man is not from God, he doesn’t keep the sabbath.’ But others questioned, ‘Could he do this if he wasn’t from God?’ They couldn’t agree. So they asked the healed man what he thought. ‘Jesus is a prophet,’ he replied.\nStill they couldn’t agree. So they asked the man’s parents, ‘Was he born blind?’ ‘Yes,’ they replied. But they were too scared to say how he had been healed.\nAgain the Pharisees questioned the man. ‘I have told you, Jesus healed me. He is from God.’ But they were scared and drove him out of town. Jesus heard this and set off to find the man. Jesus said to him, ‘I am the Son of Man,’ and the man worshipped him. Jesus continued,\n‘I came so that those who do not see may see, and those who do see may become blind.’\nPharisees a group who kept the Jewish law very strictly; sabbath a weekly day of rest and prayer for Jews from Friday night to Saturday night; Son of Man a title from the Old Testament Book of Daniel, used by Jesus to describe himself.\nInvite the children to retell the story using their hands to make shadow puppets.\n- Why wasn’t everybody happy when the man could see again?\n- Is it always easy to share in someone else’s happiness?\n- How can we learn to see what God is doing in our world?\nYoung people could think about these questions:\n- What do we know and what facts are missing about the man in this passage?\n- Why do you think Jesus used mud?\n- What were the responses to Jesus’ action? What might your response be if you saw something like this or read about it in a newspaper?\nNotes on the Bible story for parents and carers\n- When Jesus encountered this blind man, he had an opportunity to help his followers (as well as the man himself) grow in faith. At the time, any kind of disability would have been thought of as resulting from a sin in the family and therefore it brought shame on the man and his relatives.\n- This attitude, as well as his physical limitation, restricted him and stopped him from being the person he was able to be.\n- Jesus put mud on the man’s eyes. Jesus used the methods of a traditional healer, preferring mud over medicine. After this, he told the man to wash in the pool of Siloam (meaning ‘sent’) – the name is also symbolic as it signifies Jesus as the one sent by God.\n- Once he was healed, suddenly the man could see. For a man who has never seen before, his sight is nothing short of a new creation. As the story unfolds, the man seems to have an increasing strength of faith. He starts by being quite timid and ends up ‘knowing’ that this was Jesus, someone sent by God.\n- The readings today demonstrate that seeing opens us up to light and life, as in Ephesians 5 where the life of faith is associated with the shining light of Christ. If God can help us to physically see when we couldn’t before, what other possibilities does he open up for us in the light and life of faith?\nMore activities, songs and prayers\nShake and settle\nUnderstand how we need God to help us see things more clearly\nYou will need: a large plastic bottle with lid, soil, parcel tape.\n- Prepare the bottle with approximately 3cm of soil in the base. Fill it with water, leaving around 3cm space beneath the lid. Fix the lid to the bottle and use parcel tape to seal it.\n- Show the children the bottle and invite them to think of someone they would like God to heal. Shake the bottle and keep silence as the contents settle.\n- Ask the children to suggest other ideas for people or situations we do not see clearly, and repeat the action of shaking the bottle and watching the soil settle as you reflect and pray.\nVery young children could use chalks on dark paper to create a symbol of faith, e.g. a cross, in the centre.\nPut out a selection of bite sizes pieces of food, ideally of the same sort, e.g. different jelly beans or other sweets, or flavoured drinks. Do a blind tasting - can you name the different flavours?\nGo outside to a patch of mud. Encourage everyone to look at the mud and feel it. Ask them: how would you feel if you couldn’t see, and suddenly mud was smeared on your eyes?\nSing and listen\nI’m gonna jump up and down (be happy!), Doug Horley on Lovely jubbly\nAsk seek knock, Hillsong kids, on Can you believe it!?\nBy faith, Keith & Kristyn Getty on Awaken the dawn\nI stand in awe, Chris Tomlin feat. Nicole Serrano on Holy roar\nRight where you want me, Sarah Reeves on Easy never needed you\nBecause of your love, Soul survivor feat. Tim Hughes on Be my everything\nWith their eyes open, invite everyone to pray using what they see around them in the room as a prompt: for each other, for the world, for their friends, for their journey of faith.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-45", "url": "https://www.rootsontheweb.com/familiesathome22mar", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107896778.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20201028044037-20201028074037-00442.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9732878208, "token_count": 1474, "score": 3.359375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "An tseachtain seo sa bhaile do theaghlaigh\nAcmhainní le haghaidh adhradh le chéile sa bhaile\nEoin 9.1-41: D'fhógair Íosa fear a rugadh dall.\nSmaoinigh ar an scéal\nIarr ar na páistí a súile a dhúnadh agus éisteacht leis na fuaimeanna is féidir leo a chloisteáil sa seomra. Ansin iarr orthu a shamhlú go gcloiseann siad guth Íosa ag labhairt, agus tú ag léamh an rann. Spreag na páistí a súile a dhúnadh agus iad ag éisteacht leis an scéal faoi na rudaí a tharla do dhuine a bhí dall, agus díriú ar a gcuid mothúchán go léir ach an radharc amháin.\nAgus nuair a bhí sé ag dul, chonaic sé fear a rugadh dall. D'imigh sé chuige, agus spíon sé ar an talamh, agus rinne sé muidín as an muidín, agus chuir sé an muidín ar shúile an duine. Agus dúirt sé leis: \"Téigh agus nigh i dtuaslagán Siloe\". Chuaigh an fear, agus nigh sé, agus láithreach d'fhéach sé.\nBhí daoine a chonaic é i dtrioblóid. Nach é seo an fear a shuigh agus a bheannaigh? Conas a fheiceann sé anois?\nD'fhreagair an fear iad, 'D'éirigh Íosa le muirín ar mo shúile agus dúirt sé liom dul go Siloe agus é a ní. Rinne mé agus anois is féidir liom a fheiceáil! \nThug an slua an fear a bhí ag féachaint air chuig na Fairisínigh, agus d'fhiafraigh siadsansan de conas a bhí sé ag féachaint. D'fhreagair an fear: 'D'éirigh Íosa le muirín ar mo shúile agus dúirt sé liom dul go Siloe agus é a ní. Rinne mé agus anois is féidir liom a fheiceáil. \nAnois, tharla sé seo go léir ar an Sabbath. Bhí fearg ar roinnt de na Fairisínigh agus thosaigh siad ag mothú go raibh siad ag déanamh mícheart. \"Ní ó Dhia é an fear seo, mar ní choinníonn sé an Sabbath\". Dúirt cuid eile: \"Nach ó Dhia é, conas a dhéanfadh sé seo?\" Mar sin d'fhiafraigh siad den fhear a leigheas cad a cheap sé. \"Is fáidh é\", a d'fhreagair sé.\nAch níorbh fhéidir leo teacht ar chomhaontú. D'fhiafraigh siad dá thuismitheoirí: \"An raibh sé seo dall ó rugadh é?\" D'fhreagair siad: \"Tá, is é\". Ach bhí eagla orthu a rá conas a bhí sé cothú.\nChuir na Fairisínigh ceist arís ar an bhfear. Dúirt mé leat, Íosa healed dom. Tá sé ó Dhia. Ach bhí eagla orthu agus thiomáin siad é as an gcathair. Chuala Íosa é sin agus chuaigh sé chun an fear a fháil. Dúirt Íosa leis, \"Is mé Mac an duine\", agus d'iompaigh an fear é. Lean Íosa ar aghaidh,\n\"Tháinig mé chun go bhfeicfeadh na daoine nach bhfeiceann, agus go dtiocfadh na daoine a fheiceann dall\".\nNa Fairisínigh grúpa a choinnigh an dlí Giúdach go dian; Sabbath lá seachtainiúil sos agus guí do Giúdaigh ó oíche Dé hAoine go oíche Dé Sathairn; Mac an Duine teideal ó Leabhar Daniel an Sean-Tiomna, a d'úsáid Íosa chun cur síos a dhéanamh air féin.\nIarr ar na páistí an scéal a ath-insint trína lámha a úsáid chun báidíní scáth a dhéanamh.\n- Cén fáth nach raibh gach duine sásta nuair a d'fhéadfadh an fear a fheiceáil arís?\n- An bhfuil sé éasca i gcónaí a roinnt i someone's happiness eile?\n- Conas is féidir linn a fhoghlaim a fheiceáil cad atá ag Dia a dhéanamh i ár saol?\nD'fhéadfadh daoine óga smaoineamh ar na ceisteanna seo:\n- Cad a fhios againn agus cad iad na fíricí atá ag teastáil faoin bhfear sa rann seo?\n- Cén fáth a cheapann tú Íosa úsáid mud?\n- Cad iad na freagairtí do ghníomhaíocht Íosa? Cad a bheadh i do fhreagra dá bhfaca tú rud mar seo nó dá léadh tú faoi i nuachtán?\nNótaí ar an scéal Bíobla do thuismitheoirí agus do chúramóirí\n- Nuair a bhuail Íosa leis an bhfear dall seo, bhí deis aige a chuid leanúna (agus an fear féin) a chabhrú chun fás i gcreideamh. Ag an am, d'fhéadfaí a mheas go raibh aon chineál míchumas mar thoradh ar pheaca sa teaghlach agus dá bhrí sin thug sé náire ar an bhfear agus ar a ghaolta.\n- Bhí an dearcadh seo, chomh maith lena theorannú fisiciúil, ag cur srian air agus ag cur bac air a bheith mar an duine a d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith.\n- Chuir Íosa muirín ar shúile an fhir. D'úsáid Íosa na modhanna a bhí ag leigheas traidisiúnta, ag roghnú muice seachas leigheas. Tar éis seo, dúirt sé leis an bhfear a nigh i dtaisce Siloe (a chiallaíonn sent) is ainm siombalach é freisin mar go léiríonn sé Íosa mar an té a chuir Dia.\n- Nuair a bhí sé leigheas, go tobann d'fhéadfadh an fear a fheiceáil. Do dhuine nach bhfuil feicthe riamh roimhe, a radharc tá aon rud ach cruthú nua. De réir mar a théann an scéal ar aghaidh, is cosúil go bhfuil neart ag fás sa chreideamh an fhir. Tosaíonn sé ag a bheith go leor timid agus críochnaíonn sé ag \"a fhios\" go raibh sé seo Íosa, duine a sheol Dia.\n- Léiríonn na léachtaí inniu go n-osclaíonn an radharc dúinn solas agus saol, mar atá in Ephesians 5 áit a bhfuil saol an chreidimh bainteach le solas geal Chríost. Má fhéadann Dia cabhrú linn a fheiceáil go fisiciúil nuair nach raibh muid in ann a fheiceáil roimhe seo, cad iad na féidearthachtaí eile a osclaíonn sé dúinn i solas agus i saol an chreidimh?\nNíos mó gníomhaíochtaí, amhráin agus urnaí\nShake agus socraigh\nTuig conas a theastaíonn Dia uainn chun cabhrú linn rudaí a fheiceáil níos soiléire\nBeidh gá le: buidéal plaisteach mór le clúdach, talamh, téip páirceála.\n- Ullmhaigh an buidéal le thart ar 3cm de thalamh sa bhunús. Líon é le huisce, ag fágáil thart ar 3 cm de spás faoi bhun an chlúdaigh. Ceangail an clúdach leis an bhuidéal agus bain úsáid as téip pacáiste chun é a shéaladh.\n- Taispeáin an buidéal do na páistí agus iarr orthu smaoineamh ar dhuine ar mhaith leo go leigheasfadh Dia. Shake an buidéal agus a choinneáil ciúin mar a shuiteáil an t-ábhar.\n- Iarr ar na páistí smaointe eile a mholadh do dhaoine nó do chásanna nach bhfeicimid go soiléir, agus déan an gníomh a dhéanamh arís de bhotal a chrathadh agus féachaint ar an ithir a shuí agus tú ag machnamh agus ag guí.\nD'fhéadfadh leanaí an-óg úsáid a bhaint as criosa ar pháipéar dorcha chun siombail chreidimh a chruthú, e.g. croí, sa lár.\nCuir amach rogha píosaí bia de mhéid an bhia, go hidéalach den chineál céanna, e.g. Tá an t-ábhar seo leagtha amach i mír 1 de mhír 2 de mhír 2 de mhír 3 de mhír 4 de mhír 5 de mhír 5 de mhír 5. Déan blasadh dall - an féidir leat na blasanna éagsúla a ainmniú?\nTéigh amach go dtí an patch muice. Spreag gach duine chun breathnú ar an muid agus é a bhraitheann. Iarr orthu: conas a bhraitheann tú mura bhfeiceann tú, agus go tobann go bhfuil salachar smeared ar do shúile?\nSeinn agus éisteacht\nBeidh mé ag léim suas agus síos (a bheith sásta! ), Doug Horley ar Lovely jubbly\nIarr ar lorg cnagadh, Hillsong páistí, ar An féidir leat a chreidiúint é! An bhfuil tú?\nBy faith, Keith & Kristyn Getty ar Awaken an Dawn\nSeasann mé i stuama, feat Chris Tomlin. Nicole Serrano ar an róg naofa\nDíreach nuair is mian leat dom, Sarah Reeves ar Éasca riamh gá duit\nMar gheall ar do ghrá, Soul survivor feat. Tim Hughes ar Bí mo gach rud\nLe súile oscailte, iarr ar gach duine guí ag baint úsáide as an méid a fheiceann siad timpeall orthu sa seomra mar bhrú: dá chéile, don domhan, dá gcairde, dá gcúrsa chreidimh."} +{"text": "Flight controller(Redirected from Capsule communicator)\nThis article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)(Learn how and when to remove this template message)\nFlight controllers are personnel who aid space flight by working in such Mission Control Centers as NASA's Mission Control Center or ESA's European Space Operations Centre. Flight controllers work at computer consoles and use telemetry to monitor various technical aspects of a space mission in real time. Each controller is an expert in a specific area and constantly communicates with additional experts in the \"back room\". The Flight Director, who leads the flight controllers, monitors the activities of a team of flight controllers and has overall responsibility for success and safety.\nThis article primarily discusses NASA's flight controllers at the Johnson Space Center (JSC) in Houston. The various national and commercial flight control facilities have their own teams, which may be described on their own pages.\nNASA's Flight ControllersEdit\nThe room where the flight controllers work was called the Mission Operations Control Room (MOCR, pronounced \"moh-ker\"), and now is called the Flight Control Room (FCR, pronounced \"ficker\"). The controllers are experts in individual systems, and make recommendations to the Flight Director involving their areas of responsibility. Any controller may call for an abort if the circumstances require it. Before significant events, the Flight Director will \"go around the room,\" polling each controller for a GO / NO-GO decision, a procedure also known as a launch status check. If all factors are good, each controller calls for a GO, but if there is a problem requiring a hold or an abort, the call is NO GO. Another form of this is STAY / NO STAY, when the spacecraft has completed a maneuver and has now \"parked\" in relation to another body, including spacecraft (or space stations), orbiting the Earth or the Moon, or the Lunar landings.\nControllers in MOCR/FCR are supported by the \"backrooms,\" teams of flight controllers located in other parts of the building or even at remote facilities. The backroom was formally called the Staff Support Room (SSR), and is now called the Multi-Purpose Support Room (MPSR, pronounced \"mipser\"). Backroom flight controllers are responsible for the details of their assigned system and for making recommendations for actions needed for that system. \"Frontroom\" flight controllers are responsible for integrating the needs of their system into the larger needs of the vehicle and working with the rest of the flight control team to develop a cohesive plan of action, even if that plan is not necessarily in the best interests of the system they are responsible for. Within the chain of command of the MCC, information and recommendations flow from the backroom to the frontroom to FLIGHT and then, potentially, to the onboard crew. Generally, a MOCR/FCR flight control team is made up of the more seasoned flight controllers than the SSR/MPSR, though senior flight controllers cycle back to support in the backroom periodically. One example of the usefulness of this system occurred during the descent of the Eagle Lunar Module, when \"1202\" and \"1201\" program alarms came from the LM. GUIDO Steve Bales, not sure whether to call for an abort, trusted the experts in the Guidance backroom, especially Jack Garman, who told him that the problem was a computer overload, but could be ignored if it was intermittent. Bales called \"GO!,\" Flight Director Kranz accepted the call and the mission continued to success. Without the support of the backroom, a controller might make a \"bad call\" based on faulty memory or information not readily available to the person on the console. The nature of quiescent operations aboard the International Space Station (ISS) today is such that the full team is not required for 24/7/365 support. FCR flight controllers accept responsibility for operations without MPSR support most of the time, and the MPSR is only staffed for high-intensity periods of activity, such as joint Shuttle/ISS missions.\nThe flight controllers in the FCR and MPSR are further supported by hardware and software designers, analysts and engineering specialists in other parts of the building or remote facilities. These extended support teams have more detailed analysis tools and access to development and test data that is not readily accessible to the flight control team. These support teams were referred to by the name of their room in Mission Control, the Mission Operations Integration Room (MOIR) and are now collectively referred to by the name of their current location, the Mission Evaluation Room (MER). While the flight controllers and their backrooms are responsible for real-time decision-making, The MOIR/MER provides the detailed data and history needed to solve longer-term issues.\nUnmanned U.S. space missions also have flight controllers but are managed from separate organizations, either the Jet Propulsion Laboratory or the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory for deep-space missions or Goddard Space Flight Center for near-Earth missions.\nEach flight controller has a unique call sign, which describes the position's responsibilities. The call sign and responsibility refer to the particular console, not just the person, since missions are managed around the clock and with each shift change a different person takes over the console.\nFlight controller responsibilities have changed over time, and continue to evolve. New controllers are added, and tasks are reassigned to other controllers to keep up with changing technical systems. For example, the EECOM handled Command and Service Module communication systems through Apollo 10, which was afterward assigned to a new position called INCO.\nFlight controllers are responsible for the success of the mission and for the lives of the astronauts under their watch. The Flight Controllers' Creed states that they must \"always be aware that suddenly and unexpectedly we may find ourselves in a role where our performance has ultimate consequences\". Well-known actions taken by flight controllers include:\n- The Apollo 11 Lunar Module computer was overloaded because the astronauts forgot to switch off their upper-stage radar before switching on the downward-pointing radar. Guidance officer Steve Bales had only a few seconds to determine whether it was safe to land anyway or to abort the mission mere feet above the moon. Bales was later honored for his role in the mission, when he was selected to accept the NASA Group Achievement Award from President Richard Nixon on behalf of the Apollo 11 mission operations team.\n- During the launch of Apollo 12, the Saturn V was struck by lightning which knocked out all telemetry and multiple command module systems, Seconds before mission abort, EECOM controller John Aaron determined that switching to the backup electrical power distribution telemetry conditioning would reveal the true nature of the issue.\n- During space shuttle mission STS-51-F, a main engine failed during ascent to orbit. Subsequently, indications were received of a second engine beginning to fail, which would have caused a mission abort, possibly including loss of the shuttle. Booster officer Jenny Howard Stein determined that the anomalous readings on the second engine were a sensor error and not an engine problem. At her direction the crew inhibited the sensor, which saved the mission and possibly the crew.\nCommon flight control positionsEdit\nThere are some positions that have and will serve the same function in every vehicle's Flight Control team. The group of individuals serving in those positions may be different, but they will be called the same thing and serve the same function.\nFlight Director (FLIGHT)Edit\nLeads the flight control team. Flight has overall operational responsibility for missions and payload operations and for all decisions regarding safe, expedient flight. This person monitors the other flight controllers, remaining in constant verbal communication with them via intercom channels called \"loops\".\nFlight Operations Directorate (FOD)Edit\nIs a representative of the senior management chain at JSC, and is there to help the flight director make those decisions that have no safety-of-flight consequences, but may have cost or public perception consequences. The FOD cannot overrule the Flight Director during a mission. The former Mission Operations Directorate (MOD) position was renamed FOD when the Flight Crew Operations Directorate (FCOD) was merged back with MOD beginning in August 2014.\nCapsule Communicator (CAPCOM)Edit\nGenerally, only the Capsule Communicator communicates directly with the crew of a manned space flight. During much of the U.S. manned space program, NASA felt it important for all communication with the astronauts in space to pass through a single individual in the Mission Control Center. That role was designated the Capsule Communicator or CAPCOM and was filled by another astronaut, often one of the backup- or support-crew members. NASA believes that an astronaut is most able to understand the situation in the spacecraft and pass information in the clearest way.\nFor long-duration missions there is more than one CAPCOM, each assigned to a different shift team. After control of U.S. spaceflights moved to the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center in the early 1960s, each CAPCOM used the radio call-sign Houston. When non-astronauts are communicating directly with the spacecraft, CAPCOM acts as the communications controller.\nAs of 2011[update], non-astronauts from the Space Flight Training branch also function as CAPCOM during ISS missions, while the role was filled solely by astronauts for the Apollo and shuttle missions.\nFlight Surgeon (SURGEON)Edit\nDirects all medical activities during the mission. Monitors crew health via telemetry, provides crew consultation, and advises the flight director. A private communication channel can be established between astronauts and the flight surgeon, to provide doctor-patient confidentiality.\nPublic Affairs Officer (PAO)Edit\nProvides mission commentary to supplement and explain air-to-ground transmissions and flight control operations to the news media and the public. The individual filling this role is often referred to colloquially as The Voice of Mission Control.\nApollo flight control positionsEdit\nThe flight control positions used during the Apollo era were predominantly identical to the positions used for the Mercury and Gemini vehicles. This was because of the similarity of the vehicle design of the capsules used for the three programs.\nBooster Systems Engineer (BOOSTER)Edit\nMonitored and evaluated performance of propulsion-related aspects of the launch vehicle during prelaunch and ascent. During the Apollo program there were three Booster positions, who worked only until Trans Lunar Injection (TLI); after that, their consoles were vacated. Booster had the power to send an abort command to the spacecraft. All Booster technicians were employed at the Marshall Space Flight Center and reported to JSC for the launches.\nControl Officer (CONTROL)Edit\nResponsible for the Lunar Module guidance, navigation and control systems. Essentially the equivalent of the GNC for the Lunar Module.\nElectrical, Environmental and Consumables Manager (EECOM)Edit\nMonitored cryogenic levels for fuel cells, and cabin cooling systems; electrical distribution systems; cabin pressure control systems; and vehicle lighting systems. EECOM originally stood for Electrical, Environmental and COMmunication systems. The Apollo EECOM was responsible for CSM communications through Apollo 10. Afterward the communication task was moved to a new console named INCO.\nPerhaps the most famous NASA EECOMs are Seymour \"Sy\" Liebergot, the EECOM on duty at the time of the oxygen tank explosion on Apollo 13, and John Aaron, who designed the drastically-reduced power budget for its return. Aaron also saved the Apollo 12 mission by realizing that using the backup power supply for telemetry of analog capsule sensors would allow diagnosis of all the seemingly-unrelated problems caused by a lightning strike.\nFlight Activities Officer (FAO)Edit\nPlanned and supported crew activities, checklists, procedures and schedules.\nFlight Director (FLIGHT)Edit\nThe flight directors held overall control of all of the individual positions in the MOCR. Some Apollo era directors were:\n- Gene Kranz, White Flight. Apollo missions 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 16 and 17.\n- Glynn Lunney, Black Flight. Apollo missions 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14 and 15.\n- Gerry Griffin, Gold Flight. Apollo missions 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17.\n- Milt Windler, Maroon Flight. Apollo missions 8, 10, 12, 13, 14 and 15.\n- Cliff Charlesworth, Green Flight. Apollo missions 8, 11 and 12.\nFlight Dynamics Officer (FDO or FIDO)Edit\nResponsible for the flight path of the space vehicle, both atmospheric and orbital. During lunar missions the FDO was also responsible for the lunar trajectory. The FDO monitored vehicle performance during the powered flight phase and assessed abort modes, calculated orbital maneuvers and resulting trajectories, and monitored vehicle flight profile and energy levels during re-entry.\nGuidance Officer (GUIDANCE or GUIDO)Edit\nMonitored onboard navigational systems and onboard guidance computer software. Responsible for determining the position of the spacecraft in space. One well-known Guidance officer was Steve Bales, who gave the go call when the Apollo 11 guidance computer came close to overloading during the first lunar descent.\nMonitored all vehicle guidance, navigation and control systems. Also responsible for propulsion systems such as the Service Propulsion System and Reaction Control System (RCS).\nIntegrated Communications Officer (INCO)Edit\nResponsible for all data, voice and video communications systems, including monitoring the configuration of in-flight communications and instrumentation systems. Duties also included monitoring the telemetry link between the vehicle and the ground, and overseeing the uplink command and control processes. The position was formed from the combination of LEM and CSM Communicator positions.\nSupervised the network of ground stations that relayed telemetry and communications from the spacecraft.\nOrganization and Procedures Officer (O&P)Edit\nSupervised the application of mission rules and established techniques to the conduct of the flight.\nRetrofire Officer (RETRO)Edit\nDrew up abort plans and was responsible for determination of retrofire times. During lunar missions the RETRO planned and monitored Trans Earth Injection (TEI) maneuvers, where the Apollo Service Module fired its engine to return to earth from the moon.\nTelemetry, Electrical, EVA Mobility Unit Officer (TELMU)Edit\nMonitored the Lunar Module electrical and environmental systems, plus lunar astronaut spacesuits. Essentially the equivalent of the EECOM for the Lunar Module.\nShuttle and Space Station flight controllersEdit\nNASA currently has a group of flight controllers at the Johnson Space Center in Houston for the International Space Station (ISS). The Space Shuttle flight control team (as well as those for the earlier Gemini, Apollo, and Skylab programs) were also based there. Console manning for short-duration and extended operations differed in operational philosophy.\nThe Space Shuttle (and prior program) flight controllers worked relatively brief periods: The several minutes of ascent, the few days the vehicle was in orbit, and reentry. The duration of operations for Space Shuttle flight controllers was short and time-critical. A failure on the Shuttle could leave flight controllers little time for talking, putting pressure on them to respond quickly to potential failures. The Space Shuttle flight controllers generally had limited capability to send commands to the shuttle for system reconfigurations.\nIn contrast, the ISS flight controllers work 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. This allows the ISS flight controllers time to discuss off-nominal telemetry. The ISS flight controllers have the opportunity to interface with many groups and engineering experts. The mentality of an ISS flight controller is to preempt a failure. Telemetry is closely monitored for any signatures that may begin to indicate future catastrophic failures. Generally, ISS flight controllers take a prophylactic approach to space vehicle operations. There are command capabilities that ISS flight controllers use to preclude a potential failure.\nShuttle flight control positionsEdit\nMany Apollo program mission control positions were carried forward to the space shuttle program. However, other positions were eliminated or redefined, and new positions were added.\nPositions remaining generally the same:\n- Guidance (became Guidance and Procedures Officer, or GPO)\n- INCO (became Instrumentation and Communications Officer)\nPositions eliminated or modified:\n- EECOM (duties split up)\nAssembly and Checkout Officer (ACO)/PayloadsEdit\nResponsible for all shuttle-based activities related to construction and operation of the Space Station, including logistics and transfer items stored in a Multi-Purpose Logistics Module (MPLM) or Spacehab. Also responsible for all shuttle payloads, from Spacehab to the Hubble Space Telescope to deployable satellites. On Shuttle missions that did not dock with the ISS, this position was known as PAYLOADS.\nBooster Systems Engineer (BOOSTER)Edit\nMonitored and evaluated performance of propulsion-related aspects of the launch vehicle during prelaunch and ascent, including the main engines and solid rocket boosters.\nData Processing System Engineer (DPS)Edit\nResponsible for data processing systems in a space flight. This included monitoring the onboard General Purpose Computers (GPCs), flight-critical, launch and payload data buses, the Multi-function Electronic Display System (MEDS), Solid-State Mass Memory (SSMM) units, flight critical and payload Multiplexer/De-multiplexer (MDM) units, Master Timing Unit (MTU), Backup Flight Control (BFC) units and system-level software.\nThe space shuttle general purpose computers were a critical subsystem, and the vehicle cannot fly without them.\nEmergency, Environmental, and Consumables Management (EECOM)Edit\nEECOM's revamped shuttle responsibilities included the atmospheric pressure control and revitalization systems, the cooling systems (air, water, and freon), and the supply/waste water system.\n- Life Support - monitored atmospheric pressure control systems, O2/N2/CO2 maintenance and management, air cooling equipment, waste water systems,\n- Thermal - monitored water and refrigerant coolant loop systems, supply water maintenance\nEECOM's critical function was to maintain the systems, such as atmosphere and thermal control, that keep the crew alive.\nElectrical Generation and Integrated Lighting Systems Engineer (EGIL)Edit\n- EPS - provided expert support monitoring of the fuel cells, cryo system, and electrical bus system\nExtravehicular Activity Officer (EVA)Edit\nResponsible for all spacesuit and spacewalking-related tasks, equipment and plans when the EVA took place from the shuttle.\nFlight Activities Officer (FAO)Edit\nPlanned and supported crew activities, checklists, procedures, schedules, attitude maneuvers and timelines.\n- Attitude and Pointing Officer (Pointing) – Generated and maintained the Attitude Timeline, monitored the executions of all attitude maneuvers, provided attitude maneuver inputs for the crew, generated star pairs and attitudes for IMU aligns\n- Message and Timeline Support (MATS) – Created messages based on MCC inputs, created the Execute Package, monitored crew activities and assessed impacts to the Timeline\n- Orbital Communications Officer (OCA) – Transferred electronic messages to the crew, synced the crews E-Mail, uplinked and downlinked files for the crew\n- Timeline – Generated the pre-flight timelines for the Flight Plan, monitored in-flight crew activities, coordinated activities with other flight controllers\nFlight Dynamics Officer (FDO or FIDO)Edit\nResponsible for the flight path of the space shuttle, both atmospheric and orbital. FDO monitored vehicle performance during the powered flight phase and assessed abort modes, calculated orbital maneuvers and resulting trajectories, and monitored vehicle flight profile and energy levels during re-entry.\n- Abort Support (ascent only) - provided expert support during the powered flight portion of an RTLS or TAL\n- ARD Support (ascent only) - maintained the Abort Region Determinator processor which is used to predict trajectory capabilities during powered flight\n- Ascent Support team (ascent only) - monitored the winds and weather at the launch site, help compute day-of-launch updates\n- Dynamics - maintained the inputs to the Mission Operation Computer for all processors\n- Entry Console - provided expert support for entry, approach, and landing\n- Entry Support team (ascent and entry) - monitored the winds and weather at the various potential landing sites, prepare trajectory adjustments\n- Landing Support Officer (LSO) team - maintained the airspace at any landing site, dispatch Search and Rescue teams if needed, act as first liaison in case of a landing outside the US\n- Nav Support team - responsible for maintaining the on-board navigation (telemetry) and the ground navigation (tracking)\n- Profile Support (rendezvous only) - assisted the FDO with rendezvous profile evaluation and determination\n- Range Safety team (ascent only) - tracked the falling External Tank and Solid Rocket Boosters\n- Targeting (ascent only) - provided expert support for Abort to Orbit (ATO) or Abort Once Around (AOA) trajectories\n- Track - coordinated tracking site data flow and data requests\n- Weather - a member of the Spaceflight Meteorology Group who provided worldwide weather data\n- Former FDO Roger Balettie\n- What is a FDO?\n- What is the FDO looking at?\n- Current FDO Chris Edelen\n- Former Targeting Michael Grabois, behind the scenes at a launch from the MPSR\nGround Controller (GC)Edit\nDirected maintenance and operation activities affecting Mission Control hardware, software and support facilities; coordinated space flight tracking and data network, and Tracking and Data Relay Satellite system with Goddard Space Flight Center.\nMonitored all shuttle guidance, navigation and control systems.\n- GNC Support: Provided support to the Orbit GNC officer during the orbit phase of flight.\n- Control: Provided support to the Ascent/Entry GNC officer during those phases of flight.\n- Sensors: Provided support to the Ascent/Entry GNC officer during those phases of flight.\nInstrumentation and Communications Officer (INCO)Edit\nResponsible for all data, voice and video communications systems, including monitoring the configuration of in-flight communications and instrumentation systems. Duties also included monitoring the telemetry link between the vehicle and the ground, and overseeing the uplink command and control processes. The INCO was the only position that uplinked commands to the orbiter. This position was a direct evolution of the Integrated Communications Officer from the Apollo program.\n- RF COMM: MPSR lead and responsible for the Ku-Band and S-Band communication systems.\n- INST: Responsible for uplinking commands and telemetry flows.\n- DATA COMM: Responsible for recording and downlinking telemetry that wasn't streamed live and the FM communication system.\nMechanical, Maintenance, Arm, and Crew Systems (MMACS) Edit\nResponsible for space shuttle structural and mechanical systems, monitoring auxiliary power units and hydraulic systems, managing payload bay door, external tank umbilical door, vent door, radiator deploy/stow, Ku-band antenna deploy/stow, and payload retention latch operations, landing gear/deceleration systems (landing gear deploy, tires, brakes/antiskid, and drag chute deploy), and monitoring the orbiter docking system. MMACS also followed use of onboard crew hardware and in-flight equipment maintenance. This represented another portion of the job formerly done by EECOM, with additional responsibilities added by the specific requirements of space shuttle operations. The MMACS officer served as the point of contact for PDRS, Booster, and EVA during periods in a mission when these positions did not require constant staffing.\n- MECH - provided expert support monitoring of mechanical, hydraulic, and landing gear systems\n- MECH 2 - provided extra support during the dynamic ascent and entry phases of flight\n- IFM - In-Flight Maintenance support\n- Crew Systems/Escape - responsible for operations of onboard crew hardware and the crew's Launch and Entry Suits\n- Photo/TV - responsible for the \"loose\" camera operation and maintenance, such as still cameras and camcorders, and the integration of video into and out of the orbiter's TV monitors\nPayload Deployment and Retrieval System (PDRS)Edit\nPropulsion Engineer (PROP)Edit\nManaged the reaction control thrusters and orbital maneuvering engines during all phases of flight, monitored fuel usage and propellant tank status, and calculated optimal sequences for thruster firings.\nResponsible for activities such as trajectory operations related to the rendezvous and docking/capture with another spacecraft, including Mir, the ISS, and satellites such as the Hubble Space Telescope.\nTrajectory Officer (TRAJ)Edit\nAssisted the FDO during time-critical operations, responsible for maintaining the various processors that helped determine the shuttle's current and potential trajectories. A FDO was certified as a TRAJ first. Shares the FCR with FDO.\nTransoceanic Abort Landing Communicator (TALCOM)Edit\nOne of the few members of Shuttle Mission Control not physically present in Houston. If an emergency had occurred, such as loss of one or more main engine during a Space Shuttle launch, requiring the shuttle to land at one of the contingency landing sites in Africa, Europe or the Middle East, TALCOM would have assumed the role of CAPCOM providing communications with astronauts aboard the crippled orbiter. Like CAPCOM, the TALCOM role was filled by an astronaut. Three astronauts were deployed to the alternate landing sites in Zaragoza Air Base and Moron Air Base in Spain, and Istres Air Base in France. These astronauts flew aboard weather reconnaissance aircraft to provide support at the selected landing site.\nISS flight control positions to 2010Edit\nThe International Space Station flight control positions used by NASA in Houston are different from those used by previous NASA programs. These differences exist primarily to stem the potential confusion that might otherwise follow from conflicting use of the same name in two different rooms during the same operations, such as when the space shuttle was conducting mated operations with the space station. There are also differences in the control positions because of differences in the operation of the two. The following is a list of those flight controllers located in Mission Control Center - Houston. There are several other control centers which house dozens of other flight controllers that support the vastly complex vehicle.\nPositions formerly used but eliminated or modified:\n- Assembly and Checkout Officer (ACO) - Retired position at end of shuttle. Was responsible for the integration of assembly and activation tasks for all ISS systems and elements. Coordinated with station and shuttle flight controllers on the execution of these operations. Was also the front room position to ACO Transfer who was responsible for the exchange of cargo between the shuttle and the ISS.\n- Cargo Integration Officer (CIO) - Former front room position that answered for ISO and PLUTO\n- Station Duty Officer (SDO) - During early phases of ISS, when the vehicle was free-flying (no shuttle present) and uncrewed, the SDO and GC were the only positions on duty, and would call in the appropriate personnel if any problems arose.\nStarting in 2001, the ISS flight control room has consolidated six of the below positions into just two, to reduce staffing during low-activity periods. This concept is known as Gemini. After Assembly complete, the Gemini concept was eliminated in the realignment of the core ISS flight control positions.\n- TITAN (Telemetry, Information Transfer, and Attitude Navigation) is responsible for Communication & Tracking (CATO), Command & Data Handling (ODIN), and Motion Control Systems (ADCO).\n- ATLAS (Atmosphere, Thermal, Lighting and Articulation Specialist) is responsible for Thermal Control (THOR), Environmental Control & Life Support (ECLSS), and Electrical Power Systems (PHALCON). ATLAS is also responsible for monitoring Robotics (ROBO) and Mechanical Systems (OSO) heaters, as those consoles are not supported during the majority of Gemini shifts.\nAttitude Determination and Control Officer (ADCO)Edit\nWorks in partnership with Russian controllers to determine and manage the station’s orientation, controlled by the onboard Motion Control Systems. This position also plans and calculates future orientations and maneuvers for the station and is responsible for docking the ISS with other vehicles.\n- HawkI - Pronounced (Hawk-eye) - provides expert support monitoring of all US GNC systems, leaving the ADCO to coordinate with other flight controllers and MCC-M. Hawki is actually a strung-together set of common engineering abbreviations for quantities that affect or reflect ISS attitude, primarily chosen because they fit well enough to make a name:\n- H - Momentum.\n- α - angular rate.\n- ω - angular velocity.\n- k - kinetic energy.\n- I - moment of inertia.\nBiomedical Engineer (BME)Edit\nThe BME monitors health-related station systems and Crew Health Care Systems (CHeCS) equipment. The BME provides technical and operational support for CHeCS and all other medical operations activities. Along with the SURGEON, the BME serves as a Medical Operations Branch representative to the USOS Flight Control Team.\nCommunication and Tracking Officer (CATO)Edit\nResponsible for management and operations of the U.S. communication systems, including audio, video, telemetry and commanding systems.\nEnvironmental Control and Life Support System (ECLSS)Edit\nResponsible for the assembly and operation of systems related to atmosphere control and supply, atmosphere revitalization, cabin air temperature and humidity control, circulation, fire detection and suppression, water collection and processing and crew hygiene equipment, among other areas.\nExtravehicular Activity Officer (EVA)Edit\nResponsible for all spacesuit and spacewalking-related tasks, equipment and plans when the EVA takes place from the ISS.\nInventory and Stowage Officer (ISO)Edit\nResponsible for the daily tracking and inventory of all US cargo on the ISS. ISO is the integrator for all cargo that is delivered to and from the ISS for ATV, HTV, Dragon, and Cygnus vehicles.\nIntegration Systems Engineer (ISE)Edit\nA specialist position, the ISE is the systems liaison between ISS and visiting vehicles that are berthed to the US side of ISS. The ISE flight control is responsible for the safety of the ISS such that the visiting vehicle can safely approach, berth, and integrate with the ISS. This includes HTV, Dragon, Cygnus, and even special missions like the deployment of Bigelow Expandable Activity Module (BEAM). ISE works closely with VVO.\nOnboard Data Interfaces and Networks (ODIN)Edit\nThe Onboard Data Interfaces and Networks (ODIN) is responsible for the Command and Data Handling (C&DH) system, the Portable Computer System (PCS) computers, the Caution & Warning (C&W) system, overall responsibility for commanding, and interfaces with International Partner avionics systems. The C&DH system consists of the Multiplexer/DeMultiplexers (MDMs) which are the ISS computers. Core software in each MDM (not User Application Software), the MIL-STD-1553 data busses, Automated Payload Switches (APSs), fiber optic network, Payload Ethernet Hub Gateway (PEHG), and the Ethernet network. This does not include the Ops LAN, Station Support Computers (SSC), or file server.\n- Resource AVionics ENgineer (RAVEN)\nOperations Planner (OPSPLAN)Edit\nLeads the coordination, development and maintenance of the station's short-term plan, including crew and ground activities. The plan includes the production and uplink of the onboard station plan and the coordination and maintenance of the onboard inventory and stowage listings.\n- Real Time Planning Engineer (RPE)\n- Real Time Planning Engineer Support (RPE-Support)\n- Orbital Communications Adapter Officer (OCA)\n- Onboard Data File and Procedures Officer (ODF)\nOperations Support Officer (OSO)Edit\nCharged with those logistics support functions that address on-orbit maintenance, support data and documentation, logistics information systems, maintenance data collection and maintenance analysis. The OSO is also responsible for mechanical systems—such as those used to attach new modules or truss sections to the vehicle during assembly.\nPlug-in Port Utilization Officer (PLUTO)Edit\nThe name PLUTO is inherited from the flight controller's original role, which was to maintain and coordinate changes to the U.S. segment of the electrical Plug-in Plan (PiP). The PiP is the tracking of portable electronic equipment, making sure equipment connected is compatible and does not violate constraints, and will not overdraw the power source. Along with this, PLUTO is responsible for maintaining the OPSLAN (Operations Local Area Network) and the JSL (Joint Station LAN). PLUTO has remote desktop administration and monitoring capability to the network from the ground. The PLUTO is also responsible for certain Station Developmental Test Objectives, or SDTOs during the mission. This includes programming the Wireless Instrumentation System (WIS) and also remote desktop commanding for ROBONAUT activities.\nPower, Heating, Articulation, Lighting Control Officer (PHALCON)Edit\nManages the power generation, storage, and power distribution capabilities.\nRemote Interface Officer (RIO)Edit\nFormerly known as the Russian Interface Officer. Responsible for integrating operations between MCC-Houston (MCC-H) and the other International Partner (IP) Control Centers. RIO is a FCR-1 position in MCC-Houston and works closely in conjunction with the Houston Support Group (HSG) teams located at the IP Control Centers:\n- HSG-Moscow (HSG-M): Team of NASA Flight Controllers working with Russian Flight Controllers at MCC-Moscow (MCC-M). Responsible for integrating operations between MCC-H and MCC-M. HSG-M also has taken over operations of the US segment of ISS during Hurricanes Lili and Rita.\n- HSG-Columbus (HSG-C): Small team of NASA Flight Controllers that were responsible for integrating MCC-H and Columbus Control Center (COL-CC) operations at Oberpfaffenhofen, near Munich, Germany. Following completion of Columbus commissioning in August 2008, this team discontinued operations.\n- HSG-ATV (HSG-A): Small team of NASA Flight Controllers responsible for integrating MCC-H and Autonomous Transfer Vehicle (ATV) operations at ATV-CC near Toulouse, France. Following completion of the ATV5 mission in February 2015, this team discontinued operations.\n- HSG-Japan (HSG-J): Small team of NASA Flight Controllers responsible for integrating MCC-H and Japanese Experiment Module (JEM) and H-II Transfer Vehicle (HTV) operations at the Space Station Integration and Promotions Center (SSIPC) at Tsukuba, Japan near Tokyo. This team discontinued permanent operations in October 2008, but afterwards did temporarily support the STS-127 and HTV-1 missions.\nRobotics Operations Systems Officer (ROBO)Edit\nResponsible for the operations of the Canadian Mobile Servicing System, which includes a mobile base system, station robotic arm, station robotic hand or special purpose dexterous manipulator. (Call sign: ROBO) represents a joint Canadian Space Agency-NASA team of specialists to plan and execute robotic operations.\nThermal Operations and Resources (THOR)Edit\nResponsible for the assembly and operation of multiple station subsystems which collect, distribute, and reject waste heat from critical equipment and payloads.\nTrajectory Operations Officer (TOPO)Edit\nResponsible for the station trajectory. The TOPO works in partnership with Russian controllers, ADCO, and the U.S. Space Command to maintain data regarding the station's orbital position. TOPO plans all station orbital maneuvers.\nVisiting Vehicle Officer (VVO)Edit\nA specialist position, the VVO is the guidance and navigation liaison between the ISS and \"visiting vehicles\" such as Progress, Soyuz or Dragon.\nISS Flight Control positions 2010 - PresentEdit\nAfter Assembly complete in 2010, the core ISS flight control positions were realigned and the Gemini manning concept eliminated. The new core positions are:\nAttitude Determination and Control Officer (ADCO)Edit\nCommunications RF Onboard Networks Utilization Specialist (CRONUS)Edit\nThis is a combination of the previous ODIN and CATO positions.\n- MPSR Position: RAPTOR\nEnvironmental and Thermal Operating Systems (ETHOS)Edit\nThis consists of the ECLSS system responsibilities as well as the internal thermal control systems from THOR.\nMPSR position - TREC\nStation Power, ARticulation, Thermal, and ANalysis (SPARTAN)Edit\nThis consists of the electrical power (old PHALCON) and external thermal control systems from THOR.\nThe other specialty positions remain the same.\nMPSR position - SPOC\nOperations Support Officer (OSO)Edit\nSupports internal On-Orbit Maintenance tasks for both the preventive maintenance schedule and contingency/unplanned maintenance due to failures. The OSO position is also responsible for mechanical systems such as the Common Berthing Mechanism (CBM) used to attach new modules or visiting vehicles.\nMPSR position - OSO Support\nSpace Centers and Mission Control CentersEdit\n- Baikonur Cosmodrome (launch control center for the Russian Federal Space Agency, Tyuratam, Kazakhstan)\n- Beijing Aerospace Command and Control Center (mission control center for the China National Space Administration, Beijing, People's Republic of China)\n- Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center (mission control center for NASA, Houston, Texas)\n- European Space Operations Centre (mission control center for the European Space Agency, Darmstadt, Germany)\n- German Space Operations Center (mission control center for the German Aerospace Center, including Columbus Control Centre for the European Space Agency, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany)\n- Guiana Space Centre (launch control center for the European Space Agency, the French space agency CNES, and the commercial Arianespace, Kourou, French Guiana)\n- Kennedy Space Center (NASA launch center, Cape Canaveral, Florida)\n- Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center (NASA field center, Houston, Texas)\n- Payload Operations and Integration Center (Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL)\n- RKA Mission Control Center (mission control center for the Russian Federal Space Agency, Korolyov, Russia)\n- Tanegashima Space Center (launch control center for JAXA, Tanegashima Island, Japan)\n- Tsukuba Space Center (mission control center for JAXA, Tsukuba, Japan)\nCurrent and former NASA human space flight programsEdit\nFormer NASA Flight ControllersEdit\n- John Aaron, EECOM\n- Steve Bales, GUIDO\n- Jay Greene, FDO, Range Safety, Flight Director\n- John Hodge, Flight Director\n- Christopher C. Kraft, Jr., Flight Director\n- Eugene Kranz, Flight Director\n- Sy Liebergot, EECOM\n- Glynn Lunney, FDO, Flight Director\n- Roger Balettie, FDO\n- William (Bill) Gravett, PHALCON (Apollo), EGIL (STS)\n- \"HSF\". spaceflight.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2 October 2017.\n- \"Apollo 13 essay - Hamish Lindsay\". www.honeysucklecreek.net. Retrieved 2 October 2017.\n- Navias, Rob. \"FLIGHT CONTROL OF STS-69\". Johnson Space Center. Archived from the original on 18 March 2010. Retrieved 17 August 2013.\nBooster Systems Engineer (BOOSTER) Monitors main engine and solid rocket booster performance during ascent phase\n- \"Space Shuttle Transoceanic Abort Landing (TAL) Sites\" (PDF). National Aeronautics and Space Administration. December 2006. Retrieved 2009-07-01.\n- \"Dissecting the Technology of 'The Martian': Electrical Power - Tested.com\". Tested. Retrieved 2 October 2017.\nThis article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. (June 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-09", "url": "https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsule_communicator", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891813883.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20180222022059-20180222042059-00014.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9181080461, "token_count": 8522, "score": 2.625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Controller eitilte ((Aistriú ó chumarsáidóir capsule)\nTá go leor dúshláin san alt seo. Tabhair cabhair le do thoil chun é a fheabhsú nó pléigh na saincheisteanna seo ar an leathanach plé. (Féach conas agus cathain a baintear na teimpléid teachtaireachtaí seo as)\nIs pearsanra iad rialtóirí eitilte a chabhraíonn le eitilt spáis trí bheith ag obair i Lárionaid Rialála Misean mar Lárionaid Rialála Misean NASA nó Lárionaid Oibríochtaí Spáis na hEorpa de chuid ESA. Oibríonn rialtóirí eitilte ag consolaí ríomhaire agus úsáideann siad teimeatraíocht chun monatóireacht a dhéanamh ar ghnéithe teicniúla éagsúla de mhisean spáis i bhfíor-am. Tá gach rialaitheoir ina shaineolaí i réimse ar leith agus bíonn cumarsáid aige go leanúnach le saineolaithe eile sa \"seomra cúlra\". Tá an Stiúrthóir eitilte, a cheannaíonn na rialtóirí eitilte, ag faireachán ar ghníomhaíochtaí foireann na rialtóirí eitilte agus tá freagracht foriomlán aige as rath agus sábháilteacht.\nDéantar an t-alt seo a phlé go príomha le rialtóirí eitilte NASA ag Ionad Spáis Johnson (JSC) i Houston. Tá foirne féin ag na saoráidí éagsúla rialaithe eitilte náisiúnta agus tráchtála, a d'fhéadfaí a thuairisciú ar a leathanaigh féin.\nRialtóirí eitilte NASAEdit\nTugadh an seomra ina n-oibríonn na rialtóirí eitilte mar Sheomra Rialála Oibríochtaí an Mhisean (MOCR, pronounced \"moh-ker\"), agus anois tugtar an Seomra Rialála eitilte air (FCR, pronounced \"ficker\"). Tá na rialtóirí ina saineolaithe ar chórais aonair, agus déanann siad moltaí don Stiúrthóir eitilte a bhaineann lena gceantair freagrachta. Féadfaidh aon rialaitheoir a iarraidh go gcuirfear deireadh leis an gcur i bhfeidhm má éilíonn na cúinsí é. Roimh imeachtaí suntasacha, \"nóchfaidh an Stiúrthóir eitilte timpeall an tseomra\", ag vótaíocht gach rialaitheora le haghaidh cinneadh GO / NO-GO, nós imeachta ar a dtugtar seiceáil stádas seolta freisin. Má tá na fachtóirí go léir go maith, glaonn gach rialaitheoir ar GO, ach má tá fadhb ann a éilíonn shealbhú nó cur as, níl an glao ar GO. Foirm eile de seo is ea STAY / NO STAY, nuair a chríochnaíonn an spásárthach maneuver agus a bhfuil \"parcadh\" aige anois i ndáil le corp eile, lena n-áirítear spásárthach (nó stáisiúin spáis), ag orbitáil an Domhain nó an Ghealach, nó na tuirlingtí Lunar.\nTacaíonn foirne rialaitheoirí eitilte \"sa seomraí cúl\" le rialaitheoirí eitilte atá lonnaithe i gcodanna eile den fhoirgneamh nó fiú i saoráidí iargúlta. Tugadh an seomra cúlchiste go foirmiúil mar an Seomra Tacaíochta Foirne (SSR), agus tugtar Seomra Tacaíochta Ilchuspóire (MPSR, pronounced \"mipser\") air anois. Tá na rialtóirí eitilte i gcúlchláir freagrach as sonraí an chórais a shanntar dóibh agus as moltaí a dhéanamh maidir le gníomhaíochtaí is gá don chóras sin. Tá sé de fhreagracht ar rialaitheoirí eitilte \"an seomra tosaigh\" riachtanais a gcóras a chomhtháthú le riachtanais níos leithne an fheithiclí agus oibriú leis an gcuid eile den fhoireann rialaithe eitilte chun plean gníomhaíochta comhtháite a fhorbairt, fiú mura bhfuil an plean sin i leas is fearr an chórais atá siad freagrach as. Tá an t-eagraíocht i mbun na hoibríochta a bhaineann le cur i bhfeidhm na rialacha a leagtar amach i bpointe (b) d'Airteagal 2 de Threoir 2008/57/CE. De ghnáth, tá foireann rialaithe eitilte MOCR / FCR comhdhéanta de na rialtóirí eitilte níos seasta ná an SSR / MPSR, cé go dtéann rialtóirí eitilte sinsearacha ar ais go cuairte go tréimhsiúil chun tacú sa seomra cúl. Tharla sampla amháin de fheidhmíocht an chórais seo le linn thiteann an Modúl Lúine Eagle, nuair a tháinig rabhaidh \"1202\" agus \"1201\" ó LM. GUIDO Steve Bales, gan a bheith cinnte an bhfuil sé a iarraidh ar abort, muinín na saineolaithe sa chúlchóir Treoir, go háirithe Jack Garman, a dúirt leis go raibh an fhadhb ró-ualach ríomhaire, ach d'fhéadfaí a bheith neamhaird má bhí sé intermittent. D'iarr Bales \"GO!\", D'aontaigh Stiúrthóir eitilte Kranz leis an glao agus lean an misean ar aghaidh chun rath. Gan tacaíocht an chúlcholáire, d'fhéadfadh rialaitheoir \"glao\" a dhéanamh bunaithe ar chuimhne locht nó ar fhaisnéis nach bhfuil ar fáil go héasca don duine ar an gcónsaí. Tá nádúr na n-oibríochtaí ciúin ar bord an Stáisiún Spáis Idirnáisiúnta (ISS) inniu den sórt sin nach bhfuil gá leis an bhfoireann iomlán le haghaidh tacaíochta 24/7/365. Glacann rialtóirí eitilte FCR freagracht as oibríochtaí gan tacaíocht MPSR an chuid is mó den am, agus ní bhíonn foireann ag an MPSR ach le haghaidh tréimhsí gníomhaíochta ard-déine, mar shampla misin chomhpháirteacha Shuttle / ISS.\nTá an t-aistriúchán ar an mbord ag an lucht féachana agus tá an t-aistriúchán ar an mbord ag an lucht féachana. Tá na foirne tacaíochta leathnaithe seo in ann uirlisí anailíse níos mionsonraithe a fháil agus rochtain a fháil ar shonraí forbartha agus tástála nach bhfuil inrochtana go héasca ag an bhfoireann rialaithe eitilte. Bhí na foirne tacaíochta seo dá dtagraítear ag ainm a n-áis i Rialú an Mhisiúin, an Seomra Comhtháthaithe Oibríochtaí an Mhisiúin (MOIR) agus tá siad anois dá dtagraítear go comhchoiteann ag ainm a n-áit reatha, an Seomra Meastóireachta an Mhisiúin (MER). Cé go bhfuil na rialtóirí eitilte agus a gcúraimí cúlchláir freagrach as cinntí a dhéanamh i bhfíor-am, soláthraíonn an MOIR / MER na sonraí mionsonraithe agus an stair a theastaíonn chun saincheisteanna fadtéarmacha a réiteach.\nTá rialtóirí eitilte ag misin spáis neamhfhoireann na Stát Aontaithe freisin ach déantar iad a bhainistiú ó eagraíochtaí ar leithligh, an Jet Propulsion Laboratory nó an Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory le haghaidh misin spáis domhain nó Ionad eitilte spáis Goddard le haghaidh misin in aice leis an Domhan.\nTá comhartha glao uathúil ag gach rialaitheoir eitilte, a chuireann síos ar fhreagrachtaí an phoist. Baineann an comhartha glaonna agus an fhreagracht leis an gconsól ar leith, ní amháin leis an duine, ós rud é go ndéantar misin a bhainistiú ar feadh an chloig agus le gach athrú ama glacann duine difriúil an consól.\nTá freagrachtaí rialaitheoirí eitilte tar éis athrú le himeacht ama, agus leanann siad ag teacht chun cinn. Cuirtear rialtóirí nua leis, agus déantar tascanna a athshocrú do rialtóirí eile chun coinneáil suas le córais theicniúla atá ag athrú. Mar shampla, bhain EECOM le córais cumarsáide Modúl Cathaoirleachta agus Seirbhíse trí Apollo 10, a ceapadh ina dhiaidh sin go dtí post nua ar a dtugtar INCO.\nTá rialtóirí eitilte freagrach as rath an misean agus as saol na n-astronautaí atá faoina faire. Deir Creed na gCeannairí eitilte go gcaithfidh siad \"a bheith ar an eolas i gcónaí go bhféadfadh muid a bheith i ról go tobann agus go neamhchinnte ina mbeidh iarmhairtí deiridh ag ár bhfeidhmíocht\". I measc na ngníomhartha a dhéanann rialtóirí eitilte atá ar eolas go maith tá:\n- Bhí ró-ualach ar ríomhaire Módúl Lúine Apollo 11 toisc gur dearmad na spásairí a radar céim uachtarach a mhúchadh sula n-athraigh siad an radar a bhí ag díriú síos. Ní raibh ach cúpla soicind ag an oifigeach treorach Steve Bales chun a chinneadh an raibh sé sábháilte tuirlingt ar aon nós nó an misean a chur ar ceal cúpla troigh os cionn na gealaí. Cuireadh onóir ar Bales ina dhiaidh sin as a ról sa misean, nuair a roghnaíodh é chun Gradam Éifeachtaí Grúpa NASA a ghlacadh ó Uachtarán Richard Nixon thar ceann foireann oibríochtaí misean Apollo 11.\n- Le linn an Apollo 12 a sheoladh, bhuail léim an Saturn V a chuir gach córas teileamhaire agus modúl ordaithe iomadúla as feidhm, Soicind roimh mhíchumas a chur ar ceal, chinn rialtóir EECOM John Aaron go nochtfadh athrú ar choinníollacha teileamhaire dáileoireachta cumhachta leictreach cúltaca fíor-dhocht an fhadhb.\n- Le linn misean na seoltóra spáis STS-51-F, thit príomh-inneall le linn an ascaoil go cearc. Ina dhiaidh sin, fuair siad comharthaí go raibh an dara inneall ag tosú ag mothú go raibh sé ag dul in olcas, rud a d'fhéadfadh a bheith mar chúis le misean a chur ar ceal, agus b'fhéidir go mbeadh an seoltóir caillte. Chinn an t-oifigeach booster Jenny Howard Stein go raibh na léitheoireacht neamhghnácha ar an dara inneall ina bhfíric fearr braiteora agus ní fadhb inneall. Ar a treoir chuir an criú cosc ar an braiteoir, rud a shábháil an misean agus b'fhéidir an criú.\nCoiteanna rialaithe eitilte\nTá roinnt poist ann a bhfuil an fheidhm chéanna acu agus a bheidh acu i bhfoireann Rialaithe eitilte gach feithicle. B'fhéidir go mbeidh grúpa daoine éagsúla ag freastal sna poist sin, ach glaofar orthu mar an gcéanna agus beidh an fheidhm chéanna acu.\nStiúrthóir eitilte (FLIGHT)Edit\nTosaíonn sé an fhoireann rialaithe eitilte. Tá freagracht oibríochtúil foriomlán ag eitilt as misean agus as oibríochtaí lasta úsáideach agus as gach cinneadh a bhaineann le eitilt shábháilte, cuí. Déanann an duine seo monatóireacht ar na rialtóirí eitilte eile, ag fanacht i dteagmháil bhéal le chéile leo trí chainéil idirchomhfhreagartha ar a dtugtar \"liopaí\".\nStiúrthóireacht Oibríochtaí eitilte (FOD)Edit\nIs ionadaí é do shlabhra na bainistíochta sinsearaí ag JSC, agus tá sé ann chun cuidiú leis an stiúrthóir eitilte na cinntí sin a dhéanamh nach bhfuil aon iarmhairtí sábháilteachta eitilte acu, ach a d'fhéadfadh iarmhairtí costais nó dearcadh an phobail a bheith acu. Ní féidir leis an FOD an Stiúrthóir eitilte a shárú le linn misean. Bhí an t-ainm FOD ar an bpost a bhí ag an Stiúrthóireacht Oibríochtaí Misean (MOD) roimhe seo nuair a cuireadh an Stiúrthóireacht Oibríochtaí Creidiúnaithe Eitilte (FCOD) le chéile le MOD ag tosú i mí Lúnasa 2014.\nComhfhreagróir Capsule (CAPCOM)\nDe ghnáth, ní bhíonn cumarsáid dhíreach idir an Cumarsáidóir Capsule agus criú eitilt spáis le daoine. Le linn cuid mhór de chlár spáis shaothair na Stát Aontaithe, bhraith NASA go raibh sé tábhachtach go rachadh gach cumarsáid leis na spásairí sa spás trí dhuine amháin i Lárionad Rialú an Mhisean. Ceapadh an ról sin mar an Cumarsáidóir Capsule nó CAPCOM agus bhí spásaire eile ina chomhalta de, go minic ar cheann de na baill bhac cúltaca nó tacaíochta. Creideann NASA go bhfuil spásaire is fearr in ann an staid sa spásárthach a thuiscint agus faisnéis a chur ar aghaidh ar an mbealach is soiléire.\nI gcás misean fadtéarmacha, tá níos mó ná CAPCOM amháin ann, agus sanntar gach ceann acu le foireann athraithe éagsúla. Tar éis rialú na n-eitiltí spáis sna Stáit Aontaithe a aistriú go Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center go luath sna 1960idí, d'úsáid gach CAPCOM an comhartha glaonna raidió Houston. Nuair a bhíonn neamh-sastronautaí ag cumarsáid go díreach leis an spásárthach, feidhmíonn CAPCOM mar an rialtóir cumarsáide.\nÓ 2011 i leith, oibríonn daoine nach spáslánaitheoirí iad ón bhrainse Oiliúna um eitiltí spáis freisin mar CAPCOM le linn misean ISS, agus ní raibh an ról á líonadh ach ag spáslánaitheoirí do mhisean Apollo agus an tsraith.\nCúrthóir eitilte (CURGEON)Edit\nStiúrann sé gach gníomhaíocht leighis le linn na misean. Monatóireacht ar shláinte an fhoireann trí teileiméadar, comhairle a thabhairt don fhoireann, agus comhairle a thabhairt don stiúrthóir eitilte. Is féidir cainéal cumarsáide príobháideach a bhunú idir spásairí agus an máinisteoir eitilte, chun rúndacht dochtúir-othar a sholáthar.\nOifigeach Gnóthaí Poiblí (PAO)\nSoláthraíonn sé tráchtáil ar mhisean chun aistrithe aer-ar-thír agus oibríochtaí rialaithe eitilte a fhorlíonadh agus a mhíniú do na meáin nuachta agus don phobal. Is minic a thugtar ar an duine a líonadh an ról seo go coitianta mar The Voice of Mission Control.\nSuímh rialaithe eitilte ApolloEdit\nBhí na suíomhanna rialaithe eitilte a úsáideadh le linn ré Apollo den chuid is mó comhionann leis na suíomhanna a úsáideadh le haghaidh feithiclí Mercury agus Gemini. Bhí sé seo mar gheall ar an gcuma chéanna a bhí ar dhearadh feithicle na capsúl a úsáidtear do na trí chlár.\nInnealtóir Córais Booster (BOOSTER)Edit\nFeidhmíocht na n-aspeachtaí a bhaineann le dhréachtú an fheithiclí seolta a fhaireachán agus a mheas le linn réamh-seolta agus ardaithe. Le linn chlár Apollo bhí trí phost Booster ann, a d'oibrigh ach go dtí Instealladh Trans Lunar (TLI); ina dhiaidh sin, scaoileadh a gcónsaí. Bhí an chumhacht ag Booster ordú a chur ar ceal a sheoladh chuig an spásárthach. Bhí na teicnící Booster go léir fostaithe ag Ionad na dTiomána Spáis Marshall agus tuairiscíodh do JSC le haghaidh na seoltaí.\nOifigeach Rialála (CONTRÓL)Edit\nFreagrach as córais treorach, loingseoireachta agus rialaithe an Mhodúl Lunar. Go bunúsach, is é an GNC a chomhfhreagraíonn don Módúl Lunar.\nBainisteoir leictreach, comhshaoil agus tomhaltóirí (EECOM)Edit\nNí mór an t-ábhar a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann. Bhí EECOM ina sheasamh ar dtús do chórais leictreacha, comhshaoil agus cumarsáide. Ba é Apollo EECOM an ceann a bhí freagrach as cumarsáid CSM trí Apollo 10. Ina dhiaidh sin, aistríodh an tasc cumarsáide go consól nua darb ainm INCO.\nB'fhéidir gurb iad na EECOManna is cáiliúla de chuid NASA Seymour \"Sy\" Liebergot, an EECOM a bhí ar dualgas ag am an bhrath tanca ocsaigine ar Apollo 13, agus John Aaron, a dhear an buiséad cumhachta a laghdaíodh go mór lena fhilleadh. D'éirigh le Aaron misean Apollo 12 a shábháil freisin trí thuiscint go ligfeadh an soláthar cumhachta cúltaca a úsáid le haghaidh teimeatraíochta braiteoirí capsúl analógach diagnóis a dhéanamh ar na fadhbanna go léir nach raibh baint acu le bualadh liathróid.\nOifigeach Gníomhaíochtaí eitilte (FAO)Edit\ngníomhaíochtaí foirne atá beartaithe agus tacaíocht a fháil, seiceálacha, nósanna imeachta agus sceidil.\nStiúrthóir eitilte (FLIGHT)Edit\nBhí rialú foriomlán ag na stiúrthóirí eitilte ar na poist aonair go léir sa MOCR. Ba iad seo a leanas roinnt stiúrthóirí ré Apollo:\n- Gene Kranz, eitilt Bán. Misean Apollo 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 16 agus 17.\n- Glynn Lunney, Flight Dubh. Misean Apollo 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14 agus 15.\n- Gerry Griffin, Gold eitilt. Misean Apollo 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 agus 17.\n- Milt Windler, Maroon eitilt. Misean Apollo 8, 10, 12, 13, 14 agus 15.\n- Cliff Charlesworth, eitilt Ghlais. Misean Apollo 8, 11 agus 12.\nOifigeach Dainimice na dTiomána (FDO nó FIDO)Edit\nFreagrach as cosán eitilte an fheithiclí spáis, an dá atmaisféar agus orbital. Le linn misean na míosa, bhí an FDO freagrach freisin as an treo míosa. Rinne an FDO faireachán ar fheidhmíocht na feithicle le linn na céime eitilte le cumhacht agus mheas sé modhanna scartha, meabhráin chiorclacha ríomhte agus treochtaí mar thoradh air sin, agus rinne sé faireachán ar phróifíl eitilte na feithicle agus ar leibhéil fuinnimh le linn an athfhilleadh.\nOifigeach Treoir (GUIDANCE nó GUIDO)Edit\nCórais loingseoireachta ar bord agus bogearraí ríomhaireachta treoraithe ar bord a fhaireodh monatóireacht orthu. Freagrach as seasamh na soithigh spáis a chinneadh sa spás. Ba é Steve Bales, oifigeach treorach ar a dtugtar go maith, a thug an glaoch go dtí nuair a bhí an ríomhaire treorach Apollo 11 gar do ró-ualach le linn an chéad thitim mhí.\nMonatóireacht a dhéanamh ar gach córas treoraithe, loingseoireachta agus rialaithe feithicle. Freagrach freisin as córais thiomána amhail an Córas Tiomána Seirbhíse agus an Córas Rialú Athghníomhaíochta (RCS).\nOifigeach Cumarsáide Comhtháite (INCO)\nFreagrach as gach córas cumarsáide sonraí, guth agus físe, lena n-áirítear monatóireacht a dhéanamh ar chumraíocht na gcóras cumarsáide agus ionstraimíochta le linn eitilte. Áirítear ar na dualgais freisin monatóireacht a dhéanamh ar an nasc teileiméireachta idir an fheithicil agus an talamh, agus maoirseacht a dhéanamh ar na próisis ordaithe agus rialaithe an nasc uaslódála. Forbraíodh an post as comhcheangal na n-ionadaí LEM agus CSM Communicator.\nD'oibrigh sé ar an líonra stáisiúin talún a d'eisigh teimeatraíocht agus cumarsáid ón spásárthach.\nOifigeach Eagraíochta agus Nósanna imeachta (O&P)Edit\nD'oibrigh sé mar stiúrthóir ar an gclár a bhí ag an gcomhlacht.\nOifigeach Athchóirithe (RETRO)\nRinne sé pleananna cur as agus bhí sé freagrach as amanna athfhreasaithe a chinneadh. Le linn misean na míosa, phleanáil agus monatóireacht an RETRO ar mheánóibrithe Instealladh Trasna an Domhain (TEI), áit a ndearna Módúl Seirbhíse Apollo a inneall a lasadh chun filleadh ar an Domhan ón ghealach.\nTelemetry, Electrical, EVA Mobility Unit Officer (TELMU)Edit\nMonatóireacht a dhéanamh ar chórais leictreacha agus comhshaoil an Mhodúl Lunar, chomh maith le spáis-suits spáis spáis. Go bunúsach, is é an coibhéis leis an EECOM don Módúl Lunar.\nRialtóirí eitilte na n-aistritheoirí agus na stáisiún spáisEdit\nTá grúpa rialaitheoirí eitilte ag NASA faoi láthair i Ionad Spáis Johnson i Houston don Stáisiún Spáis Idirnáisiúnta (ISS). Bhí foireann rialaithe eitilte an Chruithneora Spáis (agus iad siúd do na cláir Gemini, Apollo, agus Skylab roimhe seo) bunaithe ann freisin. Bhí difríocht ag feidhmiú na bhfear sa chonsól le haghaidh oibríochtaí gearrthréimhseacha agus le haghaidh oibríochtaí fada le haghaidh feachtais.\nD'oibrigh rialtóirí eitilte an Chruasaigh Spáis (agus clár roimhe seo) tréimhsí réasúnta gearr: Na cúpla nóiméad ar an ardú, na cúpla lá a bhí an fheithicil i bhfithis, agus an t-athbhliain. Bhí an fad oibríochtaí do rialtóirí eitilte an Shuttle Spáis gearr agus criticiúil ó thaobh ama de. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh droch-fheidhm ag an Shuttle gan mórán ama ag rialtóirí eitilte labhairt, ag cur brú orthu freagairt go tapa do mhíbhuntáistí féideartha. Bhí cumas teoranta ag rialaitheoirí eitilte na n-Shuitil Spáis i gcoitinne orduithe a sheoladh chuig an seoladh chun athshocrúcháin chórais a dhéanamh.\nI gcodarsnacht leis sin, oibríonn rialtóirí eitilte an ISS 24 uair sa lá, 365 lá sa bhliain. Tugann sé seo am do rialaitheoirí eitilte an ISS teimeatraíocht neamh-ainmniúil a phlé. Tá deis ag rialtóirí eitilte an ISS idirghabháil a dhéanamh le go leor grúpaí agus saineolaithe innealtóireachta. Is é meon rialtóir eitilte an ISS a chur i gcoinne teip. Déantar monatóireacht dlúth ar theileaméadar ar aon shíniú a d'fhéadfadh tosú ag léiriú easpa tubaisteach sa todhchaí. Go ginearálta, glacann rialtóirí eitilte an ISS cur chuige coisctheach le hoibríochtaí feithiclí spáis. Tá cumas ceannaireachta ann a úsáideann rialtóirí eitilte an ISS chun easpa féideartha a chosc.\nSuímh rialaithe eitilte an chathrachaEdit\nCuireadh go leor post rialaithe misean clár Apollo ar aghaidh chuig an gclár seoltóir spáis. Cuireadh poist eile as, nó athshainmhíníodh iad, agus cuireadh poist nua leis.\nPoist a fhanann mar an gcéanna go ginearálta:\n- Treoir (bhí sé ina Oifigeach Treoir agus Nósanna imeachta, nó GPO)\n- INCO (a rinneadh ina Oifigeach Ionstraimíochta agus Cumarsáide)\nPoist a scriosadh nó a mhodhnaíodh:\n- EECOM (dualgais roinnte)\nOifigeach Tionóil agus Seiceála (ACO) / PayloadsEdit\nFreagrach as gach gníomhaíocht shuttle-bhunaithe a bhaineann le tógáil agus oibriú an Stáisiún Spáis, lena n-áirítear loighistic agus earraí aistrithe a stóráiltear i Módúl Loighistic Ilchuspóire (MPLM) nó Spacehab. Freagrach freisin as gach lasta úsáideach seolta, ó Spacehab go Téileascóp Spáis Hubble go satailítí imscrúdaithe. Ar mhisean na gcarr-aiste nach raibh ag gabháil leis an ISS, bhí an suíomh seo ar a dtugtar PAYLOADS.\nInnealtóir Córais Booster (BOOSTER)Edit\nFeidhmíocht ghnéithe a bhaineann le drúchtú an fheithicil seolta a mhonatóireacht agus a mheas le linn réamh-seolta agus ardaithe, lena n-áirítear na príomh-inneall agus na boosters roicéad soladach.\nInnealtóir Córais Próiseála Sonraí (DPS)\nFreagrach as córais phróiseála sonraí i rith eitilt spáis. Áirítear leis sin faireachán a dhéanamh ar na Ríomhairí Ginearálta Ábhar ar bord (GPCanna), ar bhusanna sonraí atá criticiúil maidir le eitilt, maidir le seoladh agus maidir le n-ualach úsáideacha, ar an Córas Taispeántais Eileictreonach Ilfheidhmeach (MEDS), ar aonad Chuimhne Mhór Sóid-Stádas (SSMM), ar aonad Multiplexer/De-multiplexer (MDM) atá criticiúil maidir le eitilt agus maidir le n-ualach úsáideach, ar an Mhéine Timing (MTU), ar aonad Rialú eitilte Cúltaca (BFC) agus ar bogearraí ar leibhéal an chórais.\nBhí ríthábhachtach fo-chóras ar ríomhaireanna ginearálta an charr spáis, agus ní féidir leis an bhfeithicil eitilt gan iad.\nBainistíocht Éigeandála, Comhshaoil agus Inúsáidteachta (EECOM)Edit\nI measc na bhfreagrachtaí athchóirithe ar an EECOM bhí na córais rialaithe brú atmaisféarach agus athbheochan, na córais fuaraithe (aer, uisce agus freon), agus an córas soláthair / dramhaíola.\n- Tacaíocht Saoil - córais rialaithe brú atmaisféarach faireacháin, O2/N2/CO2 cothabháil agus bainistíocht, trealamh fuaraithe aeir, córais fuíolluisce,\n- Córais loinge uisce agus fuaraithe fuaraithe frithsheasmhach a fhaightear le faireachán teirmeach, cothabháil uisce soláthair\nBa é feidhm ríthábhachtach EECOM na córais a chothabháil, mar shampla atmaisféar agus rialú teochta, a choinníonn an criú beo.\nInnealtóir Gineadála Leictreach agus Córais Soilsithe Comhtháite (EGIL)Edit\n- EPS - tacaíocht saineolaithe a sholáthar chun faireachán a dhéanamh ar na cealla breosla, ar an gcóras cryo, agus ar an gcóras bus leictreach\nOifigeach Gníomhaíochta Lasmuigh den Fheithicil (EVA)Edit\nFreagrach as gach tasc, trealamh agus pleananna a bhaineann le spáis-suit agus spáis-siúlóid nuair a tharla an EVA ón seoladh.\nOifigeach Gníomhaíochtaí eitilte (FAO)Edit\nGníomhaíochtaí foirne atá beartaithe agus tacaíocht a fháil, seiceálacha, nósanna imeachta, sceidealacha, beartú dearcadh agus amlíne.\n- Oifigeach Cúntais agus Treoir (Treoir) Tógadh agus cothaíodh an t-amlíne Cúntais, monatóireacht ar fhorghníomhú na ngléasadh uile, ionchur ionchur cúntais a sholáthar don fhoireann, péirí réalta a ghiniúint agus seasamh do chomhréireachtaí IMU\n- Tacaíocht Teachtaireachtaí agus amlíne (MATS) Teachtaireachtaí a cruthaíodh bunaithe ar ionchur MCC, an Pacáiste Feidhmiú a cruthaíodh, gníomhaíochtaí criú monatóireachta agus tionchair a mheas ar an amlíne\n- Oifigeach Cumarsáide Orbital (OCA) Teachtaireachtaí leictreonacha aistrithe chuig an bhfoireann, E-Mail an fhoireann a shíntiú, comhaid aistrithe suas agus síos don fhoireann\n- Amlíne Tá na línte ama roimh an eitilt a ghiniúint don Phlean eitilte, gníomhaíochtaí foirne eitilte a mhaoirsiú, gníomhaíochtaí comhordaithe le rialtóirí eitilte eile\nOifigeach Dainimice na dTiomána (FDO nó FIDO)Edit\nFreagrach as cosán eitilte an tsraith spáis, an dá atmaisféar agus an orbit. Ba cheart an t-ionad a bheith ar an eolas faoi na modhanna a úsáidtear chun na modhanna a chur ar fáil do na feithiclí a bhfuil feidhm acu.\n- Tacaíocht i ndíbirt (ardú amháin) - tacaíocht saineolaí a sholáthar le linn na codanna eitilte mótarfheithicle de RTLS nó TAL\n- Tacaíocht ARD (ardú amháin) - coinníodh próiseálaí Cinnitheoir Réigiún Abort a úsáidtear chun cumas treochta a thuar le linn eitilt chumhachta\n- Foireann Tacaíochta Ascent (ascent amháin) - monatóireacht a dhéanamh ar na gaotha agus ar an aimsir ar an suíomh seolta, cuidiú le nuashonruithe lá seolta a ríomh\n- Dinimice - coinníodh na hionchuir chuig an Ríomána Oibriú Misean do gach próiseálaí\n- Cónsaí Iontrála - tacaíocht saineolaí a sholáthar le haghaidh iontrála, cur chuige agus tuirlingthe\n- Foireann Tacaíochta Iontrála (ardú agus iontráil) - faireachán ar na gaotha agus ar an aimsir ag na suíomhanna tuirlingthe éagsúla, oiriúnú treochta a ullmhú\n- Foireann Oifigeach Tacaíochta Luathdrithe (LSO) - a choimeád ar an spás aeir ag aon suíomh tuirlingthe, foirne Cuardaigh agus Scaoil a sheoladh más gá, gníomhú mar chéad nasc i gcás tuirlingthe lasmuigh de na Stáit Aontaithe\n- Foireann Tacaíochta Naiv - atá freagrach as an loingseoireacht ar bord (teileiméadar) agus an loingseoireacht ar an talamh (rabhsáil) a chothabháil\n- Tacaíocht próifíl (comhaontaithe amháin) - cabhraigh sé leis an FDO le meastóireacht agus cinneadh próifíl comhaontaithe\n- Tá an fhoireann Sábháilteachta Réimse (ardú amháin) - rianú an titim Tank seachtrach agus boosters Rocket soladach\n- Díriú (ardú amháin) - tacaíocht saineolaí a sholáthar do threochtaí Abort to Orbit (ATO) nó Abort Once Around (AOA)\n- Slí - sliocht sonraí agus iarratais ar shonraí suímh rianaithe comhordaithe\n- Aeráid - comhalta den Ghrúpa Meitéareolaíochta um Fheisteáil Spáis a chuir sonraí aeráide ar fud an domhain ar fáil\n- An tSean-FDO Roger Balettie\n- Cad é FDO?\n- Cad atá an FDO ag breathnú?\n- FDO reatha Chris Edelen\n- An t-iar-Spórtáil Michael Grabois, taobh thiar de na radhairc ag seoladh ó MPSR\nRialtóir talún (GC)\nGníomhaíochtaí cothabhála agus oibríochta dírithe a raibh tionchar acu ar crua-earraí, bogearraí agus áiseanna tacaíochta Rialaithe na Míosúna; líonra rianú agus sonraí eitilte spáis comhordaithe, agus córas satailíte rianú agus athsheachadta sonraí le hIonad eitilte spáis Goddard.\nMonatóireacht ar gach córais treoraithe, loingseoireachta agus rialaithe an tsraith.\n- Tacaíocht GNC: Tacaíocht a sholáthar don oifigeach GNC Orbit le linn chéim orbit an eitilte.\n- Rialú: Tacaíocht a sholáthar don oifigeach GNC ar an ardú/ar an iontráil le linn na gcéimeanna sin den eitilt.\n- Saineolaithe: Tacaíocht a sholáthar don oifigeach GNC ar an Ascent / Entry le linn na gcéimeanna sin den eitilt.\nOifigeach Ionstraimíochta agus Cumarsáide (INCO)Edit\nFreagrach as gach córas cumarsáide sonraí, guth agus físe, lena n-áirítear monatóireacht a dhéanamh ar chumraíocht na gcóras cumarsáide agus ionstraimíochta le linn eitilte. Áirítear ar na dualgais freisin monatóireacht a dhéanamh ar an nasc teileiméireachta idir an fheithicil agus an talamh, agus maoirseacht a dhéanamh ar na próisis ordaithe agus rialaithe an nasc uaslódála. Ba é INCO an t-aon phost a chuir orduithe suas go dtí an orbiter. Bhí an post seo mar fhorbairt dhíreach ar an Oifigeach Cumarsáide Comhtháite ó chlár Apollo.\n- RF COMM: MPSR a bheidh i gceannas agus freagrach as na córais cumarsáide Ku-Band agus S-Band.\n- INST: Freagrach as na horduithe agus na sreafa teileiméireachta a chur ar an ardlíne.\n- COMM DÁTA: Freagrach as taifeadadh agus as nasc síos teimeatraíochta nach raibh ar sruthú beo agus an córas cumarsáide FM.\nCórais Meicniúla, Cothabhála, Arm, agus Foireann (MMACS) Edit\nFreagrach as córais struchtúracha agus meicniúla an charr spáis, monatóireacht a dhéanamh ar aonáin chumhachta cúnta agus ar chórais hiodrálacha, doras locht an lochta úsáideach a bhainistiú, doras umbilical tanc seachtrach, doras fuaraithe, imscaradh / stow radaitheora, imscaradh / stow antenna Ku-bhanda, agus oibríochtaí glacbhais coinneála lochta úsáideach, córais trealaimh tuirlingthe / meathúcháin (imscaradh trealaimh tuirlingthe, tayaí, breacanna / antiskid, agus imscaradh chute tarrthála), agus monatóireacht a dhéanamh ar chóras doicing orbiter. Ba cheart do na Ballstáit a áirithiú go ndéanfar na sonraí a bhaineann le húsáid na bhfearais ar bord agus le cothabháil trealaimh le linn eitilte a rianú. Ba é seo cuid eile den obair a rinne EECOM roimhe seo, le freagrachtaí breise a cuireadh leis de bharr riachtanais shonracha oibríochtaí an tsamhraidh spáis. Bhí oifigeach MMACS mar phointe teagmhála do PDRS, Booster, agus EVA le linn tréimhsí i misean nuair nach raibh foireann rialta ag teastáil ó na poist seo.\n- MECH - tacaíocht saineolaithe a sholáthar chun faireachán a dhéanamh ar chórais mheicniúla, hidrailiciúla agus trealamh tuirlingthe\n- MECH 2 - tacaíocht bhreise a sholáthar le linn na céimeanna ardú dinimiciúil agus iontrála eitilte\n- IFM - Tacaíocht Chothabhála Leatha\n- Córais Chléibhte/Eascáil - atá freagrach as oibriú crua-earraí ar bord an chléibhte agus Suíomhanna Seoltóireachta agus Suíomhanna Iontrála an chléibhte\n- Photo/TV - freagrach as oibriú agus cothabháil ceamaraí \"scaoilte\", amhail ceamaraí fós agus ceamaraí ceamaraí, agus comhtháthú físe isteach agus amach as monatóirí teilifíse an orbiter\nCóras Imlonnaithe agus Aisghabhála Luchta úsáideach (PDRS)Edit\nInnealtóir Tiomáint (PROP)\nBainistíodh na brústóirí rialaithe imoibrithe agus innill maneuvering orbital le linn gach céim den eitilt, monatóireacht a dhéanamh ar úsáid breosla agus ar staid an tanca brúiteora, agus sraitheanna is fearr a ríomh le haghaidh lasadh brústóirí.\nFreagrach as gníomhaíochtaí amhail oibríochtaí treochta a bhaineann leis an gcruinniú agus doic / gabháil le spásárthach eile, lena n-áirítear Mir, an ISS, agus satailítí amhail an Spás-Féileascóp Hubble.\nOifigeach Réamhachta (TRAJ)\nCabhraigh sé leis an FDO le linn oibríochtaí a raibh an t-am ríthábhachtach, freagrach as na próiseálaithe ��agsúla a chothabháil a chabhraigh le treochtaí reatha agus féideartha an tseanail a chinneadh. Deimhníodh FDO mar TRAJ ar dtús. Tá an FCR á roinnt aige le FDO.\nTeachtaire um Tharraingt ar an Ailse Trasnaimh (TALCOM)Edit\nCeann de na cúpla ball de Rialú Misean an Shuttle nach bhfuil i láthair go fisiciúil i Houston. Má tharla éigeandáil, mar shampla caillteanas ceann amháin nó níos mó de phríomh-inneall le linn seoladh an Shuttle Spáis, ag teastáil ón seoladh a thuirlingt ag ceann de na suíomhanna tuirlingthe contingency san Afraic, san Eoraip nó sa Mheánoirthear, bheadh TALCOM tar éis ról CAPCOM a ghlacadh ag soláthar cumarsáide le spásairí ar bord an orbiter criptithe. Cosúil le CAPCOM, bhí spásaire ag comhlíonadh ról TALCOM. Cuireadh trí spásairí i bhfeidhm ar na suíomhanna tuirlingthe malartacha i mBonn Aeráide Zaragoza agus i mBonn Aeráide Moron sa Spáinn, agus i mBonn Aeráide Istres sa Fhrainc. Bhí na spásairí seo ag eitilt ar bord aerárthaí scoir aimsire chun tacaíocht a sholáthar ag an suíomh tuirlingthe roghnaithe.\nPoist rialaithe eitilte an ISS go 2010Edit\nTá na suíomhanna rialaithe eitilte an Stáisiúin Spáis Idirnáisiúnta a úsáideann NASA i Houston difriúil ó na suíomhanna a úsáideann cláir roimhe seo NASA. Tá na difríochtaí seo ann go príomha chun an mearbhall a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ann a chosc a d'fhéadfadh teacht as úsáid choimhlintúil an ainm chéanna i dhá sheomra éagsúla le linn na n-oibríochtaí céanna, mar shampla nuair a bhí an seoltóir spáis ag déanamh oibríochtaí páirteacha leis an stáisiún spáis. Tá difríochtaí ann freisin sna suíomhanna rialaithe mar gheall ar difríochtaí i bhfeidhmiú an dá cheann. Seo a leanas liosta de na rialtóirí eitilte sin atá lonnaithe i Lárionad Rialála Misean - Houston. Tá roinnt ionaid rialaithe eile ina bhfuil mórán rialaitheoirí eitilte eile a thacaíonn leis an bhfeithicil an-chasta.\nPoist a úsáideadh roimhe sin ach a scriosadh nó a mhodhnú:\n- Oifigeach Tionóil agus Seiceála (ACO) - Poist ar scor ag deireadh an charr. Bhí sé freagrach as tascanna comhtháthaithe agus gníomhachtaithe a chomhtháthú do gach córas agus eilimint de chuid an ISS. Comhordú le rialtóirí eitilte an stáisiúin agus an seoltóra maidir leis na hoibríochtaí seo a chur i gcrích. Bhí an post i seomra tosaigh freisin do ACO Aistriú a bhí freagrach as malartú lasta idir an seoltóir agus an ISS.\n- Oifigeach Comhtháthaithe Cargáiste (CIO) - Seirbhísí Seomra tosaigh a bhí freagrach as ISO agus PLUTO\n- Oifigeach Dluais Stáisiún (SDO) - Le linn chéimeanna tosaigh an ISS, nuair a bhí an fheithicil ag eitilt saor in aisce (gan aon shuttle i láthair) agus gan criú, ba iad an SDO agus an GC na poist amháin a bhí ar dualgas, agus glaoigh siad ar an phearsanra cuí má tháinig aon fhadhbanna chun cinn.\nAg tosú i 2001, tá sé séis de na poist thíos ag an seomra rialaithe eitilte ISS comhdhlúite go dhá phost amháin, chun foireann a laghdú le linn tréimhsí ísealghníomhaíochta. Tugtar Gemini ar an gcoincheap seo. Tar éis an chomhthiomsú a bheith críochnaithe, cuireadh deireadh le coincheap Gemini i athchomharthú na bpríomh-phoist rialaithe eitilte ISS.\n- Tá TITAN (Teileaméadar, Aistriú Faisnéise, agus Loingseoireacht Attitude) freagrach as Cumarsáid & Rianú (CATO), Smaointe & Láimhseáil Sonraí (ODIN), agus Córais Rialaithe Gluaiseachta (ADCO).\n- ATLAS (Atmosphere, Thermal, Lighting and Articulation Specialist) atá freagrach as Rialú Teirmeach (THOR), Rialú Comhshaoil & Tacaíocht Saoil (ECLSS), agus Córais Cumhachta Leictreacha (PHALCON). Tá ATLAS freagrach freisin as monatóireacht a dhéanamh ar theiteoirí Robótachta (ROBO) agus Córais Meicniúla (OSO), toisc nach dtacaítear leis na consóil sin le linn formhór na n-aistrithe Gemini.\nOifigeach um Chinnteoireacht agus Rialú Suíomh (ADCO)Edit\nOibríonn sé i gcomhpháirtíocht le rialtóirí na Rúise chun treoshuíomh an stáisiúin a chinneadh agus a bhainistiú, a rialaítear ag na Córais Rialála Gluaiseachta ar bord. Pleananna agus ríomhann an post seo treoirlínte agus maneuvers sa todhchaí don stáisiún freisin agus tá sé freagrach as an ISS a dhúnadh le feithiclí eile.\n- HawkI - Pronounced (Hawk-eye) - soláthraíonn sé monatóireacht tacaíochta saineolaí ar gach córas GNC na SA, ag fágáil an ADCO chun comhordú a dhéanamh le rialtóirí eitilte eile agus MCC-M. Is é Hawki i ndáiríre sraith sracfhillte comhchoiteann de ghearrthréithe innealtóireachta coitianta le haghaidh méideanna a théann i bhfeidhm nó a léiríonn dearcadh ISS, roghnaithe go príomha toisc go bhfuil siad oiriúnach go leor chun ainm a dhéanamh:\n- H - luas.\n- α - ráta uillinneach.\n- ω - luas uillinneach.\n- k - fuinneamh cinneasach.\n- I - nóiméad de inertia.\nInnealtóir Bitheolaíochta (BME)\nDéanann an BME monatóireacht ar chórais stáisiúin a bhaineann le sláinte agus ar threalamh Córais Chúram Sláinte d'Eachluadar (CHeCS). Soláthraíonn an BME tacaíocht theicniúil agus oibríochtúil do CHeCS agus do gach gníomhaíocht oibríochta leighis eile. Chomh maith leis an SURGEON, feidhmíonn an BME mar ionadaí de chuid na Gníomhaíochtaí Leighis do Thimpireacht Rialaithe eitilte USOS.\nOifigeach Cumarsáide agus Rianú (CATO)\nFreagrach as bainistíocht agus oibríochtaí córais cumarsáide na SA, lena n-áirítear córais fuaime, físe, teimeatraíochta agus ceannaireachta.\nCóras um Rialú Comhshaoil agus Tacaíocht Saoil (ECLSS)Edit\nFreagrach as córais a chomhtháthú agus a oibriú a bhaineann le rialú agus soláthar an atmaisféar, athbheochan an atmaisféar, teocht an aeir sa chábán agus rialú taise, cuairteáil, braite agus díothú dóiteáin, bailiú agus próiseáil uisce agus trealamh sláinteachais an fhoireann, i measc réimsí eile.\nOifigeach Gníomhaíochta Lasmuigh den Fheithicil (EVA)Edit\nFreagrach as gach tasc, trealamh agus plean a bhaineann le spáis-suit agus spáis-chúrsaí nuair a dhéantar an EVA ón ISS.\nOifigeach Inventóireachta agus Stocaíochta (ISO)Edit\nFreagrach as rianú laethúil agus as stocáil gach lasta SAM ar an ISS. Is é ISO an comhtháthúchán do gach lasta a sheachadtar chuig agus ón ISS do fheithiclí ATV, HTV, Dragon, agus Cygnus.\nInnealtóir Córais Comhtháthaithe (ISE)\nIs post speisialaithe é an ISE, an nasc idir córais idir an ISS agus feithiclí cuairteacha atá ag gabháil le taobh na Stát Aontaithe den ISS. Tá an t-iarratasóir ar an ISS freagrach as an ISS a rialú agus a rialú. Áirítear leis seo HTV, Dragon, Cygnus, agus fiú misin speisialta mar imscaradh Módúl Gníomhaíochta In-Leasaithe Bigelow (BEAM). Oibríonn ISE go dlúth le VVO.\nIdirlíní agus Líonraí Sonraí ar Bhord (ODIN)Edit\nTá an t-idirchríochtaí agus na Líonraí Sonraí ar Bhord (ODIN) freagrach as an gcóras um Rialú agus um Láimhseáil Sonraí (C&DH), na ríomhairí Córais Ríomhairí In-Iomlána (PCS), an córas Caution & Warning (C&W), freagracht foriomlán as ordú, agus idirghabhálacha le córais eitlíochta Comhpháirtí Idirnáisiúnta. Is iad na ríomhairí atá ag an ISS, na Multiplexers/DeMultiplexers (MDManna) atá i gcóras C&DH. Is éard atá i bpríomh-bogearraí i ngach MDM (ní bprógóg bogearraí feidhmchláir úsáideora), na busanna sonraí MIL-STD-1553, Athruithe Uathoibrithe Luchta Chaite (APSanna), líonra snáithín optúil, Geata Hub Ethernet Luchta Chaite (PEHG), agus an líonra Ethernet. Ní áirítear leis seo an Ops LAN, Ríomhchomputóirí Tacaíochta Stáisiún (SSC), ná freastalaí comhad.\n- Acmhainn Avionics ENGineer (RAVEN)\nPleanálaí Oibríochtaí (OPSPLAN)Edit\nIs é a cheannaíonn comhordú, forbairt agus cothabháil phlean gearrthéarmach an stáisiúin, lena n-áirítear gníomhaíochtaí foirne agus talún. Áirítear leis an bplean plean an stáisiúin ar bord a tháirgeadh agus a nascadh suas agus liostaí stocaireachta agus stocála ar bord a chomhordú agus a chothabháil.\n- Innealtóir Pleanála I bhfíor-am (RPE)\n- Tacaíocht Innealtóra Pleanála I bhfíor-am (Tacaíocht RPE)\n- Oifigeach Oiriúnaithe Cumarsáide Orbital (OCA)\n- Oifigeach Comhad Sonraí agus Nósanna imeachta ar Bord (ODF)\nOifigeach Tacaíochta Oibríochtaí (OSO)\nCuirtear na feidhmeanna tacaíochta lóistíochta sin ar a gcuntas a bhaineann le cothabháil ar orbit, sonraí tacaíochta agus doiciméadacht, córais faisnéise lóistíochta, bailiú sonraí cothabhála agus anailís cothabhála. Tá an OSO freagrach freisin as córais mheicniúla amhail iad siúd a úsáidtear chun modúl nó rannáin truss nua a cheangal leis an bhfeithicil le linn na comhdhéanta.\nOifigeach Úsáide Phorta Plug-in (PLUTO)Edit\nIs é an t-ainm PLUTO a oidhreacht ó ról bunaidh an rialaitheora eitilte, a bhí chun athruithe a chothabháil agus a chomhordú ar an rannán SAM den Phlean Plug-in leictreach (PiP). Is é an PiP rianú trealamh leictreonach in-athnuaite, ag cinntiú go bhfuil trealamh ceangailte comhoiriúnach agus nach sáróidh sé srianta, agus nach n-úsáideann sé an foinse cumhachta. Chomh maith leis sin, tá PLUTO freagrach as OPSLAN (Líne Líonra Áitiúil Oibríochtaí) agus JSL (Líne Líonra Stáisiún Comhpháirteach) a chothabháil. Tá riarachán deisce iargúlta agus cumas faireacháin ar an líonra ó thalamh ag PLUTO. Tá PLUTO freagrach freisin as cuspóirí tástála forbartha stáisiúin áirithe, nó SDTOanna le linn na misean. Áirítear leis seo clárú an Chórais Ionstraimíochta Gan sreang (WIS) agus freisin ordú deisce iargúlta do ghníomhaíochtaí ROBONAUT.\nOifigeach um Rialú Cumhachta, Teasa, Artaingthe, Solas (PHALCON)Edit\nBainistíonn sé na cumais táirgthe cumhachta, stórála agus dáileadh cumhachta.\nOifigeach Idirlín Réime (RIO)Edit\nAithníodh é roimhe seo mar an tUasal Idirlín na Rúise. Freagrach as oibríochtaí a chomhtháthú idir MCC-Houston (MCC-H) agus na Lárionaid Rialaithe Comhpháirtí Idirnáisiúnta (IP) eile. Tá RIO ina phost FCR-1 i MCC-Houston agus oibríonn sé go dlúth i gcomhar le foirne Grúpa Tacaíochta Houston (HSG) atá suite ag na Lárionaid Rialaithe IP:\n- HSG-Moscow (HSG-M): Foireann Rialtóirí eitilte NASA ag obair le Rialtóirí eitilte na Rúise ag MCC-Moscow (MCC-M). Freagrach as oibríochtaí a chomhtháthú idir MCC-H agus MCC-M. Ghlac HSG-M freisin oibríochtaí na rannán SAM de ISS le linn na Hurricanes Lili agus Rita.\n- HSG-Columbus (HSG-C): Foireann bheag de Rialtóirí eitilte NASA a bhí freagrach as oibríochtaí MCC-H agus Columbus Control Center (COL-CC) a chomhtháthú in Oberpfaffenhofen, in aice le München, an Ghearmáin. Tar éis críochnú an choimisiúnaithe Columbus i mí Lúnasa 2008, chuir an fhoireann seo deireadh leis na hoibríochtaí.\n- HSG-ATV (HSG-A): Foireann bheag de Rialtóirí eitilte NASA atá freagrach as oibríochtaí MCC-H agus Feithicil Aistrithe Uathrialaithe (ATV) a chomhtháthú ag ATV-CC in aice le Toulouse, an Fhrainc. Tar éis misean ATV5 a chur i gcrích i mí Feabhra 2015, chuir an fhoireann seo deireadh le hoibríochtaí.\n- HSG-Japan (HSG-J): Foireann bheag de Rialtóirí eitilte NASA atá freagrach as oibríochtaí MCC-H agus Módúl Taighde Seapánach (JEM) agus Feithicil Aistrithe H-II (HTV) a chomhtháthú ag an Ionad Comhtháthaithe agus Cur chun cinn an Stáisiúin Spáis (SSIPC) ag Tsukuba, an tSeapáin in aice le Tóiceo. Chuir an fhoireann seo deireadh le hoibríochtaí buan i mí Dheireadh Fómhair 2008, ach ina dhiaidh sin d'fhorbair siad go sealadach na misin STS-127 agus HTV-1.\nOifigeach Córais Oibríochta Róbaiteolaíochta (ROBO)Edit\nTá sé freagrach as oibríochtaí Chóras Seirbhíse Soghluaiste Cheanada, lena n-áirítear córas bonn soghluaiste, lámh róbatach stáisiúin, lámh róbatach stáisiúin nó manipulatóir deicte speisialta. (Call sign: ROBO) léiríonn foireann chompháirteach de shaineolaithe de chuid Gníomhaireacht Spáis Cheanada-NASA chun oibríochtaí róbatacha a phleanáil agus a chur i gcrích.\nOibríochtaí agus Acmhainní Teiriciúla (THOR)Edit\nFreagrach as fochórais stáit ilghnéithe a bhailiú, a dháileadh agus a dhiúltú teas dramhaíola ó threalamh criticiúil agus ó ualach úsáideach a chomhtháthú agus a oibriú.\nOifigeach Oibríochtaí Trathróid (TOPO)Edit\nFreagrach as an stádas traochta. Oibríonn an TOPO i gcomhpháirtíocht le rialtóirí na Rúise, ADCO, agus Coimisinéir Spáis na Stát Aontaithe chun sonraí a chothabháil maidir le seasamh imchlúdach an stáisiúin. Pleananna TOPO gach maoineoireacht orbital stáisiún.\nOifigeach Feithicle (VVO) a thugann cuairtEdit\nIs post speisialtóireachta é an VVO, an nasc treorach agus loingseoireachta idir an ISS agus \"feithiclí cuairte\" mar Progress, Soyuz nó Dragon.\nPoist Rialaithe eitilte ISS 2010 - PresenteEdit\nTar éis don Tionól a bheith críochnaithe i 2010, ath-ailíneofar na príomhphoist rialaithe eitilte ISS agus scriosadh coincheap an fhoireann Gemini. Is iad na príomhphoist nua seo a leanas:\nOifigeach um Chinnteoireacht agus Rialú Suíomh (ADCO)Edit\nSpeisialtóir um Fheidhmiú Líonraí Bord (CRONUS)\nIs é seo an comhcheangal idir na seasaimh ODIN agus CATO roimhe seo.\n- Poist MPSR: RAPTOR\nCórais Oibríochtúla Comhshaoil agus Teirmeacha (ETHOS)Edit\nIs iad seo na freagrachtaí maidir le córas ECLSS chomh maith leis na córais inmheánacha rialaithe teochta ó THOR.\nCláir MPSR - TREC\nStáisiún Cumhachta, ARticulation, Teirmeach, agus Anailís (SPARTAN)Edit\nIs éard atá ann ná an chumhacht leictreach (an PHALCON sean) agus córais rialaithe teirice seachtracha ó THOR.\nFanann na poist speisialtachta eile mar atá.\nCláir MPSR - SPOC\nOifigeach Tacaíochta Oibríochtaí (OSO)\nTacaíonn sé le tascanna inmheánacha Cothabhála ar an Orbít maidir leis an sceideal cothabhála coisctheach agus le cothabháil éiginnte/neamhphleanáilte mar gheall ar mhainneachtainí. Tá an post OSO freagrach freisin as córais mheicniúla amhail an Meicníocht Coiteann Berthing (CBM) a úsáidtear chun modúl nua nó feithiclí cuairte a cheangal.\nCúnamh OSO\nIonad Spáis agus Ionad Rialaithe MiseanEdit\n- Cosmodrome Baikonur (ionad rialaithe seolta don Ghníomhaireacht Spáis Chónaidhme na Rúise, Tyuratam, an Chasacstáin)\n- Ionad um Cheannaireacht agus Rialú Aerospáis Phéimhe (ionad rialaithe misean do Riarachán Náisiúnta Spáis na Síne, Peicín, Poblacht na Síne)\n- Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Ionad Rialaithe Míseáin (ionad rialaithe misean do NASA, Houston, Texas)\n- Ionad Eorpach Oibríochtaí Spáis (ionad rialaithe misean don Ghníomhaireacht Spáis Eorpach, Darmstadt, an Ghearmáin)\n- Ionad Oibríochtaí Spáis na Gearmáine (ionad rialaithe misean don Ionad Aerospace na Gearmáine, lena n-áirítear Ionad Rialaithe Columbus don Ghníomhaireacht Spáis Eorpach, Oberpfaffenhofen, an Ghearmáin)\n- Ionad Spáis na Guaiane (ionad rialaithe seolta don Ghníomhaireacht Spáis Eorpach, don ghníomhaireacht spáis na Fraince CNES, agus don ghnóthas tráchtála Arianespace, Kourou, Guaiane na Fraince)\n- Lárionad Spáis Kennedy (Lár seolta NASA, Cape Canaveral, Florida)\n- Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center (ionad réimse NASA, Houston, Texas)\n- Ionad um Oibríochtaí agus Comhtháthú Luchtaí (Ionad Seoltóireachta Spáis Marshall, Huntsville, AL)\n- Ionad Rialaithe Míse RKA (ionad rialaithe misean do Ghníomhaireacht Spáis Chónaidhme na Rúise, Korolyov, an Rúis)\n- Ionad Spáis Tanegashima (ionad rialaithe seolta do JAXA, Oileán Tanegashima, an tSeapáin)\n- Ionad Spáis Tsukuba (ionad rialaithe misean do JAXA, Tsukuba, an tSeapáin)\nClár eitilte spáis daonna NASA reatha agus roimhe sinEdit\nSean-Rialtóirí eitilte NASAEdit\n- John Aaron, EECOM\n- Steve Bales, GUIDO\n- Jay Greene, FDO, Sábháilteacht Réimse, Stiúrthóir eitilte\n- John Hodge, Stiúrthóir eitilte\n- Christopher C. Kraft, Jr., Stiúrthóir eitilte\n- Eugene Kranz, Stiúrthóir eitilte\n- Sy Liebergot, EECOM\n- Glynn Lunney, FDO, Stiúrthóir eitilte\n- Roger Balettie, FDO\n- William (Bill) Gravett, PHALCON (Apollo), EGIL (STS)\n- \"HSF\". spaceflight.nasa.gov. Faighte ar 2 Deireadh Fómhair 2017.\n- \"Apoló 13 aiste - Hamish Lindsay\". www.honeysucklecreek.net. Faighte ar 2 Deireadh Fómhair 2017.\n- Navias, Rob. \"Flight CONTROL STS-69\". Tá sé seo go leor. Ionad Spáis Johnson. Archaithe ón bhunaidh ar 18 Márta 2010. Faighte ar an 17 Lúnasa 2013.\nInnealtóir Córais Boostera (BOOSTER) Monatóireacht ar fheidhmíocht an phríomh-inneall agus an bhrustera soladach raicéad le linn chéim an chlé\n- \"Spotaí Tarraingthe Tar-aigéan na n-Aerárthaí Spáis\" (PDF). Riarachán Náisiúnta Aernáitíochta agus Spáis. Nollaig 2006. Ar ais 2009-07-01.\n- \"Dissecting the Technology of 'The Martian': Electrical Power - Tested.com\". - \"Dissecting the Technology of 'The Martian': Electrical Power - Tested.com\". - \"Dissecting the Technology of 'The Martian': Electrical Power - Tested.com\". Tástáil. Faighte ar 2 Deireadh Fómhair 2017.\nTá liosta tagairtí san alt seo, ach níl a fhoinsí soiléir toisc nach bhfuil go leor luaiteanna inline ann. (Meitheamh 2009) (Féach conas agus cathain a baintear an teimpléad teachtaireachta seo as)"} +{"text": "On this day in 1900, a Category 4 hurricane rips through Galveston, Texas, killing an estimated 6,000 to 8,000 people. A 15-foot storm surge flooded the city, then situated at less than nine feet above sea level, and numerous homes and buildings were destroyed. The hurricane remains the worst weather-related disaster in U.S. history in terms of loss of life.\nGalveston, first visited by French and Spanish explorers in the 16th and 17th centuries, is located on Galveston Island, a 29-mile strip of land about two miles off the Texas coast and about 50 miles southeast of Houston. The city, which was named in the late 18th century for the Spanish governor of Louisiana, Bernardo de Galvez, was incorporated in 1839 and is linked to the mainland by bridges and causeways. Galveston is a commercial shipping port and, with its warm weather and miles of beaches, has also long been a popular resort. At the time of the 1900 hurricane, Galveston, nicknamed the Oleander City, was filled with vacationers. Sophisticated weather forecasting technology didn't exist in 1900, but the U.S. Weather Bureau issued warnings telling people to move to higher ground. However, these advisories were ignored by many vacationers and residents alike.\nAfter the hurricane, a large seawall was eventually built to protect Galveston from flooding. The city was pummeled again by major hurricanes in 1961 and 1983, but they caused less damage than the one that struck in 1900.\nThe word \"hurricane\" comes from Hurican, the Carib god of evil. Hurricanes typically form in the tropical zones north and south of the equator. They can be hundreds of miles wide and last for several weeks as they move across the ocean. The Atlantic Ocean hurricane season runs from June through November.\nIn 1953, the U.S. National Weather Service, which tracks hurricanes and issues advisories, started giving storms female names in order to help scientists and the public follow them. Beginning in 1979, men's names were also used. The World Meteorological Organization assigns one name for each letter of the alphabet, with the exception of Q, U and Z. The lists of names are reused every six years; however, when a hurricane is especially deadly or costly its name is retired and a new name is added to the list. In 2006, \"Katrina,\" along with four other names from the 2005 hurricane season, was taken out of service. Hurricane Katrina, which devastated New Orleans and the Gulf Coast states in August 2005, was the costliest natural disaster in U.S. history.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-52", "url": "http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/deadly-hurricane-destroys-galveston", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802775222.147/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075255-00066-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9783300161, "token_count": 542, "score": 3.734375, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Ar an lá seo i 1900, ritheann hurricane Catagóir 4 trí Galveston, Texas, ag cur thart ar 6,000 go 8,000 duine chun báis. Chuir tonn-uisce 15 troigh ar an gcathair, a bhí níos lú ná naoi troigh os cionn leibhéal na farraige, agus scriosadh go leor tithe agus foirgneamh. Tá an hurricane fós an tubaiste is measa a bhaineann leis an aimsir i stair na Stát Aontaithe i dtéarmaí caillteanais beatha.\nGalveston, a thug taiscéalaithe na Fraince agus na Spáinne cuairt air den chéad uair sa 16ú agus sa 17ú haois, atá suite ar Oileán Galveston, snáithín 29 míle de thalamh thart ar dhá mhíle ó chósta Texas agus thart ar 50 míle ó dheas ó Houston. Tugadh an chathair, a ainmníodh i ndeireadh an 18ú haois i ndiaidh gobharnóir Spáinnis Louisiana, Bernardo de Galvez, a ionchorprú i 1839 agus tá sí nasctha leis an mórthír trí droichid agus bóithre. Is calafort loingseoireachta tráchtála é Galveston agus, lena aimsir te agus a chileameataí tránna, tá sé ina ionad saoire tóir ar feadh i bhfad. Ag am na hurricane 1900, bhí Galveston, a thugtar an t-ainm air mar Oleander City, lán le hoiliúnaithe. Ní raibh teicneolaíocht réamhaisnéis aimsire sofhiasta ann i 1900, ach na Stáit Aontaithe D'eisigh an Biúró Stoirme rabhaidh ag rá le daoine bogadh go talamh níos airde. Mar sin féin, rinne go leor saoire agus cónaitheoirí neamhaird ar na comhairleacha seo.\nTar éis na hurricane, tógadh balla mór farraige sa deireadh chun Galveston a chosaint ó shárú. Bhí na hurricaneanna móra ag bualadh ar an gcathair arís i 1961 agus i 1983, ach níor chuir siad mórán damáiste i gcrích ná an ceann a bhuail i 1900.\nTagann an focal \"tuirlingthe\" ó Hurican, dia olc na gCaribe. De ghnáth, cruthaítear hurricaneanna sna criosanna trópaiceacha ó thuaidh agus ó dheas den éagóir. Is féidir leo a bheith na céadta míle ar leithead agus maireann ar feadh roinnt seachtainí mar a ghluaiseann siad ar fud an aigéin. Ritheann séasúr na hurricane san Aigéan Atlantach ó mhí an Mheithimh go dtí Samhain.\nI 1953, thosaigh Seirbhís Náisiúnta Aeráide na Stát Aontaithe, a rianálann hurricanes agus a eiseoidh comhairleacha, ag tabhairt ainmneacha baineann do stoirmeacha chun cabhrú le heolaithe agus leis an bpobal iad a leanúint. Ag tosú i 1979, baineadh úsáid as ainmneacha fir freisin. Tugann an Eagraíocht Meitéareolaíochta Domhanda ainm amháin do gach litir den aibítir, seachas Q, U agus Z. Déantar na liostaí ainmneacha a athúsáid gach sé bliana; áfach, nuair a bhíonn hurricane thar a bheith maraíoch nó costasach, déantar a ainm a scor agus cuirtear ainm nua leis an liosta. Sa bhliain 2006, cuireadh \"Katrina\", mar aon le ceithre ainm eile ó shéasúr na hurricane 2005, as seirbhís. Ba é Hurricane Katrina, a scrios New Orleans agus stáit Chósta na Murascaille i mí Lúnasa 2005, an tubaiste nádúrtha is costasaí i stair na Stát Aontaithe."} +{"text": "The race is now on to develop, test and manufacture an effective COVID-19 vaccine and to distribute it globally. The vaccine will have to reach the world’s population and meet global health and economic goals, while minimising environmental impact. Universal vaccine access is of particular concern in low-income countries. The Centre for Sustainable Road Freight (SRF) has begun exploring the scale of the challenge involved in distributing temperature-sensitive COVID-19 vaccine in Bangladesh. The Centre has taken a new approach to assessing, re-engineering and building upon available logistics assets and systems. This will help engineer an efficient and sustainable delivery mechanism for an eventual COVID-19 vaccine to be deployed through resilient and sustainable health cold-chain systems.\nThe collaborative effort between Heriot Watt University and Birmingham University is designed to help overcome this logistical challenge sustainably and create a logistics model suitable for global adoption. The team will develop a short to medium-term crisis exit solution, aimed at delivering a COVID-19 vaccine in a safe, efficient, clean and temperature-controlled manner, while still maintaining routine vaccine deliveries. They will do this by evaluating capacity and preparedness of the Bangladesh vaccine cold chain and understanding complementary temperature management services and sustainable cooling technologies.\nMeeting these requirements while investigating the logistics involved in distributing a temperature-sensitive COVID-19 vaccine is a complex task. In this project, an opportunity exists to set an example to the world about how a country and its distribution systems can be ready for the day when a vaccine becomes available.\nIf this is an area of research which interests you, please contact Associate Professor Bing Xu. B.Xu@hw.ac.uk", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-45", "url": "https://www.csrf.ac.uk/2020/09/preparing-for-covid-19-vaccine-delivery-in-bangladesh/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107891624.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20201026175019-20201026205019-00408.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9164915681, "token_count": 340, "score": 2.734375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá an rás anois chun vacsaín éifeachtach COVID-19 a fhorbairt, a thástáil agus a mhonarú agus é a dháileadh go domhanda. Ní mór don vacsaín daonra an domhain a bhaint amach agus spriocanna sláinte agus eacnamaíocha domhanda a chomhlíonadh, agus an tionchar comhshaoil a íoslaghdú. Tá imní ar leith ar rochtain uilíoch ar vacsaín i dtíortha íseal ioncaim. Tá an Ionad um Earraí Bóithre Inbhuanaithe (SRF) ag iniúchadh scála na dúshláin a bhaineann le vacsaín COVID-19 atá íogair do theochta a dháileadh i mBanlathas. Tá cur chuige nua glactha ag an Ionad maidir le measúnú, ath-innealtóireacht agus tógáil ar shócmhainní agus ar chórais lóistíochta atá ar fáil. Cabhróidh sé seo le meicníocht seachadta éifeachtach agus inbhuanaithe a innealtóireacht le haghaidh vacsaín COVID-19 a bheidh le húsáid sa deireadh trí chórais slabhra fuar sláinte atá athléimneach agus inbhuanaithe.\nTá an iarracht chomhoibritheach idir Ollscoil Heriot Watt agus Ollscoil Birmingham deartha chun cuidiú leis an dúshlán lóistíochta seo a shárú go hinbhuanaithe agus samhail lóistíochta a chruthú atá oiriúnach le glacadh domhanda. Forbróidh an fhoireann réiteach imeacht géarchéime gearrthéarmach go meántéarmach, a bhfuil sé mar aidhm aige vacsaín COVID-19 a sheachadadh ar bhealach sábháilte, éifeachtach, glan agus teochta-rialta, agus seachadtaí gnáth vacsaíní á gcur i bhfeidhm fós. Déanfaidh siad é seo trí chumas agus ullmhacht slabhra fuar vacsaín Bhainglaise a mheas agus trí sheirbhísí bainistíochta teochta comhlántacha agus teicneolaíochtaí fuaraithe inbhuanaithe a thuiscint.\nIs tasc casta é na riachtanais seo a chomhlíonadh agus an lóistíocht a bhaineann le vacsaín COVID-19 atá íogair do theochta a dháileadh á fhiosrú. Sa tionscadal seo, tá deis ann sampla a chur ar fáil don domhan maidir le conas is féidir le tír agus a chórais dáileacháin a bheith réidh don lá a mbeidh vacsaín ar fáil.\nMá tá spéis agat sa réimse taighde seo, déan teagmháil leis an gComh-Ollamh Bing Xu. B.Xu@hw.ac.uk"} +{"text": "There has been an abundance of research in recent years demonstrating the significant impact of trauma on the developing brain. Children who are in care are likely to have been impacted by trauma at some stage during their development. This means that their brain may function differently from children who have not experienced trauma. As a result, many children in care can experience a range of difficulties, including hyperactivity and attention problems, learning difficulties, aggression and problems with socialising, eating and sleeping.\nWhen these difficulties are related to trauma, it is often the case that conventional parenting strategies can be ineffective. CatholicCare Social Services Hunter Manning’s psychologist, Phil Bird, is a member of the Clinical Services team which supports carers to learn targeted parenting techniques, collectively called ‘therapeutic parenting’.\n“We find that ‘common sense’ parenting isn’t quite enough for children in care. In order to reach their full potential, they need to be supported to repair from their trauma. Therapeutic parenting is about meeting the child’s developmental needs, responding to emotional needs and providing a sense of physical and psychological safety,” said Phil.\n“One of the main issues after trauma is that children operate out of their impulsive brain. They rely on ‘fight, flight or freeze’ behaviours. Children who have experienced early life trauma haven’t had their core needs met and we need to go back and meet these needs to help them reach their true potential.”\nRecently, Phil hosted a Therapeutic Foster Care training session for carers, where he explained brain development in children and how this differs for those who have experienced trauma. Phil assisted carers to learn therapeutic techniques to help address behavioural issues that may arise.\nTraining and information sessions are just one part of CatholicCare’s support system for foster carers, which also includes placement support via home visits and over the phone assistance. The sessions, such as Therapeutic Foster Care, are aimed at upskilling carers and teaching practical strategies to support more effectively the child in their care. Another stream of support is the Sinergie program, where an early intervention parenting practitioner visits the family home at difficult times throughout the day, such as bedtime, and role models therapeutic parenting techniques.\nWhen a carer needs extra support, the Clinical Services team begins by conducting a baseline assessment to determine which parts of the child’s brain have been impacted in development. From this, the team can tailor a holistic treatment plan, which not only involves assisting the carers to learn targeted techniques, but also the child’s teachers at school.\nThe special work that foster carers do goes far beyond providing a safe physical environment for the child, it also involves nurturing the child’s emotional and psychological needs. The job is by no means easy and it is important for the carer to be supported throughout the process. “It’s the who that do the most important therapeutic work. If we are to support the child, the carer is the most important person to be supported,” said Phil.\nTo learn more about CatholicCare’s training and information sessions and other carer events, P CatholicCare on 4979 1120, visit www.catholiccare.org.au or look out for upcoming events in the monthly Carer Newsletter.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-45", "url": "http://mnnews.today/social-services/2017/20667-a-different-approach-with-therapeutic-parenting/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107880038.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20201022195658-20201022225658-00399.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9570611715, "token_count": 690, "score": 3.09375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá go leor taighde déanta le blianta beaga anuas a léiríonn an tionchar suntasach atá ag trauma ar an inchinn atá ag forbairt. Is dócha go raibh tionchar ag trauma ar leanaí atá i gcúram ag céim éigin ina bhforbairt. Ciallaíonn sé seo go bhféadfadh a n-inchinn oibriú ar bhealach difriúil ó leanaí nach bhfuil taithí acu ar thráma. Mar thoradh air sin, d'fhéadfadh go leor leanaí a bhfuil cúram orthu a bheith ag fulaingt ó shaincheisteanna éagsúla, lena n-áirítear hipearghníomhaíocht agus fadhbanna aird, deacrachtaí foghlama, ionsaí agus fadhbanna le socializing, ithe agus codladh.\nNuair a bhaineann na deacrachtaí seo le trauma, is minic a bhíonn sé go bhfuil straitéisí traidisiúnta tuismitheoireachta neamhéifeachtach. Seirbhísí Sóisialta CaitliceachCáirde is é an síceolaí Hunter Manning, Phil Bird, ball den fhoireann Seirbhísí Cliniciúla a thacaíonn le cúramóirí teicnící tuismitheoireachta spriocdhírithe a fhoghlaim, ar a dtugtar \"tuismitheoireacht teiripeach\" go comhpháirteach.\nFuardaímid nach leor aitheantas aitheantais do leanaí atá i gcúram. D'fhonn a gcumas iomlán a bhaint amach, ní mór tacaíocht a thabhairt dóibh chun a n-ionsaí a leigheas. Is éard atá i gceist le tuismitheoireacht teiripeach ná riachtanais forbartha an linbh a chomhlíonadh, freagairt do riachtanais mhothúchánach agus mothú slándála fisiceach agus síceolaíoch a sholáthar, a dúirt Phil.\nIs é ceann de na príomhcheisteanna tar éis trauma ná go n-oibríonn leanaí as a n-inchinn impulsive. Tá siad ag brath ar iompar 'sabaid, eitilt nó reo'. Ní raibh a gcuid riachtanas bunúsacha comhlíonta ag leanaí a raibh trauma luath sa saol acu agus ní mór dúinn dul ar ais agus freastal ar na riachtanais seo chun cabhrú leo a n-acmhainneacht fíor a bhaint amach.\nLe déanaí, d'óstáil Phil seisiún oiliúna Cúram Teiripeach Cothabhála do chúramóirí, áit a mhínigh sé forbairt inchinn i leanaí agus conas a bhíonn sé seo difriúil dóibh siúd a bhfuil trauma acu. Chabhraigh Phil le cúramóirí teicnící teiripeacha a fhoghlaim chun cabhrú le fadhbanna iompraíochta a d'fhéadfadh teacht chun cinn a réiteach.\nNí hiad seisiúin oiliúna agus faisnéise ach cuid amháin de chóras tacaíochta CatholicCare do chaomhnóirí aireacha, lena n-áirítear tacaíocht i dtaca le socrúchán trí chuairt abhaile agus trí chúnamh ar an bhfón. Tá sé mar aidhm ag na seisiúin, amhail Cúram Teiripeach Cothabhála, cúramóirí a chur ar an eolas agus straitéisí praiticiúla a mhúineadh chun tacú níos éifeachtaí leis an leanbh atá faoina gcúram. Is é sreabhán tacaíochta eile an clár Sinergie, áit a dtugann cleachtóir tuismitheoireachta idirghabhála luath cuairt ar theach an teaghlaigh ag amanna deacra i rith an lae, mar shampla tráth codlata, agus múnlaí teicnící tuismitheoireachta teiripeacha.\nNuair a bhíonn tacaíocht bhreise ag teastáil ó chúramóir, déanann foireann na Seirbhísí Cliniciúla measúnú bunlíne chun a chinneadh cé na codanna de inchinn an linbh a bhfuil tionchar acu ar fhorbairt. Ón méid sin, is féidir leis an bhfoireann plean cóireála iomlánach a shaincheapadh, rud a chuimsíonn ní amháin cabhrú leis na cúramóirí teicnící spriocdhírithe a fhoghlaim, ach freisin múinteoirí na leanaí ar scoil.\nNí hionann an obair speisialta a dhéanann cúramóirí aireacháin agus timpeallacht shláintiúil a sholáthar don leanbh, baineann sé le riachtanais mhothúchánach agus síceolaíocha an linbh a chothú freisin. Níl an obair éasca ar chor ar bith agus tá sé tábhachtach go dtacófaí leis an gcúramóir i rith an phróisis. Is é an \"cé\" a dhéanann an obair theiripeach is tábhachtaí. Má tá muid chun tacú leis an leanbh, is é an cúramóir an duine is tábhachtaí a bheidh le tacú, a dúirt Phil.\nChun tuilleadh eolais a fháil faoi sheisiúin oiliúna agus faisnéise agus imeachtaí cúramtóra eile CatholicCare, déan teagmháil le CatholicCare ar 4979 1120, tabhair cuairt ar www.catholiccare.org.au nó féach ar imeachtaí atá le teacht sa nuachtlitir míosúil Carer."} +{"text": "Credit: CK-12 Foundation - Christopher Auyeung, using image copyright Cory Thoman, 2010\nLicense: CC BY-NC 3.0\nAristotle (384-322 BC) was an incredibly important thinker in his time; he made contributions to logic, mathematics, physics, biology, politics, theater, and more. Nonetheless, he followed the tendency of the time to make unsubstantiated claims, such as his false proclamation that men eat more than women, and therefore have more teeth. The scientific method became common after Aristotle's time, and ushered in the scientific era of careful observations instead of opinions. Without this method, the hypotheses, theories, discoveries, and inventions we think of as \"Science\" would not be possible. In this chapter, you will be introduced to physics, as well as the methodology of physics experiments.\nPhysics is the branch of science that studies primarily matter, energy, and their interactions. Using the scientific method, physicists hypothesize relationships, design experiments, and complete tests to turn hypotheses into theories. Physicists around the world not only work from the same body of knowledge - the same laws and theories - but they also use standard units and the SI system of measurement to ensure replication of their experiments is possible. Physics is more than numbers and equations; it is about asking how and why things work and questioning everything we see in the natural world.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-52", "url": "http://www.ck12.org/book/CK-12-Physics-Concepts---Intermediate/r19/section/1.0/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1419447562371.145/warc/CC-MAIN-20141224185922-00074-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9556107521, "token_count": 282, "score": 3.59375, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Creidmheas: CK-12 Foundation - Christopher Auyeung, ag baint úsáide as cóipcheart íomhá Cory Thoman, 2010\nCeadúnas: CC BY-NC 3.0\nBhí Aristotle (384-322 RC) ina smaointeoir an-tábhachtach ina chuid ama; chuir sé le loighic, matamaitic, fisice, bitheolaíocht, polaitíocht, amharclann, agus go leor eile. Mar sin féin, lean sé claonadh na huaire éilimh gan fhianaise a dhéanamh, mar shampla a fhógra bréagach go n-itheann fir níos mó ná mná, agus dá bhrí sin go bhfuil níos mó fiacla acu. Tháinig an modh eolaíoch coitianta tar éis am Aristotle, agus chuir sé tús le ré eolaíoch na mbreathnóireachta cúramach in ionad tuairimí. Gan an modh seo, ní bheadh na hipoteis, na teoiricí, na fionnachtana, agus na haimsireanna a cheapann muid mar \"Eolaíocht\" indéanta. Sa chaibidil seo, cuirfear i láthair duit an fhisice, chomh maith le modheolaíocht na turgnaimh fisice.\nIs é an fhisice an brainse eolaíochta a dhéanann staidéar ar ábhar, ar fhuinneamh agus ar a n-idirghníomhaíochtaí go príomha. Ag baint úsáide as an modh eolaíoch, déanann fiosaí hipitéisí maidir le caidrimh, déanann siad turgnaimh agus déanann siad tástálacha chun hipitéisí a thiontú ina teoiricí. Ní hamháin go n-oibríonn fiosaí ar fud an domhain ón gcomhlacht céanna eolais - na dlíthe agus na teoiricí céanna - ach úsáideann siad aonad caighdeánach agus an córas tomhais SI freisin chun a chinntiú go bhfuil athdhéanamh a dturgnaimh indéanta. Ní hionann fisice agus uimhreacha agus chothromanna; baineann sí le ceist a chur ar conas agus cén fáth a n-oibríonn rudaí agus gach rud a fheiceann muid sa domhan nádúrtha a cheistniú."} +{"text": "My previous blog post\nsurveyed some of the recent trends in developing global measures of urbanization. In this post, I want to turn to a brief discussion for scholars and practitioners on some possible applications and areas of focus for ongoing work:\n[Download draft paper \"Bright Lights, Big Cities: a Review of Research and Findings on Global Urban Expansion\"]\nWhile there are a number of different maps for documenting urban expansion, each has different strengths and weaknesses in application\n. Coarser resolution maps such as MODIS\ncan be used for mapping the basic contours of artificial built-up areas in regional and comparative scales. On the other hand, high-resolution maps are best suited for individual cities, as algorithms can be used to identify and classify observed colors, textures, shading, and patterns into different types of land uses. These levels of detail are difficult to use for reliable comparisons between\ncities as the types of building materials, structure shapes, light reflectivity, and other factors can vary widely between countries and regions.\nNonetheless, there are a number of applications for policymakers in this regard, from identifying and mapping green spaces and natural hazard risks to identifying and tracking areas of new growth, such as informal settlements. However, such approaches to land use detection require careful calibration of these automated methods, such as cross referencing with other available maps, or by “ground truthing” with a sample of street-level photos of various types of buildings and land cover as reference inputs for automation. One solution to this is the use of social media and geo-coded data\nto confirm and monitor changes in urban environments alongside the use of high-resolution satellite imagery.\nNighttime light maps also have gained traction as measures of urban extent and as ways to gauge changes in economic activity in large urban centers. They are probably less useful for documenting smaller settlements, which may be dimmer or have little significant variation in brightness. It is important to correct these types of maps for “overglow” measurement effects—where certain light may “bleed” or obscure the shapes and forms of very large, bright urban areas in relation to adjacent smaller and dimmer settlements (newer VIIRs maps have made some important advances\nin correcting this).", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-09", "url": "https://blogs.worldbank.org/sustainablecities/category/tags/gis", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891814002.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20180222041853-20180222061853-00747.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9390631318, "token_count": 457, "score": 2.59375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Mo phost roimhe seo ar mo bhlag\nRinne an t-eolaí iniúchadh ar roinnt de na treochtaí le déanaí maidir le bearta domhanda uirbithe a fhorbairt. Sa phost seo, ba mhaith liom dul i mbun plé gearr do scoláirí agus cleachtóirí ar roinnt feidhmchláir féideartha agus réimsí fócas le haghaidh oibre leanúnach:\n[Déan dréacht-párta \"Light Bright, Big Cities: athbhreithniú ar thaighde agus torthaí ar leathnú uirbeach domhanda\" a íoslódáil]\nCé go bhfuil roinnt léarscáileanna éagsúla ann chun leathnú uirbeach a dhoiciméadú, tá láidreachtaí agus laigí éagsúla ag gach ceann acu i bhfeidhm\n. . go deo . Léarscáileanna le réiteach níos mó mar MODIS\nIs féidir é a úsáid chun an bunchruth de limistéir thógtha saorga a mhapeáil i scála réigiúnach agus comparáideach. Ar an láimh eile, is fearr a oireann léarscáileanna ard-chinntiúis do chathracha aonair, mar is féidir algaratóirí a úsáid chun dathanna, uigeachtaí, scáthú agus patrúin a breathnaíodh a aithint agus a aicmiú i gcineálacha éagsúla úsáidí talún. Tá sé deacair na leibhéil mionsonraithe seo a úsáid chun comparáidí iontaofa a dhéanamh idir\nTá an-chuid na n-oibreacha á ndéanamh ag na cathracha mar gur féidir le cineálacha ábhair tógála, cruthanna struchtúir, athshlánú solais, agus fachtóirí eile a bheith éagsúil go mór idir tíortha agus réigiúin.\nMar sin féin, tá roinnt iarratais ann do lucht déanta beartas maidir leis seo, ó spásanna glasa agus rioscaí contúirte nádúrtha a shainaithint agus a mhapáil go limistéir atá ag fás nua, amhail lonnaíochtaí neamhfhoirmiúla, a shainaithint agus a rianú. Mar sin féin, ní mór cur chuige den sórt sin maidir le braiteachas úsáide talún a chaibriú go cúramach ar na modhanna uathoibrithe seo, mar shampla, trí thraschomhairliú le léarscáileanna eile atá ar fáil, nó trí \"truthing talún\" le sampla de ghrianghraif ar leibhéal sráide de chineálacha éagsúla foirgnimh agus clúdach talún mar ionchur tagartha le haghaidh uathoibrithe. Is é ceann de na réitigh seo ná úsáid na meán sóisialta agus sonraí geo-chódáilte\nathruithe i dtimpeallachtaí uirbeacha a dhearbhú agus a mhonatóireacht in éineacht le húsáid íomhánna satailíte ardchóirithe.\nTá tarraingt tugtha ag léarscáileanna solais oíche freisin mar bhearta ar mhéid uirbeach agus mar bhealaí chun athruithe i ngníomhaíocht eacnamaíoch a thomhas i lárionaid uirbeacha móra. Is dócha nach bhfuil siad chomh úsáideach chun lonnaíochtaí níos lú a dhoiciméadú, a d'fhéadfadh a bheith níos dorcha nó a bhfuil beagán éagsúlachta suntasach acu i bhláth. Tá sé tábhachtach na cineálacha léarscáileanna seo a cheartú le haghaidh éifeachtaí tomhais \"súlghlaise\" nuair a d'fhéadfadh solas áirithe \"fhuil\" nó na cruthanna agus na foirmeacha a dhéanamh do cheantair uirbeacha an-mhór, geal i ndáil le lonnaíochtaí níos lú agus níos lú a bhaineann leo (tá roinnt dul chun cinn tábhachtach déanta ag léarscáileanna níos nuaí VIIRs\ni gceartú seo)."} +{"text": "Super Fun Resource To Practice Main Idea\nUnderstanding and identifying main idea is a critical skill for developing reading comprehension. The best way to practice this skill is to use fun interactive resources that will hold students’ attention and maintain their focus when analyzing the reading. That’s exactly what this super fun game is all about. Students will read a short passage in the storm cloud, and then strike the tree with lightning that displays the main idea. Checkout this super fun main idea game below!", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-09", "url": "http://readyteacher.com/main-idea-practice/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891816351.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20180225090753-20180225110753-00710.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8631439805, "token_count": 99, "score": 3.53125, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Super Fun Acmhainn chun Practice Príomh-Idea\nTá sé ríthábhachtach go dtuigeann agus go sainaithníonn daoine an príomh-smaoineamh chun tuiscint a fháil ar an léitheoireacht. Is é an bealach is fearr chun an scileanna seo a chleachtadh ná acmhainní idirghníomhacha spraíúla a úsáid a shealbhaíonn aird na scoláirí agus a choinníonn a ndícheall nuair a dhéanann siad anailís ar an léitheoireacht. Sin go díreach cad é seo Super cluiche spraoi faoi go léir. Léann mic léinn rannán gearr sa scamall stoirme, agus ansin buailfidh siad an crann le léim a thaispeánann an príomh-smaoineamh. Seiceáil an cluiche príomh-smaoineamh super spraoi thíos!"} +{"text": "Women may experience fertility issues for multiple reasons, and sometimes it’s challenging to pinpoint the real cause. One factor that many women with fertility issues may not have on their minds is the probability of an undiagnosed thyroid condition.\nInfertility and Thyroid Problems: What’s the Connection?\nThe body-wide hormonal changes that hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) can cause can lead to irregular menstrual cycles and other menstruation issues that can impact fertility.\nBoth hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) and hypothyroidism prevent ovulation, the monthly process in which an egg gets released to be fertilized. If an egg is not released, you can’t get pregnant, even if you have regular menstrual periods.\nThere are other ways that thyroid disorders can cause infertility. Hypothyroidism may cause cysts to form on the ovaries. It can also lead to increased prolactin production — the hormone that controls lactation or milk production — in women who are not pregnant. When your prolactin levels are high, you cannot ovulate.\nHypothyroidism has also been linked to a definite increase in the risk of miscarriage. Hypothyroid women are about 4 times more likely to have a miscarriage than women who are not. Women with untreated hypothyroidism are also at higher risk of having babies with slightly lower IQ levels and developmental problems.[Also Read: Control Your Thyroid Using These Natural Treatments ]\nHypothyroidism and Fertility\nHypothyroidism can be effectively treated, and once you get your thyroid levels back to a stable range, you can become pregnant. Treatment comprises taking pill form synthetic thyroid hormone.\nThough it may take some months to determine the proper quantity of hormone for you, once you and your physician determine your optimal dosage, you should be feeling confident again and be able to conceive .\nWhen hypothyroidism is the cause for infertility, taking thyroid medication will enable most women to conceive, from as soon as 6 weeks after treatment, according to a study published in the IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences of February 2015 issue.\nThe research also pointed out that most women who have an issue conceiving may have no clear hypothyroidism symptoms. And only mildly elevated TSH levels make it all the more critical to have a TSH blood test if you’re experiencing a tough time getting pregnant and don’t know the reason.\nAnother research found that treating hypothyroidism with medicines not only improved conception rates but also minimized miscarriages early in pregnancy, which can occur as a result of severe untreated hypothyroidism. Those results were published in The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist January 2015 issue.\n[Also Read: Yoga for Fertility in Women]\nHypothyroidism and Pregnancy\nOnce you conceive, it’s critical to continue to monitor your thyroid hormone levels throughout your pregnancy. Your physician may need to adjust your medication dosage to keep your TSH under optimal levels. You need to be tested regularly during pregnancy. Typically, that means about 3 times.\nMany of the times, mildly low thyroid hormone levels won’t impact the pregnancy or fetus. However, severe hypothyroidism can be associated with several worse outcomes, including fetal death and miscarriage.\nThus it’s crucial to continue taking your medication throughout your pregnancy — but rest assured that there’s no harm in it to the baby or you.\n[Also Read: Weird Pregnancy Changes You Need to Know]\nTesting for Hypothyroidism\nIf you’re experiencing hypothyroidism symptoms — increased sensitivity to cold, fatigue, constipation, muscle weakness, weight gain, and irregular or heavier than usual or menstrual periods in women, among others — they should get tested for the condition .\nAn easy blood test can clarify whether your thyroid gland is functioning optimally. The test measures the amount of TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) in your bloodstream, and high levels indicate hypothyroidism, according to the ATA (American Thyroid Association).\nSo, should you get tested for hypothyroidism before you try to conceive? Yes, mainly because many women are waiting until they’re older to conceive. The more aged they are, the more chances they have of acquiring hypothyroidism. The thyroid is a particularly sensitive organ and fails significantly often.\n[Also Read: Natural Treatments For Hypothyroidism]\nInfertility and Thyroid Problems: The effect of estrogen\nfor women who have been diagnosed with a thyroid condition, taking birth control pills with estrogen or estrogen can have a considerable impact on how much thyroid hormone you require.\nBirth control pills can affect a thyroid condition because birth control pills affect the liver, producing thyroid-binding proteins that bind to thyroid hormones circulating in your blood.\nThe liver produces more of these proteins when hormonal medications containing estrogen and birth control pills are introduced to your body. This will impact how much thyroid hormone you require to stay symptom-free and healthy.\nIf you are taking thyroid medicines, the only way to adapt [to the additional proteins released by the liver from hormonal drugs like the birth control pill] is to change your thyroid medication dose. Adjustments are to be required every time the patient changes her estrogen status — going on or off the pill, or around the period of menopause.\nThis means that women with hypothyroidism who use birth control pills to avoid pregnancy and then stop taking the pills to get pregnant, need to talk to their physician about changes in their thyroid medicines. In the absence of birth control pills, they may not require as much thyroid hormone.\nMost women with hypothyroidism also require more thyroid hormone medication while pregnant because the estrogen levels in their blood get higher.\nThyroid Problems and Infertility: Reducing Your Risk\nThe finest thing you can do to minimize your risk of health complications and maintain fertility is to get your thyroid problem under control as quickly as possible. Once hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism is successfully cured, you should no longer experience infertility, as long as thyroid problems were the only reason.\nInfertility can have several different culprits, and a thyroid condition can be one of them. If you have a thyroid problem, talk to your physician before trying to conceive or if you’re having trouble getting pregnant.\nAnd if you’re having issues conceiving and are otherwise normal, your physician may want to conduct few screening tests to be sure that a thyroid condition isn’t the cause.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-50", "url": "https://howtocure.com/fertility-and-thyroid/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141542358.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20201201013119-20201201043119-00439.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9416763186, "token_count": 1351, "score": 2.65625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh fadhbanna torthúlachta ag mná ar chúiseanna éagsúla, agus uaireanta bíonn sé dúshlánach an fíorchúis a aimsiú. Is dócha go bhfuil galar thyroid neamhdhearbhaithe i gceist le fachtóir nach bhfuil i gcuimhne ag go leor mná a bhfuil fadhbanna torthúlachta acu.\nNeamhghinmhilleadh agus Fadhbanna Thyroid: Cad é an Ceangal?\nIs féidir leis na hathruithe hormónacha ar fud an choirp a d'fhéadfadh hypothyroidism (titheoirid neamhghníomhach) a bheith mar thoradh ar timthriallta mírialta agus fadhbanna mírialta eile a d'fhéadfadh tionchar a bheith acu ar fhortún.\nCuireann hipertireoidí (trí-ghníomhach thyroid) agus hypothyroidism ar an dá cheann bac ar ovulation, an próiseas míosúil ina scaoiltear uibhe chun a fhéilleadh. Mura scaoiltear uibhe, ní féidir leat a bheith ag iompar clainne, fiú má tá do thréimhse rialta agat.\nTá bealaí eile ann ar féidir le neamhord thyroid neamhtháirgiúlacht a chur faoi deara. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh cistí ar na huibheacha mar thoradh ar hypothyroidism. Is féidir leis a bheith ina chúis le táirgeadh prolactin méadaithe freisin an hormón a rialaíonn lactation nó táirgeadh bainne i measc na mban nach bhfuil torrach. Nuair a bhíonn leibhéil prolactin ard agat, ní féidir leat ovulate.\nTá nasc ag hipothyroidism freisin le méadú cinnte ar an mbaol mí-úsáid. Tá mná atá ag fulaingt ó hypothyroid thart ar 4 huaire níos mó seans go mbeidh mí-ghortú acu ná mná nach bhfuil. Tá riosca níos airde ann freisin do mhná a bhfuil hypothyroidism neamhchóireáilte acu leanaí a bhfuil leibhéil IQ beagán níos ísle acu agus fadhbanna forbartha acu. [Leigh freisin: Rialaigh Do Thyroid Le Húsáide na Cóireálacha Nádúrtha Seo]\nHypothyroidism agus Torthúlacht\nIs féidir an hypothyroidism a chóireáil go héifeachtach, agus nuair a fhaigheann tú do leibhéil thyroid ar ais go raon cobhsaí, is féidir leat a bheith ag iompar clainne. Is éard atá sa chóireáil ná hormóin thyroid sintéiseach a ghlacadh i bhfoirm pill.\nCé go bhféadfadh sé roinnt míonna a thógáil chun an méid ceart hormóin a chinneadh duit, nuair a chinnfidh tú féin agus do dhochtúir an dáileog is fearr leat, ba cheart go mbraitheann tú muiníneach arís agus go mbeidh tú in ann breith a fháil .\nNuair is é hypothyroidism an chúis le neamhtháirgiúlacht, cuirfidh cógais thyroid ar fáil don chuid is mó de na mná chun breith a fháil, chomh luath agus is 6 seachtaine tar éis cóireála, de réir staidéir a foilsíodh i dTuairisc IOSR de Eolaíochtaí Fiaclóireachta agus Leighis de mhí Feabhra 2015.\nThug an taighde le fios freisin nach bhféadfadh aon chomharthaí soiléir hypothyroidism a bheith ag formhór na mban a bhfuil deacracht acu a bheith ag iompar clainne. Agus ní bhíonn ach leibhéil TSH atá ard go beag ach níos tábhachtaí go léir chun tástáil fola TSH a dhéanamh má tá tú ag fulaingt ó am deacair a bheith ag iompar clainne agus mura bhfuil a fhios agat an chúis.\nFuair taighde eile nach raibh ach feabhas tagtha ar an ráta toirchis a bhain le leigheas ar hypothyroidism le cógais ach gur laghdaigh sé freisin mí-ghráthú go luath sa toirchis, rud a d'fhéadfadh tarlú mar thoradh ar hypothyroidism throm nach ndearnadh cóireáil air. Foilsíodh na torthaí sin i dTreoir na mBan-Ghaeilge agus na mBan-Ghaeilge i mí Eanáir 2015.\n[Leigh freisin: Yoga le haghaidh Torthúlachta i mBan]\nHypothyroidism agus Torthanas\nNuair a bhíonn tú ag iompar clainne, tá sé ríthábhachtach leanúint de do leibhéil hormóin thyroid a mhonatóireacht i rith do thráthnóna. D'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh ar do dhochtúir do dáileog cógais a choigeartú chun do TSH a choinneáil faoi leibhéil is fearr. Ní mór duit a bheith ag tástáil go rialta le linn toirchis. De ghnáth, ciallaíonn sé sin thart ar 3 huaire.\nGo minic, ní dhéanfaidh leibhéil íseal hormóin thyroid difear don toirchis nó don fhéatas. Mar sin féin, is féidir go mbeadh baint ag hypothyroidism tromchúiseach le roinnt torthaí níos measa, lena n-áirítear bás an fhéatas agus mí-úsáid.\nTá sé ríthábhachtach, dá bhrí sin, go leanfaidh tú ag glacadh do chógais i rith do thráthnóna ach bí cinnte nach ndéanfaidh sé dochar duit féin ná do do leanbh.\n[Leigh freisin: Athruithe Weird Pregnancy Ní mór duit a fhios]\nTástáil le haghaidh Hypothyroidism\nMá tá tú ag fulaingt ó chomharthaí hypothyroidism íogaireacht mhéadaithe don fuar, tuirse, constipation, laige matáin, meáchan a fháil, agus míreanna neamhrialta nó níos mó ná mar is gnách nó míreanna míosta i measc na mban, i measc rudaí eile ba cheart dóibh tástáil a dhéanamh ar an riocht.\nIs féidir le tástáil fola simplí a shoiléiriú an bhfuil do gland thyroid ag feidhmiú ar bhealach is fearr. Déanann an tástáil méid TSH (hormón a spreagann an thyroid) i do shruth fola a thomhas, agus léiríonn leibhéil arda hypothyroidism, de réir an ATA (Aontas Thyroid Mheiriceá).\nMar sin, ba cheart duit tástáil a dhéanamh ar hypothyroidism sula ndéanann tú iarracht a bheith torrach? Sea, go príomha toisc go bhfuil go leor mná ag fanacht go dtí go mbeidh siad níos sine chun a bheith ag iompar clainne. An níos sine a bhíonn siad, is mó seans a bhíonn acu hypothyroidism a fháil. Is orgán an-íogair é an thyroid agus bíonn sé ag teip go suntasach go minic.\n[Leigh freisin: Cóireálacha nádúrtha le haghaidh hypothyroidism]\nNeamhghiniúna agus Fadhbanna Thíreasa: Éifeacht an estrogen\ni gcás mná a ndearnadh diagnóis orthu le riocht thyroid, d'fhéadfadh tionchar suntasach a bheith ag pills rialaithe breithe a ghlacadh le hestrogen nó le hestrogen ar an méid hormóin thyroid a theastaíonn uait.\nIs féidir le pills rialaithe breithe dul i bhfeidhm ar riocht thyroid toisc go mbíonn tionchar ag pills rialaithe breithe ar an ae, ag táirgeadh próitéiní a cheangailann thyroid a cheangailann le hormóin thyroid a scaipeann i do fhuil.\nTáirgeann an ae níos mó de na próitéiní seo nuair a chuirtear cógais hormónacha ina bhfuil estrogen agus pills rialaithe breithe isteach i do chorp. Beidh tionchar ag seo ar an méid hormóin thyroid a theastaíonn uait chun fanacht saor ó chomharthaí agus sláintiúil.\nMá tá tú ag glacadh cógais thyroid, is é an t-aon bhealach chun oiriúnú [do na próitéiní breise a scaoileann an ae ó chógais hormónacha cosúil leis an pill rialaithe breithe] ná do dáileog cógais thyroid a athrú. Tá gá le coigeartuithe gach uair a athraíonn an t- othair a stádas estrogen ag dul ar aghaidh nó as an pill, nó timpeall na tréimhse na menopause.\nCiallaíonn sé seo go gcaithfidh mná a bhfuil hypothyroidism acu a úsáideann pills rialaithe breithe chun toirchis a sheachaint agus ansin stop a chur leis na pills a ghlacadh chun a bheith toirchis, labhairt lena gcuid dochtúir faoi athruithe ar a gcuid cógais thyroid. Mura bhfuil pills rialaithe breithe ann, b'fhéidir nach gá go leor hormóin thyroid dóibh.\nBa chóir go mbeadh níos mó cógais hormón thyroid ag teastáil ó na mná is mó a bhfuil hypothyroidism acu le linn toirchis toisc go mbíonn leibhéil estrogen ina gcuid fola níos airde.\nFadhbanna le Teirióide agus Neamhghiniúna: Ag Laghdú do Riosca\nIs é an rud is fearr is féidir leat a dhéanamh chun do riosca coimpléascanna sláinte a íoslaghdú agus d'fhortún a choinneáil ná do fhadhb thyroid a fháil faoi smacht chomh tapa agus is féidir. Nuair a leigheastar hypothyroidism nó hyperthyroidism go rathúil, níor cheart go mbeadh neamhbhraitheacht ort a thuilleadh, chomh fada agus a bhí fadhbanna thyroid an chúis amháin.\nIs féidir go mbeadh roinnt cúis éagsúla ag neamhtháirgiúlacht, agus is féidir go mbeadh riocht thyroid ar cheann acu. Má tá fadhb le do thyroid agat, labhair le do dhochtúir sula ndéanann tú iarracht a bheith toirchis nó má tá deacrachtaí agat a bheith torrach.\nAgus má tá fadhbanna ag baint le toirchis agus má tá tú gnáth, b'fhéidir go mbeidh do dhochtúir ag iarraidh cúpla tástáil scagála a dhéanamh chun a bheith cinnte nach cúis é riocht thyroid."} +{"text": "Pop Quiz: Be prepared!\nIn the world of college and university admissions, teaching, and advising, we spend time discussing the “preparedness” of our entering students. Ideally, students come in with the basic framework of reading, math, etc, as well as some skills like time management, critical thinking, etc. This makes them prepared for the hopefully more rigorous and deep specialized education they should get in addition to finishing rounding out their general knowledge. The better prepared students are the ones who succeed and complete their degree, at least in theory.\njodee’s post on including courses on subjects like computer programming may feel to some like a distraction to the goal of preparedness, and to others like me as another way to foster the needed skills. Also, you may have noticed that the computers won, and they now rule the earth.\nWe’ve all seen articles on the eroding educational system, the changes technology may bring to our students and our classrooms, but the age old problem of preparedness and the transition from high school to college keeps coming back. That last link has the alarming statistic that 60% of new college students are in remedial math or English classes in their first year, and that doesn’t even start to assess skills preparedness.\nPerhaps unsurprisingly, it appears high school educators and college educators don’t agree on what preparedness means. One thing I noted in all this googling was that the primary focus was on students taking remedial math and English, with a side of discussing other skills, but no list or description of what those skills are (some articles did mention specifics like being able to construct an argument in writing, but that’s it.)\nHere’s my question to you: what are the specific skills students should have mastered before entering college? Which skills should be learned in college?\nThe Pop Quiz is a question posed to you, the Scholars of Doubt. Look for it on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays in the afternoon (ET).", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-50", "url": "https://schoolofdoubt.com/2014/08/04/pop-quiz-be-prepared/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141542358.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20201201013119-20201201043119-00605.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9668152928, "token_count": 419, "score": 2.953125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Ceist Pop: Bí réidh!\nSa saol na n-aighneachtaí coláiste agus ollscoile, an teagaisc, agus na comhairle, caithimid am ag plé le ullmhacht ár gcuid mac léinn iontrála. Go hidéalach, tagann mic léinn isteach le creat bunúsach léitheoireachta, matamaitice, etc, chomh maith le roinnt scileanna cosúil le bainistíocht ama, smaointeoireacht chriticiúil, etc. Cuireann sé seo ar a gcumas iad a ullmhú don oideachas speisialaithe, a bhfuil súil againn go mbeidh sé níos déine agus níos doimhne, a bheadh acu a fháil chomh maith le críochnú a gcuid eolais ghinearálta. Is iad na mic léinn a bhfuil ullmhúchán níos fearr acu a éiríonn leo agus a chríochnaíonn a gcuid céim, ar a laghad i teoiric.\nd'fhéadfadh post jodees ar a chur ar chúrsaí ar ábhair cosúil le cláir ríomhaire a bhraitheann le roinnt mar distraction chun an sprioc ullmhaithe, agus do dhaoine eile cosúil liomsa mar bhealach eile chun a chothú na scileanna is gá. Chomh maith leis sin, b'fhéidir go bhfaca tú go bhuaigh na ríomhairí, agus go bhfuil siad anois ag rialú an domhain.\nTá ailt feicthe againn go léir faoin gcóras oideachais atá ag éadóchas, na hathruithe a d'fhéadfadh teicneolaíocht a thabhairt dár scoláirí agus dár seomraí ranga, ach tá an fhadhb sean-aois maidir le ullmhú agus an t-aistriú ó scoil ard go coláiste ag teacht ar ais. Tá an staitisticí imníoch sa nasc deireanach sin go bhfuil 60% de mhic léinn coláiste nua i ranganna maitéamaitice nó i ranganna Béarla a leigheas ina gcéad bhliain, agus ní thosaíonn sé sin fiú le ullmhacht scileanna a mheas.\nNí haon ionadh, b'fhéidir, nach bhfuil oideachasóirí ardscoileanna agus oideachasóirí coláiste ag teacht ar aon tuairim maidir leis an méid a chiallaíonn ullmhacht. Rud amháin a thug mé faoi deara sa googling seo go léir ná go raibh an fócas príomha ar dhaltaí ag déanamh matamaitice agus Béarla leigheas, le taobh ag plé scileanna eile, ach gan liosta ná cur síos ar na scileanna sin (mínigh roinnt alt sonracha mar a bheith in ann argóint a thógáil i scríbhinn, ach sin é.)\nSeo mo cheist chugat: cad iad na scileanna sonracha ba cheart do mhic léinn a bheith acu sula dtéann siad isteach sa choláiste? Cé na scileanna ba chóir a fhoghlaim sa choláiste?\nIs ceist é an Pop Quiz a chuirtear chugat, léitheoirí an amhras. Féach air Dé Luain, Dé Céadaoin agus Dé hAoine i ndiaidh a chéile (ET)."} +{"text": "THE LION, THE STAG, AND THE FOX\nA FOX saw a stag, and exclaimed, \"What rich meat there is\n A lion, that had got nothing to eat for some time, was\nprowling at a distance.\nThe fox said to himself, \"If I\nshould point out the stag to the lion, he will make his\nbreakfast off him, and leave me the remainder.\" So he went\nup to the lion and, bowing respectfully, said, \"If your\nmajesty will step in that way, your majesty's humble servant\nwill be able to point out something highly desirable.\"\ngood!\" said the lion, and followed the fox.\nBut the stag, who had got a hint of the conspiracy, ran up\nto a place of safety, and was watching their movements\nThe lion, not finding the stag, said to the fox, \"Knave,\nyou have deceived me! I am frantically hungry: you are as\ngood a morsel as the stag, though a trifle less in size,\"\nand, springing on him, ate him up in no time.\nSaid the stag, \"The wicked are often caught in their own", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-06", "url": "http://www.mainlesson.com/display.php?author=raju&book=fables&story=stag", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422122071449.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124175431-00055-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9663652778, "token_count": 249, "score": 2.59375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "AN LION, AN BHÁIR, AGUS AN BHÁIR\nFOX chonaic deer, agus exclaimed, \"Cad é an feoil saibhir tá\nLeón, nach raibh fuair rud ar bith a ithe ar feadh roinnt ama, bhí\nag prowling ar fad.\nDúirt an t-imní féin, \"Má tá mé\nba chóir a chur in iúl an deer go dtí an leon, beidh sé a dhéanamh\nbricfeasta as dó, agus fág dom an chuid eile. \" Mar sin chuaigh sé\nsuas go dtí an leon agus, bowing respectuously, dúirt, \"Má do\nMáistreacht beidh céim ar an mbealach sin, seirbhíseach íseal do mháistir\nBeidh in ann a chur in iúl rud éigin atá an-iarracht. \"\nmaith! \" Dúirt an leon, agus lean an t-eireaball.\nAch an deer, a fuair le hint an comhcheilg, rith suas\ngo dtí áit shábháilte, agus bhí sé ag faire ar a gcuid gluaiseachtaí\nAn leon, gan teacht ar an deer, dúirt leis an fox, \"Knave,\nTá tú deceived dom! Tá mé frantically ocras: tá tú mar\nmaith morsel mar an deer, cé trifle níos lú i méid, \"\nagus, leapadh ar dó, itheann sé é in am ar bith.\nDúirt an deer, \"Tá na wicked go minic gafa ina gcuid féin"} +{"text": "Global warming could rapidly threaten grasses, including wild relatives of staple foods such as wheat and rice that provide half of all the calories consumed by humans.\nA new study looking ahead to 2070 found that climate change was occurring thousands of times faster than the ability of wild grasses to adapt.\nThis doesn’t directly threaten food crops, but wild relatives provide a source of genetic diversity for, say, creating disease-resistant strains of crops.\nWhile the research cannot predict what might happen to world food supplies as a result, the authors warn of “troubling implications”.\nThe new research looked at the ability of 236 grass species to adapt to new climatic niches – the local environments on which they depend for survival.\nFaced with rapid climate change, species wedded to a particular niche can survive if they move to another region where conditions are more suitable, or evolve to fit in with their altered surroundings.\nThe study found that the predicted rate of climate change was typically 5,000 times faster than the estimated speed at which grasses could adapt to new niches.\nMoving not an option\nMoving to more favourable geographical locations is not an option for a lot of grass species because of limits to their seed dispersal and obstacles such as mountains or human settlements.\n“We show that past rates of climatic niche change in grasses are much slower than rates of future projected climate change, suggesting that extinctions might occur in many species and/or local populations,” wrote the researchers, led by John Wiens, from the University of Arizona in the US.\n“This has several troubling implications, for both global biodiversity and human welfare.”\nJournal reference: Biology Letters, DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2016.0368\nArticle amended on 28 September 2016\nThe story has been updated to show that is is only the wild relatives of some cereals that will be affected\nMore on these topics:", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-13", "url": "https://www.newscientist.com/article/2107252-climate-change-could-destroy-wild-relatives-of-cereals-by-2070/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257649508.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20180323235620-20180324015620-00035.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9458901286, "token_count": 402, "score": 3.75, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "D'fhéadfadh téamh domhanda bagairt a chur ar fhásanna go tapa, lena n-áirítear gaolta fiáine de bhia bunúsach mar cruithneacht agus rís a sholáthraíonn leath na calaraí go léir a itheann daoine.\nFuair staidéar nua a bhí ag súil go dtí 2070 go raibh athrú aeráide ag tarlú na mílte uair níos tapúla ná cumas na féar fiáine oiriúnú.\nNí chuireann sé seo bagairt dhíreach ar chultúir bia, ach soláthraíonn a ghaolta fiáine foinse éagsúlachta géiniteach chun, mar shampla, strains chultúir atá frithsheasmhach i gcoinne galair a chruthú.\nCé nach féidir leis an taighde a thuar cad a d'fhéadfadh tarlú do sholáthar bia domhanda mar thoradh air sin, tugann na húdair rabhadh faoi implíontaí suaite.\nD'fhéach an taighde nua ar chumas 236 speiceas féar oiriúnú do niches aeráide nua na timpeallachtaí áitiúla ar a bhfuil siad ag brath chun maireachtáil.\nAgus iad ag tabhairt aghaidh ar athrú aeráide tapa, is féidir le speiceas atá pósta le niche áirithe maireachtáil má bhogann siad go réigiún eile ina bhfuil coinníollacha níos oiriúnaí, nó má éiríonn siad chun oiriúnú dá dtimpeallacht athraithe.\nFuair an staidéar amach go raibh an ráta tuartha athraithe aeráide de ghnáth 5,000 uair níos tapúla ná an luas measta ar a bhféadfadh féar a chur in oiriúint do niches nua.\nAg bogadh nach rogha\nNí rogha é bogadh go suíomhanna geografacha níos fabhraí do go leor speiceas féirín mar gheall ar theorainneacha ar a scaipeadh síolta agus constaicí mar shléibhte nó lonnaíochtaí daonna.\n\"Taispeánann muid go bhfuil rátaí a bhí ann roimhe seo de athrú aicme aeráide i nglasraí i bhfad níos moille ná rátaí athraithe aeráide atá beartaithe sa todhchaí, rud a thugann le tuiscint go bhféadfadh go dtiocfadh le haontais i go leor speiceas agus/nó i bpobail áitiúla\", a scríobh na taighdeoirí, faoi stiúir John Wiens, ó Ollscoil Arizona sna Stáit Aontaithe.\nTá roinnt impleachtaí imní ann, maidir leis an mbithéagsúlacht dhomhanda agus le leas an duine araon.\nTuairisc: Biology Letters, DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2016.0368\nAirteagal arna leasú an 28 Meán Fómhair 2016\nTá an scéal nuashonraithe chun a thaispeáint go bhfuil sé ach an gaol fiáine de roinnt gráin a bheidh tionchar\nTuilleadh faoi na hábhair seo:"} +{"text": "Today, the White House is hosting an event highlighting the release of the Third U.S. National Climate Assessment – a major scientific report on the impacts of climate change on all regions of the United States and key sectors of the national economy. The report was called for in the President’s Climate Action Plan, launched last June, to cut carbon pollution in America, prepare communities for the impacts of climate change, and lead international efforts to fight this global challenge.\nThe event will include remarks by senior Obama Administration officials and experts who contributed to the development of the new National Climate Assessment. Tune in to WhiteHouse.gov/live at 2 p.m. ET.\nAnd on Thursday, we’re co-hosting a conversation with the Weather Channel about the current state of climate science and impacts and what work we are doing to make a difference. Use the hashtag #ActOnClimate to ask questions and join the conversation with these participants via Google+ Hangout on Thursday, May 8 at 2 p.m. ET:\nFind out more about the National Climate Assessment, and check out some of the graphics and videos about the findings by visiting the website here.\nWatch today’s event at 2 p.m. ET, and then join and ask your questions for Thursday’s White House hangout on the National Climate Assessment at 2 p.m. ET right here, or on the White House Google+ page.\nTo learn more about the new report and how climate change is affecting people across the U.S., watch this short video featuring Dr. John P. Holdren, Director of the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy:", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-13", "url": "https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2014/05/06/white-house-hangout-commitment-actonclimate", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257648431.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20180323180932-20180323200932-00593.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9159623384, "token_count": 338, "score": 2.515625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Inniu, tá an Teach Bán ag óstáil imeacht ag cur béime ar scaoileadh an Tríú Measúnú Náisiúnta Aer��ide na Stát Aontaithe tuarascáil mhór eolaíoch ar thionchar an athraithe aeráide ar gach réigiún de na Stáit Aontaithe agus ar phríomhghnéithe den gheilleagar náisiúnta. D'iarr an tuarascáil i bPlean Gníomhaíochta Aeráide an Uachtaráin, a seoladh i mí an Mheithimh seo caite, chun truailliú carbóin a laghdú i Meiriceá, pobail a ullmhú do thionchar na hathraithe aeráide, agus iarrachtaí idirnáisiúnta a threorú chun dul i ngleic leis an dúshlán domhanda seo.\nÁireofar sa ócáid ráitis ó oifigigh sinsearacha Riaracháin Obama agus ó shaineolaithe a chuir le forbairt an Mheasúnaithe Náisiúnta Aeráide nua. Tune isteach ar WhiteHouse.gov/live ag 2 p.m. ET.\nAgus Déardaoin, táimid ag comh-óstáil comhrá leis an Weather Channel faoi staid reatha eolaíochta aeráide agus tionchair agus cad é an obair atá á dhéanamh againn chun difríocht a dhéanamh. Úsáid an hashtag #ActOnClimate chun ceisteanna a chur agus páirt a ghlacadh sa chomhrá leis na rannpháirtithe seo trí Google+ Hangout Déardaoin, 8 Bealtaine ag 2 p.m. RT:\nFaigh tuilleadh eolais faoin Measúnú Náisiúnta Aeráide, agus féach ar chuid de na grafaicí agus na físeáin faoi na torthaí trí chuairte a dhéanamh ar an suíomh Gréasáin anseo.\nFéach ar imeacht an lae inniu ag 2 p.m. ET, agus ansin a bheith páirteach agus a chur ar do cheisteanna do lá Déardaoin Hangout Teach Bán ar an Measúnú Náisiúnta Aeráide ag 2 p.m. ET anseo, nó ar leathanach Google+ an Tí Bán.\nChun tuilleadh a fhoghlaim faoin tuarascáil nua agus conas a bhfuil tionchar ag athrú aeráide ar dhaoine ar fud na Stát Aontaithe, féach an físeán gearr seo le Dr. John P. Holdren, Stiúrthóir Oifig Beartas Eolaíochta agus Teicneolaíochta an Tí Bán:"} +{"text": "It is one of the most beautiful lakes on earth. Once there, you will find that everywhere you look, you discover a magnificent sight to admire. Lake Baikal, located in southern East Siberia, is the largest reservoir of fresh water in the world. Its ability is 23,000 m3 and constitute 20% of the world's water. He is about 30 million years, and although scientists are trying to guess its mysteries. The lake has a special geographical location: Lake Baikal, is surrounded by mountains, in a huge depression.\nBaikal water is unique and surprising it is extremely clear, clean and saturated with oxygen. In times not so old, it was considered curative treatment through disease. In the spring of transparency of Baikal's water is 40 meters high transparency such as Baikal water due to activities of living organisms that live in it, very poorly mineralized and is close to distilled water. The volume of water in the lake approximately 23.000 km cubic, which represents 20% of the world and 90% of Russian reserves of fresh water. Baikal water than all five Great Lakes of U.S. combined (22 725 km3).\nNot everyone knows that at the Baikal are mirages like in the desert. On a sunny day traveler can see a mountain, a ship or a village in the distance then turn to them and realize that it doesn’t exist. Reflecting in the water, sunlight and silhouettes create accounts unclear, able to deceive the passengers. Burhan is the head of Baikal card. Its images are present in all albums. Its main tourist attraction is the rock with two peaks of white marble, covered with red lichen. It is called Shaman Rock and is considered one of the nine holy places of Asia. Not just history is shrouded in mystery, Baikal has fewer mysteries than the famous Loch Ness lake. Try to discover for yourself by visiting this beautiful lake. Lake Baikal - lake, from which you can drink!\nOthers The best places to visit in Russia .\nMaps of Lake Baikalmap Russia\nOthers from The best places to visit in Russia\nIf you are addicted to history, culture and unbelievable emotions, you should definitely visit Russia.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-04", "url": "https://www.bestourism.com/items/di/6904?title=-Lake-Baikal&b=248", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703506640.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20210116104719-20210116134719-00622.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9659672976, "token_count": 461, "score": 2.734375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá sé ar cheann de na lochanna is áille ar domhan. Nuair a bheidh tú ann, gheobhaidh tú go bhfuil radharc iontach le meas agat in áit ar bith a fhéachann tú. Is é Loch Baikal, atá suite i ndeisceart Oirthear na Sibéir, an t-ionad uisce milis is mó ar domhan. Is é a chumas 23,000 m3 agus is ionann iad agus 20% d'uisce an domhain. Tá sé thart ar 30 milliún bliain d'aois, agus cé go bhfuil eolaithe ag iarraidh a bhfíricí a bhrath. Tá suíomh geografach speisialta ag an loch: Tá Loch Baikal, timpeallaithe ag sléibhte, i mbrú mór.\nTá uisce Baikal uathúil agus iontas go bhfuil sé thar a bheith soiléir, glan agus saturated le ocsaigin. I amanna nach bhfuil chomh sean, bhí sé meastar go bhfuil cóireáil leighis trí galar. Sa earrach trédhearcachta uisce Baikal tá 40 méadar trédhearcacht ard mar uisce Baikal mar gheall ar ghníomhaíochtaí na n-orgánaigh bheo a chónaíonn ann, go han-dhorcha mineralized agus tá sé gar do uisce dícheallach. Tá an méid uisce sa loch thart ar 23.000 km3 , a léiríonn 20% den domhan agus 90% de na cúlchistí uisce úr na Rúise. Tá uisce Baikal níos mó ná uisce na cúig Loch Mór sna Stáit Aontaithe le chéile (22 725 km3).\nNíl a fhios ag gach duine go bhfuil mirages ag an Baikal cosúil sa bhfásach. Ar lá shona is féidir le taistealaí sléibhte, long nó sráidbhaile a fheiceáil i bhfad uaidh ansin casadh orthu agus a thuiscint nach bhfuil sé ann. Ag léiriú san uisce, cruthaíonn solas na gréine agus siléithe cuntais neamhshoiléir, in ann na paisinéirí a mhealladh. Is é Burhan ceann cárta Baikal. Tá a íomhánna i láthair i ngach albam. Is é an príomh-tarraingthe turasóireachta atá ann ná an carraig le dhá shruth de mhamar bán, clúdaithe le lichen dearg. Tugtar Creag Shaman air agus meastar go bhfuil sé ar cheann de na naoi háit naofa san Áise. Ní hamháin go bhfuil stair clúdaithe i mistéireach, tá níos lú mistéireachtaí ag Baikal ná an loch cáiliúil Loch Ness. Déan iarracht é a fháil amach duit féin trí chuairt a thabhairt ar an loch álainn seo. Loch Baikal - loch, as a féidir leat a ól!\nAn chuid eile na háiteanna is fearr le cuairt a thabhairt orthu sa Rúis .\nLéarscáileanna Loch Baicalléarscáileanna na Rúise\nEile ó Na háiteanna is fearr le cuairt a thabhairt orthu sa Rúis\nMá tá tú addicted le stair, cultúr agus mothúcháin dochreidte, ba chóir duit a fheiceáil go cinnte an Rúis."} +{"text": "Will Human Beings Save Their Primate Cousins?\nThere are less than 300 Cross River gorillas in the wild.\nAt the time this was written there were 6,803,449,018 human beings on the planet. Right now, there are about 3,300 simakobu monkeys left in the dwindling forests of Indonesia; Less than 300 Cross River gorillas in the hills of Nigeria; Just about 110 black crested gibbons in Asia; No more than 100 sportive lemurs left in Madagascar; And fewer than 70 golden-headed langur left in the jungles of Vietnam. These are just a few of the incredibly endangered primates listed by scientists as being in need of immediate attention, lest they be lost forever. In fact, 48 percent of primates are threatened with that fate.\nOh, now there's 6,803,451,145 human beings on Earth.\nScientists Highlight Top 25 Threatened Primates\nToday, scientists concerned about the precarious state of primate populations gathered to highlight the 25 most endangered species. Still, there are a little over 630 primate species, and more than 300 are threatened with extinction.\nDr Russell Mittermeier, chairman of the Primate Specialist Group of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN):\nThe purpose of our Top 25 list is to highlight those that are most at risk, to attract the attention of the public, to stimulate national governments to do more, and especially to find the resources to implement desperately needed conservation measures.\nOne More Push to Save These Species from Extinction\nZoologists have been aware of these highly endangered species for quite some time, but a lack of awareness has been the biggest hurdle to slowing population declines. According to Mittermeier, \"We have the resources to address this crisis, but so far, we have failed to act.\"\nThe list of the 25 primates most in need of attention was compiled by 85 experts from throughout the world, revealed today at Bristol Zoo in the UK. Many of the primate species are not household names, and sadly that fact tends to make the prospect of their extinction less troubling to some--while being an equally devastating loss in terms of biodiversity.\nScientists outlined their mission on the IUCN Web site:\nFrom the Atlantic Forest of Brazil to the monsoon slopes of Madagascar, from the mountains of southwest China to the islands of Mentawai, these primates are caught between fading hope and hard oblivion. And if through our failure of action they should cease to exist, we will have lost our nearest companions--and a part of ourselves--from what wilderness remains in the world.\nA Human Cause. A Human Cure?\nWhile the populations of some primates can be naturally small, human activities--particularly deforestation, development, and poaching--have driven many to the brink of extinction. The immediate termination of these activities and a raised awareness of the unique species threatened by them may be the only thing to preserve them.\nHumans, as a species, have met unprecedented success in their brief reign as Earth's most dominant primate--enough to wipe out other species entirely. Perhaps now the most impressive display of our cunning and ability would be to keep that from happening to our closest genetic relatives.\nAfter all, there's only about 70 golden-headed langurs left.\nAnd, let's see, now there's 6,803,456,127 of us.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-06", "url": "http://www.treehugger.com/natural-sciences/will-human-beings-save-their-primate-cousins.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115855845.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161055-00240-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9411716461, "token_count": 695, "score": 3.125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "An Sábhálfaidh Daoine a gCeathracha Príomh?\nTá níos lú ná 300 gorilla Cross River sa fhiáine.\nAg an am a scríobhadh seo bhí 6,803,449,018 daoine ar an bpláinéad. Faoi láthair, tá thart ar 3,300 mhoncaí simakobu fágtha i bhforaoisí atá ag titim san Indinéis; Níos lú ná 300 gorill Cross River i gcnocanna na Nigéire; Níl ach thart ar 110 gibon dubh crested san Áise; Níos mó ná 100 lemúr spóirt fágtha i Maidagascar; Agus níos lú ná 70 langur ceann órga fágtha i ngléasra Vítneam. Níl anseo ach cuid de na primates atá i mbaol go hiontach atá liostaithe ag eolaithe mar a bhfuil gá acu le aird láithreach, ar eagla go gcaillfí iad go deo. Go deimhin, tá 48 faoin gcéad de na primates faoi bhagairt ag an gcosaint sin.\nÓ, anois tá 6,803,451,145 duine ar an Domhan.\nLéiríonn eolaithe na 25 Príomh-Príomhaigh atá faoi Chontúirt\nSa lá atá inniu ann, tháinig eolaithe a bhí buartha faoi staid éagórach daonra na primates le chéile chun béim a chur ar na 25 speiceas is mó atá i mbaol. Mar sin féin, tá beagán níos mó ná 630 speiceas primata ann, agus tá níos mó ná 300 i mbaol díothaithe.\nAn Dr Russell Mittermeier, cathaoirleach an Ghrúpa Speisialtóra Prímh an Aontais Idirnáisiúnta um Chaomhnú an Dúlra (IUCN):\nIs é cuspóir ár liosta Top 25 na cinn is mó atá i mbaol a chur i láthair, aird an phobail a mhealladh, rialtais náisiúnta a spreagadh chun níos mó a dhéanamh, agus go háirithe na hacmhainní a aimsiú chun bearta caomhnaithe a bhfuil géarghá leo a chur i bhfeidhm.\nTógann an t-ealaíontóir an t-ealaíontóir a bhfuil a fhios aige go bhfuil sé ag iarraidh a bheith ina thír féin.\nTá na seolaithe eolach ar na speicis atá i mbaol go mór seo le tamall maith, ach is é an easpa feasachta an bac is mó ar laghdú daonra a mhoilliú. De réir Mittermeier, \"Tá na hacmhainní againn chun dul i ngleic leis an ngéarchéim seo, ach go dtí seo, níor éirigh linn gníomhú\".\nAn liosta de na 25 primates is mó ag teastáil ó aird a comhlánaíodh ag 85 saineolaithe ó ar fud an domhain, nochtadh inniu ag Bristol Zoo sa Ríocht Aontaithe. Ní ainmneacha tí iad go leor speiceas primataí, agus ar an drochuair bíonn an fhíric sin ag cur leis an ionchas go mbeidh a n-éinteacht níos lú imní ar roinnt daoine - cé go bhfuil sé ina chaillteanas chomh tubaisteach i dtéarmaí bithéagsúlachta.\nChuir eolaithe síos ar a misean ar shuíomh Gréasáin IUCN:\nÓ Foraois an Atlantaigh sa Bhrasaíl go Sléibhte monsoon Madagascar, ó shléibhte an tSín ó dheasthuaisceart go hoileáin Mentawai, tá na primates seo gafa idir dóchas ag dul in éag agus dearmad crua. Agus má trí ár teip ar ghníomhaíocht ba chóir dóibh a scor a bheith ann, beidh muid a chailleadh ár companions is gaire - agus cuid de dúinn féin - ó cad wilderness fhanann sa domhan.\nCúis Daonna. Cóireáil Daonna?\nCé go bhféadfadh daonra roinnt primates a bheith beag go nádúrtha, tá gníomhaíochtaí daonna - go háirithe dífhoraoisiú, forbairt, agus bracaíocht - tar éis go leor a thiomáint go brí na n-inbhuanaitheachta. Is féidir leis an deireadh láithreach a chur leis na gníomhaíochtaí seo agus feasacht a mhéadú ar na speicis uathúla atá faoi bhagairt dóibh a bheith ar an rud amháin a chaomhnóidh iad.\nTá rath gan fasach tagtha ar dhaoine, mar speiceas, ina réimeas gearr mar phríomhaire is mó ar domhan - go leor chun speiceas eile a scriosadh go hiomlán. B'fhéidir gurb é an taispeántas is suntasaí anois ar ár n-aigne agus ar ár gcumas ná a choimeád ó tharla do ár gcairde géiniteacha is gaire.\nTar éis an tsaoil, níl ach thart ar 70 langur ceann órga fágtha.\nAgus, lig dúinn a fheiceáil, anois tá 6,803,456,127 againn."} +{"text": "Temporomandibular joint and muscle disorders, commonly called “TMJ,” are a group of conditions that cause pain and dysfunction in the jaw joint and the muscles that control jaw movement. We don’t know for certain how many people have TMJ disorders, but some estimates suggest that over 10 million Americans are affected. The condition appears to be more common in women than men.\nFor most people, pain in the area of the jaw joint or muscles does not signal a serious problem. Generally, discomfort from these conditions is occasional and temporary, often occurring in cycles. The pain eventually goes away with little or no treatment. Some people, however, develop significant, long-term symptoms.\nIf you have questions about TMJ disorders, you are not alone. Researchers, too, are looking for answers to what causes these conditions and what the best treatments are. Until we have scientific evidence for safe and effective treatments, it’s important to avoid, when possible, procedures that can cause permanent changes in your bite or jaw.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-13", "url": "http://dentalonereston.com/services/tmj-disorder", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257649931.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20180324054204-20180324074204-00199.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9585672617, "token_count": 213, "score": 3.1875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is grúpa coinníollacha iad neamhoird ghnéithe agus matáin temporomandibular, ar a dtugtar TMJ go coitianta, a bhíonn ag cur pian agus mífheidhm sa ghnéithe mách agus sna matáin a rialaíonn gluaiseacht an mách. Níl a fhios againn go cinnte cé mhéad duine a bhfuil neamhoird TMJ acu, ach léiríonn roinnt meastacháin go bhfuil níos mó ná 10 milliún Meiriceánach i gceist. Is cosúil go bhfuil an coinníoll níos coitianta i measc na mban ná i measc na bhfear.\nI gcás an chuid is mó daoine, ní léiríonn pian i gceantar na comhpháirte nó na matáin bhróga fadhb thromchúiseach. Go ginearálta, is é an míchompord ó na coinníollacha seo ócáideach agus sealadach, a tharlaíonn go minic i dtimthriallta. Téann an pian ar aghaidh le beagán cóireála nó gan aon chóireáil. Ach bíonn comharthaí suntasacha fadtéarmacha ag daoine áirithe.\nMá tá ceisteanna agat faoi neamhoird TMJ, níl tú i do chónaí i do cheann féin. Tá taighdeoirí, freisin, ag lorg freagraí ar na cúiseanna a bhíonn leis na coinníollacha seo agus ar na cóireálacha is fearr. Go dtí go mbeidh fianaise eolaíoch againn maidir le cóireálacha sábháilte agus éifeachtacha, tá sé tábhachtach, nuair is féidir, nósanna imeachta a sheachaint a d'fhéadfadh athruithe buan a dhéanamh ar do bhéite nó ar do bhéal."} +{"text": "Quality of Service Validation White Paper\nQuality of Service (QoS) is the capability of a network to provide better service to selected network traffic over various underlying technologies. It differentiates network traffic and prioritizes different traffic flows to provide a degree of guarantee to different networks services, such as voice, video and data. Different applications have different requirements regarding how to handle their traffic in the network. Applications generally require that the network can carry the traffic at the rate at which they generate. Some applications can tolerate traffic delays and jitter and a degree of traffic loss – others cannot.\nWith high-performance Layer 2-3 network test and measurement equipment, Xena offers QoS validation solutions in accordance with RFC 2544 and Y.1564 to enterprises, data centers, network administrators, operators, device vendors, etc. to test and evaluate the QoS mechanisms that are either deployed or developed. Xena offers a wide selection of port speeds, ranging from 1G to 100G. With the advance statistics functions, users can track, analyze and troubleshoot QoS, in order to maintain a high service quality guarantee.\nQuality of Service Validation White Paper – CONTENT\n- What is Quality of Service (QoS)\n- QoS Parameters\n- Why is QoS Important?\n- Implementation Methods\n- QoS Mechanisms for Different Domains\n- QoS Validation and Testing Challenges\n- Xena QoS Validation Solution\n- Xena Layer 2 QoS\n- Xena Layer 3 QoS\n- Xena Advanced Statistics", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-13", "url": "https://xenanetworks.com/quality-of-service-validation-white-paper/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257645538.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20180318052202-20180318072202-00386.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8906641603, "token_count": 316, "score": 2.703125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Leabhar Bán um Fheidhmiú Cáilíochta Seirbhíse\nIs éard atá i gCáilíocht na Seirbhíse (QoS) cumas líonra seirbhís níos fearr a sholáthar do thrácht líonra roghnaithe thar teicneolaíochtaí bunúsacha éagsúla. Déanann sé difríocht idir trácht líonra agus tosaíonn sé sreabha tráchta éagsúla chun ráthaíocht a sholáthar do sheirbhísí líonra éagsúla, amhail guth, físe agus sonraí. Tá riachtanais éagsúla ag feidhmchláir éagsúla maidir le conas a dtréimhseáil a gcuid tráchta sa líonra. Éilíonn iarratais go ginearálta gur féidir leis an líonra an trácht a iompar ar an ráta a ghineann siad. Is féidir le roinnt feidhmchláir moilleanna tráchta agus jitter agus céim de chaillteanas tráchta a fhulaingt ní féidir le daoine eile.\nLe trealamh tástála agus tomhais líonra Layer 2-3 ardfheidhmíochta, cuireann Xena réitigh bhailíochtaithe QoS i gcomhréir le RFC 2544 agus Y.1564 ar fáil d'fhiontair, d'ionad sonraí, d'fheidhmeannaigh líonra, d'oibreoirí, d'fhorbróirí feistí, srl. na meicníochtaí QoS atá curtha i bhfeidhm nó atá forbraithe a thástáil agus a mheas. Cuireann Xena rogha leathan luasanna calafoirt ar fáil, ó 1G go 100G. Leis na feidhmeanna staidrimh réamhshocraithe, is féidir le húsáideoirí QoS a rianú, a anailísiú agus a fhadhb a réiteach, d'fhonn ráthaíocht ardchaighdeáin seirbhíse a chothabháil.\nLeabhar Bán um Fheidhmiú Cáilíochta Seirbhíse TÁIOMHÁIN\n- Cad é Cáilíocht na Seirbhíse (COS)\n- Paraméadair QoS\n- Cén fáth go bhfuil QoS tábhachtach?\n- Modhanna cur chun feidhme\n- Meicníochtaí QoS do Réimsí Difríúla\n- Dúshláin um bhailíochtú agus tástáil QoS\n- Xena QoS Solution Validation\n- Xena Layer 2 QoS\n- Xena Layer 3 QoS\n- Xena Staitisticí Ard-Leibhéil"} +{"text": "Michigan Tech Research Institute (MTRI) and the University of Michigan Marine Hydrodynamic Lab’s Automated Lagrangian Water Quality Assessment System (ALWAS) is an inexpensive, free-floating, water quality measuring and watershed evaluation system. It is capable of making a wide range of measurements rapidly and easily and storing the results for later retrieval and analysis.\nBathyBoat is a cost-effective, easily deployable, and recently upgraded water depth mapping tool for restricted harbors and other hard-to-access remote locations such as bridges. The newly redesigned BathyBoat is three feet in length and weighs less than 40 pounds.\nLeaf Area Index (LAI) measurements help to parameterize the water balance in Michigan in order to obtain accurate estimations of evapotranspiration. MTRI is producing maps of LAI in the upland watersheds using modified MODIS algorithms applied to Landsat or ASTER 15-30 m data.\nMTRI has successfully implemented a three-node software-defined radio (SDR) system that records 25 MHz of bandwidth continuously on each node for up to 120 seconds.\nThe GASS was designed, fabricated and deployed to record, on a hourly basis, data describing the horizontal and vertical (melt) movement of a glacier, as well as meteorological data including temperature, wind speed, humidity, barometric pressure, and upward and downward looking light intensity.\nState of the art capabilities in subsurface (ice/soil) RADAR measurements in man-portable, multi-static, FM-CW testbed system.\n3DOBS is an easily deployable bridge evaluation system (Figure 1) used for rapidly assessing surface condition indicators such as the area, volume, and location of deck spalls and scaling.\nThe FieldSpec3 Spectroradiometer accurately measures reflectance, transmittance, radiance, or irradiance in the full spectrum range of 350-2500 nm.\nThe Husky Traveler is outfitted to help with field data collection that assists in submerged aquatic vegetation, bathymetry, and bottom type mapping in the Great Lakes.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-04", "url": "https://www.mtu.edu/mtri/research/instrumentation/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703509973.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20210117051021-20210117081021-00196.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.910131216, "token_count": 440, "score": 2.546875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is córas saor-fhluaite, saor-fhluaite, measúnú cáilíochta uisce agus meastóireacht loinge uisce é an córas Meastóireachta Cáilíochta Uisce Lagrangian (ALWAS) de chuid Institiúid Taighde Teicneolaíochta Michigan (MTRI) agus an Ollscoil Michigan Marine Hydrodynamic Lab. Tá sé in ann raon leathan tomhais a dhéanamh go tapa agus go héasca agus na torthaí a stóráil le haghaidh aisghabhála agus anailíse níos déanaí.\nBathyBoat is uirlis mhapeála doimhneachta uisce cost-éifeachtach, éasca a imscaradh, agus uasghrádú le déanaí do chalafoirt srianta agus áiteanna iargúlta eile a bhfuil sé deacair rochtain orthu mar droichid. Tá an BathyBoat nua-athdhearadh trí troigh ar fhad agus meáchan níos lú ná 40 punt.\nCuidíonn tomhais Innéacs Limistéar na mBláth (LAI) le cothromaíocht uisce i Michigan a pharaméadaireacht chun meastacháin cruinn a fháil ar evapotranspiration. Tá an MTRI ag cur léarscáileanna ar LAI sna cuisneacha uisce ar ardlíne ag baint úsáide as algartam MODIS modhnaithe a chuirtear i bhfeidhm ar shonraí Landsat nó ASTER 15-30 m.\nTá córas raidió sainithe bogearraí (SDR) trí nóid a chuir MTRI i bhfeidhm go rathúil a thaifeadann 25 MHz de leithead bainc go leanúnach ar gach nóid ar feadh suas le 120 soicind.\nDearadh, déantúsaíodh agus cuireadh an GASS i bhfeidhm chun sonraí a thaifeadadh, ar bhonn uair an chloig, a thuairiscíonn gluaiseacht cothrománach agus ingearach (leá) na gleascáin, chomh maith le sonraí meitéareolaíocha lena n-áirítear teocht, luas na gaoithe, taise, brú báireamaitríochta, agus déine solais ag breathnú suas agus síos.\nFeidhmeanna an tseirbhís a bhaineann le tomhais RADAR faoi thalamh (oighear/talún) i gcóras tástála FM-CW iomlánach, ilstaitic, a sheolann duine.\nIs córas meastóireachta droichead é 3DOBS a úsáidtear go héasca (Figiúr 1) chun táscairí staid dromchla a mheas go tapa, mar shampla limistéar, toirte agus suíomh spallanna agus scálaithe deic.\nDéantar an speictraráidioméadar FieldSpec3 a thomhas go cruinn i réamhtheacht, i dtrácht, i radaíocht nó i radaíocht sa raon speictrim iomlán 350-2500 nm.\nTá an Husky Traveler feistithe chun cuidiú le bailiú sonraí allamuigh a chabhraíonn le plandaíocht uisceach faoi uisce, bathymetry, agus léarscáileanna cineál bun sna Lochanna Móra."} +{"text": "Goals of Reflection\n3. What are the goals of reflection?\nService-learning can be used to support a variety of educational goals. Educators have defined and organized service-learning goals in different ways.\nOne critical goal for reflection is to help students make connections between the service activity and coursework. Reflection can be used to help students understand how to apply course knowledge to service-learning projects, and to assimilate and link the service experience back to course work. By incorporating such reflection, students get a deeper understanding of course material. At the same time, the quality of the service is enhanced if students are encouraged to reflect upon the responsible use disciplinary knowledge in their service settings.\nAnother goal for structured reflection is the development or refinement of critical thinking skills such as being able to identify issues, being receptive to new or different ideas, and foreseeing the consequences of one's actions.\nStructured reflection can reinforce and foster a range of competencies identified in service-learning, including communication and teamwork skills, self-understanding, leadership and public problem solving. These are skills and competencies critical to students' ethical development and civic responsibility.\nRegardless of the outcomes emphasized in a particular service project, the reflection process must be structured to reinforce specific educational outcomes that faculty have identified as critical in the course. For example, if critical thinking is a goal, then faculty must design reflective exercises that help students understand the uncertainties inherent in the service-learning project, identify a range of possibilities for addressing those uncertainties, and examine these possibilities from the perspective of different stakeholders. Faculty cannot assume that the service experience will automatically result in enhanced problem-solving skills; an intentional, ongoing process is required for coaching students and helping them acquire such skills.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-11", "url": "http://www.compact.org/disciplines/reflection/faq/goals.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936462555.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074102-00217-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9379766583, "token_count": 353, "score": 3.15625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Spriocanna Smaoineamh\n3. Tá an t-am ann. Cad iad na spriocanna a bhaineann le machnamh?\nIs féidir foghlaim seirbhíse a úsáid chun tacú le cuspóirí oideachais éagsúla. Tá spriocanna foghlama seirbhíse sainithe agus eagraithe ag oideachasóirí ar bhealaí éagsúla.\nIs é ceann de na spriocanna tábhachtacha le haghaidh machnaimh ná cabhrú le mic léinn naisc a dhéanamh idir an ghníomhaíocht sheirbhíse agus an obair chúrsa. Is féidir machnamh a úsáid chun cabhrú le mic léinn tuiscint a fháil ar conas eolas an chúrsa a chur i bhfeidhm ar thionscadail foghlama seirbhíse, agus an taithí seirbhíse a chomhtháthú agus a nascadh ar ais le hobair an chúrsa. Trí léiriú den sórt sin a chur san áireamh, faigheann mic léinn tuiscint níos doimhne ar ábhar an chúrsa. Ag an am céanna, cuirtear feabhas ar cháilíocht na seirbhíse má spreagtar na mic léinn chun machnamh a dhéanamh ar an eolas disciplíneach a úsáid go freagrach ina suíomhanna seirbhíse.\nIs é cuspóir eile le haghaidh machnaimh struchtúrtha ná scileanna smaointeoireachta criticiúla a fhorbairt nó a shaincheapadh mar a bheith in ann saincheisteanna a aithint, a bheith inghlactha le smaointe nua nó éagsúla, agus iarmhairtí a ngníomhartha a réamh-mheas.\nIs féidir le machnamh struchtúrtha raon inniúlachtaí a shainaithnítear i bhfoghlaim seirbhíse a threisiú agus a chothú, lena n-áirítear scileanna cumarsáide agus obair foirne, féintuiscint, ceannaireacht agus réiteach fadhbanna poiblí. Is scileanna agus inniúlachtaí iad seo atá ríthábhachtach d'fhorbairt eiticiúil agus d'fhreagracht shibhialta na mac léinn.\nIs beag beann ar na torthaí a leagtar béim orthu i dtionscadal seirbhíse áirithe, ní mór an próiseas machnaimh a struchtúrú chun torthaí oideachais ar leith a threisiú a shainaithin an fhoireann mar thorthaí criticiúla sa chúrsa. Mar shampla, má tá smaointeoireacht chriticiúil mar sprioc, ní mór do fhoireann na scoile cleachtaí machnaimh a dhearadh a chabhróidh le mic léinn na neamhchinnteachtaí atá i gceist sa tionscadal foghlama seirbhíse a thuiscint, raon féidearthachtaí a aithint chun aghaidh a thabhairt ar na neamhchinnteachtaí sin, agus na féidearthachtaí seo a scrúdú ó thaobh na bpáirtithe leasmhara éagsúla. Ní féidir leis an bhfoireann múinteoireachta a mheas go dtiocfaidh feabhas ar scileanna réiteach fadhbanna mar thoradh ar an taithí seirbhíse go huathoibríoch; tá gá le próiseas d'intinn, leanúnach chun mic léinn a chóitseáil agus chun cabhrú leo scileanna den sórt sin a fháil."} +{"text": "Our site has moved! Up to date news for faculty and staff can be found at http://ucrtoday.ucr.edu/inside-ucr.\nAn Unconventional Approach to Combat Malaria\nEamonn Keogh, left, and Gustavo Batista demonstrate a sensor they built that they believe could help fight malaria.\nEamonn Keogh, a professor of computer science and engineering in the Bourns College of Engineering, was recently awarded a $100,000 grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation for work that uses modified laser pointers purchased at a 99 cent store to combat malaria.\nKeogh’s project, “Counting and Classifying Insects with Ultra-cheap Sensors,” is one of 65 grants from more than 2,400 proposals for the fifth funding round of Grand Challenge Explorations, an initiative to help scientists around the world explore bold and largely unproven ways to improve health in developing countries. The grants were provided to scientists in 16 countries on five continents.\nKeogh’s grant will pair him with entomologists to improve the understanding of the movements of mosquitoes. The aim of the research is to help scientists better combat malaria, a disease that kills nearly 1 million people worldwide each year.\nIt is the latest interdisciplinary project he has taken on since arriving at UCR via an unconventional route.\nAt 15, Keogh dropped out of high school in Dublin, Ireland, and worked painting cars. Four years later, he won a visa lottery and came to the United States.\nWhile working full time at various mechanical jobs, including building and designing mountain bikes, restoring vintage cars, and painting carousel horses, Keogh worked his way through MiraCosta Community College and California State University, San Marcos, and completed his studies at the UC Irvine, where he received his Ph.D. in computer science in 2001.\nHe joined UC Riverside that same year. He has worked with anthropologists, cardiologists, nematologists, herpetologists, astronomers and entomologists. He focuses on data mining, the science of extracting information from large datasets, and he has worked with data as diverse as 15th century historical manuscripts, primate skulls, graffiti and medical data.\nTo receive the grant from the Gates Foundation, Keogh showed, in a two-page application, how his idea falls outside current scientific paradigms and might lead to significant advances in global health.\nSince malaria is carried by mosquitoes, many scientists are attempting to create models that show how the disease spreads in a region and how it responds to suppression programs.\nTo build such models, the movements of mosquitoes in a space and over time must be understood, Keogh said.\nInsect counts are currently achieved by placing traps in an area, and counting the number of target species caught in a time frame. This is expensive in terms of materials and human time, and creates a lag between when the trap is placed and inspected. There is a need for accurate automatic sensors to detect, differentiate and count insects and immediately transmit the data wirelessly.\nWorking with his postdoctoral researcher, Gustavo Batista, who is also an assistant professor at the University of São Paulo in Brazil, and Agenor Mafra-Neto, CEO/president of ISCA Technologies, a commercial entomology company in Riverside, Keogh has shown that simple sensors, made from modified laser pointers purchased for less than a dollar, can measure insects’ wing beat frequency from a distance. This information can be used to distinguish at least some insect species.\nThe Gates Foundation grant will fund further work that will allow more species of insects to be classified from a greater distance.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-11", "url": "http://www.insideucr.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/display.cgi?id=1745", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936463181.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074103-00158-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9607378244, "token_count": 761, "score": 3.3125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá ár suíomh a bhogadh! Is féidir teacht ar nuacht chun dáta do fhoireann agus d'fhoireann ag http://ucrtoday.ucr.edu/inside-ucr.\nBealach neamhchoitianta chun an malaria a chomhrac\nEamonn Keogh, ar chlé, agus Gustavo Batista ag taispeáint braiteoir a thóg siad a chreideann siad go bhféadfadh sé cabhrú le mallacht a dhéanamh ar an mallacht.\nBronnadh deontas $ 100,000 ar Eamonn Keogh, ollamh eolaíochta ríomhaireachta agus innealtóireachta i gColáiste Innealtóireachta Bourns, le déanaí ó Bhunaíocht Bill & Melinda Gates le haghaidh oibre a úsáideann pointeoirí léasair modhnaithe a ceannaíodh i siopa 99 cent chun malária a chomhrac.\nTá tionscadal Keogh, \"Insects Counting and Classifying with Ultra-cheap Sensors\", ar cheann de 65 deontas ó níos mó ná 2,400 togra don chúigiú babhta maoinithe de Grand Challenge Explorations, tionscnamh chun cabhrú le heolaithe ar fud an domhain modhanna a iniúchadh chun sláinte a fheabhsú i dtíortha i mbéal forbartha. Tugadh na deontais do eolaithe i 16 tír ar chúig mhór-roinn.\nCuirfidh deontas Keogh é i gcomhar le heintomolaithe chun tuiscint níos fearr a fháil ar ghluaiseachtaí mosquitoes. Is é aidhm na taighde cabhrú le heolaithe dul i ngleic níos fearr leis an maláiria, galar a mharaíonn beagnach 1 mhilliún duine ar fud an domhain gach bliain.\nIs é an tionscadal idirdhisciplíneach is déanaí a ghlac sé leis ó tháinig sé chuig UCR trí bhealach neamhchoitianta.\nAg 15, d'fhág Keogh an scoil ard i mBaile Átha Cliath, Éire, agus d'oibrigh sé mar pheantaire gluaisteán. Ceithre bliana ina dhiaidh sin, bhuaigh sé víosa sa lottery agus tháinig sé go dtí na Stáit Aontaithe.\nCé go raibh sé ag obair go lánaimseartha ag poist mheicniúla éagsúla, lena n-áirítear rothair bheo a thógáil agus a dhearadh, gluaisteáin seanré a athchóiriú, agus capall carusell a phéinteáil, d'oibrigh Keogh a bhealach trí Choláiste Pobail MiraCosta agus Ollscoil Stáit California, San Marcos, agus chríochnaigh sé a chuid staidéir ag UC Irvine, áit a fuair sé a Ph.D. i eolaíocht ríomhaireachta i 2001.\nChuaigh sé isteach in UC Riverside an bhliain chéanna sin. D'oibrigh sé le heintreolaithe, le cardio-eolaithe, le nematolaithe, le heipitolaithe, le réalteolaithe agus le heintreolaithe. Díríonn sé ar mianadóireacht sonraí, an eolaíocht chun faisnéis a bhaint as tacair sonraí móra, agus d'oibrigh sé le sonraí chomh éagsúil le lámhscríbhinní stairiúla an 15ú haois, crúbaí primate, graffiti agus sonraí leighis.\nChun an deontas a fháil ó Bhunachar Gates, léirigh Keogh, i iarratas dhá leathanach, conas a thagann a chuid smaointe lasmuigh de pharadigmí eolaíochta reatha agus d'fhéadfadh go dtiocfadh dul chun cinn suntasach i sláinte domhanda.\nÓs rud é go bhfuil an malaria á iompar ag mosquitoes, tá go leor eolaithe ag iarraidh samhlacha a chruthú a léiríonn conas a scaipeann an galar i réigiún agus conas a fhreagraíonn sé ar chláir chur faoi chois.\nChun samhlacha den sórt sin a thógáil, ní mór gluaiseachtaí mosquitoes a thuiscint i spás agus thar am, a dúirt Keogh.\nFaoi láthair, baintear amach líon na n-insect trí ghaisleanna a chur i limistéar, agus trí líon na ngnéithe sprioc a ghabhadh i bhfráma ama a chomhaireamh. Tá sé seo costasach ó thaobh ábhair agus ama an duine de, agus cruthaíonn sé moill idir an t-aistriú agus an seiceáil. Tá gá le braiteoirí uathoibrithe cruinn chun insteachtaí a bhrath, a idirdhealú agus a chomhaireamh agus na sonraí a tharchur láithreach gan sreang.\nAg obair lena taighdeoir iar-dochtúireachta, Gustavo Batista, atá ina ollamh cúnta freisin in Ollscoil São Paulo sa Bhrasaíl, agus Agenor Mafra-Neto, POF/Uachtarán ISCA Technologies, cuideachta entomology tráchtála i Riverside, Keogh, léirigh sé go bhfuil braiteoirí simplí, a dhéantar ó phointeoirí léasair mhodhnaithe a cheannaítear ar níos lú ná dollar, in ann minicíocht bhuail sciathán na n-inseictithe a thomhas ó fad. Is féidir an fhaisnéis seo a úsáid chun idirdhealú a dhéanamh ar roinnt speiceas cnámh ar a laghad.\nTabharfaidh deontas Fondúireacht Gates maoiniú do obair bhreise a ligfidh do níos mó speiceas feithidí a aicmiú ó achar níos mó."} +{"text": "Cyber Monday is a shopping phenomenon that has spawned out of popular U.S shopping event: Black Friday. Black Friday occurs the day after American holiday Thanksgiving and marks the beginning of the festive shopping season. Black Friday can be dated back to the late 19th century when American department stores would sponsor Thanksgiving day parades in order to make a big advertising push before Christmas. Eventually it became tradition that there was an unwritten rule not to advertise before the parade was over.\nThe phrase Black Friday was coined by Philadelphia police in 1961 to describe the traffic jams and general disruption that accompany the biggest shopping day of the year. Black Friday is now a staple part of the American calendar with many states even declaring it a public holiday.\nCyber Monday occurs the Monday after Black Friday. The phrase originates from research in 2004 showing that the Monday following Thanksgiving was the biggest online shopping day of the year. After a busy weekend of Christmas shopping workers would return to the office on Monday to finish off their lists online.\nNot ones to miss out on an opportunity, online retailers have now started using Cyber Monday to entice shoppers with large discounts and offers. With Christmas shoppers starting to do most of their shopping online; Cyber Monday is set to outgrow Black Friday as the biggest shopping date of the year.\nThese American traditions have now made their way across the pond and into British retail as UK businesses start to take advantage of these shopping phenomenons. Cyber Monday has been Nochex’s busiest day for the last three years running.\nLook out for good discounts on Monday and shop around in order to get the best deal. Keep an eye on the Nochex Twitter feed for any Nochex merchants offering discounts this weekend.\nSpirit Boutique have announced a sale of 15% off everything from 9am Friday 28th November to 9am Tuesday 2nd December.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-17", "url": "https://nochex.wordpress.com/2014/11/25/black-friday-and-cyber-monday-whats-it-all-about/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125949489.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20180427060505-20180427080505-00476.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9670034051, "token_count": 376, "score": 2.5625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is feiniméan siopadóireachta é Cyber Monday a tháinig as ócáid siopadóireachta tóir sna Stáit Aontaithe: Black Friday. Tarlaíonn an Aoine Dubh an lá tar éis saoire Mheiriceá Buíochas a ghabháil agus marcálann sé tús na séasúr siopadóireachta féile. Is féidir an Aoine Dubh a dhátú ar ais go dtí deireadh an 19ú haois nuair a bhí siopaí mórdhíola Meiriceánach ag urraíocht paráid Lá Buíochais d'fhonn brú fógraíochta mór a dhéanamh roimh an Nollaig. Faoi dheireadh tháinig sé ina thraidisiún nach raibh riail neamhscríofa ann chun fógraíocht a dhéanamh sula raibh an paráid críochnaithe.\nChuir póilíní Philadelphia an abairt Black Friday i 1961 chun cur síos a dhéanamh ar na plódaí tráchta agus ar an cur isteach ginearálta a bhíonn ag gabháil leis an lá siopadóireachta is mó sa bhliain. Tá an Aoine Dubh anois ina chuid lárnach den fhéilire Mheiriceá agus go leor stáit ag dearbhaithe go bhfuil sé ina laethanta saoire poiblí.\nTarlaíonn Cyber Monday an Dé Luain tar éis an Aoine Dubh. Tagann an frása ó thaighde i 2004 a thaispeánann gurbh é an Dé Luain tar éis Lá Buíochais an lá siopadóireachta ar líne is mó sa bhliain. Tar éis deireadh seachtaine gnóthach ceannach na Nollag, d'fhill oibrithe ar an oifig Dé Luain chun a liostaí a chríochnú ar líne.\nGan a bheith ag cailleadh deiseanna, tá miondíoltóirí ar líne anois ag tosú ag úsáid Cyber Monday chun siopadóirí a mhealladh le lascainí agus tairiscintí móra. Le siopadóirí na Nollag ag tosú ag déanamh an chuid is mó dá gcuid siopadóireachta ar líne; Tá Cyber Monday le fás amach as Black Friday mar an dáta siopadóireachta is mó sa bhliain.\nTá na traidisiúin Mheiriceá seo tar éis dul ar aghaidh anois ar fud an loch agus isteach i miondíol na Breataine de réir mar a thosaíonn gnólachtaí na Breataine ag baint tairbhe as na feiniméin siopadóireachta seo. Bhí Cyber Monday an lá is gnóthaí ag Nochex le trí bliana anuas.\nBí ag faire amach le haghaidh lascainí maithe Dé Luain agus déan siopadóireacht chun an tairiscint is fearr a fháil. Coinnigh súil ar sholáthair Twitter Nochex le haghaidh aon trádálaithe Nochex a thairgeann lascainí an deireadh seachtaine seo.\nTá díol 15% ar gach rud fógartha ag Spirit Boutique ó 9am Dé hAoine 28 Samhain go 9am Dé Máirt 2 Nollaig."} +{"text": "A group of some 60 parliamentarians, representing 35 countries and every continent, publicly declared the need for a more focused investment of development dollars on women and girls in a resolution released on May 17, 2011. The resolution highlights the vital, but neglected, role of women in combating population and development issues, and calls on world leaders to enhance the protection of girls through measures such as HIV prevention and the elimination of barriers to family planning. Their appeal took place at the Global Parliamentarians’ Summit, held May 26–27, 2011, notably just a week ahead of the annual G8 meeting, when government leaders of the world’s largest economies met in Deauville, France. At the G8 summit, leaders also discussed global development issues and released a declaration that reaffirmed prior commitments to maternal health, but was otherwise silent on issues of gender equality or women’s rights.\nThe parliamentarians’ summit, titled “Women and Girls: the Forgotten Drivers of Development,” was held at the French National Assembly in Paris. Participants ranged from academics and public health advocates to representatives of international organizations and governments. From all participating, a common articulation arose: investment in the developing world’s 600 million young women is the most cost-effective way to drive development. “Investing in women will give a boost to health, education, the economy, and democracy,” noted Aïcha Bah Diallo of the Forum of African Women Educationalists. “It will also promote peace and stability.” The parliamentarians’ call to action served as a strong conclusion after two days of discussion and planning themed around the role women and girls play in both the management of population growth and human and social development.\nCurrent estimates are that women receive less than two cents of every development dollar. “If development policy is all about fairness, why is it so sexist?” asked Danielle Bousquet, vice president of the European Parliamentary Forum on Population and Development. Accordingly, the appeal aims for government leaders to take into account that “equality between women and men is far from being achieved,” pointing specifically to the feminization of HIV/AIDS and the severe underrepresentation of women in government.\n“Women and girls are the backbone of our societies,” noted former Canadian parliament member Raymonde Folco, “but we’re failing to support their full potential.” In the appeal, the delegates named the vulnerability of girls and women as one of the major challenges in the management of global population dynamics. In particular, they highlighted some of the injustices and inequities hindering “social and human development, both at a personal and a societal level”: forced domestic work, lack of education, child marriages, unwanted pregnancy, early childbirth, and sexual abuse. Their resolution also urged G8 leaders to follow through on promises related to maternal health made at last year’s G8 summit and to be accountable and transparent in those efforts.\nThe Deauville G8 Declaration, released May 27, does address maternal and reproductive health issues by reaffirming leaders’ support for the Muskoka Initiative, a funding commitment established at the 2010 G8 Summit to promote, among other things, “sexual and reproductive health care and services, including voluntary family planning; health education; [and] treatment and prevention of diseases including infectious diseases.” The initiative, which promises US$10 million between 2010 and 2015, sought to accelerate progress toward meeting Millennium Development Goal 5, a goal created at the 2000 G8 summit to reduce the maternal mortality rate by three quarters and achieve universal access to reproductive health by 2015. This year’s declaration states, “[we] reaffirm our commitment to improving maternal health and reducing child mortality, most notably through the Muskoka Initiative for Maternal, Newborn and Child Health launched in 2010.”\nHow much progress G8 leaders are actually making on the Muskoka Initiative, however, remains unclear. An accountability report released just before this year’s summit revealed how much money each nation has promised to give, but not whether they have actually dispersed those funds, or what specifically they plan to do with them. The G8 members have stated that they are fulfilling their Muskoka commitments, but it is not known if or to what degree they are in fact delivering on those promises. The UN has said that at the current rate of progress, it is unlikely that the G8 will achieve Millennium Development Goal 5 by 2015.\nAdditionally, the Deauville Declaration does not extend its focus on women beyond maternal health. Aside from reaffirming their commitment to the Muskoka Initiative, the declaration’s only acknowledgment of women is a brief nod in the preamble: “In light of the recent developments in the Middle East and North Africa, and in Sub-Saharan Africa, we renewed our commitment to support democratic reform around the world and to respond to the aspirations for freedom, including freedom of religion, and empowerment, particularly for women and youth.” Neither gender equality, education and autonomy for women and girls, nor the role of women in world development were mentioned.\n“Supporting the Muskoka Initiative is important,” comments Jen Heitel Yakush, Public Policy Director for the Sexuality Information and Education Council of the United States, “but leaders at next year’s G8 must increase their accountability and make women and girls a real priority.”\n “World Parliamentarians Appeal for Investing in Girls,” UNFPA, 24 May 2011, accessed 24 May 2011,\n “G8/G20 Global Parliamentarians Summit on Girls and Population: The Forgotten Drivers of Development,” European Parliamentary Forum on Population and Development, accessed 24 May 2011,\n “Global Parliamentarians’ Summit—Girls and Population: The Forgotten Drivers of Development,” Women Deliver, 20 May 2011, accessed 24 May 2011, .\n “Muskoka Initiative to ‘Move Forward,’ but G8 Falls Short of Commitments,” SOS Children’s Villages, 28 May 2011 \n G8, Deauville Declaration, 1.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-17", "url": "http://www.siecus.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=Feature.showFeature&featureid=2008&pageid=483&parentid=478&noheader=1", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125945111.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20180421090739-20180421110739-00378.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9313179255, "token_count": 1558, "score": 2.6875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "D'fhógair grúpa de thart ar 60 feisire parlaiminte, a dhéanann ionadaíocht ar 35 tír agus gach mór-roinn, go poiblí go bhfuil gá le hinfheistíocht níos dírithe ar dhollair forbartha ar mhná agus cailíní i rún a foilsíodh ar 17 Bealtaine, 2011. Tá an rún ag cur béime ar ról ríthábhachtach, ach neamhaird, na mban i ngleic le saincheisteanna daonra agus forbartha, agus tugtar cuireadh do cheannairí an domhain cosaint na mban a fheabhsú trí bhearta amhail cosc a chur ar VEID agus bac a chur ar bhacainní ar phleanáil teaghlaigh. Bhí an t-achomharc acu ag Cruinniú Mullaigh na bParlaiminteoirí Domhanda, a tionóladh 26-27 Bealtaine 2011, go háirithe seachtain amháin roimh chruinniú bliantúil G8, nuair a bhuail ceannairí rialtais na ngeilleagair is mó ar domhan i Deauville, an Fhrainc. Ag cruinniú mullaigh G8, phléigh ceannairí saincheisteanna forbartha domhanda agus d'eisigh siad dearbhú a dhearbhaigh tiomantais roimhe seo do shláinte mháithreacha, ach a bhí ciúin ar shaincheisteanna comhionannais inscne nó cearta na mban.\nBhí cruinniú mullaigh na bparlaimintí, dar teideal \"Mná agus Cailíní: na Tiománaithe Forgettacha ar Fhorbairt\", ar siúl ag Tionól Náisiúnta na Fraince i bPáras. Bhí rannpháirtithe idir acadúla agus abhcóidí sláinte poiblí go hionadaithe d'eagraíochtaí idirnáisiúnta agus rialtais. Tháinig comhfhocal ó na rannpháirtithe go léir: is é infheistíocht i 600 milliún bean óg an domhain atá i mbéal forbartha an bealach is costéifeachtúla chun forbairt a thiomáint. 'Tógfaidh infheistíocht i mban spreagadh do shláinte, oideachas, an gheilleagar agus don daonlathas,' a dúirt Aïcha Bah Diallo ó Fóram na mBan Oideachasúla san Afraic. Cuideoidh sé freisin le síocháin agus le cobhsaíocht a chur chun cinn.Ba é an t-iarradh ar ghníomhú ó na parlaiminteoirí an conclúid láidir tar éis dhá lá díospóireachta agus pleanála a bhí dírithe ar an ról a bhíonn ag mná agus cailíní i mbainistiú fás daonra agus forbartha daonna agus sóisialta araon.\nDe réir meastacháin reatha, faigheann mná níos lú ná dhá sheint de gach dollar forbartha. 'Má bhaineann an beartas forbartha go léir le cothrom, cén fáth go bhfuil sé chomh gnéasach?' a d'fhiafraigh Danielle Bousquet, leas-uachtarán Fóram Parlaiminte na hEorpa um Daonra agus Forbairt. Dá réir sin, tá sé mar aidhm ag an achomharc go gcuirfeadh ceannairí rialtais san áireamh go bhfuil \"comhionannas idir mná agus fir i bhfad ó bheith bainte amach\", ag tabhairt le fios go sonrach go bhfuil VEID/SEIF á mhnáisiú agus go bhfuil an-chuid mná faoi-riochta i rialtas.\n'Is iad mná agus cailíní cnámh cothaithe ár sochaithe,' a dúirt iar-pharlaiminteoir Cheanada Raymonde Folco, 'ach nílimid ag tacú lena n-acmhainneacht iomlán.' Sa t-achomharc, d'ainmnigh na toscairí leochaileacht cailíní agus mná mar cheann de na dúshláin is mó a bhaineann le bainistiú dinimic daonra domhanda. Go háirithe, leag siad béim ar chuid de na neamhchearta agus na neamhchothromaíochtaí a chuireann bac ar \"fhorbairt shóisialta agus daonna, ar leibhéal pearsanta agus ar leibhéal sochaí araon\": obair theach éigeantach, easpa oideachais, pósadh leanaí, toirchis gan iarraidh, breith luath, agus mí-úsáid ghnéasach. Iarrtar ar cheannairí G8 a gcuid rún a chomhlíonadh maidir le gealltanais a rinneadh i ndáil le sláinte mháithreacha ag cruinniú mullaigh G8 an bhliain seo caite agus a bheith cuntasach agus trédhearcach sna hiarrachtaí sin.\nDéantar díriú ar shaincheisteanna sláinte máithreachais agus atáirgthe i Dearbhú Deauville G8, a foilsíodh an 27 Bealtaine, trí dhaingniú a thabhairt ar thacaíocht na gceannairí do Thionscnamh Muskoka, gealltanais chistiúcháin a bunaíodh ag Cruinniú Mullaigh G8 2010 chun, i measc rudaí eile, \"chúram agus seirbhísí sláinte ghnéis agus atáirgthe, lena n-áirítear pleanáil teaghlaigh deonach; oideachas sláinte; [agus] cóireáil agus cosc ar ghalair lena n-áirítear galair tharchur. \" Deirtear sa ráiteas i mbliana, [leasaimid] ár dtiomantas chun sláinte mháithreacha a fheabhsú agus básmhaireacht leanaí a laghdú, go háirithe trí Thoscnamh Muskoka do Shláinte Mháithreacha, Nuabhreith agus Leanaí a seoladh i 2010.\nAch níl sé soiléir cé mhéad dul chun cinn atá á dhéanamh ag ceannairí G8 i ndáiríre maidir le Tionscnamh Muskoka. Léirigh tuarascáil cuntasachta a scaoileadh díreach roimh chruinniú mullaigh na bliana seo cé mhéad airgid a gheall gach náisiún a thabhairt, ach ní raibh siad ag scaipeadh na cistí sin i ndáiríre, nó cad atá beartaithe acu a dhéanamh leo go sonrach. Dúirt baill G8 go bhfuil siad ag comhlíonadh a ngealltanas Muskoka, ach níl a fhios an bhfuil siad ag tabhairt faoi na gealltanais sin i ndáiríre nó cé chomh mór agus a bhfuil siad. Dúirt na Náisiúin Aontaithe nach dócha, leis an ráta dul chun cinn atá ann faoi láthair, go mbainfidh an G8 Sprioc Forbartha na Mílaoise 5 a bhaint amach faoi 2015.\nIna theannta sin, ní chuireann Dearbhú Deauville a fhócas ar mhná thar shláinte na máthar. Seachas a n-iontaobhas leis an Tionscnamh Muskoka a athdhearbhú, is é an t-aon aitheantas atá ag an dearbhú do mhná ná cluais ghearr sa réamhrá: I bhfianaise na bhforbairtí le déanaí sa Mheánoirthear agus i dTuaisceart na hAfraice, agus i hAfraice Sub-Sahara, d'athnuachamar ár dtiomantas chun tacú le hathchóiriú daonlathach ar fud an domhain agus freagairt do na hiarrachtaí saoirse, lena n-áirítear saoirse reiligiúin, agus cumhachtú, go háirithe do mhná agus don óige. Níor luaitear an comhionannas inscne, oideachas agus uathriail do mhná agus do chailíní, ná ról na mban i bhforbairt an domhain.\nTá sé tábhachtach tacú le Tionscnamh Muskoka, a deir Jen Heitel Yakush, Stiúrthóir Polasaí Poiblí Chomhairle Faisnéise agus Oideachais Gnéasachta na Stát Aontaithe, ach ní mór do cheannairí G8 an bhliain seo chugainn a cuntasacht a mhéadú agus mná agus cailíní a dhéanamh ina thosaíocht fíor.\nAchainí na bParlaiminteoirí Domhanda chun Infheistíocht a dhéanamh i mBan, UNFPA, 24 Bealtaine 2011, rochtain ar 24 Bealtaine 2011,\n Cruinniú Mullaigh na bParlaiminteoirí Domhanda G8/G20 ar Chailíní agus Daonra: na Tiománaithe Forghoilte ar Fhorbairt, Fóram Parlaiminte na hEorpa ar Daonra agus Fhorbairt, a cuireadh rochtain air an 24 Bealtaine 2011,\nParlaiminteoirí Domhanda Cruinniú MullaighGná agus Daonra: Na tiománaithe forfhearaithe forbartha, Women Deliver, 20 Bealtaine 2011, rochtain ar 24 Bealtaine 2011, .\nInisceacht Muskoka chun Ghluaiseacht ar aghaidh, ach G8 Fails Commitments, SOS Children's Villages, 28 Bealtaine 2011 \nG8, Dearbhú Deauville, 1."} +{"text": "Satellites orbiting the earth are subjected to very harsh environmental conditions. Consider this one aspect: They need ways to adjust their orbits. This is done with small rocket thrusters controlled by small motors or actuators. In turn, these are controlled by electronic circuitry. Both the circuitry and the motors must survive in the harsh environment of space. This means it is very hot when in sunlit areas and very cold in the dark. NASA has published some useful background info on motors for such applications. See this document for background info.\nOver the past several decades, interest in high reliability (high-rel) motors has further increased. This is due to the need to optimize the amount of space used on orbiting platforms: more functionality must be integrated on the same module. This in turn has led to the implementation of more functionality done at the integrated circuit level. More companies are adding high-rel and radiation hardened (RH) devices to their portfolios, such as the devices that my company produces.\nThe testing process and the qualification procedure are essential to ensure the zero failure condition on such an important type of application. In particular, the aerospace applications require a high reliability and robustness to radiation, because of the open space environment is a hard ambient due to the ionizing radiation.\nSo what is the best way to test and to qualify the robustness of a product for aerospace applications?\nThere are many standards under which parts can be rad-hard certified. For example, in the US, the RHA certification is issued by the DLA (Defense Logistics Agency). In Europe, the referring agency for the certification of the robustness to the radiation of the electronic integrated devices is the ESA (European Space Agency).\nThe sources of the radiations present in the open space are mainly four:\n- heavy ions\n- γ (gamma) rays\nThese radiation sources can modify the electric configuration of the atoms of the material exposed to the radiation. Hence these four sources may alter the ICs and generate a failure in the circuitry contained on the modules.\nThe sources (1) and (2), besides being high energy particles, are also subatomic particles that make up the structure of the atom. These parts have a conventionally assigned negative and positive electrical charge, respectively. This is not the case of source (3) — it's not a particle, but instead an atom having a different number of protons than electrons. This atom can be charged both positively (number of protons > number of electrons) or negatively (number of protons < number of electrons) by subtracting or adding electrons to the electron cloud which surrounds the nucleus of the atom.\nIt’s very interesting to observe that the sources (1) through (3) are electric sources due to the structure of the atom whilst source (4) is generated from a mutation of an atomic structure. As an example of the generation of radiation — γ rays — there is an isotope of cobalt (cobalt-60) which doesn't have a stable atomic structure. There are nuclear transitions occurring in its nucleus the result of which produces γ rays. These are high energy photons (~100 keV). These are generated when cobalt-60 decays to nickel-60. A beta particle (free electron) is also produced.\nEither the γ ray or the beta particle can cause problems. In the next part of this blog, we'll peer into the silicon structure. We'll see how those problems manifest inside the IC.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-04", "url": "https://www.planetanalog.com/what-do-you-need-for-high-rel-rad-hard-applications-part-1/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703564029.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20210125030118-20210125060118-00736.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9306716919, "token_count": 713, "score": 3.46875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá satailítí atá ag rothlú timpeall na talún faoi réir coinníollacha comhshaoil an-chrua. Smaoinigh ar an ngné seo amháin: Ní mór dóibh bealaí a bheith acu chun a n-orbitaí a choigeartú. Déantar é seo le brúiteoirí roicéad beaga a rialaítear le mótair nó gníomhaitheora beaga. Ar a láimh eile, rialaítear iad seo trí chiorcaid leictreonacha. Ní mór don chuaird agus do na mótair araon maireachtáil i dtimpeallacht chrua an spáis. Ciallaíonn sé seo go bhfuil sé an-te nuair a bhíonn sé i gceantair shoilleir na gréine agus an-fhuar sa dorchadas. D'fhoilsigh NASA roinnt faisnéise cúlra úsáideacha ar mótarna le haghaidh iarratais den sórt sin. Féach an doiciméad seo le haghaidh faisnéise cúlra.\nLe blianta beaga anuas, tá suim i mótair ard-iontaofachta (ard-rel) tar éis méadú. Tá sé seo mar gheall ar an ngá le méid na spás a úsáidtear ar ardáin imchuairte a bharrfheabhsú: ní mór níos mó feidhmiúlachta a chomhtháthú ar an modúl céanna. Mar thoradh air seo, tá níos mó feidhmiúlachta déanta ar leibhéal na cearclóide chomhtháite. Tá níos mó cuideachtaí ag cur feistí ard-réalta agus cruaithe radaíochta (RH) lena bportfóliúin, mar shampla na feistí a tháirgeann mo chuideachta.\nTá an próiseas tástála agus an nós imeachta cáilíochta ríthábhachtach chun a chinntiú nach mbeidh aon bhfadhb ar bith ar chineál chomh tábhachtach sin feidhmíochta. Go háirithe, éilíonn na feidhmchláir aeraspáis iontaofacht ard agus neart chun radaíochta, mar gheall ar an timpeallacht spáis oscailte atá ina timpeallacht chrua mar gheall ar an radaíocht iainithe.\nMar sin, cén bealach is fearr chun tástáil a dhéanamh ar neart táirge agus a cháilíocht a mheas le haghaidh feidhmchláir aeraspáis?\nTá go leor caighdeáin ann faoi na codanna a d'fhéadfaí a dheimhniú mar rad-hard. Mar shampla, sna Stáit Aontaithe, is é an DLA (Defense Logistics Agency) a eisiúint an deimhniú RHA. Sa Eoraip, is é ESA (Gníomhaireacht Spáis na hEorpa) an ghníomhaireacht tagartha chun deimhniú a thabhairt ar neart na bhfeistí leictreonacha comhtháite i gcoinne radaíochta.\nTá ceithre fhoinse de na radaíochtaí atá i láthair san spás oscailte go príomha:\n- iainí trom\n- raidió gamma\nIs féidir leis na foinsí radaíochta seo cumraíocht leictreach atamaí an ábhair a nochtar don radaíocht a mhodhnú. Dá bhrí sin, d'fhéadfadh na ceithre fhoinse seo na CIanna a athrú agus locht a ghiniúint sa chiorcaid atá ar na modúlacha.\nTá na foinsí (1) agus (2), seachas a bheith ina gcodanna ardfhuinnimh, ina gcodanna subatomacha freisin a dhéanann struchtúr an adamh. Tá muirear leictreach diúltach agus dearfach sannta go coinbhinsiúnach ag na codanna seo, faoi seach. Ní hé seo an cás le foinse (3) ní cáithnín é, ach in ionad sin adamh a bhfuil líon difriúil prótóin aige ná leictreon. Is féidir an t-atóm seo a mhuirearú go dearfach (líon prótóin > líon leictreon) nó go diúltach (líon prótóin < líon leictreon) trí leictreon a bhaint nó a chur leis an scamall leictreon a thimpeallaíonn núicléas an adamh.\nTá sé an-spéisiúil a fheiceáil go bhfuil na foinsí (1) go (3) foinsí leictreacha mar gheall ar struchtúr an adamh agus foinse (4) a ghiniúint ó mhútanas struchtúr adamh. Mar shampla de ghiniúint radaíochta γ raíonna tá isotóp de cobalt (cobalt-60) nach bhfuil struchtúr adamhach cobhsaí. Tá aistriú núicléach ag tarlú ina núicléas agus mar thoradh air sin tá raidió γ á tháirgeadh. Is fotóin ardfhuinnimh iad seo (~ 100 keV). Déantar iad seo a ghiniúint nuair a bhíonn an cobalt-60 ag titim go nicil-60. Táirgtheann sé grinnéadar béite (eileactrón saor in aisce) freisin.\nIs féidir leis an ngréasán γ nó leis an bpáirtnéid béite fadhbanna a chur chun cinn. Sa chéad chuid eile den bhlag seo, beidh muid ag peer isteach an struchtúr silicon. Feicfimid conas a léiríonn na fadhbanna sin taobh istigh den IC."} +{"text": "Subscribe to stay informed of xMinds events, opportunities for advocacy, relevant news articles, and regional programs, lectures, and workshops to help parents and educators improve the educational experiences of students on the autism spectrum.\n\"... the most important considerations in devising educational programs for children with autistic spectrum disorders have to do with recognition of the autism spectrum as a whole, with the concomitant implications for social, communicative, and behavioral development and learning, and with the understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of the individual child across areas of development.\" —Educating Children with Autism, 2001\nWe are located in Montgomery County Maryland and are working collaboratively with the public schools whenever possible to improve educational experiences and educational outcomes for students on the autism spectrum.\nMontgomery County is located in Maryland just north of Washington D.C. and southwest of Baltimore. Montgomery County Public Schools (MCPS) comprise the 16th largest public school system in the United States, with an estimated enrollment of 142,000 students for the 2009-2010 school year. Of the 142,000 students, approximately 1,400 students have been determined to be on the autism spectrum. (However, the total may be higher because some students with high-functioning autism or Asperger's Syndrome may be identified by a different disability code such as speech/language impairment.)\nImproving the educational experiences and outcomes of students on the autism spectrum in grades K-12.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-14", "url": "http://www.xminds.org/content.asp?pl=8&contentid=8", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131299515.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172139-00222-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9512425661, "token_count": 288, "score": 3.09375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Sínigh chun fanacht ar an eolas faoi imeachtaí xMinds, deiseanna chun abhcóideachta, ailt nuachta ábhartha, agus cláir réigiúnacha, léachtaí, agus ceardlanna chun cabhrú le tuismitheoirí agus oideachasóirí taithí oideachais na scoláirí ar an speictream uathachais a fheabhsú.\n\"... na breithnithe is tábhachtaí i bhforbairt cláir oideachais do leanaí le neamhoird speictrim uathach a dhéanamh le haitheantas an speictrim uathach mar iomláine, leis na himpleachtaí comhthreomhar do fhorbairt sóisialta, cumarsáideach, agus iompar agus foghlaim, agus leis an tuiscint ar na láidreachtaí agus laigí an leanbh aonair ar fud réimsí forbartha. \" Oideachas do Leanaí le hOitism, 2001\nTá muid lonnaithe i gContae Montgomery i Maryland agus táimid ag obair i gcomhar leis na scoileanna poiblí nuair is féidir chun taithí oideachais agus torthaí oideachais a fheabhsú do mhic léinn ar an speictream uathachais.\nTá Contae Montgomery suite i Maryland díreach ó thuaidh de Washington D.C. agus ó dheas ó Baltimore. Is éard atá i Scoileanna Poiblí Contae Montgomery (MCPS) an 16ú córas scoile poiblí is mó sna Stáit Aontaithe, le clárú measta de 142,000 mac léinn don bhliain scoile 2009-2010. As na 142,000 mac léinn, tá thart ar 1,400 mac léinn cinneadh a bheith ar an speictream autism. (Mar sin féin, d'fhéadfadh an t-iomlán a bheith níos airde toisc go bhféadfaí roinnt daltaí le h-aitseachas ardfheidhmíochta nó Síndróm Asperger a aithint trí chód míchumais difriúil mar mhíchumas cainte / teanga.)\nFeabhas a chur ar thaithí agus ar thorthaí oideachais daltaí ar an speictream uathachais i gcaidrimh K-12."} +{"text": "Take a trip from your own back yard, around the world and to the bottom of the ocean in “Creatures of Light: Nature’s Bioluminescence,” now open at the Perot Museum of Nature and Science. In this new exhibit, get an up-close look at some of nature’s most unusual life forms: those that glow in the dark.\n“Bioluminescence is the ability to generate light through a chemical reaction,” says Colleen Walker, chief executive officer for the museum. “It is one of nature’s most beautiful, brilliant and confounding mysteries in the natural world.”\nThe exhibit is divided into six sections that demonstrate how this unique, natural ability can happen in any type of environment. Each section includes accurate, larger-than-life-sized models, detailed panels of facts, and interactive tablet touch screens that provide videos and additional content.\nEthereal music and dim lighting set the mood for a dark and exotic adventure. (Parents worried about children being afraid or getting lost, note that museum staff members are stationed throughout the exhibit.) Here’s a closer look.\nA Summer’s Night\nThe exhibit starts in the United States with bioluminescent mushrooms that grow on decaying wood in the eastern forests. The model of the appropriately-named jack-o-lantern mushroom, with its orange and green glow, is 40 times the fungus’s actual size. Beyond that, an enormous firefly hangs from the ceiling.\nAt the “Talking to Fireflies” station, use blinking lights to send signals and communicate with a simulated firefly partner. See how fireflies in a simulated forest twinkle in the night sky.\nA Mysterious Cave\nIn New Zealand’s Waitomo Cave, glowworms hang from the ceiling. The worms, which are actually fly larvae, secrete a sticky substance that dangles from the cave ceiling and glows when they are hungry, attracting their insect prey.\nDuck inside a simulated cave tunnel for a view of what magnified models of these creatures look like in their habitat. Panels show how a glowing millipede and click beetle use similar methods to ward off predators.\nA Sparkling Sea\nMosquito Bay, a Caribbean lagoon on Vieques Island, Puerto Rico, is home to a colony of microscopic dinoflagellates. These creatures swim in the shallow water and when something touches them, they produce a burst of light.\nHere in the exhibit, a simulated river runs through the walkway and as passers-by step on it, the creatures follow and sparkle. An enlarged dinoflagellate model shows how these tiny creatures look under a microscope.\nBioluminescence is similar to another natural phenomenon, fluorescence. In the Cayman Islands, creatures glow by absorbing light, rather than creating it. Use the interactive replica of Bloody Bay Wall and touch screens to move through the display and explore how light rays change the color of glowing coral.\nModels of jellyfish demonstrate how some animals can utilize both types of light. A display explains how fluorescent light is used in modern everyday objects and toys.\nThe deeper the ocean water, the stronger the need for bioluminescence. In this darkest section of the exhibit, learn how two different fish have an essential symbiotic relationship with bioluminescent bacteria.\nA model of an Indonesian ponyfish demonstrates how this animal collects bacteria in a pouch and uses it to attract mates. An aquarium houses live flashlight fish. Although the fish measures approximately 3-5 inches long, only a small streak beneath its eyes is visible in the dark.\nThe Deep Ocean\nThe darkest area of the ocean is home to some of the most unusual bioluminescent creatures. Where the depths reach 23,000 feet, up to 90 percent of sea creatures are bioluminescent.\nThe model of an angler fish brings to life a creature that seems almost unreal. Learn how males of the species attach themselves to the female and are absorbed to become part of her body. Only females have the iconic dangling lure, which attracts prey.\nThe vampire squid is named for its red eyes, spines on its tentacles, and a black cloak of skin in which it can wrap itself to hide. Other models show how fish can disguise themselves and catch prey.\nAs much as scientists know about the deep-ocean creatures, there is still much more that is a mystery. At the end of the exhibit, a small display includes a probe used by the Ocean Research & Conservation Association (ORCA) to shoot images and collect samples from the ocean floor.\nMuseum educator Jessica Crowley credits ORCA founder and bioluminescence specialist Edith Widder for much of the exhibit’s information. Most of the real images in the exhibit were taken using a probe and lures to attract the fish, she says.\nBioluminescent creatures are amazing to see, but their ability also serves a valuable purpose. It helps them fight for survival, attract mates, and hunt for food in some of the world’s darkest ecosystems.\nCrowley, who has been nicknamed the “Mother of Fishes,” is responsible for caring for the museum’s aquatic guests. The flashlight fish cannot be exposed to light and are also stressed by loud noises.\nShe uses a low red light to feed the fish three times each day and monitor the saltwater, which is prepared in-house. The museum does not typically have live exhibits, so the fish are a special treat, though they require a lot of attention.\nThe Perot has a knack for making the gross look glamorous and the everyday become extraordinary. Chasing fireflies after dark is a classic childhood experience, but most people might not know what makes these insects glow. This exhibit teaches children — and the curious kid in every adult — how this can be and why it is essential.\nWalker emphasizes that while the Perot may encourage scientific curiosity in school-age kids, each exhibition is just as much for adults, too.\n“Never lose that essence of being a kid and getting to be delighted and mesmerized and filled with wonder and that curiosity where you think ‘How does that even happen?’” she says. “When we have that mindset and viewpoint, we can really enjoy life.”\nCreatures of Light: Nature’s Bioluminescence\n- Through Feb. 21\n- Perot Museum of Nature and Science\n- 2201 N. Field St., Dallas\n- 214-428-5555, perotmuseum.org\n- 10 a.m.-5 p.m. Monday-Saturday, noon-5 p.m. Sunday (see website for holiday closures)\n- General admission plus exhibit surcharge, $18-$26 (members $4-$5)\nDec. 12: “Discovery Days: Darkness,” 10 a.m.-4 p.m. Guests learn about nocturnal animals and deep-sea creatures, create a sea creature, study gems under a microscope and enjoy a planetarium show. (Included in general admission.)\nJan. 9: “Discovery Days: Light,” 10 a.m.-4 p.m. Guests learn about the solar system, plants and animals, and electricity. Build a circuit, learn how to grow a plant, and enjoy a planetarium show. (Included in general admission.)\nJan. 22: “Social Science: Glow.” 7-11 p.m. Guests age 21 and older enjoy cocktails, live entertainment, discussions and experiments. Learn about bioluminescent plants and animals, wearable LEDs and current research. ($20, members $15)", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-22", "url": "http://www.star-telegram.com/living/family/moms/article43440564.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794863277.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20180520092830-20180520112830-00123.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9260109663, "token_count": 1613, "score": 3.359375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tóg turas ó do chúlchúl féin, timpeall an domhain agus go bun na farraige i \"Creatures of Light: Nature's Bioluminescence\", atá ar oscailt anois i Músaem Nádúr agus Eolaíochta Perot. Sa taispeántas nua seo, féach go dlúth ar chuid de na foirmeacha saoil is neamhghnácha sa nádúr: na foirmeacha a léiríonn solas sa dorchadas.\n'Is é an bith-ghlúineacht an cumas solas a ghiniúint trí imoibriú ceimiceach,' a deir Colleen Walker, príomhfheidhmeannach an mhúsaeim. Is é ceann de na rúndialtais is áille, is iontach agus is mearbhall sa domhan nádúrtha.\nTá an taispeántas roinnte ina sé rannán a léiríonn conas is féidir leis an gcumas uathúil, nádúrtha seo tarlú in aon chineál timpeallachta. I ngach rannán tá samhlacha cruinne, níos mó ná an saol, painéil mhionsonraithe fíricí, agus scáileáin tadhaill idirghníomhacha táibléid a sholáthraíonn físeáin agus ábhar breise.\nCeol ethereal agus solas dim a chur ar an giúmar do eachtra dorcha agus coimhthíocha. (Dá mbeadh imní ar thuismitheoirí go mbeadh eagla ar leanaí nó go rachadh siad ar strae, tabhair faoi deara go bhfuil baill foirne an mhúsaeim suite ar fud an taispeántais.) Seo léargas níos dlúithe.\nOíche Samhraidh\nTosaíonn an taispeántas sna Stáit Aontaithe le feamainn bith-leathraitheacha a fhásann ar adhmad atá ag dul in olcas sna foraoisí san oirthear. Tá an múnla den fhonghás jack-o-lantern, a bhfuil ainm cuí air, lena glow oráiste agus glas, 40 uair an méid iarbhír an fhonghás. Níos faide uaidh sin, tá firefly ollmhór crochta ón uasteorainn.\nAg an stáisiún \"Plé le Fireflies\", úsáid soilse a chliceáil chun comharthaí a sheoladh agus cumarsáid a dhéanamh le comhpháirtí firefly samhlaithe. Féach conas a shíníonn lusanna i bhforaois shamhlaithe sa spéir oíche.\nUaimh Chéile Mícheart\nI gCarraig Waitomo na Nua-Shéalainne, tá glowworms crochta ón uasteorainn. Tá na féaróg, atá i ndáiríre larbhaí eitilte, ag scaipeadh substaint greamaitheach a bhíonn ag crochadh ó uasteorainn na uaimh agus a bhíonn ag gloine nuair a bhíonn ocras orthu, ag mealladh a n-íobairt inseicte.\nDuck taobh istigh de thineal uaimh samhlaithe le haghaidh radharc ar an méid a léiríonn samhlacha méadaithe na créatúir seo ina gnáthóg. Taispeánann painéil conas a úsáideann millipede gleoite agus beetle cliceáil modhanna den chineál céanna chun díláithrithe a chosc.\nMuir Scaipthe\nTá colún de dinoflagellate microscopic i mBá Mosquito, loch sa Mhuir Chairib ar Oileán Vieques, i bPórtó Ríce. Tá na créatúir seo snámh i uisce cluthar agus nuair a dhéanann rud éigin teagmháil leo, a tháirgeann siad rástán de sholas.\nAnseo sa taispeántas, ritheann abhainn shamhlaithe tríd an mbóthar siúil agus de réir mar a théann daoine ag dul tríd, leanann na créatúir agus scáthann siad. Léiríonn samhail mhéadaithe de dínóflagellate conas a fhéachann na créatúir bheaga seo faoi mhicreascóp.\nTá bioluminescence cosúil le feiniméan nádúrtha eile, fluorescence. Sna hOileáin Cayman, bíonn créatúir ag gloineáil trí solas a ionsú, seachas é a chruthú. Úsáid an macasamhail idirghníomhach de Balla na Mála Bloody agus scáileáin tadhaill chun bogadh tríd an taispeáint agus iniúchadh a dhéanamh ar an gcaoi a n-athraíonn ghathanna solais dath na corail glowing.\nLéiríonn samhlacha de jellyfish conas is féidir le roinnt ainmhithe an dá chineál solais a úsáid. Míníonn taispeántas conas a úsáidtear solas fluaraiseanta i n-earraí agus i gcearrbhachais laethúla nua-aimseartha.\nAn níos doimhne an t-uisce farraige, an níos láidre an gá le bioluminescence. Sa chuid is dorcha den taispeántas seo, foghlaim conas a bhíonn caidreamh simibéiseach riachtanach ag dhá éisc éagsúla le baictéir bioluminescent.\nLéiríonn samhail de phoinín pónn na hIndinéise conas a bhailíonn an t-ainmhí seo baictéir i mála agus a úsáideann sé chun comhpháirtithe a mhealladh. Tá iasc flashlight beo i gcistin uisceadóir. Cé go bhfuil an t-iasc thart ar 3-5 orlach ar fhad, ní fheictear ach sraith beag faoi na súile sa dorchadas.\nAn Fharraige Fholamh\nTá an limistéar is dorcha den aigéan ina bhaile do chuid de na créatúir bioluminescent is neamhghnácha. Nuair a shroicheann na doimhneachtaí 23,000 troigh, tá suas le 90 faoin gcéad de na créatúir mara bioluminescent.\nTugann samhail an iasc angler beatha do chreatúr a bhfuil an chuma air go bhfuil sé beagnach neamhdhíreach. Foghlaim conas a cheanglaíonn fir an speiceas leis an mbean agus a chuirtear isteach ina gcuid de a chorp. Níl ach mná an t-eireaball iconic dangling, a mheallann prey.\nTugtar an t-ainm ar an scáileán vampire as a shúile dearga, spine ar a tentacles, agus cóta dubh craiceann inar féidir leis a bheith i bhfolach. Léiríonn samhlacha eile conas is féidir le haisc iad féin a mhacasamhlú agus preas a ghabháil.\nCé go bhfuil a fhios ag eolaithe faoi na créatúir domhain-aigéan, tá go leor eile ann fós nach bhfuil in ann a thuiscint. Ag deireadh an taispeántais, tá taispeántas beag lena n-áirítear taiscéala a úsáideann an Cumann Taighde agus Caomhnaithe Aigéin (ORCA) chun íomhánna a thógáil agus samplaí a bhailiú ó bhun na farraige.\nCreideann an músaem Jessica Crowley go bhfuil cuid mhór den fhaisnéis atá ar taispeántas ag Edith Widder, bunaitheoir ORCA agus speisialtóir bioluminescence. Tugadh an chuid is mó de na grianghraif bhfíor-amhránacha sa taispeántas trí úsáid a bhaint as sond agus meall chun na hiasc a mhealladh, a deir sí.\nTá sé iontach a fheiceáil créatúir bioluminescent, ach tá a gcumas a bheith ag freastal ar chuspóir luachmhar freisin. Cabhraíonn sé leo troid chun maireachtáil, a mhealladh páirteanna, agus a lorg bia i roinnt de na domhan's éiceachórais dorcha.\nTá Crowley, a thugtar an leasainm air \"Máthair na nIasc\", freagrach as aire a thabhairt do chuairteoirí uisceacha an mhúsaeim. Ní féidir leis na hiasc flashlight a bheith nochtaithe do sholas agus déantar iad a shéanadh freisin ag torann ard.\nÚsáideann sí solas dearg íseal chun na hiasc a chothú trí huaire gach lá agus monatóireacht a dhéanamh ar an uisce salainn, a ullmhaítear sa teach. Ní bhíonn taispeántais bheo ag an músaem de ghnáth, mar sin is pléisiúr speisialta iad na hiasc, cé go dteastaíonn go leor aire uathu.\nTá an Perot le haicnéal chun an chuma glamorous agus an lá go lá a dhéanamh neamhghnách. Is eispéireas clasaiceach óige é caitheamh le haerchlainneacha tar éis dorchadas, ach b'fhéidir nach bhfuil a fhios ag an gcuid is mó daoine cad a fhágann go bhfuil na h-ionsaithe seo ag gloineadh. Múineann an taispeántas seo do leanaí agus don leanbh fiosrach i ngach duine fásta conas is féidir é seo a bheith agus cén fáth go bhfuil sé riachtanach.\nCuireann Walker béim ar an bhfíric go bhféadfadh an Perot fiosracht eolaíochta a spreagadh i leanaí in aois na scoile, go bhfuil gach taispeántas chomh mór sin d'aosaigh freisin.\nNá caill an croílár sin a bheith i do leanbh agus a bheith sásta agus hypnotized agus líonadh le wonder agus an fiosracht sin nuair a cheapann tú Conas a tharlaíonn sé sin fiú? deir sí. Nuair a bhíonn an dearcadh sin againn, is féidir linn taitneamh a bhaint as an saol i ndáiríre.\nCreatúir Solas: Bithfhuilbheathaíocht na Nádúr\n- Tríd an 21 Feabhra\n- Músaem Nádúr agus Eolaíochta Perot\n- 2201 N. Field St., Dallas\n- 214-428-5555, perotmuseum.org\n- 10 a.m. - 5 p.m. Dé Luain-Dé Sathairn, 12h - 5 p.m. Dé Domhnaigh (féach an suíomh Gréasáin le haghaidh dúnadh laethanta saoire)\n- Iontráil ghinearálta móide breiseán taispeántais, $18-$26 (baill $4-$5)\n12 Nollaig: Laethanta Fionnachtana: Dorchadas, 10 a.m.-4 p.m. Foghlaimíonn na cuairteoirí faoi ainmhithe oíche agus créatúir domhain-mhuir, cruthaíonn siad créatúr farraige, staidéar a dhéanamh ar ghlúin faoi mhicreasc��ip agus taitneamh a bhaint as seó pláinéad. (I measc an iontrála ginearálta.)\n9 Eanáir: Laethanta Fionnachtana: Solas, 10 a.m. - 4 p.m. Foghlaimíonn cuairteoirí faoin gcóras gréine, faoi phlandaí agus ainmhithe, agus faoi leictreachas. Tóg ciorcad, foghlaim conas plandaí a fhás, agus taitneamh a bhaint as seó pláinéad. (I measc an iontrála ginearálta.)\n22 Eanáir: Eolaíochtaí Sóisialta: Glow. 7-11 p.m. Is féidir le cuairteoirí 21 bliana d'aois agus níos sine taitneamh a bhaint as cócaillí, siamsaíocht beo, plé agus turgnamh. Foghlaim faoi phlandaí agus ainmhithe bioluminescent, faoi LEDanna in-ais agus faoi thaighde reatha. ($20, baill $15)"} +{"text": "A Laboratory Exercise for a College-Level, Introductory Neuroscience Course Demonstrating Effects of Housing Environment on Anxiety and Psychostimulant Sensitivity is a journal article describing a laboratory session in which students investigate the effects of environmental enrichment or amphetamines on anxiety-like behaviours in rodents.\nThis article describes husbandry and care of the rodents, the experimental equipment and resources required, student protocols and data analysis. Students gain experience of experimental design, animal handling, use of different behavioural arenas, data capture (using ethograms), analysis and interpretation.\nTo ensure compliance with good practice in the 3Rs, it is recommended that the animal husbandry procedures described in the article be modified so that all animals are housed in solid-bottom cages with bedding material and singularly housed animals also have additional nesting material (as a minimum).\nIt was developed by Dr Pritchard and colleagues, Williams College, MA, USA and is published in the Journal of Undergraduate Neuroscience Education (Pritchard et al. (2008) JUNE (2008) 7 (1): A26-A32). Copyright is retained by the journal.\nThis laboratory session can be used in undergraduate student education as part of a larger in-vivo neurobiology course.\nOther resources in this category:\nNo ratings have been received yet", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-22", "url": "http://etris.leeds.ac.uk/view_resource.php?id=109", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794863901.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20180521004325-20180521024325-00183.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9035892487, "token_count": 267, "score": 2.90625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is alt iris é A Laboratory Exercise for a College-Level, Introductory Neuroscience Course Demonstrating Effects of Housing Environment on Anxiety and Psychostimulant Sensitivity ina ndéantar cur síos ar sheisiún saotharlainne ina ndéanann mic léinn imscrúdú ar éifeachtaí saibhriú comhshaoil nó amfetamines ar iompar cosúil le imní i gcriostaithe.\nDéantar cur síos san alt seo ar chothú agus ar chúram na ngrádaithe, ar an trealamh agus na hacmhainní turgnamhacha is gá, ar phrótacail na mac léinn agus ar anailís ar na sonraí. Faigheann mic léinn taithí ar dhearadh turgnamhach, ar láimhseáil ainmhithe, ar úsáid áiteanna iompair éagsúla, ar ghabháil sonraí (ag baint úsáide as eithogramaí), ar anailís agus ar léirmhíniú.\nChun a áirithiú go gcomhlíontar dea-chleachtas sna 3Ranna, moltar na nósanna imeachta feirmeoireachta ainmhithe a thuairiscítear san Airteagal a mhodhnú ionas go gcuirtear na hainmhithe go léir i gcáiseanna le bun daingean le ábhar leapa agus go bhfuil ábhar neadaíochta breise (mar íosmhéid) ag ainmhithe a chuirtear go singilíneach.\nD'fhorbair an Dr Pritchard agus a chomhghleacaithe, Williams College, MA, SAM é agus foilsíodh é sa Journal of Undergraduate Neuroscience Education (Pritchard et al. (2008) JUNE (2008) 7 (1): A26-A32). Coinníonn an iris cóipcheart.\nIs féidir an seisiún saotharlainne seo a úsáid i oideachas mac léinn fochéime mar chuid de chúrsa níos mó de néar-bhithéolaíocht in vivo.\nAcmhainní eile sa chatagóir seo:\nNíl aon rátálacha faighte go fóill"} +{"text": "//Shubha Bala /November 23 / 2012\nGoogle Analytics 101 – The what and how\nGoogle Analytics is a powerful tool for tracking and analysing your website traffic data. By placing a small piece of code in your site, Google Analytics can then tell you where your visitors have come from, how long they stayed, and which pages they looked at, amongst other things. This allows you to understand how different pieces of content perform and gives you insight into user behaviour so that you can improve your site, both from a technical and an editorial perspective.\nHere we explain how Google Analytics works, how to set it up on your website and share it with your staff, what the definition of “metrics” and “dimensions” are, and where some of the most common standard reports can be found. Lastly there are some exercises so you can try what you’ve learned.\nWhat is Google Analytics and how does it work?\nIn order for a website to use Google Analytics, it must carry a small piece of tracking code which runs when a person visits that site. The tracking code either creates or modifies Google Analytics cookies (a little snippet of information that a website stores in your browserBrowserA software program that can request, download, cache and display documents…//read more to identity you), sending this cookieCookieA cookie, also known as an HTTP cookie, web cookie, or browser cookie, is a…//read more data to the Google Analytics server.\nOne last note is that if the code doesn’t load in time – for example the pagePageA document having a specific URL and comprised of a set of associated files. A…//read more is loading very slowly – then it is possible the visitVisitA single continous set of activity attributable to a cookied browser or user…//read more will not be recorded. However, Google recently changed their tracking code to an “asynchronous” code. Amongst other advantages, this code is put in the header of a website instead of the footer, so it is more likely that the code will be run, even if there are issues with the entire page loading.\nAccounts, Properties and Profiles\nBefore you create an account, it is useful to understand the hierarchy of Google Analytics.\nAn account is the topmost level of organisation for Google Analytics. It allows you to manage multiple web properties (usually a website), which can have different profiles.\nThe default profile should always be the entire web property (for example, the entire website or the entire domain), but you can also make other profiles which filter the data to look at a subsection of your audience, or look at specific subdomains of the website. This can be useful if your digital newsroom is separated into content silos – the editor of sports can easily see his or her web statistics separately from the editor of business.\nHow to create an account\n1. Go to www.google.com/analytics and sign in with your Google login and password. For future purposes, it is best to use the same Google account you use for AdSense or AdWords.\nAt a minimum, name your account and add the website that you want to track.\n3. Select httpHTTP (Hyper-Text Transfer Protocol)The format most commonly used to transfer documents on the World Wide Web.//read more or https from the dropdown. If you aren’t sure which one to use, go to your website and see what appears at the front of the URL. You can add more websites later.\n4. Select a timezone and industry category (the industry category is for Google compare to similar industries).\n5. Select “Share data with other Google products”, as this will allow you to incorporate AdWords or AdSense into your Google Analytics account.\nOnce you have created the account, you will be shown a tracking ID. A tracking ID always starts with UA, followed by the account number, and then the profile ID. So an ID UA-XXXXX-Y means that XXXXX is the overall account, and Y is this particular profile.\n6. To access the code you will need to put add to your website, scroll down to “Website tracking” and select “What are you tracking?”.\n7. Select the website you are tracking. You will then be given the tracking code to put on your website.\nHow to give other people access to your account\nYou probably have other people in your organization that you want to be able to access the analytics. It is important that they do not create a new Google Analytics account on their own Google account, instead you should give them rights to view the account you just created. The reason for this is that since cookies are based on a user visiting a website, it can confuse things if multiple accounts are trying to update a user’s cookies. The data will likely be incorrect.\n1. Make sure that you are administering your account, not your property or profile, then click on the Admin button in the top right.\n2. Underneath the menu, click either on “Account List” or the name of the account that you see directly after “Account List”.\n4. Click the button to add a new user. You can give them user rights, or admin rights. You can also select just specific profiles in the account for the user to be able to see.\nMetrics and Dimensions\nGoogle Analytics splits its data into “metrics” and “dimensions”. Simply put, metrics are anything that gives you numbers, and dimensions are ways in which you can categorize those numbers. For example, number of visitors is a number, so it’s a metric, but the way you want to view those numbers – by day, by month, by country, by device – those are dimensions.\n- Visits (Sessions) – The number of times that anyone visited your website. One thing to note is that a visit is considered over if someone leaves your website, closes their browser, is inactive on your site for over 30 minutes (the 30 minutes varies by analytics tool and can be customized), or when it hits midnight in your timezone. This means that if someone is interacting with your site and they go get lunch for over 30 minutes, when they come back and start interacting again it will count as 2 visits. For more detailed information – http://support.google.com/analytics/bin/answer.py?hl=en&answer=2731565\n- % of new visits (or returning visits) – When a user visits your website, Google Analytics will see if they already have a cookie for this site, indicating that the user is a return visitorVisitorIndividual or browser which accesses a Web site within a specific time period.//read more . This means that a visitor may also be considered new if the user has cleared their cookies, or if the cookie has expired (after two years for Google Analytics)\n- Average visit duration – Adds together the length of time of every sessionSession1) a sequence of Internet activity made by one user at one site. If a user…//read more and divides it by the total number of sessions. Google calculates “length of time” by calculating the time between when a user came to your site, and the last thing the user does on your site. Unfortunately, leaving your site is not something that Google can get a timestamp for – it does not count as an event on your site. Therefore, the length of time the user spends on the last page before exiting is usually not included in the Average visit duration calculation. Also a user that only visits one page, does nothing, and then exists will have a length of time of zero even if they spent 15 minutes reading that one page. Therefore, the average visit duration will always be an underestimation. It is worth noting that not all Analytics tools work this way and that there are ways, through coding, to change this functionality. However, since Google Analytics is one industry standard, it is perfectly acceptable to use this value for time on page or average visit duration.\n- Bounce Rate – The number of users who only visit one page and leave. Sometimes the bounce rate is a good indication of whether or not the “right” people are visiting your website and whether or not it’s easy for them to find what they need. However, if you have a blog for example, you would expect a high bounce rate since all the articles are on the homepage anyway. Even if someone spends 5 minutes reading your blog, they will still be considered a bounced user unless they click on a page or have an event.\n- Pages/visit (or average page depth) – This is the average number of pages that are viewed in a session. Repeat visits to the same page during a session will be counted as separate page visits.\n- Pageviews – This is the total number of pages that were seen. Repeat visits to the same page are counted as separate page viewsPage ViewsWhen the page is actually seen by the user. Some platforms, like Facebook cache…//read more .\n- Unique pageviews – This is the number of unique pages viewed, aggregated by all the visitors. If you see the number of unique pageviews for a specific page, it would count the number of sessions during which that page was viewed at least one time. The total number of unique pageviews tells you how many pages people visited, but not including their repeat visits to the same page during the same session.\n- Unique visitors / Visitors – The number of different users, or at least different cookies, that visit your website. Of course, if a user comes from a new browser, different computer or device, they will be counted more than once. Also, when people clear cookies and appear as new visitors, they will be counted more than once. Since people often clear cookies manually, the industry standard for reporting unique visitorsUnique VisitorsUnique individual or browser which has accessed a site or application and has…//read more to your site is to report by month, and not any longer like by year, where many users may be counted more than once.\n- Visitor Type – New or returning\n- Medium – The way someone came to your website. (none) refers to a direct visit where someone typed the URL in or used a bookmark; organic refers to a search engineSearch engineA website that provides a searchable index of online content, whereby users…//read more ; and referral is if they clicked on a link other than a search engine or campaign. Also, for campaigns, Medium could be a custom parameter or ppc if it is an AdWords campaign using autotagging.\n- Source – This is the more specific source of the referral to your website. It is most often the domain or URL where they clicked the link to your site. It can also be a campaign custom parameter, or Google if they came from AdWords with autotagging. Again, if the visitor just came directly it will say (direct).\n- Continent, subContinent, Country, Region, Metro, City – Google Analytics will try to source the location of the visitor based on the IP addressIP addressAn IP address is the numerical address assigned to each computer on the…//read more . If it cannot determine the location it will use (not set). Unfortunately in some regions of the world this can happen quite frequently – in fact the majority of users may be from not set.\nReports are where Metrics meet Dimensions. For example, you might want to look at the behaviour of new vs returning (dimension) visitors. You could compare the number of visitors (metric) who are new and the number who are returning, or the number of unique pageviews (metric) for new visitors compared to those for returning visitors. Perhaps you want to see the bounce rate (metric) for the visitors from your country vs from other countries (dimensions).\nIn the standard reporting view, which is one of the buttons in the main menu, there are some useful reports that you can pull up from the sidebar:\n- Location, under Audience > DemographicsDemographicsCommon characteristics used for population or audience segmentation, such as…//read more\n- Mobile, under Audience > Mobile > Overview\n- Sources, under Traffic Sources\n- Search terms, under Traffic Sources > Sources > Search > Organic\n- Social Network overview under Traffic Sources > Social > Sources\n- Pages visited under Content > Site Content > All Pages\n- AdWord Campaigns under Advertising > AdWords > Campaigns (note this must be enabled)\n- AdSense Overview under Content > AdSense > Overview (note this must be enabled)\nFor every report in Google Analytics, you can set the date frame and the range. To set the date frame select the arrow in the top left-hand corner beside the current date frame and choose a start and end date.\nYou should immediately see your graph change dates. By default, you will notice that the analytics graph reports on the metric by day. You can change this at the top of your graph by toggling the day, month, or year buttons.\nYou can also compare to a previous date range by clicking “Compare to” when you select your start and end dates.\n- How many unique visitors did you have yesterday, last week, three months ago for the month?\n- How many visits in the last week were from mobile devices? What were the top three mobile devices used?\n- What are the top three countries, based on number of visits, to your site?\n- For the people that are from your country, what is the bounce rate?\n- How many visits to your site were from referrals? What were the top three domains that they were referred from?\n- Compare the sources of visits to your site between this month, and last month. Is there a significant difference? Why do you think that is?\n- Compare the number of visits in general between the last week of this month, and the last week of last month. If there is a difference, then why?\n- What were the top five pages visited in the past week? Does that surprise you? If so, how could you use that information to change your editorial flow for next week?\nArticle by Shubha Bala", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-10", "url": "https://www.kbridge.org/en/google-analytics-101-the-what-and-how/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178360107.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20210228024418-20210228054418-00518.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9271450639, "token_count": 2963, "score": 2.796875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "// Shubha Bala / Samhain 23 / 2012\nGoogle Analytics 101 An rud agus an chaoi\nIs uirlis chumhachtach é Google Analytics chun sonraí tráchta do shuíomh Gréasáin a rianú agus a anailísiú. Trí phíosa beag cód a chur isteach i do shuíomh, is féidir le Google Analytics a insint duit ansin cá as a tháinig do chuairteoirí, cé chomh fada a d'fhan siad, agus cé na leathanaigh a d'fhéach siad orthu, i measc rudaí eile. Ligeann sé seo duit tuiscint a fháil ar an gcaoi a n-oibríonn píosaí éagsúla ábhar agus tugann sé léargas duit ar iompar úsáideoirí ionas gur féidir leat do shuíomh a fheabhsú, ó thaobh teicniúil agus ó thaobh eagarthóireachta araon.\nInseoimid anseo conas a oibríonn Google Analytics, conas é a chur ar bun ar do shuíomh Gréasáin agus é a roinnt le do fhoireann, cad é an sainmhíniú ar metrics agus dimensions, agus cá háit ar féidir roinnt de na tuarascálacha caighdeánacha is coitianta a fháil. Ar deireadh, tá roinnt cleachtaí ann ionas gur féidir leat iarracht a dhéanamh ar an méid atá foghlamtha agat.\nCad é Google Analytics agus conas a oibríonn sé?\nChun go n-úsáidfeadh suíomh Gréasáin Google Analytics, ní mór go mbeadh codán beag rianaithe air a reáchtálfar nuair a thugann duine cuairt ar an suíomh sin. Cruthaíonn nó modhnaíonn an cód rianaithe fianáin Google Analytics (snippet beag faisnéise a stórálann suíomh Gréasáin i do bhrabhsálaíBrabhsálaíBrogáid bogearraí a d'fhéadfadh doiciméid a iarraidh, a íoslódáil, a stóráil agus a thaispeáint...//léigh níos mó chun tú a aithint), ag seoladh an bhricfeasta seoCookieIs éard atá i bricfeasta, ar a dtugtar bricfeasta HTTP, bricfeasta gréasáin, nó bricfeasta brabhsálaí, ná...//léigh níos mó sonraí chuig freastalaí Google Analytics.\nNóta deireanach amháin ná más rud é nach loading in time an cód mar shampla an leathanachPageA doiciméad a bhfuil URL ar leith agus comhdhéanta de sraith de chomhlachtaí a bhaineann leis. A...//read more is loading very slowly ansin is féidir nach ndéanfar an chuairt a thaifeadadhVisitA singil sraith leanúnach gníomhaíochta atá inchurtha do bhrabhsálaí nó d'úsáideoir a bhfuil cóic...//read more aige. Mar sin féin, d'athraigh Google a gcód rianaithe le asynchronous code le déanaí. I measc buntáistí eile, cuirtear an cód seo i gceann leathanach gréasáin in ionad an fhocail, mar sin is dóichí go rithfear an cód, fiú má tá fadhbanna le luí an leathanaigh ar fad.\nCuntas, Maoine agus Próifílí\nSula ndéanann tú cuntas a chruthú, tá sé úsáideach tuiscint a fháil ar ordlathas Google Analytics.\nIs é cuntas an leibhéal eagraíochta is airde do Google Analytics. Ligeann sé duit il-earraí gréasáin (an suíomh Gréasáin de ghnáth) a bhainistiú, a d'fhéadfadh próifílí éagsúla a bheith acu.\nBa chóir go mbeadh an próifíl réamhshocraithe i gcónaí ar an maoin gréasáin iomlán (mar shampla, an suíomh Gréasáin iomlán nó an fearainn iomlán), ach is féidir leat próifílí eile a dhéanamh a scagann na sonraí chun breathnú ar fho-roinn de do lucht féachana, nó féachaint ar fho-fairsí sonracha den láithreán gréasáin. Is féidir é seo a bheith úsáideach má tá do sheomra nuachta digiteach scartha i sílóidí ábhair is féidir le heagarthóir spóirt a chuid staitisticí gréasáin a fheiceáil go héasca ar leithligh ó eagarthóir gnó.\nConas cuntas a chruthú\n1. an t-am a bhí ann. Téigh go www.google.com/analytics agus logáil isteach le do chuntas Google agus do phasfhocal. Chun críocha amach anseo, is fearr an cuntas Google céanna a úsáideann tú le haghaidh AdSense nó AdWords a úsáid.\nAr a laghad, ainm a thabhairt do do chuntas agus an suíomh Gréasáin a theastaíonn uait a rianú a chur leis.\n3. Tá an t-am ann. Roghnaigh httpHTTP (Prótacal Aistrithe Hipirtéacs) An cruth is coitianta a úsáidtear chun doiciméid a aistriú ar an nGréasán Domhanda.//léigh níos mó nó https ón gcnaipe titim. Má tá tú cinnte nach bhfuil tú cinnte cén ceann a úsáidfidh tú, téigh chuig do shuíomh Gréasáin agus féach cad a léirítear ar aghaidh an URL. Is féidir leat suíomhanna gréasáin eile a chur leis níos déanaí.\n4. Tá an t-am Roghnaigh crios ama agus catagóir tionscail (is é an catagóir tionscail do Google comparáid a dhéanamh le tionscail chomhchosúla).\n5. Tá an t-am ann. Roghnaigh Sonraí a roinnt le táirgí Google eile, mar go ligfidh sé seo duit AdWords nó AdSense a ionchorprú i do chuntas Google Analytics.\nNuair a bheidh an cuntas cruthaithe agat, taispeánfar ID rianaithe duit. Tosaíonn ID rianaithe i gcónaí le UA, ina dhiaidh sin uimhir an chuntas, agus ansin ID an phróifílí. Mar sin, ciallaíonn ID UA-XXXXX-Y go bhfuil XXXXX an cuntas foriomlán, agus Y an próifíl áirithe.\n6. Ceacht. Chun rochtain a fháil ar an gcód beidh ort a chur le do shuíomh Gréasáin, scrollaigh síos go Rithsheiceáil Suíomh Gréasáin agus roghnaigh Cad atá á rianú agat?.\n7. Ceacht. Roghnaigh an suíomh Gréasáin atá á rianú agat. Tabharfar an cód rianaithe duit ansin chun é a chur ar do shuíomh Gréasáin.\nConas rochtain a thabhairt do dhaoine eile ar do chuntas\nIs dócha go bhfuil daoine eile i do eagraíocht gur mhaith leat a bheith in ann rochtain a fháil ar na anailísithe. Tá sé tábhachtach nach ndéanann siad cuntas Google Analytics nua a chruthú ar a gcuntas Google féin, ina ionad sin ba chóir duit cearta a thabhairt dóibh chun an cuntas a chruthaigh tú a fheiceáil. Is é an chúis leis seo ná ós rud é go bhfuil fianáin bunaithe ar úsáideoir a thugann cuairt ar shuíomh Gréasáin, d'fhéadfadh sé rudaí a chur i bhfolach má tá cuntas ilghnéitheach ag iarraidh fianáin úsáideoir a nuashonrú. Is dócha go mbeidh na sonraí mícheart.\n1. an t-am a bhí ann. Déan cinnte go bhfuil tú ag riarú do chuntas, ní do thréimhse nó do phróifíl, ansin cliceáil ar an gcnaipe Riaraigh san eite dheis thuas.\n2. Seachadadh. Faoi bhun an roghchlár, cliceáil ar Liosta Cuntas nó ar ainm an chuntas a fheiceann tú díreach tar éis Liosta Cuntas.\n4. Tá an t-am Cliceáil ar an gcnaipe chun úsáideoir nua a chur leis. Is féidir leat a thabhairt dóibh cearta úsáideora, nó cearta riarthóra. Is féidir leat freisin ach próifílí ar leith a roghnú sa chuntas ionas go mbeidh an t-úsáideoir in ann iad a fheiceáil.\nMéadracha agus Méideanna\nDéanann Google Analytics a chuid sonraí a roinnt ina metrics agus dimensions. Go simplí, is ionann méideanna agus aon rud a thugann líon duit, agus is bealaí iad tomhais le haicmí a chur ar na huimhreacha sin. Mar shampla, líon na cuairteoirí is uimhir, mar sin tá sé ar mhetríceach, ach an bealach is mian leat a fheiceáil na huimhreacha de réir lá, de réir míosa, de réir tíre, de réir gléas iad sin gnéithe.\n- Cuairteanna (Seisiúin) An líon uaireanta a thug duine cuairt ar do shuíomh Gréasáin. Rud amháin le tabhairt faoi deara ná go meastar go bhfuil cuairt críochnaithe má fhágann duine do shuíomh Gréasáin, má dhúnann sé a bhrabhsálaí, má bhíonn sé neamhghníomhach ar do shuíomh ar feadh níos mó ná 30 nóiméad (athraíonn na 30 nóiméad de réir uirlis anailíse agus is féidir iad a shaincheapadh), nó nuair a shroich sé meán oíche i do chrios ama. Ciallaíonn sé seo má tá duine ag idirghníomhú le do shuíomh agus má théann siad chun béile a fháil ar feadh níos mó ná 30 nóiméad, nuair a thagann siad ar ais agus tús a chur le hidirghníomhú arís beidh sé a chomhaireamh mar 2 chuairte. Chun tuilleadh faisnéise a fháil http://support.google.com/analytics/bin/answer.py?hl=en&answer=2731565\n- % de chuairteanna nua (nó cuairteanna athfhillteacha) Nuair a thugann úsáideoir cuairt ar do shuíomh Gréasáin, feicfidh Google Analytics an bhfuil fianán acu cheana féin don shuíomh seo, rud a léiríonn gur cuairteoir ar ais é an t-úsáideoirVisitorIndividual nó brabhsálaí a théann isteach ar shuíomh Gréasáin laistigh de thréimhse ama ar leith.//léigh níos mó . Ciallaíonn sé seo gur féidir cuairteoir a mheas nua freisin má tá a fianáin imithe óna n-úsáideoirí, nó má tá an fianán imithe in éag (tar éis dhá bhliain do Google Analytics)\n- Meán-réim cuairte Leagann sé le chéile fad ama gach seisiúinSeisiúin1) seicheamh gníomhaíochta Idirlín a rinne úsáideoir amháin ar shuíomh amháin. Má úsáideann úsáideoir...//read more agus má roinntear é leis an líon iomlán seisiúin. Déantar Google a ríomh trí an t-am a ríomh idir an uair a tháinig úsáideoir ar do shuíomh agus an rud deireanach a dhéanann an t-úsáideoir ar do shuíomh. Ar an drochuair, ní rud é nach féidir le Google stamp ama a fháil as do shuíomh a fhágáil ní áirítear é mar imeacht ar do shuíomh. Dá bhrí sin, ní chuirtear an fad ama a chaitheann an t-úsáideoir ar an leathanach deireanach sula dtéann sé amach san áireamh de ghnáth i ríomh an mheánréim chuairte. Chomh maith leis sin úsáideoir a thugann cuairt ach leathanach amháin, ní dhéanann aon rud, agus ansin ann beidh fad ama de nialas fiú má chaith siad 15 nóiméad ag léamh go leathanach amháin. Dá bhrí sin, is í an t-am meán-am cuairte i gcónaí íosmheas. Is fiú a thabhairt faoi deara nach n-oibríonn gach uirlis Analytics ar an mbealach seo agus go bhfuil bealaí ann, trí chódú, an fheidhmiúlacht seo a athrú. Mar sin féin, ós rud é go bhfuil Google Analytics ina chaighdeán tionscail amháin, tá sé go hiomlán inghlactha an luach seo a úsáid le haghaidh ama ar leathanach nó meánréim cuairte.\n- Ráta Bounce An líon úsáideoirí nach dtugann cuairt ach ar leathanach amháin agus a fhágann. Uaireanta is maith is é ráta na n-easnamh an léargas maith é ar an bhfuil nó nach bhfuil na daoine \"ceart\" ag tabhairt cuairte ar do shuíomh Gréasáin agus an bhfuil nó nach bhfuil sé éasca dóibh an rud atá de dhíth orthu a fháil. Mar sin féin, má tá blag agat mar shampla, bheadh súil agat go mbeadh ráta ard bounce mar go bhfuil na hailt go léir ar an leathanach baile ar aon nós. Fiú má chaitheann duine 5 nóiméad ag léamh do bhlag, measfar go bhfuil sé fós ina úsáideoir bounced mura gcliceálann sé ar leathanach nó mura bhfuil imeacht aige.\n- Leathanaigh/Cuairte (nó meánfhulang leathanach) Is é seo an meánlíon leathanaigh a bhreathnaítear i seisiún. Beidh cuairteanna arís agus arís eile ar an leathanach céanna le linn seisiúin á gcur san áireamh mar chuairteanna ar leathanaigh ar leithligh.\n- Amharc ar leathanaigh Is é seo líon iomlán na leathanaigh a breathnaíodh. Cuirtear cuairteanna athfhillteacha ar an leathanach céanna san áireamh mar radharcanna leathanaigh ar leithlighRadharcanna leathanaighNuair a fheiceann an t-úsáideoir an leathanach i ndáiríre. Tá roinnt ardáin, cosúil le Facebook cache...\n- Amharcanna ar leathanaigh uathúla Is é seo líon na leathanaigh uathúla a breathnaíodh, arna chomhiomlánú ag na cuairteoirí go léir. Má fheiceann tú líon na gcúpla amharc ar leathanach ar leith, ba cheart go mbeadh sé ag comhaireamh líon na seisiúin le linn a ndearnadh an leathanach sin a fheiceáil uair amháin ar a laghad. Tugann líon iomlán na gcúpla amharc ar leathanach uathúil le fios duit cé mhéad leathanach a thug daoine cuairt air, ach gan a gcuairteanna arís agus arís eile ar an leathanach céanna a áireamh le linn na seisiúin chéanna.\n- Cuairteoirí uathúla / Cuairteoirí An líon úsáideoirí éagsúla, nó fianáin éagsúla ar a laghad, a thugann cuairt ar do shuíomh Gréasáin. Ar ndóigh, má thagann úsáideoir ó bhrabhsálaí nua, ríomhaire nó gléas difriúil, déanfar iad a chomhaireamh níos mó ná uair amháin. Chomh maith leis sin, nuair a scriosann daoine fianáin agus a thaispeántar mar chuairteoirí nua, beidh siad a chomhaireamh níos mó ná uair amháin. Ós rud é go ndéanann daoine fianáin a ghlanadh go minic de láimh, is é an caighdeán tionscail chun tuairisciú a dhéanamh ar chuairteoirí uathúlaCuairteoirí UathúlaAon duine aonair nó brabhsálaí a bhfuil rochtain aige ar shuíomh nó ar fheidhmchlár agus a bhfuil...//léigh níos mó chuig do shuíomh tuairisciú de réir míosa, agus ní níos mó mar de réir bliana, áit a bhféadfar go leor úsáideoirí a chomhaireamh níos mó ná uair amháin.\n- Cineál Cuairteora Nua nó ag filleadh\n- Meán An bealach a tháinig duine ar do shuíomh Gréasáin. (none) tagraíonn sé do chuairte díreach nuair a scríobh duine an URL isteach nó nuair a d'úsáid sé leabharmharc; tagraíonn orgánach do inneall cuardaighInneall cuardaighLáithreán Gréasáin a sholáthraíonn innéacs inchuardaithe ar ábhar ar líne, trína ndéanann úsáideoirí...//léigh níos mó; agus tagraíonn sé má chliceáil siad ar nasc seachas inneall cuardaigh nó feachtas. Chomh maith leis sin, d'fheachtais, d'fhéadfadh Meán a bheith ina pharaiméadar saincheaptha nó ppc má tá sé ina fheachtas AdWords ag baint úsáide as uathoibriú.\n- Foinse Is é seo an foinse níos sonraí den atreorú chuig do shuíomh Gréasáin. Is minic gurb é an fearainn nó an URL a chliceáil siad ar an nasc chuig do shuíomh. Is féidir é a bheith ina paraiméadar saincheaptha feachtais, nó Google má tháinig siad ó AdWords le autotagging. Arís, má tháinig an cuairteoir díreach beidh sé a rá (díreach).\n- An mór-roinn, an fho-Mhortainn, an tír, an réigiún, an mhéadar-bhaile, an chathair Déanfaidh Google Analytics iarracht suíomh an chuairteora a aimsiú bunaithe ar an seoladh IPSeoladh IPSeo seoladh uimhriúil a shanntar do gach ríomhaire ar an...//léigh níos mó . Mura féidir leis an suíomh a chinneadh, úsáidfidh sé é (ní socraithe). Ar an drochuair, is féidir é seo a bheith ag tarlú go minic i roinnt réigiúin den domhan - i ndáiríre, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh formhór na n-úsáideoirí ó thír nach bhfuil ar fáil.\nTá tuarascálacha áit a mbuaileann Méadracha Dimensions. Mar shampla, b'fhéidir gur mhaith leat breathnú ar iompar cuairteoirí nua i gcomparáid le cuairteoirí a thagann ar ais (dimension). D'fhéadfá líon na gcuairteoirí nua (mitríce) agus líon na gcuairteoirí atá ag filleadh ar an suíomh a chur i gcomparáid, nó líon na n-amharc leathanaigh uathúil (mitríce) do chuairteoirí nua i gcomparáid le líon na gcuairteoirí a bhíonn ag filleadh ar an suíomh. B'fhéidir gur mhaith leat ráta bounce (mitríce) a fheiceáil do na cuairteoirí ó do thír i gcomparáid le cuairteoirí ó thír eile (dimension).\nSa radharc tuairiscithe caighdeánach, ar ceann de na cnaipí sa phríomhchlár é, tá roinnt tuairiscí úsáideacha ann ar féidir leat a tharraingt suas ón mbarr taobh:\n- Suíomh, faoi Chruinníocht > DaonlathaisDaonlathaisCharacteristicsCommon used for population or audience segmentation, such as...//read more\n- Gléasanna soghluaiste, faoi Chluichí > Gléasanna soghluaiste > Léargas foriomlán\n- Foinsí, faoi Foinsí Trácht\n- Téarmaí cuardaigh, faoi Fonnanna Trácht > Fonnanna > Cuardach > Eagraíocht\n- Léargas ar Líonra Sóisialta faoi Fonnanna Trácht > Sóisialta > Fonnanna\n- Leathanaigh a ndearnadh cuairt orthu faoi Ábhar > Ábhar an láithreáin > Gach Leathanach\n- Feachtais AdWord faoi Fógraíocht > AdWords > Feachtais (tabhair faoi deara go gcaithfidh sé seo a bheith cumasaithe)\n- Athbhreithniú AdSense faoi Ábhar > AdSense > Athbhreithniú (tabhair faoi deara go gcaithfidh sé seo a bheith cumasaithe)\nI gcás gach tuarascála i Google Analytics, is féidir leat an fráma dáta agus an raon a shocrú. Chun an fráma dáta a shocrú roghnaigh an saighead sa chúinne ar dheis thuas in aice leis an fráma dáta reatha agus roghnaigh dáta tosaigh agus deiridh.\nBa chóir duit a fheiceáil láithreach do dhátaí athrú grafaicí. De réir réamhshocraithe, tabharfaidh tú faoi deara go ndéanann an graif anailíse tuarascálacha ar an méadroma de réir lae. Is féidir leat é seo a athrú ag barr do ghrafa trí na cnaipí lá, míosa nó bliana a athrú.\nIs féidir leat comparáid a dhéanamh le raon dáta roimhe seo freisin trí chliceáil ar Compare to nuair a roghnaíonn tú do dhátaí tosaigh agus deiridh.\n- Cé mhéad cuairteoirí uathúla a bhí agat inné, an tseachtain seo caite, trí mhí ó shin don mhí?\n- Cé mhéad cuairteanna sa tseachtain seo caite a bhí ó ghléasanna soghluaiste? Cad iad na trí ghléas soghluaiste is mó a úsáideadh?\n- Cad iad na trí thír is mó, bunaithe ar líon na gcuairteanna, ar do shuíomh?\n- I gcás na ndaoine a bhfuil ó do thír féin, cad é an ráta bounce?\n- Cé mhéad cuairte ar do shuíomh a bhí ó tharchur? Cad iad na trí réimse is mó a ndearnadh tagairt dóibh?\n- Déan comparáid idir na foinsí cuairteanna ar do shuíomh idir an mhí seo, agus an mhí seo caite. An bhfuil difríocht shuntasach ann? Cén fáth a cheapann tú go bhfuil?\n- Déan comparáid idir líon na gcuairteanna go ginearálta idir an tseachtain dheireanach den mhí seo, agus an tseachtain dheireanach den mhí seo caite. Má tá difríocht ann, cén fáth?\n- Cad iad na cúig leathanach is mó a ndearnadh cuairt orthu an tseachtain seo caite? An bhfuil iontas ort? Má tá, conas a d'fhéadfá an t-eolas sin a úsáid chun do shreabhadh eagarthóireachta a athrú don tseachtain seo chugainn?\nArtaigil le Shubha Bala"} +{"text": "Greek, PDF, 919kb\nEducation at a Glance 2014: Greece (Greek)\nEducation at a Glance 2013 - Country notes and key fact tables\nGovernments should invest more in disadvantaged schools and students to ensure that everyone gets a fair chance, according to a new OECD report.\nEnglish, , 435kb\nThe 2011 edition of Education at a Glance: OECD Indicators enables countries to see themselves in the light of other countries’ performance.\nEnglish, , 1,887kb\nThis report focuses on the efficiency of the education system in compulsory education and outlines short, medium and long-term steps that Greece should follow to emerge with a highly performing education system.\nEnglish, , 1,478kb\nThis project is organized to make the most of the OECD’s strengths—to provide a framework through which governments can compare experiences, seek responses to tackle common problems, and identify and share good practices.\nIn most countries, girls and boys now show similar results in the OECD’s PISA tests of 15-year-olds. But systematic assessment of gender differences shows that students are still being held back by their own gender-related perceptions.\nAcross OECD countries, close to 40% of high-school students who come top in science subjects have no interest in pursuing a science-related career, while almost 45% do not want to continue studying science, according to a new OECD report.\nEnglish, , 1,932kb\nThe purpose of this activity is to provide policymakers with options for developing systems to recognise non-formal and informal learning; to effectively implement the agenda; and determine under what conditions recognition of non-formal and informal learning can be beneficial for all.\nEnglish, , 846kb\nThe Evaluation School Building Indices Quality System aims to develop principles, methodology and appropriate indices for the evaluation of the educational infrastructures in the Greek State.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-14", "url": "http://www.oecd.org/edu/bycountry/greece/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131299114.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172139-00035-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9027919173, "token_count": 390, "score": 3.078125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "An Ghréigis, PDF, 919kb\nAn tSeirbhís Oideachais 2014: an Ghréig (Gréigis)\nBreathnú ar Oideachas 2013 - Nótaí ó thíortha agus táblaí fíricí tábhachtacha\nBa cheart do rialtais níos mó infheistíochta a dhéanamh i scoileanna agus i scoláirí faoi mhíbhuntáiste chun a chinntiú go bhfaigheann gach duine deis cothrom, de réir tuarascála nua ó OECD.\nBéarla, , 435kb\nCuireann eagrán 2011 de Oideachas ar Súil: Táscairí OECD ar chumas tíortha iad féin a fheiceáil i bhfianaise fheidhmíocht thíortha eile.\nBéarla, , 1,887kb\nTá an tuarascáil seo dírithe ar éifeachtúlacht an chórais oideachais san oideachas éigeantach agus léiríonn sí céimeanna gearrthéarmach, mheántéarmacha agus fadtéarmacha a ba cheart don Ghréig a leanúint chun teacht amach le córas oideachais ardfheidhmíochta.\nBéarla, , 1,478kb\nTá an tionscadal seo eagraithe chun an leas is fearr a bhaint as láidreachtaí an OECD chun creat a sholáthar trína bhféadfaidh rialtais taithí a chur i gcomparáid, freagraí a lorg chun dul i ngleic le fadhbanna coiteanna, agus dea-chleachtais a aithint agus a roinnt.\nI bhformhór na dtíortha, léiríonn cailíní agus buachaillí torthaí comhchosúla anois i dtástálacha PISA an OECD ar dhaoine 15 mbliana d'aois. Ach léiríonn measúnú córais ar na difríochtaí inscne go bhfuil a dtuiscintí inscne féin fós ag cur bac ar mhic léinn.\nI dtíortha an OECD, níl aon spéis ag beagnach 40% de mhic léinn ardscoile a thagann chun cinn i gcúig ábhair eolaíochta gairme a bhaineann leis an eolaíocht a shaothrú, agus níl beagnach 45% ag iarraidh leanúint ar aghaidh ag staidéar eolaíochta, de réir tuarascála nua ó OECD.\nBéarla, , 1,932kb\nIs é is cuspóir leis an ngníomhaíocht seo ná roghanna a chur ar fáil do lucht déanta beartas chun córais a fhorbairt chun foghlaim neamhfhoirmiúil agus neamhfhoirmiúil a aithint; an clár oibre a chur chun feidhme go héifeachtach; agus a chinneadh faoi na coinníollacha ar féidir le haitheantas foghlama neamhfhoirmiúil agus neamhfhoirmiúil a bheith tairbheach do chách.\nBéarla, , 846kb\nTá sé mar aidhm ag an gcóras cáilíochta maidir le hInnéacsanna Meastóireachta Foirgneamh Scoile prionsabail, modheolaíocht agus innéacsanna iomchuí a fhorbairt chun na bonneagair oideachais sa Stát Gréagach a mheas."} +{"text": "Focus is one of the most important accessibility features that enables users to use a computer with only a keyboard without the need for a mouse. Most reset stylesheets have this one line of code that causes major accessibility failure –\nThis is an anti-pattern that needs to be avoided like the plague. Keyboard only users know what elements on the page they are interacting with the help of focus styles.\nFocus highlighting should be used only for interactive components within a page such as form elements, buttons etc.\nThere are websites out there, in the attempt to make their content more accessible, the heading and body text is tweaked programmatically to highlight on focus. This is absolutely unnecessary effort as screen readers would read the content out by default and directing focus to such content particularly does not help in any way. There are a few caveats to this rule which will be discussed later with examples.\nAs a rule of thumb, it is necessary to have the focus color as distinct as possible from your background color.\nLeft: The contrast is poor and competes with the background hence making it difficult to spot the elements being focused . Right: The contrast is clear enough to differentiate the focus elements.\nWhen off-screen content hidden from the viewport exists in the form of hamburger menus, modals etc, it is likely that when a user is tabbing through focus points, they would lose track of the focus as it is highlighting something that is off the working area. This can cause confusion and make users lose track of their current position on the screen.\nLeft: What users see when they are tabbing through off-screen elements. Right: The actual position of the focus. When the menu is closed, the flow of focus is obfuscated to the user.\nModals are another type of off-screen elements that can be a huge accessibility disaster when not executed fittingly. When a user is navigating within the modal, it is necessary for the focus to remain within the modal and not move through points behind the modal.\nThis is one of those rare use-cases where it is okay to programmatically force the focus to get to the title of the modal window to ensure that users are not deviating from the intended flow.\nLeft: The focus is outside the modal after tabbing through a few times. User loses control of actions within the modal. Right: The focus alternates between the two available options until the user decides to close the modal.\nHover States and Focus\nHover states and focus have different functionality. Many products have actions hidden under hover states. A good example is Facebook’s hover states for reactions.\nFacebook has actions within hover states. They do a great job of highlighting it on focus as well, making it navigable for keyboard only users.\nA bad example is Product Hunt’s cards. They show multiple actions that become visible only on hover which is not keyboard-only accessible.\nProduct Hunt, on the other hand, has specific actions (highlighted above) that show up on hover. These actions are not visible on focus and makes it hard for keyboard only users to perform those actions.\nLeft: Focus ignoring on hover actions and jumping to the next focus element. Right:Focus states allowing users to perform actions that are hidden within a mouse-hover state.\nScenarios to “re-focus”\nWhen an UI element on the page is removed from a user’s action, it is important to refocus to an element within the context of the current working area. A good example to this is when a user decides to delete an item — the focus disappears from the current element and moves to the top of the page. There is a clear need to bring the focus back to an element after the deleted item.\nLeft: After deleting the list item, the focus is lost. The user might have to tab through all the way again to reach this point. Right: The focus is shifted to the next element on the list thereby making the browsing experience more continuous.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-22", "url": "https://idevie.com/design/ux/designing-accessible-products", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794865450.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20180523043959-20180523063959-00371.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9440998435, "token_count": 827, "score": 2.5625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá fócas ar cheann de na gnéithe inrochtaineachta is tábhachtaí a chuireann ar chumas úsáideoirí ríomhaire a úsáid le méarchlár amháin gan luch a bheith ag teastáil. Tá an líne amháin cód seo ag formhór na bpáipéar stíleanna athshocraithe a chuireann botún mór inrochtaineachta ar fáil \nIs frith-phátrún é seo a chaithfear a sheachaint mar an plá. Tá a fhios ag úsáideoirí an teibéadair amháin cad iad na heilimintí ar an leathanach a bhfuil siad ag idirghníomhú leo le cabhair ó stíleanna fócas.\nBa cheart fócas a chur i láthair a úsáid ach amháin le haghaidh comhpháirteanna idirghníomhacha laistigh de leathanach amhail eilimintí foirme, cnaipí srl.\nTá láithreáin ghréasáin amuigh ansin, i iarracht a n-ábhar a dhéanamh níos inrochtana, tá an ceannteideal agus an téacs corp tweaked go cláraithe chun béim ar fócas. Is iarracht iomlán neamhriachtanach é seo mar go léann léitheoirí scáileáin an t-ábhar de réir réamhshocraithe agus ní chabhra��onn sé ar chor ar bith díriú ar ábhar den sórt sin go háirithe. Tá cúpla forchoimeádta ann don riail seo a phléfar níos déanaí le samplaí.\nMar riail mhóide, tá sé riachtanach go mbeadh an dath fócas chomh difriúil agus is féidir ó do chúlra.\nAr chlé: Tá an difríocht lag agus tá sé ag dul i gcomórtas leis an gcúlra agus dá bhrí sin tá sé deacair na heilimintí atá á bhfócasú a fheiceáil . Ceart: Tá an difríocht soiléir go leor chun na heilimintí fócais a idirdhealú.\nNuair a bhíonn ábhar lasmuigh den scáileán atá i bhfolach ón bpáirc féachana i bhfoirm roghchlár hamburger, modals etc, is dócha go gcaillfeadh úsáideoir an fócas nuair a bhíonn sé ag tabáil trí phointí fócas, toisc go bhfuil sé ag cur rud éigin atá lasmuigh den limistéar oibre i bhfolach. D'fhéadfadh sé seo mearbhall a chur ar úsáideoirí agus a chur ar intinn a n-áit reatha ar an scáileán.\nAr chlé: Cad a fheiceann úsáideoirí nuair a bhíonn siad ag tabáil trí eilimintí lasmuigh den scáileán. Ceart: An suíomh iarbhír an fhócas. Nuair a dhúntar an roghchlár, déantar an sreabhadh fócas a chlúdach don úsáideoir.\nIs cineál eile eilimintí lasmuigh den scáileán iad na modúlacha a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ina tubaiste inrochtaineachta ollmhór mura ndéantar iad a fhorghníomhú go cuí. Nuair a bhíonn úsáideoir ag nascleanúint laistigh den mhódail, tá sé riachtanach go bhfanfaidh an fócas laistigh den mhódail agus nach gluaiseoidh sé trí phointí taobh thiar den mhódail.\nTá sé seo ar cheann de na cásanna úsáide neamhchoitianta sin ina bhfuil sé ceart go leor an fócas a fhorchur go cláraithe chun teacht ar theideal na fuinneoige modála chun a chinntiú nach bhfuil úsáideoirí ag imeacht ón sruth atá beartaithe.\nTaobh clé: Tá an fócas lasmuigh den mhodal tar éis cúpla uair a bheith ag clúdach tríd. Cailleann an t-úsáideoir rialú ar ghníomhartha laistigh den mhodal. Ceart: Athraíonn an fócas idir an dá rogha atá ar fáil go dtí go gcinnfidh an t-úsáideoir an modhál a dhúnadh.\nStáit agus fócas a bheith ar an bhfód\nTá feidhmiúlacht dhifriúil ag stáit bhogála agus fócas. Tá gníomhartha i bhfolach faoi stáit fáltais ag go leor táirgí. Is sampla maith é Facebook's hover states for reactions.\nTá gníomhartha ag Facebook laistigh de stáit fite fuaite. Déanann siad obair iontach ag cur béime air ar fócas chomh maith, rud a fhágann go bhfuil sé inúsáidte d'úsáideoirí an chlárchlár amháin.\nIs droch-shampla é cártaí Hunt Product. Taispeánann siad gníomhartha ilghnéitheacha nach bhfuil le feiceáil ach amháin ar an bhfód, rud nach bhfuil inrochtana ar an méarchlár amháin.\nTá gníomhartha sonracha ag Hunt Táirgthe, ar an láimh eile (a bhfuil béim orthu thuas) a thaispeántar ar hover. Ní fheictear na gníomhartha seo ar fócas agus déanann sé deacair do úsáideoirí an chlárchlár amháin na gníomhartha sin a dhéanamh.\nTaobh clé: Díriú ag neamhaird a dhéanamh ar ghníomhartha hover agus ag léim go dtí an chéad ghné fócas eile. Ceart: Stáit fócas a ligeann d'úsáideoirí gníomhartha a dhéanamh atá i bhfolach laistigh de stát sciatháin luch.\nSeánraí chun athfhócas a chur\nNuair a dhéantar gné UI ar an leathanach a bhaint ó ghníomh úsáideora, tá sé tábhachtach an fócas a athshlánú ar ghné laistigh de chomhthéacs an limistéir oibre reatha. Is sampla maith é seo nuair a chinneann úsáideoir mír a scriosadh imíonn an fócas ón eilimint reatha agus bogann sé go barr an leathanaigh. Tá gá soiléir leis an fócas a thabhairt ar ais chuig eilimint tar éis an mhír a scriosadh.\nAr chlé: Tar éis an mír liosta a scriosadh, cailltear an fócas. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh ar an úsáideoir dul tríd an mbealach go léir arís chun an pointe seo a bhaint amach. Ceart: Athraíonn an fócas go dtí an chéad eile ar an liosta agus mar sin déantar an taithí brabhsála níos leanúnaí."} +{"text": "A world-building script is defined as a screenplay where the writer introduces a new\nworld that has different customs and rules that must be explained. World-building scripts\nare most often associated with science fiction and fantasy genres because the settings,\nenvironments and elements of how the world works and functions, are so completely\ndifferent from what we experience in our everyday lives. Arguably, every script is a\nworld-building script because the reader is entering the screenwriter's imagination\nand must learn the rules of your characters' realm. Writing a successful screenplay\nrequires a complete understanding of the reality of the fictional world you are creating.\nReaders need to suspend disbelief and jump into your screenplay with full understanding\nand awesome wonder.\nThis course will offer specific tips for creating and implementing advice on building the\nworld of your screenplay. Research advice and tips, strengthening visual storytelling\nin action paragraphs, developing and implementing settings, examining character\nand plot conflict as it relates to your settings, and genre consistency, will also be\ncovered in this class. Original and unique worlds will set your script apart from the\nother screenplays, vying for attention from film executives; this course will also\ndiscuss understanding film industry folks' expectations without compromising\nyour vision and creativity.\nSusan Kouguell, award-winning screenwriter and filmmaker, is the author of Savvy Characters Sell Screenplays! A comprehensive guide to crafting winning characters with film analyses and screenwriting exercises and The Savvy Screenwriter: How to Sell Your Screenplay (and Yourself) Without Selling Out! She is a regular contributor to IndieWire/SydneysBuzz, Script Magazine, The Script Lab, Screenwriters Utopia, NewEnglandFilm.com, and wrote a chapter in NOW WRITE! Screenwriting: Exercises by Today's Best Screenwriters, Teachers and Consultants. Kouguell teaches screenwriting and film at SUNY Purchase, and presents international seminars.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-22", "url": "http://pcsqlserviceblog.blogspot.com/2015/11/world-building-crafting-screenplays.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794863949.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20180521043741-20180521063741-00588.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9299414158, "token_count": 395, "score": 2.640625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Sainmhínítear scáileán a thógann an domhan mar scáileán inar chuireann an scríbhneoir isteach\ndomhan a bhfuil nósanna agus rialacha éagsúla a chaithfear a mhíniú. Scríbhinní a thógann an domhan\nis minic a bhaineann siad le seánraí ficsean eolaíochta agus fantaisíochta toisc go bhfuil na socruithe,\ntimpeallachtaí agus eilimintí de conas a oibríonn an domhan agus feidhmeanna, tá siad chomh go hiomlán\ndifriúil ó na rudaí a thaithí againn inár saol laethúil. Arguably, tá gach script\nscript-togail domhan toisc go bhfuil an léitheoir ag dul isteach ar shamhlaíocht an scriptwriter\nagus ní mór a fhoghlaim na rialacha de réim do charachtair. Scáileán rathúil a scríobh\nÉilíonn tuiscint iomlán ar réaltacht an domhain ficseanúil atá á chruthú agat.\nNí mór do léitheoirí an neamhchreidmheas a chur ar fionraí agus léim isteach i do scáileán le tuiscint iomlán\nagus wonder iontach.\nBeidh an cúrsa seo ag tabhairt leideanna sonracha maidir le comhairle a chruthú agus a chur i bhfeidhm maidir le tógáil an\ndomhan do scáileán. Comhairle agus leideanna taighde, ag neartú scéalaíocht amhairc\ni míreanna gníomhaíochta, ag forbairt agus ag cur i bhfeidhm socruithe, ag scrúdú carachtar\nagus coinbhleacht plota mar a bhaineann sé le do shuíomhanna, agus comhsheasmhacht seánra, beidh a bheith chomh maith\na chumhdaítear sa rang seo. Beidh domhan bunaidh agus uathúil a shocrú do script seachas an\nscáileáin eile, ag dul i ngleic le aird ó fheidhmeannaigh scannáin; beidh an cúrsa seo freisin\nplé a dhéanamh ar thuiscint ionchais lucht tionscail an scannáin ' gan comhréiteach\ndo fhís agus do chruthaitheacht.\nSusan Kouguell, scríbhneoir scannáin agus scannánóir a bhuaigh duaiseanna, is é an t-údar de Savvy Characters Sell Screenplays! Treoir chuimsitheach chun carachtair a bhuaigh a chruthú le anailíseanna scannáin agus cleachtaí scannáin agus An Scéalaíontóir Savvy: Conas do Scéalaíocht (agus tú féin) a dhíol gan a dhíol! Tá sí ina ranníocóir rialta do IndieWire / SydneyBuzz, Scríbhneoireacht iris, an Lab Scríbhneoireachta, Scéalaíontóirí Utopia, NewEnglandFilm.com, agus scríobh caibidil i NOW WRITE! Scáileáin: Cleachtaí ag na Scáileáin is Fearr Sa lá atá inniu ann, Múinteoirí agus Comhairleoirí. Múineann Kouguell scríbhneoireacht scáileáin agus scannán ag SUNY Purchase, agus cuireann sé seimineáir idirnáisiúnta i láthair."} +{"text": "Tired, frustrated, lacking motivation? You’re not alone, especially right now. But mindfulness is a psychological technique that can help. It involves refocusing yourself on the present moment; on what’s happening both inside your body and in your external surroundings. And the aim is to help you feel calmer and more balanced, both physically and emotionally.\nMindfulness is commonly used in clinical psychology today to help treat depression and anxiety. Mindfulness is not a complete cure for any of these things, but many people find it useful in lifting their mood and providing a new perspective.\nWant to dip your toe in the water? In this post, we suggest some basic mindfulness activities you can do at home, which are easy and risk-free to try. Meanwhile, if you’d like to study mindfulness in more depth, you’ll find information on accredited courses here, and you can also check out our roundup of mindfulness apps.\n01. Mindful breathing\nMindfulness is all about focusing your mind on the fundamentals, and letting everything else just fade away into the background. So one of the most effective activities you can do is mindful breathing. This involves simply focusing your attention on the air coming in and out of your body as you inhale and exhale. Ideally you’ll be sitting, but if that’s not possible then standing or lying down are also good options.\nBegin by closing your eyes and taking one deep breath, then continue to breathe naturally. Merely observe each breath, rather than trying to control it, and start to empty your mind of all other thoughts. However, if your mind wanders or you’re distracted by, for example, noise from next door, don’t let it bother you but just accept that it’s happening.\nThere’s no set time for doing breathing exercises, but around 10 minutes is a good ballpark to aim for first-timers. More importantly, it’s widely believed that making mindful breathing a regular habit makes it much more effective.\n02. 4-7-8 breathing\nFinding mindful breathing difficult? It's widely believed that spending more time on the out-breath than the in-breath can help relax you. So you might want to try, for example, the 4-7-8 breathing activity.\nThis involves breathing in through the nose for four seconds, holding your breath for seven seconds, and then exhaling through the mouth for eight seconds. Do this for up to four cycles, all the while focusing on your breathing and emptying your mind of all other worries. This should help you to get yourself relaxed and 'in the zone', and then try breathing normally after that.\n03. The 5-4-3-2-1 exercise\nMindfulness is all about feeling connected to the present moment, and so one of the most popular approaches is the 5-4-3-2-1 exercise, which engages all five of your senses at once. This is a particularly useful activity for when you feel anxious and unable to unwind.\nBegin by closing your eyes, slowing your breathing, and paying attention to the breath coming in and out of your body. Once you’re more relaxed, look around you and identity five random things you can see, whether that be a mirror, a pair of glasses, or a bird at the window. You don’t need to dwell on them, just acknowledge them.\nThe next step is to similarly identify four things you can touch, and imagine doing so. This might be something on your body, such as your hair, or something external, such as a table. Again, you don’t actually have to touch them; just acknowledge them. The third step is to think of three things you can hear. Then, two things you can smell. The last step is to thing of one thing you can currently taste.\nAnxiety is not the only things that can prevent us from being creative and productive in our work. Other mental states such as being distracted, feeling bored or even being excited can make it difficult to focus and get things done. One mindfulness activity that can help is described by the acronym: S.T.O.P.\n- S stands for 'Stop what you’re doing'. That means not just stopping the action (eg. editing images in Photoshop) but stopping your thoughts and feelings about it too.\n- T stands for 'Take a breath'. That means, as before, slowing your breathing and focusing on the air coming in and out of your body.\n- O stands for 'Observe'. That means noticing what’s going on with your body and mind. Is your fist clenched or relaxed? Is your mood happy or sad?\n- P stands for 'Proceed'. Now your mind and body are focused and aware, you can now turn your attention to the world around you. Consider what you’ve just learned about yourself, and how you can use that information to proceed with the task in hand.\n05. Conscious observation\nThe conscious observation technique is just what it sounds like. You pick an object, any object: it could be an apple, a book, a cup, for example. Hold it in your hands, and then observe its shape, its texture, its weight, and so on. The important thing is not to analyse or think about any of this too intensely: just absorb everything about the object and let it fill your mind.\nThis activity should give you a subtle but powerful feeling of being 'in the moment'. A related activity is conscious listening, where you observe a piece of relaxing music, or the sounds of nature, in a similar way.\nVisualisation is about generating images in your mind to influence your mental and physical state. For instance, if you’re struggling with the stress of a three-month creative project, it can be helpful to visualise the day when you finish and hand over your completed work. Visualisation is often used by sports teams to help them focus on winning, by picturing victory in their mind's eye.\nTo practise visualisation, start by concentrating on your breath and clearing your mind of all distractions. Now start to generate a basic image in your mind. In this case, it might be going for a walk in the sunshine after finishing your creative project and feeling the relief of everything being completed to the client’s satisfaction. Then, with each breath you take, let the image or concept become more detailed. Think about the sights, the sounds and the smells you might experience, and how it will all make you feel.\n07. Colouring in\nColouring in is often described as a mindful activity, and it can be... but only if you approach it the right way. For example, if you view it as a task to be completed to perfection, then it may turn out to be the opposite of relaxing (if your hand slips and you accidentally go over the lines, for example).\nIf, however, you view colouring in as being purely about the process rather than the end goal, it can be successfully practised as a mindful activity. Indeed, colouring in has long played a key role in the mindfulness movement, such as within the mandala tradition of Buddhism. To give mindful colouring in a try, check out these free colouring templates from Adobe.\n08. Mindful eating\nMindful eating basically means eating in a mindful way, and can be especially useful for anyone who suffers from eating disorders, cravings, bingeing, food addiction or any other unhealthy relationship with food.\nMindful eating means eating slowly, in a quiet place that’s free from distraction (so not, for example in front of the TV). It’s also about engaging all your senses, and fully acknowledging the smells, sights and tastes of the food. This helps you to listen to your body’s signals that tell you when you’re full and it’s time to stop eating, preventing you from either eating too much or being undernourished.\n09. Naming your emotions\nWe all experience difficult emotions that can be overwhelming. One technique that can help is to label them, according to the maxim: 'name it and you tame it'. Again, this is best done when you are in a mindful state.\nSit in a relaxed position, close your eyes, focus on your breathing, and empty your mind. As you relax, notice which emotions come to the forefront of your mind. Try to identify the most powerful one, and give it a name. Now repeat this name three times in a gentle voice, either inwardly or out loud, depending on what you are comfortable with. For example: 'Sadness, sadness, sadness' or 'worry, worry, worry'. Shift between cycles of breathing and cycles of repeating the emotion until you are more accepting of what you are feeling, and more centred, physically and mentally.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-10", "url": "https://www.creativebloq.com/features/mindful-exercises", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178358956.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20210227114444-20210227144444-00257.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.945055902, "token_count": 1844, "score": 3.15625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tuirseach, frustrach, gan spreagadh? Níl tú i d'aonar, go háirithe anois. Ach is teicníc síceolaíoch í ach cuireann sé seo i bhfeidhm. Baineann sé le díriú ar an nóiméad atá ann anois; ar an méid atá ag tarlú laistigh de do chorp agus i d'imthimpeallacht sheachtrach araon. Agus is é an aidhm ná cabhrú leat a bheith níos socair agus níos cothromaithe, go fisiciúil agus go mothúchánach araon.\nÚsáidtear mindfulness go coitianta sa síceolaíocht chliniciúil inniu chun cabhrú le déileáil le dúlagar agus imní. Ní leigheas iomlán é Mindfulness ar aon cheann de na rudaí seo, ach is maith le go leor daoine é chun a n-anam a ardú agus chun dearcadh nua a chur ar fáil.\nAr mhaith leat do mhéar a dhúnadh san uisce? Sa phost seo, molann muid roinnt gníomhaíochtaí bunúsacha aireachais is féidir leat a dhéanamh sa bhaile, atá éasca agus saor ó riosca a thriail. Idir an dá linn, más mian leat staidéar a dhéanamh ar fhúinteacht níos doimhne, gheobhaidh tú faisnéis faoi chúrsaí creidiúnaithe anseo, agus is féidir leat féachaint ar ár gcruinniú de na feidhmchláir fhúinteachta.\n01. Ceadúnas. An t-anamú atá i gcuimhne\nIs éard atá i gceist le Mindfulness ná do intinn a dhíriú ar na bunscoileanna, agus ligean do gach rud eile dul ar chúlra. Mar sin, is é an anailís chúramach ceann de na gníomhaíochtaí is éifeachtaí is féidir leat a dhéanamh. Ní gá duit ach díriú ar an aer a thagann isteach agus amach as do chorp agus tú ag anáil isteach agus ag anáil amach. Is fearr go mbeidh tú ina suí, ach mura féidir sin, is rogha maith é seasamh nó luí síos.\nTosaigh ag d'fhéachaint a dhúnadh agus ag anáil go domhain, ansin lean ar aghaidh ag anailís go nádúrtha. Ní gá duit ach gach anáil a bhreathnú, seachas iarracht a dhéanamh é a rialú, agus tosú ag glanadh do intinn de gach smaoineamh eile. Ach má bhíonn do chuid smaointe ag imeacht nó má bhíonn spraoi ó do chomharsa ag cur isteach ort, mar shampla, ná lig dó a bheith ag cur isteach ort ach glacadh leis go bhfuil sé ag tarlú.\nNíl aon am socraithe ann chun cleachtaí anailíse a dhéanamh, ach is maith le daoine atá ag déanamh an chéad uair dul i mbun cleachtaí ag thart ar 10 nóiméad. Níos tábhachtaí fós, creideann go forleathan go ndéanann an ghnáthamh rialta de anailís intinne é a dhéanamh i bhfad níos éifeachtaí.\n02 - Tá sé seo. 4-7-8 anailís\nAn bhfuil sé deacair duit a bheith ag anailís ar do chuid mothúchán? Creidtear go forleathan gur féidir le níos mó ama a chaitheamh ar an outbreath ná an inbreath cabhrú leat a scíth a ligean. Mar sin b'fhéidir gur mhaith leat triail a bhaint as, mar shampla, an ghníomhaíocht aerach 4-7-8.\nBaineann sé seo le haint isteach tríd an srón ar feadh ceithre soicind, do chuid anailís a choinneáil ar feadh seacht soicind, agus ansin a chaitheamh amach tríd an mbéal ar feadh ocht soicind. Déan é seo ar feadh suas le ceithre timthriall, agus tú ag díriú ar do chuid anailís agus ag cur gach imní eile as do intinn. Ba cheart go gcabhróidh sé seo leat féin a scíth a ligean agus 'sa chrios', agus ansin déan iarracht a bheith ag anailís go gnáth ina dhiaidh sin.\n03. Tá sé seo. An cleachtadh 5-4-3-2-1\nIs éard atá i gceist le Mindfulness ná go mbraitheann tú ceangailte leis an nóiméad atá ann, agus mar sin is é ceann de na cur chuige is mó tóir an cleachtadh 5-4-3-2-1, a chuireann do chúig mhothúchán ar fad i bhfeidhm ag an am céanna. Is gníomhaíocht úsáideach é seo go háirithe nuair a bhraitheann tú imní agus nach féidir leat a scíth a ligean.\nTosaigh ag d'amharc a dhúnadh, ag cur moill ar do chuid anail, agus ag tabhairt aird ar an anail a thagann isteach agus amach as do chorp. Nuair a bheidh tú níos suaimhneach, féach timpeall ort agus aithníonn cúig rud randamach is féidir leat a fheiceáil, bíodh sé sin mar scáthán, péire gloine, nó éan ag an bhfuinneog. Ní gá duit dul i ngleic leo, aithníonn tú iad.\nIs é an chéad chéim eile ná ceithre rud a aithint ar féidir leat teagmháil a dhéanamh leo, agus samhlaigh go ndéanann tú é sin. D'fhéadfadh sé seo a bheith ina rud ar do chorp, mar shampla do chuid gruaige, nó rud seachtrach, mar shampla tábla. Arís, ní gá duit teagmháil a dhéanamh leo; aithníonn tú iad. Is é an tríú céim ná smaoineamh ar thrí rud is féidir leat a chloisteáil. Ansin, dhá rud is féidir leat a smelt. Is é an chéim dheireanach a rud de rud amháin is féidir leat blas faoi láthair.\nNí hé an t-imní amháin an rud a chuireann bac orainn a bheith cruthaitheach agus táirgiúil inár gcuid oibre. D'fhéadfadh stádas meabhrach eile mar a bheith dírithe, a bheith buartha nó fiú a bheith spreagtha a bheith deacair díriú agus rudaí a dhéanamh. Tá gníomhaíocht amháin a d'fhéadfadh cabhrú le cúramach a bheith air a thuairiscítear leis an acrainm: S.T.O.P.\n- S a sheasann do 'Stop cad atá tú ag déanamh'. Ciallaíonn sé sin ní hamháin go stopfar an gníomh (e.g. (Fotografaíocht) ach stopadh do chuid smaointe agus mothúcháin faoi chomh maith.\n- T as 'Tóg anáil.' Ciallaíonn sé sin, mar a bhí roimhe, go mbraitheann tú go mall agus go ndíolann tú ar an aer a thagann isteach agus amach as do chorp.\n- O as 'Observe' a sheasann. Ciallaíonn sé sin go dtabharfá faoi deara cad atá ag tarlú le do chorp agus le d'intinn. An bhfuil do phúnt clutched nó relaxed? An bhfuil do chuid mothúchán sásta nó brónach?\n- P as 'Cumhabháil le' Anois go bhfuil do mheon agus do chorp dírithe agus feasach, is féidir leat do aird a thiontú anois ar an domhan timpeall ort. Smaoinigh ar an méid atá foghlamtha agat faoi féin, agus conas is féidir leat an fhaisnéis sin a úsáid chun dul ar aghaidh leis an tasc atá le déanamh.\n05. Ceadúnas Breathnú feasach\nTá an teicníc breathnóireachta feasach díreach mar a bhfuil sé cosúil. Roghnaíonn tú rud, aon rud: d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith ina úll, leabhar, cupán, mar shampla. Coinnigh é i do lámha, agus ansin féach ar a chruth, ar a struchtúr, ar a mheáchan, agus mar sin de. Is é an rud tábhachtach ná aon rud a anailísiú nó a bheith ag smaoineamh air go ró-dhlúth: ní mór duit ach gach rud faoin réad a ionsú agus lig dó do intinn a líonadh.\nBa cheart go dtabharfadh an ghníomhaíocht seo mothú subtle ach láidir duit a bheith 'sa nóiméad'. Gníomhaíocht gaolmhar is ea éisteacht feasach, áit a bhféachann tú ar phíosa ceoil scíth a ligean, nó fuaimeanna na nádúire, ar bhealach den chineál céanna.\nIs éard atá i gceist le samhlacha a ghiniúint i do intinn chun tionchar a imirt ar do riocht mheabhrach agus fisiceach. Mar shampla, má tá tú ag streachailt le strus tionscadail chruthaitheach trí mhí, d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith cabhrach an lá a chríochnóidh tú agus a sheolfaidh tú do chuid oibre críochnaithe a shamhlú. Is minic a úsáideann foirne spóirt amharc chun cabhrú leo díriú ar bhuachan, trí bhuachan a chur i láthair ina súile intinne.\nChun amharc a chleachtadh, tosaigh ag díriú ar do chuid anailís agus do intinn a ghlanadh ó gach dífhuaimniú. Anois, tosaigh ag cur pictiúr bunúsach i do cheann. Sa chás seo, d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith ag dul ar siúlóid sa ghrian tar éis duit do thionscadal cruthaitheach a chríochnú agus an faoiseamh a bheith agat go bhfuil gach rud críochnaithe go sásúil don chliaint. Ansin, le gach anáil a ghlacann tú, lig don íomhá nó don choincheap a bheith níos mionsonraithe. Smaoinigh ar na radharcanna, na fuaimeanna agus na boladh a d'fhéadfadh tú a fháil amach, agus ar an mbraitheann tú.\n07. Cead. Fógradh isteach\nIs minic a thuairiscítear go bhfuil dathú i ngníomhaíocht chuimhneacháin, agus is féidir é a bheith... ach amháin má théann tú chuige ar an mbealach ceart. Mar shampla, má fheiceann tú é mar thasc le críochnú go foirfe, ansin d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith ina mhalairt ar scíth a ligean (má théann do lámh as a chéile agus má théann tú thar na línte, mar shampla).\nMá fheiceann tú, áfach, go bhfuil an dathúchán mar phróiseas amháin seachas mar sprioc deiridh, is féidir é a chleachtadh go rathúil mar ghníomhaíocht chuimsitheach. Go deimhin, tá ról lárnach ag dathú i rith an ghluaiseachta mindfulness, mar shampla laistigh de thraidisiún mandala na Búdachais. Chun dathú aireach a thabhairt i iarracht, féach ar na teimpléid dathúcháin saor in aisce seo ó Adobe.\n08.00: Ag ithe go cúramach\nCiallaíonn itheachán aireach go bunúsach ithe ar bhealach aireach, agus is féidir é a bheith úsáideach go háirithe do dhuine ar bith a bhfuil neamhoird itheacháin, cravings, bingeing, andúil bia nó aon chaidreamh míshláintiúil eile le bia aige.\nCiallaíonn ithe le feasacht ithe go mall, in áit shílte nach bhfuil aon rud ag cur isteach air (mar shampla, gan a bheith os comhair an teilifíse). Baineann sé freisin le do chuid mothúchán go léir a chur i bhfeidhm, agus go n-aithníonn tú go hiomlán boladh, radharc agus blas an bhia. Cabhraíonn sé seo leat éisteacht le comharthaí do chorp a insíonn duit nuair a bhíonn tú lán agus nuair a bhíonn sé in am stop a ithe, rud a chosnaíonn go n-itheann tú ró-thapa nó go bhfuil tú faoi-chothú.\n09. Ceadúnas Ag ainmniú do chuid mothúchán\nBíonn mothúcháin deacra againn go léir a d'fhéadfadh a bheith thar a bheith tromchúiseach. Is é an teicníc a chabhróidh leo ná iad a lipéadú, de réir an mholta: 'ainmigh é agus tá tú ag cur leis'. Arís, is fearr é seo a dhéanamh nuair a bhíonn tú i riocht aireach.\nSuigh i riocht scíth a ligean, dún do shúile, díriú ar do chuid anailís, agus scaoileadh do intinn. Agus tú ag scíth a ligean, tabhair faoi deara cé na mothúcháin a thagann chun tosaigh i do intinn. Déan iarracht an ceann is cumhachtaí a aithint, agus ainm a thabhairt dó. Anois, déan an t-ainm seo a athdhéanamh trí huaire le guth milis, go ciúin nó go hard, ag brath ar an rud a bhfuil tú compordach leis. Mar shampla: 'Trus, brón, brón' nó 'imní, imní, imní'. Athraigh idir timthriallta an anailís agus timthriallta na mothúchán go dtí go nglacann tú níos mó leis an méid atá á mhothú agat, agus go bhfuil tú níos láidre, go fisiciúil agus go meabhrach."} +{"text": "At Glasgow Caledonian University (GCU) the Spoken Word , a project in the JISC / NSF Digital Libraries in the Classroom (DLiC) programme , was conceived in 2001-2002 in response to a set of pedagogical and institutional imperatives. A small group of social scientists had, since the 1990s, been promoting the idea of using 'an information technology-intensive learning environment' to recapture some of the traditional aspirations of Scottish Higher Education, in particular independent, critical and co-operative learning . And the institution was about to embark on the construction of the SALTIRE , a purpose-built learning centre, incorporating a full set of resources to support the contemporary learner.\nThe partners in the five-year (2003-08) project are: in the USA, the MATRIX unit at Michigan State University (MSU) with the OYEZ project and Academic Technologies at Northwestern University (NU); and, in the UK, Learner Support at GCU with the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) Information and Archives. Prior to the submission the project partners were linked through their interests, and cooperation, in developing the academic use of remote digital libraries of audio and video content.\nGCU set out to collaborate with these partners to demonstrate how substantial resources of audio (and subsequently video) from the archives of the BBC might be made available to students and their teachers. The project was to be exemplary of the approaches to learning and scholarship and the concomitant supports offered to the University community from the new SALTIRE learning centre. It was also intended to build capacities within the support services, and in particular, to embed resources for electronic library development.\nGeneral Design Requirements\nLibrary standards were important to GCU from the outset. A stated objective was to induce students to 'write on and for the Internet' using authoritative sources and legitimate rhetoric . To secure the confidence of academic supervisors procedures analogous to those used in traditional text were pursued. In particular, the citing and referencing of accessible sources of established provenance and persistence had to be possible. Tools to address digital libraries, retrieve content and support the creation of student projects were needed.\nA central aspiration was to develop resources to meet these standards and yet support flexible and adaptable delivery. The intention was to accommodate 'pedagogical pluralism' - allowing for different approaches to, and styles of, teaching by different personalities and within different disciplines. A range of teachers and disciplines, from GCU and from other universities in the EU and the USA, has been involved throughout. From 'privatisation and regulation' in economics and 'the ethics of biology' at GCU, through 'hospitality management' at University of Strathclyde and 'the impact of technology from 1945' in history at Northwestern to 'Gandhi' for anthropology and 'women in British politics' for women's studies at Kansas State, the range of disciplines and topics using the service has been considerable. Over 1,500 registered users have used the service. A second stated objective of the original project was to 'enhance digital libraries' (of, for example, BBC content) for academic use and that has been a major priority. High 'usability' was a prerequisite for successful use in the essentially (if symbiotically) linked activities of learning, teaching and research.\nThe requirement to serve diversity, and a consciousness of relatively rapid and continuous technological change, were the major influences on the design of the service.\nDesign of the Services\nAs a general principle, an approach analogous to 'separation of concerns' programming was adopted. Partitioning of the functions and components of the service provided flexibility and better facilitated the management of change. This approach allowed a 'division of labour' but the associated 'specialisation of function' has been harder to maintain in a small team. The general principle of maintaining some separation of: front-end applications / presentation layer; a business logic layer; and a backend storage and delivery layer has not been fully realised but remains a goal. Thus ideally the tools for searching, collecting items, marking and annotating clips and creating final presentations would be portable and might address a range of content-providing repositories through appropriate middleware. In the current set-up they are either completely integrated or relatively separate. The goal is 'plug-in plug-out'.\nAcquiring BBC Content\nFundamental to the provision of the service was access to a satisfactorily large and appropriate subset of BBC content (programmes and metadata). 'Satisfactorily large' would mean sufficient content to allow users choices and alternatives. Students would be obliged to choose carefully what was best for their stated purposes.\nThe negotiation of rights represented the largest obstacle. GCU and the BBC entered into a legal deposit agreement in which the Corporation gave the University non-exclusive permissions to hold content deposited from the archives and to serve them internationally 'for educational use only' as both streams for access from GCU URLs and as downloads 'for individual study use only'. The University were required to accept liability for securing third-party rights and thus for undertaking the clearance of such rights. This necessitated the establishment of a rights clearance team and, in the first instance, the use of a FileMaker database to keep an audit of the processes of clearance and to record data and calculate the basic statistics. All participants in programmes broadcast from 1988 onwards are searched for and, if found, contacted and asked to give permission for educational use, worldwide through the Web. Of those successfully contacted, the vast majority has granted permissions. Full clearance statistics will be published before the end of the project.\nThe next element in the process was the identification of programmes of potential interest to teachers. Disciplinary experts (teachers) are assisted by the project librarians to select programmes from the BBC's proprietary catalogue (INFAX). Initially this process relied on a private Greenstone representation of the BBC catalogue. Recently, as an aspect of a set of general initiatives to provide wider access to the archives, the BBC has made its catalogue publicly available online and this has been used for selection. Selected programmes are requested in batches from the BBC which digitises as necessary. Digitised programmes are delivered to GCU and transcoded from the original .wav files for streaming and downloading from Spoken Word GCU servers. They are then linked to BBC and additional GCU-generated metadata in a repository and streamed as MPEG4/H264 with MP3/MPEG4 downloads.\nInitial Repository Solutions\nAt an early stage (2004), the project successfully ingested the data from the BBC (INFAX) catalogue into a FEDORA repository - but the development effort required to use the FEDORA application to create a working service, with acceptable user interfaces, in an acceptable time-frame, was deemed too heavy. REPOS is a working repository solution (PHP/MySQL) created by MSU. Although it had shortcomings in relation to the project vision, it enabled the rapid development of a working digital library. It has supported a working service for the last three years. However the front end had been not developed for use by teachers and students. MATRIX at MSU provided a rudimentary version of a more user-friendly interface and GCU developed and elaborated this into Padova, which we describe in more detail below.\nEach of the records created is a super-set of the original BBC catalogue entry and has a link to the digitised BBC programme. The additional information provided always includes the name of the teacher who is the collector and his or her discipline. The original intention of collecting additional rich information from the expert collectors and for investigating the capture of 'user-generated metadata' has not yet been fully pursued: in the service version we do not, as yet, have the capacity to enable users to write back to the repository.\nFinding Aids and Associated Facilities\nThe initial requirement of users of a library of multimedia items is to find programmes or items and then to assess their appropriateness. The goal of the service is to provide a range of ways to locate resources. Ideally, searches could be initiated from within tools which collect items for later use and/or enable text or voice annotations of programmes or clips. Searching from the catalogues (OPACS etc,) to locate books and articles would also be convenient. Both Sentient Discover and Sirsi Rooms were investigated; however, it was felt their implementation could not be justified within the scope of the project. On a demonstration and development server we have entries and live links to our repository running in an instance of our University Sirsi Unicorn library catalogue; we hope to achieve a full implementation for the coming session.\nBut Padova was developed as our main finding aid.\nPadova is the name given to the public-facing, Web-delivered, front end to the REPOS repository. It provides search, browse, citation, notification, and external service integration systems to users, along with delivery of the media itself.\nA central concern was maintaining the integrity of its BBC deposit agreement with GCU. An authentication layer was developed, enabling metadata to be openly searchable - but with the BBC media protected behind a registration process which obliged users to accept the terms of a 'student-friendly' End User License Agreement .\nIn pursuit of the vision of enhancing the capacities of learners to write 'on and for the Internet', several features were developed to encourage the use of established scholarly practices in the new repository environment. Of particular significance is the inclusion of a citation system, enabling consistent references to content to be downloaded for import into standard reference management software. Citations contain a URL link to the media item, allowing learners to build their own libraries of Spoken Word content.\nPadova incorporates notification systems, providing RSS and Atom feeds for searches. Though now relatively commonplace, Padova was one of the first systems to allow users to generate their own personalised RSS feeds based on any search query with links to media items attached. This can create, for any feed reading application, a 'live linked' listing of content akin to a bibliography. When a new item conforming to the search is added, it appears in the list. Registered users can also access the functionality to create RSS feeds with the media items attached as MP3 files, thus supporting the creation of instant and customised subject-specific podcasts.\nExternal services are integrated throughout and can be further developed. Currently, automatic links to Wikipedia pages and to Google Scholar provide searches based on names of programme participants parsed out of record metadata, as well as internal links to other Spoken Word resources featuring those individuals. For example a search for \"Bedouin\" will find a programme which lists P.J. O'Rourke as a participant and that entry will be hyper-linked to occurrences in both external services and in the internal catalogue.\nDelivery of audio and video material is of course the main purpose of Padova. The Project has obligations to restrict the use of BBC media on third-party educational Web sites Web to streaming media only. On teaching sites, including VLEs, a GCU URL must link to the GCU servers. This led to the integration of Apple's Darwin Streaming Server within the repository infrastructure as a cost-effective solution to the delivery of audio and video in a relatively standards-compliant fashion. Investigation of Adobe Flash as a media delivery format is underway, and provision is planned as an alternative delivery mechanism. However, the MPEG family of standards looks set to remain the project's mainstay for the foreseeable future.\nCollection and Presentation Tools\nMATRIX has developed a tool set called MediaMatrix which allows users to visit Web pages and collect resources for subsequent use. This software supports:\n- the easy assembly of a collection of multimedia resources\n- the referencing of key sections or points ('clippings')\n- and their transfer back to a project or presentation.\nThe items collected are stored on the user's personal portal page in MATRIX servers. This page keeps all their annotations and maintains direct links to the marked portions of the original pages.\nUsers can organise their thoughts on the portal page using folders. Teachers can create a group for each of their classes and invite students to join that group, allowing both the teacher and students to preview the work of, and collaborate with, other members of the class. Members of a group have complete control over permissions for access allowing a folder to be shared with the group or kept private.\nAttaching text (or voice) annotations to marked sections of audio, video or images is an attractive goal. Being able to do that in a shared real-time environment offers a host of teaching, research and development possibilities. Project Pad from Academic Technologies at Northwestern University delivers that functionality in a particularly attractive and customisable user environment. It is programmed in Java and Flash (ActiveScript). Its major functions are:\n- Both transcription and audio annotation: this allows fine-grained annotation of a transcript with word-level synchronisation to an audio stream. It includes the ability to gather research data using structured annotations.\n- Timeline-based audio annotation: this supports informal audio annotation and sharing between users. It supports transcript synchronisation but only at sentence or paragraph level and, unlike the transcript annotation tool, it also allows annotation of audio streams which do not have transcripts.\n- Timeline-based video annotation tool: this is similar to the audio annotation tool. It supports Adobe Flash video streams.\n- Repository search tool: this supports both Fedora and Google searches (other repositories can be added through a plug-in). It imports digital media objects (actually references to those objects) for annotation.\n- Metadata editor: a flexible template-based metadata editor that can be used to attach form-based metadata to digital objects. Templates are included for editing Dublin Core and UK LOM Core metadata for the creation of user-defined collections that serve as learning objects.\n- Report tools for listing annotations in various ways: these include extracting data sets for statistical processing and the listing of student-generated annotations for a range of teaching purposes including grading.\nThe Revolution Starts Here\nThe imperatives for the library world of the widely acknowledged and ongoing \"Revolution in Scholarly Communication\" is dependent upon and supported by trusted digital repositories. As Spoken Word considered the transition from a project to a set of core digital library services , the need for a long-term robust repository solution became clear. General inquiries as to who was doing what, and existing expertise from our project partners in Academic Technologies at NU led to early investigations into the open source repository software Fedora.\nFedora: Next Thoughts on Repositories\nAlthough complex, FEDORA repository software offers a flexible service-oriented architecture for managing and delivering digital content. In late 2005 meetings in Denmark and in Wales led to the formation of a UK and Ireland Fedora Users Group. Spoken Word Services attended the first meeting of this group, held in the University of Hull in May 2006. Subsequent meetings at GCU and the University of Oxford have seen the numbers of participants grow. A full list of current users, meetings and other activities is available from the Fedora UK&I wiki . This domestic interest and our experience of group discussions and activities further reinforced our decision to investigate actively the migration to Fedora.\nFurthermore, membership of the Users Group has led to a number of important developments and collaborations for Spoken Word Services. Colleagues at the E-Services Integration Group, University of Hull have been particularly supportive and have shared considerable expertise in digital preservation, demonstrated in existing projects such as RepoMMan, the Repository Metadata and Management project . The REMAP Project, funded under the JISC 'Repositories and Preservation' Programme , initiates a formal partnership between the Hull group and Spoken Word Services. It builds on the work of RepoMMan to investigate the use of a digital repository to support the embedding of records management and digital preservation in the context of a UK Higher Education institution.\nThe Institutional Dimension at GCU\nSpoken Word Services is increasingly concerned with the curation and preservation of audio and video materials produced by GCU and other partners. Projects such as REMAP are important in helping us to consider the functionality of the tools required in managing and developing our repository. Working with Fedora has also led us to discussions with the IRIScotland project , which is building an institutional repository infrastructure for Scotland. The intention is to share from each other's experience.\nSpoken Word Services is a partner in the EDINA-led Visual and Sound Materials (VSM) portal scoping study and demonstrator project , funded under the JISC Portals Programme. The aim of the project is to investigate the value and feasibility of a national portal for both time-based media and image collections dedicated to the needs of the Further and Higher Education communities. It is anticipated that the portal demonstrator will go live in January 2008 and will continue to be available for a further two years. The intention is that EDINA will harvest from the Spoken Word FEDORA.\nValue for the BBC\nDuring the lifetime of the Spoken Word Project, the BBC itself has been through many changes, both institutional and technological. There has been a considerable push to increase public accessibility to BBC archive material, firstly through the Creative Archive Project , and more recently, through the online publication of the BBC Programme Catalogue. Rights remain a major challenge. The exclusively educational focus of the Spoken Word, and the related legal deposit agreement with the BBC remains unique. The experience of careful third-party rights clearance to secure permissions for educational use is proving highly instructive and will be of considerable use to both the BBC and the educational community. The creation of a metadata repository 'secondary' to the 'primary' data from the BBC INFAX data set suggests a useful strategy for the re-cataloguing for scholarly use of the one million plus items held by the BBC. Multiple 'secondary' metadata repositories could provide manageable specialist finding aids for a range of disciplines and purposes. Knowledgeable scholars can collect and annotate resources of direct relevance to their areas of expertise for research, learning and teaching. In a process analogous to the use of 'slips' for the construction of the Oxford English Dictionary, learned users can enhance digital libraries for scholarly purposes.\nIn general we have demonstrated to our BBC colleagues the value and use of their digitised materials in the environment of a community-based trusted digital repository. These materials, which are created and preserved by public funds, form the basis of an extremely rich source of scholarly material both within the BBC and for use by external scholars. Viewing them as a remote digital library rather than a mere collection of assets has considerable advantages for both preservation and use.\nTo take full advantage of the possibilities offered by digital repositories, the metadata produced by authoritative expert users must be captured and written back to the repository. Some aspects of that work are being approached though the linkage of Project Pad to Fedora which is mentioned above. The XML produced by the application annotations provide the potential for enhancing the metadata but the range of issues raised by 'tagging' and 'social sofware' which relate to authoritative provenance, consistent metadata schemes and so on, are all relevant to the operation of such a system.\nSpoken Word Services has deliberately invested in capacity building at GCU and now hopes that transfer of knowledge and technology will enable complimentary local institutional repository development. Personnel for the Spoken Word project was either seconded from University positions or was firstly appointed to the University and then seconded. As the project nears completion, staff will either be appointed to the Spoken Word Services or will return to their previous positions. In either event, the expertise and experience gained on the project will be retained by the University. Knowledge transfer has also occurred. Spoken Word has worked formally with a number of units in the University and informally with others. The Library, Learning Resources and Learner Support are all examples of such co-operation. Teaching and learning has been an important area of collaboration and knowledge transfer.\nImpact on Teaching and Learning\nThe selection of the materials to be acquired from the BBC was largely undertaken by teachers. Most of these teachers, but not all, were at GCU. This has led to interactions amongst the GCU teachers and between them and teachers elsewhere. In cooperation with the Caledonian Academy , a formal discussion of pedagogical approaches and notions for learning improvement related to multimedia is about to be initiated. Teachers who have used our content and tools will be asked to reflect on their experience and a new group of teachers will be invited to speculate on their expectations and how these might be realised.\nA set of Higher Education Academy projects has been undertaken as part of the project dissemination study. The disciplines involved have been Social Policy, Political Economy and Hospitality Management. The resources have been used in a variety of ways including podcasting.\nThe establishment of a set of digital library services at Glasgow Caledonian University was planned to allow for development beyond 2008. The building expertise and capacity in relation to repositories and linking them to teaching and learning has been a particularly important aspect of that strategy. But we are also intending to capitalise further on the links we have created with other institutions and development communities. A 'Son of Spoken Word' project is currently under discussion with the potential for worldwide scholarly communication using a range of broadcast archives. The drive for interoperability pushed by the Open Data movement makes 'open access multi-media resources' enormously attractive for scholarly exploitation (both the 'treasures' in 20th century collections and the huge daily outputs from new media sources which are increasingly challenging the dominance of traditional mass media). Users should be able to access content across media types (e.g. images, texts, video and audio) and across language boundaries both easily and intuitively.\nDemonstrating and asserting the rather special requirements of academics, and promoting the potential of their contributions, is a very valuable project. It is necessarily international: a lack of this dimension is a major weakness of some current and recent digitisation projects. Rights are a central issue in this regard. It is hard to contemplate a satisfactory network of scholarly communications which is limited to a single rights regime. International, educational rights and their protection would have to be an element for investigation. We hope that Spoken Word has made a worthwhile contribution to the development of such an international network, and will continue to do so.\n- Spoken Word Services http://spokenword.ac.uk/\n- The Digital Libraries in the Classroom Programme\n- Donald, D., Hutton, A. & Byrne, J. (2000). Towards a Communications and Information technology Intensive Learning Environment In P. Davies, S. Hodkinson and Peter Reynolds. Innovative approaches to learning and teaching in economics and business higher education. Stoke-on-Trent: Staffordshire University Press.\n- The Saltire Centre http://www.gcal.ac.uk/thesaltirecentre/\n- The Matrix unit at MSU http://www.matrix.msu.edu/about/\n- OYEZ and Academic Technologies at Northwestern University\n- McCloskey, D. N. (1990). If you're so smart : the narrative of economic expertise. Chicago ; London, University of Chicago Press.\n- Greenstone http://www.greenstone.org/\n- BBC Programme Catalogue http://catalogue.bbc.co.uk/catalogue/infax\n- Fedora http://www.fedora-commons.org/\n- REPOS http://matrix.msu.edu/research/repos.php\n- Spoken Word Services End-User License Agreement\n- MediaMatrix http://matrix.msu.edu/research/digital.php\n- Project Pad http://dewey.at.northwestern.edu/ppad2/\n- SAKAI http://sakaiproject.org/\n- Plone http://plone.org/\n- Swan, A. (2006). Overview of Scholarly Communication In N. Jacobs (Ed.) Open Access: Key Strategic, Technical and Economic Aspects. Oxford: Chandos Publishing\n- Cheryl L. Davis and Barbara B. Moran. (2005). Preparing tomorrow's professionals: LIS schools and scholarly communication. College & Research Libraries News, January 2005 Vol. 66, No. 1.\n- Fedora UK and Ireland User Group\n- E-Services Integration Group, University of Hull http://www.hull.ac.uk/esig/\nRepoMMan, The Repository Metadata and Management Project http://www.hull.ac.uk/esig/repomman/\nThe REMAP Project http://www.hull.ac.uk/remap/\n- IRIScotland: Institutional Repository Infrastructure for Scotland http://www.iriscotland.lib.ed.ac.uk/\n- E- Visual and Sound Materials (VSM) portal scoping study and demonstrator project\n- BBC Creative Archive http://creativearchive.bbc.co.uk/\n- Caledonian Academy http://www.academy.gcal.ac.uk/\n- Higher Education Academy http://www.heacademy.ac.uk/", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-18", "url": "http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/print/issue52/wallace-et-al", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246659254.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045739-00028-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9261935353, "token_count": 5189, "score": 2.515625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "I Ollscoil Caledónach Glaschu (GCU) ceapadh an Spoken Word , tionscadal i gclár JISC / NSF Digital Libraries in the Classroom (DLiC), i 2001-2002 mar fhreagra ar shraith riachtanas teagaisc agus institiúideacha. Bhí grúpa beag eolaithe sóisialta, ó na 1990idí, ag cur an smaoineamh chun cinn ' timpeallacht foghlama atá dian-teicneolaíochta faisnéise' a úsáid chun cuid de na hiarrachtaí traidisiúnta ar Oideachas Ardoideachais na hAlban a athghabháil, go háirithe foghlaim neamhspleách, criticiúil agus comhoibritheach . Agus bhí an institiúid ar tí tús a chur le tógáil an SALTIRE, ionad foghlama atá tógtha ar mhaithe leis an gcuspóir, ag ionchorprú tacar iomlán acmhainní chun tacú leis an foghlaimeoir comhaimseartha.\nIs iad na comhpháirtithe sa tionscadal cúig bliana (2003-08): sna Stáit Aontaithe, an t-aonad MATRIX in Ollscoil Stáit Michigan (MSU) le tionscadal OYEZ agus Teicneolaíochtaí Acadúla in Ollscoil Northwestern (NU); agus, sa Ríocht Aontaithe, Tacaíocht do Léitheoirí ag GCU leis an British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) Faisnéise agus Cárta. Roimh an t-aistriú, bhí na comhpháirtithe tionscadail nasctha trína leasanna, agus a gcomhar, maidir le húsáid acadúil leabharlanna digiteacha iargúlta ábhar fuaime agus físe a fhorbairt.\nThosaigh GCU ag comhoibriú leis na comhpháirtithe seo chun a thaispeáint conas a d'fhéadfaí acmhainní suntasacha fuaime (agus físeán ina dhiaidh sin) ó chartlanna an BBC a chur ar fáil do mhic léinn agus dá múinteoirí. Bhí an tionscadal le bheith ina shampla de na cur chuige maidir le foghlaim agus scoláireacht agus na tacaíochtaí comhthreomhar a thairgtear don phobal Ollscoile ón ionad foghlama nua SALTIRE. Ba cheart an méid sin a chur san áireamh i gcuntas an Aontais maidir le hiasachtaí a bhaineann le hiasachtaí a bhaineann le hiasachtaí a bhaineann le hiasachtaí a bhaineann le hiasachtaí a bhaineann le hiasachtaí a bhaineann le hiasachtaí a bhaineann le hiasachtaí a bhaineann le hiasachtaí a bhaineann le hiasachtaí a bhaineann le hiasachtaí a bhaineann le hiasachtaí a bhaineann le hiasachtaí.\nIarratais Ginearálta maidir le dearadh\nBhí caighdeáin leabharlainne tábhachtach do GCU ón tús. Ba é cuspóir a luaitear ná mic léinn a spreagadh chun 'sgríobh ar an Idirlíon agus don Idirlíon' ag baint úsáide as foinsí údarásacha agus réitic dlisteanach. Chun muinín na gcur chuige acadúla a chinntiú, leanadh nósanna imeachta atá cosúil leis na cinn a úsáidtear i dteideal traidisiúnta. Ba cheart go mbeadh sé indéanta go háirithe foinsí inrochtana a bhaineann le bunús agus le leanúnachas a dhearadh a lua agus a thagairt. Bhí gá le huirlisí chun aghaidh a thabhairt ar leabharlanna digiteacha, ábhar a aisghabháil agus tacú le tionscadail mhic léinn a chruthú.\nBa é an príomh-aspiráid ná acmhainní a fhorbairt chun na caighdeáin sin a chomhlíonadh agus, ag an am céanna, soláthar solúbtha agus oiriúnaithe a thacú. Bhí sé i gceist 'pluralachas oideachais' a chur san áireamh - ag ligean do chur chuige agus do stíleanna éagsúla teagaisc a bheith ann ag daoine éagsúla agus laistigh de dhisciplíní éagsúla. Tá réimse múinteoirí agus disciplíní, ó GCU agus ó ollscoileanna eile san AE agus sna Stáit Aontaithe, bainteach leis ar feadh na tréimhse. Ó 'priobhaitheacht agus rialachán' in eacnamaíocht agus 'eitic na bitheolaíochta' ag GCU, trí 'bainistíocht óstála' in Ollscoil Strathclyde agus 'tionchar na teicneolaíochta ó 1945' i stair ag Northwestern go 'Gandhi' le haghaidh antropoloige agus 'mná i bpolaitíocht na Breataine' le haghaidh staidéir na mban ag Stát Kansas, tá raon na disciplíní agus na n-ábhar a úsáideann an tseirbhís suntasach. Tá os cionn 1,500 úsáideoir cláraithe tar éis an tseirbhís a úsáid. Is é an dara cuspóir a luaigh an tionscadal bunaidh ná 'leabharlanna digiteacha a fheabhsú' (de ábhar BBC, mar shampla) le húsáid acadúil agus is tosaíocht mhór é sin. Bhí \"inúsáidteacht\" ard ina réamhriachtanas chun úsáid rathúil a bhaint as na gníomhaíochtaí atá nasctha go bunúsach (cé go bhfuil siad simibéiseach) i dtaca le foghlaim, teagasc agus taighde.\nBa iad na príomh-thorthaí ar dhearadh na seirbhíse an riachtanas chun freastal ar éagsúlacht, agus feasacht ar athrú teicneolaíoch réasúnta tapa agus leanúnach.\nDearadh na Seirbhísí\nMar phrionsabal ginearálta, glacadh cur chuige atá cosúil le cláir 'eagraíochtaí a scaradh'. Thug an deighilt a rinneadh ar fheidhmeanna agus comhpháirteanna na seirbhíse solúbthacht agus d'éascaigh sé bainistíocht na hathraithe níos fearr. D'fhág an cur chuige seo go raibh 'roinnt saothair' ann ach bhí an 'eisiaíocht feidhme' a bhaineann leis níos deacra a choinneáil i bhfoireann bheag. Ní raibh an prionsabal ginearálta maidir le roinnt scaradh a choinneáil: feidhmchláir tosaigh / sraith cur i láthair; sraith loighic ghnó; agus sraith stórála agus seachadta cúlchríoch a bhaint amach go hiomlán ach tá sé fós ina sprioc. Dá bhrí sin, is fearr go mbeadh na huirlisí chun clipeanna a chuardach, a bhailiú, a mharcáil agus a chúineadh agus cur i láthair deiridh a chruthú iniompartha agus d'fhéadfadh siad aghaidh a thabhairt ar raon stórálacha soláthair ábhair trí mheánbheaisín iomchuí. Sa leagan amach reatha tá siad lánpháirteach go hiomlán nó tá siad sách ar leithligh. Is é an sprioc 'plug-in plug-out'.\nÁbhar BBC a Fháil\nBhí rochtain ar fho-sóite leordhóthanach agus oiriúnach de ábhar BBC (clár agus meiteadat) ríthábhachtach chun an tseirbhís a sholáthar. Ciallaíonn \"suasmhach go sásúil\" ábhar leordhóthanach chun rogha agus roghanna malartacha a thabhairt d'úsáideoirí. Ba cheart do mhic léinn a roghnú go cúramach an rud is fearr dá gcuspóirí a luaitear.\nBa é an t-idirbheartú maidir le cearta an bac is mó a bhí ann. Chuaigh GCU agus an BBC i gcomhaontú taisce dlíthiúil ina thug an Corparáid ceadanna neamh-eisiacha don Ollscoil ábhar a taisceadh ó na cartlanna a choinneáil agus iad a sheirbheáil go hidirnáisiúnta \"le haghaidh úsáide oideachais amháin\" mar shreabhadh le haghaidh rochtana ó URLanna GCU agus mar íoslódálacha \"le haghaidh úsáide staidéir aonair amháin\". Bhí ar an Ollscoil freagracht a ghlacadh as cearta tríú páirtí a fháil agus dá bhrí sin as cleasadh na gceart sin a dhéanamh. Bhí gá le foireann imréitigh chearta a bhunú agus, sa chéad chéim, úsáid a bhaint as bunachar sonraí FileMaker chun iniúchadh a dhéanamh ar na próisis imréitigh agus sonraí a thaifeadadh agus na staitisticí bunúsacha a ríomh. Déantar cuardach ar gach rannpháirtí i gcláir a craoladh ó 1988 ar aghaidh agus, má fhaightear iad, déantar teagmháil leo agus iarrtar orthu cead a thabhairt le húsáid oideachais, ar fud an domhain tríd an nGréasán. I measc na ndaoine a ndearnadh teagmháil leo go rathúil, thug an chuid is mó acu cead. Foilseofar staitisticí iomlána maidir le glanadh roimh dheireadh an tionscadail.\nBa é an chéad ghné eile sa phróiseas ná cláir a d'fhéadfadh a bheith spéisiúil do mhúinteoirí a shainaithint. Cuidíonn leabharlanna na tionscadail le saineolaithe disciplíneacha (teagaisc) cláir a roghnú ó chatalóg dílseánach an BBC (INFAX). Ar dtús bhí an próiseas seo ag brath ar léiriú príobháideach Greenstone ar chatalóg an BBC. Le déanaí, mar ghné de shraith tionscnaimh ghinearálta chun rochtain níos leithne a sholáthar ar na cartlanna, rinne an BBC a chatalóg a chur ar fáil go poiblí ar líne agus úsáideadh é seo le haghaidh roghnúcháin. Iarrtar cláir roghnaithe i bpáirtithe ar an BBC a dhigitíonn de réir mar is gá. Cuirtear cláir dhigitithe chuig GCU agus déantar iad a thraschódú ó na comhaid .wav bunaidh le haghaidh sruthú agus íoslódáil ó fhreastalaithe GCU Spoken Word. Ansin, nascfar iad le BBC agus le meiteadat breise a ghintear le GCU i stór agus sruthófar iad mar MPEG4/H264 le íoslódálacha MP3/MP4.\nRéitigh Réitigh Réitigh\nAg céim luath (2004), bhain an tionscadal an t-eolas ó chatalóg BBC (INFAX) isteach go rathúil i stór FEDORA - ach measadh go raibh an iarracht forbartha a bhí ag teastáil chun feidhmchlár FEDORA a úsáid chun seirbhís oibre a chruthú, le comhéadan úsáideora inghlactha, i gcreat ama inghlactha, ró-throm. Is réiteach stór oibre (PHP/MySQL) é REPOS a chruthaigh MSU. Cé go raibh easnaimh aige i ndáil le fís an tionscadail, chuir sé ar chumas leabharlann digiteach oibre a fhorbairt go tapa. Tá seirbhís oibríochtúil á thacú leis le trí bliana anuas. Mar sin féin, ní raibh an ceann tosaigh forbartha le húsáid ag múinteoirí agus daltaí. Thug MATRIX ag MSU leagan rudimentary d'idirlíon níos cairdiúla d'úsáideoir agus d'fhorbair agus d'fhorbair GCU é seo isteach i Padova, a ndéanaimid cur síos níos mionsonraithe thíos.\nIs super-sraith de iontráil chatalaigh BBC bunaidh gach ceann de na taifid a cruthaíodh agus tá nasc aige le clár digiteach BBC. Cuimsíonn an fhaisnéis bhreise a chuirtear ar fáil i gcónaí ainm an mhúinteora is an bailitheoir agus a chúrsa. Ní raibh an t-aon intinn bunaidh chun faisnéis saibhir bhreise a bhailiú ó na bailitheoirí saineolaithe agus chun imscrúdú a dhéanamh ar ghabháil 'mhétá sonraí a ghineann úsáideoirí' a leanúint go hiomlán fós: sa leagan seirbhíse níl an cumas againn, go fóill, chun ligean d'úsáideoirí scríobh ar ais chuig an stór.\nCabhracha le Cuidiú le Lorg agus Áiseanna Comhcheangailte\nIs é an riachtanas tosaigh atá ag úsáideoirí leabharlainne earraí ilmheánmhara cláir nó earraí a aimsiú agus ansin a n-oiriúnacht a mheas. Is é aidhm na seirbhíse bealaí éagsúla a sholáthar chun acmhainní a aimsiú. Ba cheart go dtosófaí cuardach ó uirlisí a bhailíonn míreanna le húsáid níos déanaí agus/nó a chuireann annotations téacs nó guth ar chláir nó clipeanna. D'fhéadfadh sé a bheith áisiúil freisin cuardach a dhéanamh ó na catalóga (OPACS etc.) chun leabhair agus ailt a aimsiú. Rinneadh imscrúdú ar an dá Ghlasfhiosrúchán Fhiosrúcháin agus ar Sheomraí Sirsi; áfach, measadh nach bhféadfaí a gcur chun feidhme a údarú laistigh de raon feidhme an tionscadail. Ar shearbhóir taispeántais agus forbartha tá iontrálacha agus naisc beo againn lenár stór a reáchtálann i gcás ár gcatalóg leabharlainne Unicorn Ollscoil Sirsi; tá súil againn go mbainfidh muid cur chun feidhme iomlán don seisiún atá le teacht.\nAch d'fhorbair Padova mar ár bpríomh-chúnamh le lorg.\nIs é Padova an t-ainm a thugtar ar an taobh tosaigh atá os comhair an phobail, a sheachadtar ar an ngréasán, chuig stór REPOS. Soláthraíonn sé córais chuardaigh, brabhsála, lua, fógra, agus comhtháthú seirbhíse seachtracha d'úsáideoirí, mar aon le seachadadh na meán féin.\nBa é príomhchúram a bhí ann sláine a chomhaontaithe taisce BBC le GCU a choimeád. Forbraíodh sraith fíordheimhniúcháin, rud a chuir ar chumas meiteadat a bheith in-athraithe go hoscailte - ach le meáin BBC a bhí cosanta taobh thiar de phróiseas clár��cháin a cheadaigh d'úsáideoirí glacadh le téarmaí Chomhaontú Ceadúnais Úsáideora Deiridh 'cairdiúil don mhic léinn'.\nChun an fhís a chur i gcrích maidir le cumas foghlaimeoirí a fheabhsú chun scríobh \"ar agus do Idirlíon\", forbraíodh roinnt gnéithe chun úsáid chleachtais eolaíochta bunaithe a spreagadh sa timpeallacht stórála nua. Tá sé tábhachtach go háirithe córas luaite a áireamh, rud a chuireann ar chumas tagairtí comhsheasmhacha a íoslódáil le haghaidh allmhairithe i mbogearraí bainistíochta tagairt chaighdeánacha. Tá nasc URL leis an mír meán i gcuimhní cinn, rud a ligeann do foghlaimeoirí a leabharlanna féin de ábhar Spoken Word a thógáil.\nCuimsíonn Padova córais fógraí, ag soláthar RSS agus Atom feeds le haghaidh cuardaigh. Cé go bhfuil sé coitianta anois, bhí Padova ar cheann de na chéad chórais a lig d'úsáideoirí a gcuid RSS feeds pearsantaithe féin a ghiniúint bunaithe ar aon cheist chuardaigh le naisc le míreanna meán ceangailte. Is féidir leis seo, d'aon iarratas léitheoireachta bia, liosta ábhar 'líonta beo' a chruthú atá cosúil le leabharliosta. Nuair a chuirtear mír nua a chomhlíonann an cuardach leis, taispeántar é sa liosta. Is féidir le húsáideoirí cláraithe rochtain a fháil freisin ar an bhfeidhmiúlacht chun feistí RSS a chruthú leis na míreanna meán a ghabhann le comhaid MP3, rud a thacaíonn le podchraoltaí saincheaptha ábhair a chruthú láithreach agus saincheaptha.\nTá seirbhísí seachtracha comhtháite ar fud an Aontais agus is féidir iad a fhorbairt tuilleadh. Faoi láthair, cuireann naisc uathoibríoch le leathanaigh Wikipedia agus le Google Scholar cuardach bunaithe ar ainmneacha rannpháirtithe clár a phléitear as meiteadat taifeadta, chomh maith le naisc inmheánacha le hacmhainní eile Spoken Word a léiríonn na daoine sin. Mar shampla, cuirtear \"Bedouin\" ar fáil i gclár ina bhfuil P.J. O'Rourke mar rannpháirtí agus beidh nasc idir an iontráil sin agus na himeachtaí sna seirbhísí seachtracha agus sa chatalóg inmheánach araon.\nIs é an príomhchuspóir atá ag Padova ná ábhar fuaime agus físe a sheachadadh. Tá oibleagáidí ar an Tionscadal úsáid mheáin BBC a shrianadh ar shuíomhanna gréasáin oideachais tríú páirtí go meáin shruthaithe amháin. Ar shuíomhanna teagaisc, lena n-áirítear VLEanna, ní mór URL GCU nasc a dhéanamh le freastalaithe GCU. Mar thoradh air sin, cuireadh Seirbhíseoir Sráide Darwin Apple le chéile laistigh den bhonneagar stórála mar réiteach costéifeachtach chun fuaim agus físe a sheachadadh ar bhealach atá réasúnta comhlíonta le caighdeáin. Tá taighde ar Adobe Flash mar fhormáid seachadta meáin ar siúl, agus tá sé beartaithe é a sholáthar mar mheicníocht seachadta malartacha. Is cosúil, áfach, go mbeidh teaghlach na gcaighdeáin MPEG mar phríomh-chomhpháirt den tionscadal sa todhchaí atá le feiceáil.\nUirlisí Bailiúcháin agus Taispeánta\nD'fhorbair MATRIX tacar uirlisí ar a dtugtar MediaMatrix a ligeann d'úsáideoirí leathanaigh ghréasáin a fheiceáil agus acmhainní a bhailiú le húsáid ina dhiaidh sin. Tacaíonn an bogearraí seo le:\n- bailiúchán acmhainní ilmheánmhara a chomhthiomsú go héasca\n- tagairtí do phríomh-alt nó do phríomh-phointí (\"clippings\")\n- agus a n-aistrithe ar ais chuig tionscadal nó cur i láthair.\nStóráiltear na míreanna a bhailítear ar leathanach pearsanta an úsáideora ar shearbhóirí MATRIX. Coinníonn an leathanach seo a gcuid tuairiscí go léir agus coinníonn sé naisc dhíreacha le codanna marcáilte na leathanaigh bhunaidh.\nIs féidir le húsáideoirí a gcuid smaointe a eagrú ar leathanach an tairseacha trí fhillteáin a úsáid. Is féidir le múinteoirí grúpa a chruthú do gach rang agus cuireadh a thabhairt do dhaltaí páirt a ghlacadh sa ghrúpa sin, rud a ligeann don mhúinteoir agus do dhaltaí araon réamhsheiceáil a dhéanamh ar obair chomhaltaí eile den rang agus comhoibriú leo. Tá rialú iomlán ag baill grúpa ar cheadúnais rochtana a cheadaíonn foldair a roinnt leis an ngrúpa nó a choinneáil príobháideach.\nIs sprioc tarraingteach é nótaí téacs (nó guth) a cheangal le codanna marcáilte de fhuaim, físeán nó íomhánna. Tá an cumas sin a dhéanamh i dtimpeallacht chomhroinnte fíor-ama ag tabhairt go leor féidearthachtaí teagaisc, taighde agus forbartha. Cuireann Project Pad ó Academic Technologies in Ollscoil Northwestern an fheidhmiúlacht sin ar fáil i dtimpeallacht úsáideora atá an-tarraingteach agus in-oiriúnaithe. Tá sé cláraithe i Java agus Flash (ActiveScript). Is iad a phríomhfheidhmeanna:\n- Tras-scríobh agus annotation fuaime araon: ceadaíonn sé seo annotation grinn-fhiú de trasscríbhinn le sioncróiriú ar leibhéal an fhocail le sruth fuaime. Áirítear leis an gcumas sonraí taighde a bhailiú ag baint úsáide as annotations struchtúrtha.\n- Anotation fuaime bunaithe ar líne ama: tacaíonn sé seo le haonotáil fuaime neamhfhoirmiúil agus le roinnt idir úsáideoirí. Tacaíonn sé le sioncróint trascripte ach amháin ar leibhéal abairt nó mír agus, murab ionann agus uirlis an t-aistriúcháin, ceadaíonn sé freisin an t-aistriúchán ar shreabhadh fuaime nach bhfuil trascripteanna ann.\n- Uirlis annótachta físe bunaithe ar líne ama: tá sé seo cosúil leis an uirlis annótachta fuaime. Tacaíonn sé le sruthanna físe Adobe Flash.\n- Uirlis cuardaigh stór: tacaíonn sé seo le cuardaigh Fedora agus Google araon (is féidir stóranna eile a chur leis trí chlúdach). Iompórtálann sé rudaí meán digiteacha (ag tagairt do na rudaí sin i ndáiríre) le haghaidh annotation.\n- Eagarthóir meiteadat: eagarthóir meiteadat solúbtha bunaithe ar theimpléid ar féidir a úsáid chun meiteadat bunaithe ar fhoirm a cheangal le rudaí digiteacha. Cuimsítear teimpléid le haghaidh meiteadatá Dublin Core agus UK LOM Core a eagarthú chun bailiúcháin a shainítear ag úsáideoirí a chruthú a fheidhmíonn mar rudaí foghlama.\n- uirlisí tuairiscithe chun liostáil a dhéanamh ar shonraí ar bhealaí éagsúla: áirítear leis seo suímh sonraí a bhaint chun próiseáil staidrimh a dhéanamh agus liostáil a dhéanamh ar shonraí a ghineann daltaí chun críocha teagaisc éagsúla lena n-áirítear grádú.\nTosaíonn an Réabhlóid anseo\nTá na riachtanas do shaol na leabharlainne a bhaineann leis an \"Réabhlóid i gCumarsáid Eolaíoch\" atá aitheanta go forleathan agus atá ar siúl ag brath ar stórálacha digiteacha iontaofa agus á dtacaíocht acu. De réir mar a bhí Spoken Word ag smaoineamh ar an aistriú ó thionscadal go sraith de sheirbhísí lárnacha leabharlainne digiteacha, bhí an gá le réiteach stórála láidir fadtéarmach soiléir. Mar thoradh ar fhiosrúcháin ghinearálta maidir le cé a bhí ag déanamh cad, agus saineolas atá againn óna gcomhpháirtithe tionscadail i Teicneolaíochtaí Acadúla ag NU, rinneadh imscrúduithe luath ar an bogearraí stór foinse oscailte Fedora.\nFedora: Smaointe eile ar Repositories\nCé go bhfuil an bogearraí stórála FEDORA casta, cuireann sé ailtireacht solúbtha atá dírithe ar sheirbhísí ar fáil chun ábhar digiteach a bhainistiú agus a sheachadadh. Ag deireadh 2005, ba chúis le cruinnithe sa Danmhairg agus sa Bhreatain Bheag a bunaíodh Grúpa Úsáideoirí Fedora na Ríochta Aontaithe agus na hÉireann. Bhí Seirbhísí Focail Labhraithe i láthair ag an gcéad chruinniú den ghrúpa seo, a tionóladh in Ollscoil Hull i mBealtaine 2006. Tá méadú tagtha ar líon na rannpháirtithe le cruinnithe ina dhiaidh sin ag GCU agus in Ollscoil Oxford. Tá liosta iomlán d'úsáideoirí reatha, cruinnithe agus gníomhaíochtaí eile ar fáil ó wiki Fedora UK&I . Chuir an spéis baile seo agus ár dtaithí ar phlé agus ar ghníomhaíochtaí grúpaí neartú ar ár gcinneadh chun imscrúdú gníomhach a dhéanamh ar an aistriú go Fedora.\nIna theannta sin, tá roinnt forbairtí agus comhoibrithe tábhachtacha le haghaidh Seirbhísí Spoken Word mar thoradh ar bhallraíocht sa Ghrúpa Úsáideoirí. Bhí comhghleacaithe ag an nGrúpa Comhtháthaithe E-Seirbhísí, Ollscoil Hull, ina dtacaíocht go háirithe agus tá saineolas suntasach acu i gcosanta digiteacha, a léiríodh i dtionscadail atá ann cheana féin amhail RepoMMan, an tionscadal um Méadfhaisnéis agus Bainistíocht Repository . Tá an tionscadal REMAP, a maoinítear faoi Chlár 'Slándála agus Coimeádaithe' JISC, ag tionscnamh comhpháirtíocht fhoirmiúil idir an Grúpa Hull agus Seirbhísí Spoken Word. Tógann sé ar obair RepoMMan chun imscrúdú a dhéanamh ar úsáid stór digiteach chun tacú le bainistiú taifid agus caomhnú digiteach a ionchorprú i gcomhthéacs institiúid Ardoideachais na Ríochta Aontaithe.\nAn Ghné Institiúideach ag GCU\nTá Spoken Word Services níos mó i gceist le curadh agus caomhnú ábhair fuaime agus físe a tháirgtear ag GCU agus comhpháirtithe eile. Tá tionscadail mar REMAP tábhachtach chun cabhrú linn feidhmiúlacht na n-uirlisí a theastaíonn chun ár stór a bhainistiú agus a fhorbairt a mheas. Tá an obair le Fedora tar éis plé a dhéanamh linn freisin leis an tionscadal IRIScotland , a bhfuil bonneagar stórála institiúideach á thógáil aige don Albain. Is é an t-aon intinn atá ann taithí a roinnt óna chéile.\nIs comhpháirtí é Spoken Word Services sa tionscadal scóip-staidéir agus taispeánaithe portála Visual and Sound Materials (VSM) faoi stiúir EDINA, a maoinítear faoin gClár Portail JISC. Is é aidhm an tionscadail iniúchadh a dhéanamh ar luach agus ar indéantacht tairseach náisiúnta do mheáin atá bunaithe ar am agus do bhailiúcháin íomhá atá tiomanta do riachtanais na bpobal Oideachais Breise agus Ardoideachais. Táthar ag súil go rachaidh an taispeántóir tairseach i ngníomh i mí Eanáir 2008 agus go leanfaidh sé ar fáil ar feadh dhá bhliain eile. Is é an rún go mbainfidh EDINA as an Focal Labhair FEDORA.\nLuach don BBC\nLe linn shaolré an Tionscadail Spoken Word, tá an BBC féin tar éis dul trí go leor athruithe, institiúideacha agus teicneolaíochta araon. Tá brú suntasach déanta chun rochtain phoiblí a mhéadú ar ábhar cartlainne BBC, ar dtús trí Thionscadal Chartlainne Cruthaitheach , agus níos déanaí, trí fhoilsiú ar líne ar Chláir Chartlainne BBC. Is dúshlán mór fós iad cearta. Tá an díriú oideachasúil go heisiach ar an Spoken Word, agus an comhaontú coiriúil taisce gaolmhara leis an BBC fós uathúil. Tá an taithí a bhaineann le cearta tríú páirtí a ghlanadh go cúramach chun ceadanna a fháil le haghaidh úsáide oideachais ag éirí an-teagaisc agus beidh sé úsáideach go mór don BBC agus don phobal oideachais araon. Tugann an cruthú stór meiteadat 'seachdarrach' do na sonraí 'príomh' ó shraith sonraí BBC INFAX le straitéis úsáideach chun na mílte earraí atá ag an BBC a ath-chatalógú le húsáid eolaíoch. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh go leor stórála 'an dara leibhéal' meiteadat ag soláthar cabhracha le haghaidh cuardaigh speisialaithe in ann iad a bhainistiú do raon disciplíní agus críocha. Is féidir le scoláirí eolacha acmhainní a bhfuil ábharthacht dhíreach acu dá réimsí saineolais a bhailiú agus a chur in iúl le haghaidh taighde, foghlama agus teagaisc. I bpróiseas atá cosúil le húsáid 'slip' le haghaidh tógáil Fuaimníocht Oxford Béarla, is féidir le húsáideoirí foghlamacha leabharlanna digiteacha a fheabhsú chun críocha scoláire.\nGo ginearálta, léirigh muid do chomhghleacaithe BBC luach agus úsáid a gcuid ábhair dhigitithe i dtimpeallacht stór digiteach iontaofa bunaithe ar phobal. Tá na hábhair seo, a cruthaítear agus a chaomhnófar le cistí poiblí, mar bhunús le foinse an-saibhir ábhair eolaíochta laistigh den BBC agus le húsáid ag scoláirí seachtracha. Tá buntáistí suntasacha ag féachaint orthu mar leabharlann digiteach iargúlta seachas mar bhailiúchán sócmhainní amháin maidir le caomhnú agus úsáid araon.\nChun leas iomlán a bhaint as na féidearthachtaí a thairgeann stórálacha digiteacha, ní mór na meiteadat a tháirgeann úsáideoirí saineolaithe údarásacha a ghabháil agus a scríobh ar ais chuig an stór. Tá roinnt gnéithe den obair sin á gcur i láthair trí nasc Project Pad le Fedora a luaitear thuas. Tá an XML a tháirgtear trí an t-iarratas annotations a sholáthar ar an acmhainn chun feabhsú ar an meiteadat ach an raon de na saincheisteanna a ardaítear ag 'tagging' agus 'software sóisialta' a bhaineann le údarásúil provenance, comhsheasmhach scéimeanna meiteadat agus mar sin de, go léir ábhartha chun oibriú den sórt sin córas.\nTá seirbhísí focal cainte infheistiú go ciallmhar i gcumas a thógáil ag GCU agus tá súil anois go n-éireoidh le haistriú eolais agus teicneolaíochta forbairt stór institiúideach áitiúla a chur ar chumas. Cuireadh pearsanra do thionscadal an Spoken Word ar ceal ó phoist san Ollscoil nó ceapadh iad ar dtús san Ollscoil agus ansin ar ceal. De réir mar a bheidh an tionscadal ag druidim le críochnú, ceapfar an fhoireann go Seirbhísí an Bhriathar Labhair nó tiocfaidh siad ar ais chuig a gcuid poist roimhe seo. I ngach cás, coinneoidh an t-ollscoil an saineolas agus an taithí a fuarthas ar an tionscadal. Tá aistriú eolais tagtha ar siúl freisin. D'oibrigh Spoken Word go foirmiúil le roinnt aonad san Ollscoil agus go neamhfhoirmiúil le daoine eile. Is samplaí iad an Leabharlann, Acmhainní Foghlama agus Tacaíocht do Léitheoirí den chineál sin comhoibrithe. Tá teagasc agus foghlaim ina réimse tábhachtach de chomhoibriú agus d'aistriú eolais.\nTionchar ar Theagasc agus ar Foghlaim\nBhí na múinteoirí i gceannas go mór ar na hábhair a roghnófaí ón BBC a roghnú. Bhí an chuid is mó de na múinteoirí seo, ach ní iad go léir, ag GCU. Mar thoradh air sin, tá idirghníomhaíochtaí ann idir múinteoirí GCU agus idir iad agus múinteoirí in áiteanna eile. I gcomhar leis an Acadamh Caledónach, tá plé foirmiúil ar chur chuige agus ar shonraí oideachais chun feabhas a chur ar an bhfoghlaim a bhaineann le meán-aistriúchán ar tí tosú. Iarrfar ar mhúinteoirí a d'úsáid ár n-ábhar agus ár n-uirlisí machnamh a dhéanamh ar a dtaithí agus tabharfar cuireadh do ghrúpa nua múinteoirí tuairimí a dhéanamh faoina n-ionchais agus conas a d'fhéadfaí iad seo a bhaint amach.\nCuireadh tionscadail de chuid Acadamh an Ardoideachais i gcrích mar chuid den staidéar scaipeadh tionscadail. Ba iad na disciplíní a bhí i gceist ná Beartas Sóisialta, Eacnamaíocht Pholaitiúil agus Bainistíocht Óstachais. Baineadh úsáid as na hacmhainní ar bhealaí éagsúla lena n-áirítear podchraoladh.\nBhí sé beartaithe sraith seirbhísí leabharlainne digiteacha a bhunú in Ollscoil Caledónach Glaschú chun go bhféadfaí forbairt a dhéanamh ina dhiaidh 2008. Ba ghné thar a bheith tábhachtach den straitéis sin an saineolas agus an acmhainn a thógáil maidir le stórálacha agus iad a nascadh le teagasc agus foghlaim. Ach tá sé i gceist againn freisin leas a bhaint tuilleadh as naisc a chruthaigh muid le hinstitiúidí eile agus le pobail forbartha. Tá tionscadal 'Son of Spoken Word' á phlé faoi láthair leis an bhféidearthacht cumarsáide eolaíochta ar fud an domhain a úsáid ag baint úsáide as raon cartlann craolacháin. Is é an t-iarracht idir-inoibritheachta a spreag an gluaiseacht Sonraí Oscailte ná go bhfuil 'acmhainní ilmheánta rochtana oscailte' thar a bheith tarraingteach le haghaidh saothrú eolaíoch (an 'treasures' i mbailiúcháin an 20ú haois agus na dtáirgí ollmhóra laethúla ó fhoinsí nua meán atá ag cur dúshlán níos mó agus níos mó ar cheannas na meán mais traidisiúnta). Ba cheart go mbeadh úsáideoirí in ann rochtain a fháil ar ábhar ar fud cineálacha meán (m.sh. Tá sé tábhachtach go mbeadh an t-eolas ar fáil i ngach teanga (i measc íomhánna, téacsanna, físe agus fuaime) agus thar theorainneacha teanga go héasca agus go intuitiúil.\nIs tionscadal an-luachmhar é riachtanais an-speisialta acadúla a léiriú agus a dhearbhú, agus acmhainneacht a gcuid ranníocaíochtaí a chur chun cinn. Tá sé de dhíth go hidirnáisiúnta: is é an easpa an ghné seo an lagú mór atá ag roinnt tionscadal digiteála reatha agus le déanaí. Is ceist lárnach í cearta sa mhéid sin. Tá sé deacair a shamhlú go bhfuil líonra sásúil cumarsáide eolaíochta ann a theorannófar le córas cearta aonair. Ba cheart go mbeadh cearta idirnáisiúnta, oideachais agus a gcosaint ina n-eileamaint le haghaidh imscrúdaithe. Tá súil againn go bhfuil Spoken Word tar éis cur luachmhar a dhéanamh le forbairt líonra idirnáisiúnta den sórt sin, agus go leanfaidh sé ag déanamh amhlaidh.\n- Seirbhísí Spoken Word http://spokenword.ac.uk/\n- Na Leabharlanna Digiteacha sa Chlár Sa seomra ranga\n- Donald, D., Hutton, A. - Tá sé sin ceart. & Byrne, J. (2000) a chur i bhfeidhm. I dtreo timpeallacht dhúshlánach foghlama Teicneolaíocht Cumarsáide agus Faisnéise In P. Davies, S. Hodkinson agus Peter Reynolds. Cur chuige nuálach maidir le foghlaim agus teagasc in ardoideachas eacnamaíochta agus gnó. Stoke-on-Trent: Staffordshire University Press.\n- An tIonad Saltire http://www.gcal.ac.uk/thesaltirecentre/\n- An t-aonad Matrix ag MSU http://www.matrix.msu.edu/about/\n- OYEZ agus Teicneolaíochtaí Acadúla in Ollscoil Northwestern\n- McCloskey, D. N. (1990). Má tá tú chomh cliste: an scéal ar shaineolas eacnamaíoch. Chicago ; Londain, University of Chicago Press.\n- Greenstone http://www.greenstone.org/\n- Catalogue BBC Programme http://catalogue.bbc.co.uk/catalogue/infax\n- Fedora http://www.fedora-commons.org/\n- REPOS http://matrix.msu.edu/research/repos.php\n- Comhaontú Ceadúnais Úsáideoir Seirbhísí Spoken Word\n- MediaMatrix http://matrix.msu.edu/research/digital.php\n- Project Pad http://dewey.at.northwestern.edu/ppad2/\n- SAKAI http://sakaiproject.org/\n- Plone http://plone.org/\n- Swan, A. (2006). Léargas ar Chumarsáid Eolaíoch In N. Jacobs (Ed.) Rochtain Oscailte: Príomhghnéithe Straitéiseacha, Teicniúla agus Eacnamaíocha. Oxford: Foilsitheoireacht Chandos\n- Cheryl L. Davis agus Barbara B. Moran. (2005) agus an t-alt seo. Ag ullmhú gairmithe an lae amárach: Scoileanna LIS agus cumarsáid eolaíoch. College & Research Libraries News, Eanáir 2005 Vol. 66, Níl. 1. an t-am a bhí ann.\n- Fedora UK agus Ireland User Group\n- E-Seirbhísí Comhtháthaithe Ghrúpa, Ollscoil Hull http://www.hull.ac.uk/esig/\nRepoMMan, The Repository Metadata and Management Project http://www.hull.ac.uk/esig/repomman/\nAn Tionscadal REMAP http://www.hull.ac.uk/remap/\n- IRIScotland: Bonneagar Reipitigh Institiúideach don Albain http://www.iriscotland.lib.ed.ac.uk/\n- E-Spórtáil staidéir scóipála agus tionscadal taispeánaithe ar Ábhair Amhairc agus Fuaime (VSM)\n- BBC Creative Archive http://creativearchive.bbc.co.uk/\n- Acadamh Caledónach http://www.academy.gcal.ac.uk/\n- Acadamh um Fhoideachas Ardo http://www.heacademy.ac.uk/"} +{"text": "At the conclusion of the Charlie Chaplin film, The Tramp (1915), Chaplin’s “little tramp” character, heartbroken after losing the girl, shuffles off alone down a winding dirt road.\nThe situation was much different twenty-one years later in the final scene from Modern Times when Chaplin retired the iconic character.\nCharlie Chaplin was an English music hall performer in his early twenties when discovered by Mack Sennett and brought to Hollywood to star in the “flickers.” During his first year in the business in 1914, Chaplin made 35 films at Sennett’s Keystone Studios near Glendale, and rose from complete obscurity to become the most recognized man in the world.\nChaplin was only earning $175 per week at Keystone and got lured away to Essanay Studios the following year with the offer of a 700% raise (to $1250 per week) plus a $10,000 signing bonus.\nEssanay Studios was named after the initials “S & A” of its two main partners, George Spoor and Gilbert “Broncho Billy” Anderson. It was based in Chicago but Broncho Billy, who was one of early cinema’s first cowboy stars, later came west to set up a second facility in the town of Niles, California to shoot Westerns.\nAfter signing with Essanay, Chaplin first filmed in Chicago before coming to Niles. He wasn’t impressed with the town when he got there. The East Bay village was far too rural for the young man who had only ever lived in the big cities of London and Los Angeles.\nChaplin would only stay in Niles long enough to make a handful of films, but one of them, The Tramp, is today considered to be his first masterpiece.\nIn the film, Charlie stars in the role of his “little tramp” character, which he had created for Keystone. Sennett’s frenetic filming schedule had prevented him from developing the character fully, relying mostly on slapstick to get a laugh. At Essanay, Chaplin was able to add pathos to the character, making him more sympathetic.\nAt the end of The Tramp, Chaplin has been rejected by his lady (played by Edna Purviance) and walks off through the Niles Canyon alone. Dejected at first, he then shrugs his shoulders, picks up his pace, and hustles off in search of his next adventure.\nWhen Chaplin decided to retire the character at the end of Modern Times in 1936, he came to the Santa Clarita Valley, which was known to early filmmakers as Newhallywood. In Modern Times, Chaplin paid homage to the final scene of The Tramp with a twist. He again walks off, but this time the road is straight and paved, and most importantly … he’s got his girl at his side. The Little Tramp’s days of facing the world alone have ended.\nChaplin and his works will be honored at the 2011 Santa Clarita Valley ChaplinFest on February 4 and 5 in Newhall, California, with films, lectures, book signings, and the dedication of a monument honoring the 75th anniversary of the release of Modern Times.\nSome citizens of Niles will be on-hand to represent their town that day, including musician Michael McNevin.\nTo learn more about ChaplinFest, click here.\nTo learn more about Niles, click here.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-26", "url": "https://deadwrite.wordpress.com/2011/01/18/from-niles-to-newhallywood/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267861899.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20180619041206-20180619061206-00092.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9728512168, "token_count": 732, "score": 2.71875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Ag deireadh an scannáin Charlie Chaplin, The Tramp (1915), carachtar \"tramp beag\" Chaplin, briseadh croí tar éis an cailín a chailleadh, shuffles amach ina n-aonar síos bóthar salach snasta.\nBhí an staid i bhfad difriúil fiche bliain déag ina dhiaidh sin sa radharc deiridh ó Amanna Nua-aimseartha nuair a d'éirigh Chaplin as an gcarachtar íonógach.\nBhí Charlie Chaplin ina léiritheoir halla ceoil Béarla ina luí nuair a d'aimsigh Mack Sennett é agus a thug sé go Hollywood chun réalta a bheith aige sna \"flickers\". Le linn a chéad bhliain sa ghnó i 1914, rinne Chaplin 35 scannán ag Stiúideotáin Keystone Sennett in aice le Glendale, agus d'ardaigh sé ó dhúshláin iomlán chun bheith ar an bhfear is aitheanta ar domhan.\nNí raibh Chaplin ag fáil ach $175 in aghaidh na seachtaine ag Keystone agus cuireadh é ar shiúl go Essanay Studios an bhliain ina dhiaidh sin le tairiscint ar ardú 700% (go $1250 in aghaidh na seachtaine) chomh maith le bónas sínithe $10,000.\nAinmníodh Essanay Studios tar éis na chéadfhocail S & A dá dá phríomhpháirtithe, George Spoor agus Gilbert Broncho Billy Anderson. Bhí sé bunaithe i Chicago ach tháinig Broncho Billy, a bhí ar cheann de na chéad réaltaí cowboy luath-scannán, níos déanaí chun an iarthar chun dara saoráid a chur ar bun i mbaile Niles, California chun Westerns a lámhach.\nTar éis dó síniú le Essanay, rinne Chaplin scannánú ar dtús i Chicago sula tháinig sé go Niles. Ní raibh sé iontas ar an mbaile nuair a tháinig sé ann. Bhí an sráidbhaile East Bay i bhfad ró-chríocha don fhear óg a raibh cónaí air ach i gcathracha móra Londain agus Los Angeles.\nNí bheadh Chaplin ach i Niles fada go leor chun dornán scannáin a dhéanamh, ach meastar go bhfuil ceann acu, The Tramp, mar a chéad mháistirbhealach inniu.\nSa scannán, réaltaíonn Charlie i ról a charachtar \"tramp beag\", a chruthaigh sé do Keystone. Chuir sceideal scannánaíochta frenetic Sennett cosc air an carachtar a fhorbairt go hiomlán, ag brath den chuid is mó ar slapstick chun gáire a fháil. Ag Essanay, bhí Chaplin in ann pathos a chur leis an gcarachtar, rud a rinne níos mó comhbhrón air.\nAg deireadh The Tramp, tá Chaplin diúltaithe ag a bhean (a d'imir Edna Purviance) agus téann sé ar shiúl trí Niles Canyon ina n-aonar. Ag an tús, tá sé ag cur a ghualainn, ag cur suas a luas, agus ag dul ar aghaidh ag lorg a chéad eachtra eile.\nNuair a shocraigh Chaplin an carachtar a scor ag deireadh na hAm Moderna i 1936, tháinig sé go Gleann Santa Clarita, a bhí ar eolas ag cineálacha luath mar Newhallywood. In Amanna Nua-aimseartha, thug Chaplin ómós do radharc deiridh The Tramp le casadh. Siad arís siúl amach, ach an uair seo an bóthar díreach agus paved, agus is tábhachtaí ... tá sé a fuair a cailín ar a thaobh. Tá deireadh le laethanta na Trampínn Beag ag tabhairt aghaidh ar an domhan ina n-aonar.\nBeidh Chaplin agus a chuid oibreacha á n-onóir ag 2011 Santa Clarita Valley ChaplinFest ar 4 agus 5 Feabhra i Newhall, California, le scannáin, léachtaí, sínithe leabhar, agus tiomantas cuimhneacháin ag onóir an 75ú bliain de scaoileadh na nAimsire Nua-aimseartha.\nBeidh roinnt saoránach de Niles ar fáil chun a mbaile a ionadaíocht an lá sin, lena n-áirítear an ceoltóir Michael McNevin.\nChun tuilleadh a fhoghlaim faoi ChaplinFest, cliceáil anseo.\nChun tuilleadh a fhoghlaim faoi Niles, cliceáil anseo."} +{"text": "First aid for cold injuries\nIt’s the time of year when those of us in the Northern hemisphere start having cold weather, and even here in Tucson nighttime temperatures are low enough to warrant consideration for hypothermia. With that in mind, let’s go over some First Aid basics for cold injuries.\nThere are two basic types of cold injuries: low body temperature (hypothermia), which affects the entire body; and frostbite, which affects only a small part of the body (usually, the toes, fingertips, nose, and/or ears).\nIf a person is outside in weather colder than about 50° F (about 10 ° C) and is not clothed to protect themselves, their body will eventually be unable to generate enough heat to maintain constant normal body temperature. The core temperature of their body will fall, resulting in hypothermia. Mild symptoms of hypothermia include being apathetic or lethargic, shivering, having pale & cool or cold skin, and poor muscle coordination. A person in a more severe hypothermia will often have symptoms like being unconscious, having very shallow & slow breathing, skin that feels ice cold to the touch, and may have a weak pulse (or may not have a detectable pulse). Anyone who has signs or symptoms of hypothermia should be removed from the cold immediately, and re-warmed with an external source of heat (their own body heat is not enough!). Any wet clothing should be removed. Call 9-1-1 or your local emergency response number for anyone who is thought to be suffering from hypothermia and is not acting like themselves or is unconscious, if you cannot rewarm the person, or if you are unsure about what to do.\nFrostbite happens when an exposed part of a person’s body is subjected to cold temperatures long enough for the tissue to become damaged and sometimes frozen. This can happen as a result of working in cold temperatures without gloves for example, or can also happen to people who are exposed to sudden bursts of cold such as if a liquid nitrogen or oxygen line ruptures and injures them. Frostbitten tissue may appear white, grey, or yellow and waxy, and the person will complain about the body part being numb (before it becomes numb, and fully frostbitten, they may complain about that part of their body feeling itchy and painfully cold). The person may lose the ability to use the body part; for example, if their finger becomes frostbitten they may be unable to bend it. Frostbitten body parts must be kept protected from re-freezing; if there is any chance that a person may suffer frostbite again after warming up the injured body part, it is better to not rewarm it until after that chance has been removed. Rewarm the body part slowly, and do not rub the injured part as rubbing it can cause the tissue to be even more severely damaged. Remove any jewelry on or near the injured part, in case the area swells.\nPreventing the injury from occurring initially will help the most, so make sure that anyone who will be exposed to low temperatures is appropriately dressed and protected, including covering face, ears, and hands, and limiting exposure to cold temperatures when possible. Anyone who develops, or is treated for either frostbite or hypothermia should be examined by a physician.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-26", "url": "http://cpr2uaz.com/first-aid-cold-injuries/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864822.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20180622220911-20180623000911-00171.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9510418773, "token_count": 685, "score": 3.125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Céadchabhair i gcás gortuithe fuar\nTá sé an t-am den bhliain nuair a thosnaíonn na daoine againn sa leathsféar Thuaidh ag a bheith aimsir fuar, agus fiú anseo i Tucson tá teocht oíche íseal go leor chun smaoineamh ar hypothermia a údarú. Agus é sin san áireamh, déanaimis roinnt bunscoileanna Céadchabhair a dhéanamh le haghaidh gortuithe fuar.\nTá dhá chineál bunúsach díobhála fuar ann: teocht íseal an choirp (hypothermia), a théann i bhfeidhm ar an gcorp ar fad; agus frostbite, nach dtéann i bhfeidhm ach ar chuid bheag den chorp (de ghnáth, na méara, na fingertips, an srón, agus / nó na cluasa).\nMá bhíonn duine amuigh i aimsir níos fuar ná thart ar 50° F (thart ar 10° C) agus mura bhfuil éadaí aige chun é féin a chosaint, ní bheidh a chorp in ann go leor teasa a ghiniúint chun teocht choitianta choitianta an choirp a choinneáil. Beidh an teocht lárnach a gcorp titim, a thoradh ar hypothermia. I measc na hairíonna éadrom ar hypothermia tá a bheith neamhghnách nó lethargic, shivering, a bheith páille & craiceann fuar nó fuar, agus comhordú matáin lag. Is minic a bhíonn comharthaí ag duine i hypothermia níos déine mar a bheith gan mhothúchán, ag cur an-chrom agus go mall, craiceann a bhraitheann fuar oighir chun teagmháil, agus d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh puls lag aige (nó d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh puls nach féidir a bhrath). Ba cheart aon duine a bhfuil comharthaí nó comharthaí hipothermia aige a bhaint as an fuar láithreach, agus ath-teasadh le foinse teasa seachtrach (ní leor a teas comhlacht féin!). Ba chóir aon éadaí fliuch a bhaint. Glaoigh ar 9-1-1 nó ar an uimhir fhreagra éigeandála áitiúil má cheaptar go bhfuil duine ag fulaingt ó hypothermia agus nach bhfuil ag gníomhú mar iad féin nó go bhfuil sé neamhfhiosach, mura féidir leat an duine a athfhás, nó mura bhfuil tú cinnte faoi cad atá le déanamh.\nTarlaíonn frostbite nuair a bhíonn cuid nochta de chorp duine faoi réir teochtaí fuar fada go leor chun an fíochán a mhilleadh agus a reo uaireanta. Is féidir é seo a tharlaíonn mar thoradh ar obair i teochtaí fuar gan lámhainní mar shampla, nó is féidir é a tharlaíonn freisin do dhaoine atá nochtaithe do ráigí tobann fuar mar shampla má leacht líne nítrigine nó ocsaigin leachtach agus díobháil dóibh. D'fhéadfadh fíochán frostbitten a bheith bán, liath, nó buí agus cearbhachais, agus gearánfaidh an duine go bhfuil an chuid den chorp numb (sular éiríonn sé numb, agus go hiomlán frostbitten, d'fhéadfadh siad gearán a dhéanamh go bhfuil an chuid sin dá gcorp ag itching agus fuar go pianmhar). Féadfaidh an duine an cumas a chailleadh an chuid choirp a úsáid; mar shampla, má bhíonn a mhéar fuar, b'fhéidir nach mbeidh sé in ann é a chlaochlú. Ní mór codanna comhlachta a bhfuil frostbite orthu a choinneáil faoi chosaint ó athfhriotaíocht; má tá aon seans ann go bhféadfadh duine frostbite a fháil arís tar éis an chuid chomhlachta díobhálaithe a théamh, is fearr gan é a théamh arís go dtí tar éis an seans sin a bhaint amach. Athfhás an chuid den chorp go mall, agus ná rub an chuid gortaithe mar is féidir le rubáil a bheith mar thoradh ar an fíochán a bheith damáiste níos déine. Tóg aon jewelry ar nó in aice leis an chuid gortaithe, i gcás go swells an limistéar.\nIs é an rud is mó a chabhróidh ná an díobháil a chosc ó thús, mar sin déan cinnte go bhfuil gach duine a bheidh nochtaithe do théamaí íseal clúdaithe go cuí agus cosanta, lena n-áirítear aghaidh, cluasa agus lámha a chlúdach, agus cur i bhfeidhm teoranta ar théamaí fuar nuair is féidir. Ba cheart do dhuine ar bith a fhorbraíonn, nó a chóireáiltear le haghaidh frostbite nó hypothermia, scrúdú a dhéanamh ag dochtúir."} +{"text": "|BBA – V (Hons.)|\n|Course Title:COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT\nCourse Number :BA (H) – 531\nCredit Hours : 03\nThis course develops the student to observe group relationship and its importance in organizational setup with the distinction between functional and dysfunctional aspects. Sociology helps to learn and perform to meet the objectives and norms of an organization, and to interact purposefully with the groups for the success of business. This course will help the students of management to learn the recent trends in sociology.\nSome of the important topics are culture, sub culture their usefulness and functional importance, roles and status in an organizational setup, social stratification etc. The subject tackles some of the challenges of globalization.\n- Definition of Sociology\n- Scope of Sociology\n- Sociology and Scientific Thoughts: Relationship of Sociology with other Social Sciences\n3.3 Political Science\n3.5 Social Anthropology\n- Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology\n- The Origin of Society\n5.1 The Emergence of Man\n5.2 The Symbolic World\n5.3 Individual, Group and Society – Definition\n5.4 Community – Definition\n- Rural Community\n- Urban Community\n5.5 Culture – Meaning, Definition and Characteristics of Culture\n5.6 Functional Role of Culture in Society\n6.1 Definition, Objectives of Socialization\n6.2 Process of Socialization\n6.3 Agencies of Socialization\n6.4 Groups – The Basic Social Unit\n- Ethnology – Definition, Meaning and Importance\n- Social Institutions\n8.1 Definition and Characteristics\n8.2 Types of Social Institution\n9.2 Personality and Culture\n- Social Change\n10.1 Definition, Meaning and Factors\n4.1 Why Different Perspectives\n4.2 The Functional Perspective\n4.3 The Conflict Perspective\n4.4 The Interactionist Perspective\n8.3 Role in Social Institutions\n- Albert Wilhelm, Elements of Sociology, Heineman Educational Books Limited, London, 1968.\n- Biesanz Mavis Hitunen, Richard Biesanz and Karen Biesanz, Introduction to Sociology (Study Guide), Prentice Hall, Inc. New Jersey, 1973.\n- DeFleur Melvin L., Millian V. D. Antonio and Lois B. Defleur, Sociology : Man in Society, Foresman and Company, London, 1972.\n- Jean, Stockard, Sociology : Discovering Society, Wadsworth, 2000.\n- Rand Jerry. D. Rose, Introduction to Sociology, Menally College Publishing Company Chicago, 1973.\n- Whitten Philips, Reading in Sociology : Contemporary Perspectives, Harper and Raw Publishers, London, 1979, (2nd Edition).", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "url": "http://ccbit.edu.pk/community-development.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038065903.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20210411233715-20210412023715-00044.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.747438252, "token_count": 576, "score": 2.609375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "BBA V (Hons. )\nTeideal an Chúrsa:FÓGLACHT COMHÓINNÍ\nUimhir an chúrsa: BA (H) 531\nUaireanta Creidmheasa: 03\nForbraíonn an cúrsa seo an mac léinn chun caidreamh grúpa agus a thábhacht i socrú eagraíochta a bhreathnú leis an idirdhealú idir gnéithe feidhmiúla agus mífheidhmiúla. Cuidíonn an tsocheolaíocht le foghlaim agus le feidhmiú chun cuspóirí agus nósanna eagraíochta a chomhlíonadh, agus le hidirghníomhú go cuspóireach leis na grúpaí chun rath gnó a bhaint amach. Cabhróidh an cúrsa seo le mic léinn bainistíochta na treochtaí is déanaí sa tsocheolaíocht a fhoghlaim.\nTá cultúr, fo-chultúr, a n-úsáideacht agus a thábhacht fheidhmiúil, róil agus stádas i socrú eagraíochta, stratiú sóisialta, etc. Déileálann an t-ábhar le cuid de na dúshláin a bhaineann leis an domhandacht.\n- Sainmhíniú ar Shóiseolaíocht\n- Scóip na Sóisiolaíochta\n- Socheolaíocht agus Smaointe Eolaíocha: Caidreamh na Socheolaíochta le heolaíochtaí sóisialta eile\n3.3 Eolaíocht Pholaitiúil\n3.5 Antraipolaíocht Shóisialta\n- Tuairimí teoiriciúla sa socheolaíocht\n- Bunús na Sochaí\n5.1 An Tús a Thóg an Duine\n5.2 An Domhan Siombalach\n5.3 An Duine Aonair, an Grúpa agus an tSochaí Sainmhíniú\n5.4 Comhphobal Sainmhíniú\n- Comhphobal Tuaithe\n- Comhphobal Cathrach\n5.5 Cultúr Ciall, Sainmhíniú agus saintréithe cultúir\n5.6 Ról feidhmiúil an chultúir sa tsochaí\n6.1 Sainmhíniú, Spriocanna Sóisialaithe\n6.2 Próiseas Sóisialaithe\n6.3 Gníomhaireachtaí Sóisialaithe\n6.4 Grúpaí An Bun-Aonad Sóisialta\n- Eitneolaíocht Sainmhíniú, Ciall agus tábhacht\n- Institiúidí Sóisialta\n8.1 Sainmhíniú agus saintréithe\n8.2 Cineálacha Institiúide Sóisialta\n9.2 Pearsantacht agus Cultúr\n- Athrú Sóisialta\n10.1 Sainmhíniú, Ciall agus Fachtóirí\n4.1 Cén fáth go bhfuil dearcadh éagsúil ann\n4.2 An t-ionchas feidhmiúil\n4.3 An t-ionchas ar an gcoimhlint\n4.4 An t-Ionchas Idirghníomhach\n8.3 Ról sna hinstitiúidí sóisialta\n- Albert Wilhelm, Elements of Sociology, Heineman Educational Books Limited, Londain, 1968.\n- Biesanz Mavis Hitunen, Richard Biesanz agus Karen Biesanz, Treoir i dtaobh Sóiseolaíochta (Treoir Staidéar), Prentice Hall, Inc. New Jersey, 1973.\n- DeFleur Melvin L., Millian V. D. Antonio agus Lois B. Defleur, Socheolaíocht: Man in Society, Foresman and Company, Londain, 1972.\n- Jean, Stockard, Socheolaíocht: D'aimsigh an tsochaí, Wadsworth, 2000.\n- Rand Jerry. D. Rose, Tús a chur le Sóiseolaíocht, Cuideachta Foilsitheoireachta Menally College Chicago, 1973.\n- Whitten Philips, Reading in Sociology : Contemporary Perspectives, Harper and Raw Publishers, Londain, 1979, (2ú hIonstraim)."} +{"text": "|Home | About | Journals | Submit | Contact Us | Français|\nChromatin at centromeres is distinct from the chromatin in which the remainder of the genome is assembled. Two features consistently distinguish centromeres: the presence of the histone H3 variant CENP-A and, in most organisms, the presence of heterochromatin. In fission yeast, domains of silent ‘heterochromatin’ flank the CENP-A chromatin domain that forms a platform upon which the kinetochore is assembled. Thus, fission yeast centromeres resemble their metazoan counterparts where the kinetochore is embedded in centromeric heterochromatin. The centromeric outer repeat chromatin is underacetylated on histones H3 and H4, and methylated on lysine 9 of histone H3, which provides a binding site for the chromodomain protein Swi6 (orthologue of Heterochromatin Protein 1, HP1). The remarkable demonstration that the assembly of repressive heterochromatin is dependent on the RNA interference machinery provokes many questions about the mechanisms of this process that may be tractable in fission yeast. Heterochromatin ensures that a high density of cohesin is recruited to centromeric regions, but it could have additional roles in centromere architecture and the prevention of merotely, and it might also act as a trigger for kinetochore assembly. In addition, we discuss an epigenetic model for ensuring that CENP-A is targeted and replenished at the kinetochore domain.\nIn many organisms, centromeric chromatin is cytologically distinct from the remainder of the chromosomes. In metaphase spreads of colchicine-treated human chromosomes, the centromere is seen as the primary constriction on chromosomes, and the chromosomes remain cohesed at this position. During interphase, centromeres are seen as DAPI-bright regions in the nucleus, indicating the presence of a constitutively condensed chromatin, known as heterochromatin (Bernard & Allshire 2002). Heterochromatin has phenotypic consequences for genes placed in its vicinity. Placement of genes near to centromeric heterochromatin as a result of chromosomal rearrangement or insertion results in their silencing. This phenomenon—position effect variegation—was first observed in Drosophila, and is seen in organisms from yeast to humans (Reuter & Spierer 1992; Dillon & Festenstein 2002; Richards & Elgin 2002; Schotta et al. 2003).\nCentromeric DNA is not conserved in sequence between organisms, yet similar features appear—reams of repetitive elements, such as alpha satellite in humans, minor satellite in mouse, AATAT and TTCTC satellites in Drosophila, interspersed with complex A+T rich repeats and mobile elements (Cleveland et al. 2003; Sun et al. 2003). Consequently, the sequence requirements for functions remain ill-defined.\nThe other defining trait of centromere regions, in addition to heterochromatin, is the presence of a Histone H3 variant, CENP-A (also known as cid, Cenp-a, Cnp1). It is localized to the inner kinetochore plate, and is underlain by the centromeric heterochromatin. (Warburton et al.. 1997; Blower et al. 2002; Cleveland et al. 2003). Even at the simple point centromeres of budding yeast that require only 125bp DNA for full segregation function, there is a unique form of chromatin (Cottarel et al. 1989; Cleveland et al. 2003) A CENP-A/Cse4-containing nucleosome is associated with the kinetochore. It is flanked by phased (histone H3-containing) nucleosomes, and the DNA has differential nuclease sensitivity. Thus, there is no chromatin with features of silent chromatin at budding yeast centromeres, and the Sir3/Sir4-based silent chromatin at the telomeres and mating type locus (Perrod & Gasser 2003) differs from silent chromatin or heterochromatin in other eukaryotes, which involves chromodomain proteins such as HP1 and Swi6.\nFission yeast centromeres span 35–110kb and are composed of a central core region of non-repetitive DNA (cnt), flanked by inverted repeat regions—the innermost repeats (imr) and the outer repeats (otr), as shown in figure 1 (Takahashi et al. 1992; Steiner et al. 1993; Wood et al. 2002). The DNA is encompassed in two distinct chromatin domains: the central core region, consisting of the cnt and imr sequences, upon which the kinetochore is assembled and the heterochromatic outer repeat domains (silent chromatin). Thus the fission yeast centromeres resemble those of vertebrates, with the kinetochore embedded in a sea of silent chromatin or heterochromatin. The two domains are cytologically distinct (Kniola et al. 2001). Similarity has been noted between fission yeast outer repeats and transposable elements (Halverson et al. 1997). In other species, mobile elements are also seen in centromeric regions, raising the possibility that remnants of transposable elements might now contribute to centromere structure and function. Marker genes placed within the fission yeast centromere are transcriptionally silenced (Allshire et al. 1994, 1995). The degree and properties of the silencing vary with position in the centromere; strong silencing is observed at the outer repeats, while that in the central core is less robust.\nThe central core DNA is AT rich; cnt1 and cnt3 share a 3.3kb element that is 99% identical and cnt2 has an element with 48% identity over 1.5kb (Wood et al. 2002). The left and right imr inverted repeats are unique to each centromere. The central core region is packaged in a unique chromatin structure (Polizzi & Clarke 1991; Takahashi et al. 1992). While bulk chromatin exhibits a canonical ladder pattern upon limited digestion with micrococcal nuclease, hybridization with a central core probe gives a smear pattern. This unique pattern is not attributable to DNA sequence since it does not form when the DNA is introduced into budding yeast or if it is placed on a chromosome arm (Marschall & Clarke 1995). It forms only when the central core is in a functional context: only on centromere plasmids with segregation function is the unique chromatin seen over the central core, and it is lost in mutants that affect central core silencing and function. The other major difference between central core chromatin and the rest of the genome is the presence of the histone H3 variant CENP-Acnp1 which replaces (totally or partially) histone H3 (Takahashi et al. 2000; Mellone & Allshire, unpublished). Presumably, this CENP-Acnp1 is assembled into specialized nucleosomes, and their structure or organization cause the atypical nuclease sensitivity. Upon this specialized central core chromatin, the kinetochore is assembled.\nTranscriptional silencing at the central core reflects the assembly of a fully functional kinetochore complex rather than canonical heterochromatin. The silencing is weaker than in the outer repeat regions, and in order to perform an alleviation of silencing screen, it was necessary to use a promoter-crippled arg3+ gene inserted into the central core of cen1 (Pidoux et al. 2003). Sim (silencing in the middle of the centromere) mutants identified in the screen include CENP-Acnp1 itself and the kinetochore protein Sim4, which is probably the homologue of CENP-H. Sim4 and other kinetochore proteins, such as Mis6, Mis12, Mal2, and Ams2 identified in various screens, are specifically associated with the central core region by chromatin immunoprecipitation (Saitoh et al. 1997; Goshima et al. 1999; Jin et al. 2002; Chen et al. 2003). In all these mutants, the specialized central core chromatin is disrupted and replaced by a ladder pattern, and in many CENP-Acnp1 association is reduced.\nAn intriguing and vital question in understanding centromere function is how CENP-Acnp1 nucleosomes are incorporated at the central core and only at the central core. This is unlikely to be directed by sequence alone. mis6 mutants fail to incorporate newly synthesized GFP-Cnp1, prompting the proposal that it is a loading factor for CENP-Acnp1 (Takahashi et al. 2000). However, its mammalian and budding yeast homologues, CENP-I and Ctf3, respectively, do not appear to share this property (Measday et al. 2002; Nishihashi et al. 2002). As noted above, several other central core mutants also affect the levels of CENP-Acnp1 at the central core (Pidoux et al. 2003; Chen et al. 2003). While some of these genes may turn out to encode CENP-A specific chromatin assembly factors, it is unlikely to be the whole story, and does not address the issue of incorporation site. One idea is that it is the presence of a functional kinetochore that directs where incorporation occurs (Mellone & Allshire 2003; figure 2). How might this be achieved? The role of the centromere is to segregate chromosomes through interaction with spindle microtubules (MTs). Tension is exerted across properly bi-oriented sister centromeres. In this scenario, tension would induce a ‘mark’, which would be read as a signal to incorporate CENP-A. CENP-A loading could be contemporaneous with the tension at metaphase, or, more likely, the mark would be in the form of a modification or conformational change that would be read in the next cell cycle, probably in S phase, when the signal would prompt the incorporation of CENP-A nucleosomes with the travelling replication fork. Alternatively, chromatin remodelling machinery could strip out H3 nucleosomes and replace them with CENP-A nucleosomes at marked sites post-replication. Such a model is attractive as it serves to link the two major roles of the centromere—chromosome segregation and the maintenance of the site of kinetochore formation cell cycle after cell cycle and generation after generation—in an epigenetic mechanism that depends on kinetochore integrity rather than on the DNA sequence.\nHistones H3 and H4 in the nucleosomes of outer repeat chromatin are underacetylated on lysines in their N-terminal tails, compared with euchromatin (Ekwall et al. 1997; Mellone et al. 2003). This correlates with transcriptional silencing: a ura4+ gene placed within the outer repeats is strongly silenced, with very few colonies forming on media lacking uracil and many forming on media containing the counter-selective drug FOA (Allshire et al. 1995). Hypoacetylation is important for centromere function, as brief treatment with the histone deacetylase inhibitor TSA causes a heritable increase in acetylation of centromeric chromatin, expression of marker genes and a concomitant defect in chromosome segregation (Ekwall et al. 1997). The hypoacetylated state of the outer repeat chromatin is owing to the activities of three histone deacetylases: Clr3, Clr6 and Sir2 (Nakayama et al. 2001; Bjerling et al. 2002; Shankaranarayana et al. 2003). Clr3 acts to deacetylate lysine 14 of histone H3, and Sir2 deacetylates lysine 9 of histone H3, while Clr6 has a broader specificity, deacetylating several of the lysines in the histone H3 and H4 N termini.\nIn addition to their hypoacetylation, outer repeat nucleosomes differ from their euchromatic counterparts in their methylation status. Lysine 9 of histone H3 is methylated in heterochromatic regions—the centromeric outer repeats and the silent mating type locus. Expressed regions lack lysine 9 methylation but are methylated on lysine 4 of histone H3 (Hall et al. 2002). The histone methyltransferase Clr4 is responsible for the methylation of histone H3 K9 (Rea 2000). This modification creates a binding site for the chromodomain protein Swi6 (Ekwall et al. 1995; Bannister et al. 2001; Lachner et al. 2001; Nakayama et al. 2001). Both these proteins have orthologues in Drosophila that were identified in screens for suppression of position effect variegation. Su(var)3-9 is a histone H3 K9 methyltransferase and Su(var)2-5 encodes heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1), the counterpart of Swi6 (Reuter & Spierer 1992; Dillon & Festenstein 2002; Richards & Elgin 2002; Schotta et al. 2003). The Suvar3-9 and HP1 proteins interact and are located at the heterochromatic pericentromeric regions in Drosophila and mammals (James et al. 1989; Wreggett et al. 1994; Aagaard et al. 1999; Minc et al. 1999). Likewise, in fission yeast, the absence of either Swi6 or Clr4 causes alleviation of outer repeat (and mating type) silencing, and Swi6 is specifically located at these regions (Allshire et al. 1995; Ekwall et al. 1995; Partridge et al. 2000; Nakayama et al. 2000; Noma et al. 2001). These mutants have increased chromosome loss, lagging chromosomes on late anaphase spindles and hypersensitivity to MT-destabilizing drugs. Assays that detect alleviation of silencing have been used in genetic screens to pinpoint other factors required for the formation of heterochromatin (Ekwall et al. 1996, 1999; Volpe et al. 2002, 2003); many of these are involved in the RNA interference pathways (see below). Another chromodomain protein, Chp1, is required for methylation of histone H3 lysine 9 and binds dimethylated H3 peptide in vitro (Partridge et al. 2000, 2002). It is found in the RITS complex along with Tas3, Ago1 and siRNAs (Verdel et al. 2004). Rik1 is a UVDDB-like protein which is required for lysine 9 methylation (Neuwald & Poleksic 2000, Nakayama et al. 2001). The centromere suppressor of position effect mutants, csp7 to 13, lose methylation of lysine 9 and fail to recruit Swi6 and Rad21-cohesin; csp9 is an allele of ago1 (Ekwall et al. 1999; Volpe et al. 2002, 2003).\nThe outer repeat dg elements are 97% identical between centromeres (Wood et al. 2002). Such conservation implies a requirement for specific sequences. In an ectopic silencing assay, a 1.6kb region of the outer repeat region was inserted at a euchromatic site (ade6 locus) next to a ura4+ gene. The ura4+ gene became transcriptionally silenced and gained heterochromatic marks and features: hypoacetylation, methylation of histone H3 lysine 9 and the recruitment of Swi6 and Rad21-cohesin (Partridge et al. 2002). The region could be further narrowed down to 1kb, suggesting that a short specific sequence is able to act as a nucleation site for heterochromatin assembly. Similar observations have been made for a short sequence from the mating type locus (Ayoub et al. 2000).\nThe observations that marker genes inserted into centromeric heterochromatin in fission yeast were transcriptionally silenced, and no steady-state transcripts were detected coming from the outer repeat regions, suggested that the centromeres were transcriptionally inert (Fishel et al. 1988). Ironically, it transpires that the formation of silent heterochromatin is actually dependent on transcripts from the outer repeat regions and the RNA interference machinery (Reinhart & Bartel 2002; Volpe et al. 2002; Grewal & Moazed 2003; Schramke & Allshire 2004; Ekwall 2004). Mutants in components of the RNAi machinery, Argonaute (Ago1), Dicer (Dcr1) and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (Rdp1), alleviate silencing of marker genes in the centromeric outer repeats and have lagging chromosomes. In these mutants, but not in the wild type, transcripts derived from the top and the bottom strands are detectable. The transcripts are partially complementary and could potentially form dsRNA that would be a substrate for the RNase III-related endonuclease Dicer. Nuclear run-on assays indicate that the transcripts are actually produced in wild-type cells but are normally not detectable, presumably because of processing (Volpe et al. 2002). Interestingly, mouse centromeric satellite repeats are also transcribed (Lehnertz et al. 2003).\nObservations in several organisms suggest that the activities of the RNAi machinery can have three outcomes (figure 3; Grewal & Moazed 2003; Schramke & Allshire 2004; Ekwall 2004): the degradation of messenger RNA homologous to siRNAs (post-transcriptional gene silencing, (PTGS), involving the RISC complex that includes Argonaute); chromatin-based silencing (either DNA methylation in plants, methylation of histone H3 lysine 9 and recruitment of chromodomain proteins such as Swi6 in fission yeast, or, both in human cells; Kawasaki & Taira 2004); and translational inhibition. Some proteins appear to have roles in only one of these processes, while others have roles in both mRNA degradation and the chromatin-dependent silencing pathway. The chromodomain protein Swi6 operates only in the chromatin-based pathway, RNAi components such as Ago1, Dcr1 and Rdp1 affect both pathways (e.g. Ago1 is thought to be a component of both RISC and RITS; Volpe et al. 2002; Schramke & Allshire 2003; Verdel et al., 2004). The phenotypes of a clr4Δ mutant unexpectedly suggest that it may have roles in both pathways.\nHow is the transition made from acetylated euchromatin to the heterochromatic state? Two models can be envisaged for how siRNAs elicit the formation of heterochromatin. In one, homologous DNA is the target for siRNAs (Jones et al. 1999; Mette et al. 2000). The evidence for this DNA–RNA view comes from experiments in plants in which dsRNAs homologous to a promoter region lead to chromatin-based silencing. More recently, it has been shown that transfection of human cells with several siRNAs results in chromatin-based silencing of a target gene (Kawasaki & Taira 2004). Since promoters themselves are not expected to be transcribed, it is suggested that the siRNAs may be targeting DNA. The second model—which we favour—invokes RNA–RNA pairing between the siRNAs and homologous nascent transcripts (figure 4). Experiments in fission yeast (Schramke & Allshire unpublished) indicate that transcription is required to induce chromatin-based silencing. Whether the requirement is for the nascent transcript or the act of transcription is not yet known. In this scenario, nascent transcripts would attract homologous siRNAs assembled in the RITS complex (Chp1, Ago1, Tas3), along with histone modifying enzymes—the histone deacetylase activities and the histone methyltransferase Clr4. This would be analogous to the situation with other chromatin modifying activities that are known to track along with elongating RNA polymerase II, for example, the SET1 and SET2 histone H3 lysine 4 and lysine 36 methyltransferases (Hampsey & Reinberg 2003). Thus, heterochromatin would spread along with RNA polymerase as in travels down the chromatin fibre.\nIf the repetitive elements found at centromeres in fission yeast, mammals and Drosophila are indeed the remnants of retrotransposons, it might be expected that retrotransposons and remnant solo LTRs that lie outside the centromere would also be coated with repressive heterochromatin. In fission yeast, TF1 and TF2 LTRs do indeed bear the hallmarks of heterochromatin, lysine 9 methylation and, Swi6 binding. When ago1, dcr1 or rdp1 are deleted, transcripts from both top and bottom strands of the LTRs are detected. These patches of heterochromatin have an effect on nearby genes, since mutation of RNAi components cause their derepression, as does the deletion of individual LTRs (Schramke & Allshire 2003).\nThus the RNAi machinery can act to bring about the formation of silent chromatin outside the context of centromeric DNA. Does sequence matter, or does any double-stranded RNA have the potential to induce heterochromatin? Expression from a plasmid of a hairpin RNA to a portion of the ura4 gene induced silencing and heterochromatin formation on the ura4+ gene in the genome but failed to produce these effects on a genomic copy of ura4 that lacked this portion of the gene (Schramke & Allshire 2003). This suggests that lysine 9 methylation, Swi6 recruitment, and thus silent chromatin, can potentially be formed on any piece of DNA simply by production of the appropriate dsRNA. The ability to produce ‘synthetic’ heterochromatin will be valuable in the dissection of heterochromatin assembly and centromere function.\nIn wild-type cells expressing the ura4 hairpin, sequences upstream of the homologous region also become modified with lysine 9 methylation. This spreading phenomenon fails to occur in cells lacking Swi6, suggesting that Swi6 itself is required for the propagation of silent chromatin marks (Schramke & Allshire 2003), consistent with other observations (Hall et al. 2002; Shankaranarayana et al. 2003). In endogenous centromeres, heterochromatin is formed not only at regions homologous to the centromeric transcripts but throughout the outer repeat region, suggesting that here too, spreading occurs. A model can be envisaged in which the Clr3 and Clr6 histone deacetylases are recruited by the RITS complex/siRNAs to a homologous nascent transcript held by elongating RNA polymerase II, and deacetylate nucleosomes on the adjacent chromatin. This would enable Clr4 to act to methylate histone H3 lysine 9, providing a binding site for Swi6. From this nucleation site, the Sir2 NAD+-dependent HDAC and Clr4 HMTase would sequentially modify the adjacent chromatin, allowing Swi6 recruitment and spreading of silent chromatin (Ekwall 2004). The ability of Swi6 to dimerize might also contribute to heterochromatin propagation (Cowieson et al. 2000). In addition, the fission yeast CENP-B homologues, which display similarity to transposases, play a role in nucleation of heterochromatin in fission yeast (Nakagawa et al. 2002), while CENP-B itself binds α-satellite DNA at centromeres (Cleveland et al. 2003).\nHow do the observations of ectopic silencing, which imply sequence specificity, square with the ability to induce synthetic heterochromatin with a non-centromeric hairpin? Perhaps it is the potential to produce dsRNA that is important, rather than the actual sequence itself. Investigation of the details of transcript requirements will be informative.\nThere is strong evidence to indicate that centromeres, including those of fission yeast, are epigenetically regulated (Karpen & Allshire 1997; Sullivan et al. 2001; Amor & Choo 2002). Variegation of marker gene silencing occurs: the ade6 gene inserted at the central core produces red (repressed state), white (expressed state), sectored and pink colonies on indicator plates (Allshire et al. 1994). Thus, distinct metastable states can be adopted by normal centromeres and propagated in genetically identical cells. Transient treatment of cells with the histone deacetylase inhibitor TSA causes a heritable increase in acetylation of outer repeat histones, loss of marker gene silencing and defective centromere function (Ekwall et al. 1997). These defective acetylated lineages are able to regain the functional state at a low frequency.\nExtensive series of experiments using fragments of centromeric DNA have been performed to define sequence requirements for centromere function (Niwa et al. 1986, 1989; Hahnenberger et al. 1989, 1991; Matsumoto et al. 1990). However, unlike in budding yeast where the 125bp of DNA confers mitotic and meiotic segregation function, in fission yeast it has been impossible to define a short stretch of DNA that embodies the centromere. The overall conclusion of these studies is that an entire central core and an extensive region of an outer repeat (dg) are the minimal requirements for segregation function. Addition of inverted repeat elements is beneficial in some cases. However, it appears that context is important, and there is evidence for a modular nature of centromeres as parts of a central core can substitute for others. Introduction into cells of certain minimal constructs produces two classes of transformant—those with ‘stable’ plasmids and those with ‘unstable’ plasmids (Steiner & Clarke 1994). The differences were not owing to mutations, and the passage of each type of plasmid through bacteria and reintroduction into fission yeast again produced both the stable and the unstable class. This suggests that the plasmids have to achieve, through a stochastic process, the correct chromatin conformation to create a functional centromere. Once attained, this specific chromatin environment would then promote the recruitment of CENP-Acnp1. A 2.1kb ‘centromere enhancer’ element from the outer repeats (essentially dg) was defined as being particularly important for centromere function (Baum et al. 1994). However, further experiments indicated that this element was actually dispensable and could be substituted with another outer repeat element. In these experiments, if a ‘non-functional’ minimal centromere plasmid was propagated for many generations with selection, in a low proportion of cases, functional centromere plasmids were created when the selection was removed (Ngan & Clarke 1997). This suggests that if given enough time, the minimal constructs are sometimes able to adopt a functional centromere architecture; this presumably involves the recruitment of proteins and the assembly of specialized centromeric chromatin. Note that, in all cases, outer repeat and central domain sequences were required to form a functional centromere, indicating that the transcribed outer repeats provide some role in kinetochore assembly over the central domain. We imagine that this would include both heterochromatin, with its hypoacetylated lysine 9 methylated histones, and a region of CENP-Acnp1 chromatin with the characteristic morphology.\nBoth central core and outer repeat regions are required for de novo formation of a functional centromere when naked DNA is transformed into fission yeast. On the other hand, genes encoding central core proteins such as mis6, mis12, mal2, cnp1 and sim4 are essential, yet virtually all outer repeat proteins are non-essential (for instance swi6, clr4, chp1, rik1, tas3, ago1, dcr1 and rdp1 RNAi components). What, then, is the function of the twin outer repeat domains?\nOne known function of the outer repeats is in cohesion. swi6 mutants prematurely lose cohesion at the centromere, but show no defect in cohesion along the chromosome arms. Consistent with this, chromatin immunoprecipitation indicates that in a swi6 mutant, Rad21-Cohesin is lost specifically from the heterochromatic outer repeats (and other heterochromatin sites) but other sites are unaffected (Bernard et al. 2001; Nonaka et al. 2002). swi6 and rad21 mutants are synthetically lethal. In a rad21 mutant at the permissive temperature, there is enough residual cohesin function to ensure segregation function, though there is a high incidence of lagging chromosomes. In the absence of Swi6, centromeric cohesion is lost, but arm cohesion is adequate to ensure a sufficient level of chromosome bi-orientation. In the absence of both Swi6 and Rad21, the lack of centromeric cohesion and the reduced arm cohesion are so debilitating that the accurate chromosome slips below a level that is compatible with viability. Swi6 has been shown to interact physically with another subunit of cohesin, Psc3 (Nonaka et al. 2002). Thus, Swi6-containing heterochromatin is responsible for recruiting a high density of cohesin to the centromeric outer repeats. Interestingly, this link seems to be conserved since vertebrate cells lacking dicer display disrupted heterochromatin and defective centromeric cohesion (Fukagawa et al. 2004).\nFission yeast centromere 1 is almost perfectly symmetrical (Wood et al. 2002): the imr sequences are perfect inverted repeats (98% identical), as are the outer repeats; nucleotide changes on one side are often mirrored on the other. The imr sequences of centromeres 2 and 3 are also perfect inverted repeats, though there are different numbers of otr repeats on the left and right sides of the two centromeres. The symmetry has prompted speculation that the two sides of the centromere interact in some way to form a higher order structure such as a loop (Fishel et al. 1988; Takahashi et al. 1992; Clarke et al. 1993). Might heterochromatin and the cohesin it recruits have a role in the architecture of such a loop? Possibly it has a role in holding together not only sister chromatids, but in intramolecular synapsis of the left and right sides of the centromere. What would the purpose of such a loop be? Perhaps this architecture would ensure that the central core is presented optimally for kinetochore assembly (figure 5). Mutants in RNAi, heterochromatin and cohesin components have a high incidence of lagging chromosomes (chromatids) on late anaphase spindles (Ekwall et al. 1995, 1996; Hall et al. 2003; Volpe et al. 2003). In larger eukaryotes, lagging chromosomes have been shown to be merotelically oriented—this is when at single kinetochore is simultaneously attached to MTs emanating from both spindle poles (reviewed in Pidoux & Allshire 2003). Kinetochore stretching occurs, and there is failure or delay in segregating to the poles. Merotely is a major contributor to aneuploidy in mammalian tissue culture cells (Cimini et al. 2001). Fission yeast kinetochores are each associated with two to four MTs (Ding et al. 1993) and the behaviour of lagging chromosomes observed in living cells is consistent with merotelic attachment (Pidoux et al. 2000). The hypothetical loop structure may be important for the imposition of rigidity on the kinetochore, ensuring that the multiple MT binding sites on each kinetochore are clamped together so that they all face the same direction and thus promote monopolar (amphitelic) attachment. Another protein which may influence centromere orientation is Pcs1 (Rabitsch et al. 2003). Its homologue in budding yeast, Csm1, is part of the monopolin complex required for mono-orientation of sister kinetochores in meiosis I, and is thought to act in clamping the MT-attachment sites together. Pcs1 does not seem to be required in fission yeast meiosis I, but its absence in mitosis causes lagging chromosomes, suggesting that it could play a role in clamping adjacent MT attachment sites together on a kinetochore.\nAs we have seen, cells with compromized outer repeat heterochromatin have chromosome segregation defects but they are viable. Yet when plasmids are transformed into cells, both central core and outer repeat elements are essential for segregation function. Perhaps the outer repeats are required initially in the establishment of a functional centromere to tell the cell where to deposit CENP-A for the assembly of the kinetochore (figure 5). Then the essential function of the outer repeats may be over, and its roles may be limited to those important but not absolutely essential roles described above—cohesion (arm cohesion suffices) and prevention of merotely (lagging chromosomes occur, but accurate segregation is at a level compatible with viability). Obviously, in non-experimental situations, the cell is not going to encounter naked DNA upon which to assemble a kinetochore. Perhaps the outer repeats function in a kind of ‘reset’ mechanism that can boost centromere architecture if the structure becomes weakened, or there is reduced CENP-A for some reason.\nThese ideas are testable now that the ability to make ‘synthetic’ heterochromatin exists (Schramke & Allshire 2003). Can a centromere form when a central core is placed between two blocks of synthetic heterochromatin, for instance? Once a centromere is assembled, can outer repeat sequences be removed, or the trigger for synthetic heterochromatin switched off? The pioneering experiments of Mitsuhiro Yanagida and Louise Clarke should be revisited in the light of our knowledge about protein domains of the centromere, the nature and genesis of heterochromatin and the functional significance of CENP-A, and the specialized central core chromatin.\nThe kinetochore is formed over the central core chromatin, and this is where MTs would be expected to contact the centromere; indeed the microtubule-associated protein (MAP) Dis1 has been localized to this region by ChIP. However, another MAP, Alp14, is located at the imr and otr regions. While both proteins associate with the centromere in a mitosis dependent fashion, only Alp14's association is fully dependent on MTs (Garcia et al. 2001; Nakaseko et al. 2001). Perhaps these differences are a reflection of multiple types of MT interaction with the kinetochore.\nIn Drosophila, CENP-Acid and histone H3 are interspersed on experimentally produced extended chromatin fibres, yet in fixed cells they appear in cytologically distinct domains as juxtaposed cylinders or layers (Blower et al. 2002). The difference between the two observations is explicable by a model in which the centromeric chromatin loops or coils so that all the CENP-A domains are in register, forming a surface for kinetochore assembly and MT interaction. If the fission yeast centromere does indeed form a loop structure as we propose, it might represent a single kintochore unit, interacting with two to four mts, whereas higher eukaryotic centromeres, which are known to be modular structures (Zinkowski et al. 1991; Blower et al. 2002), would consist of re-iterated units.\nIn fission yeast, there are two distinct protein domains: the heterochromatin and kinetochore domains. Proteins that associate with each domain are required for the full segregation function of the centromere, and both domains are required for de novo centromere formation. The kinetochore is assembled over the central core CENP-Acnp1-containing chromatin. Putative CENP-Acnp1 specific chromatin assembly factors could be aided by an epigenetic mechanism reliant on segregation competence, which would operate to replenish CENP-Acnp1 in the kinetochore domain. The assembly of Swi6-containing heterochromatin over the outer repeat regions are dependent on the RNAi machinery. This centromeric heterochromatin is responsible for recruiting a high density of cohesin, and could have supplementary related roles in the formation of a higher order loop structure and in the prevention of merotely. In addition, we believe that the heterochromatin domain may act as a trigger in kinetochore formation in fission yeast. Could such a model apply to higher eukaryotes? At mammalian centromeres, CENP-A and HP1 are in cytologically distinct locations—the inner kinetochore plate and the underlying heterochromatin, respectively (Cleveland et al. 2003). The formation of neocentromeres on rearranged human chromosomes is an intriguing phenomenon (Warburton 2004); neocentromeres form at places not normally associated with centromere activity and in at least one case have been shown by sequencing to be devoid of alpha satellite DNA. Faced with the need to make a centromere, a region with the potential to recruit CENP-A and nearby to one with the potential to form heterochromatin would be favoured. It is not implausible that these could be places where there is AT-rich DNA and non-coding antiparallel transcripts.\nWe thank members of the Allshire lab for discussions. The research carried out in the Allshire lab is funded by the Wellcome Trust. R.C.A. is a Wellcome Trust Principal Research Fellow.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-22", "url": "http://pubmedcentralcanada.ca/pmcc/articles/PMC1569473/?lang=en-ca", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1433195035744.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20150601214355-00044-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.900781095, "token_count": 8187, "score": 2.625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": " Baile Maidir le Journal Submit Contact Us Fraincis \nTá crómatín ag centromeres difriúil ón crómatín ina bhfuil an chuid eile den ghéinóim curtha le chéile. Tá dhá ghné a dhéanann idirdhealú ar lármhéirí go comhsheasmhach: an éagsúlacht histone H3 CENP-A a bheith i láthair agus, i bhformhór na n-orgánaigh, an heterochromatin a bheith i láthair. I giosta fisiúna, tá fearainn de heterochromatin ciúin ag cúl fearainn cromatin CENP-A a chruthaíonn ardán ar a ndéantar an cinetochore a shuiteáil. Dá bhrí sin, tá centromeres fíonchaora leamháin cosúil lena gcomhghleacaithe metazoaí áit a bhfuil an kinetochore leabaithe i heterochromatin centromeric. Tá an crómatín athdhéanta seachtrach centromeric faoi-acetylated ar histones H3 agus H4, agus meitheilte ar lysine 9 de histone H3, a sholáthraíonn suíomh ceangailteach don phróitéin crómadóimín Swi6 (ortólóg de Prótaín Heterochromatin 1, HP1). Tá an léiriú suntasach go bhfuil an tionól heterochromatin represive ag brath ar an meaisín idirghabhála RNA ag spreagadh go leor ceisteanna faoi mheicníochtaí an phróisis seo a d'fhéadfadh a bheith inléite i giostaí dílse. Cinntíonn heterochromatin go ndéantar dlús ard cohesin a earcú chuig réigiúin centromeric, ach d'fhéadfadh ról breise a bheith aige i ailtireacht centromere agus cosc a chur ar merotely, agus d'fhéadfadh sé gníomhú mar thrigger freisin do chruinniú kinetochore. Ina theannta sin, pléann muid le samhail epigenetic chun a chinntiú go bhfuil CENP-A dírithe agus athshlánú ag an réimse kinetochore.\nI go leor orgánaigh, tá crómatín centromeric difriúil ó thaobh cítheolaíoch de ó chuid eile de na crómasóimí. I scaipeadh meiteaphas de chrómósóimí daonna a ndearnadh cóireáil orthu le colchicine, feictear an centromere mar an phríomh-shrianta ar chrómósóimí, agus fanann na crómósóimí comhcheangailte ag an suíomh seo. Le linn idirphase, feictear centromeres mar réigiúin shoiléir DAPI sa núicléas, ag léiriú go bhfuil crómatín tiubhaithe bunreachtúil ann, ar a dtugtar heterochromatin (Bernard & Allshire 2002). Tá iarmhairtí feiniméideacha ag heterochromatin ar ghéinneacha a chuirtear ina chomharsanacht. Mar thoradh ar athshocrú crómasóideach nó ar chur isteach, bíonn géiní a shuiteáil in aice le heterochromatin centromeric mar thoradh ar a n-airdín. Breathnaíodh ar an bhfeiniméan seo den chéad uair i Drosophila, agus feictear é in orgánaigh ó chíosta go daoine (Reuter & Spierer 1992; Dillon & Festenstein 2002; Richards & Elgin 2002; Schotta et al. 2003).\nNí chuirtear an DNA lár-mheánach i seicint idir na heintitis, ach tá gnéithe den chineál céanna le feiceáil i réimsí eile eile, mar shampla satailíte alfa i ndaoine, satailíte beag i luch, satailíteí AATAT agus TTCTC i Drosophila, idirghabhálaithe le hathruithe casta A + T saibhir agus eilimintí soghluaiste (Cleveland et al. 2003; Sun et al. 2003). Dá bhrí sin, tá na ceanglais ordlathas le haghaidh feidhmeanna fós neamhshainithe.\nIs é an tréith sainithe eile de réigiúin centromere, i dteannta heterochromatin, ná go bhfuil éagsúlacht Histone H3, CENP-A (ar a dtugtar cid, Cenp-a, Cnp1 freisin). Tá sé lonnaithe ar an pláta cinetochore inmheánach, agus tá sé faoi bhun an heterochromatin centromeric. (Warburton et al.. 1997; Blower et al. 2002; Cleveland et al. 2003). Fiú ag na centromers pointe simplí de chíste budding nach dteastaíonn ach 125bp DNA chun feidhm scaradh iomlán a dhéanamh, tá foirm uathúil de chromaitín ann (Cottarel et al. 1989; Cleveland et al. 2003) Tá núicléasóim CENP-A/Cse4- ina bhfuil an cinetochore. Tá sé flanked ag nucleosomes chéimithe (histone H3- ina bhfuil), agus tá íogaireacht dhifriúil núicléasa ag an DNA. Dá bhrí sin, níl aon chromaitín le gnéithe de chromaitín shílseach ag centromeres fíosta atá ag fás, agus tá an chromaitín shílseach bunaithe ar Sir3/Sir4 ag na telomeres agus an locus cineál páirte (Perrod & Gasser 2003) difriúil ó chromaitín shílseach nó heterochromatin in eucaryotes eile, a chuimsíonn próitéiní cromodomain mar HP1 agus Swi6.\nTá an t-am ar fad ag an mbonn a bhfuil an DNA a athdhéanann an t-athrú, agus tá an t-am ar fad ag an mbonn a athdhéanann an t-athrú. 1992; Steiner et al. 1993; Wood et al. 2002). Tá an DNA comhdhéanta de dhá réimse crómatín ar leith: an réigiún croí lárnach, ina bhfuil na seicheamh cnt agus imr, ar a ndéantar an cinetochore a shuiteáil agus na réimsí athdhéanta seachtracha heterochromatic (crómatín ciúin). Dá bhrí sin, tá na centromers giosta dílse cosúil le centromers na bhfithis, agus an kinetochore leabaithe i bhfarraige de chromatin ciúin nó heterochromatin. Tá an dá réimse ar leith ó thaobh cítheolaíoch de (Kniola et al. 2001). Tá an chuma ar a chéile idir athdhéanamh seachtrach an chíste scaipthe agus eilimintí tras-in-athchuirthe (Halverson et al. 1997). I speicis eile, feictear eilimintí soghluaiste i réigiúin centromeric freisin, rud a mhéadaíonn an fhéidearthacht go bhféadfadh iarsmaí eilimintí tras-in-athraitheacha cur le struchtúr agus le feidhm centromere anois. Tá an t-am ar fad le haghaidh an t-am ar fad a chaitear an t-am ar fad a chaitear an t-am ar fad. 1994, 1995). Athraíonn céim agus airíonna an mhúchadh de réir a shuímh sa lármhír; breathnaítear ar mhúchadh láidir ag na hathruithe seachtracha, agus tá an mhúchadh sa chroí lárnach níos lú láidir.\nTá an DNA croí lárnach AT saibhir; tá eilimint 3.3kb ag cnt1 agus cnt3 atá 99% comhionann agus tá eilimint 48% comhionannas ag cnt2 thar 1.5kb (Wood et al. 2002). Tá na hathruithe ar ais ar chlé agus ar dheis ar IMR uathúil do gach centromere. Tá an réigiún croí lárnach pacáilte i struchtúr uathúil cromatin (Polizzi & Clarke 1991; Takahashi et al. 1992) a chur i bhfeidhm. Cé go léiríonn crómatín mórchrutha patrún scála canónach ar díleá teoranta le núicléas micreacóic, tugann hibridíocht le sond croí lárnach patrún smear. Ní féidir an patrún uathúil seo a chur i leith sreang DNA ós rud é nach gcruthófar é nuair a chuirtear an DNA isteach i léigí atá ag fás nó má chuirtear ar lámh crómasóim é (Marschall & Clarke 1995). Ní chruthóidh sé ach amháin nuair a bhíonn an croí lárnach i gcomhthéacs feidhmiúil: ní fheictear an crómatín uathúil thar an croí lárnach ach amháin ar phlasmíd centromere le feidhm scaradh, agus cailltear é i mutants a théann i bhfeidhm ar shuaimhneas agus ar fheidhm an chroí lárnach. Is é an difríocht mhór eile idir crómatín croí lárnach agus an chuid eile den ghéinóm ná go bhfuil an t-athrú histone H3 CENP-Acnp1 i láthair a athsholáthar (go hiomlán nó go páirteach) histone H3 (Takahashi et al. 2000; Mellone & Allshire, gan fhoilsiú). Is dócha go bhfuil an CENP-Acnp1 seo curtha le chéile i núicléasóim speisialaithe, agus go gcuireann a struchtúr nó a eagraíocht an íogaireacht núicléas neamhghnácha. Ar an gcromatin lárnach lárnach speisialaithe seo, tá an cinetochore curtha le chéile.\nLéiríonn an mhíchlú trascríbhinse ag an gcroílár lárnach comhdhéanamh coimpléasc cinetochore atá go hiomlán feidhmiúil seachas heterochromatin canónach. Tá an daingniú níos laige ná sna réigiúin athdhéanta seachtracha, agus d'fhonn faoiseamh a dhéanamh ar scáileán daingniúcháin, ba ghá gín arg3 + crippled promoter a úsáid a cuireadh isteach i gcroílár lárnach cen1 (Pidoux et al. 2003). I measc na mutants Sim (a mhúscailt i lár an centromere) a aithnítear sa scáileán tá CENP-Acnp1 féin agus próitéin kinetochore Sim4, is dócha gurb é an homologue de CENP-H. Tá Sim4 agus próitéiní kinetochore eile, mar Mis6, Mis12, Mal2, agus Ams2 a aithnítear i scáileáin éagsúla, bainteach go sonrach leis an réigiún croí lárnach trí imdhíolú crómatín (Saitoh et al. 1997; Goshima et al. 1999; Jin et al. 2002; Chen et al. 2003). I ngach ceann de na mutants seo, tá an crómatín croí lárnach speisialaithe ciontach agus a athsholáthar ag patrún scála, agus i go leor comhlachas CENP-Acnp1 laghdaithe.\nCeist intriguing agus ríthábhachtach i dtuiscint ar fheidhm centromere is ea conas a ionchorpraítear núicléasóim CENP-Acnp1 ag an gcroílár lárnach agus ag an gcroílár lárnach amháin. Is dócha nach bhfuil sé seo á stiúradh ag seicheamh amháin. Ní féidir le mutants mis6 GFP-Cnp1 a shíntiochtaíodh go nua a ionchorprú, rud a spreagann an togra go bhfuil sé ina fhachtóir ualaithe do CENP-Acnp1 (Takahashi et al. 2000). Mar sin féin, ní cosúil go bhfuil an t-eitilt seo ag a homologs mamaí agus i mbainéal, CENP-I agus Ctf3 faoi seach (Measday et al. 2002; Nishihashi et al. 2002). Mar a luaitear thuas, bíonn tionchar ag roinnt mutants croí lárnacha eile ar leibhéil CENP-Acnp1 sa chroí lárnach (Pidoux et al. 2003; Chen et al. 2003). Cé go bhféadfadh cuid de na géiní seo a bheith ina gcód do fhachtóirí comhdhéanta cromatin CENP-A ar leith, is dócha nach é an scéal iomlán é, agus ní thugann sé aghaidh ar cheist an láithreáin ionchorpraithe. Is é ceann de na smaointe ná go bhfuil sé i láthair ag cinetochore feidhmiúil a threoraíonn cá tharlaíonn ionchorprú (Mellone & Allshire 2003; figiúr 2). Conas a dhéanfaí é seo? Is é ról an centromere ná crómasóim a scaradh trí idirghníomhú le micreathrúiblí spindle (MTs). Déantar teannas ar fud centromers deirfiúr atá dírithe go cuí. Sa chás seo, spreagfadh an teannas mark, a léirítear mar chomhartha chun CENP-A a ionchorprú. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh an t-ualach CENP-A comhuaineach leis an teannas ag an meiteaphas, nó, níos dóchúla, bheadh an marc i bhfoirm modhnú nó athruithe cumhdaitheacha a léitear sa chéad timthriall cealla eile, is dócha i gcéim S, nuair a spreagfadh an comhartha ionchorprú núicléasóim CENP-A leis an forc athdhéanamh taistealaithe. D'fhéadfadh meaisín athmhúnlaithe crómatín, mar mhalairt air sin, núicléasóim H3 a bhaint agus iad a chur in ionad núicléasóim CENP-A ag suíomhanna marcáilte tar éis an athdhéanamh. Tá samhail den sórt sin tarraingteach toisc go n-oibríonn sé chun na dhá phríomh-roil a bhaineann le scaradh centromere crómasóim agus cothabháil an láithreáin de thimthriall cille cinetochore tar éis timthriall cille agus glúin tar éis glúin a nascadh i mheaisín epigenetic a bhíonn ag brath ar iomláine cinetochore seachas ar shreath DNA.\nTá histones H3 agus H4 i núicléasóim na crómatín athdhéanta seachtrach faoi-acetylated ar lysines ina n-eireaball N, i gcomparáid le euchromatin (Ekwall et al. 1997; Mellone et al. 2003). Tá sé seo i gcomhthéacs le silencing tras-scríbhneoireachta: tá géin ura4+ a chuirtear laistigh de na hathruithe seachtracha go láidir, agus an-bheagán coilíneachtaí ag cruthú ar mheán gan uracil agus go leor ag cruthú ar mheán ina bhfuil an druga frith-roghnach FOA (Allshire et al. 1995). Tá hipoacetylation tábhachtach le haghaidh feidhme centromere, mar go bhfuil cóireáil ghearr leis an inhibitor deacetylase histone TSA ag cruthú méadú oidhreachta in acetylation cromatin centromeric, léiriú géin marcála agus locht comhthreomhar i leithghlactha cromósaim (Ekwall et al. 1997). Tá an staid hypoacetylated den chromatin athdhéanta seachtrach mar gheall ar ghníomhaíochtaí trí deacetylases histone: Clr3, Clr6 agus Sir2 (Nakayama et al. 2001; Bjerling et al. 2002; Shankaranarayana et al. 2003). Gníomhaíonn Clr3 chun lysine 14 de histone H3 a dhiacetilú, agus déacetilíonn Sir2 lysine 9 de histone H3, agus tá sonracht níos leithne ag Clr6, ag dí-acetilú roinnt de na lysines i gcríoch N de histone H3 agus H4.\nChomh maith lena hypoacetylation, tá difríocht ag núicléasóim athdhéanta seachtracha óna gcomhghleacaithe euchromatic ina riocht meitiliú. Tá lysine 9 de histone H3 meitheilte i réigiúin heterochromatic - na hathruithe seachtracha centromeric agus an locus cineál páirteála ciúin. Tá an t-am ar fad ag an am céanna, agus tá an t-am ar fad ag an am céanna. 2002). Tá an histone methyltransferase Clr4 freagrach as meitiliú histone H3 K9 (Rea 2000). Cruthaíonn an modhú seo suíomh ceangailteach don phróitéin chrómódaim Swi6 (Ekwall et al. 1995; Bannister et al. 2001; Lachner et al. 2001; Nakayama et al. 2001). Tá ortho-ghnéithe ag an dá phróitéin seo i Drosophila a aithníodh i scáileáin chun cur síos a dhéanamh ar athrú éifeacht an phoist. Is é Su(var) 3-9 histón H3 K9 meitileatransfharas agus cuireann Su(var) 2-5 cód ar phróitéin heterochromatin 1 (HP1), comhghleacaí Swi6 (Reuter & Spierer 1992; Dillon & Festenstein 2002; Richards & Elgin 2002; Schotta et al. 2003). Tá na próitéiní Suvar3-9 agus HP1 ag idirghníomhú agus tá siad suite ag na réigiúin pericentromeric heterochromatic i Drosophila agus i mamaigh (James et al. 1989; Wreggett et al. 1994; Aagaard et al. 1999; Minc et al. 1999). Mar an gcéanna, i giostaí cneasaithe, bíonn faoiseamh ó athdhéanamh seachtrach (agus cineál páirte) a mhaolú mar gheall ar easpa Swi6 nó Clr4, agus tá Swi6 suite go sonrach sna réigiúin seo (Allshire et al. 1995; Ekwall et al. 1995; Partridge et al. 2000; Nakayama et al. 2000; Noma et al. 2001). Tá méadú tagtha ar chailliúint crómasóim ag na mutants seo, crómasóim atá ag fanacht ar spindles anaphase déanach agus hipersensitivity do dhrugaí MT-dastabilizing. Tá an t-ábhar a úsáidtear chun an t-ábhar a scriosadh agus a scriosadh ag an am céanna. 1996, 1999; Volpe et al. 2002, 2003); tá go leor díobh seo páirteach sna bealaí idirghabhála RNA (féach thíos). Tá gá le próitéin chrómódaimín eile, Chp1, chun meitiliú a dhéanamh ar histón H3 liosín 9 agus déanann sé peiptíd dimethylated H3 a cheangal in vitro (Partridge et al. 2000, 2002). Tá sé le fáil i gcómhleas RITS mar aon le Tas3, Ago1 agus siRNAs (Verdel et al. 2004). Is próitéin cosúil le UVDDB é Rik1 a theastaíonn le haghaidh meitiliú liosín 9 (Neuwald & Poleksic 2000, Nakayama et al. 2001). Cailleann mutants supressor centromere éifeacht an phoist, csp7 go 13, meitiliú lysine 9 agus ní fhéadann siad Swi6 agus Rad21-cohesin a earcú; is aleil de ago1 é csp9 (Ekwall et al. 1999; Volpe et al. 2002, 2003).\nTá na heilimintí dg athdhéanta seachtracha 97% comhionann idir centromers (Wood et al. 2002). Is éard atá i gceist le caomhnú den sórt sin ná go bhfuil ceanglas ar shreathanna sonracha. I dtrialach aistrithe eictópacha, cuireadh réigiún 1.6kb den réigiún athdhéanta seachtrach isteach i suíomh euchromatic (locus ade6) in aice le géin ura4 +. D' éirigh leis an gcin ura4+ a bheith ciúin ó thaobh trascríbhneoireachta de agus marcanna agus gnéithe heterochromatic a fháil: hypoacetylation, methylation of histone H3 lysine 9 agus earcú Swi6 agus Rad21-cohesin (Partridge et al. 2002). D'fhéadfaí an réigiún a laghdú go 1kb, rud a thugann le tuiscint go bhfuil seicheamh sonrach gearr in ann gníomhú mar shuíomh núicléithe le haghaidh tionól heterochromatin. Tá na sonraí a bhaineann le hiarmhairtí agus le hiarmhairtí a bhaineann le hiarmhairtí agus le hiarmhairtí a bhaineann le hiarmhairtí agus le hiarmhairtí a bhaineann le hiarmhairtí agus le hiarmhairtí a bhaineann le hiarmhairtí agus le hiarmhairtí a bhaineann le hiarmhairtí. 2000).\nNa breathnithe go raibh géiní marcála a cuireadh isteach i heterochromatin centromeric i giosta fisiúnta díghalraithe go tras-scríbhneoireachta, agus níor aimsíodh aon tras-scríbhinní staid chobhsaí ag teacht ó na réigiúin athdhéanta seachtracha, mhol sé go raibh na centromeres tras-scríbhneoireachta inert (Fishel et al. 1988) a chur i bhfeidhm. Go hionraic, is léir go bhfuil an fhoirmiú heterochromatin ciúin ag brath i ndáiríre ar thrascrioptúir ó na réigiúin athdhéanta seachtracha agus ar an bhfeisteán idirghabhála RNA (Reinhart & Bartel 2002; Volpe et al. 2002; Grewal & Moazed 2003; Schramke & Allshire 2004; Ekwall 2004). Éascaíonn mutants i gcomhpháirteanna den mheaisín RNAi, Argonaute (Ago1), Dicer (Dcr1) agus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (Rdp1), silencing géin mharcála sna hathruithe seachtracha centromeric agus tá crómasóim lagging acu. Sna mutants seo, ach ní sa chineál fiáine, tá trascríbhinní a dhíorthaítear ó na snáitheanna thuas agus thíos inbhraite. Tá na trascríbhinní comhlántach go páirteach agus d'fhéadfadh siad dsRNA a fhoirmiú a bheadh ina substrát don RNase III-bhainteach endonuclease Dicer. Is féidir an t-ábhar a úsáid chun an t-ábhar a scriosadh nó a athshlánú. 2002). Is suimiúil go ndéantar athdhéanamh satailíte centromeric luch a thrascríobh freisin (Lehnertz et al. 2003).\nTugann breathnóireachtaí i roinnt orgánaigh le fios gur féidir le gníomhaíochtaí na meicníochta RNAi trí thoradh a bheith acu (figiúr 3; Grewal & Moazed 2003; Schramke & Allshire 2004; Ekwall 2004): díghrádú RNA teachtaire atá comhionann le siRNAanna (géin ghine iar-thrascriobtha, (PTGS), lena n-áirítear an coimpléasc RISC lena n-áirítear Argonaute); silencing bunaithe ar chromaitín (nó meitiliú DNA i bplandaí, meitiliú histone H3 lysine 9 agus earcú próitéiní cromodomain mar Swi6 i giosta fisiúin, nó, an dá cheann i gcealla daonna; Kawasaki & Taira 2004); agus cosc traslatúnach. Is cosúil nach bhfuil ról ag roinnt próitéiní ach i gceann amháin de na próisis seo, agus tá ról ag daoine eile i dtrí mhí-athrú mRNA agus i mbealach síllithe croimatin-spleách. Ní oibríonn próitéin chrómódaimín Swi6 ach amháin sa bhealach chromaitín-bhunaithe, bíonn tionchar ag comhpháirteanna RNAi mar Ago1, Dcr1 agus Rdp1 ar an dá bhealach (m.sh. Meastar go bhfuil Ago1 mar chomhpháirt de RISC agus RITS araon; Volpe et al. 2002; Schramke & Allshire 2003; Verdel et al., 2004). Tugann feiniméideanna mutant clr4Δ le fios go neamhchlaonta go bhféadfadh ról a bheith aige sa dá bhealach.\nConas a dhéantar an t-aistriú ó euchromatin acetylated go dtí an stát heterochromatic? Is féidir dhá múnla a shamhlú maidir le conas a spreagann siRNAanna foirmiú heterochromatin. I gceann acu, is é an DNA coimhthíoch an sprioc do siRNAanna (Jones et al. 1999; Mette et al. 2000). Tagann an fhianaise don dearcadh DNA RNA seo ó thrialacha i bplandaí ina dtagann dsRNAanna atá comhoiriúnach le réigiún promóiteora chun silencing bunaithe ar chromaitín. Níos déanaí, léiríodh go mbíonn tras-ionfhabhtú cealla daonna le roinnt siRNAanna mar thoradh ar shuscadh crómatín-bhunaithe ar ghéin sprioc (Kawasaki & Taira 2004). Ós rud é nach bhfuil súil go ndéanfar trascríobh ar na cur chun cinn féin, moltar go bhféadfadh na siRNAanna a bheith ag díriú ar DNA. Is é an dara samhail - a bhfuil an-tóir orainn - a thugann le pairing ARN-ARN idir na siRNAanna agus trascríbhinní nascent comhlánacha (figiúr 4). Léiríonn turgnaimh i giostaí dílse (Schramke & Allshire neamhfhoilsithe) go bhfuil gá le trascríobh chun silencing bunaithe ar chromaitín a spreagadh. Níl a fhios fós an bhfuil an riachtanas don trasscríbhinn atá ag teacht chun cinn nó don ghníomh trasscríbhneoireachta. Sa chás seo, mheallfadh trasscríbhinní nua-aimseartha siRNAanna comhghleacaithe sa chastacht RITS (Chp1, Ago1, Tas3), mar aon le heinsímí modhnaithe histón - gníomhaíochtaí deacetylase histón agus an meitileatransfharas histón Clr4. Ba cheart go mbeadh sé seo cosúil leis an staid le gníomhaíochtaí modhnaithe crómatín eile a bhfuil a fhios acu a rianú mar aon le polymerase II RNA elongating, mar shampla, an SET1 agus SET2 histone H3 lysine 4 agus lysine 36 methyltransferases (Hampsey & Reinberg 2003). Dá bhrí sin, scaipfeadh heterochromatin chomh maith le polymerase RNA mar a théann sé síos an snáithín crómatín.\nMá tá na heilimintí athdhéanta a fhaightear ag centromeres i giostaí cneasaithe, mamaigh agus Drosophila i ndáiríre na fágtha de retrotransposons, d'fhéadfaí a bheith ag súil go mbeadh retrotransposons agus LTRanna aonair fágtha atá lasmuigh den centromere clúdaithe freisin le heterochromatin brúiseach. I giosta fisiúna, tá na TF1 agus TF2 LTRanna i ndáiríre ag baint le saintréithe heterochromatin, meitiliú lysine 9 agus ceangal Swi6. Nuair a scriostar ago1, dcr1 nó rdp1, déantar trascríbhinní ó shreangáin uachtaracha agus íseal na LTRanna a bhrath. Tá éifeacht ag na paistí heterochromatin seo ar ghéiní in aice láimhe, ós rud é go gcuireann mutation comhpháirteanna RNAi a n-athdhúthú, mar a dhéanann díghrádú LTRanna aonair (Schramke & Allshire 2003).\nDá bhrí sin, is féidir leis an meaisín RNAi gníomhú chun crómatín ciúin a fhoirmiú lasmuigh de chomhthéacs an DNA centromeric. An bhfuil séasúr ábhar, nó an bhfuil aon RNA dhá-stranded an cumas a spreagadh heterochromatin? Chuir léiriú ó phlasmid de RNA hairpin go cuid den ghine ura4 ciúin agus foirmiú heterochromatin ar ghine ura4 + sa ghineam ach níor éirigh leis na héifeachtaí seo a tháirgeadh ar chóip ghineamúil de ura4 nach raibh an chuid seo den ghine aige (Schramke & Allshire 2003). Tugann sé seo le tuiscint gur féidir le meitiliú lysine 9, earcú Swi6, agus crómatín ciúin, a bheith déanta ar aon phíosa DNA go simplí trí tháirgeadh an dsRNA cuí. Beidh an cumas a bheith ag táirgeadh heterochromatin 'sintéiseach' luachmhar i ndísheachtadh an chomhthiompair heterochromatin agus feidhme centromere.\nI gcealla den chineál fiáin a léiríonn an ura4 hairpin, déantar seicheamh thuas staighre den réigiún homólógach a mhodhnú freisin le meitiliú liosín 9. Ní tharlaíonn an feiniméan scaipeadh seo i gcealla nach bhfuil Swi6 acu, rud a thugann le tuiscint go bhfuil Swi6 féin ag teastáil chun marcanna cromaitín shílte a leathnú (Schramke & Allshire 2003), i gcomhréir le breathnóireachtaí eile (Hall et al. 2002; Shankaranarayana et al. 2003). I gcentróméirí endóigeacha, ní amháin go ndéantar heterochromatin ag réigiúin atá coibhéiseach leis na trascríbhinní centromeric ach i ngach réigiún athdhéanta seachtrach, rud a thugann le tuiscint go dtarlaíonn scaipeadh anseo freisin. Is féidir samhail a shamhlú ina ndéantar deacetylases histone Clr3 agus Clr6 a earcú ag an gcomhcheangal RITS / siRNAanna chuig trascríbhinn nascent coimeádach a choinníonn polymerase RNA II elongating, agus núicléasóim deacetylate ar an gcromatin in aice láimhe. Bheadh sé seo in ann Clr4 a ghníomhachtú chun meitiliú a dhéanamh ar an histón H3 liosín 9, ag soláthar suíomh ceangailteach do Swi6. Ón suíomh núicléithe seo, mhodhnódh an HDAC agus Clr4 HMTase atá ag brath ar Sir2 NAD + an cromatin in aice láimhe go seasta, rud a cheadaíonn earcú Swi6 agus scaipeadh cromatin ciúin (Ekwall 2004). D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh cumas Swi6 a dhímhealú a bheith ina rannchuid freisin le leathadh heterochromatin (Cowieson et al. 2000). Ina theannta sin, tá ról ag homologs CENP-B na féitheacha cniotála, a léiríonn cosúlacht le trasphósáisí, i núicléachadh heterochromatin i féitheacha cniotála (Nakagawa et al. 2002), agus CENP-B féin ceangailteach α-satailíte DNA ag centromeres (Cleveland et al. 2003).\nConas a dhéanann na breathnithe ar mhíchlú ectopic, a thugann le tuiscint go bhfuil sonracht sraitheanna, cearnóg leis an gcumas heterochromatin sintéiseach a spreagadh le hairpin neamh-centromeric? B'fhéidir gurb é an cumas dsRNA a tháirgeadh atá tábhachtach, seachas an seicheamh iarbhír féin. Beidh fiosrúchán ar mhionsonraí na gceanglas trascríbhinte eolaíoch.\nTá fianaise láidir ann a léiríonn go bhfuil an t-ionad-mhéara, lena n-áirítear iad siúd a bhaineann le giosta fisiúna, rialáilte go heipigineiteach (Karpen & Allshire 1997; Sullivan et al. 2001; Amor & Choo 2002). Tarlaíonn éagsúlacht i gcáineadh géine marcóir: tá an géin ade6 a chuirtear isteach sa chroí lárnach ag táirgeadh coilíneachtaí dearga (stádas reptha), bán (stádas léirithe), earnálaithe agus bándearg ar phlátaí táscaire (Allshire et al. 1994). Dá bhrí sin, is féidir le centromeres gnáth stáit dhifriúla metastable a ghlacadh agus a leathnú i gcealla atá comhionann go géiniteach. Tá an t-ábhar a úsáidtear chun an t-ábhar a chur i bhfeidhm ag an gcóras iniúchóireachta, a bhfuil an t-ábhar a úsáidtear chun an t-ábhar a chur i bhfeidhm, ag an gcóras iniúchóireachta, agus ag an gcóras iniúchóireachta. 1997). Tá na líníochtaí easpórtáilte locht seo in ann an stát feidhmiúil a fháil ar ais ag minicíocht íseal.\nTá sraith leathan turgnaimh á dhéanamh ag baint úsáide as codanna de DNA centromeric chun riachtanais seicheamh a shainiú le haghaidh feidhme centromere (Niwa et al. 1986, 1989; Hahnenberger et al. 1989, 1991; Matsumoto et al. 1990). Mar sin féin, murab ionann agus i giostaí budding ina dtugann an 125bp de DNA feidhm scaradh mitótach agus meiotach, i giostaí fisiúna ní raibh sé indéanta snáithín ghearr de DNA a shainmhíníonn an centromere a shainmhíniú. Is é an conclúid foriomlán de na staidéir seo ná go bhfuil croí lárnach iomlán agus réigiún fairsing de athdhéanamh seachtrach (dg) mar na riachtanais íosta le haghaidh feidhme scaradh. Tá sé tairbheach i gcásanna áirithe eilimintí athdhéanta a chur isteach. Mar sin féin, is cosúil go bhfuil comhthéacs tábhachtach, agus tá fianaise ann go bhfuil nádúr modúlach centromeres mar go bhféadfadh codanna de chroí lárnach a bheith in ionad daoine eile. Tá sé de mhian le go mbeadh an t-athrú seo ar an gcumas a bhaineann le comharthaí a bheith ag an duine a bhfuil an t-athrú seo ar a gcumas a bheith ag an duine eile. Ní raibh na difríochtaí mar gheall ar mutations, agus an t-aistriú gach cineál plasmid trí bhaictéir agus ath-aistriú isteach i giosta fisiún arís a tháirgtear an dá chlas cobhsaí agus neamhchobhsaí. Tugann sé seo le tuiscint go gcaithfidh na plasmidí, trí phróiseas stochastic, an comhréireacht cheart crómatín a bhaint amach chun centromere feidhmiúil a chruthú. Nuair a shroichfear é, spreagfadh an timpeallacht chromatín shonracha seo earcú CENP-Acnp1. Sainmhíníodh gné 2.1kb 1994). Léirigh turgnaimh bhreise, áfach, go raibh an ghné seo in-úsáidte i ndáiríre agus go bhféadfaí gné athdhéanta seachtrach eile a chur ina ionad. Sna turgnaimh seo, má bhí plasmid neamhfheidhmiúil íosta centromere curtha ar fáil le go leor glúine le roghnú, i céatadán íseal cásanna, cruthaíodh plasmid centromere feidhmiúil nuair a bhí an roghnú a bhaint (Ngan & Clarke 1997). Tugann sé seo le tuiscint má thugtar go leor ama dóibh, go bhfuil na tógálacha íosta in ann ailtireacht fheidhmiúil centromere a ghlacadh uaireanta; is dócha go mbaineann sé seo le earcú próitéiní agus le haontaithe crómatín speisialaithe centromeric. Tabhair faoi deara, i ngach cás, go raibh sé riachtanach seicheamh athdhéanamh seachtrach agus seicíní fearainn lárnach a bheith ann chun centromere feidhmiúil a fhoirmiú, rud a léiríonn go soláthraíonn na hathdhéanamh seachtracha trasscr��ofa ról éigin i gcomhthiomsú cinetochore thar an bhfearainn lárnach. Is féidir linn a shamhlú go n-áireofaí leis an heterochromatin, lena hipoacetylated lysine 9 histones meitilithe, agus réigiún de chromatin CENP-Acnp1 leis an morphology saintréith.\nTá gá le réigiúin athdhéanta lárnacha agus seachtracha araon chun centromere feidhmiúil a fhoirmiú de novo nuair a dhéantar DNA naked a athrú go giosta fisiúin. Ar an láimh eile, tá géiní a chódálann próitéiní croí lárnacha mar mis6, mis12, mal2, cnp1 agus sim4 riachtanach, ach tá beagnach gach próitéin athdhéanta seachtrach neamh-riachtanach (mar shampla swi6, clr4, chp1, rik1, tas3, ago1, dcr1 agus comhpháirteanna RNAi rdp1). Cad é, ansin, feidhm na dún-domain athdhéanta seachtracha?\nTá feidhm amháin ar eolas ag na hathruithe seachtracha i gcomhtháthú. Cailleann mutants swi6 comhtháthaitheacht go luath ag an centromere, ach ní thaispeánann siad aon locht i gcomhtháthaitheacht ar feadh na n-arm cróisóim. I gcomhréir leis seo, léiríonn imdhíol crómatín go bhfuil Rad21-Cohesin caillte go sonrach i mutant swi6 ó na hathruithe seachtracha heterochromatic (agus suíomhanna heterochromatin eile) ach níl tionchar ag suíomhanna eile (Bernard et al. 2001; Nonaka et al. 2002). Tá mutants swi6 agus rad21 marfach go sintéiseach. I mutant rad21 ag an teocht cheadaitheach, tá go leor feidhme comhtháthaithe iarmhar chun feidhmiú scaradh a chinntiú, cé go bhfuil minicíocht ard crómasóim lagging ann. I gcás nach bhfuil Swi6 ann, cailltear comhtháthú centromeric, ach tá comhtháthú arm leordhóthanach chun leibhéal leordhóthanach de dhá-threochruimósaim a chinntiú. I bhfianaise gan Swi6 agus Rad21, tá an easpa comhtháthaithe centromeric agus an comhtháthaithe arm laghdaithe chomh lag sin go bhfuil an crómasóim cruinn ag sleamhnú faoi bhun leibhéal atá comhoiriúnach le hinfheidhmitheacht. Taispeánadh go n-idirghníomhaíonn Swi6 go fisiciúil le fo-aonad eile de chomhtháthaíocht, Psc3 (Nonaka et al. 2002). Dá bhrí sin, tá heterochromatin Swi6- ina bhfuil freagracht as dlús ard cohesin a earcú chuig na hathruithe seachtracha centromeric. Is cosúil go bhfuil an nasc seo coimeádta ó tharla go bhfuil cealla vertebrata gan taispeáint dicer tar éis heterochromatin a bhriseadh agus comhtháthú centromeric lochtach (Fukagawa et al. 2004).\nTá centromer 1 an chíste scartha beagnach síoméadach go hiomlán (Wood et al. 2002): tá na seicheamh imr ina athdhéanamh inbhéartaithe foirfe (98% comhionann), mar atá na hathdhéanamh seachtracha; is minic a léirítear athruithe núicléatíd ar thaobh amháin ar an taobh eile. Tá na seicheamh imr de centromeres 2 agus 3 athdhéantaí inbhéartaithe foirfe freisin, cé go bhfuil líon éagsúil athdhéantaí otr ar thaobh na láimhe clé agus ar thaobh na láimhe deise den dá centromeres. Chuir an t-aicmeacht le spéicle a dhéanamh go n-idirghníomhaíonn an dá thaobh den centromere ar bhealach éigin chun struchtúr ord níos airde a fhoirmiú mar shliog (Fishel et al. 1988; Takahashi et al. 1992; Clarke et al. 1993) a chur i bhfeidhm. An bhféadfadh ról a bheith ag heterochromatin agus an comhtháthaíocht a earcaíonn sé i mhonarcha na lúb den sórt sin? B'fhéidir go bhfuil ról aige i gcoimeád le chéile ní amháin na crómatidí deirfiúr, ach i synapsis intramolecular na taobhanna clé agus dheis den centromere. Cad é a bheadh mar chuspóir ar an lúb den sórt sin? B'fhéidir go n-áiritheofaí leis an ailtireacht seo go gcuirfí an croí lárnach i láthair go huathoibríoch le haghaidh tionól cinetochore (figiúr 5). Tá ard-taispeántas ag mutants i gcomhpháirteanna RNAi, heterochromatin agus cohesin de chromoisóimí (cromáitídí) lagging ar spindleanna anafáis déanach (Ekwall et al. 1995, 1996; Hall et al. 2003; Volpe et al. 2003). I eucaryotes níos mó, léirítear go bhfuil crómasóimí lagging dírithe go merotelically - is é seo nuair a bhíonn cinetochore aonair ceangailte ag an am céanna le MTanna a thagann ó na póilíní spindle araon (athbhreithnithe i Pidoux & Allshire 2003). Tarlaíonn síneadh Kinetochore, agus tá teip nó moill ar leithligh chuig na póilíní. Tá Merotely ina ranníocóir mór d' aneuploidy i gcealla cultúir fíocháin mamaigh (Cimini et al. 2001). Tá gach cinetochores giosta dílseachta bainteach le dhá go ceithre MT (Ding et al. Tá an t-ábhar a úsáidtear chun an t-ábhar a chur ar fáil ar an mbord, agus tá an t-ábhar a chuirtear ar fáil ar an mbord, ag brath ar an méid a theastaíonn ó na táirgí. 2000). D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh an struchtúr lúb hipitéiseach tábhachtach chun an t-aigéad a fhorchur ar an cinetochore, ag cinntiú go bhfuil na suíomhanna ceangailteacha MT iomadúla ar gach cinetochore clampáilte le chéile ionas go mbeidh siad go léir os comhair an aon threo agus dá bhrí sin ag cur le ceangal monopolach (amphitelic). Is próitéin eile é Pcs1 a d'fhéadfadh tionchar a imirt ar threocht centromere (Rabitsch et al. 2003). Tá a homólóg i giosta budding, Csm1, mar chuid den chastacht monopolin a theastaíonn le haghaidh mono-threochóir kinetochores deirfiúr i meiosis I, agus meastar go ngníomhaíonn sé i gceanglóidí na suíomhanna cothaithe MT le chéile. Ní cosúil go bhfuil gá le Pcs1 i meiosis féasta dílseachta I, ach bíonn crómasóimí lagging mar thoradh ar a easpa i mitosis, rud a thugann le tuiscint go bhféadfadh ról a bheith aige i gceangal suíomhanna cónnaithe MT in aice le chéile ar kinetochore.\nMar a chonaic muid, tá lochtanna ar leithligh crómasóim ag cealla a bhfuil heterochromatin athdhéanta seachtrach comhréitithe acu ach tá siad inmharthana. Ach nuair a athraítear plasmidí go cealla, tá croí lárnach agus eilimintí athdhéanta seachtracha araon riachtanach le haghaidh feidhme scaradh. B'fhéidir go bhfuil na hathruithe seachtracha ag teastáil ar dtús i mbunú centromere feidhmiúil chun a insint don chill cá háit le CENP-A a thaisceadh chun an cinetochore a shuiteáil (figiúr 5). Ansin d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh feidhm bhunúsach na n-athdhéanamh seachtrach críochnaithe, agus d'fhéadfadh a róil a bheith teoranta do na róil thábhachtacha ach nach bhfuil riachtanach go hiomlán a thuairiscítear thuas - comhtháthú (tá comhtháthú lámh leordhóthanach) agus cosc ar merotely (tarlaíonn crómasóimí atá ag dul siar, ach tá scaradh cruinn ag leibhéal atá comhoiriúnach le hinfheidhmithe). Ar ndóigh, i gcásanna neamh-thrialacha, ní bheidh an ceall ag teacht ar DNA naked ar a bhfuil a chur le chéile a kinetochore. B'fhéidir go n-oibríonn na hathruithe seachtracha i gcineál de mheicníocht athshuiteáil a d'fhéadfadh ailtireacht centromere a threisiú má lagáiltear an struchtúr, nó má laghdaítear CENP-A ar chúis éigin.\nTá na smaointe seo in ann a thástáil anois go bhfuil an cumas ann heterochromatin \"sintéiseach\" a dhéanamh (Schramke & Allshire 2003). An féidir le centromere a fhoirmiú nuair a chuirtear croí lárnach idir dhá bhloc heterochromatin sintéiseach, mar shampla? Nuair a chuirtear centromere le chéile, an féidir seicheamh athdhéanta seachtrach a bhaint, nó an t-aistritheoir le haghaidh heterochromatin sintéiseach a chasadh as? Ba cheart athbhreithniú a dhéanamh ar thaithí ceannródaíocha Mitsuhiro Yanagida agus Louise Clarke i bhfianaise ár n-eolas faoi réimsí próitéine an centromere, nádúr agus gineas heterochromatin agus tábhacht fheidhmiúil CENP-A, agus an cromatin croí lárnach speisialaithe.\nTá an cinetochore cruthaithe thar an chromaitín croí lárnach, agus is é seo an áit a mbeifeá ag súil go gcuirfeadh MTs i dteagmháil leis an centromere; go deimhin, tá an próitéin microtubule-nasctha (MAP) Dis1 á lonnaithe sa réigiún seo ag ChIP. Tá MAP eile, Alp14, suite i réigiúin IMR agus OTR. Cé go gcuireann an dá phróitéin le centromere ar bhealach atá ag brath ar mitosis, níl ach comhlachas Alp14 ag brath go hiomlán ar MTanna (Garcia et al. 2001; Nakaseko et al. 2001). B'fhéidir go léiríonn na difríochtaí seo cineálacha éagsúla idirghníomhaíochta MT leis an kinetochore.\nI Drosophila, tá CENP-Aigéad agus histón H3 idirghabhálaithe ar shnáithíní crómatín leathnaithe a tháirgtear go turgnamhach, ach i gcealla seasta feictear iad i dtómaí ar leith go citéolaíoch mar shilindéir nó sraitheanna atá suite in aice (Blower et al. 2002). Is féidir an difríocht idir an dá bhreathnú a mhíniú le samhail ina bhfuil na lúb nó na róil cromatin centromeric ionas go bhfuil na fearainn CENP-A go léir i gclár, ag cruthú dromchla le haghaidh tionól cinetochore agus idirghníomhaíocht MT. Má tá an centromere giosta dílseachta i ndáiríre ina struchtúr lúb mar a mholfaimid, d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith ina ionadaí ar aonad cintochore amháin, ag idirghníomhú le dhá go ceithre mts, ach tá centromeres eucarótach níos airde, ar a dtugtar struchtúir mhodúlacha (Zinkowski et al. 1991; Blower et al. 2002), bheadh aonad athdhéanta ann.\nI giosta fisiúna, tá dhá réimse próitéine ar leith ann: na réimsí heterochromatin agus kinetochore. Tá gá le próitéiní a bhaineann le gach réimse chun feidhm lán-ealaíne an centromere a bhaint amach, agus tá gá leis an dá réimse chun centromere de novo a chruthú. Tá an cinetochore curtha le chéile thar an croí lárnach CENP-Acnp1-chromatin ina bhfuil. D'fhéadfadh meicníocht epigenetic a bheith ag cabhrú le fachtóirí tionóil cromatin CENP-Acnp1 sonrach a bheith ag brath ar inniúlacht scaradh, a oibreoidh chun CENP-Acnp1 a athsholáthar sa réimse cinetochore. Tá an comhtháthú heterochromatin Swi6-lena bhfuil thar na réigiúin athdhéanta seachtracha ag brath ar an meaisín RNAi. Tá an heterochromatin centromeric seo freagrach as dlús ard cohéasín a earcú, agus d'fhéadfadh ról gaolmhar forlíontach a bheith aige i gcruthú struchtúr lúb ord níos airde agus i cosc a chur ar merotely. Ina theannta sin, creidimid gur féidir leis an bhfearann heterochromatin gníomhú mar thrigger i bhfoirmiú kinetochore i giosta fisiúin. An bhféadfaí an tsamhail sin a chur i bhfeidhm ar eucaryotes níos airde? Tá CENP-A agus HP1 i gcentróméirí mamaigh i suíomhanna ar leith ó thaobh cítheolaíoch de - pláta cinetochore inmheánach agus heterochromatin bunúsach, faoi seach (Cleveland et al. 2003). Is feiniméan suimiúil é an fhoirmiú neocentromeres ar chrómósóimí daonna athshocraithe (Warburton 2004); cruthaítear neocentromeres in áiteanna nach bhfuil baint acu de ghnáth le gníomhaíocht centromere agus i gcás amháin ar a laghad léiríodh trí sheicínithe go bhfuil siad dílis ó DNA satailíte alfa. I bhfianaise an riachtanas centromere a dhéanamh, bheadh an fabhraí ar réigiún a bhfuil an cumas aige CENP-A a earcú agus atá in aice le ceann a bhfuil an cumas aige heterochromatin a fhoirmiú. Ní féidir a rá go bhféadfadh na háiteanna seo a bheith ina háiteanna ina bhfuil DNA saibhir i AT agus trascríbhinní antiparallel neamh-chódúcháin.\nGo raibh maith agat do chomhaltaí na saotharlainne Allshire as an díospóireacht. Tá an taighde a dhéantar i saotharlann Allshire maoinithe ag an Wellcome Trust. R.C.A. Is Comhalta Taighde Príomhúil de chuid Wellcome Trust é."} +{"text": "Learn about the natural health benefits of Allergy Intolerance Testing & find an Allergy Intolerance Testing practitioner/clinic in Auckland, Hamilton, Bay of Plenty, Wellington, Christchurch, Dunedin to assist you further within New Zealand.\nFact: Allergy ‘concept’ discovered in 1906\nFounded By: Austrian Clemens Von Pirquet\nWHAT EXACTLY IS AN ALLERGY?\nNowadays, the term allergy is defined as an over-reaction or hypersensitivity to common harmless substances, allergens, including pollens, bee sting, house dust mite and dairy products to name just a few. These allergens cause the production of antibodies which can damage body tissues and trigger the release of histamine along with other harmful chemicals. Consequently, an inflammation occurs which is often typical of common allergic symptoms such as skin conditions (e.g. eczema, dermatitis), respiratory conditions (e.g. hay fever, asthma, sinus issues) and digestive problems (e.g. stomach cramps, diarrhoea).\nAllergies vary in severity. For example, anaphylaxis, a severe whole-body reaction, can be life threatening however the majority of allergies pose a much smaller threat.\nThe body recognises that invading allergens damage the immune system and so in response produces an antibody, ‘IgE’, to attack them. Other cells (‘mast cells’) in the body then release further chemicals which together cause irritation, inflammation and the symptoms of an allergic response. The most common symptoms are sneezing, itchy eyes and ears, severe wheezing, coughing, shortage of breath, sinus problems and red nettle-like rashes.\nYour GP and allergy specialists are trained to recognise which of your conditions are treatable and non-treatable. It’s particularly important to give the practitioner in-depth detail about your symptoms so that an accurate diagnosis can be made. For example, make sure you outline the affected area, the severity of your symptoms, any family history of similar complaints and triggers, i.e. anything specific that makes your allergy worse. The time of day or year and how often symptoms occur can also help your specialist identify the allergens that cause the reaction.\nAllergy intolerance testing can be used to establish the specific allergen at the root of your condition. There are a handful of allergy tests available performed by medical Doctors as well as holistic practitioners such as Nutritionists, Naturopaths, Herbalists, Homeopaths and Kinesiologists. Testing aims to identify the presence of the IgE antibody or, in the case of food intolerance, the IgG antibody. Common methods used to identify allergens include blood, skin prick and patch tests. The type of test used depends on the symptoms and condition of your skin. In this way, Skin prick testing is often initially recommended when an allergy is suspected. This is a simple, quick and inexpensive testing method which can provide feedback and results within 15-20 minutes. Blood tests are very common and often carried out in a GP surgery or hospital. A fine needle is used to take a small sample of blood from a vein in the arm in order for minimal discomfort. The test can provide valuable feedback for all allergy forms and is useful for inhaled and ingested or consumed allergens. Patch testing is performed in the incidents of contact dermatitis or eczema where an allergy is suspected. Challenge tests involve introducing allergens to the lung (in the case of bronchial allergies such as asthma), nose or eye. This type of testing can help to identify food allergies whereby the individual is given certain foods ‘blind’ in order to monitor their effects on the body. From the results of your allergy intolerance tests, your practitioner will then advise you on the cause and necessary treatment of your allergy.\nAllergy intolerance testing may benefit the following conditions:\nAllergy intolerance testing is a safe and effective diagnostic tool when carried out by a trained practitioner. It is wise to carry out some research and select a homeopath who is either a member of, or accredited by, an association or professional body such as the New Zealand Natural Medicine Association (NZNMA). Allergy intolerance specialists are obligated to a code of ethics and procedure that determines the therapy is carried out in a suitable and safe environment. These regulations also guarantee a specialist who has undergone certifiable training and receives professional upskilling.\nThe Wellness Directory provides a ready-made referral list of certified practitioners within your region. We fully encourage you to do some independent research by checking out individual credentials, i.e. experience, training, qualifications, relevant client feedback and so forth.\n© The Wellness Directory Ltd", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-26", "url": "https://www.thewellnessdirectory.co.nz/therapy/allergy-intolerance-testing", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267862929.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20180619115101-20180619135101-00071.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9274430275, "token_count": 970, "score": 2.890625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Faigh amach faoi na buntáistí sláinte nádúrtha a bhaineann le tástáil neamh-fhulaingt ailléirgeacha agus faigh cleachtóir/clinic tástála neamh-fhulaingt ailléirgeacha i nGaillimh, Hamilton, Bay of Plenty, Wellington, Christchurch, Dunedin chun cabhrú leat níos mó laistigh de Nua-Shéalainn.\nFíric: Ailéirge concept a fuarthas amach i 1906\nBunaithe ag: Clemens Von Pirquet na hOstaire\nCÉ É FÍORLÍON ALLERGY?\nSa lá atá inniu ann, sainmhínítear an téarma ailléirge mar ró-ghníomhú nó hipersensitivity do chomhchoiteanna substaintí neamhdhíobhálach, ailléirgíní, lena n-áirítear pollens, sting beacha, mites dust dust agus táirgí bainne chun ainm a thabhairt ar ach cúpla. Déantar na hailléirgíní seo a chur i bhfeidhm chun frith-chomhlachtaí a tháirgeadh a d'fhéadfadh dochar a dhéanamh do fhíocháin an chomhlachta agus scaoileadh histamine a spreagadh chomh maith le ceimiceáin díobhálacha eile. Dá bhrí sin, tagann athlasadh chun cinn a bhíonn tipiciúil go minic do chomharthaí ailléirgeacha coitianta amhail riochtaí craiceann (m.sh. eicme, dermatitis), riocht análaithe (e. g. Tá sé tábhachtach go mbeadh na daoine a bhfuil an druga ag úsáid acu i gcónaí ag brath ar an méid a bhfuil siad ag iarraidh a fháil. cramps boilg, diarrhea).\nTá ailléirgí éagsúil de réir dála. Mar shampla, is féidir anafilacsis, imoibriú tromchúiseach ar an gcomhlacht ar fad, a bheith ina bhagairt ar shaol ach is beag bagairt atá ag formhór na n-ailléirgí.\nAithníonn an comhlacht go ndéanann ailléirgíní ionsaitheacha damáiste don chóras imdhíonachta agus mar sin mar fhreagra táirgeann sé frith-chorp, IgE, chun ionsaí a dhéanamh orthu. Ansin scaoileann cealla eile ( cealla mast) sa chorp ceimiceáin bhreise a chuireann irritation, athlasadh agus comharthaí freagra ailléirgeach chun cinn. Is iad na hairíonna is coitianta sneachta, súile agus cluasa itchy, wheezing trom, coughing, easpa anailís, fadhbanna sinse agus rashes cosúil le nettle dearg.\nTá do dhochtúir ginearálta agus do speisialtóirí ailléirge oiliúnaithe chun a aithint cé acu de do chuid coinníollacha atá in-láimhseáilte agus neamh-láimhseáilte. Tá sé tábhachtach go háirithe go dtabharfaidh tú sonraí mionsonraithe don chleachtóir faoi do chuid comharthaí ionas gur féidir diagnóis chruinn a dhéanamh. Mar shampla, déan cinnte go ndéanann tú cur síos ar an limistéar atá buailte, ar thromchúis do chuid comharthaí, ar aon stair teaghlaigh de ghearán agus de thrigthí den chineál céanna, i. e. aon rud sonrach a dhéanann do ailléirgí níos measa. Is féidir leis an am den lá nó den bhliain agus cé chomh minic a tharlaíonn na hairíonna cabhrú le do speisialtóir na hailléirgeanna a dhéanann an imoibriú a aithint.\nIs féidir tástáil neamhtheolais ailléirge a úsáid chun an t-ailléirgín sonrach a bhunú ag bun do riocht. Tá roinnt tástálacha ailléirgeí ar fáil a dhéanann Dochtúirí leighis chomh maith le cleachtóirí iomlánacha mar Nutritionists, Naturopaths, Herbalists, Homeopaths agus Kinesiologists. Tá sé mar aidhm ag an tástáil láithreacht an fhreasúra IgE nó, i gcás intolerance bia, an fhreasúra IgG a aithint. I measc na modhanna coitianta a úsáidtear chun ailléirginí a shainaithint tá tástálacha fola, prick craiceann agus pláta. Braitheann an cineál tástála a úsáidtear ar na hairíonna agus ar riocht do chraiceann. Ar an mbealach seo, is minic a mholtar tástáil prick craiceann ar dtús nuair a bhíonn amhras ar ailléirgí. Is modh tástála simplí, tapa agus saor é seo a sholáthraíonn tuairisceán agus torthaí laistigh de 15-20 nóiméad. Tá tástálacha fola an-choitianta agus déantar iad go minic i máinliacht nó san ospidéal. Úsáidtear snáthaid bheaga chun sampla beag fola a thógáil ó fhéin sa lámh d'fhonn míchompord a íoslaghdú. Is féidir leis an tástáil aiseolas luachmhar a sholáthar do gach cineál ailléirge agus tá sé úsáideach do ailléirgíní a chuirtear isteach agus a inghlaítear nó a íoctar. Déantar tástáil paiste i gcásanna dermatitis teagmhála nó eicsem nuair a bhíonn amhras ar ailléirgí. I gcás alergíní bronchial mar asthma, baineann tástálacha dúshláin le hailléirgíní a thabhairt isteach sa phlúin, sa bhrón nó sa tsúil. Is féidir leis an gcineál tástála seo cabhrú le hailléirgí bia a shainaithint trína gcuirtear bianna áirithe ar an duine aonair blind chun faireachán a dhéanamh ar a n-éifeachtaí ar an gcomhlacht. Ó na torthaí de do thástálacha neamh- fhulaingt ailléirge, tabharfaidh do chleachtóir comhairle duit ansin maidir le cúis agus cóireáil is gá do do ailléirge.\nIs féidir le tástáil neamhtheolais ailléirge a bheith tairbheach do na coinníollacha seo a leanas:\nIs uirlis dhiagnóiseach sábháilte agus éifeachtach é tástáil neamhtheolais ailléirge nuair a dhéanann cleachtóir oiliúna é. Tá sé ciallmhar roinnt taighde a dhéanamh agus homeopath a roghnú atá ina bhall de chomhlachas nó comhlacht gairmiúil mar Chumann Leigheas Náisiúnta na Nua-Shéalainne (NZNMA) nó atá creidiúnaithe ag an gcomhlachas nó ag an gcomhlacht sin. Tá sé de dhualgas ar speisialtóirí intolerance ailléirgeacha cód eitice agus nós imeachta a chinneadh go ndéantar an teiripe i dtimpeallacht oiriúnach agus sábháilte. Tá na rialacháin seo ina ráthaíocht freisin do shaineolaí a bhfuil oiliúint dheimhnithe aige agus a fhaigheann ardteicneolaíocht ghairmiúil.\nSoláthraíonn an Treoirlíon Sláinte liosta atreoraithe réidh de chleachtóirí deimhnithe i do réigiún. Moltar duit go hiomlán taighde neamhspleách a dhéanamh trí cháilíochtaí aonair a sheiceáil, i.e. taithí, oiliúint, cáilíochtaí, aiseolas ábhartha ó chliaint agus mar sin de.\n© The Wellness Directory Ltd"} +{"text": "Preventative care for your teeth\nMake your teeth more resistant to acid attacks that cause tooth decay\nFluoride prevents cavities in children and adults by making the outer surface of your teeth more resistant to acid attacks that cause tooth decay. Fluoride can also help to decrease sensitivity. It can be found in many types of toothpaste as well as applied to teeth in the form of a fluoride varnish. Children, as well as adults, are selected for fluoride treatments based on their risk for getting cavities. Prescription toothpaste and rinses can be prescribed to higher risk patients as well.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-30", "url": "http://www.souledds.com/preventative-and-diagnostic-services/fluoride-treatment/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676590559.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20180719051224-20180719071224-00510.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9743546844, "token_count": 125, "score": 3.15625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Cúram coscála do do fhiacla\nDéan do chuid fiacla níos frithsheasmhaí i gcoinne ionsaí aigéad a chuireann cailliúint fiacla i gcúis\nCuireann fluairíd cosc ar chaitíní i leanaí agus in aosaigh trí chraiceann na fiacla a dhéanamh níos resistant do ionsaithe aigéid a chuireann cailliúint fiacla i gcroí. Is féidir le fluairíd cabhrú freisin le íogaireacht a laghdú. Is féidir é a fháil i go leor cineálacha pasta fiacla chomh maith le cur i bhfeidhm ar fiacla i bhfoirm varnish flúiríde. Roghnaítear leanaí, chomh maith le daoine fásta, le haghaidh cóireálacha fluairíd bunaithe ar a mbaol caitíní a fháil. Is féidir pasta fiacla agus sruthanna a fhorordú do othair a bhfuil riosca níos airde acu freisin."} +{"text": "BELFAST, Maine — Last spring, as food shortages caused by the pandemic caused grocery store shelves to empty out across the country, it seemed that just about everyone in Maine wanted to start a garden.\nBut seeds were hard to come by, as suppliers coped with unprecedented demand.\nThat was true at the Belfast Co-op, where stands of organic seed packets from national suppliers are right next to a vibrant display from the Troy Howard Middle School Seed Company. Students save and sell seeds from the vegetables and flowers they grow in the school’s garden project.\nBut in May, when garden project coordinator David Wessels called the co-op to see if they needed a restock, he found that the middle school seed company was the only one that still had seeds to sell.\nAll the other display stands were empty.\n“The middle school was the only seed supplier,” he said last week.\nLadonna Bruce, the produce manager at the co-op, remembers selling out of seeds from other suppliers last spring, and foresees that it could happen again this year. In times of shortage, it’s great to have a local producer such as the middle school, she said.\n“The kids are doing something very significant right now, and we appreciate them,” she said.\nAnd with more demand, Wessels said he and the students are doubling their supply.\n“This year, we went a little bigger,” he said. “It’s fun to see more seeds going out.”\nIt’s much more than just fun to him and, he hopes, his students. Seed saving is a practice that dates back thousands of years and which is essential to the survival of the human race. To some, it may sound like growing a plant, harvesting the seeds and then tucking them away for safekeeping — at an extreme, somewhere like the so-called “Doomsday” Global Seed Vault in Norway.\nBut that’s not how it sounds to Wessels.\n“When you talk about seed saving, you’re not just putting them in a shoebox. It’s actually a relationship with a plant,” he said. “Saving seeds and growing them again. The thing I like to impress upon the kids is that it’s an unbroken chain. For any one of these varieties, you can trace that seed back for thousands of years. Through multiple cultures, some of which don’t still exist. Back to a wild plant that was domesticated.”\nIn every generation, someone planted that seed, cared for it and saved it. Along the way, they would have selected for different traits and adapted it to various climates.\nNow, as his students head to the garden behind the school to tend their many varieties of heirloom tomatoes and beans, unusual greens, flowers and more, they are part of that chain.\n“It’s so amazing,” Wessels said. “It feels an honor to be a part of.”\nIt does to his students, too.\n“It’s really fun,” Katience Parenteau, 13, of Belfast said. “I like being involved in something that will continue on, hopefully forever.”\nEven though school was different this year because of the pandemic, the rhythms of seed saving were not. In the fall, when the students harvested tomatoes, they would slice them, squish the seeds into jars and let them ferment for a few days so they would be more viable. For beans, Wessels said, they clip the stalks and pile them in the greenhouse until the harvest slows down and they have more time to clean them.\nIn November and December, they take the stalks and thrash and beat them — “which kids love to do,” Wessels said — and then shell the beans. That can lead to special moments.\n“When kids are sitting and shelling beans together, everyone tells stories,” he said. “It’s so cool to sit at the picnic tables and shell beans. The kids talk in a way they don’t normally. There’s something about seeds.”\nThey also winnow the seeds, an ancient farming practice of separating seeds from bugs and chaff. Then, by January, most of the seeds will be in jars, ready to be packed. But the work isn’t done. Students make the art for the seed packets in art class, and also germination test the seed by counting some out and putting them in a wet paper towel to make sure they will grow. They do that in math class, so they can figure percentages.\n“I tell the kids, each seed is literally alive. It’s breathing,” Wessels said. “If we’re going to pass it along to someone else, we want to make sure it’s viable.”\nThen, in the spring, he brings the brightly-colored packets of seeds to the co-op, where local gardeners will buy them and start the growing cycle again. Last year, they sold all of the roughly 400 seed packets they had prepared. This year, he expects the students will sell all 800 seed packets they’ve produced. All proceeds from the seed sales go back to the garden project, which raises its whole budget for tools, seeds, supplies, infrastructure and maintenance by selling produce, seedlings and seeds.\nJamie Cermak, the marketing manager at the Belfast Co-op, said that the garden project’s seed saving mission resonates with the store’s customers and members.\n“Knowing that here we have home-grown resiliency built into our school system is amazing,” he said. “It’s not just about solving today’s problem. It’s about solving a problem that’s forever.”\nStudent Greta Graf, 12, of Searsmont, likes the idea that the seeds she has helped save will live on in someone else’s garden.\n“It’s nice to know that we’re helping out the community,” she said.\nIt’s helping out the students, too, Wessels said. In a world where fewer and fewer people are saving seeds, he is happy to be bucking that trend.\n“If you become a seed saver, you enter into a relationship with a plant that will change both of you,” he said. “It’s going to go both ways. You don’t know how it will change you, or the plant. It’s a way different way of looking at it than ‘I’m preserving this seed,’ but that’s the truth.”", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "url": "https://bangordailynews.com/2021/03/17/news/midcoast/local-students-are-supplying-belfast-with-garden-seeds-during-pandemic-induced-shortage/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039544239.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20210421130234-20210421160234-00002.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9659626484, "token_count": 1455, "score": 2.734375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "BELFAST, Maine An earrach seo caite, mar a rinne easpa bia a bhí mar thoradh ar an bpaindéim go raibh seilfeanna siopaí grósaeracha folamh ar fud na tíre, is cosúil go raibh beagnach gach duine i Maine ag iarraidh gairdín a thosú.\nAch bhí sé deacair síolta a fháil, mar a bhí soláthraithe ag déileáil le héilimh gan fasach.\nBhí sé sin fíor ag Co-op Béal Feirste, áit a bhfuil pacáistí síolta orgánacha ó sholáthraithe náisiúnta díreach in aice le taispeántas beoga ó Chompánach Síolta Scoile Mheán-Aimseartha Troy Howard. Sábhálann agus díolann mic léinn síolta ó na glasraí agus na bláthanna a fhásann siad i dtionscadal gairdín na scoile.\nAch i mí na Bealtaine, nuair a ghlaoigh comhordaitheoir tionscadail na gairdín David Wessels ar an gcomharsanacht chun a fháil amach an raibh gá le hathshuíomh, fuair sé amach gurb é an chuideachta síolta na scoile lárnach an t-aon cheann a raibh síolta le díol fós aige.\nBhí na seastáin taispeána eile go léir folamh.\n\"Ba é an mheánscoil an t-aon soláthraí síolta\", a dúirt sé an tseachtain seo caite.\nIs cuimhin le Ladonna Bruce, bainisteoir na dtáirge sa cho-oibríocht, go raibh síolta ó sholáthraithe eile díolta amach an earrach seo caite, agus tá sé i gceist go bhféadfadh sé tarlú arís i mbliana. I amanna ganntais, tá sé iontach táirgeoir áitiúil a bheith againn mar an scoil mheánmhéide, a dúirt sí.\n\"Tá na páistí ag déanamh rud éigin an-tábhachtach faoi láthair, agus táimid buíoch as iad\", a dúirt sí.\nAgus le níos mó éilimh, dúirt Wessels go bhfuil sé féin agus na mic léinn ag dúbailt a soláthar.\n\"An bhliain seo, chuaigh muid beagán níos mó\", a dúirt sé. Is spraoi é a fheiceáil go bhfuil níos mó síolta ag dul amach.\nTá sé i bhfad níos mó ná spraoi dó féin agus, tá súil aige, dá dhaltaí. Is cleachtas é síolta a shábháil a tháinig siar na mílte bliain agus atá riachtanach chun an cine daonna a mhaireachtáil. D'fhéadfadh sé a bheith cosúil le cuid acu go bhfuil sé ag fás plandaí, ag cruinniú na síolta agus ansin iad a chur ar shiúl chun iad a shábháil ag an imeacht, áit éigin cosúil leis an rud ar a dtugtar Doomsday Global Seed Vault sa Iorua.\nAch ní mar sin a fhuaimíonn sé do Wessels.\nNuair a labhraíonn tú faoi shlándáil síolta, ní bhíonn tú ag cur iad i mbosca bróga. \"Is caidreamh é i ndáiríre le plandaí\", a dúirt sé. Síolta a shábháil agus iad a fhás arís. Is é an rud is maith liom a chur i gcuimhne ar na páistí go bhfuil sé ina slabhra neamhbriste. Maidir le haon cheann de na cineálacha seo, is féidir leat an síol sin a rianú ar ais na mílte bliain. Trí chultúir iolracha, cuid acu nach bhfuil ann fós. Ar ais go dtí plandaí fiáine a bhí feirmeach.\nI ngach glúin, chuir duine an síol sin, thug sé aire dó agus shábháil é. Ar an mbealach, d'fhéadfadh siad a bheith roghnaithe le haghaidh tréithe éagsúla agus a chur in oiriúint do thimpeallachtaí éagsúla.\nAnois, agus a mhic léinn ag dul go dtí an ghairdín taobh thiar den scoil chun a gcuid cineálacha éagsúla tomatáin agus pónairí heirleach, glasraí neamhghnácha, bláthanna agus níos mó a chothabháil, tá siad mar chuid den slabhra sin.\n\"Tá sé chomh iontach\", a dúirt Wessels. Is mór an onóir dom a bheith mar chuid de.\nDéanann sé a chuid mac léinn, freisin.\n'Tá sé an-spraoi,' a dúirt Katience Parenteau, 13, as Béal Feirste. Is maith liom bheith páirteach i rud éigin a leanfaidh ar aghaidh, go deo.\nCé go raibh an scoil difriúil i mbliana mar gheall ar an bpaindéim, ní raibh an rithim a bhí ag an sábháil síolta. Sa fhómhar, nuair a bhailiú na mac léinn trátaí, bheadh siad iad a slice, squish na síolta isteach i jar agus lig dóibh ferment ar feadh cúpla lá ionas go mbeadh siad níos inmharthana. Maidir le pónairí, a dúirt Wessels, ghearrann siad na gairdíní agus cuirimid iad sa t-éanchaois go dtí go dtéann an barr go mall agus go mbeidh níos mó ama acu iad a ghlanadh.\nI mí na Samhna agus i mí na Nollag, glacann siad na crainn agus buaileann siad iad - rud a bhfuil grá ag páistí a dhéanamh, a dúirt Wessels - agus ansin déanann siad na beans a scáileáil. Is féidir leis sin a bheith ina chúis le hamhráin speisialta.\n'Nuair a bhíonn páistí ina suí agus ag scagadh beanna le chéile, insíonn gach duine scéalta,' a dúirt sé. Is iontach an rud é suí ag na táblaí picnic agus beans a scagadh. Labhraíonn na páistí ar bhealach nach ndéanann siad de ghnáth. Tá rud éigin faoi síolta.\nDéanann siad na síolta a scagadh freisin, cleachtas feirmeoireachta ársa chun síolta a scaradh ó bheaga agus ó chail. Ansin, faoi mhí Eanáir, beidh an chuid is mó de na síolta i bjar, réidh le pacáil. Ach níl an obair déanta. Déanann mic léinn an ealaín do na pacáistí síolta sa rang ealaíne, agus déanann siad tástáil géarmhíola freisin ar na síolta trí chuid a chomhaireamh agus iad a chur i tuáille páipéir fliuch chun a chinntiú go bhfásfaidh siad. Déanann siad sin i rang matamaitice, ionas gur féidir leo céatadáin a ríomh.\nDeirim leis na páistí, tá gach síol beo go litriúil. Tá sé ag anailís, a dúirt Wessels. Má tá sé le tabhairt ar dhuine eile, ba mhaith linn a chinntiú go bhfuil sé inmharthana.\nAnsin, san earrach, tugann sé na pacáistí gealaithe síolta go dtí an chomhlacht, áit a gceannaíonn gardaí áitiúla iad agus a thosaíonn an timthriall fáis arís. An bhliain seo caite, dhíol siad na 400 pacáiste síolta a bhí ullmhaithe acu. Tá sé ag súil go ndíolfaidh na mic léinn na 800 pacáiste síolta a tháirg siad go léir i mbliana. Téann an t-ioncam go léir ó dhíolacháin síolta ar ais chuig an tionscadal gairdín, a chuireann a bhuiséad iomlán ar fáil d'uirlisí, síolta, soláthairtí, bonneagar agus cothabháil trí thráchtáil táirge, síolta agus síolta.\nDúirt Jamie Cermak, bainisteoir margaíochta ag an gComh-Oibríocht i mBéal Feirste, go bhfuil an misean a bhaineann le sábháil síolta ag an tionscadal gairdín ag teacht le custaiméirí agus le baill an stór.\n\"Tá sé iontach a fhios a bheith againn go bhfuil athléimneacht baile tógtha isteach inár gcóras scoile\", a dúirt sé. Ní bhaineann sé le réiteach fhadhb an lae inniu amháin. Tá sé faoi réiteach ar fhadhb a bhfuil go deo.\nIs maith leis an mac léinn Greta Graf, 12, ó Searsmont, an smaoineamh go mairfidh na síolta a chabhraigh sí a shábháil i gcurann duine eile.\n\"Tá sé go deas a fhios a bheith againn go bhfuilimid ag cuidiú leis an bpobal\", a dúirt sí.\nTá sé ag cabhrú leis na mic léinn freisin, a dúirt Wessels. I saol ina bhfuil níos lú agus níos lú daoine ag coinneáil síolta, tá sé sásta a bheith ag cur aghaidh ar an treocht sin.\nMá bhíonn tú ina shábhálaí síolta, téann tú i gcaidreamh le planda a athróidh an bheirt agaibh, a dúirt sé. Tá sé ag dul a bheith in dhá bhealach. Ní fios duit conas a athrú sé tú, nó an phlanda. Tá sé ar bhealach difriúil ar bhealach a breathnú air ná \"Tá mé ag caomhnú an síol seo\", ach sin an fhírinne."} +{"text": "Solar Pool Heater Function\nResidential solar swimming pool heaters are usually plumbed using the same size pvc pipe as the pool equipment, normally 2\" or 1.5\".\nNotice in the typical arrangement shown in this schematic that filtered water flows through solar and then through the gas heater if there is one. Sometimes we reverse this order to put solar in a more favorable pressure environment. Less load on the pool pump means lower electricity costs.\nThe motorized valve sends water to solar when the roof sensor is warmer than the pool by a set differential of about 9 degrees C. If the pool is up to the setpoint temperature or insufficient solar radiation is available the motorized valve turns automatically so flow does not go to solar.\nThe vacuum breaker allows air to enter so that negative pressures cannot develop. Positive pressures can not be developed because the system is open to the pool. Air flushes through to the pool when solar starts up.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "url": "https://www.h2otsun.com/howitworks", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038087714.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20210415160727-20210415190727-00013.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9025663733, "token_count": 191, "score": 2.890625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Feidhm an Teasadóra Poola Sólar\nIs gnách go ndéantar teasóirí linn snámha sólar cónaithe a phlúráil ag baint úsáide as píopa pvc den mhéid céanna le trealamh an linn snámha, de ghnáth 2 nó 1.5 \" .\nTabhair faoi deara sa socrú tipiciúil a léirítear sa scéim seo go ritheann uisce scagtha trí sholáireach agus ansin trí an teasóir gáis má tá ceann ann. Uaireanta déanaimid an t-ordú seo a aisiompú chun an ghrian a chur i dtimpeallacht brú níos fabhraí. Ciallaíonn níos lú ualaigh ar an bpompa linnte costais leictreachais níos ísle.\nSeolann an comhla mótaróideach uisce chuig an gclár nuair a bhíonn an braiteoir díon níos teo ná an linn snámha ag difríocht shocraithe de thart ar 9 céim C. Má tá an linn snámha suas leis an teocht socraithe nó mura bhfuil radaíocht ghréasáin leordhóthanach ar fáil casann an comhla mótaróideach go huathoibríoch ionas nach rachaidh an sreabhadh go dtí an gclár gréine.\nLigeann an briseadh vácuam don aer dul isteach ionas nach bhféadfar brú diúltach a fhorbairt. Ní féidir brú dearfach a fhorbairt toisc go bhfuil an córas oscailte don chistin. Téann aer tríd go dtí an linn nuair a thosaíonn an ghrian."} +{"text": "Beyond Gordon Matta-Clark\nContemporary crossovers between art, architecture, and preservation.\n|Photo © Kenneth M. Bernstein|\nBased on what you have seen and read about this project, how would you grade it? Use the stars below to indicate your assessment, five stars being the highest rating.\nArchitects and artists alike have long idolized Gordon Matta-Clark for his aggressive transformations of existing buildings. From slicing a suburban home in half (Splitting, 1974) to carving a cone out of 17th-century French apartments (Conical Intersect, 1975), Matta-Clark pioneered the manipulation of found architecture to create complex perceptual and social effects. But the adoration of Matta-Clark’s work often takes it literally, romanticizing the burly physicality of destruction and the aesthetic of material decay, thereby marginalizing his influence to anti-architectural gestures. His contemporary relevance, however, is actually as a conceptual minimalist—he was able to see how cutting a single line could transform an entire building. This incisive intelligence connects him to both to the more austere conceptual artists of his time and to an emerging generation of artists, architects, and preservationists trying to transform existing structures in a single stroke.\nMatta-Clark was obsessed with producing spatial shortcuts, seeking “the simplest way to create complexity…without having to make or build anything (1). The line that he cut through the abandoned house in Edgewood, New Jersey, produced a continuous ribbon of light through interior rooms and destabilized the image of suburban domesticity on the exterior. His telescopic cone in Conical Intersect sliced multiple interior walls into one shape and pointed the eye towards the Pompidou Center rising beyond, collapsing old and new construction (2). These projects continue to captivate us because they use concise geometries to produce layered complexity. The cuts offer both perceptual oscillations between figure and ground, and understated critiques of cycles of construction and demolition. This succinctness connects Matta-Clark to his peers in conceptual art and institutional critique, even though he downplayed those allegiances. Michael Asher, born the same year as Matta-Clark but practicing in Los Angeles, also pioneered critical interventions into architecture, with the aim of rearranging cultural institutions. For his intervention into the Claire Copley Gallery in Los Angeles in 1974, Asher simply demolished the wall between the gallery space and the administrative office, making the work of the employees the only content on display. Employing both subtraction and addition, he removed the front doors of the Pomona College Museum of Art in 1970 and funneled visitors through new white walls, which extended the street and undermined the autonomy of the museum. Matta-Clark disapproved of the neatness and interiority of Asher’s work(3), but together they show how the strategic alteration of walls, floors, windows, and doors can reposition a viewer’s relationships to an existing architectural type. Their work laid the groundwork for practices that reject the production of new objects, in favor of creating entirely new and critical experiences by rearranging existing architecture.\nParallel currents in art, architecture, and preservation are now leading to a rise in projects that leave existing structures intact while producing radical transformation. Many artists and architects are frustrated with the endless production of novel objects, and are looking to architectural intervention to define alternative modes of authorship and sidestep cycles of resource depletion. At the same time, preservationists are seeing the cultural and economic limitations of static conservation and are embracing more flexible reinventions of historic buildings. Although artists, architects, and preservationists have been performing adaptive reuse for decades, new projects are pursuing more nuanced and conceptual tactics, aiming not only to reuse but also to challenge our understanding of history and existing institutions.\nThe field of preservation has dramatically transformed in the last decade, as the preservation journal Future Anterior, the Harvard Graduate School of Design’s Critical Conservation program, and Rem Koolhaas’ exhibition Cronocaos, have called attention to the inherent political and cultural biases of the field. But the acknowledgement of such biases also opens up preservation as a creative act. Jorge Otero-Pailos, an architect, artist, scholar and the founder of Future Anterior, has described Gordon Matta-Clark as an important model for “creative agents,” who can produce a second or third conceptual framework for a building after that of its intended author(4). Embracing the idea of historic buildings as open works, stewards of historic landmarks have recently sponsored an abundance of artistic interventions, including projects by Xavier Veilhan at the Neutra VDL House, Santiago Borja at the Villa Savoye, and Fujiko Nakaya at the Glass House. The artist Rudolf Stingel enacted particularly memorable interventions in both the Neue Nationalgalerie in 2010 and the Palazzo Grassi in 2012. For the Neue Nationalgalerie, he covered the entire floor of the main hall with an ornate, custom black-and-white carpet, the expansiveness of which both exaggerated the scale of the hall and offered a contrasting mirror to the infinite grid of Mies’ ceiling. For the Palazzo Grassi exhibition, he covered both the floors and walls of the 18th-century enfilade galleries with red Ottoman carpets, producing a non-white-cube background for his solo exhibition and a surreal continuity of space through sequential rooms. In both cases, the overlay of a new material exaggerated the existing architectural qualities, calling attention to the historical specificity of the space while collapsing old and new into a surreal simultaneity.\nIn contrast to rarefied projects in historic landmarks, many artists are enacting both conceptual and social transformations through strategic changes to everyday buildings. In 2004, the artist Mark Allen (a former student of Michael Asher) took over a modest commercial space in downtown Los Angeles to establish Machine Project as a venue for site-specific installations, performances, and events. After the initial appropriation, Allen curated successive interventions, including Nate Page’s project Storefront Plaza in 2012. Page moved the storefront windows 20 feet back into the interior, creating a bright red exterior room that functioned as both an event space and an extension of the street. The simple act of moving the storefront pulled public space deep into the interior and created a zone of overlap between the neighborhood and the institution, with the glass wall between producing intimate and voyeuristic friction. Also operating through appropriation but at an even larger scale, the artist Rick Lowe founded the Houston-based Project Row Houses in 1993 by converting 22 abandoned shotgun houses into venues for site-specific art and housing for young mothers. Every year, artists produce new experiential environments within the houses, as with Valerie Piraino’s installation in 2014, for which she juxtaposes the white-painted wood walls of the interior with new “walls” of white fabric with wood texture, creating a quiet rearrangement of the given domestic space. Where the interventions of the 1970s by Matta-Clark and Asher were often attacks on institutions, their methods are now being appropriated in the construction of self-reflexive cultural spaces based on continuous transformation.\nCombining adaptive reuse with institutional critique, contemporary architects are using minimal insertions to provocatively reframe historic architecture. Large firms such as OMA, Herzog and De Meuron, and Diller Scofidio + Renfro have been producing edgy reuse projects for decades, but many of these projects still rely on postmodernist tropes of facadism and pastiche, assembling pieces of historic and contemporary architecture into high-contrast collage. Emerging practices, however, are moving away from collage, looking to minimalism and conceptual art for guidance. In 2011, the Belgian office tcct (Cindy Tirry & Tom Callebaut) transformed a historic chapel in Grand-Bigard into a space of pure white austerity. Leaving the historic structure and materiality of the chapel intact, they built a grid of solid, white panels in front of the interior walls and covered the floor with white sand. Entering the space, the viewer sees nothing but pure white surfaces, but visitors can open the panels to reveal the altar or stained glass windows now framed by the panel grid. The perception of the historic building becomes interactive, with multiple possible configurations of obscuring and revealing. Operating between art, architecture, and preservation, such projects offer a new direction for architecture. As practitioners are able to create entirely new forms and spaces through the strategic manipulation of existing structures, they escape longstanding conventions of authorship and construction. Learning from Matta-Clark and Asher, creators across art, architecture, and preservation are performing the magic trick of doing more while doing less.\nBryony Roberts is an artist, architect, and writer based in Los Angeles. She is the principal of Bryony Roberts Studio, a design and research practice focusing on experimental preservation, and she teaches architecture at SCI-Arc.\n1. Gordon Matta-Clark: Splitting the Humphrey Street Building,\" An Interview by Liza Bear, in Gordon Matta-Clark, Ed. Corinne Diserens (London: Phaidon, 2003), 165.\n2. Pamela Lee, “On the Holes of History,” in Object to Be Destroyed: The Work of Gordon Matta-Clark (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2000), 169.\n3. Gordon Matta-Clark: Splitting the Humphrey Street Building,\" An Interview by Liza Bear, in Gordon Matta-Clark, Ed. Corinne Diserens (London: Phaidon, 2003), 167.\n4. Jorge Otero-Pailos, “Creative Agents,” Future Anterior, vol.3, no.1 (Summer 2006): v.\nGet Architectural Record digital with free bonus content not found in the magazine!\nOrder back issuesócomplete your library!", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-22", "url": "http://archrecord.construction.com/features/2014/1408-Beyond-Gordon-Matta-Clark.asp", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207927843.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113207-00014-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9310680032, "token_count": 2053, "score": 2.71875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Níos faide ná Gordon Matta-Clark\nCruithneachtaí comhaimseartha idir ealaín, ailtireacht agus caomhnú.\nPhoto © Kenneth M. Bernstein agus\nBunaithe ar an méid a chonaic tú agus a léigh tú faoin tionscadal seo, conas a mheasfá é? Úsáid na réaltaí thíos chun do mheasúnú a léiriú, agus is é cúig réalta an rátáil is airde.\nTá ailtirí agus ealaíontóirí araon i bhfad idoláilte Gordon Matta-Clark as a athchóirithe ionsaitheach ar fhoirgnimh atá ann cheana féin. Ó teach forimeallach a ghearradh ina leath (Splitting, 1974) go con a chaithfear as árasáin na Fraince an 17ú haois (Conical Intersect, 1975), rinne Matta-Clark ceannródaíocht ar mhaisiú ailtireachta le haghaidh éifeachtaí casta braite agus sóisialta a chruthú. Ach is minic a ghlacann an adhradh ar obair Matta-Clark é go litriúil, ag romanticizing fisiceacht corcra na scriosadh agus ealaíne na dtuillteanais ábhartha, rud a fhágann go bhfuil a thionchar ar ghnéithe frith-ailtireachta. Tá a ábharthacht comhaimseartha, áfach, i ndáiríre mar íoslaghdaire coincheapach - bhí sé in ann a fheiceáil conas a d'fhéadfadh líne amháin a ghearradh foirgneamh iomlán a athrú. Ceanglaíonn an intleacht incisive seo é leis an dá ealaíontóir coincheapa níos géar dá chuid ama agus le glúin nua ealaíontóirí, ailtireacha agus caomhnóirí atá ag iarraidh struchtúir atá ann cheana a athrú i stróc amháin.\nBhí Matta-Clark dírithe ar ghearrthreoracha spáis a tháirgeadh, ag lorg an bealach is simplí chun castacht a chruthú... gan rud ar bith a dhéanamh nó a thógáil (1). An líne a ghearradh sé tríd an teach thréigthe i Edgewood, New Jersey, a tháirgtear ribín leanúnach de sholas trí seomraí istigh agus destabilized an íomhá de domesticity forimeallach ar an taobh amuigh. Rinne a chón telescópach i gComhcheangal Conacha sliceáil ar bhallaí inmheánacha i bhfoirm amháin agus d'fhéach sé ar an Ionad Pompidou ag ardú níos faide, ag cur síos ar an sean-thoghchán agus an tógáil nua (2). Leanann na tionscadail seo orainn a mhealladh toisc go n-úsáideann siad géimeatraíochtaí cuimsithe chun castacht sraitheach a tháirgeadh. Tugann na gearraithe oscillations percepute idir figiúr agus talamh, agus criticeanna íseal ar timthriallta tógála agus scriosadh. Ceanglaíonn an gearrtháthacht seo Matta-Clark lena chomhghleacaithe in ealaín coincheapa agus critice institiúideach, cé gur lúigh sé na dílseachtaí sin. Bhí Michael Asher, a rugadh sa bhliain chéanna le Matta-Clark ach a chleachtadh i Los Angeles, ina cheannródaí freisin maidir le hintialann criticiúil san ailtireacht, agus é mar aidhm aige institiúidí cultúrtha a athshocrú. Maidir lena idirghabháil i Gailéar Claire Copley i Los Angeles i 1974, scrios Asher an balla idir spás na gailearaí agus an oifig riaracháin, rud a fhágann go raibh obair na bhfostaithe ar an ábhar amháin a bhí ar taispeáint. Ag baint úsáide as an dá mhíchumas agus an breiseán, chuir sé na doirse tosaigh de Mhúsaem Ealaíne Coláiste Pomona i 1970 agus chuir sé conaill chuairteoirí trí bhallaí bána nua, a shíneadh an tsráid agus a chuir faoi dhroch-chontúirt uathriail an mhúsaeim. Ní raibh Matta-Clark sásta le cothroime agus le hinmheánachtacht obair Asher (), ach le chéile léiríonn siad conas is féidir le hathrú straitéiseach ballaí, urláir, fuinneoga agus doirse caidreamh an lucht féachana a athshuíomh le cineál ailtireachta atá ann cheana féin. Chuir a gcuid oibre an bonn le cleachtais a dhiúltaíonn táirgeadh rudaí nua, i bhfabhar eispéiris nua agus criticiúla a chruthú trí ailtireacht atá ann cheana a athshocrú.\nTá sruthanna comhthreomhar san ealaín, san ailtireacht agus sa chaomhnú ag tabhairt faoi ardú ar thionscadail a fhágann go bhfuil struchtúir atá ann cheana féin gan aon difríocht agus iad ag déanamh athraithe radacach. Tá frustrachas ar go leor ealaíontóirí agus ailtirí leis an táirgeadh gan deireadh d'ábhar nua, agus tá siad ag lorg idirghabháil ailtireachta chun modhanna malartacha údaráis a shainiú agus timthriallta díothaithe acmhainní a sheachaint. Ag an am céanna, tá na coimeádaithe ag féachaint ar theorainneacha cultúrtha agus eacnamaíocha na coimeádaithe statach agus tá siad ag glacadh le hath-fhorbairtí níos solúbtha ar fhoirgnimh stairiúla. Cé go bhfuil ealaíontóirí, ailtirí agus caomhnóirí ag déanamh athúsáid oiriúnaithe le blianta fada, tá tionscadail nua ag leanúint tacticí níos nuance agus coincheapa, ag díriú ní amháin ar athúsáid ach freisin ar ár dtuiscint ar stair agus ar institiúidí atá ann cheana féin a dhúshlánú.\nTá athrú mór tagtha ar réimse na caomhnaithe le deich mbliana anuas, mar a thug an iris caomhnaithe Future Anterior, clár Critical Conservation Scoile Iarchéime Dearadh Harvard, agus taispeántas Rem Koolhaas Cronocaos, aird ar na claontachtaí polaitiúla agus cultúrtha atá i gceist leis an réimse. Ach is é an t-aitheantas a bhaineann le claontachtaí den sórt sin ná go bhfuil an chaomhnú mar ghníomh cruthaitheach. Tá cur síos déanta ag Jorge Otero-Pailos, ailtire, ealaíontóir, scoláirí agus bunaitheoir Future Anterior, ar Gordon Matta-Clark mar mhúnla tábhachtach d' \"aigí cruthaitheacha\", ar féidir leo dara nó tríú creat coincheapach a tháirgeadh d'fhoirgneamh tar éis an fhoirgneamh a bhí beartaithe ag a údar. Ag glacadh leis an smaoineamh ar fhoirgnimh stairiúla mar shaothair oscailte, thacaigh stiúrthóirí na lárionaid stairiúla le go leor idirghabhálacha ealaíne le déanaí, lena n-áirítear tionscadail le Xavier Veilhan ag an Neutra VDL House, Santiago Borja ag an Villa Savoye, agus Fujiko Nakaya ag an Teach Ghlais. Rinne an t-ealaíontóir Rudolf Stingel idirghabhálacha nach mór cuimhne a dhéanamh orthu sa Neue Nationalgalerie sa bhliain 2010 agus sa Palazzo Grassi sa bhliain 2012. Maidir leis an Neue Nationalgalerie, chlúdaigh sé urlár iomlán an phríomhshála le carpet dubh-agus-béar uathoibrithe, a raibh an fad atá aige ag cur scála an halla i bhfad níos mó ná mar a bhí agus a thairg scáthán contrastach do ghréasán gan teorainn uasteorainn Mies. Maidir leis an taispeántas Palazzo Grassi, chlúdaigh sé urlabhraí agus ballaí na ngallairí enfilade an 18ú haois le capáistí dearga Ottoman, ag táirgeadh cúlra neamh-bhán-chubáin dá thaispeántas aonair agus leanúnachas spáis surreal trí sheomraí seicheamhnacha. Sa dá chás, chuir an t-oibreach nua cáilíochtaí ailtireachta atá ann cheana féin i bhfad níos mó ná mar a bhí, ag tarraingt aird ar shainiúlacht stairiúil an spás agus sean agus nua ag titim isteach i gcomhthráthúlacht surreal.\nI gcodarsnacht le tionscadail rarefied i réamhtheachtaí stairiúla, tá go leor ealaíontóirí ag déanamh athruithe coincheapacha agus sóisialta trí athruithe straitéiseacha ar fhoirgnimh laethúla. Sa bhliain 2004, ghlac an t-ealaíontóir Mark Allen (seann mac léinn de Michael Asher) spás tráchtála measartha i lár Los Angeles chun Tionscadal Máistir a bhunú mar áit le haghaidh suiteálacha, léirithe agus imeachtaí ar leith. Tar éis an leithreasa tosaigh, d'eagraigh Allen idirghabhálacha i ndiaidh a chéile, lena n-áirítear tionscadal Nate Page's Storefront Plaza in 2012. Chuir Page na fuinneoga tosaigh siopa 20 troigh ar ais sa taobh istigh, ag cruthú seomra seachtrach dearg geal a d'oibrigh mar spás imeachta agus mar fhorlíonadh ar an tsráid. An gníomh simplí a aistriú an storefront tharraing spás poiblí go domhain isteach sa taobh istigh agus chruthaigh limistéar de overlap idir an chomharsanacht agus an institiúid, leis an bhalla gloine idir a tháirgeadh frith-aistrithe pearsanta agus voyeuristic. Ag feidhmiú trí úinéireacht freisin ach ar scála níos mó fós, bhunaigh an t-ealaíontóir Rick Lowe Project Row Houses i Houston i 1993 trí 22 teach shotgun thréigthe a thiontú ina suíomhanna d'ealaín agus tithíocht do mháithreacha óga. Gach bliain, déanann ealaíontóirí timpeallachtaí eispéireacha nua a tháirgeadh laistigh de na tithe, mar a tharla le suiteáil Valerie Piraino in 2014, a bhfuil na ballaí adhmaid péinteáilte bán taobh istigh á gcur in aice le wall nua de fhabraic bán le uigeacht adhmaid, ag cruthú at-athsheasmhacht shílte den spás tí a thugtar. Cé gur ionsaí ar institiúidí a bhí i gceist le hiontrálacha Matta-Clark agus Asher sna 1970idí, tá a modhanna á n-úsáid anois i dtógáil spásanna cultúrtha féin-athmhínitheacha bunaithe ar thrasuí leanúnach.\nAg baint úsáide as athúsáid oiriúnaithe le critice institiúideach, tá ailtirí comhaimseartha ag baint úsáide as ionchur íosta chun ailtireacht stairiúil a athchruthú go provócaíoch. Tá gnólachtaí móra mar OMA, Herzog agus De Meuron, agus Diller Scofidio + Renfro ag táirgeadh tionscadail athúsáidte edgy le blianta fada, ach tá go leor de na tionscadail seo ag brath fós ar tropes iar-mhódernacha facadism agus pastiche, ag cruinniú píosaí d'ailtireacht stairiúil agus comhaimseartha i gcollais ard-choimeáda. Tá cleachtais atá ag teacht chun cinn, áfach, ag bogadh ar shiúl ó chollais, ag féachaint go dtí íoslaghdaíocht agus ealaín coincheapa chun treoir a fháil. In 2011, d'athraigh an oifig Bheilg tcct (Cindy Tirry & Tom Callebaut) caipéal stairiúil i Grand-Bigard ina spás de shriantacht íon bán íon. Ag fágáil struchtúr stairiúil agus ábhar an chaipil gan aon difríocht, thóg siad gráid de phainéil soladach, bán os comhair na mballaí inmheánacha agus chlúdaigh siad an urlár le gaineamh bán. Ag dul isteach sa spás, ní fheiceann an t-amharcóir ach dromchlaí bán íon, ach is féidir le cuairteoirí na painéil a oscailt chun an t-altár nó na fuinneoga gloine staite a nochtadh anois faoi chuimsiú an ghréasáin painéil. Tá an t-eagarthóireacht ar an bhfoirgneamh stairiúil idirghníomhach, agus tá go leor cumraíochtaí féideartha ann chun é a nochtadh agus a nochtadh. Ag feidhmiú idir ealaín, ailtireacht agus caomhnú, cuireann tionscadail den sórt sin treo nua ar fáil don ailtireacht. De réir mar a bhíonn cleachtóirí in ann foirmeacha agus spásanna nua go hiomlán a chruthú trí mheaisín straitéiseach a dhéanamh ar struchtúir atá ann cheana, éalaíonn siad ó choinbhinsiúin sheanbhunaithe údar agus tógála. Ag foghlaim ó Matta-Clark agus Asher, tá cruthaitheoirí ar fud ealaíne, ailtireachta agus caomhnaithe ag déanamh an cleas draíochta chun níos mó a dhéanamh agus níos lú a dhéanamh.\nIs ealaíontóir, ailtire agus scríbhneoir í Bryony Roberts atá lonnaithe i Los Angeles. Is í príomh-Brionna Roberts Studio, cleachtas dearadh agus taighde a dhíríonn ar chaomhnú turgnamhach, agus múineann sí ailtireacht ag SCI-Arc.\n1. an t-am a bhí ann. Gordon Matta-Clark: Splitting the Humphrey Street Building, \"A Interview by Liza Bear, in Gordon Matta-Clark, Ed. Corinne Diserens (Londain: Phaidon, 2003), 165.\n2. Seachadadh. Pamela Lee, \"On the Holes of History\", in Object to be Destroyed: The Work of Gordon Matta-Clark (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2000), 169.\n3. Tá an t-am ann. Gordon Matta-Clark: Splitting the Humphrey Street Building, \"A Interview by Liza Bear, in Gordon Matta-Clark, Ed. Corinne Diserens (Londain: Phaidon, 2003), 167.\n4. Tá an t-am Jorge Otero-Pailos, Creative Agents, Future Anterior, vol.3, no.1 (Samhradh 2006): v.\nFaigh Clár Ailtireachta digiteach le hábhar bónas saor in aisce nach bhfuarthas sa iris!\nOrdú ar ais ar eisiúintí a chomhlánú do leabharlann!"} +{"text": "Positive Behavior Intervention & Supports at Chesapeake Bay Academy\nWhat is PBIS?\nPositive Behavior Intervention and Supports, PBIS, are preventive approaches that focus on positively supporting behaviors. The “interventions” utilize evidence-based strategies to improve behavior. The aim is to be proactive by creating an environment and a culture where negative behavior is prevented rather than punished. Behavioral expectations are positively stated, so they focus on what kids should do rather than what they shouldn’t do. It is not a scolding language that shakes a finger at students saying “don’t do this” or “don’t do that.” Instead, it concentrates on positively stating behaviors we would like students to exhibit.\nUsually, PBIS programs have 3-5 positive expectations that are easy for students to remember. But PBIS is more than a catchy slogan about good behavior; it takes the next step by instructing students on how to exhibit desired behaviors – i.e. What does it look like to be respectful? What does it sound like to be respectful? How might being respectful look different in various settings like: lunch, science class, PE or on a field trip? In a PBIS program we explicitly teach students behaviors the same way we explicitly teach students how to solve math equations or how to write an essay. Students are given corrective feedback that helps them replace undesirable behaviors with desirable ones. Again, instead of a “don’t do that,” PBIS offers students strategies that they can do. Instead of just punishing students, it aims to give students constructive feedback and lessons like, here is a better way to respond when you’re frustrated or when you disagree with someone. It acknowledges students’ emotions and triggers and gives them positive coping strategies. By integrating classroom management and preventative discipline procedures, PBIS supports teaching and learning, creating a positive and safe climate which maximizes success for all students.\nWhat positive behavior expectations do you emphasize at CBA?\nAt CBA we have chosen three Rs: respect, responsibility and resiliency. Students are taught to be respectful to others, the environment and materials, and to themselves. We also focus on responsibility, looking at school as a “job” that comes with responsibilities. We encourage students to be proactive and problem solve when things get in the way of their responsibilities. For example, if technology doesn’t cooperate when they are attempting to complete their responsibility of homework, what can they to work through the issue and still fulfill their responsibility? Finally, resiliency is an important life skill we try to teach our students. We want them to persevere and keep going despite any adversity they may encounter. Inevitably we all stumble from time to time; that’s OK. It’s not about falling but about picking oneself back up and recovering.\nHow do you reinforce and encourage these positive behavior expectations at CBA?\nWe have a merit system that is aimed at catching students being good. Students are given merits for behaviors like: advocating for themselves, making positive contributions to our middle school community, problem solving and being proactive, showing good citizenship, demonstrating resiliency, as well as several other behaviors. Merits accumulate in an “account” for the students, and they can “cash” them in to earn various rewards. We collaborated directly with the students when creating a list of rewards, making sure we have many individualized choices to appeal to and to motivate all kids.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-30", "url": "https://www.cba-va.org/positive-behavior-intervention-supports-chesapeake-bay-academy", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676591216.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20180719183926-20180719203926-00506.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9529933333, "token_count": 720, "score": 4.0625, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Iarsmaíocht agus Tacaíocht Iompraíochta Dea-Aoise ag Acadamh Bhaile Chesapeake\nCad é PBIS?\nIs cur chuige coisctheacha iad Iontráil agus Tacaíochtaí Iompraíochta Dea-Aire, PBIS, a dhíríonn ar iompar tacaíochta dearfach. Baineann na \"idirghabhálacha\" úsáid as straitéisí atá bunaithe ar fhianaise chun iompar a fheabhsú. Is é an aidhm a bheith réamhghníomhach trí thimpeallacht agus cultúr a chruthú ina gcuirtear cosc ar iompar diúltach seachas pionós a chur air. Tá ionchais iompair leagtha amach go dearfach, mar sin díreofar orthu ar na rudaí ba cheart do leanaí a dhéanamh seachas ar na rudaí nach ba cheart dóibh a dhéanamh. Ní teanga scolding é a shreabann méar ar mhic léinn ag rá \"ná déan é seo\" nó \"ná déan é sin\". Ina áit sin, díríonn sé ar iompar dearfach a bheadh muid ag iarraidh ar mhic léinn a thaispeáint.\nDe ghnáth, tá 3-5 ionchas dearfach ag cláir PBIS atá éasca le daltaí a mheabhrú. Ach tá PBIS níos mó ná slogan greamaitheach faoi fheidhmiú maith; glacann sé an chéad chéim eile trí mhúineadh a thabhairt do mhic léinn ar conas iompar inmhianaithe a thaispeáint ie. Cad é mar a bheith measúil? Cad a bhfuil sé cosúil le a bheith meas? Conas a d'fhéadfadh a bheith measúil breathnú difriúil i suíomhanna éagsúla cosúil le: lón, rang eolaíochta, PE nó ar thuras réimse? I gclár PBIS múineann muid iompar na mac léinn go sainráite ar an mbealach céanna a múineann muid na mic léinn go sainráite conas cothromaíochtaí matamaitice a réiteach nó conas aiste a scríobh. Tugtar aiseolas ceartaitheach do dhaltaí a chabhraíonn leo iompar neamh-inmhianaithe a chur in ionad iompar inmhianaithe. Arís, in ionad \"ná déan sin\", cuireann PBIS straitéisí ar fáil do mhic léinn ar féidir leo é sin a dhéanamh. In ionad na mic léinn a phionósú, tá sé mar aidhm aige aiseolas tógálach a thabhairt do mhic léinn agus ceachtanna mar, seo bealach níos fearr le freagairt nuair a bhíonn frustrachas ort nó nuair nach n-aontaíonn tú le duine. Aithníonn sé mothúcháin agus spreagadh na mac léinn agus tugann sé straitéisí dearfacha iad chun déileáil leo. Trí bhainistiú seomra ranga agus nósanna imeachta disciplíneach coisctheacha a chomhtháthú, tacaíonn PBIS le teagasc agus foghlaim, ag cruthú aeráid dhearfach agus sábháilte a uasmhéadóidh rath do gach mac léinn.\nCad iad na hionchais iompair dearfacha a chuireann tú béim orthu ag CBA?\nSa CBA roghnaigh muid trí R: meas, freagracht agus athléimneacht. Múintear do mhic léinn a bheith measúil le daoine eile, leis an gcomhshaol agus leis na hábhair, agus leo féin. Dírímid freisin ar fhreagracht, ag féachaint ar an scoil mar \"post\" a thagann le freagrachtaí. Spreagann muid mic léinn a bheith réamhghníomhach agus réiteach fadhbanna nuair a thagann rudaí i mbealach a gcuid freagrachtaí. Mar shampla, mura gcuireann teicneolaíocht i gcomhar leo nuair a bhíonn siad ag iarraidh a gcuid freagrachta ar obair bhaile a chur i gcrích, cad is féidir leo a dhéanamh chun an cheist a réiteach agus a gcuid freagrachta a chomhlíonadh fós? Ar deireadh, is scileanna saoil thábhachtacha iad an athléimneacht a theagasc muid dár mic léinn. Ba mhaith linn go seasfadh siad agus go leanfadh siad ar aghaidh in ainneoin na géarchéime a d'fhéadfadh teacht orthu. Ní gá go dtiocfadh orainn go léir a bheith ag casadh ó am go ham; tá sé sin ceart go leor. Ní bhaineann sé le titim ach le tú féin a thógáil ar ais agus a ghnóthú.\nConas a neartú agus a spreagadh na hionchais iompair dearfach ag CBA?\nTá córas luacha againn atá dírithe ar mhic léinn a ghabháil ag a bheith maith. Tugtar luachanna do mhic léinn le haghaidh iompar mar: a bheith ag abhcóideáil dóibh féin, rannchuidiú dearfach a dhéanamh lenár bpobal meánscoile, fadhbanna a réiteach agus a bheith réamhghníomhach, dea-shaoránacht a thaispeáint, athléimneacht a thaispeáint, chomh maith le roinnt iompar eile. Déantar na hiasachtaí a bhailiú i chuntas do na mic léinn, agus is féidir leo a airgeadú chun luach saothair éagsúla a thuilleamh. D'oibríomar go díreach leis na mic léinn agus liosta luach saothair á chruthú againn, ag cinntiú go raibh go leor roghanna aonair againn chun achomharc a dhéanamh agus gach páiste a spreagadh."} +{"text": "CTS is a serious, painful and disabling\nneurological condition caused by damage to the median nerve\nwhich extends through the wrist and into the hand at the\ncenter of the base of the palm. CTS is the most common form\nof Repetitive Stress Injury (RSI). RSI affects over 100,000\npeople a year whose repetitive tasks – such as grasping,\nstapling and pressing – place continual stress on parts of\ntheir bodies. Symptoms include numbness, tingling, painful\nand burning fingers, weakness of grip and aching hands.\nSevere, chronic cases result in permanent and painful\nweakness, often requiring surgery.\nFacts About Carpal Tunnel Syndrome\nCTS can be prevented through avoiding\npressure to the nerve and using protection, conditioning\nexercises, rest periods and modifying movement and jobs.\nThere are two main causes of damage to the median nerve that\nlead to CTS:\n1. Direct impact, prolonged pressure or\nvibration applied to the palm of the hand, as during heavy\nmachine operation. In addition to direct mechanical damage,\npressure compresses the veins and blocks blood circulation\nto the nerve. It also starts a vicious cycle by blocking\nlymphatic drainage, which in turn further increases the\n2. Extending and flexing the\nwrist back and forth rapidly, or moving the fingers extremely\nrapidly during activities such as typing which can cause\nkinking of the nerve or friction from the rubbing tendons.\nWhat causes Carpal Tunnel Syndrome?\nPeripheral nerves can be injured in\nseveral different ways. Obviously, they can be severed by a\ncutting injury. Local injury otherwise occurs due to focal\npressure. We would like to refer you to an excellent,\ndetailed textbook on peripheral nerve injuries by Dawson,\nHallett and Millender (referred to as DHM) (Note- See our\nGlossary of some useful terms on our About Us page.)\nExperiments in guinea pigs by Gilliatt in\nthe 1960’s demonstrated demyelization in nerves subject to\npressure. In more severe cases, axonal loss was\ndemonstrated as well. Denny-Brown and Brenner hypothesized\nan ischemic mechanism of injury, but histological studies\nshow that a high pressure, myelin is physically damaged.\nSome informative photomicrographs by the late Dr. Gilliatt\nappear on page 11 of the DHM textbook. (I had the pleasure\nto work with Drs. Hallett and Gilliatt at the National\nInstitutes of Health years ago.– A. Robert Spitzer, MD).\nAccording to Dawson, Hallett & Millender,\n“Observations support the idea that mechanical factors and\nnot ischemia are critical in the lesion of chronic\nentrapment. The mechanical factor responsible has not been\nidentified, but it may be chronic low pressure or friction.”\nThere is also evidence to support ischemia\nas an important mechanism, as reviewed in DHM. Studies have\nbeen performed in which catheters have been introduced\ndirectly into the carpal tunnel where the actual pressure in\nthe tunnel is measured.\nThe pressure in the carpal tunnel in\nindividuals having CTS is higher than in normal individuals\n(about 30-35 mm HG). This is interesting because the\ncentral venous pressure is about 40 mm. In other words, the\npressure in the veins is about 40 mm. Veins are soft and\ncollapsible. An external pressure close to 40 mm can easily\ncollapse the veins and cut off blood flow. Thus, the\ncritical pressure for developing CTS seems to be about the\nsame pressure it takes to cut off return of circulation by\nthe venous system. Lower pressures don’t seem to predispose\nto the problem.\nIn summary, the basic pathophysiology of\nCTS is excess pressure. Keeping pressure down on the carpal\ntunnel is a logical way to try to prevent this disorder,\nbased on our knowledge of physiology.\nThere are three common mechanisms to\ninjure the median nerve:\nThe Shock-Tek™ glove addresses this third\nmechanism. It reduces the external pressure, impact or\nvibration applied to the carpal tunnel and median nerve.\nDifferent jobs and sports require different hand actions,\nresulting in different combinations of the above causative\nfactors. Even if two or three of these factors are present,\nthe Shock-Tek™ glove will often help, if the external\npressure is a significant part of the overall problem.\nHowever, if the entire problem is finger movement or flexion\nand extension of the wrist, the glove would not be expected\nto provide much benefit.\n- By repeatedly flexing and extending the\n- By moving the fingers rapidly, causing nerve friction.\n- By external pressure or vibration applied to the palm of\nCTS is considered a “Cumulative Trauma\nDisorder” (CTD). The development of CTS results from a\nsummation of one or more factors over time. If the more\nprecipitating factors are present, the stronger each factor,\nand the longer the time of exposure, the more likely one is\nto develop the injury. Considered mathematically, this\ncould be expressed as\nCTS = v∑factor dtt\nIn addition to direct pressure on the\nnerve, finger movement, wrist flexion and extension, there\nare medical contributory factors, such as diabetes, alcohol\nconsumption, certain genetic factors and vitamin\ndeficiencies. The stronger each factor, the more factors\npresent, and the longer the time they are applied, the more\nlikely is CTS.\nWhat are the Symptoms of Carpal Tunnel\nIn most cases of CTS, the symptoms are\nfairly stereotypical. The predominant symptoms are numbness\nand tingling of the thumb, index and middle finger. These\nsymptoms may be intermittent. Tingling of the small (5th)\ndigit is usually not CTS. Pain usually only occurs in late\nstage or severe disease. Numbness is much more common than\npain. Because of the tingling, many people who have the\nearliest stages of CTS, or have an extremely mild,\nreversible nerve injury, mistakenly think they have poor\ncirculation in the hand. Poor circulation in the hand is a\nvery rare condition. So, many people without definite CTS\nor who haven’t developed it yet, can get relief of symptoms\nwhen using the Shock-Tek™ glove.\nLoss of grip strength can develop\nparticularly due to weakness of the thumb muscles. Some\npatients report dropping things from their hand. Sometimes,\nthis is a false weakness and is due to loss of sensation.\nFor example, some patients say they drop things from their\nhand only if they are not looking at the object (i.e. they\ncan’t feel it).\nPlease note! Several other conditions\nother than CTS can cause numbness or weakness of the hand,\nincluding conditions such as stroke, MS and spinal cord\ninjury. If you are not sure about your problem, please see\nyour doctor. Information at this web site is informational\nonly, and is not meant to replace proper medical evaluation,\ndiagnosis and treatment. Use of the Shock-Tek™ glove is not\nintended as a substitute for proper medical care. If you\nthink you have a medical problem affecting the hand, please\nsee your doctor.\nPreventing Carpal Tunnel Syndrome\nForceful gripping and repetitive hand and\nwrist movements over prolonged periods of time can lead to a\nvariety of wrist and hand problems, including CTS. Being\naware of the risks and symptoms of CTS and knowing what can\nbe done to protect the sensitive median nerve area can help\nprevent this condition.\n- Avoid pressure on the median nerve.\nDamage to the median nerve causes CTS. The median nerve\ncrosses through the wrist and enters the hand at the center\nof the base of the palm, carrying sensation from the hand to\nthe central nervous system. Extended or repetitive\npressure, particularly over the unprotected median nerve\narea, can lead to CTS and cause permanent damage to the\n- Avoid extended flexing of the wrist.\nWhenever possible, keep the wrist straight, and avoid using\nit in a bent or twisted position over prolonged periods of\n- Grip with the whole hand. Use the entire\nhand when grasping objects. Grasping with just the thumb,\nindex and middle fingers, increases pressure on the wrist.\n- Minimize repetitive motions. Any\nrepeated motion of the hands can strain the median nerve,\ncausing CTS. Continuous, rapid movement of the fingers or\nwrists – as when typing – can cause kinking of the median\nnerve or friction from the rubbing of tendons. Prolonged\ngripping and other forms of pressure on the nerve can also\ncause CTS. When you use tools or equipment of any kind,\nvary your technique, grip and position. Avoid holding an\nobject the same way for a long period of time.\n- Rest your hands. Rest and stretch your\nhands if they become tired. Alternating tasks, rotating\nwork activities or regularly switching hands will help\n- Minimize speed and pressure.\nForceful repeated movements can put extra stress on the\nsensitive wrist area. In some cases, power tools\ncan reduce the work but they need to be used with\ncaution, since extreme vibration can also introduce CTS.\nNo matter what the task, pause to consider how tools\nmight be used most safely.\n- Ask your doctor about conditioning\nexercises. Certain exercises can strengthen the hands and\narm muscles to help avoid pressure or strain on the wrists.\nNOTE: The above suggestions are not meant\nto take the place of a physician’s care and may not prevent\nall of the different medical problems that can affect the", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-30", "url": "http://shocktek.com/about_whatis.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676596336.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20180723110342-20180723130342-00230.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9067423344, "token_count": 2123, "score": 3.234375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is CTS tromchúiseach, pianmhar agus a chur faoi mhíchumas\nriocht néarlógach a tharlaíonn de bharr damáiste don néaróg lárnach\na shíneann tríd an mbrat agus isteach sa lámh ag an\nan lár de bhun an láimhe. Is é CTS an fhoirm is coitianta\nDe réir an tsraith seo, ní mór do na daoine sin a bheith ar an eolas faoi na sonraí a bhaineann le RSI. Bíonn tionchar ag RSI ar níos mó ná 100,000\ndaoine a bhfuil a gcuid tascanna athfhillteach mar greim,\n cuir strus leanúnach ar chodanna de\na gcorp. I measc na hairíonna tá numbness, tingling, painful\nagus méaraí a dhó, lagú greim agus lámha a bhriste.\nTá cásanna tromchúiseacha, ainsealacha mar thoradh ar\nlagú, a éilíonn máinliacht go minic.\nFíricí faoin Síndróm Túnla Carpal\nIs féidir CTS a chosc trí sheachaint\nbrú ar an néaróg agus cosaint a úsáid, coigeartú\ncleachtaí, tréimhsí scíthe agus gluaiseachtaí agus poist a mhodhnú.\nTá dhá phríomhchúis le damáiste don néaróg mheánnach a\na bheith ina chúis le CTS:\n1. an t-am a bhí ann. Bualadh díreach, brú fada nó\nan t-athrú a tharlaíonn i rith an tsamhraidh\noibriú an mheaisín. Chomh maith le damáiste meicniúil díreach,\ncuireann an brú brú ar na féitheacha agus cuireann sé bac ar an scaipeadh fola\ngo dtí an nerve. Tosaíonn sé freisin ar chiorcal vicious trí bhac\ndraenáil lymphatic, a mhéadaíonn a\n2. Seachadadh. An t-easnamh agus an fleascadh\naistrithe an láimhe ar ais agus amach go tapa, nó ag bogadh na n-uaireanta go hiontach\ngo tapa le linn gníomhaíochtaí amhail taipeadh a d'fhéadfadh\ngo bhfuil an nerve ag casadh nó go bhfuil frithghníomh ag teacht ó na tendons frithghníomh.\nCad a dhéanann Síndróm Thonaill Carpal?\nIs féidir le néaróga imill a bheith díobhálach i\ngo leor bealaí éagsúla. Ar ndóigh, is féidir iad a bhriseadh ag\nan ghortú a ghearradh. Má tharlaíonn díobháil áitiúla ar shlí eile mar gheall ar\nbrú. Ba mhaith linn a chur in iúl duit go bhfuil an-mhaith,\nleabhar-teagaisc mionsonraithe ar ghortú néaróg imeallach ag Dawson,\nHallett agus Millender (dá ngairtear DHM) (Nóta - Féach ar ár\n(Féach ar ár leathanach Muid.)\nTaighde ar na mucaí gilead ag Gilliatt i\nna 1960idí léirigh sé dímhíniú i néaróga a bhí faoi réir\nbrú. I gcásanna níos déine, bhí caillteanas axonal\nléirithe chomh maith. Denny-Brown agus Brenner hypothesized\nMeicníocht iscaimiceach na gcionta, ach staidéir histolaíocha\nLéiríonn an t-ardteis, go ndéantar damáiste fisiciúil do mhiiléin.\nCúpla pictiúrmhíorghráf eolasach ag an Dr. Gilliatt nach maireann\nTá an t-alt seo le feiceáil ar leathanach 11 den leabhar teagaisc DHM. (Bhí an-áthas orm\na bheith ag obair le Dr. Hallett agus Gilliatt ag an Náisiúnta\nA. Robert Spitzer, MD).\nDe réir Dawson, Hallett & Millender,\nTacaíonn breathnóireachtaí leis an smaoineamh go bhfuil tosca meicniúla agus\nNí bhíonn na céimeanna is criticiúla i léas na\ngabháil. Ní raibh an fachtóir meicniúil atá freagrach\nTá an t-ábhar ar an gcineál seo de mhíchumas, ach d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh brú íseal ainsealach nó frith-\nTá fianaise ann freisin chun tacú le heicme\nmar mheicníocht thábhachtach, mar a athbhreithníodh i DHM. Tá staidéir\na rinneadh ina ndearnadh catheters a chur isteach\ngo díreach isteach sa thineal carpal áit a bhfuil an brú iarbhír i\ndéantar tomhas ar an tollán.\nAn brú sa thineal carpal i\ndaoine aonair a bhfuil CTS níos airde ná daoine aonair gnáth\n(thart ar 30-35 mm HG). Tá sé seo suimiúil toisc go bhfuil an\nTá brú lárnach veinsúil thart ar 40 mm. I bhfocail eile,\nTá an brú sna fíocháin thart ar 40 mm. Tá na fíocháin bog agus\nle cur síos. Is féidir le brú seachtrach gar do 40 mm\nna fíocháin a bhriseadh agus sreabhadh fola a ghearradh. Dá bhrí sin,\nIs cosúil go bhfuil an brú criticiúil chun CTS a fhorbairt thart ar an\nan brú céanna a thógann sé chun cut ar ais ar an scaipeadh ag\nan córas veinis. Ní cosúil go ndéanann brú níos ísle\nleis an bhfadhb.\nI gcur síos, is é an patofisiolaíocht bhunúsach\nIs é CTS an iomarca brú. Ag coinneáil brú síos ar an carpal\nIs bealach loighciúil é an tollán chun iarracht a dhéanamh an neamhord seo a chosc,\nbunaithe ar ár n-eolas ar fhisiolaíocht.\nTá trí mheicníocht choitianta ann chun\ndamáiste a dhéanamh don néaróg mheán:\nAn lámhainn Shock-Tek TM aghaidh ar an tríú\nmeicníocht. Laghdaíonn sé an brú seachtrach, tionchar nó\nan t-athrú a tharlaíonn ar an tonnla carpal agus ar an néaróg mheán.\nÉilíonn poist agus spóirt éagsúla gníomhartha láimhe éagsúla,\ngo bhfuil teaglaim éagsúla de na cúiseanna thuasluaite\nfachtóirí. Fiú má tá dhá nó trí cheann de na tosca seo i láthair,\nIs minic a chabhróidh glove Shock-TekTM, má tá an\nTá brú mar chuid shuntasach den fhadhb fhoriomlán.\nMar sin féin, má tá an fhadhb ar fad gluaiseacht nó flexion finger\nagus síneadh an wrist, ní bheadh an lámhainn ag súil\nchun go leor tairbhe a sholáthar.\n- Trí na\n- Trí na méara a bhogadh go tapa, ag crith nerve.\n- Trí bhrú seachtrach nó trí chrath a chur ar láimhe\nMeastar go bhfuil CTS ina Trauma Cumhdaitheach\n neamhoird (CTD). Tá forbairt CTS mar thoradh ar\ncomhiomlánú fachtóir amháin nó níos mó thar am. Má tá an níos mó\nFachtóirí díghrádaitheacha atá i láthair, is mó a bhíonn gach fachtóir,\nagus is é an níos faide an t-am nochta, is mó an seans go bhfuil\nchun an ghortú a fhorbairt. Breathnaítear go matamaiticiúil, is é seo\nd'fhéadfaí a chur in iúl mar\nCTS = vfactor dtt\nChomh maith le brú díreach ar an\nnerve, gluaiseacht mhéar, flexion agus síneadh láimhe,\nIs cúiseanna le leigheasanna iad, mar shampla diaibéiteas, alcól\ntomhaltas, fachtóirí áirithe géiniteacha agus vitimín\neasnaimh. An níos láidre gach fachtóir, an níos mó fachtóirí\nTá an t-ábhar seo ag cur isteach ar an gcineál is mó de na\nis dócha go bhfuil CTS.\nCad iad na hairíonna ar Thonnal Carpal\nI bhformhór na gcásanna de CTS, tá na hairíonna\ngo leor stereotypical. Is iad na comharthaí is mó ná numbness\nagus tingling an thumb, táscaire agus an mheán-mhéar. Na\nd'fhéadfadh na comharthaí a bheith idirthréimhseach. Tinnting an beag (5ú)\nDe ghnáth ní CTS é digit. Ní tharlaíonn pian de ghnáth ach go déanach i\nStaidéar nó staid tromchúiseach na galair. Tá numbness i bhfad níos coitianta ná\npian. Mar gheall ar an tingling, go leor daoine a bhfuil an\ncéimeanna tosaigh CTS, nó a bhfuil an-éag,\ndamáiste nerve inathraitheach, smaoineamh go mícheart go bhfuil siad bocht\nan timthriall sa lámh. Is é droch-chuairteacht sa lámh\nan-annamh. Mar sin, go leor daoine gan CTS cinnte\nnó nach bhfuil sé cruthaithe go fóill, is féidir leo faoiseamh a fháil ó na hairíonna\nnuair a bhíonn an lámhainn Shock-TekTM á úsáid agat.\nIs féidir le cailliúint neart greim a fhorbairt\ngo háirithe mar gheall ar laige na matáin thumb. Cúpla\ntuairiscíonn othair rudaí a thit as a lámha. Uaireanta,\nIs é seo laige bréagach agus tá sé mar gheall ar chailliúint na mothaíochta.\nMar shampla, deir roinnt othair go gcailleann siad rudaí óna\nNí gá iad a chur ar an mbord ach amháin má tá siad ag féachaint ar an réad (i.e. iad\nNí féidir liom é a bhraitheann).\nTabhair faoi deara le do thoil! Roinnt coinníollacha eile\nis féidir le táirgí seachas CTS numbness nó laige a chur ar an lámh,\nlena n-áirítear coinníollacha amhail stróc, MS agus cnámh cnámha\ndíobháil. Má tá tú gan a bheith cinnte faoi do fhadhb, féach\ndo dhochtúir. Tá an fhaisnéis ar an suíomh gréasáin seo le haghaidh faisnéise\nNí dhéantar é a úsáid ach amháin, agus ní i gcomhair measúnú leighis chuí,\ndiagnóis agus cóireáil. Ní féidir le Shock-TekTM glove a úsáid\na bhfuil sé beartaithe mar ionad cúram leighis cheart. Má tá tú\nSílim go bhfuil fadhb leighis agat a théann i bhfeidhm ar an lámh, le do thoil\ngo bhfeicfidh tú do dhochtúir.\nSíndróm Thonnel Carpal a Chosc\nGlacadh láidir agus lámh athfhillteach agus\nIs féidir le gluaiseachtaí láimhe thar thréimhsí fada ama a bheith ina chúis le\nfadhbanna éagsúla láimhe agus láimhe, lena n-áirítear CTS. A bheith\nTá an t-eolas seo ag an Aire Stáit faoi na rioscaí agus na hairíonna a bhaineann le CTS agus faoi na rudaí a d'fhéadfadh a bheith i gceist leis.\nIs féidir le do dhochtúir a bheith ag déanamh a dhéanamh chun an limistéar íogair nerve lárnach a chosaint\na chosc.\n- Seachain brú ar an néaróg meánach.\nDéantar damáiste don néaróg lárnach a chur faoi deara CTS. An nerve lárnach\ntrasnaíonn tríd an wrist agus a théann isteach an lámh ag an lár\nan bonn an láimhe, ag iompar sensation ó na láimhe go\nan córas néarógach lárnach. Leathnaithe nó ath-aithris\nbrú, go háirithe thar an néaróg lárnach neamhchosaithe\nIs féidir le CTS a bheith mar thoradh air agus damáiste buan a dhéanamh don\n- Seachain an lámh a bhrú go fada.\nNuair is féidir, coinnigh an láimhe díreach agus ná bain úsáid as\ni riocht lúbtha nó i riocht casadh thar thréimhsí fada\n- Grip leis an lámh ar fad. Úsáid an\nlámh nuair a bhíonn sé ag greim ar rudaí. Ag greim le díreach an thumb,\nméadaíonn an brú ar an wrist.\n- Déan a laghad de na gluaiseachtaí athdhéanta. Aon cheann\nIs féidir le gluaiseacht athfhillte na lámha an nerve lárnach a shéideadh,\nag cúis le CTS. Gluaiseacht leanúnach, tapa na n-uaireanna nó\nIs féidir le glúine mar nuair a tá tú ag clóscríobh a chur ina chúis le kinking an mheán\nnerves nó frithghníomh ó frithghníomh tendons. Le fada\nIs féidir le gripping agus cineálacha eile brú ar an néaróg\nCTS a chur i gcúis. Nuair a úsáideann tú uirlisí nó trealamh de chineál ar bith,\nathraíonn tú do theicníc, greim agus seasamh. Ná coinnigh\nan modh céanna ar feadh tréimhse fada ama.\n- Slán do lámha. Slán agus síneadh do\nmá bhíonn siad tuirseach. Tascanna malartacha, rothlach\ncuideoidh gníomhaíochtaí oibre nó lámha a athrú go rialta\n- luas agus brú a íoslaghdú.\nIs féidir le gluaiseachtaí foréigneacha athfhillte a chur le strus breise ar an\nlimistéar íogair láimhe. I gcásanna áirithe, uirlisí leictreacha\nIs féidir leis an obair a laghdú ach ní mór iad a úsáid le\nTá sé tábhachtach a bheith cúramach, toisc gur féidir le cith a chur isteach freisin trí chith an-mhór.\nIs cuma cén tasc atá agat, stop le machnamh a dhéanamh ar an gcaoi a ndéanann uirlisí\nIs féidir an t-ábhar a úsáid go sábháilte.\n- Iarr ar do dhochtúir faoi choigeartú\ncleachtaí. Is féidir le cleachtaí áirithe na lámha agus na\nna matáin arm chun cabhrú le brú nó straen ar na glúine a sheachaint.\nNóta: Ní dhéantar na moltaí thuas a chur i gceist\nNí féidir le dochtúir a bheith i do chónaí in áit dochtúir agus ní féidir leis a bheith ina chosc ar\nna fadhbanna éagsúla leighis a d'fhéadfadh tionchar a bheith acu ar an"} +{"text": "What if policymakers, science reporters and even scientists can’t distinguish between weak and trustworthy research studies that underlie our health care decisions?\nMany studies of healthcare treatments and policies do not prove cause-and-effect relationships because they suffer from faulty research designs. The result is a pattern of mistakes and corrections: early studies of new treatments tend to show dramatic positive health effects, which diminish or disappear as more rigorous studies are conducted.\nIndeed, when experts on research evidence do systematic reviews of research studies they commonly exclude 50%-75% because they do not meet basic research design standards required to yield trustworthy conclusions.\nIn many such studies researchers try to statistically manipulate data to ‘adjust for’ irreconcilable differences between intervention and control groups. Yet it is these very differences that often create the reported, but invalid, effects of the treatments or policies that were studied.\nIn this accessible and graph-filled article published recently by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, we describe five case examples of how some of the most common biases and flawed study designs impact research on important health policies and interventions, such as comparative effectiveness of medical treatments, cost-containment policies, and health information technology.\nEach case is followed by examples of weak study designs that cannot control for bias, stronger designs that can, and the unintended clinical and policy consequences that may result from the seemingly dramatic reporting of poorly designed studies.\nFlawed studies have dictated national flu immunization policies, influenced a generation of clinicians to falsely believe that specific sedatives could cause hip fractures in the elderly, overstated the health benefits and cost-savings of electronic health records, and grossly exaggerated the mortality benefits of hospital safety programs, resulting in trillions of dollars spent on interventions with few demonstrated health benefits.\nAs Ross Koppel and I recently stated in an op-ed in US News and World Report, “Our worry is that as a research community, we are losing our humility and our caution in the face of declining research funding, the need to publish and the need to show useful findings. Perhaps it’s becoming harder to admit that our so-called big data findings are not as powerful as we wish, or are, at best, uninterpretable.”\nThis ranking should help the public, policy makers, news media, and research trainees discriminate between biased and credible findings in healthcare studies.\nIn our article we provide a simple ranking of the ability of most research designs to control for common biases. This ranking should help the public, policy makers, news media, and research trainees discriminate between biased and credible findings in healthcare studies.\nEditors of medical journals can also benefit from this design hierarchy by refusing to publish research based on study designs that fail even the minimal criteria for inclusion in a self-respecting systematic review of the evidence (something they often don’t do at present).\nIt is time to embrace the quality rather than the quantity of studies published daily in our field. We are slowly losing the credibility of the public who find it difficult to believe many clinical and health policy studies – especially when they appear to contradict other recent studies.\nIt is not too late to remedy this misdirection. We hope that some of the simple illustrations of common biases and strong research designs will be helpful to the broad population of users of health research.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-21", "url": "https://0-blogs.biomedcentral.com.brum.beds.ac.uk/on-health/2015/09/10/avoiding-bad-science-better-research-design/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243988763.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20210506205251-20210506235251-00262.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9462924004, "token_count": 678, "score": 2.796875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Cad a tharlaíonn mura féidir le lucht déanta beartas, tuairisceoirí eolaíochta agus fiú eolaithe idirdhealú a dhéanamh idir staidéir taighde lag agus iontaofa atá mar bhunús dár gcinntí cúraim sláinte?\nNí chruthaíonn go leor staidéir ar chóireálacha agus ar bheartais cúraim sláinte caidreamh cúis-agus-éifeacht toisc go bhfuil dearadh earráideach taighde acu. Is é an toradh ná patrún earráidí agus ceartaithe: is gnách go léiríonn staidéir luath ar chóireálacha nua éifeachtaí suntasacha dearfacha sláinte, a laghdaíonn nó a imíonn de réir mar a dhéantar staidéir níos déine.\nGo deimhin, nuair a dhéanann saineolaithe ar fhianaise taighde athbhreithnithe córúla ar staidéir taighde, is gnách go gcuireann siad 50%-75% as mar nach gcomhlíonann siad na bunchaighdeáin dearaidh taighde a theastaíonn chun conclúidí iontaofa a thabhairt.\nI go leor staidéir den sórt sin déanann taighdeoirí iarracht sonraí a ionramháil go staitistiúil chun \"idirdhealaíochtaí neamh-in-athnuaite\" idir grúpaí idirghabhála agus rialaithe a \"coigeartú\". Ach is iad na difríochtaí seo go minic a chruthaíonn na héifeachtaí tuairiscithe, ach neamhbhailí, de na cóireálacha nó na mbeartais a ndearnadh staidéar orthu.\nSa alt inrochtana agus lán-ghrafach seo a d'fhoilsigh Ionad na Stát Aontaithe um Rialú agus Cosc ar Ghalair le déanaí, déanaimid cur síos ar chúig shampla cás de conas a dhéanann cuid de na claontachtaí is coitianta agus na dearadh staidéir lochtach tionchar ar thaighde ar bheartais agus idirghabhálacha sláinte tábhachtacha, mar shampla éifeachtacht chomparáideach cóireálacha leighis, beartais cosanta costais, agus teicneolaíocht faisnéise sláinte.\nLeanann gach cás le samplaí de dhearadh staidéir lag nach féidir a rialú le haghaidh claontachta, dearadh níos láidre a d'fhéadfadh, agus na hiarmhairtí cliniciúla agus beartais neamhbheartaithe a d'fhéadfadh a bheith mar thoradh ar thuairisciú drámatúil staidéir nach ndearnadh go maith.\nTá staidéir earráideacha tar éis beartais náisiúnta um imdhíonacht an fhliú a fhorordú, tionchar a imirt ar ghlúin de chliniceoirí chun a chreidiúint go bréagach go bhféadfadh sedatives sonracha a chur faoi bhrú hip i ndaoine scothaosta, a mhéadaigh na buntáistí sláinte agus coigiltis costais na gcláir sláinte leictreonacha, agus a mhéadaigh go mór na buntáistí báis de chláir sábháilteachta ospidéil, rud a d'fhág go ndearnadh trilliúin dollar a chaitheamh ar idirghabhálacha gan mórán buntáistí sláinte léirithe.\nMar a dúirt Ross Koppel agus mé le déanaí i dtuairim i US News and World Report, \"Is é ár n-imní ná go bhfuil ár n-umhlú agus ár n-aigne ag dul in olcas mar phobal taighde i bhfianaise mhaoiniú taighde ag titim, an gá atá le foilsiú agus an gá atá le torthaí úsáideacha a thaispeáint. B'fhéidir go bhfuil sé ag éirí níos deacra a admháil nach bhfuil na torthaí a fhaighimid ó na sonraí móra chomh cumhachtach agus is mian linn, nó, ar a laghad, nach féidir iad a léiriú.\nBa cheart go gcabhródh an rangú seo leis an bpobal, le lucht déanta beartas, leis na meáin nuachta, agus le hoiliúnaithe taighde idirdhealú a dhéanamh idir torthaí claonta agus iontaofa i staidéir cúram sláinte.\nSa alt seo, cuirimid rangú simplí ar fáil ar chumas formhór na ndeara taighde chun rialú a dhéanamh ar thréithe coitianta. Ba cheart go gcabhródh an rangú seo leis an bpobal, le lucht déanta beartas, leis na meáin nuachta, agus le hoiliúnaithe taighde idirdhealú a dhéanamh idir torthaí claonta agus iontaofa i staidéir cúram sláinte.\nIs féidir le heagarthóirí irisí leighis leas a bhaint as an ordlathas dearadh seo trí dhiúltú taighde a fhoilsiú bunaithe ar dhearadh staidéir nach sáraíonn fiú na critéir íosta le haghaidh a áireamh i athbhreithniú córasach féin-urramach ar an bhfianaise (rud nach ndéanann siad go minic faoi láthair).\nTá sé in am glacadh leis an gcáilíocht seachas an chainníocht de na staidéir a fhoilsítear go laethúil inár réimse. Tá an-chreidiúnacht ag titim orainn go mall i measc an phobail a bhfuil deacracht acu go leor staidéir chliniciúla agus beartais sláinte a chreidiúint go háirithe nuair a bhíonn siad i gcoinne staidéir eile le déanaí.\nNíl sé ró-dhéanach an t-earráid seo a leigheas. Tá súil againn go mbeidh cuid de na léaráidí simplí ar thréithe coitianta agus ar dheasca dearaí taighde láidre cabhrach don daonra leathan úsáideoirí taighde sláinte."} +{"text": "Year 8 Mixed ability Food technology Lesson-60 Minutes. Context: Year 8 pupils are enthusiastic on arrival to the food technology room. Some of the boys in this group are known to be immature in their attitudes to learning in other areas of the curriculum.\nLesson begins with the teacher explaining that hey are to make lemon and honey cheesecakes and that they will compare and contrast this with a bought version from the local supermarket. Pupils prepare themselves by donning aprons and reading the preparation sheets. Pupils are obviously ‘au fait’ with what is required of them from their previous learning.\nTeacher deploys the teaching assistant well in helping a boy with learning difficulties. She is also directed to support a girl who has a broken arm and who needs help with the practical aspects of the lesson. The TA also keeps an eye on the group of boys who may behave immaturely.\nLesson is energised. Each stage is met with comments about the delicious aroma produced. Pupils share on-task chatter and demonstrate very positive attitudes. Attentive to advice and instruction pupils are happy to offer comments and answer questions.\nAfter cheesecakes are prepared pupils begin their evaluations. The evaluations involve taking pictures of the pupils at work using a digital camera. Teacher and TA involved in taking the pictures as are the pupils. Pictures are printed and distributed by two pupils (boys) working very well in collaboration to get the job done speedily and effectively. Teacher congratulates them on their performance.\nThe ‘compare and contrast’ session is exciting and each pupil has a chance to sample the bought cheesecakes and the ‘one I prepared earlier’ made by the teacher. An analysis of the ingredients shown on the packaging of the shop cheesecake elicits an energised discussion on additives and their purpose. Teacher probes pupils knowledge of countries of origin of the fruit etc. and the concepts of Fair trade. She also engages them in a debate about the cost of ingredients against the cost of the shop-bought version and value for money.\nLesson makes an excellent contribution towards pupils’ speaking, listening and reasoning skills. Their approach to the practical aspects show well developed organisational skills. The written aspects show developing report style writing and evaluation techniques. Teacher uses every opportunity to engage the pupils in thinking about wider topics e.g. Fairtrade discussion. TA input provides useful resource; relationships throughout very positive. Overall quality of the teaching and learning demonstrates outstanding practice in lifting the lesson to provide an enjoyable experience for all concerned.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-27", "url": "http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20090327170613/http:/www.ofsted.gov.uk/Ofsted-home/Cameos/Secondary-Subjects/Food-technology2", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375093974.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031813-00124-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9589984417, "token_count": 521, "score": 3.265625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Bliain 8 cumas measctha Teicneolaíocht bia Léacht-60 nóiméad. Comhthéacs: Tá díograis ag daltaí na bliana 8 nuair a thagann siad isteach sa seomra teicneolaíochta bia. Tá a fhios go bhfuil roinnt de na buachaillí sa ghrúpa seo neamh-aosta ina n-ionsaithe maidir le foghlaim i réimsí eile den chúrsa.\nTosaíonn an ceacht leis an múinteoir ag míniú go bhfuil siad chun cácaí cáise leimín agus mil a dhéanamh agus go ndéanfaidh siad comparáid agus cur i gcoinne seo le leagan ceannaithe ón ollmhargadh áitiúil. Ullmhaíonn na daltaí iad féin trí aprons a chur orthu agus na bileoga ullmhúcháin a léamh. Is léir go bhfuil na daltaí \"au fait\" leis an méid a cheanglaítear uathu óna gcuid foghlama roimhe seo.\nCuireann an múinteoir an cúntóir teagaisc i bhfeidhm go maith chun buachaill a bhfuil deacrachtaí foghlama aige a chabhrú. Tugtar treoir di freisin chun tacú le cailín a bhfuil lámh bhriste aici agus a bhfuil cabhair ag teastáil uaidh le gnéithe praiticiúla na ceachta. Coinníonn an TA súil ar an ngrúpa buachaillí a d'fhéadfadh iompar neamh-aosta a bheith acu.\nTá an ceacht fuinniúil. Tagann tuairimí ar gach céim faoin cumhrán blasta a tháirgtear. Tá an-suim ag na daltaí agus tá siad ag caint faoi thasc. Tá na daltaí ag tabhairt aird ar chomhairle agus ar theagasc agus tá siad sásta tuairimí a thabhairt agus ceisteanna a fhreagairt.\nTar éis na cácaí cáise a ullmhú tosaíonn na daltaí lena gcuid meastóireachtaí. Baineann na meastóireachtaí le grianghraf a thógáil de na daltaí ag obair ag baint úsáide as ceamara digiteach. Bhí an múinteoir agus an TA páirteach sna pictiúir a thógáil chomh maith leis na daltaí. Tá pictiúir á gcló agus á scaipeadh ag beirt dhaltaí (bairbhichí) ag obair go han-mhaith i gcomhar chun an obair a dhéanamh go tapa agus go héifeachtach. Cuireann an múinteoir comhghairdeas leo as a gcuid feidhmíochta.\nTá an seisiún \"comparáid agus contrast\" spreagúil agus tá deis ag gach dalta blas a fháil ar na criosáin cáise a cheannaigh mé agus ar an gceann a d'ullmhaigh mé níos luaithe a rinne an múinteoir. Tá an t-aistriúchán seo le fáil i mBéarla ó The Irish Times agus in The Irish Times ó The Irish Times ó The Irish Times. Déanann an múinteoir fiosrúchán ar eolas na ndaltaí faoi thíortha tionscnaimh na dtorthaí, etc. agus coincheapa na Trádála Cirtéalaigh. Cuireann sí iad i mbun díospóireachta freisin maidir le costas na gcomhábhar i gcoinne costas an leagan a cheannaítear sa siopa agus luach ar airgead.\nCuireann an ceacht go han-mhaith le scileanna labhairt, éisteachta agus réasúnaithe na ndaltaí. Léiríonn a gcumais eagraíochta go maith a bhfuil forbairt mhaith acu ar a gcaoi a nglacann siad leis na gnéithe praiticiúla. Taispeánann na gnéithe scríofa teicnící scríbhneoireachta agus meastóireachta stíle tuarascála a fhorbairt. Baineann an múinteoir úsáid as gach deis chun na daltaí a chur i mbun smaointeoireachta faoi ábhair níos leithne, e.g. Plé um thrádáil chothrom. Soláthraíonn ionchur TA acmhainn úsáideach; caidreamh ar fud an-dearfach. Léiríonn cáilíocht fhoriomlán an teagaisc agus an fhoghlaim an cleachtas iontach a bhaineann le haistriú na ceachtanna chun taithí taitneamhach a sholáthar do gach duine lena mbaineann."} +{"text": "The way to a fish's stomach is through his eyeballs, and fishing lures are objects that resemble any of the naturally occurring foods that fish might find attractive. The purpose of the lure is to use movement, color, and vibration to grab the fish's attention and cause him to bite the hook. Lures also seem to have the purpose of attracting the fishermen's attention. Sport fishing is now a huge business, with over $620 million spent on fishing lures in 1991.\nLures fall into several broad categories, each with specific characteristics that catch the fish's attention. All lures have to be kept moving when they are in the water to be effective in mimicking the actions of live bait.\nSpoons are among the simplest of lure shapes. As their name suggests, they are rounded pieces of flat metal, just like the bowl of a dinner-table spoon. They can be colored or polished on both sides and use flashes of reflected light to resemble minnows. A single hook can be fastened inside the bowl of the spoon, or a three-pronged (treble) hook can be attached to one end through a small hole. A hole at the opposite end is used to attach the fishing line. The weight of the metal makes it easy to cast, troll, and retrieve.\nSpinners are more complicated in appearance with several parts. A wire shaft forms the spine of the spinner, and it has loops or eyes at both ends, one for attaching the fishing line and the other for the hook. The body of the spinner is fixed along the metal spine. It can be made of a row of colored beads or collections of metal rings or cylinders that sparkle and glimmer. A skirt of hair made from a squirrel's tail may add interest. Near the top eye, a flat metal oval, similar to a spoon, is attached with a fine wire. This oval is called a spinner blade; in the water, it spins around the body to provide fish-luring movement.\nSpinnerbaits are also known as hairpin lures because they have wire spines that are bent to form a v-shape, much like a spread hairpin. A spinner is wired to an eye at one end of the spinnerbait. At the other end, a hook is concealed in a skirt. The fishing line is tied to the bend forming the two arms of the lure. These lures are relatively large and have two points of action in the skirt and the spinner. Buzzbaits are close cousins of spinnerbaits and have small propellers on one arm instead of the spinner. These propellers attract the catch by vibration rather than flashing light.\nPlugs encompass a wide variety of lures. Originally, a plug was a piece of wood or cork shaped like a minnow with hooks on the belly and tail. Now the term includes all wood or plastic objects that are shaped like minnows, other baitfish, and other prey ranging from crayfish and salamanders to small rodents. Plugs can be less than I in (2.54 cm) long and up to 8 in (20.32 cm) long. Poppers, also called topwater plugs, float on the water so they resemble frogs or surface-splashing baitfish. Plugs called floater-diver plugs may have several sets of treble hooks on their undersides as well as small metal or plastic scoops, termed lips, near the line end of the lure. This plug floats on the water surface until the fisherman begins to reel in the lure, then it dives below the water surface in imitation of the motion of a minnow. The lip causes the diving action. A crankbait also has a lip that causes it to dive when retrieved, but it has a wider body and dives deeper (up to 20 ft [6.1 m]) with a wobbling motion like the wriggle of a baitfish. Jerkbaits or stickbaits float but don't have any motion-causing devices like other plugs. The fisherman has to manipulate the rod tip to make these plugs life-like.\nJigs seem too simple to be true. They are weighted hooks with a lead head right behind the hook's eye. The heads and hooks come in many sizes, weights, and shapes with skirts mounted immediately behind the heads to camouflage the business end of the hook. For jigs (also called leadheads) to be effective, they need to dance on the stream bottom like minnows or crawdads, and the fisherman has to apply the right motion to the rod. This action, called jigging, gives them their name. Jigs are often fished with so-called \"sweeteners\" that are either live bait or plastic lures.\nPlastic lures are imitations of worms, bait fish, bottom-dwellers, and even snakes and amphibians. They are molded of soft plastic, often in lurid colors, although blacks and blues seem to be preferred by fish. Again, the motion of the lure and its effectiveness depend on the dramatics of the angler.\nThe caves and remains of habitations of ancient man have been found to hold fish hooks carved out of bone and molded out of bronze. The ancient Greeks and Romans both advocated fishing for sport, as well as for food, but Chinese and Egyptian archaeological digs have shown that fishing rods, hooks, and lines were known as early as 2,000 B.C. , or far earlier than the Greek and Roman civilizations. Bronze barbed hooks were used by the Egyptians; these hooks resulting from the alloy of tin and copper made hard, strong hooks that also could be worked until they were very thin and less visible to the fish. The Chinese spun fine fishing line from silk and used rice and small carp for bait.\nClaudius Aelianus, a Roman who lived during the third century A.D. , wrote of fly-fishing for trout and other kinds of sport fishing. He made lures of feathers, lead, bronze, and wild boar's bristles and used horsehair and twisted flax to make his fishing line. There is little documentation of advances in fishing tackle throughout the European medieval and Renaissance periods, but, in 1653, Izaak Walton wrote what is probably the most famous book ever to have been penned on fishing. His The Compleat Angler or The Contemplative Man's Recreation described all of the sport fisherman's necessities including fishing line, hooks, flies, and appropriate attitudes. He wrote about fishing for trout in streams in the English countryside, and his poetic style created an ideal that is associated with sport fishing today as well as describing the practical aspects of line and rod.\nBy the 1830s and 1840s in both England and America, the making of fishing tackle began to change from the monopoly of the individual craftsmen to commercial manufacturing ventures. From the early 1900s, the firm of Heddon and Pflueger in Michigan led the production of commercially made lures. These lures were often designed from proven lures that were simply pounded out of old kitchen spoons or whittled from pieces of wood. Rods and reels were handmade by jewelers and watchmakers from the early 1800s. This craft experienced many technical improvements as rod and reel production became commercial throughout the 1870s and 1880s. Advances in fishing line waited until after World War II when braided nylon followed by monofilament line improved the success rate in all types of fishing. Aided by the availability of more leisure time, fishing exploded as a hobby and sport.\nMaterials for the manufacture of fishing lures include metal, wood, cork, and plastic, depending on the type of lure. Most lure-makers, whether commercial manufacturers or amateurs do not make the individual components themselves except for poured lead pieces and some molded plastic. Instead, specialty suppliers make the parts for manufacturers and hobbyists to assemble. Metal parts include hooks, wire, beads, blades, ball bearings, rings, loops, and spacers. Kinds of metal used are stainless steel or titanium, lead, and some brass. Pieces of cut, carved, and shaped wood and cork are used for the bodies of plugs. Plastic bodies are also popular, and many of the ornaments and attractions on lures are plastic, such as skirts and weed guards. Plastic lures themselves can be molded by the hobbyist with simple hinged metal molds and plastic that is melted and poured.\nWhile designs of lures fall into some broad categories, as described above, they can also be highly individual.\nThe manufacturing processes for two kinds of lures are detailed below. They are the \"pulsator spinnerbait,\" a product of Nichols Lures Incorporated (one of few lure manufacturers remaining in the United States), and a simple jig. These are two of the most popular lures in use. The spinnerbait originated as a safety pin, and it can be fished on the surface, at depth, at speed, or on the bottoms of streams.\nTwo of the most popular varieties of spinnerbaits are the double willow or the tandem. Both begin with a wire that has a longer blade end. The double willow has two willow blades. The first one is hung from a cleavis, a horseshoe-shaped device with two eyes that is threaded onto the wire. Beads, a shaft, and a split ring are connected to the wire end, and the second willow blade is added to the ring. The tandem spinnerbait is assembled similarly, except the front blade is a Colorado, and the second spinner is a willow. Again, the combination of beads and connectors can vary depending on the manufacturer's design.\nQuality control is important to the manufacturer in producing a consistently high-quality product that has been proven in the field. Reputation is a significant selling point in this competitive business. Components are chosen with care.\nByproducts do not result from lure manufacture, but the endless combination of components and possibilities keeps the creative lure-maker busy in producing a range of products. Small amounts of lead and metal waste are generated and are disposed; the wasted lead is not large enough in quantity to create a hazard. Similarly, exposure to melted lead or fumes during the head-molding process is not large enough to be measurable and does not present a safety hazard, either to the assembly-line worker or the home hobbyist.\nLures have a sparkling future, thanks to the growth in popularity of the sport of fishing, which shows no signs of slowing down. The computer has ventured into lure design, and some of the latest innovations include scent-bearing lures, laser-honed hooks, and exterior finishes that are photographically imprinted and amazingly realistic. The future for lure manufacturers in the United States is not quite so bright. Although lures are mass-produced, the work still involves hand crafting and assembly. Manufacturers cannot pay laborers the mandated hourly rates and still profit, so much of the work has relocated to Central America, Southeast Asia, Taiwan, Haiti, and Mexico.\nLivingston, A. D. Luremaking: The Art and Science of Spinnerbaits, Buzzbaits, Jigs, and Other Leadheads Camden, ME: Ragged Mountain Press, 1994.\nMayes, Jim. How to Make and Repair Your Own Fishing Tackle: An Illustrated Step-by-Step Guide for the Fisherman and Hobbyist. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1986.\nToth, Mike. The Complete Idiot's Guide to Fishing Basics. New York: Alpha Books, 1997.\nAlmy, Gerald. \"Golden oldies: 15 tackle-box classics.\" Sports Afield (February 1997): 106+.\nNichols Lures Inc. http://www.nicholslures.com/ (June 28, 1999).\nRay's Fishing Lures. April 15, 1999. http://www.raysfishing.com/ (June 28, 1999).\n— Gillian S. Holmes", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-27", "url": "http://www.madehow.com/Volume-5/Fishing-Lure.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375096738.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031816-00148-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9580973983, "token_count": 2492, "score": 2.796875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá an bealach chuig boilg an iasc trína shúil, agus is earraí iad na hionchais iascaireachta a bhfuil cuma acu ar aon cheann de na bianna nádúrtha a d'fhéadfadh a bheith tarraingteach do iasc. Is é cuspóir an mheall gluaiseacht, dath agus vibratíocht a úsáid chun aird an iasc a ghabháil agus é a chur ar an gcroic. Is cosúil go bhfuil sé mar aidhm ag na meall freisin aird na n-iascairí a mhealladh. Is gnó ollmhór é iascaireacht spóirt anois, agus caitear os cionn $620 milliún ar mheall iascaireachta i 1991.\nTá roinnt catagóirí leathan de mheall, agus tá tréithe sonracha ag gach ceann acu a tharraingíonn aird na n-iasc. Ní mór na n-eallacha go léir a choinneáil ag gluaiseacht nuair a bhíonn siad san uisce chun a bheith éifeachtach i múnlú gníomhartha na n-eallaí beo.\nTá spúnóg i measc na gcruth is simplí de mheall. Mar a thugann a n-ainm le tuiscint, is píosaí cruinn miotail phláta iad, díreach cosúil le bowl liopaí tábla dinnéir. Is féidir iad a bheith datha nó póraithe ar an dá thaobh agus úsáid a bhaint as flashes an tsolais a léirítear chun cosúil le minnows. Is féidir cnag amháin a cheangal taobh istigh de bhuidéal an spúnóg, nó is féidir cnag trí shúil (treble) a cheangal ar cheann amháin trí thréimhse bheag. Úsáidtear poll ag an taobh eile chun an líne iascaireachta a cheangal. Tá sé éasca an miotail a chaitheamh, a thróil agus a aisghabháil de bharr a meáchain.\nTá an chuma ar na spinners níos casta agus tá roinnt codanna acu. Tá an t-eireaball sreinge mar chnámh cnámh an spinnéir, agus tá lúb nó súile aige ag an dá cheann, ceann chun an líne iascaireachta a cheangal agus an ceann eile chun an ceangail a cheangal. Tá corp an spinneora socraithe ar feadh an chnámha miotail. Is féidir é a dhéanamh de shraith de chúlraí datha nó de bhailiúcháin de fáinní miotail nó de shilindéir a shíníonn agus a shíníonn. D'fhéadfadh sciorta gruaige a dhéantar ó eireaball sciatháin a bheith suimiúil. In aice leis an tsúil uachtarach, tá oval miotail cothrom, cosúil le spúnóg, ceangailte le sreang fíneáil. Tugtar spinner blade ar an oval seo; san uisce, casann sé timpeall an chomhlachta chun gluaiseacht iasc-lúr a sholáthar.\nTugtar meallanna spinner freisin mar mheallanna hairpin toisc go bhfuil spins sreinge acu atá bogta chun cruth V a chruthú, cosúil le hairpin scaipthe. Tá spinner ceangailte le súl ag ceann amháin den spinnerbait. Ar an taobh eile, tá greim i bhfolach i sciorta. Tá an líne iascaireachta ceangailte leis an gcúlú a chruthaíonn dhá lámh an mheall. Tá na mealltaí seo réasúnta mór agus tá dhá phointe gníomhaíochta sa sciorta agus sa spinner. Is cúisín gar iad Buzzbaits de spinnerbaits agus tá propellers beaga acu ar lámh amháin in ionad an spinner. Glacann na héileáin seo an t-ionsaí trí thrioblóid seachas solas flashing.\nCuimsíonn plóga réimse leathan de mheall. Ar dtús, ba é plóg píosa adhmaid nó corca a bhí i gcruth mar minnow le hooks ar an bolg agus ar an eireaball. Anois cuimsíonn an téarma na rudaí adhmaid nó plaisteach go léir a bhfuil cruth acu ar mhion-mhéara, ar iasc-bhuail eile, agus ar ghaoil eile ó chraibíní agus salamanders go ródairí beaga. Is féidir le plóga a bheith níos lú ná I in (2.54 cm) ar fhad agus suas le 8 in (20.32 cm) ar fhad. Tá poppers, ar a dtugtar plugs uisce barr freisin, ag snámh ar an uisce ionas go bhfuil siad cosúil le froganna nó le baitfish a splashann an dromchla. Is féidir go mbeadh roinnt sraitheanna greamaigh treble ar an taobh thíos de phlúgaí ar a dtugtar plúgaí plúgaí plúgaí plúgaí agus go mbeadh scoopanna miotail nó plaisteach beaga, ar a dtugtar liopaí, gar do dheireadh líne an mheall. Tá an plóg seo ag snámh ar dhromchla an uisce go dtí go dtosaíonn an iascaire ag casadh sa mheall, ansin déanann sé tumadh faoi dhromchla an uisce ag déanamh aithris ar ghluaiseacht minnow. Is é an liopa a chuireann an ghníomh tumadóireachta ar bun. Tá liopa ag an crankbait freisin a fhágann go n-imíonn sé nuair a chuirtear ar ais é, ach tá corp níos leithne aige agus téann sé níos doimhne (suas go dtí 20 troigh [6.1 m]) le gluaiseacht wobbling cosúil le wriggle an iasc bait. Tá na baits jerk nó stick ag snámh ach níl aon fheistí gluaiseachta mar plóga eile acu. Ní mór don iascaire an barr an tsraith a ionramháil chun na plóga seo a dhéanamh cosúil le saol.\nIs cosúil go bhfuil an-simplí le bheith fíor. Is cnaipí meáchain iad le ceann luaidhe díreach taobh thiar de shúil an cnaipí. Tá na cinn agus na hacaí i go leor méideanna, meáchain agus cruthanna le sciortaí atá suite díreach taobh thiar de na cinn chun deireadh gnó an haca a camouflage. Chun go mbeadh jigs (ar a dtugtar freisin leadheads) éifeachtach, ní mór dóibh damhsa ar bhun an sruth cosúil le minnows nó crawdads, agus ní mór don iascaire an ghluaiseacht cheart a chur i bhfeidhm ar an slat. Tugann an gníomh seo, ar a dtugtar jigging, a n-ainm dóibh. Is minic a bhíonn jigs á n-iascach le \"sweeteners\" mar a thugtar orthu a bhíonn ina n-easnamh beo nó iasc plaisteach.\nIs éard atá i nglaonna plaisteacha ná samhlacha de chíoráin, de iasc cíos, de mhuirí, agus fiú de nathracha agus d'amfibianna. Tá siad déanta as plaisteach bog, go minic i dathanna uafásacha, cé gur cosúil go bhfuil na hiasc níos fearr ag na dathanna dubh agus gorm. Arís, braitheann gluaiseacht an mheall agus a éifeachtúlacht ar drámatúlacht an iascaire.\nFuarthas go raibh gaoithe agus fágtha áit chónaithe na ndaoine ársa ag gabháil le hookanna iasc a bhí carntha as cnámh agus a bhí déanta as bronc. D'fhógair na Gréagaigh agus na Rómhánaigh ársa go raibh iascaireacht mar spórt, chomh maith le bia, ach léirigh tochailtí seandálaíochta na Síne agus na hÉigipte go raibh a fhios ag muiceál, gaoithe agus línte iascaireachta chomh luath le 2,000 B.C. , nó i bhfad níos luaithe ná na sibhialtachtaí Gréagach agus Rómhánach. Ba iad na hÉigiptigh a d'úsáid crocaí barbartha bronsa; ba crocaí crua, láidir iad na crocaí seo a bhí mar thoradh ar an alloy tina agus copar a rinneadh go bhféadfadh siad a bheith á n-oibriú go dtí go raibh siad an- tanaí agus nach raibh an t-iasc le feiceáil. Bhí na Síneach ag snámh líne iascaireachta fíneáil ó shilc agus d'úsáid siad rís agus carp beag mar mheall.\nScríobh Claudius Aelianus, Rómhánach a bhí ina chónaí le linn an tríú haois A.D., faoi iascaireacht le eitilt ar threalamh agus ar chineálacha eile iascaireachta spóirt. Rinne sé greimí as plúir, luaidhe, bronsa, agus bríste muiceolaí fiáine agus d'úsáid sé gruaig chapaill agus líon coillte chun a líne iascaireachta a dhéanamh. Níl mórán doiciméadachta ann maidir le dul chun cinn i dtrealamh iascaireachta i rith na tréimhse Mheán-Aoise agus na Renaissance san Eoraip, ach, i 1653, scríobh Izaak Walton an leabhar is cáiliúla a scríobh riamh ar iascaireacht. Chuir a chuid The Compleat Angler nó The Contemplative Man's Recreation síos ar gach riachtanas an iascaire spóirt lena n-áirítear líne iascaireachta, greimíní, eitiltí, agus dearcadh cuí. Scríobh sé faoi iascaireacht ar thráth i sruthanna i tuaithe na Sasana, agus chruthaigh a stíl filíochta idéalach atá bainteach le iascaireacht spóirt inniu chomh maith le cur síos a dhéanamh ar na gnéithe praiticiúla den líne agus an róda.\nFaoi na 1830idí agus na 1840idí i Sasana agus i Meiriceá araon, thosaigh déantúsaíocht uirlisí iascaireachta ag athrú ó mhonaplaíocht na n-aisteoirí aonair go fiontair déantúsaíochta tráchtála. Ó thús na 1900idí, bhí cuideachta Heddon agus Pflueger i Michigan i gceannas ar tháirgeadh lures a rinneadh go tráchtála. Is minic a bhí na lures seo deartha ó lures cruthaithe a bhí díreach buille amach as sean-spúnóg cistine nó a bhí carntha ó phíosaí adhmaid. Bhí baill agus reels déanta de láimh ag jewelers agus watchmakers ó na 1800s luath. Bhí go leor feabhsuithe teicniúla ar an gceardaíocht seo de réir mar a tháinig táirgeadh slat agus rollaí chun cinn tráchtála i rith na 1870idí agus na 1880idí. D'fhorbair naisc i líne iascaireachta go dtí tar éis an Dara Cogadh Domhanda nuair a rinne nailon braided agus ansin líne monofilament an ráta rathúlachta i ngach cineál iascaireachta a fheabhsú. Agus níos mó ama saor in aisce ar fáil, tháinig an t-iascaireacht chun cinn go mór mar shaothar agus mar spórt.\nI measc na n-ábhar a úsáidtear chun meall iascaireachta a dhéanamh tá miotail, adhmad, cork, agus plaisteach, ag brath ar an gcineál meall. Ní dhéanann an chuid is mó de na déantóirí meall, cibé acu déantóirí tráchtála nó amaitéaracha na codanna aonair féin ach amháin píosaí luaidhe leata agus roinnt plaisteach múnlaithe. Ina áit sin, déanann soláthraithe speisialta na codanna do mhonaróirí agus do lucht ceoil a chur le chéile. I measc na gcodanna miotail tá greamaigh, sreang, beads, scáthanna, liathróidí liathróide, fáinní, lúbáin agus spacers. Is iad na cineálacha miotail a úsáidtear cruach dhosmálta nó tíotáiniam, luaidhe, agus roinnt copar. Úsáidtear píosaí adhmaid agus cork a ghearradh, a chairteadh agus a múnlaítear le haghaidh comhlachtaí plugs. Tá corpanna plaisteach tóir orthu freisin, agus tá go leor de na maisiúcháin agus na nithe tarraingteach ar mheall plaisteach, mar shampla sciortaí agus gardaí féir. Is féidir leis an lucht ceoil an t-eagla plaisteach féin a múnlú le múnlaí miotail shimplí le heangáin agus plaisteach a leá agus a dhoirteadh.\nCé go dtagann dearadh na n-eascraí isteach i roinnt catagóirí leathan, mar a thuairiscítear thuas, is féidir leo a bheith an-individual freisin.\nTá na próisis déantúsaíochta do dhá chineál greamaigh mionsonraithe thíos. Is iad an \"pulsator spinnerbait\", táirge Nichols Lures Incorporated (ceann de na monaróirí lure beag atá fágtha sna Stáit Aontaithe), agus jig simplí. Seo dhá cheann de na meall is mó tóir ar úsáid. Bhí an spinnerbait mar phingin shábháilteachta, agus is féidir é a iascaireacht ar an dromchla, ar doimhneacht, ar luas, nó ar bhun na sruthanna.\nDhá cheann de na cineálacha is coitianta de spinnerbaits is ea an willow dúbailte nó an tandem. Tosaíonn an dá cheann le sreang a bhfuil deireadh níos faide ag an mblaosc. Tá dhá scáth saille ag an saille dúbailte. Tá an chéad cheann crochta ar cleavis, gléas i bhfoirm clog, le dhá shúil atá snasta ar an sreang. Ceanglaítear beads, ceall, agus fáinne scoilte leis an deireadh sreinge, agus cuirtear an dara sciathán willow leis an fáinne. Déantar an spinnerbait tandem a chomhtháthú ar an gcaoi chéanna, ach amháin go bhfuil an blade tosaigh ina Colorado, agus go bhfuil an dara spinner ina willow. Arís, d'fhéadfadh an teaglaim de na beads agus na nascóirí a bheith éagsúil ag brath ar dhearadh an mhonaróra.\nTá sé tábhachtach don mhonaróir rialú cáilíochta a dhéanamh chun táirge ardchaighdeáin a tháirgeadh go comhsheasmhach a bhfuil a dhearbhú sa réimse. Is pointe díol suntasach é cáil sa ghnó iomaíoch seo. Roghnaítear na comhpháirteanna go cúramach.\nNí dhéantar fo-tháirgí ó mhonarú na n-ealaín, ach coinníonn an teaglaim gan deireadh de chomhpháirteanna agus de féidearthachtaí an mhonaróir ealaíne cruthaitheach gnóthach le raon táirgí a tháirgeadh. Tá méid beag luaidhe agus dramhaíola miotail a ghintear agus a dhiúscairt; níl an luaidhe a chaitear mór go leor i gcainníocht chun contúirtí a chruthú. Ar an gcaoi chéanna, ní bhíonn an nochtadh do luaidhe leáite nó do dhúsachtaí le linn an phróisis múnlaithe ceann mór go leor le go bhféadfaí é a thomhas agus ní chuireann sé contúirt sábháilteachta i láthair, ní do oibrí líne tionóil ná do lucht hobhiste sa bhaile.\nTá todhchaí shoiléir ag gabháil le haca, a bhuíochas leis an méadú ar an tóir atá ar an spórt iascaireachta, nach bhfuil aon chomhartha ag teastáil ó mhaolú. Tá an ríomhaire tar éis dul i mbun dearadh meall, agus tá meall a bhfuil cumhrán ann, cnaipí a bhfuil léasair ag baint leo, agus críochnú seachtrach atá clúdaithe go grianghrafadóireachta agus atá fíor-réalaíoch go hiontach ar chuid de na nuálaíochtaí is déanaí. Níl an todhchaí do mhonaróirí meall sna Stáit Aontaithe chomh geal. Cé go ndéantar na mealltanas a tháirgeadh go mór, baineann an obair le ceardaíocht láimhe agus le chéile. Ní féidir le monaraithe na hoibrithe a íoc ar na rátaí uair an chloig atá de dhualgas agus brabús a dhéanamh fós, mar sin tá cuid mhór den obair aistrithe go Meiriceá Láir, Oirdheisceart na hÁise, Taiwan, Haiti, agus Meicsiceo.\nLivingston, A. D. Luremaking: The Art and Science of Spinnerbaits, Buzzbaits, Jigs, and Other Leadheads Camden, ME: Ragged Mountain Press, 1994.\nMayes, Jim. Conas Do Chréacht Iascaireachta Féin a Dhéanamh agus a Dheisiú: Treoir Léirsteil-le-Céim Iolraithe don Iascaire agus don Hobbyist. Nua-Eabhrac: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1986.\nToth, Mike. An Treoir Iomlánach Idiote chun Bunriachtanais Iascaireachta. Nua Eabhrac: Leabhair Alpha, 1997.\nAlmy, Gerald. \"Olds Óir: 15 clasaiceach-ciste a chur i ngleic\". Spóirt Afield (Feabhra 1997): 106+.\nNichols Lures Inc. http://www.nicholslures.com/ (28 Meitheamh, 1999).\nRay's Fishing Lures. 15 Aibreán, 1999. http://www.raysfishing.com/ (28 Meitheamh, 1999).\n Gillian S. Holmes"} +{"text": "- any of several species of coreopsis, especially Coreopsis tinctoria, a widely cultivated garden plant.\nOrigin of calliopsis\nDictionary.com Unabridged Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2018\nExamples from the Web for calliopsis\nCalliopsis (Coreopsis), yellow with red or brown center; two feet; mid-July, until killed by frost.A Woman's Hardy Garden\nHelena Rutherfurd Ely\n- another name for coreopsis", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-34", "url": "https://www.dictionary.com/browse/calliopsis", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221219692.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20180822065454-20180822085454-00471.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.7510077357, "token_count": 111, "score": 2.546875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "- aon cheann de roinnt speiceas de Coreopsis, go háirithe Coreopsis tinctoria, plandaí gairdín a chothraítear go forleathan.\nBunús calliopsis\nDictionary.com Unabridged Bunaithe ar an Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2018\nSamplaí ón Idirlíon le haghaidh calliopsis\nCalliopsis (Coreopsis), buí le lár dearg nó donn; dhá chos; lár mhí Iúil, go dtí go mbíodh sé marbh ag frost.A Woman's Hardy Garden\nHelena Rutherfurd Ely\n- ainm eile do coreopsis"} +{"text": "After more than five decades of conflict, the Colombian capital, Bogotá, is undergoing processes not just of regeneration, but also of commemoration. The decision to create spaces of memory along one particular road in the city, Avenida 26, has highlighted the stark differences between neighborhoods on either side of its congested lanes—and runs the risk of reinforcing existing segregation.\nBogotá, Colombia, is a socially divided city in a post-conflict country marked by clashing spatial and cultural cleavages. Over the last 20 years, institutional investments have concentrated on the renewal of the city center in order to boost Bogotá’s image. At the same time, the end of the Colombian conflict has led to the proliferation of a politics of memory in the city. The politics of memory, driven by the pedagogical imperative of “never again” (Bilbija and Payne 2011), expose the difficult task of imagining spaces as contemplative and as sites of reconciliation through their portrayal of past events in the conflict (Jelin 2002).\nThe street known as Avenida 26 (Figure 1)—at the center of my four-months-long fieldwork—is a key space for analysis of the city’s regeneration programs and politics of memory. The case of Avenida 26 demonstrates the tensions between urban development and memory-making. It reveals how institution-led production of “spaces of memory” (Huyssen 2003), as cultural spaces dedicated to commemoration and remembrance, also play a crucial role in the process of gentrification and the exclusionary dynamics in the city. Sites of national memory on Avenida 26 reflect strategic plans to build a protective barrier from urban violence and conflicts for the city’s middle class while at the same time further marginalizing low-income residents. These are the same residents who are often most directly touched by the conflict and for whom the politics of memory are officially dedicated.\nSegregated memory, between two Avenidas\n“That [a museum] is like for kids who are studying […], it’s not for everyone, for example, for me […] why should I go to a museum, what for? All these museums, what for? […] For me, my museums are my flowers,” said Catalina, a flower seller, in a half-sarcastic, half-bitter tone. \nCatalina is referring to the future National Museum of Memory of Colombia, which is slated to open in 2021 as a space for reflection over the Colombian conflict. The museum will be built on Avenida 26, where Catalina’s flower stand is located. As she speaks, her voice almost fades into the roar of traffic. The street is one of Bogotá’s main thoroughfares. It is nearly 14 kilometers (8.7 miles) long and as wide as a highway. It is one of the most congested streets in the city (Figure 2).\nAvenida 26 is central to Bogotá’s politics of memory. In 2012, the Center for Memory, Peace and Reconciliation, or CMPyR (Centro de Memoria, Paz y Reconciliación; Figure 3), opened next to the city’s central cemetery, where florists and candle sellers have their stands. Public art on the street portrays the Colombian conflict. In 2014, the municipality renamed the section of Avenida 26 that hosts these cultural initiatives Eje de la Paz y la Memoria, or “Axis of Peace and Memory.” In 2016, a new park, Parque del Renacimiento (“Park of the Rebirth”), was opened.\nAs a highly congested major thoroughfare, Avenida 26 does not correspond to conventional spaces of memory. Many institutional representatives define it as an empty space or a “blank slate.”\n“It’s like a corridor: when you cross it in some way you are inhabiting a place that is not a place where one would stop to contemplate […] that is to say it is a non-place,” a member of IDARTES (a body which promotes public art initiatives on the streets of Bogotá) said.\nThe imaginary of Avenida 26 as a non-place among public officials reveals their uncomfortable awareness that Avenida 26 is an extremely segregated—and at times violent—place. The renamed section of the avenue—the “Eje de la Paz y la Memoria”—divides two very distinct neighborhoods: the middle-income neighborhood of Teusaquillo on one side, and the deprived and extremely precarious neighborhood of Santa Fe on the other. It would seem that the urban violence that characterizes the avenue would make it unsuitable for commemorative practices, yet officials have focused significant public resources in creating cultural institutions of public memory along this route.\n“The side that is in Teusaquillo is cool, I have friends working with screen printing, who have a cultural center, there is the graffiti […]. In front of the cemetery [on the Santa Fe side], it’s very ugly, people steal and at night there are many homeless people […], I really prefer not to be there,” said Santiago, a skater and graffiti artist, capturing the geographical imagination of the street as a divided space.\nIn this context, the siting of the CMPyR and the future Museum of Memory, as well as ancillary museum initiatives, on Avenida 26 is not unintentional or strictly about memory. They represent selective investments on one side of the street in the middle-class neighborhood of Teusaquillo, and not on the Santa Fe side. The siting of these projects on Avenida 26 is not due to the relevance of this place for commemorative purposes, but instead acts as a revitalization strategy that encloses the more economically viable neighborhood through cultural projects as a means of shielding this neighborhood from the poverty and urban violence on the other side of Avenida 26. A member of the current CMPyR administration mentioned this selective use of the street when sharing his unease over being located to what he perceives as the “wrong” side of the street: “We work looking at that side [pointing to the Teusaquillo side], or we go to the mayor’s office, but we don’t go over there [the Santa Fe side]. […] One is always between two parallel worlds. Let’s say that, among ourselves, we know that on the other [Santa Fe] side there is the jungle.”\nIn this scenario, Avenida 26 acts as a true frontier between two neighborhoods that memory professionals deem to be incompatible. Indeed, cultural actors and memory professionals seem to identify two different Avenidas: one apt to welcome initiatives and spaces of memory; the other inaccessible due to urban violence.\nEnclosed spaces, incompatible languages\nThe consequences of this enclosure are detrimental to the low-income communities on the Santa Fe side of the street. Gates and security guards around the CMPyR contribute to a significant securitization of this area. Candle and flower sellers on the Santa Fe side, who work informally, face increased policing, disrupting their business and limiting their ability to develop a regular clientele.\nThe marginalization and exclusion of these residents is even more evident symbolically. Interviewees on the Santa Fe side of the street are mostly uninformed of the activities of politics of memory—for example, they often confuse the CMPyR with a monument. They are also limited by a linguistic barrier. For example, memory, a common word in public art projects (Figure 4) and part of the title of the CMPyR—is an unfamiliar concept to many of these residents. The vocabulary employed by memory professionals reinforces a social and symbolic barrier among actors sharing the same space. This, in turn, contributes to the general indifference of many people in Santa Fe toward spaces of memory, and often results in explicit opposition to politics of memory on the street.\nA kiosk owner near the Parque del Renacimiento expressed her rejection of the politics of memory through her concerns about the present and her children’s future, “I’m not interested in who is buried there, why he died, why it’s called memory […] I want my children to be well, [I want to know] what time my daughter gets home, because if she is late then what happened to her? […] How can I be interested in this bullshit?”\nAvenida 26 is not a blank slate. It is a “lived space” made of uses and practices that politics of memory dismiss (Lefebvre 1974; de Certeau 1990). These regeneration plans ignore residents’ use of space and relation to memory by relying on cultural tools and a language that excludes them from participation. Avenida 26 highlights the necessity to think of spaces of memory as urban spaces whose function extends beyond their commemorative role (Till 2012). This case demonstrates how the appropriation or rejection of spaces of memory is dependent on urban dynamics—social inequalities, spatial segregation, and access to resources—influencing both the appropriation of spaces of memory and the possibility that a sense of belonging among local actors may flourish (Palermo and Ponzini 2014).\nFinally, the role played by the imperative of “never again” in gentrification and displacement is far from being an exclusively Colombian phenomenon. Across the globe, cities are increasingly taking a stance over episodes of the past at a national scale and publicly displaying it for collective engagement (as in post-apartheid Johannesburg, or in post-9/11 New York, among others). Academic and policymaking literature needs to deepen our understanding of the intricacy of these dynamics and the problematic cultural undertakings in such processes. If remembering is indeed a right as well as a duty, “walking down memory lane” should represent an exercise of citizenship and not the rationalization of social and spatial segregation.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-21", "url": "https://seenthis.net/tag/plus", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243988831.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20210508001259-20210508031259-00006.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9367108941, "token_count": 2084, "score": 2.59375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tar éis níos mó ná cúig scór bliain de choimhlint, tá príomhchathair na Cólamibia, Bogotá, ag dul faoi phróisis ní hamháin athghiniúna, ach comóradh freisin. Tá an cinneadh chun spásanna cuimhne a chruthú ar feadh bóthair áirithe sa chathair, Avenida 26, tar éis na difríochtaí géar a chur i bhfios idir comharsanachtaí ar gach taobh dá shlíneanna plódaithe agus tá an baol ann go gcuirfear feabhas ar an leithdháileadh atá ann cheana féin.\nBogotá, an Cholóim, is cathair roinnte go sóisialta i dtír iar-choimhlint a bhfuil a saintréithe ag clashing spáis agus cleavages cultúrtha. Le 20 bliain anuas, tá infheistíochtaí institiúideacha dírithe ar athnuachan lár na cathrach chun íomhá Bogotá a threisiú. Ag an am céanna, tá deireadh na coimhlinte Colóime tar éis polaitíocht chuimhne a leathnú sa chathair. Tá polaitíocht na cuimhní, arna thiomáint ag an riachtanas oideachais \"níl arís\" (Bilbija agus Payne 2011), ag nochtadh an tasc deacair a bhaineann le spásanna a shamhlú mar áiteanna machnaimh agus mar áiteanna athmhuintearais trína léiriú ar imeachtaí a tharla sa choimhlint (Jelin 2002).\nIs spás lárnach é an sráide ar a dtugtar Avenida 26 (Figiúr 1) - atá i lár mo shaothar réimse ceithre mhí ar fad - chun anailís a dhéanamh ar chláir athghiniúna na cathrach agus ar pholaitíocht na cuimhne. Léiríonn cás Avenida 26 na teannas idir forbairt uirbeach agus cuimhneacháin a dhéanamh. Léiríonn sé conas a bhíonn ról ríthábhachtach ag táirgeadh \"spáis chuimhne\" faoi stiúir institiúidí (Huyssen 2003), mar spásanna cultúrtha atá tiomanta do chomóradh agus do chuimhneamh, sa phróiseas feasachta agus sa dinimic eisiata sa chathair. Léiríonn Suímh Cuimhne Náisiúnta ar Avenida 26 pleananna straitéiseacha chun bacainn cosanta a thógáil ó fhoréigean uirbeach agus coimhlintí do mheánchlas na cathrach agus ag an am céanna cónaitheoirí ar ioncam íseal a imeallú tuilleadh. Is iad na cónaitheoirí céanna seo a mbíonn tionchar díreach ag an gcogadh orthu agus a bhfuil polaitíocht na cuimhní dírithe orthu go hoifigiúil.\nCuimhne ar leithligh, idir dhá Avenidas\nIs cosúil le leanaí atá ag staidéar [...], ní bhaineann sé le gach duine, mar shampla, domsa [...] cén fáth ar chóir dom dul chuig músaem, cad chuige? Na músaeim seo go léir, cad chuige? [...] Maidir liomsa, is iad mo mhúsaeim mo bhláthanna, a dúirt Catalina, díoltóir bláthanna, i ngnáth-sarcastic, i ngnáth-bhrón.\nTá Catalina ag tagairt do Músaem Náisiúnta Cuimhne na Cólamibia sa todhchaí, atá beartaithe a oscailt i 2021 mar spás le machnamh a dhéanamh ar choimhlint na Cólamibia. Tógfar an músaem ar Avenida 26, áit a bhfuil seasamh bláthanna Catalina. Agus í ag labhairt, tá a guth beagnach ag dul i ngleic leis an ngrá na tráchta. Tá an sráid ar cheann de phríomhshráideanna Bogotá. Tá sé beagnach 14 ciliméadar (8.7 míle) ar fhad agus chomh leathan le bóthar mór. Tá sé ar cheann de na sráideanna is mó a bhfuil brú orthu sa chathair (Figiúr 2).\nTá Avenida 26 lárnach do pholaitíocht chuimhneacháin Bogotá. In 2012, osclaíodh an Ionad Cuimhne, Síochána agus Athmhuintearas, nó CMPyR (Centro de Memoria, Paz y Reconciliación; Fíor 3), in aice le cruinniú lárnach na cathrach, áit a bhfuil a gcuid seasamh ag florists agus díoltóirí coinneal. Léiríonn ealaín poiblí ar an tsráid an choimhlint Cholóimneach. In 2014, d'athainmnigh an bardais an chuid de Avenida 26 ina bhfuil na tionscnaimh chultúrtha seo Eje de la Paz y la Memoria, nó Axis of Peace and Memory. In 2016, osclaíodh páirc nua, Parque del Renacimiento (Páirc an Athbhreith).\nMar mhórshráid mór atá lán le daoine, ní fhreagraíonn Avenida 26 le spásanna coitianta cuimhne. Sainmhíníonn go leor ionadaithe institiúideacha é mar spás folamh nó mar sléibhe bán.\n\"Tá sé cosúil le conair: nuair a thrasnaíonn tú é ar bhealach éigin tá tú ag maireachtáil in áit nach áit é a stopfadh duine chun machnamh a dhéanamh [...] is é sin le rá nach áit é\", a dúirt ball de IDARTES (comhlacht a chuireann tionscnaimh ealaíne poiblí chun cinn ar shráideanna Bogotá).\nLéiríonn samhlaíocht Avenida 26 mar áit neamh-áit i measc oifigigh phoiblí a n-eolas míchompordach go bhfuil Avenida 26 ina áit an-ealaíne agus uaireanta foréigneach. An t-alt a athainmníodh ar an tsráid - an \"Eje de la Paz y la Memoria\" - roinnte dhá cheantar an-difriúla: an cheantar meán-ioncaim Teusaquillo ar thaobh amháin, agus an cheantar íseal agus an-bhrónach de Santa Fe ar an taobh eile. Is cosúil go mbeadh an foréigean uirbeach a shainaithníonn an bealaí a dhéanamh sé neamh-oiriúnach do chleachtais comórtha, ach tá oifigigh dírithe acmhainní poiblí suntasacha i mbun institiúidí cultúrtha na cuimhne poiblí ar feadh an bhealaigh.\nTá an taobh atá i Teusaquillo fionnuar, tá cairde agam a oibríonn le cló scáileáin, a bhfuil ionad cultúrtha acu, tá an graifíte ann [...]. I os comhair an reilig [ar thaobh Santa Fe], tá sé an-dona, goidíonn daoine agus san oíche tá go leor daoine gan dídean [...], is fearr liom gan a bheith ann i ndáiríre, a dúirt Santiago, skater agus ealaíontóir graifíte, ag gabháil leis an samhlaíocht gheografach den tsráid mar spás roinnte.\nSa chomhthéacs seo, ní hamháin go bhfuil an CMPyR agus an Músaem Cuimhne sa todhchaí, chomh maith le tionscnaimh mhúsaeim chuimsitheacha, ar Avenida 26 ar intinn nó go hiomlán faoi chuimhne. Léiríonn siad infheistíochtaí roghnacha ar thaobh amháin den tsráid i gcomharsanacht an tslándála lárnacha Teusaquillo, agus ní ar thaobh Santa Fe. Ní mar gheall ar ábharthacht an áit seo chun críocha comórtha a shuiteáil na dtionscadal seo ar Avenida 26, ach ina ionad sin oibríonn sé mar straitéis athbheochana a chuimsíonn an comharsanacht is inmharthana ó thaobh na heacnamaíochta de trí thionscadail chultúrtha mar mhodh chun an comharsanacht seo a chosaint ar an mbochtaineacht agus ar an bhforéigean uirbeach ar an taobh eile de Avenida 26. Thug comhalta den riarachán reatha CMPyR an úsáid roghnach seo den tsráid faoi deara nuair a roinn sé a chuid imní faoi bheith suite ar an rud a fheiceann sé mar an taobh mícheart den tsráid: Oibríonn muid ag féachaint ar an taobh sin [ag tabhairt leataobh Teusaquillo], nó téann muid chuig oifig an méara, ach ní rachaidh muid ann [an taobh Santa Fe]. [...] Tá duine i gcónaí idir dhá shaol comhthreomhar. A ligean ar a rá go bhfuil, idir muid féin, a fhios againn go bhfuil ar an taobh eile [Santa Fe] tá an jungle. \nSa chás seo, feidhmíonn Avenida 26 mar theorainn fíor idir dhá chomharsanacht a mheasann gairmithe cuimhne a bheith neamh-chomhoiriúnach. Is cosúil go n-aithníonn gníomhaithe cultúrtha agus gairmithe cuimhne dhá Avenidas éagsúla: ceann atá oiriúnach chun tionscnaimh agus spásanna cuimhne a fáiltiú; an ceann eile nach féidir teacht air mar gheall ar fhoréigean uirbeach.\nSpáis dhúnadh, teangacha neamh-chomhoiriúnach\nTá iarmhairtí an fhéaraithe seo díobhálach do na pobail íseal-ioncaim ar thaobh Santa Fe den tsráid. Cuidíonn geataí agus gardaí slándála timpeall an CMPyR le urrúsú suntasach na ceantair seo. Díoltóirí coinneal agus bláthanna ar thaobh Santa Fe, a oibríonn go neamhfhoirmiúil, ag tabhairt aghaidh ar mhéadaíocht póilíneachta, ag cur isteach ar a ngnó agus ag teorannú a gcumas cliantáil rialta a fhorbairt.\nTá an imeallú agus an eisiamh a bhíonn ar na cónaitheoirí seo níos soiléire fós go siombalach. Tá daoine a ndearnadh agallamh leo ar thaobh Santa Fe den tsráid go príomha gan eolas faoi ghníomhaíochtaí pholaitíocht na cuimhnemar shampla, is minic a dhéantar meabhrúchán ar an CMPyR le séadchomhartha. Tá teorainn teanga acu freisin. Mar shampla, is coincheap neamhchoitianta é cuimhne, focal coitianta i dtionscadail ealaíne poiblí (Figiúr 4) agus cuid de theideal an CMPyR do go leor de na cónaitheoirí seo. Cuireann an foclóir a úsáideann gairmithe cuimhne bacainn shóisialta agus siombalach i bhfeidhm idir na haisteoirí a bhfuil an spás céanna acu. Cuireann sé seo, ar a láimh, le neamhspleáchas ginearálta go leor daoine i Santa Fe i leith spásanna cuimhne, agus is minic a bhíonn sé ina dhiúltú soiléir do pholaitíocht na cuimhne ar an tsráid.\nChuir úinéir chiosc in aice le Parque del Renacimiento a diúltú do pholaitíocht na cuimhní trína imní faoi láthair agus todhchaí a leanaí, \"Ní raibh suim agam cé atá curtha ann, cén fáth a fuair sé bás, cén fáth a dtugtar cuimhne air [...] Ba mhaith liom go mbeadh mo pháistí go maith, [ba mhaith liom a fhios a bheith agam] cén uair a thiocfaidh mo iníon abhaile, mar má tá sí déanach ansin cad a tharla di? [...] Conas is féidir liom a bheith suim acu i an bullshit? \nNí scaird bán é Avenida 26. Is \"spás beo\" é atá déanta as úsáidí agus cleachtais a dhiúltaíonn polaitíocht na cuimhne (Lefebvre 1974; de Certeau 1990). Tá na pleananna athghiniúna seo ag déanamh neamhaird ar úsáid spás agus ar an gcaidreamh atá ag cónaitheoirí leis an gcuimhne trí bheith ag brath ar uirlisí cultúrtha agus ar theanga a eisiamh ó rannpháirtíocht. Cuireann Avenida 26 béim ar an ngá atá le spásanna cuimhne a shamhlú mar spásanna uirbeacha a bhfuil a bhfeidhm ag leathnú thar a ról comórtha (Till 2012). Léiríonn an cás seo conas a bhíonn oibleagáid nó diúltú spásanna cuimhne ag brath ar dinimic uirbeach - neamhionannais shóisialta, scaradh spásúil, agus rochtain ar acmhainní - a dhéanann tionchar ar oibleagáid spásanna cuimhne agus ar an bhféidearthacht go bhféadfadh mothú na háitíochta a bheith ag feabhsú i measc gníomhaithe áitiúla (Palermo and Ponzini 2014).\nAr deireadh, níl an ról a bhí ag an ríthábhacht \"níl arís\" i gcúrsaí gentrification agus díláithriú ach i gColombia amháin. Ar fud an domhain, tá cathracha ag glacadh seasamh níos mó agus níos mó i leith eipeasóid den am atá caite ar scála náisiúnta agus ag taispeáint go poiblí é le haghaidh rannpháirtíochta comhchoiteann (mar a tharla i Johannesburg tar éis an apartheid, nó i Nua-Eabhrac tar éis 9/11, i measc daoine eile). Ní mór do litríocht acadúil agus beartais a thuiscint níos doimhne ar chastacht na dinimic seo agus ar na gnóthais chultúrtha fadhbanna a bhaineann le próisis den sórt sin. Má tá cuimhneamh ina cheart chomh maith le dualgas, ba cheart go léiríodh 'coiseacht síos ar shlí na cuimhne' mar fheidhmiú ar shaoránacht agus ní mar réasúnaíocht ar leithlighú sóisialta agus spásúil."} +{"text": "AV Classroom Technologies\nElementary School Deploys Classroom Mics to Boost Confidence of Students\n- By Dian Schaffhauser\nA Southern California school has added technology that enhances \"audio clarity\" in its classrooms. New River Elementary School in the Norwalk-La Mirada Unified School District has implemented microphones that hang around the necks of teachers and students to amplify their voices through a flat panel speaker.\nNew River Elementary third-grade Teacher Linda Fox uses a microphone as part of an audio enhancement system that projects her voice to students.\nAccording to Principal David Hoffman, the school used Title I funding to install the devices into all 17 of its classrooms. The cost was about $1,300 per room.\nThe system being used is Redact Access by Lightspeed Technologies. The deployment requires no installation and runs on a frequency that avoids interference with other technology that may be in use in the space.\n\"Since I've been teaching for many years without this technology, I didn't think I needed it,\" said third-grade teacher Linda Fox in a prepared statement. \"But now that I'm using the microphones, I've noticed that I grab my students' attention quicker and I'm not losing my voice by the end of the day.\"\nA New River Elementary third-grade student presents her project while using a microphone that will project her voice in the classroom.\nHoffman said he chose to acquire the microphones to boost students' confidence in the classroom and increase participation in lessons and discussions. \"The audio enhancement systems give our students a chance to become more involved in their classrooms,\" he noted. \"Our teachers are also assured that the lesson can be heard clearly by each student.\"\nDian Schaffhauser is a senior contributing editor for 1105 Media's education publications THE Journal, Campus Technology and Spaces4Learning. She can be reached at [email protected] or on Twitter @schaffhauser.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-25", "url": "https://thejournal.com/articles/2017/02/14/elementary-school-deploys-classroom-mics-to-boost-confidence-of-students.aspx", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487584018.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20210612132637-20210612162637-00401.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.963629961, "token_count": 390, "score": 2.734375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Teicneolaíochtaí Áras Ceannais\nScoil Bhunscoile ag cur Micróifílí sa Chlas chun muinín na scoláirí a threisiú\n- Le Dian Schaffhauser\nChuir scoil i ndeisceart California teicneolaíocht a fheabhsaíonn \"soiléireacht fuaime\" ina seomraí ranga. Tá micreafóin curtha i bhfeidhm ag Bunscoil New River i gCrios Scoile Aonaithe Norwalk-La Mirada a bhíonn ag crochadh timpeall muineál na múinteoirí agus na mac léinn chun a gcuid guthanna a mhéadú trí chalafoirt phéineil chlach.\nÚsáideann an múinteoir tríú grád New River Elementary Linda Fox micreafón mar chuid de chóras feabhsaithe fuaime a chuireann a ghuth ar na daltaí.\nDe réir an Phríomhoide David Hoffman, d'úsáid an scoil maoiniú Teideal I chun na feistí a shuiteáil ina 17 seomra ranga go léir. Bhí an costas thart ar $1,300 an seomra.\nIs é an córas atá á úsáid ná Redact Access ag Lightspeed Technologies. Ní gá aon suiteáil a chur ar bun agus oibríonn sé ar mhinicíocht a sheachnaíonn cur isteach ar theicneolaíocht eile a d'fhéadfadh a bheith in úsáid sa spás.\n\"Ós rud é go raibh mé ag múineadh ar feadh blianta fada gan an teicneolaíocht seo, níor cheap mé go raibh gá agam leis\", a dúirt an múinteoir tríú grád Linda Fox i ráiteas ullmhaithe. \"Ach anois go bhfuil mé ag úsáid na micreafóin, tá sé le feiceáil go bhfuil aird mo mhic léinn níos tapúla agam agus nach bhfuil mo ghuth á chailleadh agam ag deireadh an lae\".\nCuireann mic léinn tríú grád Bunscoile New River a thionscadal i láthair agus í ag úsáid micreafón a chuirfidh a guth ar an seomra ranga.\nDúirt Hoffman gur roghnaigh sé na micreafóin a fháil chun muinín na mac léinn sa seomra ranga a threisiú agus rannpháirtíocht i ranganna agus i ndíospóireachtaí a mhéadú. \"Tugaíonn na córais feabhsaithe fuaime deis dár scoláirí bheith níos páirteach ina seomraí ranga\", a dúirt sé. \"Tá ár múinteoirí cinnte freisin go bhféadfaidh gach mac léinn an ceacht a chloisteáil go soiléir\".\nIs eagarthóir sinsearach rannpháirteach í Dian Schaffhauser do fhoilseacháin oideachais 1105 Media, THE Journal, Campus Technology agus Spaces4Learning. Is féidir teacht uirthi ag [email protected] nó ar Twitter @schaffhauser."} +{"text": "With the infinite number of sentences that have or can be written, it may seem impossible to learn the steps necessary to create all of them. However, all sentences, no matter how long and complicated they are, need only two things: a subject and a verb. Adding anything else is like putting icing on a cake--they make the sentence more delicious, but scrape them off and you can still get the basic meaning across to your reader.You don't need to be a great author to get your point across.\nMethod 1 of 2: Simple and Compound Sentences\n1Begin with your subject. This is the person or thing that's going to perform the action in the sentence. Often the subject is a person or people: I, you, the girl, the population of India. Sometimes, however, the subject may be an animal, an inanimate object or even something intangible like an idea: cat, wall, jealousy.Ad\n2Choose your verb, the word that tells what action your subject is taking. Verbs can get very complex, depending on whether when the action is happening and how long it lasts. At the heart of all verb phrases, though, you still have a verb: walk, think, read, hope, die, etc.\n- Avoid getting stressed out over verb tenses. Most people can't remember the names of the tenses, but everyone who speaks English fluently knows the difference between \"Mary reads\" and \"Mary will have been reading.\" The first sentences is in the present tense, and the second is in the future perfect progressive tense.\n3Make certain that your verb matches the subject in number.\n- If your subject is the girl from the previous example, it is singular in number--there is only one girl--and your verb also has to be singular. Therefore, the girl reads or plays or walks. If you subject is children (plural in number), then your verb also has to be plural. So the children read, play or walk.\n- If you're working with one of the verb tenses that require \"helping\" verbs, these also have to be correct in number: The girl has been eating, but the children have been eating.\n4Add a direct object, which is the person or thing that the subject of the sentence acts upon with the verb. In the sentence \"The girl reads a book,\" the object is the book, which is what the girl reads. However, the sentence \"The girl mopes\" doesn't need an object.\n5Add an indirect object if you need more information than you can convey with only a direct object. For instance, in the sentence \"The girl lent her brother the book,\" the object is the book and the indirect object is her brother. It's not only necessary to know that the girl lent the book, but who she lent it to.\n6Use other words that you want to add to your sentence to make it more descriptive, but that aren't necessary. Beginning with the sentence \"The girl lent her brother the book,\" you may want to add words to create this sentence: The girl in the pigtails lent her little brother, who was in bed sick with the flu, the book about the ponies on Assateague Island.\n7Create a compound sentence by combining two simple sentences with one of these connecting words: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so. To help you remember, use the mnemonic FANBOYS. You usually have to put a comma before the connecting words (called coordinating conjunctions).\n8Some examples of compound sentences are: The girl read her book, and her brother played baseball. The boy read his book, so he missed the baseball game.Ad\nMethod 2 of 2: Complex Sentences\n1Form a complex sentence by combining two sentences with these connecting words: because, since, after, although, that, who, or which. These words are called subordinating conjunctions. The sentence that follows one of these words helps the first sentence be more descriptive.\n- For instance, in the sentence \"The boy missed the baseball game because he read his book,\" you are giving the reason the boy missed the game.\n2Make a sentence complex by combining two sentences that share the same subject. In this case, you will only write the subject once and one sentence becomes what's called an adjective clause.\n- For instance, You can take the sentence \"The girl lent a book\" and \"The girl was watching baseball game\" to make a complex sentence with an adjective clause: \"The girl who was watching the baseball game lent the boy a book.\"\nWe could really use your help!\n- In rare instances, you don't even need a subject because the sentence has an understood subject. For instance, the sentence \"Look!\" is understood to have \"you\" as the subject. The shortest sentence possible in the English language is \"Be.\"\n- A simple sentence may have more than one subject, verb or object, but unless you have two complete sentences that can stand on their own, it's still a simple sentence. Some examples are: \"The girl and boy read their books,\" (two subjects). \"The girl sat and cried,\" (two verbs). \"The boy read his book and his school worksheet,\" (two objects).\n- Remember that every sentence must end with a period, a question mark or an exclamation point.\nCategories: English Grammar\nIn other languages:\nThanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 11,510 times.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-32", "url": "http://www.wikihow.com/Write-a-Sentence", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042989507.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002309-00110-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9679502845, "token_count": 1141, "score": 4.15625, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Leis an líon gan teorainn de na habairtí atá nó is féidir a scríobh, d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith dodhéanta na céimeanna is gá a fhoghlaim chun iad go léir a chruthú. Mar sin féin, ní gá do gach abairt, is cuma cé chomh fada agus chomh casta atá siad, ach dhá rud: ábhar agus briathar. Is cosúil le criosán a chur ar an gciseán é aon rud eile a chur leis - déanann siad an abairt níos delicious, ach scrape iad amach agus is féidir leat an bhrí bhunúsach a fháil ar aghaidh chuig do léitheoir. Ní gá duit a bheith i do údar mór chun do phointe a fháil ar aghaidh.\nModh 1 de 2: Gearrthóirí simplí agus comhcheangailte\n1Tosaigh le do ábhar. Is é seo an duine nó rud a bheidh ag déanamh an ghnímh sa abairt. Is minic gurb é an t-ábhar duine nó daoine: mise, tusa, an cailín, daonra na hIndia. Uaireanta, áfach, d'fhéadfadh an t-ábhar a bheith ina ainmhí, ina réad gan bheatha nó fiú rud éigin neamhbhreáite cosúil le smaoineamh: cat, balla, éad.\n2A roghnú do bhriathar, an focal a insíonn cad gníomh a bhfuil do ábhar ag glacadh. Is féidir le briathra a bheith an-chasta, ag brath ar cé acu nuair a tharlaíonn an gníomh agus cé chomh fada a mhaireann sé. I gcroílár gach frása briathar, áfach, tá briathar fós agat: siúl, smaoineamh, léamh, dóchas, bás, srl.\n- Seachain a bheith ag cur brú air thar amanna briathar. Ní féidir le formhór na ndaoine ainmneacha na n-am a mheabhrú, ach tá a fhios ag gach duine a labhraíonn Béarla go raidhseach an difríocht idir \"Mary reads\" agus \"Mary will have been reading\". Tá an chéad abairt sa aimsir atá ann faoi láthair, agus tá an dara ceann sa aimsir atá ag dul chun cinn go foirfe sa todhchaí.\n3 Déan cinnte go bhfuil do bhriathar ag teacht leis an ábhar i líon.\n- Má tá do ábhar an cailín ón sampla roimhe seo, tá sé singil i líon - níl ach cailín amháin - agus do bhriathar a bheith singil freisin. Dá bhrí sin, léann an cailín nó imríonn nó siúlóidí. Má tá do ábhar leanaí (plúire i líon), ansin ní mór do bhriathar a bheith i bplúire freisin. Mar sin léann na páistí, imríonn siad nó siúlann siad.\n- Má tá tú ag obair le ceann de na tenses briathar a éilíonn briathra \"cuideachta\", ní mór dóibh seo a bheith ceart i líon: Tá an cailín ag ithe, ach tá na páistí ag ithe.\n4Cuir réad díreach leis, is é sin an duine nó an rud a ghníomhaíonn ábhar an abairt leis an bhfiaróg. Sa abairt \"An cailín a léann leabhar\", is é an leabhar an t-ábhar, agus is é sin a léann an cailín. Mar sin féin, ní gá ábhar don abairt \"The girl mopes\".\n5Cuir réad indíreach leis más gá duit níos mó faisnéise ná mar is féidir leat a chur in iúl le réad díreach amháin. Mar shampla, sa abairt \"An cailín a thug an leabhar dá dheartháir\", is é an leabhar an réad agus is é an réad indíreach a deartháir. Ní gá a fhios a bheith agat amháin go ndearna an cailín an leabhar a thabhairt, ach cé leis a ndearna sí é a thabhairt.\n6Úsáid focail eile ar mhaith leat a chur le do abairt chun í a dhéanamh níos tuairisciúla, ach ní gá sin. Ag tosú leis an abairt \"An cailín a thug an leabhar dá dheartháir\", b'fhéidir gur mhaith leat focail a chur leis chun an abairt seo a chruthú: Thug an cailín sna pigtails an leabhar faoi na pónairí ar Oileán Assateague dá dheartháir beag, a bhí i leaba tinn leis an nglaoch.\n7Cuir abairt chomhcheangailte ar bun trí dhá abairt shimplí a chur le ceann de na focail cheangail seo: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so. Chun cabhrú leat cuimhniú, úsáid an FANBOYS mnemonic. De ghnáth ní mór duit coma a chur roimh na focail nasctha (ar a dtugtar nascadh comhordaithe).\n8Le roinnt samplaí de abairtí comhcheangailte: Léann an cailín a leabhar, agus imríonn a deartháir baseball. Léigh an buachaill a leabhar, mar sin chaill sé an cluiche baseball.Ad\nModh 2 de 2: Sentences Iomplaithe\n1Cuir abairt chasta le chéile trí dhá abairt a chur le na focail cheangail seo: toisc, ó, tar éis, cé, go, cé, nó cé. Tugtar na hacaitheanna sin ar na fo-aicmeacha. Cuidíonn an abairt a leanann ceann de na focail seo leis an gcéad abairt a bheith níos tuairisciúla.\n- Mar shampla, sa abairt \"The boy missed the baseball game because he read his book\", tá tú ag tabhairt an chúis a chaill an buachaill an cluiche.\n2Déan abairt choimpléasc trí dhá abairt a chomhcheangal a bhfuil an t-ábhar céanna acu. Sa chás seo, ní scríobhfaidh tú an t-ábhar ach uair amháin agus beidh abairt amháin mar a thugtar air clásal tréithfhocail.\n- Mar shampla, is féidir leat an abairt \"An cailín a thug leabhar\" agus \"Bhí an cailín ag féachaint ar chluiche baseball\" a ghlacadh chun abairt chasta a dhéanamh le clásal aidiacht: \"An cailín a bhí ag féachaint ar an gcluiche baseball a thug leabhar don bhuachaill\".\nD'fhéadfaimis do chabhair a úsáid i ndáiríre!\n- I gcásanna neamhchoitianta, ní gá duit ábhar fiú toisc go bhfuil ábhar tuisceanach ag an abairt. Mar shampla, an abairt \"Féach!\" tuigtear go bhfuil \"tu\" mar an ábhar. Is é an abairt is giorra is féidir sa teanga Béarla ná \"Be\".\n- Is féidir le abairt shimplí níos mó ná ábhar, briathar nó réad amháin a bheith aige, ach mura bhfuil dhá abairt iomlána agat a d'fhéadfadh seasamh ar a gcuid féin, tá sé fós ina abairt shimplí. Seo roinnt samplaí: \"An cailín agus an buachaill a gcuid leabhair a léamh\", (dhá ábhar). \"Suigh an cailín agus caoineadh, \" (dhá bhriathra). \"Leag an buachaill a leabhar agus a chuid oibre scoile, \" (dhá réad).\n- Cuimhnigh go gcaithfidh gach abairt deireadh a chur le pointe, le comhartha ceist nó le comhartha exclamation.\nCatagóirí: Gramadaí Béarla\nI dteangacha eile:\nGo raibh maith agat do na húdair go léir as leathanach a chruthú a léitear 11,510 uair."} +{"text": "How To Use Salt In The Pond\nSalt in the Pond. Salt is something every fish or koi owner should have on hand at all times.\nNon-iodized salt, Sodium Chloride (NaCl) is commonly used in the health care and maintenance of fishes, especially Koi and goldfish. It is inexpensive, safe to use, it will not harm your biological filter, it is useful in treating parasites and helps fight the effects of nitrite toxicity. Make sure that the salt contains no YPS (Yellow Prussiate of Soda) in it because it is hazardous to fish.\nIt is recommend that you use salt, before you try anything else for parasites because it has so many benefits over other medications.\nWhy Use Salt in The Pond\nIt is safe for pond fish species\nIt does not push sick fish “over the edge.”\nIt eliminates 7 of 9 parasites commonly found in the pond\n- It reduces the effects of nitrite toxicity\n- It stimulate mucous slime coat production\nIt does not get bound out of the system by organics or sunlight\nIt is inexpensive\nIt WON’T harm your filter\nMost fish have an internal salt concentration of 1.0% or 10 parts-per-thousand (ppt) which is higher than their water environment. Osmosis causes water to transfer from the lower salinity of the pond water into the tissues of the fish. Addition of salt will lower the osmosis pressure. This reduces the effort of the fish in eliminating the excess water. The saved energy is then available for use by the fish’s own immune system to fight diseases.\nSalt concentrations between 0.3% and 0.5%(3 to 5ppt) will upset the osmotic balance of some parasites i.e. the parasites’ cells will dehydrate. Salt concentration of 0.3% are effective at detoxifying nitrite and concentration of 0.25% or higher has been used to control some string algae species. Nevertheless, salt can cause pond plant damage as the concentration increases. Floating plants (water hyacinth, water lettuce, etc.) are affected at lower concentrations than most bog plants.\nUsing Salt In The Pond In Winter\nAdding salt in the pond especially in the fall will help fish survive the long cold winter months. We recommend adding 1 – 2 lbs of salt for every 100 gallons of water in the pond. We often add salt in the fall, after taking out floating plants such as water hyacinths and water lettuce.\nMeasuring Salt Concentration\nWe carry the KoiMedic electronic salinity tester. Trans Instruments has specially designed the KoiMedic salinity tester to measure the salt concentration in the pond measuring in percentage(%). The testers are accurate and easy to use. All you need to do is turn it on and dip into the pond water.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-32", "url": "http://www.pondexperts.ca/pond-advice-tips/salt-in-the-pond/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042990123.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002310-00249-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9266997576, "token_count": 593, "score": 3.1875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Conas Salann a Úsáid sa Cholún\nSalann sa Pond. Is é salann rud ba chóir a bheith ag gach úinéir éisc nó koi ar láimh i gcónaí.\nÚsáidtear salann neamh-iodáilte, Clóiríd Sóidiam (NaCl) go coitianta i gcúram sláinte agus i gcothabháil iasc, go háirithe Koi agus iasc órga. Tá sé saor, sábháilte le húsáid, ní dhéanfaidh sé dochar do do scagadh bitheolaíoch, tá sé úsáideach i gcóireáil paraisítí agus cabhraíonn sé le héifeachtaí tocsaineachta na nítríte a chomhrac. Déan cinnte nach bhfuil YPS (Prúsait Buí Sóda) sa salann mar go bhfuil sé contúirteach do iasc.\nMoltar duit salann a úsáid sula ndéanann tú aon rud eile le haghaidh paraisítí mar go bhfuil go leor buntáistí aige i gcomparáid le cógais eile.\nCén Fáth a Úsáidtear Salann sa Choill\nTá sé sábháilte d'earraí iasc\nNí chuireann sé iasc tinn thar an imeall.\nCuireann sé 7 de 9 paraisítí a fhaightear go coitianta sa loch ar ceal\n- Laghdaíonn sé éifeachtaí tocsaineachta na nítríte\n- Spreagann sé táirgeadh cóta sliogán mucous\nNí fhaigheann sé ceangailte amach as an gcóras ag orgánaigh nó solas na gréine\nTá sé saor\nNí dhéanfaidh sé dochar do do scagadh\nTá tiúchan salainn inmheánach 1.0% nó 10 chuid in aghaidh na mílte (ppt) ag formhór na n-iasc atá níos airde ná a dtimpeallacht uisce. Déantar osmosis chun uisce a aistriú ó salannas níos ísle uisce an locha isteach i bhfíocháin na n-iasc. Laghdaíonn an salann brú osmós. Mar sin, ní bhíonn an t-iasc ag iarraidh an iomarca uisce a bhaint amach. Tá an fuinneamh a shábháil ar fáil ansin le húsáid ag córas imdhíonachta na n-iasc féin chun galair a chomhrac.\nBeidh tiúchan salainn idir 0.3% agus 0.5% (~ 3 go 5ppt) ag cur isteach ar chothromaíocht osmotic roinnt paraisítí i.e. Beidh na cealla paraisítí dehydrate. Tá tiúchan salainn de 0.3% éifeachtach chun nitrite a dhíthocsaineáil agus úsáidtear tiúchan de 0.25% nó níos airde chun roinnt speiceas alga sreinge a rialú. Mar sin féin, d'fhéadfadh salann damáiste a dhéanamh do phlandaí an locha de réir mar a mhéadaíonn an tiúchan. Plandaí snámha (hyacinth uisce, salach uisce, srl.) Tá tionchar ag tiúchan níos ísle ná an chuid is mó de phlandaí an bhalla.\nAn Salann a Úsáid sa Choill In Aimsir\nCabhróidh salann sa loch, go háirithe san fhómhar, le haisc maireachtáil sna míonna fada fuar an gheimhridh. Molaimid 1 2 lbs salann a chur le gach 100 gallon uisce sa loch. Is minic a chuirimid salann leis sa titim, tar éis plandaí snámha a bhaint amach mar hyacinths uisce agus salach uisce.\nComhchruinnithe Salann a thomhas\nTá an tástálaí salann leictreonach KoiMedic againn. Tá an tástálaí salaineachta KoiMedic deartha go speisialta ag Trans Instruments chun tiúchan salainn sa loch a thomhas i gcuntas céatadán (%) Tá na tástálaithe cruinn agus éasca le húsáid. Níl le déanamh agat ach é a chasadh agus é a dhúnadh isteach san uisce locha."} +{"text": "Notes (slide number in brackets) from IH Online Conference webinar, 19th May 2017.\n- (3) Mindset is a simple idea discovered by world-renowned Stanford University psychology professor Carol Dweck.\n- Result of decades of research on achievement and success.\n- (4) Summary of the key characteristics of growth and fixed mindset. I will refer back to this theory throughout the sections on practical tips.\n- (5) GRAPH Switching to a growth mindset can change student confidence and attitudes.\n- (6) GRAPH Switching to a growth mindset can improve student performance.\n- (7, 8) I applied Mindset Theory to my feedback in my previous job in Albacete, Spain in the 2015/2016 academic year, with positive results on student attitudes and subsequent performance. I wrote about this in the November/December issue of IATEFL Voices.\nHOW? Part 1 – Classroom\n- (10) Feedback\n(11) ##Highlight EFFORT, FAILURE, CRITICISM on table##\n- I hope I’ve convinced you that it’s well worth bringing mindset theory into your classroom. So how? One very simple and easy way is through *feedback*.\n- So what does growth mindset-focused feedback focus on?(12) 1 – EFFORT, rather than talent.\n- We often give talent-orientated praise by accident, but even if it’s positive, it can be really damaging in the long term. Promotes laziness and a belief in natural ability over hard work.\n- Research supports this.\n- 2 – PROCESS or STRATEGY, rather than result.\n- This can be positive and negative. It means that students will know exactly how they arrived to a certain result, and therefore how they can make changes to arrive to a better result.\n- Just a grade is useless. It tells you nothing specific on how to improve next time.\n- 3 – Use the word YET with negative feedback. Three letters can transform motivation.\n- No hope → There is another chance in the future.\n(13) ##Participant work## – 6 feedback comments. Which 3 foster growth, which 3 foster fixed? (14 – answers)\n2. (15) De-stigmatising mistakes\n(16) ##Highlight FAILURE on table##\n(17) – Setting the bar a little too high now and again.\n- Krashen’s i plus 1, opening Ss to future steps, encouraging the effort and no negative reinforcement for failing.\n- (18) – Foster a general attitude. In my classroom. Ss will gradually become less afraid of failure, more afraid of not trying.\n- Practical application – poster in my classroom.\n3. (19) Goal setting\n(20) ##Highlight INTELLIGENCE, OTHER PEOPLE’S SUCCESS on table##\n- Every student has a different goal and level. But feeling of wading through the swamp of EFL an making little forward progress fosters the impression that ‘I’m just no good at English’ i.e. intelligence is innate and not improvable, and may bring about jealousy as they look up from the swamp they are struggling through to see classmates flying by overhead.\n- (21) Ss often feel they don’t make progress because they haven’t followed the SMART rules of goal-setting…Sports Psychology section of A-Level PE and Daniel Barber and Duncan Foord’s ‘English Teacher to Learner Coach’.\n- SMART ## Participant work ## – What does each letter stand for? (22 – answers)\n- (23) Practical application of SMART – New Year’s/Term’s Resolutions with SMART goals.\n- (24) Growth Journal. Level increases in baby steps. Ss they can progress and intelligence can change when they see this in action. By the end of the month I will be better able to…\nHOW? Part 2 – Staff room\n1. (25) Teachers’ beliefs on intelligence\n(26) ##Highlight INTELLIGENCE on table##\n- (27) Before we can hope for growth mindset among out students, we must demand it from ourselves and believe that students are in charge of their own intelligence.\n- “I can’t teach young children”, “I can’t teach Upper Intermediate and above”. Many teachers won’t leave their own comfort zone but expect learners to.\n- Teaching = setting an example. Ss will mirror the teacher’s convictions. This could mean learning a language – a key advantage a non-native teacher has over natives. More on that issue here.\n2. (28) Observations and PDIs\n(29) ##Highlight FAILURE, CRITICISM on table##\n- (30) The resilience and ‘bounce backability’ we hope for from our students isn’t always mirrored in our own attitudes to feedback.\n- Problem 1 – Don’t practice what we preach. Not the right example for Ss, even if they don’t find out. For instance, do you choose a difficult class to be observed and try hard to improve it with the feedback (growth mindset), or do you pick an easy class and hide from any possible criticism, and any possible improvement (fixed mindset)?\n- (31) Problem 2 – Our teaching doesn’t improve if we don’t take in criticism and make alterations for the better. Ss – Don’t get an evolving and improving teacher. Teacher – Stagnation. Disenchantment with teaching profession.\n3. (32) Attitudes to colleagues\n(33) ##Highlight INTELLIGENCE, OTHER PEOPLE’S SUCCESS on table##\n1 – Healthier team atmosphere\n- (34) Imagine atmosphere where anyone’s success is perceived as a threat e.g. a student’s comments to management that they are really enjoying the class. Fosters poisonous atmosphere.\n- Instead – celebrate others’ successes. As Growth Mindset believes that ability is not fixed, others’ success means a chance to find out specifics of what they did and try to incorporate it into your own approach e.g. new activities, classroom routines.\n2 – (35) Management — Teachers and New — Experienced staff relationships.\n- Fixed Mindset – Born leaders, born followers. The managers have the gift, the teachers should follow.\n- Growth Mindset – Anyone could rise up the ladder if they wanted to and then put in the time and effort.\n- So instead of a top-down hierarchy, foster a co-operative system, where managers are there to make decisions, but everyone’s input is valued. First year teachers have something to teach 30-year veterans of EFL from their unique perspective, as long as the veteran believes that their ability is still malleable. Visa versa too, although this is already the status quo.\n- Practical application – staff meetings, mentoring schemes, peer-to-peer observations.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-39", "url": "https://jamesegerton.wordpress.com/2017/05/19/implementing-mindset-theory-in-the-classroom-and-the-staff-room/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267159193.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20180923095108-20180923115508-00107.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8881599307, "token_count": 1516, "score": 3.265625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Nótaí (uimhir sleamhnán i bprátaí) ó fhéilire ar líne Comhdhála IH, 19 Bealtaine 2017.\n- (3) Is smaoineamh simplí é Mindset a d'aimsigh Carol Dweck, ollamh síceolaíochta ar an Ollscoil Stanford, a bhfuil cáil dhomhanda air.\n- Tá sé mar thoradh ar dheich mbliana de thaighde ar éacht agus ar rath.\n- (4) achoimre ar phríomh-shaintréithe fáis agus smaointeoireachta seasta. Tabharfaidh mé tagairt arís don teoiric seo i rith na rannáin ar leideanna praiticiúla.\n- (5) GRAF Is féidir le aistriú go meon fáis muinín agus dearcadh na mac léinn a athrú.\n- (6) GRAF Is féidir le haistriú go meon fáis feidhmíocht na mac léinn a fheabhsú.\n- (7, 8) Chuir mé teoiric Mindset i bhfeidhm ar mo thuairisceán i mo phost roimhe seo in Albacete, an Spáinn sa bhliain acadúil 2015/2016, le torthaí dearfacha ar mheon na mac léinn agus ar fheidhmíocht ina dhiaidh sin. Scríobh mé faoi seo i dtionól na míosa Samhain/Deireadh Fómhair de IATEFL Voices.\nCÁ MÓR? Cuid 1 Sa seomra ranga\n- (10) Athbhreithniú\n(11) ##Éifeacht, FASCAL, CRITICISM ar an mbord a chur i láthair##\n- Tá súil agam go bhfuil tú cinnte go bhfuil sé fiú a thabhairt teoiric smaointeoireachta isteach i do seomra ranga. Mar sin, conas? Is é an bealach is simplí agus is éasca ná trí *aiseolas*.\n- Mar sin, cad a dhéanann an t-aiseolas a dhírigh ar mheon fáis dírithe ar? (12) 1 OIBHÍ, seachas cumas.\n- Is minic a thugann muid moladh atá dírithe ar thaithí gan choinne, ach fiú má tá sé dearfach, d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith i ndáiríre damáisteach san fhadtéarma. Spreagann sé leisce agus creideamh i gcumas nádúrtha thar obair chrua.\n- Tacaíonn taighde leis seo.\n- 2 PHRÓCSACH nó STRATÉGIA, seachas toradh.\n- Is féidir é seo a bheith dearfach agus diúltach. Ciallaíonn sé go mbeidh a fhios ag mic léinn go díreach conas a tháinig siad go toradh áirithe, agus dá bhrí sin conas is féidir leo athruithe a dhéanamh chun teacht ar toradh níos fearr.\n- Níl ach grád úsáideach. Ní thugann sé aon rud sonrach duit maidir le conas feabhas a chur ar an gcéad uair eile.\n- 3 Úsáid an focal YET le haiseolas diúltach. Is féidir le trí litir spreagadh a athrú.\n- Níl aon dóchas → Tá deis eile ann sa todhchaí.\n(13) ##Oibreacha rannpháirtithe## 6 tuairimí a thabharfar ar ais. Cé acu 3 fás foster, a bhfuil 3 foster seasta? (14 freagraí)\n2. Seachadadh. (15) Mícheart dí-stigmatithe\n(16) ##FALLÓR FÓIR-LIGHT ar an mbord##\n(17) An barra a chur ró-ard uaireanta.\n- Krashen's i plus 1, ag oscailt SS do chéimeanna amach anseo, ag spreagadh an iarracht agus gan aon athneartú diúltach le haghaidh teip.\n- (18) Beathachas ginearálta a chothú. I mo sheomra ranga. Beidh na daoine seo níos lú eagla ar theip, níos mó eagla ar gan iarracht a dhéanamh.\n- Iarratais phraiticiúla póstaer i mo sheomra ranga.\n3. Tá an t-am ann. (19) Suíomh sprioc\n(20) ##STEILIGHEAS FÓIRSÍOR, SUCCÉIS EILEANNA ar an mbord##\n- Tá sprioc agus leibhéal difriúil ag gach mac léinn. Ach an mothú go bhfuil tú ag dul trí bholg na Gaeilge agus nach bhfuil mórán dul chun cinn á dhéanamh agat, cuireann sé an tuiscint ar bun go bhfuil \"níl mé go maith i mBéarla\" i.e. Tá an t-eolas innate agus ní féidir a fheabhsú, agus d'fhéadfadh sé a chur faoi éad nuair a fhéachann siad suas as an swamp tá siad ag streachailt trí a fheiceáil comhghleacaithe eitilt os cionn.\n- (21) Is minic a bhraitheann daoine nach ndéanann siad dul chun cinn toisc nach lean siad na rialacha SMART maidir le spriocanna a leagan síos...Rannóg Síceolaíochta Spóirt de PE A-Leibhéal agus Daniel Barber agus Duncan Foord's Teacher to Learner Coach.\n- SMART ## Oibre rannpháirtí ## Cad a sheasann gach litir? (22 freagra)\n- (23) Cur i bhfeidhm praiticiúil rún SMART na Ré/Terms Nua-bhliana le spriocanna SMART.\n- (24) Iris Fás. Méadaíonn an leibhéal le céimeanna leanbh. Is féidir leo dul chun cinn agus is féidir le faisnéis athrú nuair a fheiceann siad seo i ngníomh. Faoi dheireadh na míosa beidh mé níos fearr in ann a...\nCÁ MÓR? Cuid 2 Seomra foirne\n1. an t-am a bhí ann. (25) Creideamh múinteoirí maidir le heolas\n(26) ##FÉINTEACHTAÍON FÉINTEACHTA ar an mbord##\n- (27) Sula bhféadfaimis súil a bheith againn go mbeidh meon fáis ag ár gcuid mac léinn, ní mór dúinn é a éileamh uainn féin agus a chreidiúint go bhfuil mic léinn i gceannas ar a n-intleacht féin.\n- \"Ní féidir liom páistí óga a mhúineadh\", \"Ní féidir liom Meánleibhéal Uachtarach agus níos airde a mhúineadh\". Ní fhágfaidh go leor múinteoirí a limistéar compordach féin ach tá súil acu go ndéanfaidh foghlaimeoirí amhlaidh.\n- Teagasc = sampla a chur. Beidh na hairíonna ag léiriú na gcreideamh an mhúinteora. D'fhéadfadh sé seo a bheith i gceist le teanga a fhoghlaim - buntáiste lárnach atá ag múinteoir nach múinteoir dúchais é thar múinteoirí dúchais. Tuilleadh faoi sin anseo.\n2. Seachadadh. (28) Breathnóireachtaí agus IDTanna\n(29) ##Fáillí solais, CRITICISM ar an mbord##\n- (30) Ní bhíonn an athléimneacht agus an \"aisghabhálacht\" a bhfuil súil againn óna scoláirí le feiceáil i gcónaí inár n-ionsaithe féin maidir le haiseolas.\n- Problema 1 Ná cleachtadh cad a preach we. Ní an sampla ceart do SS, fiú mura bhfaigheann siad amach. Mar shampla, an roghnaíonn tú rang deacair a bheith faoi deara agus iarracht a dhéanamh go crua é a fheabhsú leis an aiseolas (smaoineamh fáis), nó an roghnaíonn tú rang éasca agus an iompraíonn tú ó aon chríocha féideartha, agus aon fheabhas féideartha (smaoineamh seasta)?\n- (31) Fadhb 2 Ní fheabhsaíonn ár múinteoireacht mura nglacann muid le cáineadh agus mura ndéanaimid athruithe chun feabhsaithe. Ní fhaigheann siad múinteoir atá ag forbairt agus ag feabhsú. Múinteoir Stagnation. Dífháilíocht leis an ghairm mhúinteoireachta.\n3. Tá an t-am ann. (32) Airíonna i leith comhghleacaithe\n(33) ##Scaoil amach INTELIGENCE, SUCCESS PEOPLE Eile ar an mbord##\n1 Atmaisféar foirne níos sláintiúla\n- (34) Samhlaigh atmaisféar ina ndéantar rath duine ar bith a mheas mar bhagairt e.g. a dhéanann mac léinn a rá leis an mbainistíocht go bhfuil siad ag taitneamh go mór as an rang. Spreagann sé atmaisféar nimhiúil.\n- Ina áit sin ceiliúradh rath daoine eile. Ós rud é go gcreideann an Creat Fáis nach bhfuil cumas seasta, ciallaíonn rath daoine eile deis chun sonraí a fháil amach ar an méid a rinne siad agus iarracht a dhéanamh é a ionchorprú i do chur chuige féin e.g. gníomhaíochtaí nua, nósanna réadacha sa seomra ranga.\n2 (35) Bainistíocht Múinteoirí agus Caidreamh Foireann Nua Taithí.\n- Mindset Socraithe ceannairí Rugadh, leanúna Rugadh. Tá an t-ádh ag na bainisteoirí, ba cheart do na múinteoirí leanúint.\n- Smaointe Fás D'fhéadfadh duine ar bith dul suas ar an staighre dá mba mhaith leo agus ansin an t-am agus an iarracht a chur isteach.\n- Mar sin, in ionad ordlathas ó thús síos, córas comhoibritheach a chothú, áit a bhfuil bainisteoirí ann chun cinntí a dhéanamh, ach a bhfuil luach ag cur isteach gach duine. Tá rud éigin le múinteoirí céadbhliana a mhúineadh do shean-ealaíontóirí EFL 30 bliain óna bpeirspictíocht uathúil, chomh fada agus a chreideann an seandálaí go bhfuil a gcumas fós inléite. Agus vice versa freisin, cé go bhfuil an status quo ann cheana féin.\n- Cur i bhfeidhm praiticiúil cruinnithe foirne, scéimeanna meantaireachta, breathnuithe peer-to-peer."} +{"text": "We know that innovation is important. The OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) states that “innovation as a major driver of productivity that can strengthen economic growth and development” and that governments the world over need an innovation strategy. With governments vying to be the ‘best place’ for innovation a geological taxonomy appears to be erupting! Probably triggered by Michael Porter’s research on economic clusters.\nOf course, it’s not just innovation but technology innovation, in particular, that seems so attractive yet so illusive. The peaks, or more correctly troughs, of silicon with geological features include:\n- Silicon Valley – the first, biggest and best-known example\n- Silicon City – well London’s Tech City but the words didn’t fit!\n- Silicon Coast – centred around the Southern Spain’s Andalucía technology park (PTA)\n- Silicon Fen – particularly networking around Cambridge University\n- Silicon Fjord – with a whole countries GDP seemingly depending on Nokia. In the decade spanning most of this century Nokia represented 30% of the R&D spend and 20% of exports all of which resulted in nearly 25% of corporation tax revenues. Little wonder Nokia’s glacial tussle with Apple’s iPhone is so important\n- Silicon Glen – once seen as the antidote to Scotland’s faltering manufacturing base\n- Silicon Savannah – new kid on the innovation which is leap frogging computers to mobile devices fuelled, in part, by over 70% mobile phone use by Kenyans. So what makes Nairobi a potential treat to the emerging technology clusters in Bangalore and Tel Aviv or even Silicon Valley?\n- STOP PRESS Silicon Country – Can a whole country build a cluster? The lure of Chilecon Valley for startup entrepreneurs.\nCould there be a new recipe for innovation policy success of geological proportions?\nThe right environment, which seems to include: funding (seedcorn), space (low cost), support (policymakers), networks (of all kinds) and a secret ingredient …\nWhat is this ingredient?\nSomething about the place and people that’s so hard define? It be driven by good location, unmet needs, technology, demographics, societal changes, legal, commercial or even political pressures.\nProf Nigel Lockett FRSA\nProfessor of Enterprise at Leeds University Business School", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-25", "url": "https://cees.leeds.ac.uk/news/geology-of-innovation-wish-you-were-here/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487648194.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20210619111846-20210619141846-00352.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8875360489, "token_count": 494, "score": 2.640625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá a fhios againn go bhfuil nuálaíocht tábhachtach. Deir an OECD (Eagraíocht um Chomhar agus Forbairt Eacnamaíoch) go bhfuil \"nuálaíocht mar phríomh-mhodh táirgeachta a d'fhéadfadh fás agus forbairt eacnamaíoch a neartú\" agus go bhfuil straitéis nuálaíochta ag teastáil ó rialtais ar fud an domhain. Le rialtais ag dul i ngleic le bheith ar an \"áit is fearr\" le haghaidh nuálaíochta, is cosúil go bhfuil tacsainmí gheolaíochta ag teacht chun cinn! Is dócha gur spreag taighde Michael Porter ar chlústéir eacnamaíocha é.\nAr ndóigh, ní hamháin nuálaíocht ach nuálaíocht teicneolaíochta, go háirithe, a bhfuil an-tarraingteach ach chomh mícheart. I measc na bpictiúir, nó níos cruinne, na bplátaí, de shilicíon le gnéithe géolaíocha tá:\n- Silicon Valley an chéad, is mó agus is fearr a aithnítear sampla\n- Silicon City go maith Londain Tech City ach ní raibh na focail a oireann!\n- Cósta Silicon dírithe ar pháirc theicneolaíochta Andalucía (PTA) de chuid na Spáinne Theas\n- Silicon Fen go háirithe líonraíocht timpeall Ollscoil Cambridge\n- Silicon Fjord le GPD na tíre ar fad ag brath ar Nokia. Sa deich mbliana a bhí ag an gcéad bliain seo, bhí 30% de chaiteachas T&F agus 20% d'onnmhairí ag Nokia, rud a d'fhág go raibh beagnach 25% de ioncam cánach corparáideach ag Nokia. Ní haon ionadh go bhfuil an t-iomaíocht ghealaigh Nokia le iPhone Apple chomh tábhachtach\n- Silicon Glen a bhí le feiceáil mar an frithdhíon do bhunús déantúsaíochta na hAlban a bhí ag titim\n- Silicon Savannah leanbh nua ar an nuálaíocht atá ag léim ó ríomhaire go gléasanna soghluaiste ag tiomáint, go páirteach, ag níos mó ná 70% d'úsáid fón póca ag Kenyans. Mar sin, cad a dhéanann Nairobi ina phlean dóchasach do na clústéir teicneolaíochta atá ag teacht chun cinn i Bangalore agus Tel Aviv nó fiú Silicon Valley?\n- STOP PRESS Silicon Country An féidir le tír ar fad cluster a thógáil? An mhealladh atá ag Gleann Chilecon do fhiontraithe tosaithe.\nAn bhféadfadh cóip nua a bheith ann le haghaidh rath ar bheartas nuálaíochta de mhéid géolaíoch?\nAn timpeallacht cheart, a bhfuil an chuma air go bhfuil: maoiniú (sínt), spás (costas íseal), tacaíocht (cruthaitheoirí beartais), líonraí (de gach cineál) agus comhábhar rúnda ...\nCad é an comhábhar seo?\nRud éigin faoi an áit agus daoine go bhfuil sé chomh deacair a shainiú? Is féidir é a thiomáint ag suíomh maith, riachtanais neamh-chomhlíonta, teicneolaíocht, déimeagrafaíocht, athruithe sochaíocha, brú dlíthiúil, tráchtála nó fiú polaitiúil.\nAn tOllamh Nigel Lockett FRSA\nOllamh Fiontraíochta in Scoil Gnó Ollscoil Leeds"} +{"text": "Human ancestors were using fire ~million years before creation\nPosted by doctore0 on April 4, 2012\nFire and dildos.. + lots more.. all long before man created god(s)\nIt takes the form of ash and bone fragments recovered from Wonderwerk Cave in South Africa.\nThe team tells the journal PNAS that the sediments suggest frequent, controlled fires were lit on the site.\nThe ability to use fire is regarded as a key step in human development because it gave us access to cooked foods and new technologies.\nStone tools found at Wonderwerk Cave indicate the ancestor in question may have been Homo erectus, a species whose existence has been documented as far back as 1.8 million years ago.\nEstablishing precisely when humans first acquired the ability to control fire has been very difficult.\nThere have been several claims that the skill was in existence even earlier than at Wonderwerk.\nBut they have all been challenged, with sceptics arguing the fire remains from open sites could have been the result of natural blazes ignited by lightning.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-35", "url": "https://doctore0.wordpress.com/2012/04/04/human-ancestors-were-using-fire-million-years-before-creation/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440646242843.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827033042-00259-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9679217339, "token_count": 220, "score": 3.234375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Bhí sinsear daonna ag baint úsáide as tine ~ milliún bliain roimh an cruthú\nPostáilte ag doctore0 ar 4 Aibreán, 2012\nFire agus dildos .. + go leor níos mó .. go léir fada sula chruthaigh fear Dia\nTá sé i bhfoirm luaine agus codanna cnámh a fuarthas ó Wonderwerk Cave san Afraic Theas.\nDeir an fhoireann leis an iris PNAS go léiríonn na taiscéalacha go raibh tinte rianúla, rialaithe á lasadh ar an suíomh.\nMeastar go bhfuil an cumas chun tine a úsáid mar chéim lárnach i bhforbairt an duine toisc gur thug sé rochtain dúinn ar bhia cócaráilte agus ar theicneolaíochtaí nua.\nLéiríonn uirlisí cloiche a fuarthas i Wonderwerk Cave gurbh é Homo erectus an sinsear a bhí i gceist, speiceas a bhfuil a bheith i láthair cáipéisithe chomh fada siar le 1.8 milliún bliain ó shin.\nBhí sé an-deacair a chinneadh go beacht nuair a fuair daoine an cumas chun rialú a dhéanamh ar theine.\nTá roinnt éilimh ann go raibh an scileanna ann fiú níos luaithe ná ag Wonderwerk.\nAch tá dúshlán curtha orthu go léir, agus tá amhras ag argóint go bhféadfadh na hiompar dóiteáin ó shuíomhanna oscailte a bheith mar thoradh ar lasadh nádúrtha a d'éirigh le léim."} +{"text": "Author: Nick Hatch, M.D.\n- Honey can be used to treat burns because it has antibacterial properties. In one study, honey outperformed silver sulfadiazine for burn treatment, but more research is needed in this area.\n- In practice, honey is likely more useful outside the ER than inside the ER.\nReferences: Gupta SS, Singh O, Bhagel PS, Moses S, Shukla S, Mathur RK. Honey Dressing Versus Silver Sulfadiazene Dressing for Wound Healing in Burn Patients: A Retrospective Study. Journal of Cutaneous and Aesthetic Surgery. 2011;4(3):183-187. doi:10.4103/0974-2077.91249.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-39", "url": "https://emergencymedicalminute.com/podcast-238-honey-and-burns/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267158011.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20180922024918-20180922045318-00442.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.798658967, "token_count": 156, "score": 2.765625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Scríobh: Nick Hatch, M.D.\n- Is féidir mil a úsáid chun cóireáil dóiteáin toisc go bhfuil airíonna frith-bacteriacha aige. I staidéar amháin, bhí an mil níos fearr ná sulfadiazine airgid i gcóireáil dóiteáin, ach tá gá le tuilleadh taighde sa réimse seo.\n- I gcleachtas, is dócha go bhfuil mil níos úsáideach lasmuigh den ER ná laistigh den ER.\nTagraíochtaí: Gupta SS, Singh O, Bhagel PS, Moses S, Shukla S, Mathur RK. Dressing mil i gcoinne Dressing Sulfadiazene Airgid le haghaidh leigheas gorta i n-othair dóite: Staidéar Athsheachadta. Journal of Cúrraíocht Chúite agus Ealaíne. 2011;4(3):183-187. doi:10.4103/0974-2077.91249."} +{"text": "In BriefA team of researchers from New York's Albert Einstein College of Medicine just discovered a breakthrough in anti-aging research. Their findings suggest that the brain's hypothalamus is crucial in keeping aging and age-related diseases in check.\nThe Key is in the Brain\nResearchers at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York have successfully tested a new procedure on mice that could help keep age-related diseases, and even aging itself, at bay. Reporting their findings in the journal Nature, the researchers discovered the crucial role the hypothalamus —the region of the brain responsible for the body’s hormonal and metabolic processes— plays in aging.\n“Our research shows that the number of hypothalamic neural stem cells naturally declines over the life of the animal, and this decline accelerates aging,” led researcher Dongsheng Cai said in a press release. They found, however, that the process isn’t irreversible.\nIn order to figure out if the disappearance of stem cells was caused by (or due to) aging, they injected mice with a toxin that killed 70 percent of their neural stem cells. “This disruption greatly accelerated aging compared with control mice, and those animals with disrupted stem cells died earlier than normal,” Cai explained.\nIn a second experiment, the researchers implanted stem cells ready to become fresh neurons into the brains of older mice. This extended the life of the mice by 10 to 15 percent, and kept them physically and mentally fit for several months.\nGetting a Handle on Aging\nPreviously, other researchers have hinted at the role the hypothalamus has in aging — though it has never before been pinpointed quite so clearly. Cai’s team seems to have provided the missing link, which could significantly pushed anti-aging research forward. “It is a tour de force,” David Sinclair at Harvard Medical School told The Guardian. “It’s a breakthrough. The brain controls how long we live.”\nResearch in the field of aging has increased over the last several years as scientists warm up to the idea that aging itself is a disease that can, and should, be cured. Perhaps not surprisingly, a lot of these potential treatments have a basis in some function of the brain. One study examines the mitochondria, while others look at drugs that are already being used to treat the effects of aging. One study is even going so far as to explore the anti-aging potential of transfusions using young blood.\nFor Cai’s research, the next step is to test the procedure on humans, and the team wants to begin clinical trials soon. However, that may be a ways off yet. “Of course humans are more complex,” Cai said, also speaking to The Guardian. “However, if the mechanism is fundamental, you might expect to see effects when an intervention is based on it.”", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-39", "url": "https://futurism.com/scientists-successfully-slow-aging-in-mice-using-stem-cells/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267155817.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20180919024323-20180919044323-00340.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9647945762, "token_count": 593, "score": 3.46875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "In BriefFuarthas amach le foireann taighdeoirí ó Choláiste Leighis Albert Einstein i Nua Eabhrac go díreach go raibh rath mór ar thaighde frith-aosta. Tugann a gcuid torthaí le fios go bhfuil an hypothalamus sa inchinn ríthábhachtach chun dul in aois agus galair a bhaineann le dul in aois a choinneáil faoi smacht.\nTá an eochair sa Chloí\nTá próiseas nua a thástáil go rathúil ag taighdeoirí ó Choláiste Leighis Albert Einstein i Nua Eabhrac ar fhuaimíní a d'fhéadfadh cabhrú le galair a bhaineann le haois, agus fiú an t-aosú féin, a choinneáil ar shiúl. Ag tuairisciú a gcuid torthaí sa iris Nature, fuair na taighdeoirí amach an ról ríthábhachtach a imríonn an hypothalamus - an réigiún den inchinn atá freagrach as próisis hormónacha agus meitibileach an choirp - i mbéim.\n'Léiríonn ár dtaighde go laghdaíonn líon na gcill stáit néarócha hypothalamic go nádúrtha thar shaol an ainmhí, agus cuireann an laghdú seo luas ar an aosú,' a dúirt an taighdeoir Dongsheng Cai i preasráiteas. Fuair siad, áfach, nach bhfuil an próiseas dochúlaithe.\nD'fhonn a fháil amach an raibh an caillteanas cealla bunchill mar gheall ar (nó mar gheall ar) dul in aois, instealladh siad tocsain le lucha a mharaigh 70 faoin gcéad dá gcill bunchill néarónach. Thug an cur isteach seo luas mór ar an aosú i gcomparáid le lucha rialaithe, agus fuair na hainmhithe sin a raibh cealla bunchill a chur isteach orthu bás níos luaithe ná mar a bhí de ghnáth, a mhínigh Cai.\nI dtuarascáil eile, chuir na taighdeoirí cealla bun atá réidh le bheith ina néaróin úr isteach i gcloineacha na bhfeice níos sine. Chuir sé seo fad saoil na luch le 10 go 15 faoin gcéad, agus choinnigh sé iad go fisiciúil agus go meabhrach folláine ar feadh roinnt míonna.\nAg Dul i ngleic le Aoisghlaise\nRoimhe sin, thug taighdeoirí eile le fios go bhfuil ról ag an hypothalamus sa aosú cé nár tugadh a leithéid de shoiléireacht air riamh roimhe seo. Is cosúil gur chuir foireann Cai an nasc atá ag teip ar fáil, rud a d'fhéadfadh taighde frith-aosta a chur chun cinn go suntasach. \"Is turas de force é\", a dúirt David Sinclair ó Scoil Leighis Harvard leis an Guardian. Is é seo an t-athrú. Déanann an inchinn rialú ar an fhad a mhaireann muid.\nTá taighde i réimse na seanbhunaithe tar éis méadú le blianta beaga anuas de réir mar a bhíonn eolaithe ag téamh suas leis an smaoineamh gur galar é an seanbhunaíocht féin is féidir, agus ba chóir, a leigheas. Ní haon ionadh, b'fhéidir, go bhfuil bunús ag cuid de na cóireálacha féideartha seo i bhfeidhm éigin den inchinn. Déanann staidéar amháin scrúdú ar na miticondria, agus féachann daoine eile ar dhrugaí atá á n-úsáid cheana féin chun éifeachtaí na seandálaíochta a chóireáil. Tá staidéar amháin ag dul chomh fada sin go bhfuil sé á scrúdú ag an gcumas frith-aosta a bhaineann le trasfhuíonna a úsáideann fuil óg.\nMaidir le taighde Cai, is é an chéad chéim eile an nós imeachta a thástáil ar dhaoine, agus ba mhaith leis an bhfoireann triail chliniciúil a thosú go luath. Mar sin féin, d'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh sé sin i bhfad i gcéin. \"Ar ndóigh, tá daoine níos casta\", a dúirt Cai, ag labhairt leis an Guardian freisin. Ar an gcaoi chéanna, má tá an mheicníocht bunriachtanach, d'fhéadfadh tú a bheith ag súil go bhfeicfidh tú éifeachtaí nuair a bheidh idirghabháil bunaithe air."} +{"text": "Works by Scottish poet Ian Hamilton Finlay and Brazilian poet Augusto de Campos have joined the Getty’s collection and will go on view in an exhibition opening next week.\nTug, fug, chug, glug — such are the rhyming words used by the writer and artist Ian Hamilton Finlay in “Poem with 3 Stripes,” one of his earliest collage booklets and a playful example of concrete poetry. The book, published around 1963, speaks to Finlay’s interest in tooting tugboats, which in turn reflects his fascination with the sounds of words regardless of their meaning. That emphasis on sound, coupled with the effect of how letters appear as printed graphics, were primary concerns of the makers of concrete poetry, which emerged in the 1950s as an international movement out of South America and Europe.\nFinlay’s book is one of a series of concrete poems acquired by the Getty Research Institute (GRI) earlier this month, by the Scottish artist as well as Brazilian poet Augusto de Campos. As the museum’s curator of modern and contemporary collections, Nancy Perloff, told Hyperallergic, “Concrete poems are material objects constructed of component parts that can include letters, words, phonemes, syllables, and typefaces. By rejecting traditional syntax and utilizing graphic space for both structure and meaning, concrete poets made the sound and shape of words their explicit field of investigation. Concrete poetry made language visible.”", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-31", "url": "https://brownartconsulting.com/2017/03/getty-acquires-concrete-poetry-by-two-modern-pioneers-of-the-form/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046152236.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20210727041254-20210727071254-00658.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9730914831, "token_count": 307, "score": 2.53125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá saothair ag an file Albannach Ian Hamilton Finlay agus ag an file na Brasaíle Augusto de Campos tar éis dul isteach i mbailiúchán Getty agus beidh siad le feiceáil i taispeántas a osclófar an tseachtain seo chugainn.\nTug, fug, chug, glug is iad sin na focail rím a úsáideann an scríbhneoir agus an t-ealaíontóir Ian Hamilton Finlay in Poem with 3 Stripes, ceann de na leabhráin choilíneachta is luaithe aige agus sampla greannmhar de bhéal shonraithe. Labhraíonn an leabhar, a foilsíodh timpeall 1963, le spéis Finlay i mbád tarraingthe a thuar, a léiríonn a shaibhreas le fuaimeanna focail beag beann ar a bhrí. Ba é an béim sin ar fhuaim, in éineacht leis an éifeacht a bhaineann le conas a léiríonn litreacha grafaicí clóite, príomhchúiseanna na ndéantóirí filíochta concróide, a tháinig chun cinn sna 1950idí mar ghluaiseacht idirnáisiúnta as Meiriceá Theas agus san Eoraip.\nTá leabhar Finlay ar cheann de shraith de chuid dánta concrait a fuair Institiúid Taighde Getty (GRI) níos luaithe an mhí seo, ag an ealaíontóir Albainis chomh maith leis an file Bragailis Augusto de Campos. Mar a dúirt cúirteoir na mbailiúchán nua-aimseartha agus comhaimseartha an mhúsaeim, Nancy Perloff, le Hyperallergic, \"Is rudaí ábhartha iad dánta coincréite a tógadh de chuid comhpháirteanna a d'fhéadfadh litreacha, focail, fóinímí, siollacha agus clóchruthúanna a bheith iontu. Trí dhiúltú a dhéanamh ar shintase traidisiúnta agus spás grafach a úsáid le haghaidh struchtúr agus brí araon, rinne filí concróide fuaim agus cruth na bhfocal mar réimse fiosrúcháin shonraithe acu. Rinne filíocht shonracha an teanga le feiceáil."} +{"text": "Greek Gods . Minifigure version of the twelve main gods in the greek mythology and Hades. .\nZeus is the \"Father of Gods and men\" who ruled the Olympian Gods. He was the god of sky and thunder in Greek mythology.\nHera was the wife and one of three sisters of Zeus. Her chief function was as the goddess of women and marriage.\nPoseidon was the god of the sea and earthquakes. Poseidon also created the horses. He was the brother of Zeus and Hades.\nDemeter is the goddess of the harvest, who presided over grains, the fertility of the earth and the seasons.\nHephaestus is the son of Zeus and Hera. He was the god of technology, blacksmiths, craftsmen, artisans, sculptors, metals, metallurgy, fire and volcanoes. Like other mythic smiths but unlike most other gods, Hephaestus was lame, which gave him a grotesque appearance\nAthena is the goddess of warfare, civilization, wisdom, female arts, strength, strategy, crafts, justice and skill.\nAphrodite is the godess of beauty and love.\nAres is the Greek god of war. He is one of the Twelve Olympians, and the son of Zeus and Hera.\nApollo is one of the most important and diverse of the Olympians in Greek and Roman mythology. Apollo has been variously recognized as a god of light and the sun; truth and prophecy; medicine, healing, and plague; music, poetry, and the arts; and more. He is the twin brother of Artemis.\nArtemis the goddess of the hunt, wild animals, wilderness, childbirth, virginity and young girls.\nHermes is the great messenger of the gods in Greek mythology a guide to the Underworld. He is also the patron of boundaries and of the travelers who cross them, of shepherds and cowherds, of the thieves, of orators and wit, of literature and poets, of athletics and sports, of weights and measures, of invention, and of commerce in general.\nDionysus was the god of the grape harvest, winemaking and wine. His festivals were the driving force behind the development of Greek theater.\nHades is the oldest male child of Cronus and Rhea. He is the ruler of the Underworld.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-35", "url": "http://mocpages.com/review_FORM.php?id=256847", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644060103.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025420-00134-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9631130099, "token_count": 488, "score": 3.109375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Déithe na Gréige . Leagan íosta de na dhá phríomh-dia i miotaseolaíocht na Gréige agus Hades. . . go deo .\nIs é Zeus \"Athair na nDia agus na ndaoine\" a rialaigh na Dia Olympian. Ba é Dia na spéire agus na throm i miotaseolaíocht na Gréige é.\nBa í Hera bean chéile agus ceann de thrí deirfiúr Zeus. Ba í an príomhfheidhm a bhí aici mar dhian na mban agus na pósadh.\nBhí Poseidon dia na farraige agus crith talún. Chruthaigh Poseidon na capaill freisin. Bhí sé ina dheartháir le Zeus agus Hades.\nIs í Déiméadar déithe na fómhar, a bhí i gceannas ar ghráin, ar thorthúlacht na talún agus ar na séasúir.\nIs é Hephaestus mac Zeus agus Hera. Bhí sé ina Dhia teicneolaíochta, smid, ceardaithe, ceardaithe, dealbhóirí, miotail, miotail, tine agus bolcáin. Cosúil le smideacha miotaseacha eile ach murab ionann agus an chuid is mó de na déithe eile, bhí Hephaestus ciontach, rud a thug cuma grotesque air\nIs í Athena dia an chogaidh, na sibhialtachta, na heagna, ealaíon na mban, neart, straitéis, ceardaíocht, ceartas agus scileanna.\nIs í Aphrodite ban-dia na háilleachta agus na grá.\nIs é Ares an dia Gréagach na cogaidh. Tá sé ar cheann de na Dhá Dhéag Ólimpeach, agus mac Zeus agus Hera.\nTá Apollo ar cheann de na himreoirí is tábhachtaí agus is éagsúla san oilimpic i miotaseolaíocht na Gréige agus na Róimhe. Aithníodh Apollo go éagsúil mar Dhia na solais agus na gréine; fírinne agus fáis; leigheas, leigheas, agus plá; ceol, filíocht, agus na healaíona; agus níos mó. Is é an deartháir dhúbailte Artemis.\nArtemis an dia na fiach, ainmhithe fiáine, fiáin, breith, maighdeanas agus cailíní óga.\nIs é Hermes an teachtaire mór na n-dibh i miotaseolaíocht na Gréige treoir a thabhairt don Underworld. Tá sé ina chaomhnóir freisin ar theorainneacha agus ar na taistil a thrasnaíonn iad, ar chaomhnóirí agus ar chaomhnóirí báistí, ar thief, ar urlabhraí agus ar eagna, ar litríocht agus ar fhileanna, ar lúthchleasaíocht agus ar spórt, ar mheáchain agus ar thomhas, ar fhionnachtana, agus ar thrádáil i gcoitinne.\nBa é Dionysus dia an fómhar fíonchaor, na fíona agus an fhíon. Ba iad a fhéileanna an fórsa tiomána taobh thiar de fhorbairt an theatre Gréagach.\nIs é Hades an mac is sine de Chrónus agus Rhea. Is é an rialtóir an Underworld."} +{"text": "Q: What's a good technique for memorizing my dressage test? I'm riding in my first event, and I'm afraid I'm going to forget the test as I enter at A!\nA: There are many different methods for memorizing dressage tests. Choosing the most effective one for you depends on how you learn best: by watching, doing, writing down, etc. If you're not sure of your specific learning style, you may have to discover it through trial and error. (Just be sure to make the \"errors\" at home, not in the show ring.) Before I explain these different methods, here are some general tips to keep in mind:\nWhen you read a new test, try to understand the logic of its organization. Ask yourself, \"Why does this movement come before the next one?\" The more sense the tests make to you, the less likely you are to skip movements, ride them out of sequence or ride them at the wrong letter. For example, in USEF First Level, Test 4, the 10-meter circle before the leg-yield helps to balance your horse and improve the bending. The 12 meters of straightness on the center line between the circle at L and the start of the leg yield at X shows that your horse isn't falling sideways into the leg yield.\nBe familiar with the locations of the letters around the arena, especially C, A, B and E, which can be a good reference if you blank out halfway through the test. Rather than trying to memorize your test word-for-word, try to learn the pattern of the movements, simplifying the terminology in your mind. For example, instead of memorizing, \"HXF, lengthen stride in trot,\" say to yourself, \"Lengthen across the diagonal.\" Here are some other typical phrases: Canter in the first corner, trot at the end, circle in the middle, free walk across the short diagonal.\nAs you read the new test, break it down into sections. Since the walk movements are usually in the middle of the test, I find it easiest to break the test into two parts: the work before the walk and the work afterward. Many movements are repeated in both directions, so check to see if they appear back-to-back in the same section or with one in the pre-walk section and the other in the post-walk section.\nAfter you've read through the test several times and thought about its logical organization, try one or more of these techniques to commit it to memory:\n- Practice riding the test. Give a copy of the test to your trainer or a friend and ask her to correct you if you make any mistakes. If no ground help is available, carry the test in your pocket while you ride, and stop to refer to it if you get lost. (Only do this with a safe horse that won't spook when he hears you unfold the paper.) You can practice your test in any size arena, so long as you're aware of which dimensions are inaccurate--and you remember to correct any modifications you had to make when you enter the actual show ring!\nOne drawback of practicing a test repeatedly is that some horses learn to anticipate the movements. In these cases, using one of the following unmounted techniques is preferable:\n- Draw the test. Sketch the rectangle and letters of the arena on a whiteboard, chalkboard or piece of paper. Then draw the test pattern, making note of particular movements and transitions between the gaits. Repeat this until you can do it without referring to the printed test.\n- Visualize the test. Close your eyes and imagine yourself riding each movement. This technique also works well when done in conjunction with the drawing method.\n- \"Ride\" your test on foot. This is especially fun for kids. In your living room or basement, arrange pieces of paper labeled with the arena letters in a rectangle on your floor. Then walk through the test, making transitions at the appropriate letters. Change your gait just as your horse would: jogging for the trot and skipping for the canter.\n- Watch the test being performed live or on video. The US Dressage Federation offers a DVD, \"On the Levels,\" which demonstrates and explains the current tests. You can also make your own videos of yourself or friends riding at home or at shows.\nYou'll know you've memorized the test successfully if you can pick it up from any point. This is very useful if your test is disrupted for whatever reason. For example, if there were a loose horse on the show grounds and the judge decided to stop your ride until the horse was caught, you would be expected to continue where you left off.\nOn show day, take a last look over your test before entering the arena. (I do not recommend watching the test right before your ride, though, as it can be very confusing for you if the rider before you goes off course.) Think through the movements that you take for granted in practice: At exactly what letter does the walk start and finish? How many seconds is the halt? How many steps is the rein back? I like to do this in the barn before I tack up. If you prefer to do it with a friend, be sure it's someone who is familiar with your shorthand, so there's no risk of getting confused in the critical moments before the test (e.g., the poor husbands or boyfriends who don't get that \"free walk across the diagonal\" means the same as \"HXF, free walk\").\nIf you plan to ride more than one test at a show, only look at the first test in the morning before you ride it. Once you've finished that, clear your mind of it and review the second test.\nRemember, if your mind goes blank in the middle of a test, it's not the end of the world. Almost everyone has been there! Take a deep breath, regroup and continue in an organized manner. If the judge's bell doesn't jog your memory, ride up to the booth and ask her to tell you the next movement. You will be marked down for the error, but if you give your brain a moment to \"reboot,\" you won't have to write off the rest of the test.\nGrand Prix dressage rider Heather Mason has trained and competed many horses through the FEI levels, including two homebred mares, FC Fantasy and Integrity. A US Equestrian Federation \"S\" dressage judge and US Dressage Federation bronze, silver and gold medalist, Heather also has guided many students through the FEI levels. She teaches, trains and breeds horses on her family's Flying Change Farm in Tewksbury, New Jersey.\nThis article originally appeared in the May 2007 issue of Practical Horseman magazine. Read more about Heather in the July 2012 issue.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-43", "url": "https://practicalhorsemanmag.com/training/memorize-your-dressage-tests-11723", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583509326.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20181015142752-20181015164252-00330.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9539198279, "token_count": 1408, "score": 2.59375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "C: Cad é an teicníc maith chun mo thástáil drásaíochta a mheabhrú? Tá mé ag marcaíocht i mo chéad ócáid, agus tá eagla orm go mbeidh mé ag dearmad ar an tástáil mar a théann mé isteach ag A!\nA: Tá go leor modhanna éagsúla ann chun tástálacha drásaíochta a mheabhrú. Braitheann an ceann is éifeachtaí a roghnú duit ar an gcaoi is fearr a fhoghlaimíonn tú: trí bhreathnú, trí ghníomhaíocht, trí scríobh síos, etc. Mura bhfuil tú cinnte faoi do stíl foghlama ar leith, b'fhéidir go gcaithfidh tú é a fháil amach trí thriail agus earráid. (Just a bheith cinnte a dhéanamh ar an \"earráidí\" sa bhaile, ní sa chiorcal taispeántais.) Sula míneoidh mé na modhanna éagsúla seo, seo roinnt leideanna ginearálta le coinneáil i gcuimhne:\nNuair a léann tú tástáil nua, déan iarracht a loighic a eagrú a thuiscint. Iarr ort féin, \"Cén fáth a thagann an t-aistriú seo roimh an chéad cheann eile?\" An níos mó ciall a dhéanann na tástálacha duit, is lú seans go scaipfidh tú gluaiseachtaí, iad a thiomáint as ord nó iad a thiomáint ag an litir mícheart. Mar shampla, i USEF An Chéad Leibhéal, Tástáil 4, cuireann an ciorcal 10 méadar roimh an gcosa-thrácht chun do chapaill a chothromú agus an lúbadh a fheabhsú. Taispeánann na 12 méadar de dhíreachas ar an líne lár idir an ciorcal ag L agus tús an t-ionsaithe cos ag X nach bhfuil do chapaill ag titim ar thaobh isteach sa ionsaithe cos.\nBí eolach ar shuíomhanna na litreacha timpeall an ardáin, go háirithe C, A, B agus E, a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ina thagairt mhaith má tá tú glan amach leath an tástála. In ionad iarracht a dhéanamh an tástáil a mheabhrú focal ar fhocal, déan iarracht patrún na ngluaiseachtaí a fhoghlaim, ag simplithe na téarmaíochta i do intinn. Mar shampla, in ionad \"HXF, stride in trot a fhadú\", a rá leat féin, \"Síneáil ar fud an chéimigh\". Seo roinnt frásaí tipiciúla eile: Canter sa chéad chúinne, trot ag an deireadh, ciorcal sa lár, siúl saor ar fud an diagonal gearr.\nAgus tú ag léamh an tástála nua, briseadh síos é i ranna. Ós rud é go mbíonn na gluaiseachtaí siúil i lár an tástála de ghnáth, is dóigh liom go bhfuil sé is éasca an tástáil a bhriseadh ina dhá chuid: an obair roimh an siúil agus an obair ina dhiaidh sin. Déantar go leor gluaiseachtaí a athdhéanamh sa dá threo, mar sin seiceáil chun a fheiceáil an bhfuil siad ag teacht ar ais sa chuid chéanna nó le ceann amháin sa chuid réamh-chúrsa agus an ceann eile sa chuid iar-chúrsa.\nTar éis duit an tástáil a léamh trí roinnt uaireanta agus smaoineamh ar a eagrú loighciúil, déan iarracht ceann amháin nó níos mó de na teicnící seo a dhéanamh chun é a chur i gcuimhne:\n- Cleachtadh ag marcaíocht an tástála. Tabhair cóip den tástáil do do oiliúnóir nó do chara agus iarr uirthi tú a cheartú má dhéanann tú aon bhotúin. Má tá aon chabhair talún ar fáil, tóg an tástáil i do phóca agus tú ag marcaíocht, agus stop chun tagairt a dhéanamh dó má chailleann tú. (Ná déan é seo le capall sábháilte nach gcuirfidh eagla air nuair a chloiseann sé go bhfuil an páipéar á leathnú agat.) Is féidir leat do thástáil a chleachtadh in aon réimse méid, chomh fada agus a bhíonn tú ar an eolas faoi na gnéithe atá míchruinn - agus cuimhnigh a cheartú aon mhodhnú a bhí agat a dhéanamh nuair a théann tú isteach ar an fáinne taispeántais iarbhír!\nIs é an míbhuntáiste a bhaineann le tástáil a chleachtadh arís agus arís eile ná go mbíonn roinnt capall ag foghlaim na gluaiseachtaí a bheith rompu. I gcásanna den sórt sin, is fearr ceann de na teicnící neamh-mhontaithe seo a leanas a úsáid:\n- Tarraing an tástáil. Scéalaigh an ceartcheangla agus litreacha an ardáin ar bhord bán, ar bhord liath nó ar phíosa páipéir. Ansin tarraing an patrún tástála, ag tabhairt faoi deara gluaiseachtaí agus aistriú ar leith idir na gait. Déan an tástáil seo arís go dtí go mbeidh tú in ann é a dhéanamh gan tagairt a dhéanamh don tástáil phriontáilte.\n- Samhlaigh an tástáil. Dún do shúile agus samhlaigh tú féin ag marcaíocht gach gluaiseacht. Oibríonn an teicníc seo go maith freisin nuair a dhéantar é i gcomhar leis an modh líníochta.\n- \"Ride\" do thástáil ar shiúl. Tá sé seo spraoi go háirithe do leanaí. I do sheomra suí nó i do bhunscoil, socraigh píosaí páipéir le litreacha an cheardlaigh ar lipéad i gceathrú cearnach ar do urlár. Ansin téigh tríd an tástáil, ag déanamh aistriúcháin ag na litreacha cuí. Athraigh do shiúl díreach mar a dhéanfadh do chapaill: ag rith ar an tróit agus ag léim ar an canter.\n- Féach ar an tástáil á dhéanamh beo nó ar fhíseán. Cuireann Cónaidhm Dréasaíochta na Stát Aontaithe DVD ar fáil, \"Ar na Leibhéil\", a léiríonn agus a mhíníonn na tástálacha reatha. Is féidir leat do chuid físeáin féin a dhéanamh freisin de tú féin nó de do chairde ag marcaíocht sa bhaile nó ag seónna.\nBeidh a fhios agat go bhfuil an tástáil chuimhneacháin agat go rathúil má fhéadann tú é a phiocadh suas ó aon phointe. Tá sé seo an-úsáideach má tá do thástáil curtha ar ceal ar chúis ar bith. Mar shampla, má bhí capall scaoilte ar an talamh taispeántais agus má shocraigh an breitheamh stop a chur le do thiomáint go dtí go mbeadh an capall gafa, bheadh súil agat leanúint ar aghaidh ón áit a d'fhág tú.\nAr lá an seó, féach ar do thástáil den uair dheireanach sula dtéann tú isteach sa réimse. (Ní mholfainn go bhfeicfí an tástáil díreach roimh do thuras, áfach, mar is féidir go mbeadh sé an-chontúirteach duit má théann an rothair roimh tú as an gcúrsa.) Smaoinigh ar na gluaiseachtaí a ghlacann tú mar a thugtar orthu i gcleachtas: Cén litir a thosaíonn an siúl agus a chríochnaíonn? Cé mhéad soicind an stopadh? Cé mhéad céimeanna atá an rein ar ais? Is maith liom é seo a dhéanamh sa stalla sula ndéanaim an t-airgead. Más fearr leat é a dhéanamh le cara, bí cinnte go bhfuil duine éigin ar eolas agat le do ghearrthréimhse, mar sin níl aon riosca ann go gcuirfí isteach ort sna huaireanta criticiúla roimh an tástáil (m.sh., na céilí bochta nó na buachaillí nach bhfaigheann an \"siúil saor in aisce ar fud an chéimchríoch\" an rud céanna le \"HXF, siúil saor in aisce\").\nMá tá sé ar intinn agat níos mó ná tástáil amháin a dhéanamh ag seó, ní fhéachann tú ach ar an gcéad tástáil ar maidin sula dtéann tú air. Nuair a bheidh tú críochnaithe go bhfuil, glan do intinn air agus athbhreithniú an dara tástáil.\nCuimhnigh, má thiteann do intinn bán i lár tástála, ní hé sin deireadh an domhain. Tá beagnach gach duine a bhí ann! Tóg anáil domhain, athghrúpaigh agus lean ar aghaidh ar bhealach eagraithe. Mura gcuireann clog an bhreithiúnaí do chuimhne, marcaigh suas go dtí an mboth agus iarr uirthi an chéad ghluaiseacht eile a insint duit. Beidh tú a marcáil síos don earráid, ach má thugann tú do inchinn nóiméad a \"ath-scaoileadh\", ní bheidh tú a scríobh amach an chuid eile den tástáil.\nTá rider drásaíochta Grand Prix Heather Mason tar éis go leor capaill a oiliúint agus a iomaíocht trí leibhéil FEI, lena n-áirítear dhá mhála baile, FC Fantasy agus Integrity. Breitheamh Dréachtú \"S\" Chónaidhm Eaclaíochta na Stát Aontaithe agus bonn donn, airgid agus óir Chónaidhm Dréachtú na Stát Aontaithe, treoraigh Heather go leor mac léinn trí leibhéil FEI freisin. Múineann sí, traenacha agus póiléir capall ar a teaghlach ag Flying Change Farm i Tewksbury, New Jersey.\nBhí an t-alt seo le feiceáil ar dtús i dtionól na míosaíneo Practical Horseman i mí na Bealtaine 2007. Léigh tuilleadh faoi Heather in iris na hIúil 2012."} +{"text": "|Q:||\"What is the difference between the terms: proanthocyanidins, OPCs and polyphenols? In some cases these terms appear synonymous and in others there appears to be a distinction. I am confused.\"|\nWhen reading product labels, magazine articles and many popular books, these terms should be considered as generic words and not scientific. In most cases, the terms are used interchangeably for commercial interests—or by mistake—and their differences have truly lost their scientific meanings.\nOnly in the academic science literature does each term have a distinctly different meaning, as reviewed below:\nPOLYPHENOLS: a very broad class of substances that are structurally related. There is always a phenolic acid group attached to one of the benzene rings in bioflavonoids, therefore all bioflavonoids are also referred to as \"polyphenols\" or \"phenols.\" (\"Poly\" is from the Greek root which refers to \"more than one\" or \"many\" phenols.) All of the compounds below are in the polyphenol class because they are structurally related (and may or may not be pigmented).\nANTHOCYANINS or ANTHOCYANIDINS (red pigment): the polyphenols that have red pigments. Anthocyanins are highly fragile and not interesting from a medical point of view or for their capillary resistance unless they exist in an acidic environment, such as in red wine.\nFLAVONOIDS (yellow pigment): a very broad class of compounds that are defined by color (pigment). The term is derived from the Latin word \"flavus,\" which means yellow. For originally, and chemically speaking correctly so, flavonoid was the name for yellow plant pigments, like lemons, oranges and grapefruits. All of the compounds in the flavonoid class are related by their yellow pigment.\nBIOFLAVONOIDS (yellow pigment): the subgroup of flavonoids that possess biological activity (\"bio\" is a Greek prefix that indicates a relationship to life). In some cases the differences between certain bioflavonoid members outnumber their similarities: some bioflavonoids are toxic, others are innocuous, some are inefficacious, others are useless, some are bioavailable, others are not. NOTE: Much of the contemporary scientific literature, simply refers to bioflavonoids as flavonoids.\nFLAVANOLS (no color): colorless polyphenols also referred to as proanthocyanidins because their coloration towards red is their major trait of authentication from a chemical point of view. For example, when leaves naturally change from green to red in the fall, they transform colorless proanthocyanidins into colorful anthocyanidins. They exist before or pro the anthocyanidins (the term \"before\" is synonymous with \"pro\" in Latin); hence the name, proanthocyanidins.\nPROANTHOCYANIDINS or PROANTHOCYANINS (no color): the group of compositions built from one molecule, \"flavan-3-ol.\" This molecule distinguishes itself by its natural tendency towards condensation--towards forming stable compositions of two, three, four or more flavan-3-ol molecules bonded to each other. This is how the flavan-3-ol naturally comes in singles (catechins or monomers), organic clusters of dimers (2), trimers (3), tetramers (4) and pentamers (5), also known as oligomeric proanthocyanidins (oligo=few), and so on (clusters larger than pentamers are known as tannins, or polymeric proanthocyanidins). The distinguishing feature of flavanols is that all members of this group are made up of only one molecule: the flavan-3-ol. NOTE: flavanols should not be regarded as a subclass of the flavonoids because the nucleus of the flavanol differs biochemically and pharamcologically from flavonoids—the flavanol differs so much from flavonoids that the molecules are not similar in behavior.\nOLIGOMERIC PROANTHOCYANIDINS or PROANTHOCYANIDOLIC OLIGOMERS: naturally-occurring group of pairs and triples of the single molecule, \"flavan-3-ol,\" which is found in most plants. (\"Oligo\" is Greek for \"few,\" as opposed to \"mono,\" the Greek word for \"one\" or \"single.\")\nOPC or OPCs or PCO or PCOs: short names for oligomeric proanthocyanidins or proanthocyanidolic oligomers. MORE...\nFLAVAY® : the precisely defined small-chain flavanol complex that primarily consists of catechins, dimers and trimers that are naturally-derived from plant sources; patented and perfected by Dr. Jack Masquelier, validated by the French Ministry of Health and documented by a library of research consisting of many patents and hundreds of scientific papers, articles, doctorate theses, lectures and presentations.\nConsumers should be aware that some manufacturers of grape seed extracts have devised ways to artificially boost the proanthocyanidins in their extracts in the test tube. However, there is no scientific research to show whether the human body benefits from this artificial method. Our products, FLAVAY® and FLAVAY PLUS® use ONLY the original manufacturing process developed and perfected by Dr. Jack Masquelier in France, which captures the NATURALLY-DERIVED oligomeric proanthocyanidins in plants.\nConsumers also need to know that the marketplace is full of imitations, various “extracts” and derivative forms of Dr. Masquelier’s scientifically proven and perfected complex. Unfortunately, many have even used Dr. Masquelier’s name and research in unauthorized ways to promote illegitimate products.\nFLAVAY® is the name you can trust for the precisely defined active polyphenol complex proven and perfected by the inventor, Dr. Jack Masquelier, validated by the French Ministry of Health and documented by a library of research consisting of many patents and hundreds of scientific papers, articles, doctorate theses, lectures and presentations. For quality, consistency, bioavailability and safety, consumers may rely upon FLAVAY® .", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-43", "url": "https://www.proanthocyanidins.com/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583516135.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20181023111223-20181023132723-00180.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9372979999, "token_count": 1347, "score": 3.40625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "☐ Ceist: Cad é an difríocht idir na téarmaí: proanthocyanidins, OPCs agus polyphenols? I gcásanna áirithe is cosúil go bhfuil na téarmaí sin in aonfhocal agus i gcásanna eile is cosúil go bhfuil idirdhealú ann. Tá mé mearbhall. \"a bhfuil\nNuair a léitear lipéid táirgí, ailt irisí agus go leor leabhair tóir, ba cheart na téarmaí seo a mheas mar fhocail ghinearálta agus ní focail eolaíocha. I bhformhór na gcásanna, úsáidtear na téarmaí go hidirmhalartaithe ar mhaithe le leasanna tráchtála - nó go mícheart - agus tá a gcuid difríochtaí caillte go fírinneach a gcuid bríonna eolaíocha.\nNíl ciall ar leith ag gach téarma ach sa litríocht eolaíochta acadúil, mar a léirítear thíos:\nPOLYPHENOLS: aicme an-leathan de na substaintí atá gaolmhar ó thaobh struchtúr de. Tá grúpa aigéad phéinalaigh ceangailte i gcónaí le ceann de na fáinní binsíneacha i mbiaflavonoidí, dá bhrí sin tugtar \"poilifhenóil\" nó \"fhenóil\" ar na bioflavonoidí go léir freisin. (\"Tá an poly\" ón mbonn Gréagach a thagraíonn do \"níos mó ná ceann amháin\" nó \"go leor\" feinól.) Tá na comhdhúile seo a leanas go léir sa rang poilifínóil toisc go bhfuil siad gaolmhar go struchtúrach (agus d'fhéadfadh siad a bheith pigmented nó nach féidir).\nANTHOCYANINS nó ANTHOCYANIDINS (pigment dearg): na poiliféinóil a bhfuil pigment dearg acu. Tá anthocyanins an-chlaon agus níl siad suimiúil ó thaobh na míochaine de nó dá gcumhachta capillaire mura bhfuil siad i dtimpeallacht aigéadach, mar shampla i fíon dearg.\nFLAVONOIDS (pigment buí): rang an-leathan de chomhdhúile a shainmhínítear le dath (pigment). Tagann an téarma ón bhfocal Laidineach \"flavus\", a chiallaíonn buí. I dtús báire, agus go ceimiceach ag labhairt go ceart mar sin, flavonoid bhí an t-ainm le haghaidh péigimintí glas plandaí, cosúil le leamón, oráiste agus grapefruits. Tá na comhdhúile go léir sa rang flavonoid gaolmhar lena bpigment buí.\nBIOFLAVONOIDS (pigment buí): fo-ghrúpa na flavonoids a bhfuil gníomhaíocht bitheolaíoch acu (\"bio\" is réamhfhocal Gréagach é a léiríonn gaol le saol). I roinnt cásanna tá na difríochtaí idir baill áirithe bioflavonoid níos mó ná a gcineálacha comhchosúla: tá roinnt bioflavonoids tocsaineach, tá cuid eile neamhdhíobhálach, tá cuid eile neamhéifeachtach, tá cuid eile gan úsáid, tá cuid eile bith-infheidhmeach, níl cuid eile. TÁNTA: I gcuid mhór den litríocht eolaíoch comhaimseartha, tagraíonn sé go simplí do bioflavonoids mar flavonoids.\nFLAVANOLS (gan dath): is é an polyphenols gan dath a dtugtar proanthocyanidins freisin toisc gurb é a dhath i dtreo dearg an príomhthréith a n-eadmhaithe ó thaobh ceimiceach de. Mar shampla, nuair a athraíonn duilleoga go nádúrtha ó ghlas go dearg sa titim, déanann siad proanthocyanidins gan dath a athrú go anthocyanidins datha. Tá siad ann roimh na anthocyanidins nó pro (tá an téarma \" roimh \" comhchiallach le \"pro \" i Laidin); dá bhrí sin an t-ainm, proanthocyanidins.\nPROANTHOCYANIDINS nó PROANTHOCYANINS (gan dath): an grúpa comhdhéanamh a tógadh ó mhóilín amháin, \"flavan-3-ol\". Tá an mhóilín seo ar leith óna claonadh nádúrtha i dtreo tiúchan - i dtreo comhdhéanamh seasmhach a fhoirmiú de dhá, trí, ceithre nó níos mó mó móicléid flavan-3-ol ceangailte lena chéile. Is é seo an chaoi a dtagann an flavan-3-ol go nádúrtha i singles (catechins nó monomers), cnuasaigh orgánacha de dimers (2), trimer (3), tetramers (4) agus pentamers (5), ar a dtugtar proanthocyanidins oligomeric (oligo = cúpla), agus mar sin de (is é clústeoirí níos mó ná pentamers a dtugtar tannaidí, nó proanthocyanidins polymeric). Is é an ghné idirdhealaitheach atá ag flavanols ná go bhfuil gach ball den ghrúpa seo déanta suas de mhóilín amháin: an flavan-3-ol. Nótaí: níor cheart na flavanóil a mheas mar fho-aicme de na flavonoidí toisc go bhfuil difríocht idir núicléas na flavanóil agus na flavonoidí ó thaobh bithcheimiceach agus pharamacholaíoch de. Tá an flavanól chomh difriúil ó na flavonoidí nach bhfuil na móilíní cosúil i ngealach.\nOLIGOMERIC PROANTHOCYANIDINS nó OLIGOMERS PROANTHOCYANIDOLIC: grúpa péireacha agus triúcha den mhóilín aonair, \"flavan-3-ol\", a fhaightear sa chuid is mó de na plandaí, a tharlaíonn go nádúrtha. (\"Oligo\" is é an focal Gréagach le haghaidh \"beag, \"mar dhifreacht le\" mono, \"an focal Gréagach le haghaidh\" amháin \"nó\" singil. \")\nOPC nó OPCanna nó PCO nó PCOanna: ainmneacha gearr do proanthocyanidins oligomericeacha nó oligomers proanthocyanidolic. MÁIRE...\nFLAVAY®: an comhdhéanamh flavanol slabhra beag sainithe go beacht a chuimsíonn go príomha catechins, dimers agus trimers a dhíorthaítear go nádúrtha ó fhoinsí plandaí; paitinnithe agus feabhsaithe ag an Dr. Jack Masquelier, bailídeáilte ag an Aireacht Sláinte na Fraince agus doiciméadú ag leabharlann taighde a chuimsíonn go leor paitinní agus na céadta páipéar eolaíoch, alt, téisí dochtúireachta, léachtaí agus cur i láthair.\nBa cheart do thomhaltóirí a bheith ar an eolas go bhfuil bealaí cruthaithe ag monaróirí áirithe eisiataí síolta fíonchaor chun na proanthocyanidins ina n-eisiataí sa tiúb tástála a mhéadú go saorga. Mar sin féin, níl aon taighde eolaíoch ann chun a thaispeáint an bhfuil tairbhe ag an gcorp daonna as an modh saorga seo. Ní úsáideann ár dtáirgí, FLAVAY® agus FLAVAY PLUS® ach an próiseas déantúsaíochta bunaidh a d'fhorbair agus a rinne an Dr. Jack Masquelier sa Fhrainc, a ghlacann na proanthocyanidins oligomeric NATURALL-DERIVED i bplandaí.\nNí mór do thomhaltóirí a bheith ar an eolas freisin go bhfuil an margadh lán de shamhlacha, de \"scairteanna\" éagsúla agus de fhoirmeacha díorthacha de chomhtháthú an Dr. Masquelier a bhfuil a fhíorú go heolaíoch agus a bheith foirfe. Ar an drochuair, d'úsáid go leor fiú ainm agus taighde an Dr. Masquelier ar bhealaí neamhúdaraithe chun táirgí neamhdhleathacha a chur chun cinn.\nIs é FLAVAY® an t-ainm is féidir leat muinín a bheith agat as an gcomhchruinniú gníomhach poilifíneolach atá sainithe go beacht, a ndearna an t-aimsire, an Dr. Jack Masquelier, a thástáil agus a fheabhsaíodh, a dhearbhaigh an Aireacht Sláinte na Fraince agus a dhoiciméadú le leabharlann taighde a chuimsíonn go leor paitinní agus na céadta páipéar eolaíoch, alt, téisí dochtúireachta, léachtaí agus cur i láthair. Maidir le cáilíocht, comhsheasmhacht, bith- infhaighteacht agus sábháilteacht, is féidir le tomhaltóirí brath ar FLAVAY® ."} +{"text": "Vitamin D deficiency, insufficiency, and sufficiency are categories used to describe the nutritional status of vitamin D and are defined by the level of serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD). The changes in serum vitamin D are a continuum with insufficiency and osteoporosis at one end of the spectrum and severe deficiency and osteomalacia at the other end. Controversy has arisen over the level of serum 25OHD that defines vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency. Severe vitamin D deficiency causes malabsorption of calcium and phosphorus from the diet, secondary hyperparathyroidism and defective mineralization of bone leading to osteoporosis and osteomalacia. The two major natural sources of vitamin D are sunlight and diet. Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency is an important clinical problem in all parts of the world. Screening of high-risk groups for low serum 25OHD and then treatment with vitamin D 600-800 IU and calcium 500-750 mg daily can reduce fractures.\n|Original language||English (US)|\n|Title of host publication||Primer on the Metabolic Bone Diseases and Disorders of Mineral Metabolism|\n|Subtitle of host publication||Eighth Edition|\n|Number of pages||8|\n|State||Published - Jul 19 2013|\nAll Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes\n- Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology(all)", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-31", "url": "https://creighton.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/vitamin-d-insufficiency-and-deficiency", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046152156.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20210726215020-20210727005020-00471.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.7615903616, "token_count": 291, "score": 3.546875, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Is catagóirí iad easnamh, neamhleor agus leordhóthanacht vitimín D a úsáidtear chun stádas cothaithe vitimín D a thuairisciú agus a shainmhínítear trí leibhéal sioram 25 hidreacsivitimín D (25OHD). Is é an t-athruithe i vitimín D serum leanúnach le neamhdhóthanacht agus osteoporosis ar cheann amháin den speictream agus easnamh tromchúiseach agus osteomalacia ar an taobh eile. Tá conspóid tagtha chun cinn maidir leis an leibhéal serum 25OHD a shainmhíníonn neamhleor vitimín D agus easpa vitimín D. Tá easnamh tromchúiseach vitimín D mar thoradh ar mhalasú cailciam agus fosfar ón aiste bia, hipearparatireoideachas tharchúiliúil agus mianraíú lochtach cnámh a fhágann go bhfuil osteoporosis agus osteomalacia ann. Is iad an dá phríomhfhoinse nádúrtha vitimín D solas na gréine agus an aiste bia. Is fadhb chliniciúil thábhachtach í easnamh agus neamhleor vitimín D i ngach cearn den domhan. Is féidir le screening grúpaí ardriosca le haghaidh 25OHD íseal serum agus ansin cóireáil le vitimín D 600-800 IU agus cailciam 500-750 mg in aghaidh an lae a laghdú.\n teanga bhunaidh\nLeabharlann na n-eagraíochtaí a bhfuil an-tóir orthu\n♪ Subtitle of host publication ♪ ♪ Is é an t-eighú eagrán ♪\n│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │\nState \nCóid gach Cláráil Iris Eolaíochta (ASJC)\n- Bithcheimic, Gintíocht agus Bithíocht Mhóilíneach (i ngach ceann)"} +{"text": "The French artist rejected faith as a young man but at the age of 72 everything changed\nBy 1947, Henri Matisse had virtually given up painting. Old, infirm and stuck in a wheelchair when he was not confined to his bed, he was no longer able to stand before a canvas, paintbrush in hand, to create the “savage” works that had made his name. But when Pablo Picasso and his lover, Françoise Gilot, visited him late that year, they saw he was far from beaten. He had re-invented himself. Indeed, he had re-invented art itself. “When we arrived,” Gilot remembered, “we found Matisse armed with a huge pair of scissors, carving boldly into sheets of paper painted in all kinds of bright colours.” She and Picasso were breathtaken. “A complete world emerged from his hands, full of strength and vitality… We were delighted – more than delighted: fulfilled, enchanted and beguiled.”\nIt’s hard not to feel the same when looking at the vibrant cut-outs which form the subject of the Tate Modern’s latest exhibition. Deceptive in their simplicity, pieces such as The Parakeet and the Mermaid (1952) burst with life, movement and colour. Though sometimes roughly hewn or even torn, the shapes of which they are formed possess an almost musical rhythm, dancing before the viewer’s eyes in the all hues of the Côte d’Azur. That these were created by a man crippled by pain only makes them the more remarkable, and the Tate’s curators have rightly emphasised the artistic freedom allowed to the bedridden Matisse by the technique he christened “painting with scissors”.\nThe vivacity of Matisse’s cut-outs was, however, due to more than mere method. What the curators of the Tate’s exhibition have omitted to explain is that his new way of representing the world was also the product of a profound spiritual transformation.\nAlthough born into a Catholic family, Matisse had rejected faith as a young man. Like many artists of his generation, he cast himself as an iconoclastic atheist, and initially embraced the “uncivilised” savagery of Fauvism as a means of rejecting the “bourgeois religion” by which he was surrounded. But 1941, at the age of 72, everything changed.\nIt began with suffering. After being diagnosed with duodenal cancer, he underwent a series of major operations that left him writing in agony. For three months, he was tormented by the pain. As he told Pierre Courthion, he “wondered if it wouldn’t be better to die”. Condemned to endure “a kind of hell”, he was overpowered by bitterness. He lashed out cruelly at his fellow patients and sent visitors packing. But then, a light dawned. As he cried out, one of the nuns in the hospital told him to offer up his pain to God. “All your sufferings will be taken into account up there,” she said, “think of that and you’ll come to love your pain; you’ll see.” Although initially puzzled, he saw the wisdom of her words. He came to believe that he was paying for everything that had gone before. The realisation freed him.\nOn the day before Palm Sunday, he told Courthion that he had undergone a “rebirth”. Attending Mass for the first time in years, he started to see the world “in a completely different way from before the operation”. He showed a new interest in others, speaking with love and affection to the nuns; and when walking in a nearby park, he compared “a mass of trees in blossom” to the “Virgin’s cloak”. He saw a new beauty in the world.\nWhen Matisse was released from hospital, he returned to the Côte d’Azur with a renewed sense of purpose and excitement. With the help of his Russian assistant, Lydia Delektorskaya, he began his first experiments in “painting with scissors”. But it was Monique Bourgeois, his pious and unassuming young nurse, who gave him direction in his new quest. Armed with her faith, she helped him not only to come to terms with his sufferings, but also to cling to love through the troubles which followed. She consoled him when his daughter was captured by the Gestapo, when bombs fell in his garden and when news came that his student, Rudolf Levy, had died in Auschwitz. She showed that, despite everything, he could make a service of his difficulties through his new art form.\nIn Jazz (1947), a book of prints accompanied by a commentary, he revealed how his whole attitude towards composition had changed under her tutelage.\nQuoting Thomas à Kempis, he explained that it was “love… alone” that had helped him through his sorrows and allowed him to turn “that which is bitter” into the sweetness of the art he created with God’s help. Overcome with a sense of the majesty of grace, he admitted that, far from seeing only the paper and scissors, he now presented himself “with the greatest humility” before his work, “like a communicant approaching the Lord’s Table”.\nAs he wrote to Monique in a later letter, his art had become an attempt “to make God’s glory visible through purely terrestrial means”. It was a belief to which he gave full expression in his designs for the Chapelle du Rosaire in Vence, where Monique (as Sister Jacques Marie) was cloistered after entering the Dominican order in September 1944. A light and airy chapel, bathed in rich colours and an immense calm, it is a powerful affirmation of love for the divine.\nThat Matisse’s cut-outs owed as much to the rebirth of his faith as to his use of paper and scissors casts the Tate Modern’s exhibition in a less positive light. While the curators have clearly endeavoured to make Matisse’s works “accessible” to a secular audience, their unwillingness to acknowledge his spiritual transformation robs them of their impact. Without either a transcription or a translation of the text, Jazz is just a book of pretty pictures and flamboyant handwriting; and without a sense of their context, the works for the Chapelle du Rosaire lose all meaning. It is only with an understanding of the faith behind the art that the power and beauty of Matisse’s cut-outs can really be appreciated. If the joy of art is to be shared, curators must be willing to give God a chance.\nAlexander Lee’s latest book, The Ugly Renaissance: Sex, Disease and Excess in an Age of Beauty, will be published by Hutchinson in paperback on August 28\nThe Catholic Herald comment guidelines\n•Do not make personal attacks on writers or fellow commenters – respond only to their arguments.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-40", "url": "http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/commentandblogs/2014/08/26/matisses-cut-outs-were-the-product-of-his-spiritual-rebirth-but-youd-never-guess-it-from-the-tates-show/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737882743.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221802-00143-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9833151698, "token_count": 1511, "score": 2.6875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Dhiúltaigh an t-ealaíontóir Francach creideamh mar fhear óg ach ag aois 72 d'athraigh gach rud\nFaoi 1947, bhí Henri Matisse tar éis pictiúr a dhéanamh go brách. Sean, lag agus i gcathaoir rothaí nuair nach raibh sé teoranta dá leaba, ní raibh sé in ann seasamh os comhair canvas, péinteáil i láimh, chun na saothair \"féichiúla\" a chruthaigh a ainm a chruthú. Ach nuair a thug Pablo Picasso agus a leannán, Françoise Gilot, cuairt air go déanach sa bhliain sin, chonaic siad go raibh sé i bhfad ó bhualadh. Bhí sé ath-invented é féin. Go deimhin, bhí ath-invented sé ealaín féin. \"Nuair a tháinig muid\", a dúirt Gilot, \"bhí Matisse armtha le péire sciatháin ollmhór, ag ceapadh go mór i bpáipéar péinteáilte i ngach cineál dathanna geal. Tóg sé saol iomlán as a lámha, lán de neart agus beogacht... Bhí áthas orainn níos mó ná áthas: comhlíonta, enchanted agus beguiled.\nTá sé deacair gan an mothú céanna a bheith agat nuair a fhéachann tú ar na gearrthóga beoga a chruthaíonn ábhar an taispeántais is déanaí de chuid an Tate Modern. Dea-ghlactha ina simplíocht, tá píosaí mar The Parakeet and the Mermaid (1952) ag pléascadh le saol, gluaiseacht agus dath. Cé go bhfuil siad á n-imghrádú go garbh nó fiú á n-imghrádú, tá an t-amhrán beagnach ceoil ag na cruthanna a cruthaítear iad, ag damhsa os comhair súile an lucht féachana i ngach dath den Côte d'Azur. Ní dhéanann ach an rud go ndearna fear a bhí criptithe ag pian iad a chruthú níos suntasaí, agus chuir cúirteoirí an Tate béim ar an tsaoirse ealaíne a thug an Matisse leabaithe leis an teicníc a bhaisteadh sé \"péintireacht le sciathán\".\nBhí an vivacity de ghearradh amach Matisse, áfach, mar gheall ar níos mó ná modh amháin. Cad a bhfuil na cúirteoirí Taispeántas an Tate's a fhágáil amach a mhíniú go raibh a bhealach nua a léiriú ar an domhan freisin an táirge de thrasucht spioradálta domhain.\nCé gur rugadh Matisse i dteaghlach Caitliceach, dhiúltaigh sé don chreideamh mar fhear óg. Cosúil le go leor ealaíontóirí dá ghlúin, rinne sé féin mar atheist iconoclastic, agus ghlac sé le sabhraíocht neamhshóisialta Fauvism mar mhodh chun an reiligiún borgaíoch a bhí timpeall air a dhiúltú. Ach i 1941, ag aois 72, athraigh gach rud.\nThosaigh sé le fulaingt. Tar éis dó a bheith ag fulaingt ó ailse duodenal, rinneadh sraith oibríochtaí móra air a fhág sé ag scríobh i ngéarchéim. Le trí mhí, bhí sé ag tormented ag an pian. Mar a dúirt sé le Pierre Courthion, \"bhí sé ag smaoineamh an mbeadh sé níos fearr bás a fháil\". D'fhág sé go raibh sé faoi dhúnmharú chun \"ainneoin a bheith ag fulaingt ó bháis\", agus bhí sé faoi bhrú ag an bitterness. Bhí sé ag cur báis go crua ar a chomhghleacaithe agus ag cur na gcuairteoirí ar shiúl. Ach ansin, tháinig solas. Agus é ag caoineadh, dúirt ceann de na maoine sa ospidéal leis a pian a thairiscint do Dhia. \"Tógfar do chuid fhulaingt go léir san áireamh ansin\", a dúirt sí, \"smaoinigh air sin agus beidh grá agat do do phóg; feicfidh tú\". Cé go raibh sé iontas ar dtús, chonaic sé an eagna a bhí i bhfocail a mháthair. Tháinig sé chun a chreidiúint go raibh sé ag íoc as gach rud a bhí imithe roimhe. Chuir an réadú saor dó.\nAn lá roimh Domhnach na Pálma, dúirt sé le Courthion go raibh \"athbheochan\" air. Ag freastal ar Mhíosa den chéad uair le blianta, thosaigh sé ag féachaint ar an domhan ar bhealach go hiomlán difriúil ó roimh an oibríocht . Léirigh sé spéis nua in daoine eile, ag labhairt le grá agus le grámhar leis na maoine; agus nuair a bhí sé ag siúl i bpáirc in aice láimhe, chuir sé 'moll de chrainn i bhláth' i gcomparáid le 'clób na Maighdean'. Chonaic sé áilleacht nua ar domhan.\nNuair a scaoileadh Matisse as an ospidéal, d'fhill sé ar an Côte d'Azur le ciall agus spreagadh athnuaite. Le cabhair óna chúntóir Rúiseach, Lydia Delektorskaya, thosaigh sé lena chéad turgnaimh i \"péintireacht le sciathán\". Ach ba é Monique Bourgeois, a altra óg dílis agus neamh-iompórtáilte, a thug treoir dó ina chuardach nua. Armed lena chreideamh, chabhraigh sí leis ní amháin chun teacht i réitigh lena chuid fhulaingt, ach freisin chun greim a fháil ar an ngrá trí na trioblóidí a lean. Chuir sí suaimhneas air nuair a ghabhadh an Gestapo a iníon, nuair a thit buamaí ina ghairdín agus nuair a tháinig an nuacht go raibh a mhic léinn, Rudolf Levy, marbh in Auschwitz. Léirigh sí, in ainneoin gach rud, go bhféadfadh sé a chuid deacrachtaí a sheirbheáil trína fhoirm ealaíne nua.\nI Jazz (1947), leabhar priontaí a bhí in éineacht le trácht, nocht sé conas a bhí a chur chuige ar fad i leith comhdhéanamh athraithe faoi a teagasc.\nAg lua Thomas à Kempis, mhínigh sé gurbh é \"grá... ina n-aonar\" a chabhraigh leis trína chuid brónach agus a lig dó \"rud atá searbh\" a thiontú ina bhlas an ealaíne a chruthaigh sé le cabhair Dé. Agus é ag mothú an uasal grásta, d'admhaigh sé, i bhfad ó bheith ag féachaint ar an páipéar agus ar an sciar amháin, go raibh sé anois ag cur i láthair é féin \"le an ídhucht is mó\" roimh a chuid oibre, \"mar chomónach ag teacht ar Chéim an Tiarna\".\nMar a scríobh sé chuig Monique i litir ina dhiaidh sin, bhí a ealaín ina iarracht \"glóir Dé a dhéanamh le feiceáil trí mhodhanna daor. Ba chreideamh é a thug sé léiriú iomlán air ina dearaí don Chapelle du Rosaire i Vence, áit a raibh Monique (mar Sister Jacques Marie) cloistered tar éis dó dul isteach san ordú Dominican i Meán Fómhair 1944. Is caipéal éadrom agus aerúil é, atá cothroime i dathanna saibhre agus i socair ollmhór, is dearcadh cumhachtach é ar ghrá don diaga.\nGo raibh an oiread sin de bhuíochas ag gearradh amach Matisse le hathbheochan a chreideamh agus a úsáid páipéir agus sciatháin, tugann sé léargas níos lú dearfacha ar thaispeántas Tate Modern. Cé go bhfuil sé soiléir go ndearna na cúirteoirí iarracht saothar Matisse a dhéanamh \"inaistrithe\" do lucht féachana sealadach, tá a n-éagmais a aithint a athchóiriú spioradálta ag cur a n-ionsaí orthu. Gan trascríobh ná aistriúchán ar an téacs, níl i Jazz ach leabhar de phictiúir áille agus litreacha láimhe flamboyant; agus gan tuiscint ar a gcomhthéacs, caillfidh na hoibreacha don Chapelle du Rosaire gach brí. Is é an t-aon tuiscint ar an gcreideamh atá taobh thiar den ealaín gur féidir le cumhacht agus áilleacht gearradh amach Matisse a mheas i ndáiríre. Más mian le daoine taitneamh a bhaint as ealaín, ní mór do choimeádaithe a bheith toilteanach deis a thabhairt do Dhia.\nFoilsíodh an leabhar is déanaí de chuid Alexander Lee, The Ugly Renaissance: Sex, Disease and Excess in an Age of Beauty, ag Hutchinson i bpáipéar beag an 28 Lúnasa\nTreoirlínte tráchtanna an Catholic Herald\n•Ná déan ionsaithe pearsanta ar scríbhneoirí nó ar chomhaltaí a dhéanann trácht ní fhreagraíonn tú ach ar a gcuid argóintí."} +{"text": "We have all heard our addiction to fossil fuels is destroying the planet and our very health. However, by many measures of well-being life across the planet has been getting better including poverty rates, mortality rates, life expectancy, etc. With all the naysayers predicting peak oil, rising oceans, super storms, new ice ages oddly coupled with rising temperatures, are fossil fuels truly to blame, or are they the answer?\nThey are actually the answer says Alex Epstein of the Center for Industrial Progress. In his new book, “The Moral Case for Fossil Fuels,” he explains that because fossil fuels are easy to mine, refine, and export, they are truly the answer to the dilemma of clean energy.\nHe goes onto explain that renewable options like solar and wind are actually worse for the environment and only provide 2% of the world’s energy. “For something to be cheap and plentiful, every part that goes into producing it must also be cheap and plentiful. Yes, the sun is free. Yes, the wind is free. But the process of turning sunlight and wind into usable energy is far from free.”\nHe goes on to compare it to fossil fuel, nuclear, and hydro electric power and proves how much more expensive it is. He calls it he Diluteness Problem” and the “Intermittentcy Problem.” He even describes in detail the concept of energy poverty caused by renewable fuels using Germany as an example.\nWatch him explain in the video below:\nLilia Fabry is the owner of MPP Freelance, a writing and web design firm in Houston, TX.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-43", "url": "https://boereport.com/2015/12/07/are-fossil-fuels-the-key-to-green-energy/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583509958.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20181015225726-20181016011226-00550.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9554735422, "token_count": 338, "score": 2.890625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá a fhios againn go léir go bhfuil ár n-dibhreathnú ar bhreoslaí iontaise ag scriosadh an phláinéid agus ár sláinte féin. Mar sin féin, de réir go leor beart de shaol folláine ar fud na pláinéad tá sé ag dul i bhfeabhas lena n-áirítear rátaí bochtaineachta, rátaí báis, ionchas saoil, etc. Leis na naysayers go léir ag tuar barr ola, aigéin ag ardú, Super stoirmeacha, aois gheimhridh nua chomhcheangailte go hiontach le teochtaí ag ardú, an bhfuil breoslaí iontaise fíor-chuis, nó an bhfuil siad an freagra?\nIs iad an freagra i ndáiríre a deir Alex Epstein ó Ionad na Forbartha Tionsclaíoch. Ina leabhar nua, \"The Moral Case for Fossil Fuels\", míníonn sé go bhfuil breoslaí iontaise éasca a bhaint, a scagadh agus a onnmhairiú, agus go bhfuil siad i ndáiríre mar fhreagra ar an dúshlán a bhaineann le fuinneamh glan.\nLeanann sé ag míniú go bhfuil roghanna in-athnuaite cosúil le gréine agus gaoth i ndáiríre níos measa don chomhshaol agus nach soláthraíonn siad ach 2% den fhuinneamh domhanda. Chun rud a bheith saor agus iomarcach, ní mór gach cuid a théann isteach i dtáirgeadh a bheith saor agus iomarcach freisin. Sea, tá an ghrian saor in aisce. Sea, tá an gaoth saor in aisce. Ach níl an próiseas chun solas na gréine agus gaoth a thiontú ina fhuinneamh inúsáidte saor in aisce.\nLeanann sé ag cur i gcomparáid é le breosla fóisíneach, núicléach, agus cumhachta hidrealaíoch agus léiríonn sé cé chomh costasach is atá sé. Glaoigh sé air Probleamh an Dlúthú agus an Probleamh an Idirthréimhse. Déanann sé cur síos mionsonraithe ar an gcoincheap bochtaineacht fuinnimh a bhíonn mar thoradh ar bhreoslaí in-athnuaite ag baint úsáide as an nGearmáin mar shampla.\nFéach air ag míniú sa físeán thíos:\nIs í Lilia Fabry úinéir MPP Freelance, cuideachta scríbhneoireachta agus dearadh gréasáin i Houston, TX."} +{"text": "SUSTAINABILITY & HERITAGE\nWhen the Athens Charter was adopted in 1931, the world's population was two billion. By the drafting of the Venice Charter in 1964, that number had increased to three billion. Today, there are nearly seven billion people, with more than half living in urban areas.\nWhile there are many unresolved questions about how sustainability is defined and put into operation, we know that current consumption of earth's limited resources cannot be sustained in light of exponential population growth. The climate change effects of greenhouse gas emissions, while debated, are well documented and widely acknowledged, as are the alarming contributions of the built environment to that carbon footprint. Buildings account for up to 40 percent of energy consumption. Approximately 50 percent of all raw materials humans take from nature are for use in buildings. Construction, rehabilitation, and demolition debris constitutes nearly half of all the waste generated in higher-income countries. Current trends suggest that by midcentury, the built environment will disturb or destroy natural habitats on more than three-quarters of the earth's land surface.\nWhile heritage conservation is a key player in sustainability planning, it has yet to forge a clear role. This is due, in part, to unresolved tensions that can exist between conservation aims and those of sustainability. Take, for example, recent debates over solar and wind farms. Cape Wind, a pioneering alternative energy project, was proposed off the coast of Nantucket, along the eastern United States. Preservation groups opposed the wind farm, and in an effort to thwart construction, the stretch of water was designated a cultural landscape eligible for the National Register. When wind and solar farms were proposed in California's Mojave Desert along historic Route 66, legislation was introduced to designate the area a national monument, thereby scuttling projects that would have created clean energy and jobs. While one can justify the heritage concerns in both cases, will these interests continue to outweigh the larger sustainability trade-offs in the future?\nEffective heritage legislation in many parts of the world and a well-established international conservation community have enabled the field to advance its agenda of protecting important places. However, with changing demographics and diminishing resources, options will become more limited. When weighed more stringently against clean air and water, carbon neutral energy, reduced sprawl and optimal land use, mass transit, jobs creation, and the like, heritage conservation faces difficulties in terms of rationalizing its cause and ensuring the balance of social concerns with environmental and economic interests. To prepare for change, the field must better align its goals and processes with those of sustainability planning for the built environment as a whole. That means questioning many long-held goals and practices about what to preserve and how.\nConsider sustainable management of the built environment as a large system of interrelating subsystems, of which heritage conservation is one. To ensure that conservation remains a relevant social process, its goals must be aligned with those of the overarching system.\nSince the publication of the United Nation's Brundtland Commission Report in 1987, the international dialogue regarding sustainability has grown. While Brundtland referred to sustainable development as meeting \"the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs,\" over two decades of scholarship and policy making have refined the concept as one that is both relative and universal. With more awareness of cultural differences about quality of life and the need for integrative approaches to human and natural systems, the concept of sustainability has emerged as an interrelating and adaptable balance of environmental, economic, and social concerns. Therefore, one must look at the aims and concerns of sustainability writ large, in order to understand how conservation of the built environment supports them at the global and local levels.\nThe bulk of sustainability research and policy making has focused on environmental sustainability, within which are two fundamental discourses: mitigation and adaptation. Mitigation focuses on minimizing climate change. Adaptation addresses the effects of climate change.\nAdaptation seeks to prepare and manage places in light of changing environmental conditions. This is where conservation efforts have been largely concentrated. UNESCO and other institutions charged with heritage stewardship have initiated projects to examine risks posed to sites by shifts in temperature, precipitation, groundwater and sea levels, and climatic events. Universities and other research centers are collecting environmental data to monitor trends and to better predict future conditions. Disaster preparedness and response programs are integrating climatic extremes and weather events into their scopes. The outcomes of these initiatives are geared toward more responsive strategies for the conservation and management of heritage sites, buildings, and landscapes in the face of climate change.\nMitigation presents a thornier challenge. An assumption of the mitigation discourse is that dramatic changes are needed in the way we plan, design, construct, and manage the built environment to ensure carrying capacity for a growing population. The built environment contributes significantly to climate change, consumes vast amounts of natural resources and land, and generates substantial landfill waste. Current practices must be altered. Reconciling the sustainability push for drastic innovation with conservation's goal of managing change and preserving existing historic or significant resources poses tensions as well as opportunities. Consequently, efforts to forge common agendas have been fairly ad hoc.\nThe energy and resource consumption of buildings, particularly in industrialized countries, has spawned extensive research and policy making regarding energy efficient design and retrofitting. Standards for sustainable construction, such as the LEED green building certification program in the United States, have been developed to improve efficiency. Research has grown to support and inform these systems and standards, generating quantitative information about building performance and energy use. Analytical tools such as energy audits and life cycle assessments (LCAs) are increasingly sophisticated and allow assessment of energy saving options in new design and existing construction.\nThe heritage field was quick to claim that old buildings are inherently green because of their embodied energy and climatically appropriate designs. However, research substantiating this position has been slow in coming. Some LCA studies have indeed shown the energy savings and reduced carbon impact of rehabilitating a historic building versus building a new one. But these studies are small in scope, and LCA tools in general still have a high degree of variability. Large-scale, multi-typology energy audit surveys are needed to build a body of reliable data, as are more sophisticated LCA tools that address the complexities of existing buildings and historic materials. Innovative, case-by-case integration of conservation and energy efficiency can be found world over, but the heritage field has yet to aggregate the data effectively into consistent models for design and retrofitting. Such a synthesis would allow architects, planners, and real estate developers to compare more readily the life cycle energy costs of building new versus rehabilitating.\nIn addition to augmenting the analytical toolbox, the heritage field has much to offer in sustainable design solutions. The built environment in industrialized countries is in dire need of remediation because of high energy consumption and carbon dioxide emission rates. The situation in less-developed regions trends toward similar conditions, but it has yet to reach critical levels. These regions would benefit from a more prevalent use of vernacular architecture, which is generally better adapted to local climate and resources and thus consumes less energy. The heritage field can play an important role by promoting local knowledge and traditional construction techniques in sustainable design solutions that wed the best of new technology with time-honored know-how.\nAs noted, the construction industry is a notorious waste and pollutant generator, especially in industrialized countries. Regulation and disincentives, primarily at the municipal level, help to reduce waste generation at the back end by creating incentives for recycling and disincentives for not recycling (for example, high fees for dumping construction and demolition waste).\nThe heritage sector plays its part through architectural salvage operations and through the management of historic toxic materials. However, as more twentieth-century buildings join the inventory of historic structures, effective strategies for managing diverse waste products will be critical.\nThe environmental and heritage conservation establishments have long viewed landscape conservation as common ground. The preservation of forests and open space enables the sequestration of carbon and the protection of ecosystems; the conservation of cultural landscapes can bolster that process. However, with rising population size and rural-tourban migration driving increased urban growth around the world, land use planning and landscape protection are becoming a far more complex endeavor. Sustainability concerns compel the need to curb suburban sprawl and to densify existing urban centers instead. Such densification, along with the infrastructure development that accompanies it, often runs counter to heritage aims in older, historic cities. As communities and metropolitan regions grapple with the need to develop more robust economies and greener built environments, difficult trade-offs must be made regarding the historic urban fabric.\nIn Spain, for example, where many historic cities and sites benefit from heritage protection, a number of conflicts have ensued. The World Heritage City of Avila has a designated core, bounded by medieval ramparts; with protections in place for the historic center, new development has been pushed into surrounding open space, creating sprawl. A proposal for construction of an office tower, which would have concentrated development outside of Seville's World Heritage boundaries, has been opposed by preservationists because of its negative impact on the historic skyline. While these instances represent commendable efforts to preserve important heritage, they also illustrate ways in which conservation aims can bump up against sustainable urban growth.\nThe terrain of intersection between the built heritage and environmental concerns offers relatively clear paths toward mutual aims, rocky though they may be. The links between cultural heritage and economic and social concerns are more established but ill defined. Forging common ground is no less challenging.\nAn underlying aim of heritage conservation is to protect important sites, buildings, and landscapes for future generations. However, strains on public funds, a shrinking supply of buildable land, real estate development interests, job creation, and other factors have required conservation to rationalize its work in economic terms. These forces, along with others, have spurred the commodification of heritage. Thus, economic development agendas have found natural (though not always willing) partners in the heritage sector, particularly through tourism, compelling conservation to take up its role in a sustainable political economy and its contributions to quality of life.\nThere is growing research regarding the economics of conservation that aims to assess preservation's benefit to society and to understand its function in the marketplace. With tourism representing more than 10 percent of GDP worldwide and creating more than 200 million jobs, heritage conservation and related tourism have received increased attention as economic development tools. Lawmakers and policy makers seek hard numbers to quantify conservation's economic effects and weigh it against other investments. At the same time, economists, preservationists, and others grapple with developing methodologies for valuing cultural resources and conservation and assessing their effects on quality of life. However, there remain gaps in knowledge. The full-range costs and benefits of conservation are not fully examined so as to promote understanding of conservation's function in the broader realm of land use economics and sustainability—as well as its impact on society. Therefore, the basis for promoting broader preservation policy reform and further developing economic incentives and other interventions in the market remains limited. As with environmental sustainability, the more that conservation's goals are aligned with those of improving economic conditions and opportunities through the built environment, the more likely it will be that heritage concerns will be integrated into sustainability planning.\nWorld population growth has been coupled with significant demographic changes. Industrialization and globalization have contributed to international and rural-to-city migration, postcolonialism, the resurgence of indigenous peoples, and the rise of organized civil society. These changes make for much more heterogeneous and urban societies, and they engender profound changes in negotiations about the built environment and the increasingly diverse memories associated with it.\nAs noted, the sustainability discourse has prompted more environmentally responsible land use and construction practices in many places. Growth management strategies are becoming common tools for planners and policy makers. Yet, while there are clear environmental and economic rationales for increased density and a more energy-efficient building stock, community preferences for downzoning and preservation pose interesting challenges. Communities are trying to combat the pressures for redevelopment and densification, adapt to the influx of new populations, apply sustainability principles to land use decisions, and yet still encourage growth. As a result, conservation is becoming an increasingly important aspect of planning and managing urban change.\nAmong the most substantive contributions the heritage field can make to sustainability is its work with communities. By focusing on cultural contexts and social relationships, the heritage field has developed effective tools for engaging stakeholders in value-driven planning that helps shape collective visions for communities and their environments. These processes foster civic participation, identify diverse and shared views, and ensure long-term sustainability by responding to local conditions. As the environmental field shifts toward engaging communities in stewardship, these cultural heritage methodologies become increasingly germane. Whether through incorporating energy-saving vernacular traditions into sustainable design, determining which buildings are most important to reuse, or deciding which cultural resources will be preserved and how to preserve them after devastating climate events, heritage conservation offers ways to improve planning and to negotiate change in the built environment, so as to ensure balance among ecological, social, and economic concerns.\nAt the end of day, a very significant historic structure may not be the most energy efficient, may not represent the best land use, or may not generate the most revenue. Its fundamental value is in the social benefits its preservation provides. So while it is important for conservation to contribute to environmental and economic sustainability, its social contributions are the linchpin. It is our work with people, memories, and their codification in places that differentiates heritage conservation within the broader realm of managing the built environment. However, the social benefits that conservation engenders are not well articulated or substantiated. Though these social benefits are intuitively understood by all of us who believe in the value of heritage, much depends on the field's ability to communicate widely and to demonstrate effectively—through interdisciplinary research, integrative practice, and an updated policy agenda—its utility in promoting social sustainability.\nThe future of built heritage conservation hinges on the field's establishing itself as a component of the larger system of managing a sustainable built environment. We can do that by contributing to all three areas of the sustainability tripartite (that is, environmental, economic, and social benefits) and by demonstrating why social concerns must sometimes trump economic and environmental ones.\nThe conservation field should continue to plug away at environmental, economic, and social research and devise metrics for analyzing and amalgamating these data into frameworks for decision making. It must likewise place more emphasis on social research itself, to ensure that the core values of heritage conservation have credibility when weighed against environmental and economic concerns. A difficult challenge in achieving this will be the need to reexamine and reestablish these core values and the methodologies they engender. Given current realities and the dire need for a sustainable built environment, the following are important considerations:\nThink beyond the building. While making individual buildings more energy efficient does reduce greenhouse gas emissions, sustainability of the built environment cannot be achieved building by building. Broader land use and urban community issues are equally critical—if not more critical—to an integrated approach to mitigation. It is important that historic buildings be retrofitted for energy efficiency and that analytical research better inform life cycle assessments and design decisions. However, the heritage conservation field must move beyond its traditional site-by-site approaches to ensure that it grapples with sustainability at citywide and region-wide levels.\nReinforce local-global connections. If nothing else, the climate change dialogue has demonstrated the profound correlation between local action and global effect. Heritage researchers and practitioners are compelled to contextualize their localized work with places and communities within increasingly international and cross-cultural frameworks. Thus, the heritage field has an acute understanding of how traditional built environments are a direct product of local culture, climate, and resources. It likewise has well-established global networks for information sharing about vernacular knowledge and new technology, and about innovative solutions that might be achieved by merging the two. Thus, the heritage field can help bridge the divide between industrialized and less developed regions and generate new knowledge from their respective sustainability weaknesses and strengths.\nEngage in the creative process. Those in the heritage field often view themselves as stewards of the historic built environment, rather than as creative contributors to it. Decisions about which places to preserve have a profound effect on the shaping of landscapes and the development of communities. Embracing that role means more engagement in design and planning, whether through the development of new construction hybrids combining vernacular and new technology or through regional planning analyses to determine where redevelopment and densification are acceptable. The heritage field has important knowledge that should be integrated into those processes—knowledge that can better inform sustainability decisions.\nFocus on quality, not quantity. A significant focus of the heritage field is on inventorying and documenting historic properties. However, a bigger heritage inventory does not necessarily translate to a better heritage environment—or a more sustainable one. Conservation will need to prioritize and compromise with regard to what is preserved, and with regard to what is acceptable in terms of alterations, additions, and infill development. The capacity to distinguish between what should change and what should not (and why) will be crucial to legitimizing conservation's role in sustainability planning. Focusing more on the quality of heritage conservation—its positive effects on communities and the benefits derived—rather than on the quantity and condition of protected sites will go a long way toward aligning heritage concerns with sustainability.\nNow, more than ever before, the heritage field is faced with the need to qualify and quantify its fundamental contributions to society and sustainability. Whether through environmental, economic, or social benefits, the field must robustly demonstrate how it improves quality of life for communities. Realigning the goals of heritage conservation to ensure that they serve the greater good of the sustainability cause is an important first step.\nErica Avrami is the director of research and education at the World Monuments Fund and a doctoral candidate at Rutgers University, where her research focuses on the intersection of sustainability planning and heritage conservation.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-43", "url": "http://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications_resources/newsletters/26_1/feature.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583512268.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20181019020142-20181019041642-00099.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9448071122, "token_count": 3655, "score": 3.65625, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "INCHÁILLEÁNTACHTÍ agus Oidhreacht\nNuair a glacadh Cairt na hAithne i 1931, bhí dhá bhilliún daonra ar domhan. Nuair a dhréachtadh Chairt na Veinéise i 1964, bhí an líon sin tar éis méadú go trí billiún. Sa lá atá inniu ann, tá beagnach seacht billiún duine ann, agus tá níos mó ná leath acu ina gcónaí i gceantair uirbeacha.\nCé go bhfuil go leor ceisteanna gan réiteach ann maidir le conas inbhuanaitheacht a shainmhíniú agus a chur i ngníomh, tá a fhios againn nach féidir le tomhaltas reatha acmhainní teoranta an domhain a chothú i bhfianaise fás esponenseach an daonra. Cé go bhfuil díospóireacht ar na héifeachtaí a bhaineann le astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa ar an athrú aeráide, tá siad dea-chomhaontaithe agus aitheanta go forleathan, mar atá ranníocaíochtaí imní an chomhshaoil tógtha leis an mbraighdeán carbóin sin. Is iad foirgnimh a chuireann suas le 40 faoin gcéad den tomhaltas fuinnimh. Tá thart ar 50 faoin gcéad de na hamhábhair go léir a thógann daoine ón dúlra le húsáid i bhfoirgneamh. Is éard atá i ndramhaíl tógála, athshlánú agus scriosadh beagnach leath den dramhaíl go léir a ghintear i dtíortha le hacmhainní níos airde. Tugann treochtaí reatha le fios go gcuirfidh an timpeallacht tógtha isteach nó go scriosfaidh sé gnáthóga nádúrtha ar níos mó ná trí cheathrú cuid de dhromchla na talún faoi lár na céadta bliain.\nCé go bhfuil cosaint oidhreachta ina phríomhghníomhaí i bpleanáil inbhuanaitheachta, níl ról soiléir aige fós. Tá sé seo mar gheall, go páirteach, ar na teannas neamhréitithe a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ann idir cuspóirí caomhnaithe agus cuspóirí inbhuanaitheachta. Mar shampla, déanaimis díospóireachtaí le déanaí maidir le páirceanna gréine agus gaoithe. Tá tionscadal pionóireachta fuinnimh malartacha, Cape Wind, beartaithe amach ó chósta Nantucket, feadh oirthear na Stát Aontaithe. Chuir grúpaí caomhnaithe in aghaidh an fheirm gaoithe, agus i iarracht cur i gcoinne tógála, ainmníodh an t-eastát uisce mar tírdhreach cultúrtha incháilithe don Chlár Náisiúnta. Nuair a mholfar feirmeacha gaoithe agus gréine i Desert Mojave California ar feadh Route stairiúil 66, tugadh reachtaíocht isteach chun an limistéar a ainmniú mar oidhreacht náisiúnta, rud a chuir i gcúl tionscadail a d'fhéadfadh fuinneamh glan agus poist a chruthú. Cé gur féidir leis an duine na hábhair imní maidir leis an oidhreacht a údarú sa dá chás, an leanfaidh na leasanna seo ag cur níos mó ná na comhréireachtaí inbhuanaitheachta níos mó sa todhchaí?\nTá reachtaíocht éifeachtach oidhreachta i go leor áiteanna ar domhan agus pobal cosanta idirnáisiúnta dea-bhunaithe tar éis a chur ar chumas an réimse chun a chlár oibre a chur chun cinn chun áiteanna tábhachtacha a chosaint. Mar sin féin, de bharr athrú ar dhaonlathach agus acmhainní ag laghdú, beidh na roghanna níos teoranta. Nuair a mheastar go bhfuil sé níos déine i gcoinne aer agus uisce glan, fuinneamh neodrach carbóin, scaipeadh laghdaithe agus úsáid is fearr talún, iompar mór, cruthú post, agus a leithéidí, bíonn deacrachtaí ag caomhnú oidhreachta ó thaobh a cúis a réasúnaithe agus cothromaíocht imní sóisialta a chinntiú le leasanna comhshaoil agus eacnamaíocha. Chun ullmhú don athrú, ní mór don réimse a chuspóirí agus a phróisis a ailíniú níos fearr le cinn an phleanála inbhuanaitheachta don timpeallacht tógtha ina iomláine. Ciallaíonn sé sin go bhfuil ceisteanna ag baint le go leor spriocanna agus cleachtais a bhí ann le fada faoin méid a chaomhnófaí agus an chaoi a chaomhnófaí é.\nSmaoinigh ar bhainistiú inbhuanaithe an chomhshaoil tógtha mar chóras mór de fhochórais idirnasctha, ar cuid acu é caomhnú oidhreachta. Chun a chinntiú go bhfanfaidh caomhnú mar phróiseas sóisialta ábhartha, ní mór a chuspóirí a ailíniú le spriocanna an chórais uileghabhála.\nÓ foilsíodh Tuarascáil Choimisiún Brundtland na Náisiún Aontaithe i 1987, tá an t-idirphlé idirnáisiúnta maidir le hinbhuanaitheacht tar éis fás. Cé gur thug Brundtland tagairt do fhorbairt inbhuanaithe mar chomhlíonadh \"gáileanna an lá atá inniu ann gan dochar a dhéanamh do chumas na n-úinéirí amach anseo freastal ar a gcuid riachtanas féin\", thar dhá scoláireacht agus déanta beartais thar dhá scór bliain tá an coincheap scagtha mar cheann atá coibhneasta agus uilíoch. Le níos mó feasachta faoi na difríochtaí cultúrtha maidir le cáilíocht na beatha agus an gá le cur chuige comhtháite i leith córais dhaonna agus nádúrtha, tá coincheap na hinbhuanaitheachta tagtha chun cinn mar chothromaíocht idirghaoltach agus oiriúnaithe de thorthaí comhshaoil, eacnamaíocha agus sóisialta. Dá bhrí sin, ní mór dúinn féachaint ar chuspóirí agus ar imní na hinbhuanaitheachta go mór, d'fhonn a thuiscint conas a thacaíonn caomhnú an chomhshaoil tógtha leo ar an leibhéal domhanda agus áitiúil.\nTá an chuid is mó de thaighde inbhuanaitheachta agus de shaothrú beartais dírithe ar inbhuanaitheacht chomhshaoil, agus tá dhá dhíreach bunriachtanach ann: maolú agus oiriúnú. Díríonn an mhaolú ar athrú aeráide a íoslaghdú. Baineann an t-oiriúnú le héifeachtaí an athraithe aeráide.\nIs éard atá i gceist le hoiriúnú ná áiteanna a ullmhú agus a bhainistiú i bhfianaise na gcoinníollacha comhshaoil atá ag athrú. Is anseo a d'iompraíodh iarrachtaí caomhnaithe go mór. Tá tionscadail curtha ar bun ag UNESCO agus ag institiúidí eile a bhfuil cúram orthu an oidhreacht a bhainistiú chun na rioscaí a bhaineann le hathruithe teochta, báistí, uisce talún agus leibhéil na farraige, agus imeachtaí aeráide a scrúdú. Tá ollscoileanna agus ionaid taighde eile ag bailiú sonraí comhshaoil chun treochtaí a rianú agus chun coinníollacha sa todhchaí a thuar níos fearr. Tá cláir ullmhachta agus freagartha tubaistí ag comhtháthú na n-eachtraí aeráide agus na n-imeachtaí aimsire ina raon feidhme. Tá torthaí na dtionscnamh seo dírithe ar straitéisí níos freagartha chun suíomhanna oidhreachta, foirgnimh agus tírdhreacha a chaomhnú agus a bhainistiú i bhfianaise an athraithe aeráide.\nCuireann maolú dúshlán níos dornálaí i láthair. Is é a cheapann an díospóireacht mhaolú ná go bhfuil gá le hathruithe suntasacha ar an mbealach a phleanálann, a dhearann, a thógann, agus a bhainistíonn muid an timpeallacht tógtha chun a chinntiú go bhfuil cumas iompair ag fás ar dhaonra. Cuireann an timpeallacht tógtha go mór le hathrú aeráide, tomhaltas mór acmhainní nádúrtha agus talún, agus déantar dramhaíl mór a ghiniúint i líonadh talún. Caithfear na cleachtais reatha a athrú. Tá an brú inbhuanaitheachta le haghaidh nuálaíochta drastúil a chomhchuibhiú le sprioc na caomhnaithe maidir le hathrú a bhainistiú agus acmhainní stairiúla nó suntasacha atá ann cheana a chaomhnú ag cur teannas chomh maith le deiseanna. Dá bhrí sin, bhí na hiarrachtaí agóidí coiteanna a chruthú go leor ad hoc.\nTá taighde agus beartas a dhéanamh ar thomhaltas fuinnimh agus acmhainní foirgneamh, go háirithe i dtíortha tionsclaithe, maidir le dearadh agus athshódháileáil éifeachtúil fuinnimh. Forbraíodh caighdeáin le haghaidh tógála inbhuanaithe, mar shampla clár deimhniúcháin tógála glas LEED sna Stáit Aontaithe, chun éifeachtúlacht a fheabhsú. Tá taighde tar éis fás chun tacú leis na córais agus na caighdeáin seo agus chun faisnéis a sholáthar dóibh, ag giniúint faisnéise cainníochtúil faoi fheidhmíocht tógála agus úsáid fuinnimh. Tá uirlisí anailíseacha amhail iniúchtaí fuinnimh agus measúnuithe ar an timthriall saoil (LCAs) ag éirí níos sofaisticiúla agus ceadaíonn siad measúnú a dhéanamh ar roghanna coigilte fuinnimh i ndearadh nua agus i bhfoirgneamh atá ann cheana.\nBhí an réimse oidhreachta tapa chun a éileamh go bhfuil sean-fhoirgnimh glas de bhunadh mar gheall ar a n-fuinneamh i gcorp agus a ndearadh atá oiriúnach don aeráid. Mar sin féin, bhí taighde ag tacú leis an seasamh seo go mall. Tá sé fíor go bhfuil roinnt staidéir LCA le feiceáil go bhfuil an t-airgead fuinnimh agus an tionchar carbóin laghdaithe ag athshlánú foirgneamh stairiúil i gcomparáid le foirgneamh nua a thógáil. Ach tá na staidéir seo beag i raon feidhme, agus tá ard-leibhéal athraitheachta fós ag uirlisí LCA go ginearálta. Tá gá le suirbhéanna ar mhórscála, ar fhéachtóireacht fuinnimh i ngnéithe éagsúla chun comhlacht sonraí iontaofa a thógáil, mar atá le huirlisí LCA níos sofaisticiúla a thugann aghaidh ar chastachtaí foirgneamh atá ann cheana agus ábhair stairiúla. Is féidir comhtháthú nuálach, cás ar chás, a dhéanamh ar chaomhnú agus ar éifeachtúlacht fuinnimh ar fud an domhain, ach ní mór don réimse oidhreachta na sonraí a chomhcheangal go héifeachtach i múnlaí comhsheasmhacha le haghaidh dearadh agus athshó. Leagfadh comhcheangal den sórt sin ar ailtire, pleanálaithe, agus forbróirí eastáit réadaigh costais fuinnimh timthriall saoil na tógála nua i gcomparáid le hathchóiriú a chur i gcomparáid níos éasca.\nChomh maith le feabhas a chur ar an mbosca uirlisí anailíseacha, tá go leor le tairiscint ag an réimse oidhreachta i réitigh dearaidh inbhuanaithe. Tá gá mór le hathchóiriú ar an timpeallacht tógtha i dtíortha tionsclaithe mar gheall ar an ard-úsáid fuinnimh agus ar na rátaí astaíochtaí dé-ocsaíd charbóin. Tá an staid i réigiúin níos lú forbartha ag dul i dtreo coinníollacha den chineál céanna, ach ní bheidh sé ag teacht go fóill ar leibhéil chriticiúla. Ba mhaith leis na réigiúin sin leas a bhaint as úsáid níos forleithne a bhaint as ailtireacht bhréagach, a bhfuil oiriúnú níos fearr aige i gcoitinne don aeráid agus do na hacmhainní áitiúla agus dá bhrí sin a úsáideann níos lú fuinnimh. Is féidir leis an réimse oidhreachta ról tábhachtach a imirt trí eolas áitiúil agus teicnící tógála traidisiúnta a chur chun cinn i réitigh dhearadh inbhuanaithe a thugann an chuid is fearr den teicneolaíocht nua le heolas a bhfuil cáil air le tamall.\nMar a luadh, is tionscal na tógála an tionscal is mó a ghineann dramhaíl agus truailliú, go háirithe sna tíortha tionsclaithe. Cuidíonn rialachán agus díspreagadh, go príomha ar an leibhéal áitiúil, le táirgeadh dramhaíola a laghdú ag an deireadh thiar trí dreasachtaí a chruthú le haghaidh athchúrsála agus díspreagadh le haghaidh neamh-athchúrsála (mar shampla, táillí ard le haghaidh dramhaíola tógála agus scriosadh a dhiúscairt).\nTá an earnáil oidhreachta ag déanamh a chuid oibre trí oibríochtaí sábhála a bhaineann le hailtireacht agus trí bhainistiú ábhair theicsiciúla stairiúla. Mar sin féin, de réir mar a thagann níos mó foirgneamh ón ficheú haois le haistritheoir stairiúla, beidh straitéisí éifeachtacha chun táirgí dramhaíola éagsúla a bhainistiú ríthábhachtach.\nTá an tsaoirseachtas tírdhreacha le feiceáil ar feadh i bhfad ag na bunaíochtaí comhshaoil agus caomhnaithe oidhreachta mar thalamh coiteann. Is féidir le foraoisí agus le spás oscailte a chaomhnú carbóin a cheangal agus éiceachórais a chosaint; is féidir le caomhnú tírdhreacha cultúrtha an próiseas sin a threisiú. Mar sin féin, de bharr méadú ar mhéid an daonra agus ar an imirce ó thír thithe go cathrach a spreagann fás níos mó uirbeach ar fud an domhain, tá pleanáil úsáide talún agus cosaint tírdhreacha ag éirí i bhfad níos casta. Tá imní maidir le hinbhuanaitheacht ag éileamh go gcaithfear scaipeadh forbhaile a shrianadh agus ionaid uirbeacha atá ann cheana a thiomáint ina ionad sin. Is minic a théann densification den sórt sin, mar aon leis an bhforbairt bonneagair a ghabhann leis, i gcoinne aidhmeanna oidhreachta i gcathracha stairiúla níos sine. De réir mar a bhíonn pobail agus réigiúin mhéadarbhaile ag streachailt leis an ngá atá le geilleagair níos láidre agus timpeallachtaí tógtha níos glaine a fhorbairt, ní mór comhréiteachanna deacra a dhéanamh maidir leis an struchtúr uirbeach stairiúil.\nSa Spáinn, mar shampla, áit a bhfuil go leor cathracha stairiúla agus áiteanna stairiúla ag baint tairbhe as cosaint oidhreachta, tá roinnt coimhlintí tar éis teacht ar aghaidh. Tá croí ainmnithe ag Cathair Oidhreachta Domhanda Ávila, atá teoranta ag ballaí meánaoiseacha; le cosaintí i bhfeidhm don lár stairiúil, tá forbairt nua curtha i bhfeidhm i spás oscailte timpeall, ag cruthú spraeála. Tá togra le haghaidh tógáil túr oifige, a d'fhéadfadh forbairt a dhíriú lasmuigh de theorainneacha Oidhreachta Domhanda Seville, i gcoinne coimeádaithe mar gheall ar a thionchar diúltach ar an spéirlín stairiúil. Cé go léiríonn na cásanna seo iarrachtaí inchreidte chun oidhreacht thábhachtach a chaomhnú, léiríonn siad freisin bealaí inar féidir le cuspóirí caomhnaithe dul i gcoinne fás inbhuanaithe uirbeach.\nTá an tírdhreach ina bhfuil an oidhreacht thógtha agus na cúinsí comhshaoil ag crochadh le chéile agus cuireann sé bealaí réasúnta soiléire ar fáil chun spriocanna frithpháirteacha a bhaint amach, cé go bhféadfadh siad a bheith carraigí. Tá naisc idir oidhreacht chultúrtha agus imní eacnamaíocha agus sóisialta níos soiléire ach níl siad sainithe go maith. Ní bhíonn sé chomh deacair sin foirm a chruthú ar bhonn comhoiriúnachta.\nIs é cuspóir bunúsach caomhnú oidhreachta ná suíomhanna tábhachtacha, foirgnimh agus tírdhreacha a chosaint do ghlúin amach anseo. Mar sin féin, tá brú ar chistí poiblí, soláthar laghdaithe talún inléite, leasanna forbartha eastáit réadaigh, cruthú post, agus tosca eile tar éis coimirce a éileamh chun a chuid oibre a réasúnaíocht i dtéarmaí eacnamaíocha. Tá na fórsaí seo, mar aon le fórsaí eile, tar éis an oidhreacht a thrádáil. Mar sin, tá comhpháirtithe nádúrtha (cé nach bhfuil siad toilteanach i gcónaí) le cláir forbartha eacnamaíoch i earnáil na hoidhreachta, go háirithe trí thurasóireacht, ag cur iallach ar chaomhnú a ról a ghlacadh i ngeilleagar polaitiúil inbhuanaithe agus a chuid ranníocaíochtaí le cáilíocht na beatha.\nTá taighde ag fás maidir le heacnamaíocht na caomhnaithe a bhfuil sé mar aidhm aige sochar na caomhnaithe don tsochaí a mheas agus a fheidhm sa mhargadh a thuiscint. Agus turasóireacht ag ionadaíocht do níos mó ná 10 faoin gcéad de OTI ar fud an domhain agus ag cruthú níos mó ná 200 milliún post, tá aird mhéadaithe ar chaomhnú oidhreachta agus turasóireacht ghaolmhara mar uirlisí forbartha eacnamaíochta. Tá na dlíthe agus na cinn a dhéanann beartais ag lorg uimhreacha crua chun éifeachtaí eacnamaíocha na caomhnaithe a chainníochtú agus iad a mheá le hinfheistíochtaí eile. Ag an am céanna, tá eacnamaithe, caomhnóirí, agus daoine eile ag streachailt le modheolaíochtaí a fhorbairt chun luach a chur ar acmhainní cultúrtha agus caomhnú agus a n-éifeachtaí ar cháilíocht na beatha a mheas. Tá easpa eolais ann fós, áfach. Ní dhéantar scrúdú iomlán ar chostais agus ar bhrabús na caomhnaithe chun tuiscint a chur ar fheidhm na caomhnaithe i réimse níos leithne eacnamaíochta agus inbhuanaitheachta úsáid talún chomh maith lena thionchar ar an tsochaí. Dá bhrí sin, tá an bonn chun athchóiriú níos leithne ar bheartas caomhnaithe a chur chun cinn agus chun dreasachtaí eacnamaíocha agus idirghabhálacha eile sa mhargadh a fhorbairt níos mó fós teoranta. Mar atá le hinbhuanaitheacht chomhshaoil, is mó a bhíonn cuspóirí caomhnaithe ag teacht le cinn a bhaineann le coinníollacha agus deiseanna eacnamaíocha a fheabhsú trí thimpeallacht thógtha, is dóichí go gcuirfear imní oidhreachta isteach i bpleanáil inbhuanaitheachta.\nTá méadú daonra an domhain curtha le hathruithe suntasacha déimeagrafacha. Tá tionsclaíocht agus domhandú tar éis cur le imirce idirnáisiúnta agus tuaithe-go-chathair, iar-choilíneachas, athbheochan na ndaoine dúchasacha, agus ardú na sochaí shibhialta eagraithe. Tá na hathruithe seo i gceist le sochaithe i bhfad níos héidirghine agus i gcathracha, agus bíonn athruithe domhain acu i ndíospóireachtaí faoin timpeallacht tógtha agus na cuimhní atá ag éirí níos éagsúla a bhaineann leis.\nMar a luadh, tá an díospóireacht inbhuanaitheachta tar éis úsáid talún agus cleachtais tógála a spreag níos mó atá freagrach ó thaobh an chomhshaoil de i go leor áiteanna. Tá straitéisí bainistíochta fáis ag éirí ina n-uirlisí coitianta do phleanálaithe agus do lucht déanta beartais. Ach, cé go bhfuil réasúnaíochtaí comhshaoil agus eacnamaíocha soiléire ann le haghaidh dlús méadaithe agus stoc foirgneamh níos éifeachtúla ó thaobh fuinnimh de, tá dúshláin spéisiúla ag roghanna an phobail maidir le downzoning agus caomhnú. Tá pobail ag iarraidh dul i ngleic leis na brú ar athfhorbairt agus ar dhínse, dul i ngleic le hinfhlúth daonra nua, prionsabail inbhuanaitheachta a chur i bhfeidhm i gcinntí úsáide talún, agus fós fás a spreagadh. Mar thoradh air sin, tá caomhnú ag éirí ina ghné níos tábhachtaí de phleanáil agus de bhainistiú athraithe uirbeach.\nI measc na ranníocaíochtaí is substaintiúla is féidir leis an réimse oidhreachta a dhéanamh le hinbhuanaitheacht tá a chuid oibre leis na pobail. Trí dhíriú ar chomhthéacsanna cultúrtha agus ar chaidrimh shóisialta, tá uirlisí éifeachtacha forbartha ag réimse na hoidhreachta chun páirtithe leasmhara a chur i bpleanáil atá dírithe ar luach a chabhraíonn le físí comhchoiteanna a mhúnlú do phobail agus dá dtimpeallachtaí. Cuirtear rannpháirtíocht shibhialta chun cinn sna próisis seo, sainaithnítear tuairimí éagsúla agus comhroinnte, agus cinntítear inbhuanaitheacht fhadtéarmach trí fhreagairt a thabhairt ar dhálaí áitiúla. De réir mar a athraíonn an réimse comhshaoil i dtreo pobail a chur i mbun stiúideo, tá na modheolaíochtaí oidhreachta cultúrtha seo ag éirí níos tábhachtaí. Cibé trí thraidisiúin bhunaidh a shábhálann fuinneamh a ionchorprú i ndearadh inbhuanaithe, trí chinneadh a dhéanamh ar na foirgnimh is tábhachtaí a athúsáid, nó trí chinneadh a dhéanamh ar na hacmhainní cultúrtha a chaomhnófar agus ar an gcaoi a chaomhnófar iad tar éis imeachtaí aeráide tubaisteach, cuireann caomhnú oidhreachta bealaí ar fáil chun pleanáil a fheabhsú agus chun athrú a chaibidlíocht sa timpeallacht tógtha, ionas go n-áiritheofar cothromaíocht idir imní éiceolaíochta, sóisialta agus eacnamaíocha.\nAg deireadh an lae, b'fhéidir nach é struchtúr stairiúil an-tábhachtach an struchtúr is éifeachtúla ó thaobh fuinnimh de, b'fhéidir nach é an úsáid talún is fearr é, nó b'fhéidir nach é an t-ioncam is mó a ghineann sé. Tá a luach bunúsach sna buntáistí sóisialta a sholáthraíonn a chaomhnú. Mar sin, cé go bhfuil sé tábhachtach go gcuireann caomhnú le hinbhuanaitheacht chomhshaoil agus eacnamaíoch, is iad a ranníocaíochtaí sóisialta an linchpin. Is é ár gcuid oibre le daoine, le cuimhní agus lena gcódú i gceantair a dhéanann difríocht idir caomhnú oidhreachta laistigh den réimse níos leithne de bhainistiú an chomhshaoil tógtha. Mar sin féin, níl na buntáistí sóisialta a bhaineann le caomhnú go maith a fhoilsiú nó a dhearbhú. Cé go dtuigeann gach duine againn a chreideann i luach na hoidhreachta na buntáistí sóisialta seo go hintleachtúil, braitheann go leor ar chumas an réimse cumarsáid a dhéanamh go forleathan agus a léiriú go héifeachtach - trí thaighde idirdhisciplíneach, cleachtas comhtháite, agus clár oibre beartais nuashonraithe - a fheidhmíocht chun inbhuanaitheacht shóisialta a chur chun cinn.\nTá todhchaí na caomhnaithe oidhreachta tógtha ag brath ar an réimse a bhunú mar chomhpháirt den chóras níos mó chun timpeallacht thógtha inbhuanaithe a bhainistiú. Is féidir linn é sin a dhéanamh trí rannchuidiú leis na trí réimse den triúchomhpháirtíocht inbhuanaitheachta (is é sin, tairbhí comhshaoil, eacnamaíocha agus sóisialta) agus trí thaispeáint cén fáth go gcaithfidh cúraimí sóisialta a bheith níos tábhachtaí uaireanta ná cúraimí eacnamaíocha agus comhshaoil.\nBa cheart don réimse caomhnaithe leanúint de bheith ag díriú ar thaighde comhshaoil, eacnamaíoch agus sóisialta agus méideanna a cheapadh chun na sonraí seo a anailísiú agus a chomhcheangal i gcreat chun cinntí a dhéanamh. Ní mór dó freisin níos mó béime a chur ar thaighde sóisialta féin, chun a chinntiú go bhfuil creidiúnacht ag croíluach luachanna caomhnaithe oidhreachta nuair a mheastar leo i gcoinne imní comhshaoil agus eacnamaíocha. Is dúshlán deacair é seo a bhaint amach agus an gá atá le na bunluachanna seo agus na modheolaíochtaí a ghintear leo a athscrúdú agus a athbhunú. I bhfianaise na réaltachtaí reatha agus an riachtanas mór atá ann do thimpeallacht thógtha inbhuanaithe, tá na nithe seo a leanas tábhachtach a mheas:\nSmaoinigh thar an fhoirgneamh. Cé go laghdaíonn astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa na foirgnimh aonair a dhéanamh níos éifeachtúla ó thaobh fuinnimh de, ní féidir inbhuanaitheacht an chomhshaoil tógtha a bhaint amach ag tógáil ag tógáil. Tá saincheisteanna níos leithne maidir le húsáid talún agus le pobail uirbeacha chomh ríthábhachtach - más rud é nach bhfuil siad níos ríthábhachtach - le cur chuige comhtháite maidir le maolú. Tá sé tábhachtach go ndéanfar foirgneamh stairiúil a athshlánú chun éifeachtúlacht fuinnimh a bhaint amach agus go gcuirfí taighde anailíseach ar bhonn níos fearr le meastóireachtaí ar an timthriall saoil agus le cinntí deartha. Mar sin féin, ní mór don réimse caomhnaithe oidhreachta dul thar a chur chuige traidisiúnta suíomh ar shuíomh chun a chinntiú go bhfuil sé ag streachailt le hinbhuanaitheacht ar leibhéil ar fud na cathrach agus ar fud na réigiúin.\nComhpháirtíocht idir na tíortha Is é an t-idirphlé maidir le hathrú aeráide an rud is mó a léirigh an gaol domhain idir gníomhaíocht áitiúil agus éifeacht dhomhanda. Tá sé de dhualgas ar thaighdeoirí agus cleachtóirí oidhreachta a gcuid oibre áitiúla a chur i gcomhthéacs le háiteanna agus le pobail laistigh de chreat atá ag éirí níos idirnáisiúnta agus tras-chultúrtha. Dá bhrí sin, tá tuiscint mhór ag an réimse oidhreachta ar an gcaoi a bhfuil timpeallachtaí tógtha traidisiúnta ina dtáirge díreach de chultúr, aeráid agus acmhainní áitiúla. Tá líonraí domhanda bunaithe go maith aige freisin chun faisnéis a roinnt faoi eolas na tíre agus faoi theicneolaíocht nua, agus faoi réitigh nuálacha a d'fhéadfaí a bhaint amach trí an dá rud a chumasc. Dá bhrí sin, is féidir leis an réimse oidhreachta cuidiú leis an bhfreagra idir réigiúin thionsclaithe agus réigiúin nach bhfuil chomh forbartha agus eolas nua a ghiniúint óna laigí agus óna láidreachtaí inbhuanaitheachta faoi seach.\nBí páirteach sa phróiseas cruthaitheach. Is minic a mheasann na daoine atá i réimse na n-oidhreachta iad féin mar bhainisteoirí ar an timpeallacht thógtha stairiúil, seachas mar ranníocóirí cruthaitheacha dó. Tá tionchar mór ag cinntí maidir le háiteanna a chaomhnú ar mhúnlú tírdhreacha agus ar fhorbairt phobail. Is éard atá i gceist leis an ról sin ná níos mó rannpháirtíochta a ghlacadh i ndearadh agus i bpleanáil, cibé acu trí fhorbairt hibridí tógála nua a chomhcheanglaíonn teicneolaíocht bhunaidh agus nua nó trí anailíseacha pleanála réigiúnacha chun a chinneadh cá háit a bhfuil athfhorbairt agus dlúsú inghlactha. Tá eolas tábhachtach ag an réimse oidhreachta ar cheart é a chomhtháthú sna próisis sin - eolas a d'fhéadfadh breis eolais a thabhairt do chinntí inbhuanaitheachta.\nDírigh ar chaighdeán, ní ar chainníocht. Tá fócas suntasach ar réimse na hoidhreachta ar mhaoin stairiúla a iniúchadh agus a dhoiciméadú. Mar sin féin, ní gá go gcuirfeadh suímh oidhreachta níos mó le timpeallacht oidhreachta níos fearr nó níos inbhuanaithe. Beidh ar chaomhnú tosaíochtaí a chur agus comhréitigh a dhéanamh maidir leis an méid a chaomhnófar, agus maidir leis an méid atá inghlactha i dtéarmaí athruithe, breisithe agus forbartha iompórtála. Beidh an cumas idirdhealú a dhéanamh idir an rud ba cheart a athrú agus an rud nach ba cheart a athrú (agus cén fáth) ríthábhachtach chun ról na caomhnaithe a dhlisteanacht i bpleanáil inbhuanaitheachta. Má dhíreofar níos mó ar cháilíocht chaomhnú oidhreachta - a éifeachtaí dearfacha ar phobail agus na buntáistí a fhaightear as - seachas ar chainníocht agus ar staid na n-áiteanna cosanta, beidh sé go mór chun imní oidhreachta a ailíniú le hinbhuanaitheacht.\nAnois, níos mó ná riamh, tá an réimse oidhreachta ag tabhairt aghaidh ar an ngá lena chuid ranníocaíochtaí bunúsacha leis an tsochaí agus leis an inbhuanaitheacht a cháilíochtú agus a chainníochtú. Cibé trí thairbhí comhshaoil, eacnamaíocha nó sóisialta, ní mór don réimse a léiriú go láidir conas a fheabhsaíonn sé cáilíocht na beatha do phobail. Is é an chéad chéim tábhachtach a bheith ag athchomhairliú na gcuspóirí maidir le caomhnú oidhreachta chun a chinntiú go n-oibreoidh siad ar mhaithe le leas níos mó chuspóir na hinbhuanaitheachta.\nIs é Erica Avrami stiúrthóir taighde agus oideachais ag an gCiste Domhanda Mhonamóirí agus iarrthóir dochtúireachta in Ollscoil Rutgers, áit a ndíríonn a taighde ar an gcroisitheach de phleanáil inbhuanaitheachta agus caomhnú oidhreachta."} +{"text": "Culture Sustainable Fashion What Is Vegan Leather – and Is It Really Better for the Environment? This broad term is defined mainly by what it does not contain. By Katherine Martinko Senior Writer University of Toronto Katherine Martinko is a writer and expert in sustainable living. She holds a degree in English Literature and History from the University of Toronto. our editorial process Twitter Twitter Katherine Martinko Updated September 17, 2020 Denise Buschkühle wears a black vegan leather dress in Paris, February 2020. Christian Vierig / Getty Images Share Twitter Pinterest Email Culture History Travel Sustainable Fashion Art & Media Holidays Community In This Article Expand Vegan Leather vs. Real Leather Plastic-Based Vegan Leather Plant-Based Vegan Leather Maintenance and Care Vegan leather is defined mainly by what it does not contain – animal skin and other byproducts. It can be made from either plastics or plant matter. There is growing concern about the environmental impact of plastic-based vegan leather and its inability to biodegrade at the end of its life cycle, so the trend towards plant-based vegan leather is growing. Vegan Leather vs. Real Leather Vegan leather is one of the fastest-growing segments of the fashion industry, thanks to shoppers who strive to eliminate animal products from the items they buy. These shoppers are motivated by concerns over animal welfare or the hazardous environmental conditions in which leather hides are typically tanned and stitched into consumer products. Vegan leather is designed to imitate real leather and is made from different kinds of plastics such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polyurethane. However, as shoppers have learned about the environmental impact of these petroleum-based plastics, demand for plant-based alternatives has increased. Recent innovations include vegan leathers made from pineapple leaves, cork, kelp, agave, apple skins, wine-making remnants, kombucha, and more. A tough, hardy material, vegan leather is suitable for footwear, bags, jackets, upholstery, and more. It's durable and long-lasting, but it does not age as gracefully as real leather, nor does it acquire the soft patina that makes real leather so attractive to many consumers. Plastic-based vegan leather does not have the breathability that real leather does, meaning that car upholstery made from it (also known as leatherette) will get wet and sweaty much faster. On the other hand, vegan leather maintains its appearance well over time, can be easily cleaned, and requires less overall maintenance. Plastic-Based Vegan Leather Many vegan leathers are made from petroleum-based plastics: either polyvinyl chloride (PVC) or polyurethane (PU). Polyurethane (PU) Polyurethane leather is made by coating a piece of cotton, nylon, or polyester with a layer of polyurethane, made from a mixture of plastic chemicals and petroleum compounds. A roller adds a grainy texture to the surface to make it look more like real leather. Because PU has fewer layers applied to the fabric than PVC, it tends to be softer and more flexible, making it suitable for nicer vegan leather products. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) PVC is the cheapest form of vegan leather and is used for the lowest-cost goods. It is made in the same way as PU, being applied or laminated to a piece of fabric, but it uses a plasticizing agent called a \"phthalate\" to add softness and flexibility to the material. Phthalates are linked to impaired fertility and reproductive development, so they're best avoided. PVC is considered the most damaging plastic from an environmental perspective, but it's attractive to manufacturers because it's generally cheaper than PU. Plastics and Their Impact on the Environment Neither PVC nor PU breaks down naturally in landfills when discarded, and both risk leaching chemicals into the natural environment. As it disintegrates over time (after 500 years or so), plastic leather will likely contaminate its surroundings with microplastics, which are a hazard to wildlife and marine life; ironically, this causes harm to animals that a shopper may have wished to protect by choosing not to buy real leather in the first place. Plant-Based Vegan Leather The world of plant-based vegan leathers is expanding rapidly as companies experiment and innovate with new ingredients, driven by consumer demand. These are some of the most common natural options. Pineapple One of the biggest names in the plant-based leather world these days is Piñatex, made from pineapple leaf fibers that are a byproduct of the fruit industry. This isn't a new concept; pineapple leaves have been used for centuries to make traditional clothing in the Philippines, which is what creator Dr. Carmen Hijosa used as the basis for her invention. The beauty of Piñatex is that it transforms a waste product into something useful, without requiring any additional land, water, pesticides, or fertilizers. Making it is a more eco-friendly production process than leather, which is notoriously toxic and relies on heavy metals to treat animal hides, nor is there the excessive waste that comes from the irregular shape of the animal's skin. Piñatex has been embraced by several shoemakers, including Puma, Camper, and Bourgeois Bohème. Apple Skin Denmark-based company The Apple Girl transforms apple skins left over from juicing and cider-making into a plant-based leather. \"It’s sustainable, biodegradable and of course vegan,\" the website reads, although some designers, such as SAMARA, do add a thin layer of polyurethane to act as a binding agent. Cork Cork is quite possibly the most amazing, versatile, and eco-friendly material out there. It comes from trees grown throughout the Mediterranean region, and the leather is made by chipping off bark, boiling and shaving it into thin tissue paper-like sheets, and then laminating it into usable pieces of material. The Minimalist Vegan writes, \"The fabric is incredibly durable, elastic and lightweight. Cork leather is also hypoallergenic, anti-fungal and waterproof.\" And it's even good for the trees to have their bark removed periodically. Check out Bobobark for an example of high-end bags made from cork leather. Mushrooms A few companies have been experimenting with growing a leather-like material from mycelium, the vegetative part of a fungus that consists of long, white filaments. MycoWorks, Bolt Threads, and Muskin are all using mycelium to make an alternative leather. Bolt Threads founder Dan Widmaier told Fast Company that the mycelium cells can grow into a very dense fabric that gets \"cut it into slices, and it goes through a process not dissimilar to how animal hides are tanned to become leather, except it’s more environmentally friendly.\" Maintenance and Care The good thing about vegan leather is that its surface is not porous, so stains remain on the top and can be cleaned easily. Use a mild detergent and soft cloth to wipe as needed; you may wish to apply a conditioner afterward, as it is more prone to drying out and cracking than real leather. Avoid storing in direct sunlight, as this can make cracking worse. Vegan leather does not last as long as real leather; it has only one-third of the life expectancy, so keep that in mind when choosing a product to buy. View Article Sources Kay, Vanessa R., et al. \"Reproductive and Developmental Effects of Phthalate Diesters in Females.\" Critical Reviews in Toxicology, vol. 43, no. 3, 2013, pp. 200-219, doi:10.3109/10408444.2013.766149 \"PVC Vs. Polyurethane: A Tubing Comparison.\" Medical Design Briefs, 2015. \"Go PVC-Free.\" Greenpeace.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-31", "url": "https://www.treehugger.com/what-is-vegan-leather-5074132", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154163.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20210801061513-20210801091513-00069.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9498785138, "token_count": 1607, "score": 2.546875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Cultúr Faisean Inbhuanaithe Cad é an Chraiceann Vegan agus An bhfuil sé i ndáiríre níos fearr don chomhshaol? Sainmhínítear an téarma leathan seo go príomha trí na rudaí nach bhfuil ann. De réir Katherine Martinko Scríbhneoir Sinsearach Ollscoil Toronto Is scríbhneoir agus saineolaí i saol inbhuanaithe í Katherine Martinko. Tá céim aici i Litríocht Béarla agus Stair ó Ollscoil Toronto. ár bpróiseas eagarthóireachta Twitter Twitter Katherine Martinko Nuashonraithe 17 Meán Fómhair, 2020 Denise Buschkühle ag caitheamh gúna leathair dubh vegan i bPáras, Feabhra 2020. Christian Vierig / Getty Images Share Twitter Pinterest Email Cultúr Stair Taisteal Fócas Inbhuanaithe Ealaín & Meán laethanta saoire Pobail In An Airteagal seo Expand Léargas Vegan vs. Léargas Fíor-Leargas Léargas Veganach Phrostaí-Bunaithe Léargas Veganach Plandaí-Bunaithe Léargas Veganach Cothabháil agus Cúram Sainmhínítear léargas Vegan go príomha ag an méid nach bhfuil sé ina craiceann ainmhithe agus fo-tháirgí eile. Is féidir é a dhéanamh ó phlaisteach nó ó ábhar plandaí. Tá imní ag méadú faoi thionchar comhshaoil chraiceann vegan a bhfuil bunús plaisteach aige agus a neamhábaltacht a bheith in-bhith-imdhíobhálach ag deireadh a timthrialla, agus mar sin tá an treocht i dtreo chraiceann vegan plandaí ag méadú. Is é leathar vegan ceann de na codanna is mó a fhásann i dtionscal na faisean, a bhuíochas do cheannaitheoirí a dhéanann iarracht táirgí ainmhithe a bhaint as na míreanna a cheannaíonn siad. Tá imní faoi leas ainmhithe nó faoi na coinníollacha comhshaoil contúirteacha ina ndéantar craiceann leathair a ghlanadh agus a shéaladh i dtáirgí tomhaltóra. Tá craiceann vegan deartha chun fíor-chraiceann a shamhlú agus déantar é ó chineálacha éagsúla plaisteach mar chlóiríd polyvinyl (PVC) agus polyurethane. Mar sin féin, de réir mar a d'fhoghlaim ceannaitheoirí faoi thionchar na plaisteach seo atá bunaithe ar phéitról, tá méadú tagtha ar an éileamh ar roghanna eile atá bunaithe ar phlandaí. I measc na nuálaíochtaí le déanaí tá leatháin vegan a dhéantar ó dhuilleoga an phéineas, corcaigh, kelp, agave, craiceann úll, fágtha fíona, kombucha, agus go leor eile. Tá an leathar vegan, ábhar láidir, crua, oiriúnach do chos, málaí, seaicéid, taplaíocht, agus go leor eile. Tá sé marthanach agus fada buan, ach ní bhíonn sé ag dul in aois chomh grásta le fíor-chraiceann, ná ní fhaigheann sé an patina bog a dhéanann an fíor-chraiceann chomh tarraingteach do go leor tomhaltóirí. Ní bhíonn an breathability atá ag leathar vegan atá bunaithe ar phlaisteach mar a dhéanann fíor-chraiceann, rud a chiallaíonn go mbeidh taplaíocht gluaisteán déanta as (ar a dtugtar leatherette freisin) fliuch agus sweaty i bhfad níos tapúla. Ar an láimh eile, coinníonn craiceann vegan a chuma go maith thar am, is féidir é a ghlanadh go héasca, agus ní gá go leor cothabhála i gcoitinne. Craiceann Vegánach Báscálaithe ar Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh Poileuréthan (PU) Déantar leathar poileuréthan trí chiseal cadáis, nailón, nó póiléistear a chlúdach le sraith de phoileuréthan, a dhéantar as meascán de cheimiceáin phlaisteacha agus comhdhúile peitriliam. Cuireann rollach struchtúr grinn ar an dromchla chun go mbeidh sé níos mó cosúil le fíor-chraiceann. Toisc go bhfuil níos lú sraitheanna PU i bhfeidhm ar an bhfábra ná PVC, bíonn sé níos bog agus níos solúbtha, rud a fhágann go bhfuil sé oiriúnach do tháirgí craiceann vegan níos fearr. Is é PVC Clóiríd Polyvinyl (PVC) an cineál is saoire de chraiceann vegan agus úsáidtear é le haghaidh earraí is ísle costais. Déantar é ar an mbealach céanna le PU, á chur i bhfeidhm nó á lámhachadh ar phíosa fabraice, ach úsáideann sé gníomhaire pláistithe ar a dtugtar \"phthalates\" chun bogadh agus solúbthacht a chur leis an ábhar. Tá nasc idir phthalates agus torann ar thorthúlacht agus ar fhorbairt atáirgthe, mar sin is fearr iad a sheachaint. Meastar gurb é PVC an plaisteach is díobhálacha ó thaobh an chomhshaoil de, ach tá sé tarraingteach do mhonaróirí toisc go bhfuil sé níos saoire ná PU de ghnáth. Ní dhéantar PVC ná PU a bhriseadh síos go nádúrtha i líonta talún nuair a dhéantar iad a dhiúscairt, agus tá riosca ag an dá cheann ceimiceáin a leá isteach sa timpeallacht nádúrtha. De réir mar a scriosann sé le himeacht ama (tar éis 500 bliain nó mar sin), is dócha go ndéanfaidh leathar plaisteach a timpeallacht a thruailliú le micreaplaisteach, atá ina mbaol do bheatha fiáine agus mara; go hionraic, bíonn sé seo ina chúis le dochar d'ainmhithe a d'fhéadfadh an siopadóir a chosaint trí roghnú gan leathar fíor a cheannach ar an gcéad dul síos. Craiceann Vegánach Bunsúil Ó Pláinéid Tá domhan na gcraiceann vegánach bunsúil ó pláinéid ag leathnú go tapa de réir mar a dhéanann cuideachtaí turgnamh agus nuálaíocht le comhábhair nua, arna thiomáint ag éileamh na dtomhaltóirí. Seo cuid de na roghanna nádúrtha is coitianta. Píonás Ceann de na hainmneacha is mó i saol na gcraiceann plandaí lá atá inniu ann is ea Piñatex, a dhéantar as snáithíní duille an phainás atá ina thoraíocht ag an tionscal torthaí. Ní coincheap nua é seo; úsáidtear duilleoga an phainéil le céadta bliain chun éadaí traidisiúnta a dhéanamh sna hOileáin Fhilipíneacha, agus is é seo a d'úsáid an cruthaitheoir, an Dr. Carmen Hijosa, mar bhunús dá aireagán. Is é an áilleacht Piñatex go n-athraíonn sé táirge dramhaíola ina rud úsáideach, gan aon talamh, uisce, lotnaidicídí nó leasacháin bhreise a bheith ag teastáil. Is próiseas táirgthe níos cairdiúla don chomhshaol é ná leathar, atá tócsaineach go mór agus a bhíonn ag brath ar mhiotail throm chun craiceann ainmhithe a chóireáil, ná níl an dramhaíl iomarcach a thagann ó chruth neamhrialta craiceann na hainmhithe ann. Tá roinnt brógairí tar éis glacadh le Piñatex, lena n-áirítear Puma, Camper, agus Bourgeois Bohème. Apple Skin Cuireann an chuideachta The Apple Girl atá lonnaithe sa Danmhairg craiceann úll a fhágann as sú agus déantúsaíocht sídear ina chraiceann plandaí. \"Tá sé inbhuanaithe, in-bhithdhíobhálach agus vegan ar ndóigh\", a léann an suíomh Gréasáin, cé go gcuireann roinnt dearthóirí, mar SAMARA, sraith tanaí de pholaireatáin leis chun gníomhú mar ghníomhaire ceangailteach. Cork Is é cork go leor is dócha an chuid is mó iontach, versatile, agus ábhar comhshaoil-chairdiúil amach ann. Tagann sé ó chrainn a fhásann ar fud réigiún na Meánmhara, agus déantar an craiceann trí chraiceann a ghearradh, a bhruith agus a shave i bhileoga tanaí cosúil le páipéar fíocháin, agus ansin é a lamháil i bpíosaí ábhair inúsáidte. Scríobhann an Vegán Íostaí, \"Tá an fabraic thar a bheith buan, solúbtha agus éadrom. Tá craiceann cork hypoallergenic, frith-fongal agus uiscedhíonach freisin\". Agus tá sé fiú go maith do na crainn a gcuid craiceann a bhaint go tréimhsiúil. Féach ar Bobobark mar shampla de bhagaí ard-deireadh a dhéantar as leathar cork. Fongáis Tá roinnt cuideachtaí ag déanamh turgnaimh le ábhar cosúil le craiceann a fhás ó mhiceil, an chuid fhongáis a bhíonn i ngléasra, a bhfuil filimintí fada bán ann. Tá MycoWorks, Bolt Threads, agus Muskin ag úsáid miceil chun leathar malartach a dhéanamh. Dúirt Dan Widmaier, bunaitheoir Bolt Threads, le Fast Company gur féidir leis na cealla miceil a fhás go dtí fabraic an-dlúth a \"scaoileann é i sliceanna, agus téann sé trí phróiseas nach bhfuil difriúil ó conas a dhéantar craiceann ainmhithe a chúnamh chun go mbeidh craiceann ann, ach amháin go bhfuil sé níos cairdiúla don chomhshaol\". Cothabháil agus Cúram An rud maith faoi chraiceann vegan ná nach bhfuil a dromchla porous, mar sin fhanann stains ar an mbarr agus is féidir é a ghlanadh go héasca. Bain úsáid as glantachán éadrom agus clúdach bog chun é a scriosadh de réir mar is gá; b'fhéidir gur mhaith leat cóimhiú a chur i bhfeidhm ina dhiaidh sin, mar go bhfuil sé níos mó seans maith go dtiocfaidh sé amach agus go dtriomaíonn sé ná fíor-chraiceann. Ná stóráil i solas díreach na gréine, mar d'fhéadfadh sé seo creim a dhéanamh níos measa. Ní mhaireann craiceann vegan chomh fada le craiceann fíor; níl ach aon trian den ionchas saoil aige, mar sin coinnigh sin i gcuimhne nuair a roghnaíonn tú táirge le ceannach. Féach Foinsí Airteagal Kay, Vanessa R., et al. \"Eifeachtaí atáirgthe agus forbartha na n-Diestéir Phthalate i mBan\". Athbhreithnithe Criticiúla in Toxicology, vol. 43, ní. 3, 2013, pp. 200-219, doi:10.3109/10408444.2013.766149 \"PVC vs. Polyurethane: Comparáid Tiúbála\". Bríomhanna Dearadh Leighis, 2015. \"Téigh PVC-Free\". Greenpeace."} +{"text": "A negative charge is an electrical property of a particle at the subatomic scale. Physically, it maintains the inverse reaction to positively charged particles, creating a electromagnetic field that demonstrates a certain level of force, keeping both particles in a united and reactive state. The most prevalent example can be found within electrons, which maintain an electromagnetic field with the positively-charged protons. Both these elements are essential to maintaining the integrity of atoms. As such, negative charges are part of the fundamental forces of physics law.\nWhen two negative charges meet, a force known as repulsion is exerted, causing both particles to push away from one another. Inversely, negative and positive charges attract, which is known as Coulomb's law. These two principle properties of charges make up the general basis for the laws of electrodynamics. Certain particles, such as photons, can have a different effect on negative charges, however, causing different reactions to occur. This change in the laws of electrodynamics is the basis for quantum theory, the study of anomalies within the principles of physics.\nElectrons are highly prevalent within the universe and contain no substructures. Smaller than protons, their mass is only 1/1836 of their positively-charged counterparts. They are essential to the activity of magnetism, electricity, and the causes of thermal conductivity. Electrons are also responsible for chemical bonding between elements. This occurs when an electron is shared by an atom or exchanged through the chemical process.\nIt is believed by many scientists that the negative charge found within electrons was established during the Big Bang. Electrons were created in the massive explosion and took their place among other Fermions, or physical forms of particles. Also created at the time was the positron, the antiparticle of the electron. Unlike electrons, however, the charge of a positron is not negative. This means that when collisions occur between the two particles, both are annihilated, creating gamma ray photons in their place.\nNegative charges were first identified by the ancient Greeks. In approximately 600 BC, Thales of Miletus rubbed fur on amber, creating attractive forces. A number of scientists worked through the centuries to identify different forms of electromagnetic interaction, eventually settling on a system that defined different reasons for attraction and repulsion based on materials. In 1839, Michael Faraday identified the existence of different polarities. He defined one of these polarities as maintaining a negative charge, although the distinction between positive and negative charges was purely arbitrary.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-31", "url": "https://www.wise-geek.com/what-is-a-negative-charge.htm", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046152085.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20210805224801-20210806014801-00595.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9571594596, "token_count": 508, "score": 4.09375, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Is éard atá i muirear diúltach ná airíonna leictreacha de chuid páirteil ar scála subatómach. Go fisiciúil, coinníonn sé an imoibriú a mhalairt ar pharaiméadair a bhfuil muirear dearfach orthu, ag cruthú réimse leictreamaighnéadach a léiríonn leibhéal áirithe fórsa, ag coinneáil an dá pharaiméadar i riocht aontaithe agus imoibritheach. Is féidir an sampla is coitianta a fháil laistigh d'eileactrónna, a choinníonn réimse leictreamaighnéadach leis na prótainí a bhfuil muirear dearfach orthu. Tá an dá eilimint seo riachtanach chun sláine na n-aotóim a choinneáil. Mar sin, tá muirir dhiúltacha mar chuid de na fórsaí bunúsacha d'riail na fisice.\nNuair a bhuaileann dhá mhuirear diúltach, déantar fórsa ar a dtugtar frith-bhualadh a fheidhmiú, rud a fhágann go mbogann an dá pharaicéad óna chéile. Ar a mhalairt, tarraingíonn muirir dhiúltach agus dearfacha, ar a dtugtar dlí Coulomb. Is iad an dá phríomh-airíonna seo a bhaineann le muirir an bonn ginearálta do dhlíthe na leictreadainamic. Is féidir le cáithníní áirithe, mar shampla fóitíní, éifeacht dhifriúil a bheith acu ar mhuirir dhiúltacha, áfach, ag cur le imoibrithe éagsúla a tharlaíonn. Is é an t-athrú seo ar dhlíthe an leictreadhinamic an bunús le haghaidh teoiric uimhreacha, staidéar ar neamhghnáchtaí laistigh de phrionsabail na fisice.\nTá leictreoin an-choitianta sa chruinne agus níl aon fho-struchtúr iontu. Níos lú ná prótóin, níl a gcuid mais ach 1/1836 dá gcomhghleacaithe a bhfuil muirear dearfach orthu. Tá siad ríthábhachtach do ghníomhaíocht maighnéadachas, leictreachais, agus cúiseanna na seoltachta teirice. Tá leictreoin freagrach freisin as bannaí ceimiceacha idir eilimintí. Tarlaíonn sé seo nuair a bhíonn leictreon á roinnt ag adamh nó a mhalartú trí phróiseas ceimiceach.\nCreideann go leor eolaithe gur bunaíodh an muirear diúltach a fuarthas laistigh d'eileacróin le linn an Bhreacadh Mór. Cruthaíodh leictreoin sa phléasc ollmhór agus ghlac siad a n-áit i measc Fermions eile, nó foirmeacha fisiciúla de phéarlaicí. Cruthaíodh an positron, frithphéirtíní an leictreon, ag an am freisin. Murab ionann agus leictreoin, áfach, ní dhiúltach í muirear an positrón. Ciallaíonn sé seo nuair a tharlaíonn bualadh idir an dá pharaicéad, go ndéantar an dá pharaicéad a dhíothú, agus go gcruthófar fóitíní raidió gamma ina n-áit.\nBa iad na Gréagaigh ársa a d'aithin na muirir dhiúltacha den chéad uair. I thart ar 600 RC, thalas na Miletus gruaig ar ambar, ag cruthú fórsaí tarraingteach. D'oibrigh roinnt eolaithe trí na céadta bliain chun cineálacha éagsúla idirghníomhaíochta leictreamaighnéadacha a shainaithint, ag socrú sa deireadh ar chóras a shainmhínigh cúiseanna éagsúla le haghaidh tarraingt agus athghabháil bunaithe ar ábhair. Sa bhliain 1839, aithin Michael Faraday go raibh polasaithe éagsúla ann. Sainmhínigh sé ceann de na polasaithe seo mar mhuirear diúltach a choinneáil, cé go raibh an idirdhealú idir muirear dearfach agus diúltach go hiomlán tofa."} +{"text": "Safe Kids Kansas offers kitchen safety reminders\n- on November 20, 2012\nAs the holiday cooking season approaches, Safe Kids Kansas reminds parents and caregivers to check the kitchen for preventable hazards and to supervise children at all times in the kitchen.\n“It’s important to keep cabinets closed and locked, and to store hazardous substances out of reach, but that’s not enough. The most important safety precaution in the kitchen is constant, close, attentive supervision.”\n— Cherie Sage, state director for Safe Kids Kansas\nWhether a child is helping an adult cook or simply watching, he or she should always be actively supervised, which means that the child is in sight and in reach at all times.\n“Burns from spills, steam, hot surfaces and flame can be especially devastating injuries,” Sage said. “Because young children have thinner skin than adults, they burn more severely and at lower temperatures.”\nScald burns from hot liquid or steam are the most common type of burns among children ages 4 and under. A child will suffer a full-thickness burn (third-degree burn) after just three seconds of exposure to 140-degree water.\nSafe Kids Kansas recommends these precautions against kitchen burns:\n• Never leave a hot stove unattended. (Unattended food on the stove is the No. 1 cause of home fires.)\n• Never hold a child while cooking or carrying hot items.\n• Cook on back burners whenever possible, and turn all handles toward the back of the stove.\n• Don’t allow loose-fitting clothing in the kitchen.\n• Keep hot foods and liquids away from the edges of counters and tables. Be especially careful around tablecloths, children can pull hot dishes down onto themselves.\n• Tie up the electrical cords of small appliances. A toddler playing with a dangling cord can pull a toaster or microwave down from a countertop.\nIn addition to hot surfaces, hot liquids and sharp objects, the other major hazard in the kitchen is poison. Store potentially hazardous goods, such as cleaning products and alcohol (including many baking extracts), in locked cabinets out of reach. Also, install a carbon monoxide detector to alert everyone to get out of the house in the event of a buildup of the odorless toxic gas given off by fuel-burning appliances.\n“You know your own children. Don’t give them knives or let them handle anything hot until they have shown the maturity and coordination to do it safely,” Sage said. “Some children mature faster than others, so it’s up to parents to use good judgment about each child’s capabilities.”\nFor more information about safety and burn prevention, visit www.safekids.org.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-48", "url": "http://wellcommons.com/groups/lawrence-douglas-county-health-department/2012/nov/20/safe-kids-kansas-offers-kitchen-safety-r/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398445080.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205405-00334-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9132099748, "token_count": 573, "score": 2.71875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Cuireann Safe Kids Kansas meabhrúcháin sábháilteachta cistine ar fáil\n- an 20 Samhain, 2012\nDe réir mar a bhíonn séasúr cócaireachta na Nollag ag teacht, cuireann Safe Kids Kansas i gcuimhne do thuismitheoirí agus do chúramóirí an chistin a sheiceáil le haghaidh contúirtí is féidir a sheachaint agus maoirseacht a dhéanamh ar leanaí i gcónaí sa chistin.\nTá sé tábhachtach caibinéid a choinneáil dúnta agus faoi ghlas, agus substaintí contúirteacha a stóráil amach ó shroich, ach ní leor sin. Is é an réamhchúram sábháilteachta is tábhachtaí sa chistin maoirseacht leanúnach, dlúth, aireach.\n Cherie Sage, stiúrthóir stáit do Safe Kids Kansas\nCibé an bhfuil leanbh ag cuidiú le duine fásta cócaireacht a dhéanamh nó ag faire ach amháin, ba cheart go mbeadh maoirseacht ghníomhach air nó uirthi i gcónaí, rud a chiallaíonn go bhfuil an leanbh le feiceáil agus inrochtana i gcónaí.\nIs féidir le lascainí ó leithead, gaile, dromchlaí te agus lascainí a bheith ina gcion devastating, a dúirt Sage. Toisc go bhfuil craiceann níos tanaí ag leanaí óga ná daoine fásta, déanann siad lasadh níos déine agus ag teochtaí níos ísle.\nIs iad na dóiteáin scald ó leacht nó gaile te an cineál dóiteáin is coitianta i measc leanaí 4 bliana d'aois agus níos óige. Beidh dóiteán iomlán (dóiteán tríú céim) ag leanbh tar éis trí soicind amháin de bheith nochtaithe in uisce a bhfuil teas 140 céim uirthi.\nMolann Safe Kids Kansas na réamhchúraimí seo i gcoinne dóiteáin chistin:\n• Ná fág stob te gan faireachán riamh. (Tá bia neamhchothaithe ar an stól an Uimh. 1 cúis le tineacha tí.)\n• Ná coinnigh leanbh riamh agus tú ag cócaireacht nó ag iompar earraí te.\n• Cócaireacht ar loscaireacha cúl nuair is féidir, agus cas na láimhseálacha go léir i dtreo chúl an choinche.\n• Ná lig le héadaí a bhfuil a gcuid éadaí sa chistin.\n• Coinnigh bianna te agus leachtacha ar shiúl ó imeall na gcuntar agus na mbord. Bí cúramach go háirithe in aice le clúdach tábla, d'fhéadfadh leanaí miasa te a tharraingt síos orthu féin.\n• Córdaí leictreacha na bhfeistí beaga a cheangal. Is féidir le páiste beag a bhíonn ag imirt le cnaipe crochta toaster nó micreathonn a tharraingt síos ó chúlchlós.\nChomh maith le dromchlaí te, leachtacha te agus rudaí géara, is é an riosca is mó eile sa chistin ná nimhiú. Coinnigh earraí a d'fhéadfadh a bheith contúirteach, mar shampla táirgí glantacháin agus alcól (lena n-áirítear go leor eascair bácála), i gcaibinéid ghlasáilte amach ó shroich. Chomh maith leis sin, suiteáil braiteoir monócsaide carbóin chun gach duine a chur ar an eolas chun dul amach as an teach i gcás go mbunaítear an gáis cheirtheach gan boladh a scaoiltear ó fhearais a dhóann breosla.\nTá aithne agat ar do pháistí féin. 'Ná tabhair sciatháin dóibh ná ná lig dóibh aon rud te a láimhseáil go dtí go mbeidh siad tar éis an aibíocht agus an comhordú a thaispeáint chun é a dhéanamh go sábháilte,' a dúirt Sage. Tá roinnt leanaí ag fás níos tapúla ná leanaí eile, mar sin is ar na tuismitheoirí a bheith in ann breithiúnas maith a dhéanamh ar chumas gach linbh.\nLe haghaidh tuilleadh eolais faoi shábháilteacht agus cosc a chur ar dhóiteáin, tabhair cuairt ar www.safekids.org."} +{"text": "UNESCO handbook on measuring cultural participation\nMeasuring Cultural Participation is the second of a series of handbooks produced by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) to build upon the concepts set out in the 2009 UNESCO Framework for Cultural Statistics. The handbook presents current trends in measuring cultural participation.\nThe handbook provides a state-of-the-art reference guide for the measurement of cultural participation and consumption, with particular attention to its feasibility in developing countries. It includes and comments on examples from national and international case studies.\nDownload pdf. Measuring Cultural Participation\nWhile cultural expressions are alive and ever-changing, models to gauge their impact have not kept pace. How can we measure cultural acts, such as partaking in a traditional ceremony, playing an instrument or visiting a museum virtually? In today’s world of technological advances, how does the Internet affect cultural practices? Do age and gender play a role in people’s level of cultural participation?\nThis edition presents current trends in measuring cultural participation. By focusing mainly on quantitative approaches, it presents an overview of data collection instruments from around the world.\nThe report also identifies best practices for countries to follow, as well as a checklist of critical topics for designing future surveys. This handbook serves as an important resource for organizations involved in collecting data on cultural participation.\nSteering away from the traditional view of cultural practices, the UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) is developing new guidelines which can be applied across countries to measure cultural participation globally.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-47", "url": "https://culture360.asef.org/resources/unesco-handbook-measuring-cultural-participation", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039744320.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20181118073231-20181118095231-00532.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9004209042, "token_count": 307, "score": 2.6875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Leabhrán UNESCO maidir le rannpháirtíocht chultúrtha a thomhas\nIs é Measuring Cultural Participation an dara ceann de shraith lámhleabhair a d'eisigh Institiúid Staidrimh UNESCO (UIS) chun tógáil ar na coincheapa atá leagtha amach i gCreat 2009 UNESCO le haghaidh Staidrimh Chultúrtha. Cuireann an lámhleabhar treochtaí reatha i thomhas rannpháirtíochta chultúrtha i láthair.\nSoláthraíonn an lámhleabhar treoir thagartha nua-aimseartha chun rannpháirtíocht agus tomhaltas cultúrtha a thomhas, agus aird ar leith á tabhairt ar a indéantacht i dtíortha i mbéal forbartha. Cuimsíonn sé agus tugann sé tuairimí ar shamplaí ó chás-staidéir náisiúnta agus idirnáisiúnta.\nÍoslódáil pdf. Rannpháirtíocht Chultúrtha a thomhas\nCé go bhfuil léiriúcháin chultúrtha beo agus ag athrú i gcónaí, ní raibh samhlacha chun a dtionchar a thomhas ag coinneáil suas. Conas is féidir linn gníomhartha cultúrtha a thomhas, mar shampla páirt a ghlacadh i searmanas traidisiúnta, uirlisí ceoil a imirt nó músaem a chuairteáil go fíorúil? Sa saol atá againn inniu de na dul chun cinn teicneolaíochta, conas a dhéanann an tIdirlíon difear do chleachtais chultúrtha? An bhfuil ról ag aois agus inscne i leibhéal rannpháirtíochta cultúrtha daoine?\nCuirtear treochtaí reatha i láthair sa eagrán seo maidir le rannpháirtíocht chultúrtha a thomhas. Trí dhíriú go príomha ar chur chuige cainníochtúla, cuireann sé forbhreathnú ar ionstraimí bailithe sonraí ó gach cearn den domhan.\nSa tuarascáil, sainaithnítear na cleachtais is fearr a d'fhéadfadh tíortha a leanúint, chomh maith le liosta seiceála de théamaí ríthábhachtacha chun suirbhéanna amach anseo a dhearadh. Tá an lámhleabhar seo ina acmhainn thábhachtach d'eagraíochtaí a bhfuil baint acu le sonraí a bhailiú maidir le rannpháirtíocht chultúrtha.\nAg dul ar shiúl ón dearcadh traidisiúnta ar chleachtais chultúrtha, tá Institiúid Staidrimh UNESCO (UIS) ag forbairt treoirlínte nua ar féidir iad a chur i bhfeidhm ar fud na dtíortha chun rannpháirtíocht chultúrtha a thomhas go domhanda."} +{"text": "The Materials Sourcebook for Design Professionals\nToday's technological advancements have resulted in traditional materials being used in increasingly innovative ways; designers are able to push the materials they use to their limits. Understanding these materials helps designers make inspired, practical decisions with confidence. The Materials Sourcebook for Design Professionals provides comprehensive, accurate information about the basic materials with which designers work on a daily basis, as well as a complete breakdown of new and exciting developments in high-tech materials.\nThis inspiring and useful book is organized into six main sections on all the major design material groups: Metal, Plastic, Wood, Plant, Animal, and Mineral. Each section is broken down into chapters examining individual types of material within each larger group. Nearly one hundred material types are featured, each one supported by examples of how it can be used in a variety of industries, an outline of its most desirable properties, and details about its form and texture.\nWith 450 vibrant illustrations and a clear and accessible layout, this long-term reference tool covers everything designers need to know about the materials they use habitually so they can continue to use them better.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-39", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN9780500518540&hl=en", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057598.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20210925052020-20210925082020-00586.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9248640537, "token_count": 225, "score": 2.953125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "An Leabhar Foinse Ábhair do Phroifisiúntaí Dearadh\nTá dul chun cinn teicneolaíoch na laethanta seo mar thoradh ar úsáid ábhair thraidisiúnta ar bhealaí atá ag éirí níos nuálaíocha; tá dearthóirí in ann na hábhair a úsáideann siad a bhrú go dtí a gcuid teorainneacha. Cabhraíonn tuiscint ar na hábhair seo le dearthóirí cinntí spreagtha, praiticiúla a dhéanamh le muinín. Soláthraíonn an Leabharlann Foinse Ábhair do Phroifeiseantaithe Dearadh faisnéis chuimsitheach, cruinn faoi na bunábhair a oibríonn dearthóirí go laethúil leo, chomh maith le miondealú iomlán ar fhorbairtí nua agus spreagúla i ábhair ardteicneolaíochta.\nTá an leabhar spreagúil agus úsáideach seo eagraithe i sé phríomh-alt ar na príomhghrúpaí ábhair dearaidh: Miotail, Plastaic, Crann, Plannta, Ainmhí, agus Mionraí. Tá gach rannán roinnte ina chaibidil ag scrúdú cineálacha aonair ábhar laistigh de gach grúpa níos mó. Tá beagnach céad cineál ábhair i láthair, agus tá samplaí de conas is féidir é a úsáid i dtionscail éagsúla, léargas ar a chuid airíonna is inmhianaithe, agus sonraí faoina fhoirm agus a struchtúr ag tacú le gach ceann acu.\nLe 450 léargas beoga agus leagan amach soiléir inrochtana, cuimsíonn an uirlis tagartha fadtéarmach seo gach rud a theastaíonn ó dhearthóirí a bheith ar an eolas faoi na hábhair a úsáideann siad de ghnáth ionas gur féidir leo leanúint ar aghaidh ag úsáid níos fearr iad."} +{"text": "Practice exam questions, exam 2\nThe cardiovascular system is essentially a transport system. What does it transport besides blood?\nsubstrates for energy production, immunocompetent cells, heat\nThe left ventricle is a part of the _______ circulation.\nThe fibers of the median layer of cardiac muscle run in which direction?\nWhat is true of diastole?\nan increased heart rate shortens diastole more than systole\nWhat causes the valves of the heart to open and close, allowing the blood to pass from chamber to chamber ?\nchanges in pressure between the chambers\nWhat is isovolumetric contraction?\ncontraction of the ventricle with increased pressure, but without change in volume\nWhat is enddiastolic volume\nthe maximum volume of the entire cycle\nWhat is stroke volume?\ndifference between enddiastolic volume and endsystolic volume\nWhat generates the initial action potential in a healthy heart?\nThe term inotropic refers to what type of effect?\nchange in force of contraction\nWhat is the correct order of receipt of action potentials in the heart?\nSA node, AV node, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers\nIf the SA node fails, the AV node takes over heart rate determination. How do the rates of these two node compare?\nAV node is slower\nWhat is the purpose of the AV node on depolarization?\nIn regards to the heart, what does the parasympathetic nervous system not innervate?\nleft and right ventricles\nWhat is the term for a change in speed of conduction?\nThe SA node is also known as what?\nthe pacemaker of the heart\nIncreased contractility results in what /\nincreased stroke volume\nAn electrocardiogram is a measure of what?\nelectrical events in the heart\nWhen a lead is placed on each arm and the left leg, what is created?\nWhat is meant by Lead II?\nthe area between electrodes 1 and 3\nWhat is the signal difference between the Goldberger method versus the Einthoven method?\nGoldberger is stronger\nHow is the placement of electrode different in Wilson's method?\nit uses electrodes on the chest\nWhat does the QRS interval measure?\nWhat paper speed gives a better idea of random rhythmic events?\nWhat is the major difference between a vectorcardiogram and an electrocardiogram?\nvectorcardiogram shows all 3 leads, while ECG shows just one\nWhat grades of heart murmurs are defined by the 'palpable thrill'?\n5 and 6\nHow are murmurs generated?\nturbulent blood flow\nwhat is the main limitation of the vectorcardiogram?\ncannot determine the duration of time when the heart is either completely repolarized or depolarized\nWhat is a compensator pause?\ntime between ventricular extrasystole and supraventricular extrasystole\nWhat is the major difference between fibrillation and flutter?\nfibrillation is faster\nWhat is a myocardial infarction?\nblockage of the coronary arteries\nWhat is the minimum cardia output?\nminimum amount of blood the tissues need to maintain their metabolism\nWhat are heart sounds?\nsounds created by movement of blood and vibrations of the muscles and valves\nWhat creates a machinery murmur?\ncombination of stenotic and insufficient valves; PDA\nWhat is the largest loop in a vectorcardiogram?\nWhat is a characteristic of a ventricular pacemaker?\nno P waves\nWhat is a nomotropic disturbance that is physiological (normal) in dogs?\nWhat is a characteristic of 2nd degree AV block?\nWhat can create the appearance of atrial fibrillation in a normal dog?\nModerate damage to the heart can cause what other actions by the body ?\nkidneys to retain fluid\nMaximum cardiac output is limited by what factor?\nstroke volume and heart rate\nSinus bradycardia is an issue with what?\nSA node establishing a rate that is too low\nWhat can cause an interruption of signal between the AV node and the Bundle of His?\nextreme vagal tone, infection, ischemia\nA stenotic aortic valve would create a murmur during what event?\nWhat is a signal on an EKG of supraventricular extrasystole?\nnegative P wave\nVentricular extrasystole is characterized by what EKG event?\ninverted T wave\nWhat is a decrease or stoppage in the rate of conduction of the impulse through the AV node and Bundle of His?\nHow may heart failure manifest itself?\noverloading the heart through increased cardiac output\nWhat grade of heart murmur has a loud murmur without a palpable thrill?\nOn an ECG what event indicates the presence of a myocardial infarction?\ndeep Q wave\nWhat event occurs during 3rd degree AV block?\natria and ventricles beat at different rates\nWhat characterizes an incompetent murmur?\nWhich is not a type of heart failure?\nWhat is a sign of a shifting pacemaker?\naltered P wave or PQ segment\nWhat happens after initial heart failure?\nedema, overstretching of the heart muscle, ventricular dialation\nWhen the right heart fails, edema or fluid buildup occurs where?\nArterio-venous shunts and low resistance to blood flow cause what type of heart failure?\nHow do ventricular septal defects cause heart failure?\nthickening of the left ventricle\nWhat type of vessels normally regulate blood flow?\nWhat is caused by a metabolic vitamin B deficiency?\nloss of arteriolar tone\nWhat happens in extreme cases of ventricular hypertrophy?\ninability to eject enough blood", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-07", "url": "https://quizlet.com/10598079/physiology-of-the-heart-flash-cards/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701168065.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193928-00339-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8580349088, "token_count": 1215, "score": 3.359375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Ceisteanna tástála cleachtais, tástáil 2\nIs córas iompair é an córas cardashoithíoch go bunúsach. Cad a iompar sé seachas fola?\nsubstaintí le haghaidh táirgeadh fuinnimh, cealla imdhíonachta, teas\nTá an ventricle clé mar chuid den scaipeadh _______.\nAn sreangann snáithíní an chiseal lárnach de mheánchridhe i gceap?\nCad atá fíor maidir le diastole?\ngearrann ráta croí méadaithe diastole níos mó ná systole\nCad a fhágann go n-osclaíonn agus go ndúnann comhlaí an chroí, rud a ligeann don fhuil dul ó champaill go campail?\nathruithe ar an brú idir na ceamaraí\nCad é an comhtharraingt isovolumetric?\ncomhthráthú an ventricle le brú méadaithe, ach gan athrú ar an toirt\nCad é toirte diastólach deiridh\nan toirte uasta den timthriall iomlán\nCad é toirte stróc?\ndifríocht idir toirte enddiastolic agus toirte endsystolic\nCad a ghineann an cumas gníomhaíochta tosaigh i gcroí sláintiúil?\nCéard é an cineál éifeacht a bhaineann leis an téarma inotropic?\nathrú ar neart na géarmhíneachta\nCad é an t-ord ceart a fháil ar chumas gníomhaíochta sa chroí?\nNóid SA, nóid AV, brainsí bundle, snáithíní Purkinje\nMá theipeann ar an nóid SA, glacann an nóid AV cinneadh ráta croí. Conas a dhéanann na rátaí na dhá nóid seo comparáid?\nAV nóid níos moille\nCad é cuspóir an nóid AV ar dhíbhluaiteacht?\nMaidir leis an gcroí, cad nach bhfuil an córas néaróg parasympathetic nerve?\nventricles clé agus ceart\nCad é an téarma le haghaidh athrú i luas na hiondúchta?\nIs é an nóid SA ar a dtugtar freisin mar cad?\nan t-uaireadóir croí\nMar thoradh ar chontrachtacht mhéadaithe cad é /\nméadú ar líon stróc\nIs tomhas é leictreacardiogram de cad?\nimeachtaí leictreacha sa chroí\nNuair a chuirtear luaidhe ar gach lámh agus ar an gcosa chlé, cad a cruthaítear?\nCad a chiallaíonn Lead II?\nan limistéar idir leictreodaí 1 agus 3\nCad é an difríocht chomhartha idir modh Goldberger i gcoinne modh Einthoven?\nGoldberger is mó\nCén chaoi a bhfuil an suíomh leictreódach difriúil i modh Wilson?\nÚsáidtear leictreoga ar an gcraiceann\nCad a thomhas leis an eagar QRS?\nCén luas páipéir a thugann smaoineamh níos fearr ar imeachtaí rithimiciúla randamacha?\nCad é an difríocht is mó idir veictearcardiogram agus electrocardiogram?\nTaispeánann veictearcardiogram na 3 thréimhse go léir, agus ní léiríonn ECG ach ceann amháin\nCad iad na leibhéil de bhrón croí a shainmhínítear leis an 'thrill phláintiúil'?\n5 agus 6\nConas a ghineann murmurs?\nsruth fola corraitheach\nCad é an phríomhshrianta a bhaineann le veictearcardiogram?\nní féidir a chinneadh an fad ama nuair a bhíonn an croí ar aispolaráilte go hiomlán nó neamhpolaráilte\nCad é sos cúitimh?\nan t-am idir extrasystole ventricular agus extrasystole supraventricular\nCad é an príomhdhifríocht idir fibrillation agus flutter?\ntá an fibrillation níos tapúla\nCad é ionfhabhtú miocárdaí?\nclogadh ar na hairteoirí corónach\nCad é an t-íos-chruth cardia?\nan méid íosta fola a theastaíonn ó na fíocháin chun a meitibileacht a chothabháil\nCad iad fuaimeanna croí?\nfuaimeanna a chruthaítear ag gluaiseacht fola agus le cith na matáin agus na bhalfáin\nCad a chruthaíonn an bhruith meaisín?\ncomhcheangal de bhalbhanna stenotic agus neamhdhóthanacha; PDA\nCad é an lúb is mó i gcártachárta veicteora?\nCad é an tréith atá ag pacemaker ventricular?\naon tonn P\nCad é an cur isteach nomotropic atá fisiceolaíoch (nádúrtha) i madraí?\nCad é an saintréith ar bhac AV 2ú céim?\nCad is féidir a chruthú an chuma ar fibrillation atrial i madra gnáth?\nCad iad na gníomhartha eile a d ' fhéadfadh an corp a dhéanamh de bharr damáiste measartha don chroí ?\nna duáin chun sreabhach a choinneáil\nCad é an fachtóir a chuireann teorainn ar an méid is mó a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ag an gcroí?\nméid stróc agus ráta croí\nIs bradycardia sinus fadhb le cad?\nNód SA a shocraíonn ráta atá ró-íseal\nCad is féidir a chur ina chúis le cur isteach ar an comhartha idir an nóid AV agus an Bundle His?\nton vagal mhór, ionfhabhtú, ischemia\nA stenotic aorta valve a chruthú murmur le linn cad ócáid?\nCad é an comhartha ar ECG de extrasystole supraventricular?\ntonn P diúltach\nCad é an tréith a bhaineann le extrasystole ventricular le himeacht ECG?\ntonn T a thionchar\nCad é laghdú nó stopadh i ráta na hiompar an impulse trí an nóid AV agus Bundle de chuid?\nConas a d'fhéadfadh teip croí a bheith le feiceáil?\nró-ualach ar an gcroí trí mhéadú ar chaighdeán cardasach\nCad é an grád de bhrú croí a bhfuil bhrú ard gan thrill palpable?\nAr ECG cén ócáid a léiríonn go bhfuil ionfartacht myocardial ann?\ntonn Q domhain\nCad é an t-imeacht a tharlaíonn le linn bloc AV 3ú céim?\nbuilleanna agus ventricles buille ag rátaí éagsúla\nCad é a shainaithníonn gur murmuring neamhchomhoiriúnach é?\nNach cineál neamhthriomaithe croí é?\nCad é comhartha mar gheall ar pacemaker ag bogadh?\ntonn P nó píosa PQ a athrú\nCad a tharlaíonn tar éis an fhadhb croí tosaigh?\nedema, ró-scéim na matáin croí, diallacht ventricula\nNuair a mhaireann an croí ceart, cá tharlaíonn edema nó cruinniú leachta?\nCad é an cineál teip croí a bhíonn mar thoradh ar shunts artery-venous agus ar fhriotaíocht íseal i gcoinne sreabhadh fola?\nConas a dhéanann lochtanna septal ventricular easnamh croí?\ntiúsú an ventricle clé\nCén cineál soithigh a rialaíonn sreabhadh fola de ghnáth?\nCad a tharlaíonn de bharr easpa vitimín B meitibileach?\ncaillteanas tonus arteriolaire\nCad a tharlaíonn i gcásanna iomarcacha de hipeirtreofáil ventricula?\nneamhábaltacht fuil a chaitheamh amach go leor"} +{"text": "It’s September, 2014. Student Government elections are just around the corner. Izzy Wang faces a tough decision. Does she take a leap and run for fifth grade representative, or play it safe and wait another year to run. She’s excited about the idea of being a leader in her first year of middle school; however, she is terrified of what people will think of her as she delivers her speech. Her hands are shaking and clammy and her heart begins to pound. She feels as though she’s standing on the edge of a high dive staring down at the water below. The fear of taking the plunge overrides the thrill of overcoming this challenge. Feeling disappointed in herself, but at the same time relieved, she reluctantly heads back down the ladder. She decides not to run for Student Government. She wonders how she’ll ever gain the courage to one day not fear speaking in front of her peers.\nFast-forward to sixth grade Science Fair. The sixth grade class needs to prepare a debate to present in front parents and students. Every student must speak during the debate. Izzy is, once again, terrified. How will she ever overcome her fear of public speaking? Izzy decides she needed to talk to someone about her concerns. She brings up the subject during advisory one day and finds out that she’s not the only one who’s afraid to speak in public. The advisory discusses the reason for their fears. Students who are comfortable speaking in front of a group talk about strategies they use to improve their public speaking. Izzy then practices her portion of the debate in front of smaller audiences. Once she’s confident in the material, she begins to realize that she probably won’t be the worst speaker because she’s done so much to prepare. Although her hands are still clammy, and the butterflies are flitting about in her stomach, Izzy approaches the podium on the night of Science Fair and delivers her cross examination and second response. Her family, her peers, and her teachers are all impressed with her confident delivery.\nIzzy gains confidence from her sixth grade debate. She is now able to give presentations in class without breaking down, although it’s still an extremely nerve-wracking thing for her to do. In seventh grade, she practices her public speaking at the Humanities Fair and various other projects throughout the year. The seventh graders even have an 80-minute class dedicated to public speaking to help prepare the students for Science Fair. Finally, in 8th grade, she’s gained enough confidence through all her years of practicing to run for student representative. This is her last year at Shaker Road School, and she knows she needs to run. After giving a fantastic speech, Izzy is voted class representative by her peers.\nIzzy is an example of courage and self-advocacy. Even though she was afraid of speaking in public, she did it. She didn’t have to run for rep, but she wanted to, and she did. She addressed her fears and advocated for herself by practicing her presentation many times, talking to her advisory, and receiving feedback. Although Izzy is still afraid of public speaking, she now has more confidence in herself and her abilities.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-47", "url": "http://shakerroadschool.org/2018/02/courage-self-advocacy-take-plunge-thrill-worth/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039743282.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20181117040838-20181117062838-00209.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9790071845, "token_count": 662, "score": 3.0, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá sé Meán Fómhair, 2014. Tá toghcháin Rialtais na Mac Léinn díreach timpeall an choirnéil. Tá cinneadh deacair le déanamh ag Izzy Wang. An ndéanfaidh sí léim agus a reáchtáil le haghaidh ionadaí cúige grád, nó é a imirt sábháilte agus fanacht bliain eile chun rith. Tá sí ar bís le bheith ina ceannaire ina chéad bhliain ar scoil mheán; áfach, tá eagla uirthi faoi na rudaí a cheapfaidh daoine di agus í ag tabhairt a cainte. Tá a lámha ag crith agus clammy agus a croí a thosaíonn a thumpáil. Tá sé cosúil go bhfuil sí ina seasamh ar imeall an tumadóireachta ard ag breathnú síos ar an uisce thíos. Tá an eagla a bhíonn ar an duine dul isteach sa dúshlán níos mó ná an spreagadh a bhíonn aige an dúshlán seo a shárú. Agus í ag mothú díomá uirthi féin, ach ag an am céanna ag mothú faoiseamh, téann sí ar ais síos an scála gan a bheith ag iarraidh. Cinntíonn sí gan a bheith ag rith do Rialtas na Mac Léinn. N'fheadar conas a gheobhaidh sí an misneach lá amháin gan eagla a bheith aici labhairt os comhair a comhghleacaithe.\nAg dul ar aghaidh go dtí an tSeachtú Grád Eolaíocht Fair. Ní mór don rang séú grád díospóireacht a ullmhú chun a chur i láthair os comhair tuismitheoirí agus daltaí. Caithfidh gach mac léinn labhairt le linn an díospóireachta. Tá Izzy, arís, eagla. Conas a sháróidh sí a eagla ar labhairt i láthair an phobail? Cinneann Izzy go raibh gá aici labhairt le duine éigin faoina imní. Tarraingíonn sí an t-ábhar suas le linn comhairle lá amháin agus faigheann sí amach nach í an t-aon duine a bhfuil eagla uirthi labhairt i bpobal. Déileálann an chomhairleoir leis an gcúis lena n-eagla. Labhraíonn mic léinn atá compordach ag labhairt os comhair grúpa faoi straitéisí a úsáideann siad chun a gcuid labhairt poiblí a fheabhsú. Ansin, cleachtann Izzy a cuid díospóireachta os comhair lucht féachana níos lú. Nuair a bhíonn sí muiníneach sa ábhar, tosaíonn sí ag tabhairt faoi deara nach dócha go mbeidh sí ar an labhraí is measa toisc go bhfuil an oiread sin ullmhúcháin déanta aici. Cé go bhfuil a lámha fós greamaithe, agus go bhfuil na féileacáin ag flirtáil timpeall ina bolg, téann Izzy i dteagmháil leis an mbóthar ar oíche an Ealaíon Eolaíochta agus déanann sí a croise-cheistiú agus an dara freagra. Tá a teaghlach, a comhghleacaithe, agus a múinteoirí go léir iontas uirthi mar go bhfuil sí muiníneach as a hais.\nFaigheann Izzy muinín as a díospóireacht séú grád. Tá sí in ann a bheith ag tabhairt cur i láthair sa rang gan a bheith ag titim síos, cé go bhfuil sé fós ina rud an-neartaitheach di a dhéanamh. Sa seachtú grád, cleachtann sí a labhairt poiblí ag an Earraigh Daonnachta agus ar thionscadail éagsúla eile i rith na bliana. Tá rang 80 nóiméad ag na seachtú grád fiú tiomanta do labhairt i láthair an phobail chun cabhrú leis na mic léinn ullmhú don Fhóram Eolaíochta. Faoi dheireadh, sa 8ú grád, fuair sí go leor muiníne trí na blianta go léir a chleachtadh chun dul i mbun ionadaí mac léinn. Is é seo a bliain dheireanach ag Scoil Shaker Road, agus tá a fhios aici go gcaithfidh sí rith. Tar éis di óráid iontach a thabhairt, vótálann a comhghleacaithe Izzy mar ionadaí a rang.\nIs sampla de misneach agus féin-aistriú é Izzy. Cé go raibh eagla uirthi labhairt i bpobal, rinne sí é. Ní raibh sí chun rith le haghaidh rep, ach bhí sí ag iarraidh, agus rinne sí. D'fhreagair sí a eagla agus thug sí aire di féin trína chur i bhfeidhm a chur i láthair go minic, ag caint lena chomhairleoir, agus ag fáil aiseolas. Cé go bhfuil eagla ar Izzy fós ag labhairt i láthair an phobail, tá níos mó muiníne aici anois as féin agus as a cuid scileanna."} +{"text": "The vast majority of government buildings are failing to meet their own departmental carbon offsetting targets.\nAccording to the government's spending watchdog, the £3 billion that departments spend annually on making new construction projects and refurbishments is not lowering their environmental impact as intended.\nThe government is promoting offsetting as a way to reduce energy consumption, carbon dioxide emissions and the use of resources such as water by using reclaimed and recycled materials.\nToday's National Audit Office (NAO) report says that in 2005-06 only 37 per cent of new government buildings and 18 per cent of major refurbishment projects carried out environmental assessments.\nOf those that did, just nine per cent achieved the required standard.\nThe NAO's own evaluation of non-assessed departments found that four-fifths would have failed the government's targets.\nBut the report does cite good examples of carbon offsetting in refurbishments in the offices of the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) and the Treasury.\nSir John Bourn, head of the NAO, said that a fragmented approach, a lack of knowledge and a perceived conflict between sustainability and value were preventing the government from hitting its targets.\n\"When I last reported on construction in 2005, I emphasised the need to consider both the costs and benefits over the whole life of a building, not just the initial capital required,\" he said.\n\"Despite this, today's report highlights a continuing failure by departments to consider the long-term value of sustainability in their new builds and refurbishments. This is particularly disappointing given the importance of sustainability in promoting a deeper understanding of value for money.\n\"Government departments and agencies spend in the region of £3 billion each year on new builds and major refurbishments. If sustainability is well handled, and addressed at the very beginning of construction projects, it can and should provide better value for money in the long term.\"\nIn an article for website Politics.co.uk, environment minister Ian Pearson denied the government was placing too much emphasis on offsetting.\n\"No one is suggesting that offsetting is the only thing we need to tackle climate change,\" he insisted.\n\"However when it is done effectively, it can reduce the impact of our actions and has an important role to play in the global fight against climate change.\"\nClick here to run an energy price comparison, and see if you could be paying less for your gas and electricity.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-47", "url": "https://www.ukpower.co.uk/gas_electricity_news/govt-buildings-missing-own-emission-targets", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039742970.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20181116025123-20181116051123-00116.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9614614248, "token_count": 498, "score": 2.765625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá an chuid is mó de na foirgnimh rialtais ag teip ar a spriocanna féin maidir le cúiteamh carbóin a chomhlíonadh.\nDe réir an rialtas a chaitear ag faire ar chaiteachas, ní bhíonn an £3 billiún a chaitheann ranna gach bliain ar thionscadail nua tógála agus athchóirithe ag laghdú a dtionchar ar an gcomhshaol mar a bhí beartaithe.\nTá an rialtas ag cur cúiteamh chun cinn mar bhealach chun tomhaltas fuinnimh, astaíochtaí dé-ocsaíd charbóin agus úsáid acmhainní mar uisce a laghdú trí ábhair athshlánaithe agus athchúrsáilte a úsáid.\nDeir tuarascáil na hOifige Iniúchóireachta Náisiúnta (NAO) inniu nach ndearnadh measúnuithe comhshaoil ach 37 faoin gcéad de fhoirgnimh rialtais nua agus 18 faoin gcéad de thionscadail móra athchóirithe i 2005-06.\nDe na cinn a rinne, ní raibh ach naoi faoin gcéad acu ag an gcaighdeán riachtanach.\nFuair meastóireacht an NAO féin ar ranna nach ndearnadh measúnú orthu go mbeadh ceithre chúigiú cuid acu tar éis spriocanna an rialtais a shárú.\nAch luaitear san tuarascáil samplaí maithe de chomhthiomsú carbóin i n-athchóiriú oifigí na Roinne Comhshaoil, Bia agus Gnóthaí Tuaithe (Defra) agus an Chiste.\nDúirt Sir John Bourn, ceann an NAO, go raibh cur chuige sracfhillte, easpa eolais agus coinbhleacht a mheastar idir inbhuanaitheacht agus luach ag cur bac ar an rialtas a spriocanna a bhaint amach.\n\"Nuair a d'fhógair mé an tuarascáil dheireanach maidir le tógáil i 2005, leag mé béim ar an ngá atá le costais agus tairbhí a mheas thar shaolré iomlán foirgneamh, ní hamháin an caipiteal tosaigh a theastaíonn\", a dúirt sé.\n\"In ainneoin seo, léiríonn tuarascáil an lae inniu go bhfuil na ranna ag teastáil go leanúnach chun luach fadtéarmach na inbhuanaitheachta a mheas ina gcuid tógála nua agus athchóirithe. Tá sé seo díomá go háirithe i bhfianaise tábhacht na hinbhuanaitheachta maidir le tuiscint níos doimhne ar luach ar airgead a chur chun cinn.\n\"Caitheann ranna agus gníomhaireachtaí rialtais thart ar £3 billiún gach bliain ar thograí nua agus ar athchóiriú mór. Má dhéantar inbhuanaitheacht a láimhseáil go maith, agus má dhéantar aghaidh air ag tús tionscadail tógála, is féidir agus ba cheart dó luach níos fearr a sholáthar do airgead san fhadtéarma\".\nI n-alt don láithreán gréasáin Politics.co.uk, dhiúltaigh an tAire Comhshaoil Ian Pearson go raibh an rialtas ag cur an iomarca béime ar chomhlánú.\n\"Níl aon duine ag moladh gur é an t-aon rud atá ag teastáil uainn chun dul i ngleic le hathrú aeráide ná cúiteamh a dhéanamh\", a dúirt sé.\n\"Ach nuair a dhéantar é go héifeachtach, is féidir leis tionchar ár ngníomhaíochtaí a laghdú agus tá ról tábhachtach aige sa chomhrac domhanda i gcoinne athrú aeráide\".\nCliceáil anseo chun comparáid a dhéanamh idir praghsanna fuinnimh, agus féach an bhféadfá a bheith ag íoc níos lú as do ghás agus do leictreachas."} +{"text": "A few weeks ago many Parent Talk members braved the cold to attend “The Parent Talk Guide to Happier Kids”, the latest installment of the Parent Talk Lecture Series. Presenter Pam Garramone was fantastic; not only did she provide lots of amazing info, but she was extremely funny and made the evening super fun. In case you weren’t able to make it out that night (or if you were, but didn’t take detailed nerd-notes like I do), hopefully I can relay some of the ideas and resources Pam shared with us that night; however, I’m not nearly as funny as she is, so I recommend you attend one of her talks if the opportunity arises in the future.\nThere has been a good deal of research done to try to determine what it is that makes happy people happy – data has been collected and compared regarding where people live, what they do for work, how they spend their time, and pretty much every other possible determinant affecting how we feel. And it turns out that happiness may be far simpler to attain than many of us think. Based on this research, happiness is 50% genetic, 10% external, and 40% actions and thoughts.\nSo 40% of what determines whether or not we are happy is within our control, we just need to think positive thoughts – easy, right? Not quite. Our default when it comes to thinking is what is referred to as “negativity bias” – on average we have 70,000 thoughts a day, and 85% of these are negative. Add to this that our awareness of our surroundings is so influenced by what we are already thinking that we tend to see what we expect to see, what we are already thinking about, and miss the rest. Take this video awareness test to see what I’m talking about.\nThe good news is we can increase our happiness without having to move or change our jobs. Instead we can focus on finding things that make us feel good, pursuing activities that we enjoy, spending time with others, finding meaning in our actions, and accomplishing the goals we set for ourselves. And we can bring our kids along for the ride.\nCultivate a Growth Mindset\n“Failure is simply the opportunity to begin again, this time more intelligently.” Henry Ford\nYou’ve probably heard the terms “fixed mindset” and “growth mindset” – in a nutshell, fixed mindset is thinking that we are inherently good or bad at certain things, while a growth mindset believes that we can achieve whatever we want if we put the effort in. From the perspective of a fixed mindset, mistakes, failures and rejections are devastating and final, indicative of permanent weaknesses or inability. From the perspective of a growth mindset these same experiences, while still disappointing, do not define us, and can be learned from to further us on the path to success. We can help our kids develop a growth mindset by teaching them to enjoy the learning process, mistakes and all. How? Rather than praising our kids, we can praise what they are doing/have done. Example: instead of “You’re great at math!” try “Wow, I’m so impressed with how much you’ve been learning in math!” Instead of “You’re such a good dancer!” try “I love watching you dance!”. If kids feel they have to live up to an expectation of “being good at” something, they will be afraid to make mistakes. Here’s a short video about growth mindset: http://www.letitripple.org/films/science-of-character/\nIdentify Strengths and Use Them\nWhen we use our strengths we feel good about ourselves and engage in less negative thinking. Different people have different strengths – this survey can help you determine what yours are, and there’s a test for kids too: www.viacharacter.org\nHow can we help our kids identify and enjoy their own strengths? Here’s an example: “I noticed that you [insert strength here] when you [insert behavior here]”\n“Gratitude unlocks the fullness of life.” Melody Beattie\nWhen we consciously think about the things that are good in our lives we dominate our internal dialogue with positive thoughts, which can tip the thought scales and overcome our negativity bias. Make a regular gratitude practice part of your routine, and you will start noticing and appreciating all the good things going on around you.\nSome ways to practice gratitude on your own, or with your kids:\nGratitude jar – keep a jar and a little bag of dried beans on the table, and at meals have each person share something she’s grateful for and put a bean in the jar. Watch the jar fill up.\nGratitude call – make a phone call to someone you are grateful to have in your life.\nGratitude journal – every day write down a few things you are grateful for. A morning ritual I’ve found effective is writing down 10 things I’m grateful for, 10 people I love who love me, and 10 personal goals.\nGratitude visit – write a letter to someone you are grateful to have in your life, find a time to meet with her, and read her the letter.\nGratitude message – every day text/message/email someone in your life thanking or praising them in some way.\nWhat Went Well exercise – Write down or share 3 things that happened in the last 24 hours that made you feel good. I’ve started doing this one every night before bed with my daughter, and she loves it; a friend of mine does it on the car ride to school in the morning.\nConnect With Other Human Beings\n“You are the average of the 5 people you spend the most time with.” Jim Rohn\nSocial connection is the greatest predictor of a happy personal life and of academic success. The people we choose to spend time with have a profound effect on our general wellbeing. Make it a priority that your child spend some time with a friend (other than at school) every week.\nUnsung Hero Video\nWe are hardwired to care about other human beings. Our brains even fire mirror neurons when we witness another human being suffering. There is no faster, more direct route to feeling good than helping or making someone else feel good, especially when the someone else is a stranger. Research suggests that helping others benefits our physical wellbeing as well. Find opportunities to volunteer in your community with your child. Parent Talk offers opportunities for family volunteering such as making overnight bags for Project Night Night, in which even very young children can participate.\nConsider becoming a Parent Talk member to gain access to more great programming year-round.\nAnd visit https://www.pamgarramone.com to invite Pam to come speak to your group and spread the joy of simply being happy!", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-39", "url": "https://parenttalk.org/2019/03/parent-talk-guide-to-happier-kids-with-pam-garramone.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057622.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20210925112158-20210925142158-00606.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9478564858, "token_count": 1456, "score": 2.546875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Cúpla seachtain ó shin d'fhulaing go leor ball de Parent Talk an fuar chun freastal ar The Parent Talk Guide to Happier Kids, an tráthchuid is déanaí den Sraith Léachtaí Parent Talk. Bhí an t-aisteoir Pam Garramone iontach; ní hamháin gur thug sí go leor faisnéise iontach, ach bhí sí an-chúramach agus rinne sí an tráthnóna thar a bheith spraoi. I gcás nach raibh tú in ann é a dhéanamh amach an oíche sin (nó más rud é go raibh tú, ach nach raibh a ghlacadh mionsonraithe nerd-nótaí mar a dhéanaim), tá súil agam gur féidir liom a relay roinnt de na smaointe agus acmhainní Pam roinnte le linn an oíche sin; áfach, ní mé beagnach chomh greannmhar mar tá sí, mar sin molaim duit freastal ar cheann de a labhartha má thagann an deis sa todhchaí.\nTá go leor taighde déanta chun a fháil amach cad a dhéanann daoine sona sona baineadh sonraí a bhailiú agus a chur i gcomparáid maidir le cá bhfuil daoine ina gcónaí, cad a dhéanann siad le haghaidh oibre, conas a chaitheann siad a gcuid ama, agus beagnach gach ceann eile is féidir cinntitheach a théann i bhfeidhm ar conas a bhraitheann muid. Agus is cosúil go bhfuil an sonas i bhfad níos simplí a bhaint amach ná mar a cheapann go leor againn. Bunaithe ar an taighde seo, tá áthas 50% géiniteach, 10% seachtrach, agus 40% gníomhartha agus smaointe.\nMar sin 40% de na rudaí a chinneann an bhfuil muid sásta nó nach bhfuil, tá siad laistigh dár smacht, ní mór dúinn ach smaointe dearfacha a bheith againn - éasca, ceart? Ní go hiomlán. Is é ár n-iomaíocht nuair a thagann sé chun smaoineamh cad a thugtar air mar \"títheachán diúltachta\" ar an meán tá 70,000 smaoineamh againn in aghaidh an lae, agus 85% díobh seo diúltach. Cuir leis seo go bhfuil ár n-eolas ar ár dtimpeallacht chomh tionchar ag an méid atá againn cheana féin ag smaoineamh go bhfuil muid ag claonadh a fheiceáil cad a bhfuil súil againn a fheiceáil, cad atá againn cheana féin ag smaoineamh faoi, agus a chailleann an chuid eile. Tóg an tástáil feasachta físe seo chun a fheiceáil cad atá á labhairt agam.\nIs é an dea-scéal gur féidir linn ár sonas a mhéadú gan a bheith ag bogadh nó ag athrú ár gcuid post. Ina áit sin, is féidir linn díriú ar rudaí a dhéanamh a chuireann dea-cháil orainn, ar ghníomhaíochtaí a thaitníonn linn a dhéanamh, am a chaitheamh le daoine eile, brí a fháil lenár ngníomhartha, agus spriocanna a shocraigh muid a bhaint amach. Agus is féidir linn a thabhairt ar ár leanaí chomh maith le haghaidh an turas.\nAchtáil Smaointeacht a Fhorbairt\nIs é an teip ach an deis chun tosú arís, an uair seo níos cliste. Henry Ford\nIs dócha gur chuala tú na téarmaí \"smaoineamh seasta\" agus \"smaoineamh fáis\" i mbeagán focal, is é smaoineamh seasta smaoineamh go bhfuil muid go bunúsach maith nó dona i rudaí áirithe, agus creideann smaoineamh fáis gur féidir linn a bhaint amach cibé rud is mian linn má chuireann muid iarracht isteach. Ó thaobh dearcadh seasta, tá botúin, teipí agus diúltú tubaisteach agus críochnaitheach, ina léargas ar laigí nó neamhchumasacht buan. Ó thaobh smaointeoireacht fáis de, ní shainmhíníonn na taithí chéanna seo muid, cé go bhfuil siad fós díomá, agus is féidir foghlaim uathu chun dul chun cinn a dhéanamh orainn ar an mbóthar chun rath. Is féidir linn cabhrú lenár bpáistí meon fáis a fhorbairt trína mhúineadh dóibh taitneamh a bhaint as an bpróiseas foghlama, botúin agus gach rud. Conas? Seachas ár gcuid páistí a mholadh, is féidir linn moladh a thabhairt dóibh as an méid atá á dhéanamh acu/a rinne siad. Sampla: in ionad 'Tá tú iontach i matamaitic!' déan iarracht 'Wow, tá an-impressed orm an méid atá tú ag foghlaim i matamaitic!' In ionad 'Tá tú ina rinceoir chomh maith!' déan iarracht 'Is breá liom féachaint ort ag damhsa!'. Má bhraitheann leanaí go gcaithfidh siad maireachtáil de réir ionchais go mbeidh siad \"mhaith\" i rud éigin, beidh eagla orthu botúin a dhéanamh. Seo físeán gairid faoi mheon-chruthaithe: http://www.letitripple.org/films/science-of-character/\nAithint na n-Órd agus iad a Úsáid\nNuair a úsáideann muid ár láidreachtaí, bíonn dea-cháil orainn féin agus ní bhíonn níos lú smaointeoireachta diúltacha againn. Tá neart éagsúil ag daoine éagsúla is féidir leis an suirbhé seo cabhrú leat a chinneadh cad iad do chuid féin, agus tá tástáil ann do leanaí freisin: www.viacharacter.org\nConas is féidir linn cabhrú lenár leanaí a gcuid láidreachtaí féin a aithint agus taitneamh a bhaint astu? Seo sampla: Thug mé faoi deara go [insert neart anseo] nuair a [insert iompar anseo]\n Cuireann buíochas slán an iomláine saoil. Melody Beattie\nNuair a smaoinímid go comhfhiosach ar na rudaí atá go maith inár saol, déanaimid ár n-idirphlé inmheánach a rialú le smaointe dearfacha, a fhéadfaidh an scála smaointe a chur ar ais agus ár claonadh diúltach a shárú. Déan go bhfuil buíochas i gcónaí mar chuid de do ghnáthamh, agus tosaíonn tú ag tabhairt faoi deara agus ag meas a bheith agat ar na rudaí maithe go léir atá ag tarlú timpeall ort.\nBealaí chun buíochas a chleachtadh leat féin, nó le do pháistí:\nJar buíochas cuir jar agus mála beag de bhéanna triomaithe ar an mbord, agus ag béilí cuir gach duine rud éigin a bhfuil sí buíoch as agus cuir bean sa jar. Féach an jar a líonadh suas.\nGlao buíochais glaoigh ar dhuine a bhfuil buíochas agat a bheith agat ina shaol.\nIarr ar do pháiste a bheith buíoch de gach rud a dhéanann tú. Is é an deasghnátha maidin a fuair mé éifeachtach ná 10 rud a scríobh síos atá buíoch as, 10 duine a bhfuil grá agam dóibh a bhfuil grá acu dom, agus 10 sprioc pearsanta.\nCuairte buíochais litir a scríobh chuig duine a bhfuil buíochas agat a bheith aige i do shaol, am a aimsiú chun bualadh léi, agus an litir a léamh di.\nTeachtaireacht buíochais gach lá téacs / teachtaireacht / ríomhphost duine éigin i do shaol ag buíochas nó ag moladh iad ar bhealach éigin.\nAn cleachtadh a chuaigh go maith Scríobh nó roinn 3 rud a tharla le 24 uair an chloig anuas a rinne tú a bheith sásta. Thosaigh mé ag déanamh an ceann seo gach oíche sula dtéann mé a chodladh le mo iníon, agus is breá léi é; déanann cara liom é ar an turas carr go dtí an scoil ar maidin.\nDéan teagmháil le daoine eile\nIs tú meán na 5 duine a chaitheann tú an chuid is mó ama leo. Jim Rohn\nIs é an nasc sóisialta an t-ionchar is mó ar shaol pearsanta sona agus ar rath acadúil. Tá tionchar mór ag na daoine a roghnaímid am a chaitheamh leo ar ár bhfolláine i gcoitinne. Déan é mar thosaíocht do leanbh roinnt ama a chaitheamh le cara (seachas sa scoil) gach seachtain.\nFíseán Laoch Unsung\nTá muid crua-chláraithe chun cúram a thabhairt d'eintiteas daonna eile. Tá ár n-inchinn ag lasadh néaróin scátháin fiú nuair a fheicimid duine eile ag fulaingt. Níl aon bhealach níos gasta, níos díreacha chun mothú go maith ná cabhrú nó mothú go maith a dhéanamh do dhuine eile, go háirithe nuair a bhíonn an duine eile ina strainséir. Tugann taighde le fios go gcuireann sé le do shláinte freisin cabhrú le daoine eile. Faigh deiseanna chun obair dheonach a dhéanamh i do phobal le do leanbh. Tugann Parent Talk deiseanna le haghaidh deonach teaghlaigh mar shampla málaí oíche a dhéanamh le haghaidh Project Night Night, inar féidir le leanaí an-óg páirt a ghlacadh.\nSmaoinigh ar bheith i do bhall de Parent Talk chun rochtain a fháil ar chlárú níos mó iontach ar feadh na bliana.\nAgus tabhair cuairt ar https://www.pamgarramone.com chun Pam a chur in iúl do do ghrúpa agus an áthas a scaipeadh ar bheith sásta go simplí!"} +{"text": "Authentication and authorization key to identity management and security in the cloud. Security is one of the most challenging roadblocks to cloud adoption.\nThere are plenty of potential problems that can keep an imaginative mind awake at night (e.g. what if the public cloud provider does not overwrite the data blocks that held my deleted data, could someone read that data?) but before we go there we will focus on more pedestrian concerns: controlling who has access to our application and data. Identity management is the set of practices we implement to authenticate users as well as define and enforce access controls. Fortunately, virtually all the practices we developed for enterprise systems running on-premise are applicable to cloud-based applications. We just need to adapt them to work within a cloud framework.\nThis is not a trivial task, but it can be done.\nIdentity management encompasses authentication and authorization.\nAuthentication is the means we use to prove a user is the person or application it purports to be. Usernames, passwords, digital certificates and multi-factor devices are all used to authenticate users of cloud based services. Authentication rules define what we, or an application, can do once it is authenticated. Can the user save a file as an object to a storage bucket, update a database record, or shutdown an instance of a virtual machine running in the cloud?\nThese are all decisions that are made by the authentication mechanism used by your application or system. When you are thinking about identity management in the cloud you will want to consider what kinds of controls you will need and how you can leverage your existing authentication and authorization framework.\nLet’s consider some use cases.\nIn a simple case, you run an application in the cloud using an IaaS provider. The application implements its authorization system so you do not need to integrate with an Active Directory or LDAP server.This kind of application is relatively self-contained and can run in the cloud similar to the way it ran on-premise without concern for integrating with a directory service.\nIn a more complex scenario, you may have an application that makes use of an internal Active Directory for authentication purposes. This is a good practice from a security and software development perspective: a person’s role in the organization is defined and maintained in one place and privileges can be associated with that role in a single place. The key here, from a cloud perspective, is leveraging this internal directory in your cloud applications. Federated identities, supported by some cloud providers, is a key technology for using existing access controls in cloud applications.\nA third scenario expands on the previous use cases to include the use of multiple cloud providers.In the previous scenario we faced the issue of establishing federated identities between your on-premise IT environment and a single cloud provider; in this scenario we have to do the same with multiple cloud providers.\nDan SulivanDan Sullivan is an author, systems architect, and consultant with over 20 years of IT experience with engagements in systems architecture, enterprise security, advanced analytics and business intelligence. He has worked in a broad range of industries, including financial services, manufacturing, pharmaceuticals, software development, government, retail, gas and oil production, power generation, life sciences, and education. Dan has written 16 books and numerous articles and white papers about topics ranging from data warehousing, Cloud Computing and advanced analytics to security management, collaboration, and text mining.\nSee here for all of Dan's Tom's IT Pro articles.\n(Shutterstock image credit: Cloud Security)\nCheck Out These IT Videos", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-07", "url": "http://www.tomsitpro.com/articles/cloud_computing-identity_management-rightscale-enstratus,2-393.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701163438.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193923-00022-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9306536317, "token_count": 722, "score": 2.75, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is é fíordheimhniú agus údarú an eochair do bhainistíocht aitheantais agus slándála sa scamall. Tá slándáil ar cheann de na bacainní bóthair is dúshlánaí chun clúdach a ghlacadh.\nTá go leor fadhbanna féideartha ann a fhágann go bhfuil intinn shamhlaitheach ag fanacht ar an oíche (m.sh. cad a tharlaíonn mura ndéanann an soláthraí scamall poiblí na blocanna sonraí a bhí i mo shonraí scriosta a athscríobh, an bhféadfadh duine éigin na sonraí sin a léamh?) Ach sula dtéann muid ann, díreoimid ar na hábhair imní is mó: rialú a dhéanamh ar a bhfuil rochtain aige ar ár n-iarratas agus ar ár sonraí. Is é bainistíocht féiniúlachta an tacar cleachtais a chuirimid i bhfeidhm chun úsáideoirí a fhíorú chomh maith le rialuithe rochtana a shainiú agus a fhorfheidhmiú. Ar an dea-uair, tá beagnach gach cleachtas a d'fhorbair muid le haghaidh córais fiontair a reáchtáiltear ar bhonn áitreabh infheidhme maidir le feidhmchláir atá bunaithe ar an scamall. Ní mór dúinn iad a oiriúnú chun oibriú laistigh de chreat scamall.\nNí tasc triviail é seo, ach is féidir é a dhéanamh.\nCuimsíonn bainistiú féiniúlachta fíordheimhniú agus údarú.\nIs é fíordheimhniú an bealach a úsáideann muid chun a chruthú go bhfuil úsáideoir an duine nó an t-iarratas a bhfuil sé ag iarraidh a bheith. Úsáidtear ainmneacha úsáideora, pasfhocail, deimhnithe digiteacha agus feistí ilfhachtóra chun úsáideoirí seirbhísí atá bunaithe ar an scamall a fhíordheimhniú. Sainmhíníonn rialacha fíordheimhniúcháin an méid is féidir linn, nó le feidhmchlár, a dhéanamh nuair a bheidh sé fíordheimhní. An féidir leis an úsáideoir comhad a shábháil mar réad chuig buicéad stórála, taifead bunachar sonraí a nuashonrú, nó sampla de mheaisín fíorúil atá ag rith sa scamall a dhúnadh?\nIs cinntí iad seo go léir a dhéantar ag an meicníocht fíordheimhniúcháin a úsáideann do fheidhmchlár nó do chóras. Nuair a bhíonn tú ag smaoineamh ar bhainistíocht aitheantais sa scamall ba mhaith leat a mheas cad iad na cineálacha rialaithe a bheidh uait agus conas is féidir leat leas a bhaint as do chreat fíordheimhniúcháin agus údarúcháin atá ann cheana féin.\nDéanaimis roinnt cásanna úsáide a mheas.\nI gcás simplí, ritheann tú feidhmchlár sa scamall ag baint úsáide as soláthraí IaaS. Cuimsíonn an t-iarratas a chóras údarúcháin féin ionas nach gá duit a chomhtháthú le freastalaí Active Directory nó LDAP. Tá an cineál iarratais seo réasúnta féin-chomhtháite agus is féidir é a reáchtáil sa scamall ar an mbealach a reáchtáladh sé ar an áit gan imní faoi chomhtháthú le seirbhís eolaire.\nI gcás níos casta, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh feidhmchlár agat a úsáideann Active Directory inmheánach chun críocha fíordheimhniúcháin. Is dea-chleachtas é seo ó thaobh slándála agus forbartha bogearraí de: sainmhínítear agus coinnítear ról duine san eagraíocht in aon áit amháin agus is féidir pribhléidí a bheith bainteach leis an ról sin in aon áit amháin. Is é an eochair anseo, ó thaobh na scamall de, an t-eolaire inmheánach seo a ghiaráil i do chuid feidhmchláir scamall. Is teicneolaíocht lárnach í féidearthacht, a thacaíonn roinnt soláthraithe scamall, chun rialuithe rochtana atá ann cheana a úsáid in iarratais scamall.\nTá an t-ábhar seo á chur ar fáil ag an gCoimisiún i gcomhréir le prionsabal na hOifige um Chosaint Eacnamaíochta agus um Chosaint Eacnamaíochta na hEorpa (COSME) agus leis an gclár um Chosaint Eacnamaíochta na hEorpa (COSME) agus leis an gclár um Chosaint Eacnamaíochta na hEorpa (COSME).\nDan SullivanIs údar, ailtire córais, agus comhairleoir é Dan Sullivan le breis agus 20 bliain de thaithí TF le rannpháirtíochtaí i ailtireacht chórais, slándáil fiontair, anailísíocht chun cinn agus faisnéis ghnó. D'oibrigh sé i réimse leathan tionscail, lena n-áirítear seirbhísí airgeadais, déantúsaíocht, cógaisíochta, forbairt bogearraí, rialtas, miondíol, táirgeadh gáis agus ola, giniúint cumhachta, eolaíochtaí beatha, agus oideachas. Tá 16 leabhar agus go leor alt agus páipéar bán scríofa ag Dan faoi ábhair ó stóráil sonraí, Cloud Computing agus anailísis chun cinn go bainistíocht slándála, comhoibriú, agus mianadóireacht téacs.\nFéach anseo le haghaidh gach alt de Dan Tom's IT Pro.\n(Créidiúint íomhá Shutterstock: Cloud Security)\nFéach ar na Físeáin IT seo"} +{"text": "“Who hath ascended up into heaven, or descended? who hath gathered the wind in his fists? who hath bound the waters in a garment? who hath established all the ends of the earth? what is his name, and what is his Son’s name, if thou canst tell?” (Proverbs 30:4)\nThe obvious answer to these rhetorical questions must center in God, the Creator of all things. But the fascinating revelation in this Old Testament passage is that God has a Son and that both have names.\nWhen Moses asked God His name, “God said unto Moses, I Am That I Am . . . . This is my name for ever” (Exodus 3:14-15). Later, Moses, in his song of deliverance, said: “The LORD is a man of war: the LORD is his name” (Exodus 15:3). The name Lord (Hebrew Jehovah or Yahweh) means, essentially, “I am, the self-existent one.”\nAs far as His Son’s name is concerned, it is revealed in Scripture in many ways. In the Old Testament prophecy, “His name shall be called Wonderful, Counsellor, The mighty God, The everlasting Father, The Prince of Peace” (Isaiah 9:6). How remarkable that a “Son is given” who is also named the mighty God and everlasting Father!\nIn His incarnation, the angel commanded Joseph, “Thou shalt call his name Jesus” (“Jehovah saves”), but he also said, “They shall call his name Emmanuel, which being interpreted is, God with us” (Matthew 1:21, 23).\nThere are many other titles by which the Son of God is identified, but perhaps the most significant are noted in connection with His final return in triumph. “His name is called The Word of God” (Revelation 19:13), identifying Him as both eternal Creator and incarnate Savior (John 1:1-3, 14). As our eternal King, “he hath on his vesture and on his thigh a name written, King Of Kings, And Lord Of Lords” (Revelation 19:16). HMM", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-51", "url": "https://www.icr.org/article/10057/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376828697.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20181217161704-20181217183704-00157.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9592267871, "token_count": 477, "score": 2.640625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Cé a chuaigh suas go dtí na flaithis, nó a tháinig síos? Cé a chruinnigh an gaoth ina fón póca? Cé a cheangail na h-uiscí i mbéile? Cé a leagadh na teorainneacha uile na talmhan? (Eabhraicis 1:18)\nNí mór go mbeadh an freagra soiléir ar na ceisteanna réitigh seo dírithe ar Dhia, Cruthaitheoir na n-uile ní. Ach is é an nochtadh suimiúil sa rann seo den Sean-Tiomna ná go bhfuil Mac ag Dia agus go bhfuil ainm ag an mbeirt acu.\nNuair a d'fhiafraigh Maois Dé a ainm, dúirt Dia le Maois, Is mise an té is mise. . . go deo . . . go deo . . . go deo . Is é seo mo ainm go deo (Ecsodus 3:14-15). Níos déanaí, dúirt Mhaois, ina amhrán um shaoradh: Is fear cogaidh é an Tiarna: is é an Tiarna a ainm (Ecsodus 15:3). Ciallaíonn an t-ainm Tiarna (Iebraiceach Jehovah nó Yahweh) go bunúsach, Is mise, an ceann féin-éistitheach.\nMaidir le hainm a Mhac, nochttar é san Scríobh ar go leor bealaí. Sa fáidh san Sean-Tiomna, Ainmnítear a ainm Wonderful, Counselor, an Dia cumhachtach, an tAthair síoraí, Prionsa na Síochána (Isaiah 9:6). Cé chomh suntasach is atá sé go bhfuil 'Mhic a thugtar' a dtugtar an Dia chumhachtach agus an tAthair síoraí freisin!\nIna incarnation, an aingeal ordaigh Joseph, \"Thou shalt call his name Jesus\" (\"Thou shalt call his name Jesus\" (\"Jehovah saves\")), ach dúirt sé freisin, \"Bheidh siad a ghlaoch ar a ainm Emmanuel, a bhfuil a bheith a léirmhíniú, Dia le linn\" (Matthew 1:21, 23).\nTá go leor teidil eile ann lena n-aithnítear Mac Dé, ach b'fhéidir go bhfuil an ceann is suntasaí i ndáil lena thriail deiridh. Tugtar an t-ainm ar an bhfocal Dé (Apocalypse 19:13), ag aithint é mar an Cruthaitheoir síoraí agus mar an Slánaitheoir incarnate (Eoin 1:1-3, 14). Mar ár Rí síoraí, \"tá ainm scríofa aige ar a éadaí agus ar a chlé, Rí na Ríthe, agus Tiarna na nÍospartaigh\" (Apocalypse 19:16). HMM"} +{"text": "Also included in\n- This resource will help you teach all content covered in the Earth and Human Activity section of the Earth Science standards. It includes five units; one for each of the standards.What others are saying about our science units,\"This product is thorough and ready to use. Thanks for putting this toge$45.00$50.00Save $5.00\n- 15 middle school science units are in this money-saving bundle! There is one unit for each of the Next Generation Science Standards! This bundle is full of lessons, non-fiction texts, graphic organizers, data, STEM challenges, essential vocabulary cards, mini-posters, photographs, video suggestion$135.00$150.75Save $15.75\n- Are you looking for spring science and STEAM challenges to do with your middle school students? You can have more fun and save money, all while learning, with this bundle! Several of the resources incorporate ELA too!❤️Click Here to Follow Us!Related Resources⭐ Valentine's Day Science Bulletin Boar$15.00$19.50Save $4.50\nThese NGSS lesson plans will help students will learn about how people's use of plastics impacts the environment. This resource has seven lessons. Included are a standards poster, photos for stimulating discussion, task cards with QR codes, links to data, an informational article about plastics, animal reports and note taking sheet, 13 essential vocabulary cards, and more!\nLesson 1: What Impacts Does Humans Using Plastics Have on Our Environment?\nLesson 2: Positives and Negatives of Plastics\nLesson 3: Plastics in Our Daily Lives\nLesson 4: A Call to Action: How Can We Reduce the Amount of Plastics Using in Our\nClassroom, School, or Community?\nLesson 5: STEAM Activity - Building an Animal or Plant our of Plastic Waste\nLesson 6: Review of the Four Spheres\nLesson 7: Other Human Impacts on the Earth\n✅Please make sure you have access to YouTube before you purchase this Unit.\nWhat others are saying about our science units,\n\"This product is thorough and ready to use. Thanks for putting this together. I'm telling the other teachers that I know about this and am encouraging them to purchase it too.\"\n\"Great resource for NGSS!\"\nHow to get TpT credit to use towards future purchases:\n*Please go to your My Purchases page (you need to login). Next to each purchase you’ll see a Provide Feedback button. Click that and you will be taken to a page where you can give a rating and leave a short comment about the product. Each time you give feedback, TpT gives you credit that you can use towards your future purchases.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-43", "url": "https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/Earth-Day-Human-Impact-on-the-Environment-NGSS-MS-ESS3-3-4538397", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587593.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20211024173743-20211024203743-00081.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9021936655, "token_count": 577, "score": 3.984375, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Cuimsítear freisin i\n- Cabhróidh an acmhainn seo leat an t-ábhar go léir a chuimsítear sa rannán Domhan agus Gníomhaíocht Daonna de chaighdeáin Eolaíochta na Talún a mhúineadh. Áirítear cúig aonad ann; aonad amháin do gach ceann de na caighdeáin. Go raibh maith agat as an t-éadaí seo a chur leis $ 45.00 $ 50.00 Sábháil $ 5.00\n- Tá 15 aonad eolaíochta meánaoise sa bpaindéal sábhála airgid seo! Tá aonad amháin ann do gach ceann de na Caighdeáin Eolaíochta an Ghnó Seoir! Tá an pacáiste seo lán de ceachtanna, téacsanna neamh-fhicsean, eagraithe grafacha, sonraí, dúshláin STEM, cártaí foclóir riachtanacha, mion-poistéir, grianghraif, moladh físe $ 135.00 $ 150.75Save $15.75\n- An bhfuil tú ag lorg eolaíocht earraigh agus dúshláin STEAM le déanamh le do mhic léinn meánaoise? Is féidir leat níos mó spraoi a bheith agat agus airgead a shábháil, agus tú ag foghlaim, leis an bpaindéal seo! Tá ELA i roinnt acmhainní freisin!❤️Cliceáil anseo chun leanúint linn!Resources Related⭐ Lá Vailintín Buletín Eolaíochta Boar$15.00$19.50Save $4.50\nCabhróidh na pleananna ceachta NGSS seo le mic léinn foghlaim faoi conas a dhéanann úsáid daoine as plaisteach tionchar ar an gcomhshaol. Tá seacht gcúrsa sa acmhainn seo. Tá póstaer caighdeáin, grianghraif chun plé a spreagadh, cártaí tasc le cóid QR, naisc le sonraí, alt faisnéise faoi phlaisteach, tuarascálacha ainmhithe agus bileog nótaí a thógáil, 13 chárta focal riachtanach, agus go leor eile san áireamh!\nCéard iad na héifeachtaí atá ag daoine a úsáideann plaisteach ar ár gcomhshaol?\nCeacht 2: Daoine agus daoine eile a bhfuil baint acu le plaisteach\nCeacht 3: Plastaic inár Saol Laethúil\nCeacht 4: Glao ar Gníomhú: Conas is Féidir Linn an Taille Plastaí a Úsáidimid inár\nSa Chlas, sa Scoil nó sa Phobal?\nCeacht 5: Gníomhaíocht STEAM - Ainmhí nó Plandaí a Thógáil as Díothú Phróiseálach\nLéacht 6: Athbhreithniú ar na Ceithre Réimse\nCeacht 7: Tionchair Eile Daonna ar an Domhan\n✅Cuir in iúl go bhfuil rochtain agat ar YouTube sula gceannaíonn tú an t-aonad seo.\nCad atá á rá ag daoine eile faoi ár n-aonad eolaíochta,\n\"Tá an táirge seo críochnúil agus réidh le húsáid. Go raibh maith agat as an méid seo a chur le chéile. Táim ag insint do na múinteoirí eile go bhfuil a fhios agam faoi seo agus táim ag spreagadh iad a cheannach freisin\".\n\"Rás iontach do NGSS!\"\nConas creidmheas TpT a fháil le húsáid le haghaidh ceannacháin sa todhchaí:\n*Téigh chuig do leathanach Mo Cheannacháin (caithfidh tú logáil isteach). In aice le gach ceannach feicfidh tú cnaipe Tuairim a chur ar fáil. Cliceáil air sin agus tabharfar chuig leathanach ina bhféadfaidh tú rátáil a thabhairt agus trácht gairid a fhágáil faoin táirge. Gach uair a thugann tú aiseolas, tugann TpT creidmheas duit ar féidir leat a úsáid chun do cheannacháin sa todhchaí."} +{"text": "FMS invites students age 2-6 to join our warm and welcoming school community. Our Pre-Primary classroom stresses the development of independence, self-reliance, social skills, and a love of learning. Primary students build the fundamentals of math and reading and hone practical life skills in addition to exploring science, history, and art. Our kindergarteners pursue advanced lessons in preparation for a successful transition to first grade.\nWe work hard to ensure each child’s first school experience is a positive foundation for a lifetime of learning. A 4-to-1 student-to-teacher ratio allows teachers to provide informed support, advice, encouragement, and affection. Each child’s day consists of one-on-one lessons with a teacher in addition to an art project and self-directed learning intended to build empowerment and independence. Each day also includes Circle Time (with singing and movement, story time, and show and tell), three outside play times, two snacks, lunch, and a (much-needed) nap. Pre-Primary meets either three or five days a week from 8:30-3:30 and is limited to 12 children.\nChildren must be two by September 1 to enroll in Pre-Primary. They need not be potty trained.\nA deliberate balance of early learners and kindergarten students, the Primary classroom is the ideal environment for developing the basics of reading, writing, and practical life skills, as well as such intangibles as confidence, independence, and teamwork. Students devote several hours each day to independent learning and one-on-one work with teachers. There is an optional daily art project and a group gathering with teacher-led lessons. Throughout the day, teachers observe and record student progress, creating an ever-evolving and highly individualized learning plan catered to each child’s intellectual progress and personal development.\nOn average, there are twenty students and three teachers in the Primary classroom. Children must be potty trained to enroll.\nThe oldest members of the Primary classroom, kindergarteners follow the same basic schedule as their younger classmates but have additional opportunities to hone reading and mathematics skills through advanced exercises and lessons. Every morning they complete a journaling assignment, and two days a week they gather as a group to explore such concepts as graphing, measuring tallying, and mapping. On the other three days, they work on their skills and help guide younger classmates within the Primary classroom. Without exception, our graduating kindergarteners have made successful academic and social transitions to first grade—in both public and private settings.\nBecause many of our families include working parents, enrolled FMS students can stay until 5:00 for extra playtime with friends and TLC from an FMS teacher and after-school helper. The cost is $15 a day ($5 per half hour after 3:30). Sign up in advance to reserve a spot. Drop-ins are welcome as space allows.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-43", "url": "https://www.friendshipmontessori.org/project/pre-primary/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585449.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20211021230549-20211022020549-00300.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9499613643, "token_count": 593, "score": 2.8125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "FMS a thugann cuireadh do mhic léinn aois 2-6 a bheith páirteach inár bpobal scoile te agus fáilte. Cuireann ár seomra ranga Réam-Bhunscoile béim ar fhorbairt neamhspleáchais, féin-chothaithe, scileanna sóisialta, agus grá foghlama. Forbraíonn mic léinn bunscoile bunriachtanais na matamaitice agus na léitheoireachta agus déanann siad scileanna praiticiúla sa saol a shaincheapadh chomh maith le heolaíocht, stair agus ealaín a iniúchadh. Tá ár gcuid páistí óige ag leanúint ceachtanna chun cinn mar ullmhúchán le haghaidh aistriú rathúil go dtí an chéad grád.\nOibríonn muid go crua chun a chinntiú go bhfuil an chéad taithí scoile ag gach leanbh ina bhunús dearfach do shaol foghlama. Ceadaíonn cóimheas 4 go 1 idir mac léinn agus múinteoirí tacaíocht eolasach, comhairle, spreagadh agus caidreamh a sholáthar. Tá ceachtanna duine ar dhuine le múinteoir ag gach leanbh in aghaidh an lae chomh maith le tionscadal ealaíne agus foghlaim féin-stiúrtha a bhfuil sé mar aidhm aige cumhachtú agus neamhspleáchas a thógáil. Áirítear ar gach lá am ciorcla (le canadh agus gluaiseacht, am scéalta, agus taispeáint agus insint), trí am cluichíochta lasmuigh, dhá bhricfeasta, lóin, agus siop (an-riachtanach). Tagann Réam-Bhunscoile le chéile trí nó cúig lá sa tseachtain ó 8:30-3:30 agus tá sé teoranta do 12 leanbh.\nCaithfidh leanaí a bheith dhá bhliain d'aois faoin 1 Meán Fómhair chun iad a chlárú i Réam-Bhunscoile. Ní gá dóibh a bheith oiliúna potty.\nTá cothromaíocht d'fhoghlaimeoirí luath agus daltaí na kindergarten, an seomra ranga Bunscoile an timpeallacht idéalach chun bunriachtanais léitheoireachta, scríbhneoireachta, agus scileanna praiticiúla saoil a fhorbairt, chomh maith le hacmhainní neamhthaobhacha mar muinín, neamhspleáchas, agus obair foirne. Caitheann mic léinn roinnt uaireanta an chloig gach lá ag foghlaim go neamhspleách agus ag obair le múinteoirí. Tá tionscadal ealaíne laethúil roghnach ann agus cruinniú grúpa le ceachtanna faoi stiúir an mhúinteora. I rith an lae, breathnaíonn agus taifeadann múinteoirí dul chun cinn na mac léinn, ag cruthú plean foghlama atá ag forbairt i gcónaí agus atá an-aonair, atá dírithe ar dhul chun cinn intleachtúil agus forbairt phearsanta gach linbh.\nAr an meán, tá fiche mac léinn agus trí mhúinteoir sa seomra ranga Bunúsach. Ní mór do leanaí a bheith oiliúna potty a chur isteach.\nIs iad na baill is sine den seomra ranga Bunúsach, leanann leanaí na kindergarten an sceideal bunúsach céanna lena gcomhghleacaithe níos óige ach tá deiseanna breise acu scileanna léitheoireachta agus matamaitice a fheabhsú trí chleachtaí agus ceachtanna chun cinn. Gach maidin déanann siad tasc leabharlann a chomhlánú, agus dhá lá sa tseachtain bíonn siad le chéile mar ghrúpa chun coincheapa mar ghrafáil, tomhas, cuntáil, agus léarscáileanna a iniúchadh. Sna trí lá eile, oibríonn siad ar a gcuid scileanna agus cuireann siad treoir ar chomhghleacaithe óga sa seomra ranga Bunúsach. Gan eisceacht, tá aistrithe acadúla agus sóisialta rathúla déanta ag ár gcláiríní grád a bhfuil céim acu go dtí an chéad rang i suíomhanna poiblí agus príobháideacha araon.\nToisc go bhfuil tuismitheoirí ag obair i go leor dár dteaghlaigh, is féidir le mic léinn FMS cláraithe fanacht go dtí 5:00 chun am breise a imirt le cairde agus TLC ó mhúinteoir FMS agus cúntóir iar-scoile. Is é an costas $15 in aghaidh an lae ($5 in aghaidh an leathuair an chloig tar éis 3:30). Déan clárú roimh ré chun áit a chur in áirithe. Tá fáilte roimh chuairteoirí a thagann isteach de réir mar a cheadaíonn an spás."} +{"text": "Detail of Flaxman's Burns. c.1828. Photograph 2009 Jacqueline Banerjee. [You may not reproduce this image without prior permission from the Scottish National Portrait Gallery]\nThe poet is shown in plaid and knee-breeches, with a small bunch of daisies in one hand and a roll of paper in the other, standing in the open in front of a tree-stump. At his feet lie a ploughshare, tam-o'shanter and thistle, all symbolic of his role as Scotland's ploughboy poet.\nLast modified 25 February 2009", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-18", "url": "http://www.victorianweb.org/sculpture/flaxman/7d.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860111581.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161511-00198-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9368148446, "token_count": 126, "score": 2.625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Mionsonraí de Flaxman's Burns. c.1828. Grianghraf 2009 Jacqueline Banerjee. [Ní féidir leat an íomhá seo a atáirgeadh gan cead roimh ré ó Ghlárlann Náisiúnta na hAlban]\nTaispeántar an file i plaid agus briseáin ghlúine, le bunch beag daisies i lámh amháin agus rolla páipéir san lámh eile, ina sheasamh sa oscailt os comhair stump crann. Ag a chosa, tá ploughshare, tam-o'shanter agus thistle, gach siombalach dá ról mar fhile plowboy na hAlban.\nLeasaíodh an t-athrú deireanach ar an 25 Feabhra 2009"} +{"text": "When a diplomat says yes, he means ‘perhaps’;\nWhen he says perhaps, he means ‘no’;\nWhen he says no, he is not a diplomat. —Voltaire (Quoted, in Spanish, in Escandell 1993.)\nThese lines — also attributed to H. L. Mencken and Carl Jung — may or may not be fair to diplomats, but are surely correct in reminding us that more is involved in what one communicates than what one literally says; more is involved in what one means than the standard, conventional meaning of the words one uses. The words ‘yes,’ ‘perhaps,’ and ‘no’ each has a perfectly identifiable meaning, known by every speaker of English (including not very competent ones). However, as those lines illustrate, it is possible for different speakers in different circumstances to mean different things using those words. How is this possible? What's the relationship among the meaning of words, what speakers mean when uttering those words, the particular circumstances of their utterance, their intentions, their actions, and what they manage to communicate? These are some of the questions that pragmatics tries to answer; the sort of questions that, roughly speaking, serve to characterize the field of pragmatics.\n- 1. Introduction\n- 2. Classical Pragmatics\n- 2.1 Far-side Pragmatics: Beyond Saying\n- 2.2 Near-side Pragmatics\n- 3. Contemporary Pragmatic Theory\n- 4. Some Definitions of Pragmatics\n- 5. Glossary\n- Academic Tools\n- Other Internet Resources\n- Related Entries\nPragmatics deals with utterances, by which we will mean specific events, the intentional acts of speakers at times and places, typically involving language. Logic and semantics traditionally deal with properties of types of expressions, and not with properties that differ from token to token, or use to use, or, as we shall say, from utterance to utterance, and vary with the particular properties that differentiate them. Pragmatics is sometimes characterized as dealing with the effects of context. This is equivalent to saying it deals with utterances, if one collectively refers to all the facts that can vary from utterance to utterance as ‘context.’ One must be careful, however, for the term is often used with more limited meanings.\nDifferent theorists have focused on different properties of utterances. To discuss them it will be helpful to make a distinction between ‘near-side pragmatics’ and ‘far-side pragmatics.’ The picture is this. The utterances philosophers usually take as paradigmatic are assertive uses of declarative sentences, where the speaker says something. Near-side pragmatics is concerned with the nature of certain facts that are relevant to determining what is said. Far-side pragmatics is focused on what happens beyond saying: what speech acts are performed in or by saying what is said, or what implicatures (see below for an explanation of these terms) are generated by saying what is said.\nNear-side pragmatics includes, but is not limited to resolution of ambiguity and vagueness, the reference of proper names, indexicals and demonstratives, and anaphors, and at least some issues involving presupposition. In all of these cases facts about the utterance, beyond the expressions used and their meanings, are needed.\nWe can divide these facts into several categories. For indexicals such as ‘I,’ ‘now,’ and ‘here’ basic facts about the utterance are required: the agent, and when and where it occurred. For other indexicals and demonstratives, speaker intentions are also relevant. While it seems the referent of ‘you’ must be a person addressed by the speaker, which of several possible addressees is referred to seems up to the speaker's intentions. Within syntactic and semantic constraints, anaphoric relations seem largely a matter of speaker's intent. Speaker's intentions and the way the speaker is connected to the wider world by causal/historical ‘chains of reference’ are relevant to the reference of proper names.\nFar-side pragmatics deals with what we do with language, beyond what we (literally) say. This is the conception according to which Voltaire's remarks belong to pragmatics. It's up to semantics to tell us what someone literally says when they use expressions of a given type; it's up to pragmatics to explain the information one conveys, and the actions one performs, in or by saying something.\nPragmatics is usually thought to involve a different sort of reasoning than semantics. Semantics consists of conventional rules of meaning for expressions and their modes of combination. Locke supposed that communication was basically a matter of a speaker encoding thoughts into words and the listener decoding words back into thoughts. The same basic picture is found fairly explicitly in Saussure and other influential theorists. This picture seems to fit reasonably well with the picture that emerged from the logicians and philosophers of language in the tradition of logical analysis, of language as a system of phonological, syntactic and semantic rules, of which competent speakers and interpreters have implicit mastering. Paradigmatically, the sincere speaker plans to produce an utterance with the truth-conditions of a belief she wishes to express; she chooses her words so that her utterance has those truth-conditions; the credulous interpreter needs to perceive the utterance, and recognize which phones, morphemes, words and phrases are involved, and then using knowledge of the meanings, deduce the truth-conditions of the utterance and of the belief it expresses.\nIn contrast, pragmatics involves perception augmented by some species of ‘ampliative’ inference — induction, inference to the best explanation, Bayesian reasoning, or perhaps some special application of general principles special to communication, as conceived by Grice (see below) — but in any case a sort of reasoning that goes beyond the application of rules, and makes inferences beyond what is established by the basic facts about what expressions are used and their meanings.\nThe facts with which pragmatics deals are of various sorts, including:\n- Facts about the objective facts of the utterance, including: who the speaker is, when the utterance occurred, and where;\n- Facts about the speaker's intentions. On the near side, what language the speaker intends to be using, what meaning she intends to be using, whom she intends to refer to with various shared names, whether a pronoun is used demonstratively or anaphorically, and the like. On the far side, what she intends to achieve by saying what she does.\n- Facts about beliefs of the speaker and those to whom she speaks, and the conversation they are engaged in; what beliefs do they share; what is the focus of the conversation, what are they talking about, etc.\n- Facts about relevant social institutions, such as promising, marriage ceremonies, courtroom procedures, and the like, which affect what a person accomplishes in or by saying what she does.\nWe will divide our discussion, somewhat arbitrarily, into the ‘Classic Pragmatics’ and ‘Contemporary pragmatics.’ The Classic Period, by our reckoning, stretches from the mid-sixties until the mid-eighties.\nOur initial focus will be on the traditions in pragmatics inaugurated by the J.L. Austin and H.P. Grice. Both of these philosophers were interested in the area of pragmatics we call ‘beyond saying.’ In the classic period, these phenomena were studied on the premise — a premise increasingly undermined by developments in pragmatics itself — that a fairly clear distinction could be made between what is said, the output of the realm of semantics, and what is conveyed or accomplished in particular linguistic and social context in or by saying something, the realm of pragmatics. What is said is sort of a boundary; semantics is on the near side, and those parts of pragmatics that were the focus of the classic period are on the far side.\nThe British philosopher John Langshaw Austin (b. 1911–d. 1960) was intrigued by the way that we can use words to do different things. Whether one asserts or merely suggests, promises or merely indicates an intention, persuades or merely argues, depends not only on the literal meaning of one's words, but what one intends to do with them, and the institutional and social setting in which the linguistic activity occurs. One thing a speaker might intend to do, and be taken to do, in saying “I'll be there to pick you up at six,” is to promise to pick her listener up at that time. The ability to promise and to intend to promise arguably depends on the existence of a social practice or set of conventions about what a promise is and what constitutes promising. Austin especially emphasized the importance of social fact and conventions in doing things with words, in particular with respect to the class of speech acts known as illocutionary acts.\nAustin began by distinguishing between what he called ‘constatives’ and ‘performatives.’ A constative is simply saying something true or false. A performative is doing something by speaking; paradigmatically, one can get married by saying “I do” (Austin 1961). Constatives are true or false, depending on their correspondence (or not) with the facts; performatives are actions and, as such, are not true or false, but ‘felicitous’ or ‘infelicitous,’ depending on whether or not they successfully perform the action in question. In particular, performative utterances to be felicitous (i) must invoke an existing convention and (i) the convention must be invoked in the right circumstances.\nA clear delimitation between performatives and constatives proved to be difficult to establish, however. There are explicit performatives; a verb used in a certain way makes explicit the action being performed: “I bet that there is a dangerous animal there,” “I guarantee that there is a dangerous animal there,” “I warn you that there is a dangerous animal there.” But the same action could be performed implicitly: “There is a dangerous animal there,” where both issues of (in)felicities and issues of truth/falsity are simultaneously present. Instead of pursuing the distinction between performatives and constatives, Austin (1962a) proposed a new three-fold distinction.\nAccording to this trichotomy, a speech act is, first of all, a locutionary act, that is, an act of saying something. Saying something can also be viewed from three different perspectives: (i) as a phonetic act: uttering certain noises; (ii) as a phatic act: uttering words “belonging to and as belonging to, a certain vocabulary, conforming to and as conforming to a certain grammar”; and (iii) as a rhetic act: uttering words “with a certain more-or-less definite sense and reference” (Austin 1962a, 95). Now, to perform a locutionary act is also in general to perform an illocutionary act; in performing a locutionary act, we perform an act with a certain force: ordering, warning, assuring, promising, expressing an intention, and so on. And by doing that, we will normally produce “certain consequential effects upon the feelings, thoughts or actions of the audience, or of the speaker, or of other persons” (ibidem, 101) that Austin calls perlocutionary. At the point of his untimely death, Austin's work on speech act theory was far from complete. His main work, How to do things with words was published posthumously, based on lecture notes of Austin and his students.\nAustin's student, John R. Searle (1969) developed speech act theory as a theory of the constitutive rules for performing illocutionary acts, i.e., the rules that tell what performing (successfully) an illocutionary act (with certain illocutionary force and certain propositional content) consists in. The rules are classified as (i) propositional content rules, which put conditions on the propositional content of some illocutionary acts; (ii) preparatory rules, which tell what the speaker will imply in the performance of the illocutionary acts; (iii) sincerity rules, that tell what psychological state the speaker expresses to be in; and (iv) essential rules, which tell us what the action consists in essentially.\nLet's return to our case of promising. According to Searle's analysis, for an utterance by S to H to count as a promise must meet the following conditions:\n- The propositional content represents some future action A by S;\n- H prefers S's doing A to her not doing it, and S believes that to be so; and it is not obvious both to S and H that S will do A in the normal course of events;\n- S intends to do A; and\n- Promising counts as the undertaking of an obligation of S to do A.\nIf someone, then, wants to make a (felicitous) promise she must meet these conventional conditions. The study of these conventional conditions for illocutionary acts, together with the study of their correct taxonomy constitutes the core of speech act theory.\nBased on their essential conditions, and attending to the minimal purpose or intention of the speaker in performing an illocutionary act, Searle (1975a) proposes a taxonomy of illocutionary acts into five mutually exclusive and jointly exhaustive classes:\n- Representative or assertive. The speaker becomes committed to the truth of the propositional content; for example, asserting: “It's raining.”\n- Directive. The speaker tries to get the hearer to act in such a way as to fulfill what is represented by the propositional content; for example, commanding: “Close the door!”\n- Commissive. The speaker becomes committed to act in the way represented by the propositional content; for example, promising: “I'll finish the paper by tomorrow.”\n- Expressive. The speaker simply expresses the sincerity condition of the illocutionary act: “I'm glad it's raining!”\n- Declarative. The speaker performs an action just representing herself as performing that action: “I name this ship the Queen Elizabeth.”\nSpeech act theory, then, adopts a social or institutional view of linguistic meaning. This is sometimes opposed to the intentionalist view favored by Grice (1957) and Strawson (1964), but there need be no inconsistency. (For an interesting discussion on the relationship between intentionalist and social, institutional and intersubjective views on meaning and communication by Searle, Bennett, Habermas and Appel, see part I of Lepore & Van Gulick 1991.)\nHerbert Paul Grice (b. 1913-d. 1988) emphasized the distinction Voltaire makes, in our opening quotation, between what words mean, what the speaker literally says when using them, and what the speaker means or intends to communicate by using those words, which often goes considerably beyond what is said. I ask you to lunch and you reply, “I have a one o'clock class I'm not prepared for.” You have conveyed to me that you will not be coming to lunch, although you haven't literally said so. You intend for me to figure out that by indicating a reason for not coming to lunch (the need to prepare your class) you intend to convey that you are not coming to lunch for that reason. The study of such conversational implicatures is the core of Grice's influential theory.\nGrice's so-called theory of conversation starts with a sharp distinction between what someone says and what someone ‘implicates’ by uttering a sentence. What someone says is determined by the conventional meaning of the sentence uttered and contextual processes of disambiguation and reference fixing; what she implicates is associated with the existence of some rational principles and maxims governing conversation (setting aside “conventional implicatures” which we discuss below). What is said has been widely identified with the literal content of the utterance; what is implicated, the implicature, with the non-literal, what it is (intentionally) communicated, but not said, by the speaker. Consider his initial example:\nA and B are talking about a mutual friend, C, who is now working in a bank. A asks B how C is getting on in his job, and B replies: Oh quite well, I think; he likes his colleagues, and he hasn't been to prison yet. (Grice 1967a/1989, 24.)\nWhat did B say by uttering “he hasn't been to prison yet”? Roughly, all he literally said of C was that he hasn't been to prison up to the time of utterance. This is what the conventional sentence meaning plus contextual processes of disambiguation, precisification of vague expressions and reference fixing provide.\nBut, normally, B would have implicated more than this: that C is the sort of person likely to yield to the temptation provided by his occupation. According to Grice, the ‘calculation’ of conversational implicatures is grounded on common knowledge of what the speaker has said (or better, the fact that he has said it), the linguistic and extra linguistic context of the utterance, general background information, and the consideration of what Grice dubs the ‘Cooperative Principle (CP)’:\nMake your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged. (Grice 1967a/1989, 26.)\nAccording to Grice, the CP is implemented, in the plans of speakers and understanding of hearers, by following ‘maxims:’\n- Make your contribution as informative as is required (for the current purposes of the exchange).\n- Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.\n- (Supermaxim): Try to make your contribution one that is true.\n- Do not say what you believe to be false.\n- Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.\n- Be relevant.\n- (Supermaxim): Be perspicuous.\n- Avoid obscurity of expression.\n- Avoid ambiguity.\n- Be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity).\n- Be orderly.\n- Frame whatever you say in the form most suitable for any reply that would be regarded as appropriate; or, facilitate in your form of expression the appropriate reply (added by Grice 1981/1989, 273).\nGrice sees the principles governing conversation as derived from general principles governing human rational cooperative action. There has been much discussion about the CP and the maxims. Are all of them necessary? Do we need more? Are they normative or descriptive? What's their exact role in the theory of implicatures: Are they principles that speakers and hearers are assumed to observe in rational communication, or simply theorist's tools for rational reconstruction? Does the CP require from speaker and hearer further cooperation towards a common goal beyond that of understanding and being understood? What is clear is that Grice attributes to these principles an essential role for the definition and the interpretation of conversational implicatures.\nThe paradigmatic kind of reasoning on the part of the hearer for the determination of implicatures, according to Grice, follows this pattern:\nHe has said that p; there is no reason to suppose that he is not observing the maxims, or at least the CP; he could not be doing this unless he thought that q; he knows (and knows that I know that he knows) that I can see that the supposition that he thinks that q is required; he has done nothing to stop me thinking that q; he intends me to think, or is at least willing to allow me to think, that q; and so he has implicated that q. (Grice 1967a/1989, 31.)\nApplied to the earlier example, about the banker, A would reason in the following way:\nB has said that C has not been to prison yet (p); he is apparently flouting the maxim of manner, but I have no reason to suppose that he is opting out CP; his violation of the maxim would only be apparent if he is thinking that C is potentially dishonest (q); B knows (and knows that I know that he knows) that I can figure out he is thinking that q; …; so he has implicated that q.\nConversational implicatures have the following characteristics:\n- They are cancelable:\n… a putative conversational implicature that p is explicitly cancelable if, to the form of words the utterance of which putatively implicates that p, it is admissible to add but not p, or I do not mean to imply that p, and it is contextually cancelable if one can find situations in which the utterance of the form of words would simply not carry the implicature. (Grice 1967b/1989, 44.)\n- They are non-detachable:\n… it will not be possible to find another way of saying the same thing, which simply lacks the implicature in question, except where some special feature of the substituted version is itself relevant to the determination of an implicature (in virtue of one of the maxims of Manner). (Grice 1967a, 1989, 39.)\n- They are calculable:\nThe presence of a conversational implicature must be capable of being worked out; for even if it can in fact be intuitively grasped, unless the intuition is replaceable by an argument, the implicature (if present at all) will not count as a conversational implicature. (Grice 1967a/1989, 31.)\nGrice considers this last property to be crucial for distinguishing between conversational and conventional implicatures. Conventional implicatures are generated by the meaning of certain particles like ‘but’ or ‘therefore.’ Consider the difference between (1) and (2):\n- He is an Englishman, therefore he is brave.\n- He is an Englishman, and he is brave.\nAccording to Grice, a speaker has said the same with (1) as with (2). The difference is that with (1) she implicates (3).\n3. His being brave follows from his being English.\nThis is a conventional implicature. It is the conventional meaning of ‘therefore,’ and not maxims of cooperation, that carry us beyond what is said.\nGrice's concept of conventional implicatures (which has antecedents in Frege; see Bach 1999b) is the most controversial part of his theory of conversation for many followers, for several reasons. According to some, its application to particular examples runs against common intuitions. By using the word ‘therefore’ is the speaker not saying that there is some causal connection between being brave and being English? Isn't she saying and not merely implying that one's being brave follows from one's being English. Moreover, the category of conventional implicatures blurs the distinction between what is said, usually conceived as determined by the semantic conventions of language, and what is implicated, usually thought of as a matter of inference as to a speaker's intentions in saying what she does. Conventional sentence meaning contributes crucially to what is said, which is considered essentially different from implicatures; but now we have the result that some elements of conventional meaning do not contribute to what is said but to implicatures (albeit conventional). Finally, it places the study of the conventional meaning of some expressions within the realm of pragmatics (study of implicatures), rather than semantics, usually conceived as the home of conventional meaning.\nAmong conversational implicatures, Grice distinguished between ‘particularized’ and ‘generalized.’ The former are the implicatures that are generated by saying something in virtue of some particular features of the context, “cases in which there is no room for the idea that an implicature of this sort is normally carried by saying that p.” (Grice 1967a/1989, 37) The above example of conversational implicature is, then, a case of particularized conversational implicature. A generalized conversational implicature (henceforth GCI) occurs where “the use of a certain forms of words in an utterance would normally (in the absence of special circumstances) carry such-and-such an implicature or type of implicature.” (Ibid.). Grice's first example is a sentence of the form “X is meeting a woman this evening.” Anyone who utters this sentence, in absence of special circumstances, would be taken to implicate that the woman in question was someone other than X's “wife, mother, sister, or perhaps even close platonic friend” (Ibid.) Being an implicature, it could be cancelled, either implicitly, in appropriate circumstances, or explicitly, adding some clause that implies its denial.\nParticularized conversational implicatures have a wide range of applications that Grice himself illustrates: the informative use of tautologies, irony, metaphor, hyperbole, meiosis and, in principle, any kind of non-literal use that relies in special circumstances of the utterance can be explained in terms of them. But GCIs apply to philosophically more important issues, in particular, to what, according to the introduction to Logic and Conversation, was Grice's most important motivation: the issue of the difference of meaning between logical constants of formal languages and their counterparts in natural languages, or the alleged meanings of verbs like ‘to look like,’ ‘to believe’ or ‘to know.’ GCIs are also at the heart of Grice's Modified Occam's Razor (“Senses are not to be multiplied beyond necessity,” Grice 1967b/1989, 47), which has served as a criterion for distinguishing semantic issues from pragmatic uses and for preferring, in general, an explanation in terms of implicatures rather than a semantic one that postulates ambiguity.\nGrice is probably best known in the philosophy of language for his theory of implicatures. It is surely his most influential body of work for those parts of linguistics, psychology, cognitive science and computer science that share philosophy's interest in language. His theory of meaning, however, is indispensable for understanding his overall philosophical vision and his ‘big picture’ of language and communication. We will not explain this project, which consists in part of ultimately reducing all semantic notions to psychological ones. But we will say a bit about its central concept of ‘M-intentions,’ in order to develop an important aspect of his pragmatic theory, the concept of a communicative intention.\nGrice conceived that semantic notions like word and sentence meaning were ultimately based on speaker's meaning, and this on speaker's intention, what he called M-intentions. What he conceived as a study of the ontology of semantic notions has been received, however, as a characterization of communicative intentions, the mental causes of communicative acts, and those that the hearer has to understand for the communicative act to be successful.\nSo conceived, communicative intentions have these characteristic properties:\n- They are always oriented towards some other agent — the addressee.\n- They are overt, that is, they are intended to be recognized by the addressee.\n- Their satisfaction consists precisely in being recognized by the addressee.\nThese properties are already pointed out in the first version of Grice's M-intentions:\n“A meant something by x” is (roughly) equivalent to “A intended the utterance of x to produce some effect in an audience by means of the recognition of this intention.” (Grice 1957/1989, 220.)\nGrice later reformulated this definition, giving rise to a hot debate about the precise characterization of communicative intentions, mainly about two points:\n- Communicative intentions are intentions to produce some response on\nthe part of the addressee, but what kind of response, exactly, should\nthis be? Suppose I tell you, “It's raining.” This act may have many\nresults: perhaps you will hear the words, understand their meaning,\ncome to believe that it is raining, search for your umbrella, fail to\nfind it and grow angry, and finally become so angry you chew the rug. I\nmay have planned all of this, but more typically I will have had in\nmind that you be prepared for the weather. But my communicative\nintention seems to be directed at a crucial subgoal. If I get you to\nbelieve it is raining, your own rationality will take over and you will\nget prepared. What I seem to aim at is changing your beliefs. It was\nthis sort of response that Grice took to be typical in his early work\non meaning. But it is really more in line with the spirit of his\nproposal that the crucial subgoal be to get the audience to believe\nthat the speaker believes that it is raining. That's really the change\nthat language can bring about; having gotten the audience that far, the\nspeaker needs to hope that the audience trusts her weather-knowledge,\nwill take the steps to themselves believing in rain, and then prepare\nadequately for the weather.\nBut even this rather modest subgoal may be too much to require for the success of the communicative action qua communicative action. Suppose I say that it is raining, and you hear me and understand the meaning of my words. But you don't think I am being sincere; you don't believe that I believe what I said. But still, I have said it. My overall plan to help insure that you don't get wet and catch cold may fail, but I do seem to have succeeded in saying what I set out to say. It seems that the only new mental state needed is the audience's recognition of the speaker's communicative intention; his understanding of the speaker's utterance. This is what has been called ‘illocutionary uptake’:\nIn the case of illocutionary acts we succeed in doing what we are trying to do by getting our audience to recognize what we are trying to do. But the ‘effect’ on the hearer is not a belief or a response, it consists simply in the hearer understanding the utterance of the speaker. (Searle 1969, 47.)\nSo the most common answer has been to follow Searle on this point and exclude perlocutionary results, beyond uptake of this sort, from the content of communicative intentions.\n- Communicative intentions must be wholly overt:\nThe understanding of the force of an utterance in all cases involves recognizing what may be called broadly an audience-directed intention and recognizing it as wholly overt, as intended to be recognized. (Strawson 1964, 459.)\nThe exact formulation of this requirement has been a subject of intense debate, some arguing for a reflexive (self-referential) definition, others for a potentially infinite but practically finite number of clauses in the definition, with conceptual, logical or psychological arguments. What seems to be a matter of consensus is that every covert or even neutral (with respect to its intended recognition by the addressee) aspect of the speaker's intention must be left out of the definition of communicative intentions.\nA short but comprehensive way of concluding would be to say that the fulfillment of communicative intentions consists precisely in being recognized by the addressee. (For this debate, see Searle 1969; Schiffer 1972; Harman 1974; Blackburn 1984; Sperber and Wilson 1986; Recanati 1986; Bach 1987 or Neale 1992.)\nAfter the founding work made in parallel by Austin-Searle, on the one side, and by Grice, on the other, Kent Bach and Robert Harnish (Linguistic Communication and Speech Acts (1979)) made an important attempt to integrate the founders' insights in a unified theory.\nOn the whole, if choosing the appropriate label for their theory between either ‘neo-Gricean’ or ‘neo-Austinian/Searlean,’ the first seem the most appropriate: their theory might be taken to lean toward the Gricean conception of inferential understanding of the speaker's communicative intentions rather than to the Austin-Searle view of speech acts as performed according to some conventional or ‘constitutive’ rules. To obtain a unified theory they developed their own conceptual framework, based on the ideas of Grice, Austin and Searle but including many important innovations of their own. Here it is a brief description of some of them:\nLike Austin, but unlike Searle, Bach and Harnish argue for the concept of locutionary acts: acts of using sentences with “a more or less definite ‘sense’ and a more or less definite ‘reference,’” in Austin's words. They are more explicit than Austin, and argue that determining what someone has (locutionarily) said by uttering a sentence amounts to determining\n- the operative meaning of the sentence uttered\n- the referents for the referring expressions\n- the properties and relations being ascribed\n- the times specified\nWith this information the hearer identifies what a speaker has said, at the locutionary level. From a contemporary perspective, the most remarkable point here is, in our opinion, that they see the determination of the locutionary act by the hearer, not as a matter of merely decoding the conventional meaning of the sentence uttered, but as a matter of inference that has to be based on linguistic meaning plus contextual information concerning the speaker's intentions. Grice did not claim that what a speaker said was determinable without consideration of the speaker's intentions; quite the contrary. But he was not particularly explicit about the way it was done, and the received view, anyway, has been that inference was exclusive to the ‘calculation’ of implicatures.\nThe distinction between locutionary and illocutionary acts of saying also offers Bach and Harnish a useful conceptual tool for treating potentially problematic cases of discordance between utterance content and speaker's intentions, such as slips of the tongue, false referential beliefs, and irony.\nTo go from the locutionary to the illocutionary content, if there is any, the hearer has to infer the communicative intention of the speaker, and to do that, the hearer needs more information. Among other things, the hearer will have to make use of the Communicative Presumption (CP) that they state as follows:\nThe mutual belief in the linguistic community CL to the effect that whenever a member S says something in L to another member H, he is doing so with some recognizable illocutionary intent. (Bach and Harnish 1979, 61.)\nThe taxonomy of illocutionary acts\nBach and Harnish accept most of Searle's (1975a) critiques of Austin's taxonomy as well as his criteria for grouping illocutionary acts in terms of basic illocutionary intentions and expression of mental attitudes; but they make some amendments. To begin with, they discard Searle's class of declarative illocutionary acts (basically covering Austin's explicit performatives), because they take them to be basically assertives or constatives (see Searle 1989, Bach and Harnish 1992 for a further discussion of this issue). Then, the communicative illocutionary acts are (Bach and Harnish 1979, ch. 3):\n- constatives, that express a speaker's belief and her desire that the hearer forms a similar one.\n- directives, that express some attitude about a possible future action by the hearer and the intention that her utterance be taken as reason for the hearer's action.\n- commissives, that express the speaker's intention to do something and the belief that her utterance obliges her to do it.\n- acknowledgments, that express feelings toward the hearer (or the intention that the utterance will meet some social expectations regarding the expression of feelings).\nBach and Harnish make a distinctions between communicative illocutionary acts, the category to which these four types belong, and the category of conventional illocutionary acts, which they take to be fundamentally different. Communicative acts are acts performed with certain communicative intentions whose recognition by the hearer is necessary for the acts to be successful. In conventional acts, on the other hand, no communicative intention need be involved. Success is a matter of convention, not intention. Conventional acts determine and produce facts of institutional nature, if performed according to conventions that do not require any communicative intention on the part of the speaker and, a fortiori, neither its recognition on the part of any hearer. Among conventional acts, Bach and Harnish (1979, ch. 6) distinguish between two classes:\n- effectives, that when produced by the appropriate person in appropriate circumstances produce a change, a new fact in an institutional context; an example might the President of the United States statement that he vetoes a piece of legislation.\n- verdictives, do not produce facts, but determine facts, natural or institutional, with an official, binding effect in the institutional context; an example is a jury's verdict of guilt; it does not create the fact of guilt, but settles the issue of guilt in a binding way.\nThe Speech Act Schema (SAS) gives the form of the required reasoning by the hearer to fully understand the speaker's utterance: from the meaning of the sentence used all the way to the perlocutionary act performed. This requires, besides linguistic information, a system of communicative and conversational presumptions, together with contextual mutual beliefs.\nBach and Harnish think that inference is involved, from the beginning, in the determination of the locutionary act. The next step is to infer the literal illocutionary intentions and from here, in the simplest case, go for the (intended) perlocutionary ones, if any. Roughly, an illocutionary act is literal when its propositional content coincides with the content of the locutionary act, and the force of the former is within the constraints imposed by the latter.\nBut it may happen that the literal illocutionary act cannot be taken as a reasonable thing to have been done by the speaker in some specific circumstances (say, the literal claim is false and obviously so), and the hearer has to search for another non-literal act. Someone speaks non-literally when she does not mean what she says but something else instead.\nIt can also be the case that the speaker is doing more than merely performing a literal act. She means what she says but she means more. The hearer will have to infer the indirect act being performed. It must be noticed that indirect acts can also be based on non-literal acts. Then the SAS extends to account for the intentional perlocutionary effects of the speech act.\nBach and Harnish's SAS offers a detailed study of the structure of utterance interpretation as an inferential process. Taken as an attempt of unification of the two main roots of pragmatics, it can be considered as the closing of the ‘Classic Pragmatics’ period and the transition from ‘philosophical’ pragmatics to linguistic and psychological pragmatics. They can be still located within far-side pragmatics but their clear idea of the role of pragmatic ‘intrusion’ in the determination of what is said is announcing the arrival of near-side pragmatics.\nIn logic and in many of the investigations of logical empiricists in the first two-thirds of the twentieth century, artificial languages were the focus of attention. First the predicate calculus, and then various extensions of it incorporating modal and temporal operators seemed the appropriate linguistic vehicles for clear-thinking philosophers. Issues about the use of natural languages were often thought to be beyond the scope of the proof-theoretic and model-theoretic tools developed by logicians. As Stalnaker put it in 1970,\nThe problems of pragmatics have been treated informally by philosophers in the ordinary language tradition, and by some linguists, but logicians and philosophers of a formalistic frame of mind have generally ignored pragmatic problems … . (Stalnaker 1970/1999, 31.)\n(For an important exception, see Reichenbach's Elements of Symbolic Logic (1947).)\nThe idea that techniques of formal semantics should be adapted to natural languages was forcefully defended by Donald Davidson, on general philosophical principles, and Richard Montague, who applied the techniques of possible worlds semantics to fragments of English in a body of work that was influential in both philosophy and linguistics.\nThese attempts make clear that, on the near side of what is said, semantics and pragmatics are quite enmeshed. The interpretation of indexicals and demonstratives seems squarely in the realm of pragmatics, since it is particular facts about particular utterances, such as the speaker, time, and location, that determine the interpretation of ‘I,’ ‘you,’ ‘now’ and the like. But the relevance of these varying factors is determined by a non-varying rule of meaning, as Bar-Hillel (1954) had already observed.\nIn his essay “Pragmatics” (1968), Richard Montague generalized the concept of a possible world to deal with a number of phenomena, including indexicals. An index combines a possible world with other factors relevant to the truth value of a sentence. To study tensed sentences, for example, one incorporates times into indices. A sentence like “Elwood went to the store,” is true in a world, at a time. A sentence like “I went to the store,” would be true in a world, at a time, for a speaker: roughly, if the speaker went to the store prior to the time in the world.\nIf we ignore time, we can think of the meaning of “I am sitting” as a function from pairs of speakers and worlds to truth-values. Suppose Moe is sitting in the actual world w and standing in alternative world w′, while Curley is standing in w and sitting in w′. “I am sitting” is true at and .\nA somewhat different approach to indexicality, implemented in different ways by David Kaplan and Robert Stalnaker, has been much more influential, however. Here is how Stalnaker put the key idea:\nThe scheme I am proposing looks roughly like this: The syntactical and semantical rules for a language determine an interpreted sentence or clause: this, together with some features of the context of use of the sentence or clause determines a proposition; this in turn, together with a possible world, determines a truth-value. An interpreted sentence, then, corresponds to a function from contexts into propositions, and a proposition is a function from possible worlds into truth-values. (Stalnaker 1970/1999, 36.)\nBoth of these philosophers develop a ‘two-tiered’ approach to the content of utterances of sentences containing indexicals. “I am sitting” expresses the proposition that Moe is sitting in a context with Moe as speaker, a different proposition, that Curley is sitting, in a context with Curley as speaker. Thus we have two functions involved. The character (Kaplan) or propositional concept (Stalnaker) is a function from contexts to propositions. And, at least within possible worlds semantics, propositions are conceived as functions from worlds to truth-values.\nThis ‘two-tiered’ approach brings out what Moe's utterance of “I am sitting,” has and doesn't have in common with Curley's utterance of “You are sitting,” directed at Moe. They both have the same truth-value, of course, but more importantly both express the same proposition.\nThere are, however, important differences in the way Kaplan and Stalnaker implement this idea, which reflect the very different ways in which they think about context.\nThe most influential treatment of indexicals and demonstratives has probably been David Kaplan's monograph Demonstratives (1989), versions of which were circulated in the seventies. Kaplan's basic concepts are context, character, and content. Character is what is provided by sentences with indexicals, like “I am sitting,” or “You are sitting,” a function from contextual features to contents.\nFor Kaplan, a context is a quadruple of an agent, location, time and world; intuitively, these are the speaker of an utterance, the time and location of the utterance, and the possible world in which it occurs; the beliefs of the speaker as to who she is, where she is, and when it is, and what the real world is like are irrelevant to determining content, although not of course to explaining why the speaker says what she does. (The possible world is the contextual feature Kaplan uses to deal with “actually”). A proper context is one in which the agent is at the location at the time in the world, which is of course the characteristic relation among the speaker, time, location and world of an utterance.\nKaplan did not officially take his theory to be a theory of utterances. He thought of his account, or at least of the formal theory he supplies, as a theory of occurrences, or sentences-in-context, which are abstract objects consisting of pairs of contexts and expression types. Utterances, Kaplan argues, are an unsuitable subject matter for logical investigation. Utterances take time, for one thing, so it would not be possible to insist that all of the premises of an argument share the same context, but this stipulation is needed for logic. For another, since any utterance of “I am not speaking” would be false, we might have to conclude that “I am speaking” is a logical truth, an unwelcome result.\nKaplan does not call what he is doing “pragmatics” but the semantics of indexicals and demonstratives.\nKaplan's theory was part of a movement in the philosophy of language that developed the sixties and seventies, which we will call ‘referentialism.’ For our purposes, the salient aspects of referentialism are (i) in some forms, heavy reliance was made of the concept of ‘what is said,’ — often equated with ‘the proposition expressed’ — by a particular utterance of a suitably declarative sentence; (ii) referentialists argued persuasively that ‘what is said’ or ‘the proposition expressed’ depends on reference of names, indexicals and demonstratives, rather than any descriptive ‘backing’ or identifying conditions speakers or hearers might associate with them. More controversially, Donnellan (1966) argued that in the case of ‘referential’ uses of definite descriptions, the reference of the description, rather than the descriptive condition, is a constituent of the proposition expressed.\nThe question naturally raises, then, how does the referentialist conception of what is said fit with Grice's theory of conversation, which, as we have seen, pertains to the reasons the speaker has for saying what she does.\nIt can be argued that Kaplan's concept of content fits in with Grice's theory of conversation. For the purposes of formal semantics and logic, the context (in Kaplan's sense) can be taken as given. Kaplan treats both the sentence and the context as abstract objects, and all of the rules of interpretation are suitably deductive. Pragmatics begins when we apply Kaplan's theory to utterances. Semantics and near-side pragmatics resolve reference, and so what proposition is expressed, that is, what is said, by an utterance involving the use of a sentence in a context. Then Grice's theory of conversation, and the Austin-Searle theory of speech acts, takes over to tell us what else the speaker has implicated by saying what she did, and what else she has accomplished in or by saying what she did.\nThis picture is not without problems, however. Referentialism seems to bring in its wake various version of Frege's problem of identity, and these are relevant to pragmatics.\nConsider the statements “Hespherus is visible in the eastern sky” and “Phosphorus is visible in the eastern sky.” On referentialist principles, the two statements express the same proposition, the one that is true in all worlds in which Venus (the planet that ‘Hesperus’ and ‘Phosphorus’ are two names for) is visible in the eastern sky. But they seem to convey different information. And, most dramatically, “Hesperus is Hesperus” seems trivial, while “Hesperus is Phosphorus” or “Phosphorus is Venus” seem to convey valuable information. And yet, on referentialist principles, all three identity statements express the same proposition.\nParadigmatically, according to Grice's theory, the input to the hearer's reasoning about implicatures is what is said. Referentialism would seem to imply that different ways of saying the same thing should be conversationally equivalent. But this does not seem correct. If Elwood says, “I can't reach the salt,” this has the implicature that he would appreciate someone passing it to him. But what if he says, “Elwood can't reach the salt”? The implicatures are not so clear. Elwood seems to have flouted the maxim of quantity, in both its submaxims, giving us information we don't need (the name of the person who can't reach the salt), and denying us information we do need, namely that the speaker is the person whose relation to the saltshaker is at issue. Grice's maxims of manner allow the theory of conversation to deal with information that depends on how something is said, rather than only what is said; it seems these maxims may have to be exploited beyond what Grice envisaged to explain how co-referential names and indexicals can give rise to non-equivalent implicatures, if we adopt the referentialist account of what is said.\nIn his seminal article “Pragmatics” (1970) Stalnaker proposed a conception of semantics and pragmatics that would allow the tools and traditions of formal semantics to be extended to pragmatics. The pragmatic phenomena he mainly had in mind are what we are calling “near-side pragmatics,” involving the way in which, in the setting of natural language, contextual factors interact with conventional meaning to determine what is said, or the proposition expressed. Stalnaker uses his pragmatic theory to deal with issues that might be thought to require a semantic explanation, such as the informativeness of identity statements (“Hesperus is Phosphorus”) and the import of negative existentials (“Homer did not exist”); in doing so he saw himself as continuing in a Gricean tradition:\n… I think the general Gricean strategy of trying to reduce the burden on semantics by explaining as much of the phenomena as possible in terms of truisms about conversation as a rational activity remains as fruitful and promising as it was when he first proposed it. (Stalnaker 1999, 113.)\nFormal semantics, as Stalnaker sees it, can be conceived as the study of propositions within a possible worlds framework. Artificial languages are designed to fit the meanings they are to express, so the connection between language and proposition should not be a tricky issue. But with natural languages,\nit is a semantical problem to specify the rules for matching up sentences of a natural language with the propositions that they express. In most cases…the rules will not match sentences directly with propositions, but will match sentences with propositions relative to features of the context in which the sentence is used. These contextual features are a part of the subject matter of pragmatics… (Stalnaker 1970/1999, 34.)\nPresupposition, Common Ground and Context\nLike Kaplan, Stalnaker has a two-tiered picture: sentence meanings provide a function from contexts to propositions; propositions themselves are functions from worlds to truth-values. Stalnaker, however, has a quite different picture of context, which he bases on the concept of presupposition. Intuitions about what is said are accompanied by intuitions about what is not said, but merely presupposed. If Elwood says,\n- The Queen of England has several palaces\nhe does not say that there is a Queen of England, but he presupposes that there is. And consider\n- Peter knows the sea is salty\n- It was James Madison that led America to defeat in the war of 1812\n- Bush regrets invading Iraq\n- Clinton resumed cheating on his wife\nIn saying (2), Elwood would not say, but merely presuppose, that the sea is salty. In saying (3) he would presuppose, but not say, that someone led America to defeat in the War of 1812. In saying (4) Elwood would presuppose that Bush invaded Iraq, and in (5) he would presuppose that Clinton had cheated on his wife, and then stopped doing so for a period of time (possibly rather short).\nPresupposition has been treated as a semantic phenomenon and as a pragmatic phenomenon. Arguably, each of (1)-(5) and its corresponding negation would have the same presupposition. This has led to the semantic conception of presupposition as a non-trivial entailment that is shared by a statement and its negation. Semantical approaches to presupposition encounter some tricky problems, the most important of which is “the projection problem.” If presupposition is semantic, then it seems the presuppositions of complex sentences should be a function of the presuppositions of the simple sentences that make them up, but it is at least not obvious that this is so. Consider, for example,\n- The king has a son\n- The king's son is bald\n- If the king has a son, the king's son is bald\n(6) presupposes that there is a king, (7) that there is a king and that the king has a son. (8) contains both (6) and (7). It seems to inherit the presupposition of (6) but not of (7); that is, (8) presupposes that there is a king, but not that he has a son. A correct theory of just how presuppositions are inherited from simple to complex sentences would solve the projection problem, and doing so seems to be required for a semantic account of presupposition. A number of interesting theories have been put forward; it is not our purpose to claim that they are or are not successful. (See Kartunnen 1973, 1974; Kartunnen and Peters 1979; Gazdar 1979; Soames 1989; Burton-Roberts 1989a-b, 1999; Heim 1992; Horn 19995; Asher and Lascarides 1998; Carston 1998, 1999a; Kamp 2001; Beaver 2002; Schlenker 2010.)\nStalnaker recognizes semantic presupposition in the case of simple sentences (1)-(5). And he thinks that semantic presuppositions are also pragmatically presupposed; that is, if P is a semantic presupposition of what the speaker says, then the speaker will in fact take P for granted and take her audience to do so too; she will treat P as part of the common ground:\nThere is no conflict between the semantic and pragmatic concepts of presupposition; they are explications of related but different ideas. In general, any semantic presupposition of a proposition expressed in a given context will be a pragmatic presupposition of the people in the context, but the converse clearly does not hold.\nTo presuppose a proposition in the pragmatic sense is to take its truth for granted, and to assume that others involved in the context do the same…\nThe set of all the presuppositions made by a person in a given context determines a class of possible worlds, the ones consistent with all the presuppositions. This class sets the boundaries of the linguistic situation. (Stalnaker 1970/1999, 38.)\nStalnaker emphasizes that when we make assertions (the paradigmatic use of language, conceived as a tool for exchanging information), there is a natural division into what the speaker presupposes and what the speaker says. If Elwood says, “The Queen of England has charming grandchildren,” he presupposes that there is a unique queen of England, and says that her grandchildren are charming. In the ordinary case, the presupposition would be shared by the conversational participants, but not everyone would already know, or believe, what Elwood says about her. The presuppositions that are shared are the common ground, which is an important part of the context of an utterance. Elwood's assertion is an attempt to add to the common ground that additional content that the queen's grandchildren are charming. Of course, someone may deny that this is so, in which case it wouldn't become part of the common ground. Nevertheless, we can conceptualize the meaning of a sentence, or a central part of the meaning of a sentence, in terms of the change a use of it attempts to make to the common ground.\nUnlike Kaplan, Stalnaker has a homogeneous theory of contexts and contents. Both context and content can be conceived of as propositions, or equivalently as sets of worlds. A context is a set of worlds, that capture the common ground in a conversation, the presuppositions that all of the participants share. The point of an assertion is to change the common ground. An utterance token is associated with a propositional concept, which characterizes the context-change potential of an assertion.\nA propositional concept is a function from possible worlds into propositions, or, equivalently, a function from an ordered pair of possible worlds into a truth-value. (Stalnalker 1978/199, 81.)\nThe truth-value of a statement like “That man is sitting” will depend on two issues: (i) who is being referred to as ‘that man’; (ii) who is sitting. The propositional concept corresponding to this statement will yield the truth for any pair of worlds w, w′ such that there is an x that is referred to as ‘that man’ in w, and x is sitting in w′.\nSuppose for example, we are talking about Albert. The common ground will include such things as that ‘Albert’ names a certain person that attended Stanford last year, that this person was from Bonn, and that he intended to return and teach in Germany. The common ground leaves open whether he is, as we speak, in Germany or not. I say, “Albert isn't in Germany, but in Switzerland, this month.” If no one objects, the common ground will change; the worlds in which Albert is anywhere but in Switzerland will be eliminated. The propositional concept of an utterance can be seen as the effect it will have on the various contexts in which it might occur. Which worlds my assertion adds or deletes from the common ground will depend on who we are talking about (the reference of ‘Albert’) and which month it is when I speak, for example. The proposition expressed by a statement, what is asserted, will be a proposition that captures the change proposed for the context in which it occurs.\nSuppose now that you and I are talking, and not far in the distance are Elwood and Ambrose. Elwood is clearly standing; it's not so clear whether Ambrose is standing or sitting. I point to Ambrose and say, “that man is sitting.” Given that I am pointing to Ambrose, my statement will be true only if he is sitting, and so perhaps you change your beliefs accordingly; what was not part of the common ground, that Ambrose was sitting, now becomes part of the common ground.\nAnother possibility is that you think you see Ambrose at least as clearly than I do, and it is not at all clear that I am right. So you reject my proposal to modify the common ground, and say, “Ambrose may not be sitting.”\nBut there is a third possibility, too. Suppose you took me as pointing to Elwood. But if I am pointing to Elwood, I am saying something patently false, for it is clear that he is standing. To make sense of my remark, the simplest thing to do is change your view of whom I am pointing at: Ambrose rather than Elwood. Now the change is not in who you think is sitting or not, but whom you think I am pointing to. Given the propositional concept of the utterance “that man is sitting”, it works, in the paradigmatic case, to convey information about who is sitting, and it also has the capacity, in a different situation, to convey information about to whom I am pointing.\nThe concept of a propositional concept allows Stalnaker to accommodate the facts that, as we saw above, seemed to pose a problem for referentialists. Suppose I say “Bill Clinton was a boy in Hope, Arkansas.” On a referentialist analysis, I have expressed a proposition that is true in all and only worlds in which Bill Clinton was a boy in that town, no matter what he is called in the worlds or what the town is called. Now suppose I am lost in Arkansas, drive into Hope without knowing it, and see a sign: “Bill Blythe was grew up in this town.” I say to myself, “Bill Blythe was a boy in this town.” On referentialist principles, the content of this remark is the same: the proposition true in all and only worlds in which Bill Clinton (who was called “Bill Blythe” when young) grew up in Hope. But the two statements seem importantly different.\nNow consider the propositional concepts PBC and PBB of “Bill Clinton was a boy in Hope, Arkansas” and “Bill Blythe was a boy in this town.” Take the first argument to be the actual world, which we can call @, the context in which both statements actually occur. The facts of the world (including the facts about the utterances) determine that the same person is referred to with “Bill Clinton” and “Bill Blythe” and the same town with “Hope, Arkansas,” and “this town.” So, no matter what world w we put in as second element, PBC(@, w) and PBB(@, w) will be the same, true if Clinton grew up in Hope in w, false if he did not. This accommodates the referentialism.\nBut in the actual situation, the actual world is not part of my presuppositions, my common ground. I don't know that I am speaking in a world in which “Bill Blythe” is a name of Bill Clinton, and “this town” refers to Hope, Arkansas. The set of worlds that captures my context will include the actual world, but many other worlds as well, such as worlds in which I am lost in Combs, Arkansas, rather than Hope, and in which “Bill Blythe” was the boyhood name of Orval Faubus.\nNow suppose someone tells me, at this point, “Bill Blythe is Bill Clinton; this town is Hope, Arkansas.” The effect will be to eliminate worlds like the ones just mentioned from my presupposition set; all worlds in which “Bill Blythe” stands for anyone but Clinton, and all worlds in which I am anywhere but in Hope.\nMost current pragmatic theorists are neo-Griceans in that they adopt at least some version of his main three contributions:\n- a fundamental distinction of what a speaker says and what she implicates;\n- a set of rules or principles, derived from general principles of rationality, cooperation and/or cognition, that guide, constrain or govern human linguistic communication (there are differences among neo-Griceans on the exact nature of these principles and of pragmatic reasoning generally, as we shall see); and\n- a notion of communicative intention (called M(eaning)-intention by Grice) whose fulfillment consists in being recognized by the addressee.\nGiven these similarities, there are many differences. One important dimension involves disciplines and methodology. Following Carston (2005) there are at least three different general tendencies: those who see pragmatics, much in Grice's vein, as a philosophical project; those who concentrate on its interaction with grammar; and those who see it as an empirical psychological theory of utterance interpretation.\nA second dimension has to do with the relative importance given to two models of communication. One is the coding-decoding model of Locke and Saussure, as developed in the twentieth century logic and philosophy in compositional theories of meaning and truth. The other model, which we owe mostly to Grice, also has Lockean roots, in that communication of belief from speaker to hearer lies at its center. But the mechanism of discovery is not decoding according to conventional rules, but intention-recognition and discovery based on ampliative inference. The two models are not inconsistent, and all theorists accept elements of each. The issue is their relative centrality and importance in the phenomenon of human communication with language.\nAccording to the coding model, communication consists in a sender and a receiver sharing a common code or language and a channel, so that the former encodes the message and sends it for the latter to decode it. Communication is, following this picture, quite an easy matter. It just amounts to knowledge of language and a safe channel — i.e., without too much ‘noise.’ If sender and receiver share the knowledge of the code and the message makes its way through the channel the success of communication is guaranteed.\nOne of Grice's major contributions to the theory of communication was provision of an alternative to the Locke-Saussure model of communication as a coding and decoding of thoughts. One can think of the alternative either as a supplement or a replacement for the coding model.\nIntentions and their recognition are at the heart of Grice's alternative. Even if the interpreter's reasoning is guided by the conversational principle or maxims, as Grice thought, intention-recognition is not basically a matter of following conventional rules, but ampliative reasoning about what is going on in other minds.\nBut how do the two models fit together? Is language mainly and centrally a matter of deduction, of coding and decoding according to the conventions of meaning, with a little intention-recognition around the near and far edges to take care of ambiguity and implicature? Or is communication mainly a matter of acting in ways that get one's intentions recognized, with the conventions of language being just a helpful resource for accomplishing this?\nIn the classical period, near-side pragmatics tended to be ignored, and the Gricean model applied only to issues beyond saying; all of this is consistent with the first picture. Many neo-Griceans still adopt much of the first picture, and see the core of language as an autonomous realm studied by semantics, in which the meanings of parts compositionally determine the meanings of wholes, the fundamental concept of meaning being the truth-conditions of sentences. Grice's work is often used to bolster this picture; Gricean considerations serve as a sort of shock-absorber, where apparent data that are difficult to handle on the autonomous-semantics picture are treated as merely apparent, resulting from mistaking implicatures for ‘semantic content.’ Recanati calls such theorists ‘minimalists;’ (see 3.4 below) while no one denies that contextual facts and pragmatic reasoning are needed at the near side of what is said, according to these theorists, there is minimal intrusion of such considerations on autonomous semantics.\nAccording to relevance theory this is a mistake. Sperber and Wilson (1986) see things the second way. Following Grice's model, understanding what someone means by an utterance is a matter of inferring the speaker's communicative intention: the hearer uses all kinds of information available to get at what the speaker intended to convey. The semantic information obtained by decoding the sentence uttered is but one example of such information. But much more information has to be used to infer what the speaker meant — that includes both what she said and what she implicated — by her utterance. So central is intention-recognition to understanding language that the code model, with autonomous semantics at its core, should largely be abandoned in favor of the inferential model. One kind of pragmatic reasoning pervades language use, near-side and far-side, and the areas in which the code model is applicable are basically marginal.\nThe need for supplementary information is too pervasive and too important to be a matter of something specifically linguistic, as might be suggested by Grice's conversational principle and maxims. Sperber and Wilson see the fundamental mechanism of such inferences as going well beyond language, and beyond humans. In terms of Carston's distinctions, relevance theory departs from Grice's philosophical project, and aims at an empirical psychological theory of human cognition and communication. They see the phenomenon they call ‘relevance’ as a psychological phenomenon basic to the lives not only of humans but of all animals with a cognitive repertoire sophisticated enough to have choices about which environmental cues to attend to. Evolution shapes the phenomenon of relevance; an animal's attention is drawn to environmental cues that provide the most crucial information. Sounds of an approaching cat grabs a bird's attention away from a worm; parents are alert to the sounds of their baby's crying. The phenomenon is extended through learning; the squeal of brakes grabs a driver's attention away from a pretty sunset. And the cues can be conventional; the dinner bell grabs the attention of the hungry child. The phenomenon of relevance in language is another manifestation of this very general phenomenon. ‘Relevance’ in relevance theory, then, should not be taken to be just our ordinary conception of relevance; nor should it be equated with the ‘relevance’ of Grice's maxim, although it is connected to that and intended to provide a deepened understanding of what underlies the maxim.\nRelevance theory emphasizes that the rules of language leave all sorts of issues open. Some words have too many meanings: ambiguity. Others have too little meaning: ‘he,’ or ‘that.’ Decoding alone won't determine which meaning the speaker is using, or which object she intends to refer to with a pronoun. So even before we get to what is said, communication involves intentions on the part of the speaker that go beyond what she “codes-up” into language, and inferences on the part of the hearer that go beyond decoding. And of course when we consider what is conveyed beyond saying, the coding model is even less adequate. In all of these ways in which knowledge of convention falls short, relevance fills the gap.\nA second difference rooted in the psychological conception of pragmatics is reliance on the representational theory of mind. The tenets of relevance theory are couched in talk of processing representations, rather than, and sometimes in addition to, the ordinary terminology of philosophical psychology.\nThus, instead of Grice's cooperative principle and conversational maxims, relevance theory postulates principles of relevance, which stem from the applicability of the general phenomenon of relevance to linguistic situations in the context of a representational theory of mind. There are two fundamental principles.\nPragmatic relevance is a property of utterances as a particular case of inputs to cognitive processes:\nAn input is relevant to an individual when it connects with available contextual assumptions to yield POSITIVE COGNITIVE EFFECTS: for example, true contextual implications, or warranted strengthenings or revisions of existing assumptions. (Sperber & Wilson 2005, 7)\nThe relevance of an input for an individual is a matter of degree. In general, the greater those positive cognitive effects with the smaller mental effort to get them, the greater the relevance of the input for the individual. Sperber and Wilson conjecture that the cognitive architecture of human beings tends to the maximization of relevance. This is what their first principle of relevance states:\nFirst (cognitive) principle of relevance: Human cognition is geared towards the maximization of relevance (that is, to the achievement of as many contextual (cognitive) effects as possible for as little processing effort as possible).\nThis is the general cognitive principle that serves as background for communication in general and linguistic communication in particular. Applied to linguistic communication, this involves the following: For a communicative act to be successful, the speaker needs the addressee's attention; since everyone is geared towards the maximization of relevance, the speaker should try to make her utterance relevant enough to be worth the addressee's attention. This leads us to the\nSecond (communicative) principle of relevance: Every act of ostensive communication (e.g. an utterance) communicates a presumption of its own optimal relevance.\nBy ‘ostensive’ relevance theorists make reference to the ‘overt’ or ‘public’ nature of the speaker's communicative intentions in acts of communication. Communication will be successful (i.e., understanding will occur) when the addressee recognizes those intentions. This process is mostly inferential and it has costs. So, the addressee would not start the inferential process without a presumption that it will report her some benefits, that is, without a presumption that the input is not only relevant, but as relevant as it can, ceteris paribus. Then, when someone utters something with a communicative purpose, she does it, according to relevance theory, with the presumption of optimal relevance, which states that\n- The utterance is relevant enough to be worth processing.\n- It is the most relevant one compatible with the communicator's abilities and preferences.\nAlthough the principles of relevance account for near-side and far-side inferences, relevance theory acknowledges a fundamental distinction. On the near side, ambiguities, references, and issues of vagueness will be resolved so as to make the ‘explicature’ — the relevance theoretic replacement for ‘what is said,’ or ‘the proposition expressed’ — maximally relevant. A somewhat more complex sort of reasoning then derives implicatures. But these processes are not sequential. The ‘choice’ of explicature will be affected by the need to come to an understanding of everything that is communicated, explicature and implicature, as maximally relevant.\nThe addressee's understanding process starts then when she perceives an ostensive stimulus and stops when her expectations of relevance are satisfied, that is, when she has the most relevant hypothesis (the one with the most positive cognitive effects at the least processing costs) about the speaker's communicative intention. After decoding the sentence uttered and getting at the proposition expressed, the hearer will built a ‘context’ of ‘implicated premises’ or assumptions for getting the cognitive positive effects that make the utterance relevant. Remember that those effects can be the reinforcement or revision of those assumptions but also conclusions obtained deducing then from the proposition expressed plus the context of premises. This context building will also be highly constrained by relevance, looking for as many positive effects as possible with the fewer inferential steps as possible. In addition, the hearer has to look for the contents or assumptions the speaker ostensively intends her to consider.\nConsider the following exchange between A and B:\n- Have you seen The Da Vinci Code?\n- I don't like action movies.\nIt is reasonable to think that in B's response has the following implicatures, as implicated premise and conclusion, respectively:\n- Premise: That The Da Vinci Code is an action movie.\n- Conclusion: That B has not seen it and, maybe, does not intend to see it.\nA retrieves the premise that together with the content of B's response allows her to deduce a conclusion that is reasonable to think B intends her to make, given that it seems the most relevant (the one with more cognitive positive effects — as implicatures in this case — with low processing costs).\nThis is how relevance theory re-interprets the Gricean notion of particularized conversational implicatures: they are treated as implicated premises and conclusions, communicated beyond what the speaker says. On the other hand, relevance theorists abandon the category of generalized conversational implicatures. The phenomena Grice took to be as generalized conversational implicatures belong on the near side according to relevance theorists. They are not part of what is implicated by the speaker in making her utterance, but part of the explicature.\nAccording to this view, pragmatics in general and the principle of relevance in particular have a lot to say about what happens on the near side of the explicature. It is probably fair to say that relevance theorists are mainly responsible for contemporary pragmatics focusing not only on what is conveyed beyond saying but also on saying itself, and for the fact that, as we shall see below, contemporary philosophical pragmatic theory tends to focus on the extent to which pragmatics ‘intrudes’ upon the traditional turf of semantics.\nTogether with Horn's (1984, 1989, 2004), Levinson's work (2000) is a good representative of grammar-oriented pragmatics. Levinson is only marginally a neo-Gricean. He is not committed to Grice's fundamental two-fold division between what is said, on the one hand, and implicatures, on the other — he proposes a third level of default or preferred interpretation. He does not provide a theory of utterance comprehension based primarily on recognition of communicative intentions, for default interpretations are not concerned with that. However, he does assume conversational principles and maxims, formulating a series of heuristics inspired by Grice's maxims of quantity and manner for a theory of Generalized Conversational Implicatures (GCIs) that, as important as they were in Grice's program, have been neglected by many post-Gricean authors. Levinson's GCI theory is not a philosophical theory of human communication, nor a psychological theory of utterance understanding, but a partial theory of utterance-type meaning with its focus on linguistics. As he puts it:\nIn the composite theory of meaning, the theory of GCIs plays just a small role in a general theory of communication… It is just to linguistic theory that GCIs have an unparalleled import. (Levinson 2000, pp. 21–22.)\nThe two-layered view of utterance content consisting, according to Levinson, of a level of encoded meaning (sentence-meaning) and a level of inferential meaning (speaker's or utterance-(token)-meaning), must be supplemented by a third intermediate layer of utterance-type-meaning which is not based “on direct computations on speaker-intentions but rather on general expectations about how language is normally used” (p. 22).\nThese expectations are formulated by Levinson as a series of heuristics, that have a clear connection with Grice's maxims of quantity and manner:\nFirst (Q) Heuristic: What isn't said, isn't (i.e., what you do not say is not the case)\nThis is related to Grice's first maxim of quantity (“Make your contribution as informative as required”) and is held responsible for the inference of so-called scalar implicatures, among others. So from an utterance of “Some students came to the party” it is inferable by default that not all the students came. It is not part of the meaning of ‘some,’ yet, in general — by default from the utterance-type — it is what one would infer in absence of evidence to the contrary. In this case, the heuristic has to be restricted to a set of alternates in a ‘scale,’ so that the use of one implicates the non-applicability of the other.\nSecond (I) Heuristic: What is expressed simply is stereotypically exemplified\nThis is related to Grice's second maxim of quantity (“Do not make your contribution more informative than necessary”), and is taken to be involved in cases of interpretation of conditionals as bi-conditionals, the enrichment of conjunctions with the expression of temporal and causal relations among the conjuncts, ‘bridging’ inferences, collective reading of plural noun phrases, and so on.\nThird (M) Heuristic: What is said in an abnormal way, isn't normal (i.e., marked message indicates marked situation)\nThis heuristic is related to Grice's maxim of manner and, specially, to the first submaxim (“Avoid obscurity of expression”) and the fourth (“Avoid prolixity”). If according to the second heuristic an unmarked utterance gives rise to a stereotypical interpretation, now we have that this interpretation is overruled if a marked utterance is produced. One of the clearest examples is double negation versus simple positive assertion. Compare “It's possible the plane will be late” with “It's not impossible that the plane will be late.”\nWhen conflict among these three heuristics arise, Levinson argues that these are resolved in the following way: Q defeats M, and M defeats I.\nContemporary philosophical approaches to pragmatics are often classified by their view of the two models discussed in Section 3.1. ‘Literalists’ think that semantics is basically autonomous, with little ‘pragmatic intrusion’; ‘contextualists’ adopt the basic outlines of the Relevance Theory view of the importance of pragmatics at every level, while perhaps demurring on many of the details and the psychological orientation.\nTake, for example, an utterance of “It is raining” by John now on the CSLI patio in a telephone conversation with Kepa, who is in Donostia. John is talking about the weather in Stanford. Arguably, what John says is that it is raining in Stanford. This is what he intends for Kepa to understand, and it is the content of the belief, formed by looking at the weather around him, that motivates his utterance. Stanford, then, seems to be a constituent, part of the subject matter, of John's remark. But how did it get there? It seems that it is a matter of pragmatics; it is a fact about the context of John's remark that the conversation is about Stanford, and that suffices. This is an example of what Perry (1986) calls an ‘unarticulated constituent,’ and an instance of a more general phenomenon we will call ‘unarticulated content.’\nThe same basic choice, about what to do with apparently unarticulated content that seems to be part of what is said, presents itself in connection with a number of other phenomena: ‘enriched’ uses of logical operators and numerals (“Mary got married and [then] had [exactly] three children”), quantifier domain restriction (“Nobody [in the class] was paying attention”), comparative adjectives (“John is short [for a football player]”), and a long list of phenomena reconsidered now as possibly being part of what is said, the explicature or the content of the utterance, rather than part of what is implicated.\nMost contemporary theorists would acknowledge that in such cases one might describe ‘what is said’ in terms of the unarticulated content: John said that it was raining at Stanford; the speaker said that Mary got married and then had children, and so forth. And there is general agreement that intuitions about ‘what is said’ cannot by themselves carry much theoretical weight, and there is considerable disagreement about theoretical intepretation of unarticulated content.\nLiteralists argue that the important divide, traditionally marked by ‘what is said,’ should be maintained, although marked by new terminology. Cappelen and Lepore's (2005) term is ‘semantic content.’ On the near side of semantic content will be only the factors acknowledged by Grice: conventional meaning of words and modes of composition; resolution of ambiguity (including, perhaps, issues of standards of precision and vagueness), and resolution of reference of indexicals, demonstratives and names. On the far side are Gricean implicatures.\nAmong literalists, we may distinguish between minimalists and ‘hidden indexical’ theorists. Literalists, do not accept any pragmatically determined element in utterance content that is not triggered by grammar, i.e., by a particular context-sensitive element in the sentence used. Minimalists try to keep context-sensitive expressions to a minimum — Cappelen and Lepore (2005, 2007) are in this camp — and those who pose a context-sensitive expression whenever is needed. The latter, ‘hidden indexicalists,’ admit the ‘unarticulated’ content into the proposition literally expressed by the utterance, but hold that it is not ‘really’ unarticulated, since below the surface grammar, at some deeper level, say logical form, the sentence provide an indexical to be resolved pragmatically (Stanley 2000; Stanley and Szabo 2000).\nCappelen and Lepore are both literalists and minimalists. They use the term ‘semantic content’ for propositions determined solely by conventions of meaning, precisification, disambiguation and reference fixing. They allow that semantic content, so conceived, is often not what ordinary speakers would identify as ‘what is said’; but they take what is said to be a pragmatic concept, and so do not see this as an objection to their scheme. The semantic content of John's utterance above, for example, is something like the proposition “Rain is occurring,” a relatively trivial proposition, that will be true if it is raining anywhere on earth (or perhaps, anywhere in the universe). (See Cappelen and Lepore (2007) and Perry (2007).) The triviality of John's remark, literally interpreted, sets Kepa on the search of some relevant proposition he may have meant to convey, and this proposition, that it is raining in Palo Alto, is what satisfies our intuitive concept of ‘what is said.’ But that shows only that ‘what is said’ is basically a pragmatic concept, that shouldn't be used to delineate true semantic content. We need to change the sign from ‘what is said’ to ‘semantic content,’ rather than move the boundary to fit the sign. On the near side of semantic content we find only conventional meaning, disambiguation, and resolution of reference and vagueness. On the far side we find implicatures, that contribute not only what is suggested, conveyed, and the like, but even what is said, as ordinarily conceived.\nThose over on the Contextualist side, in contrast, see the level corresponding to Grice's ‘what is said’ as determined not only by semantics, disambiguation and reference-fixing, but also by a number of other pragmatic processes that ‘intrude’ on the near side and enrich semantic content. Contextualists include relevance theorists and such philosophers as Recanati (2004), Travis (1997), Korta and Perry (2006a, 2006b, 2007a, 2007b, 2008, 2011, 2013) and Neale (2004). Contemporary contextualists do not insist on the term ‘what is said,’ but provide other criteria for the boundary between the proposition more or less directly expressed and implicatures. Recanati argues that this level — which he sometimes calls ‘what is saidmax’ in contrast of the ‘what is saidmin’ of minimalists — should consist of a proposition that is consciously available to the speaker and the proposition he intends to express, and that any planned implications should also be consciously accessible. Cappelen and Lepore's proposition would not usually pass this test. In our example, John would not be consciously aware of having expressed a proposition that would be true if it was raining on Venus, nor would he at any remotely conscious level have planned for Kepa to reason from the triviality and irrelevance of the proposition that rain occurs to the one he meant to convey, that it rains at Stanford.\nIn Korta and Perry's ‘Critical Pragmatics’ (2008, 2011, 2013), the concept of ‘what is said’ is replaced with two concepts. The ‘reflexive’ or ‘utterance-bound content’ and the ‘referential’ or ‘locutionary content’ of an utterance. The ‘utterance-bound content’ is its truth-conditions, as determined by the conventional meanings of the words used and modes of composition, and thus corresponds to the ‘semantically determined content.’ This content will not be the proposition expressed, but rather a set of conditions on the utterance and the proposition it expresses, with quantification over all relevant factors not determined by meaning — including factors that resolve ambiguity and reference. At this level, then, Critical Pragmatics is radically minimal. For example, an utterance u of “Elwood touched that woman” will be true (roughly) if and only if there is an x and y such that the speaker of u refers to x with ‘Elwood,’ refers to y with ‘that woman,’ and uses ‘touches’ with for some action A permitted by the conventions of English, and at some time prior to the time of u, x A'ed y. The condition on the utterance given to the right of the ‘if and only if’ comprise the reflexive content of the utterance. On the other hand, the referential content of u will be the proposition that, say, Elwood put his hands on Eloise, if the actual facts about u provide Elwood, Eloise as the referents and putting one's hands on as the relevant sense of ‘touches.’ Critical Pragmatics emphasizes the speaker's plan, a hierarchy of intentions, as the main source of the facts that supplement conventional meaning to get us from reflexive to incremental meaning.\nThe second concept employed to do the traditional work of ‘what is said’ is ‘locutionary content.’ The intended locutionary content is basically the referential content the speaker intends to express, given her conception of the context — that is, roughly, the speaker, time, place and whom and what she points at. The locutionary content is fixed by the actual contextual facts, so a speaker's intended locutionary content may not be the locutionary content of the utterance she produces.\nAn intermediate position — called ‘syncretic’ by Recanati (2004) — has been subtly defended by Kent Bach (1994, 1999a, 2001). Bach is on the literalist, minimalist side of the spectrum with respect to semantic content (for which he continues to use the term ‘what is said.’) But he agrees with contextualists that these unarticulated contents are not implicatures, and are not triggered by the meaning of the sentence uttered. He introduces an intermediate category between what is said, in his minimalist sense, and implicatures, which he calls ‘implicitures’ —with ‘ci’ pronounced as in ‘implicit’ — to include these elements.\nContemporary pragmatics is a large, active, interdisciplinary field. The work we have considered here merges into important work in logic, computer science and other areas we have not been able to discuss. Philosophers, the founders of the discipline, continue to play an important role in this field. Philosophically oriented pragmatists (to give an old term a new meaning) usually consider pragmatic issues with an eye towards large issues in the philosophy of language and beyond. But in the course of this, they provide detailed analyses and consider a wide variety of cases that continue to provide ideas and inspiration for pragmatists from other disciplines.\nMany of the definitions reproduced below contrast pragmatics with semantics.\nMorris 1938. Semantics deals with the relation of\nsigns to … objects which they may or do denote. Pragmatics\nconcerns the relation of signs to their interpreters.\nBy ‘pragmatics’ is designated the science of the relation of signs to their interpreters. (…) Since most, if not all, signs have as their interpreters living organisms, it is a sufficiently accurate characterization of pragmatics to say that it deals with the biotic aspects of semiosis, that is, with all the psychological, biological, and sociological phenomena which occur in the functioning of signs.\nCarnap 1942. If in an investigation explicit reference is made to the speaker, or, to put it in more general terms, to the user of a language, then we assign it to the field of pragmatics. (…) If we abstract from the user of the language and analyze only the expressions and their designata, we are in the field of semantics. And if, finally, we abstract from the designata also and analyze only the relations between expressions, we are in (logical) syntax.\nBar-Hillel 1954. I believe, therefore, that the investigation of indexical languages and the erection of indexical language-systems are urgent tasks for contemporary logicians. May I add, for the sake of classificatory clarity, that the former task belongs to descriptive pragmatics and the latter to pure pragmatics (in one of the many senses of the expression)?\nStalnaker 1970. Syntax studies sentences, semantics studies propositions. Pragmatics is the study of linguistic acts and the contexts in which they are performed. There are two major types of problems to be solved within pragmatics: first, to define interesting types of speech acts and speech products; second, to characterize the features of the speech context which help determine which proposition is expressed by a given sentence. … It is a semantic problem to specify the rules for matching up sentences of a natural language with the propositions that they express. In most cases, however, the rules will not match sentences directly with propositions, but will match sentences with propositions relative to features of the context in which the sentence is used. Those contextual features are part of the subject matter of pragmatics.\nKatz 1977. [I] draw the theoretical line between semantic interpretation and pragmatic interpretation by taking the semantic component to properly represent only those aspects of the meaning of the sentence that an ideal speaker-hearer of the language would know in an anonymous letter situation,… [where there is] no clue whatever about the motive, circumstances of transmission, or any other factor relevant to understanding the sentence on the basis of its context of utterance.\nGazdar 1979. PRAGMATICS = MEANING — TRUTH CONDITIONS. What we need in addition is some function that tells us about the meaning of utterances. (…) The domain of this pragmatic function is the set of utterances, which are pairs of sentences and contexts, so that for each utterance, our function will return as a value a new context: the context as changed by the sentence uttered. (…) And we can treat the meaning of the utterance as the difference between the original context and the context arrived at by utterance of the sentence. [This applies to only] a restricted subset of pragmatic aspects of meaning.\nKempson 1988. Semantics provides a complete account of sentence meaning for the language, [by] recursively specifying the truth conditions of the sentence of the language. … Pragmatics provides an account of how sentences are used in utterances to convey information in context.\nKaplan 1989. The fact that a word or phrase has a certain meaning clearly belongs to semantics. On the other hand, a claim about the basis for ascribing a certain meaning to a word or phrase does not belong to semantics… Perhaps, because it relates to how the language is used, it should be categorized as part of … pragmatics …, or perhaps, because it is a fact about semantics, as part of … Metasemantics.\nDavis 1991. Pragmatics will have as its domain speakers' communicative intentions, the uses of language that require such intentions, and the strategies that hearers employ to determine what these intentions and acts are, so that they can understand what the speaker intends to communicate.\nThe Oxford Companion to Philosophy (Fotion 1995). Pragmatics is the study of language which focuses attention on the users and the context of language use rather than on reference, truth, or grammar.\nThe Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy (Lycan 1995). Pragmatics studies the use of language in context, and the context-dependence of various aspects of linguistic interpretation. … [Its branches include the theory of how] one and the same sentence can express different meanings or propositions from context to context, owing to ambiguity or indexicality or both, … speech act theory, and the theory of conversational implicature.\nThe Blackwell Companion to Philosophy (Davies 1995). The distinction between semantics and pragmatics is, roughly, the distinction between the significance conventionally or literally attached to words, and thence to whole sentences, and the further significance that can be worked out, by more general principles, using contextual information.\nCarston 1999. The decoding process is performed by an autonomous linguistic system, the parser or language perception module. Having identified a particular acoustic stimulus as linguistic, the system executes a series of deterministic grammatical computations or mappings, resulting in an output representation, which is the semantic representation, or logical form, of the sentence or phrase employed in the utterance. (…) The second type of cognitive process, the pragmatic inferential process (constrained and guided by the communicative principle of relevance) integrates the linguistic contribution with other readily accessible information in order to reach a confirmed interpretive hypothesis concerning the speaker's informative intention.\nBach 2004. Semantic information is information encoded in what is uttered — these are stable linguistic features of the sentence — together with any extralinguistic information that provides (semantic) values to context-sensitive expressions in what is uttered. Pragmatic information is (extralinguistic) information that arises from an actual act of utterance, and is relevant to the hearer's determination of what the speaker is communicating. Whereas semantic information is encoded in what is uttered, pragmatic information is generated by, or at least made relevant by, the act of uttering it.\nIn general, an expression is ambiguous if it has more than one meaning. When a word (e.g., ‘bank’) has multiple meanings, we have lexical ambiguity. A sentence can be ambiguous even if none of its words is ambiguous. Sometimes the ambiguity is considered syntactic because the alternative meaning correspond to alternative syntactic configurations (e.g., ‘Mary saw John with a telescope’). If there is only one syntactic configuration, the ambiguity is structural (e.g., ‘Every man admires a woman’). It is not always clear what kind ambiguity is at stake, or even if there is any ambiguity at all (Grice's theory of implicatures and his Ockham's modified razor had a great impact on this issue). In any case, ambiguity — the existence of several meanings for an expression — should be distinguished from nambiguity (the existence of many different bearers of a proper name), from vagueness (meanings with unclear boundaries of application), and underdetermination (failure to fully specify a meaning). It is usually assumed that resolving ambiguity is a pragmatic process, involving determining which meaning the speaker intends to be exploiting, although ambiguity itself is a semantic condition.\n‘Propositional attitude’ is Bertrand Russell's term for designating mental states with propositional content, conceived as relations between an agent and a proposition. Propositional attitude verbs include ‘believes,’ ‘wants,’ ‘desires,’ ‘intends’ or ‘knows’ and many others — basically, the core of our vocabulary for describing minds and language.\nSentences like ‘Kepler thought that the Earth was spherical’ embed other sentences — ‘the earth was spherical’ — in oblique (or opaque or intensional (with an ‘s’)) contexts. Oblique context are not truth-functional. Substituing other true sentences for ‘the earth was spherical’ will not necessarily preserve truth. Moreover, even substituting co-designative terms for ‘the earth’ may not preserve truth. Kepler did not, one supposes, think that Frege's favorite planet was spherical (assuming the earth was Frege's favorite planet).\nAccording to Frege, in such contexts the usual sense of the sentence, the ‘Gedanke’ or proposition expressed, becomes the reference. Since Frege's “Über Sinn und Bedeutung” (1892) and Russell's “On Denoting” (1905) the study of reports of these attitudes has been one of the central topics of the philosophy of language, semantics and pragmatics.\nSince Kaplan's work on indexicals and demonstratives, (Kaplan 1989) it is commonplace to distinguish between the character of an expression and the content of an utterance of an expression. For example, the character of the word ‘I’ in English doesn't change from context to context, although the content does. Knowing the character of a sentence like ‘I am a philosopher’ doesn't imply knowing the content of a particular utterance of that sentence; for the latter, you need to know the ‘semantic’ context of the utterance. Character is a property of linguistic expressions (types); content is a property of utterances —sentences-in-context — (tokens) of them.\n‘Context’ is an all-pervasive term in pragmatics. For some authors ‘context’ is the defining concept of pragmatics. But many, perhaps too many, different concepts are included under this term.\nIn Linguistics, ‘context’ commonly means the previous and subsequent linguistic material in a given text. In Kaplan's scheme, the context is objective, it comprises the actual basic facts about an utterance: the speaker, time, place, and possible world in which it occurs. In Stalnaker's scheme, context is basically subjective: a matter of common ground: that is, shared beliefs that serve as common presuppositions for the interpretation of assertions. Often the term is used for anything in the indefinitely large surrounding of an utterance, from the intentions of the speaker to the previous topics of conversation to the objects discernible in the environment.\nHere are a number of distinctions that have been made with respect to the concept(s) of context that the reader may find helpful. The list is not intended to be exhaustive, mutually exclusive, or to represent a single coherent view of pragmatic phenomena.\nLinguistic context versus extralinguistic context\nConsidering the context of an utterance, one of the most intuitive distinctions is between the context as consisting of its previous and subsequent utterances — the linguistic contexts — and any other extra-linguistic circumstance surrounding the utterance. In the case of ellipsis and anaphoric (and cataphoric) pronouns the designation is determined, or at least constrained, by the linguistic context of the utterance, while the designation of deictic demonstratives is fixed by contextual extralinguistic facts.\nNarrow versus broad\nNarrow context is usually understood as the list of parameters for basic indexicals, parameters that correspond to basic facts about the utterance. Speaker, place and time are on almost everyone's list, as required for the interpretation of ‘I,’ ‘here,’ ‘now’ and tense. Kaplan adds the possible world, for the interpreation of ‘actual.’ Arguably, every utterance occurs in a world, at a time, in a place, and with a speaker.\nIn contrast, wide or broad context is understood as all other kinds of\ninformation, in particular, information relative to the speaker's\ncommunicative intention, used for the interpretation of ‘pragmatic\naspects’ of the utterance. In Bach's words:\nWide context concerns any contextual information relevant to determining the speaker's intention and to the successful and felicitous performance of the speech act… Narrow context concerns information specifically relevant to determining the semantic values of [indexicals]… (Bach 1999a)\nBach goes on to say,\nNarrow context is semantic, wide context pragmatic.\nBut on this there would be some disagreement, as many would hold that information about the speaker's intentions, and perhaps also about causal and informational chains, ongoing topics of conversations, and much else, are needed for semantics.\nEpistemic versus doxastic\nIt is sometimes assumed, particularly by writers with a psychological orientation, that, together with speaker's intentions, it is speaker's beliefs what determine the content of expressions in her utterance, with the issue of the truth (or falsity) of her beliefs having no relevance. So, belief rather than knowledge is the relevant concept to characterize context. According to this view, there would not be a significant difference between ‘intending to say’ and ‘saying,’ which goes about some truths of intentions in general: one usual way of failing to perform an action comes from the falsity of some agent's belief. This is related to another possible distinction between objective and subjective contexts.\nObjective versus subjective\nThere are a number of cases, however, in which the speaker's beliefs, even if shared by everyone in the conversation, do not seem to determine content. Suppose, for example, that Elwood's hero worship of John Searle has reached such a point that he now takes himself to be John Searle. He introduces himself to the new class of Stanford graduate students by saying, “I'm John Searle, from across the Bay.” It seems that even if he and everyone in the conversation believes he is Searle, what he has said is the falsehood, that Elwood is John Searle. Or, suppose a group of golfers is standing on the small portion of the Stanford golf course that juts into San Mateo County, but none of them realize it. “The county seat of this county is San Jose,” one of them says, for some reason or other. He believes he has informed them of the truth that the county seat of Santa Clara County is San Jose, and in fact the other members of the foursome learn this fact from what he says. Nevertheless, many would argue, what he said was false, and only fortuitous ignorance led his partners to learn a truth from the falsehood he uttered.\nPre-semantic context provides information for identifying the utterance: which words in which language with which syntactic structure, and with which meanings are being used.\nSemantic context comprises those contextual features that determine or partly determine the content of context-sensitive expressions. This is the case of pronouns, whose linguistic meanings do more or less strictly constrain but do not determine their designata. Their meaning direct us to the context (linguistic context, in cases of anaphoric co-designation; extra-linguistic context in cases of indexicals and deictic uses of demonstratives) to look for the designation of the pronoun. But there are more context-sensitive expressions than indexical, deictic and anaphoric pronouns. Sentence mood, for instance, is an indicator of illocutionary point, but it does not determine the precise illocutionary force of an utterance without the help of contextual factors. The contribution to utterance-content of some particles like ‘but’ (that, according to Grice, produce ‘conventional implicatures) are another case in point.\nThird, there is (or may be) what Perry (2001) calls post-semantic context. This comprises facts that provide unarticulated content. For example, the fact that a conversation is about Palo Alto may determine, perhaps together with speaker intentions, that the statement “It is raining,” has the content that it is raining in Palo Alto. Arguably, such contextual contributions are not triggered by the meaning-rules of the words used, but more global considerations. The fact that we usually are talking about rain in a particular place has to do with the nature of rain and the way humans are concerned with it and conceptualize the phenomena, rather than the syntax of ‘rain.’\n(Far-side) Pragmatic Context\nThis comprises those contextual factors needed to get at (calculate, infer) what is communicated or done in and by saying what one says. This importantly concerns the speaker's intentions regarding indirect speech acts, implicatures, and non-literal contents. It may also include institutional facts and indeed, all sorts of other things relevant to the effects of the utterance.\nCommunicative intention is what characterizes, an action as communicative. Following Grice's definition of M(eaning)-intention, it is widely agreed that communicative intentions have three particular properties: (i) it is perlocutionary, that is, it is an intention that seeks a mental effect (certain belief(s) or intention(s)) on the part of the addressee; (ii) it is overt, that is, the speaker wants the addressee to recognize her communicative intention; and (iii) the satisfaction of a communicative intention consists precisely in its recognition by the addressee. Communicative intentions need not be carried out by linguistic means (see Clark 2003). In human linguistic communication planning and inference processes have a role at least as important as besides coding and decoding processes. The speaker plans her speech act according to her communicative intention; the addressee uses, among other sources, the information decoded to infer (recognize) the speaker's communicative intention.\nImplicature (conventional, conversational, particularized,\nGrice distinguished what the speaker says from what she implicates by an utterance. The category of implicature refers to what the speaker suggests, implies or communicates beyond what she says. Among implicatures he made a further distinction between conventional, generated by the conventional meaning of certain words, and non-conventional ones. Within non-conventional implicatures, he distinguished between conversational, affected, among other factors, by conversational principles and maxims, and non-conversational. And finally, among conversational implicatures between particularized, occurring in particular contexts, and generalized ones. Grice pointed out that conversational implicatures have the following properties: (i) they are calculable, that is, inferable from, among other things, the cooperative principle and the conversational maxims; (ii) they are cancelable either explicitly (adding something like “but I did not meant that”) or contextually, by changing the context; and (iii) except those implicatures based on the maxims of manner, they are non-detachable, i.e., there is no way of saying the same thing that would not carry the implicature. The last two features, cancelability and non-detachability are known as the ‘tests’ for the presence of an alleged implicature.\nIn the traditional Gricean picture, ‘explicit meaning’ corresponds to the sentence's conventional meaning; or to the meaning obtained by the combination of conventional meaning and those contextual aspects required by the conventional meaning; in other words, to the result of sentence conventional meaning+disambiguation+reference fixing, i.e., what is said. The remaining of utterance meaning, in particular presuppositions and implicatures, would be regarded as implicit meaning within the Gricean picture. Grice's categories of conventional implicature and generalized conventional implicatures, however, pose problems to the distinction between the explicit and the implicit. After Grice, the limits between them are not very clear yet, despite relevance theorists's notion of ‘explicature’ or Bach's ‘impliciture.’\nTo determine the reference of an indexical expression (that is, to determine what a speaker is referring to by the utterance of an indexical expression), the interpreter must resort to context. This is the most prominent property of indexical expressions: without varying their meaning, they can change their content from context to context. Paradigmatic indexical expressions are personal pronouns (‘I,’ ‘you,’ ‘she’…), demonstratives (‘this,’ ‘that’), time and place adverbs (‘here,’ ‘there,’ ‘now,’ ‘yesterday,’ ‘tomorrow’…). But indexicality is a more general phenomenon: verb tense and aspect point to context for determining the relevant temporal point or interval. The semantic information of some indexical expression leaves little room for doubts about what to look for in context: ‘I’=the speaker, ‘here’=the place the speaker is in, ‘tomorrow’=the day starting at midnight of the day of utterance. These are called ‘pure’ or ‘automatic’ indexicals, in contrast to ‘discretionary’ indexicals, whose semantic information does not determine the referent, and it is necessary to appeal to speaker's intentions to do so (Perry 2001). Indexical expressions have been called ‘deictic,’ ‘egocentric particulars’ and ‘token-reflexive expressions.’\nIt is a kind of mental state, like belief and desire, for example. From the point of view of the mental cause theory of action, it is intention the cause of action, and it is precisely this, to be caused by an intention, what distinguishes movements (or absences of movement) which are actions from mere events, and, among bodily movements, those which are (intentional) actions from mere reflexes. The object of intention can be represented as a proposition representing the movements (she moved her arm on purpose), or as various results expected or hoped for as a result of the movement (she checkmated her opponent, and made him cry, on purpose).\nThe word ‘intention’ is relatively unambiguous outside of philosophy. But philosophers use the word ‘intention’ and especially the adjective ‘intentional’ to refer to a feature of a class of mental states that includes but is not limited to intentions ordinarily understood. This is the property of being about or directed at objects, including not only real concrete objects, but also abstract and fictional objects, properties, and states of affairs. Thus believing that it is raining, hoping to get a computer for Christmas, talking about Sherlock Holmes, figuring out the square root of six hundred and twenty five, are all intentional states and activities, as is intending to bake a cake. It is often assumed that minds, mental states, have intrinsic intentionality, and that utterances and sentences have only intentionality in a derived sense: they have it from the intentionality of the mental state they express.\nIntentionality (with a ‘t’) should not be confused with intensionality (with an ‘s’). The latter is another technical expression of logic and philosophy; intensions are opposed to extensions. Russell's example is that the intension of ‘featherless biped that is not a plucked chicken’ is quite different than the intension of ‘human being,’ although their extensions are (perhaps) the same. Extensions include classes, sets, and functions considered as sets of ordered pairs and truth-values. Intensions are meaning, rules, properties, functions as ordinarily conceived, and propositions. In possible-worlds semantics intensions are often identified with sets of possible worlds or functions that take possible worlds as arguments. A property, for example, might be identified with a function from worlds to set of objects (those that have the property in the world), and a proposition with a set of worlds (those in which it is true). Whether such an identification is meant as a reduction or explanation of intensions as extensions, or simply as a way of modeling intensions as extensions, varies from theorist to theorist.\nSome take this to be a distinction about word meaning. According to this view, beyond their conventional or literal meaning, words can have figurative or non-literal meanings: metaphoric, ironic, metonymic meanings. After the rise of pragmatic studies, the distinction is considered mostly to be one at the speaker's meaning level. When the speaker's meaning is closed to the conventional meaning of the sentence uttered the speaker is said to be speaking literally. When it departs from conventional meaning is considered non-literal. Of course, the distinction is not clear cut: how much must the speaker's meaning depart from conventional meaning to be considered as non-literal? Some authors prefer to talk about a continuum rather than a two-side distinction.\nLocutionary, illocutionary, perlocutionary\nIn terms of Austin's speech act theory these are three main levels to be distinguished in a speech act. Every speech act is an act of saying something. This is the locutionary level. Within it Austin distinguished three more: the phonetic act (the act of producing some sounds), the phatic act (the act of uttering some words pertaining to the vocabulary of a certain language organized according to the rules of its grammar), and the rhetic act (the act of using those words with a certain sense and reference). But in saying something one does something. This is the illocutionary level. And, finally, by saying something one gets some (intended or unintended) effects in the audience. This is the perlocutionary level. Searle casts doubt on the distinction between locutionary and illocutionary acts, not seeing the necessity of the former category. As it has developed, speech act theory has been almost entirely devoted to study of the illocutionary level.\nAustin contrasted between statements, traditionally considered as the only utterances with any philosophical importance, with performative utterances that would not be considered as being true or false, and rather than merely saying something are better considered as acts of doing something. He further distinguished between explicit and implicit performative utterances. The first are those whose main verb, called ‘performative verb,’ makes explicit the particular act that the speaker is performing in producing the utterance. These verbs usually present a canonical form: (in English) the first person singular in the present active, or the second person of the passive. Not all implicit performative utterances can be made explicit through a performative utterance. Following Austin's discussion, all utterances end up being performative, so that the contrast between them and statements seems to make no sense any more. The concept of performative utterance was supplanted in the development of speech act theory by the concept of speech act.\nIt is traditionally defined as the (grammatical) complex expression capable of expressing a complete thought or proposition. This definition is questioned by the assumption that thoughts or propositions are expressed by utterances (or speakers). According to the contextualist thesis, no sentence expresses a complete (truth-evaluable) proposition; i.e., there are no ‘eternal’ sentences. From the viewpoint of pragmatics, sentences can be conceived as utterance-types, resulted from abstracting all elements except the linguistic expressions used. The issue of what counts as a complete (grammatical) sentence opposed to a sub-sentential complex expression pertains to syntax, rather than to semantics or pragmatics.\nSpeech acts are communicative acts performed through the oral or written use of language. Within speech acts, Austin distinguished among locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary levels, but speech act theory has been devoted almost exclusively to the illocutionary level, so that ‘speech act’ and ‘illocutionary act’ are in practice synonymous terms. An elementary speech act consists of a propositional content and an illocutionary force. Illocutionary force concerns the act the speaker intends to do in performing the speech act. All illocutionary forces, in Searle's version of speech act theory, can be grouped into five classes, according to their basic intention or illocutionary point: assertives, commissives, directives, declaratives and expressives. The illocutionary force and the propositional content of a speech act determine its conditions of success and satisfaction.\n‘Alabama’: how many letters does this word have? If we count letter tokens, the answer is 7. If we count letter types, the answer could be 4 (‘a,’ ‘l,’ ‘b,’ ‘m’) or 5 (if we distinguish between capital and small letters). The distinction between types and tokens has been applied to the distinction between sentences and utterances of sentences. The utterance is the token, the historical event with causes and consequences; the sentence is the type, the type of utterances of a sentence; an abstract entity. Meaning (character) would be a property of types; content, a property of tokens.\nIn pragmatics, an utterance is most often taken to be a linguistic action performed by a certain speaker in a certain place at a certain moment. It has, then, the ontological status of actions: each utterance is a unique historical event; it is a token, not a type; an utterance made by one speaker cannot be made by another one; an utterance made here and now cannot be made there later. In Linguistics, ‘utterance’ is often used for the action of pronouncing orally a sentence, but philosophers tend to also include writing, signing, and other modes of language use, and for the action of using a sub-sentential expression. It is the view of many but not all pragmatists that the primary bearers of truth-conditional contents are utterances, not sentences; or, even better, that truth-conditional contents or propositions are expressed by the speakers who utter sentences, not by the sentences themselves. Utterances of declarative sentences are called ‘statements.’\n‘Utterance’ suffers from the product/process ambiguity. 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Reprinted in Perry 2000, pp. 171–188.\n- –––, 2000, The Problem of the Essential Indexical and Other Essays, expanded edition, Stanford: CSLI Publications.\n- –––, 2001, Reference and Reflexivity, Stanford: CSLI Publications. (Translated into Spanish by Kepa Korta and Rodrigo Agerri, Referencialismo Crítico, Stanford: CSLI Publications, 2006). 2nd expanded and revised edition, 2012.\n- –––, 2007, “Situating semantics: A response,” in M. O'Rourke and C. Washington (eds.), Situating Semantics: Essays on the Philosophy of John Perry, Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press/Bradford Books, pp. 507–571.\n- Petrus, Klaus (ed.), 2010. Meaning and Analysis. New Essays on Grice, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.\n- Recanati, François, 1986, “On defining communicative intentions,” Mind and Language, 1: 213–242.\n- –––, 1989, “The pragmatics of what is said,” Mind and Language, 4: 295–329.\n- –––, 2002, “Unarticulated constituents,” Linguistics and Philosophy, 25: 299–345.\n- –––, 2004, Literal meaning, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Recanati's defence of a contextualist view on meaning.)\n- –––, 2010,Truth-Conditional Pragmatics, Oxford: Oxford University Press.\n- Reichenbach, Hans, 1947, Elements of Symbolic Logic., New York: Macmillan.\n- Reimer, Marga and Anne Bezuidenhout, A., 2004, Descriptions and beyond, Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Collection of papers on the semantics and pragmatics of descriptions and other singular terms.)\n- Russell, Bertrand, 1905, “On Denoting,” Mind, 14, 479–493; repr. in Bertrand Russell, Essays in Analysis, London: Allen and Unwin, 1973, 103–119; and in Bertrand Russell, Logic and Knowledge, London: George Allen and Unwin, 1956, 41–56.\n- Schiffer, Stephen, 1972, Meaning, Oxford: Clarendon Press.\n- Schlenker, Philippe, 2010, “Presuppositions and local contexts,” Mind, 19: 377–391.\n- Searle, John, 1965, “What is a speech act?” in M. Black (ed.), Philosophy in America, Ithaca: Cornell University Press.\n- –––, 1969, Speech Acts: An essay in the philosophy of language, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Presentation of Searle's seminal development of speech act theory, based on his Oxford Ph.D. thesis on Sense and Reference.)\n- –––, 1975a, “A taxonomy of illocutionary acts,” in K. Gunderson (ed.), Language. Mind and Knowledge, Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science, vol. VII, Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press, pp. 344–69. Reprinted in J. Searle, Expression and Meaning. Studies in the Theory of Speech Acts, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979, pp. 1–29. (He criticizes Austin's taxonomy of illocutionary acts and presents an alternative one.)\n- –––, 1975b, “Indirect speech acts,” in P. Cole and J. Morgan (eds.), Syntax and Semantics Vol. 3: Speech Acts, New York: Academic Press. Reprinted in J. Searle, Expression and Meaning. Studies in the Theory of Speech Acts, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979, pp. 30–57. (He presents indirect illocutionary acts as a particular case of non-literality.)\n- –––, 1989, “How performatives work,” Linguistics and Philosophy, 12: 535–58.\n- Soames, Scott, 1989, “Presupposition,” in D. Gabbay and F. Guenthner (eds.) Handbook of Philosophical Logic, vol IV: Topics in the philosophy of language, Dordrecht: Kluwer, pp. 553–616.\n- Sperber, Dan and Deirdre Wilson, 1986, Relevance: Communication and Cognition, Oxford: Blackwell. (2nd revised edition, 1995) (Main presentation of Relevance Theory.)\n- –––, 1987, “Précis of Relevance: Communication and Cognition,” Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 10: 697–754.\n- –––, 2002, “Pragmatics, modularity and mindreading,” Mind and Language, 17: 3–23.\n- –––, 2005, “Pragmatics,” in F. Jackson and M. Smith (eds.) Oxford Handbook of Contemporary Analytic Philosophy, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 468–501.\n- Stalnaker, Robert, 1970, “Pragmatics,” Synthese 22. Also in Davidson and Harman (eds.) 1972, Semantics for Natural Language, Dordrecht: Reidel, pp. 380–97. Reprinted in Kasher (ed.) 1998, Pragmatics: Critical Concepts, (6 vols.) London: Routledge, pp. 55–70. Also in Stalnaker 1999, ch. 1.\n- –––, 1970, “Assertion,” Syntax and Semantics 9. Reprinted in Stalnaker 1999, ch. 4.\n- –––, 1999, Context and Content, Oxford: Oxford University press.\n- Stanley, Jason, 2000, “Context and logical form,” Linguistics and Philosophy, 23: 391–424.\n- Stanley, Jason and Zoltan G. Szabo, 2000, “On quantifier domain restriction,” Mind and Language, 15: 219–61.\n- Strawson, Peter F., 1964, “Intention and convention in speech acts,” The Philosophical Review, 73: 439–460. Reprinted in Strawson 1971, pp. 149–69.\n- –––, 1971, Logico-linguistic Papers, London: Methuen.\n- Travis, Charles, 1997, “Pragmatics,” in B. Hale and C. Wright (eds) 1997, A Companion to the Philosophy of Language, Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 87–107.\n- Tsohatzidis Savas L., 1994, Foundations of Speech Acts, London: Routledge.\n- Wilson, Deirdre and Dan Sperber, 2012, Meaning and Relevance, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.\nHow to cite this entry. Preview the PDF version of this entry at the Friends of the SEP Society. Look up this entry topic at the Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project (InPhO). Enhanced bibliography for this entry at PhilPapers, with links to its database.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-51", "url": "https://stanford.library.sydney.edu.au/entries/pragmatics/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376824115.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20181212181507-20181212203007-00270.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9415794015, "token_count": 31633, "score": 3.46875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Nuair a deir taidhleoir go bhfuil, ciallaíonn sé \"b'fhéidir\";\nNuair a deir sé b'fhéidir, ciallaíonn sé no;\nNuair a deir sé nach bhfuil, nach bhfuil sé ina taidhleoir. Voltaire (Cuirtear, i Spáinnis, in Escandell 1993.)\nD'fhéadfadh na línte seo - a thugtar le H. L. Mencken agus Carl Jung - a bheith cóir nó nach mbeadh cóir le taidhleoirí, ach tá siad ceart go cinnte chun a mheabhrú dúinn go bhfuil níos mó i gceist leis an méid a chuireann duine i dteagmháil ná an méid a deir duine go litriúil; tá níos mó i gceist leis an méid a chiallaíonn duine ná an bhrí chaighdeánach, coitinnithe de na focail a úsáideann duine. Tá brí go hiomlán aitheanta ag na focail yes, maybe, agus no, a bhfuil a fhios ag gach cainteoir Béarla (lena n-áirítear iad siúd nach bhfuil an-chomhádach). Mar a léirítear sna línte sin, áfach, is féidir le cainteoirí éagsúla, faoi chúinsí éagsúla, rudaí éagsúla a chiallaíonn trí na focail sin a úsáid. Conas is féidir é seo a dhéanamh? Cad é an gaol idir brí na bhfocal, cad a chiallaíonn cainteoirí nuair a labhraíonn siad na focail sin, na cúinsí ar leith a labhraíonn siad, a n-intinn, a ngníomhartha, agus an méid a éiríonn leo a chur in iúl? Seo cuid de na ceisteanna a dhéanann pragmataí iarracht a fhreagairt; an cineál ceisteanna a bhaineann, go mór, le tréithíocht réimse na pragmataí.\n- Ceann. Tús\n- Dhá. Pragmatics Clasaiceach\n- 2.1 Pragmatics an Taobh Fheara: Taobh amuigh de a rá\n- 2.2 Pragmatics in aice\n- Trí. Teoiric Phragmatach Comhaimseartha\n- Ceathrar. Cúpla Sainmhíniú ar Phragmaíocht\n- Cúig. Glósaire\n- Uirlisí Acadúla\n- Acmhainní Idirlín Eile\n- Iontaobhais Chaite\nDéileálann an phragmataic le ráitis, a chiallaíonn imeachtaí sonracha, gníomhartha intinne na gcainteoirí ag amanna agus áiteanna, a chuimsíonn teanga de ghnáth. Déileálann loighic agus séamantachta go traidisiúnta le hairíonna cineálacha léiriúcháin, agus ní le hairíonna a bhíonn difriúil ó thóicín go ttóicín, nó úsáid a úsáid, nó, mar a deirimid, ó ráiteas go ráiteas, agus a athraíonn leis na hairíonna áirithe a dhéanann idirdhealú orthu. Uaireanta, déantar an praigmatics a shainaithint mar a dhéileálann sé le héifeachtaí an chomhthéacs. Tá sé seo comhionann le rá go bhfuil sé ag déileáil le ráitis, má thagraíonn duine go comhpháirteach do na fíricí go léir a d'fhéadfadh a bheith éagsúil ó ráiteas go ráiteas mar context. Caithfidh duine a bheith cúramach, áfach, mar is minic a úsáidtear an téarma le bríonna níos teoranta.\nDíríonn teoiricí éagsúla ar airíonna éagsúla na n-intreoracha. Chun iad a phlé, beidh sé cabhrach idirdhealú a dhéanamh idir \"praigmatics in aice\" agus \"praigmatics in aice\". Is iad na ráitis a ghlacann fealsúnaithe de ghnáth mar pharadigmatic úsáidí dearbhaitheacha de abairtí dearbhúla, áit a deir an cainteoir rud éigin. Tá pragmatics gar-taobh dírithe ar nádúr fíricí áirithe atá ábhartha chun a chinneadh cad atá ráite. Tá praghaimic na taobhan-taobh dírithe ar an méid a tharlaíonn thar a rá: cad iad na gníomhartha cainte a dhéantar i nó trína rá cad atá ráite, nó cad iad na himpleachtaí (féach thíos le haghaidh míniú ar na téarmaí seo) a ghintear trína rá cad atá ráite.\nÁirítear le pragmatics in aice le, ach níl sé teoranta do réiteach amhéadachta agus éagóireachta, tagairt d'ainmneacha féin, innéacsanna agus taispeántais, agus anaforanna, agus ar a laghad roinnt saincheisteanna a bhaineann le réamh-chomhcheangal. I ngach cás den sórt sin, ní mór fíricí a bheith ann faoin rá, seachas na focail a úsáidtear agus a gcuid bríonna.\nIs féidir na fíricí seo a roinnt i roinnt catagóirí. I gcás innéacsanna mar I, now, agus here, tá gá le fíricí bunúsacha faoin ráiteas: an gníomhaire, agus cathain agus cá tharla sé. Maidir le hinnéacsanna agus taispeántais eile, tá intinn an chainteora ábhartha freisin. Cé gur cosúil gur duine a bhfuil an cainteoir ag tabhairt aghaidh air é an t-aistriúchán \"tá tú\", is cosúil go bhfuil sé ag brath ar intinn an cainteora cé acu de na seoltaithe féideartha a bhfuil tagairt á dhéanamh dóibh. Laistigh de shrianta sintasacha agus séamainticiúla, is cosúil go bhfuil caidrimh anafóicha ina ábhar d'intinn an chainteora den chuid is mó. Tá rún an chainteora agus an bealach a bhfuil an cainteoir nasctha leis an domhan níos leithne trí 'slabhraí tagartha' cúis/stairiúla ábhartha maidir le tagairt ainmneacha féin.\nDéileálann pragmatachas an taobh eile leis an méid a dhéanaimid le teanga, thar na rudaí a deirimid (go litriúil). Is é seo an coincheap de réir a bhfuil ráitis Voltaire de chuid pragmatics. Tá sé de réir séimeantúlachta a insint dúinn cad a deir duine go litriúil nuair a úsáideann siad focail de chineál áirithe; tá sé de réir pragmatics a mhíniú an fhaisnéis a thugann duine, agus na gníomhartha a dhéanann duine, i nó trí rud éigin a rá.\nDe ghnáth meastar go mbaineann réasúnaíocht de chineál difriúil le pragmaitice ná leis an séamaitice. Is éard atá sa séamantachta ná rialacha coinbhinsiúnacha brí le haghaidh abairtí agus a modhanna teaglaim. Shíl Locke go raibh cumarsáid go bunúsach ina ábhar de chainteoir smaointe a chódú i bhfocail agus an éisteoir a dhíchódú focail ar ais i smaointe. Tá an pictiúr bunúsach céanna le fáil go leor go soiléir i Saussure agus i teoiricéirí tionchair eile. Is cosúil go bhfuil an pictiúr seo oiriúnach go réasúnta go maith leis an bpictiúr a tháinig chun cinn ó na loighcigh agus fealsúnaithe teanga i dtrádáil na anailíse loighciúla, den teanga mar chóras de rialacha fónálacha, sintasacha agus séamaintiúla, a bhfuil máistreacht intuigthe ag cainteoirí agus léiritheoirí inniúla. Go paradaigmatic, an cainteoir dílis pleanáil a tháirgeadh ráiteas leis an fhírinne-choinníollacha creideamh tá sí ag iarraidh a chur in iúl; roghnaíonn sí a focail ionas go bhfuil a ráiteas na fírinne-choinníollacha; an ateangaire creidiúnach gá a thuiscint an ráiteas, agus aithint a bhfuil fóin, morphemes, focail agus frásaí i gceist, agus ansin ag baint úsáide as eolas ar na bríonna, a bhaint amach an fhírinne-choinníollacha an ráiteas agus an creideamh a léiríonn sé.\nI gcodarsnacht leis sin, baineann pragmaitice le braithim a mhéadú le speiceas éigin de infheistíocht mhéadaitheach indúchadh, infheistíocht don mhíniú is fearr, réasúnaíocht Bayesian, nó b'fhéidir feidhm speisialta de phrionsabail ghinearálta speisialta don chumarsáid, mar a cheap Grice (féach thíos) ach in aon chás cineál réasúnaithe a théann thar chur i bhfeidhm rialacha, agus a dhéanann infheistíochtaí thar na fíricí bunúsacha a bhaineann leis na focail a úsáidtear agus a gcuid bríonna.\nTá na fíricí a bhaineann leis an pragmaitice ag baint le cineálacha éagsúla, lena n-áirítear:\n- Fíricí faoi fhíricí oibiachtúla an ráitis, lena n-áirítear: cé hé an cainteoir, cathain a tharla an ráitis, agus cá háit;\n- Fíricí faoi intinn an chainteora. Ar an taobh in aice, cén teanga a bhfuil sé i gceist ag an cainteoir a úsáid, cén brí atá i gceist aici a úsáid, cé a bhfuil sé i gceist aici tagairt a dhéanamh dó le hainmneacha comhchoiteanna éagsúla, cibé an bhfuil pronoun á úsáid go léiritheach nó go anaforic, agus a leithéidí. Ar an taobh eile, cad a bhfuil sí ag iarraidh a bhaint amach trí a rá cad a dhéanann sí.\n- Fíricí faoi chreideamh an chainteora agus na ndaoine a labhraíonn sí leo, agus an comhrá a bhfuil siad ag plé leis; cad iad na creideamh a roinneann siad; cad é fócas an chainteora, cad atá á labhairt acu, srl.\n- Fíricí faoi institiúidí ábhartha sóisialta, mar gheall, searmanas pósta, nósanna imeachta seomra cúirte, agus mar sin de, a dhéanann difear do na rudaí a dhéanann duine nó a deir sé.\nDéanaimid ár ndíospóireacht a roinnt, go hachomair, ina Pragmatics Clasaiceach agus Pragmatics Comhaimseartha. An tréimhse Chlasaiceach, de réir ár gcúinsí, síneann sé ó lár na seascaidí go dtí lár na n-ocht mbliana déag.\nBeidh ár fócas ar dtús ar na traidisiúin i pragmatics a d'fhoscail an J.L. Austin agus H.P. Grice. Bhí suim ag an dá fhealsamh seo i réimse na praghaimic a ghlaoimid ar thar a rá. Sa tréimhse clasaiceach, staidéar a rinneadh ar na feiniméin seo ar an bhfreagra réamhchomhartha a bhí ag cur faoi deara go méadaithe ag forbairtí sa praghaimic féin go bhféadfaí idirdhealú sách soiléir a dhéanamh idir an méid a deirtear, toradh réimeas na séamaitice, agus an méid a chuirtear in iúl nó a baintear amach i gcomhthéacs teanga agus sóisialta ar leith i nó trí rud a rá, réimeas na praghaimic. Is cineál teorainneacha é an méid a deirtear; tá séimhics ar an taobh gar, agus tá na codanna sin de phragmatics a bhí mar fhócas ar an tréimhse clasaiceach ar an taobh i bhfad.\nAn fealsamh Breataine John Langshaw Austin (b. 1911d. 1960) bhí sé suimiúil faoin mbealach is féidir linn focail a úsáid chun rudaí éagsúla a dhéanamh. Cibé an dearbhaíonn duine nó an t-aontódh sé, geallaíonn sé nó an t-aontódh sé, a thugann sé le fios nó a léiríonn sé, a chuireann i gcontúirt nó a mhaíonn sé, ní amháin go bhfuil sé ag brath ar bhrí liteartha na bhfocal, ach ar an rud a bhfuil sé i gceist ag duine a dhéanamh leo, agus ar an suíomh institiúideach agus sóisialta ina dtarlaíonn an ghníomhaíocht theangacha. Is é an rud a d'fhéadfadh cainteoir a bheith ag iarraidh a dhéanamh, agus a bheith á dhéanamh, ag rá \"Beidh mé ann chun tú a phiocadh ag sé, \"Is é a ghealltanas a lucht éisteachta a phiocadh ag an am sin. Is féidir a rá go bhfuil an cumas gealltanais a dhéanamh agus an t-aon intinn atá ann gealltanais a dhéanamh ag brath ar chleachtas sóisialta nó ar shraith coinbhinsiúin a bhaineann le gealltanais agus le gealltanais. Chuir Austin béim go háirithe ar thábhacht fíricí agus coinbhinsiúin shóisialta i ndéanamh rudaí le focail, go háirithe maidir leis an aicme gníomhartha cainte ar a dtugtar gníomhartha illocutionary.\nThosaigh Austin trí idirdhealú a dhéanamh idir an méid a thug sé ar constatives agus performatives. Is é an rud atá ag rá go simplí rud éigin fíor nó bréagach. Is éard atá i bhfeidhmíocht ná rud a dhéanamh trí labhairt; paradigmatically, is féidir le duine pósadh trí rá Déanaim (Austin 1961). Tá na dearbhaitheanna fíor nó bréagach, ag brath ar a gcomhréireacht (nó nach bhfuil) leis na fíricí; is gníomhartha iad na hiompartha agus, mar sin, níl siad fíor nó bréagach, ach áthas nó míshásta, ag brath ar cibé an ndéanann siad an gníomh atá i gceist a dhéanamh go rathúil nó nach ndéanann. Go háirithe, chun go mbeadh ráitis fheidhmíochta sásta (i) ní mór dóibh a bheith ag brath ar choinbhinsiún atá ann cheana féin agus (i) ní mór don choinbhinsiún a bheith ag brath sna cúinsí cearta.\nBhí sé deacair, áfach, teorainn shoiléir a bhunú idir feidhmchláir agus dearbhaitheacha. Tá léirithe soiléir ann; déanann briathar a úsáidtear ar bhealach áirithe an gníomh atá á dhéanamh a bheith soiléir: I bet that there is a dangerous animal there, I guarantee that there is a dangerous animal there, I warn you that there is a dangerous animal there. Ach d'fhéadfaí an gníomh céanna a dhéanamh go hinmheánach: There is a dangerous animal there, áit a bhfuil saincheisteanna (in) unhappiness agus saincheisteanna fírinne / bréige i láthair ag an am céanna. In ionad an idirdhealú idir feidhmchláir agus comhdhúthchláir a shaothrú, mhol Austin (1962a) idirdhealú nua trí-fhillte.\nDe réir an trichotomy seo, is gníomh cainte, ar dtús, gníomh locutionary, is é sin, gníomh rud a rá. Is féidir rud éigin a rá a fheiceáil ó thrí pheirspictíocht dhifriúla freisin: (i) mar ghníomh fónéiseach: fuaimeanna áirithe a rá; (ii) mar ghníomh phatic: focail a rá a bhaineann le briathar áirithe agus a bhaineann leis, a chomhlíonann agus a chomhlíonann gramadaí áirithe; agus (iii) mar ghníomh réitic: focail a rá le ciall agus tagairt áirithe níos mó nó níos lú sainithe (Austin 1962a, 95). Anois, chun gníomh locutionary a dhéanamh is é freisin i gcoitinne gníomh illocutionary a dhéanamh; i ngníomh locutionary a dhéanamh, déanaimid gníomh le fórsa áirithe: ordú, rabhadh, a chinntiú, a gealladh, a léiriú intinn, agus mar sin de. Agus trí sin a dhéanamh, déanaimid de ghnáth \"éifeachtaí iarmhairtí áirithe ar mhothúcháin, smaointe nó gníomhartha an lucht éisteachta, nó an cainteora, nó daoine eile\" (ibidem, 101) a ghlaonn Austin perlocutionary. Ag an bpointe a bháis go luath, bhí obair Austin ar theoiric gníomh cainte i bhfad ó bheith críochnaithe. Foilsíodh a phríomh-oibre, How to do things with words, tar éis a bháis, bunaithe ar nótaí léachta Austin agus a mhic léinn.\nD'fhorbair mac léinn Austin, John R. Searle (1969) teoiric gníomh cainte mar theoiric de na rialacha bunreachtúla chun gníomhartha illocutionary a dhéanamh, i.e., na rialacha a insíonn cad é a bhaineann le gníomh illocutionary a dhéanamh (le rath) (le fórsa illocutionary áirithe agus ábhar proposicional áirithe). Déantar na rialacha a aicmiú mar (i) rialacha ábhar proposiuil, a chuireann coinníollacha ar ábhar proposiuil roinnt gníomhartha illocutionary; (ii) rialacha ullmhúcháin, a deir cad a bheidh le tuiscint ag an cainteoir i gcur i gcrích na ngníomhartha illocutionary; (iii) rialacha dílseachta, a deir cén staid síceolaíoch a léiríonn an cainteoir a bheith ann; agus (iv) rialacha bunúsacha, a deir dúinn cad é an gníomh go bunúsach.\nA ligean ar filleadh ar ár gcás de ghealltanas. De réir anailíse Searle, chun go mbeidh ráiteas ó S go H ina ghealltanas ní mór go gcomhlíonfaidh sé na coinníollacha seo a leanas:\n- Léiríonn an t-ábhar tairiscintí gníomh éigin amach anseo ó A go S;\n- is fearr le H go ndéanfaidh S A ná nach ndéanfaidh sí é, agus creideann S go bhfuil sé amhlaidh; agus níl sé soiléir do S agus do H araon go ndéanfaidh S A i gnáthchúrsa imeachtaí;\n- Tá sé beartaithe ag S A a dhéanamh; agus\n- Tá gealltanais á gcur i gcuntas mar ghealltanas oibleagáid ó S a dhéanamh A.\nMá tá duine ar bith, ansin, ag iarraidh gealltanas (sásta) a dhéanamh ní mór di na coinníollacha coitinn seo a chomhlíonadh. Is é staidéar na gcoinníollacha coitinne seo le haghaidh gníomhartha illocutionary, mar aon le staidéar ar a n-aicmeach ceart, croílár teoiric gníomh cainte.\nBunaithe ar a gcoinníollacha bunúsacha, agus ag tabhairt aire do chuspóir nó d'aon intinn íosta an cainteora ag déanamh gníomh neamh-fhocail, molann Searle (1975a) tacsainmí gníomhartha neamh-fhocail i gcúig aicme a dhíchluíonn a chéile agus a bhfuil go hiomlán acu:\n- Ionadaí nó dearfach. Déantar an cainteoir tiomanta do fhírinne an ábhair phropóstaisiúin; mar shampla, ag dearbhaithe: Tá sé ag báisteach.\n- Treoir. Déantar iarracht ag an gcainteoir an lucht éisteachta a chur i ngníomh ar bhealach a chomhlíonann an méid a léirítear leis an ábhar proposicional; mar shampla, ag ordú: Dún an doras!\n- Commissive. Déantar an cainteoir tiomanta a bheith ag gníomhú ar an mbealach a léirítear leis an ábhar proposicional; mar shampla, ag gealladh: \"Déanfaidh mé an páipéar go dtí amárach\".\n- Léargas. Ní léiríonn an cainteoir ach an coinníoll dílseachta an ghnímh illocutionary: \"Tá áthas orm go bhfuil sé ag báisteach!\"\n- Dearbhú. Déanann an cainteoir gníomh ach ag léiriú í féin mar an gníomh sin a dhéanamh: Ainmníonn mé an long seo an Bhanríon Eilís.\nGlacann teoiric gníomh cainte, ansin, dearcadh sóisialta nó institiúideach ar chiall teanga. Uaireanta bíonn sé seo i gcoinne an dearcadh intinn a thaitníonn le Grice (1957) agus Strawson (1964), ach ní gá go mbeadh neamhréireacht ann. (Le haghaidh plé suimiúil ar an gcaidreamh idir dearcadh intinne agus dearcadh sóisialta, institiúideach agus idirsubhíoch ar chiall agus cumarsáid ag Searle, Bennett, Habermas agus Appel, féach cuid I de Lepore & Van Gulick 1991.)\nHerbert Paul Grice (b. 1913-d. 1988) béim ar an idirdhealú a dhéanann Voltaire, inár dtuairim tosaigh, idir ciallaíonn focail, cad a deir an cainteoir go litriúil nuair a úsáideann sé iad, agus cad a chiallaíonn nó a cheapann an cainteoir cumarsáid a dhéanamh trí na focail sin a úsáid, rud a théann i bhfad níos faide ná mar a deirtear go minic. Iarrann mé ort lóin a ithe agus freagraíonn tú, \"Tá rang agam ag a haon a chlog nach bhfuil mé ullamh dó\". Dúirt tú liom nach mbeidh tú ag teacht chun lóin, cé nach bhfuil tú a rá go litriúil. Tá tú ag iarraidh orm a fháil amach go bhfuil tú ag iarraidh a chur in iúl trí chúis a thabhairt nach bhfuil tú ag teacht chun lóin (an gá atá le do rang a ullmhú) nach bhfuil tú ag teacht chun lóin ar an gcúis sin. Is é staidéar na n-implíochtí comhráite sin croílár teoiric thionchar Grice.\nTosaíonn teoiric comhrá Grice leis an idirdhealú géar idir an méid a deir duine agus an méid a implíonn duine trí abairt a rá. Déantar an méid a deir duine a chinneadh ag an bhrí choinbhinsiúnach den abairt a labhraítear agus próisis chomhthéacsúla na dí-eispéiris agus an choigeartaithe tagartha; tá an méid a thugann sí le tuiscint nasctha le bheith ann roinnt prionsabail réasúnacha agus uasteorainneacha a rialaíonn comhrá (ag cur \" impleachtaí coinbhinsiúnacha \" ar leataobh a phléimid thíos). Tá an méid a deirtear aitheanta go forleathan le hábhar liteartha an ráite; an rud atá i gceist, an impleacht, leis an neamh-litriúil, an rud atá sé (de rún) cumarsáide, ach nár dúirt an cainteoir. Smaoinigh ar a chéad shampla:\nTá A agus B ag caint faoi chara comhpháirteach, C, atá ag obair anois i mbanc. A iarrann B conas a bhfuil C ag dul ar aghaidh ina phost, agus freagraíonn B: Ó go maith, is dóigh liom; is maith leis a chomhghleacaithe, agus níor chuaigh sé i bpríosún go fóill. (Grice 1967a/1989, 24.)\nCad a dúirt B trí rá \"níor chuaigh sé i bpríosún go fóill\"? Go garbh, gach a dúirt sé go litriúil de C go raibh sé nach raibh i bpríosún suas go dtí an t-am a rá. Is é seo a sholáthraíonn an bhrí abairt choinbhinsiúnach móide próisis chomhthéacsúla na dí-eisiamh, mionsonraithe focail mhalartacha agus socrú tagartha.\nAch, de ghnáth, bheadh níos mó i gceist ag B ná seo: gurb é C an cineál duine is dóichí a bheadh ag tabhairt faoi thriomú a thug a ghairm. De réir Grice, tá an \"réamhaisnéis\" ar impleachtaí comhráite bunaithe ar eolas coiteann ar a bhfuil an cainteoir a dúirt (nó níos fearr, an bhfíric go bhfuil sé a dúirt sé), an comhthéacs teanga agus extra-theangacha an rá, faisnéis chúlra ginearálta, agus an breithniú ar an méid Grice Dubs an \"Principle Comhoibritheach (CP) \":\nDéan do ranníocaíocht comhrá mar is gá, ag an gcéim ina dtarlaíonn sé, de réir chuspóir nó treo an chaibidlíochta cainte a bhfuil tú páirteach ann. (Grice 1967a/1989, 26.)\nDe réir Grice, cuirtear an CP i bhfeidhm, i bpleananna cainteoirí agus tuiscint lucht éisteachta, trí maxims a leanúint:\n- Déan do chuid ranníocaíochta chomh eolaíoch agus is gá (do chuspóirí reatha an mhalartaithe).\n- Ná déan do chuid cuntas níos eolasaí ná mar is gá.\n- (Supermaxim): Déan iarracht a dhéanamh ar do chuid ranníocaíochta ceann go bhfuil fíor.\n- Ná rá cad a chreideann tú a bheith bréagach.\n- Ná rá go bhfuil tú ag easpa fianaise leordhóthanach.\n- Bí ábhartha.\n- (Supermaxim): Bí claonta.\n- Seachain an nochtadh a léiriú.\n- Seachain amhéadacht.\n- Bí gearr (seachain an t-easnamh neamhriachtanach).\n- Bí ordúil.\n- Cuir an méid a deir tú sa fhoirm is oiriúnaí d'aon fhreagra a mheastar a bheith oiriúnach; nó, éascú a dhéanamh i do fhoirm abairt an fhreagra oiriúnaí (a chuir Grice 1981/1989, 273 leis).\nFeictear ag Grice na prionsabail a rialaíonn comhrá mar a thagann siad ó phrionsabail ghinearálta a rialaíonn gníomh comhoibritheach réasúnach daonna. Tá go leor plé déanta faoin CP agus na maisiú. An bhfuil siad go léir riachtanach? An gá níos mó? An bhfuil siad normative nó tuairisciúla? Cad é a ról cruinn i teoiric na n-implíocht: An prionsabail iad a mheastar go ndéanann cainteoirí agus éisteoirí iad a urramú i gcumarsáid réasúnach, nó uirlisí teoiricí amháin le haghaidh athchóiriú réasúnach? An éilíonn an CP ar an gcainteoir agus ar an gcluinteoir tuilleadh comhoibrithe i dtreo sprioc coiteann seachas an tuiscint agus an tuiscint? Is é an rud atá soiléir ná go dtugann Grice ról riachtanach do na prionsabail seo maidir le sainmhíniú agus le léirmhíniú impleachtaí comhrá.\nLeanann an cineál réasúnaithe paradigmatic ar chuid an éisteora chun impleachtaí a chinneadh, de réir Grice, an patrún seo:\nDúirt sé go bhfuil p; níl aon chúis a cheapann nach bhfuil sé ag faire ar na maxims, nó ar a laghad an CP; ní fhéadfadh sé a bheith ag déanamh seo mura raibh sé ag smaoineamh go q; tá a fhios aige (agus a fhios agam go bhfuil a fhios agam go bhfuil sé) go bhfuil mé a fheiceáil go bhfuil an tuairim go bhfuil sé ag smaoineamh go q éigeantach; tá sé déanta aon rud chun stop a chur liom ag smaoineamh go q; tá sé i gceist agam a cheapann, nó ar a laghad sásta a cheadú dom a cheapann, go q; agus mar sin tá sé implied go q. (Grice 1967a/1989, 31.)\nAgus é á chur i bhfeidhm ar an sampla roimhe seo, faoin mbaincéir, réasúnaíonn A ar an mbealach seo a leanas:\nDúirt B nár chuaigh C go príosún go fóill (p); is cosúil go bhfuil sé ag cur an mhadra iompair i léig, ach níl aon chúis agam a mheas go bhfuil sé ag roghnú CP; ní bheadh a shárú ar an mhadra le feiceáil ach amháin má tá sé ag smaoineamh go bhfuil C neamhdhílis (q); tá a fhios ag B (agus tá a fhios aige go bhfuil a fhios agam go bhfuil a fhios aige) gur féidir liom a fháil amach go bhfuil sé ag smaoineamh go bhfuil q; ...; mar sin tá sé ag cur i gceist go bhfuil q.\nTá na saintréithe seo a leanas ag impleachtaí comhrá:\n- Tá siad in-aistrithe:\n... impleacht phléasóireachta putative go bhfuil p ina chealú go sainráite má, go foirm na bhfocal a bhfuil a rá go impleachtúil go bhfuil p, tá sé inghlactha a chur ach ní p, nó nílim ag ciallaíonn a chur i bhfios go bhfuil p, agus tá sé cancelable contextually má is féidir le duine a fháil ar chásanna ina bhfuil an rá an fhoirm na bhfocal ní bheadh ach a iompar an impleacht. (Grice 1967b/1989, 44.)\n- Ní féidir iad a bhaint:\n... ní bheidh sé indéanta bealach eile a aimsiú chun an rud céanna a rá, nach bhfuil an impleacht i gceist ann ach amháin nuair a bhíonn gné speisialta den leagan a chur ina ionad ábhartha é féin chun impleacht a chinneadh (de bhua cheann de na mórthíreanna Manner). (Grice 1967a, 1989, 39.)\n- Tá siad in-chomhcháil:\nNí mór go mbeadh an impleachtúireacht comhráite in ann a bheith á oibriú amach; mar fiú más féidir é a thuiscint go intuitively, mura féidir argóint a chur in ionad an intuition, ní bheidh an impleachtúireacht (más ann ar chor ar bith) mar impleachtúireacht comhráite. (Grice 1967a/1989, 31.)\nMeasann Grice go bhfuil an t-eitilt dheireanach seo ríthábhachtach chun idirdhealú a dhéanamh idir impleachtaí comhráite agus coinbhinsiúnacha. Tá impleachtaí coinbhinsiúnacha a ghintear ag an bhrí de chuid de na cáithníní áirithe cosúil le ach nó dá bhrí sin. Smaoinigh ar an difríocht idir (1) agus (2):\n- Is Sasanach é, dá bhrí sin tá sé cróga.\n- Tá sé ina Sasanach, agus tá sé cróga.\nDe réir Grice, dúirt cainteoir an rud céanna le (1) agus le (2). Is é an difríocht ná go bhfuil (1) i gceist aici (3).\n3. Tá an t-am ann. Ba é a bheith cróga a leanann as a bheith Béarla.\nIs impleacht choinbhinsiúnach é seo. Is é an bhrí choinbhinsiúnach de \"mar sin\", agus ní uasmhéideanna na comhoibrithe, a thugann níos mó ná an méid a deirtear.\nIs é coincheap Grice de impleachtaí coincheapacha (a bhfuil réamhtheachtaí aige i Frege; féach Bach 1999b) an chuid is conspóideacha dá teoiric comhrá do go leor leanúna, ar chúiseanna éagsúla. De réir cuid acu, tá a chur i bhfeidhm ar shamplaí ar leith i gcoinne intuition coitianta. Trí an focal \"therefore\" a úsáid, nach bhfuil an cainteoir ag rá go bhfuil nasc cúiseach idir a bheith cróga agus a bheith Béarla? Nach bhfuil sí ag rá agus ní amháin a chur in iúl go bhfuil a bheith cróga a leanann ó bheith Béarla. Ina theannta sin, cuireann catagóir na n-implíocht choinbhinsiúnach an idirdhealú idir an méid a deirtear, de ghnáth a cheaptar mar a chinntear trí choinbhinsiúin séamachta na teanga, agus an méid a bhfuil baint aige, de ghnáth a mheastar mar ábhar inference maidir le rún cainteoir a rá cad a dhéanann sí. Cuireann brí abairt choinbhinsiúnach go ríthábhachtach leis an méid a deirtear, a mheastar go bhfuil sé difriúil go bunúsach ó impleachtaí; ach anois tá an toradh againn nach gcuireann roinnt eilimintí den bhrí choinbhinsiúnach leis an méid a deirtear ach le impleachtaí (cé go bhfuil siad coinbhinsiúnach). Ar deireadh, cuireann sé staidéar ar an bhrí choinbhinsiúnach de roinnt abairtí laistigh de réimse na pragmatics (staidéar ar impleachtaí), seachas séamantachta, de ghnáth a cheaptar mar theach an bhrí choinbhinsiúnach.\nI measc impleachtaí cainte, d'éirigh Grice idir partaicéalaithe agus ginearálaithe. Is iad na chéad impleachtaí a ghineann tú trí rud a rá de bhua roinnt gnéithe áirithe den chomhthéacs, cásanna nach bhfuil aon spás ann don smaoineamh go bhfuil impleacht den chineál seo i gnáth ag rá go bhfuil p. (Grice 1967a/1989, 37) Is é an sampla thuasluaite de impleacht cainte, ansin, cás de impleacht cainte particularized. Tarlaíonn impleachtú cainte ginearálta (GCI dá bhrí sin) nuair a bheadh impleachtú nó cineál impleachtú den sórt sin ag úsáid foirmeacha áirithe focal i ráiteas de ghnáth (i gcás nach bhfuil cúinsí speisialta ann). Is é an chéad sampla atá ag Grice ná abairt den fhoirm X ag bualadh le bean an tráthnóna seo. Aon duine a labhraíonn an abairt seo, in éagmais imthosca speisialta, glactar leis go raibh an bhean atá i gceist ina dhuine seachas bean chéile, máthair, deirfiúr, nó b'fhéidir fiú cara platónach gar de X (Ibid.) De réir mar a bhíonn sé implí, d'fhéadfaí é a chealú, go neamhshiomchuí, i gcúinsí oiriúnacha, nó go sainráite, ag cur clásal éigin a thugann le tuiscint go ndearnadh é a dhiúltú.\nTá raon leathan feidhmchlár ag impleachtaí cainteach particularized a léiríonn Grice féin: is féidir úsáid eolaíoch tautologies, irony, metafór, hyperbole, meiosis agus, i bprionsabal, aon chineál úsáide neamh-litriúil a bhíonn ag brath ar chúinsí speisialta an rá a mhíniú i dtéarmaí iad. Ach tá GCIanna infheidhme maidir le saincheisteanna níos tábhachtaí go fealsúnachta, go háirithe, leis an méid, de réir an thabhairt isteach ar Logic and Conversation, ba é an spreagadh is tábhachtaí a bhí ag Grice: an cheist maidir le difríocht bhrí idir seasmhaigh loighciúla teangacha foirmiúla agus a gcomhghleacaithe i dteangacha nádúrtha, nó bríonna líomhnaithe briathra mar a bheith cosúil, a chreidiúint nó a fhios. Tá GCIanna i gcroílár Razor Occam Modified Grice freisin ( Ní bheidh na braiteoirí a iolrú thar riachtanas, Griceb 1967/1989, 47), a d'fhóin mar chritéar chun saincheisteanna séamainticiúla a idirdhealú ó chleachtais praigmatacha agus chun míniú a roghnú, go ginearálta, i dtéarmaí impleachtaí seachas séamaintice a chuireann amhuilíocht i láthair.\nIs dócha go bhfuil Grice is fearr ar a dtugtar i bhfílscéal na teanga as a teoiric ar impleachtaí. Is cinnte gurb é an chuid is mó den obair a bhfuil tionchar aige ar na codanna sin de theangachas, síceolaíocht, eolaíocht chognaíoch agus eolaíocht ríomhaireachta a roinneann spéis an fhealsúnais sa teanga. Tá a theoiric ar chiall, áfach, riachtanach chun a fhís fhilosófach fhoriomlán agus a 'pictiúr mór' de theanga agus cumarsáide a thuiscint. Ní dhéanfaimid míniú ar an tionscadal seo, a chuimsíonn go páirteach go laghdófar na coincheapa séamaiticiúla go léir go ceann síceolaíoch sa deireadh. Ach déarfaimid beagán faoina bhun-chomhfhiosach ar M-intinn, d'fhonn gné thábhachtach dá teoiric praiticiúil a fhorbairt, coincheap intinn chumarsáideach.\nShíl Grice go raibh coincheapa séamaintiúla cosúil le brí focal agus abairt bunaithe ar bhrí an chainteora, agus ar intinn an chainteora, rud a thug sé ar intinn M. Glacadh leis an méid a cheap sé mar staidéar ar ontology na dtuairimí séamaiticiúla, áfach, mar charachtarú ar intinn chumarsáideach, na cúiseanna meabhracha a bhaineann le gníomhartha cumarsáideacha, agus iad siúd a chaithfidh an éisteoir a thuiscint chun go mbeidh an gníomh cumarsáideach rathúil.\nMar sin, tá na tréithe sainithe seo ag intinn chumarsáide:\n- Tá siad dírithe i gcónaí ar ghníomhaire eile an seoltaí.\n- Tá siad follasach, is é sin le rá, tá sé beartaithe go n-aithneoidh an té a seoltar iad.\n- Tá a gcáirdeas i bhfianaise go n-aithníonn an té a seoltar iad.\nLéirítear na hairíonna seo cheana féin sa chéad leagan de Grice's M-intentions:\nA meant something by x is (roughly) equivalent to A meant the utterance of x to produce some effect in an audience by means of the recognition of this intention. (Grice 1957/1989, 220.)\nGrice athfhoirmliú níos déanaí an sainmhíniú seo, ag tabhairt tús le díospóireacht te faoi charachtarú beacht intinn chumarsáideach, go príomha faoi dhá phointe:\n- Is iad intinn chumarsáide intinn a bheith ag freagairt ar\nan chuid an duine a seoladh, ach cén cineál freagra, go díreach, ba chóir\nseo a bheith? Má deirim leat, \"Tá sé ag báisteach\". D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh go leor\ntorthaí: b'fhéidir go gcloisfidh tú na focail, go dtuigeann tú a bhrí,\nteacht chun a chreidiúint go bhfuil sé ag báisteach, cuardach do umbrella, a bheith ag teip ar\né a fháil agus a bheith feargach, agus sa deireadh a bheith chomh feargach tú chew an charr. Tá mé\nd'fhéadfadh a bheith pleanáilte go léir seo, ach níos mó de ghnáth beidh mé a bheith i\nBí cinnte go bhfuil tú ullmhaithe don aimsir. Ach mo chumarsáideach\nIs cosúil go bhfuil an rún dírithe ar fho-sprioc ríthábhachtach. Má fhaigheann mé tú a\ncreidim go bhfuil sé ag báisteach, beidh do réasúnaíocht féin a ghlacadh thar agus beidh tú\nFaigh réidh. Is cosúil go bhfuil sé mar aidhm agam do chreideamh a athrú. Bhí sé\nan cineál seo freagra a Grice ghlac a bheith tipiciúil ina chuid oibre luath\nar bhrí. Ach tá sé i ndáiríre níos mó i gcomhréir leis an spiorad a\nTogra go bhfuil an fho-sprioc ríthábhachtach a bheith a fháil ar an lucht féachana a chreidiúint\ngo gcreideann an cainteoir go bhfuil sé ag báisteach. Sin an t-athrú i ndáiríre\ngo bhfuil an teanga is féidir a thabhairt faoi; tar éis a fuair an lucht féachana go dtí seo, an\nNí mór don chainteoir a bheith ag súil go gcreideann an lucht féachana ina eolas faoi aimsir,\nBeidh a ghlacadh na céimeanna a chreidiúint iad féin i bhfianaise an báistí, agus ansin ullmhú\ngo leor don aimsir.\nAch is féidir go mbeadh an fho-sprioc seo, atá measartha go leor, ró-mhór chun rath a bhaint as an ngníomhaíocht chumarsáideach mar ghníomhaíocht chumarsáideach. Measann mé go bhfuil sé ag cur báistí, agus éisteann tú liom agus tuigeann tú brí mo chuid focal. Ach ní dóigh leat go bhfuil mé ag bheith dílis; ní chreideann tú go gcreidim an méid a dúirt mé. Ach fós, tá mé a rá é. Mo phlean foriomlán chun cabhrú a chinntiú nach bhfaigheann tú fliuch agus fuar a ghabháil d'fhéadfadh a bheith ag teip, ach is cosúil go bhfuil mé a bheith rathúil i rá cad a chuir mé amach a rá. Is cosúil gurb é an t-aon staid mheabhrach nua is gá ná go dtuigeann an lucht éisteachta intinn chumarsáide an chainteora; a thuiscint ar ráiteas an chainteora. Is é seo a dtugtar \"ionsú gan chlúdach\":\nI gcás gníomhartha neamh-eolaíocha, tá sé de chumas againn an rud atá á dhéanamh againn a dhéanamh trína gcuirtear in iúl dár lucht éisteachta an rud atá á dhéanamh againn. Ach ní creidimh ná freagra é an 'éifeacht' ar an gcluasaí, ní hé ach tuiscint a fháil ag an gcluasaí ar a bhfuil á rá ag an cainteoir. (Searle 1969, 47.)\nMar sin, is é an freagra is coitianta ná Searle a leanúint ar an bpointe seo agus torthaí perlocutionary a eisiamh, thar an gcineál seo, ó ábhar intinn chumarsáideach.\n- Ní mór go mbeadh na bearta cumarsáide go hiomlán follasach:\nI ngach cás, is éard atá i gceist le tuiscint a fháil ar fhórsa ráiteas ná a aithint an rud a d'fhéadfaí a ghairm go forleathan mar intinn dírithe ar an lucht féachana agus é a aithint mar fhéin-fhocal go hiomlán, mar a bhí sé beartaithe a aithint. (Strawson 1964, 459.)\nTá an fhoirmliú cruinn ar an riachtanas seo ina ábhar díospóireachta dian, ag argóint cuid acu le haghaidh sainmhíniú athbhéasach (féin-thuairisceach), daoine eile le haghaidh líon neamhchríochnaithe ach praiticiúil críochnaithe de chlásail sa sainmhíniú, le argóintí coincheapacha, loighciúla nó síceolaíocha. Is cosúil go bhfuil comhaontú ann go gcaithfear gach gné rúnda nó fiú neodrach (i ndáil lena aithint atá beartaithe ag an seoladh) d'intinn an cainteora a fhágáil lasmuigh de shainmhíniú intinn chumarsáideacha.\nIs é an bealach gearr ach cuimsitheach chun críochnú ná a rá go bhfuil comhlíonadh intinn chumarsáideach i bhfios go díreach i bhfios go bhfuil an duine a seoltar é. (Le haghaidh an díospóireachta seo, féach Searle 1969; Schiffer 1972; Harman 1974; Blackburn 1984; Sperber and Wilson 1986; Recanati 1986; Bach 1987 nó Neale 1992.)\nTar éis na hoibre bunaidh a rinne Austin-Searle, ar thaobh amháin, agus Grice, ar an taobh eile, rinne Kent Bach agus Robert Harnish (Gníomhartha Cumarsáide Teangacha agus Cainte (1979)) iarracht tábhachtach chun léargas na bhunaitheoirí a chomhtháthú i teoiric aontaithe.\nAr an iomlán, má roghnaíonn siad an lipéad cuí dá teoiric idir neo-Gricean nó neo-Austinian / Searlean, is cosúil gurb é an chéad cheann is oiriúnaí: d'fhéadfaí a gcuid teoiric a ghlacadh chun claonadh i dtreo coincheap Gricean ar thuiscint inferential ar intinn chumarsáideach an cainteora seachas ar thuairim Austin-Searle ar ghníomhartha cainte mar a dhéantar de réir roinnt rialacha coinbhinsiúnacha nó constitutive. Chun teoiric aontaithe a fháil d'fhorbair siad a gcreat coincheapach féin, bunaithe ar smaointe Grice, Austin agus Searle ach lena n-áirítear go leor nuálaíochtaí tábhachtacha acu féin. Seo cur síos gairid ar chuid acu:\nCosúil le Austin, ach murab ionann agus Searle, déanann Bach agus Harnish argóint ar son coincheap na ngníomhartha locutionary: gníomhartha a bhaineann le hailt a úsáid le ciall níos mó nó níos lú sainithe agus tagairt níos mó nó níos lú sainithe, i bhfocail Austin. Tá siad níos soiléire ná Austin, agus maíonn siad go bhfuil sé de bhun a chinneadh cad a dúirt duine (locutionarily) trí abairt a rá\n- ciall oibríochtúil na habairte a labhraítear\n- na tagairtí do na focail thagartha\n- na hairíonna agus na caidrimh a bhfuil a leithdháileadh orthu\n- na huaireanta sonraithe\nLeis an bhfaisnéis seo aithníonn an éisteoir an méid a dúirt cainteoir, ar leibhéal an fhocail. Ó thaobh na hamanna seo de, is é an pointe is suntasaí anseo, inár dtuairim, go bhfeiceann siad cinneadh an ghnímh labhartha ag an gcluasaí, ní mar ábhar a bhaineann le ciall coitinneach an abairt a labhraítear a dhíchódú ach mar ábhar de dhíspreagadh a chaithfidh a bheith bunaithe ar chiall teanga chomh maith le faisnéis chomhthéacsúil maidir le rún an cainteora. Níor éileamh Grice gur féidir a chinneadh cad a dúirt cainteoir gan smaoineamh ar intinn an cainteora; a mhalairt ar fad. Ach ní raibh sé go sonrach faoin mbealach a rinneadh é, agus is é an dearcadh a fuarthas, ar aon nós, go raibh an t-infheacht eisiach do calculation de impleachtaí.\nTugann an idirdhealú idir gníomhartha locutionary agus illocutionary de rá freisin uirlis choincheapais úsáideach do Bach agus Harnish chun cásanna a d'fhéadfadh a bheith fadhbanna de dhíchoróiníocht idir ábhar ráite agus intinn an cainteora a chóireáil, mar shampla sleamhnán an teanga, creidimh tagartha bréagacha, agus irony.\nChun dul ón bhriathra go dtí an t-ábhar neamhbhriathra, má tá aon cheann ann, ní mór don éisteoir a thuiscint an rún cumarsáideach an cainteora, agus chun é sin a dhéanamh, teastaíonn níos mó faisnéise ón éisteoir. I measc rudaí eile, beidh ar an éisteoir úsáid a bhaint as an Measamh Cumarsáideach (CP) a luaann siad mar seo a leanas:\nAn creideamh frithpháirteach sa phobal teanga CL go bhfuil aon uair a deir ball S rud éigin i L le ball eile H, tá sé ag déanamh amhlaidh le roinnt intinn illocutionary aitheanta. (Bach agus Harnish 1979, 61.)\nCód na n-ealaíona\nGlacann Bach agus Harnish le formhór na gcriticí a rinne Searle (1975a) ar aicmiúchán Austin chomh maith lena chritéir chun gníomhartha neamh-chomhfhiosach a ghrúpáil i dtéarmaí intinn bhunúsach neamh-chomhfhiosach agus léiriú dearcadh meabhrach; ach déanann siad roinnt leasuithe. Chun tús a chur leis, scriosann siad rang Searle d'aicmeanna illocutionary dearbhúla (a chlúdaíonn go bunúsach feidhmeanna sonracha Austin), toisc go nglacann siad iad a bheith ina n-éileamh nó ina n-éileamh go bunúsach (féach Searle 1989, Bach agus Harnish 1992 le haghaidh tuilleadh plé ar an gceist seo). Ansin, is iad na gníomhartha illocutionary cumarsáideacha (Bach and Harnish 1979, ch. 3):\n- comhchomharthaí, a léiríonn creideamh an chainteora agus a mhian go ndéanfaidh an lucht éisteachta creideamh den chineál céanna.\n- treoracha, a léiríonn dearcadh éigin faoi ghníomhaíocht fhéideartha sa todhchaí ag an gcluasaí agus an rún go nglacfar a rá mar chúis le gníomh an gcluasaí.\n- commissives, a léiríonn intinn an chainteora rud éigin a dhéanamh agus an creideamh go bhfuil a rá ag oibleagáid uirthi é a dhéanamh.\n- aitheantais, a léiríonn mothúcháin i leith an éisteora (nó an rún go gcomhlíonfaidh an ráite roinnt ionchais shóisialta maidir le mothúcháin a chur in iúl).\nDéanann Bach agus Harnish idirdhealú idir gníomhartha illocutionary cumarsáideacha, an chatagóir a mbaineann na ceithre chineál seo leis, agus catagóir na ngníomhartha illocutionary coitinneacha, a ghlacann siad a bheith difriúil go bunúsach. Is gníomhartha cumarsáideacha iad gníomhartha a dhéantar le bearta cumarsáideacha áirithe a bhfuil gá leis an gcluasaí iad a aithint chun go n-éireoidh leis na gníomhartha. I ngníomhartha conventionali, ar an láimh eile, ní gá go mbeadh aon intinn chumarsáideach i gceist. Is ceist choinbhinsiúin é rath, ní intinn. Déantar gníomhartha conarthacha a chinneadh agus a tháirgeadh fíricí de chineál institiúideach, má dhéantar iad de réir coinbhinsiúin nach dteastaíonn aon intinn chumarsáideach ó thaobh an labhraí agus, a fortiori, ná a aithint ó thaobh aon éisteoir. I measc na n-ealaíon traidisiúnta, Bach agus Harnish (1979, ch. 6) idirdhealú a dhéanamh idir dhá aicme:\n- éifeachtaí, a tháirgeann athrú, fíric nua i gcomhthéacs institiúideach, nuair a tháirgeann an duine cuí iad i gcúinsí cuí; d'fhéadfadh an tUachtarán ar na Stáit Aontaithe a rá, mar shampla, go bhfuil sé ag cur véta ar phlanda reachtaíochta.\n- breithiúnais, ní chruthaíonn siad fíricí, ach cinntíonn siad fíricí, nádúrtha nó institiúideacha, a bhfuil éifeacht oifigiúil, ceangailteach acu i gcomhthéacs institiúideach; is sampla de sin breithiúnas ciontaithe giúiré; ní chruthaíonn sé fíric ciontachta, ach socraíonn sé an cheist ciontachta ar bhealach ceangailteach.\nTugann an Scéim um Gníomh Cainte (SAS) foirm na réasúnaithe a theastaíonn ón éisteoir chun labhairt an cainteora a thuiscint go hiomlán: ó bhrí na habairte a úsáidtear go dtí an gníomh perlocutionary a dhéantar. Éilíonn sé seo, seachas faisnéis theangacha, córas de bharúlacha cumarsáide agus comhráite, mar aon le creideamh fhrithpháirteach comhthéacsúil.\nMeasann Bach agus Harnish go bhfuil baint ag infheacht, ón tús, le cinneadh an ghnímh lócaire. Is é an chéad chéim eile ná na rúndacht neamh-fhocail a bhaint amach go litriúil agus ón áit seo, sa chás is simplí, téigh chuig na cinn (a bhfuil i gceist) perlocutionary, más ann dóibh. Go garbh, is litriúil gníomh illocutionary nuair a bhíonn a ábhar proposicional ag teacht le hábhar an ghnímh locutionary, agus tá fórsa an chéad cheann laistigh de na srianta a fhorchuireann an dara ceann.\nAch d'fhéadfadh sé tarlú nach féidir an gníomh neamh-fhocail a dhéanamh go hiomchuí a bheith déanta ag an cainteoir i gcúinsí áirithe ar leith (abair, tá an t-éileamh liteartha bréagach agus go soiléir mar sin), agus caithfidh an éisteoir gníomh neamh-litriúil eile a lorg. Labhraíonn duine éigin gan a bheith i ndáiríre nuair nach ciallaíonn sé an méid a deir sé ach rud éigin eile ina ionad sin.\nD'fhéadfadh sé a bheith ann freisin go bhfuil an cainteoir ag déanamh níos mó ná gníomh liteartha a dhéanamh. Ciallaíonn sí cad a deir sí ach ciallaíonn sí níos mó. Beidh ar an gcluasaí an gníomh indíreach atá á dhéanamh a léiriú. Ní mór a thabhairt faoi deara gur féidir gníomhartha indíreacha a bheith bunaithe ar ghníomhartha neamhlitriúla freisin. Ansin cuireann an SAS san áireamh éifeachtaí intinne perlocutionary an ghnímh cainte.\nCuireann SAS Bach agus Harnish staidéar mionsonraithe ar struchtúr an léirmhínithe ráiteas mar phróiseas inferential. Má dhéantar é mar iarracht a dhéanamh ar dhá phríomh-fhóirgin na praghaimic a aontú, is féidir é a mheas mar dhúnadh na tréimhse Classic Pragmatics agus mar aistriú ó philosophical pragmatics go pragmatics teanga agus síceolaíoch. Is féidir iad a shuíomh fós laistigh de pragmatics taobh-sceart ach tá a gcuid smaoineamh soiléir ar ról an \"intrus\" pragmatic i gcinntiú na n-a bhfuil ráite ag fógairt teacht pragmatics taobh-chruinn.\nI loighic agus i go leor de na fiosrúcháin a rinne empiricists loighciúil sa chéad dhá thrian den fhicheadú haois, bhí teangacha saorga mar fhócas aird. Ar dtús, is cosúil gurb iad an ríomh préideacáin, agus ansin síneadh éagsúla de lena gcuimsíonn oibreoirí modúla agus sealadacha na feithiclí teangacha cuí do phictiúróirí a raibh smaointeoireacht shoiléir acu. Is minic a cheapadh go raibh saincheisteanna maidir le húsáid theangacha nádúrtha thar raon feidhme na n-uirlisí teiriciúla cruthúnais agus teoiriciúla samhlaíochta a d'fhorbair loighcigh. Mar a dúirt Stalnaker é i 1970,\nRinne fealsúnaithe sa traidisiún teanga ghnáth, agus roinnt teangacha, déileáil go neamhfhoirmiúil le fadhbanna na praghaimic, ach rinne loighcigh agus fealsúnaithe de chreatlach meabhrach foirmiúil neamhaird de ghnáth ar fhadhbanna praghaimic ... . (Stalnaker 1970/1999, 31.)\n(Le haghaidh eisceacht thábhachtach, féach Elements of Symbolic Logic (1947) de chuid Reichenbach.)\nBhí an smaoineamh gur chóir teicnící na seamantachta foirmiúla a oiriúnú do theangacha nádúrtha a chosaint go láidir ag Donald Davidson, ar phrionsabail fhísilíochta ghinearálta, agus Richard Montague, a chuir teicnící seamantachta domhan féideartha i bhfeidhm ar phíosaí den Bhéarla i gcomhlacht oibre a bhí tionchair sa phictiúr agus sa teangachas araon.\nLéiríonn na hiarrachtaí seo go soiléir, ar an taobh gar de na rudaí a deirtear, go bhfuil séamaitic agus praghaitic i bhfad i gcéin. Is cosúil go bhfuil léirmhíniú na n-innéacsanna agus na n-ionspreagáidí go díreach i réimse na praigmatics, ós rud é go bhfuil fíricí ar leith faoi ráitis ar leith, mar an cainteoir, an t-am, agus an suíomh, a chinneann léirmhíniú I, tú, anois agus mar sin de. Ach is é riail neamh-athraitheach brí a chinntíonn ábharthacht na ngnéithe éagsúla seo, mar a thug Bar-Hillel (1954) faoi deara cheana féin.\nIna aiste Pragmatics (1968), rinne Richard Montague an coincheap de shaol féideartha a ghinearáil chun déileáil le roinnt feiniméin, lena n-áirítear indeicsiúla. Comhcheanglaíonn innéacs domhan féideartha le tosca eile a bhaineann le luach fírinne abairt. Chun seantanna teann a staidéar, mar shampla, déanann duine amanna a ionchorprú i n-innéacsanna. Is abairt mar \"Elwood chuaigh go dtí an siopa\", fíor i saol, ag an am. Ba cheart go mbeadh abairt mar \"chuaigh mé chuig an siopa\", fíor i saol, ag am, do chainteoir: go garbh, má chuaigh an cainteoir chuig an siopa roimh an am ar domhan.\nMá dhéanaimid neamhaird ar an am, is féidir linn smaoineamh ar an bhrí atá ag \"Tá mé ina suí\" mar fheidhm ó péirí cainteoirí agus domhandaí go luachanna fírinne. Measann Moe go bhfuil sé ina shuí sa domhan iarbhír w agus ina sheasamh sa domhan malartach w ', agus Curley ina sheasamh i w agus ina shuí i w '. Tá 'I am sitting' fíor ag agus .\nAch bhí cur chuige beagán difriúil maidir le hindeicseacht, a chuir David Kaplan agus Robert Stalnaker i bhfeidhm ar bhealaí éagsúla, i bhfad níos mó tionchair. Seo mar a chuir Stalnaker an príomh-smaoineamh:\nIs cosúil leis an scéim atá á mholadh agam: Déantar na rialacha sintasacha agus séamaintiúla do theanga a chinneadh ina abairt nó ina chlásal a léirmhínítear: déantar é seo, mar aon le roinnt gnéithe de chomhthéacs úsáid an abairt nó an chlásal a chinneadh ina togra; déantar é seo, mar aon le domhan féideartha, a chinneadh fíor-luach. Freagra léirithe, ansin, a fhreagraíonn do fheidhm ó chomhthéacsanna i proposiciones, agus is é proposiciones a fheidhm ó domhan féideartha i bhfírinne-luachanna. (Stalnaker 1970/1999, 36.)\nForbraíonn an dá fhealsamh seo cur chuige dhá thréimhse maidir le hábhar ráitis a bhfuil indeicsiúla ann. 'Tá mé ag suí' a léiríonn an t-aistriúchán go bhfuil Moe ina suí i gcomhthéacs le Moe mar chainteoir, t-aistriúchán difriúil, go bhfuil Curley ina suí, i gcomhthéacs le Curley mar chainteoir. Dá bhrí sin tá dhá fheidhm againn. Is feidhm ó chomhthéacsanna go tograí é an carachtar (Kaplan) nó an coincheap proposicional (Stalnaker). Agus, ar a laghad laistigh de shéimintíocht na ndomhan indéanta, déantar tairiscintí a cheapadh mar fheidhmeanna ó shaol go luachanna fírinne.\nTugann an cur chuige \"dhú-leibhéal\" seo amach cad atá ag rá Moe de \"Tá mé ag suí\", agus nach bhfuil i gcoiteann le rá Curley de \"Tá tú ag suí\", dírithe ar Moe. Tá an fhírinne-luach céanna ag an dá cheann acu, ar ndóigh, ach níos tábhachtaí fós, léiríonn an dá cheann an t-aistriú céanna.\nTá difríochtaí tábhachtacha ann, áfach, sa tslí a chuireann Kaplan agus Stalnaker an smaoineamh seo i bhfeidhm, a léiríonn na bealaí an-difriúla ina ndéanann siad smaoineamh ar chomhthéacs.\nIs dócha gurb é an cóireáil is mó tionchair ar indexicals agus taispeántais monagraf David Kaplan Demonstratives (1989), a scaiptear leaganacha de sna seacht mbliana déag. Is iad bunchoincheapa Kaplan comhthéacs, carachtar agus ábhar. Is é carachtar an rud a sholáthraíonn abairtí le hinnéacsanna, mar Tá mé ina suí, nó Tá tú ina suí, feidhm ó ghnéithe comhthéacsúla go hábhar.\nMaidir le Kaplan, is é comhthéacs ceithre ghné de ghníomhaire, áit, am agus domhan; go intuitively, is iad seo cainteoir an ráitis, am agus áit an ráitis, agus an domhan féideartha ina dtarlaíonn sé; creidimh an cainteora maidir le cé hiad, cá bhfuil sí, agus nuair a bhíonn sé, agus cad é an domhan fíor cosúil le hábhar a chinneadh, cé nach bhfuil sé ar ndóigh chun a mhíniú cén fáth a deir an cainteoir a dhéanann sí. (Is é an domhan féideartha an ghné chomhthéacsúil a úsáideann Kaplan chun déileáil le actually). Is é an comhthéacs ceart an comhthéacs ina bhfuil an gníomhaire san áit ag an am sa domhan, agus is é sin, ar ndóigh, an caidreamh tréithúil idir an cainteoir, an t-am, an suíomh agus domhan ráiteas.\nNíor ghlac Kaplan go hoifigiúil lena theoiric mar theoiric ráitis. Shíl sé ar a chuntas, nó ar a laghad ar an teoiric fhoirmiúil a sholáthraíonn sé, mar teoiric ar imeachtaí, nó abairtí-i-choinníollacha, atá ina n-ábhar abstrakt comhdhéanta de péirí comhthéacs agus cineálacha léiriú. Is ábhar neamh-oiriúnach iad ráitis, a mhaíonn Kaplan, le haghaidh imscrúdú loighciúil. Tógann ráitis am, ar dtús, mar sin ní bheadh sé indéanta a éileamh go bhfuil comhthéacs céanna ag gach áitreabh argóint, ach tá gá leis an bhforáil seo le haghaidh loighic. Ar an dara dul síos, ós rud é go mbeadh aon ráiteas de \"nílim ag labhairt\" bréagach, b'fhéidir go mbeadh orainn a thabhairt i gcrích go bhfuil \"tá mé ag labhairt\" fíor loighciúil, toradh neamh-inmhianaithe.\nNí ghlaonn Kaplan ar an méid atá á dhéanamh aige \"pragmatics\" ach séimantíocht na n-innéacsanna agus na n-ionsamhlachtaí.\nBhí teoiric Kaplan mar chuid de ghluaiseacht i bhfílscéal na teanga a d'fhorbair na seascaidí agus na seachtúidí, a ghlaoimid ar referentialism. Maidir lenár gcuspóirí, is iad na gnéithe suntasacha den réamhráíocht (i) i bhfoirmeacha áirithe, rinneadh muinín throm as coincheap what is said, go minic a chomhionann le the proposition expressed ag rá áirithe de abairt dhearbhálach oiriúnach; (ii) argóint na réamhráiteoirí go mealltach go bhfuil what is said nó the proposition expressed ag brath ar thagairt ainmneacha, indexicals agus taispeántais, seachas aon backing tuairisciúil nó coinníollacha a aithint a d'fhéadfadh cairde nó éisteoirí a chur leis. Níos conspóideacha, dúirt Donnellan (1966) i gcás úsáidí tagairtí de thuairiscí sainithe, go bhfuil tagairt an tuairisc, seachas an choinníoll tuairisceach, ina bhunús an tsoláthair a léirítear.\nAr ndóigh, tá an cheist ag éirí, ansin, conas a oireann an coincheap tagartha ar an méid a deirtear le teoiric Grice ar chaidreamh, a bhaineann, mar a chonaic muid, leis na cúiseanna a bhfuil ag an cainteoir as a rá a dhéanann sí.\nIs féidir a mhaíomh go n-oireann coincheap Kaplan ar ábhar le teoiric Grice ar chaibidil. Chun críocha seamantachta foirmiúil agus loighic, is féidir an comhthéacs (i bhfianaise Kaplan) a ghlacadh mar a thugtar. Déileálann Kaplan leis an abairt agus leis an gcomhthéacs mar rudaí as cuimse, agus tá na rialacha léirmhínithe go léir dí-ghlactha go cuí. Tosaíonn praigmatics nuair a chuirimid teoiric Kaplan i bhfeidhm ar ráitis. Déantar tagairt a réiteach ag séamantachta agus pragmatachas in aice leis, agus mar sin cén togra a léirítear, is é sin, an méid a deirtear, trí ráiteas a bhaineann le húsáid abairt i gcomhthéacs. Ansin, glacann teoiric Grice ar chaint, agus teoiric Austin-Searle ar ghníomhartha cainte, an post chun a insint dúinn cad eile a chuir an cainteoir i gceist trí a rá cad a rinne sí, agus cad eile a rinne sí nó trí a rá cad a rinne sí.\nAch ní bhíonn an pictiúr seo gan fadhbanna. Is cosúil go dtarlaíonn tagairtíocht le haistriúcháin éagsúla de fhadhb Frege ar aitheantas, agus tá siad seo ábhartha do phragmaitice.\nSmaoinigh ar na ráitis Is féidir Hesperus a fheiceáil sa spéir thoir agus Is féidir Phosphorus a fheiceáil sa spéir thoir. Ar phrionsabail tagarthacha, léiríonn an dá ráiteas an t-aistriú céanna, an ceann atá fíor i ngach domhan ina bhfuil Véineas (an phláinéid go bhfuil Hesperus agus Phosphorus dhá ainm) le feiceáil sa spéir thoir. Ach is cosúil go gcuireann siad faisnéis dhifriúil in iúl. Agus, is léir go bhfuil an chuma ar an scéal go bhfuil an scéal \"Hesperus is Hesperus\" gan tábhacht, agus is cosúil go bhfuil an scéal \"Hesperus is Phosphorus\" nó \"Phosphorus is Venus\" ag cur le faisnéis luachmhar. Agus fós, ar phrionsabail tagartha, léiríonn na trí ráiteas céannachta an t-aistriú céanna.\nGo paradaigmatic, de réir theoiric Grice, is é an ionchur a dhéantar ar réasúnaíocht an éisteora faoi impleachtaí an méid a deirtear. Is cosúil go gcuireann tagairt-bhunaitheoireacht i gceist gur chóir go mbeadh modhanna éagsúla an rud céanna a rá comhionann go cainteach. Ach ní cosúil go bhfuil sé seo ceart. Má deir Elwood, \"Ní féidir liom an salann a bhaint amach\", tá sé seo ag ciallaíonn go mbeadh sé buíoch go gcuirfeadh duine é dó. Ach cad a tharlaíonn má deir sé, \"Elwood nach féidir a bhaint amach an salann\"? Níl na himpleachtaí chomh soiléir. Is cosúil gur sháraigh Elwood an uasmhéid cainníochta, ina fho-uasmhéid, ag tabhairt faisnéis nach gá dúinn (ainm an duine nach féidir leis an salann a bhaint amach), agus ag diúltú faisnéis a theastaíonn uainn, is é sin, gurb é an cainteoir an duine a bhfuil a chaidreamh leis an saltshaker i gceist. Ceadaíonn uachtmhéideanna Grice ar bhealach teoiric an chomhrá déileáil le faisnéis a bhaineann le conas a deirtear rud éigin, seachas an méid a deirtear; is cosúil go bhféadfadh go mbeadh na uachtmhéideanna seo a shaothrú thar a bhfuil Grice ag súil leis chun a mhíniú conas is féidir le hainmneacha comhtharraingthe agus innéacsanna a chur chun cinn impleachtaí neamh-ionann, má ghlacann muid leis an gcuntas tagarthach ar an méid a deirtear.\nIna alt seimineach Pragmatics (1970) mhol Stalnaker coincheap de shéimintíocht agus pragmatíocht a ligfeadh d'uirlisí agus d'thraidisiúin na seimintíochta foirmiúla a leathnú go pragmatíocht. Is é an feiniméan praghaiméadach a bhí i gcuimhne aige go príomha an rud a ghlaoimid ar \"praghaiméadacht in aice\", a chuimsíonn an bealach ina n-idirghníomhaíonn tosca comhthéacsúla, i suíomh na teanga nádúrtha, le brí choinbhinsiúnach chun a chinneadh cad a deirtear, nó an t-aistriúchán a léirítear. Úsáideann Stalnaker a theoiric praghaiméadach chun déileáil le saincheisteanna a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ag teastáil míniú séamaintiúil, mar shampla faisnéis na ráitis féiniúlachta ( Hesperus is Phosphorus) agus allmhairiú na n-eistiméireachtaí diúltacha ( Homer ní raibh ann); agus é sin á dhéanamh, chonaic sé é féin mar leanúint ar aghaidh i dtrádáil Gricean:\n... Sílim go bhfuil an straitéis ghinearálta Gricean ag iarraidh an t-ualach ar séamaintice a laghdú trí mhíniú a dhéanamh ar an oiread feiniméin agus is féidir i dtéarmaí truism faoi chaint mar ghníomhaíocht réasúnach fós chomh torthaí agus gealltanach mar a bhí sé nuair a mhol sé é ar dtús. (Stalnaker 1999, 113.)\nIs féidir seamantachtaí foirmiúla, mar a fheiceann Stalnaker é, a chur i gcrích mar staidéar ar thograí laistigh de chreat domhan féideartha. Tá teangacha saorga deartha chun a bheith oiriúnach do na bríonna a bhfuil siad le cur in iúl, mar sin níor cheart go mbeadh an nasc idir teanga agus tairiscint ina cheist tricky. Ach le teangacha nádúrtha,\nIs fadhb séamaitigh í na rialacha a shonrú chun ráitis teanga nádúrtha a chur in oiriúint do na hairíonna a léiríonn siad. I bhformhór na gcásanna... ní bheidh na rialacha ag teacht le habairtí go díreach le tograí, ach beidh siad ag teacht le habairtí le tograí i ndáil le gnéithe den chomhthéacs ina n-úsáidtear an abairt. Tá na gnéithe comhthéacsúla seo mar chuid de ábhar pragmatach... (Stalnaker 1970/1999, 34.)\nRéamh-choinníoll, Comhréim agus Comhthéacs\nCosúil le Kaplan, tá pictiúr dhá thréimhse ag Stalnaker: soláthraíonn bríonna abairt feidhm ó chomhthéacsanna go tograí; tá tograí féin mar fheidhmeanna ó shaol go luachanna fírinne. Tá pictiúr an chomhthéacs go hiomlán difriúil ag Stalnaker, áfach, a bhunaíonn sé ar choincheap an réamh-mheastacháin. Tá intuition faoi na rudaí a deirtear in éineacht le intuition faoi na rudaí nach ndeirtear, ach a bhfuil réamh-mheas acu. Má deir Elwood,\n- Tá roinnt palaces ag Banríon Shasana\nNí deir sé go bhfuil banríon Shasana, ach tá sé a fhoréigean go bhfuil. Agus smaoineamh\n- Tá a fhios ag Peadar go bhfuil an fharraige salach\n- Ba é James Madison a threoraigh Meiriceá go dtí an bua i gcogadh 1812\n- Bush aithreachas ionradh ar an Iaráic\n- Clinton a athnuachan cheating ar a bhean chéile\nAgus (2) á rá aige, ní bheadh Elwood ag rá, ach ag glacadh leis go bhfuil an fharraige salann. Ag rá (3) bheadh sé ag glacadh leis, ach gan a rá, gur thug duine éigin faoi deara go ndearnadh an Mheiriceá a defeat i gCogadh 1812. Agus é ag rá (4) bheadh Elwood ag glacadh leis go raibh Bush ag ionsaí na hIaráige, agus i (5) bheadh sé ag glacadh leis go raibh Clinton ag cur a bhean chéile ar ceal, agus ansin stopadh é sin a dhéanamh ar feadh tréimhse ama (is dócha go gearr).\nDéantar an réamh-chomhcheangal a chóireáil mar fheiniméan séamaiticiúil agus mar fheiniméan praiticiúil. D'fhéadfaí a rá go mbeadh an réamhchoinníoll céanna ag gach ceann de (1) - ((5)) agus a dhiúltú comhfhreagrach. Mar thoradh air seo tá coincheap seamantach an réamh-mheas mar éilimh neamh-trivial a roinntear le ráiteas agus a dhiúltú. Tá fadhbanna tricky ag cur chuige seimineach i leith réamh-mheas, agus is é an ceann is tábhachtaí ná the projection problem. Má tá réamh-mheas seimineach, ansin is cosúil gur chóir go mbeadh réamh-mheasanna na bpreasanna casta mar fheidhm de réamh-mheasanna na bpreasanna simplí a dhéanann iad suas, ach ní léir ar a laghad go bhfuil sé amhlaidh. Smaoinigh, mar shampla,\n- Tá mac ag an rí\n- Tá mac an rí bald\n- Má tá an rí mac, tá mac an rí bald\n(6) a fhormheas go bhfuil rí, (7) go bhfuil rí agus go bhfuil mac ag an rí. (8) áirítear (6) agus (7) araon. Is cosúil go n-oidhreann sé réamhchoinníoll (6) ach ní réamhchoinníoll (7); is é sin, (8) go bhfuil rí ann, ach ní go bhfuil mac aige. Réitíonn teoiric cheart ar an gcaoi a n-oidhreofar réamh-mheasanna ó abairtí simplí go casta an fhadhb réamh-mheastacháin, agus is cosúil go bhfuil gá leis sin a dhéanamh le haghaidh cuntas séamaintiúil ar réamhmheas. Tá roinnt teoiricí suimiúla curtha chun cinn; ní hé ár gcuspóir a éileamh go bhfuil siad nó nach bhfuil siad rathúil. (Féach Kartunnen 1973, 1974; Kartunnen agus Peters 1979; Gazdar 1979; Soames 1989; Burton-Roberts 1989a-b, 1999; Heim 1992; Horn 19995; Asher agus Lascarides 1998; Carston 1998, 1999a; Kamp 2001; Beaver 2002; Schlenker 2010.)\nAithníonn Stalnaker réamh-mheas séamachta i gcás abairtí simplí (1) - ((5). Agus sílim go bhfuil réamh-mheasanna séamaiticiúla réamhmheas pragmatach freisin; is é sin, má tá P réamhmheas séamaiticeach de na rudaí a deir an cainteoir, ansin glacfaidh an cainteoir P mar gheall air agus glacfaidh a lucht éisteachta é sin a dhéanamh freisin; déileálfaidh sí le P mar chuid den talamh coiteann:\nNíl aon choimhlint idir coincheapa seamantach agus praghmátacha an réamh-mheas; is míniú iad ar smaointe gaolmhara ach éagsúla. Go ginearálta, beidh aon réamh-mheas séamachtach ar thogra a léirítear i gcomhthéacs ar leith ina réamhmheas praigmatic ar na daoine sa chomhthéacs, ach ní hé an t-aistriú a bhaineann go soiléir.\nIs é a bheith ag glacadh le tairiscint sa chiall praiticiúil a fhírinne a thabhairt mar gheall air, agus glacadh leis go ndéanann daoine eile a bhfuil baint acu leis an gcomhthéacs an rud céanna ...\nCinntíonn an tacar de na réamhchoinníollacha go léir a rinne duine i gcomhthéacs áirithe aicme de shaol féideartha, iad siúd a bhfuil siad ag teacht leis na réamhchoinníollacha go léir. Leagann an rang seo teorainneacha an staid theangacha. (Stalnaker 1970/1999, 38.)\nCuireann Stalnaker béim ar an bhfíric go bhfuil roinn nádúrtha ann nuair a dhéanaimid deimhniúcháin (an úsáid paradigmatic teanga, a cheaptar mar uirlis chun faisnéis a mhalartú), ar an méid a chuireann an cainteoir i láthair agus ar an méid a deir an cainteoir. Má deir Elwood, \"Tá neochtaí áille ag Banríon Shasana\", tá sé ag glacadh leis go bhfuil banríon uathúil Shasana ann, agus deir sé go bhfuil a neochtaí áille. Sa ghnáth-chás, roinnfeadh na rannpháirtithe comhrá an réamh-chomhcheangal, ach ní bheadh a fhios ag gach duine cheana féin, nó a chreidiúint, cad a deir Elwood di. Is iad na réamh-mheasanna a roinntear an talamh coiteann, rud atá ina chuid thábhachtach de chomhthéacs ráiteas. Is iarracht é dearcadh Elwood an t-ábhar breise sin a chur leis an talamh coiteann go bhfuil grandchildren na banríona suimiúil. Ar ndóigh, d'fhéadfadh duine a dhiúltú go bhfuil sé seo mar sin, agus sa chás sin ní bheadh sé a bheith mar chuid den talamh coitianta. Mar sin féin, is féidir linn brí abairt, nó cuid lárnach de bhrí abairt, a choincheapú i dtéarmaí an athraithe a dhéanann úsáid as iarracht a dhéanamh ar an talamh coiteann.\nMurab ionann agus Kaplan, tá teoiric chomhionann ag Stalnaker ar chomhthéacsanna agus ar ábhar. Is féidir comhthéacs agus ábhar araon a shamhlú mar thograí, nó go comhionann mar shraith de shaol. Is é comhthéacs sraith de shaol, a ghabháil an talamh coiteann i comhrá, na réamh-mheasanna go bhfuil gach ceann de na rannpháirtithe a roinnt. Is é pointe dearbhaithe an talamh coiteann a athrú. Tá comhartha ráite ceangailte le coincheap proposicional, a shainmhíníonn acmhainneacht athraithe comhthéacs dearbhaithe.\nIs feidhm ó shaol féideartha go tairiscintí é coincheap tairiscintí, nó, go comhionann, feidhm ó péire ordaithe de shaol féideartha go luach fírinne. (Stalnalker 1978/199, 81.)\nBraitheann luach fírinne ráiteas mar \"Tá an fear sin ina suí\" ar dhá cheist: (i) cé atá á rá mar \"an fear sin\"; (ii) cé atá ina suí. Tabharfaidh an coincheap proposicional a fhreagraíonn don ráiteas seo an fhírinne d'aon péire de shaol w, w' mar go bhfuil x ann a dtugtar \"an fear sin\" i w, agus go bhfuil x ina shuí i w'.\nSamhlaigh, mar shampla, go bhfuil muid ag caint faoi Albert. Áireofar sa chomhthéacs rudaí mar go n-ainmníonn Albert duine áirithe a d'fhreastail ar Stanford an bhliain seo caite, go raibh an duine seo ó Bonn, agus go raibh sé i gceist aige filleadh agus múineadh sa Ghearmáin. Fágann an t-aimsir choitinn go bhfuil sé, mar a labhraímid, sa Ghearmáin nó nach bhfuil. Deirim, Níl Albert sa Ghearmáin, ach san Eilvéis, an mhí seo. Mura ndéanann aon duine agóid, athróidh an talamh coiteann; scriosfar na saol ina bhfuil Albert in áit ar bith ach san Eilvéis. Is féidir an coincheap proposicional de ráiteas a fheiceáil mar an éifeacht a bheidh aige ar na comhthéacsanna éagsúla ina bhféadfadh sé tarlú. Braitheann cé na domhan a chuireann mo dhearbhú leis nó a scriosann sé ón talamh coiteann ar cé a bhfuil muid ag caint faoi (an tagairt do Albert) agus cén mí a bhíonn sé nuair a labhraím, mar shampla. Is é an t-aistriúchán a léirítear le ráiteas, an méid a dhearbhaítear, a bheidh ina t-aistriúchán a ghlacann an t-athrú a mholtar don chomhthéacs ina dtarlaíonn sé.\nIarr anois go bhfuil tú agus mé ag caint, agus nach bhfuil i bhfad sa fad Elwood agus Ambrose. Tá Elwood go soiléir ina seasamh; níl sé chomh soiléir cibé an bhfuil Ambrose ina seasamh nó ina suí. Léiríonn mé Ambrose agus a rá, \"Tá an fear sin ina suí\". Ós rud é go bhfuil mé ag pointeáil ar Ambrose, beidh mo ráiteas fíor ach amháin má tá sé ina suí, agus mar sin b'fhéidir go n-athróidh tú do chreideamh dá réir sin; cad nach raibh mar chuid den talamh coiteann, go raibh Ambrose ina suí, anois a bheith mar chuid den talamh coiteann.\nIs féidir leat a fheiceáil Ambrose ar a laghad chomh soiléir agus a dhéanann mé, agus níl sé soiléir ar chor ar bith go bhfuil mé ceart. Mar sin diúltaíonn tú mo mholadh chun an t-ábhar coiteann a mhodhnú, agus deirtear, \"B'fhéidir nach mbeidh Ambrose ina shuí\".\nAch tá an tríú seans ann freisin. Meas tú a ghlacadh dom mar a pointing go Elwood. Ach má tá mé ag pointeáil ar Elwood, tá mé ag rá rud éigin go soiléir bréagach, mar tá sé soiléir go bhfuil sé ag seasamh. Chun ciall a bhaint as mo ráiteas, is é an rud is simplí a dhéanamh ná do thuairim a athrú ar an té a bhfuil mé ag pointeáil air: Ambrose seachas Elwood. Anois, ní hé an t-athrú cé a cheapann tú atá ina suí nó nach bhfuil, ach cé a cheapann tú mé ag pointeáil. Ag féachaint do choincheap an tsonraithe ar an ráiteas \"go bhfuil an fear ina suí\", oibríonn sé, sa chás paradigmatic, chun faisnéis a chur in iúl faoi cé atá ina suí, agus tá sé in ann, i gcás difriúil, faisnéis a chur in iúl faoi cé a bhfuil mé ag pointeáil air.\nLigeann coincheap coincheap propóisiúnach do Stalnaker freastal ar na fíricí a bhí cosúil le fadhb a chur i láthair do na tagairtí, mar a chonaic muid thuas. Má deirim go raibh Bill Clinton ina bhuachaill i Hope, Arkansas. Ar anailís tagartha, chuir mé togra in iúl atá fíor i ngach domhan agus amháin ina raibh Bill Clinton ina bhuachaill sa bhaile sin, is cuma cad a thugtar air sna saol nó cad a thugtar ar an mbaile. Anois, má táim caillte in Arkansas, agus mé ag tiomáint isteach i Hope gan a fhios agam é, agus go bhfeicim comhartha: D'fhás Bill Blythe suas sa bhaile seo. Deirim liom féin, Bhí Bill Blythe ina bhuachaill sa bhaile seo. Ar phrionsabail tagarthacha, tá ábhar an ráiteas seo mar an gcéanna: an t-aistriúchán fíor i ngach domhan amháin ina dtógadh Bill Clinton (ar a dtugtar Bill Blythe nuair a bhí sé óg) i Hope. Ach is cosúil go bhfuil difríocht thábhachtach idir an dá ráiteas.\nAnois, déan smaoineamh ar na coincheapa tairiscintí PBC agus PBB de Bill Clinton bhí buachaill i Hope, Arkansas agus Bill Blythe bhí buachaill sa bhaile seo. Glac an chéad argóint a bheith ar an saol iarbhír, ar féidir linn @ a ghlaoch, an comhthéacs ina dtarlaíonn an dá ráiteas i ndáiríre. Cinntí an domhain (lena n-áirítear fíricí faoi na ráitis) go bhfuil an duine céanna a thugtar le Bill Clinton agus Bill Blythe agus an baile céanna le Hope, Arkansas, agus this town. Mar sin, is cuma cén domhan w a chuirimid isteach mar dara eilimint, beidh PBC , w) agus PBB , w) mar an gcéanna, fíor má d'fhás Clinton suas i Hope i w, bréagach mura ndearna sé. Cuimsíonn sé seo an tagairt.\nAch sa chás iarbhír, níl an domhan iarbhír mar chuid de mo réamh-mheasanna, mo thalamh coiteann. Níl a fhios agam go bhfuil mé ag labhairt i saol ina bhfuil \"Bill Blythe\" ainm ar Bill Clinton, agus \"an baile seo\" tagraíonn do Hope, Arkansas. Beidh an tacar domhan a ghlacann mo chomhthéacs san áireamh ar an saol iarbhír, ach go leor domhan eile chomh maith, mar shampla domhan ina bhfuil mé caillte i Combs, Arkansas, seachas Hope, agus ina raibh 'Bill Blythe' ainm óige Orval Faubus.\nAnois, má deirtear liom ag an bpointe seo, \"Bill Blythe is é Bill Clinton; is é Hope, Arkansas an baile seo\". Beidh an éifeacht a bheith ag deireadh a chur le saol cosúil leis na cinn a luaitear díreach ó mo sheata réamh-mheas; gach domhan ina bhfuil \"Bill Blythe\" ag seasamh do dhuine ar bith ach Clinton, agus gach domhan ina bhfuil mé áit ar bith ach i Hope.\nIs neo-Gréigisigh iad an chuid is mó de na teoiricí praigmaticiúla reatha toisc go nglacann siad leagan éigin dá thrí phríomh-íocaíocht ar a laghad:\n- idirdhealú bunúsach idir an méid a deir cainteoir agus an méid a thugann sí le tuiscint;\n- sraith rialacha nó prionsabail, a dhíorthaítear ó phrionsabail ghinearálta réasúnachta, comhoibrithe agus/nó aithne, a threoraíonn, a chuireann srian nó a rialaíonn cumarsáid theangacha daonna (tá difríochtaí i measc na nua-Gréagaigh maidir le nádúr cruinn na bprionsabal seo agus réasúnaíocht phragmatach i gcoitinne, mar a fheicfimid); agus\n- coincheap de rún cumarsáideach (ar a dtugtar Grice intinn-mhínithe) a bhfuil a chomhlíonadh ina aithint ag an bhfóntóir.\nÓs rud é go bhfuil na cosúlachtaí seo, tá go leor difríochtaí ann. Baineann gné thábhachtach le disciplíní agus modheolaíocht. Ag leanúint Carston (2005) tá trí threocht ghinearálta éagsúla ar a laghad: iad siúd a fheiceann pragmatics, go leor i vein Grice, mar thionscadal fealsúnachta; iad siúd a dhíríonn ar a idirghníomhú le gramadaí; agus iad siúd a fheiceann é mar theoiric shíceolaíoch empiriciúil de léirmhíniú ráite.\nTá baint ag an dara gné leis an tábhacht choibhneasta a thugtar do dhá múnla cumarsáide. Is é ceann acu an tsamhail códaithe-díchodaithe de Locke agus Saussure, mar a forbraíodh sa loighic agus sa phictiúrolaíocht an fhichiú haois i dteoiricí comhdhéanta ciall agus fírinne. Tá fréamhacha Lockean ag an tsamhail eile, a bhuelann muid den chuid is mó le Grice, sa chumarsáid creideamh ó chainteoir go éisteoir atá ina lár. Ach ní dhéantar an mheicníocht a fhaightear a dhíchódú de réir rialacha traidisiúnta, ach aitheantas intinn agus fionnachtana bunaithe ar mheastóireacht mhéadaithe. Níl an dá mhúnla neamhsheasmhach, agus glacann na teoiricí go léir le heilimintí de gach ceann. Is é an cheist ná a lár agus a tábhacht i bhfeiniméan cumarsáide daonna le teanga.\nDe réir an múnla códaithe, is éard atá i gcumarsáid ná go bhfuil seoltóir agus glacadóir ag roinnt cód nó teanga choiteann agus cainéal, ionas go gcódóidh an chéad cheann an teachtaireacht agus go n-eisíonn sé don dara ceann é a dhíchódú. Tá cumarsáid, tar éis an pictiúr seo, go leor ábhar éasca. Ní gá ach eolas ar an teanga agus ar chainéal sábháilte i.e., gan ró- fuaime. Má roinneann an t-aistritheoir agus an glacadóir eolas ar an gcód agus má dhéanann an teachtaireacht a bhealach tríd an gcainéal, tá rath an chumarsáide ráthaithe.\nCeann de phríomh-íocaíochtaí Grice le teoiric na cumarsáide ná soláthar malartacha don tsamhail cumarsáide Locke-Saussure mar chódú agus díchódú smaointe. Is féidir smaoineamh ar an rogha eile mar fhorlíonadh nó mar athsholáthair don tsamhail códaithe.\nTá intinn agus a n-aithne ag croílár Grice's rogha eile. Fiú má tá réasúnaíocht an léiritheoir treoraithe ag an bprionsabal nó na maisiúlachtaí comhráite, mar a cheap Grice, ní ceist í aitheantas intinne go bunúsach maidir le rialacha coinbhinsiúnacha a leanúint, ach réasúnaíocht mhéadaithe faoi na rudaí atá ar siúl i gcinntí eile.\nAch conas a oireann an dá mhúnla le chéile? An bhfuil teanga go príomha agus go lárnach ina ábhar dí-ghlactha, códaithe agus dí-chódú de réir coinbhinsiúin an chiall, le beagán intinne-aithne timpeall na imeall gar agus i bhfad chun aire a thabhairt do dhúshláin agus implíocht? Nó an bhfuil cumarsáid go príomha ina ábhar gníomhú ar bhealaí a fhaigheann intinn duine aitheanta, agus na coinbhinsiúin teanga ach acmhainn cabhrach chun é seo a bhaint amach?\nSa tréimhse clasaiceach, bhí claonadh ag pragmatics gar-taobh neamhaird a dhéanamh, agus níor chuir an tsamhail Gricean ach i bhfeidhm ar shaincheisteanna thar a rá; tá sé seo go léir ag teacht leis an gcéad phictiúr. Glacann go leor nua-Gréagaigh go fóill cuid mhór den chéad phictiúr, agus feiceann siad croílár an teanga mar réimse uathrialach a staidéarann séamaitic, ina gcinntíonn brí na gcodanna brí na n-iomláin go comhdhéanta, is é bunchoincheap an chiall ná coinníollacha fírinne na bprionsabal. Is minic a úsáidtear obair Grice chun an pictiúr seo a threisiú; feidhmíonn breithnithe Gricean mar chineál de shoc-ionsúiteoir, áit a ndéileáiltear le sonraí follasacha atá deacair a láimhseáil ar phictiúr na séamaitice uathrialaithe mar fhéin-fhéach, mar thoradh ar impleachtaí a mheabhrú le haghaidh inneachar séamaitice. Glaonn Recanati ar theorists den sórt sin minimalists; (féach 3.4 thíos) cé nach ndéanann aon duine diúltú go bhfuil fíricí comhthéacsúla agus réasúnaíocht praghaimhiúil ag teastáil ag an taobh gar de na rudaí a deirtear, de réir na teoiricí seo, tá iontráil íosta de na breithnithe sin ar séamaitice uathrialaithe.\nDe réir teoiric ábharthachta is meall é seo. Sperber and Wilson (1986) feiceann siad rudaí ar an dara bealach. Ag leanúint múnla Grice, is é tuiscint a fháil ar a bhfuil ciall ag duine ag rá ná rún cumarsáide an cainteora a bhaint amach: úsáideann an éisteoir gach cineál faisnéise atá ar fáil chun a fháil ar an méid a bhí i gceist ag an cainteoir a chur in iúl. Níl sa fhaisnéis chiallmhianach a fhaightear trí an abairt a labhraítear a dhíchódú ach sampla amháin den fhaisnéis sin. Ach ní mór go leor faisnéise eile a úsáid chun a thuiscint cad a bhí i gceist ag an cainteoir lena n-áirítear an méid a dúirt sí agus an méid a chuir sí i gceist lena rá. Tá an t-intinn-aithne chomh lárnach chun teanga a thuiscint gur chóir an tsamhail cód, le séamantachta uathrialacha ina chroílár, a thréigean go mór i bhfabhar an tsamhail inferential. Tá cineál amháin réasúnaithe praghaiméadach ag baint úsáide as teanga, taobh gar agus taobh i bhfad, agus tá na réimsí ina bhfuil an tsamhail cód infheidhme go bunúsach imeallach.\nTá an gá atá le faisnéis fhorlíontach ró-thréimhseach agus ró-tábhachtach chun a bheith ina ábhar de rud éigin go sonrach teanga, mar a d'fhéadfadh prionsabal agus uachtaracha comhrá Grice a mholadh. Faigheann Sperber agus Wilson go bhfuil meicníocht bhunúsach na ndearbhaithe sin ag dul i bhfad níos faide ná an teanga, agus níos faide ná daoine. Maidir le difríochtaí Carston, imíonn teoiric ábharthachta ó thionscadal fealsúnachta Grice, agus tá sé mar aidhm aige teoiric shíceolaíoch empiriciúil ar chognaíocht agus cumarsáid an duine a bhaint amach. Feictear dóibh an feiniméan a ghlaonn siad ar \"ábharthacht\" mar fheiniméan síceolaíoch bunúsach do shaol ní amháin na ndaoine ach na n-ainmhithe go léir a bhfuil repertoire cognaíoch sofaisticiúil acu go leor chun roghanna a bheith acu maidir le na leideanna comhshaoil a fhreastalóidh siad orthu. Déanann an t-eabhlóid an feiniméan ábharthachta a mhúnlú; tarraingtear aird ainmhí ar threoirlínte comhshaoil a sholáthraíonn an fhaisnéis is tábhachtaí. Bíonn fuaimeanna cat atá ag teacht ina gcúis le aird an éan ó fhorm; bíonn tuismitheoirí ag faire ar fhuaimeanna caoineadh a bpáistí. Tá an feiniméan leathnaithe trí fhoghlaim; glacann squeaking na briseadh aird tiománaí ar shiúl ó dhroim ghréine álainn. Agus is féidir na leideanna a bheith traidisiúnta; glacann clog an dinnéir aird an linbh ocrach. Is léiriú eile den fheiniméan an-choitianta seo an feiniméan ábharthachta i dteanga. Níor cheart, ansin, a mheas gur fo-imreoir gnáth-chomhfhiosach ar ábharthacht é \"Relevance\" i teoiric ábharthachta; níor cheart é a chomhionannú le \"Relevance\" de mhír Grice, cé go bhfuil sé nasctha leis sin agus a bhfuil sé i gceist tuiscint níos doimhne a sholáthar ar an méid atá bunosúrtha don mhír.\nCuireann teoiric ábharthachta béim ar go bhfágann rialacha na teanga gach cineál saincheisteanna oscailte. Tá an iomarca brí ag roinnt focail: amhéide. Tá an-bheag brí ag daoine eile: he, nó that. Ní chinnfidh dí-chódáil amháin cén brí atá á úsáid ag an cainteoir, nó cén réad a bhfuil sé i gceist aici tagairt a dhéanamh dó le pronoun. Mar sin, fiú sula dtéann muid go dtí an méid a deirtear, baineann cumarsáid le bearta ar thaobh an cainteora a théann thar an méid a \"códaíonn sí\" isteach i dteanga, agus le deimhniú ar thaobh an éisteora a théann thar díchodaithe. Agus ar ndóigh nuair a mheasann muid cad a chuirtear in iúl thar a rá, tá an tsamhail códaithe níos lú leordhóthanach. I ngach ceann de na bealaí seo a bhfuil eolas ar choinbhinsiún gann, líonann ábharthacht an bhearna.\nIs é an dara difríocht atá bunaithe ar choincheap síceolaíoch na praghaimic ná brath ar théorie ionadaíochta na meabhair. Tá prionsabail na teoiric ábharthachta leagtha amach i gcainteanna maidir le hionadaithe próiseála, seachas, agus uaireanta i dteannta, téarmaíocht ghnáth na síceolaíochta fealsúnachta.\nMar sin, in ionad prionsabal comhoibritheach Grice agus maxims comhrá, postulates teoiric ábharthacht prionsabail ábharthachta, a thagann as an infheidhmeacht an feiniméan ginearálta ábharthachta do chásanna teanga i gcomhthéacs teoiric ionadaíoch na aigne. Tá dhá phrionsabal bunúsach ann.\nIs é an ábharthacht praghaimíoch ná seilbh ráitis mar chás ar leith de ionchuir do phróisis chognaíocha:\nTá ionchur ábhartha d'aon duine aonair nuair a nascann sé le haimhdeacha comhthéacsúla atá ar fáil chun EFFECTAÍ FÓIRSINNISTE POISTEACH a thabhairt: mar shampla, iarmhairtí fíor-choinníollacha, nó neartú nó athbhreithnithe údarúcháin ar bharúlacha atá ann cheana féin. (Sperber & Wilson 2005, 7)\nTá ábharthacht ionchur do dhuine aonair ina ábhar céime. Go ginearálta, is mó na héifeachtaí cognaíocha dearfacha sin leis an iarracht mheabhrach níos lú chun iad a fháil, is mó an ábharthacht a bhaineann leis an ionchur don duine aonair. Sperber agus Wilson conjecture go bhfuil an ailtireacht chognaíoch de dhaoine claonadh a bhaint as an uasmhéadú ábharthacht. Seo a deir a gcéad phrionsabal ábharthachta:\nAn chéad phrionsabal (cognaíoch) ábharthachta: Tá cognaíocht an duine dírithe ar uasmhéadú ábharthachta (is é sin, chun an oiread éifeachtaí comhthéacsúla (cognaíocha) agus is féidir a bhaint amach le hiarracht próiseála chomh beag agus is féidir).\nIs é seo an prionsabal cognaíoch ginearálta a fheidhmíonn mar chúlra do chumarsáid i gcoitinne agus cumarsáid theangacha go háirithe. I gcás cumarsáide teanga, baineann sé seo leis an méid seo a leanas: Chun go mbeidh gníomh cumarsáideach rathúil, ní mór don cainteoir aird an duine a seoltar dó a bheith aige; ós rud é go bhfuil gach duine dírithe ar an ábharthacht a uasmhéadú, ba cheart don cainteoir iarracht a dhéanamh a rá a bheith ábhartha go leor chun a bheith fiú aird an duine a seoltar dó. Seo a thugann dúinn go dt�� an\nAn dara prionsabal ábharthachta (comhar): Gach gníomh cumarsáide ostensive (m.sh. an ráiteas) a chur in iúl go bhfuil a ábharthacht is fearr.\nTrí theoríthe ábharthacht ostensive tagraíonn teoiricí don nádúr overt nó public de intinn chumarsáideach an cainteora in ghníomhartha cumarsáide. Beidh cumarsáid rathúil (i.e., beidh tuiscint ann) nuair a aithníonn an té a seoltar na bearta sin. Tá an próiseas seo den chuid is mó inferential agus tá costais aige. Dá bhrí sin, ní thosódh an díritheoir an próiseas infheidhmeach gan an réamhchomhdháil go dtabharfaidh sé roinnt buntáistí di, is é sin, gan an réamhchomhdháil nach bhfuil an ionchur ábhartha amháin, ach chomh ábhartha agus is féidir, ceteris paribus. Ansin, nuair a deir duine éigin rud éigin le cuspóir cumarsáideach, déanann sí é, de réir teoiric ábharthachta, leis an bhféidearthacht ábharthachta is fearr, a deir go bhfuil\n- Tá an ráiteas ábhartha go leor chun a bheith luach saothair.\n- Is é an ceann is ábhartha atá comhoiriúnach le cumais agus le roghanna an chumarsáideora.\nCé go gcuireann prionsabail na hiomláine san áireamh le haghaidh inferences gar-taobh agus i bhfad-taobh, aithníonn teoiric na hiomláine idirdhealú bunúsach. Ar an taobh gar, réitítear amhéadaimh, tagairtí agus saincheisteanna neamhshoiléir ionas go mbeidh an \"mhíníocht\" an athsholáthar teoiriciúil ábharthachta do \"an rud a deirtear\" nó \"an togra a léirítear\" a bhaineann go héifeachtach. Ansin, baineann cineál réasúnaithe beagán níos casta impleachtaí. Ach ní bhíonn na próisis seo seicheamh. Beidh tionchar ag an \"roghadh\" na míniúcháin ar an ngá le tuiscint a fháil ar gach rud a chumarsáidear, míniúcháin agus míniúcháin, mar a bhfuil sé ábhartha ar a mhéad.\nTosaíonn próiseas tuiscint an duine a seoltar dó nuair a fheiceann sé spreagadh ostensive agus scoir sé nuair a shásann a chuid ionchais maidir le ábharthacht, is é sin, nuair a bhíonn an t-iarratas is ábhartha aige (an ceann a bhfuil na héifeachtaí cognaíocha is dearfacha ag na costais phróiseála is lú) faoi intinn chumarsáideach an cainteora. Tar éis an abairt a labhraítear a dhíchódú agus an t-aistriúchán a chur in iúl, tógfaidh an éisteoir comhthéacs de áitreabh nó tuairimí a bhfuil a gcionn orthu chun na héifeachtaí dearfacha cognaíocha a fháil a fhágann go bhfuil an ráiteas ábhartha. Cuimhnigh gur féidir na héifeachtaí sin a bheith ina neartú nó ina athbhreithniú ar na haimhreacha sin ach freisin ar na conclúidí a fhaightear ag cur síos ansin ar an tairiscint a léirítear chomh maith le comhthéacs na réimsí. Beidh an tógáil comhthéacs seo teoranta go mór freisin de réir ábharthacht, ag lorg an oiread éifeachtaí dearfacha agus is féidir leis na céimeanna inferential is lú agus is féidir. Ina theannta sin, ní mór don éisteoir féachaint ar na hábhar nó na haimhdeanna a bhfuil sé beartaithe ag an gcainteoir a mheas.\nSmaoinigh ar an malartú seo a leanas idir A agus B:\n- An bhfaca tú an Cód Da Vinci?\n- Ní maith liom scannáin ghníomhaíochta.\nTá sé réasúnta a cheapann go bhfuil i bhfreagra B na himpliúidí seo a leanas, mar réamhamharc impleata agus conclúid, faoi seach:\n- Premise: Is scannán gníomhaíochta é The Da Vinci Code.\n- Conclúid: Níor chonaic B é agus, b'fhéidir, nach bhfuil sé beartaithe aige é a fheiceáil.\nA athghafaíonn an réamhrá go bhfuil mar aon le hábhar freagra B ceadaíonn sí a deduce conclúid go bhfuil réasúnta a cheapann B intinn sí a dhéanamh, ar an eolas go bhfuil sé cosúil leis an is ábhartha (an ceann a bhfuil níos mó cognaíoch éifeachtaí dearfacha mar impleachtaí sa chás seo le costais phróiseála íseal).\nSeo mar a ath-mhíníonn teoiric ábharthacht an nochtadh Gricean de impleachtaí cainteach particularized: déantar iad a chóireáil mar áitreabh agus conclúidí impleachtacha, a chumarsáidtear thar an méid a deir an cainteoir. Ar an láimh eile, tá teoiricí ábharthachta ag diúltú don chatagóir impleachtaí comhráite ginearálta. Baineann na feiniméin a ghlac Grice mar impleachtaí comhráite ginearálta leis an taobh gar de réir teoiricí ábharthachta. Ní cuid de na rudaí a thugann an cainteoir le tuiscint nuair a dhéanann sí a rá, ach cuid den mhíniú.\nDe réir an dearcadh seo, tá go leor le rá ag pragmatics i gcoitinne agus ag prionsabal na ábharthachta go háirithe faoi na rudaí a tharlaíonn ar thaobh gar den explicature. Is dócha go bhfuil sé cóir a rá go bhfuil teoiricithe ábharthachta freagrach go príomha as pragmatics comhaimseartha ag díriú ní amháin ar an méid a chuirtear thar a rá ach freisin ar a rá féin, agus ar an bhfíric, mar a fheicfimid thíos, go mbíonn teoiric pragmatic fealsúnachta comhaimseartha ag díriú ar an méid a chuireann pragmatics intrudes ar an turf traidisiúnta de shemantics.\nLe chéile le Horn (1984, 1989, 2004), is ionadaí maith de phragmaitice atá dírithe ar ghrámar é obair Levinson (2000). Levinson is ach go hachomair a neo-Gricean. Níl sé tiomanta do dhá roinn bhunúsach Grice idir an méid a deirtear, ar thaobh amháin, agus impleachtaí, ar an taobh eile - molann sé tríú leibhéal de mhíbhuntáiste nó de léirmhíniú is fearr. Ní sholáthraíonn sé teoiric ar thuiscint ráite atá bunaithe go príomha ar aithint intinn chumarsáideach, mar ní bhaineann léirmhínithe réamhshocraithe leis sin. Mar sin féin, glacann sé le prionsabail agus le maxims comhráite, ag formuláil sraith heuristics a spreagadh le maxims Grice ar chainníocht agus ar bhealach le haghaidh teoiric de Implications Comhráite Ginearálta (GCIs) a bhí chomh tábhachtach agus a bhí siad i gclár Grice, a ndearnadh dearmad orthu ag go leor údar iar-Gricean. Ní teoiric fealsúnachta de chumarsáid an duine é teoiric GCI Levinson, ná teoiric síceolaíoch de thuiscint ráite, ach teoiric pháirteach de bhrí chineál ráite lena fócas ar theangachas. Mar a chuireann sé é:\nSa teoiric chomhcheangailte ciall, ní bhíonn ach ról beag ag teoiric GCI i teoiric ghinearálta cumarsáide... Is le teoiric teanga amháin a bhfuil tábhacht gan chomparáid ag GCIanna. (Levinson 2000, pp. 2122.)\nNí mór an dearcadh dhá shraith ar ábhar ráite a chomhdhéanta, de réir Levinson, de leibhéal brí chódáilte (bhrí-bhrí) agus leibhéal brí inferential (bhrí an chainteora nó an ráite-{token)), a fhorlíonadh le tríú sraith idirmheánach de bhrí an chineáil ráite nach bhfuil bunaithe ar ríomhthréimhsí díreacha ar intinn an chainteora ach ar ionchais ghinearálta faoi conas a úsáidtear an teanga de ghnáth (p. 22).\nTá na hionchais seo foirmlithe ag Levinson mar shraith heuristics, a bhfuil nasc soiléir acu le uasteorainneacha Grice ar chainníocht agus ar bhealach:\nAn chéad (Q) Heuristic: Cad nach bhfuil ráite, nach bhfuil (i.e., cad nach bhfuil tú ag rá nach bhfuil an cás)\nTá baint ag an méid seo le chéad mhírmhír chainníocht Grice ( Déan do chuid a bheith chomh eolaíoch agus is gá) agus tá sé freagrach as a dtugtar impleachtaí scalar a thabhairt amach, i measc rudaí eile. Mar sin, ó ráiteas \"Tháinig roinnt mac léinn chuig an bpáirtí\" is féidir a thuiscint de réir réamhshocraithe nach tháinig na mic léinn go léir. Níl sé mar chuid de bhrí some, fós, go ginearálta de réir réamhshocraithe ón gcineál ráite is é an rud a d'fhéadfadh duine a thuiscint in éagmais fianaise a mhalairt. Sa chás seo, ní mór an heuristice a bheith teoranta do shraith de mhalairt i scála, ionas go gcuireann úsáid ceann amháin neamh-infheidhmeacht an duine eile i gceist.\nAn dara (I) Heuristic: Is samplach stereotypically a léirítear go simplí\nTá baint ag an méid seo le dara maxim cainníochta Grice (Ná déan do chuid ranníocaíochta níos eolasaí ná mar is gá), agus glactar leis go bhfuil baint aige le cásanna léirmhíniú coinníollach mar dhá choinníollach, saibhriú na gcomhcheangail le léiriú na gcaidrimh aimsireacha agus cúisigh idir na comhcheangail, brídáil infheistíochtaí, léamh comhchoiteann frásaí ainmfhocail iolracha, agus mar sin de.\nAn tríú (M) Heuristic: Is é an rud a deirtear ar bhealach neamhghnácha, nach gnáth (i.e., léiríonn teachtaireacht marcáilte staid marcáilte)\nTá baint ag an heuristice seo le móide Grice ar mhodh agus, go háirithe, leis an gcéad fho-mhóide ( Seachain doimhneacht an léiriú) agus an ceathrú ( Seachain prolixity). Má de réir an dara heuristic tugann ráiteas neamh-mharcáilte léargas steiréitíopaí, anois tá sé againn go ndéantar an léargas seo a shárú má tá ráiteas marcáilte á tháirgeadh. Ceann de na samplaí is soiléire ná diúltú dúbailte i gcoinne dearbhaithe dearfach simplí. Déan comparáid idir 'Is féidir go mbeidh an eitleán déanach' agus 'Ní féidir go mbeidh an eitleán déanach.'\nNuair a thagann coinbhleacht idir na trí heuristics seo, déanann Levinson argóint go réitítear iad ar an mbealach seo a leanas: Q defeats M, and M defeats I.\nIs minic a aicmítear cur chuige fealsúnachta comhaimseartha maidir le praghaiticí de réir a mbreathnú ar an dá mhúnla a pléitear i Roinn 3.1. Creideann litrealaithe go bhfuil séimhics uathrialach go bunúsach, gan mórán fléasc pragmatach; glacann contextualists le bunlínte an Teoiric Relevance a fheiceáil ar thábhacht pragmatach ag gach leibhéal, agus b'fhéidir go bhfuil sé ag díriú ar go leor de na mionsonraí agus ar an treoshuíomh síceolaíoch.\nTóg, mar shampla, ráiteas \"Tá sé ag báisteach\" ag John anois ar páirce CSLI i gcomhrá teileafóin le Kepa, atá i Donostia. Tá John ag caint faoin aimsir i Stanford. Arguably, cad a deir John go bhfuil sé ag báisteach i Stanford. Is é seo a bhfuil sé i gceist aige go dtuigeann Kepa, agus is é ábhar an chreideamh, a fhoirmiú trí fhéachaint ar an aimsir timpeall air, a spreagann a rá. Stanford, ansin, is cosúil a bheith ina chomhdhéanta, cuid den ábhar, de John a rá. Ach conas a tháinig sé ann? Is cosúil go bhfuil sé ina ábhar pragmatics; tá sé ina fhíric faoi chomhthéacs John a rá go bhfuil an comhrá faoi Stanford, agus go leor. Is sampla é seo de na rudaí a ghlaonn Perry (1986) ar 'constituent neamh-ainteartha', agus is sampla é de fheiniméan níos ginearálta a ghlaoimid ar 'ábhar neamh-ainteartha'.\nAn rogha bunúsach céanna, faoi cad atá le déanamh le hábhar nach bhfuil in iúl go soiléir agus is cosúil go bhfuil sé mar chuid den méid a deirtear, léiríonn sé é féin i ndáil le roinnt feiniméin eile: úsáidí saibhre d'oibreoirí loighciúla agus uimhreacha ( phós Mary agus [mar sin] bhí [go díreach] trí leanaí), srian domhan cainníocht ( Ní raibh aon duine [sa rang] ag tabhairt aird), aidiachtaí comparáideacha ( Tá John gearr [do imreoir peile]), agus liosta fada feiniméin a athmheasfar anois mar chuid de na rudaí a deirtear, an explicature nó ábhar an rá, seachas cuid de na rudaí a bhfuil impleacht orthu.\nAdmhaíonn an chuid is mó de na teoiricí comhaimseartha go bhféadfadh duine a thuairisciú i gcásanna den sórt sin \"an rud a deirtear\" i dtéarmaí an ábhair neamh-airteolaithe: Dúirt John go raibh sé ag báisteach ag Stanford; dúirt an cainteoir go raibh Máire pósta agus ansin go raibh leanaí aici, agus mar sin de. Agus tá comhaontú ginearálta ann nach féidir le intuition faoi cad a deirtear a iompar go mór teoréadach, agus tá easaontas suntasach ann maidir le léirmhíniú teoiriciúil ábhar neamh-airteolaithe.\nArdaíonn litriúlaithe gur chóir an t-earráid thábhachtach, a bhfuil an méid a deirtear go traidisiúnta, a choinneáil, cé go bhfuil téarmaíocht nua ann. Is é téarma Cappelen agus Lepore (2005) inneachar séamaíoch. Ar an taobh gar de inneachar séamaíoch ní bheidh ach na tosca a admhaigh Grice: ciall coitinne na bhfocal agus modhanna comhdhéanta; réiteach amhéadachta (lena n-áirítear, b'fhéidir, saincheisteanna caighdeáin cruinneas agus neamhchinnteachta), agus réiteach tagairt na n-innéacsanna, na taispeántais agus na n-ainmneacha. Ar an taobh eile tá impleachtaí Gricean.\nI measc na litriúlaithe, is féidir linn idirdhealú a dhéanamh idir íostaithe agus teoiricí inídeaclacha i bhfolach. Ní ghlacann litriúlaithe le haon eilimint atá socraithe go praigmatic i ábhar ráite nach bhfuil spreagadh ag gramadaí, i.e., ag eilimint shonraithe coinníollach sa abairt a úsáidtear. Tá na mínimalaithe ag iarraidh focail atá íogair do chomhthéacs a choinneáil ar a laghad Cappelen agus Lepore (2005, 2007) sa champa seo agus iad siúd a chuireann focail íogair do chomhthéacs i láthair nuair is gá. Admhaíonn na hinnealtóirí deireanach, indeicicistí i bhfolach, an t-ábhar neamhfhocail isteach sa togra a léirítear go litriúil ag an ráiteas, ach coinníonn siad nach bhfuil sé gan fhocal i ndáiríre, ós rud é go bhfuil an abairt ag soláthar indeicíseach le réiteach go praiticiúil faoi bhun na gramadaí dromchla, ag leibhéal níos doimhne, a deir foirm loighciúil (Stanley 2000; Stanley agus Szabo 2000).\nTá Cappelen agus Lepore araon literalists agus minimalists. Baineann siad úsáid as an téarma \"ábhar séamaíoch\" le haghaidh ráitis a chinntear go heisiach trí choinbhinsiúin brí, mionsonraithe, dí-eispéireas agus socrú tagartha. Ceadaíonn siad nach bhfuil an t-ábhar séamaintiúil, mar a cheaptar, go minic mar a shainmhíníonn cainteoirí gnáth mar cad a deirtear; ach glacann siad an rud a deirtear a bheith ina choincheap praigmatic, agus mar sin ní fheiceann siad seo mar agóid a gcuid scéim. Is é an t-ábhar séamachta de ráiteas Eoin thuas, mar shampla, rud éigin cosúil leis an moladh Tá báisteach ag tarlú, moladh réasúnta trivial, a bheidh fíor má tá sé ag cur báistí áit ar bith ar an talamh (nó b'fhéidir, áit ar bith sa chruinne). (Féach Cappelen agus Lepore (2007) agus Perry (2007).) Tá an triviality de John a rá, a léirmhíniú go litriúil, a leagtar Kepa ar an cuardach ar roinnt propóis ábhartha d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith i gceist a chur in iúl, agus an propóis seo, go bhfuil sé ag báisteach i Palo Alto, is é an rud a shásamh ár gcoincheap intuitive de cad a dúirt. Ach a léiríonn ach go bhfuil cad a dúirt go bunúsach coincheap praigmatic, nach ba chóir a úsáid chun a shainiú fíor inneachar séamaiticiúil. Ní mór dúinn an comhartha a athrú ó \"an rud a deirtear\" go \"contas séamachta\", seachas an teorainn a aistriú chun an comhartha a oiriúnú. Ar an taobh gar de ábhar séamaintiúil ní fhaighimid ach brí choinbhinsiúnach, neamhfhoirmiúlacht, agus réiteach tagartha agus éagothroime. Ar an taobh eile, tá impleachtaí ann, a chuireann leis ní amháin an méid a mholtar, a chuirtear in iúl, agus a leithéidí, ach fiú an méid a deirtear, mar a chuirtear i gcrích go rialta.\nI gcodarsnacht leis sin, feiceann na daoine ar an taobh Contextualist an leibhéal a fhreagraíonn do cad a deirtear Grice mar a chinntear ní amháin le séamantachtaí, dífhuaimniú agus seoladh tagairt, ach freisin le roinnt próisis praigmatic eile a intrude ar an taobh gar agus a shaibhraíonn ábhar séamachta. I measc na n-ábhar-chomhtháthaithe tá teoiricí ábharthachta agus fealsúna mar Recanati (2004), Travis (1997), Korta agus Perry (2006a, 2006b, 2007a, 2007b, 2008, 2011, 2013) agus Neale (2004). Ní éilíonn comhthéacs-eolaithe comhaimseartha ar an téarma \"cad atá ráite\", ach soláthraíonn siad critéir eile don teorainn idir an t-aistriúchán a léirítear níos mó nó níos lú go díreach agus impleachtaí. Deir Recanati gur chóir go mbeadh an leibhéal seo a ghlaonn sé uaireanta cad a deirtearmax i gcodarsnacht leis an cad a deirtearmin de na mionlaigh ina bhfuil tairiscint atá ar fáil go comhfhiosach don chainteoir agus an tairiscint a bhfuil sé i gceist aige a chur in iúl, agus gur cheart go mbeadh aon impleachtaí pleanáilte ar fáil go comhfhiosach freisin. Ní bheadh togra Cappelen agus Lepore a thástáil seo de ghnáth. Sa sampla atá againn, ní bheadh John ar an eolas go comhfhiosach go raibh sé tar éis moladh a chur in iúl a bheadh fíor dá mbeadh sé ag cur báistí ar Vínas, ná ní bheadh sé ag aon leibhéal comhfhiosach iargúlta pleanáilte do Kepa a réasún ó an triviality agus neamhábharthacht an t-aistriúchán go dtarlaíonn sé go bhfuil sé ag cur báistí leis an ceann a bhí sé i gceist a chur in iúl, go bhfuil sé ag cur báistí ag Stanford.\nI Korta agus Perry's Critical Pragmatics (2008, 2011, 2013), cuirtear dhá choincheap in ionad coincheap an méid a deirtear. An \"ábhar athshruthaitheach\" nó \"ábhar atá ceangailte le ráiteas\" agus an \"ábhar tagartha\" nó \"ábhar labhartha\" de ráiteas. Is é an \"ábhar ceangailte le ráiteas\" a choinníollacha fírinne, mar a chinntear iad de réir bríonna coitinne na bhfocal a úsáidtear agus modhanna comhdhéanta, agus dá bhrí sin comhlíonann sé an \"ábhar a chinntear go séamaíoch\". Ní bheidh an t-ábhar seo mar an t-aistriúchán a léirítear, ach ina ionad sin sraith de choinníollacha ar an ráiteas agus ar an t-aistriúchán a léiríonn sé, le cainníochtú thar na tosca ábhartha go léir nach bhfuil cinneadh déanta ag brí lena n-áirítear tosca a réitíonn amhéide agus tagartha. Ag an leibhéal seo, ansin, tá Pragmatics Criticiúil go bunúsach íosta. Mar shampla, beidh ráiteas u de Elwood chuaigh i dteagmháil leis an mbean sin fíor (garbh) más rud é agus amháin má tá x agus y ann ionas go dtagraíonn cainteoir u le Elwood, tagraíonn sé le an bhean sin, agus úsáideann sé touches le haghaidh roinnt gníomhaíochta A a cheadaítear de réir coinbhinsiúin na Béarla, agus ag am éigin roimh am u, x A'ed y. An coinníoll ar an ráiteas a thugtar ar dheis an if agus amháin má cuimsíonn an t-ábhar athshláintiúil an ráitis. Ar an láimh eile, is é ábhar tagarthach u an t-aistriúchán, a deir, chuir Elwood a lámha ar Eloise, má sholáthraíonn na fíricí iarbhír faoi u Elwood, Eloise mar na tagartha agus a lámha a chur ar an duine mar an tuiscint ábhartha ar touches. Cuireann Pragmatics Criticiúil béim ar phlean an chainteora, ordlathas intinn, mar phríomhfhoinse na fíricí a chomhlánaíonn brí coitinneach chun sinn a fháil ó chiall athbhéartach go brí iolandach.\nIs é an dara coincheap a úsáidtear chun an obair thraidisiúnta a dhéanamh ar cad a deirtear ábhar labhartha. Is é an t-ábhar labhartha atá beartaithe go bunúsach an t-ábhar tagartha atá ag an cainteoir a chur in iúl, mar gheall ar a coincheap ar an gcomhthéacs is é sin, go garbh, an cainteoir, an t-am, an áit agus cé agus cad a léiríonn sí. Tá an t-ábhar locutionary socraithe ag na fíricí comhthéacsúla iarbhír, mar sin b'fhéidir nach ábhar locutionary atá beartaithe ag cainteoir a bheith ina ábhar locutionary den rá a tháirgeann sí.\nTá seasamh idirmheánach ar a dtugtar syncretic ag Recanati (2004) cosanta go subtle ag Kent Bach (1994, 1999a, 2001). Tá Bach ar an taobh liteartha, íosta den speictrim maidir le hábhar séamaintiúil (ar a bhfuil sé ag leanúint ar aghaidh ag úsáid an téarma cad a deirtear.) Ach aontaíonn sé le comhthéacsóirí nach bhfuil na hábhar neamh-airteangach seo ina impleachtaí, agus nach bhfuil siad ag cur i bhfeidhm ag brí an abairt a labhraítear. Cuireann sé catagóir idirmheánach isteach idir an méid a deirtear, ina chiall íosta, agus impleachtaí, a ghlaonn sé implicitures le ci a fhuaimniú mar implicit chun na heilimintí seo a áireamh.\nIs réimse mór idirdhisciplíneach gníomhach é an pragmaiticeach comhaimseartha. Tá an obair a mheasamar anseo ag teacht le obair thábhachtach i loigic, eolaíocht ríomhaireachta agus réimsí eile nach raibh muid in ann plé a dhéanamh. Tá ról tábhachtach ag fealsúna, bunaitheoirí an disciplín, sa réimse seo. De ghnáth déanann pragmataithe atá dírithe go fealsúnachta (chun brí nua a thabhairt do théarma sean) ceisteanna praigmatacha a mheas le súil i dtreo saincheisteanna móra i bhfíalsafa na teanga agus níos faide i gcéin. Ach le linn na hanailíse seo, soláthraíonn siad anailíse mionsonraithe agus déanann siad breithniú ar réimse leathan cásanna a leanann ag soláthar smaointe agus inspioráid do phragmataithe ó disciplíní eile.\nTá go leor de na sainmhínithe atá athchruthú thíos i gcodarsnacht idir pragmatics agus séamaintice.\nMorris 1938. Déileálann séamaitic le gaol na\ncomharthaí le ... rudaí a d'fhéadfadh siad a léiriú nó a léiríonn siad. Pragmatics\nbaineann sé le caidreamh na gcomharthaí lena n-a n-aistritheoirí.\nLe \"pragmaíocht\" ainmnítear eolaíocht an chaidrimh idir comharthaí agus a n-aistriúcháin. (...) Ós rud é go bhfuil orgánaigh bheo mar léiritheoirí ag an gcuid is mó de na comharthaí, mura bhfuil siad go léir, is tréith cruinn go leor é an praghaimic a rá go bhfuil sé ag déileáil le gnéithe biotacha semiosis, is é sin, leis na feiniméin síceolaíocha, bitheolaíocha agus socheolaíocha go léir a tharlaíonn i bhfeidhmiú na gcomharthaí.\nCarnap 1942. Má dhéantar tagairt shonraithe i dtaighde don chainteoir, nó, chun é a chur i dtéarmaí níos ginearálta, d'úsáideoir teanga, ansin cuirimid é i réimse na praghaimic. (...) Má dhéanaimid easpa ar úsáideoir an teanga agus má dhéanann muid anailís ar na focail agus a n-ainmníochtaí amháin, táimid i réimse na séamaintice. Agus má, sa deireadh, déanaimid astar ó na ainmníochtaí freisin agus má anailíseann muid ach na caidrimh idir abairtí, táimid i sintéacs (loighciúil).\nBar-Hillel 1954. Creidim, dá bhrí sin, go bhfuil taighde teangacha innéacsacha agus tógáil chórais teanga innéacsacha ina gcúraimí práinneacha do loighcigh comhaimseartha. An féidir liom a chur leis, ar mhaithe le soiléireacht aicmithe, go mbaineann an chéad tasc leis an pragmatachas tuairisciúil agus an dara ceann leis an pragmatachas glan (i gceann de na bríonna iomadúla den abairt)?\nStalnaker 1970. Déantar staidéir ar shintaksis ar abairtí, déantar staidéir ar shintisiúin ar shintisiúin. Is é an praigmatics staidéar ar ghníomhartha teanga agus na comhthéacsanna ina ndéantar iad. Tá dhá phríomhchineál fadhbanna le réiteach laistigh de phragmaitice: an chéad, cineálacha suimiúla gníomhartha cainte agus táirgí cainte a shainiú; an dara, tréithe an chomhthéacs cainte a charachtarú a chabhraíonn le cinneadh a dhéanamh ar an mbeart a léirítear le habairt ar leith. ... Is fadhb chiallmhianach é na rialacha a shonrú chun abairtí teanga nádúrtha a mheaitseáil leis na hairíonna a léiríonn siad. I bhformhór na gcásanna, áfach, ní chuirfidh na rialacha ráitis i gcomparáid go díreach le tograí, ach cuirfidh siad ráitis i gcomparáid le tograí i ndáil le gnéithe den chomhthéacs ina n-úsáidtear an abairt. Tá na gnéithe comhthéacsúla sin mar chuid de ábhar pragmataice.\nKatz 1977. [I] tarraing an líne theoiriciúil idir léirmhíniú séamaintiúil agus léirmhíniú praghaiméadach trí an comhpháirt séamaintiúil a ghlacadh chun na gnéithe sin de bhrí an abairt a léiriú go cuí ach amháin a bheadh a fhios ag cainteoir-éisteoir idéalach na teanga i gcás litir gan ainm,... [nuair nach bhfuil] aon leideanna ar bith ann maidir leis an gcuspóir, na cúinsí tarchurtha, nó aon fhachtóir eile atá ábhartha chun an abairt a thuiscint ar bhonn comhthéacs a ráite.\nGazdar 1979. PRAGMAITICS = MEANING TRUTH CONDITIONS. Is é an t-amhrán an t-amhrán. Cad is gá dúinn ina theannta sin tá roinnt feidhm a insíonn dúinn faoi bhrí na ráitis. (...) Is é réimse an fheidhm pragmataigh seo an tacar ráitis, a bhfuil péirí de abairtí agus comhthéacsanna ann, ionas go mbeidh ár bhfeidhm ag filleadh mar luach comhthéacs nua le haghaidh gach ráitis: an comhthéacs mar a athraíonn an abairt a labhraítear. (...) Agus is féidir linn ciall an ráite a chóireáil mar an difríocht idir an comhthéacs bunaidh agus an comhthéacs a tháinig chun cinn trí rá an abairt. [Ní bhaineann sé seo ach le] fo-iomlán teoranta de ghnéithe praghaimíocha brí.\nKempson 1988. Soláthraíonn séimeantóireacht cuntas iomlán ar bhrí abairt don teanga, [trí] coinníollacha fírinne abairt na teanga a shonrú go hionchais. ... Soláthraíonn praigmatics cuntas ar an gcaoi a n-úsáidtear abairtí i ráitis chun faisnéis a chur in iúl i gcomhthéacs.\nKaplan 1989. Tá sé soiléir go mbaineann sé le séamantachta an fhíric go bhfuil brí áirithe ag focal nó frása. Ar an láimh eile, ní bhaineann éileamh faoi bhunús chun brí áirithe a chur le focal nó frása le séimantíocht... B'fhéidir, toisc go mbaineann sé le conas a úsáidtear an teanga, ba cheart é a chatagóirithe mar chuid de ... pragmatics ..., nó b'fhéidir, toisc gur fíric é faoi séimantíocht, mar chuid de ... Metasemantics.\nDavis 1991. - Tá sé ar fáil. Beidh ag an praigmatics mar réim intinn chumarsáideach na gcainteoirí, na húsáidí teanga a éilíonn intinn den sórt sin, agus na straitéisí a fhostaíonn lucht éisteachta chun a chinneadh cad iad na bearta agus na gníomhartha seo, ionas gur féidir leo a thuiscint cad a bhfuil sé i gceist ag an cainteoir a chur in iúl.\nAn Comhrá Oxford le Fealsúnacht (Fotion 1995). Is éard atá i bpraigmatics ná staidéar ar theanga a dhíríonn ar na húsáideoirí agus ar chomhthéacs úsáide na teanga seachas ar thagairt, ar fhírinne nó ar ghramadach.\nAn Fhéilire Philosóip Cambridge (Lycan 1995). Déanann an phragmaitic staidéar ar úsáid na teanga i gcomhthéacs, agus ar an spleáchas atá ar chomhthéacs na gnéithe éagsúla den léirmhíniú teanga. ... [I measc a bhrainse tá teoiric ar conas] an abairt chéanna a chur in iúl bríonna nó propóisiúin éagsúla ó chomhthéacs go comhthéacs, mar gheall ar amhéide nó indexicality nó an dá, ... teoiric gníomh cainte, agus an teoiric impleacht comhrá.\nAn Comhráite Blackwell le Fealsúnacht (Davies 1995). Is é an idirdhealú idir séamantachta agus pragmatachas, go garbh, an idirdhealú idir an tábhacht a ghabhann go traidisiúnta nó go litriúil le focail, agus ansin le habairtí iomlána, agus an tábhacht bhreise a fhéadfar a oibriú amach, trí phrionsabail níos ginearálta, ag baint úsáide as faisnéis chomhthéacsúil.\nCarston 1999. Déantar an próiseas díchódála ag córas teanga uathrialach, an parsóir nó an modúl braite teanga. Tar éis spreagadh fuaime áirithe a shainaithint mar theanga, déanann an córas sraith de ríomhanna nó mhapáil gramadaí cinntitheach, rud a fhágann go bhfuil ionadaíocht aschuir, is é sin an ionadaíocht chiallmhianach, nó an fhoirm loighciúil, den abairt nó den abairt a úsáidtear sa rá. (...) An dara cineál próisis chognaíoch, an próiseas infheidhmeach praigmatic (cuingealaithe agus treoraithe ag prionsabal cumarsáideach na ábharthachta) comhtháthaíonn an ranníocaíocht theangacha le faisnéis eile atá inrochtana go héasca d'fhonn hipitéis léirmhínithe a dhearbhú maidir le rún faisnéise an cainteora.\nBach 2004. Is faisnéis é faisnéis seamantach atá códaithe sa rud a labhraítear is gnéithe teanga cobhsaí iad seo den abairt mar aon le haon fhaisnéis extralinguistic a sholáthraíonn luachanna (seamantach) do léiriúí atá íogair do chomhthéacs sa rud a labhraítear. Is faisnéis (eictrá-theangach) í an fhaisnéis phragmatach a eascraíonn as gníomh iarbhír ráite, agus a bhaineann le cinneadh an éisteora ar an méid atá á chur in iúl ag an cainteoir. Cé go gcuirtear faisnéis chiallmhianach i gcód sa rud a labhraítear, déantar faisnéis praiticiúil a ghiniúint, nó ar a laghad a dhéanamh ábhartha, ag an ngníomh a labhraítear é.\nGo ginearálta, tá léiriú éadrom má tá níos mó ná brí amháin aige. Nuair a bhíonn iolrúchán i bhfocal (e.g., bank) tá amhéadaí iolracha againn, tá amhéadaíocht léasacha againn. Is féidir le seantán a bheith amhuilíneach fiú mura bhfuil aon fhocal dá chuid amhuilíneach. Uaireanta meastar go bhfuil an t-easaontas sintéiseach toisc go gcomhlíonann an bhrí mhalartach le cumraíochtaí sintéiseacha malartach (e.g., \"Chonaic Máire Eoin le teileascóp\"). Mura bhfuil ach cumraíocht shintaseach amháin ann, tá an t-eagnaíocht struchtúrach (m.sh., \"Tá meas ag gach fear ar bhean\" ). Níl sé soiléir i gcónaí cén cineál éadrom atá i gceist, nó fiú má tá aon éadrom ar chor ar bith (bhí tionchar mór ag teoiric impleachtaí Grice agus a ghreamra Ockham modhnaithe ar an gceist seo). Ar aon chuma, ba cheart an t-easaontas an fhianaise go bhfuil roinnt bríonna ag léiriú a idirdhealú ó nambiguity (fhianaise go bhfuil iompróirí éagsúla ainm féin ann), ó vagueness (bhríonna le teorainneacha neamhréir feidhmíochta), agus underdetermination (easpa brí a shonrú go hiomlán). De ghnáth, is próiseas praghaiméadach é an t-easnamh a réiteach, lena n-áirítear a chinneadh cén bhrí a bhfuil sé i gceist ag an cainteoir a shaothrú, cé go bhfuil an t-easnamh féin ina choinníoll séamaintiúil.\nIs é \"aidhm tairiscintí\" téarma Bertrand Russell chun stáit mheabhrach a ainmniú le hábhar tairiscintí, a cheaptar mar chaidreamh idir gníomhaire agus tairiscint. I measc na bhfiobrálacha dearbhaitheacha a bhaineann le dearcadh tá believes, wants, desires, intends nó knows agus go leor eile go bunúsach, croílár ár bhfocalra chun intinn agus teanga a thuairisciú.\nBaineann abairtí mar Keppler thought that the Earth was spherical le abairtí eile the earth was spherical i gcomhthéacsanna cearr (nó opaque nó intensional (le s)). Ní oibríonn comhthéacs Oblique mar fhírinne. Ní gá go gcoimeádfaidh fírinne a bheith ann má chuirtear abairtí fíor eile in ionad 'bhí an domhan cruinn'. Ina theannta sin, ní fhéadfaidh fiú téarmaí comh-ainmniúcháin a chur in ionad the earth an fhírinne a chaomhnú. Ní raibh Kepler, a cheapann duine, go raibh an phláinéid is fearr le Frege spherical (ag glacadh leis go raibh an talamh an phláinéid is fearr le Frege).\nDe réir Frege, i gcomhthéacsanna den sórt sin, is é an ghnáth-mhíniú ar an abairt, an Gedanke nó an t-aistriúchán a léirítear, an tagairt. Ós rud é go Frege's Über Sinn und Bedeutung (1892) agus Russell's On Denoting (1905) an staidéar ar thuairiscí na dearcadh seo bhí ar cheann de na hábhair lárnacha ar an fealsúnacht na teanga, séamaintice agus pragmatics.\nÓs rud é go bhfuil obair Kaplan ar indexicals agus demonstratives, (Kaplan 1989) tá sé coitianta idirdhealú a dhéanamh idir carachtar an abairt agus ábhar ráiteas an abairt. Mar shampla, ní athraíonn carachtar an fhocail I i mBéarla ó chomhthéacs go comhthéacs, cé go n-athraíonn an t-ábhar. Ní chiallaíonn carachtar abairt mar \"Is fealsamhóir mé\" go bhfuil eolas agat ar ábhar ráiteas ar leith den abairt sin; don dara ceann, ní mór duit comhthéacs \"séamaintiúil\" an ráitis a fhios. Is é an carachtar ná seilbh na n-airíonna teanga (tíopaí); is é an t-ábhar ná seilbh na n-intreoracha abairtí-i-choinníollacha (tóin) díobh.\nIs téarma uile-idirghabhálach é Context i bpraigmatics. I gcás roinnt údar is é context coincheap sainmhínitheach na praghaitic. Ach tá go leor, b'fhéidir ró-bheag, coincheapa éagsúla san áireamh faoin téarma seo.\nI dteangachas, ciallaíonn context go coitianta an t-ábhar teanga roimhe seo agus ina dhiaidh sin i téacs ar leith. I scéim Kaplan, tá an comhthéacs oibiachtúil, tá na fíricí bunúsacha iarbhír faoi ráiteas ann: an cainteoir, an t-am, an áit, agus an domhan féideartha ina dtarlaíonn sé. I scéim Stalnaker, tá comhthéacs suibiachtúil go bunúsach: ábhar coiteann: is é sin, creideamh roinnte a fheidhmíonn mar réamh-mheasanna coiteann le haghaidh léirmhíniú ráitis. Is minic a úsáidtear an téarma le haghaidh aon rud i dtimpeallacht neamhchríochnaithe mór ráiteas, ó intinn an cainteora go hábhair chomhrá roimhe seo go dtí na rudaí is féidir a aithint sa timpeallacht.\nSeo roinnt idirdhealú a rinneadh maidir leis an gcoincheap ((s) de chomhthéacs a d'fhéadfadh a bheith cabhrach don léitheoir. Níl sé i gceist leis an liosta a bheith críochnaitheach, a bheith eisiach dá chéile, nó a léiriú dearcadh comhsheasmhach amháin ar fheiniméin praghaimíocha.\nComhthéacs teanga i gcoinne comhthéacs extralinguistic\nAg cur san áireamh comhthéacs ráiteas, is é ceann de na difríochtaí is intuitive idir an comhthéacs mar a chuimsíonn a ráitis roimhe seo agus ina dhiaidh sin na comhthéacsanna teanga agus aon imthosca eile seach-theangacha a bhaineann leis an ráiteas. I gcás prónónóim ellipsis agus anafhoric (agus cataphoric) déantar an ainmniúchán a chinneadh, nó a theorannú ar a laghad, ag comhthéacs teanga an ráitis, agus déantar ainmniúchán taispeántais deictic a shocrú ag fíricí extralinguistic comhthéacsúla.\nÉasca i gcoinne leathan\nDe ghnáth tuigtear comhthéacs caol mar liosta na bparaméadair do dhínseaclaí bunúsacha, paraiméadair a fhreagraíonn do fhíorais bhunúsacha faoin ráiteas. Tá an t-alt, an áit agus an t-am ar liosta beagnach gach duine, mar is gá chun I, here, now agus tense a léiriú. Cuireann Kaplan an domhan féideartha leis, le haghaidh léirmhíniú actual. Is féidir a rá go dtarlaíonn gach ráite i saol, ag am, in áit, agus le cainteoir.\nAr a mhalairt, tuigtear go bhfuil comhthéacs leathan nó leathan mar gach cineál eile\nfaisnéis, go háirithe faisnéis a bhaineann le\nIs é an t-aon fhadhb atá leis an bpróiseas seo ná go bhfuil sé ag dul i ngleic le fadhbanna a bhaineann le daoine a bhfuil an-spéis acu sa saol.\ngnéithe den rá. I bhfocail Bach:\nBaineann comhthéacs leathan le haon fhaisnéis chomhthéacsúil atá ábhartha chun intinn an labhraí a chinneadh agus chun gníomh cainte a dhéanamh go rathúil agus go rathúil ... Baineann comhthéacs caol le faisnéis atá ábhartha go sonrach chun luachanna séamaintiúla [innéacsanna] a chinneadh ... (Bach 1999a)\nLeanann Bach ag rá,\nTá comhthéacs caol séamaiticiúil, tá comhthéacs leathan praiticiúil.\nAch ar seo bheadh roinnt easaontais ann, mar go mbeadh go leor ag glacadh leis go bhfuil faisnéis faoi intinn an chainteora, agus b'fhéidir freisin faoi slabhraí cúiseacha agus faisnéise, ábhair leanúnacha comhráite, agus go leor eile, ag teastáil do shéimhics.\nEpistemic versus doxastic\nUaireanta, glactar leis, go háirithe ag scríbhneoirí le treoshuíomh síceolaíoch, go bhfuil sé, in éineacht le rún an chainteora, creidimh an chainteora a chinneann ábhar na n-airíonna ina rá, agus gan aon ábharthacht ag an gceist maidir le fírinne (nó bréag) a chreideamh. Mar sin, is é an creideamh seachas an t-eolas an coincheap ábhartha chun comhthéacs a charachtarú. De réir an tuairim seo, ní bheadh difríocht shuntasach idir intending to say agus saying, a bhaineann le fírinneanna áirithe ar intinn i gcoitinne: tagann bealach coitianta amháin chun gníomh a dhéanamh as bréag creideamh gníomhaire éigin. Tá baint ag seo le difríocht eile a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ann idir comhthéacsanna oibiachtúla agus suibiachtúla.\nObject vs. Subject\nTá roinnt cásanna ann, áfach, nach cosúil go gcinnfidh creideamh an chainteora, fiú má tá a chreideamh á roinnt ag gach duine sa chomhrá, an t-ábhar. Samhlaigh, mar shampla, go bhfuil an cultúr laoch Elwood ar John Searle tar éis teacht ar an bpointe sin go gceapann sé anois é féin a bheith John Searle. Cuireann sé féin i láthair an rang nua de mhic léinn iarchéime Stanford trí rá, \"Is mise John Searle, ó thuaidh den Bhá\". Is cosúil go fiú má chreideann sé féin agus gach duine sa chomhrá gur Searle é, is bréag an méid a dúirt sé, gur John Searle é Elwood. Nó, a shamhlú go bhfuil grúpa gailf ag seasamh ar an gcuid beag de chúrsa gailf Stanford a théann isteach i gContae San Mateo, ach níl a fhios ag aon duine acu é. 'Is é San Jose cathair chontae na contae seo,' a deir duine acu, ar chúis éigin nó ar chúis eile. Creideann sé gur chuir sé in iúl dóibh an fhírinne go bhfuil cathair chontae Chontae Santa Clara San Jose, agus i ndáiríre foghlaimíonn baill eile an cheathrú seo an fhíric seo as a deir sé. Mar sin féin, bheadh go leor argóint, cad a dúirt sé a bhí bréagach, agus ach fortuitous aineolas a thug a chomhpháirtithe chun foghlaim an fhírinne ó an bréag a labhair sé.\nSoláthraíonn comhthéacs réamh-séamachta faisnéis chun an rá a aithint: cé na focail a úsáidtear sa teanga a bhfuil struchtúr sintasacha acu, agus cé na bríonna a úsáidtear leo.\nCuimsíonn comhthéacs séimeantach na gnéithe comhthéacsúla sin a chinneann nó a chinneann go páirteach ábhar na bhfocail atá íogair don chomhthéacs. Is é seo cás na pronouns, a bhfuil a gcuid bríonna teanga a dhéanamh níos mó nó níos lú srianta go docht ach ní a chinneadh a n-designata. Tugann a n-bhrí dúinn chuig an gcomhthéacs (context teanga, i gcásanna comh-ainmniú anafóramach; comhthéacs seach-theangacha i gcásanna indexicals agus úsáidí deictic de thaispeántóirí) chun ainmniú an pronoun a lorg. Ach tá focail níos mó atá íogair don chomhthéacs ná pronouns innéacsacha, deictic agus anaforic. Is táscaire é stádas abairt, mar shampla, ar phointe neamh-fhocail, ach ní chinneann sé fórsa neamhfhocail beacht ráiteas gan cabhair ó fhachtóirí comhthéacsúla. Is cás eile é an ranníocaíocht do ábhar ráite de chuid de na cáithníní mar but (a tháirgeann impleachtaí coinbhinsiúnacha, de réir Grice).\nAr an tríú dul síos, tá (nó d'fhéadfadh a bheith) ann an rud a thugann Perry (2001) comhthéacs iar-símhiúil. Cuimsíonn sé seo fíricí a sholáthraíonn ábhar neamhfhoclaithe. Mar shampla, féadfaidh an fhíric go bhfuil comhrá faoi Palo Alto a chinneadh, b'fhéidir in éineacht le bearta an chainteora, go bhfuil an ráiteas \"Tá sé ag báisteach\", an t-ábhar go bhfuil sé ag báisteach i Palo Alto. Is féidir a rá nach bhfuil na ranníocaíochtaí comhthéacsúla sin mar thoradh ar rialacha brí na bhfocal a úsáidtear, ach ar mheasanna níos cruinne. Tá an fhíric go bhfuil muid ag caint de ghnáth faoi bháisteach in áit ar leith a dhéanamh leis an nádúr na báistí agus an bealach a bhfuil daoine a bhaineann leis agus conceptualize na feiniméin, seachas an sintéise de rain.\n(Taobh eile) Comhthéacs Pragmatach\nÁirítear leis seo na tosca comhthéacsúla sin a theastaíonn chun teacht ar (cunntú, infer) an méid a chumarsáideann nó a dhéantar i agus trína rá an méid a deir duine. Baineann sé seo go mór le bearta an chainteora maidir le gníomhartha cainte indíreacha, impleachtaí, agus ábhar neamhlitriúil. D'fhéadfadh sé freisin fíricí institiúideacha a áireamh agus, go deimhin, gach cineál rudaí eile a bhaineann le héifeachtaí an ráitis.\nIs é an rún cumarsáideach an rud a shainaithníonn, gníomh mar chumarsáideach. Ag leanúint sainmhíniú Grice ar intinn-mhíniú, aontaítear go forleathan go bhfuil trí airíonna sonracha ag intinn chumarsáideach: (i) tá sé perlocutionary, is é sin, is intinn é a chuardaíonn éifeacht mheabhrach (creideamh áirithe nó intinn) ar thaobh an duine a seoltar dó; (ii) tá sé oscailte, is é sin, ba mhaith leis an cainteoir go dtuigeann an duine a seoltar dó; agus (iii) is é an sásamh ar intinn chumarsáideach go díreach a aithint ag an duine a seoltar dó. Ní gá go ndéanfaí intinn chumarsáideach a chur i gcrích trí mhodhanna teanga (féach Clark 2003). I gcumarsáid teanga an duine tá ról ag próisis pleanála agus infhearais a bhfuil ról chomh tábhachtach ar a laghad acu mar phróisis códaithe agus díchodaithe. Pleananna an cainteoir a gníomh cainte de réir a intinn chumarsáideach; an seoltaí a úsáideann, i measc foinsí eile, an fhaisnéis a díchódú chun infer (a aithint) intinn chumarsáideach an cainteoir.\nImplicature (convencional, comhráite, particularized,\nGrice idirdhealaigh cad a deir an cainteoir ó cad a thugann sí le rá ag rá. Tagraíonn an chatagóir implíocht don rud a thugann an cainteoir le fios, a thugann sé le tuiscint nó a chuireann sé in iúl seachas an méid a deir sí. I measc na n-implíocht, rinne sé idirdhealú breise idir coinbhinsiúnach, a ghintear ag brí coinbhinsiúnach focail áirithe, agus iad siúd neamh-in-in-inbhinsiúnach. Laistigh de impleachtaí neamhchoinbhinsiúnacha, d'éirigh sé idir comhrá, a raibh tionchar aige, i measc fachtóirí eile, ag prionsabail agus uasteorainneacha comhrá, agus neamh-chomhroinnte. Agus ar deireadh, i measc impleachtaí comhrá idir particularized, a tharlaíonn i gcomhthéacsanna ar leith, agus generalized cinn. Thug Grice le fios go bhfuil na hairíonna seo a leanas ag impleachtaí comhráite: (i) tá siad in-chomhhaireamh, is é sin, in-inferable ó, i measc rudaí eile, an prionsabal comhoibritheach agus na maxims comhráite; (ii) tá siad in-chancelaithe go sainráite (ag cur rud éigin cosúil le ach ní raibh mé i gceist go ) nó go comhthéacsúil, trí athrú ar an gcomhthéacs; agus (iii) seachas na impleachtaí sin atá bunaithe ar na maxims modhanna, níl siad in-detachable, ie, níl aon bhealach ann an rud céanna a rá nach gcuirfeadh an impleacht leis. Tá an dá ghné dheireanach, an cealú agus an neamh-in-in-athghlacthacht ar a dtugtar na \"tástálacha\" le haghaidh láithreacht impleachtúr líomhnaithe.\nSa phictiúr traidisiúnta Grice, explicit meaning comhoiriúnach le brí choinbhinsiúnach an abairt; nó leis an bhrí a fhaightear trí chomhcheangal an bhrí choinbhinsiúnach agus na gnéithe comhthéacsúla sin a éilíonn an bhrí choinbhinsiúnach; i bhfocail eile, le toradh an abairt ciall choinbhinsiúnach + mífho-mhínithe + socrú tagartha, i.e., an méid a deirtear. Meastar gur brí shimplí laistigh den phictiúr Gricean an chuid eile de bhrí an ráitis, go háirithe réamh-mheastacháin agus impleachtaí. Cuireann catagóirí Grice de impleachtúiri coinbhinsiúnacha agus impleachtúirí coinbhinsiúnacha ginearálta, áfach, fadhbanna leis an idirdhealú idir an sainráite agus an sainráite. Tar éis Grice, níl na teorainneacha eatarthu an-soiléir fós, in ainneoin an choincheap atá ag teoiricí ábharthachta ar explicature nó ar impliciture Bach.\nChun tagairt a fháil do léiriú innéacsacha (is é sin, a chinneadh cad atá á thagraíocht ag cainteoir trí léiriú innéacsacha a rá), ní mór don ateangaire dul i ngleic leis an gcomhthéacs. Is é seo an t-eitilt is suntasaí atá ag léiriúcháin innéacsacha: gan a bhrí a athrú, is féidir leo a n-ábhar a athrú ó chomhthéacs go comhthéacs. Is iad na focail innéacsacha paradigmatacha pronouns pearsanta (I, you, she...), taispeántóirí (this, that), adverbs ama agus áite (here, there, now, yesterday, tomorrow...). Ach is feiniméan níos ginearálta é innéacsaíocht: tugann am briathar agus gné pointe ar chomhthéacs chun an pointe nó an eatramh ama ábhartha a chinneadh. Ní fhágann faisnéis chiallmhianach roinnt abairt innéacsacha mórán spáis le haghaidh amhras faoi cad atá le cuardach i gcomhthéacs: I=an cainteoir, anseo=an áit a bhfuil an cainteoir ann, amárach=an lá ag tosú ag meán oíche an lae a labhraítear. Tugtar pure nó automatic indexicals orthu seo, i gcodarsnacht le discretionary indexicals, nach ndéanann a bhfaisnéis séamaintiúil an tagairt a chinneadh, agus is gá achomharc a dhéanamh ar intinn an chainteora chun é sin a dhéanamh (Perry 2001). Tugtar deictic, egocentric particulars agus token-reflexive expressions ar fhocail innéacsacha.\nIs cineál staid mheabhrach é, cosúil le creideamh agus mian, mar shampla. Ó thaobh teoiric cúis mheabhrach na gníomhaíochta de, is é an rún cúis na gníomhaíochta, agus is é seo go beacht, a bheith mar thoradh ar rún, a dhéanann idirdhealú ar ghluaiseachtaí (nó easpa gluaiseachta) atá ina ngníomhartha ó imeachtaí simplí, agus, i measc gluaiseachtaí coirp, iad siúd atá ina ngníomhartha (mhionsonraithe) ó athshláiní simplí. Is féidir an réad intinne a léiriú mar thogra a léiríonn na gluaiseachtaí (ghluais sí a lámh de rún), nó mar thorthaí éagsúla a bhí ag súil leo nó a raibh súil acu mar thoradh ar an ghluaiseacht (bhuail sí a chéile chéile, agus rinne sí é a caoineadh, de rún).\nTá an focal intinn réasúnta neamhchinnte lasmuigh den fhealsúnacht. Ach úsáideann fealsúnaí an focal intinn agus go háirithe an t-aitheantas intinn chun tagairt a dhéanamh do ghné de rang de stáit mheabhrach a chuimsíonn ach nach bhfuil teoranta d'intinn a thuiscint go rialta. Is é seo an t-earraí a bheith thart nó dírithe ar rudaí, lena n-áirítear ní amháin rudaí concracha fíor, ach freisin rudaí, airíonna agus staid nithe astratacha agus ficseanacha. Dá bhrí sin, creidiúint go bhfuil sé ag báisteach, ag súil le ríomhaire a fháil le haghaidh na Nollag, ag caint faoi Sherlock Holmes, ag teacht amach an fréamh cearnach de shé chéad is fiche cúig, is staidí agus gníomhaíochtaí intinne iad go léir, mar atá sé beartaithe péire a dhéanamh. Is minic a ghlacann daoine go bhfuil intinn intinneach ag intinn, stáit mheabhrach, agus nach bhfuil intinn intinneach ag ráitis agus abairtí ach i bhfocail a dhíorthaítear: tá sé sin acu ó intinn an stáit mheabhrach a léiríonn siad.\nNíor chóir intinneacht (le t) a mheascadh le intinneacht (le s). Is léiriú teicniúil eile é an dara ceann ar loighic agus ar fhealsúnacht; tá intinn i gcoinne síneadh. Is é sampla Russell ná go bhfuil an rún fhuilbheag gan féar nach sicín plucked go leor difriúil ná an rún daonna, cé go bhfuil a n-eascair (b'fhéidir) mar an gcéanna. Áirítear ar na síneadh aicmí, tacar, agus feidhmeanna a mheastar mar tacar de péirí ordaithe agus luachanna fírinne. Is iad na rún brí, rialacha, airíonna, feidhmeanna mar a chuirtear i gcrích go rialta iad, agus propóisiúin. I saol féideartha, is minic a aithnítear intinn na seamantachta le tacair de shaol féideartha nó feidhmeanna a ghlacann saol féideartha mar argóintí. D'fhéadfaí maoine, mar shampla, a shainaithint le feidhm ó shaol go sraith rudaí (na cinn a bhfuil an mhaoin sa domhan orthu), agus le tairiscint le sraith de shaol (na cinn ina bhfuil sé fíor). Cibé an bhfuil a leithéid de shainaithint mar chiall le laghdú nó míniú ar intinn mar shíneachtaí, nó díreach mar bhealach chun intinn a mhodhnú mar shíneachtaí, athraíonn ó theorist go theorist.\nGlacann cuid acu é seo mar idirdhealú maidir le brí focal. De réir an tuairim seo, thar a gcuid ciall traidisiúnta nó liteartha, is féidir le focail ciall figurative nó neamhlitriúil a bheith acu: ciall meatafórach, ironic, metonymic. Tar éis ardú staidéir praghaimnéiseacha, meastar go bhfuil an idirdhealú den chuid is mó ar leibhéal brí an chainteora. Nuair a bhíonn brí an chainteora dúnta do bhrí choinbhinsiúnach an abairt a labhraítear deirtear go bhfuil an cainteoir ag labhairt go litriúil. Nuair a théann sé ar shiúl ó bhrí choinbhinsiúnach, meastar nach bhfuil sé liteartha. Ar ndóigh, níl an idirdhealú soiléir: cé chomh fada is gá go n-eascraíonn brí an chainteora ón gcoinbhinsiún chun a bheith ina bhriathra neamh-litriúil? Is fearr le roinnt údar labhairt faoi leanúnachas seachas idirdhealú dhá thaobh.\nGlacann sé an t-amhrán, an t-amhrán, an t-amhrán\nMaidir le teoiric gníomh cainte Austin tá trí phríomhleibhéal le scaradh i ngníomh cainte. Is gníomh é gach gníomh cainte rud a rá. Is é seo an leibhéal locutionary. Ina measc, d'eascraigh Austin trí cinn eile: an gníomh fóinéiseach (an gníomh a bhaineann le fuaimeanna áirithe a tháirgeadh), an gníomh phatic (an gníomh a bhaineann le focail a bhaineann le foclóir teanga áirithe a eagrú de réir rialacha a ghramadaí), agus an gníomh réitíoch (an gníomh a bhaineann leis na focail sin a úsáid le ciall agus tagartha áirithe). Ach ag rá rud éigin a dhéanann duine rud éigin. Is é seo an leibhéal illocutionary. Agus, ar deireadh, trí rud a rá faigheann duine roinnt éifeachtaí (a bhí beartaithe nó neamh-mheasta) sa lucht féachana. Is é seo an leibhéal perlocutionary. Searle casts amhras ar an idirdhealú idir locutionary agus illocutionary gníomhartha, gan a fheiceáil ar an riachtanas an chéad chatagóir. De réir mar a d'fhorbair sí, tá teoiric gníomh cainte beagnach tiomanta go hiomlán do staidéar ar an leibhéal illocutionary.\nChuir Austin in aghaidh idir ráitis, a mheastar go traidisiúnta mar na hairíonna amháin a bhfuil aon tábhacht phiilosofach acu, le ráitis fheidhmíochta nach meastar a bheith fíor nó bréagach, agus seachas rud a rá go simplí, meastar go bhfuil siad níos fearr mar ghníomhartha rud a dhéanamh. Rinne sé idirdhealú breise idir ráitis léiritheacha sainráite agus sainráite. Is iad na chéad cinn iad na briathra is mó, ar a dtugtar briathra feidhmíochta, a dhéanann an gníomh ar leith atá á dhéanamh ag an cainteoir chun an rá a tháirgeadh. De ghnáth, is foirm canónach a bhíonn ag na briathra seo: (sa Bhéarla) an chéad duine singil sa ghné gníomhach atá ann faoi láthair, nó an dara duine den phaisinéara. Ní féidir gach ráiteas léiritheach léiritheach a dhéanamh go soiléir trí ráiteas léiritheach. Tar éis plé Austin, bíonn gach ráiteas ag déanamh feidhmíochta, ionas nach bhfuil aon chiall ag an gcodarsnacht idir iad agus ráitis. Cuireadh coincheap an ráiteoireachta fheidhmíochta in ionad coincheap an ghnímh cainte i bhforbairt teoiric gníomh cainte.\nSainmhínítear go traidisiúnta é mar an abairt chasta (gramadaí) atá in ann smaoineamh nó tairiscint iomlán a chur in iúl. Tá an sainmhíniú seo faoi cheist ag an bhféidearthacht go léirítear smaointe nó propóisiúin trí ráitis (nó cainteoirí). De réir na téise coibhneasta, ní léiríonn aon abairt propóis iomlán (a bhfuil fíor-mheas air); i.e., níl aon abairtí síoraí ann. Ó thaobh na praghaimic, is féidir abairtí a shamhlú mar chineálacha ráite, mar thoradh ar na heilimintí go léir a bhaint ach amháin na hidirfhocail teanga a úsáidtear. Baineann an cheist maidir le cad a mheastar a bheith ina abairt iomlán (gramadaí) i gcoinne léiriú casta fo-sintéiseach le sintéise, seachas le séamaitic nó pragmatach.\nIs gníomhartha cumarsáide iad gníomhartha cainte a dhéantar trí úsáid béil nó scríofa na teanga. Laistigh d'airíonna cainte, d'eascair Austin idir leibhéil labhartha, neamhlabhartha agus perlocutionary, ach tá teoiric gníomh cainte curtha i bhfeidhm beagnach go heisiach ar an leibhéal neamhlabhartha, ionas go bhfuil téarmaí comhchiallach i gcleachtas. Is éard atá i ngníomh cainte bunúsach ábhar proposicional agus fórsa illocutionary. Baineann fórsa illocutionary leis an ngníomh a bhfuil sé i gceist ag an cainteoir a dhéanamh agus an gníomh cainte á dhéanamh aige. Is féidir na fórsaí neamh-fhocalóireachta go léir, i leagan Searle den teoiric gníomh cainte, a ghrúpaíodh i gcúig aicme, de réir a n-intinn bhunúsach nó a bpointí neamhfhocalóireachta: dearbhaitheacha, coimisiúnacha, treoracha, dearbhúcháin agus léiriúcháin. Cinntíonn fórsa illocutionary agus ábhar proposicional gníomh cainte a choinníollacha rathúlachta agus sásamh.\nAlabama: cé mhéad litir atá sa fhocal seo? Má chomhaireamh muid léitheoirí litir, is é an freagra 7. Má chomhaireamh muid na cineálacha litreacha, d'fhéadfadh an freagra a bheith 4 (a, l, b, m) nó 5 (má dhéanaimid idirdhealú idir litreacha móra agus litreacha beaga). Tá an idirdhealú idir cineálacha agus tóiní curtha i bhfeidhm ar an idirdhealú idir abairtí agus ráitis abairtí. Is é an ráiteas an t-ádh, an ócáid stairiúil le cúiseanna agus iarmhairtí; is é an abairt an cineál, cineál ráitis abairt; eintiteas abstrách. Ba cheart go mbeadh brí (carachtar) ina mhaoin de chineálacha; ábhar, maoine de thócain.\nI bpraigmatics, is minic a ghlactar ráiteas mar ghníomh teanga a dhéanann cainteoir áirithe in áit áirithe ag am áirithe. Tá stádas ontological na ngníomhartha aige, mar sin: is ócáid stairiúil uathúil é gach rá; is siombail é, ní cineál; ní féidir rá a rinne cainteoir amháin a dhéanamh ag duine eile; ní féidir rá a rinneadh anseo agus anois a dhéanamh ansin níos déanaí. I Linguistics, is minic a úsáidtear utterance chun abairt a fhuaimniú ó bhéal, ach bíonn claonadh ag fealsúnaithe freisin scríobh, comharthaíocht, agus modhanna eile úsáide teanga a áireamh, agus chun léiriú fo-sintéiseach a úsáid. Is é tuairim go leor ach ní gach pragmatists go bhfuil na príomh-iompróirí ábhar fírinne-choinníollach ráitis, ní abairtí; nó, níos fearr fós, go bhfuil ábhar nó tograí fíor-choinníollach á léiriú ag na cainteoirí a rá abairtí, ní ag na habairtí iad féin. Tugtar statements ar ráitis a dhéantar i bpreasaí dearbhúla.\nTá an t-easpa \"Utterance\" ag fulaingt ó amhuilíocht an táirge/an phróisis. Sin é an fáth go ndéanann Perry (2001) idirdhealú idir utterance (gníomh) agus token (táirge).\n- Asher, Nicholas agus Alex Lascarides, 1998, The semantics and pragmatics of presupposition, Journal of Semantics, 15: 239299.\n- Austin, John L., 1956, A plea of excuses, Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, LVII: 130. Athphrintithe in Austin 1961. (Cúrsa uachtaráin chuig an gCumann Aristotelian i 1956. Léiríonn Austin a chuid tuairimí ar ghnáth-theanga agus ar fhealsúnacht an ghnáth-theanga.)\n- , 1961, Ionstraimí léiritheacha, in J.O. Urmson agus G.J. Warnock (eds. ), Philosophical Papers, Oxford: Clarendon. (Cuireann Austin an idirdhealú idir ráitis fheidhmíochta agus dearbhaithe.)\n- , 1962a, How to Do Things with Words, Oxford: Clarendon. (Leagan scríofa de Léachtaí William James Austin a thugtar ag Harvard i 1955. Tosaíonn sé leis an idirdhealú a dhéantar / a choimeád, ansin déanann sé é a dhíscaoileadh chun an \"teoiric ghinearálta ar ghníomhartha cainte\" a chur ar bun.\n- , 1962b, Sense and Sensibilia, Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Athchruthú óna nótaí lámhscríbhneoireachta ag G.J. Warnock. (An critice Austin ar théoriúlachtaí sonraí ciall na braite.)\n- Bach, Kent, 1987, On communicative intentions: A reply to Recanati, Mind and Language, 2: 141154.\n- , 1994, Impliciture comhráite, Mind and Language, 9: 124 162. (Páipéar tionchair ar an sainráite agus an sainmhínithe, ag idirdhealú implicIture (le i) ó impleachtaí.)\n- , 1999a, The semantics-pragmatics distinction: What it is and why it matters, in K. Turner (ed. ), The Semantics/Pragmatics Interface from Different Points of View, pp. 6584.\n- , 1999b, The myth of conventional implicature, Linguistics and Philosophy, 22: 26283. (Chun Grice 's catagóir de conventional impliaturí.)\n- , 2001, Semantically speaking, in I. Kenesei and R. M. Harnish (eds.) 2001, Perspectives on Semantics, Pragmatics, and Discourse. A Festschrift for Ferenc Kiefer, Amsterdam: John Benjamins.\n- , 2004, Pragmatics and the philosophy of language, in Horn and Ward (eds.) 2004, pp. 46387.\n- Bach, Kent agus Robert M. Harnish, 1979, Cumarsáid Teangacha agus Gníomhartha Cainte, Cambridge, Mass. : MIT Press. (Déan iarracht tionchar a imirt ar theoiric gníomh cainte agus ar theoiric Gricean na n-implíocht chainte).\n- , 1992, How performatives really work: A reply to Searle, Linguistics and Philosophy 15: 93110.\n- Bar-Hillel, Yehoshua, 1954, Indexical expressions, Mind 63: 35979. Athphrintithe i Kasher 1998, vol. 1, pp. 2340.\n- Beaver, David, 2002, Presupposition in DRT, in D. Beaver, L. Casillas, B. Clark, and S. Kaufmann (eds.) The Construction of Meaning, Stanford: Foilseacháin CSLI.\n- Blackburn, Simon, 1984, Spreading the word: groundings in the philosophy of language, New York: Oxford University Press.\n- Blakemore, Diane, 1992, Understanding Utterances, Oxford: Blackwell. (Tagradh ar Theoiric na hIonannas.)\n- Burton-Roberts, Noel, 1989a, On Horn's dilemma: Presupposition and negation, Journal of Linguistics, 25, 95125.\n- , 1989b, The limits to debate: A revised theory of semantic presupposition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.\n- , 1999, Cancúláil réamhchomhchealla agus diúltú meta-theangach: freagra do Carston, Journal of Linguistics, 35, 34764.\n- Cappelen, Herman & Ernest Lepore, 2005, Séamaictíocht Neamhfhaithneach. Cosantóir ar Minimalism Séamaintiúil agus Pluralism Speech Act, Oxford: Blackwell.\n- Cappelen, Herman & Ernest Lepore, 2007, Comhpháirteanna neamh-in-aistrithe agus indeicsiúla i bhfolach. An abuse of context in semantics, in M. O'Rourke and C. Washington (eds. ), Situating Semantics: Essays on the Philosophy of John Perry, Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press/Bradford Books, pp. 199-214.\n- Carnap, Rudolf, 1942, Iomhrá ar Séamantachta, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.\n- Carston, Robyn, 1988, Implicature, explicature, and truth-conditional semantics, in R. Kempson (ed. ), Ionaid intinne: An Idirlíon idir Teanga agus Réaltacht, pp. 15581. Athphrintithe i Davis (ed.) 1991, pp. 3351 agus i Kasher (ed.) 1998, pp. 43679.\n- , 1998, Negation, presupposition and the semantics-pragmatics distinction, Journal of Linguistics 34, 30950.\n- , 1999, The semantics/pragmatics distinction: A view from Relevance Theory, in K. Turner (ed. ), The Semantics/Pragmatics Interface from Different Points of View, 1999, 85125.\n- , 1999a, Negation, presupposition and meta-representation: a reply to Noel Burton-Roberts, Journal of Linguistics, 35, 36589.\n- , 2002, Smaointe agus Ráitis. Pragmatics of Explicit Communication, Oxford: Blackwell. (Tagáil chuimsitheach agus mionsonraithe ar chur chuige teoiriciúil ábharthachta Carston maidir le pragmatics.)\n- , 2005, Relevance Theory, Grice and the neo-Griceans: a response to Laurence Horn's Cruinnithe reatha i pragmatachas nua-Griceach.Pragmatachas Idirchultúrtha 2/3: 303319.\n- Chapman, Siobhan, 2005, Paul Grice, fealsúnach agus teangach. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan. (Beathaisnéis intleachtúil Paul Grice.)\n- Clark, Herbert H., Ag baint úsáide as Teanga. Cambridge: Foilseachán Ollscoil Cambridge.\n- , 2003. Tagann agus cuireann sé. I S. Kita (ed. ), Pointing. Where language, culture, and cognition meet, Hillsdale NJ: Erlbaum, pp. 243 268.\n- Davies, Martin, 1995, Philosophy of language, in N. Bunnin and E. Tsui-James (eds.) An Comhráite Blackwell le Fealsúnacht, Oxford: Blackwell, 90139.\n- Davis, Steven, 1991, Pragmatics. - Tá sé seo fíor. Léitheoir, Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Bailiúchán cuimsitheach de pháipéir bhunúsacha i pragmatics.)\n- Donnellan, Keith, 1966, Reference and definite descriptions, Philosophical Review, 75: 281304. Athphrintithe in A. P. Martinich (ed. ), The Philosophy of Language, 2ú heagrán. Nua-Eabhrac: Oxford University Press, 1990, pp. 235247.\n- Escandell, Victoria, 1993, Introducción a la Pragmática., Barcelona: Anthropos. (Eagrán nuashonraithe 1996, i mBarcelona: Ariel.) (Tagradh ar Pragmatics i Spáinnis.)\n- Ezcurdia, Maite agus Robert J. Stainton (ed. ), 2013, The Semantics-Pragmatics Boundary in Philosophy, Peterborough: Broadview.\n- Fotion, Nick, 1995, Pragmatics, in T. Honderich (ed. ), The Oxford Companion to Philosophy, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 2343.\n- Frege, Gottlob, 1892, Über Sinn und Bedeutung, in Zeitschrift für Philosophie und philosophische Kritik, 100: 2550. Aistrithe mar On Sense and Reference ag M. Black in Translations from the Philosophical Writings of Gottlob Frege, P. Geach and M. Black (eds. agus tras. ), Oxford: Blackwell, an tríú eagrán, 1980.\n- Garmendia, Joana, 2010, Irony is critical, Pragmatics and Cognition, 18 ((2): 397421.\n- Gazdar, Gerald, 1979, Pragmatics: Implicature, Presupposition, and Logical Form, New York: Academic Press.\n- Green, Georgia, 1989. - Tá sé ar an mbord. Pragmatics and Natural Language Understanding, Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum.\n- Grice, H. Paul, 1957, Meaning, Philosophical Review 66: 37788. Athphrintaithe in H. P. Grice, 1989, pp. 21323. (Páipéar seimineach Grice ar intinn M.)\n- , 1967a, Logic and conversation, in D. Davidson and G. Harman (eds.) 1975, The Logic of Grammar, Encino: Dickenson, pp. 6475. Foilsíodh é freisin in P. Cole agus J.L. Morgan (eds.) 1975 Syntax and Semantics 3: Speech Acts, New York: Academic Press, pp. 4158. Athphrintithe i Grice, 1989, pp. 2240. (Artaigil cáiliúil Grice ar theoiric na n-implicatures, a cuireadh i láthair i 1967 in Ollscoil Harvard mar William James Lectures, agus mimeographed agus scaipthe go forleathan sula foilsíodh é i 1975.)\n- , 1967b, Nótaí breise ar loighic agus ar chomhrá, in P. Cole (ed. ), Syntax and Semantics 9: Pragmatics, New York: Academic Press, 1978, pp. 147 170. Athphrintithe i Grice, 1989, pp. 4157.\n- , 1968, Utterer's meaning, sentence-meaning, and word-meaning, Foundations of Language, 4: 225242. Athphrintaithe in H. P. Grice, 1989, pp. 117 137.\n- , 1969, Utterer's meaning and intentions, Philosophical Review 78: 147177. Athphrintaithe in H. P. Grice, 1989, pp. 86 116.\n- , 1981, Presupposition and conversational implicature, in P. Cole (ed. ), Radical Pragmatics, Nua Eabhrac: Academic Press, 1981, pp. 18397. Athphrintaithe in H. P. Grice, 1989, pp. 26982.\n- , 1982, Meaning revisited, in N. V. Smith (ed. ), Mutual Knowledge, Londain: Academic Press, pp. 223243. Athphrintaithe in H. P. Grice, 1989, pp. 283303.\n- , 1989, Studies in the Way of Words, Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. (Leabhar foilsithe tar éis a bháis a bhailíonn an chuid is mó de pháipéir Grice ar theanga, brí agus cumarsáid agus roinnt ábhair eile.)\n- Harman, Gilbert, 1974, Review of Meaning le S. Schiffer, Journal of Philosophy, 71: 224-229.\n- Heim, Irene, 1992, Presupposition projection and the semantics of attitude verbs, Journal of Semantics, 9: 183221.\n- Horn, Laurence R., 1984, \"Towards a new taxonomy of pragmatic inference: Q-based and R-based implicature\", in D. Schiffrin (ed.) Ciall, Foirm agus Úsáid i gComhthéacs (GURT '84), Washington: Georgetown University Press, pp. 1142.\n- , 1989, A Natural History of Negation. - Tá sé seo go maith. Chicago: Foilseachán Ollscoil Chicago.\n- , 1995, Presupposition and implicature, in S. Lappin (ed. ), The Handbook of Contemporary Semantic Theory, Oxford: Blackwell, 299319.\n- , 2004, Implicature, in Horn and Ward (eds.) 2004, pp. 328.\n- Horn, Laurence R. agus Gregory Ward (eds. ), 2004, The Handbook of Pragmatics, Oxford: Blackwell. (Bailiúchán páipéir ag fealsúna, teangacha agus síceolaithe ag tabhairt aghaidh ar shaincheisteanna bunúsacha i bpraigmatics.)\n- Huang, Yan, 2012, The Oxford Dictionary of Pragmatics, Oxford: Oxford University Press.\n- Kamp, Hans, 2001, \"The importance of presupposition\", i C. Rohrer agus A. Rossdeutscher (eds. ), Linguistic Form and its Justification (Papers Roghnaithe ó SFB 340), Stanford: CSLI Publications.\n- Kaplan, David, 1989, Demonstratives, in J. Almog, J. Perry and H. Wettstein (eds. ), Themes From Kaplan, New York: Oxford University Press.\n- Karttunen, Lauri, 1973, Presuppositions and compound sentences, Linguistic Inquiry, 4: 169 93.\n- , 1974, Presupposition and linguistic context, Theoretical Linguistics, 1: 344.\n- Karttunen, Lauri agus Stanley Peters, 1979, \"Conventional Implicature\", in C. K. Oh agus D. Dinnen (ed. ), Syntax and Semantics 11: Presupposition, New York: Academic Press.\n- Kasher, Asa (eagarthóirí. ), 1998, Pragmatics: Critical Concepts, (6 vols.) Londain: Routledge. (Bainfear amach go leor de na hailt bunúsacha \"clasacha\" i bpraigmatics, agus i go leor cásanna tá post-scríbhinní suimiúla ag na húdair.)\n- Katz, Jerrold J., 1977, Struchtúr tairiscintí agus fórsa illocutionary, Nua-Eabhrac: Crowell.\n- Kempson, Ruth M., 1988, Grammar and Conversational Principles, in F. Newmeyer (ed.) Teangacha: An Suirbhé Cambridge, Vol. II. 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An Inquiry into Reference and Communication, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.\n- , 2013, Highlights of Critical Pragmatics: Reference and the contents of the utterance, Intercultural Pragmatics, 10(1): 161-182.\n- Lepore, Ernest agus Robert van Gulick (ed. ), 1991, John Searle and his Critics, Oxford: Blackwell.\n- Levinson, Stephen, 1983, Pragmatics, Nua-Eabhrac: Foilseachán Ollscoil Cambridge. (Ceann de na chéad iontrálacha córeacha ar phragmaitice.)\n- , 2000. Ciallanna Measúnacha, Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press/Bradford Books. (Monagraf a chuireann teoiric Levinson ar an bhfocal-chineál-bhrí agus impleachtaí comhráite ginearálta i láthair.)\n- Lycan, William, 1995, Philosophy of Language, in R. Audi (ed. ), The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 586 589.\n- Montague, Richard, 1968, \"Pragmatics\", in R. Klibansky (eagarthóir) Fhilseola��ocht Shuaimhneach La philosophie contemporaine, vol. 1, Florence: La Nuova Italia Editrice, pp. 102 22. Athphrintithe in R. Thomason (eagarthóir) 1974, Fealsúnacht Foirmeach: Páipéir Roghnaithe de Richard Montague, New Haven: Yale Univ. Phríomh-fhoilseachán, pp. 95118.\n- Morris, Charles, 1938, \"Foundations of the theory of signs\", in O. Neurath, R. Carnap and C. Morris (ed. ), International Encyclopaedia of Unified Science I, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 77138. Athphrintithe i C. Morris 1971, Writings on the general theory of signs, The Hague: Mouton.\n- Neale, Stephen, 1992, Paul Grice and the philosophy of language, Linguistics and Philosophy, 15: 509559. (Réamhaisnéis chuimsitheach ar Grice 'Studies ar an mbealach na focail).\n- , 2004, This, that, and the other, in M. Reimer and A. Bezuidenhout (eds.) 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Saineolaithe Nua ar Grice, Nua Eabhrac: Palgrave Macmillan.\n- Recanati, François, 1986, \"On defining communicative intentions\", \"Mind and Language\", 1:213-242.\n- , 1989, The pragmatics of what is said, Mind and Language, 4: 295329.\n- , 2002, Comhpháirteanna neamh-in-airte, Teangachas agus Fealsúnacht, 25: 299345.\n- , 2004, Litir, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Díonú Recanati ar thuairim chnuasach ar bhrí.)\n- , 2010, Pragmatics Coinníollach Fírinne, Oxford: Oxford University Press.\n- Reichenbach, Hans, 1947, Elements of Symbolic Logic., Nua-Eabhrac: Macmillan.\n- Reimer, Marga and Anne Bezuidenhout, A., 2004, Descriptions and beyond, Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Bailiúchán páipéir ar shéimintíocht agus pragmatics na tuairiscí agus téarmaí aonair eile.)\n- Russell, Bertrand, 1905, \"On Denoting\", \"Mind\", 14, 479 493; repr. i Bertrand Russell, Essays in Analysis, Londain: Allen agus Unwin, 1973, 103119; agus i Bertrand Russell, Logic and Knowledge, Londain: George Allen agus Unwin, 1956, 4156.\n- Schiffer, Stephen, 1972, Meaning, Oxford: Clarendon Press.\n- Schlenker, Philippe, 2010, Presuppositions and local contexts, Mind, 19: 377 391.\n- Searle, John, 1965, \"What is a speech act?\" in M. Black (ed. ), Philosophy in America, Ithaca: Cornell University Press.\n- , 1969, Speech Acts: An essay in the philosophy of language, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Tagáil i láthair ar fhorbairt seamúil Searle ar theoiric gníomh cainte, bunaithe ar a théis Ph.D. Oxford ar Sense and Reference.)\n- , 1975a, A taxonomy of illocutionary acts, in K. Gunderson (ed. ), Teanga. Mind and Knowledge, Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science, vol. VII, Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press, pp. 34469. Athphrintaithe i J. Searle, Expression and Meaning. Staidéar ar Theoiric na ngníomhartha cainte, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979, pp. 129. (Críochaíonn sé tacsainómic Austin ar ghníomhartha neamh-eolais agus cuireann sé ceann eile i láthair.)\n- , 1975b, Achtanna cainte indíreacha, in P. Cole agus J. Morgan (eds. ), Syntax and Semantics Vol. 3: Speech Acts, Nua-Eabhrac: Academic Press. Athphrintaithe i J. Searle, Expression and Meaning. Staidéar ar Theoiric na ngníomhartha cainte, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979, pp. 3057. (Tá gníomhartha neamh-iolachúlacha indíreacha á gcur i láthair aige mar chás ar leith de neamh-litrealacht.)\n- , 1989, How performatives work, Linguistics and Philosophy, 12: 53558.\n- Soames, Scott, 1989, Presupposition, in D. Gabbay and F. Guenthner (eds.) Leabharlainne na Loigic Fhilseolaíochta, vol IV: Téamaí i bhfílscéal na teanga, Dordrecht: Kluwer, pp. 553616.\n- Sperber, Dan agus Deirdre Wilson, 1986, Relevance: Communication and Cognition, Oxford: Blackwell. (2ú heagrán athbhreithnithe, 1995) (Phríomh-aistrithe ar Theoiric na hIonstraime).\n- , 1987, Précis of Relevance: Communication and Cognition, Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 10: 697754.\n- , 2002, Pragmatics, modularity and mindreading, Mind and Language, 17: 323.\n- , 2005, Pragmatics, in F. Jackson and M. Smith (eds.) Leabhrán Oxford ar Fhilseolaíocht Anailíseach Comhaimseartha, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 468501.\n- Stalnaker, Robert, 1970, Pragmatics, Synthese 22. Chomh maith leis sin i Davidson agus Harman (ed.) 1972, Séamantachta don Teanga Nádúrtha, Dordrecht: Reidel, pp. 380 97. Athphrintithe i Kasher (eagarthóir) 1998, Pragmatics: Critical Concepts, (6 vols.) Londain: Routledge, pp. 5570. Chomh maith leis sin i Stalnaker 1999, ch. 1. an t-am a bhí ann.\n- , 1970, Assertion, Syntax and Semantics 9. Athphrintaithe i Stalnaker 1999, ch. 4. Tá an t-am\n- , 1999, Context and Content, Oxford: Oxford University press.\n- Stanley, Jason, 2000, Context and logical form, Linguistics and Philosophy, 23: 391424.\n- Stanley, Jason and Zoltan G. Szabo, 2000, On quantifier domain restriction, Mind and Language, 15: 21961.\n- Strawson, Peter F., 1964, Intention and convention in speech acts, The Philosophical Review, 73: 439460. Athphrintithe i Strawson 1971, pp. 14969.\n- , 1971, Logico-linguistic Papers, Londain: Methuen.\n- Travis, Charles, 1997, Pragmatics, in B. Hale and C. Wright (eds) 1997, A Companion to the Philosophy of Language, Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 87107.\n- Tsohatzidis Savas L., 1994, Foundations of Speech Acts, Londain: Routledge.\n- Wilson, Deirdre agus Dan Sperber, 2012, Meaning and Relevance, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.\nConas an t-iontráil seo a lua. Féach ar an leagan PDF den iontráil seo ag Cairde Chomhlacht SEP. Féach ar an ábhar iontrála seo ag Tionscadal Ontology Philosóip Indiana (InPhO). Leathnú ar leabharlann don iontráil seo ag PhilPapers, le naisc lena bhunachar sonraí."} +{"text": "Medium tank – 400 built\nThe first French tanks\nIn 1915, the French Army’s Section Technique du Génie (STG) Engineer Technical Section, attempted to improve the cross-country mobility of armored cars by building ten armored tractors on Filtz agricultural tractors. These were intended to crush or cut through barbed wire entanglements, but their combat debut at Verdun in the autumn of 1915 demonstrated their poor mobility in rough terrain.\nTracteur agricole Filtz blindéet armé Section technique du Génie, July 1915. It is just a pre WW1 armoured Fergusion-Fordson type farm tractor. It looks like a like a WW1 Armoured car with tractor wheels.\nThis was not the answer. The French Army needed a fully tracked vehicle that could cut a path through lines of barbed wire, cross trenches and deal with machine gun posts to enable the infantry to follow and exploit the breakthrough.\nBehind the idea of an armored mobile platform for guns and machine-guns are two men on the Allied side. These were Col. Ernest Swinton (United Kingdom) and Col. Estienne (France). Both were strong advocates of the concept, having in regard the stalemate and useless cost of each offensive.\nIn Britain the Landship Committee, presided by Sir Winston Churchill, backed the entire project. This evolved into the Little Willie, itself later serving as a basis for the development of the “Mother”, the Mark I series and later the Whippet.\nOn the other side, Col. Estienne’s idea was backed by President Raymond Poincaré and Marshall Joffre. A commission led by General Janin later approved first orders for the Schneider CA-1. Developed on the basis of the Holt tractor, it was the first operational French tank and the second in the world after the Mark I.\nHolt type Caterpillar lengthened for trench crossing trials February 1916\nA Schneider project\nSchneider was a major well-known armament manufacturer in France. It produced guns and ammunition for the army and navy, but also had some armor expertise from their shipbuilding activities. Most French battleships had received Schneider sandwich iron plates since the 1880s. It mirrored Vickers-Armstrong in Britain, but was not of comparable size.\nThe first French tank the Char Schneider CA-1\nColonel Estienne, “Father of the tank”\nSince the beginning of hostilities col. Jean-Baptiste Eugène Estienne was fascinated with the idea of armored transports that could bring infantry safely up to the enemy trenches. Born in 1860, he graduated the renowned Polytechnique school and began his career as an artillery officer, writing a guidance book to correct artillery errors, presented to the Academie des Sciences in Paris. He worked on telemetric and pointing goniometer devices.\nSeen as a brilliant pioneering engineer, he was given the development of a newborn Aviation Militaire (Air Force) by general Brun in 1909 at Reims. He worked on several tactical applications and even the first “flying artillery” concept. During WWI, he was attached to general Pétain at the 22nd Artillery Regiment based at Belfort.\nAlthough directing a successful air guided artillery barrage, he nevertheless saw the infantry cut to pieces by machine-gun fire. On the 25th of August he declared in front of his staff and officers “Gentlemen, victory will be owned by the one of any belligerents which could place a 75 mm gun on a car able to move on all terrains”.\nHe learnt during the summer of 1915 that Eugène Brillié was already working on an armored prototype able to cross barb wire, based on a Holt tractor. After gaining the approval of General Joffre for 400 orders, he gathered a small team in early February to produce the prototype of the CA-1 on the basis of the Schneider chassis, which was ready within two weeks.\nAfter relatively successful tests, Schneider began building the infrastructure for mass-producing the CA-1. This process took quite long. The first units were ready in September. At the same time Estienne was named at the head of the newly formed “Special Artillery” corp.\nThe initial order of nearly 1000 tanks was cancelled and later reissued for 150 medium CA-1 tanks in February. The first unit was ready for combat in April 1917. Later, for his unwavering support for tank development, Estienne earned the Légion d’Honneur as well as the div. general rank in December 1918.\nEugène Brillié and the development of the CA-1\nIf Estienne was the tireless supporter and promoter of tanks in France, Eugène Brillié conceived the first operational model, through a subsidiary of the Schneider company, SOMUA. A former railway engineer, he founded, with Gustave Gobron, the Gobron-Brililé car company in 1903.\nHe then separated and ran his own company, Brillié Automobile, until it was bought off by Schneider. His department developed trucks and utility cars, tractors and military tools. He was first inspired to build a tank after seeing a modified Holt tractor pass through barb wire on difficult terrain at the Royal Engineer Corps during the summer 1915. With the support and ideas of deputy Jules-Louis Breton, he began to work on a machine using this tractor chassis, train and tracks.\nThe original prototype chassis was ready and made its trials on December, 9, before general Pétain and colonel Estienne. Both associated their ideas and led to the development of the first true CA-1 prototype in early 1915.\nThe Schneider CA was designed under col. Estienne’s specifications to carry a 75 mm (2.95 in) field gun to deal with bunkers, casemates and other heavy entrenched positions, and softening infantry with machine-gun fire from the ballmounts.\nIt has to be fitted with a petrol 80 hp (60 kW) engine for a designed speed of 9 km/h (5.59 mph), but finally the Schneider 60 bhp (44.8 kW) engine was retained and placed, with the radiator, at the front. It was based on the well-known American and licence-built Baby Holt chassis, with a massive boxy hull mounted above. However, the first trials at Souain in December 1915, quickly showed that the original chassis was far too short and was unable to pass even relatively narrow trenches.\nTo find a better engine and longer tracks, the Holt 75 hp (56 kW) engine was chosen instead and the entire plan was redrawn and, at the same time, production was shifted and reorganized at the SOMUA factories near Paris.\nTo keep the hull compact but allow the crossing of larger trenches, a tail “sabot” was fitted and a track on the front to crush and cut trough barb wire. The sides were flat, lightly armored but later protected by a double sandwich plates arrangement.\nThe front was sloped, not in order to deal with enemy shells but to clear the view of the driver in the nose and secure large openings for the barbette gun. With its tail and angled prow, this tanks superficially looked like an “armored ship mounted on a caterpillar” as some officers wrote. Joffre himself, whom authorized 400 to be built, called them “land ironclads”, a reminder of the popular British denomination of 1915.\nDespite its longer tracks, the final CA was very cramped and access through the rear was difficult. Driving was assumed by three forward and one reverse speed gearbox, plus steering differentials on the rear axle, linked to the engine at the front by a central driveshaft.\nFirst engagement and career\nThe first batches of CA-1s were ready for action on April, 16, 1917, just in time for the Nivelle Offensive, at Berry-au-Bac (part of the Chemin des Dames general offensive). 132 tanks, almost all models then available, were engaged. But the result was a disaster.\nMany found the rough terrain was too much for their tracks and their forward rail acted to overhang the hull, prone to ditch itself in any solid obstacle. The engine was not powerful enough and many broke down at the very beginning. The others advanced in broad daylight and the Germans deployed a lethal artillery barrage, and used field guns at short range in direct fire, firing on flat trajectories against tanks which were designed to only sustain machine-gun and infantry fire.\nEventually the Germans quickly learned to target the exposed forward gasoline reserve and many burst into flames, earning the infamous nickname of “Mobile Crematoriums”.\nA total of 57 CA-1s were lost that day. 44 broke down at the start and the remainder managed to reach their objectives, breaking through German first and second lines. However poor coordination meant that the infantry failed to support them and retreated. Only 56 survived. The entire, futile offensive, was a disaster and Nivelle was sacked and replaced by the more cautious Pétain.\nLater on, in 1918, available Schneider CAs were reorganized into twenty Artillerie Spéciale units and given to then general Estienne. They participated in some minor offensives, with infantry support, but were progressively phased out to the sole profit of the light FT. As the production ended in August 1918, many were retired into training units or used as supply tanks.\nVariants and aftermath\nThe 400 originally ordered by general Joffre were delivered by Schneider and most later production models were modified following acquired combat experience. Notably, the high up, gravity-feeding gasoline tanks were moved rearwards and armor somewhat increased, overloading even more the engine. The last were unarmed and the free space was used as additional storage (“Char de Ravitaillement”).\nThey were used to safely supply advanced units in enemy territory. The frontal rail was usually shortened or even removed. Italy, which was interested, bought a single unit, but after trials preferred the more advanced FT 17. After the end of hostilities, some six were sold to the Spanish and served with colonial forces in Morocco, serving actively against local rebellions until 1926.\nThey were later engaged on the Republican side near Toledo in 1936. They were, by then, hopelessly outdated. No Saint Chamond actually fought outside France, despite some rumors that a handful were sent to the Polish forces fighting against the Soviets in 1919. The sole survivor was sent to the US Aberdeen Ordnance Proving Ground for evaluation and tests after the war. It was given back after a 67 year loan and arrived in France in 1985 along with the Schneider CA that had also been on loan. Both are on display now in the Saumur museum (Musee des Blindes). It is in a running condition tank.\n|Dimensions (L x W x H)||6.32m x 2.30m x 2.05m\n(20ft 9in x 7ft 6in x 6ft 9in)\n|Total weight, battle ready||13.6 tons|\n|Propulsion||Schneider 4 cyl petrol, 60 hp (45 Kw)|\n|Speed||8 km/h (5 mph)|\n|Range on/off road||80/30 km (50/19 mi)|\n|Main Armament||1x Schneider 75 mm (2.95 in) blockhaus gun|\n|Secondary Armament||2x Hotchkiss M1914 8 mm (0.31 in) machine guns|\n|Armor||11 mm + 5.5 mm spaced (0.43+0.21 in)|\nOne of the first Schneider CA-1 tanks engaged on the front, April 1917, at Berry-Au-Bac, part of the disastrous Nivelle offensives. The olive livery was not a standard one, but it was the standard factory paint. When the first units arrived they were put in combat in such haste that most of them appeared in this livery.\nA late 1917 CA-1 in February 1918, in a training unit near the front, freshly camouflaged with an unusual pattern of sand, dark brow, khaki green and pale blue over a dark blue-grey basis. Later these took part in the July 1918 offensives launched by Ferdinand Foch, were 350 French tanks were committed.\nThe last Schneider CA-1s committed in action were the ones participating in the August French counter-offensive under General Gouraud’s command, after the failure of the Ludendorff summer offensive. The livery is the one used in early 1918, with bright colors separated by blacks lines, creating a paving effect to disrupt shapes. But these colors made the tanks even more visible on a uniform grey-brownish battlefield. The French usage of playing card symbols to identify units by their letter stuck until WWII.\nA Schneider CA “Char Ravitailleur”. In mid-1918 all early production models which had survived were sent to training duties and, later, most of the late production CA-1 were converted to supply tanks. Their superstructure was altered, they gained extra armor, lost their heavy blockhaus gun which was replaced by a new hatch and also had their machine guns removed.\nOriginal design sketch\nWW1 French Schneider CA 1 Char Tank can be found at the French Tank Museum in Saumur\nAn agricultural caterpillar track system based on the American Holt company’s design was used on the French Schneider CA 1 Char Tank\nReplica Char Schneider CA1 tank inside the 1st Infantry Division museum in Cantigny Park, IL, USA\nThe Moroccan and Spanish Civil War\nAfter defeats against Berber rebels in the Rif War, also called the Second Moroccan War, six Schneider CA1 tanks were sold to Spain on 16th September 1921 as part of a joint French-Spanish effort to subdue the newly independent Rif Republic in Morocco.\nThe Spanish Army renamed the tank the Carro de Asalto Schneider M16 and modified by the addition of a driver’s visor annex gun port in the front glacis plate. They provided close support fire from the 75mm Blockhaus Schneider gun and 8 mm Hotchkiss M1914 machine guns on 14th March 1922. This was the first time a tank had been used by the Spanish Army.\nSpanish Carro de Asalto Schneider M16 (Schneider CA-1) tank in Madrid\nSpain had also purchased some Renault FT light tanks. The Spanish Carro de Asalto Schneider M16 (Schneider CA-1) tank was viewed more as a self-propelled artillery gun rather than a tank and was therefore issued to an artillery assault battery. They returned to Spain in 1929. None of them had been lost in action. These tanks were now nearly 13 years old and had started to show signs of old age and suffered regular mechanical breakdowns. They were down graded from frontline battle ready status and used for training tank crews.\nFour were part of the depot of the Regimiento Ligero de Carros de Combate N° 1 at Madrid, a Renault FT unit, the other two were part of the depot strength of RLCC N° 2 at Zaragoza, the other Renault FT unit. When the Spanish Civil War started, the Regimiento Ligero de Carros de Combate N° 1 at Madrid, remained under Republican command. The RLCC N° 2 at Zaragoza took the side of the Nationalist rebels.\nFrench built WW1 Schneider CA1 tank on the streets in Spain during the Spanish Civil War\nThe Spanish Carro de Asalto Schneider M16 (Schneider CA-1) tanks in Madrid were used in action during the attacks on the Cuartel de la Montaña, the main military barracks of the Madrid. The Zaragoza Carro de Asalto Schneider M16 (Schneider CA-1) tanks participated in the initial fighting. The fate of the tanks is not known.\nThe Reparto speciale di marcia carri d’assalto, was Italy’s first tank regiment. It was formed in the summer of 1918. It had one French built Scneider CA-1 and three Renault FT tanks. In November 1918 the Schneider was replaced by the first Italian built tank the Fiat 2000.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-51", "url": "http://www.tanks-encyclopedia.com/ww1/fr/ww1-tank_schneider_CA.php", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823565.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20181211040413-20181211061913-00308.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9711765051, "token_count": 3419, "score": 3.078125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Cisterne meánmhéide 400 a tógadh\nNa chéad tancanna Francacha\nI 1915, rinne Rannóg Teicniúil Innealtóirí Roinn Technique du Génie (STG) Arm na Fraince iarracht soghluaisteacht tras-thír na gcarranna armtha a fheabhsú trí deich dtrátálaí armtha a thógáil ar thráchtóirí talmhaíochta Filtz. Bhí sé i gceist leis seo mearbhall nó gearradh trí fhéinicí dráta barbed a dhéanamh, ach léirigh a gcéad chomhrac ag Verdun i rith an earraigh 1915 a soghluaisteacht bocht i dtalamh garbh.\nTracteur agricole Filtz blindéet armé Roinn theicniúil du Génie, Iúil 1915. Níl ann ach tarraitheoir feirme cineál Fergusion-Fordson réamh-WW1 airm. Breathnaíonn sé cosúil le cosúil le WW1 Car armored le rothaí tarraingthe.\nNí hé seo an freagra. Bhí gá ag Arm na Fraince le feithicil lán-trac a d'fhéadfadh bealach a ghearradh trí línte sreang barbed, trasna tránna agus déileáil le postanna gunna meaisín chun a chur ar chumas na coisithe leanúint agus an briseadh amach a shaothrú.\nTaobh thiar den smaoineamh ar ardán soghluaiste airm do gunnaí agus gunnaí meaisín tá beirt fhear ar thaobh na gComhghuaillithe. Ba iad sin an Col Ernest Swinton (an Ríocht Aontaithe) agus an Col Estienne (an Fhrainc). Bhí an dá abhcóide láidir den choincheap, ag cur san áireamh costas stalemate agus gan úsáid gach ionsaithe.\nSa Bhreatain thacaigh an Coiste Landship, faoi chathaoirleacht Sir Winston Churchill, leis an tionscadal iomlán. D'fhorbair sé seo go dtí an Little Willie, agus ina dhiaidh sin d'fhóin sé mar bhonn do fhorbairt an Mother, an tsraith Mark I agus níos déanaí an Whippet.\nAr an taobh eile, thacaigh an tUachtarán Raymond Poincaré agus Marshall Joffre le smaoineamh an Cholúnta Estienne. Cheadaigh coimisiún faoi stiúir an Ghinéarail Janin na chéad ordaithe don Schneider CA-1 ina dhiaidh sin. Forbraíodh é ar bhonn an tarractóra Holt, ba é an chéad charbad oibríochtúil Fraincis é agus an dara ceann ar domhan tar éis an Mark I.\nCaterpillar cineál Holt a fhadú le haghaidh trialacha trasna tránna Bealtaine 1916\nTionscadal Schneider\nBa tháirgeoir armlainne mór-aithne é Schneider sa Fhrainc. Bhí gunnaí agus armlón á dtáirgeadh aige don arm agus don fharraige, ach bhí roinnt saineolas airm aige óna ngníomhaíochtaí longdhéanta. Fuair formhór na longa cathra na Fraince plátaí iarann sandwich Schneider ó na 1880idí. Bhí sé mar scáthán ar Vickers-Armstrong sa Bhreatain, ach ní raibh sé de mhéid inchomparáide.\nAn chéad tanc na Fraince, an Char Schneider CA-1\nColún Estienne, Athair an tanca\nÓ thús na naimhdeachtaí bhí an col Jean-Baptiste Eugène Estienne i bhfianaise an smaoineamh ar iompar armtha a d'fhéadfadh peileadóir a thabhairt go sábháilte suas go dtí tránna na namhaid. Rugadh é i 1860, bhain sé céim amach as an scoil Polytechnique cáiliúil agus thosaigh sé ar a shlí bheatha mar oifigeach airtealaíochta, ag scríobh leabhar treorach chun earráidí airtealaíochta a cheartú, a cuireadh i láthair ag an Acadamh de Scileanna i bPáras. D'oibrigh sé ar fheistí teileiméadair agus gonioméadar a threorú.\nMar innealtóir ceannródaíoch iontach, thug an Ginearálta Brun é a fhorbairt mar Aviation Militaire (Air Force) nuabheirthe i 1909 ag Reims. D'oibrigh sé ar roinnt feidhmchláir tactach agus fiú ar an gcéad choincheap ar \"artillery eitilte\". Le linn an Chéad Chogadh Domhanda, bhí sé ceangailte leis an gcathaoirleach Pétain ag an 22ú Rúnda Airtealaíochta atá lonnaithe i Belfort.\nCé go raibh sé ina stiúrthóir ar barrage artillery a bhí á stiúradh go rathúil, chonaic sé an t-airgead a ghearradh i gcodanna ag tine gunna meaisín. Ar an 25 Lúnasa dhearbhaigh sé os comhair a fhoireann agus a chuid oifigeach \"A dhuine uasail, beidh bua ag an duine de na bealaithe a d'fhéadfadh gunna 75 mm a chur ar charr atá in ann bogadh ar gach tírdhreach\".\nD'fhoghlaim sé i rith samhradh 1915 go raibh Eugène Brillié ag obair cheana féin ar fhréamhshamhail airm a d'fhéadfadh sreang barb a thrasnú, bunaithe ar thráchtóir Holt. Tar éis dó cead a fháil ó Ghinearál Joffre do 400 ordú, chruinnigh sé foireann bheag go luath i mí Feabhra chun próta-amhrán an CA-1 a tháirgeadh ar bhonn chassis Schneider, a bhí réidh laistigh de dhá sheachtain.\nTar éis tástálacha réasúnta rathúla, thosaigh Schneider ag tógáil an bhonneagair chun an CA-1 a tháirgeadh go mór. Thóg an próiseas seo tamall maith. Bhí na chéad aonaid réidh i mí Mheán Fómhair. Ag an am céanna, ainmníodh Estienne i gceannas ar an corp Special Artillery a bunaíodh le déanaí.\nCuireadh an t-ordú tosaigh de beagnach 1000 carraigí ar ceal agus tugadh 150 carraigí meánmhéide CA-1 ar ais ina dhiaidh sin i mí Feabhra. Bhí an chéad aonad réidh le haghaidh comhraic i mí Aibreáin 1917. Níos déanaí, mar gheall ar a thacaíocht gan staonadh do fhorbairt tanc, bhuaigh Estienne an Légion d'Honneur chomh maith leis an div. rang ginearálta i mí na Nollag 1918.\nEugène Brillié agus forbairt an CA-1\nMá bhí Estienne ina thacaí gan staonadh agus ina chur chun cinn tancanna sa Fhrainc, cheap Eugène Brillié an chéad mhúnla oibríochtúil, trí fhochuideachta de chuid cuideachta Schneider, SOMUA. Bhí sé ina innealtóir iarnróid roimhe seo, bhunaigh sé, le Gustave Gobron, an chuideachta gluaisteán Gobron-Brililé i 1903.\nAnsin scar sé agus rith sé a chuideachta féin, Brillié Automobile, go dtí gur cheannaigh Schneider é. D'fhorbair a roinn trucailí agus gluaisteáin fóntais, tarractóirí agus uirlisí míleata. Bhí sé spreagtha ar dtús chun tanc a thógáil tar éis dó tarraictóir modhnaithe Holt a fheiceáil ag dul trí sreang barb ar thír chrua ag an gCór Innealtóirí Ríoga i rith an tsamhraidh 1915. Le tacaíocht agus smaointe an leas-Jules-Louis Breton, thosaigh sé ag obair ar mheaisín ag baint úsáide as an chassis, an traein agus na rianta tarraingthe seo.\nBhí an chassis fréamhshamhla bunaidh réidh agus rinne sé a thrialacha ar 9 Nollaig, i láthair an ghinearála Pétain agus an choilíneachta Estienne. Chuir an bheirt a gcuid smaointe le chéile agus d'fhág go bhforbraíodh an chéad fhréamhshamhail fíor CA-1 go luath i 1915.\nDearadh an Schneider CA faoi shonraíochtaí Col. Estienne chun gunna réimse 75 mm a iompar chun déileáil le buncairí, casemates agus le suíomhanna trom eile, agus chun cois na coisithe a mhaolú le tine meaisín-gunna ó na ballmounts.\nNí mór é a fheistiú le inneall peitril 80 hp (60 kW) le haghaidh luas deartha 9 km / h (5.59 mph), ach sa deireadh coinníodh inneall Schneider 60 bhp (44.8 kW) agus cuireadh é, leis an radaitheoir, ar an tosaigh. Bhí sé bunaithe ar an chassis cáiliúil Meiriceánach agus ceadaithe Baby Holt, le hull boxy ollmhór suite thuas. Mar sin féin, léirigh na chéad thrialacha i Souain i mí na Nollag 1915, go tapa go raibh an chassis bunaidh i bhfad ró-ghearr agus nach raibh sé in ann dul tríd fiú tránna réasúnta caol.\nChun innill níos fearr agus rianta níos faide a fháil, roghnaíodh innill Holt 75 hp (56 kW) ina ionad sin agus athdhéanta an plean iomlán agus, ag an am céanna, athlonnaíodh agus athródh táirgeadh i monarcha SOMUA in aice le Páras.\nChun an ciseal a choinneáil dlúth ach ligean do thrasnú tránna níos mó, cuireadh \"sabot\" ar an eireaball agus rian ar an mbarr chun sreang barb a phlé agus a ghearradh. Bhí na taobhanna cothrom, armáilte go héasca ach ina dhiaidh sin bhí socrú plátaí sandwich dúbailte á gcur ar an gcosaint.\nBhí an tosaigh ag casadh, ní chun déileáil le muiceál naimhde ach chun radharc an tiománaí a ghlanadh sa bhéal agus oscailtí móra a dhaingniú don gunna barbette. Leis an eireaball agus an t-aingeal uillinn, d'fhéach an tanc seo go barrúil mar \" long armáilte atá suite ar caterpillar \" mar a scríobh roinnt oifigeach. D'iarr Joffre féin, a d'údaraigh 400 a thógáil, orthu ironclads , cuimhneachán ar an ainmníocht tóir na Breataine i 1915.\nIn ainneoin a rianta níos faide, bhí an CA deiridh an-chrom agus bhí sé deacair rochtain a fháil tríd an gcúl. Ghlac trí gearbox treoluas ar aghaidh agus gearbox amháin ar ais, chomh maith le difríochtaí stiúrtha ar an aischill chúl, ceangailte leis an inneall ar an tosaigh ag eallach tiomána lárnach.\nAn chéad fhéiniúint agus gairme\nBhí na chéad bhaisc de CA-1s réidh le haghaidh gníomhaíochta ar 16 Aibreán, 1917, díreach in am don Ionsaí Nivelle, ag Berry-au-Bac (cuid den ionsaí ginearálta Chemin des Dames). Bhí 132 tanc, beagnach gach samhail a bhí ar fáil ansin, ag dul i ngleic. Ach ba é an toradh tubaiste.\nFuair go leor go raibh an tírdhreach garbh ró-mhór dá rianta agus d'oibrigh a rianta tosaigh chun an casc a shárú, agus bhí seans ann go dtarlódh sé féin in aon chonstaic soladach. Ní raibh an t-inneall cumhachtach go leor agus d'éirigh go leor acu ag an tús. Tháinig na daoine eile chun cinn i rith an lae agus chuir na Gearmánaigh barrage ardaí marbhtach i bhfeidhm, agus d'úsáid siad gunnaí réimse ar raon gearr i n-áireamh díreach, ag lámhach ar thraitéirí cothrom i gcoinne tancanna a ceapadh chun tine meaisín-gunna agus coisithe a chothú.\nSa deireadh, d'fhoghlaim na Gearmánaigh go tapa an cúlchiste gásailín a bhí nochtaithe chun tosaigh a spriocadh agus d'éirigh go leor acu i ngá, ag fáil an leasainm míchlúis de Crematoriums Móibíle .\nCailleadh 57 CA-1 san iomlán an lá sin. Thit 44 ag an tús agus d'éirigh leis an gcuid eile a n-aidhmeanna a bhaint amach, ag briseadh trí chéad líne agus an dara líne na Gearmáine. Mar sin féin, ba chúis le droch-chomhordaithe go ndearna an coisithe éag a thacú leo agus gur thit siad ar ais. Níor chaith ach 56 duine beo. Bhí an t-ionsaí iomlán, gan bhuntáiste, ina thubaiste agus scaoileadh Nivelle agus cuireadh an Pétain níos cúramaí ina ionad.\nNíos déanaí, i 1918, athródh na CA Schneider a bhí ar fáil i gcúig aonad Artillerie Spéciale agus tugadh iad don ghinearál Estienne ansin. Ghlac siad páirt i roinnt ionsaithe beaga, le tacaíocht na coisithe, ach bhí siad céim ar chéim amach go dtí an brabús amháin an FT éadrom.\nAthruithe agus iarmhairtí\nThug Schneider na 400 a d'ordaigh an Ginearálta Joffre ar dtús agus mhodhanna táirgeachta níos déanaí a mhodhnaíodh tar éis taithí chomhrac a fuarthas. Go háirithe, cuireadh na tancanna gásailín ard-ard, a bheathadh le gravity, ar ais agus méadaíodh an armúr go pointe éigin, ag ró-ualach an innill níos mó fós. Bhí na cinn deireanach neamharmaithe agus baineadh úsáid as an spás saor in aisce mar stóráil bhreise (Char de Ravitaillement).\nBaineadh úsáid as chun soláthar sábháilte a dhéanamh d'aonáin chun cinn i gcríoch na namhaid. De ghnáth, ghearrtar an rian tosaigh nó baintear as é. Cheannaigh an Iodáil, a raibh suim aici ann, aonad amháin, ach tar éis trialacha, b'fhearr leis an FT 17 a bhí níos airde. Tar éis deireadh na naimhdeachta, díoladh thart ar sé go dtí na Spáinnigh agus d'fhóin siad le fórsaí coilíneacha sa Mhorcó, ag freastal go gníomhach i gcoinne rebellions áitiúla go dtí 1926.\nBhí siad ag gabháil ina dhiaidh sin ar thaobh na Poblachtaigh in aice le Toledo i 1936. Bhí siad, ag an am sin, as dáta go hiomlán. Níor throid aon Saint Chamond i ndáiríre lasmuigh de an Fhrainc, in ainneoin roinnt ráflaí gur seoladh dornán acu chuig na fórsaí Polainne a bhí ag troid i gcoinne na Sóivéide i 1919. Seoladh an t-aon duine a mhair chuig talamh tástála ordúnaíochta na Stát Aontaithe Aberdeen chun meastóireacht agus tástálacha a dhéanamh i ndiaidh an chogaidh. Tugadh ar ais é tar éis iasacht 67 bliana agus tháinig sé go dtí an Fhrainc i 1985 in éineacht leis an Schneider CA a bhí ar iasacht freisin. Tá an dá cheann ar taispeáint anois i músaem Saumur (Musee des Blindes). Tá sé i tanc atá i riocht oibriúcháin.\nLeideanna (L x W x H) 6.32m x 2.30m x 2.05m\n(20ft 9in x 7ft 6in x 6ft 9in)\nMeáchan iomlán, Battle Ready Scaoil 13.6 tonna Scaoil\nPropulsion Sneider 4 cillíní gásailín, 60 hp (45 Kw) \n♬ Luas ♬ ♬ ♬ 8 km/h (5 mph) ♬\nTá raon 80/30 km (50/19 mi) ar/ar-bhóthar\nPríomh-Armament Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad\n│Armament Secondary ││││││││││││││││││││││││││││││││││││││││││││││││││││││││││││││││││││││││││││││││││││││││\n Armor 11 mm + 5.5 mm spaced (0.43+0.21 in) \nCeann de na chéad tancanna Schneider CA-1 a bhí ag obair ar an bhfronta, i mí Aibreáin 1917, ag Berry-Au-Bac, mar chuid de na hionsaithe tubaisteacha Nivelle. Ní raibh an livery olóige ceann caighdeánach, ach bhí sé an péint chaighdeánach mhonarcha. Nuair a tháinig na chéad aonaid cuireadh i ngleic iad i gcath chomh tapaidh gur tháinig an chuid is mó acu sa livery seo.\nCA-1 de dheireadh 1917 i mí Feabhra 1918, in aonad oiliúna in aice leis an tosaigh, camouflaged úr le patrún neamhghnách de ghaineamh, brow dorcha, glas khaki agus gorm éadrom thar bhunús gorm-ghrá. Níos déanaí ghlac siad páirt sna ionsaithe i mí Iúil 1918 a sheol Ferdinand Foch, agus bhí 350 tanc Fraincise tiomanta.\nBa iad na Schneider CA-1s deireanach a bhí i ngníomh iad siúd a ghlac páirt i gcontra-ionsaí na Fraince i mí Lúnasa faoi cheannas an Ghinéarail Gouraud, tar éis teip ar ionsaí samhraidh Ludendorff. Is é an livery an ceann a úsáideadh go luath i 1918, le dathanna geal a scarann línte dubha, ag cruthú éifeacht paved chun cruthanna a bhriseadh. Ach rinne na dathanna na tancanna níos infheicthe ar réimse cogaidh uathúil liath-bhruineach. D'fhan úsáid na Fraince de shiombailí cártaí cearrbhachais chun aonaid a aithint de réir a litreacha go dtí an Dara Cogadh Domhanda.\nA Schneider CA Char Ravitailleur. I lár 1918, cuireadh na samhlacha táirgeachta luatha go léir a bhí fágtha ar fáil ar thuras oiliúna agus, ina dhiaidh sin, rinneadh an chuid is mó de na CA-1anna a táirgeadh go déanach a thiontú ina tancanna soláthair. Athraíodh a mbonnstruchtúr, fuair siad armúr breise, chaill siad a gunna trom blockhaus a cuireadh hais le hailt nua agus a raibh a gcuid gunnaí meaisín a bhaint freisin.\nScéim dhearadh bunaidh\nWW1 Fraincis Schneider CA 1 Is féidir Tank Char a fháil ag Músaem Tanc na Fraince i Saumur\nBaineadh úsáid as córas rianta caterpillar talmhaíochta bunaithe ar dhearadh na cuideachta Mheiriceá Holt ar an Tanc Char Fraincis Schneider CA 1\nAthdhéanamh Char Schneider CA1 tanc taobh istigh den 1ú Músaem Rannóg Infantry i Cantigny Park, IL, SAM\nAn Cogadh Cathartha sa Mharacó agus sa Spáinn\nTar éis na defeats i gcoinne rebel Berber sa Cogadh Rif, ar a dtugtar an Dara Cogadh Maracó, seisear Schneider CA1 tancanna a dhíol go dtí an Spáinn ar 16 Meán Fómhair 1921 mar chuid de chomh-Fraincis-Spáinnis iarracht a subjugate an nua-eisimeileach Rif Phoblacht sa Mharacó.\nD'ath-ainmigh Arm na Spáinne an tanc mar Carro de Asalto Schneider M16 agus mhodhnaíodh é trí phort gunna i gceantar an tiománaí a chur leis sa phláta glacis tosaigh. Thug siad tairseach d'fhógrán tacaíochta ó gunna 75mm Blockhaus Schneider agus gunnaí meaisín 8mm Hotchkiss M1914 ar 14 Márta 1922. Ba é seo an chéad uair a d'úsáid Arm na Spáinne tanc.\nCarro de Asalto Spáinnis Schneider M16 (Schneider CA-1) tanc i Maidrid\nCheannaigh an Spáinn roinnt tanc éadrom Renault FT freisin. Breathnaíodh ar an tanc Spáinnis Carro de Asalto Schneider M16 (Schneider CA-1) níos mó mar gunna airtealaíochta féin-thiomána ná mar tanc agus dá bhrí sin eisíodh é do chathraí ionsaithe airtealaíochta. D'fhill siad go dtí an Spáinn i 1929. Ní raibh aon cheann acu caillte i ngníomh. Bhí na tancanna seo beagnach 13 bliana d'aois anois agus bhí comharthaí seanchais le feiceáil orthu agus bhí timpistí meicniúla rialta orthu. Bhí siad á n-aistrithe síos ó stádas réidh le haghaidh cath ar an líne tosaigh agus a úsáidtear chun foirne tanc a oiliúint.\nBhí ceathrar acu mar chuid de sheirbhísí an Regimiento Ligero de Carros de Combate N° 1 i Maidrid, aonad Renault FT, agus bhí an bheirt eile mar chuid de sheirbhísí RLCC N° 2 i Saragoza, an aonad eile Renault FT. Nuair a thosaigh Cogadh Cathartha na Spáinne, d'fhan an Regimiento Ligero de Carros de Combate N° 1 i Maidrid faoi cheannas Poblachtánach. Ghlac an RLCC N° 2 i Zaragoza taobh na reibiliúnaigh Náisiúnta.\nTá tanc Schneider CA1 de chuid na Fraince a tógadh sa Chéad Chogadh Domhanda ar shráideanna na Spáinne le linn Chogadh Cathartha na Spáinne\nBaineadh úsáid as na carranna Carro de Asalto Schneider M16 (Schneider CA-1) sa Spáinn i ngníomh le linn na n-ionsaithe ar Cuartel de la Montaña, príomh-bharaic míleata na Madrid. Ghlac na tancanna Zaragoza Carro de Asalto Schneider M16 (Schneider CA-1) páirt sna troideanna tosaigh. Níl a fhios ag an gcinn atá ag na tancanna.\nBa é an Reparto speciale di marcia carri d'Assalto, an chéad reisimint tanca na hIodáile. Bunaíodh é i samhradh 1918. Bhí tanc Scneider CA-1 amháin a tógadh sa Fhrainc agus trí tanc Renault FT ann. I mí na Samhna 1918 cuireadh an chéad tanc a tógadh san Iodáil, an Fiat 2000, in ionad an Schneider."} +{"text": "The Impact Challenge is a series of steps, built into Knowledgehook, that asks teachers to complete an Inquiry and Knowledge-Building Cycle based on an area of struggle that students are presenting in their classroom.\nBy completing the Impact Challenge, teachers engage in a series of activities that are known to improve student achievement including:\n- Responsive teaching/formative assessment\n- Building stronger pedagogical content knowledge\n- Evaluating the effectiveness of new instructional methods\nAs a Math Leader, the Impact Challenge provides you with an important lead measure towards student improvement: each time a teacher completes the Impact Challenge they have taken steps to contribute to the overall improvement of student outcomes at your school.\nYou can use the Impact Challenge as a way to facilitate your school improvement goals in mathematics.\nHow to support the Impact Challenge\n- Make sure teachers are aware of Knowledgehook and how it can help them in the classroom to support their formative assessment practices\n- Ensure teachers have had time to set up premium accounts. You can see all of the teachers with premium access via the school dashboard.\n- Promote the spirit of the Impact Challenge - closing gaps and building pedagogical content knowledge are critical to improving the outcomes of students overtime.\n- Celebrate success. Managing a classroom is already a lot of work. When teachers take time to build on their pedagogy in addition to handling their day-to-day responsibilities - that is something that should be celebrated.\nSteps teachers take to complete the Impact Challenge:\nCompleting the challenge is simple:\n- Teachers run formative assessments in Knowledgehook to uncover gap-areas.\n- Teachers choose one of the gap areas identified in Knowledgehook and access the Teacher Support documents to select a focus area\n- After selecting the focus area, teachers should use the Teacher Support Resources (or any resource of their own choosing) to reflect on their own practices and consider new methods that could help them meet the needs of their students in that area.\n- Finally, to complete the challenge: Teachers have to measure the impact of their interventions by running clicking \"Complete the Challenge\" which will assign a post-assessment to the students on that topic.\nGrowing as a teacher while managing all the needs of the classroom is never easy. The Impact Challenge was designed to help teachers do both in a manageable, productive, and impactful way.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-43", "url": "https://support.knowledgehook.com/hc/en-us/articles/360054849571-The-Impact-Challenge-for-Math-Leaders", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585768.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20211023193319-20211023223319-00576.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9553493261, "token_count": 480, "score": 3.484375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is sraith céimeanna é an Dúshlán Tionchair, tógtha isteach i Knowledgehook, a iarrann ar mhúinteoirí Timthriall Fiosrúcháin agus Tógála Eolais a chomhlánú bunaithe ar réimse streachailt atá á cur i láthair ag mic léinn ina seomra ranga.\nTrí dhúshlán na hIonchair a chomhlánú, bíonn múinteoirí páirteach i sraith gníomhaíochtaí a bhfuil a fhios acu go bhfeabhsaíonn siad cur amach an mhic léinn lena n-áirítear:\n- Teagasc fhreagrach/measúnú foirmitheach\n- Tuiscint níos láidre ar ábhar oideachais a fhorbairt\n- Measúnú a dhéanamh ar éifeachtacht modhanna nua teagaisc\nMar Cheannaire Matamaitice, soláthraíonn an Dúshlán Tionchair tomhas ceannaireachta tábhachtach duit i dtreo feabhsú mac léinn: gach uair a chomhlánaíonn múinteoir an Dúshlán Tionchair tá bearta déanta acu chun cur le feabhas foriomlán torthaí na mac léinn i do scoil.\nIs féidir leat an Dúshlán Tionchair a úsáid mar bhealach chun do spriocanna feabhsaithe scoile i matamaitice a éascú.\nConas tacú leis an Dúshlán Tionchair\n- Déan cinnte go bhfuil múinteoirí ar an eolas faoi Knowledgehook agus conas is féidir leis cabhrú leo sa seomra ranga chun tacú lena gcleachtais mheasúnaithe foirmitheacha\n- A chinntiú go bhfuil am ag múinteoirí chun cuntais phréimhe a chur ar bun. Is féidir leat na múinteoirí go léir a bhfuil rochtain phréimhe acu a fheiceáil trí phainéal na scoile.\n- Spiorad na Dúshláin Tionchair a chur chun cinn - tá sé ríthábhachtach bearnaí a dhúnadh agus eolas ar ábhar oideachais a fhorbairt chun torthaí na mac léinn a fheabhsú thar am.\n- Ceiliúr an rath. Tá sé go leor oibre cheana féin seomra ranga a bhainistiú. Nuair a thógann múinteoirí am chun a gcuid oideachais a fhorbairt chomh maith lena gcuid freagrachtaí ó lá go lá - is rud é sin ba chóir a cheiliúradh.\nCéimeanna a ghlacann múinteoirí chun an Dúshlán Tionchair a chur i gcrích:\nTá sé simplí an dúshlán a chomhlánú:\n- Déanann múinteoirí measúnuithe foirmitheacha i Knowledgehook chun achrann a dhéanamh ar réimsí atá ag dul in olcas.\n- Roghnaíonn múinteoirí ceann de na réimsí bearna a aithnítear i Knowledgehook agus téann siad ar na doiciméid Tacaíochta do Mhúinteoirí chun réimse fócais a roghnú\n- Tar éis an réimse fócasa a roghnú, ba cheart do mhúinteoirí na hacmhainní tacaíochta do mhúinteoirí (nó aon acmhainn a roghnaíonn siad féin) a úsáid chun machnamh a dhéanamh ar a gcleachtais féin agus modhanna nua a mheas a d'fhéadfadh cabhrú leo freastal ar riachtanais a gcuid mac léinn sa réimse sin.\n- Ar deireadh, chun an dúshlán a chríochnú: Ní mór do mhúinteoirí tionchar a gcuid idirghabhálacha a thomhas trí chliceáil ar \"Complete the Challenge\" a chuirfidh iarmheasúnú ar na daltaí ar an ábhar sin.\nNí bhíonn sé éasca fás mar mhúinteoir agus gach riachtanas den seomra ranga á bhainistiú agat. Dearadh an Dúshlán Tionchair chun cabhrú le múinteoirí an dá rud a dhéanamh ar bhealach inrianaithe, táirgiúil agus tionchair."} +{"text": "The dense part of the temporal bone at the base of the skull, surrounding the inner ear.\n- The otic capsule became somewhat separated from the rest of the braincase as a pair of petrosals.\n- Minimum basioccipital width is narrow relative to cavity width, suggesting the petrosals would have been moderately enlarged (in width two to three times the shortest distance between them).\n- In pakicetids, the ectotympanic has already overgrown, giving rise to a large bulla surrounding the petrosal.\nRelating to the petrosal part of the temporal bone, or the nerves that pass through it.\n- Drilling begins directly over the bisection of the angle between the greater superficial petrosal nerve and arcuate eminence and the dura of IAC is exposed beneath the petrous ridge.\n- Impulses are conveyed via the glossopharyngeal nerve then via its tympanic branch to the tympanic plexus thence to the otic ganglion via the lesser superficial petrosal nerve.\n- The temporal lobe, now slack from the mannitol, is retracted from the bone of the middle fossa floor, with care taken not to cause traction on the greater superficial petrosal nerve.\nFor editors and proofreaders\nDefinition of petrosal in:\nWhat do you find interesting about this word or phrase?\nComments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-22", "url": "http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/petrosal", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049277286.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002117-00038-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8877414465, "token_count": 311, "score": 3.46875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "An chuid dlúth den chnámh timpallach ag bun an chréaga, timpeall an chluas inmheánach.\n- An capsule otic tháinig beagán ar leithligh ó chuid eile den braincase mar péire de petrosals.\n- Tá an leithead íosta basioccipital caol i gcomparáid le leithead an charr, rud a thugann le tuiscint go mbeadh na petrosals méadaithe go measartha (sa leithead dhá nó trí huaire an fad is giorra idir iad).\n- I pakicetids, tá an ectotympanic rófhásta cheana féin, ag tabhairt bunú do bulla mór a chuairteann an petrosal.\nA bhaineann le cuid peitrosal an chnámh temporal, nó na néaróga a théann tríd.\n- Tosaíonn an tochailt díreach os cionn an dhá ghearrscéal idir an néaróg mór-réasúnach petrosal agus an t-easnamh arcuate agus tá dura an IAC nochtaithe faoi bhun an crann petrous.\n- Déantar impleachtaí a tharchur tríd an néaróg glossopharyngeal ansin tríd a brainse tympanic go plexus tympanic ansin go dtí an ganglion otic tríd an néaróg petrosal níos lú dromchla.\n- Déantar an lob temporal, atá scaoilte anois ón mannitol, a tharraingt siar ó chnámh an urláir fossa lár, agus aire á tabhairt dó gan tarraingt a chur ar an néaróg mór petrosal dromchla.\nLe haghaidh eagarthóirí agus léitheoirí\nSainmhíniú ar petrosal i:\nCad a bhfuil suimiúil agat faoin bhfocal nó faoin abairt seo?\nFéadfar tuairimí nach bhfuil ag cloí le treoirlínte an Chomhphobail a mhaolú nó a bhaint."} +{"text": "- Before 1500 BCE\n- 1500 BCE to 500 BCE\n- 500 BCE to 500 CE\n- Sixth to Tenth Century\n- Eleventh to Fourteenth Century\n- Fifteenth Century\n- Sixteenth Century\n- Seventeenth Century\n- Eighteenth Century\n- Nineteenth Century\n- Twentieth Century\n- Twenty-first Century\n- Geographic Area\n- Central America\n- Central and North Asia\n- East Asia\n- North America\n- Northern Europe\n- South America\n- South Asia/South East Asia\n- Southern Europe and Mediterranean\n- West Asia\n- Subject, Genre, Media, Artistic Practice\n- African American/African Diaspora\n- Ancient Egyptian/Near Eastern Art\n- Ancient Greek/Roman Art\n- Architectural History/Urbanism/Historic Preservation\n- Art Education/Pedagogy/Art Therapy\n- Art of the Ancient Americas\n- Artistic Practice/Creativity\n- Asian American/Asian Diaspora\n- Ceramics/Metals/Fiber Arts/Glass\n- Colonial and Modern Latin America\n- Conceptual Art\n- Decorative Arts\n- Design History\n- Digital Media/New Media/Web-Based Media\n- Digital Scholarship/History\n- Drawings/Prints/Work on Paper/Artistc Practice\n- Fiber Arts and Textiles\n- Folk Art/Vernacular Art\n- Graphic/Industrial/Object Design\n- Indigenous Peoples\n- Installation/Environmental Art\n- Islamic Art\n- Material Culture\n- Museum Practice/Museum Studies/Curatorial Studies/Arts Administration\n- Native American/First Nations\n- Patronage, Art Collecting\n- Performance Art/Performance Studies/Public Practice\n- Queer/Gay Art\n- Sound Art\n- Visual Studies\nDuring the Renaissance, illustrated maps became important epistemological tools for Europeans seeking information about the inhabitants of the Americas. Surekha Davies’s Renaissance Ethnography and the Invention of the Human: New Worlds, Maps and Monsters considers the relationship between a variety of written and illustrated sources (travel accounts, costume books, encyclopedias, and prints) and maps. The book demonstrates how the latter visually synthesized—in one place—“ethnographic knowledge” that ultimately functioned to justify European colonialism, expansion, and enslavement of indigenous peoples. Addressing the period from roughly 1492 to 1650, and having considered some two thousand maps and atlases, primarily made and consumed in Iberia, France, the German lands, the Low Countries, and England, Davies nuances how “geographical thinking underpinned by maps shaped ideas about indigenous bodies and temperaments” (2), ultimately affecting how early modern Europeans came to understand human variety.\nThe main argument of the book hinges on the importance and agency of the visual—the illustrated map—and its role within what Davies calls “artefactual epistemology” (11), or knowledge that derives authority from visual and written sources, including the artisanal workshop and how it is adapted and presented in a manner that brings to mind the reliability of the eye-witness account. Proposing period readings of maps produced by mapmakers in different European centers, Davies argues that early modern maps of the Americas facilitated a diagrammatic and exegetical mode of presentation that selectively amalgamated multiple sources into a visually convincing account of New World inhabitants. Davies’s book is ambitious, and it is therefore not surprising that her account of European encounters with “other peoples” is limited to the Americas, something that warrants an explanation early on in the text.\nThe first two chapters lay the groundwork. Chapter 1 highlights old knowledge that informed the understanding of human diversity, examining the multiple interpretative frameworks (and their contradictions) that were variously adapted during the Renaissance—namely the classical, the biblical, and late medieval traditions. Chapter 2 examines the multiple regions of map production (Portugal, Spain, the Low Countries, and the German lands) and the uses of these artifacts by scholars, burghers, and the nobility. Of great import to these introductory chapters is the fact that ethnographic knowledge of the Americas, as displayed on Renaissance maps, was a product of traditional interpretative frameworks (as reproduced by scholars and artisans) and imperial and commercial motivations. While the title of the book implies a global geographical focus, as stated above, Davies is exclusively focused on an examination of images on maps of the Americas. Early on in the book the author states that “[t]he peoples of Asia and Africa did not receive the same iconographic attention, innovation, or geographical specificity on Renaissance maps” (18). While Davies’s book already covers a lot of ground, this is an important and thought-provoking observation, one that would have benefited from a detailed explanation.\nAs Davies demonstrates, images illustrated on sixteenth-century maps were not simply there as decoration and ornament; they played an important role within the context of New World colonization, and the information they brought forth was multifaceted. Therefore, chapters 3 and 4 address how Brazil was advertised and emblematized by mapmakers in the German lands, Spain, Portugal, the Low Countries, and Normandy. While in most cases mapmakers relied on information from travelers’ accounts, in chapter 3, Davies demonstrates how the construction and maintenance of the Brazilian cannibal became emblematic of the entire region of the American basin, thus legitimizing war and enslavement on the part of Europeans. On the other hand, chapter 4 examines the Norman alternative—imagery that advertises the potentialities of trade. Davies demonstrates how in some cases maps that were given as gifts to royal patrons were intended to encourage the sponsorship of westward voyages. Emphasis on peaceful imagery and the benefits of trade were thus paramount. Overall, chapters 3 and 4 look closely at the sociohistorical context to ascertain the variety of factors that drove the emergence of certain types of imagery on maps on the part of European mapmakers. Readers would benefit from a more complete account as to the particular inclusion of these regions of mapmaking and the exclusion of others.\nMotifs of physical monstrosity are taken up in chapters 5 and 6. Davies explores how encounters with unknown peoples altered the concept of the human, the genealogy of humanity, and the relationship between the human and the monstrous, as described by the classical and medieval traditions. Examining sixteenth-century travelers’ accounts of Patagonia’s peoples (by Antonio Pigafetta, Maximilianus Transylvanus, André Thevet, Guillaume Le Testu, and Bartolomé de las Casas), Davies draws attention to the multiplicity of interpretations that were in circulation thanks to printed material both illustrated and written. Ultimately, chapter 5 highlights how imagery of giants on maps of Patagonia shaped ontological understanding of the monstrous nature of the region’s peoples—on the part of Europeans—and points to the ever-evolving concept of the human. Chapter 6, on the other hand, takes up the relationship between written travel accounts, particularly Sir Walter Raleigh’s 1596 account of headless men during his expedition to Guiana, and how Dutch and German mapmakers engaged with this information visually. Davies convincingly claims that through a form of visual exegesis—an iconographic rhetoric that made epistemological claims—maps generated an artifactual authority, one that synthesized the experience of the eyewitness in combination with an array of knowledge derived from ancient authorities.\nThe last two chapters address two different types of maps respectively: maps of New World cities (Tenochtitlan, or Mexico City and Cuzco) and Dutch wall maps. As Davies explains, the city maps suggesting intellect and sophistication rather than practices of idolatry more commonly associated with the New World would have been read as icons of civilization by European audiences. They could thus better claim for themselves the authority of the eyewitness account (chapter 7). Tracing the development of Dutch wall maps and the process by which they incorporated and adapted motifs inspired by illustrated travel books and costume books, Davies explores the cross-fertilization of various media. While insisting on the superiority of Europe, the wall maps showcased human diversity through a hierarchy of civility illustrated on the edges facilitating contemplation of human difference and its connection to geography, climate, and latitude.\nDavies does an excellent job of analyzing and incorporating visual material as primary evidence. The main shortcoming is the poor quality of images. Since in most cases, the author’s argument hinges on visual evidence, color and higher quality reproductions of at least the most important details would have been helpful. Owing to the material nature of the early modern printed map (e.g., its size), it is perhaps understandable that reproducing the entirety of each map—in color—would be expensive and in some cases impractical for a twenty-first-century hardcover or paperback book. While in most cases the author provides a thorough visual analysis of key maps, in order to better appreciate the necessary detail it is fortunate that many of the maps that are addressed by Davies are available for closer inspection on the internet.\nThoroughly researched, engagingly written, and well argued, Renaissance Ethnography is an essential source for scholars (including undergraduate and graduate students) of the early modern period focused on the study of the transatlantic and the history of the map in particular. Art historians and historians of science with an interest in how images contributed to the making of knowledge during the sixteenth to the seventeenth centuries will find it particularly relevant. One problematic aspect is that while Davies provides a definition in the preface of the book of what she means by “ethnography”—“descriptive writing or picturing of peoples and cultures” (xix)—a more nuanced discussion of ethnography as a discipline, including its history in relation to the visual—and maps in particular—is missing from her otherwise rigorous analysis. Such a consideration (possibly included in the introductory chapters or even in the epilogue) would have ultimately strengthened her argument about the multifaceted function and long-ranging impact of images picturing “Amerindians” on Renaissance maps of the Americas. For example, how did these early printed images of native peoples on Renaissance maps contribute to the development and construction of what today we call the “ethnographic gaze”?\nDespite the lack of critical reflection on the concept of what is meant by the term “ethnography,” Davies’s book does make a critical contribution to the history of the discipline and ultimately addresses, as stated by the author, how “a culture’s discussions about monsters reveal—and indeed help to create—the stress fractures in its assumptions about the nature of living beings” (297). Renaissance Ethnography is an essential book for the study of the function of the early modern map and for the study of the transatlantic and provides an informed analysis of how Europeans living in the fifteenth to the seventeenth centuries dealt with cultural and physical differences during encounters with peoples belonging to cultures not their own—an issue that continues to be of great relevance.\nFaculty, Art History and Religious Studies, Langara College\nPlease send comments about this review to firstname.lastname@example.org.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-04", "url": "http://www.caareviews.org/reviews/3450", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583822341.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20190121233709-20190122015709-00329.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9175402522, "token_count": 2334, "score": 2.96875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "- Roimh 1500 BCE\n- 1500 BCE go 500 BCE\n- 500 BCE go 500 CE\n- Séú go Déú haois\n- An 11ú go dtí an 14ú haois\n- An 15ú haois\n- Séú haois déag\n- An 17ú haois\n- An 18ú haois\n- An 19ú haois\n- An 20ú haois\n- An 21ú haois\n- Limistéar Geografach\n- Meiriceá Láir\n- Lár-Áise agus Thuaisceart na hÁise\n- Oirthear na hÁise\n- Meiriceá Thuaidh\n- An Eoraip Thuaidh\n- Meiriceá Theas\n- An Áise Theas/An Oirdheisceart na hÁise\n- An Eoraip Theas agus an Mheánmhuir\n- Iarthar na hÁise\n- Ábhar, Seánra, Meán, Cleachtas Ealaíne\n- Meiriceánach Afracach/Diaspora Afracach\n- Ealaín ársa na hÉigipte/An Mheánoirthear\n- Ealaín na Gréige/na Rómhánach\n- Stair ailtireachta/Urbanic/Comhú Stairiúil\n- Oideachas Ealaíne/Pheagaigíocht/Teiripe Ealaíne\n- Ealaín na Meiriceanna Ársa\n- Cleachtas Ealaíne/Cruthaitheacht\n- Meiriceánach Áise/Díaspóir na hÁise\n- Ceirmeacma/Meitiltí/Fibre/Glainne\n- Meiriceá Laidineach Colónach agus Nua-Aimseartha\n- Ealaín Choincheapúil\n- Ealaíon maisiúcháin\n- Stair an Thionscadail\n- Meán Digiteach/Meán Nua/Meán atá bunaithe ar an ngréasán\n- Scoláireacht Digiteach/Scéal\n- Droichid/Print/Oibre ar Pháipéar/Praitice Ealaíne\n- Ealaíon agus Téacsanna Fibéire\n- Ealaín Daonlathach/Ealaín na dTír\n- Dearadh Grafach/Tionsclaíoch/Obrach\n- Daoine dúchasacha\n- Installaíocht/Ealaín Comhshaoil\n- Ealaín Ioslamach\n- Cultúr Dhéanamh\n- Cleachtas Saoltóireachta/Stuidéir Saoltóireachta/Stuidéir Cúradóir/Bainistíocht Ealaíon\n- Meiriceánaigh Thúsnaithe/Céad Náisiúin\n- Patrónachas, Bailiúchán Ealaíne\n- Ealaín feidhmíochta/Stuidéir feidhmíochta/Praitice Phoiblí\n- Ealaín Queer/Gay\n- Ealaín Fuaime\n- Staidéar Amhairc\nLe linn an Athbheochana, tháinig léarscáileanna léargaithe ina n-uirlisí epistemological tábhachtacha d'Eorpach ag lorg faisnéise faoi áitritheoirí na Meiriceá. I dTríoiriúnacht na Réabhlóide agus Innealtú an Duine: Domhan Nua, Léarscáileanna agus Monstraí, léiríonn Surekha Davies an caidreamh idir foinsí éagsúla scríofa agus léargas (tuairiscí taistil, leabhair cóistiméireachta, enslaopédias, agus priontaí) agus léarscáileanna. Léiríonn an leabhar conas a rinne an dara ceann sin sintéis amhairc - i gceann amháin - ar eolas eitneagrafach - a d'fhóin sa deireadh chun coilíneacht na hEorpa, leathnú agus sclábhaíocht na bpobal dúchasacha a cheartú. Ag díriú ar an tréimhse ó thart ar 1492 go 1650, agus tar éis dó tuairim is dhá mhíle léarscáil agus atlas a mheas, a rinneadh agus a d'úsáid go príomha san Iberia, sa Fhrainc, i dtír na Gearmáine, sna Tír Theas, agus i Sasana, déanann Davies nuansanna ar an gcaoi a \"múnlaigh smaointeoireacht gheografach atá bunaithe ar léarscáileanna smaointe faoi chomhlachtaí agus temperaments dúchasacha\" (2), ag cur isteach ar an gcaoi a d'éirigh le hÉoránaigh nua-aimseartha luath éagsúlacht an duine a thuiscint.\nTá príomh-argument an leabhair ag brath ar thábhacht agus gníomhaireacht an fhís - an léarscáil léargas - agus a ról laistigh de na rudaí a ghlaonn Davies ar \"epistemology artefactual\" (11), nó eolas a fhaigheann údarás ó fhoinsí amhairc agus scríofa, lena n-áirítear an ceardlann ceardaíochta agus conas a oiriúnaítear é agus a chuirtear i láthair ar bhealach a thugann i gcuimhne iontaofacht an chuntas finné-amhairc. Ag moladh léitheoireacht tréimhse léarscáileanna a tháirgtear ag léarscáileanna a rinne léarscáileanna i lárionaid éagsúla na hEorpa, déarfaidh Davies gur éascaigh léarscáileanna nua-aimseartha luath na Meiriceáin modh cur i láthair diagramaíoch agus exegetical a d'aontaigh go roghnach foinsí éagsúla i gcuntas dearfach a chreidiúint ar áitritheoirí an Domhain Nua. Tá leabhar Davies uaillmhianach, agus dá bhrí sin ní haon ionadh go bhfuil a cuntas ar bhuachaillí Eorpacha le \"pobail eile\" teoranta do Mheiriceá, rud a thugann míniú go luath sa téacs.\nLeagann an chéad dá chaibidil an bunús. Sa Chaibidil 1 tugtar béim ar shean-eolas a chuir eolas ar an tuiscint ar éagsúlacht an duine, ag scrúdú na gcreat léirmhínithe iomadúla (agus a n-iontrálacha) a bhí oiriúnaithe go héagsúil le linn an Athbheochana - is é sin na traidisiúin clasaiceacha, na bíobla agus na Meánaoise déanach. Scrúdaíonn Caibidil 2 na réigiúin éagsúla a tháirgtear léarscáileanna (an Phortaingéil, an Spáinn, na hÍsiltíre, agus na tailte Gearmáine) agus úsáidí na n-earraí seo ag scoláirí, borgaithe agus an uasal. Tá tábhacht mhór ag baint leis na caibidil tosaigh seo ná go raibh eolas eitneagrafach na Meirice, mar a thaispeántar ar léarscáileanna an Renaissance, mar thoradh ar chreat léirmhínithe traidisiúnta (mar a rinne scoláirí agus ceardaitheoirí) agus spreagadh impiriúil agus tráchtála. C�� go gcuireann teideal an leabhair fócas geografach domhanda in iúl, mar a luaitear thuas, tá Davies dírithe go heisiach ar scrúdú ar íomhánna ar léarscáileanna na Meiriceánach. Go luath sa leabhar deir an t-údar nach bhfuair [t] na daoine san Áise agus san Afraic an aird, an nuálaíocht nó an sonracht gheografach céanna ar léarscáileanna Renaissance (18). Cé go bhfuil go leor ábhair clúdaithe cheana féin i leabhar Davies, is tuairim thábhachtach agus spreagúil í seo, rud a d'fhéadfadh a bheith tairbheach ó mhíniú mionsonraithe.\nMar a léiríonn Davies, ní raibh íomhánna léirithe ar léarscáileanna an séú haois déag ann ach mar mhaisiú agus ornáid; bhí ról tábhachtach acu i gcomhthéacs coilíneachta an Domhain Nua, agus bhí an fhaisnéis a thug siad amach ilghnéitheach. Dá bhrí sin, déanann caibidil 3 agus 4 plé ar an gcaoi a fógraíodh agus a léiríodh an Bhrasaíl ag maitéirí i dtír na Gearmáine, sa Spáinn, sa Phortaingéil, sna Tír Theas, agus i gCairnéal. Cé go raibh cartóirí i bhformhór na gcásanna ag brath ar fhaisnéis ó chuntas taistil, i gcaibidil 3, léiríonn Davies conas a tháinig tógáil agus cothabháil an cannibal na Brasaíle ina siombail den réigiún iomlán den bhus Mheiriceá, agus dá bhrí sin cogaíocht agus sclábhaíocht a dhlíthiú ar thaobh na hEorpaigh. Ar an láimh eile, scrúdaíonn caibidil 4 an íomháíocht mhalartach Normannach a fhógair féidearthachtaí na trádála. Léiríonn Davies conas a bhí sé i gcásanna áirithe go raibh léarscáileanna a tugadh mar bhronntanas do phátrúnaithe ríoga i gceist chun tacú le cothabháil turais siar. Bhí béim ar íomhánna síochánacha agus ar bhrabús na trádála mar sin ar an gcéad dul síos. Ar an iomlán, déanann caibidil 3 agus 4 breathnú go dlúth ar an gcomhthéacs socheistreach chun a fháil amach an éagsúlacht fachtóirí a threoraigh teacht chun cinn cineálacha áirithe íomhánna ar léarscáileanna ó thaobh léarscáileoirí Eorpacha de. Ba mhaith leis na léitheoirí leas a bhaint as cuntas níos iomláine maidir leis na réigiúin cartála seo a áireamh go háirithe agus na réigiúin eile a eisiamh.\nDéantar móitíifí monstruosity fisiceacha a ghlacadh i gcaibidil 5 agus 6. Déanann Davies iniúchadh ar an gcaoi ar athraigh bualadh le daoine anaithnid coincheap an duine, ginealaíocht an chine daonna, agus an gaol idir an duine agus an monstrach, mar a thuairiscíonn na traidisiúin clasaiceacha agus meánaoiseacha. Ag scrúdú a dhéanamh ar thuairiscí na dtuismitheoirí ó thurasóirí an séú haois déag ar phobail Patagóine (ag Antonio Pigafetta, Maximilianus Transylvanus, André Thevet, Guillaume Le Testu, agus Bartolomé de las Casas), tugann Davies aird ar an iliomad léirmhínithe a bhí i gcúrsaíocht a bhuíochas le ábhar clóite, léirithe agus scríofa. Sa deireadh, leagann Caibidil 5 béim ar an gcaoi ar mhúnlaigh íomhánna na n-aibhneacha ar léarscáileanna na Patagóine tuiscint ontolaíoch na ndaoine ón Eoraip ar nádúr ollmhór na réigiúin agus tugann sé le fios go bhfuil an coincheap ar an duine ag forbairt i gcónaí. Sa Chaibidil 6, ar an láimh eile, déantar cur síos ar an gcaidreamh idir taifid scríofa taistil, go háirithe tuairisc Sir Walter Raleigh i 1596 ar dhaoine gan cheann le linn a thuras go Guiana, agus an chaoi a ndearna cartálaithe na hÍsiltíre agus na Gearmáine teagmháil leis an bhfaisnéis seo go amhairc. Éilíonn Davies go deimhin gur trí chineál exegesis amhairc - réiteorice iconographic a rinne éilimh epistemological - a ghin na léarscáileanna údarás artifactual, ceann a shínigh eispéireas an fhinné a bhí i dteannta le sraith eolais a tháinig ó údaráis ársa.\nDéileálann an dá chaibidil dheireanacha le dhá chineál léarscáileanna éagsúla faoi seach: léarscáileanna cathracha an Domhain Nua (Tenochtitlan, nó Cathair Mheicsiceo agus Cuzco) agus léarscáileanna balla na hÍsiltíre. Mar a mhíníonn Davies, léigheadh lucht féachana na hEorpa léaráidí na cathrach a thugann le tuiscint intleacht agus sofisticeacht seachas cleachtais íodálaithe a bhaineann níos coitianta leis an Domhan Nua mar íomhánna sibhialtachta. Dá bhrí sin d'fhéadfadh siad a éileamh níos fearr dóibh féin údarás na cuntas finnéithe súl (caibidil 7). Ag rianú forbairt léarscáileanna balla na hÍsiltíre agus an próiseas trína gcuimsíodh agus a oiriúnaíodh móitíifí a spreagadh le leabhair taistil léargaithe agus leabhair cóistiméireachta, déanann Davies iniúchadh ar an tras-bhreoslaíocht de mheáin éagsúla. Cé go raibh an-bhéim ar uasmhéid na hEorpa, léiríodh na léarscáileanna balla éagsúlacht an duine trí ordlathas na sibhialtachta a léiríodh ar na imeall ag éascaíocht machnamh ar dhifríocht an duine agus a nasc le tíreolaíocht, aeráid agus leataobh.\nDéanann Davies obair den scoth ag anailísiú agus ag ionchorprú ábhar amhairc mar phríomhfhianaise. Is é an príomh-dhearcacht ná drochchaighdeán na n-íomhánna. Ós rud é go bhfuil argóint an údair i bhformhór na gcásanna ag brath ar fhianaise amhairc, bheadh sé cabhrach go mbeadh athdhéanamh datha agus cáilíochta níos airde ar na sonraí is tábhachtaí ar a laghad. Mar gheall ar nádúr ábhair na léarscáileanna clóite luath-nua-aimseartha (m.sh., a mhéid), is féidir a thuiscint go mbeadh sé daor agus i gcásanna áirithe neamhphraiticiúil an léarscáil iomlán a athdhéanamh i gcló ar leabhar cruachlúdaithe nó páipéar-chlúdaithe an chéad chéid fichead. Cé go soláthraíonn an t-údar anailís fhisiúil chuimsitheach ar phríomhchártaí i bhformhór na gcásanna, chun an mionsonraí is gá a thuiscint níos fearr, is áthas go bhfuil go leor de na léarscáileanna a bhfuil díriú orthu ag Davies ar fáil le haghaidh iniúchadh níos dlúithe ar an idirlíon.\nTá Eitneagrafaíocht an Athbheochana, a ndearnadh taighde air go críochnúil, scríofa go tarraingteach agus go maith, ina fhoinse riachtanach do scoláirí (lena n-áirítear mic léinn fochéime agus iarchéime) den tréimhse nua-aimseartha luath a dhírigh ar staidéar ar an trasatlantach agus ar stair an léarscáile go háirithe. Beidh sé ábhartha go háirithe d'ealaíontóirí agus d'ealaíontóirí eolaíochta a bhfuil suim acu i gcaoi a ndearna íomhánna cur le déanamh eolais le linn na seachtú haois déag go dtí an seachtú haois déag. Is é an gné fhadhbúil amháin ná cé go dtugann Davies sainmhíniú i réamhrá an leabhair ar a bhfuil i gceist aici le \"eitneagrafaíocht\" scríbhneoireacht nó pictiúrú tuairisciúil daoine agus cultúir (xix) tá plé níos nuanced ar eitneagrafaíocht mar dhisciplín, lena n-áirítear a stair i ndáil leis an amharc agus léarscáileanna go háirithe, ar iarraidh óna anailís a bheadh dian ar shlí eile. D'fhás an smaoineamh sin (a d'fhéadfaí a áireamh sna caibidil tosaigh nó fiú san epilogue) ina dhiaidh sin chun a argóint a neartú faoi fheidhm ilghnéitheach agus tionchar fadtéarmach íomhánna a léiríonn Amerindians ar léarscáileanna Renaissance na Meiriceánaigh. Mar shampla, conas a chuir na híomhánna clóite luath seo de phobail dhúchasacha ar léarscáileanna an Renaissance le forbairt agus tógáil an rud a ghlaoimid inniu ar an \"scéal eitneagrafach\"?\nIn ainneoin an easpa machnaimh chriticiúil ar an gcoincheap a chiallaíonn an téarma eitneagrafaíocht, déanann leabhar Davies cur criticiúil le stair an disciplín agus, sa deireadh, déileálann sé, mar a dúirt an t-údar, le conas a nochtann a phlé cultúr faoi mhúnlaí agus go deimhin cabhraíonn sé le na bristeanna strus a chruthú ina bharúlacha faoi nádúr na n-eintiteas beo (297). Is leabhar riachtanach é Eitneagrafaíocht an Renaissance chun staidéar a dhéanamh ar fheidhm na léarscáileanna nua-aimseartha luath agus chun staidéar a dhéanamh ar an trasatlantach agus soláthraíonn sé anailís eolasach ar an gcaoi a ndearna na hEorpaigh a bhí ina gcónaí sa chúigiú haois déag go dtí an seachtú haois déag déileáil le difríochtaí cultúrtha agus fisiciúla le linn bualadh le daoine a bhaineann le cultúir nach iad a gcuid féin - ceist a bhfuil ábharthacht mhór aici fós.\nFacultad, Stair Ealaíne agus Staidéar Reiligiúnach, Coláiste Langara\nSeol do thuairimí faoin athbhreithniú seo chuig firstname.lastname@example.org."} +{"text": "When we surf the Internet, by simply entering a web page, we can suffer a wide variety of attacks. A site can be maliciously configured, it can contain links that take us to other pages controlled by attackers or, in other cases, it can have file downloads that are actually malware. In this article we are going to talk about two terms that refer to the problems that we can find just by visiting a page. We are going to talk about what is DNS Spoofing and what is DNS cache poisoning .\nWhat is DNS Spoofing\nSpoofing DNS spoofing or DNS is one of the attacks that we find when surfing the net. Basically it is a method that hackers use to modify the addresses of the DNS servers that the user uses.\nWe already know that DNS servers are necessary to navigate. They act as translators so that, by putting the domain name such as redeszone.net, it automatically translates and opens the corresponding address.\nWe can use DNS servers provided by the Internet operator, as well as choose one of the many on the network. There are both free and paid. Some may be faster, others might even be more prepared for safety. Whichever option we choose, the goal is the same.\nWhat happens if those DNS servers are changed? They could point to a wrong page by putting in a domain name . That could happen with what is known as DNS Spoofing or DNS spoofing.\nAn attacker can alter the IP addresses of the victim’s DNS servers. In this way, when you enter a web page you could be redirected to a totally different one. Let’s take as an example that we write the domain of a bank website. In case they have carried out a DNS Spoofing attack, they could redirect to a website that pretends to be the bank’s, in order to carry out a Phishing attack and collect the passwords.\nThe process is as follows: the user makes a request to a DNS server to resolve a domain name, such as redeszone.net. However, in case of being victims of this attack, that DNS server will give us a response that directs us to an illegitimate site, instead of the one we hope to enter.\nWhat is a cache poisoning attack\nThe end of a cache poisoning attack is similar to the previous one, although the procedure is not exactly the same. In this case, it is a user-level DNS spoofing method. The victim’s system registers a fraudulent IP address in its cache in local memory.\nThis causes the DNS server to remember an incorrect site, created maliciously for that purpose. It occurs when malicious code violates the domain name table of an Internet server. It could affect specific pages or many. For example, they could carry out a cache poisoning attack solely to modify the addresses of bank accounts or social networks, while all the others work correctly.\nThis attack code usually appears in URLs that are sent through spam emails, images, or advertisements. They are usually on websites that are already insecure by themselves. They can also attack legitimate pages with the aim of sneaking this type of malicious code to visitors.\nWhat happens with attacks against DNS servers\nWe have seen what DNS Spoofing means and what a cache poisoning attack is. Both cases can compromise the security of users and affect the way in which we enter legitimate web pages. Basically what they do is change the address and take us to other sites controlled by the attackers. Let’s see what they can achieve with this.\nOne of the objectives of this type of attack is the theft of information . We already know that our data on the Internet has great value. They can collect our name, e-mail address, telephone number … Any data that can be exposed when browsing the Internet.\nThey can also use these methods in order to sneak malware onto the victims. There are many types of malicious software that can compromise our security in one way or another. Through attacks like these they could infect our devices and even control them.\nAnother issue to take into account and that is very important is the theft of passwords . They can use this to redirect us to false pages in order to steal passwords to bank accounts, social networks or any other service on the Internet.\nAs we can see, both DNS Spoofing and DNS poisoning attacks can seriously compromise our computers. This means that we must always take precautionary measures and not expose our systems on the network.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-43", "url": "https://itigic.com/dns-spoofing-and-dns-cache-poisoning-how-it-affects-us/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588282.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20211028065732-20211028095732-00380.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9477766156, "token_count": 910, "score": 2.90625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Nuair a bhíonn muid ag brabhsáil ar an Idirlíon, is féidir linn ionsaí éagsúla a fháil ach amháin trí leathanach gréasáin a chur isteach. Is féidir suíomh a chumrú go malleabtha, is féidir leis naisc a bheith ann a thugann muid chuig leathanaigh eile atá faoi smacht ionsaitheoirí nó, i gcásanna eile, is féidir leis na comhaid a íoslódáil a bhfuil malware ann i ndáiríre. San alt seo, beimid ag caint faoi dhá théarma a thagraíonn do na fadhbanna is féidir linn a fháil ach ag tabhairt cuairte ar leathanach. Táimid chun labhairt faoi cad é DNS Spoofing agus cad é DNS cache poisoning .\nCad é DNS Spoofing\nIs é spoofing DNS spoofing nó DNS ceann de na hionsaithe a fhaighimid nuair a bhíonn muid ag surfáil ar an ngréasán. Go bunúsach is modh é a úsáideann hackers chun seoltaí na bhfreastalaithe DNS a úsáideann an t-úsáideoir a mhodhnú.\nTá a fhios againn cheana féin go bhfuil freastalaithe DNS riachtanach chun nascleanúint a dhéanamh. Feidhmíonn siad mar theangairí ionas go, trí ainm fearainn mar redeszone.net a chur, go n-aistreoidh sé go huathoibríoch agus go n-osclaíonn sé an seoladh comhfhreagrach.\nIs féidir linn freastalaithe DNS a sholáthraíonn an t-oibreoir Idirlín a úsáid, chomh maith le ceann amháin de na go leor atá ar an líonra a roghnú. Tá an dá saor in aisce agus íoctha. D'fhéadfadh cuid acu a bheith níos tapúla, d'fhéadfadh cuid eile a bheith níos ullmhaithe i dtaca le sábháilteacht. Cibé rogha a roghnaímid, tá an sprioc mar an gcéanna.\nCad a tharlóidh má athraítear na freastalaithe DNS sin? D' fhéadfadh siad a bheith ag pointeáil chuig leathanach mícheart trí ainm fearainn a chur isteach . D'fhéadfadh sé sin tarlú leis an rud ar a dtugtar Spoofing DNS nó Spoofing DNS.\nIs féidir le haispéireas ionsaí seoltaí IP freastalaithe DNS an íospartaigh a athrú. Ar an mbealach seo, nuair a théann tú isteach ar leathanach gréasáin d'fhéadfaí tú a atreorú chuig ceann go hiomlán difriúil. A ligean ar a ghlacadh mar shampla go bhfuil muid a scríobh an fearainn ar shuíomh gréasáin bainc. I gcás go ndearna siad ionsaí Spoofing DNS, d'fhéadfadh siad a atreorú chuig suíomh Gréasáin a dhéanann ionsaí Phishing a dhéanamh agus na pasfhocail a bhailiú.\nIs é an próiseas mar seo a leanas: déanann an t-úsáideoir iarraidh ar fhreastalaí DNS ainm fearainn a réiteach, mar shampla redeszone.net. Mar sin féin, i gcás go mbeidh muid ina n-íospartaigh den ionsaí seo, tabharfaidh an freastalaí DNS freagra dúinn a threoraíonn sinn chuig suíomh neamhdhleathach, in ionad an ceann a bhfuil súil againn dul isteach ann.\nCad é ionsaí nimhiú cache\nTá deireadh ionsaí poisoning cache cosúil leis an gceann roimhe seo, cé nach bhfuil an nós imeachta díreach mar an gcéanna. Sa chás seo, is modh spoofing DNS ar leibhéal an úsáideora é. Cláraíonn córas an íospartaigh seoladh IP calaoiseach ina chách i gcuimhne áitiúil.\nMar thoradh air seo cuimhníonn an freastalaí DNS suíomh mícheart, a cruthaíodh go meallta chun na críche sin. Tarlaíonn sé nuair a sháraíonn cód ilbhliantúil tábla ainm fearainn freastalaí Idirlín. D'fhéadfadh sé dul i bhfeidhm ar leathanaigh shonracha nó ar go leor. Mar shampla, d'fhéadfadh siad ionsaí poisoning cache a dhéanamh chun seoltaí cuntais bhainc nó líonraí sóisialta a mhodhnú amháin, agus na cinn eile go léir ag obair i gceart.\nIs gnách go mbíonn an cód ionsaithe seo le feiceáil i URLanna a sheoltar trí ríomhphoist spam, íomhánna nó fógraí. De ghnáth bíonn siad ar shuíomhanna gréasáin nach bhfuil sábháilte iad féin. Is féidir leo ionsaí a dhéanamh ar leathanaigh dlisteanacha freisin agus é mar aidhm acu an cineál cód seo dochair a chur ar fáil do chuairteoirí.\nCad a tharlaíonn le hionsaithe i gcoinne freastalaithe DNS\nTá a fhios againn cad a chiallaíonn Spoofing DNS agus cad é ionsaí póineasaithe cache. Is féidir leis an dá chás slándáil úsáideoirí a chur i gcontúirt agus tionchar a imirt ar an mbealach a n-iontrálann muid leathanaigh ghréasáin dlisteanacha. Go bunúsach is é a dhéanann siad ná an seoladh a athrú agus sinn a thabhairt chuig suíomhanna eile a rialaíonn na hionsaitheoirí. A ligean ar a fheiceáil cad is féidir leo a bhaint amach leis seo.\nCeann de chuspóirí an chineáil ionsaithe seo ná faisnéis a ghoid . Tá a fhios againn cheana féin go bhfuil luach mór ag ár sonraí ar an Idirlíon. Is féidir leo ár n-ainm, ár seoladh ríomhphoist, uimhir theileafóin a bhailiú ... Aon sonraí a d'fhéadfadh a bheith nochtaithe nuair a bhíonn tú ag brabhsáil ar an Idirlíon.\nIs féidir leo na modhanna seo a úsáid freisin chun malware a chur ar na híospartaigh. Tá go leor cineálacha bogearraí ilbhliantúla ann a d'fhéadfadh ár slándáil a chur i mbaol ar bhealach amháin nó ar bhealach eile. Trí ionsaithe mar seo d'fhéadfadh siad ár bhfeistí a ionfhabhtaithe agus iad a rialú fiú.\nIs ábhar eile le cur san áireamh agus tá sé an-tábhachtach ná goid pasfhocail . Is féidir leo é seo a úsáid chun muid a atreorú chuig leathanaigh bhréagacha chun pasfhocail chun cuntais bhainc, líonraí sóisialta nó aon tseirbhís eile ar an Idirlíon a ghoid.\nMar a fheiceann muid, is féidir le hairíonna Spoofing DNS agus DNS poisoning ár ríomhairí a chur i gcontúirt go mór. Ciallaíonn sé seo gur chóir dúinn bearta réamhchúraim a ghlacadh i gcónaí agus gan ár gcórais a nochtadh ar an líonra."} +{"text": "Math Practice Online > free > lessons > California > 5th grade > Exponent Basics\nIf your child needs math practice, click here.\nHelps solidify a basic understanding of exponents with positive powers.\nThis topic aligns to the following state standards\nGrade 5: NS 1.3 Understand and compute positive integer powers of nonnegative integers; compute examples as repeated multiplication.\nGrade 5: NS 1.4 Determine the prime factors of all numbers through 50 and write the numbers as the product of their prime factors by using exponents to show multiples of a factor (e.g., 24 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 = 23 x 3).\nGrade 7: AF 2.1 Interpret positive whole-number powers as repeated multiplication and negative whole-number powers as repeated division or multiplication by the multiplicative inverse. Simplify and evaluate expressions that include exponents.\nCopyright Accurate Learning Systems Corporation 2008.\nMathScore is a registered trademark.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-22", "url": "http://www.mathscore.com/math/free/lessons/California/5th_grade/Exponent_Basics.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464051113990.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524005153-00057-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8479683995, "token_count": 198, "score": 4.25, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Math Practice Online > saor in aisce > ceachtanna > California > 5ú grád > Bunús na hIonad\nMá theastaíonn cleachtadh matamaitice ó do leanbh, cliceáil anseo.\nCabhraíonn sé le tuiscint bhunúsach a neartú ar mhúnlaithe le cumhachtaí dearfacha.\nTá an t-ábhar seo ag teacht leis na caighdeáin stáit seo a leanas\nGrád 5: NS 1.3 Tuiscint agus ríomh cumhachtaí iomlána dearfacha de iomlána neamh-diúltacha; samplaí a ríomh mar iolrú arís agus arís eile.\nGrád 5: NS 1.4 Déan na fachtóirí príomhchaighdeáin a chinneadh do na huimhreacha go léir go dtí 50 agus scríobh na huimhreacha mar tháirge dá gcuid fachtóirí príomhchaighdeáin trí fho-altóirí a úsáid chun iolracha fachtóra a thaispeáint (m.sh., 24 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 = 23 x 3).\nGrád 7: AF 2.1 Léiriscint a dhéanamh ar chumhachtaí iomlána dearfacha mar mhéadú athdhéanta agus ar chumhachtaí iomlána diúltacha mar roinn athdhéanta nó mar mhéadú ag an inverse mhéadúcháin. Simplíochta agus meastóireacht a dhéanamh ar fhocail a chuimsíonn esponents.\nCóipcheart Corparáid Córais Foghlama Gníomhach 2008.\nIs trádmharc cláraithe é MathScore."} +{"text": "Individual differences |\nMethods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |\nPhilosophy Index: Aesthetics · Epistemology · Ethics · Logic · Metaphysics · Consciousness · Philosophy of Language · Philosophy of Mind · Philosophy of Science · Social and Political philosophy · Philosophies · Philosophers · List of lists\nEmbodied Embedded Cognition (EEC) is a philosophical theoretical position in cognitive science, closely related to situated cognition, embodied cognition, embodied cognitive science, embodiment and dynamical systems theory. The theory states that intelligent behaviour emerges out of the interplay between brain, body and world. The world is not just the 'play-ground' on which the brain is acting. Rather, brain, body and world are equally important factors in the explanation of how particular intelligent behaviours come about in practice.\nEmbodiment and EmbeddednessEdit\nEEC is divided into two aspects: Embodiment and Embeddedness (or Situatedness).\nEmbodiment refers to the idea that the bodies' internal milieu (a.o. homeostatic and hormonal states) heavily influences the higher 'cognitive' processes in the brain, presumably via the emotional system (see e.g. Antonio Damasio's theory of somatic markers). To put it simply: the state of your body is a direct factor of importance on the kinds of cognitive processes that may arise in the higher parts of your brain.\nEmbeddedness refers to the idea that physical interaction between the body and the world strongly constrain the possible behaviours of the organism, which in turn influences (indeed, partly constitutes) the cognitive processes that emerge out of the interaction between organism and world.\nThe theory is an explicit reaction to the currently dominant cognitivist paradigm, which states that cognitive systems are essentially computational-representational systems (like computer software), processing input and generating output (behaviour) on the basis of internal information processing. In cognitivism, the causal root of behaviour lies in the 'virtual' processes governed by the software that runs on our brains. The brain is purely the hardware on which the software is implemented. The body (sensors and actors) are purely input-output devices that are in service of the brain. The world is merely the play-ground (the object) in which the cognitive agent acts.\nIn contrast, EEC holds that the actual physical processes in body and in body-world interaction partly constitute whatever it is that we call 'the cognitive system' as a whole. Body, world and brain form a system. Together these system-parts 'cause' intelligent behaviour to arise as a system property. Dynamical Systems Theory is a way of modeling behaviour that teams up quite natural with the theoretical concepts of EEC.\nCurrent discussions include:\n- Is EEC really a (positive) theory of itself, or merely a bunch of complaints about what is wrong about (a too extreme version of) cognitivism?\n- Is EEC too 'descriptive', instead of really explaining anything about cognition?\n- How can EEC explain linguistic processes and processes of explicit conscious reasoning?\n- What would be the most informative empirical hypotheses, starting from an EEC perspective?\n- Can we use traditional methods (stimulus-response paradigms) of experimental psychology to test EECy hypotheses?\nTheorists that inspired the EEC programme (but might not necessarily adhere to the above position) include:\n- Randall Beer\n- Valentino Braitenberg\n- Rodney Brooks\n- William Clancey\n- Andy Clark\n- Gerald Edelman\n- Pim Haselager\n- Fred Keijzer\n- Francisco Varela\n- Tom Ziemke\n|This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).|", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-26", "url": "http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Embodied_embedded_cognition", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397428.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00033-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.868730247, "token_count": 783, "score": 2.6875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Difríochtaí aonair.\nModhanna: Staitisticí: Cliniciúil: Oideachas: Tionsclaíocht: Ábhair ghairmiúla: Síceolaíocht an Domhain\nInnéacs na Fealsúnachta: Eisteolaíocht · Epistemology · Eitic · Loighic · Meiteafisic · Fhios · Fealsúnacht na Teanga · Fealsúnacht na Meabhair · Fealsúnacht na Eolaíochta · Fealsúnacht Shóisialta agus Pholaitiúil · Fealsúnachtaí · Fealsúnaigh · Liosta liostaí\nIs seasamh teoiriciúil fealsúnachta é Cognition Embodied Embedded (EEC) i eolaíocht chognaíoch, atá dlúthbhainte le cognition suíochánta, cognition corpraithe, eolaíocht chognaíoch corpraithe, téarmann corpraithe agus córais dinimiciúla. Deir an teoiric go dtagann iompar cliste amach as an idirghníomhú idir inchinn, corp agus domhan. Ní 'lear-chríoch' amháin é an domhan ar a bhfuil an inchinn ag gníomhú. Ina áit sin, is fachtóirí tábhachtacha ar an gcéanna iad an inchinn, an corp agus an domhan chun a mhíniú conas a thagann iompar cliste áirithe i gcleachtas.\nCuimsitheacht agus CuimsitheachtEdit\nTá an CEE roinnte ina dhá ghné: Cuimsitheacht agus Cuimsitheacht (nó Suíomh).\nTagraíonn an corpú don smaoineamh go bhfuil timpeallacht inmheánach na gcomhlachtaí (a.o. Tá an t-easpa de thorthaí na n-easpaí (easpaí a bhaineann le staid homeostatic agus hormónach) ag tionchar go mór ar na próisis 'cognaíocha' níos airde sa inchinn, is dócha trí chóras mothúchánach (féach e.g. Teoiric Antonio Damasio ar mharcóirí somatacha). Chun é a chur go simplí: is é staid do chorp fachtóir díreach tábhachta ar na cineálacha próisis chognaíocha a d'fhéadfadh teacht chun cinn i gcodanna níos airde de do inchinn.\nTagraíonn an t-iompraíocht don smaoineamh go gcuireann idirghníomhaíocht fhisiciúil idir an corp agus an domhan srian láidir ar iompar féideartha an orgánaigh, rud a chuireann tionchar ar na próisis chognaíocha a thagann amach as an idirghníomhaíocht idir an orgánach agus an domhan.\nIs é an teoiric freagairt shonracha ar an bparadaigim cognaíoch atá i réim faoi láthair, a deir go bhfuil córais chognaíocha ina gcórais ionadaíochta ríomhaireachta go bunúsach (cosúil le bogearraí ríomhaireachta), ag próiseáil ionchuir agus ag giniúint aschuir (iompraíocht) ar bhonn próiseála faisnéise inmheánach. Sa chognaíocht, tá fréamh cúiseach na hiompair sna próisis 'virtuála' a rialaíonn an bogearraí a ritheann ar ár n-inchinn. Is é an inchinn an crua-earraí go hiomlán ar a gcuirtear an bogearraí i bhfeidhm. Is feistí ionchuir-aschur í an chorp (fásanna agus gníomhaithe) atá i seirbhís an inchinn. Níl sa domhan ach an páirc-imreora (an réad) ina n-oibríonn an gníomhaire cognaíoch.\nI gcodarsnacht leis sin, creideann an CEE go bhfuil na próisis fhisiciúla i ndáiríre sa chorp agus i idirghníomhú an choirp-domhan ina gcuid den rud is féidir linn a ghlaoch ar 'an córas cognaíoch' ina iomláine. Tá an comhlacht, an domhan agus an inchinn ina gcóras. Le chéile, déanann na codanna córais seo 'caus' go n-eascraíonn iompar cliste mar mhaoin chórais. Is bealach é Teoiric Córais Dinimiciúla chun iompar a mhodhnú a théann go nádúrtha le coincheapa teoiriciúla an AE.\nI measc na ndíospóireachtaí reatha tá:\n- An bhfuil an CEE i ndáiríre ina teoiric (deimhneach) dá chuid féin, nó ní hamháin ina lán gearán faoi cad atá cearr le cognacht (le leagan ró-sáraitheach de) cognacht?\n- An bhfuil an CEE ró- \"ionscríobhtach\", in ionad rud ar bith a mhíniú i ndáiríre faoi ghinearáltacht?\n- Conas is féidir leis an gComhphobal Eorpach próisis theangacha agus próisis réasúnaíochta cosanta follasach a mhíniú?\n- Cad iad na hipoteis empiric is eolasaí, ag tosú ó thaobh an AE de?\n- An féidir linn modhanna traidisiúnta (paradaigmí spreagadh-fhreagartha) na síceolaíochta turgnamhach a úsáid chun hipoteis EECy a thástáil?\nI measc na teoiricí a spreag clár an CEE (ach nach bhféadfadh go mbeadh siad ag cloí go forleathan leis an seasamh thuas) tá:\n- Beoir Randall\n- Valentino Braitenberg\n- Rodney Brooks\n- William Clancey\n- Andy Clark\n- Gerald Edelman\n- Pim Haselager\n- Fred Keijzer\n- Francisco Varela\n- Tom Ziemke\nÚsáidtear ábhar faoi cheadúnas Creative Commons ón Uicipeid (féach údar)."} +{"text": "23 January 2014: A report titled ‘Climate Adaptation: Seizing the Challenge,’ released by the World Economic Forum’s Global Agenda Council on Climate Change, encapsulates recent thinking on adaptation and financing, and is aimed at increasing the understanding of these issues of public and private sector decision makers.The report outlines a number of key findings, including that: up to 65% of the increase in projected economic losses due to the impacts of climate change can be avoided in a cost-effective manner through preventive adaptation investments; both mitigation and adaptation actions are required; more and better national data, as well as local data, particularly in developing countries, are needed; each component of the water-food-energy nexus must be considered when making an investment or policy decision; and a multi-stakeholder approach is crucial.\nSpecifically, the chapters in the report examine: metrics that determine which countries and/or regions are most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change; assessing the costs of climate change and identifying what measures can be taken to avoid them in a cost-effective way; how to finance those measures, for example by using public finance to leverage private funding; and the importance of investing in a holistic manner across the water-food-energy nexus.\nThe Global Agenda Council on Climate Change formulates recommendations to help the private and public sectors attract low-carbon investment and strengthen climate resilience. It currently focuses on measuring vulnerability to build more resilient societies and on mobilizing investment for climate actions with the potential to be scaled up.\nThe 44th Annual Meeting of the World Economic Forum (WEF) took place in Davos, Switzerland, from 22-25 January 2014. [Publication: Climate Adaptation: Seizing the Challenge] [Global Agenda Council on Climate Change Website] [IISD RS Story on the World Economic Forum Meeting]", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-04", "url": "http://www.semarnatcam.campeche.gob.mx/world-economic-forum-report-highlights-the-cost-effectiveness-of-climate-adaptation/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583884996.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20190123023710-20190123045710-00589.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9308676124, "token_count": 374, "score": 2.625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "23 Eanáir 2014: Tuarascáil dar teideal Climate Adaptation: Seizing the Challenge, a d'eisigh Comhairle an Chláir Oibre Domhanda um Athrú Aeráide an Fhóram Eacnamaíoch Domhanda, ina gcuimsítear smaointe nua-aimseartha maidir le hoiriúnú agus maoiniú, agus a bhfuil sé mar aidhm aige tuiscint níos fearr a fháil ar na saincheisteanna seo ag lucht déanta cinntí san earnáil phoiblí agus príobháideach. Léiríonn an tuarascáil roinnt príomhthorthaí, lena n-áirítear: is féidir suas le 65% den mhéadú ar chaillteanais eacnamaíocha a mheastar a d'fhéadfadh a bheith mar gheall ar thionchar na hathraithe aeráide a sheachaint ar bhealach costéifeachtach trí infheistíochtaí coisctheacha oiriúnaithe; tá gá le gníomhaíochtaí maolúcháin agus oiriúnaithe araon; tá gá le níos mó sonraí náisiúnta agus níos fearr, chomh maith le sonraí áitiúla, go háirithe i dtíortha atá i mbéal forbartha; ní mór gach comhpháirt den nasc uisce-bhiach-aiste bia-fuinneamh a chur san áireamh agus infheistíocht nó cinneadh beartais á dhéanamh; agus tá cur chuige ilpháirtithe ríthábhachtach.\nGo sonrach, déanann caibidil an tuarascála scrúdú ar: tomhasanna a chinníonn cé na tíortha agus/nó na réigiúin is leochailí i leith tionchair an athraithe aeráide; costais an athraithe aeráide a mheas agus na bearta is féidir a dhéanamh chun iad a sheachaint ar bhealach costéifeachtach a shainaithint; conas na bearta sin a mhaoiniú, mar shampla trí mhaoiniú poiblí a úsáid chun maoiniú príobháideach a ghiaráil; agus an tábhacht a bhaineann le hinfheistíocht ar bhealach iomlánach ar fud na néacs uisce-bhia-fuinnimh.\nTá an Chomhairle um Athrú Aeráide ag an gClár Oibre Domhanda ag formú moltaí chun cabhrú leis na hearnálacha príobháideacha agus poiblí infheistíocht ísealcharbóin a mhealladh agus athléimneacht aeráide a neartú. Tá sé dírithe faoi láthair ar leochaileacht a thomhas chun sochaithe níos athléimní a thógáil agus ar infheistíocht a shlógadh le haghaidh gníomhaíochtaí aeráide a bhfuil an cumas acu a mhéadú.\nBhí an 44ú Cruinniú Bliantúil de Fóram Eacnamaíochta an Domhain (WEF) i Davos, an Eilvéis, ón 22-25 Eanáir 2014. [Pósta: Oiriúnú don Aeráid: Ag Gabháil an Dúshlán] [Lá Gréasáin Chomhairle an Chláir Oibre Domhanda ar Athrú Aeráide] [Scéal IISD RS ar chruinniú Fóram Eacnamaíochta na Domhain]"} +{"text": "According to ChemAnalyst report, “Global Hydrogen Market: Plant Capacity, Production, Operating Efficiency, Demand & Supply, Technology, End Use, Competition, Trade, Customer & Price Intelligence Market Analysis, 2015-2030”, the demand for Hydrogen in the forecast period is projected to grow at a healthy CAGR of around 7.95 per cent on the back of rising awareness for deployment of renewable energy resources and increasing number of government initiatives to support the green Hydrogen movement to safeguard the concerns regarding consistent environmental degradation. In addition, increasing usage of Hydrogen as an industrial fuel in substitute of the ones emitting high sulfur and carbon content is contributing well to upscale its demand in the coming years. For a long-term full-fledged goal, it will require Hydrogen as an alternative to support the deep decarbonation idea.\nGet more information: https://www.chemanalyst.com/industry-report/hydrogen-market-277\nHydrogen is a flammable gas with slight carbon emission and find applications in various domains such as production of chemical derivatives, in building and construction by blending into pre natural gas networks, followed by power generation and transport. Presently, natural gas followed by coal are the prime feedstocks being utilized for the production of Hydrogen. Hydrogen is not just regarded as an energy source but a carrier of chemical energy. It is viewed as a highly versatile compound since it can be produced from various energy sources such as natural gas, coal, biomass, wind, hydroelectric power etc., and and can also be utilized to make diverse fuel derivatives like synthetic liquid fuels, methane, ammonia, methanol and others.\nNowadays, Hydrogen is being produced using diverse technology however, majority of Hydrogen is still being extracted from fossil fuels. Presently, natural gas followed by coal are the prime feedstocks being utilized for the production of Hydrogen. Just 0.1 per cent of Hydrogen globally is produced via the electrolytic process. Depending upon the three major routes of production it is categorized as green, blue, and grey Hydrogen. Green Hydrogen is mainly produced by renewable electricity or nuclear energy, blue Hydrogen is produced via steam reforming method using steam and biomass through carbon capture, storage, and utilization whereas the production of grey Hydrogen is undertaken by the same method but without carbon capture. Grey Hydrogen thus accounts for a wide share of present production capacity.\nUnprecedented outbreak of Coronavirus in the final quarter of FY-20 has significantly impacted key renewable energy markets. Due to abrupt lockdown and force measures implied in various countries, the demand for industrial Hydrogen has suffered a huge blow. Moreover, European countries like France, Portugal, Spain, Italy and Germany have faced serious repercussions due to delay in scheduled projects along with severe decline in finances due to unavailability of manpower and challenges associated with planned execution. However, surge in the demand for Hydrogen is witnessed since the resumption in market activities across the globe. As per the industrial experts, it is anticipated that investment in development of green Hydrogen economy can serve the overall mankind with affordable and clean energy system and can create potential markets for Hydrogen applications, products and equipment in the next five years. Furthermore, new investments in times of critical global recession can add up new opportunities for employment and growth. However, the predicted results will require huge support from government in terms of funding and incentives. If the roadmap to new Hydrogen economy is followed as planned, then it can provide tremendous gains to Global Hydrogen manufacturing industry. But a challenge in Hydrogen transportation and storage can be a minor roadblock in achieving the desired gains in the expected time margins. As renewable energy is being characterized as the ‘New Normal’ there exists vivid opportunities for new manufacturers to enter the market and reap first movers’ benefits, this factor will drive the market for Hydrogen in the Forecast period.\nRequest Sample: https://www.chemanalyst.com/ChemAnalyst/RequestForm\nTo support green Hydrogen economy, the start-up and scale-up of competitive and innovative Hydrogen production company is anticipated to largely fuel the Global Hydrogen market by 2030. However, the challenge ahead is the transformation of existing natural gas pipeline to Hydrogen pipeline. Moreover, the construction and maintenance of Hydrogen fueling stations and port facilities for active transportation of the gas is another pivotal factor that could demonstrate the growth of Hydrogen market in the coming years. With European Union and several other governments leaned to adopt Hydrogen as a niche fuel in the future to battle the degrading environment, a large number of investments are anticipated to happen with various companies entering the green Hydrogen market in search of new profit bearings. The idea of green Hydrogen is at its most early phase and requires huge innovations backed by large government funding to take it to next level globally.\nThe Global Hydrogen market is anticipated to witness a commendable growth with majority of the consumption share coming from Asia Pacific (APAC) Region owing to the increasing industrial operations in countries like China, India and South Korea. In addition, China’s setup of a new Hydrogen city with an altogether investment of 290 million to brace new research and development operations and build transport and storage facilities along with large scale production of Hydrogen fuel vehicles is the magnetic attribute towards the growth of Hydrogen market in Asia Pacific. Europe followed by Japan also showcase large plans for adapting to green Hydrogen economy to combat climate change. The market has portrayed tremendous growth in last few years, and it is expected to reach great heights in the forecast period.\n- Air Liquide,\n- Air Products and Chemicals,\n- The Linde Group,\n- Iwatani Corporation,\n- Messer Group,\n- Taiyo Nippon Sanso,\n- Hydrogenics Corporation,\n- Ballard Power Systems,\n- FuelCell Energy,\n- Showa Denko,\n- Ally Hi-Tech,\n- Teledyne Energy Systems\n“Vision of transforming to a clean and green economy has made various countries to take ahead the renewable energy initiative with bound targets, funding’s, regulations and subsidies. However, along with the aim of decarbonizing the economies the present scenario has propelled it as a potential map that could resurrect the hard-hit economies post Covid-19. As investment in next generation Hydrogen plants can serve well in generating new opportunities like jobs and GDP for the present. As per the analysis, countries like US and China are equipped with all vital resources to produce Hydrogen for their needs and are hence anticipated to be the foremost countries idealizing this future vision. Although governments across the globe are contributing an appreciable share of funding’s but idea can only be practiced if Hydrogen produced via electrolysis becomes affordable to the masses in the coming years, which implies its present cost needs to cut down by nearly 50% to 60%.” said Mr. Karan Chechi, Research Director with TechSci Research, a research based global management consulting firm promoting ChemAnalyst.\nRead Full Report Here: https://www.chemanalyst.com/industry-report/hydrogen-market-277\nOur Blog: https://chemanalystreports.blogspot.com/\nChemAnalyst is a ‘one stop’ digital platform that offers comprehensive market intelligence data and in-depth analysis of the Indian chemical and petrochemical industry. ChemAnalyst’s team of 100+ analysts are engaged in tracking chemical prices daily, production capacity, demand and supply outlook, manufacturing plant locations, foreign trade data and news/deals for more than 400 major chemicals produced in India. ChemAnalyst is promoted by TechSci Research which is an award winning research based management consulting firm providing market research and advisory solutions to the customers worldwide, spanning a range of industries including Chemicals & Material, Automotive, Consumer & Retail, ICT, Energy & Power, Aerospace & Defense, Water and Waste Management, BFSI and more.\nB-44 Sector-57 Noida,\nNational Capital Region", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-49", "url": "https://eweniversallygreen.com/hydrogen-market-size-share-global-industry-analysis-and-forecast-2030/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362952.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20211204063651-20211204093651-00141.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9347628355, "token_count": 1720, "score": 2.9375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "De réir tuarascála ChemAnalyst, \"Margadh Haidróigein Domhanda: Cumas Plandaí, Tarraingt, Éifeachtúlacht Oibritheach, Éileamh agus Soláthar, Teicneolaíocht, Úsáid Deiridh, Iomaíocht, Trádáil, Custaiméir agus Eolais Mhargaidh Faisnéise Praghas, 2015-2030\", táthar ag súil go dtiocfaidh méadú ar éileamh ar Haidróigein ag CAGR sláintiúil de thart ar 7.95% sa tréimhse réamhaisnéis ar chúl an fheasacht atá ag ardú maidir le haistriú acmhainní fuinnimh in-athnuaite agus líon méadaithe tionscnaimh rialtais chun tacú leis an ghluaiseacht Haidróigein ghlas chun na hábhair imní maidir le díghrádú comhshaoil a chosaint. Ina theannta sin, tá úsáid mhéadaithe hidrigine mar bhreosla tionsclaíoch in ionad na n-earraí a astaíonn ard-suilfúr agus cion carbóin ag cur go maith le hiarratais ar a éileamh sna blianta atá romhainn. Chun sprioc iomlán fadtéarmach a bhaint amach, beidh gá le hidrigin mar rogha eile chun tacú leis an smaoineamh ar dhícharbóináil domhain.\nFaigh tuilleadh faisnéise: https://www.chemanalyst.com/industry-report/hydrogen-market-277\nIs gáis dóthain é hidrigine a bhfuil astaíochtaí carbóin íseal aige agus tá feidhm aige i réimsí éagsúla amhail táirgeadh díorthaigh cheimiceacha, i bhfoirgneamh agus i dtógáil trí mheascadh i líonraí réamhgháis nádúrtha, agus ina dhiaidh sin tá táirgeadh cumhachta agus iompar. Faoi láthair, is é gás nádúrtha agus ansin gual an príomh-chomhábhar atá á úsáid chun Hidrigin a tháirgeadh. Ní mheastar go bhfuil hidrigine ach mar fhoinse fuinnimh ach mar iompróir fuinnimh ceimiceach. Meastar gur comhdhúil an-illeathan é toisc gur féidir é a tháirgeadh ó fhoinsí éagsúla fuinnimh mar ghás nádúrtha, guail, bithmhéad, gaoth, cumhacht hidrealaíoch srl., agus is féidir é a úsáid freisin chun díorthaigh bhreosla éagsúla a dhéanamh cosúil le breoslaí leachtacha sintéiseacha, meitéin, amóinia, meitéanól agus eile.\nSa lá atá inniu ann, tá hidrigin á tháirgeadh ag baint úsáide as teicneolaíocht éagsúil, áfach, tá formhór na hidrigine á bhaint fós ó bhreoslaí iontaise. Faoi láthair, is é gás nádúrtha agus ansin gual an príomh-chomhábhar atá á úsáid chun Hidrigin a tháirgeadh. Ní dhéantar ach 0.1 faoin gcéad den Hidrigin ar fud an domhain trí phróiseas leictrealaíoch. Ag brath ar na trí phríomhbhealach táirgthe, déantar é a chatagóirithe mar Hidrigin glas, gorm agus liath. Déantar Hidrigine Glas a tháirgeadh go príomha trí leictreachas in-athnuaite nó fuinneamh núicléach, déantar Hidrigine gorm a tháirgeadh trí mhodh athchóirithe gaile ag baint úsáide as gaile agus bithmhéad trí ghabháil, stóráil agus úsáid charbóin ach déantar táirgeadh Hidrigine liath tríd an modh céanna ach gan ghabháil charbóin. Dá bhrí sin, tá sciar mór de chumas táirgthe reatha ag Hidrigin liath.\nTá tionchar suntasach ag ráig gan fasach an Chóiréabóis i gcúig mhí deiridh FY-20 ar phríomhmhargaí fuinnimh in-athnuaite. Mar gheall ar dhúnadh tobann agus bearta foréigneacha a bhí i gceist i dtíortha éagsúla, tá tionchar mór ag an éileamh ar Hidrigin tionsclaíoch. Ina theannta sin, tá iarmhairtí tromchúiseacha tagtha ar thíortha Eorpacha amhail an Fhrainc, an Phortaingéil, an Spáinn, an Iodáil agus an Ghearmáin de bharr moill ar thionscadail sceidealta mar aon le laghdú mór ar an gcistiú de bharr nach raibh lucht saothair ar fáil agus dúshláin a bhaineann leis an gcur chun feidhme beartaithe. Tá méadú mór tagtha ar éileamh ar Hidrigin, áfach, ó thosaigh gníomhaíochtaí margaidh ar fud an domhain. De réir saineolaithe tionsclaíocha, táthar ag súil go mbeidh infheistíocht i bhforbairt geilleagair ghlas hidrigine in ann seirbhís a thabhairt don chine daonna ar fad le córas fuinnimh inacmhainne agus glan agus go bhféadfaidh sé margaí féideartha a chruthú d'iarratais, táirgí agus trealamh hidrigine sna cúig bliana amach romhainn. Ina theannta sin, d'fhéadfadh infheistíochtaí nua in amanna géarchéime domhanda a chur le deiseanna nua fostaíochta agus fáis. Mar sin féin, beidh tacaíocht mhór ó rialtas ag teastáil chun na torthaí a thuar a bhaint amach i dtéarmaí maoinithe agus dreasachtaí. Má leanfar an léarscáil bóthair chuig geilleagar nua Hidrigine mar a bhí beartaithe, ansin is féidir leis gnóthachain mhóra a sholáthar d'fhorbrúchán déantúsaíochta Hidrigine Domhanda. Ach d'fhéadfadh dúshlán a bheith ann maidir le hiompar agus stóráil Hidrigine a bheith ina bhac beag ar an mbealach chun na gnóthachain atá ag teastáil a bhaint amach sna huasteorainneacha ama a bhfuil súil leo. De réir mar a bhíonn fuinneamh in-athnuaite á shainaithint mar an \"Normála Nua\", tá deiseanna beoga ann do mhonaróirí nua dul isteach sa mhargadh agus tairbhe a bhaint as na chéad lucht gluaiseachta, agus beidh an fachtóir seo ag treorú an mhargaidh d'Hídrigine sa tréimhse réamhaisnéis.\nTá an t-athbhreithniú ar an mbonn sin ar fáil ar an suíomh gréasáin seo: https://www.chemanalyst.com/ChemAnalyst/RequestForm\nChun tacú le geilleagar glas hidrigine, táthar ag súil go gcuirfidh tús le cuideachta táirgthe hidrigine iomaíoch agus nuálaíoch agus go gcuirfidh sí ar aghaidh é go mór mar mhargadh domhanda hidrigine faoi 2030. Is é an dúshlán atá romhainn, áfach, an píblíne gáis nádúrtha atá ann cheana a athrú go píblíne Hidrigine. Ina theannta sin, is fachtóir ríthábhachtach eile a d'fhéadfadh fás an mhargaidh Hidrigine a léiriú sna blianta amach romhainn ná stáisiúin bhreosla hidrigine agus saoráidí calafoirt a thógáil agus a chothabháil chun an gáis a iompar go gníomhach. Agus an tAontas Eorpach agus roinnt rialtais eile ag díriú ar Hidrigin a ghlacadh mar bhreosla niche sa todhchaí chun dul i ngleic leis an gcomhshaol atá ag díghrádú, táthar ag súil go dtarlóidh líon mór infheistíochtaí le cuideachtaí éagsúla ag dul isteach sa mhargadh Hidrigin ghlas ag cuardach luaidheanna brabúis nua. Tá an smaoineamh ar Hidrigin ghlas ag a chéim is luaithe agus éilíonn sé nuálaíochtaí ollmhóra a thacaíonn maoiniú mór rialtais leo chun é a thógáil go dtí an chéad leibhéal eile go domhanda.\nTáthar ag súil go mbeidh fás mór ag an margadh domhanda hidrigine agus go mbeidh formhór an sciar tomhaltais ag teacht ó Réigiún na hÁise an Aigéin Chiúin (APAC) mar gheall ar na hoibríochtaí tionsclaíocha atá ag méadú i dtíortha cosúil leis an tSín, an India agus an Chóiré Theas. Ina theannta sin, is é an t-aistriúchán a rinne an tSín ar chathair nua Hidrigine le hinfheistíocht iomlán de 290 milliún chun oibríochtaí nua taighde agus forbartha a chur ar bun agus saoráidí iompair agus stórála a thógáil chomh maith le táirgeadh ar scála mór feithiclí breosla hidrigine an tréith maighnéadach i dtreo fás an mhargaidh Hidrigine san Áise an Aigéin Chiúin. Taispeánann an Eoraip agus ansin an tSeapáin pleananna móra freisin chun oiriúnú do gheilleagar hidrigine glas chun dul i ngleic le hathrú aeráide. Tá fás ollmhór tagtha ar an margadh le cúpla bliain anuas, agus táthar ag súil go sroichfidh sé airde mhór sa tréimhse réamhaisnéis.\n- Air Liquide,\n- Táirg�� Aer agus Ceimiceáin,\n- Grúpa Linde,\n- Corparáid Iwatani,\n- Grúpa Messer,\n- Taiyo Nippon Sanso,\n- Hydrogenics Corparáid,\n- Córais Cumhachta Ballard,\n- FuelCell Energy,\n- Showa Denko,\n- Ally Hi-Tech,\n- Córais Fuinnimh Teledyne\nTógadh tionscnamh fuinnimh in-athnuaite ag tíortha éagsúla le spriocanna, maoiniú, rialacháin agus fóirdheontais shocraithe, mar gheall ar an fhís a bhí acu go ndéanfaí athrú go geilleagar glan agus glas. Mar sin féin, in éineacht leis an aidhm na ngeilleagair a dhí-charbóineáil, tá an cás reatha tar éis é a thiomáint mar léarscáil fhéideartha a d'fhéadfadh na geilleagair a bhuail go crua a athbheochan tar éis Covid-19. Mar infheistíocht i gléasraí hidrigine an chéad ghlúin eile, is féidir go maith a bheith ag cruthú deiseanna nua cosúil le poist agus OTI don láthair. De réir na hanailíse, tá na hacmhainní ríthábhachtacha go léir ag tíortha cosúil leis na Stáit Aontaithe agus an tSín chun Hidrigin a tháirgeadh dá riachtanais agus dá bhrí sin táthar ag súil go mbeidh siad ar na tíortha is mó a bheidh ag smaoineamh ar an bhfís seo sa todhchaí. Cé go bhfuil rialtais ar fud an domhain ag cur le sciar suntasach cistiúcháin, ní féidir an smaoineamh a chur i bhfeidhm ach amháin má bhíonn Hidrigin a tháirgtear trí eileacróil inrochtana do na maiseanna sna blianta amach romhainn, rud a chiallaíonn go gcaithfidh a chostas reatha a laghdú beagnach 50% go 60%. \" a dúirt an tUasal Karan Chechi, Stiúrthóir Taighde le TechSci Research, gnólacht comhairleoireachta bainistíochta domhanda bunaithe ar thaighde a chuireann ChemAnalyst chun cinn.\nLéigh an Tuarascáil Iomlán anseo: https://www.chemanalyst.com/industry-report/hydrogen-market-277\nÁr mBlag: https://chemanalystreports.blogspot.com/\nIs ardán digiteach é ChemAnalyst a thairgeann sonraí cuimsitheacha faisnéise margaidh agus anailís dhomhain ar thionscal ceimiceach agus peitreochimiceach na hIndia. Tá foireann 100+ anailísithe ChemAnalyst ag rianú praghsanna ceimiceacha go laethúil, cumas táirgthe, ionchas éilimh agus soláthair, áiteanna plandaí déantúsaíochta, sonraí trádála eachtracha agus nuacht / déileálacha le haghaidh níos mó ná 400 ceimiceán mór a tháirgtear san India. Is é TechSci Research a chuireann ChemAnalyst chun cinn, cuideachta chomhairliúcháin bainistíochta bunaithe ar thaighde a bhuaigh duaiseanna a sholáthraíonn taighde margaidh agus réitigh chomhairliúcháin do chustaiméirí ar fud an domhain, a chuimsíonn raon tionscail lena n-áirítear Ceimiceáin agus Ábhair, Áit Automotive, Tomhaltóirí agus Miondíola, TFC, Fuinneamh agus Cumhacht, Aerospace agus Cosanta, Bainistíocht Uisce agus Díola, BFSI agus go leor eile.\nB-44 Earnáil-57 Noida,\nRéigiún Caipitil Náisiúnta"} +{"text": "Several severe thunderstorm watches and even a tornado watch are in place in the Northeast as strong showers and storms move through the region. It is worth noting that a moderate risk remains in effect for portions of New England, as seen below.\nThe main risk for these storms are damaging winds, as shown by the Storm Prediction Center. It is well warranted, as many severe thunderstorm warnings indicate that the storms are able to produce winds in excess of 60 MPH.\nThe concept was brought to my attention that a high in the eastern US or close to the tropics can heighten the potential for tropical systems to form. Today, I decided to act on that concept and see if it was true.\nI decided to look at the 2011 hurricane season and use the date of formation to view 500mb maps. Sure enough, in a surprising majority of cases, the tropical system did form when a high pressure system was somewhere in the eastern half of the US.\nNow, this was only discovered by me today (although I'm quite sure many others know about this topic), so I don't have too much information on it for now. However, high pressure in the eastern US would most likely act to divert the jet stream north to block any strong winds that may otherwise head to the Gulf and Atlantic. Lack of strong upper level winds is key to have tropical systems form. Additionally, it provides room for the moist, warm Atlantic and Gulf air to possibly rise and give off showers and storms, that may eventually turn into tropical systems.\nI looked over the latest ensembles for today, and it does look like a ridge of high pressure will soon return to the eastern US, which may very well give the tropics some room to act up.\nAgain, this is very preliminary, and I am conducting ongoing research. In my eyes, this could enhance tropical weather forecasts in the future, but let's not get too carried away.\nWith tomorrow's heightened alert by the Storm Prediction Center, I have decided now is a good time to debut The Weather Centre's new storm alert system. Basically, if I see a risk of severe weather is on the horizon, after peering over the models, I will outline areas using the colors on the lefthand part of the screen. Keep in mind this key is only for the risk of storms, as in thunderstorms. When you get into the 'elevated' region is when severe storms become possible.\nI have outlined northern Texas and much of Oklahoma under the 'High' risk of thunderstorms, seeing as instability has skyrocketed from the 0z GFS to the 12z GFS. In addition to as much as 4500 j/kg of instability with very little cap to stop storms from forming, shearing on the order of 30 to 50 knots is possible in these areas, leading me to believe that initial storms forming along the dry line may very well be supercells. Eventually, a more large hail risk should develop, and this will be the big risk. Instability as high as 4500 j/kg will promote very strong updrafts. These updrafts will keep pushing rain back up into the clouds to form larger and larger hailstones.\nThis is not a product of the SPC, NWS, or any government weather service. This is meant as a guidance product and should not be used in place of official government products.\nThere is a 45% chance of severe weather within 25 miles of any point in the northern Oklahoma/south central Kansas areas.\nThunderstorms should fire along a stationary front connected to a nearby low pressure systen and associated dryline in Texas. The tense clashing of air between the stationary front should result in initiation of showers and storms, likely close to the low pressure system. As the storms form, they will be in the midst of a fair 3000+ j/kg of instability. Hail does appear to be a major threat, with a skew-t from north central Oklahoma identifying up to 1.6 inch hailstones falling.\nThere will be some potential for tornadoes, but that chance is not high. Eventually, these supercells will converge into one or more clusters and become a more hail/damaging wind threat. I will not rule out the potential for these storms to become derecho formations.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-26", "url": "http://theweathercentre.blogspot.com/2012_05_29_archive.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397748.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00092-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9672287107, "token_count": 875, "score": 2.6875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá roinnt faireanna tromchúiseacha thunderstorm agus fiú faire tornado i bhfeidhm san Oirthear Thuaidh de réir mar a théann séasúr láidir agus stoirmeanna tríd an réigiún. Is fiú a thabhairt faoi deara go bhfuil riosca measartha i bhfeidhm i gcónaí i gcás codanna de chuid na Sasana Nua, mar a fheictear thíos.\nIs iad na gaotha damáisteacha an phríomhbhaol do na stoirmeacha seo, mar a léiríonn an Ionad Réamhaisnéis Stoirme. Tá sé réasúnta go maith, mar go léiríonn go leor rabhaidh tromchúiseacha thunderstorm go bhfuil na stoirmeacha in ann gaotha a tháirgeadh atá os cionn 60 MPH.\nTugadh an coincheap ar mo aird gur féidir le ard i n-Oirthear na Stát Aontaithe nó gar do na trópaiceanna an cumas a mhéadú do chórais trópaiceacha a fhoirmiú. Sa lá atá inniu ann, shocraigh mé gníomhú ar an gcoincheap agus a fheiceáil má tá sé fíor.\nChinn mé féachaint ar shéasúr na hurricane 2011 agus úsáid a bhaint as an dáta foirmiú chun léargas a fháil ar léarscáileanna 500mb. Go deimhin go leor, i bhformhór ionadh cásanna, an córas trópaiceach a bhí déanta nuair a bhí córas ard-bhrú áit éigin sa leath thoir de na Stáit Aontaithe.\nAnois, fuair mé amach é seo inniu (cé go bhfuil mé cinnte go bhfuil a fhios ag go leor daoine eile faoin ábhar seo), mar sin níl mórán faisnéise agam faoi faoi anois. Mar sin féin, is dócha go n-oibreoidh brú ard in oirthear na Stát Aontaithe chun an sruth jet a atreorú ó thuaidh chun bac a chur ar aon ghaoth láidir a d'fhéadfadh dul go dtí an Ghleann agus an Atlantaigh. Tá easpa gaotha láidir ar leibhéal uachtarach ríthábhachtach chun córais thrópaiceacha a bheith ann. Ina theannta sin, soláthraíonn sé spás don aer taise, te an Atlantaigh agus an Ghleann a ardú agus a chur ar thóir raonta agus stoirmeacha, a d'fhéadfadh dul i ngleic le córais thrópaiceacha sa deireadh.\nD'fhéach mé ar na comhdhúile is déanaí don lá inniu, agus is cosúil go mbeidh cnoc ardbhrú ag filleadh go luath ar oirthear na Stát Aontaithe, rud a d'fhéadfadh go leor a thabhairt do na trópaiceanna roinnt seomra chun gníomhú suas.\nArís, tá sé seo go han-réamhthosca, agus táim ag déanamh taighde leanúnach. I mo shúile, d'fhéadfadh sé seo réamh-mheastacháin aimsire trópaiceach a fheabhsú sa todhchaí, ach ná déanaimis ró-ghnóthaithe.\nLe rabhadh ard amárach ag an Ionad Réamhaisnéis Stoirm, chinn mé go bhfuil sé anois am maith chun tús a chur leis an gcóras nua rabhaidh stoirm an Ionad Stoirm. Go bunúsach, má fheicim go bhfuil baol aimsire diana ar an bhfód, tar éis dom breathnú ar na samhlacha, déanfaidh mé na limistéir a leagan amach ag baint úsáide as na dathanna ar an taobh clé den scáileán. Coinnigh i gcuimhne nach bhfuil an eochair seo ach i gcás riosca stoirmeacha, mar atá i stoirmeacha trócaire. Nuair a thagann tú isteach sa réigiún 'ard' is é nuair a bhíonn stoirmeacha tromchúiseacha féideartha.\nTá mé ag cur tuairisc ar thuaidh Texas agus cuid mhór de Oklahoma faoi riosca 'Ard' de thunderstorms, ag féachaint mar a bhfuil éagobhsaíocht skyrocketed ó 0z GFS go 12z GFS. Chomh maith le oiread agus 4500 j / kg neamhsheasmhachta le caipín an-beag chun stop a chur le stoirmeacha ó fhoirmiú, tá sciathú ar an ord 30 go 50 nóta indéanta sna ceantair seo, rud a fhágann go gcreidim go bhféadfadh stoirmeacha tosaigh a fhoirmiú ar feadh an líne tirim a bheith ina supercells. Faoi dheireadh, ba cheart go bhforbrófaí riosca gráin níos mó, agus is é seo an riosca mór. Cuirfidh neamhsheasmhacht chomh hard le 4500 j/kg suas-threo an-láidir. Beidh na updrafts a choinneáil ag brú ar ais ar shiúl suas i na scamall chun formú níos mó agus níos mó hailstones.\nNí táirge é seo den SPC, den NWS, ná de sheirbhís aimsire rialtais ar bith. Tá sé seo mar tháirge treorach agus níor cheart é a úsáid in ionad táirgí oifigiúla rialtais.\nTá seans 45% ann go mbeidh aimsir throm laistigh de 25 míle de aon phointe i gceantair thuaidh Oklahoma / dheas lár Kansas.\nBa chóir go dtosódh stoirmeacha thunder ar feadh tosaigh seasta atá nasctha le siostán brú íseal in aice láimhe agus líne dryline gaolmhar i Texas. Ba cheart go dtosódh an t-iomaíocht teann aer idir an aghaidh seasta le cur i bhfeidhm na ndrámaí agus na stoirmeacha, is dócha go mbeidh siad gar don chóras brú íseal. De réir mar a fhoirmíonn na stoirmeacha, beidh siad i lár 3000+ j / kg neamhsheasmhachta. Is cosúil go bhfuil bagairt mhór ag hail, le skew-t ó thuaidh lár Oklahoma ag aithint go dtí 1.6 orlach de hailstone ag titim.\nBeidh roinnt dóchúlacht ann go mbeidh tornadoes ann, ach níl an seans sin ard. Faoi dheireadh, tiocfaidh na supercells seo le chéile i gclústár amháin nó níos mó agus beidh siad ina bhagairt hail / gaoth níos díobhálacha. Ní bheidh mé ag diúltú an acmhainn do na stoirmeacha a bheith derecho foirmiú."} +{"text": "I had to do a profile on Hiroshi Yamauchi for my course this week and now that it's marked it's safe to put online. Enjoy: Hiroshi Yamauchi 1927-??? Known to many in the industry as ‘The Father of Gaming'; Hiroshi Yamauchi, former president of Nintendo, was the man that brought the Videogame Industry back from the brink of destruction and is the reason that videogames are now part of almost everyone's home entertainment centres. Born on November 7 1929 Yamauchi was already gifted with the success of Nintendo, founded in 1889 by great grandfather Fusajiro Yamauchi to sell his new Hanafuda Cards, a Japanese gambling game and led the company to becoming Japan's biggest producer of playing cards with ties all over the world. In 1940 at the age of twelve Yamauchi worked in a military factory during World War Two, being too young for military service. After the war he moved onto to the esteemed Waseda University to major in Law. His family life, however, was not as idyllic. Yamauchi's father had abandoned his family in 1933 and his grandparents raised young Hiroshi while his mother moved in with one of her sisters. Yamauchi himself was brought in as president of Nintendo in 1949 when his grandfather, having taken over the company again since Hiroshi's father had left, died of a stroke. It was in the period between 1950 and 1970 that Nintendo moved into new markets outside of the Hanafuda Cards. Various children's toys including spinning discs and the classic ‘cup and ball' game were released with the Nintendo brand as the company grew within in a Japanese Economy under repair. 1969 saw the creation of Nintendo's Games department and in 1970, the late Gunpei Yokoi — later to create the best selling videogame system in history, the Gameboy - came up with the ‘Ultrahand', a ‘beam-gun' used in simple arcade games. Ten years later, after various similar devices and contracts to sell the Magnavox Odyssey game system in Japan, Yamauchi moved Nintendo into making games themselves. Having seen the success of Nintendo's devices in the arcades in America, Yamauchi was keen to get a game of his own on the market as well, but his first attempt failed. Seen as little more than a clone of another popular arcade game, ‘Gladius' the game was simply abandoned by most arcades. The failure was one Yamauchi learned from and he hired in a new \"bright-eyed student\" for his Retail and Design team to create a new game for him. The student was Shigeru Miyamoto and the game was to be Donkey Kong. Miyamoto, also known as the ‘Godfather of Gaming' alongside his boss, became a fierce duo with Yamauchi in the industry and led to Nintendo's monopoly thanks to the face of Mario and the wits of the president. Yamauchi created the home videogame industry as we know it today, with Miyamoto supplying the games to keep Nintendo in demand. Though also famed for his outspoken views on his competitors, he remained respected and revered as president among his rivals until he stepped down in 2003 as the last Yamauchi president — having no children to take up the role and leaving Satoru Iwata to take over.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-09", "url": "https://pokecharms.com/threads/the-father-of-gaming-in-profile.4724/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247481992.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20190217111746-20190217133746-00317.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.986962676, "token_count": 696, "score": 2.796875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Bhí mé chun próifíl a dhéanamh ar Hiroshi Yamauchi ar mo chúrsa an tseachtain seo agus anois go bhfuil sé marcáilte tá sé sábháilte a chur ar líne. Bain taitneamh as: Hiroshi Yamauchi 1927-??? Ar a dtugtar go leor sa tionscal mar 'The Father of Gaming'; Hiroshi Yamauchi, iar-uachtarán Nintendo, bhí an fear a thug an tionscal Videogame ar ais ó an brí na scrios agus is é an chúis go bhfuil videogames anois mar chuid de beagnach gach duine i lár siamsaíochta baile. Rugadh Yamauchi ar an 7 Samhain 1929 agus bhí sé in ann rath Nintendo a bhunú i 1889 ag a seanathair Fusajiro Yamauchi chun a Cártaí Hanafuda nua, cluiche cearrbhachais Seapánach a dhíol agus thug sé ar an gcuideachta a bheith mar an táirgeoir is mó de chairt chearrbhachais sa tSeapáin le ceangail ar fud an domhain. Sa bhliain 1940, ag aois dhá bhliain déag d'oibrigh Yamauchi i monarcha míleata le linn an Dara Cogadh Domhanda, mar go raibh sé ró-óg don tseirbhís mhíleata. Tar éis an chogaidh, chuaigh sé ar aghaidh chuig Ollscoil Waseda a bhí meas air chun a bheith ina mhéireoir i ndlí. Ní raibh a shaol teaghlaigh chomh gasta, áfach. D'fhág athair Yamauchi a theaghlach i 1933 agus d'ardaigh a sheantuismitheoirí Hiroshi óg agus bhog a mháthair isteach le ceann dá deirfiúracha. Tugadh Yamauchi féin isteach mar uachtarán Nintendo i 1949 nuair a fuair a sheanathair, a ghlac an chuideachta arís ó d'fhág athair Hiroshi, bás as stróc. Ba é sa tréimhse idir 1950 agus 1970 a chuaigh Nintendo isteach i margaí nua lasmuigh de na Cártaí Hanafuda. Scaoileadh bréagáin éagsúla do leanaí lena n-áirítear dioscaí casadh agus an cluiche clasaiceach 'cup agus liathróid' leis an mbranda Nintendo de réir mar a d'fhás an chuideachta laistigh de Geilleagar na Seapáine faoi dheisiú. I 1969 cruthaíodh roinn Cluichí Nintendo agus i 1970, tháinig an Gunpei Yokoi nach maireann - a chruthaigh an córas físeáin is fearr a dhíol sa stair, an Gameboy - leis an 'Ultrahand', 'gunn-ghléas' a úsáidtear i gcluichí arcade simplí. Deich mbliana ina dhiaidh sin, tar éis go leor feistí den chineál céanna agus conarthaí chun an córas cluiche Magnavox Odyssey a dhíol sa tSeapáin, chuir Yamauchi Nintendo i mbun cluichí a dhéanamh iad féin. Tar éis dó rath na bhfeistí Nintendo a fheiceáil sna hairdíní i Meiriceá, bhí Yamauchi ag iarraidh cluiche dá chuid féin a fháil ar an margadh freisin, ach theip ar a chéad iarracht. Breathnaíodh ar an gcluiche 'Gladius' mar bheagnach clón de chluiche arcade tóir eile agus níor thréig an chuid is mó de na cluichí arcade é. Bhí an teip ar cheann a d'fhoghlaim Yamauchi agus d'fhostaigh sé \"mac léinn súl geal\" nua dá fhoireann Miondíola agus Dearadh chun cluiche nua a chruthú dó. Ba é an mac léinn Shigeru Miyamoto agus ba chóir go mbeadh an cluiche Donkey Kong. Miyamoto, ar a dtugtar freisin an 'Godfather of Gaming' in éineacht lena cheannasaí, tháinig sé ina dhúile fiáin le Yamauchi sa tionscal agus thug sé monaplaíocht Nintendo a bhuíochas le aghaidh Mario agus le heolas an uachtaráin. Chruthaigh Yamauchi an tionscal físeáin bhaile mar a bhfuil a fhios againn inniu, agus Miyamoto ag soláthar na gcluichí chun éileamh Nintendo a choinneáil. Cé go raibh cáil air freisin as a chuid tuairimí dílis ar a chuid iomaitheoirí, d'fhan sé i n-urram agus i bhfianaise mar uachtarán i measc a chuid iomaitheoirí go dtí gur éirigh sé as oifig i 2003 mar an uachtarán Yamauchi deireanach - gan leanaí a ghlacadh suas an ról agus Satoru Iwata a fhágáil chun dul i ngleic."} +{"text": "The Clearinghouse community offers several sets of resources to support teachers interested in using writing in their courses. These include a rich collection of teaching guides, the University of Delaware's Teaching tips, and a list of links to teaching resources elsewhere on the web.\nThe Clearinghouse offers access to a number of books that provide guidance to instructors who assign writing in their courses. Topics addressed include, among others, designing writing assignments, teaching grammar and style, conducting writing conferences, and using writing-to-learn activities effectively.\nThe WAC Clearinghouse and the University of Delaware offer a collection of \"tipsheets\" for faculty development as a general resource for anyone doing workshops or seeking good advice to distribute to college faculty. They advance both writing to learn and writing in the disciplines approaches.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-49", "url": "https://wac.colostate.edu/resources/teaching/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358847.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20211129225145-20211130015145-00302.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9481477141, "token_count": 160, "score": 2.515625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Cuireann pobal an Chléiritheora roinnt tacar acmhainní ar fáil chun tacú le múinteoirí a bhfuil suim acu i scríbhneoireacht a úsáid ina gcúrsaí. Áirítear leis seo bailiúchán saibhir treoracha teagaisc, leideanna Teagaisc Ollscoil Delaware, agus liosta nascanna le hacmhainní teagaisc in áiteanna eile ar an ngréasán.\nCuireann an t-Ionad Comhréireachta rochtain ar roinnt leabhair a thugann treoir do mhúinteoirí a thugann scríbhneoireacht ina gcúrsaí. I measc na n-ábhar a phléitear, tá ceapadh tascanna scríbhneoireachta, teagasc gramadaí agus stíl, comhdhálacha scríbhneoireachta a sheoladh, agus gníomhaíochtaí scríbhneoireachta chun foghlaim a úsáid go héifeachtach.\nCuireann an WAC Clearinghouse agus Ollscoil Delaware bailiúchán de \"táblaí leideanna\" ar fáil le haghaidh forbartha dáimhe mar acmhainn ghinearálta do dhuine ar bith a dhéanann ceardlanna nó a bhíonn ag lorg comhairle mhaith le dáileadh ar fhoireann na coláiste. Cuireann siad an dá scríbhneoireacht chun foghlaim agus scríbhneoireacht sna disciplíní chun cinn."} +{"text": "ASPEK HUKUM REKAM MEDISJournal: Perspektif (Vol.8, No. 3)\nPublication Date: 2003-07-28\nAuthors : Ratna Winahyu Lestari Dewi;\nPage : 227-235\nKeywords : medical law; patient;\nMedical Record has very important function. It is called ALFRED, stands for Administrative Value, Legal Value, Financial Value, Research Value, Education Value and Documentary Value. Medical Record will be needed as an administrative instrument in a prosecution case, as a financial function to calculate treatment expenses, as a research and education function, it is also has other function as a documentation device and further, has law aspects: administration, civil and criminal law.\nOther Latest Articles\nLast modified: 2017-04-06 12:39:43", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-49", "url": "http://paper.researchbib.com/view/paper/111123", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964359037.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20211130141247-20211130171247-00287.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8792871237, "token_count": 176, "score": 2.671875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "ASPEK HUKUM REKAM MEDISIonán: Perspektif (Vol.8, No. 3)\nDáta Foilsithe: 2003-07-28\nÚdair: Ratna Winahyu Lestari Dewi;\nLeathanach 227-235\nPríomhfhocail: dlí leighis; othar;\nTá feidhm an-tábhachtach ag Clár Leighis. Tugtar ALFRED air, a chiallaíonn Luach Riaracháin, Luach Dlí, Luach Airgeadais, Luach Taighde, Luach Oideachais agus Luach Doiciméadach. Beidh gá le Clár Leighis mar ionstraim riaracháin i gcás ionchúiseamh, mar fheidhm airgeadais chun costais cóireála a ríomh, mar fheidhm taighde agus oideachais, tá feidhm eile aige freisin mar fheiste doiciméadachta agus ina theannta sin, tá gnéithe dlí aige: riarachán, dlí sibhialta agus coiriúil.\nArtaigíleanna Eile is Nua\nDeireadh a mhodhnú: 2017-04-06 12:39:43"} +{"text": "The hallmarks of a warming climate, heavier rains, more severe droughts, rising sea levels and longer growing seasons, are spreading a variety of pathogens throughout the world. Malaria is moving to the highlands. Lyme disease is spreading across the U.S. Northeast and eastern Canada. Outbreaks of cholera will increase with more unsafe water.\nThose are three of the diseases that are becoming part of a growth field in medical research amid concerns that tropical diseases are moving north and south and that progress made to improve health conditions in previous decades might be undone.\n\"I'm quite worried that many of the gains we've made with the [anti-poverty] Millennium Development Goals as far as reducing major infectious diseases and childhood mortality ... could be reversed and lose quite a lot of ground because of climate change,\" said Jonathan Patz, director of the Global Health Institute at the University of Wisconsin, Madison.\nMany different factors affect whether and how much an infectious disease spreads, including the level of development in a country, the public health and sanitary infrastructure, and how safe and plentiful drinking water is.\nBut scientists and public health groups are now focusing more attention on how shifts in the climate may accelerate problems. One example is the negative health impacts from heavy flooding that results from rising sea levels and more frequent storms.\n\"We have several studies around the world that scientifically link these extreme precipitation events to outbreaks,\" said Joan Rose, a water expert at Michigan State University, with diseases like hepatitis A, giardiasis and norovirus infection occurring because of contamination to drinking water.\nSigns of movement\nOne study at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health found that from 1948 to 1994, 51 percent of 548 reported waterborne disease outbreaks in the United States were preceded by extreme precipitation. The insurance company Munich Re has said that weather-related natural disasters increased nearly fivefold in North America over the last three decades.\nOne example is ciguatera, an illness that people get by eating fish that have a certain type of algae toxin; the disease causes nausea and vomiting and has neurological effects.\n\"We never saw them outside the Caribbean ... but now [we've] started seeing these cases in the northern Gulf of Mexico, because we have increased sea temperatures to allow the organism to survive there,\" said George Luber, associate director for climate change at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. \"Critically, there's also another influence of the creation of artificial habitat -- oil rig platforms and artificial reefs.\"\nMalaria, a mosquito-borne infection caused by a parasite, is one often-cited example of how a disease can be affected by climate change, although a few scientists disagree about how strong the link is. Malaria, which can cause low red blood cell counts and cut off vessels carrying blood to the brain, caused an estimated 627,000 deaths in 2012, with many of its victims children in Africa.\n\"It's very well-documented the climate sensitivity of malaria, so there have been studies showing that malaria will likely move up in altitude, for example, in the east African highlands, with projected warmer temperatures,\" said Patz. An area that's too cold doesn't let malaria develop.\nReferring to mosquitoes carrying dengue virus, Patz said there's evidence that shows warmer temperatures in water that contain mosquito larvae lead to faster development and smaller mosquitoes that need to bite people more to develop their eggs.\n\"When you have smaller mosquitoes carrying dengue fever, you can increase the biting rates, as well, just by having warmer water temperatures,\" he said.\nCloser to home, in the lower 48 states plus the District of Columbia in 2013, there were 2,474 documented cases of West Nile virus, characterized by symptoms like headache, high fever and joint pains; it led to 114 deaths last year, according to the CDC. First detected in New York in 1999, it quickly spread across the country. But researchers say the disease hasn't been in the United States long enough for them to make a definitive climate link. A recent study found that West Nile has cost the United States $800 million since it arrived in 1999.\nDrought and longer growing seasons\n\"What we see in that work is absolutely a longer season for the relevant mosquitoes to survive in the U.S.,\" said Andrew Comrie, a professor at the School of Geography and Development at the University of Arizona. \"You find the season lengthening by as much as two to three weeks ... and therefore, [that] exposes people earlier and later in the season.\"\nDroughts can make a disease like West Nile worse, given that it thrives in still puddles of water found in places like the bottoms of storm drains. \"In the summertime, if you don't get big rainfall events that flush out the storm drainage where mosquitoes can be breeding, in that condition, the drought can worsen things,\" Patz said.\nTick-borne Lyme disease has also been steadily increasing over the last decade. There's been \"a continual range expansion of the tick\" that has led to more cases, said Richard Ostfeld, a disease ecologist at the Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies. One key reason that set the stage decades ago is the reforestation of much of New England, which makes it much easier for ticks and their hosts, like mice and deer, to thrive.\nBut \"climate change is almost certainly having an impact on the northward and westward expansion into more extreme climates, [and] those places are becoming increasingly hospitable to tick populations, places that were probably too cold before,\" he said.\nFor example, New Hampshire saw 887 reported cases of Lyme disease in 2011, up from 190 in 2002, according to CDC data.\nAlan Eaton, an entomologist at the University of New Hampshire, said that during the time that Lyme has been surging in the state, the periods of snow cover in the winter has declined, there's been an increase in average winter temperature, and there have been some changes in rainfall, as well. Those factors could be supporting the growth of ticks in the state, although Eaton cautioned that \"you can't prove cause and effect\" yet.\n\"Brain-eating amoeba\" sound like something a zombie would infect you with. But the pathogen that causes the disease, Naegleria fowleri, is actually a microscopic organism that thrives in warm freshwater lakes and is almost always fatal. Although it's still rare, recent cases have occurred in Florida, Arkansas and Louisiana.\n\"As freshwater lakes get hotter in the summer, that leads to more amoebae in the water and increased human risk,\" said Sonia Altizer, an associate professor of ecology at the University of Georgia.\nThe climate-linked diseases are not just affecting people; they're also hitting plants and animals.\nRisks to coffee and butterflies\nFor example, coffee-leaf rust, or Hemileia vastatrix, is a fungus that physically weakens coffee plants, prevents them from growing properly and ruins the crops for farmers. It has spread across the world, and the International Coffee Organization said it cost growers in Central America $500 million and 374,000 jobs in the 2012-13 crop year.\nOne major reason the rust was so devastating in Central America was unusually heavy rainfall at high attitudes where coffee is grown. While single rain events can't be tied to climate change, heavier precipitation overall does have a climate link.\nMigratory patterns can also change. Some elegant orange-and-black monarch butterflies are now staying in the southern United States during the winter months instead of migrating down to Mexico.\n\"What we're finding is that this actually increases the transmission of a debilitating protozoan that infects them,\" said Altizer. \"When the animals migrate, the migration weeds out some of the infected butterflies that can't fly as well, and it also allows the butterflies to escape from their summer habitat, where ... parasites actually build up during the breeding season.\"", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-30", "url": "http://www.eenews.net/special_reports/drought_2012/stories/1059994697/print", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257825366.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071025-00109-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9664868116, "token_count": 1640, "score": 3.453125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá na saintréithe a bhaineann le haeráid atá ag téamh, báistí níos déine, triomaigh níos déine, leibhéil na farraige atá ag ardú agus séasúir fáis níos faide, ag scaipeadh éagsúlacht pathogens ar fud an domhain. Tá an malartaigh ag bogadh go dtí na háiteanna ard. Tá galar Lyme ag scaipeadh ar fud Oirthear Thuaidh na Stát Aontaithe agus taobh thoir Cheanada. Méadóidh ráigeanna cóiléir le níos mó uisce neamhshábháilte.\nIs iad sin trí cinn de na galair atá ag éirí mar chuid de réimse atá ag fás i dtaighde leighis i measc imní go bhfuil galair thrópaiceacha ag bogadh ó thuaidh go deisceart agus go bhféadfadh dul chun cinn a rinneadh chun coinníollacha sláinte a fheabhsú sna blianta roimhe seo a bheith neamhdhíobhálach.\n\"Tá imní orm go leor go bhféadfadh go leor de na gnóthachain a rinneamar leis na Spriocanna Forbartha Míleanacha [ag frith-bhochtaineacht] maidir le mór-chosaintí ionfhabhtaithe agus bású leanaí a laghdú ... a bheith ar ais agus go leor talún a chailleadh mar gheall ar athrú aeráide\", a dúirt Jonathan Patz, stiúrthóir an Institiúid Sláinte Domhanda in Ollscoil Wisconsin, Madison.\nTá go leor fachtóirí éagsúla ag tionchar ar an gcaoi a scaipeann galar gabhálach agus cé mhéad a scaipeann sé, lena n-áirítear leibhéal forbartha i dtír, an bonneagar sláinte poiblí agus sláintíochta, agus cé chomh sábháilte agus go bhfuil go leor uisce óil ann.\nAch tá eolaithe agus grúpaí sláinte poiblí ag díriú níos mó aird anois ar an gcaoi a bhféadfadh athruithe sa ghéarchéim fadhbanna a luathaithe. Is sampla amháin iad na héifeachtaí diúltacha ar shláinte ó thromchlaí tromchúiseacha a thagann mar thoradh ar leibhéil na farraige a ardú agus stoirmeacha níos minice.\n\"Tá roinnt staidéir againn ar fud an domhain a nascadh go heolaíoch na himeachtaí báistí iomarcacha seo le ráigí\", a dúirt Joan Rose, saineolaí uisce in Ollscoil Stáit Michigan, le galair mar eipitéis A, giardiasis agus ionfhabhtú norovirus a tharlaíonn mar gheall ar thruailliú uisce óil.\nSocrúchán\nFuair staidéar amháin ag Scoil Sláinte Poiblí Johns Hopkins Bloomberg go raibh an-fhulaingt roimh 51 faoin gcéad de 548 ráig galar a d'fhógair sna Stáit Aontaithe ó 1948 go 1994, a bhí i ndiaidh na báistí. Dúirt an chuideachta árachais Munich Re gur mhéadaigh tubaistí nádúrtha a bhaineann leis an aimsir beagnach cúig huaire sa Mheiriceá Thuaidh le trí scór bliain anuas.\nSampla amháin is ea an ciguatera, tinneas a fhaigheann daoine trí iasc a ithe a bhfuil cineál áirithe tocsain alga ann; bíonn nausea agus vomiting ag an ngalar agus tá éifeachtaí néareolaíocha aige.\n\"Ní fhaca muid riamh iad lasmuigh den Mhuir Chairib ... ach anois [thosaigh muid] ag féachaint ar na cásanna seo i dTuaisceart Ghleann Mheicsiceo, toisc go bhfuil méadú tagtha ar thimpeallacht na farraige chun an t-orgánim a cheadú chun maireachtáil ann\", a dúirt George Luber, stiúrthóir comhpháirtí maidir le hathrú aeráide ag na hIonaid um Rialú agus Cosc ar Ghalair. \"Go ríthábhachtach, tá tionchar eile ann freisin ar chruthú gnáthóg shaorga - ardáin phlátaim ola agus rífaí shaorga\".\nIs sampla amháin a luaitear go minic de conas is féidir le hathrú aeráide tionchar a imirt ar ghalair, cé nach bhfuil roinnt eolaithe ag aontacht faoi cé chomh láidir is atá an nasc. Tá an malaria ina chúis le líon íseal cealla dearga fola agus le go bhfuil na soithigh a chuireann fola chuig an inchinn ar scor, agus measadh gur maraíodh 627,000 duine in 2012, agus go leor leanaí san Afraic ina n-aíonna.\n\"Tá an-chomhfhios ag an gcineál éigeandála atá ag an maláiria don aeráid, mar sin tá staidéir ann a léiríonn go mbeidh an maláiria ag bogadh suas san airde, mar shampla, i dtuaisceart na hAfraice, le teocht níos teo a mheastar\", a dúirt Patz. Ní ligfidh limistéar atá ró-fhuar malairía a fhorbairt.\nAg tagairt do mosquitoes a iompróidh víreas dengue, dúirt Patz go bhfuil fianaise ann a léiríonn go bhfuil teochtaí níos teo san uisce ina bhfuil larbha mosquito mar thoradh ar fhorbairt níos gasta agus mosquitoes níos lú a chaithfidh daoine a ghrianghrafú níos mó chun a n-uibheacha a fhorbairt.\n\"Nuair a bhíonn mosquitoes níos lú agat a iompróidh teas dengue, is féidir leat na rátaí biting a mhéadú, chomh maith, ach teochtaí uisce níos teo a bheith agat\", a dúirt sé.\nNíos gaire abhaile, sna 48 stát níos ísle mó ná Dúiche Columbia in 2013, bhí 2,474 cás cáipitil de víreas West Nile, a bhfuil comharthaí cosúil le tinneas cinn, fiabhras ard agus pian i gcomhpháirteanna; mar thoradh air seo fuair 114 duine bás anuraidh, de réir an CDC. Léiríodh é den chéad uair i Nua-Eabhrac i 1999, agus scaipeadh go tapa é ar fud na tíre. Ach deir taighdeoirí nach raibh an galar sna Stáit Aontaithe fada go leor chun go bhféadfaidís nasc críochnaitheach aeráide a dhéanamh. Fuair staidéar le déanaí go bhfuil costas $800 milliún tagtha ar na Stáit Aontaithe ó tháinig sé i 1999.\nTithíocht agus tréimhsí fáis níos faide\n\"Is é an méid a fheicimid sa obair sin ná séasúr níos faide do na mosquitoí ábhartha chun maireachtáil sna Stáit Aontaithe\", a dúirt Andrew Comrie, ollamh in Scoil na Geografaíochta agus Forbartha in Ollscoil Arizona. \"Féachann tú go bhfuil an séasúr ag dul i bhfad níos faide dhá nó trí seachtaine ... agus dá bhrí sin, [go] nochtann daoine níos luaithe agus níos déanaí sa séasúr\".\nIs féidir le triomaigh galair cosúil le West Nile a dhéanamh níos measa, ós rud é go n-éireoidh sé i plódáin uisce fós a fhaightear in áiteanna cosúil le bun na n-aigéan stoirme. \"Sa samhradh, mura bhfaigheann tú imeachtaí báistí móra a scriosann an draenáil stoirme nuair a d'fhéadfadh mosquitoes a bheith ag breeding, sa choinníoll sin, is féidir leis an triomach rudaí a dhéanamh níos measa\", a dúirt Patz.\nTá galar Lyme a tharchur ag tics ag méadú go seasta le deich mbliana anuas. Tá \"leathnú leanúnach ar raon na tic\" a thug le níos mó cásanna, a dúirt Richard Ostfeld, éiceolaí galar in Institiúid Staidéar Éiceachórais Cary. Ceann de na príomhchúiseanna a chuir an chéim i láthair blianta ó shin ná athfhoraoisiú cuid mhór de Shasana Nua, rud a fhágann go bhfuil sé i bhfad níos éasca do thiteanna agus dá n-óstach, cosúil le lucha agus éin, a bheith rathúil.\nAch \"tá athrú aeráide beagnach cinnte go bhfuil tionchar aige ar an leathnú ó thuaidh agus ó thuaidh go dtí aeráidí níos iomarcaí, [agus] tá na háiteanna sin ag éirí níos láidre do phobail tics, áiteanna a bhí ró-fhuar roimhe seo, is dócha\", a dúirt sé.\nMar shampla, chonaic New Hampshire 887 cás de ghalar Lyme in 2011, suas ó 190 in 2002, de réir sonraí CDC.\nDúirt Alan Eaton, entomologist in Ollscoil New Hampshire, le linn an ama a bhí Lyme ag dul i ngleic sa stát, tá na tréimhsí clúdach sneachta sa gheimhreadh tar éis titim, tá méadú tagtha ar mheánteocht an gheimhreadh, agus tá roinnt athruithe tagtha ar thitim na báistí, chomh maith. D'fhéadfadh na fachtóirí sin tacú le fás na gcinn sa stát, cé gur thug Eaton rabhadh nach féidir \"chúis agus éifeacht a chruthú\" go fóill.\n\"Amoeba-eating inchinn\" fuaim cosúil le rud éigin a bheadh zombie ionfhabhtaithe tú le. Ach is é an paiteagín a chuireann an galar, Naegleria fowleri, ina chóras microscopic i ndáiríre a thriomnaíonn i lochanna te uisce úr agus is beagnach i gcónaí marbhtach. Cé go bhfuil sé fós annamh, tharla cásanna le déanaí i Florida, Arkansas agus Louisiana.\n\"De réir mar a bhíonn lochanna uisce milis níos teo sa samhradh, bíonn níos mó amoebaí san uisce agus riosca níos mó ag daoine\", a dúirt Sonia Altizer, ollamh coimhdeach éiceolaíochta in Ollscoil Georgia.\nNí hamháin go bhfuil daoine ag fulaingt ó ghalair a bhaineann leis an aeráid; tá plandaí agus ainmhithe á nglacadh acu freisin.\nRioscaí do chaifé agus do bhrathair\nMar shampla, is fungas é an rós duille caife, nó Hemileia vastatrix, a dhéanann plandaí caife a lagú go fisiciúil, a chuireann cosc orthu fás i gceart agus a scriosann an barr do fheirmeoirí. Tá sé scaipthe ar fud an domhain, agus dúirt an Eagraíocht Idirnáisiúnta Caife gur chaill sé $ 500 milliún agus 374,000 post ag táirgeoirí i Meiriceá Láir i mbliain an bháis 2012-13.\nCeann de na cúiseanna is mó a raibh an ruis chomh tubaisteach i Meiriceá Láir ná go raibh báistí an-mhór ag athléimneacha ard ina bhfuil caife ag fás. Cé nach féidir imeachtaí báistí aonair a cheangal le hathrú aeráide, tá nasc aeráide ag titim níos truime go forleathan.\nIs féidir le patrúin imirce athrú freisin. Tá roinnt liomach ríoga ealaíne-oráiste-agus-dubh ag fanacht anois i ndeisceart na Stát Aontaithe le linn mhíonna an gheimhridh in ionad imeacht síos go Meicsiceo.\n\"Is é an rud atá á fháil againn ná go méadaíonn sé seo tarchur protozoa lagú a ionfhabhtaíonn iad\", a dúirt Altizer. \"Nuair a imíonn na hainmhithe, déanann an imirce cuid de na bratachraibheanna ionfhabhtaithe a fhágann nach féidir leo eitilt a bhaint amach chomh maith, agus tugann sé deis do na bratachraibheanna éalú as a gnáthóg samhraidh, áit a ... go ndéanann paraisítí a thógáil suas i ndáiríre le linn na séasúr breithe\"."} +{"text": "Children don't have a big attention span like adults do because their brain is not developed enough yet. They usually pay attention for only a few minutes before something else gets their interest.\nCoaches have to be involved with kids during soccer practice in order for them to make any progress.\nHere is how you can keep kids from getting distracted during a soccer practice\n1. Give them attention. Make sure that you have enough assistants to help you keep a close eye on the kids. Children are suckers for attention and if they see that nobody cares about them, they'll stop doing whatever they were supposed to do.\n2. Keep them active at all times. Kids are at a soccer practice for a reason: to be active and to consume all their energy. They love to run around until they get tired. A kid that is not active will focus his attention on something else, so make sure they are involved in the activities.\n3. Be innovative. Think about new ways to mix things up in order to engage the kids during practice time. Warming up, stretching or learning new techniques doesn't have to be boring and you don't have to explain them as you would to an adult. Make up stories, use characters and relate to things that the kids enjoy.\n4. Divide the practice time into short sections. Kids' short attentions spans requires the soccer practice to have short and focused lessons. They don't really need 50 minutes to learn a new techniques or 50 minutes to play. It's just too much for them. By creating short sections throughout the practice, you will have the kids' full attention and you will increase the interactivity between you and them.\n5. Show them more, explain them less. We don't mean that you don't have to explain a certain trick, but try not to talk about it too much. Showing them how a certain technique works is much more helpful for them. Afterwards, it will be easier for them to mimic what you just did and learn the new trick in no time.\n6. Let them have fun. At the end of each practice you should let the kids do their own thing, so that they'll associate soccer practice with having fun as well. Let them be silly, fool around and play with the ball. You will see how much energy they have in them and you'll also be able to spot excitement on their face.\n7. Make it interactive. Get actively involved in the kids' soccer practice. Dribble with them across the field. Try forming pairs of two to make it more fun and competitive. From time to time, you can even choose a theme for the practice and tell the kids to dress up like their favorite characters from a cartoon or a movie.\nSports equals fun.\nSports is not meant to stress the kids. It's quite the opposite. They come to practice to release all of their energy and to have fun. If you follow the tips we mentioned above soccer practice is never going to be boring again for them.\nJust remember you also need to be organized if you want the best results. While it might see hard at first, there is a solution to help you out. Team management products are designed to make your job easier and increase the fun factor. Create a team website and then manage it easily. Check them out and you'll never regret it.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-09", "url": "http://blog.team360apps.com/archive/how-to-keep-kids-from-getting-distracted-during-a-soccer-practice/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247484020.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20190218013525-20190218035525-00353.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9822808504, "token_count": 682, "score": 3.21875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Níl an méid a d'fhéadfadh daoine fásta a chur san áireamh ag leanaí toisc nach bhfuil a n-inchinn forbartha go leor fós. De ghnáth ní bhíonn a gcuid aird ach ar feadh cúpla nóiméad sula mbíonn suim acu i rud éigin eile.\nCaithfidh cóistí a bheith páirteach le páistí le linn oiliúna peile ionas go ndéanfaidh siad aon dul chun cinn.\nSeo mar is féidir leat a choinneáil ar leanaí ó bheith distracted le linn cleachtadh peile\n1. an t-am a bhí ann. Tabhair aird orthu. Déan cinnte go bhfuil go leor cúntóirí agat chun cabhrú leat súil ghéar a choinneáil ar na páistí. Tá leanaí suckers le haghaidh aird agus má fheiceann siad nach bhfuil aon duine cúram a thabhairt dóibh, beidh siad stop a dhéanamh cibé rud a bhí siad ceaptha a dhéanamh.\n2. Seachadadh. Coinnigh iad gníomhach i gcónaí. Tá cúis ag páistí ag cleachtadh peile: a bheith gníomhach agus a gcuid fuinnimh go léir a chaitheamh. Is breá leo rith timpeall go dtí go bhfaigheann siad tuirse. Beidh leanbh nach bhfuil gníomhach dírithe ar rud éigin eile, mar sin déan cinnte go bhfuil siad páirteach sna gníomhaíochtaí.\n3. Tá an t-am ann. Bí nuálach. Smaoinigh ar bhealaí nua chun rudaí a mheascadh d'fhonn na páistí a mhealladh le linn ama cleachtadh. Ní gá go mbeadh téamh, síneadh nó teicnící nua a fhoghlaim go fiach agus ní gá duit iad a mhíniú mar a dhéanfá le duine fásta. Déan scéalta a dhéanamh, carachtair a úsáid agus a bhaineann le rudaí a thaitníonn leis na páistí.\n4. Tá an t-am Déan an t-am cleachtadh a roinnt ina chuid ghearr. Éilíonn an tréanáil peile go mbeadh ceachtanna gearr agus dírithe ag na páistí. Ní gá dóibh 50 nóiméad i ndáiríre chun teicnící nua a fhoghlaim nó 50 nóiméad chun imirt. Tá sé ach ró-mhór dóibh. Trí rannáin ghearr a chruthú i rith an chleachtais, beidh aird iomlán na leanaí agat agus méadóidh tú an idirghníomhaíocht idir tú féin agus iad.\n5. Tá an t-am ann. Taispeáin níos mó dóibh, mínigh níos lú dóibh. Ní chiallaíonn muid nach gá duit cleas áirithe a mhíniú, ach déan iarracht gan ró-labhairt faoi. Is é a thaispeáint dóibh conas a oibríonn teicníc áirithe i bhfad níos cabhrach dóibh. Ina dhiaidh sin, beidh sé níos éasca dóibh a mhalairt cad a rinne tú díreach agus foghlaim an cleas nua i am ar bith.\n6. Ceacht. Lig dóibh spraoi a bheith acu. Ag deireadh gach cleachtais ba chóir duit ligean do na páistí a gcuid rudaí féin a dhéanamh, ionas go mbeidh cleachtas peile acu a cheangal le spraoi chomh maith. Lig dóibh a bheith amaideach, fool timpeall agus a imirt leis an liathróid. Feicfidh tú cé mhéad fuinnimh atá iontu agus beidh tú in ann spreagadh a fheiceáil ar a n-aghaidh freisin.\n7. Ceacht. Déan é idirghníomhach. Bí páirteach go gníomhach i gcleachtadh peile na leanaí. Dribling leo ar fud an réimse. Déan iarracht péirí de bheirt a dhéanamh chun é a dhéanamh níos spraíúla agus iomaíoch. Ó am go ham, is féidir leat téama a roghnú don chleachtadh agus a rá leis na páistí éadaí a chaitheamh mar a charachtair is fearr leo ó chartúin nó scannán.\nIs ionann spórt agus spraoi.\nNí dhéantar spórt a chur faoi strus na leanaí. Tá sé go leor a mhalairt. Tagann siad chun cleachtadh a dhéanamh chun a gcuid fuinnimh go léir a scaoileadh agus spraoi a bheith acu. Má leanann tú na leideanna a luaitear thuas ní bheidh oiliúint peile riamh níos fuaire dóibh.\nCuimhnigh go gcaithfidh tú a bheith eagraithe freisin más mian leat na torthaí is fearr. Cé go bhféadfadh sé a bheith deacair ar dtús, tá réiteach ann chun cabhrú leat. Tá táirgí bainistíochta foirne deartha chun do chuid oibre a dhéanamh níos éasca agus an fachtóir spraoi a mhéadú. Suíomh gréasáin foirne a chruthú agus é a bhainistiú go héasca. Seiceáil iad amach agus ní bheidh tú brón air."} +{"text": "Tuesday, September 30, 2008\nChicken Soup with Lotus Root and Red Dates\nYou may be familiar with the lotus flower. For the Chinese people, this pink, aquatic flower symbolizes beauty, purity and elegance. But do you know that most parts of the lotus plant are edible? The seeds can be eaten raw. The flowers (or at least the stamens) can be infused into herbal tea. The young leaves and petals can be eaten. While the mature leaves can be used to wrap food before cooking. The edible rhizomes -- the grey-brown roots can be cooked in a variety of ways.\nThis is how a portion of the rhizome looks like. Maybe you have already seen this in various Asian groceries. One lotus plant can have several of these \"roots.\" It looks like a swollen elongated sweet potato. It has a crunchy texture and subtle flavor. So, we can cook it in many different ways. The young ones, naturally more tender, can be made into salads. Otherwise, they can be stir-fried, stuffed, deep fried or simmered in soup.\nChinese people have long known that Lotus roots are a very healthy food and have been using them in this way for many centuries. Recent studies confirm this - Lotus roots were found to be rich in dietary fiber, vitamin C, potassium, thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B6, phosphorus, copper, and manganese, while very low in saturated fat. Lotus roots are believed to have \"cooling\" effect. This should be served often during hot summer months.\nWash the root thoroughly. Remove the thin skin by scraping or simply use a vegetable peeler. See the picture above? That is how it would look like when you cut it, cross-section, after peeling. Slice the root thinly, around 1/8 inch thick per slice. See the picture below? Don't you just love the beautiful lacy pattern? Since the root discolors easily when cut, drop it into water immediately after slicing. You may add a little lemon juice or vinegar to the water, as well.\nIn a pot of boiling water, add in the ff:\n1 kilo chicken, chopped to serving pieces\n1 lotus root, prepared and sliced\n5 pcs dried red dates\na handful of Chinese Wolfberry or Gou Qi Zi\nLet boil and simmer for an hour. Alternately, drop everything in the slow cooker before leaving for work, and when you come home, a nutritious soup is ready waiting for you. :)\nSeason with salt and pepper before serving.\nSharing this soup and the featured Lotus Root with the Weekend Herb Blogging community, headed by Kalyn of Kalyn's Kitchen. This weekly event features herb and unique plant ingredients and the dishes we make using these ingredients. This week's host is Valentina from Trembom. To see last week's wonderfully delicious round-up, please check out Haalo of Cook Almost Anything At Least Once.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-05", "url": "https://heartandhearth.blogspot.com/2008/09/chicken-soup-with-lotus-root-and-red.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320301263.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220119033421-20220119063421-00328.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9340937734, "token_count": 619, "score": 2.71875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Dé Máirt, 30 Meán Fómhair, 2008\nSuíon Cearc le Fótus Lotus agus Dátaí Dearg\nB'fhéidir go bhfuil tú eolach ar an bhláth lótas. I gcás na Síne, siombailíonn an bláth uisceach bándearg seo áilleacht, íonacht agus ealaín. Ach an raibh a fhios agat go bhfuil an chuid is mó de phlandaí an lotus inúsáidte? Is féidir na síolta a ithe amh. Is féidir na bláthanna (nó na stamainí ar a laghad) a chur i dte fíocháin luibhe. Is féidir na duilleoga óga agus na péitíní a ithe. Cé gur féidir na duilleoga aibí a úsáid chun bia a phéinteáil sula gcuirtear i gcodladh é. Is féidir na fréamhacha itheacha -- na fréamhacha liath-dath a chócaráil ar bhealaí éagsúla.\nSeo mar a fhéachann cuid den rhizome. B'fhéidir go bhfaca tú é seo cheana féin i mbia-earraí éagsúla san Áise. Is féidir go mbeadh roinnt de na \"fhréamhacha\" seo ag plandaí lótas amháin. Tá sé cosúil le prátaí milis shéideacha tuilte. Tá struchtúr crúbtha agus blas subtle aige. Mar sin, is féidir linn é a chócaráil ar go leor bealaí éagsúla. Is féidir na páistí, atá níos déine go nádúrtha, a dhéanamh ina saladach. Seachas sin, is féidir iad a chur i bpríosún, a líonadh, a friochadh go domhain nó a scald i mbabhla.\nTá a fhios ag daoine na Síne go fada gur bia an-shláintiúil é fréamhacha Lotus agus tá siad á n-úsáid ar an mbealach seo le blianta fada. Deimhníonn staidéir le déanaí é seo - fuarthas go bhfuil fréamhacha Lotus saibhir i snáithín bia, vitimín C, potaisiam, thiamine, riboflavin, vitimín B6, fosfar, copar, agus mangainéis, agus go bhfuil saill shásta an-íseal iontu. Creidtear go bhfuil éifeacht \"fhuaraithe\" ag fréamhacha lótas. Ba chóir é seo a sheirbheáil go minic i rith míonna te samhraidh.\nNigh an fréamh go maith. Tóg an craiceann tanaí trí scraping nó úsáid peiler glasraí. An bhfeiceann tú an pictiúr thuas? Seo mar a bheadh sé ag breathnú nuair a ghearradh tú é, trasghearradh, tar éis peeling. Déan an fréamh a ghearradh go tanaí, thart ar 1/8 orlach tiubh in aghaidh an slice. An bhfeiceann tú an pictiúr thíos? Nach bhfuil tú díreach grá an patrún lacy álainn? Ós rud é go n-athraíonn dath an fréamhacha go héasca nuair a ghearrtar iad, cuir isteach san uisce iad láithreach tar éis iad a ghearradh. Is féidir leat beagán sú líomóide nó fínéagar a chur leis an uisce freisin.\nI mbabhla uisce fiuchta, cuir isteach sa ff:\n1 cileagram sicín, gearrtha go píosaí\n1 fréamh lótas, ullmhaithe agus sliceáilte\n5 phcs de dhátaí dearga triomaithe\ndornán de Wolfberry na Síne nó Gou Qi Zi\nLig é a bruite agus a simmer ar feadh uair an chloig. Ina ionad sin, cuir gach rud sa chócaire mall sula dtéann tú ag obair, agus nuair a thagann tú abhaile, tá an tsúp cothaitheach réidh ag fanacht leat. :)\nSauna le salann agus piobar sula ndéantar é a sheirbheáil.\nAg roinnt an tsúp seo agus an Fhréamh Lotus le chéile le pobal Blogáil Fhéile na Deireadh Seachtaine, faoi cheannas Kalyn of Kalyn's Kitchen. Tá an ócáid sheachtain seo ina bhfuil glasraí agus comhábhair phlandaí uathúla agus na miasa a dhéanaimid ag baint úsáide as na comhábhair seo. Is é Valentina ó Trembom an t-óstach na seachtaine seo. Chun an t-amhrán iontach delicious a fheiceáil an tseachtain seo caite, féach Haalo of Cook Almost Anything At Least Once."} +{"text": "Chemistry of compulsive hair pulling\nA preliminary study suggests women driven by an irresistible impulse to pull out their own hair can often resist the strange urge when given an antidepressant drug already shown to ease the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder. The finding, reported in the Aug. 24 NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE, suggests excessive hair pulling--or trichotillomania--is related to the uncontrollable thoughts and repeated rituals that characterize obsessive-compulsive disorder.\nTrichotillomania's prevalence is unclear. Sufferers recognize the bizarre nature of their impulses but still pull out hair from their scalps, arms, eyebrows and eyelashes. No standard treatment exists for the disorder, which mainly afflicts females.\nPsychiatrist Susan E. Swedo of the National Institute of Mental Health and her colleagues compared two antidepressants, clomipramine and desipramine, in 13 women with severe trichotillomania. Subjects first took a placebo pill for two weeks. Next, each received one of the antidepressants for five weeks, then switched to the other for five weeks.\nEvaluations by patients and their physicians, none of whom knew which drug was being taken, indicated only clomipramine was effective. Three clomipramine patients stopped pulling their hair, and nine had a reduction of at least 50 percent in the severity of their symptoms.\nClomipramine may work by increasing the availability of serotonin, a chemical messenger in the brain (SN: 5/21/88, p.324). The researchers also recommend behavior therapy for patients who partially respond to the drug.\nCOPYRIGHT 1989 Science Service, Inc.\nCOPYRIGHT 2004 Gale Group", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-05", "url": "http://the-medical-dictionary.com/clomipramine_article_5.htm", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320305420.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220128043801-20220128073801-00333.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9329425097, "token_count": 357, "score": 2.5625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Ceimic na gruaige coirp a tharraingt\nTugann staidéar réamh le fios go mbíonn mná a spreagann impulse gan choinne chun a gcuid gruaige féin a tharraingt in ann an t-éileamh a sheasamh go minic nuair a thugtar druga frithdhúlagar a léirítear cheana féin chun comharthaí neamhoird obsessive-compulsive a mhaolú. Tugann an toradh, a tuairiscíodh sa 24 Lúnasa, i New England Journal of Medicine, le fios go bhfuil baint ag iomarcach gruaige a tharraingt - nó trichotillomania - leis na smaointe neamhrialta agus na deasghnátha athdhéanta a bhfuil saintréith ag neamhoird obsessive-compulsive orthu.\nNíl an forleithne trichotillomania soiléir. Aithníonn na daoine atá ag fulaingt an nádúr aisteach a gcuid impulses ach tugann siad gruaig as a gcraiceann, a lámha, a mbróga agus a gcuid eyelashes. Níl aon chóireáil chaighdeánach ann don neamhord, a théann i bhfeidhm go príomha ar mhná.\nRinne an síciatrach Susan E. Swedo ón Institiúid Náisiúnta um Shláinte Meabhrach agus a chomhghleacaithe comparáid idir dhá dhruga frithdhúlagar, clomipramine agus desipramine, i 13 bhean a raibh trichotillomania tromchúiseach orthu. Ghlac na hábhair pill phlacéabó ar dtús ar feadh dhá sheachtain. Ansin, fuair gach duine ceann de na frithdhúlagóirí ar feadh cúig seachtaine, ansin d'athraigh siad go dtí an ceann eile ar feadh cúig seachtaine.\nLéirigh meastóireachtaí a rinne othair agus a n-a n-a n-a n-a n-a n-a n-a n-a n-a n-a n-a n-a n-a n-a n-a n-a n-a n-a n-a n-a n-a n-a n-a n-a n-a n-a n-a n-a n-a n-a n-a n-a n-a n-a n-a n-a n-a n-a n-a n-a n-a n-a n-a n-a n-a n-a n-a n-a n-a n-a n-a n-a n-a n-a n-a n-a n-a n-a n-a n-a n-a n-a n-a n-a n-a n-a n-a n-a n-a n-a n-a n-a n-a n-n-a n-a n-n-a n-a n-n-a n-a n-a n-n-a n-a n-n-a n-n-a n-n-a n-n-n-n-n-a n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n-n- D'fhág triúr othar clomipramine a gcuid gruaige a tharraingt, agus bhí laghdú 50 faoin gcéad ar a laghad ar thromchúis a gcuid comharthaí.\nD'fhéadfadh clomipramine a bheith ag obair trí chur ar fáil serotonin, teachtaire ceimiceach sa inchinn (SN: 5/ 21/88, p.324). Molann na taighdeoirí teiripe iompraíochta freisin do othair a fhreagraíonn go páirteach ar an druga.\nCOPYRIGHT 1989 Seirbhís Eolaíochta, Inc.\nCOPYRIGHT 2004 Grúpa Gale"} +{"text": "|Nectarines and peaches have basically the same requirements. Nectarine fruits differ from peaches in having smooth skin with no fuzz and a slightly different flavored and textured fruit.\nPrunus persica nucipersica, or the common nectarine tree, can be grown in the Southeast, Mid Atlantic, some areas of the Midwest, Great Lakes, California and dry summer areas of the Northwest and Intermountain West. Cultivars developed for differing climates can extend its range somewhat.\nGenerally, nectarines ripen between June and September. The trees need some winter chilling during the dormant season and also require clear, hot weather during the growing season. In areas with possible late frosts, plant later blooming varieties. Areas with cool and rainy springs, produce trees that set fewer flowers, do not pollinate well and are subject to peach leaf curl. Standard size trees can rapidly grow to 25 feet tall and as wide; properly pruned they can be maintained at 10 to 12 feet. They start bearing fruit at 3 to 4 years old, reaching a peak at about 12 years. Dwarf trees are available. Most nectrines are self fertile. Nectarines are more susceptible than peaches to brown rot of stone fruit.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-36", "url": "http://www.backyardgardener.com/plantname/pd_7741.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982969890.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200929-00183-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9500188828, "token_count": 255, "score": 3.703125, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Tá na riachtanais chéanna ag na nectarines agus na piosaí. Tá torthaí neictrín difriúil ó phéirseanna i gcraiceann réidh gan fuzz agus torthaí blas agus struchtúr beagán difriúil.\nIs féidir Prunus persica nucipersica, nó an crann nectarine coitianta, a fhás san Oirdheisceart, i Meán-Atrialach, i roinnt ceantair den Mheán-Iarthar, na Lochlannacha Móra, California agus i gceantair thirim shochaire an Iarthuaiscirt agus an Iarthair Idirbheagáin. Is féidir le cothú a d'fhorbair le haghaidh aeráide éagsúla a raon a leathnú go pointe éigin.\nDe ghnáth, déanann na nectarines aibíocht idir Meitheamh agus Meán Fómhair. Ba chóir go mbeadh an t-am ar fad ag an mbarr le haghaidh na n-oidis, ach ní mór go mbeadh an t-am ar fad ag an mbarr le haghaidh na n-oidis. I gceantair ina bhféadfadh frost déanach a bheith ann, plandáil cineálacha a bhlóthóidh níos déanaí. Tá limistéir a bhfuil earraigh fhuar agus báisteach acu, ag táirgeadh crainn a leagann níos lú bláthanna, nach bhfuil polláine go maith acu agus atá faoi réir curl duilleach peach. Is féidir le crainn de mhéid caighdeánach fás go tapa go 25 troigh ar airde agus chomh leathan; má tá siad gearr go cuí is féidir iad a choinneáil ag 10 go 12 troigh. Tosaíonn siad ag torthaí ag aois 3 go 4 bliana d'aois, ag teacht ar a buaicphointe ag thart ar 12 bliana d'aois. Tá crainn dwarf ar fáil. Tá an chuid is mó de na neictríní féin-bhéasach. Tá nectarines níos so-ghabhálacha ná piocanna le rot donn torthaí cloiche."} +{"text": "Ukrainian history is long and proud, with the inception of Kyivan (or Kievan) Rus as the most powerful state in Medieval Europe. While this state fell prey to Mongol conquest, the western part of Ukraine became part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from the 14th until the 18th century, even modern Ukraine owes it a debt of sorts. A subsequent Ukrainian state was able to - in the face of pressure from the ascendant Muscovy - remain autonomous for more than a century, however the Russian Empire absorbed much of Ukraine in the 18th century, to the detriment of their culture and identity.\nDespite a brief, but uncertain, flash of independence at the end of the czarist regime, Ukraine was incorporated into the new USSR after the Russian Civil War in 1922 and subject to two disastrous famines (1932-33 and 1946) as well as brutal fighting during World War II. As a Soviet republic, the Ukrainian language was often 'sidelined' when compared to Russian to varying degrees; Stalinist repressions during the 1930s, attempts at decentralisation during the Khrushchev administraion and the retightening of controls during the Brezhnev-Kosygin era of the 1970s and early 1980s. In any case, the traditionally bilingual province had signs in both Russian and Ukrainian in virtually all cities, including Lviv, where Ukrainian is most prevalent. The 1986 Chernobyl accident was a further catastrophe to the republic but also widely considered as an event which, in the long run, galvanized the population in regional sentiment and led to increasing pressure on the central government to promote autonomy.\nUkraine declared its sovereignty within the Soviet Union in July 1990 as a prelude to unfolding events in the year to come. The Verkhovna Rada (Ukraine's Parliament) again declared its independence in early December 1991 following the results of referendum in November 1991 which indicated overwhelming popular support (90% in favour of independence). This declaration became a concrete reality as the Soviet Union formally ceased to exist on December 25, 1991. Initially, there were severe economic difficulties, hyperinflation, and oligarchal rule prevailed in the early years following independence. The issues of cronyism, corruption and alleged voting irregularities came to a head during the heavily-disputed 2004 Presidential election, where allegations of vote-rigging sparked what became known as the \"Orange Revolution\". This revolution resulted in the subsequent election of opposition candidate Viktor Yushchenko as President.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-13", "url": "http://europetravel.net/Ukraine/history.php", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912203168.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20190324022143-20190324044143-00359.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9693850875, "token_count": 507, "score": 3.421875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá stair fhada agus bródúil ag an Úcráin, le bunú Rus Kyivan (nó Kievan) mar an stát is cumhachtaí san Eoraip Meánaoiseach. Cé gur thit an stát seo mar íobairt do shárú na Mongóil, tháinig an chuid thiar den Úcráin mar chuid den Chomhphobal Polainnis-Lithuanach ón 14ú go dtí an 18ú haois, fiú tá fiacha de chineál éigin ag an Úcráin nua-aimseartha. Bhí stát Úcráinis ina dhiaidh sin in ann - i bhfianaise brú ó na Moscóidí ardú - fanacht uathrialach ar feadh níos mó ná céad bliain, ach ghlac Impireacht na Rúise cuid mhór den Úcráin sa 18ú haois, ar mhalartacht a gcultúr agus a bhféiniúlacht.\nIn ainneoin léargas gairid neamhspleáchais, ach éiginnte, ag deireadh an réimeas tsarist, cuireadh an Úcráin isteach sa USSR nua tar éis Chogadh Cathartha na Rúise i 1922 agus bhí sí faoi réir dhá ghorta tubaisteach (1932-33 agus 1946) chomh maith le troid fhrith-ghéarchéime le linn an Dara Cogadh Domhanda. Mar phoblacht Sóivéadach, is minic a bhí an teanga Úcráinis 'ar an taobh' i gcomparáid leis an Rúisis go céimeanna éagsúla; brúigh Stalíneach le linn na 1930idí, iarrachtaí díláraithe le linn riarachán Khrushchev agus athshéanadh na rialaithe le linn ré Brezhnev-Kosygin sna 1970idí agus go luath sna 1980idí. Ar aon chuma, bhí comharthaí sa chúige déthaobhach traidisiúnta sa Rúis agus san Úcráinis i mbeagnach gach cathair, lena n-áirítear Lviv, áit a bhfuil an Úcráinis is mó. Bhí tubaiste Chernobyl 1986 ina thubaiste eile don phoblacht ach measadh go forleathan freisin mar imeacht a chuir, ar an fhadtéarma, an daonra i ngrá réigiúnach agus a thug brú méadaithe ar an rialtas lárnach chun uathriail a chur chun cinn.\nD'fhógair an Úcráin a ceannasacht laistigh den Aontas Sóivéadach i mí Iúil 1990 mar réamhrá do na himeachtaí a bheidh ag teacht chun cinn sa bhliain atá le teacht. D'fhógair an Verkhovna Rada (Parlaimint na hÚcráine) a neamhspleáchas arís go luath i mí na Nollag 1991 tar éis thorthaí an reifrinn i mí na Samhna 1991 a léiríodh tacaíocht mhór daonra (90% i bhfabhar neamhspleáchas). Tháinig an dearbhú seo chun bheith ina réaltacht shonracha nuair a stop an tAontas Sóivéadach go foirmiúil as bheith ann ar an 25 Nollaig, 1991. Ar dtús, bhí deacrachtaí eacnamaíocha tromchúiseacha ann, hyperinflation, agus bhí rialú oligarchal ann sna chéad blianta tar éis na neamhspleáchais. Tháinig na saincheisteanna maidir le cronyism, éilliú agus neamhrialtachtaí vótála líomhnaithe chun cinn le linn toghchán Uachtaránachta 2004 a bhí díospóideach go mór, áit a raibh líomhaintí maidir le vótáil a cheilt mar thoradh ar an rud a tugadh ar an \"Réabhlóid Uachtaránachta\". Mar thoradh ar an réabhlóid seo toghadh iarrthóir an fhreasúra Viktor Yushchenko ina dhiaidh sin mar Uachtarán."} +{"text": "The North Sea viewed from a windswept Grimsby beach looks cold and uninviting. Mud-stained waves slosh fragments of seaweed, plastic bottles and shells along the Lincolnshire shoreline, while gimlet-eyed seagulls crouch on the harbour wall. It is hard to imagine the scene of 120 years ago, when Grimsby was a great Victorian seaport receiving the wealth of the North Sea from the holds of countless fishing vessels. Boats crammed the harbour, five or 10 abreast, and the quayside thronged with fishers, auctioneers, merchants and carriers. At dawn, the fishmarket floor was covered with cod and halibut so large that they were sold individually. Pods of porpoises followed boats almost into the harbour, and dolphins were regularly seen in the estuary.\nToday, the once mighty cod has been humbled, the halibut are gone, and fishers concentrate their efforts on fish that were used as bait or sold to the poor in 19th-century Britain. The Humber dolphins are extinct, and few visitors are lucky enough to glimpse a porpoise. Now we consider the state of scarcity of fish and wildlife in Britain's seas as normal, but in reality fishing has caused the progressive collapse of marine ecosystems around these islands. BBC camera crews filming the Blue Planet and Planet Earth series had to travel thousands of miles to find scenes of underwater abundance that were once commonplace around our shores.\nTwo centuries ago, vast shoals of herring that covered thousands of square kilometres approached our coast to spawn in spring each year. Contemporary accounts described a breathtaking wildlife phenomenon that has not been seen around these islands since the 1930s.\nIn the 18th century, the Irish writer and poet, Oliver Goldsmith, wrote: \"When the main body [of herring] is arrived, its breadth and depth is such as to alter the very appearance of the ocean. It is divided into distinct columns, of five or six miles in length, and three or four broad; while the water before them curls up, as if forced out of its bed. Sometimes they sink for the space of 10 or 15 minutes, then rise again to the surface; and, in bright weather, reflect a variety of splendid colours, like a field bespangled with purple, gold and azure ... The whole water seems alive; and is seen so black with them to a great distance, that the number seems inexhaustible.\"\nHerring shoals were accompanied by pods of killer, fin and sperm whales, mackerel and thresher sharks, porpoises and giant bluefin tuna. Fishers used these animals to guide them to the herring, and often fought them for the fish in their nets. Above them, thousands of seabirds darkened the skies and gannets rained attacks on shoals corralled at the surface by packs of predators below water.\nHerring struggled through the massed predatory onslaught into shallow coastal waters, where they laid eggs in drifts that blanketed the seabed to depths of one to two metres. There, both herring and eggs fell prey to shoals of cod and haddock that occasionally crowded so dense that a sounding lead thrown over the side of a boat would rest on the backs of fish before reaching the bottom.\nCommercial sea fishing in Britain can be traced back a thousand years and has its origins in the world's first fisheries crisis. Archaeologists sifting through the refuse of medieval kitchens found a dramatic shift in fish consumption within a few decades around 1050AD. Prior to this, people caught fish mainly from freshwaters, and their meals included species such as barbel, bream, pike, salmon and sturgeon. Soon after, fish remains consist mainly of herring and cod. A sea fishing revolution had swept the nation. But why?\nAbout this time, Christian prohibitions against eating meat drove up demand for fish, but supplies from lakes and rivers dwindled. As human populations increased, agriculture intensified and farmers began to deep plough their land. This led to massive soil erosion, transforming clear, fast-flowing rivers into sluggish watercourses choked with silt. Cornmills, foundries, cloth fullers and other industries hungry for power proliferated up watersheds.\nBy the time of the Domesday Book in 1086, more than 5,000 dams criss-crossed Britain's rivers. They blocked access for fish such as salmon and sturgeon, which spawn in rivers, and caused stocks to crash. Fishers turned to the sea for supplies - and have never looked back.\nCommercial sea fishing spread from estuaries and coasts to the high seas and deep sea. Its development has been punctuated by a series of technological innovations, including bottom trawls in the 14th century, longlines bristling with hooks in the 16th century, steam power in the 19th century, and monofilament and sophisticated electronics in the 20th. With each new development, the reach and intensity of fishing increased, causing profound changes to life in the sea.\nThe roots of modern overfishing can be found in late 19th-century England, where the first steam trawlers were built in the 1880s. Trawlers drag their nets along the seabed to catch fish. Until then, the power of sailing trawlers was limited by wind and tide, and boats could only work close inshore. Steam changed the rules of fishing. Now boats could work in almost any weather, with or against the tide. By the beginning of the 20th century, steam had replaced sail, and scientists estimated that 260,000 sq km of the North Sea were hit twice every year by bottom trawls. Increased fishing pressure quickly had an effect on stocks, and between 1890 and 1900 the catch per trawl tow fell by 50%.\nBut the impacts of bottom trawling went far beyond falling numbers of fish. Before trawling, across the rolling plains and hills of Britain's continental shelves, sponge groves grew in fantastic shapes and hues. Wafting among the seawhips and fans were beds of feathery bryozoans populated by gliding starfish and snails. Over long stretches of coastline, vast carpets of sea squirts stretched to the horizon, sheltering scuttling crabs and lobster. In deeper water, delicate anemones and sea pens rose like forests from muddy fields, the creeping prawns beneath their canopy never straying far from their burrows for fear of hungry cod and haddock.\nOn a map of the seabed dating from 1883, an area the size of Wales is marked simply as \"oysters\". These oyster grounds consisted of reefs built of oysters, knitted and interlaced with countless other invertebrates. The bottom of the southern North Sea was hardened by living crust.\nDelicate invertebrates offer scant resistance to the heavy bottom trawls that cut them down and plough them into mud. The spread of trawling caused the greatest human transformation of marine habitats ever seen, before or since. The descriptions of witnesses to an 1883 inquiry into the effects of trawling chart the shift from biologically rich, complex and productive habitats to the immense expanses of gravel, sand and mud that predominate today. This change came first to Britain and parts of Europe, but by the 1920s had spread to the Americas, Africa, Australia, New Zealand and seas beyond. Shifting sands now drift where once an oyster empire spread across the southern North Sea. The last wild oysters were fished there commercially in the 1930s, and the last living oyster was caught in the 1970s.\nHuman mastery of fishing technology has not so far been matched by increasing powers of restraint. Scientists estimate that, since 1900, North Atlantic populations of table fish - species such as cod, haddock and halibut - have fallen by 90%, much of the decline following the intensification of fishing after the second world war. Some species, such as angel sharks and \"common\" skate, have suffered greater losses and have disappeared from most of their former haunts. The waters plied by 18th-century herring fishers frothed, glinted and surged with the packed bodies of fish and their predators. Compared to them, the seas around Britain today are quiet, almost empty.\nDanger of collapse\nWe are playing out the endgame in world fisheries. The proud record of the last quarter of a century of North Sea fisheries management, for example, has been to see the fraction of species in danger of collapse rise from about 20% to nearly half. Unless we can quickly reinvent our relationship with the sea, some scientists predict that fisheries for all the species we exploit today will have collapsed by 2050.\nI am optimistic that we can. Marine reserves - areas that are protected from fishing - show that marine life can bounce back, given a chance. Where marine reserves have been established, such as St Lucia in the Caribbean, fish stocks have increased five to tenfold in a decade or less of protection. Huge areas of Georges Bank off the eastern US were protected from bottom trawling and scallop dredging in 1994. Within 10 years, stocks of scallops had increased by 25 times in the closed areas, while yellowtail flounder and haddock also recovered. Freed from the periodic slash of bottom trawls, delicate invertebrates are re-establishing themselves across the seabed.\nIt may seem paradoxical, but putting some places off limits to fishing in marine reserves could be just the tonic the fishing industry needs. Animals inside reserves live longer and grow much bigger than those outside, producing many times more young. Ocean currents carry offspring to reseed adjacent fishing grounds, and larger animals also emigrate from reserves to get caught. Best estimates suggest that we need to set aside around 30% of Britain's seas as marine reserves to recover marine life. Combined with a simple package of reforms on the way we fish, reserves could breathe life back into a fishing industry that has been slowly committing suicide for the past century.\nNext year, parliament is expected to debate a marine bill that would give us the means to create such a network of refuges. If enacted, it could mean that our children and grandchildren will get the chance to witness the seas come back to life. If it does not, it is goodbye cod, and hello jellyfish for dinner.\n· Callum Roberts is professor of marine conservation at York University. His new book, The Unnatural History of the Sea: The Past and Future of Humanity and Fishing, is published by Gaia Books, price £7.99. To order a copy for £7.99 with free UK p&p, call 0870 836 0875 or go to theguardian.com/bookshop", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-05", "url": "https://www.theguardian.com/society/2007/sep/05/guardiansocietysupplement6", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304217.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20220123081226-20220123111226-00013.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9628446698, "token_count": 2242, "score": 3.3125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá an Fharraige Thuaidh fuar agus gan cuireadh ó chladach Grimsby a bhfuil an ghaoth ag cur isteach air. Scaipíní de algaí mara, buidéil plaisteach agus seilgeanna a scaipeadh ag tonntaí le muir, agus seagulls gimlet-eyed crouching ar bhalla an chalafoirt. Tá sé deacair a shamhlú an radharc 120 bliain ó shin, nuair a bhí Grimsby ina calafort mór Victoriaigh ag fáil saibhreas Mhuir Thuaidh ó cháil na soithí iascaireachta gan áireamh. Bád a thrasnaigh an calafort, cúig nó 10 ar a chéile, agus an quayside thronged le iascairí, auctioneers, ceannaitheoirí agus iompróirí. Ag an am a bhí an t-iasc ar an margadh, bhí an t-iasc ar an urlár le cod agus halibut chomh mór sin go raibh siad á ndíol go aonair. Lean poill de porpoises báid beagnach isteach sa chalafort, agus feictear dalfíní go rialta san estuary.\nSa lá atá inniu ann, tá an cod a bhí cumhachtach uair amháin tugtha faoi smacht, tá na halibut imithe, agus tá iascairí ag díriú ar iasc a úsáideadh mar mheall nó a dhíoladh do na bochta sa Bhreatain sa 19ú haois. Tá na dalfíní Humber imithe as an ngnáth, agus is beag cuairteoirí a bhfuil an t-ádh leo dromchla a fháil ar phorpoise. Anois, is gnáth a mheasann muid go bhfuil an t-iasc agus an fiadhúlra i bhfarraigí na Breataine gann, ach i ndáiríre tá an iascaireacht tar éis titim forásach a dhéanamh ar éiceachórais mhuirí timpeall na n-oileáin seo. Bhí ar fhoireann ceamaraí an BBC scannánú an Phláinéad Gorm agus an tsraith Phláinéad Domhanda na mílte míle a thuras chun radhairc de thréimhse d'fholláine faoi uisce a fháil a bhí coitianta uair amháin timpeall ár gcóstaí.\nDhá chéad bliain ó shin, tháinig sluaite ollmhóra síleog a chlúdaigh na mílte ciliméadar cearnach ar ár gcósta chun spawn a dhéanamh i rith an earraigh gach bliain. Chuir cuntas comhaimseartha síos ar fheiniméan fiadhúlra iontach nár fhaightear timpeall na n-oileáin seo ó na 1930idí.\nSa 18ú haois, scríobh an scríbhneoir agus an filíocht Éireannach, Oliver Goldsmith: \"Nuair a thagann an príomh-fhórsa [de na síolta], tá a leithead agus a thomhais de chineál go n-athraíonn sé cuma na farraige féin. Tá sé roinnte ina colúin ar leith, de cúig nó sé mhíle ar fhad, agus trí nó ceithre leathan; agus an t-uisce os a chomhair curls suas, amhail is dá mba é a fhorchur amach as a leaba. Uaireanta bíonn siad ag dul i mbun uisce ar feadh 10 nó 15 nóiméad, agus ansin téann siad ar ais chun an dromchla; agus, i aimsir gheal, léiríonn siad éagsúlacht dathanna iontacha, cosúil le réimse a bhfuil purpúr, ór agus gorm ... Is cosúil go bhfuil an t-uisce ar fad beo; agus tá sé le feiceáil chomh dubh leo go dtí ar fad, go bhfuil an líon cosúil go bhfuil inexhaustible. \"\nBhí clóirí síle in éineacht le clóirí killer, fin agus sperm whales, macréal agus siorcanna thresher, porpoises agus tuna mór bluefin. Baineann iascairí úsáid as na hainmhithe seo chun iad a threorú chuig an síleog, agus is minic a throid siad leo as an iasc ina ngréasán. Os a chionn, bhí na mílte éan mara ag dorchadas na spéire agus bhí ionsaí ag na gannets ar na scuaba a bhí corralled ag dromchla ag paictí de na creachadóirí faoi uisce.\nBhí an t-eireaball ag streachailt tríd an ionsaí mór-ghabhálach isteach in uiscí clóis, áit a raibh uibheacha acu i dtríomhanna a chlúdaigh an fhrithmhuir go doimhneacht méadar go dhá méadar. Bhí an t-eireaball agus na huibheacha ag teacht i gcion ar shéile cod agus haddock a bhí chomh tiubh sin go raibh pláta fuaime a chuirtear thar thaobh na báid ag cur ar chúl na n-iasc sula sroicheann sé an bun.\nIs féidir iascaireacht mhuirí tráchtála sa Bhreatain a rianú siar míle bliain agus tá a bhunús sa chéad ghéarchéim iascaigh ar domhan. Fuair seandálaithe ag scagadh trí dhramhaíl chistin meánaoiseach athrú suntasach ar thomhaltas éisc laistigh de chúpla scór bliain thart ar 1050AD. Roimhe seo, d'éirigh le daoine iasc a ghabháil go príomha ó uisce milis, agus bhí speicis mar barbel, bream, pike, salmón agus sturgeon san áireamh ina gcuid bia. Go gairid ina dhiaidh sin, is é an chuid is mó de na hiascaigh atá fágtha ná síleog agus cod. Bhí réabhlóid iascaireachta farraige tar éis an náisiún a scriosadh. Ach cén fáth?\nTimpeall na tréimhse seo, chuir toirmisc Chríostaí ar fheoil a ithe éileamh ar iasc, ach tháinig laghdú ar an soláthar ó lochanna agus ó abhainní. De réir mar a mhéadaigh daonra an duine, d'ardú feirmeoireacht agus thosaigh feirmeoirí ag plougháil go domhain a gcuid talún. Mar thoradh air sin, tháinig éadóis ollmhór ar an ithir, rud a d'athraigh na haibhneacha soiléire, tapa a bhí ag sreabhadh go srutháin uisce mall a bhí faoi stiúir na muice. Móradh muilte arbhar, tiontairí, líontaí éadaí agus tionscail eile a bhí ag iarraidh cumhachta suas le locha uisce.\nFaoi am Leabhar Domesday i 1086, bhí níos mó ná 5,000 dam ag trasnú abhainní na Breataine. Chuir siad bac ar rochtain iasc mar shalmon agus sturgeon, a dhéanann a gcuid pá i dtráthanna, agus chuir siad an stoc i gcontúirt. D'fhill iascairí ar an bhfarraige chun soláthairtí a fháil - agus níor fhéach siad ar ais riamh.\nTá an t-iascaireacht mhara tráchtála tar éis scaipeadh ó easpaí agus ó chóstaí go dtí na farraigí arda agus na farraigí domhain. Bhí sraith nuálaíochtaí teicneolaíochta ag cur leis an bhforbairt, lena n-áirítear tralaí bun sa 14ú haois, línte fada a bhí ag crochadh le haca sa 16ú haois, cumhacht gaile sa 19ú haois, agus monofilament agus leictreonaic sofaisticiúla sa 20ú haois. Le gach forbairt nua, méadaigh an raon agus an déine iascaireachta, rud a d'eascair athruithe móra ar an saol san fharraige.\nIs féidir fréamhacha an ró-iascaireachta nua-aimseartha a fháil i ndeireadh an 19ú haois i Sasana, áit a tógadh na chéad trawlers gaile sna 1880í. Tarraingíonn traolaithe a líonta ar bhonn na farraige chun iasc a ghabháil. Go dtí sin, bhí teorainn ag gaoth agus ag an tide ar chumhacht na mbád trawlers seolta, agus ní fhéadfadh báid oibriú ach gar don chósta. D'athraigh gaile rialacha an iascaireachta. Anois d'fhéadfadh báid oibriú i mbeagnach aon aimsir, le nó i gcoinne an t-airgead. Faoi thús an 20ú haois, bhí an t-uisce tar éis seil a chur in ionad, agus meastar go raibh tralaí bun ag bualadh dhá uair gach bliain ar 260,000 ciliméadar cearnach den Mhuir Thuaidh. Bhí tionchar ag an bhrú iascaireachta méadaithe go tapa ar na stoic, agus idir 1890 agus 1900 thit 50% den ghabháil in aghaidh an trail.\nAch ní raibh ach laghdú i líon na n-iasc i gceist leis an tionchar a bhí ag tralaíocht bun. Sula raibh an t-earraigh ag tarraingt, thar na clóis agus na cnoic ar shelf mórthír na Breataine, d'fhás gruagacha sponges i gcruthanna agus dathanna iontach. Bhí leapacha de bryozoans feathery ag wafting i measc na seawhips agus lucht leanúna a raibh réaltaí farraige agus snails ag sleamhnú orthu. Ar feadh na mbóithre fada den chósta, bhí carpaí ollmhóra de shquirts farraige ag síneadh go dtí an réad, ag tearmann do chraobhanna scuttling agus lobster. I bhfíor-uisce, d'ardaigh anemoneí íogair agus plátaí farraige cosúil le foraoisí ó réimsí muilte, na creagaí creepy faoi a canopy riamh ag imeacht i bhfad óna n-abhainní i eagla cod agus haddock gortaithe.\nAr léarscáil de bhun na farraige a d'éirigh ó 1883, tá limistéar chomh mór le hÉirinn marcáilte go simplí mar \"ostraí\". Bhí na tréithe oisrí seo comhdhéanta de chraobhchrutha a tógadh ó oisrí, a bhí croite agus idirghabhála le go leor neamhthriomacháin eile. Bhí bun na farraige ó dheas den Mhuir Thuaidh cruaithe ag crúis bheo.\nNí bhíonn neart ag na neamhthriomacháin íogair i gcoinne na ngréasán trom-chrua a ghearrann síos iad agus a phléann isteach sa mud. Ba é scaipeadh an tralaigh an trasfhoirmiú is mó a rinne an duine ar ghnáthóga muirí a chonaic sé riamh, roimhe sin nó ó shin. Léiríonn tuairiscí finnéithe ar imscrúdú 1883 ar éifeachtaí trawling an t-aistriú ó ghnáthóga atá saibhir go bitheolaíoch, casta agus táirgiúla go dtí na réimsí ollmhóra greabhlann, gaineamh agus muice atá i réim inniu. Tháinig an t-athrú seo ar dtús go dtí an Bhreatain agus codanna den Eoraip, ach faoi na 1920idí bhí scaipthe go dtí na Meiriceá, an Afraic, an Astráil, an Nua-Shéalainn agus farraigí níos faide. Tá na gaineamh gluaiseachta ag dul anois ar aghaidh áit a raibh impireacht oisrí ag leathadh thar an Mhuir Thuaidh ó dheas. Sa bhliain 1930 a bhí an t-eitleán fiáine deireanach iascaigh go tráchtála ann, agus sa bhliain 1970 a gabhadh an t-eitleán beo deireanach.\nGo dtí seo, ní raibh cumhacht níos mó ag an duine a bheith ag rialú teicneolaíocht iascaireachta. Measann eolaithe gur thit 90% de phobail na n-iasc tábla san Atlantach Thuaidh - speicis mar an t-ord, an t-haddoc agus an halibut - ó 1900, agus gur tháinig an laghdú sin i bhformhór na ndaoine tar éis an tsórtú iascaireachta tar éis an dara cogaidh dhomhanda. Tá caillteanais níos mó tagtha ar roinnt speiceas, amhail siorcanna aingeal agus scátála \"choitianta\", agus tá siad imithe as an chuid is mó dá n-áit chónaithe roimhe seo. Bhí na huiscí a bhí á n-iascaireacht ag iascairí síleach sa 18ú haois ag cur scamhóige, ag gleannadh agus ag cur le comhlachtaí pacáilte éisc agus a n-imghainteoirí. I gcomparáid leo, tá na farraigí timpeall na Breataine inniu ciúin, beagnach folamh.\nBaol na dtuite\nTá an cluiche deiridh á imirt againn i dtráchtáil iascaigh an domhain. Is é an taifead bródúil a bhí ag bainistiú iascaigh Mhuir Thuaidh le cairteal bliain anuas, mar shampla, go bhfuil méadú tagtha ar an gcodán speiceas atá i mbaol titim ó thart ar 20% go beagnach leath. Mura féidir linn ár gcaidreamh leis an bhfarraige a ath-fhionnadh go tapa, léiríonn roinnt eolaithe go mbeidh an t-iasc ar na speicis go léir a shaothraímid inniu tar éis titim faoi 2050.\nTá mé dóchasach go bhféadfaimis é sin a dhéanamh. Léiríonn cúlchistí mara - limistéir atá cosanta ó iascaireacht - gur féidir le beatha mara teacht ar ais, má thugtar deis dó. I gcás ina bhfuil cúlchistí mara bunaithe, mar shampla Naomh Lucia sa Mhuir Chairib, tá stoic éisc tar éis méadú cúig go deich n-uaire i deich mbliana nó níos lú de chosaint. Cuireadh limistéir ollmhóra de Bhanc Georges ó oirthear na Stát Aontaithe faoi chosaint ó thrálaíocht bhun agus ó dhragáil scallóip i 1994. Laistigh de 10 mbliana, bhí stoic scallops tar éis méadú 25 uair sna limistéir dúnta, agus d'éirigh le flounder buí-ealaín agus le haddock. Saor ó na slash tréimhsiúil de trails bun, tá invertebrates íogair ag athchóirithe iad féin ar fud an domhain farraige.\nD'fhéadfadh sé a bheith paradoxical, ach a chur ar roinnt áiteanna ar teorainneacha iascaireacht i gcosáin mhuirí d'fhéadfadh a bheith díreach an tonic an tionscal iascaireachta ag teastáil. Tá ainmhithe laistigh de na cúlchistí ina gcónaí níos faide agus a fhás i bhfad níos mó ná iad siúd lasmuigh, a tháirgeadh go leor uaireanta níos mó óg. Tógann sruthanna na farraige sliocht chuig áiteanna iascaireachta in aice láimhe, agus imíonn ainmhithe níos mó ó chúlchistí chun iad a ghabháil. Tugann na meastacháin is fearr le fios go gcaithfimid thart ar 30% de mhuir na Breataine a chur ar leataobh mar chúlchistí mara chun saol muirí a ghnóthú. Chomhcheangailte le pacáiste simplí athchóirithe ar an mbealach a iascaímid, d'fhéadfadh cúlchistí beatha a thabhairt ar ais do thionscal iascaireachta a bhí ag déanamh féinmharú go mall le céad bliain anuas.\nAn bhliain seo chugainn, táthar ag súil go ndéanfaidh an Pharlaimint díospóireacht ar bhille mara a d'fhéadfadh na hacmhainní a thabhairt dúinn chun líonra den sórt sin tearmann a chruthú. Má dhéantar é a chur i bhfeidhm, d'fhéadfadh sé a chiallaíonn go mbeidh an deis ag ár leanaí agus ár dtuismitheoirí a fheiceáil na farraigí ag teacht ar ais go saol. Mura ndéanann sé, tá sé ar shiúl cod, agus hello jellyfish le haghaidh dinnéar.\n· Is ollamh caomhnaithe mhuirí é Callum Roberts in Ollscoil York. Foilsíodh a leabhar nua, The Unnatural History of the Sea: The Past and Future of Humanity and Fishing, ag Gaia Books, ar phraghas £7.99. Chun cóip a ordú ar £7.99 le p&p saor in aisce sa RA, glaoigh ar 0870 836 0875 nó téigh chuig theguardian.com/bookshop"} +{"text": "Our behavior is critically linked to our genetics but the relationship remains murky. Genes, by constructing our brain and nervous system and by regulating our hormones, influence behavior — in humans and in all animals.\nIronically, the science is the least clear where the connection between genetics and behavior should be, in theory, the most direct — in cases of “hard-wired” behavior such as the construction of beehives or the courtship rituals of some bird species or a human infant’s rooting; behaviors that are common across a species without having to be taught. Instinct.\nBiologist-author Richard Dawkins put forth the highly controversial idea, in his 1982 book The Extended Phenotype, that we should stop assuming that the phenotype — the outward expression of an organism’s genes — end with, for instance, the fur on a beaver’s back. If genes also influence the beaver’s behavior, and therefore its dam construction, we should consider the length of a given beaver’s dam as valid a measurable product of the beaver’s genotype as the length of its tail. This is the extended phenotype.\nMany scientists contest this view. However, in what appears to be a confirmation of some of Dawkins’s theory, a recent paper in Nature demonstrated that a handful of discrete genetic modules are responsible for the burrowing behavior in two closely-related, mice species: oldfield mice and deer mice. The researchers explicitly chose burrows as an extended phenotype; they were working in the intellectual context Dawkins proposed.\nThe study, by Harvard zoologist Hopi Hoekstra and her team, has already been reported on in an excellent piece at Ed Yong’s National Geographic blog, Not Exactly Rocket Science. Here’s here’s the study in brief:\nCaptive-bred mice, even those with no previous exposure to sand, demonstrated the same burrow construction behavior as their wild counterparts. This must be a genetically controlled behavior. So the scientists crossed oldfield mice, which build escape tunnels in their burrows, with deer mice, which do not, and end up with an entire generation that built burrows matching that of their oldfield mice parents — including the escape burrow.\nSome of you may recognize in this pattern the simple dominance of Mendelian genetics, except in these crosses we’re not dealing with pea color or shape but the complex behavior of an animal. To push behavioral genetics forward, these researchers dug into the same breeding toolkit that Gregor Mendel used a century-and-a-half ago to found the field.\nThe researchers then back-crossed the hybrid mice with deer mice, and analyzed the genotypes of the mice they were working with to identify regions associated with the observed behavioral changes. Ultimately, they came to the conclusion that burrowing behavior is controlled by a remarkably small number of genes packaged into discrete modules. One module, for instance, influences whether or not the mice will build escape tunnels, and just because a given hybrid inherits the module for an escape tunnel (an oldfield mouse trait) does not mean it will make a burrow of the same dimensions as oldfield mice.\nThe team’s next step is to narrow identify precisely which genes, rather than regions of DNA, influence borrowing behavior in these mice, and to what extent.\nAside from linking classical genetics and traditional breeding experiments to modern molecular genetics and behavioral studies, Hoekstra’s work opens a door to a wide range of possibilities, not least of which is addressing the question of how genes influence our own extremely sophisticated behavior. It’s not hard to imagine this study as tugging at strands that connect mouse burrows to beaver dam to, to Gorilla nests, and eventually to whatever genetic impetus allowed mankind to become the greatest builders natural history has ever seen.\nIn The Extended Phenotype, Dawkins wrote, “The extended phenotype may not constitute a testable hypothesis in itself, but it so far changes the way we see animals and plants that it may cause us to think of testable hypotheses that we would otherwise never have dreamed of.” Twenty-one years later in 2004 he wrote that, as far as he knew, “nobody had done a genetic study using animal artefacts [sic] as the phenotype.”\nThirty years later, it was not beavers (one of which sits on the cover of my 1999 edition of The Extended Phenotype) but another rodent that provided the first empirical work suggesting the utility of Dawkins’s idea.\nReprinted from Genetic Literacy Project GeneTrends: Human newsletter.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-36", "url": "http://www.science20.com/renaissance_man_sans_tights/blog/burrowing_way_genes_mice_provide_clues_genetics_behavior-101557", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982982027.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200942-00225-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9365951419, "token_count": 954, "score": 3.5625, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Tá ár n-iompar ceangailte go criticiúil lenár ngineolaíocht ach tá an gaol fós dorcha. Tá tionchar ag géiní, trína n-inneall agus ár gcóras néaróg a thógáil agus trína n-hormóin a rialáil, ar iompar i ndaoine agus i ngach ainmhí.\nGo hionraic, is é an eolaíocht an ceann is lú soiléir nuair ba chóir go mbeadh an nasc idir gintinne agus iompar, sa teoiric, an ceann is díreacha i gcásanna iompair \"chrua-threorach\" mar thógáil na n-eallaigh nó na deasghnátha cóiríochta de roinnt speiceas éan nó fréamhacha leanbh daonna; iompar atá coitianta ar fud speiceas gan a bheith ag teagasc. Instinct.\nChuir an t-údar bitheolaí Richard Dawkins an smaoineamh an-dhomhanda, ina leabhar The Extended Phenotype, i 1982, gur cheart dúinn stop a chur le glacadh leis go bhfuil an fhéinóip - léiriú seachtrach géiní ainmhí - ag críochnú, mar shampla, leis an bpáirc ar chúl an bhéabhair. Má dhéanann géiní tionchar freisin ar iompar an bhéabhair, agus dá bhrí sin ar a thógáil dam, ba cheart dúinn fad dam bhéabhair áirithe a mheas mar tháirge inchomparáide bailí de ghéinitípe an bhéabhair mar fhad a eireaball. Is é seo an fhéinitíopa leathnaithe.\nTá go leor eolaithe ag cur an tuairim seo i gcontúirt. Mar sin féin, i rud a bhfuil an chuma air gur dearbhadh é cuid de theoiric Dawkins, léirigh páipéar le déanaí in Nature go bhfuil dornán modúl géiniteach diúltacha freagrach as an iompar burrowing i dhá speiceas luch a bhfuil dlúthbhaint acu: luch seanchríocha agus luch na seirbe. Roghnaigh na taighdeoirí burrows go sainráite mar fhéinitíopa leathnaithe; bhí siad ag obair sa chomhthéacs intleachtúil a mhol Dawkins.\nTá an staidéar, a rinne an saineolaí sáoltóir Hopi Hoekstra agus a fhoireann, curtha in iúl cheana féin i bpíosa den scoth ar bhlag Ed Yong's National Geographic, Not Exactly Rocket Science. Seo an staidéar go hachomair:\nLéirigh luchanna a d'ardaíodh i ngábh, fiú iad siúd nach raibh aon eispéireas roimhe seo acu le gaineamh, an iompar céanna tógála burrow mar a gcomhghleacaithe fiáine. Ní mór go mbeadh sé seo ina iompar rialaithe géiniteach. Mar sin, chuir na heolaithe na lucha sean-fheirme, a thógann túnaillí éalaithe ina mbúr, le lucha deer, nach ndéanann, agus chríochnaigh siad le glúin iomlán a thóg burrows a mheaitseáil lena dtuismitheoirí luch sean-fheirme lena n-áirítear an burrow éalaithe.\nD'fhéadfadh cuid agaibh a aithint sa patrún seo an ceannas simplí de ghineolaíocht Mendelian, ach amháin sna croses nach bhfuil muid ag déileáil le dath pea nó cruth ach an iompar casta d'ainmhí. Chun géineolaíocht iompraíochta a chur chun cinn, rinne na taighdeoirí seo an trealamh céanna atáirgthe a d'úsáid Gregor Mendel céad bliain go leith ó shin chun an réimse a bhunú.\nAnsin rinne na taighdeoirí an luch hibrideach a chroitheadh ar ais le luch deer, agus rinne siad anailís ar ghineoitíopaí na luch a raibh siad ag obair leo chun na réigiúin a bhaineann leis na hathruithe iompair a breathnaíodh a aithint. Sa deireadh, tháinig siad ar an gconclúid go bhfuil iompar an phláinéid á rialú ag líon suntasach beag géiní pacáilte i modúil dhifriúla. Tá tionchar ag modúl amháin, mar shampla, ar an gcaithfidh na lucha túnaillí éalaithe a thógáil nó nach ndéanfaidh, agus toisc go n-oidhreann hibrideach áirithe an modúl le haghaidh túnail éalaithe (tráthraíocht luch oldfield) ní chiallaíonn sé go ndéanfaidh sé burrow de na déileálacha céanna le lucha oldfield.\nIs é an chéad chéim eile den fhoireann ná a shainaithint go beacht cé na géiní, seachas réigiúin DNA, a mbíonn tionchar acu ar iompar iasachta sna lucha seo, agus go dtí cén leibhéal.\nSeachas na géineolaíocht clasaiceach agus na turgnaimh chothúcháin traidisiúnta a nascadh le géineolaíocht mhóilíneach nua-aimseartha agus staidéir iompair, osclaíonn obair Hoekstra doras do raon leathan féidearthachtaí, nach bhfuil an ceann is lú acu ag tabhairt aghaidh ar an gceist maidir le conas a dhéanann géiní tionchar ar ár n-iompar féin an-sóifisticithe. Níl sé deacair a shamhlú go bhfuil an staidéar seo ag tarraingt ar shnáitheanna a nascann burrows luch le dam beaver, le nead Gorilla, agus sa deireadh le cibé impetus géiniteach a lig don chine daonna a bheith ar na tógálaithe is mó a chonaic stair nádúrtha riamh.\nI The Extended Phenotype, scríobh Dawkins, \"Ní fhéadfaidh an fhéin-tíop a leathnú a bheith ina hipitéis thástála ann féin, ach athraíonn sé an bealach a fheicimid ainmhithe agus plandaí go dtí seo go bhféadfadh sé go gcuirfeadh sé orainn smaoineamh ar fhéin-tithe thástála nach mbeadh aisling déanta againn riamh. \" Bhí sé fiche bliain ina dhiaidh sin in 2004 agus scríobh sé, chomh fada agus a bhí a fhios aige, \"níor rinne aon duine staidéar géiniteach ag baint úsáide as earraí ainmhithe [sic] mar an fhéin-tíop. \"\nTríocha bliain ina dhiaidh sin, ní babhtaí iad (tá ceann acu ar chlúdach mo chuid The Extended Phenotype i 1999) ach gníomhair eile a chuir an chéad obair empiriúil ar fáil a thugann le tuiscint go raibh smaoineamh Dawkins úsáideach.\nAthphrintaithe ó Thionscadal Litreasachta Gineolaíochta GeneTrends: nuachtlitir Daonna."} +{"text": "Contents of Lesson 8\nArticle used with general or abstract nouns. In contrast with English, the article is required with nouns used in a general or abstract sense. Omit the article in translating.\nArticle used with countries. The article is also often, but not always, used with countries. Usually it is not translated.\nNo article with classes of people in predicate. Spanish often omits the indefinite article with predicate nouns indicating a class of people. The article is then supplied when translating into English.\nArticles and days of the week.\nTurning adjectives into nouns with articles. An article turns an adjective into a noun.\nNeuter article lo turns adjectives into abstract nouns. A neuter article lo is only used with adjectives to form abstract nouns: lo importante, that which is important; lo bueno; the good; lo posible, that which is possible, the possible. It is similar to the neuter demonstrative pronouns esto, eso, and aquello, which similarly refer to abstractions: this or that topic or idea.\nTurning verbs into adjectives with endings. Spanish makes many transformations of parts of speech using endings.\nA verb is changed into an adjective by the endings -ado (-ar verbs) and -ido (-er/-ir verbs). See note for more information.\nLike other adjectives, an article turns these adjectives into a noun:\nSometimes there is a slight change in meaning. These cases should all be in the dictionary:\nThere are, then, two different kinds of nouns formed from verbs. The\ndifference between nouns formed with article + infinitive and those formed with\narticle plus -ado/-ido form: the infinitive plus article forms an\nabstraction: el vencer, \"conquering.\" The -ado/-ido\nform forms a specific noun: el vencido,\" \"the conquered\nRemember that the subject is frequently found after the verb, even after a predicate noun or adjective. Since English does not ordinarily permit the subject to follow the verb, the sentence must be rearranged to understand its meaning. Once one gains proficiency, this is done at a subconscious level.\nThis reading contains examples of adjectives made into nouns and infinitives used as nouns.\nEn las costumbres y en la manera de vivir, hay importantes diferencias entre el mundo hispano y el anglosajón.(1) En nuestro país, los Estados Unidos, la importancia de lo familiar(2) es mucho menor. Los jóvenes tratan de ser independientes de sus padres. Abandonan la casa familiar y alquilan pisos propios. El ser rico, o el llegar a ser rico, no es(3) importante para todos, pero sí(4) cuenta más que en México, el Perú, la Argentina, Chile u otros países(5) hispanohablantes.\nEn México, los hijos van a vivir con sus padres hasta su casamiento. No es por razones económicas.(6) El ahorrar dinero no importa mucho. Quieren vivir con ellos. Para tener casa propia, es necesario tener familia propia, mediante(7) el casamiento.\nEn el mundo hispano la familia es extendida. Abuelos, tíos, sobrinos, primos, parientes políticos forman un grupo de apoyo mutuo. Contribuye(8) al concepto de familia extendida otra diferencia importante entre los dos mundos. En EE.UU.(9) es frecuente mudarse(10) varias veces durante la vida.(11) En Hispanoamérica esto es mucho menos frecuente. Uno(12) puede vivir en el mismo pueblo, con los mismos amigos, cerca de(13) todos sus parientes, durante toda la vida.\nNote on -ado and -ido endings. these are actually nonconjugated verb forms, the past participle. The past participle is discussed in a future lesson. For the present, these forms are adjectives.\n1.The word \"mundo\" is implied by the article and the adjective anglosajón. In this sentence, el anglosajón can be translated as \"the Anglosaxon (= English-speaking) world\" or, given that \"world\" has just been used, \"the Anglosaxon one.\"\nWrong translation: \"The Hispanic world and the Anglosaxon\" (doesn't make sense).\nCorrect translation: \"The Hispanic world and the Anglosaxon one.\"\n2. It is not unusual for there to be no precise, one-word translation for a Spanish word. (The same is true when translating from English to Spanish.) Here, \"familiar\" is identical with an English word. But the meaning of the words in the two languages is quite different. In English, something \"familiar\" is something one knows, something with which one is acquainted. In Spanish, it is more literal: something \"familiar\" deals with the \"familia,\" the \"family.\" \"Family values,\" for example, would be \"valores familiares.\"\n3. The subject of es is ser.\n4. Sí as used here is an intensifier: they do count more.\n5. Remember that u is the word o (or) before a word beginning with the o sound.\n6. The subject is the situation described in the previous sentence.\n7. This is a preposition: \"by means of,\" \"through.\"\n8. The subject cannot be in the previous sentence, since everything in it is plural. It must be in this sentence. Eliminate all the nouns which are object of a preposition; only \"diferencia\" is left, and it is the subject. \"Otra\" and \"importante\" are both adjectives modifying \"diferencia.\"\n9. A common abbreviation: Estados Unidos, the United States. In Spanish the abbreviation for a plural item doubles the letter of the abbreviation. HH. could be the abbreviation for hermanos (brothers).\n10. \"To move\" [to change residence]. The pronoun \"se\" on the end of the infinitive will be discussed later.\n11. \"One's life.\"\n12. This is the number un, una, \"one.\" Any number can be used as a noun, just as in English. \"One\" in Spanish is really uno, una. The final o is lost before a masculine singular noun, so it becomes un when used as an article (un hombre).\n13. Another preposition: \"near.\"", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-13", "url": "http://users.ipfw.edu/JEHLE/deisenbe/readsp/Lesson_8_-_More_on_articles.htm", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912203123.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20190324002035-20190324024035-00337.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.7107884884, "token_count": 1514, "score": 3.921875, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Ábhar na Léachta 8\nAinmneacha ginearálta nó eisiatacha. I gcodarsnacht leis an mBéarla, tá gá leis an alt le hainmneacha a úsáidtear i bhfocail ghinearálta nó as cuimse. Ná déan an t-alt a aistriú.\nAirteagal a úsáidtear le tíortha. Úsáidtear an t-alt go minic, ach ní i gcónaí, le tíortha. De ghnáth ní aistrithe.\nNíl aon alt le catagóirí daoine i bhfíor-fhocal. Is minic a fhágtar an ghné neamhchinnte as an Spáinnis le hainmneacha predicate a léiríonn rang daoine. Cuirtear an t-alt leis ansin nuair a aistrítear go Béarla é.\nArtaigí agus laethanta na seachtaine.\nAg casadh aidiachtaí ina ainmfhocail le hairteagail. Déanann alt alt aidiacht a dhéanamh ina ainmfhocal.\nDéanann an t-airteagal neodrach lo aidiachtaí a dhéanamh ina ainmfhocail shonracha. Ní úsáidtear an t-airteagal neodrach lo ach le hairíonna chun ainmfhocail a dhéanamh as an gclár: lo importante, an rud atá tábhachtach; lo bueno; an rud maith; lo posible, an rud is féidir, an rud is féidir. Tá sé cosúil leis na pronouns taispeánacha neodrach esto, eso, agus aquello, a thagraíonn go cosúil le haimsireanna: an t-ábhar nó an smaoineamh seo nó sin.\nGníomhartha a thiontú ina hairíonna le deireadh. Déanann an Spáinnis go leor athruithe ar pháirtí cainte trí chríochnúcháin a úsáid.\nAthraítear briathar go briathra trí na deireadh -ado (-ar briathra) agus -ido (-er/-ir briathra). Féach an nóta le haghaidh tuilleadh eolais.\nCosúil le hairíonna eile, déanann alt na hairíonna seo ina ainmfhocal:\nUaireanta bíonn athrú beag ar an bhrí. Ba chóir go mbeadh na cásanna seo go léir sa foclóir:\nTá dhá chineál ainmfhocail ann, mar sin, a cruthaítear ó bhriathra. An\ndifríocht idir ainmfhocail a foirmítear le hailt + infinitive agus iad siúd a foirmítear le\nfoirm alt móide -ado/-ido: cruthaíonn an infinitive plus article an\nabstraction: el vencer, \"conquering\". (an t-easnamh) An -ado/-ido\nfoirm foirmeacha ainmfhocal sonrach: el vencido, \" \"an conquered\nCuimhnigh go mbíonn an t-ábhar le fáil go minic tar éis an bhriathra, fiú tar éis ainmfhocal nó aidiacht. Ós rud é nach gceadaíonn an Béarla don ábhar de ghnáth leanúint an bhriathar, caithfear an abairt a athshocrú chun a bhrí a thuiscint. Nuair a fhaigheann duine proficiency, déantar é seo ar leibhéal fo-chomhfhiosach.\nTá samplaí sa léitheoireacht seo d'aidiachtaí a rinneadh ina ainmníochtaí agus infinitives a úsáidtear mar ainmníochtaí.\nI gcustaim agus i slí na beatha, tá difríochtaí suntasacha idir an domhan Spáinnis agus an domhan Anglóis. (1) In ár dtír, sna Stáit Aontaithe, tá tábhacht an teaghlaigh (2) i bhfad níos lú. Tá na daoine óga ag iarraidh a bheith neamhspleách ar a dtuismitheoirí. Abandon la casa familiar y alquilan pisos propios. Fágann siad an teach a bhí ar eolas acu agus cuireann siad a gcuid árasán féin ar cíos. Ní gá go mbeadh gach duine saibhir, nó go mbeadh gach duine saibhir, ach tá sé níos tábhachtaí i Meicsiceo, sa Pherú, san Airgintín, sa tSile agus i dtíortha eile a labhraíonn Spáinnis.\nSa Mheicsiceo, tá clann ag maireachtáil lena dtuismitheoirí go dtí go ndéanann siad pósadh. Níl sé ar chúiseanna eacnamaíocha. (6) Níl an t-airgead a shábháil tábhachtach. Quieren cónaí le ellos. To have a house of your own, it is necessary to have a family of your own, through marriage. (a) Chun teach a bheith agat, ní mór duit teaghlach a bheith agat, trí phósadh.\nSa domhan Hispanic tá an teaghlach leathnaithe. Is grúpa tacaíochta frithpháirteach iad grandelos, tíos, sobrinos, primos, parientes políticos. Cuidíonn sé (8) le coincheap an teaghlaigh leathnaithe difríocht thábhachtach eile idir an dá shaol. En EE.UU. (9) Is minic a bhogann sé (10) arís agus arís eile le linn a shaolré. (11) In Hispanoamérica tá sé seo i bhfad níos lú. Is féidir le duine (12) maireachtáil sa bhaile céanna, leis na cairde céanna, i dteagmháil lena mhuintir uile, ar feadh a shaoil.\nNóta ar chríochnúcháin -ado agus -ido. Is foirmeacha fíricí neamh-chomhcheangailte iad seo i ndáiríre, an páirtí a bhí ann roimhe seo. Déantar plé ar an rannpháirtí réamhtheachtaithe i rang eile. Faoi láthair, is tréithfhocail iad na foirmeacha seo.\n1.Tá an focal \"mundo\" impleite ag an alt agus ag an aidiacht anglosajón. Sa abairt seo, is féidir el anglosajón a aistriú mar \"an domhan Anglosaxon (= Béarla-labhairt) \" nó, ós rud é go bhfuil \"domhan\" díreach a úsáidtear, \"an ceann Anglosaxon\".\nAistriúchán mícheart: \"The Hispanic world and the Anglo-Saxon\" (níl aon chiall ann).\nAn t-aistriúchán ceart: \"An domhan Hispanic agus an ceann Angla-Saxon\".\n2. Seachadadh. Ní haon rud neamhghnách nach bhfuil aistriúchán cruinn, aonfhocal ann do fhocal Spáinnis. (Tá an rud céanna fíor nuair a aistrithe ó Béarla go Spáinnis.) Anseo, tá \"aithne\" comhionann le focal Béarla. Ach tá brí na bhfocal sa dá theanga go hiomlán difriúil. I mBéarla, is é rud éigin \"a bhfuil aithne aige\" rud éigin a bhfuil aithne ag duine air, rud éigin a bhfuil aithne ag duine air. I Spáinnis, tá sé níos litriúla: rud éigin \"a bhfuil aithne aige air\" a bhaineann leis an \"familia\", an \"teaghlach\". \"Cuaiseanna teaghlaigh\", mar shampla, bheadh \"valores familiares\".\n3. Tá an t-am ann. Is é ábhar an e.s.\n4. Tá an t-am Sí mar a úsáidtear anseo is é an intensifier: tá siad níos mó a chomhaireamh.\n5. Tá an t-am ann. Cuimhnigh gur focal o (nó) é u roimh focal a thosaíonn leis an fhuaim o.\n6. Ceacht. Is é an t-ábhar an cás a thuairiscítear sa bhriathar roimhe seo.\n7. Ceacht. Is réamhfhocal é seo: \"trí\", \"trí\".\n8. Ceacht. Ní féidir an t-ábhar a bheith sa bhfréamh roimhe seo, ós rud é go bhfuil gach rud ann i bhfréamh il. Ní mór go mbeadh sé sa abairt seo. Seachadadh na hainmneacha go léir atá ina n-ábhar ar réamhrá; níl ach \"diferencia\" fágtha, agus is é an t-ábhar é. Is ainmhithe iad \"Otra\" agus \"importante\" araon a mhodhnaíonn \"diferencia\".\n9. Naoi. Is gnách go dtugtar Estados Unidos, na Stáit Aontaithe, mar ghearrthóg air. Sa Spáinnis déantar an t-aistriúchán le haghaidh mír ilghnéitheach a dhúbailt le litir an aistriúcháin. HH. d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith ina gcur síos ar hermanos (brothers).\n10. Tá sé seo fíor? \"A aistriú\" [a athrú cónaithe]. Pléitear an pronoun \"se\" ag deireadh an infinitive níos déanaí.\n11. Céard a tharla? \"A shaol amháin\".\n12. Tá sé seo fíor? Is é seo an uimhir un, una, \"aon\". Is féidir aon uimhir a úsáid mar ainmfhocal, díreach mar atá i mBéarla. Is é \"aon\" i Spáinnis i ndáiríre uno, una. Cailltear an o deiridh roimh ainmfhocal singiléir fireann, mar sin bíonn sé un nuair a úsáidtear é mar alt (un hombre).\n13. Céard a tharla? Tús-fhocal eile: \"gar\"."} +{"text": "As a kind of honor for teachers, the world agreed to celebrate them on the 5 October of each year, and this celebration began in the year 1994.\nbut this date changes from one country to another, as nearly a hundred countries around the world celebrate on this important day.\nTeacher’s Day aims to honor teachers and maximize their status in their societies. It also aims to know their needs and provide them to fulfill their mission most fully and completely possible.\nAnd among the important things that Teachers’ Day also aims at is the development and advancement of the teaching profession completely, as it is well known that this profession has declined in many regions of the world.\nEspecially in those areas that suffer from extreme poverty and in which people do not find their daily food, which missed the opportunity for them to rise and catch up with civilization and nations.\nAlthough a large part of the world celebrates Teacher’s Day on the fifth of October every year, some countries celebrate it on other days, for example:\nTeacher’s Day is celebrated in Afghanistan on 24 of May, and in Argentina on 11 September, in Australia on the last Friday of October, in Brazil on 15 October, in Chile on 16 October, in Colombia on 15 May, in Hungary on 1st June, and in Lebanon on 3 March, in Peru on 6 July, in Taiwan on 28 September, and in Palestine on the 14 December.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-05", "url": "https://informations.today/2021/04/08/world-teachers-day-around-the-world/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320300934.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20220118152809-20220118182809-00000.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9746644497, "token_count": 291, "score": 3.109375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Mar chineál onóra do mhúinteoirí, d'aontaigh an domhan iad a cheiliúradh ar an 5 Deireadh Fómhair gach bliain, agus thosaigh an ceiliúradh seo sa bhliain 1994.\nach athraíonn an dáta seo ó thír go tír, mar go ndéanann beagnach céad tír ar fud an domhain ceiliúradh ar an lá tábhachtach seo.\nTá sé mar aidhm ag Lá na Múinteoirí múinteoirí a onóir agus a stádas a uasmhéadú ina sochaithe. Tá sé mar aidhm aige freisin a riachtanais a aithint agus a chur ar fáil dóibh chun a misean a chomhlíonadh chomh lán agus chomh hiomlán agus is féidir.\nAgus i measc na rudaí tábhachtacha a bhfuil Lá na Múinteoirí ag iarraidh a dhéanamh orthu, tá forbairt agus dul chun cinn na gairme múinteoireachta go hiomlán, mar is eol go maith go bhfuil an ghairm seo tar éis titim i go leor réigiún den domhan.\nGo háirithe sna ceantair sin a bhfuil bochtaineacht mhór orthu agus nach bhfaigheann daoine a gcuid bia laethúil, a chaill an deis dóibh ardú agus teacht suas le sibhialtacht agus náisiúin.\nCé go ndéantar Lá na Múinteoirí a cheiliúradh i gcuid mhór den domhan ar an cúigiú lá d'Deireadh Fómhair gach bliain, ceiliúradhíonn roinnt tíortha é ar laethanta eile, mar shampla:\nCeiliúrtar Lá na Múinteoirí san Afganastáin ar an 24 Bealtaine, agus san Airgintín ar an 11 Meán Fómhair, san Astráil ar an Aoine deireanach de Dheireadh Fómhair, sa Bhrasaíl ar an 15 Deireadh Fómhair, sa tSile ar an 16 Deireadh Fómhair, sa Cholóim ar an 15 Bealtaine, san Ungáir ar an 1 Meitheamh, agus sa Liobáin ar an 3 Márta, sa Phéiru ar an 6 Iúil, sa Téaváin ar an 28 Meán Fómhair, agus sa Phleastáin ar an 14 Nollaig."} +{"text": "A brief summary of the sources of carbons, the activation process, the principle of adsorption, and the range of current applications\nActivated carbon is like a radio: everyone knows it works, but few people know exactly how. This article is a brief summary of the sources of carbons, the activation process, the principle of adsorption, and the range of current applications.\nCarbon can exist in a number of forms with either crystalline or amorphous structures. The most well known crystalline forms are diamonds and graphite, the uses of which are widespread and well documented. The amorphous forms include carbon black, carbon fibers, and porous carbons, all of which are obtained by heating or burning under controlled conditions such carbonaceous materials as coal, coconut shells, wood, peat, lignite, and petroleum. The carbonaceous material is usually solid and naturally occurring.\nPorous carbons are obtained as a residue after the volatile components of the carbonaceous material are removed by a thermal process in the absence of air. The most important products are cokes and charcoals, which are used in very large quantities in the iron and steel industry. Charcoal is the product that provides the raw material for activated carbon.\nCharcoal has to be treated further in order to develop the extensive internal pore structure that categorizes activated carbon. Adsorption capacity is determined to a great extent by the degree of development of this internal pore structure, and also by the nature of the carbon's surface chemistry (acidic or alkaline).\nThe most common method is the steam activation process, which is accomplished in two stages. The material is first carbonized to an intermediate product, the pores of which are either too small or too constricted for it to be a useful adsorbent. Enlarging the pore structure to produce a more accessible internal surface area is then achieved by chemically reacting the carbonized product with steam at a temperature between 800°C and 1,000°C.\nThe reaction takes place on all of the internal surfaces of the carbons, removing carbon from the pore walls and thereby enlarging them. Control of temperature is critical. If the temperature is below 800°C, the rate of reaction is too slow to be economical (the energy cost to open up the pore structure increases while the yield decreases). Above 1,000°C, the reaction becomes erosive, concentrating on the outer layer of the carbon particles, reducing each particle is size, and leaving the interior unactivated.\nCareful control of the steam activation process, therefore, allows the pore size to be readily altered to suit a wide range of specific applications. For the adsorption of smaller molecules from solution, i.e., water purification, the pore structure obviously does not have to be opened up to the same extent as for the adsorption of larger molecules.\nActivated carbon can be manufactured in powder, granular, pellet, spherical and block forms. Rotary, vertical, and multiple hearth kilns are all used, depending on the individual preferences of each manufacturer. Activated carbon that has been determined through laboratory testing to be spent may often be reactivated in a kiln and reused.\nAdsorption is the process by which fluid molecules become attached to a surface by physical or chemical forces (or a combination of both). In physical adsorption the impurities are held on the surface of the carbon by low level van der Waals forces, while in chemisorption the forces are relatively strong and occur at active sites on the surface. Physical adsorption is predominant when using activated carbon in water purification, and the efficiency of the carbon will depend upon its accessible surface. The activated carbon actually removes the impurity in bleaching operations where a colored impurity is chemically changed to a colorless material.\nA number of factors can affect adsorption such as pore size distribution, molecular size of the impurity, particle size of the carbon, temperature of the carbon treatment, and the pH of the solution. The following relationships, however, generally apply when other variables are held constant\nActivated carbons which have been chemically coated or treated are referred to as impregnated carbons. These specialized adsorbents are available in both granular and pelletized forms, and provide advanced treatment technology for many commercial applications. Impregnated activated carbon adsorbs and retains specific gases long enough for the chemical impregnant to react with the contaminant and form a stable or fixed compound within the carbon, thus eliminating the contaminant from the stream.\nImpregnated carbons have been specifically formulated for many chemical compounds which have proven to be difficult to control with standard activated carbons. Examples of these compounds include ammonia, mercury, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, ethylene, hydrogen chloride, chlorine, methyl iodide, formaldehyde, and hydrogen cyanide.\nMany specialty carbons have been developed specifically as filter media for the POU/POE industry. For example, Barnebey & Sutcliffe offers more than 30 NSF-approved grades of activated carbon for the removal of taste and odor, chlorine, chloramines, THMs, and other contaminants. Silver impregnated carbons are also available for the control of bacteria growth within the filter.\nPurification with carbon is a centuries-old technique which in recent decades has become much more effective and economical through advanced production processes and chemical technology. Today, millions of tons of activated carbons are sold annually for uses ranging from air and water filtration to recovery of precious metals and industrial solvents.\nThree groups of pores can be distinguished in an activated carbon\n*One angstrom = 0.0000001 mm, or one tenth the size of a sugar granule.\nThe major portion of the surface area is derived from the small diameter micropore and the medium diameter transitional pore regions. Micropores have been found to be the most effective in trapping small molecules in gas and liquid phase applications. The transitional pore region is most suitable for adsorbing large molecular species such as color molecules.\nThe raw material for an activated carbon plays a major part in determining the ability of the final product to adsorb certain molecular species. Activated carbons produced from coconut shells exhibit a predominance of micropores, while coal based carbons have a wider range of transitional pores. The development of an extensive macropore structure is found when either peat or wood is used as the raw material.\nFor carbons with a predominance of micropores, the internal surface area is incredibly large. Many activated carbons have internal areas in the region of 500 to 1,500 square meters per gram, and it is this enormous area which makes them effective adsorbents. Viewed another way, just one pound of activated carbon at 950 m2/g has the equivalent surface area of 100 football fields. All organic compounds will be selectively adsorbed in the activated carbon pores dependent on their size.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-40", "url": "http://www.wqpmag.com/activated-carbon-basics", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738659496.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173739-00209-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9400552511, "token_count": 1438, "score": 3.9375, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Gearr-scríbhinn ar fhoinsí carbóin, ar an bpróiseas gníomhachtaithe, ar phrionsabal an adsorption, agus ar raon na n-iarratais reatha\nTá an charbón gníomhaithe cosúil le raidió: tá a fhios ag gach duine go n-oibríonn sé, ach níl a fhios ag mórán daoine go díreach conas. Is achoimre ghearr é an t-alt seo ar fhoinsí carbóin, ar an bpróiseas gníomhachtaithe, ar phrionsabal an adsorption, agus ar raon na n-iarratais reatha.\nIs féidir le carbóin a bheith i roinnt foirmeacha le struchtúir criostail nó amorfacha. Is iad na foirmeacha criostail is cáiliúla ná diamonds agus graifíte, a bhfuil a n-úsáidí forleathan agus dea-dheimhnithe. I measc na bhfoirmeacha neamhriachtanacha tá carbón dubh, snáithíní carbóin, agus carbóin phorasach, a fhaightear go léir trí ábhar carbóin mar gual, craiceann cnó cócó, adhmad, torf, lignite, agus peitriliam a théamh nó a dhó faoi choinníollacha rialaithe. Is é an t-ábhar carbóin de ghnáth soladach agus a tharlaíonn go nádúrtha.\nBaintear carbóin phorúil amach mar fhéithid tar éis na comhpháirteanna teasacha den ábhar carbóin a bhaint trí phróiseas teirmeach i bhfianaise aeir. Is iad na táirgí is tábhachtaí ná cóic agus gual crainn, a úsáidtear i gcainníochtaí an-mhór san tionscal iarann agus cruach. Is é an ghual crainn an táirge a sholáthraíonn an t-ábhar amh do charbon gníomhaithe.\nNí mór carbóin a chóireáil níos faide chun an struchtúr pore inmheánach fairsing a fhorbairt a chatagóiríonn carbón gníomhaithe. Cumas adsorption a chinneadh go mór ag an leibhéal forbartha an struchtúr pore inmheánach, agus freisin ag an nádúr an chimiceolaíocht dromchla an charbóin (aigéad nó alcálach).\nIs é an modh is coitianta an próiseas gníomhaithe gaile, a chuirtear i gcrích i dhá chéim. Déantar an t-ábhar a charbonize ar dtús chun táirge idirmheánach a bhfuil a pores ró-bheag nó ró-chomhfhuinge le bheith ina adsorbent úsáideach. Déantar an struchtúr pore a mhéadú chun limistéar dromchla inmheánach níos inrochtana a tháirgeadh trí an táirge carbonized a imoibriú go ceimiceach le gaile ag teocht idir 800 °C agus 1,000 °C.\nTarlaíonn an imoibriú ar gach dromchla inmheánach na gcarbóin, ag baint carbóin ó bhallaí na pores agus dá bhrí sin iad a mhéadú. Tá sé ríthábhachtach an teocht a rialú. Má tá an teocht faoi bhun 800 °C, tá an ráta imoibrithe ró-mhall chun a bheith eacnamaíoch (méadaíonn an costas fuinnimh chun an struchtúr pore a oscailt agus laghdaíonn an toradh). Os cionn 1,000°C, bíonn an imoibriú creimteach, ag díriú ar shraith sheachtrach na bpáirtnéil charbóin, ag laghdú méid gach píosa, agus ag fágáil an taobh istigh neamhghníomhaithe.\nDá bhrí sin, is féidir le rialú cúramach ar an bpróiseas gníomhachtaithe gaile an méid pore a athrú go héasca chun freastal ar raon leathan d'iarratais ar leith. Chun móilíní níos lú a adsorb ó réiteach, i.e. íonú uisce, ní gá go soiléir an struchtúr pore a oscailt suas go dtí an méid céanna mar a tharlaíonn le haghaidh móilíní níos mó a adsorb.\nIs féidir carbón gníomhaithe a mhonarú i bhfoirmeacha púdar, gránúil, pláta, spherical agus bloc. Úsáidtear oigheann rothlach, ingearach agus iomadúla, ag brath ar roghanna aonair gach monaróra. Is minic a athghníomhaítear carbón gníomhaithe a chinntear trí thástáil saotharlainne a chaitheamh i mhonarcha agus a athúsáidtear é.\nIs é an adsorption an próiseas trína gceanglaítear móilíní leachtacha le dromchla trí fhórsaí fisiciúla nó ceimiceacha (nó trí chomhcheangal den dá cheann). I adsorption fisiciúil coinnítear na neamhíonachtaí ar dhromchla an charbóin ag fórsaí van der Waals ar leibhéal íseal, agus i chemisorption tá na fórsaí sách láidir agus tagann siad i láthair i suíomhanna gníomhacha ar an dromchla. Tá adsorption fisiciúil forleathan nuair a úsáidtear carbón gníomhaithe i scagadh uisce, agus braitheann éifeachtúlacht an charbóin ar a dromchla inrochtana. Déantar an gcarbón gníomhaithe an neamhshláint a bhaint i ngníomhaíochtaí bleithithe ina n-athraítear neamhshláint datha go ceimiceach go ábhar gan dath.\nIs féidir le roinnt fachtóirí tionchar a imirt ar adsorption mar dháileadh méid pore, méid móilíneach an neamhghlanta, méid cáithníní an charbóin, teocht an chóireála carbóin, agus pH an tuaslagáin. Tá feidhm ag na caidrimh seo a leanas, áfach, go ginearálta nuair a choinnítear athróg eile mar choinbhinsiún\nTagraítear do charbóin ghníomhaithe a bhfuil cóta nó cóireáil cheimiceach déanta orthu mar charbóin impregnáilte. Tá na adsorbents speisialaithe seo ar fáil i bhfoirmeacha grinn agus pléiteáilte araon, agus soláthraíonn siad teicneolaíocht chóireála chun cinn do go leor feidhmchlár tráchtála. Tá an t-airgead a úsáidtear chun an t-airgead a chur ar fáil do na táirgí a úsáidtear chun an t-airgead a chur ar fáil do na táirgí a úsáidtear chun an t-airgead a chur ar fáil do na táirgí a úsáidtear chun an t-airgead a chur ar fáil do na táirgí a úsáidtear chun an t-airgead a chur ar fáil don t-airgead.\nTá carbóin impregnated curtha i bhfoirm go sonrach do go leor comhdhúile ceimiceacha a bhfuil a bheith deacair a rialú le carbóin ghníomhacha caighdeánach. I measc na gcomhdhúile seo tá amóinia, mearcair, dé-ocsaíd sulfair, sulféad hidrigine, eitiléin, clóiríd hidrigine, clóirín, iodíd meitile, foirmleadh, agus cianíd hidrigine.\nForbraíodh go leor carbóin speisialta go sonrach mar mheán scagaire do thionscal POU / POE. Mar shampla, cuireann Barnebey & Sutcliffe níos mó ná 30 grád de charbón gníomhaithe atá ceadaithe ag NSF ar fáil chun blas agus boladh, clóirín, clóramíní, THMs, agus truailleoirí eile a bhaint. Tá carbóin impregnated airgid ar fáil freisin chun rialú a dhéanamh ar fhás baictéir laistigh den scagaire.\nIs teicníc céadta bliain d'aois í an ghlanadh le carbóin a tháinig i bhfad níos éifeachtaí agus níos eacnamaí le blianta beaga anuas trí phróisis táirgeachta chun cinn agus teicneolaíocht cheimiceach. Sa lá atá inniu ann, díoltar na milliúin tonna carbóin ghníomhaithe gach bliain le húsáid a théann ó scagadh aer agus uisce go meitibileanna luachmhara agus tuaslagóirí tionsclaíocha a aisghabháil.\nIs féidir trí ghrúpa pores a idirdhealú i gcarbóin ghníomhaithe\n*Angstrom amháin = 0.0000001 mm, nó an deichiú cuid de ghránán siúcra.\nTá an chuid is mó den limistéar dromchla díorthaithe ó na réigiúin micropore beag trastomhas agus na réigiúin pore idirthréimhseach meánthráthomhas. Fuarthas amach go bhfuil micreapóirí an chuid is éifeachtaí i gcaipiteal móilíní beaga i bhfeidhmchlár gás agus chéim leachtacha. Tá an réigiún pore idirthréimhseach is oiriúnaí le speicis mhóilíneacha móra mar mhóilíneoga datha a adsorbadh.\nTá ról mór ag an mbia-ábhar do charbon gníomhaithe maidir le cumas an táirge deiridh speiceas móilíneach áirithe a adsorbadh a chinneadh. Tá formhór micreapóirí ag carbóin ghníomhacha a tháirgtear ó chraiceann cnó cócó, agus tá raon níos leithne pores idirthréimhseacha ag carbóin atá bunaithe ar guail. Tá forbairt struchtúr mór-phóir ar fáil nuair a úsáidtear an torfa nó an adhmad mar amhábhar.\nI gcás carbóin a bhfuil an-chuid micreapóirí orthu, tá an limistéar dromchla inmheánach an-mhór. Tá limistéir inmheánacha ag go leor carbóin ghníomhacha i réigiún 500 go 1,500 méadar cearnach in aghaidh an ghram, agus is é an limistéar ollmhór seo a fhágann go bhfuil siad ina adsorbents éifeachtacha. Má bheirtear é ar bhealach eile, ní bhíonn ach aon phunt de charbón gníomhaithe ag 950 m2/g a bhfuil an t-achar dromchla comhionann le 100 réimse peile. Beidh na comhdhúile orgánacha go léir adsorbted roghnach sna pores carbóin ghníomhaithe ag brath ar a méid."} +{"text": "A synthetic peptide appears to directly disrupt the destructive inflammation that occurs in nephritis, enabling the kidneys to better recover and maintain their important functions, investigators report.\nWhether they gave the peptide body-wide or delivered it directly to the kidneys, it reduced the movement of immune cells into the kidneys, resolved inflammation and damage and improved kidney function, without increasing blood pressure, they report in the journal Kidney International.\nThings like a serious infection or injury, and diseases like uncontrolled hypertension and diabetes, can cause acute or chronic nephritis, which affects both kidneys and the million filtering units in each. Particularly when it’s chronic, patients often wind up in kidney failure and on dialysis, which has basic scientists and physicians alike looking for better interventions.\nSo the investigators gave the peptide the same way it might one day be given to patients, within a few days of signs of kidney inflammation. They found it enabled an animal model of moderate nephritis to avoid hallmark problems like excessive inflammation and protein in the urine, a sign of kidney dysfunction, says Dr. Rudolf Lucas, vascular biologist in the Vascular Biology Center at the Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University.\nLevels of urea in the blood, a waste product from the body’s use of protein that should be eliminated by the kidneys, also dropped as did weight gain, largely from retaining urine, which also can occur with kidney disease.\nIn a model mimicking severe nephritis, which is essentially 100 percent lethal to the kidneys in humans and deadly to the mouse model, with treatment there was instead an 80 percent survival of the mice. “I think that is pretty promising,” says Lucas, the study’s corresponding author.\nAt later stages of the disease, low doses of the peptide also reduced the level of T cells, drivers of the immune response and inflammation, moving into the area. In fact, levels were essentially normal.\n“The peptide appears to actually improve the general condition of the kidney over time,” Lucas says. In fact, he now wants to study whether the peptide can aid recovery from chronic kidney disease, which many patients experience if their kidneys are not completely destroyed by nephritis.\nThey say the peptide, which has already been tested in Europe in patients with acute lung injury, like pneumonia or trauma, and is being pursued in lung transplant patients as well, holds promise for a targeted therapy for acute nephritis.\n“We showed that it reversed inflammation in the kidney during the course of nephritis,” says Dr. Michael Madaio, nephrologist, chair emeritus of the MCG Department of Medicine and the study’s co-corresponding author. “We showed that it was effective and that it was a local effect within the kidney itself.”\nCurrent therapies, like corticoid steroids, generally suppress the immune response, leaving patients at risk for infection and even cancer.\n“We’ve been looking for a great way to treat this,” says Madaio, whose lab developed the antibody that delivered the peptide right to the kidneys. “In theory, this could take the place of the anti-inflammatory effect of steroids,” says Madaio. “That would be great.”\nThe TIP peptide Lucas developed is a synthetic version of the tip of tumor necrosis factor, or TNF, which, as its name implies, is known to target cancer. But TNF is also a primary instigator of destructive inflammation in nephritis.\nIn a mouse model of nephritis, they watched immune cells arrive in response to an attack on the kidney – in this case a toxin – which in turn generated a lot of TNF. TNF then activated two main inflammation-promoting pathways in the endothelial cells that line the million kidney filtering units, called glomeruli, in each kidney as well as the podocytes, cells that wrap around the tiny capillaries of the filtering units. The most important of the inflammation-promoting pathways activated by TNF in this case are p38 MAP kinase along with NF-kB.\nTo worsen the scenario, TNF also decreased production of things like nitric oxide, a powerful blood vessel dilator that could help the kidneys recover, as well as prostaglandin E2, which can suppress the immune response and inflammation.\n“This is how high levels of TNF are bad for us, and the consequence of this is now you get an increased protein in your urine and you will get increased renal inflammation and that is not what you want,” Lucas says.\nThey would find the TIP peptide directly counteracts those negative changes.\n“If we give the TIP peptide, we restore basal levels,” Lucas says of prostaglandin E2, which in turn, induces nitric oxide. “So we restore two factors which are known to be protective in nephrotoxic nephritis,” he says.\nWhile the more obvious route would be directly suppressing TNF, that might not be a good idea because of its important roles in fighting infections and other invaders, which is already a concern for current treatments, they say.\n“We think a better approach might be factors that interfere with the deleterious TNF signaling, which induces the profound inflammation in the kidneys, without interfering with TNF’s defense role against bacteria,” Lucas says.\nHe’d found in the lungs, the peptide directly activates ENaC-alpha, a subunit of natural body channels which mediate sodium uptake and play a role in fluid movement, Lucas explains, noting fluid’s natural propensity to follow sodium, or salt.\nWhile the peptide’s activation of ENC-alpha in the lungs is a good thing in pneumonia where fluid literally interferes with breathing, the investigators were concerned that activating ENaC-alpha in the kidneys might disturb normal sodium retention, which is important to the kidney’s role in blood pressure regulation.\nThey found instead that the TIP peptide delivered directly to the kidneys not only reduced inflammation but actually decreased blood pressure, even in the face of a high-salt diet, and without interfering with the infection-fighting role of TNF.\nInflammation of the kidneys filtering units, called glomerulonephritis, is responsible for about 10-20 percent of the extensive kidney damage patients experience, although the affected pathway is common to many forms of progressive kidney damage.\n“Your kidneys simply don’t function quite as well as any more,” Lucas says. “Your glomerular filtration goes down the drain, your body weight increases because you retain more urine. TNF is a crucial mediator of this pathology.”\nTNF and another pro-inflammatory substance called interleukin 1, produce products like reactive oxygen species that damage both the filters and the elastic cells that wrap around their exterior.\nLucas recently received a $2.5 million grant from the National Institutes of Health to further pursue evidence that activating ENaC-alpha with his peptide can help eliminate deadly fluid buildup in the lungs that can occur in pneumonia. “This is a very different approach from the work in the lungs,” Lucas says of the new work in the kidneys.\n“In the kidneys, the peptide directly interferes with a major cause of the problem which is p38,” Lucas says, noting that p38 is known to play an important role in cells that line blood vessels and the heart, and like those lining the glomeruli.\nMadaio was corresponding author of a study this summer also in Kidney International that showed that using the same antibody, this time to deliver the anti-inflammatory protein kinase C-alpha inhibitor directly to the kidney, enabled the organ’s recovery in a similar model of nephritis. They also found that the kidney cell powerhouses, called mitochondria, are particularly impacted by acute and chronic inflammation and that the protein they delivered restored mitochondrial function.\nThere are about a million filtering units, called nephrons, in each kidney that remove waste, acid and excess fluid from the blood, which get excreted into the urine. Nephrons also put good stuff, like nutrients, back into the bloodstream. The glomerulus, a cluster of blood vessels inside the nephrons, function as the actual filter.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-18", "url": "https://www.medicalnewser.com/2019/03/25/synthetic-peptide-appears-to-disrupt-inflammation-and-protect-kidneys-from-nephritis.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578530060.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20190420220657-20190421002657-00252.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9506138563, "token_count": 1764, "score": 2.921875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is cosúil go gcuireann peiptíd sintéiseach isteach go díreach ar an athlasadh díothaitheach a tharlaíonn i nephritis, rud a chuireann ar chumas na duáin éirí níos fearr agus a gcuid feidhmeanna tábhachtacha a chothabháil, a thuairiscigh imscrúdaitheoirí.\nCibé an ndearna siad an peiptíd a thabhairt ar fud an choirp nó a sheachadadh go díreach chuig na duáin, laghdaigh sé gluaiseacht cealla imdhíonachta isteach sna duáin, d'éirigh le tinneas athlasta agus damáiste agus feabhsaíodh feidhm na duáin, gan brú fola a ardú, tuairiscíonn siad sa iris Kidney International.\nIs féidir le rudaí cosúil le hionfhabhtú tromchúiseach nó le díobháil, agus galair cosúil le hipertine neamhrialta agus diaibéiteas, nephritis géar nó ainsealach a chur faoi deara, a théann i bhfeidhm ar an dá duáin agus ar na milliúin aonad scagála i ngach ceann acu. Go háirithe nuair a bhíonn sé ainsealach, is minic a bhíonn teip ar na cnámha agus ar dhíaláisí ag othair, rud a fhágann go bhfuil eolaithe bunúsacha agus dochtúirí araon ag lorg idirghabhálacha níos fearr.\nMar sin thug na taighdeoirí an peiptíd ar an mbealach céanna a d'fhéadfaí é a thabhairt do othair lá amháin, laistigh de chúpla lá de chomharthaí athlasadh duáin. Fuair siad amach gur chuir sé ar chumas samhail ainmhithe de nephritis mheánmhéide fadhbanna saincheaptha mar athlasadh iomarcach agus próitéin sa bhroinn, comhartha mífheidhm na duáin, a sheachaint, a deir an Dr. Rudolf Lucas, bitheolaí soithíoch sa Ionad Bitheolaíochta Soithíoch ag Coláiste Leighis Georgia in Ollscoil Augusta.\nThit leibhéil urea san fhuil, táirge dramhaíola ó úsáid próitéin an chomhlachta a ba chóir a dhíchur trí na duáin, chomh maith le méadú meáchain, go príomha ó chothabháil fuála, rud a d'fhéadfadh tarlú le galar duáin freisin.\nI samhail a rinne samhail ar nephritis throm, atá go bunúsach 100 faoin gcéad marfach do na duáin i ndaoine agus marfach do mhúnla an fhéaráin, le cóireáil bhí maireachtáil 80 faoin gcéad na bhfearáin. \"Is dóigh liom go bhfuil sé sin geallta go leor\", a deir Lucas, údar comhfhreagrach an staidéir.\nAg céimeanna níos déanaí den ghalar, laghdaigh dáileoga íseal den peiptíd leibhéal na gcealla T, tiománaithe an fhreagra imdhíonachta agus athlasadh, ag bogadh isteach sa cheantar. Go deimhin, bhí na leibhéil go bunúsach gnáth.\n'Is cosúil go bhfeabhsaíonn an peiptíd staid ghinearálta an duáin le himeacht ama,' a deir Lucas. Go deimhin, tá sé ag iarraidh anois staidéar a dhéanamh ar an bhféadfaidh an peiptíd cuidiú le haistriú ó ghalair chronic duáin, a bhíonn ag go leor othair mura ndéanann nephritis a duáin a scriosadh go hiomlán.\nDeir siad go bhfuil an peiptíd, a thástáladh cheana féin san Eoraip i ndothair a bhfuil díobháil ghéar scamhóg orthu, cosúil le nimhiú nó trauma, agus atá á leanúint i ndothair aistrí scamhóg chomh maith, ina ghealltanas le haghaidh teiripe spriocdhírithe le haghaidh nephritis ghéar.\n\"Léiríomar go ndearna sé athshlánú ar athlasadh sa duáin le linn na nefritis\", a deir an Dr. Michael Madaio, nephrologist, cathaoirleach emeritus na Roinne Leighis MCG agus an t-údar comhfhreagrach an staidéir. Léirigh muid go raibh sé éifeachtach agus go raibh éifeacht áitiúil aige laistigh den duáin féin. \nDe ghnáth, cuireann teiripeanna reatha, cosúil le stéaróidigh corticoid, cosc ar an bhfreagra imdhíonachta, rud a fhágann go bhfuil othair i mbaol ionfhabhtaithe agus fiú ailse.\n\"Tá muid ag lorg bealach iontach chun é seo a chóireáil\", a deir Madaio, a ndearna a saotharlann an t-ionchorp a d'fhorbair an peiptíd go díreach chuig na duáin. I teoiric, d'fhéadfadh sé seo a bheith in ionad éifeacht frith-athlastacha stéaróidigh,a deir Madaio. Bheadh sé sin iontach.\nIs leagan sintéiseach den fhachtóir necrosis tumor tip, nó TNF, é an peiptíd TIP a d'fhorbair Lucas, agus, mar a thugann a ainm le tuiscint, is eol go bhfuil sé dírithe ar ailse. Ach is é TNF príomh-instigóir athlasadh díothaitheach i nefritis freisin.\nI samhail luch de nephritis, d'fhéach siad ar chealla imdhíonachta ag teacht i bhfreagra ar ionsaí ar an duáin - sa chás seo tocsain - a ghineann go leor TNF. Ansin, chuir TNF dhá phríomhbhealach athlasadh-spreagála i gcealla endothelial a líonadh na milliún aonad scagála duáin, ar a dtugtar glomeruli, i ngach duáin chomh maith leis na podocytes, cealla a fhaigheann timpeall na capillaries beag de na haonaid scagála. Is iad na cosáin is tábhachtaí a chuireann TNF chun cinn an athlasadh a ghníomhachtú sa chás seo ná p38 MAP kinase in éineacht le NF-kB.\nChun an cás a dhéanamh níos measa, laghdaigh TNF táirgeadh rudaí mar ocsaíd nítreach, déantóir cumhachtach soithigh fola a d'fhéadfadh cabhrú leis na duáin a ghnóthú, chomh maith le prostaglandin E2, a d'fhéadfadh an fhreagra imdhíonachta agus athlasadh a chur faoi chois.\nIs é seo an chaoi a bhfuil leibhéil arda TNF dona dúinn, agus is é an iarmhairt atá air seo anois go bhfaigheann tú próitéin mhéadaithe i do chuid fionn agus go bhfaighidh tú athlasadh duáin mhéadaithe agus ní hé sin an rud atá uait, a deir Lucas.\nGheobhaidh siad go ndéanann an peiptíd TIP na hathruithe diúltacha sin a chur i gcoinne go díreach.\nMá thugann muid an peiptíd TIP, athbhunóidh muid leibhéil bhunúsacha, deir Lucas faoi prostaglandin E2, a spreagann ocsaíd nítreach. 'Mar sin, athbhunú a dhéanamh ar dhá fhachtóir a bhfuil a fhios acu a bheith cosanta i nephrotoxic nephritis,' a deir sé.\nCé gur bealach níos soiléire é TNF a chur faoi chois go díreach, b'fhéidir nach smaoineamh maith é sin mar gheall ar a róil thábhachtacha i ngleic le haignéis agus ionsaitheoirí eile, rud atá ina imní cheana féin do chóireálacha reatha, a deir siad.\n\"Táimid ag smaoineamh go bhféadfadh cur chuige níos fearr a bheith ann fachtóirí a chuireann isteach ar an comharthaíocht TNF díobhálach, a spreagann an athlasadh domhain sna duáin, gan cur isteach ar ról cosanta TNF i gcoinne baictéir\", a deir Lucas.\nÓs rud é go bhfuil sé le fáil sna scamhóga, gníomhaíonn an peiptíd go díreach ENaC-alfa, fo-aonad de chainéil nádúrtha an choirp a idirghabhálann ionsú sóidiam agus a imríonn ról i ngluaiseacht sreabhach, a mhíníonn Lucas, ag tabhairt faoi deara claonadh nádúrtha sreabhach a leanúint sóidiam, nó salann.\nCé go bhfuil gníomhachtú peiptíde ENC-alpha sna scamhóga ina rud maith i nimneamóine ina gcuireann sreabhach isteach go litriúil ar an anailís, bhí imní ar na himscrúdaitheoirí go bhféadfadh gníomhachtú ENaC-alpha sna duáin cur isteach ar choimeád náidiam gnáth, atá tábhachtach do ról na duáin i rialachán brú fola.\nFuair siad ina ionad sin go laghdaigh peiptíd TIP a tugadh go díreach chuig na duáin ní amháin athlasadh ach go laghdaigh sé brú fola i ndáiríre, fiú i bhfianaise aiste bia ard-salann, agus gan cur isteach ar ról frith-ionfhabhtuithe TNF.\nTá athlasadh na n-aonad scagála duáin, ar a dtugtar glomerulonephritis, freagrach as thart ar 10-20 faoin gcéad de na damáistí duáin fhairsing a bhíonn ag othair, cé go bhfuil an bealach a bhfuil tionchar aige coitianta i go leor cineálacha damáiste duáin forásach.\n\"Ní oibríonn do liathróidí chomh maith sin anois\", a deir Lucas. Téann do scaipeadh glomerulár síos an draen, méadaíonn do mheáchan coirp toisc go gcoinníonn tú níos mó fionnuar. Tá TNF ina idirghabhálaí ríthábhachtach den phaiteolaíocht seo.\nTNF agus substaint eile a spreagann athlasadh ar a dtugtar interleukin 1, táirgí cosúil le speicis ocsaigine imoibritheacha a dhéanann damáiste do na scagairí agus do na cealla elastach a bhíonn timpeall a n-eachtra.\nFuair Lucas deontas $2.5 milliún ó na hInstitiúidí Náisiúnta Sláinte le déanaí chun tuilleadh fianaise a shaothrú go bhféadfadh gníomhachtú ENaC-alpha lena peiptíde cabhrú le haontacht sreabhach marbhtach sna scamhóga a dhíchur i niúmóine. \"Is cur chuige an-difriúil é seo ó obair na scamhóg\", a deir Lucas faoin obair nua sna duáin.\n Sna duáin, bíonn an peiptíd ag cur isteach go díreach ar phríomhchúis an fhadhb ar é p38 é, a deir Lucas, ag tabhairt faoi deara go bhfuil a fhios go bhfuil ról tábhachtach ag p38 i gcealla a líonadh na soithigh fola agus an croí, agus cosúil leis na cinn a líonadh na glomeruli.\nBhí Madaio ina údar comhfhreagrach ar staidéar an samhradh seo freisin i Kidney International a léirigh go raibh an t-ionchascóir céanna á úsáid, an uair seo chun an coscóir C-alfa chinase próitéine frith-athlasta a sheachadadh go díreach chuig an duáin, a chuir ar chumas an orgáin a ghnóthú i samhail den nephritis. Fuair siad freisin go mbíonn tionchar ag athlasadh géar agus ainsealach go háirithe ar na cumhachtaí cealla duáin, ar a dtugtar mitochondria, agus go n-aisghabhálann an próitéin a thug siad feidhm mitochondrial.\nTá thart ar milliún aonad scagála, ar a dtugtar nephrons, i ngach duáin a chuireann dramhaíola, aigéad agus sreabhach iomarcach as an fhuil, a eisceitear san fháinne. Cuireann na nephrons rudaí maithe, cosúil le cothaithigh, ar ais sa sruth fola. Is é an glomerulus, cnuasach soithigh fola taobh istigh de na nephrons, an scagaire iarbhír."} +{"text": "Dr. Vijai S Shankar MD.PhD.\nPublished on www.academy-advaita.com\n14th October 2017\nThe intelligence in life has gifted humans, animals and plants water. Without water none can survive. Water makes up sixty percent of the body weight in humans and animals, while water makes up most of the weight in vegetables.\nAnimals and vegetation do not drink water from plastic containers. Only humans not only drink water from plastic containers, but also store, transport and carry every item of food in plastic containers.\nHumans also feed their children with milk contained not only in plastic containers, but also the nipple used to feed their babies is made of plastic. Plastic has permeated every aspect of food in human life.\nPlastic has caused irreversible damage to marine life. This is because of the deposition of plastic bags and bottles into the sea. Plastic is a by-product in the petroleum industry. Plastic decomposes easily in the sea to toxic substances.\nEverything in life decomposes and plastic is not an exception. The plastic industry, however, claims that the plastic does not decompose easily. Nevertheless, plastic does decompose.\nPlastic in small amounts does dissolve into whatever plastic containers contain, especially water, apart from milk and food that humans eat daily. Water with small amounts of plastic accumulates after years of daily use.\nPlastic by decomposition releases toxic substances which are toxins to the human body. Plastic also sticks to the intestine walls in the human body and this leads to consequences regarding human health.\nPlastic stuck to the intestine walls prevents the absorption of nutrients in food that humans eat. Plastic also prevents the absorption of water into the intestines which leads to difficulty in passing stools.\nAdvertising that water is healthy and clean in plastic bottles does not convey the right message to users. The advice to drink plenty of clean water daily too does not help. The ill-health to the human body is not seen immediately. The ill-health due to the presence of plastic in daily food becomes evident after middle age.\nAuthor: Dr. Vijai S. Shankar\n© Copyright V. S. Shankar 2017\nThe human community is taking stock of the unwanted effects of the growing market of convenience foods. It is not only the foods themselves that are of concern, but also, ironically, the methods that are now used to carry and store these foods. In addition to the harm that is thus being done to nature in all its physical manifestations, mankind included, there is a considerable financial burden in attempting to restore the natural status quo. The understanding of the wise is gifted in this article. It bears no burden.\nJulian Capper, UK.\nGerman Translator’s Note:\nThe achievements of a modern world are not always healthy for humans, animals, plants and the environment. Such a simple thing like a plastic bottle is not easy to avoid. But it is worth the try and effort, as Dr. Shankar points out in this wise article “Plastic“.\nMarcus Stegmaier, Germany.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-18", "url": "https://www.academy-advaita.com/en/articles/articles/Intelligence19/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578689448.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20190425054210-20190425080210-00286.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9520145059, "token_count": 634, "score": 2.578125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Dr. Vijai S Shankar MD.PhD.\nFoilsithe ar www.academy-advaita.com\n14 Deireadh Fómhair 2017\nTá an intleacht sa saol a bhronnadh daoine, ainmhithe agus plandaí uisce. Gan uisce ní féidir le duine ar bith maireachtáil. Is uisce a dhéanann suas seasca faoin gcéad de mheáchan an choirp i ndaoine agus ainmhithe, agus is uisce a dhéanann suas an chuid is mó den mheáchan i glasraí.\nNí ólann ainmhithe ná plandaí uisce ó choimeádáin phlaisteacha. Ní amháin go n-ólann daoine uisce ó choimeádáin phlaisteacha, ach freisin go stórálann, go n-iomparann agus go ndéanann siad gach mír bia i gcoimeádáin phlaisteacha.\nTá daoine ag tabhairt bia dá leanaí freisin le bainne atá i gcoimeádáin phlaisteacha, ach tá an nipple a úsáidtear chun a gcuid leanaí a chothú déanta as plaisteacha freisin. Tá gach gné den bhia sa saol daonna curtha ag plaisteach.\nTá damáiste dochreidte déanta ag plaisteach don saol mara. Tá sé seo mar gheall ar na málaí agus na buidéil phlaisteacha a thiteann isteach sa bhfarraige. Is fo-tháirge é plaisteach i dtionscal na peitriliam. Tá sé éasca le plaisteach a dhoilliú sa mhuir go substaintí tocsaineacha.\nDéantar gach rud sa saol a dhíchumasú agus ní eisceacht é plaisteach. Éilíonn tionscal na plaisteacha, áfach, nach ndéanann an plaisteacsa an-sásamh. Mar sin féin, déanann plaisteach an-díscaoileadh.\nTá an phlaisteach i méideanna beaga leáite i ngach rud a chuimsíonn coimeádáin phlaisteach, go háirithe uisce, seachas bainne agus bia a itheann daoine go laethúil. Tá uisce le méideanna beaga plaisteacha ag cruinniú tar éis blianta d'úsáid laethúil.\nTrí dhialú, scaoileann plaisteach substaintí tocsaineacha atá ina tocsainí don chorp daonna. Tá an plaisteach ag greamaithe ar bhallaí na n-intestin i gcorp an duine freisin agus bíonn iarmhairtí ann maidir le sláinte an duine.\nCuireann plaisteach atá greamaithe ar bhallaí na n-intestin cosc ar na cothaithigh a ionsú i mbia a itheann daoine. Cuireann an plaisteach cosc ar uisce a ionsú isteach sna intestines a fhágann go bhfuil deacracht ag baint le féasóg a chaitheamh.\nNí thugann fógra go bhfuil uisce sláintiúil agus glan i mbotellaí plaisteacha an teachtaireacht cheart do thomhaltóirí. Ní chabhraíonn an chomhairle go gcaithfear go leor uisce glan a ól gach lá freisin. Ní fheictear an drochshláinte don chorp daonna láithreach. Tá an drochshláinte a bhaineann le bheith i láthair plaisteach i mbia laethúil le feiceáil tar éis aois lárnach.\nAuthor: Dr. Vijai S. Shankar\n© Copyright V. S. Shankar 2017\nTá an pobal daonna ag cur san áireamh na héifeachtaí neamh-inmhianaithe a bhaineann leis an margadh atá ag fás de bhia áisiúil. Ní amháin na bianna féin atá i gceist, ach, go hionraic, na modhanna a úsáidtear anois chun na bianna seo a iompar agus a stóráil. Chomh maith leis an dochar a dhéantar dá bhrí sin don nádúr ina léirithe fisiciúla go léir, an duine san áireamh, tá ualach airgeadais suntasach ann chun iarracht a dhéanamh an status quo nádúrtha a athbhunú. Tá tuiscint na n-eagna bronnta san alt seo. Ní iompróidh sé aon ualach.\nJulian Capper, an Ríocht Aontaithe.\nNóta an Aistritheoir Gearmánach:\nNí bhíonn na hacmhainní atá bainte amach ag an saol nua-aimseartha sláintiúil i gcónaí do dhaoine, ainmhithe, plandaí agus don chomhshaol. Ní féidir rud chomh simplí mar bhuidéal plaisteach a sheachaint go héasca. Ach is fiú an iarracht agus an iarracht, mar a thugann an Dr. Shankar le fios san alt eagna seo Plaisteach.\nMarcus Stegmaier, an Ghearmáin."} +{"text": "Rome’s first power plant, Centrale Montemartini, was commissioned in 1912 and remained in operation until 1960’s. In 1990’s the collections of the Musei Capitolini (Capitoline Museums) found a new home here.\nThe building occupies the site of the Chapel of the Separation where, according to an apocryphal tradition, St Peter and St Paul bade a last farewell to each other before their separate martyrdoms. A relief of the two saints embracing has been set up on the wall.\nfrom €14.00 EUR\nThe entrance is through the yard at the side. The first thing that you see after the ticket office and coat check is a statue of Aphrodite in Pentelic marble, a copy of a 5th-century B.C. work by Callimachus. She stands in front of a massive cast-iron extraction pump emblazoned with the name of the manufacturer, Franco Tosi. This sets the tone for the whole museum. All the works are beautifully displayed and labelled (also in English). This is one of the most original and enjoyable museums anywhere in the world.\nHistory of Centrale Montemartini\nBuilt in 1912, this was the first public electrical plant to be opened in Rome, and was named after its designer, Giovanni Montemartini. Operated by diesel and steam, it provided enough power to illuminate half the streets and piazze of the city. It continued to function throughout the Second World War and only fell into disuse in 1963. It was restored by the Rome water and electricity board (ACEA) in 1990 as a superb exhibition space and is also of the greatest interest as a monument of industrial archaeology. Since 1997 some 400 Classical sculptures formerly kept in the Capitoline Museums have been exhibited here.\nIn this decommissioned electrical plant, the presentation of ancient statues between engines, gigantic boilers, metal pipes and jet-black turbines creates a amazing contrast.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-21", "url": "https://colosseumrometickets.com/centrale-montemartini/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652663012542.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220528031224-20220528061224-00297.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9479580522, "token_count": 418, "score": 2.78125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Cuireadh an chéad ghléasra cumhachta i Róimh, Centrale Montemartini, i mbun oibre i 1912 agus d'fhan sé i bhfeidhm go dtí na 1960idí. Sa 1990í fuair bailiúcháin Musei Capitolini (Músaeim Capitoline) teach nua anseo.\nTá an foirgneamh ar shuíomh Chaipéal na dTarraingthe áit a ndearna Naomh Peadar agus Naomh Pól, de réir traidisiún apocryphal, a ndíol slán deireanach lena chéile roimh a gcuid martairdí ar leithligh. Tá faoiseamh de na beirt naoimh ag glacadh le chéile curtha ar an mballa.\nó €14.00 EUR\nTá an bealach isteach tríd an gcúl ag an taobh. Is é an chéad rud a fheiceann tú tar éis an oifig ticéad agus an chiste cóta ná dealbh de Aphrodite i mhairmíní Pentelic, cóip de 5ú haois RC. obair ag Callimachus. Seasann sí os comhair caidéil ollmhór eisiúna iarann teilgthe atá clúdaithe le hainm an mhonaróra, Franco Tosi. Socraíonn sé seo an t-othar don mhúsaem ar fad. Tá na hoibreacha go léir ar taispeáint go hálainn agus tá lipéid orthu (sa Bhéarla freisin). Tá sé seo ar cheann de na músaeim is bunaidh agus taitneamhach ar fud an domhain.\nStair na Centrale Montemartini\nTógadh é i 1912, ba é seo an chéad ghléasra leictreach poiblí a osclaíodh sa Róimh, agus ainmníodh é i ndiaidh a dhearthára, Giovanni Montemartini. Bhí sé á oibriú ag díosail agus gaile, agus thug sé go leor cumhachta chun leath na sráide agus na piazze sa chathair a sholasú. Lean sé ag feidhmiú le linn an Dara Cogadh Domhanda agus níor cuireadh i bhfeidhm é go dtí 1963. D'athchóirigh Bord Uisce agus Leictreachais na Róimhe (ACEA) é i 1990 mar spás taispeántais iontach agus tá an leas is mó ann freisin mar shéadchomhartha ar seandálaíocht thionsclaíoch. Ó 1997 i leith, tá thart ar 400 dealbh Clásaigeach a bhí i gComhdháil na gCapaitíneoil á gcur i láthair anseo.\nSa gléasra leictreach neamhchoimisiúnáilte seo, cruthaíonn an cur i láthair de chealla ársa idir innill, boilers ollmhór, píopaí miotail agus turbinaí géar-dubh difríocht iontach."} +{"text": "Ranging from medieval music to Madonna and beyond, this book covers in detail the many aspects of the voice. The volume is divided into four broad areas. Popular Traditions begins with an overview of singing traditions in world music and continues with aspects of rock, rap and jazz. The Voice in the Theatre includes both opera singing from the beginnings to the present day and twentieth-century stage and screen entertainers. Choral Music and Song features a history of the art song, essential hints on singing in a larger choir, the English cathedral tradition and a history of the choral movement in the United States. The final substantial section on performance practices ranges from the voice in the Middle Ages and the interpretation of early singing treatises to contemporary vocal techniques, ensemble singing, the teaching of singing, children's choirs, and a comprehensive exposition of vocal acoustics.\nBack to top\nRent The Cambridge Companion to Singing 1st edition today, or search our site for other textbooks by Jonathan Cross. Every textbook comes with a 21-day \"Any Reason\" guarantee. Published by Cambridge University Press.\nNeed help ASAP? We have you covered with 24/7 instant online tutoring. Connect with one of our tutors now.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-40", "url": "http://www.chegg.com/textbooks/the-cambridge-companion-to-singing-1st-edition-9780521627092-0521627095?ii=8&trackid=e8b9bdda&omre_ir=1&omre_sp=", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738660436.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173740-00199-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9214411974, "token_count": 247, "score": 3.40625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Ag dul ó cheol na meánaoise go Madonna agus níos faide, clúdaíonn an leabhar seo go mion na gnéithe go leor den ghuth. Tá an t-imleabhar roinnte ina cheithre réimse leathan. Tosaíonn Popular Traditions le forbhreathnú ar thraidisiúin amhránaíochta i gceol an domhain agus leanann sé ar aghaidh le gnéithe de charraig, rap agus jazz. Áirítear sa Guth sa Theach an t-amhránaíocht óir ó thús na tréimhse go dtí an lá atá inniu ann agus lucht siamsaíochta an chéim agus an scáileáin an fhichiú haois. Tá stair na amhránaíochta ealaíne, leideanna riachtanacha ar a bheith ag canadh i gcór níos mó, traidisiún na cathrach Béarla agus stair na gluaiseachta corálach sna Stáit Aontaithe. An chuid shuntasach deiridh ar chleachtais fheidhmíochta idir an guth sa Mheán-Aois agus léirmhíniú na mbreathnóireachtaí canta luath go teicnící cainte comhaimseartha, canadh comhchoiteann, teagasc canta, coraí leanaí, agus léiriú cuimsitheach ar aicsticí gutha.\nAr ais go barr\nSeol an chéad eagrán de The Cambridge Companion to Singing inniu, nó cuardaigh ár suíomh le haghaidh leabhair eile le Jonathan Cross. Tagann gach leabhar teagaisc le ráthaíocht 21 lá \"Ar chúis ar bith\". Foilsithe ag Cambridge University Press.\nAn gá cabhair ASAP? Tá tú clúdaithe againn le 24/7 teagasc ar líne láithreach. Déan teagmháil le ceann dár múinteoirí anois."} +{"text": "This project is to compare the performance of Binary tree implementation In two ways.\n- The asynchronous way using Aker and Scala. The source for this part comes from Coursera \"Principles of reactive programming\" excersize for week 5 \"Actor Binary tree\" https://class.coursera.org/reactive-001/assignment/view?assignment_id=17\nbecause of the terms I am not going to share it publicly. It is using Aker to create an asynchronous Binary tree. insert into the tree are asynchronously ditributed between nodes.\n- The java implementation based on Immutable Binary search tree. By each insert a new immutable binary search tree is returned. It is got from http://people.cis.ksu.edu/~rhowell/viewer/\nTo the comparison, a high number of insertions into the tree are done and timings measured.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-18", "url": "https://github.com/smirzai/BinarySearchComparison", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578770163.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20190426113513-20190426135513-00283.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8914096355, "token_count": 190, "score": 2.578125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is é an tionscadal seo ná feidhmíocht chur i bhfeidhm crann dhúbailte a chur i gcomparáid ar dhá bhealach.\n- An bealach asynchronous ag baint úsáide as Aker agus Scala. Tagann an fhoinse don chuid seo ó Coursera \"Principles of reactive programming\" excersize don tseachtain 5 \"Actor Binary tree\" https://class.coursera.org/reactive-001/assignment/view?assignment_id=17\nmar gheall ar na téarmaí nílim chun é a roinnt go poiblí. Tá sé ag úsáid Aker chun crann dénártha asinchrónach a chruthú. Cuirtear na sonraí a chuirtear isteach sa chrann i ndáil le nóid a leithdháileadh asinchrónach.\n- An cur i bhfeidhm java bunaithe ar chrann cuardaigh dhúbailte Binary. Le gach ionchur, déantar crann cuardaigh dhúbailte nua neamh-athraitheach a thabhairt ar ais. Tá sé a fháil ó http://people.cis.ksu.edu/~rhowell/viewer/\nChun an comparáid a dhéanamh, déantar líon mór ionchur sa chrann agus déantar amanna a thomhas."} +{"text": "BLOOMINGTON, Ind. -- Data on atmospheric levels of toxic pollutants in samples collected near the Great Lakes are now readily available through Indiana University to scientists, researchers and the public. The data come from the Integrated Atmospheric Deposition Network.\nIU has launched the website IADN Data Viz to provide easy access to IADN measurements of persistent, toxic chemicals in Great Lakes air and precipitation. The website will be regularly updated as new data become available.\nThe data are collected every 12 days and come from seven sites: two near Lake Michigan, two near Lake Erie, one near Lake Ontario and two near Lake Superior. Most of these sites are in remote areas, except for those in Chicago and Cleveland.\nIADN has been taking these measurements since 1990.\n\"We recognize the importance of sharing the data in a variety of different ways to suit the needs of a wide audience, from regulators to high school students. This new tool will allow users to visualize the million data points collected so far in a simple and intuitive manner,\" said scientist Marta Venier of IU's School of Public and Environmental Affairs.\n\"IADN is one of the longest and most comprehensive environmental measurement programs in the world, and having IADN's data easily available is important both nationally and internationally,\" said SPEA scientist Amina Salamova.\nVenier and Salamova are two of the lead scientists managing IADN operations. The website was developed by Venier and Clayton A. Davis of IU's School of Informatics and Computing.\nIn addition to data on polychlorinated biphenyls, or PCBs, the website has measurements on chlorinated pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (some of which are known carcinogens). Data on brominated flame retardants will be released soon. Users can manipulate the data to see how levels have changed over time and to identify the differences of concentrations across sampling locations.\nDespite the complexity of the subject, the website is relatively simple to use. \"We're bringing science to the people, and that's as it should be,\" Davis said. \"Everyone concerned about the health of the Great Lakes now has access to this new tool, even if it's a high school student working on a class project.\"\nScientists discovered the Great Lakes were contaminated with many toxic organic chemicals that entered the lakes by way of the atmosphere. IADN measures and evaluates more than 150 pollutant concentrations in the atmosphere, including airborne vapor and particles and precipitation.\n\"In general, levels of pollutants in the atmosphere of the Great Lakes have steadily decreased since this project began,\" said Ronald A. Hites, a SPEA Distinguished Professor and one of the nation's foremost experts on the environment of the lakes. \"The website will allow future generations of scientists and policymakers to take informed steps necessary to continue the encouraging trend.\"\nIADN at IU is directed by Hites.\nBased on the data, IADN at IU has already led to these conclusions:\n- Most pollutants studied tend to peak in concentration during warm months.\n- Concentrations of PCBs, in particular, are declining more slowly than other pollutants.\n- Atmospheric concentrations of these pollutants are highly correlated with population density.\nThe Great Lakes are the largest surface freshwater system on Earth, containing about 84 percent of North America's surface fresh water and about 21 percent of the world's supply. Roughly 10 percent of the U.S. population and more than 30 percent of Canada's population lives in the Great Lakes basin.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-18", "url": "https://news.iu.edu/stories/2017/03/iub/releases/28-spea-great-lakes-pollution-data.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578544449.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20190422055611-20190422081400-00073.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9503227472, "token_count": 717, "score": 2.828125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "BLOOMINGTON, Ind. -- Tá sonraí ar leibhéil atmaisféarach truailleán tocsaineach i samplaí a bailíodh in aice leis na Lochanna Móra ar fáil anois trí Ollscoil Indiana do eolaithe, taighdeoirí agus don phobal. Tagann na sonraí ón Líonra Comhtháite um Thiteann Atmosféarach.\nSeoladh an IU an láithreán gréasáin IADN Data Viz chun rochtain éasca a sholáthar ar thomhas IADN ar cheimiceáin inbhuanaithe tocsaineacha san aer agus i dtuiteam na Lochlanna Mór. Déanfar an suíomh gréasáin a nuashonrú go rialta de réir mar a bheidh sonraí nua ar fáil.\nBailítear na sonraí gach 12 lá agus tagann siad ó sheacht suíomh: dhá cheann in aice le Loch Michigan, dhá cheann in aice le Loch Erie, ceann in aice le Loch Ontario agus dhá cheann in aice le Loch Superior. Tá an chuid is mó de na suíomhanna seo i gceantair iargúlta, seachas iad siúd i Chicago agus i Cleveland.\nTá an IADN ag déanamh na tomhais sin ó 1990.\n\"Aithnímid an tábhacht a bhaineann le sonraí a roinnt ar bhealaí éagsúla éagsúla chun freastal ar riachtanais lucht féachana leathan, ó rialálaithe go mic léinn ardscoile. \"Tá an t-eolas nua seo ag cur ar chumas úsáideoirí na milliúin pointe sonraí a bailíodh go dtí seo a shamhlú ar bhealach simplí agus intuitive\", a dúirt an eolaí Marta Venier ó Scoil Ghnóthaí Poiblí agus Comhshaoil IU.\n\"Tá an IADN ar cheann de na cláir tomhais chomhshaoil is faide agus is cuimsithí ar domhan, agus tá sé tábhachtach go bhfuil sonraí IADN ar fáil go héasca go náisiúnta agus go hidirnáisiúnta\", a dúirt eolaí SPEA, Amina Salamova.\nTá Venier agus Salamova ar cheann de na príomh-eolaithe a bhainistiú oibríochtaí IADN. D'fhorbair Venier agus Clayton A. Davis ó Scoil Faisnéise agus Ríomhaireachta IU an suíomh Gréasáin.\nChomh maith le sonraí maidir le biphenyls poilíchlóraithe, nó PCBanna, tá tomhais ar phéisticídí clóraithe agus ar hidreacarbóin aramacha poilí-chlaonacha (a bhfuil a fhios ag cuid acu gur carcanaigíní iad) ar an suíomh Gréasáin. Foilseofar sonraí maidir le retardants lasair bróimeáilte go luath. Is féidir le húsáideoirí na sonraí a ionramháil chun a fheiceáil conas a d'athraigh leibhéil le himeacht ama agus chun difríochtaí tiúchan a aithint ar fud áiteanna samplaíochta.\nIn ainneoin chastacht an ábhair, tá an suíomh Gréasáin réasúnta simplí le húsáid. \"Táimid ag tabhairt eolaíochta chuig na daoine, agus sin mar ba chóir go mbeadh sé\", a dúirt Davis. \"Tá rochtain ag gach duine a bhfuil imní air faoi shláinte na Lochlanna Mór anois ar an uirlis nua seo, fiú má tá sé ina mhic léinn ardscoile ag obair ar thionscadal ranga\".\nFuair eolaithe amach go raibh na Lochanna Móra truaillithe le go leor ceimiceáin orgánacha tocsaineacha a tháinig isteach sna lochanna tríd an atmaisféar. Déanann IADN tomhais agus meastóireacht ar níos mó ná 150 tiúchan truailleora san atmaisféar, lena n-áirítear gaile agus cáithníní san aer agus titim.\n\"Go ginearálta, tá leibhéil na n-éagróidí san atmaisféar sna Lochanna Móra tar éis titim go seasta ó thosaigh an tionscadal seo\", a dúirt Ronald A. Hites, Ollamh Eillithe SPEA agus ceann de na saineolaithe is mó sa náisiún ar thimpeallacht na lochanna. \"Cuirfidh an suíomh Gréasáin ar chumas glúine saineolaithe agus lucht déanta beartais a bheidh le teacht bearta eolasacha a dhéanamh chun an treocht spreagúil a leanúint\".\nTá Hites i gceannas ar IADN ag IU.\nBunaithe ar na sonraí, tá na conclúidí seo déanta ag IADN ag IU cheana féin:\n- Tá an buaic ar an ngnóthú de chuid is mó de na truailleoirí a ndearnadh staidéar orthu i rith míonna te.\n- Tá tiúchan PCBanna, go háirithe, ag titim níos moille ná truailleáin eile.\n- Tá dlús an daonra i ndlúthchomhréireacht mhór le tiúchan na n-éagróidí seo san atmaisféar.\nIs iad na Lochanna Móra an córas uisce úr dromchla is mó ar an Domhan, ina bhfuil thart ar 84 faoin gcéad d'uisce úr dromchla Mheiriceá Thuaidh agus thart ar 21 faoin gcéad den soláthar domhanda. Tá thart ar 10 faoin gcéad de dhaonra na Stát Aontaithe agus níos mó ná 30 faoin gcéad de dhaonra Cheanada ina gcónaí i mbosca na Lochlanna Móra."} +{"text": "The Syrian hamster – small animal family Khomyakov. Habitat animals spreading across the Eurasian continent. Live hamsters this breed in forest-steppe, steppe zones. As seekers use burrows that they dig their own. Underground hamsters are building dozens of labyrinths, emergency exits, separate rooms. Generally, in all rodent holes Khomyakov family present “pantry” (the place where the animals are being demolished food reserves for the winter), jack, ward, where the hamster sleeps. Almost always, rodents carpet the bottom of the “houses” with something soft. Most often use dry grass, straw. Litter also heats them in the cold.\nOutwardly, it’s pretty little creature. The size of a small mouse. Color uneven. The main color of fur – red (orange). In aphids present fuzzy white stripes, brown colors. The ventral part of the fair-haired (milky). Ears are small, rounded, have a dark color. Paws small, without hair, light skin color pink. Hamster Eyes large, black. Antennae long, and dark. Spout Syrian hamster tiny, pink, the top is covered with a layer of hard coat basic color. The tail is so small that it is practically invisible under a thick ball of wool. The coat of this animal is characterized by its softness. The coat is smooth, of equal length all over the body.\nBefore the existence of the golden (Syrian) hamster was not known. Because of the color of his confused with ordinary (field) hamster. But recently, scientists have found a few differences that allow these animals to exist as a separate breed rodents. There are two main differences:\nIf everything is clear with the first, then a second distinguishing feature is now a little tell. Syrian hamsters are good, friendly, most importantly – they are not harmful to people, GNAWED harvest. Probably pretty close residence of people with small animals of this breed. This neighborhood does not cause harm to anyone.\nBreed opened the first one hundred seventy seven years ago. Hamsters have noticed in one of the African desert (north-eastern part of the Sahara). Later, the animal disappeared. Rodents of the breed began to be considered extinct. Only later, ninety-one years after the first meeting, a scientist on the expedition to the places the family managed to find a small Syrian hamsters. This discovery has given hope to the development of world science.\nNow golden hamsters – not vymeryat view. This obedient. Kind, intelligent animals that are easily trainable. They not only buy as pets, they are also used for scientific research laboratories. Pets are characterized by their rapid maturation. Forty-five days after birth, “babies” are able to produce offspring. Callout cubs takes about fourteen days. They are born blind, without fur, but the new generation is growing literally by the hour. Even after twenty days after the birth, they leave the parental nest.\nNow relatives of the two endangered families inhabit all continents of the world. His popularity of the breed has earned not only because of the nature of hamsters. Contents of cute animals does not require any effort.\nNow we acquaint you with the basic rules of care for the golden (Syrian) hamster.\nFirst buy a cage. It may be of small size, because a favorite small. As litter using wood chips, dry grass, straw. In the cage must be present drinkers, feeders, the running wheel, a small wooden house.\nFeed the pet can be an ordinary feed for rodents. It contains all the necessary trace elements for normal growth of the baby. Periodically fertilize pet fruit, vegetables, protein food. It is not advisable to give him the meat, it is recommended once a month to feed the hamster boiled chicken egg. Water drink a little. Animal drink is milk. He can drink it for ever, it is important not to overdo it. Since a large number of dairy products may have a negative impact on the pet’s health.\nChange the water every day to clean. Even if the rodents do not drink it.\nhamsters breeding period begins in early spring, it can last a whole year. Favorable conditions – clean, warm room. females Gestation lasts about two to three weeks. Over time, she can give birth to seven babies. During the year, a couple can bring up to twenty-eight newborns. Within two weeks after giving birth do not disturb the female, do not touch the hands of offspring, other objects. Otherwise, such interference may adversely affect the lives of children. Even cleaning is carried out less frequently.\nGolden (Syrian) hamster – absolutely non-aggressive, kind, mobile animal. It is easy to train, go to the contact with people. Small animal does not bite, can be a better friend to your children.\nIf you have decided to release the hamster for a walk around the apartment, protect it from high places. As a curious animal without fear jump down.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-21", "url": "https://geomedia.top/syrian-golden-hamster-care/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662530066.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20220519204127-20220519234127-00045.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9379580617, "token_count": 1061, "score": 2.875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "An hamster na Siria teaghlach ainmhithe beaga Khomyakov. Ainmhithe gnáthóg ag scaipeadh ar fud mór-roinn na hIoruaise. Hamstéir bheo an phór seo i limistéir foraoise-steip, steip. Mar a úsáideann lucht cuardaigh burrows go bhfuil siad a dig féin. Tá hamsters faoi thalamh ag tógáil na ndúis de labyrinths, asraonta éigeandála, seomraí ar leithligh. Go ginearálta, i ngach poill rodent Khomyakov teaghlaigh i láthair pantry (an áit ina bhfuil na hainmhithe á n-díothú cúlchistí bia don gheimhreadh), jack, ward, áit a bhfuil an hamster codlata. Beagnach i gcónaí, déanann gníomhairí creimire rud éigin bog a chlúdach ar bhun na \"tithe\". Is minic a úsáideann siad féar tirim, straw. Cuireann an dramhaíl te orthu sa gheimhreadh freisin.\nAr an taobh amuigh, tá sé creature beag pretty. An méid de luch beag. Dath neamhchothrom. Is é príomhdath na gruaige dearg (oráiste). I aphids tá stiallacha bána fuzzy, dathanna donn. An chuid ventral den blonde (milky). Tá cluasa beaga, babhta, dath dorcha acu. Paws beag, gan gruaig, dath craiceann éadrom bándearg. Hamster Eyes mór, dubh. Antenna fada, agus dorcha. Is hamster na Siria é Spout beag, bándearg, tá an barr clúdaithe le sraith de chraiceann crua dath bunúsach. Tá an eireaball chomh beag sin go bhfuil sé beagnach dofheicthe faoi bhall tiubh uachtar. Tá an cóta den ainmhí seo tréitheithe ag a mhaise. Tá an cóta réidh, ar fhad comhionann ar fud an choirp.\nRoimhe sin, ní raibh a fhios ag aon duine go raibh hamster órga (Siriach) ann. Mar gheall ar an dath a mheascadh leis hamster gnáth (chríocha). Ach le déanaí, fuair eolaithe cúpla difríocht a ligeann do na hainmhithe seo a bheith ann mar chraobh rósta ar leith. Tá dhá phríomhdhifríocht ann:\nMá tá gach rud soiléir leis an gcéad, ansin tá an dara gné idirdhealú anois a insint beag. Hamsters Siria tá siad go maith, cairdiúil, is tábhachtaí go léir nach bhfuil siad díobhálach do dhaoine, GNAWED fionnachtana. Is dócha go leor cónaithe gar de dhaoine le hainmhithe beaga den phór seo. Ní dhéanann an comharsanacht seo dochar do dhuine ar bith.\nBreed oscail an chéad céad agus seacht mbliadhna agus seacht mbliana ó shin. Hamsters a thug faoi deara i gceann de na Desert na hAfraice (locht-oirthear na Sahara). Níos déanaí, imigh an t-ainmhí. Thosaigh rodents an phór a mheas a bheith imithe as an ngnáth. Ní raibh sé ach níos déanaí, naoi mbliana déag tar éis an chéad chruinnithe, d'éirigh le heolaí ar an turas go dtí na háiteanna a d'éirigh leis an teaghlach hamsters Siria beag a aimsiú. Thug an fionnachtanas seo dóchas do fhorbairt eolaíochta an domhain.\nAnois hamsters órga Ní vymeryat radharc. Seo obedient. Beathaigh chúramach, cliste atá éasca a thraenáil. Ní amháin go gceannaítear iad mar pheataí, úsáidtear iad freisin do saotharlanna taighde eolaíochta. Tá peataí tréitheithe ag a mbéim luath. Tar éis daichead lá agus cúig tar éis breith, tá 'babies' in ann sliocht a tháirgeadh. Tógann callout cailíní thart ar ceithre lá déag. Rugtar iad dall, gan gruaig, ach tá an ghlúin nua ag fás go liteartha ag an uair an chloig. Fiú tar éis fiche lá tar éis na breithe, fágann siad an nead tuismitheoireachta.\nAnois tá gaol leis an dá theaghlach atá i mbaol imithe ina gcónaí ar gach mór-roinn den domhan. Tá a tóir ar an gcineál tuillte ní hamháin mar gheall ar an nádúr hamsters. Ní gá aon iarracht a dhéanamh ar ábhar ainmhithe cute.\nAnois, déanaimid eolas duit ar na bunrialacha maidir le cúram a thabhairt don hamster órga (Siriach).\nAr dtús ceannach cage. D'fhéadfadh sé a bheith de mhéid beag, toisc go bhfuil an-tóir ar bheagán. Mar shreabhadh ag baint úsáide as sceallóga adhmaid, féar tirim, straw. Sa chliabhán ní mór a bheith i láthair drinkers, feeders, an roth ag rith, teach beag adhmaid.\nIs féidir leis an gnáth-chothú a bheith ina chothú do na creimirí. Tá na haeleamaintí rianúla go léir atá riachtanach ann chun go dtiocfaidh fás gnáth ar an leanbh. Feirmeoireacht tréimhsiúil a dhéanamh ar thorthaí peataí, glasraí, bia próitéine. Ní inmholta an fheoil a thabhairt dó, moltar uair sa mhí an hamster uibheacha sicín bruite a bheathú. Uisce ól beagán. Is bainne an deoch ainmhithe. Is féidir leis é a ól go deo, tá sé tábhachtach nach ró-é a dhéanamh air. Ós rud é go bhféadfadh tionchar diúltach a bheith ag líon mór táirgí déiríochta ar shláinte na peataí.\nAthraigh an t-uisce gach lá chun é a ghlanadh. Fiú mura n-ólann na roineoirí é.\ntosann tréimhse breeding hamsters go luath san earrach, is féidir é a mhaireann bliain ar fad. Coinníollacha fabhracha seomra glan, te. mná Maireann an toircheas thart ar dhá nó trí seachtaine. Le himeacht ama, is féidir léi seacht leanbh a thabhairt ar an saol. Le linn na bliana, is féidir le lánúin suas le fiche ochtó leanbh a thabhairt isteach. Laistigh de dhá sheachtain tar éis breith ná cur isteach ar an mbean, ná teagmháil a dhéanamh le lámha na sliocht, le rudaí eile. Seachas sin, d'fhéadfadh tionchar diúltach a bheith ag cur isteach den sórt sin ar shaol na leanaí. Ní dhéantar an glanadh chomh minic céanna.\nHamster órga (Siriach) ainmhí neamh-ionsaitheach, cineálta, soghluaiste. Tá sé éasca a oiliúint, dul chun an teagmháil le daoine. Ní bheatáille beag bites, is féidir a bheith ina chara níos fearr do do leanaí.\nMá shocraigh tú an hamster a scaoileadh chun siúl timpeall an árasáin, cosc a chur air ó áiteanna arda. Mar ainmhí aisteach gan eagla léim síos."} +{"text": "Coping with Death\nPeople cope with the loss of a loved one in many ways. For some, the experience may lead to personal growth, even though it is a difficult and trying time. There is no right way of coping with death. The way a person grieves depends on the personality of that person and the relationship with the person who has died. How a person copes with grief is affected by the person's cultural and religious background, coping skills, mental history, support systems, and the person's social and financial status. The definition of coping is described in the text as the \"constantly changing (dynamic) cognitive and behavioral efforts to manage internal and/or external demands exceeding the resources of the person. This emphasizes that coping behaviors go beyond routine, adaptive behaviors.\nIn 1990, my aunt Ann started experiencing heart-problems. My family was very close to Ann because she lived only a block away. Aunt Ann would walk over to our house everyday for a visit. During this particular summer, Ann noticed that she was becoming increasingly out of breath from just the short walk. The entire family strongly urged that she see a doctor as soon as possible.\nAfter her doctor's visit that she reluctantly went to, she announced to the family that she was suffering from a damaged heart valve. We were all terrified about what would happen to her, but she assured us that the doctor said it could be fixed with a minimal risk.\nWhen she went into surgery in St. John's Medical Center in St. Louis, we were all there and confidant that everything would go as planned. The doctors came out about one hour into the surgery to inform us that the damage was much worse than they initially thought. They told us that they would keep us updated on her progress. Two hours later they came out to tell us that her heart stopped beating and they tried everything they could to revive her, but she had died.\nThrough the next couple of days our...", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-44", "url": "http://www.studymode.com/essays/Coping-With-Death-48656.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721142.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00111-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9869936705, "token_count": 399, "score": 2.65625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Ag Dul i Ngleic le Bás\nTá go leor bealaí ann chun dul i ngleic le bás a fháil ar dhuine grá. D'fhéadfadh an taithí a bheith ag cuid acu dul chun cinn pearsanta, cé gur tréimhse deacair agus thrialaí í. Níl aon bhealach ceart chun déileáil leis an mbás. Braitheann an bealach a bhraitheann duine ar an bpearsantacht atá aige agus ar an gcaidreamh atá aige leis an duine a fuair bás. Bíonn tionchar ag cultúr agus reiligiún an duine ar an gcaoi a ndéanann sé déileáil le brón, ar a scileanna déileála, ar a stair mheabhrach, ar a gcórais tacaíochta, agus ar a stádas sóisialta agus airgeadais. Déantar sainmhíniú na haisiúna sa téacs mar \"iarrachtaí cognaíocha agus iompraíochta (dinimiciúla) atá ag athrú i gcónaí chun éilimh inmheánacha agus / nó seachtracha a bhainistiú a sháraíonn acmhainní an duine. Cuireann sé seo béim ar an gcaoi a ndéantar iad a chomhrac ná caitheamh aimsire, caitheamh aimsire oiriúnaithe.\nSa bhliain 1990, thosaigh mo sheantuismitheoirí Ann ag fulaingt ó fhadhbanna croí. Bhí mo theaghlach an-chruinn le Ann toisc nach raibh sí ach bloc ar shiúl. Chuaigh aintín Ann ar cuairt go dtí ár dteach gach lá. Le linn an tsamhraidh ar leith seo, Ann faoi deara go raibh sí ag éirí níos mó agus níos mó as an gaoithe díreach ar an siúlóid ghearr. Chuir an teaghlach ar fad é i bhfios go raibh sí ag dul chuig dochtúir chomh luath agus is féidir.\nTar éis dó dul chuig an dochtúir a raibh sí ag iarraidh, d'fhógair sí don teaghlach go raibh damáiste déanta aici do bhalbón croí. Bhí eagla orainn go léir faoi na rudaí a d'fhéadfadh tarlú di, ach chuir sí in iúl dúinn go raibh an dochtúir ag rá go bhféadfaí é a shocrú le riosca íosta.\nNuair a chuaigh sí isteach i ngníomh i Lár Leighis Naomh Eoin i Naomh Louis, bhíomar go léir ann agus muiníneach go rachadh gach rud mar a bhí beartaithe. Tháinig na dochtúirí amach thart ar uair an chloig i ndiaidh an oibríocht chun a chur in iúl dúinn go raibh an damáiste i bhfad níos measa ná mar a cheap siad ar dtús. Dúirt siad linn go gcuirfí ar an eolas muid faoi a dul chun cinn. Dhá uair an chloig ina dhiaidh sin tháinig siad amach chun a rá linn go raibh stopadh a croí ag bualadh agus rinne siad gach rud is féidir leo chun í a athbheochan, ach bhí sí marbh.\nTríd na laethanta eile ár..."} +{"text": "A system designed to prevent unauthorized access to or from a private network. Firewalls can be implemented in both hardware and software, or a combination of both. Firewalls are frequently used to prevent unauthorized Internet users from accessing private networks connected to the Internet, especially intranets. All messages entering or leaving the intranet pass through the firewall, which examines each message and blocks those that do not meet the specified security criteria.\nThere are several types of firewall techniques:\n· Packet filter: Looks at each packet entering or leaving the network and accepts or rejects it based on user-defined rules. Packet filtering is fairly effective and transparent to users, but it is difficult to configure. In addition, it is susceptible to IP spoofing.\n· Application gateway: Applies security mechanisms to specific applications, such as FTP and Telnet servers. This is very effective, but can impose a performance degradation.\n· Circuit-level gateway: Applies security mechanisms when a TCP or UDP connection is established. Once the connection has been made, packets can flow between the hosts without further checking.\n· Proxy server: Intercepts all messages entering and leaving the network. The proxy server effectively hides the true network addresses.\nIn practice, many firewalls use two or more of these techniques in concert.Emage Company", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-44", "url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-firewall/2004/08/msg00006.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719273.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00478-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.911886692, "token_count": 268, "score": 3.546875, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Córas atá deartha chun rochtain neamhúdaraithe ar líonra príobháideach nó uaidh a chosc. Is féidir ballaí dóiteáin a chur i bhfeidhm i crua-earraí agus bogearraí araon, nó i meascán den dá cheann. Úsáidtear ballaí dóiteáin go minic chun cosc a chur ar úsáideoirí Idirlín neamhúdaraithe rochtain a fháil ar líonraí príobháideacha atá ceangailte leis an Idirlíon, go háirithe intranets. Gach teachtaireacht a thagann isteach nó a fhágann an intranet, téann sé tríd an bhflaitheas, a scrúdaíonn gach teachtaireacht agus a bhacann na teachtaireachtaí nach gcomhlíonann na critéir slándála sonraithe.\nTá roinnt cineálacha teicnící balla dóiteáin ann:\n· Sceideal pacáiste: Breathnaíonn sé ar gach pacáiste a thagann isteach nó a fhágann an líonra agus glacann sé nó di é bunaithe ar rialacha a shainmhínítear ag an úsáideoir. Tá scagadh pacáiste sách éifeachtach agus trédhearcach d'úsáideoirí, ach tá sé deacair a chumrú. Ina theannta sin, tá sé so-ghabhálach do spoofing IP.\n· Geata iarratais: Meicníochtaí slándála a chur i bhfeidhm ar iarratais ar leith, amhail freastalaithe FTP agus Telnet. Tá sé seo an-éifeachtach, ach d'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh meath ar fheidhmíocht.\n· Geata leibhéal ciorcaid: Feidhmíonn sé meicníochtaí slándála nuair a bhunaítear nasc TCP nó UDP. Nuair a bheidh an nasc déanta, is féidir le pacáistí a shreabhadh idir na hóstach gan tuilleadh seiceála.\n· Seirbhíseoir Proxy: Cuireann sé bac ar na teachtaireachtaí go léir a thagann isteach sa líonra agus a fhágann an líonra. Clúdaíonn an freastalaí ionadaí na seoltaí líonra fíor go héifeachtach.\nI gcleachtas, úsáideann go leor ballaí dóiteáin dhá theicníc nó níos mó de na teicnící seo i gcomhar."} +{"text": "A long-duration solar flare measuring C1.3 at its peak erupted from Region 2734 (Alpha) at 03:19 UTC on March 8, 2019. The event started at 03:07, peaked at 03:19 and ended at 03:58 UTC.\nThis event was associated with a Type II Radio Emission registered at 03:15 UTC with an estimated velocity of 683 km/s. Type II emissions occur in association with eruptions on the Sun and typically indicate a coronal mass ejection is associated with a flare event.\nSince the region is located in geoeffective position, a coronal mass ejection (CME) impact is possible on March 11 or 12.\nAssociated dimming in SDO/193 imagery occurred starting near 03:11 UTC. A coronal mass ejection (CME) was first visible in LASCO C2 imagery at 04:38 UTC.\nThe C1.3 flare on 2019/03/08 was very eruptive. These videos of different kinds of images show large-scale coronal propagating fronts (EUV wave), coronal dimming, coronal holes and flare. Without coronagraph data, I would predict the CME will arrive at Earth on 3/11-12. pic.twitter.com/Y5tJcTeobg— Halo CME (@halocme) March 8, 2019\nSolar activity is expected to continue at very low levels over the next 3 days, with a slight chance for C-class flares due to the weak flare potential from Region 2734.\nSolar wind conditions are anticipated to be slightly enhanced through March 10 as several tenuous, isolated, negative polarity CH HSS undergo weak connections with the near-Earth environment. There is also the possibility of brief connections with the south polar crown.\nThe geomagnetic field is expected to be at quiet to unsettled levels on March 8, increasing to unsettled to isolated active intervals on March 9 with quiet to unsettled levels on March 10. This activity is due to geoeffective, negative polarity CH HSS influence.\nRegion 2734 (N08W17, Hax/alpha) produced a long duration C1/Sf event at 03:19 UTC, followed by a secondary C1 enhancement, which peaked shortly after at 03:36 UTC, SWPC forecasters said 00:30 UTC, March 9.\nGOES-14 SXI imagery depicted the source of the bimodal X-ray signature with initial brightening in the leading portion of the region followed by brightening in the trailer portion of the region.\nAssociated with both events were two separate CME signatures, a western directed CME, first seen in LASCO C2 imagery at 04:28 UTC, March 8, followed by an eastern directed CME, first seen in LASCO C2 imagery at 04:38 UTC.\nAnalysis and modeling of the two signatures suggested most of the ejecta from the western-oriented CME was directed upstream of Earth, with enhancement from the periphery of the CME likely early on March 11.\nEjecta from the second CME was projected to pass downstream of Earth's orbit, with a chance for minor enhancement late on March 11.\nThe geomagnetic field is expected to be at quiet to unsettled levels on March 9 and 10 due to negative polarity CH HSS influence.\nBy March 11, field conditions are expected to reach G1 - Minor storm conditions due to CME arrival early in the day.\nFeatured image credit: NASA SDO/AIA 304\nRegister/become a supporter\nYour support is crucial for our survival. It makes this project fully self-sustainable and keeps us independent and focused on the content we love to create and share.\nYou'll receive your ad-free account for 20x faster browsing experience, clean interface without any distractions, ability to post comments without prior editorial check, all our desktop and mobile applications (current and upcoming) ad-free and with the full set of features available, a direct line of communication and much more. See all options.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-22", "url": "https://watchers.news/2019/03/08/c1-3-solar-flare-march-8-2019/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232257514.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20190524044320-20190524070320-00277.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9538427591, "token_count": 847, "score": 2.53125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Bhí flare gréine fadtéarmach ag tomhas C1.3 ag a bhuaic ag teacht amach ó Réigiún 2734 (Alfa) ag 03:19 UTC ar 8 Márta, 2019. Thosaigh an ócáid ag 03:07, bhuaigh sé ag 03:19 agus chríochnaigh sé ag 03:58 UTC.\nBhí baint ag an ócáid seo le Eisiúint Raidió Cineál II a cláraíodh ag 03:15 UTC le luas measta de 683 km / s. Tarlaíonn astaíochtaí Cineál II i gcomhar le ráflaí ar an nGrian agus de ghnáth léiríonn siad go bhfuil eisiúint mais corónach bainteach le himeacht flare.\nÓs rud é go bhfuil an réigiún suite i suíomh geo-éifeachtach, is féidir tionchair eitilt mais corónach (CME) a bheith ann ar an 11 Márta nó an 12 Márta.\nTharla díleá a bhaineann le híomhánna SDO/193 ag tosú thart ar 03:11 UTC. Bhí eitilt mais corónach (CME) le feiceáil den chéad uair i léarscáil LASCO C2 ag 04:38 UTC.\nBhí an flare C1.3 ar 2019/03/08 an-eiricteach. Taispeánann na físeáin seo de chineálacha éagsúla íomhánna tosaigh leathnaithe corónach ar scála mór (tonn EUV), díleá corónach, poill corónach agus lasadh. Gan sonraí coronagraph, mé a thuar go mbeidh an CME teacht ar an Domhan ar 3/11-12. pic.twitter.com/Y5tJcTeobg Halo CME (@halocme) Márta 8, 2019\nTáthar ag súil go leanfaidh gníomhaíocht ghrian ag leibhéil an-íseal le linn na 3 lá atá romhainn, le seans beag le haghaidh lascainí aicme C mar gheall ar an fhéidearthacht lascainí lag ó Réigiún 2734.\nTáthar ag súil go mbeidh coinníollacha gaoithe gréine beagán feabhsaithe go dtí an 10 Márta mar go bhfuil roinnt HSS CH polasachta diúltach, scoite, lag nasctha leis an timpeallacht in aice leis an Domhan. Tá an fhéidearthacht ann freisin go mbeidh naisc ghearr leis an gcoróin polach theas.\nTáthar ag súil go mbeidh an réimse geamaighnéadach ag leibhéil ciúin go neamhsheasmhach an 8 Márta, ag méadú go dtí idirthréimhsí gníomhacha neamhsheasmhacha go leithleata an 9 Márta agus leibhéil ciúin go neamhsheasmhacha an 10 Márta. Tá an ghníomhaíocht seo mar gheall ar thionchar geo-éifeachtach, polasachta diúltach CH HSS.\nTá an t-am ar fad ag an réigiún 2734 (N08W17, Hax / alpha) ag 03:19 UTC, agus ansin tá feabhas cúnta C1 ann, a bhuaigh go gairid ina dhiaidh sin ag 03:36 UTC, a dúirt réamhaisnéisithe SWPC 00:30 UTC, 9 Márta.\nLéirigh íomhánna GOES-14 SXI foinse an sínithe raidió-X bimodal le gealú tosaigh sa chuid tosaigh den réigiún agus gealú ina dhiaidh sin i gcuid an charraige den réigiún.\nBaineann an dá imeacht le dhá shínithe CME ar leithligh, CME dírithe siar, a fheictear den chéad uair i íomhánna LASCO C2 ag 04:28 UTC, 8 Márta, agus ina dhiaidh sin CME dírithe soir, a fheictear den chéad uair i íomhánna LASCO C2 ag 04:38 UTC.\nMhol anailís agus múnlaíocht an dá shínithe go raibh an chuid is mó den ejecta ón CME atá dírithe siar dírithe ar an Domhan, agus is dócha go dtiocfadh feabhas ó imeall an CME go luath ar 11 Márta.\nBhí sé beartaithe go rachadh Ejecta ón dara CME síos an sruthán na Talún, le seans le haghaidh feabhsú beag déanach ar 11 Márta.\nTáthar ag súil go mbeidh an réimse geamaighnéadach ag leibhéal ciúin go neamhshocraithe ar 9 agus 10 Márta mar gheall ar thionchar diúltach polair CH HSS.\nFaoi 11 Márta, táthar ag súil go sroichfidh dálaí an fhearainn G1 - Dálaí stoirme beag mar gheall ar theacht CME go luath sa lá.\nCreidmheas íomhá le feiceáil: NASA SDO/AIA 304\nClárú/baint ina thacaí\nTá do thacaíocht ríthábhachtach dár maireachtáil. Déanann sé an tionscadal seo féin-inbhuanaithe go hiomlán agus coinníonn sé muid neamhspleách agus dírithe ar an ábhar is breá linn a chruthú agus a roinnt.\nGheobhaidh tú do chuntas saor ó fhógraí le haghaidh taithí brabhsála 20x níos tapúla, comhéadan glan gan aon chonspóid, an cumas trácht a phostáil gan seiceáil eagarthóireachta roimh ré, ár n-iarratas deisce agus soghluaiste go léir (an-dràsta agus atá le teacht) saor ó fhógraí agus leis an tsraith iomlán de ghnéithe atá ar fáil, líne dhíreach cumarsáide agus go leor eile. Féach ar na roghanna go léir."} +{"text": "As the government announced that the UK was in a recession after a GDP fall of 20.4% during the pandemic, the public expressed confusion and uncertainty as everyone began to wonder how the recession will impact their daily lives. This article breaks down what a recession is and how you will be affected in a simple way.\nOne thing to remember is that a recession was inevitable. As shops were forced to close for over three months, there was little to no consumer spending which resulted in a sharp decline in economic activity.\nWhat is a recession?\nIn a nutshell, a recession refers to a general decline in economic activity. In this case, the decline in economic activity is directly associated with the government restrictions that were implemented at the beginning of our lockdown. The fall of 20.4% represents the second quarter of the year (April-June), and this is compared to the first quarter of the year (January-March). Shops were still open and consumers were still spending during the first two months of the year. Once the lockdown was implemented, it was guaranteed that economic activity would drastically decline because people were physically unable to spend their money as they usually would.\nHow is the 2008 recession different from the 2020 recession?\nMany people fear that the 2020 recession will be a repeat of the great recession in 2008. No one can accurately predict how the Covid-19 outbreak will impact the economy years from now as we still stand in such an unpredictable position, however what is evident is there is a big difference between these two recessions.\nThe 2008 recession was a period of consecutive negative growth which resulted in a steep rise in unemployment and financially impacted businesses in the form of increased costs and less revenue.\nWhen the government eased restrictions in June, the economy saw a monthly GDP rise of 8.7% which is a positive sign that once government restrictions are eased further, consumer spending will increase even more. Although we are technically in a recession, it is very much different from the recession of 2008.\nHow will the recession impact daily lives?\nUnemployment has increased during the pandemic as many small businesses have closed down and larger businesses have had to make job cuts to compensate for their losses. This may make it difficult to find work but not impossible. Many companies are still looking for people to fill new roles that have been developed due to the outbreak.\nPeople may be more cautious when it comes to spending, however if the government continue to ease restrictions it is likely that this will become better over time. With winter on the horizon, it’s difficult to predict if there will be an increase in Covid-19 cases resulting in a second lockdown, or if we will be leaving the worst of the pandemic in 2020.\nT K Williams-Nelson\nSource: Daily Mail", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-27", "url": "https://tannikanelson.wordpress.com/2020/08/20/what-you-should-know-about-the-uk-recession/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103036176.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20220625220543-20220626010543-00611.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9830163717, "token_count": 565, "score": 2.859375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "De réir mar a d'fhógair an rialtas go raibh an RA i dtimthriall tar éis titim 20.4% den OTI le linn na paindéime, léirigh an pobal mearbhall agus éiginnteacht agus gach duine ag tosú ag smaoineamh ar an tionchar a bheidh ag an dífhás ar a saol laethúil. Déantar an t-alt seo a bhriseadh síos ar an méid is é an t-athbhás eacnamaíoch agus conas a dhéanfaidh sé difear duit ar bhealach simplí.\nRud amháin le cuimhnigh ná go raibh géarchéim dochreidte. De bharr gur cuireadh iallach ar siopaí a dhúnadh ar feadh níos mó ná trí mhí, ní raibh mórán nó gan aon chaiteachas tomhaltóra ann agus mar thoradh air sin tháinig laghdú mór ar ghníomhaíocht eacnamaíoch.\nCad é an cúlchiste?\nGo hachomair, tagraíonn géarchéim do laghdú ginearálta ar ghníomhaíocht eacnamaíoch. Sa chás seo, tá an laghdú ar ghníomhaíocht eacnamaíoch nasctha go díreach leis na srianta rialtais a cuireadh i bhfeidhm ag tús ár dúnadh. Is é an titim 20.4% an dara ráithe den bhliain (Aibreán-Meitheamh), agus tá sé seo i gcomparáid le ráithe an chéad ráithe den bhliain (Eanáir-Márta). Bhí siopaí ar oscailt fós agus bhí tomhaltóirí fós ag caitheamh le linn an chéad dhá mhí den bhliain. Nuair a cuireadh an glasáil i bhfeidhm, bhí sé ráthaithe go dtiocfadh laghdú mór ar ghníomhaíocht eacnamaíoch toisc nach raibh daoine in ann a gcuid airgid a chaitheamh mar a dhéanfadh siad de ghnáth.\nCén chaoi a bhfuil an t-athbhás 2008 difriúil ó thit 2020?\nTá eagla ar go leor daoine go mbeidh an t-athbhás eacnamaíoch 2020 ina athdhéanamh ar an mbreathnú mór i 2008. Ní féidir le duine ar bith a thuar go cruinn conas a dhéanfaidh ráig Covid-19 tionchar ar an ngeilleagar blianta ó shin agus muid fós i seasamh den sórt sin in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in, ach is léir go bhfuil difríocht mhór idir an dá athléim.\nBa é an t-athbhás 2008 tréimhse de fhás diúltach i ndiaidh a chéile a d'fhág go raibh méadú mór ar an dífhostaíocht agus go raibh tionchar airgeadais ag gnóthais i bhfoirm costais mhéadaithe agus ioncam níos lú.\nNuair a mhaolú an rialtas srianta i mí an Mheithimh, an geilleagar chonaic méadú míosúil OTI de 8.7% atá ina comhartha dearfach go nuair a mhaolú srianta an rialtais tuilleadh, caiteachas tomhaltóirí méadú níos mó. Cé go bhfuil muid i gcath, tá sé an-difriúil ó chath 2008.\nConas a dhéanfaidh an t-athbhás eacnamaíoch difear do shaol laethúil?\nTá méadú tagtha ar an dífhostaíocht le linn na paindéime de bharr gur dún go leor gnólachtaí beaga agus gurbh éigean do ghnóthais mhóra gearradh poist a dhéanamh chun a gcaillteanas a chúiteamh. D'fhéadfadh sé seo a bheith deacair obair a fháil ach ní nach féidir. Tá go leor cuideachtaí fós ag lorg daoine chun róil nua a chomhlánú a forbraíodh mar gheall ar an ráig.\nD'fhéadfadh go mbeadh daoine níos caomhnóra maidir le caiteachas, ach má leanann an rialtas ag éascú srianta is dócha go dtiocfaidh feabhas ar an méid sin le himeacht ama. Agus an gheimhreadh ar an bhfód, tá sé deacair a thuar an mbeidh méadú ar chásanna Covid-19 ag teacht chun cinn mar thoradh ar an dara dúnadh, nó an mbeidh an chuid is measa den phaindéim á fhágáil againn in 2020.\nT K Williams-Nelson\nFoinse: Daily Mail"} +{"text": "Bearded Dragon Facts\nBearded dragons look much more fierce than they are. The “spines” on the sides of their heads and bodies might look intimidating to predators, but they are actually soft. When bearded dragons are excited or alarmed, they expand their throats to look much bigger.\nBearded dragons are omnivores–they eat a variety of greens and vegetables, as well as crickets, worms, and other small invertebrates.\nAt Reid Park Zoo\nThe Zoo’s bearded dragons live in an exhibit inside the Conservation Learning Center.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-44", "url": "https://reidparkzoo.org/animals/bearded-dragon/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721405.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00109-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.96326828, "token_count": 116, "score": 2.796875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Fíricí Dragon Bearded\nBreathnaíonn dragan bearded i bhfad níos fiery ná mar atá siad. D'fhéadfadh na \"spineanna\" ar thaobh a gcinn agus a gcorp a bheith scanrúil do ghalar, ach tá siad bog i ndáiríre. Nuair a bhíonn dragan bearded spreagadh nó alarmed, leathnaíonn siad a throats a breathnú i bhfad níos mó.\nIs omnivores iad dragan bearded - itheann siad éagsúlacht glasraí agus glasraí, chomh maith le crickets, féaróga, agus neamhthriomacháin bheaga eile.\nAg Seó Pháirc Reid\nTá na dragan bearded Zoo's ina gcónaí i taispeántas taobh istigh den Ionad Oideachais Caomhnaithe."} +{"text": "True's beaked whales appear to have a disjunct, anti-tropical distribution (Mead 1989, MacLeod et al. 2006). In the Northern Hemisphere, they are known only in the North Atlantic, from records in eastern North America (Nova Scotia to Florida), Bermuda, Europe to the Canary Islands, the Bay of Biscay, and the Azores. They also occur at least in the southern Indian Ocean, from South Africa, Madagascar, southern Australia and the Atlantic coast of Brazil (MacLeod et al. 2006). The species does not generally occur within 30° north or south of the equator, which may indicate that the northern and the southern subpopulations are isolated from one another. This is supported by morphological and coloration differences (Ross 1969, Ross 1984).", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-50", "url": "http://eol.org/data_objects/10325859", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542693.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00173-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9376282692, "token_count": 162, "score": 3.09375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is cosúil go bhfuil scaipeadh dí-trópaiceach, dí-thrópaiceach ag na baillín beic fíor (Mead 1989, MacLeod et al. 2006). Sa Tuaisceart, níl a fhios acu ach san Atlantach Thuaidh, ó thaifid in oirthear Mheiriceá Thuaidh (Nova Scotia go Florida), Bermuda, an Eoraip go dtí na hOileáin Chanáracha, Mhuir Biscay, agus na hAzores. Tá siad le feiceáil freisin ar a laghad i dtuath na hOcean Indiach, ó Afraic Theas, Madagascar, ó dheas na hOstaire agus ó chósta Atlantaigh na Brasaíle (MacLeod et al. 2006). Ní bhíonn an speiceas ar fáil de ghnáth laistigh de 30° ó thuaidh nó ó dheas den éagóir, rud a d'fhéadfadh a léiriú go bhfuil na fo-phobail thuaidh agus theas ar leithligh óna chéile. Tacaíonn difríochtaí móirfo-eolaíocha agus dathanna leis seo (Ross 1969, Ross 1984)."} +{"text": "Impact of Family Learning work in Clare:\nPeadar King, Curriculum Development Centre, Shannon.\nClare Family Learning Project\n‘Horizon Integra’ Final Evaluation Report 1996-1997\nThis report found that parents had identified clear tangible outcomes not only for themselves but also for their children.\nThey reported that:\n- Participation in the project has enhanced their relationship with their children.\n- Their own literacy and numeracy skills have improved.\n- They read more to their children and feel more confident in choosing books.\n- They feel more confident about making contact with schools.\n- They consider increased self-confidence and a more positive attitude towards learning as the most significant gains from the programme.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-22", "url": "https://www.clarefamilylearning.org/tutors/evaluation/peadar-king-report/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232255092.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20190519181530-20190519203530-00533.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9552636743, "token_count": 148, "score": 2.6875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tionchar na hoibre um Foghlaim Teaghlaigh i gCléir:\nPeadar King, Ionad Forbartha Cúrsa Cúrsa, Shannon.\nTionscadal Foghlama Teaghlaigh Clare\nHorizon Integra Tuarascáil Eacnamaíochta Deiridh 1996-1997\nFuair an tuarascáil seo gur aithníodh torthaí soiléire inláimhsithe ag tuismitheoirí ní hamháin dóibh féin ach dá gcuid leanaí freisin.\nThug siad tuairisc go raibh:\n- Tá an rannpháirtíocht sa tionscadal tar éis a gcaidreamh lena leanaí a fheabhsú.\n- Tá feabhas tagtha ar a gcuid scileanna litearthachta agus uimhreacha féin.\n- Léann siad níos mó dá leanaí agus bíonn muinín níos mó acu le leabhair a roghnú.\n- Tá siad níos muiníneach maidir le teagmháil a dhéanamh le scoileanna.\n- Measann siad gurbh iad na buntáistí is suntasaí a bhain an clár amach ná muinín níos mó féin agus dearcadh níos dearfacha i leith foghlama."} +{"text": "COVID-19 is a new and potentially deadly virus. But what’s recently emerged is the idea of long-haul COVID.\nWhile many people won’t experience severe after-effects and will recover quickly from the symptoms of COVID-19, others have long-term health issues, even after the infection has cleared.\nLong haul COVID refers to persistent symptoms from COVID-19, such as exhaustion and shortness of breath. Unfortunately, this is the new reality for many who contracted the novel coronavirus.\nJust like monoclonal antibody infusion has been helpful for the original COVID-19, IV therapy has been a lifesaver for many people suffering from Long hauler COVID. COVID survivors should consider IV therapy as part of their long-term wellness plan in the post-pandemic world.\nThe short-term benefits of IV therapy include treating dehydration, vitamin deficiencies, brain fog, pain, and chronic fatigue associated with long haul COVID.\nMany people have found relief through intravenous (IV) therapy. If you’re concerned about the long-term effects of contracting COVID-19, read on to learn more about how IV therapy can help with long-haul COVID symptom relief and management.\nWhat are the Symptoms of Long-Haul COVID?\nFor some people, the symptoms they experience with long-haul COVID-19 aren’t the same as the symptoms they experienced when they were first infected with the original COVID. According to the CDC, the most common lasting symptoms are:\n- Shortness of breath\n- Chest pain\n- Muscle or Joint pain\n- Pins-and-needles feeling\n- Rapid heartbeat\n- Depression and anxiety\n- Change in taste and smell\n- Brain fog\n- Mood changes\n- Changes in menstrual cycles\nFor long haulers, brain fog is one of the most confusing symptoms. Many patients report experiencing unusual forgetfulness, confusion, or inability to focus enough to watch television. Some people who have spent time in intensive care may develop this problem, but it’s relatively rare. Patients without hospitalization can also experience this.\nIV Therapy For Long Haul COVID-19 Recovery\nIV therapy has been shown to relieve the lasting symptoms of COVID-19 in several ways. This is because IV therapy targets the roots of health problems.\nIV therapy for long-haul COVID-19 recovery aggressively improves the body’s response and ability to fight infection by providing nutritional needs via the powerful vitamins, minerals, and amino acids directly to your bloodstream.\nHere is a breakdown of some common benefits associated with IV treatment for people suffering from lasting COVID-19 side effects.\n1. Boosts your immune system\nIV therapy can boost your immune system by increasing levels of immune cells, such as white blood cells and antibodies at the site of infection, faster than taking oral supplements alone.\nStudies also show that patients who receive IV vitamin C have a reduced risk of having a secondary respiratory infection, including COVID-19, compared with those who only received oral supplements.\nHigh-dose vitamin C (15g) administered intravenously has been shown to stimulate the immune system due to its antiviral properties. The anti-oxidant properties of IV Vit-C have shown positive results in addressing Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) that occurs in the later stages of COVID-19 infections.\nStudy results in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 support the use of IV Vit-C in COVID-19 treatment.\nYou can maintain a healthy immune system through IV therapy by giving your body the foundation for fighting off viruses and bacteria.\n2. 100% absorption rate\nIt is now more important than ever during this post-pandemic world to supplement our bodies with essential nutrients and minerals. IV therapy provides vitamins and antioxidants directly to the cells.\nResearch has shown that individuals can get 100% absorption of vitamins through IV therapy, whereas oral supplements only deliver approximately 20% absorption because they have to bypass the digestive system.\nIV therapy can help speed up recovery from the long hauler COVID-19 symptoms by delivering vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and other nutrients directly into your bloodstream. This bypasses your digestive system, so you don’t have to wait for them to be absorbed through your stomach and intestines before reaching their target tissues.\n3. Hydration factor\nResearch has shown that the body can take up to 45 minutes to 2 hours to absorb 500ml of water depending on what is in the stomach. This means it can take up to 5 or 8 hours for the body to rehydrate via oral ingestion of fluids if it is 2 or 3l dehydrated.\nCOVID-19, like other infectious diseases that affect the respiratory tract, commonly causes dehydration, which can occur in young and old patients. COVID-19 dehydration occurs due to fluid losses via skin and breathing and may develop later as the disease progresses.\nIV hydration therapy is highly effective in replenishing the body’s electrolytes, vitamins, and minerals such as sodium, calcium, magnesium, and potassium.\nIV saline solutions hydrate both muscle cells and skin tissue cells, which is great for relieving post-COVID muscle cramps or pain because of dehydration. Hydration also helps you feel fuller longer, which helps alleviate the “brain fog” associated with malnutrition.\nAn IV bag containing saline solution may also relieve headache pain by increasing blood flow to the brain.\nStaying hydrated is not only necessary when you’re sick but also when you’re trying to prevent getting sick. Hydration ensures your cells perform at their best by having enough fluids to do their jobs.\n4. Detoxification Factor\nThrough IV therapy, your body can be naturally detoxified, removing harmful free radicals that contribute to toxin accumulation and impaired immune function caused by COVID-19.\nOver time, free radicals damage your body at the cellular level. The IV therapy helps prevent long-term damage caused by free radicals by flushing them from your body.\nIV therapy helps your vital organs function at an optimum level and helps your kidneys and liver do their jobs more efficiently. Drinking fluids alone does not allow your organs to flush out all the toxins accumulated during the illness.\n5. An Overall Boost for your Body’s Wellbeing\nIV therapy is beneficial because it can replace nutrients that may lack in your diet due to illness. In addition, it can replenish vitamins and minerals that have been depleted by stress and illness.\nIV therapy also helps relieve symptoms such as fatigue, aches and pains, chills, and fever by supplying essential nutrients that help boost energy levels and fight infection.\nOne of the most common symptoms of both the original COVID and the long haul COVID is fever, which can be reduced with an IV treatment.\nThe IV treatment will also help reduce pain and inflammation throughout your body and your overall feeling of being sick. This could help you get back to work or school sooner than if you only take over-the-counter medications alone.\nIV therapy can also help provide more energy after being sick for several days in a row. With this treatment, your immune system will recover faster than it would if you were still taking over-the-counter medication alone because it has been given additional nutrients via intravenous infusion directly into your bloodstream.\nThis helps boost your immune system to fight off whatever virus or bacteria may be causing your illness faster than usual.\nIV Vitamins for Long-Hauler COVID Recovery at NP2GO Clinic, in Oklahoma\nOur clinic’s IV vitamin therapy uses high-quality vitamins delivered directly into your bloodstream through an IV line inserted into your arm by one of our trained professionals. This method ensures that your body receives all the nutrients it needs to get better faster than if you were to take them orally, reducing the chance of side effects associated with oral vitamins like constipation or bloating.\nIf you want to function as normally as possible when you’re sick with long-haul COVID, then IV vitamins are what you need!\nIV vitamins can help boost energy levels while fighting off illness so you can go about your daily activities without feeling too tired or weak. They can also help fight pain due to muscle aches and headaches caused by COVID-19. And they’re great at reducing fevers associated with these illnesses as well!\nNP 2 GO Clinic offers mobile IV therapy in the comfort of your home, office, business, or hotel room. Once you book your appointment, our qualified healthcare professional will come to your place of choice and administer the treatment, which takes less than an hour.\nYou can enjoy your warm coffee, relax under a warm blanket or enjoy your favorite movie as vitamins reach your bloodstream.\nCOVID-19 will always make you feel pretty miserable. You may be dehydrated, have a fever, fatigue, brain fog, and even aches and pains. And although these symptoms can sometimes make it hard to get out of bed, they can also make it hard to get on with your life.\nIV therapy is a great way to get extra fluids and nutrients that you need when you’re experiencing the symptoms of long-haul COVID. It also gives your body a boost of vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants that can help your immune system fight off the germs that cause colds and flu.\nIV therapy can reduce the severity of symptoms like fever, brain fog, headache, and muscle aches associated with COVID-19 by approximately 50%.\nYou can browse our different IV Infusions and payment plan options and decide which is best for you or call us at (405) 696-7003 for virtual visits, and speak with our qualified healthcare professional to help you choose what you need based on your symptoms.\nContact us today by scheduling an appointment online or calling us.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-27", "url": "https://thenp2go.com/2022/06/22/iv-vitamins-for-long-hauler-covid-recovery-5-benefits/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103205617.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20220626101442-20220626131442-00748.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9416484833, "token_count": 2078, "score": 2.546875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is víreas nua agus féideartha marbhtach é COVID-19. Ach is é an rud a tháinig chun cinn le déanaí ná an smaoineamh ar COVID fadréasanta.\nCé nach mbeidh iar-éifeachtaí tromchúiseacha ag go leor daoine agus go bhfillfidh siad go tapa ó na hairíonna COVID-19, tá fadhbanna sláinte fadtéarmacha ag daoine eile, fiú tar éis don ionfhabhtú a bheith imithe.\nTagraíonn COVID fadtéarmach do chomharthaí leanúnacha ó COVID-19, mar easpa toilteana agus go leor gaoithe. Ar an drochuair, is é seo an réaltacht nua do go leor a fuair an coronavirus nua.\nDíreach mar a bhí infusion antibody monoclonal cabhrach don COVID-19 bunaidh, bhí teiripe IV ina shábháil beatha do go leor daoine a bhí ag fulaingt ó COVID Long hauler. Ba cheart do dhaoine a bhfuil COVID orthu a mheas go bhfuil teiripe IV mar chuid dá bplean folláine fadtéarmach sa domhan iar-pandemic.\nI measc na buntáistí gearrthéarmach a bhaineann le teiripe IV tá déighydration, easpa vitimín, ceol inchinn, pian, agus tuirse ainsealach a bhaineann le COVID fadtéarmach a chóireáil.\nFuair go leor daoine faoiseamh trí chóireáil intravenous (IV). Má tá imní ort faoi na héifeachtaí fadtéarmacha a bhaineann le COVID-19 a ghabháil, léigh ar aghaidh chun tuilleadh a fhoghlaim faoi conas is féidir le teiripe IV cabhrú le faoiseamh agus bainistiú comharthaí COVID fadtéarmacha.\nCad iad na hairíonna de COVID Fad-Rath?\nI gcás roinnt daoine, ní bhíonn na hairíonna a bhíonn acu le COVID-19 fadtéarmach mar an gcéanna leis na hairíonna a bhí acu nuair a bhí siad ionfhabhtaithe leis an COVID bunaidh den chéad uair. De réir an CDC, is iad na comharthaí buan is coitianta:\n- Breathnachta\n- Pléas\n- Pléas nó pian comhpháirteach\n- Mothú pins agus snáthaidí\n- Luath-chroí\n- Depressions agus imní\n- Athrú ar bhlas agus ar bholadh\n- Ceol inchinn\n- Athruithe sa mheon\n- Athruithe ar timthriallta míosta\nI gcás lucht siúil fada, is é an ceata inchinn ceann de na hairíonna is mearbhall. Deir go leor othair go bhfuil dearmad neamhghnách, mearbhall, nó neamhábaltacht a bheith ag díriú go leor chun féachaint ar an teilifís. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh an fhadhb seo ag daoine áirithe a chaith am i gcúram dianchúraim, ach tá sé réasúnta annamh. Is féidir le hothair gan ospidéal a bheith ina gcónaí ann freisin.\nTeiripe IV le haghaidh Fhorbairt Fada COVID-19\nTá sé léirithe go gcuireann teiripe IV le hairíonna buan COVID-19 a mhaolú ar roinnt bealaí. Tá sé seo toisc go ndíríonn teiripe IV ar fhréamhacha na bhfadhbanna sláinte.\nFeabhsaíonn teiripe IV le haghaidh téarnamh fadtéarmach COVID-19 freagairt agus cumas an chomhlachta chun ionfhabhtú a chomhrac go hionraic trí riachtanais chothaitheacha a sholáthar trí na vitimíní, mianraí agus aimínaigéid chumhachtach go díreach chuig do shreabhadh fola.\nSeo roinnt buntáistí coitianta a bhaineann le cóireáil IV do dhaoine atá ag fulaingt ó iarmhairtí taobh buan COVID-19.\n1. an t-am a bhí ann. Cuireann sé le do chóras imdhíonachta\nIs féidir le teiripe IV do chóras imdhíonachta a threisiú trí leibhéil cealla imdhíonachta, amhail cealla fola bána agus frith-chomhlachtaí a mhéadú ag an suíomh ionfhabhtaithe, níos gasta ná forlíontaí ó bhéal a ghlacadh ina n-aonar.\nLéiríonn staidéir freisin go bhfuil riosca laghdaithe ag othair a fhaigheann vitimín C IV ionfhabhtú haimsireach haimsireach a bheith acu, lena n-áirítear COVID-19, i gcomparáid leo siúd a fuair forlíontaí ó bhéal amháin.\nTá sé léirithe go spreagann dáileog ard vitimín C (15g) a thugtar go hinmheánach an córas imdhíonachta mar gheall ar a airíonna frithvíreasacha. Tá torthaí dearfacha le feiceáil ar mhaithe le hairíonna frith-ocsaídiúcháin Vit-C IV i ngleic le Síndróm Díomá Aiste Breathnaitheach (ARDS) a tharlaíonn i gcéimeanna níos déanaí ionfhabhtuithe COVID-19.\nTacaíonn torthaí staidéir i ndaltaí le COVID-19 meánach go tromchúiseach le húsáid Vit-C IV i gcóireáil COVID-19.\nIs féidir leat córas imdhíonachta sláintiúil a chothabháil trí chóireáil IV trí bhunús a thabhairt do do chorp chun víris agus baictéir a chomhrac.\n2. Seachadadh. 100% ráta ionsú\nTá sé níos tábhachtaí anois ná riamh le linn an domhain iar-pandéime seo ár gcomhlachtaí a fhorlíonadh le cothaithigh agus mianraí riachtanacha. Soláthraíonn teiripe IV vitimíní agus frithocsaídeoirí go díreach chuig na cealla.\nLéirigh taighde gur féidir le daoine aonair 100% de ionsú vitimíní a fháil trí chóireáil IV, ach ní sholáthraíonn forlíontaí ó bhéal ach thart ar 20% d' ionsú toisc nach mór dóibh dul tríd an gcóras díleá.\nIs féidir le teiripe IV cabhrú le téarnamh ó na hairíonna COVID-19 fadtéarmacha a luathachadh trí vitimíní, mianraí, aimínaigéid, agus cothaithigh eile a sholáthar go díreach i do shreabhadh fola. Ní gá duit fanacht go ndéantar iad a ionsú trí do bholg agus do intestines sula sroicheann siad a bhfíocháin sprioc.\n3. Tá an t-am ann. Fachtóir hidrighe\nLéirigh taighde gur féidir leis an gcomhlacht suas le 45 nóiméad go 2 uair an chloig a thógáil chun 500 ml uisce a ionsú ag brath ar an méid atá sa bholg. Ciallaíonn sé seo gur féidir leis an gcomhlacht suas le 5 nó 8 uair an chloig a thógáil chun athshláint trí liachta a inghlaim ó bhéal má tá sé 2 nó 3l díhiodráite.\nIs gnách go gcuireann COVID-19, cosúil le galair ionfhabhtacha eile a théann i bhfeidhm ar an gcosán haeráide, díhiodráitiú, a d'fhéadfadh tarlú i n-othair óga agus sean. Tarlaíonn díhiodráitiú COVID-19 mar gheall ar chaillteanas sreabhach trí chraiceann agus anáil agus d'fhéadfadh sé forbairt níos déanaí de réir mar a théann an galar ar aghaidh.\nTá teiripe hidreála IV an-éifeachtach chun leictreolaithe, vitimíní agus mianraí den chorp a athsholáthar, mar shampla sóidiam, cailciam, maignéisiam agus potaisiam.\nTá na tuaslagáin salann IV ag hidriú cealla na matáin agus cealla fíocháin craiceann araon, rud atá iontach chun cramps matáin nó pian a mhaolú tar éis COVID mar gheall ar díhiodráitiú. Cabhraíonn hidrigheacht leat freisin go mbraitheann tú níos iomláine níos faide, rud a chabhraíonn leis an ' ceata inchinne ' a bhaineann le míchothú a mhaolú.\nD'fhéadfadh mála IV ina bhfuil tuaslagán salann a mhaolú pian ceannadóireachta freisin trí shruth fola a mhéadú chuig an inchinn.\nNí gá duit uisce a choinneáil ach amháin nuair a bhíonn tú tinn ach freisin nuair a bhíonn tú ag iarraidh a bheith tinn. Cinntíonn hiodráitiú go ndéanann do chealla a gcuid is fearr trí shláinte leordhóthanach a bheith acu chun a gcuid oibre a dhéanamh.\n4. Tá an t-am Fachtóir Dí-dhí-ghnó\nTrí theiripe IV, is féidir do chorp a dhetoxicated go nádúrtha, a bhaint radicals saor in aisce díobhálach a rannchuidiú le carnadh tocsain agus feidhm imdhíonachta lag de bharr COVID-19.\nLe himeacht ama, déanann radacailí saor in aisce do chorp a mhilleadh ar leibhéal ceallach. Cabhraíonn an teiripe IV le damáiste fadtéarmach a dhéantar ag radaicí saor in aisce a chosc trína scriosadh as do chorp.\nCabhraíonn teiripe IV le do chuid orgáin ríthábhachtacha oibriú ar leibhéal is fearr agus cabhraíonn sé le do chnámha agus do mhilse a gcuid oibre a dhéanamh níos éifeachtaí. Ní cheadaíonn uisce óil amháin do chuid orgáin na tocsainí go léir a bhailíodh le linn an ghalair a scriosadh amach.\n5. Tá an t-am ann. Spreagadh foriomlán do shláinte\nTá cóireáil IV tairbheach toisc gur féidir leis cothaithigh a bheith in easnamh i do réim bia mar gheall ar ghalar a athsholáthar. Ina theannta sin, is féidir leis na vitimíní agus na mianraí a bhí ag dul in olcas de bharr strus agus tinneas a athsholáthar.\nCabhraíonn teiripe IV freisin le haireanta cosúil le tuirse, pian agus pian, cith, agus fiabhras a mhaolú trí chothaithigh riachtanacha a sholáthar a chabhraíonn le leibhéil fuinnimh a mhéadú agus ionfhabhtuithe a chomhrac.\nCeann de na hairíonna is coitianta atá ag an COVID bunaidh agus ag an COVID fadtéarmach ná fiabhras, a d'fhéadfaí a laghdú le cóireáil IV.\nCabhróidh an chóireáil IV freisin le pian agus athlasadh a laghdú ar fud do chorp agus do mhothúchán foriomlán a bheith tinn. D'fhéadfadh sé seo cabhrú leat dul ar ais go dtí an obair nó an scoil níos luaithe ná má ghlacann tú cógais thar an gcuntar ina n-aonar.\nIs féidir le teiripe IV cabhrú freisin le níos mó fuinnimh a sholáthar tar éis a bheith tinn ar feadh roinnt laethanta as a chéile. Leis an gcóireáil seo, téann do chóras imdhíonachta ar ais níos gasta ná mar a bheadh sé dá mbeadh tú ag glacadh cógais gan oideas ina n-aonar toisc go bhfuil cothaithigh bhreise tugtha dó trí shruthlú intravenous go díreach isteach i do shreabhadh fola.\nCabhraíonn sé seo le do chóras imdhíonachta a threisiú chun dul i ngleic le haon víreas nó baictéir a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ag cúis le do ghalair níos gasta ná mar is gnách.\nVitimíní IV le haghaidh Athshlánú COVID Long-Hauler ag Clinic NP2GO, in Oklahoma\nÚsáidtear vitimíní ardchaighdeáin i gcóireáil vitimín IV ár gclinice a sheachadtar go díreach isteach i do shruth fola trí thréimhse IV a chuirtear isteach i do lámh ag ceann dár speisialtóirí oilte. Cinntíonn an modh seo go bhfaigheann do chorp na cothaithigh go léir a theastaíonn uaidh chun feabhas a chur orthu níos gasta ná dá dtógfá iad ó bhéal, ag laghdú an seans go mbeidh fo-iarsmaí a bhaineann le vitimíní ó bhéal cosúil le constipation nó bloating.\nMás mian leat feidhmiú chomh gnáth agus is féidir nuair a bhíonn tú tinn le COVID fadtéarmach, ansin is iad vitimíní IV an rud is gá duit!\nIs féidir le vitimíní IV cabhrú le leibhéil fuinnimh a mhéadú agus tú ag troid le galar ionas gur féidir leat do ghníomhaíochtaí laethúla a dhéanamh gan a bheith ró-chothaitheach nó lag. Is féidir leo cabhrú freisin le pian a chomhrac mar gheall ar phianáin matáin agus pian cinn de bharr COVID-19. Agus tá siad iontach chun teas a bhaineann leis na galair seo a laghdú freisin!\nCuireann Clinic NP 2 GO teiripe IV soghluaiste ar fáil i gcómhdach do bhaile, do oifig, do ghnó nó do sheomra óstáin. Nuair a dhéanfaidh tú do choinne a chur in áirithe, tiocfaidh ár ngairmitheoir sláinte cáilithe chuig an áit a roghnaíonn tú agus déanfaidh sé an chóireáil, a thógann níos lú ná uair an chloig.\nIs féidir leat taitneamh a bhaint as do cháilte caife, scíth a ligean faoi chlúdach te nó taitneamh a bhaint as do scannán is fearr leat agus vitimíní ag teacht isteach i do shruth fola.\nBeidh COVID-19 i gcónaí ag déanamh go mbraitheann tú go leor míshásta. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh díhiodráit ort, fiabhras, tuirse, ceol inchinn, agus fiú pian agus pian. Agus cé go bhféadfadh na hairíonna seo a bheith deacair a bheith ag teacht as an leaba uaireanta, is féidir leo a bheith deacair freisin dul ar aghaidh le do shaol.\nIs bealach iontach é teiripe IV le leachtacha agus cothaithigh bhreise a fháil a theastaíonn uait nuair a bhíonn comharthaí COVID fadtéarmach agat. Tugann sé do chorp freisin le vitimíní, mianraí, agus frithocsaídeoirí a chabhraíonn le do chóras imdhíonachta na microbes a chuireann colds agus fliú i bhfeidhm a chomhrac.\nIs féidir le teiripe IV déine na hairíonna cosúil le fiabhras, ceol inchinn, tinneas cinn, agus pian matáin a bhaineann le COVID-19 a laghdú thart ar 50%.\nIs féidir leat ár roghanna éagsúla Infusions IV agus plean íocaíochta a bhrabhsáil agus cinneadh a dhéanamh ar an ceann is fearr duitse nó glaoch orainn ar (405) 696-7003 le haghaidh cuairteanna fíorúla, agus labhairt lenár ngairmithe cúraim sláinte cáilithe chun cabhrú leat an méid a theastaíonn uait a roghnú bunaithe ar do chuid comharthaí.\nDéan teagmháil linn inniu trí chomóradh a shocrú ar líne nó glaoch orainn."} +{"text": "Date of Conferral\nEducation policymakers in Nigeria lack the knowledge on the views of Niger Delta youths, who rely on entrepreneurship education and its contents to fight poverty and unemployment in their area. This study's purpose was to gain deeper understanding of the views of Niger Delta youths on entrepreneurship education, its contents, and its role in fighting their area's high rate of poverty and unemployment. This study was framed and guided by three key concepts that focus on the challenges of poor communities: youth unemployment in sub-Saharan Africa, entrepreneurship education, and youth entrepreneurship. To address this issue properly, a qualitative multiple-case study was designed. Data were collected from multiple sources: semi structured interviews, archival data from government labor reports , and the researcher's field notes.Data analysis was completed through thematic and cross-case synthesis analysis. . The findings showed that the Niger Delta is less privileged in financial availability, deepened in economic recessions under unemployment, poverty, inflation, hunger and starvations, with less chance of obtaining education, without qualification for employable white-collar jobs, neglected by the government of Nigeria, irrespective that Niger Delta region is the city of petroleum production that gives approximately 95% of Nigerian national revenue annually. With the adoption of entrepreneurship education in their school system and through training and skill acquisition, the Niger Delta would contribute to poverty alleviation, increased business career ownership, and meet the daily economic demands of their families, and be able to have a voice in social change. Social change can potentially be achieved through economic restoration and the enhancement of youths' education and employment status, which in turn would help decrease the rate of poverty.\nOhakam., Sylvanus Obidinma, \"Niger Delta Youths' Views on Entrepreneurship Education for Combating Poverty and Unemployment\" (2018). Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies. 6080.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-27", "url": "https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/6080/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103033816.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20220624213908-20220625003908-00463.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9456487298, "token_count": 431, "score": 2.6875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Dáta na hIontrála\nNíl eolas ag lucht déanta beartas oideachais sa Nigéir ar thuairimí óige Delta na Nígeire, a bhfuil muinín acu as oideachas fiontraíochta agus a ábhar chun dul i ngleic le bochtaineacht agus dífhostaíocht ina gceantar. Ba é cuspóir an staidéir seo tuiscint níos doimhne a fháil ar thuairimí óige Delta na Nígear ar oideachas fiontraíochta, a ábhar, agus a ról i ngleic le ráta ard bochtaineachta agus dífhostaíochta a gceantar. Bhí an staidéar seo faoi chuimsiú agus faoi threoir trí phríomhchomhcheantar a dhíríonn ar dhúshláin phobail bhochta: dífhostaíocht óige san Afraic faoi-Shahárach, oideachas fiontraíochta, agus fiontraíocht óige. Chun aghaidh a thabhairt ar an gceist seo i gceart, deartha staidéar cáilíochtúil i gcásanna iomadúla. Bailíodh sonraí ó fhoinsí éagsúla: agallaimh leathstruchtúrtha, sonraí cartlainne ó thuairiscí saothair an rialtais , agus nótaí réimse an taighdeora. Rinneadh anailís ar na sonraí trí anailís sínithe téamacha agus tras-chás. . . go deo . Léirigh na torthaí go bhfuil an Delta Níger níos lú faoi phribhléid i bhfaighteacht airgeadais, ag dul i ngleic le géarchéim eacnamaíoch faoi dífhostaíocht, bochtaineacht, boilsciú, ocras agus ocrais, le seans níos lú oideachas a fháil, gan cáilithe do phoist chulair bhán inúsáidte, a ndearna rialtas na Nigéire dearmad orthu, is cuma cé go bhfuil réigiún Delta Níger ina chathair táirgeachta peitriliam a thugann thart ar 95% d'ioncam náisiúnta na Nigéire gach bliain. Leis an oideachas fiontraíochta a ghlacadh ina gcóras scoile agus trí oiliúint agus scileanna a fháil, rannchuideoidh Delta na Nígeire le faoiseamh bochtaineachta, le húinéireacht gairme gnó a mhéadú, agus freastal ar éilimh eacnamaíocha laethúla a dteaghlaigh, agus a bheith in ann guth a bheith acu i athrú sóisialta. Is féidir athrú sóisialta a bhaint amach trí athshlánú eacnamaíoch agus trí stádas oideachais agus fostaíochta na n-óige a fheabhsú, rud a chabhródh leis an ráta bochtaineachta a laghdú.\nOhakam., Sylvanus Obidinma, \"Treochtaí Óige Deltá na Nígear ar Oideachas Fiontraíochta chun an Bhróchasacht agus an Dífhostaíocht a Chur i gcoinne\" (2018). Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies. (Díscríbhinní Walden agus Staidéar Dochtúireachta). 6080. Tá sé seo go maith."} +{"text": "Photovoltaic power plants produce electricity from sunlight. As a result of astonishing recent technological advances, the cost of producing electric power at photovoltaic power plants, allowing for both construction and operating costs, is one-tenth of what it was 20 years ago, whereas the corresponding cost for traditional plants, which burn fossil fuels, has increased. Thus, photovoltaic power plants offer a less expensive approach to meeting demand for electricity than do traditional power plants.\nThe conclusion of the argument is properly drawn if which one of the following is assumed?\nCPN (CostPhotovoltaicNow)=0.1CPB (CostPhotovoltaicBefore)\nCFN (CostFossilNow)>CFB (CostFossilBefore)\nTo be able to draw a conclusion that compares CPN and CFN we need an assumption that relates CPB and CFB:\n(A) The cost of producing electric power at traditional plants has increased over the past 20 years.\nWe already know that CFN is more than CFB. It doesn't matter if CF has been increasing over 20 years.\n(B) Twenty years ago, traditional power plants were producing 10 times more electric power than were photovoltaic plants.\nWe need (unit) cost figures. If we know quantity without how much total cost each type of plants have, we can't get to the cost comparison.\n(C) None of the recent technological advances in producing electric power at photovoltaic plants can be applied to producing power at traditional plants.\n(D) Twenty years ago, the cost of producing electric power at photovoltaic plants was less than 20 times the cost of producing power at traditional plants.\nIt's close, but still a little different from the real assumption that is needed. It might or might not render the conclusion correct.\n(E) The cost of producing electric power at photovoltaic plants is expected to decrease further, while the cost of producing power at traditional plants is not expected to decrease.\nNot strong enough for saying CP today is smaller than CF today. If CP before is a million times more than CF before, even if it has been decreasing and will decrease further, it might not be cheaper today. What's going to happen in the future really is irrelevant to the conclusion as of today.\nD is not good enough, but all the others are irrelevant. I would say this question is not designed properly. If the number in D is changed to 10, or if it is specified in the stem that the cost of fossil plant has doubled today, then D would be a perfect choice.\nKeep on asking, and it will be given you;\nkeep on seeking, and you will find;\nkeep on knocking, and it will be opened to you.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-50", "url": "http://gmatclub.com/forum/photovoltaic-power-plants-produce-electricity-from-sunlight-39796.html?sort_by_oldest=true", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542217.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00380-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9523976445, "token_count": 576, "score": 3.484375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Táirgeann plandaí cumhachta fótavoltais leictreachas ó sholas na gréine. Mar thoradh ar na dul chun cinn teicneolaíocha iontacha le déanaí, tá costas an chumhachta leictreach a tháirgeadh i gclár cumhachta fóta-bholtaic, ag cur costais tógála agus oibriúcháin san áireamh, ar an deichiú cuid de na costais a bhí ann 20 bliain ó shin, ach tá méadú tagtha ar an gcostas comhfhreagrach i gcás na gcláir thraidisiúnta, a dhóann breoslaí iontaise. Is é an rud a chuireann an méid seo i gcrích ná go bhfuil an méid a bhí le feiceáil sa tuarascáil ar an mbonn sin.\nIs é an conclúid a bhaineann leis an argóint a tharraingítear go ceart má ghlacann tú le ceann amháin de na nithe seo a leanas?\nCPN (CostPhotovoltaicNow) =0.1CPB (CostPhotovoltaicBefore)\nCFN (CostFossilNow) >CFB (CostFossilBefore)\nChun a bheith in ann conclúid a tharraingt a dhéanann comparáid idir CPN agus CFN, teastaíonn ionchas uainn a bhaineann le CPB agus CFB:\n(A) Tá méadú tagtha ar chostas an chumhachta leictreach a tháirgeadh ag gléasraí traidisiúnta le 20 bliain anuas.\nTá a fhios againn cheana féin go bhfuil CFN níos mó ná CFB. Níl sé tábhachtach má tá CF ag méadú le breis agus 20 bliain.\n(B) Cúig bliana déag ó shin, bhí 10 uair níos mó cumhachta leictreach á tháirgeadh ag gléasraí cumhachta traidisiúnta ná mar a bhí ag gléasraí fóta-bholtaic.\nTá cionta costais (aonad) ag teastáil uainn. Má tá a fhios againn cainníocht gan cé mhéad costas iomlán gach cineál plandaí a bhfuil, ní féidir linn a fháil ar an comparáid costas.\n(C) Ní féidir aon cheann de na dul chun cinn teicneolaíocha a rinneadh le déanaí i dtáirgeadh cumhachta leictreach ag gléasraí fóta-bholtacha a chur i bhfeidhm ar tháirgeadh cumhachta ag gléasraí traidisiúnta.\n(D) Dhá bhliain déag ó shin, bhí costas an chumhachta leictreach a tháirgeadh ag gléasraí fóta-bholtacha níos lú ná 20 uair ná costas an chumhachta a tháirgeadh ag gléasraí traidisiúnta.\nTá sé gar, ach fós beagán difriúil ó an réalta a cheapann go bhfuil gá. D'fhéadfadh sé nó d'fhéadfadh sé nach bhfuil an conclúid ceart.\n(E) Táthar ag súil go laghdófar an costas a bhaineann le cumhachta leictreach a tháirgeadh ag plandaí fothaibéalacha, ach ní dóigh go laghdófar an costas a bhaineann le cumhachta a tháirgeadh ag plandaí traidisiúnta.\nNíl sé láidir go leor chun a rá CP inniu is lú ná CF inniu. Má tá CP roimhe seo milliún uair níos mó ná CF roimhe seo, fiú má tá sé ag laghdú agus má laghdófar é tuilleadh, b'fhéidir nach mbeidh sé níos saoire inniu. Cad atá le tarlú sa todhchaí i ndáiríre neamhábhartha don chonclúid mar atá inniu ann.\nNíl D go leor maith, ach tá gach ceann eile neamhábhartha. Deirim nach bhfuil an cheist seo ceaptha go ceart. Má athraítear an uimhir i D go 10, nó má shonraítear sa chnoic gur dhúbailt costas na plandaí iontaise inniu, ansin bheadh D ina rogha foirfe.\nCoinnigh ort ag iarraidh, agus tabharfar duit é;\nlean ort ag lorg, agus gheobhaidh tú;\ncoinnigh ag cnagadh, agus osclófar duit é."} +{"text": "Improving health outcomes with a little help from our friends—and artificial intelligence\nWe fare better during health challenges when we have a little help from our friends, family and community. And perhaps an assist from artificial intelligence.\nResearchers at the Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC) trained natural language processing (NLP) software to look for mentions of social isolation in clinical notes in the electronic health record (EHR). NLP is a type of artificial intelligence that tries to make human language \"readable\" to computers. Once trained by the MUSC team, NLP identified socially isolated patients with 90 percent accuracy. The findings are reported in BioMed Central Medical Informatics and Decision Making.\nSocial isolation is one of the \"social determinants of health,\" aspects of a person's life that affect well-being and health. Other examples of social determinants are income, education, race, and marital status. These social determinants have been shown in clinical trials to affect health outcomes as much as usual suspects such as blood pressure and diabetes.\n\"We know from careful evidence that social determinants are important to health care and health outcomes,\" says Chanita Hughes-Halbert, Ph.D., senior author on the article.\n\"Social isolation is a really important social determinant because it reflects the extent to which people perceive they have a high level of connectedness and support.\"\nHughes-Halbert is professor of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences at MUSC. She also directs a center funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) focused on precision medicine and minority men's health at MUSC Hollings Cancer Center.\n\"The mission of our center is to identify the ways in which social, clinical, psychological and behavioral data and genomic information interact with each other to lead to disease risk and affect how men respond to treatment options,\" explains Hughes-Halbert.\n\"As part of that, we're really interested in the role that social determinants play.\"\nLike many teams using artificial intelligence to unlock the insights embedded in the EHR, the MUSC team paired a subject matter expert, Hughes-Halbert, and a bioinformatics team.\nThe bioinformatics team was led by Leslie Lenert, M.D., MS, Chief Research Information Officer for MUSC and director of MUSC's Biomedical Informatics Center (BMIC). Other team members included Vivienne Zhu, M.D., M.S., first author of the article, and Jihad Obeid, M.D, both of BMIC, and Brian Bunnell, Ph.D., of the Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences.\nThe team came together to find a way to help physicians provide care informed by an awareness of their patients' social determinants of health, including social isolation.\nThe National Academy of Medicine has called for physicians to document social determinants in the EHR. However, busy physicians do not always have the time to do so. Even when they do, the current EHR has no place to enter information on a number of the social determinants as coded data. At best, physicians can mention a discussion with a patient about social isolation in their clinical notes.\n\"When people go to the doctor, they do talk about social isolation and other determinants of health. But you won't find that in the coded data,\" explains Zhu.\n\"You have to look at the clinical notes—that's where the information is embedded.\"\nIt would take a human many months to sort through the notes looking for mentions of social isolation. In contrast, the NLP software combed through the 55, 516 clinical notes comprising 150,990 documents from 3138 prostate cancer patients in the training data set in just eight seconds.\n\"There were I don't know how many hundreds of thousands of documents in this prostate cancer data set,\" explains Lenert.\n\"It's too many for a human being to read through to do the abstractions, but it's relatively easy for a computer.\"\nOnce trained, NLP was able to analyze a new set of documents from 1057 patients and identify patients who were socially isolated with 90 percent accuracy.\n\"It's pretty darned accurate,\" says Lenert. \"It performed well, but the problem remains that some physicians do not comment on these issues and so don't leave a trail for NLP to follow.\"\nArtificial intelligence could help here too. Lenert and the bioinformatics team hope that they can use another type of artificial intelligence known as machine learning to identify which clinical and other traits characterize socially isolated patients. Machine learning could then search for patients with that constellation of traits in the EHR. It would be able to identify socially isolated patients even when the physician made no explicit mention of social isolation in the clinical notes.\nFuture studies will be needed to develop and test Interventions for socially isolated patients. For now, these patients can be referred for hospital- and community-based support services.\nThe NLP strategy developed by the MUSC team can be applied to other social determinants of health, particularly those that cannot be entered as coded data, and to other diseases. The team is already using NLP to identify patients with financial insecurity and alcohol abuse.\nMUSC owes its expertise in NLP in part to the NIH-funded South Carolina Clinical & Translational (SCTR) Institute. SCTR is a Clinical and Translational Science Award hub housed at MUSC.\n\"The general expertise in NLP, the infrastructure for the access to the notes, and some of the support for the software comes through SCTR,\" says Lenert.\nIn a sense, NLP can help physicians \"listen\" to their patients better, understand their health challenges in the broader context of their lives, and provide more informed and nuanced care.\n\"Sometimes physicians focus excessively on the 'medical' problems and don't pay enough attention to the context that people live in and the social aspects that influence their health,\" says Lenert.\n\"Our study once again highlights the importance of knowing this information in order to provide patients our very best care.\"", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-26", "url": "https://medicalxpress.com/news/2019-05-health-outcomes-friendsand-artificial-intelligence.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999130.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20190620004625-20190620030625-00426.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9548027515, "token_count": 1252, "score": 3.078125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Torthaí sláinte a fheabhsú le cabhair bheag óna gcairde agus ó intleacht shaorga\nTá muid ag éirí níos fearr le linn dúshláin sláinte nuair a bhíonn beagán cabhrach againn ó ár gcairde, ár dteaghlaigh agus ár bpobal. Agus b'fhéidir cúnamh ó intleacht shaorga.\nRinne taighdeoirí in Ollscoil Leighis Carolina Theas (MUSC) bogearraí próiseála teanga nádúrtha (NLP) a oiliúint chun cuimhní cinn ar leithlighteachas sóisialta a lorg i nótaí cliniciúla sa taifead sláinte leictreonach (EHR). Is cineál intleacht shaorga é NLP a dhéanann iarracht teanga an duine a dhéanamh \"leáite\" do ríomhairí. Nuair a d'oiliúnaigh foireann MUSC é, d'aithin NLP othair atá scoite go sóisialta le cruinneas 90 faoin gcéad. Tá na torthaí tuairiscithe i BioMed Central Medical Informatics and Decision Making.\nTá an t-aonar sóisialta ar cheann de na \"chinntí sóisialta sláinte\", gnéithe de shaol duine a théann i bhfeidhm ar fholláine agus ar shláinte. Samplaí eile de chinnteoirí sóisialta is ea ioncam, oideachas, ciníochas, agus stádas pósta. Taispeánadh sna trialacha cliniciúla go mbíonn tionchar ag na cinntithe sóisialta seo ar thorthaí sláinte chomh mór le daoine is measa mar shampla brú fola agus diaibéiteas.\n\"Tá a fhios againn ó fhianaise chuimsitheach go bhfuil sainchomharthaí sóisialta tábhachtach do chúram sláinte agus do thorthaí sláinte\", a deir Chanita Hughes-Halbert, Ph.D., príomh-údar an ailt.\n\"Is cinneadh sóisialta an-tábhachtach é an t-aonar sóisialta toisc go léiríonn sé cé chomh mór agus a bhraitheann daoine go bhfuil ardleibhéal nascthachta agus tacaíochta acu\".\nIs ollamh é Hughes-Halbert ar Shláinte Síceolaíochta agus Eolaíochtaí Iompraíochta ag MUSC. Stiúrann sí ionad a mhaoiníonn na hInstitiúidí Náisiúnta Sláinte (NIH) a dhíríonn ar leigheas cruinne agus sláinte fir mionlaigh ag MUSC Hollings Cancer Center.\n\"Is é misean ár n-ionad na bealaí a aithint ina n-idirghníomhaíonn sonraí sóisialta, cliniciúla, síceolaíocha agus iompraíochta agus faisnéis ghineolaíoch lena chéile chun riosca galar a bheith ann agus tionchar a bheith acu ar an gcaoi a bhfreagraíonn fir ar roghanna cóireála\", a mhíníonn Hughes-Halbert.\n\"Mar chuid de sin, tá suim againn i ndáiríre sa ról a imríonn sainmhínithe sóisialta\".\nCosúil le go leor foirne a úsáideann intleacht shaorga chun na léargas atá leabaithe sa EHR a scaoileadh amach, chuir foireann MUSC saineolaí ábhair, Hughes-Halbert, agus foireann bithfhaisnéisíochta le chéile.\nBhí an fhoireann bithfhaisnéisíochta faoi stiúir Leslie Lenert, M.D., MS, Príomh-Oifigeach Faisnéise Taighde do MUSC agus stiúrthóir Ionad Faisnéise Bithleighis MUSC (BMIC). I measc bhaill eile den fhoireann bhí Vivienne Zhu, M.D., M.S., an chéad údar ar an alt, agus Jihad Obeid, M.D., an dá chuid de BMIC, agus Brian Bunnell, Ph.D., ón Roinn Síceatria agus Eolaíochtaí Iompraíochta.\nTháinig an fhoireann le chéile chun bealach a aimsiú chun cabhrú le dochtúirí cúram a sholáthar a bhí eolach ar chinneálacha sóisialta sláinte a n-othair, lena n-áirítear aonrú sóisialta.\nD'iarr an t-Acadamh Leighis Náisiúnta ar dhochtúirí saintréithe sóisialta a dhoiciméadú san EHR. Mar sin féin, ní bhíonn am ag dochtúirí atá gnóthach i gcónaí é sin a dhéanamh. Fiú nuair a dhéanann siad, níl aon áit ag an EHR reatha chun faisnéis a iontráil ar roinnt de na cinntithe sóisialta mar shonraí códaithe. Ar a laghad, is féidir le dochtúirí a lua go ndearna siad plé le hothair faoi leithlighteacht shóisialta ina gcuid nótaí cliniciúla.\n\"Nuair a théann daoine chuig an dochtúir, labhraíonn siad faoi eisiacht shóisialta agus fachtóirí eile sláinte. Ach ní bhfaighidh tú é sin sna sonraí códaithe\", a mhíníonn Zhu.\n\"Caithfidh tú féachaint ar na nótaí cliniciúla - sin an áit a bhfuil an t-eolas leabaithe\".\nThógfadh sé go leor míonna do dhuine na nótaí a scagadh ag lorg luaiteanna ar eisiaíocht shóisialta. I gcodarsnacht leis sin, rinne an bogearraí NLP na nótaí cliniciúla 55, 516 a chuimsíonn 150, 990 doiciméad ó 3138 othar ailse próstatach a scagadh sa tacar sonraí oiliúna i ach ocht soicind.\n\"Ní raibh a fhios agam cé mhéad na céadta mílte doiciméad sa tsraith sonraí seo ar ailse próstatach\", a mhíníonn Lenert.\n\"Tá an iomarca ann do dhuine chun na haistrithe a dhéanamh, ach tá sé réasúnta éasca do ríomhaire\".\nNuair a bhí oiliúint déanta air, bhí an NLP in ann sraith nua doiciméid a anailísiú ó 1057 othar agus d'aithin na hothair a bhí scoite go sóisialta le cruinneas 90 faoin gcéad.\n\"Tá sé an-chruinn\", a deir Lenert. \"D'oibrigh sé go maith, ach tá an fhadhb ann nach ndéanann roinnt dochtúirí trácht ar na saincheisteanna seo agus mar sin ní fhágann siad rian le leanúint ag NLP\".\nD'fhéadfadh intleacht shaorga cabhrú anseo freisin. Tá súil ag Lenert agus an fhoireann bithfhaisnéisíochta gur féidir leo cineál eile intleachta shaorga ar a dtugtar foghlaim meaisín a úsáid chun a aithint cé na tréithe cliniciúla agus tréithe eile a shainaithníonn othair atá scoite go sóisialta. D'fhéadfadh foghlaim meaisín ansin páistí a chuardach leis an gconstellation de thréithe sin sa EHR. Bheadh sé in ann othair atá scoite ó dhaoine eile a shainaithint fiú nuair nach luaigh an dochtúir aon luaíocht shonraigh ar scoite ó dhaoine eile sna nótaí cliniciúla.\nBeidh gá le staidéir amach anseo chun idirghabhálacha a fhorbairt agus a thástáil do othair atá scoite go sóisialta. Go dtí seo, is féidir na hothair seo a tharchur chuig seirbhísí tacaíochta ospidéil agus pobail.\nIs féidir an straitéis PNL a d'fhorbair foireann MUSC a chur i bhfeidhm ar chinneoirí sóisialta eile sláinte, go háirithe iad siúd nach féidir a iontráil mar shonraí códaithe, agus ar ghalair eile. Tá an fhoireann ag úsáid NLP cheana féin chun othair a aithint a bhfuil neamhshlándáil airgeadais agus mí-úsáid alcóil acu.\nTá an saineolas atá ag MUSC i NLP i bpáirt ag Institiúid Cliniciúil agus Aistriúcháin Carolina Theas (SCTR) a mhaoiníonn NIH. Is ionad Duais Eolaíochta Cliniciúil agus Aistriúcháin é SCTR atá lonnaithe ag MUSC.\n\"Tugtar an saineolas ginearálta i NLP, an bonneagar chun rochtain a fháil ar na nótaí, agus cuid den tacaíocht don bogearraí trí SCTR\", a deir Lenert.\nI mbeagán focal, is féidir le NLP cabhrú le dochtúirí \"éist\" lena n-othair níos fearr, a gcuid dúshláin sláinte a thuiscint i gcomhthéacs níos leithne a saol, agus cúram níos eolaí agus níos nuance a sholáthar.\n\"Uaireanta, díreoidh dochtúirí go ró-mhór ar na fadhbanna 'leighis' agus ní thugann siad aird go leor ar an gcomhthéacs ina bhfuil daoine ina gcónaí agus ar na gnéithe sóisialta a mbíonn tionchar acu ar a sláinte\", a deir Lenert.\n\"Leagann ár staidéar béim arís ar an tábhacht a bhaineann le bheith ar an eolas seo d'fhonn an cúram is fearr is féidir a thabhairt do othair\"."} +{"text": "Hawaii is marking the first anniversary of one of the largest and most destructive volcanic eruptions in its history. Lava flowed from the Kilauea Volcano for months, wiping out more than 700 homes on the Big Island. The eruption produced enough lava to cover a two-lane highway stretching from Boston to Seattle – and it would be more than 70 feet high.\nThe molten rock that consumed much of Leilani Estates covers almost 14 square miles and at some points it is 100 feet thick. The lava has long hardened but, as CBS News' Carter Evans learned, the disaster has also hardened the resolve of the people living there.\nFor four months, the eruption of Hawaii's Kilauea volcano offered a spectacular combination of beauty and destruction. The most hard-hit neighborhood was Leilani Estates, where resident Stacy Welch watched lava from fissure 8 pour onto her property. At one point it fountained lava about 250 feet in the air.\nFissure 8 was one of the most active of 24 lava-filled cracks in the ground. That's where Evans spoke to Heath Dalton last year, whose home was also destroyed. Dalton is unsure what he'll do with his land.\n\"We have an ocean view now, so that's a plus,\" Dalton said. \"It is what it is. You can't dwell on it. I mean it's been a year, you've got to move on.\"\nBut \"moving on\" has been a challenge. A year later, huge portions of once-green land remain a sea of black. When you look down from the sky on Leilani Estates, it's eerie. You can still see steam vents along the rift zone even coming up between homes.\nSome 3,000 people were impacted and officials are still trying to determine how many will rebuild. Many major roads remain closed despite complaints from residents. From the air, you can see the plea to open Highway 132. Along the coast, tide pools are now filled with solid rock, part of the nearly\nThe rivers of molten rock left canyon-sized scars on the land and while Hawaii Volcanoes National Park has re-opened, geologists say Kilauea is still a very active volcano. Janet Babb of the U.S. Geological Service said we'll \"definitely\" see lava again.\n\"Our best estimate is that lava could return to the summit in a matter of months to years, and then could return to one of the rift zones in a matter of years to decades,\" Babb said.\nStacy Welch's home was spared this time, but she knows the danger is ever-present.\n\"It's tense. It's beautiful. It's sad,\" she said of what it's like to live under that threat. \"Everyone behind me is gone … it's really in your heart that you are so lucky, when you realize, everything, every memory, every blade of grass that they had is gone.\"\nTourism is the biggest industry in Hawaii and that's been hard-hit by Kilauea as well. Both the number of visitors and visitor spending have seen double-digit declines in the past year.\nfor more features.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-27", "url": "https://www.cbsnews.com/news/hawaii-kilauea-volcano-one-year-later-residents-still-tense/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103360935.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20220628081102-20220628111102-00133.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9750051498, "token_count": 657, "score": 2.59375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá Hawaii ag ceiliúradh an chéad bhliain ó cheann de na ráflaí bolcánacha is mó agus is díothaí ina stair. Bhí lábha ag sreabhadh ó Ghluach Kilauea ar feadh míonna, ag scriosadh níos mó ná 700 teach ar an Oileán Mór. Táirgeadh an titim lava go leor chun cosc a chur ar mhórbhealach dhá-líne a shíneann ó Boston go Seattle agus bheadh sé níos mó ná 70 troigh ar airde.\nClúdaíonn an carraig leáite a d'ith cuid mhór de Leilani Estates beagnach 14 míle cearnach agus ag roinnt pointí tá sé 100 troigh tiubh. Tá an lábha cruaithe le fada ach, mar a d'fhoghlaim Carter Evans de CBS News, tá an tubaiste cruaithe freisin ar chinneadh na ndaoine a chónaíonn ann.\nLe ceithre mhí, bhí an bhollcán Kilauea i Haváí ag fulú go hiontach de áilleacht agus de scrios. Ba é Leilani Estates an comharsanacht is deacra, áit a d'fhéach Stacy Welch cónaitheoir lábha ó sracadh 8 ag titim ar a mhaoin. Ag pointe amháin fountained sé lábha thart ar 250 troigh san aer.\nBhí Fissure 8 ar cheann de na 24 craic líonta le lava is gníomhaí sa talamh. Sin an áit a labhair Evans le Heath Dalton an bhliain seo caite, a raibh a theach scrios freisin. Níl Dalton cinnte cad a dhéanfaidh sé lena thalamh.\n\"Tá radharc aigéin againn anois, mar sin is plus é sin\", a dúirt Dalton. \"Tá sé cad é. Ní féidir leat dul i ngleic leis. Ciallaíonn mé tá sé tar éis bliain, tá tú a fháil ar bogadh ar aghaidh. \"\nAch bhí sé deacair \"dul ar aghaidh\". Bliain ina dhiaidh sin, tá codanna ollmhóra den talamh a bhí glas riamh fós ina mhuir dubh. Nuair a fhéachann tú síos ón spéir ar Leilani Eastates, tá sé greannmhar. Is féidir leat fós a fheiceáil vents gaile feadh an limistéar rift fiú ag teacht suas idir tithe.\nBhí tionchar ag thart ar 3,000 duine agus tá oifigigh fós ag iarraidh a chinneadh cé mhéad a atógfaidh. Tá go leor bóithre móra dúnta in ainneoin gearán ó chónaitheoirí. Ón aeir, is féidir leat an t-iarratas a fheiceáil chun Highway 132 a oscailt. Tá poill tuilte lán le carraigeanna soladacha anois ar feadh an chósta, cuid den\nD'fhág na haibhneacha carraigeanna de mhéid canyon ar an talamh agus cé go bhfuil Páirc Náisiúnta Volcanoes Hawaii athoscailte, deir geolaithe go bhfuil Kilauea fós ina bholcán an-ghníomhach. Dúirt Janet Babb ó Sheirbhís Geolaíochta na Stát Aontaithe go bhfeicfimid \"go cinnte\" lábha arís.\n\"Is é ár meastachán is fearr go bhféadfadh lábha filleadh ar an gcruinniú mullaigh i gceann míonna go blianta, agus ansin d'fhéadfadh sé filleadh ar cheann de na criosanna creata i gceann blianta go blianta fada\", a dúirt Babb.\nBhí teach Stacy Welch spared an uair seo, ach tá a fhios aici go bhfuil an contúirtí i gcónaí.\n\"Tá sé teann. Tá sé álainn. Tá sé brónach, \"a dúirt sí faoi conas a bhíonn sé a bheith ina gcónaí faoin mbagairt sin. \"Tá gach duine taobh thiar de imithe ... tá sé i ndáiríre i do chroí go bhfuil tú chomh fortune, nuair a thuigeann tú, gach rud, gach cuimhní, gach blade de féar a bhí acu imithe. \"\nIs é an turasóireacht an tionscal is mó i Haváí agus tá sé sin buailte go crua ag Kilauea chomh maith. Tá laghdú dhá dhigit tagtha ar líon na gcuairteoirí agus ar chaiteachas na gcuairteoirí sa bhliain seo caite.\nle haghaidh níos mó gnéithe."} +{"text": "These verses give the reader a neat summing up of what the First Church was like: 1. It tells us where the Church met: Solomon's colonnade, which was one of the two great colonnades which surrounded the Temple area. Again, we can note that at this stage they were not experiencing persecution generally and so they felt free to meet in the heart of Jewish worship. 2. It also tells us that numbers were not huge. Yes, there would have been several hundred coming together, but the Church had not spread to areas outside Jerusalem yet. 3. It also tells us HOW the Church met. One of the advantages in meeting at the Temple was that they could be seen to be gathering in the open: this prevented the accusation that they were a secret society and also hindered their arrest by the Jewish religious authorities. 3. However, this passage demonstrates how effective they were in healing-which was at the forefront of the work of the Church-and there were many who were healed in the name of Jesus. This wasn't a 'trial and error' attempt at transforming the lives of the sick, blind and lame, but was so effective that many brought those struggling with health issues to be healed by the apostles. 4. It reveals to the reader of the reasons why persecution arrives, firstly from the Jewish religious authorities and then the Romans. If the Christian sect had remained small and ineffectual, then it would have been allowed to continue. It was because it grew so rapidly, brought chaos in the streets and at the Temple due to the number of those being brought for healing and transformed peoples' lives. Imagine roads crammed with the sick and disabled being brought to the Church's meeting place! For the Jewish religious authorities this could not freely be allowed to continue!", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-27", "url": "https://www.bearfield.org/post/acts-5-v-12-16", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104354651.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20220704050055-20220704080055-00459.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9887903333, "token_count": 359, "score": 2.9375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tugann na véarsaí seo achoimre glan don léitheoir ar an méid a bhí sa Chríostaíocht Chéad: 1. Insíonn sé dúinn cá raibh an Eaglais ag teacht le chéile: Colonnade Solomon, a bhí ar cheann de na dhá colonnades móra a bhí timpeall ar limistéar an Teampaill. Arís, is féidir linn a thabhairt faoi deara nach raibh ionsaithe acu ag an gcéim seo go ginearálta agus dá bhrí sin mhothaigh siad go raibh siad saor ó choinneáil i gcroílár an adhradh Giúdach. 2. Seachadadh. Deir sé freisin nach raibh na huimhreacha ollmhór. Sea, bheadh roinnt céadta ag teacht le chéile, ach ní raibh an Eaglais scaipthe go ceantair lasmuigh de Iarúsailéim go fóill. 3. Tá an t-am ann. Insíonn sé dúinn freisin CÁ MÓ a tháinig an Eaglais le chéile. Ceann de na buntáistí a bhí ag cruinniú sa Teampall ná go raibh sé le feiceáil go raibh siad ag cruinniú go hoscailte: chuir sé seo cosc ar an gcúis go raibh siad ina gcuideachta rúnda agus chuir sé bac freisin ar údaráis reiligiúnacha na nGiúdach iad a ghabháil. 3. Tá an t-am ann. Mar sin féin, léiríonn an rann seo cé chomh héifeachtach a bhí siad i leigheas - a bhí ar thús cadhnaíochta oibre na hEaglaise - agus bhí go leor acu a leigheas i ainm Íosa. Ní raibh sé seo ina iarracht 'trialach agus earráid' chun saol na ndaoine tinn, dall agus bog a athrú, ach bhí sé chomh héifeachtach sin go ndearna go leor daoine a bhí ag streachailt le fadhbanna sláinte a thabhairt chun go leigheasfadh na hAspal iad. 4. Tá an t-am Léiríonn sé don léitheoir na cúiseanna a bhfuil an fhrithghníomhú ag teacht, ar dtús ó údaráis reiligiúnacha na Giúdaigh agus ansin ó na Rómhánaigh. Dá mbeadh an seacht Críostaí fós beag agus neamhéifeachtach, ansin bheadh sé ceadaithe chun leanúint ar aghaidh. Bhí sé toisc go d'fhás sé chomh tapa, thug sé caos ar na sráideanna agus ag an Teampall mar gheall ar an líon de na daoine a tugadh chun leigheas agus saol na ndaoine a athrú. Samhlaigh bóithre plódaithe le daoine tinn agus faoi mhíchumas a bhí á n-aistriú chuig áit chruinnithe na hEaglaise! Maidir leis na húdaráis reiligiúnacha Giúdacha ní raibh cead ag an gcúram seo leanúint ar aghaidh!"} +{"text": "A common problem that you may come across when building “a box” to do something– whether a one-off gizmo or bona fide scientific instrument –is the rats nest of wires. A similar problem occurs when you need to run a bunch of basic wires out from your box to other devices. Unless there’s a standard cable lying around that does exactly what you need, you can end up with messy tangles of wires outside of your box as well.\nThere are many well-known solutions of course, as varied as elegantly laced wiring harnesses, cable tiesand teflon spaghetti sleeving, heat shrink tubing and cold shrink tape, and (possibly for the brave and/or insane) duct tape and paperclips.\nOne of the other basic methods– well known to many people who build electronics –is to twist wire bundles with a hand drill and a friend. This is a quick and awesome trick that makes durable cables, short or long, exactly to your specifications, and shockingly fast.\nLet’s suppose that we need to run these four wires from point A to point B. They can be a mix of stranded or solid core wires, with different diameters an insulation types. The orange and blue wires in this bundle happen to be stranded copper wires with a particularly slippery PTFE jacket.\nTwisting any length of these wires by hand is fairly difficult, because they don’t tend to stay where put. Fortunately, we only need to twist the first inch or two:\nTwist the first couple of inches of all the strands together and bend them over once.\nThen, get the drill.\nAs we said, you need a hand drill and a friend to build these. If you don’t have a friend, a bench vise will do in a pinch (pun intended). A standard electric hand drill works great, but I’ve also heard of occasional success with adapted cordless screwdrivers. Do not use any sort of heavy machinery– drill press, lathe, or mill; it will not be safe.\nInsert the bent-over twisted cable ends into the drill chuck, and tighten it down. (Keyless chucks help make this fast.)\nHand the loose cable ends to your friend, and stretch out the cables to their length. It’s important that your friend keep a firm but not too tight grip. If something goes wrong, the wire should safely pull out of their hand.\nNow, run the drill. Run very slowly at first, making sure that the wire does not whip around. You can speed up as it becomes stable. By the time that the wires stop looking smooth and just begin buckling, it’s done. Don’t overdo it, as the wires may begin to stretch in undesirable ways. Total time elapsed on this step is usually under 30 seconds.\nUnchuck the wire, trim and pluck apart the ends, and there you go: a neat little wire bundle, ready to take on the world:\nYou can obviously do much more complex wiring as well. Wire bundles like these have internal tension and tend to stay together quite well.\nHere is a much simpler example of the same technique. In our Drink Making Unit project, we had a central controller that had two wires each running out to the three separate motors.\nInstead of running six loose lines, we instead made these three extremely effective and neat-looking twisted pairs. (Or more precisely, we made one long twisted pair and cut it into thirds.)\nTwisted bundles like these are very well behaved– not only do they look professional, but they feel good as well, with a natural springiness, and they seem to resist snagging.\nSo there you have it, a tried and true method, perfect making for simple one-off wiring harnesses, and making neat cable bundles to run between your devices.\nIt should probably go without saying, but this technique is very useful for general-purpose wiring, and is not for anything requiring special considerations. If your project requires high voltage, transmission lines, heater wires, or wires otherwise driven outside of normal parameters, you probably need to work with those wires separately and not collect them into a twisted bundle like this.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-04", "url": "http://www.evilmadscientist.com/2010/tricks-of-the-trade-twisting-wire-bundles/comment-page-1/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283301.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00364-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9424304962, "token_count": 871, "score": 2.78125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is é an fhadhb is coitianta a d'fhéadfadh tú teacht ar nuair a thógáil \"caiste\" a dhéanamh rud éigin cibé acu a-mach amháin gizmo nó bona fide uirlisí eolaíochta \"is é an nead na radaigh de sreanganna. Tarlaíonn fadhb den chineál céanna nuair is gá duit a reáchtáil ar bunch de sreangacha bunúsacha amach as do bhosca go feistí eile. Mura bhfuil cábla caighdeánach ina luí timpeall a dhéanann go díreach cad is gá duit, is féidir leat deireadh a chur le tangles messy de sreanganna lasmuigh de do bhosca chomh maith.\nTá go leor réitigh ar eolas go maith, ar ndóigh, chomh éagsúil le harnas sreangtha elegantly laced, ceangail cábla agus spaghetti teflon sleeving, teas-shrinking feadán agus téip fuar-shrinking, agus (is féidir le haghaidh an cróga agus / nó crazy) téip duct agus clips páipéir.\nCeann de na modhanna bunúsacha eile - a bhfuil aithne mhaith ag go leor daoine a thógann leictreonaic - is ea baill sreinge a thiontú le drill láimhe agus le cara. Is cleas tapa agus iontach é seo a dhéanann cáblaí buan, gearr nó fada, go díreach do do shonraíochtaí, agus go hiontach tapa.\nA ligean arar ceapann go bhfuil muid ag teastáil chun na ceithre sreangáin a reáchtáil ó phointe A go pointe B. Is féidir iad a bheith ina meascán de sreangacha croí snáithe nó soladach, le trastomhas éagsúla agus cineálacha inslithe. Is sreangacha copar a bhí ag na sreangacha oráiste agus gorma sa bpaindéim seo le seaicéad PTFE go háirithe sleamhnáin.\nTá sé deacair go leor aon fhad de na sreanga seo a thiontú de láimh, toisc nach mbíonn claonadh acu fanacht san áit a gcuirtear iad. Ar an dea-uair, ní gá dúinn ach an chéad orlach nó dhó a thiontú:\nDéan an chéad chúpla orlach de na snáitheanna go léir a thriomú le chéile agus iad a chlúdach uair amháin.\nAnsin, a fháil ar an drill.\nMar a dúirt muid, ní mór duit drill láimhe agus cara chun iad seo a thógáil. Mura bhfuil cara agat, déanfaidh an t-aiste bainc é a dhéanamh i pinch (pun intinn). Oibríonn drill láimhe leictreach caighdeánach go hiontach, ach chuala mé go raibh rath ar thráthnónaí gan sreang oiriúnaithe. Ná húsáid aon chineál meaisínéireachta trom brú drill, lathe, nó muileann; ní bheidh sé sábháilte.\nCuir na foircinn cábla casadh-over-scríofa isteach sa chuck drill, agus é a shíneadh síos. (Cuidíonn chucks keyless a dhéanamh go tapa.)\nTabhair na foircinn cábla atá scaoilte do do chara, agus síneadh amach na cáblaí go dtí a fhad. Tá sé tábhachtach go gcoinníonn do chara greim daingean ach gan a bheith ró-dlúth. Má théann rud éigin mícheart, ba cheart an sreang a tharraingt go sábháilte as a lámh.\nAnois, rith an drile. Rith go mall ar dtús, ag cinntiú nach bhfuil an sreang ag sciobadh timpeall. Is féidir leat luas a mhéadú nuair a bhíonn sé seasmhach. Faoin am a stopann na sreangaí ag breathnú réidh agus a thosaíonn ag bogadh, tá sé déanta. Ná déan ró-iarracht air, mar d'fhéadfadh na sreangacha tosú ag síneadh ar bhealaí nach bhfuil ag teastáil. Is gnách go mbíonn an t-am iomlán a théann ar aghaidh ar an gcéim seo faoi 30 soicind.\nUnchuck an sreang, a ghearradh agus pluck amach na foircinn, agus tá tú ag dul: pacáiste sreang beag cluthar, réidh a ghlacadh ar an domhan:\nIs léir gur féidir leat sreangú i bhfad níos casta a dhéanamh freisin. Tá teannas inmheánach ag na baill sreinge mar seo agus bíonn claonadh acu fanacht le chéile go maith.\nSeo sampla i bhfad níos simplí den teicníc chéanna. Iár dtionscadal Aonad Déanta Deoch, bhí rialaitheoir lárnach againn a raibh dhá sreang ag dul amach go dtí na trí mótar ar leithligh.\nIn ionad sé línte scaoilte a reáchtáil, rinneamar na trí lánúin choirp shleamhnaithe seo a bhí an-éifeachtach agus go hálainn. (Nó go beacht, rinneamar péire fada cas agus ghearramar i dtrí.)\nTá na baillí cas mar seo ag iompar go han-mhaith ní amháin go bhfuil cuma ghairmiúil orthu, ach is maith leo freisin, le springy nádúrtha, agus is cosúil go bhfuil siad in aghaidh snagging.\nMar sin tá sé agat, modh triail agus fíor, a dhéanamh foirfe do shíntiús sreangú simplí aon-off, agus a dhéanamh bundles cábla glan a reáchtáil idir do ghléasanna.\nBa chóir go mbeadh sé ag dul ar ndóigh, ach tá an teicníc an-úsáideach do cháblaithe cuspóir ginearálta, agus ní le haghaidh aon rud a éilíonn machnamh speisialta. Má éilíonn do thionscadal voltas ard, línte tarchurtha, sreangaí téiteora, nó sreangaí a thiománaítear ar shlí eile lasmuigh de pharaiméadair gnáth, is dócha go gcaithfidh tú oibriú leis na sreangaí sin ar leithligh agus gan iad a bhailiú i búntán casadh mar seo."} +{"text": "National Heritage Institute, Ostrava\nNorth of Vienna\nWhat function did optical telegraph serve? What duties were performed by a track officer? Which towns saw the double-railway stations of Emperor Ferdinand Northern Railway and Imperial-Royal State Railway? Questions like those and more will be answered for little guests, which can also take away a self-made paper model of a railway house. For kids 8+. A guided tour of an exposition about history of the main railway routes for parents and children with Alena Borovcová.\nArchitecture in services of the First Republic\nThe birth of Czechoslovakia in October 1918 shaped architecture too. The 20s and 30s of the 20th century represent one of the most noticeable periods in its development. Republican idea permeated the search for a national style and followed efforts for a civil architecture and fulfilling of its social ethos. In the introduction we will deal with international context. A lecture about period architecture in Ostrava region will follow. Apart from the founding personalities such as Jan Kotěra we will be speaking about Josef Gočár, Pavel Janák, Karel Kotas or Lubomír and Čestmír Šlapetas. We’ll mention the main realizations – schools, hospitals, houses, villas, department stores, and factories. The ending part will be focused on successes and losses of heritage institutions regarding architecture of the period. Lecture by Martin Strakoš with a presentation of the exposition.\nFirst Republic fashion\nOne of the most distinct features of lifestyle of the First Republic was fashion. Everyone who has ever seen any of the 20s or 30s movies will remember the elegance of the contemporary fashion that couldn’t do without hats, gloves and luxurious handbags. Names of fashion boutiques like Podolská, Rosenbaum or Roubíček, in which the then film stars had their wardrobes tailored, are still famous. We will focus on basic fashion elements, which no lady or gentleman could walk in the streets without, fashion for various times of the day, variations in cuts, shapes, forms and we’ll also talk about the most important fashion boutiques and off-the-rack companies. Special attention will be given to situation in between the World Wars. Lecture by Romana Rosová.\nNorth of Vienna\nThe first steam railway of Hapsburg monarchy, the Emperor Ferdinand Northern Railway, led from Vienna to north, through regions of Morava and Silesia to salt mines near Bochnia in Polish Galicia. The programme of the state railway track was approved in 1841 and was supposed to ensure construction of the most important railway routes in order to connect all Austrian provinces and important ports to Vienna. Imperial-Royal State Railway connected Vienna to Prague and Saxon railroads. The Imperial-Royal State Railway and Emperor Ferdinand Northern Railway became a backbone of the railway network of the Czech Republic. Image materials are supplemented by 3D paper models of constructions by Vladimír Londin. Guided tours of the exposition with Alena Borovcová.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-30", "url": "https://www.ostravskamuzejninoc.cz/2018/en/narodni-pamatkovy-ustav/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195525829.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20190718211312-20190718233312-00298.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9466215372, "token_count": 642, "score": 2.9375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Institiúid Oidhreachta Náisiúnta, Ostrava\nTuaisceart na Víne\nCén fheidhm a bhí ag teilifís optúil? Cad iad na dualgais a bhí ag oifigeach an rianta? Cé na bailte a chonaic stáisiúin iarnróid dúbailte na Iarnróid Thuaisceart Emperor Ferdinand agus Iarnróid Stáit Impiriúil-Ríogach? Freagraítear ceisteanna mar sin agus níos mó do na cuairteoirí beaga, a d'fhéadfadh samhail páipéir de theach iarnróid féin-dhéanta a thógáil. Le haghaidh leanaí 8+. Cuairteoir faoi stiúir ar taispeántas faoi stair na bpríomhbhealaí iarnróid do thuismitheoirí agus do leanaí le Alena Borovcová.\nAiltireacht i seirbhísí an Chéad Phoblacht\nBhí tionchar ag breithe na Seiceaslóvaic i mí Dheireadh Fómhair 1918 ar ailtireacht freisin. Is é 20 agus 30 na haoise 20 ceann de na tréimhsí is suntasaí ina fhorbairt. Bhí smaoineamh poblachtach ag cuimilt an chuardach ar stíl náisiúnta agus lean iarrachtaí ar ailtireacht shibhialta agus a ethos sóisialta a chomhlíonadh. Sa réamhrá déileálfaimid le comhthéacs idirnáisiúnta. Ina dhiaidh sin, tabharfar léacht faoi ailtireacht tréimhse i réigiún Ostrava. Seachas na pearsantachtaí bunaitheacha ar nós Jan Kotěra, beidh muid ag caint faoi Josef Go��ár, Pavel Janák, Karel Kotas nó Lubomír agus Čestmír Šlapetas. Luafimid na príomh-réitigh: scoileanna, ospidéil, tithe, villas, siopaí rabhaidh, agus monarchana. Beidh an chuid deiridh dírithe ar rath agus caillteanais institiúidí oidhreachta maidir le hailtireacht na tréimhse. Léacht ag Martin Strakoš le cur i láthair an taispeántais.\nFócas an Chéad Phoblacht\nCeann de na gnéithe is sainiúla de stíl mhaireachtála an Chéad Phoblacht ba é an faisean. Beidh gach duine a chonaic aon cheann de na scannáin 20 nó 30s cuimhneamh ar an elegance an faisin comhaimseartha nach bhféadfadh a dhéanamh gan hataí, lámhainní agus málaí láimhe só. Tá ainmneacha boutiques faisin mar Podolská, Rosenbaum nó Roubíček, inar chuir réaltaí scannáin an ama sin a gcuid wardrobes ar leithligh, cáiliúil fós. Dírímid ar ghnéithe bunúsacha faisin, nach bhféadfadh aon bhean nó fear a bheith ag siúl ar na sráideanna gan iad, faisean do thréimhsí éagsúla an lae, éagsúlachtaí i gcúis, i gcruth, i bhfoirmeacha agus labhróimid freisin faoi na boutiques faisin is tábhachtaí agus faoi na cuideachtaí lasmuigh den raic. Tabharfar aird ar leith ar an staid idir na Cogadh Domhanda. Léacht le Romana Rosová.\nTuaisceart na Víne\nAn chéad iarnród gaile sa mhonarcacht Hapsburg, an Iarnród Thuaisceart Emperor Ferdinand, a bhí ag dul ó Vín go tuaisceart, trí réigiúin de Morava agus Sileisia go dtí mianaigh salann in aice le Bochnia i Galice Polainnis. Ceadaíodh clár an rialtais i 1841, agus bhí sé beartaithe go ndéanfaí na bealaí iarnróid is tábhachtaí a thógáil chun na cúigeanna agus na calafoirt tábhachtacha san Ostair a nascadh le Vín. Chuir Iarnród Stáit Impiriúil-Ríogach Vín le iarnród Praga agus iarnród na Sacsana. Tháinig an Iarnród Stáit Impiriúil-Ríogach agus Iarnród Thuaisceart Ferdinand Impire mar chnámh droma líonra iarnróid Phoblacht na Seice. Tá na hábhair íomhá curtha le samhlacha páipéir 3D de thogaisc Vladimír Londin. Cuairteanna treoracha ar an taispeántas le Alena Borovcová."} +{"text": "Because SNMP produces such a wealth of information about target devices, it is an excellent tool for reconnaissance and enumeration. An SNMP manager (also known as a network management system, or NMS) is an application that runs continuously on the network. On a regular interval (usually every 5 to 15 minutes), it queries devices for their status. These devices are typically servers, routers, switches, wireless access points, hubs, and other devices capable of running the SNMP service. The SNMP service has an agent that listens for incoming manager queries. The manager must identify itself to the agent by its community string, which is a text identifier that must be the same on both the manager and the device. If the manager uses a different community string, the device will ignore it. The default community string for all SNMP installations is either public or private, but can easily be changed. Most SNMP implementations are in cleartext, though version 3 uses encryption. Usually the NMS does the querying, but an agent can be configured to raise a trap (an alert) if some threshold is met. Traps can be set on any number of counters. Examples include low disk space, high CPU temperature, high CPU or RAM utilization, a congested interface, and security violations.\nThere are three basic categories of SNMP exploits:\n- To sniff cleartext SNMP communications between managers and agents to obtain the community string or information from the devices. This can include statistics about hardware, interface traffic, services, users, groups, route tables, listening ports, running processes, and much more.\n- To pose as an SNMP manager, providing the correct community string, and enumerate information from SNMP agents.\n- To exploit the implicit trust SNMP managers have with the assets they manage. Most NMSs do not carefully validate the input from their agents. The attacker could passively or actively inject XSS data or other improperly formatted strings from the agent to the NMS. These could result in buffer overflows or arbitrary command injection.\nTools for SNMP Exploitation\nSome common tools to exploit SNMP include:\nMetasploit has many SNMP-related scanners and exploits. You can search for modules by entering any of the following commands at the msfconsole:\nsearch snmp search scanner name:snmp search exploit name:snmp -S great\nNote: For more information about SNMP injection-based exploits, see https://information.rapid7.com/managed-to-mangled-snmp-exploits-for-network-management-systems.html", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-33", "url": "https://hack.technoherder.com/snmp-exploits/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00356.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8690447807, "token_count": 657, "score": 2.53125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Toisc go dtáirgeann SNMP an oiread sin faisnéise faoi fheistí sprioc, is uirlis den scoth í le haghaidh scoipe agus liostú. Is feidhmchlár é bainisteoir SNMP (ar a dtugtar córas bainistíochta líonra, nó NMS freisin) a ritheann go leanúnach ar an líonra. Ar earra rialta (de ghnáth gach 5 go 15 nóiméad), iarrann sé ar fheistí a riocht. Is iad na feistí seo freastalaithe, ródairí, lascainí, pointí rochtana gan sreang, moltaí, agus feistí eile a bhfuil cumas acu seirbhís SNMP a reáchtáil. Tá gníomhaire ag seirbhís SNMP a chloiseann do cheisteanna bainisteora iontrála. Ní mór don bhainisteoir é féin a aithint don ghníomhaire trína shreang pobail, is aithint téacs é nach mór a bheith mar an gcéanna ar an bhainisteoir agus ar an gléas araon. Má úsáideann an bainisteoir sreang pobail eile, ní dhéanfaidh an gléas aird air. Is é an tsraith phobail réamhshocraithe do gach suiteáil SNMP poiblí nó príobháideach, ach is féidir é a athrú go héasca. Tá formhór na gcur chun feidhme SNMP i bhfoirm téacs soiléir, cé go n-úsáideann leagan 3 criptiú. De ghnáth déanann an NMS an cheist, ach is féidir gníomhaire a chumrú chun gaiste (rabhaidh) a ardú má chomhlíontar tairseach éigin. Is féidir gaistí a chur ar aon líon cuntais. I measc na samplaí tá spás diosca íseal, teocht ard CPU, úsáid ard CPU nó RAM, comhéadan plódaithe, agus sáruithe slándála.\nTá trí chatagóir bhunúsacha de shaothrú SNMP ann:\n- Chun cumarsáid SNMP glanteacs idir bainisteoirí agus gníomhairí a sniffáil chun an tsraith phobail nó faisnéis a fháil ó na feistí. Is féidir leis seo staitisticí a chur san áireamh maidir le crua-earraí, trácht comhéadan, seirbhísí, úsáideoirí, grúpaí, táblaí bóthair, calafoirt éisteachta, próisis atá ag rith, agus go leor eile.\n- Chun a chur i láthair mar bhainisteoir SNMP, ag soláthar an tsraith phobail cheart, agus faisnéis a liostú ó ghníomhaithe SNMP.\n- An muinín atá ag bainisteoirí SNMP leis na sócmhainní a bhainistiú a shaothrú. Ní bhailíonn formhór na SMNanna go cúramach an ionchur óna gníomhairí. D'fhéadfadh an t-ionsaí sonraí XSS nó sreangaí eile a fhormátaíodh go míchuí a instealladh go pasfach nó go gníomhach ón ngníomhaire chuig an NMS. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh ró-shruth buffer nó instealladh orduithe tofa mar thoradh air seo.\nUirlisí chun SNMP a shaothrú\nI measc roinnt uirlisí coitianta chun SNMP a shaothrú tá:\nTá go leor scanners agus saothrúí a bhaineann le SNMP ag Metasploit. Is féidir leat modúl a chuardach trí cheann de na horduithe seo a leanas a iontráil sa msfconsole:\nsnmp cuardach ainm scánaire cuardaigh: snmp ainm saothrú cuardaigh: snmp -S iontach\nNóta: Le haghaidh tuilleadh faisnéise faoi shaotharlaigh bunaithe ar instealladh SNMP, féach https://information.rapid7.com/managed-to-mangled-snmp-exploits-for-network-management-systems.html"} +{"text": "A large selection of high school directed reading courses. Read without limits with so many opportunities to customize your learning needs.\nCitizens Directed Reading courses offers a number of subject areas that allow the student to study in areas of strong interest that are not covered or offered at their local school, or the student wants to study an area of interest in much depth.\nThese Directed Reading courses can be used to support your local high school diploma plan as electives, dual credit or to support after graduation plans to assist with college acceptance, career enhancement, or a special life interest.\nThe student pursues their chosen Directed Reading subject area under the guidance of a CHS faculty member.\nEnter your name and email to get a quick demo!\nOne credit transfer\n4 month course length\nRead without limits\nCustomize your reading\nVisit Our FAQ Page for more information.\nDuring this directed reading topic, students will examine the role of the military and conflict on both the ancient and modern world. Students will read and analyze the strategic, technological, cultural, and political influence of warfare on human history and the development of civilizations from Ancient Greece to the war in Afghanistan. Coming mid-June 2021\nThis directed reading topic allows students who have an interest’s social justice topics to discover more information and become active on topics that interest them. Students will read and analyze about various social movements related to race, ethnicity, gender, religion, and class. Discover which social justice issues matter most to you and learn how to become a force of positive change in your community and the world. Coming mid-June 2021\nThis directed reading topic allows students who have an interest in African-American studies to learn more about the history, cultural impact, and current events of African-Americans. Students will learn about selected individuals who have shaped and been shaped by African-American struggles for freedom and justice. Students will be able to travel back in time and see the world of injustice, struggle, racism and deliberation that as impacted the life of African-Americans for centuries.\nCourse topics currently available include: African-Americans in Sports, African-Americans and the Civil Rights Movement, African-Americans and US History, African-Americans in the Civil War, African-Americans in the Modern Day, African-Americans in Culture, and African-Americans in Sociology.\nVisit the program page here and the online course catalog here.\nGlobal Cultures and Societies is a directed reading topic that examines the world from several competing perspectives such as sociology, education, politics, history, economics, business, geography, and international affairs. This topic will familiarize students with these terms through the exploration of literature. Using a holistic perspective, this topic will cross-culturally examine key facets of global society to show how culture shapes our global worldview. Coming mid-June 2021\nThis directed reading topic allows students who have an interest in Latin-American studies to learn more about the history, cultural impact, and current events of Latin-Americans. Students will study in-depth the cultural and ethnic distinctions that exist between Latin-American countries, both historical and contemporary. Students will also be able to study topics and events that currently impact Latin-Americans.\nThis directed reading topic guides students through purposeful, meaningful explorations of rich, complex literature. Cultivate a love of reading with some of the most beloved literary works including Newbery Medal and Honor titles, timeless classics, and young adult literature. Students will be able to focus on specific genres, timeframes, or collections.\nThis directed reading topic allows students who have an interest in the Bible to discover more information and go in-depth on topics that interest them. Students will be able to learn more about the context of the verses, the history surrounding the Bible, its impact on our ethics, and how we apply it to our daily lives.\nCourse topics currently available include: Old Testament, New Testament, Christian Philosophy, World Religions, Paul’s Epistles, Bible and Ethics, Biblical History, The Pentateuch, The Life of Jesus (Should also have a link to the sub-catalog).\nVisit the program page here and the online course catalog here.\nThis directed reading topic allows students who have an interest in the Current Events facing our nation or internationally to discover more information and go in-depth on the current events that interest them. Using current events, this directed reading topic allows students to focus their learning on the history of the event, provide greater background knowledge, or study other places or people who have experienced the same event.\nThis directed reading topic allows students to examine the American Civil War, the conflict that defined the United States. Students will read about the timeframe stretching from the Compromise of 1850 to the Presidential election of 1876, as well as the various reasons for the war, the combat, the eventual outcome, and the Reconstruction Period. Coming mid-June 2021\nThis Directed Reading topic allows students who have an interest in Sports in America to learn more about the history of Sports in America, its cultural impact, and current events that are shaping the sports industry today. Students will be able to focus on specific sports, athletes or coaches, or examine the impact that sports and television have had on society.\nThis directed reading topic provides students with a basic understanding of civic life, politics, and government. Students will read on how the democratic processes work, as well as how to engage in these processes.\nThis directed reading topic allows students who have an interest in music and culture to learn more about music and its cultural impact. Students will learn about selected genres of music and artists that have shaped American Culture.\nThis directed reading topic is designed to increase students’ knowledge of the literary genre known as Science Fiction. Emphasis will be on the study of literature–novels and short fiction–that depicts our future world, visionary scientific endeavor, and conflicts between humans, aliens, and sentient technology.\nFill out the form and we will send you a link with login credentials and you will be able to view a FREE sample of courses.\nWhether you need a full course path to get an accredited High School diploma, or just want to take some Individual Courses, we have exactly what you need.\nTired of the same old dead end jobs? Finally graduate and move on up!\nPrepare yourself for the next step in your academic journey with our 24 credit hour diploma track .\nBrowse our catalog to see over 100 exciting courses you can take for credit or for fun!", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-33", "url": "https://citizenshighschool.com/course-pathways/directed-reading/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571198.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810161541-20220810191541-00105.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9499434829, "token_count": 1327, "score": 2.8125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Roghnú mór de chúrsaí léitheoireachta stiúrtha ardscoile. Léigh gan teorainneacha le go leor deiseanna chun do chuid riachtanas foghlama a shaincheapadh.\nCuireann cúrsaí Léitheoireachta Stiúrthóireachta na Saoránach roinnt réimsí ábhair ar fáil a ligeann don mhic léinn staidéar a dhéanamh ar réimsí a bhfuil spéis mhór acu nach gcumhdaítear nó nach gcuirtear ar fáil ina scoil áitiúil, nó go dteastaíonn ón mhic léinn staidéar a dhéanamh ar réimse spéise go domhain.\nIs féidir na cúrsaí Léitheoireachta Stiúrtha seo a úsáid chun tacú le do phlean dioplóma ardscoile áitiúil mar rogha, creidmheas dúbailte nó chun tacú le pleananna tar éis céim a chur chun cabhrú le glacadh le coláiste, feabhsú gairme, nó leas speisialta sa saol.\nLeanann an mac léinn a réimse ábhair Léitheoireachta Stiúrtha roghnaithe faoi threoir chomhalta dáimhe CHS.\nCuir isteach d'ainm agus do ríomhphost chun taispeántas tapa a fháil!\nAistriú creidmheasa amháin\nMéid 4 mhí de chúrsa\nLéigh gan teorainneacha\nDéan do chuid léitheoireachta a shaincheapadh\nTabhair cuairt ar ár leathanach Ceisteanna Coitianta le haghaidh tuilleadh eolais.\nLe linn an ábhair léitheoireachta dírithe seo, scrúdóidh mic léinn ról na míleata agus na coimhlinte ar an domhan ársa agus nua-aimseartha araon. Léanfaidh mic léinn tionchar straitéiseach, teicneolaíoch, cultúrtha agus polaitiúil an chogaidh ar stair an duine agus ar fhorbairt sibhialtachtaí ó Sean-Ghréig go dtí an cogadh san Afganastáin a léamh agus a anailísiú. Ag teacht i lár mhí an Mheithimh 2021\nLeis an ábhar léitheoireachta dírithe seo, cuirtear ar chumas scoláirí a bhfuil spéis acu i dtaca le hábhair an cheartais shóisialta tuilleadh faisnéise a fháil agus a bheith gníomhach ar ábhair a bhfuil spéis acu iontu. Léanfaidh mic léinn agus anailíseoidh siad faoi ghluaiseachtaí sóisialta éagsúla a bhaineann le ciníochas, eitneachas, inscne, reiligiún, agus rang. Faigh amach cé na saincheisteanna ceartais shóisialta is tábhachtaí duit agus foghlaim conas a bheith i do chumhacht chun athrú dearfach a dhéanamh i do phobal agus ar an domhan. Ag teacht i lár mhí an Mheithimh 2021\nLigeann an t-ábhar léitheoireachta dírithe seo do mhic léinn a bhfuil suim acu i staidéir Mheiriceá Afracach níos mó a fhoghlaim faoi stair, tionchar cultúrtha, agus imeachtaí reatha Mheiriceánaigh na hAfraice. Foghlaimfidh mic léinn faoi dhaoine roghnaithe a mhúnlaigh agus a mhúnlaigh streachailtí Afracach-Mheiriceánach ar son saoirse agus ceartais. Beidh mic léinn in ann taisteal ar ais san am agus an domhan de éagóir, streachailt, ciníochas agus déileáil a fheiceáil mar a bhí tionchar acu ar shaol na n-Afracach-Mheiriceánaigh ar feadh na gcéadta bliain.\nI measc na n-ábhar cúrsa atá ar fáil faoi láthair tá: Meiriceánaigh Afracacha san Spórt, Meiriceánaigh Afracacha agus an Gluaiseacht um Chearta Sibhialta, Meiriceánaigh Afracacha agus Stair na Stát Aontaithe, Meiriceánaigh Afracacha sa Chogadh Sibhialta, Meiriceánaigh Afracacha sa Lá Nua, Meiriceánaigh Afracacha sa Chultúr, agus Meiriceánaigh Afracacha sa Shóiseolaíocht.\nTabhair cuairt ar leathanach an chláir anseo agus ar an gcatalóg cúrsa ar líne anseo.\nIs ábhar léitheoireachta dírithe é Cultúir agus Cumann Domhanda a scrúdaíonn an domhan ó roinnt dearcadh iomaíoch mar shóiseolaíocht, oideachas, polaitíocht, stair, eacnamaíocht, gnó, tíreolaíocht agus gnóthaí idirnáisiúnta. Cuirfidh an t-ábhar seo na téarmaí seo ar an eolas do mhic léinn trí thaighde a dhéanamh ar litríocht. Ag baint úsáide as dearcadh iomlánach, scrúdóidh an t-ábhar seo príomhghnéithe den tsochaí domhanda ar bhonn tras-chultúrtha chun a thaispeáint conas a mhúnlaíonn an cultúr ár bhfeictear domhanda ar an domhan. Ag teacht i lár mhí an Mheithimh 2021\nLigeann an t-ábhar léitheoireachta dírithe seo do mhic léinn a bhfuil suim acu i staidéir Mheiriceá Laidineach níos mó a fhoghlaim faoi stair, tionchar cultúrtha, agus imeachtaí reatha Mheiriceá Laidineach. Beidh na mic léinn ag déanamh staidéar domhain ar na difríochtaí cultúrtha agus eitneacha atá ann idir tíortha Mheiriceá Laidineach, idir stairiúla agus comhaimseartha. Beidh na mic léinn in ann staidéar a dhéanamh ar ábhair agus ar imeachtaí a bhfuil tionchar acu ar Mheiriceá Laidineach faoi láthair.\nTugann an téama léitheoireachta dírithe seo treoir do dhaltaí trí iniúchadh spriocdhírithe, bríomhar ar litríocht shaibhir, casta. A chothú grá a léamh le roinnt de na saothar litríochta is mó grá lena n-áirítear Newbery Meadán agus Onóir teidil, clasaiceach timeless, agus le litríocht do dhaoine fásta óg. Beidh na mic léinn in ann díriú ar ghinearrtha, ar chraobh ama nó ar bhailiúcháin ar leith.\nTugann an téama léitheoireachta dírithe seo deis do mhic léinn a bhfuil suim acu sa Bhíobla tuilleadh eolais a fháil agus dul i bhfolach ar ábhair a bhfuil spéis acu iontu. Beidh mic léinn in ann níos mó a fhoghlaim faoi chomhthéacs na véarsaí, an stair atá timpeall ar an mBíobla, a thionchar ar ár n-eitic, agus conas a chuirimid i bhfeidhm é i ár saol laethúil.\nI measc na n-ábhar cúrsa atá ar fáil faoi láthair tá: Sean-Tiomna, Tiomna Nua, Fealsúnacht Chríostaí, Reiligiúin an Domhain, Eipistí Pól, an Bíobla agus Eitic, Stair na Bíobla, An Cúig Chléire, Saol Íosa (Ba cheart nasc a bheith aige leis an bhfo-chatalóg freisin).\nTabhair cuairt ar leathanach an chláir anseo agus ar an gcatalóg cúrsa ar líne anseo.\nLigeann an t-ábhar léitheoireachta dírithe seo do mhic léinn a bhfuil suim acu sna himeachtaí reatha atá ag tabhairt aghaidh ar ár náisiún nó go hidirnáisiúnta tuilleadh faisnéise a fháil amach agus dul go domhain ar na himeachtaí reatha a bhfuil spéis acu iontu. Ag baint úsáide as imeachtaí reatha, ceadaíonn an t-ábhar léitheoireachta dírithe seo do dhaltaí díriú ar a gcuid foghlama ar stair na himeachta, eolas cúlra níos mó a sholáthar, nó staidéar a dhéanamh ar áiteanna eile nó ar dhaoine a bhfuil an t-imeacht céanna acu.\nLigeann an t-ábhar léitheoireachta dírithe seo do mhic léinn scrúdú a dhéanamh ar Chogadh Cathartha na Stát Aontaithe, an choimhlint a shainmhínigh na Stáit Aontaithe. Léanfaidh mic léinn faoin tréimhse ama a shíneann ó Choimhrise 1850 go toghchán Uachtaránachta 1876, chomh maith leis na cúiseanna éagsúla don chogadh, an chomhrac, an toradh deiridh, agus an Ré Ré Réamhaisnéis. Ag teacht i lár mhí an Mheithimh 2021\nLigeann an ábhar Léitheoireachta Stiúrtha seo do mhic léinn a bhfuil suim acu i Spóirt i Meiriceá níos mó a fhoghlaim faoi stair Spóirt i Meiriceá, a thionchar cultúrtha, agus imeachtaí reatha atá ag cruthú tionscal na spóirt inniu. Beidh na mic léinn in ann díriú ar spóirt, lúthchleasaithe nó cóitseálaithe ar leith, nó scrúdú a dhéanamh ar an tionchar a bhí ag spóirt agus teilifís ar an tsochaí.\nSoláthraíonn an téama léitheoireachta dírithe seo tuiscint bhunúsach ar shaol sibhialta, polaitíocht agus rialtas do mhic léinn. Léanfaidh na mic léinn faoi conas a oibríonn na próisis dhaonlathacha, chomh maith le conas páirt a ghlacadh sna próisis seo.\nLigeann an t-ábhar léitheoireachta dírithe seo do mhic léinn a bhfuil suim acu i gceol agus cultúr níos mó a fhoghlaim faoi cheol agus a thionchar cultúrtha. Foghlaimfidh mic léinn faoi ghineálacha ceoil agus ealaíontóirí roghnaithe a mhúnlaigh Cultúr Mheiriceá.\nTá an t-ábhar léitheoireachta dírithe seo deartha chun eolas na mac léinn a mhéadú ar an seánra liteartha ar a dtugtar Ficsean Eolaíochta. Beidh béim ar staidéar a dhéanamh ar litríocht - úrscéalta agus ficsean ghearr - a léiríonn ár saol sa todhchaí, iarrachtaí eolaíocha físfheicthe, agus coinbhleachtaí idir daoine, eachtrannaigh, agus teicneolaíocht mhothúchánach.\nLíon an fhoirm agus cuirfimid nasc le creidiúnais logála isteach chugat agus beidh tú in ann sampla de chúrsaí a fheiceáil saor in aisce.\nCibé an gá duit cúrsa iomlán chun dioplóma Ard-Scoile creidiúnaithe a fháil, nó más mian leat ach roinnt Cúrsaí Aonair a ghlacadh, tá an rud atá uait againn go díreach.\nTuirseach de na poist sean-bhás marbh céanna? Ar deireadh céim agus bogadh ar aghaidh!\nUllmhaigh tú féin don chéad chéim eile i do thuras acadúil lenár gcúrsa dioplóma 24 uair an chloig creidmheasa .\nBrabhsáil ar ár gcatalóg chun níos mó ná 100 cúrsa spreagúil a fheiceáil is féidir leat a ghlacadh le haghaidh creidmheas nó le haghaidh spraoi!"} +{"text": "The fetal nervous system — i.e., your baby-to-be’s brain and spinal cord — is one of the very first systems to develop. In fact, it’s making big strides before you even know you’re pregnant.\nThe parts of your baby’s brain\nBefore we get into the science of fetal brain development, here’s a quick anatomy primer on your baby’s brain. There are five parts, each responsible for different functions:\n- Cerebrum: This is the biggest part of the brain, and it’s responsible for thinking, remembering and feeling. This is where the cerebral cortex and its various lobes (including the frontal and temporal lobes) reside.\n- Cerebellum: The area in charge of motor control.\n- Brain stem: The engine driving many of your baby’s most vital functions, including heart rate, breathing and blood pressure.\n- Pituitary gland: This pea-sized gland releases hormones into your body that are responsible for growth, metabolism and more.\n- Hypothalamus: This area deals with body temperature, hunger and thirst, sleep and emotions.\nWith the biology lesson out of the way, read on to find out how and when these various parts start developing.\nFirst trimester: Baby starts moving\nA mere 16 days after conception, your fetus’s neural plate forms (think of it as the foundation of your baby’s brain and spinal cord). It grows longer and folds onto itself, until that fold morphs into a groove, and that groove turns into a tube — the neural tube. Once the neural tube closes, at around week 6 or week 7 of pregnancy, it curves and bulges into three sections, commonly known as the forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain. Just to the rear of the hindbrain sits the part that will soon turn into your baby’s spinal cord. Soon, these areas bubble into those five different regions of the brain that we’re most familiar with: the cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem, pituitary gland and the hypothalamus. Of course, all of these fetal brain areas need more time to be fully up and running!\nAt the same time, special neural cells form and migrate throughout the embryo to form the very beginnings of nerves. Your baby’s nervous system is made up of millions upon millions of neurons; each of these microscopic cells have itty-bitty branches coming off of them so that they can connect and communicate with each other. With this comes baby’s first synapses, which essentially means baby’s neurons can communicate and create early fetal movements...like curling into (you guessed it!) the fetal position.\nOther movements follow quickly, with your fetus wiggling his developing limbs at around 8 weeks. By the end of the first trimester, your baby-to-be has garnered quite a repertoire of motion, though you won’t be able to feel any of it quite yet. And at about the same time as baby first wiggles his limbs, he begins to develop the sense of touch.\nSecond trimester: Baby sucks, swallows, blinks and dreams\nDuring the second trimester, steady contractions of baby’s diaphragm and chest muscles occur (think of them as practice breathing movements). Baby’s first sucking and swallowing impulses kick in around 16 weeks. By 21 weeks, your baby’s natural reflexes will allow him to swallow several ounces of amniotic fluid every day. And all of that swallowing means baby’s tasting, too – another sense that’s now in full gear.\nAt around 18 weeks of pregnancy, you’ll feel baby’s first kick (but don’t worry if it takes a few weeks longer — that’s common, especially among first-time moms). Around the same time, your baby’s nerves become covered with myelin, a protective insulation that speeds messages between nerve cells (myelin continues to grow until your baby’s first birthday). And at 24 weeks, another big reflex occurs: Blinking.\nAt the tail-end of trimester two, your little one’s brainstem (heart rate, breathing, blood pressure) is almost entirely mature, resting just above the spinal cord but below the cerebral cortex (the last area to mature). By now, the fetal nervous system is developed enough so your baby is startled by loud noises outside the womb — and may even turn his head toward the sound of your voice! Another exciting development: At 28 weeks, fetal brainwave activity features sleep cycles, including REM (the stage when dreaming occurs).\nThird trimester: Baby’s brain grows\nThe third trimester is brimming with rapid development of neurons and wiring. Baby’s brain roughly triples in weight during the last 13 weeks of gestation, growing from about 3.5 ounces at the end the second trimester to almost 10.6 ounces at term. And it’s starting to look different, too: Its formerly once smooth surface is becoming increasingly grooved and indented (like the images of brains you’re used to seeing).\nAt the same time, the cerebellum (motor control) is developing fast — faster now than any other area of the fetal brain (its surface area increases 30-fold in the last 16 weeks of pregnancy!).\nAll of this growth is big news for the cerebral cortex (thinking, remembering, feeling). Though this important area of the brain is developing rapidly during pregnancy, it really only starts to function around the time a full-term baby is born — and it steadily and gradually matures in the first few years of life, thanks to baby’s enriching environment.\nEating to support baby’s brain development\nBecause your baby’s nervous system starts developing right out of the starting gates, it’s important to consume 400 micrograms of folate (aka folic acid or vitamin B) daily as soon as you think you might want to get pregnant. This nutrient is imperative for fetal cell growth, tissue development and DNA — and consuming enough before (and early in) pregnancy reduces a baby’s chance of serious neural tube defects (like spina bifida) by 70 percent. Emerging research in the Journal of the American Medical Association also suggests that the nutrient can reduce the chances your child will be born with an autism spectrum disorder by up to 40 percent. So take your prenatal vitamin (which should have at least 400 mcg), and make sure to eat plenty of folate-rich foods (like leafy greens and whole grains).\nAnother important nutrient for brain (and eye) development: omega-3 fatty acids, specifically DHA (aka docosahexaenoic acid). Getting enough — especially during your third trimester, when baby’s brain is developing the fastest — is vital, since it’s a major structural fat in the brain and eyes. The good news: DHA is found in lots of safe-to-eat fatty, cold water fish (like salmon, trout and cod), along with seaweed and DHA-fortified eggs.\nConcern over common household chemicals\nChemicals in everyday personal care and other products found around the house may endanger fetal and child brain development, according to a 2016 report in the journal Environmental Health Perspectives. Those of most concern include phthalates, which are found in many beauty products, toiletries and plastics; lead; mercury; certain pesticides used on produce and in home gardens; air pollutants and flame retardants. The important thing is, though, not to worry too much. Talk to your doctor to see if there's anything you can do to reduce baby's risk, but chances are these chemicals won't be an issue and everything will turn out just fine.\n3 things to read next:", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-04", "url": "http://www.whattoexpect.com/pregnancy/fetal-brain-nervous-system/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281151.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00425-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9290468097, "token_count": 1641, "score": 3.75, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Tá córas néarógach an fhéatas - i.e., inchinn agus cnámh cnámh do leanbh atá le teacht - ar cheann de na córais is luaithe a fhorbraíonn. Go deimhin, tá sé ag déanamh céimeanna móra sula bhfuil a fhios agat go bhfuil tú ag iompar clainne.\nNa codanna de inchinn do pháiste\nSula dtéann muid isteach sa eolaíocht maidir le forbairt inchinn an fhéata, seo an chéad léargas anatamaíochta ar inchinn do pháiste. Tá cúig chuid ann, agus tá feidhmeanna éagsúla ar gach ceann acu:\n- Cerebrum: Is é seo an chuid is mó den inchinn, agus tá sé freagrach as smaoineamh, cuimhneamh agus mothú. Is é seo an áit a bhfuil an cortex ceirbreach agus a lóbanna éagsúla (lena n-áirítear na lóbanna frontalacha agus timpúlacha).\n- Cerebellum: An limistéar atá i gceannas ar rialú mótair.\n- Stáim na hinchinne: Is é an t- inneall a rialaíonn cuid mhór de na feidhmeanna is ríthábhachtacha atá ag do leanbh, lena n-áirítear ráta croí, anáil agus brú fola.\n- Gland pituitary: Scaoileann an gland seo a bhfuil méid an phéasanna acu hormóin isteach i do chorp atá freagrach as fás, meitibileacht agus níos mó.\n- Hypothalamus: Déileálann an limistéar seo le teocht an choirp, ocras agus tart, codladh agus mothúcháin.\nTar éis an ceacht bitheolaíochta a chur ar ceal, léigh ar aghaidh chun a fháil amach conas agus cathain a thosaíonn na codanna éagsúla seo ag forbairt.\nAn chéad trí mhí: Tosaíonn an leanbh ag gluaiseacht\nNí bhíonn ach 16 lá tar éis an ghnéas, tá do phéistí neural ag teacht chun cinn (smaoinigh air mar bhunús do inchinn agus do mhuineál cnámh do pháiste). Fásann sé níos faide agus fillteann sé air féin, go dtí go ndéantar an fillte sin ina ghruaig, agus go dtéann an ghruaig sin ina thábla - an t-aibí neural. Nuair a dhúnann an tiúb néaróg, timpeall seachtaine 6 nó seachtaine 7 den toirchis, cuireann sé cúl agus buaileann sé i dtrí chuid, ar a dtugtar an forbrain, an midbrain agus an hindbrain go coitianta. Díreach taobh thiar den hindbrain tá an chuid a thiocfaidh chun bheith ina chnámh cneasaigh do leanbh. Go luath, bíonn na ceantair seo ag dul isteach sna cúig réigiún éagsúla den inchinn is mó a bhfuil aithne againn orthu: an ceirnín, an ceirnín beag, an stiall inchinne, an gland pituitary agus an hypothalamus. Ar ndóigh, ní mór níos mó ama do na ceantair inchinne seo go léir a bheith ag feidhmiú go hiomlán!\nAg an am céanna, cruthaítear cealla néarócha speisialta agus bogann siad ar fud an embryona chun tús na néaróg a chruthú. Tá córas néaróg do pháiste déanta suas de na milliúin agus na milliúin néaróin; tá brainsí beagáinín ag gach ceann de na cealla microscópacha seo a thagann as a chéile ionas gur féidir leo ceangal agus cumarsáid a dhéanamh lena chéile. Leis seo tagann synapses chéad an leanbh, rud a chiallaíonn go bunúsach neurons leanbh is féidir cumarsáid a dhéanamh agus a chruthú gluaiseachtaí fetal luath ... cosúil curling isteach (tá tú buille faoi thuairim é!) an seasamh féatach.\nLeanann gluaiseachtaí eile go tapa, agus do fhéatas ag cur a chuid foircinn atá ag forbairt ag thart ar 8 seachtaine. Faoi dheireadh an chéad thrí mhí, tá an-chuid gluaiseachta sa leanbh atá le teacht, cé nach mbeidh tú in ann aon cheann de a bhraitheann go fóill. Agus ag an am céanna a bhíonn a chuid foircinn ag bogadh, tosaíonn an leanbh ag forbairt an chiall chun teagmháil a dhéanamh.\nAn dara trí mhí: Baineann an leanbh le suck, swallow, blink agus aisling\nLe linn an dara trí mhí den mháthair, bíonn géarmhíniú leanúnach ar mhúscleanna diaphragm agus cófra an linbh (smaoinigh orthu mar ghluaiseachtaí anailíse cleachtadh). Tosaíonn na chéad impulses sucking agus swallowing leanbh thart ar 16 seachtaine. Faoi 21 seachtaine, ligfidh athshláin nádúrtha do pháiste dó roinnt ounces de leacht amniach a shlógáil gach lá. Agus an swallowing go léir a chiallaíonn leanbh blas, freisin - tuiscint eile go bhfuil anois i gear iomlán.\nAg thart ar 18 seachtaine de thráthnóna, tabharfaidh do leanbh an chéad chlé (ach ná bíodh imní ort má thógann sé cúpla seachtain níos faide - tá sé sin coitianta, go háirithe i measc máithreacha den chéad uair). Ag an am céanna, bíonn néaróg do leanbh clúdaithe le miolín, inslithe cosanta a chuireann teachtaireachtaí idir cealla nerve ar luas (fásann miolín go dtí an chéad lá breithe do pháiste). Agus ag 24 seachtaine, tagann reflex mór eile: Clúdach.\nAg deireadh an dara trí mhí, tá bunchloigeann do pháiste (taibhiú croí, anailís, brú fola) beagnach lán-aiste, ag fanacht díreach os cionn an chnámh cnámh ach faoi bhun an chórtaigh cheirbreach (an limistéar deireanach a bheith aibí). Ag an am seo, tá an córas néarógach i mbéal an fhéile forbartha go leor ionas go mbeidh do leanbh ag cur eagla air ag fuaimeanna láidre lasmuigh den uachtar - agus d'fhéadfadh sé a cheann a thiontú i dtreo do ghuth! Fógra suimiúil eile: Ag 28 seachtaine, tá timthriallta codlata ag gníomhaíocht tonnta inchinn an fhéasta, lena n-áirítear REM (an chéim nuair a tharlaíonn aisling).\nTrí mhí an tríú: Tá an inchinn ag fás\nTá an tríú tríocha bliain lán le forbairt tapa néaróin agus sreangú. Méadaíonn meáchan inchinn an linbh thart ar trí huaire le linn na 13 seachtaine deiridh den toirchis, ag fás ó thart ar 3.5 ounce ag deireadh an dara trí mhí go dtí beagnach 10.6 ounce ag an téarma. Agus tá sé ag tosú ag breathnú difriúil freisin: Tá a dromchla, a bhí réidh roimhe seo, ag éirí níos mó agus níos mó (cosúil leis na híomhánna de fhéilire atá tú cleachtaithe a fheiceáil).\nAg an am céanna, tá an cerebellum (riailíocht mhótaréadach) ag forbairt go tapa - níos tapúla anois ná aon limistéar eile de inchinn an fhéatas (méadaíonn a limistéar dromchla 30 uair sna 16 seachtaine deireanach den toirchis! )\nTá an fás seo go léir ina nuacht mhór don chórtaic ceirbreach (smaoineamh, cuimhneamh, mothú). Cé go bhfuil an limistéar tábhachtach seo den inchinn ag forbairt go tapa le linn toirchis, ní thosaíonn sé ag feidhmiú i ndáiríre ach timpeall an ama a rugadh leanbh i lá iomlán agus déanann sé aibíocht go seasta agus go céimneach sna chéad chúpla bliain den saol, a bhuíochas le timpeallacht shaibhir an linbh.\nAg ithe chun tacú le forbairt inchinn an linbh\nToisc go dtosaíonn córas néarógach do pháiste ag forbairt díreach as na geataí tosaigh, tá sé tábhachtach 400 microgram de folate (a dtugtar aigéad fólach nó vitimín B) a ithe go laethúil a luaithe a cheapann tú gur mhaith leat a bheith ag iompar clainne. Tá an cothaitheach seo ríthábhachtach d'fhás cealla an fhéatas, d'fhorbairt fíocháin agus d'ADN agus má dhéantar go leor de a ithe roimh (agus go luath i) toirchis laghdaíonn sé seans go mbeidh míchompord tromchúiseach tiubáin néarach ag leanbh (cosúil le spina bifida) le 70 faoin gcéad. Tugann taighde nua atá ag teacht chun cinn in Iris Chumann Leighis Mheiriceá le fios freisin gur féidir leis an cothaitheach na seansanna a laghdú go mbeidh do leanbh ag breith le neamhoird speictrim autism suas le 40 faoin gcéad. Mar sin, glac do vitimín réamhbhreithe (ar chóir 400 mcg ar a laghad a bheith ann), agus déan cinnte go n-itheann tú go leor bianna saibhre folate (cosúil le glasraí duilleacha agus gráin iomlána).\nTá cothaitheach tábhachtach eile le haghaidh forbairt na hinchinne (agus na súl): aigéid shailleacha omega-3, go sonrach DHA (a dtugtar aigéad docosahexaenoic). Tá sé ríthábhachtach go leor a fháil go háirithe le linn do thríú ráithe, nuair a bhíonn an inchinn ag forbairt an chuid is tapúla den leanbh , ós rud é gur saill struchtúrtha mór é sa inchinn agus sna súile. An dea-scéal: Tá DHA le fáil i go leor iasc sailleach, uisce fuar atá sábháilte le hithe (cosúil le salmón, tróta agus cod), chomh maith le algaí farraige agus uibheacha a bhfuil DHA iontu.\nTá imní faoi cheimiceáin tí coitianta\nD'fhéadfadh ceimiceáin i gcleachtas pearsanta laethúil agus táirgí eile a fhaightear timpeall an tí forbairt inchinn an fhéatas agus an linbh a chur i mbaol, de réir tuarascála 2016 sa iris Environmental Health Perspectives. I measc na ndaoine is mó a bhfuil imní orthu tá ftalaití, a fhaightear i go leor táirgí áilleachta, earraí clóis agus plaisteach; luaidhe; mearcair; pesticides áirithe a úsáidtear ar thorthaí agus i gcurraí tí; truailleoirí aeir agus luchtaithe lascaine. Is é an rud tábhachtach, áfach, ná a bheith buartha ró-mhór. Labhair le do dhochtúir chun a fheiceáil an féidir leat aon rud a dhéanamh chun riosca an linbh a laghdú, ach is dóichí nach mbeidh na ceimiceáin seo ina fhadhb agus beidh gach rud go maith.\n3 rud le léamh ina dhiaidh sin:"} +{"text": "The Food & Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations forecasts food production will need to increase 70 percent by 2050 to be ready for the steadily increasing world population. A combination of flat crop yields, new crop diseases, urbanization and soil erosion along with water scarcity are all contributing factors.\nAccording to Lloyd Minick, co-owner of Austin-based aquaponics company, Agua Dulce, traditional agriculture uses 80 percent of the world’s fresh water and is the third largest contributor to greenhouse gasses after energy and transportation. “When you combine that with how quickly our population is growing,” says Minick, “you realize we’ll have to produce a lot more food to keep feeding people, so we have to find more sustainable ways to grow.”\nAs is so often the case with energetic entrepreneurs, Minick and his business partner, Michael Hanan, dove into food production by starting their first business in 2012 — in a backyard in Austin. It’s called Ten Acre Organics and is an aquaponics operation growing vegetables and raising fish on one-tenth of an acre of land.\nThe Start: Ten Acre Organics\nTen Acre Organics grows organic row crops, raises chickens and bees, creates compost and grows fish and vegetables with two aquaponics systems in naturally ventilated greenhouses.\nWhat started as a hobby was scalable. “We quickly learned it could be a prototype not only for our production method, but also to identify customers,” said Hanan. They were out to create a local farm model that could be replicated around the world with less water, less land and less labor than conventional agriculture.\nMinick and Hanan began selling their produce, herbs and fish at local Austin restaurants, gathering feedback from area chefs to better understand how to price their products and what customers were looking for in terms of quality and service.\nExpanding on what they learned with Ten Acre Organics, Minick and Hanan bought the assets of Agua Dulce in 2016 — a much larger aquaponics operation on several acres in East Austin that had gone out of business.\nHow Aquaponics Works\nAquaponics is a method of food production where fish and vegetables are grown together in an aquatic ecosystem. The produce is grown in greenhouses and the fish are raised in large water tanks near the greenhouses. To feed the plants, Agua Dulce (Spanish for “sweet water”) uses a bio-fertilizer system where the waste from the fish is captured, concentrated, bio-digested and distributed into the water in the greenhouse. The water is then oxygenated and the bio-fertilizer grows the plants whose roots are in the water.\nThe Agua Dulce greenhouse is just under 5,000 square feet, with six separate grow ponds. The pond in the center produces seedlings and the rest grows the mature plants. “You start with the seedlings,” said Hanan. “It’s about time and space in the greenhouse — how much space does it take up and how much time does it take to grow?”\nThe plants spend two to three weeks in the seedling stage before they’re transplanted. Agua Dulce primarily grows lettuces, which spend four weeks in the grow-out pond. The plants move down almost like they are on a conveyor belt; when they float to the end, they are ready for harvest.\nPlants grown in water with nutrients develop a lot faster than traditional agriculture. For lettuce, the rule of thumb is 15 times more production in a given space in a year. Agua Dulce has product to sell weekly because, unlike traditional agriculture, they harvest and replant every week. Hanan and Minick have a continuous production system rather than a batch system. “In a batch system, we would empty the whole greenhouse at once every seven weeks, then replant. We are planting and harvesting every week,” said Hanan.\nMinick and Hanan raise tilapia and native Texas bluegill, but are not yet selling their fish. Once the fish grow to maturity, they forecast harvesting about 200 pounds of fish per month. They expect to break even on the cost of the fish while having an organic fertilizer factory on site, which is almost perfectly balanced for the plants. Their profit will come from the vegetables.\nKeeping the fish tanks clean requires a pump that circulates at a rate that exchanges the water in each tank every 45 minutes. Then, it’s aerated via a large pump providing oxygen and aeration continuously. All of the water goes through a bio-filter full of small plastic beads with bacteria that converts the ammonia produced by the fish into nitrates for the plants.\nThe fish tanks are kept in highly insulated frozen shipping containers with the freezer units removed. The ideal temperature for the fish is 86 degrees, though temperatures 75 or higher keep them content and growing. In the winter a heater keeps everything warm; in the summer, insulation prevents the temperature of the container from rising above 86 degrees.\nThe Market & Demand\nHanan and Minick have found their specialty in baby lettuces. The chefs they work with at Austin restaurants like Uchi and Barley Swine want their produce grown locally so it can be served fresh. Most of the lettuce eaten in the U.S. is produced in California and, by the time it gets to Texas it has lost a lot of its freshness and shelf life. Agua Dulce delivers to their customers the same day the lettuce is cut and all of their lettuces have been bred to have a small leaf. They sell green butter head, red and gold frilly mustard, romaine and Chinese spinach.\nAgua Dulce has started to specialize in Asian greens and herbs as well as traditional lettuces. “We have built a rapport with these great chefs and they are requesting more and more new types of vegetables. It is very rewarding for us to feed off of each other’s creativity,” said Hanan.\nToday, Agua Dulce produce is sold at farmer’s markets, to restaurants and to a small neighborhood grocery store in Austin called in.gredients. “Selling to the large grocery chains is a goal and we have a letter of intent from a large chain. In order for that to happen we have to scale up,” said Minick.\nAgua Dulce has a second greenhouse coming online in a few weeks that will take them to profitability in their first year of operation.\nWhy Aquaponics Now?\nAs self-admitted idealists who met as fraternity brothers at Southwestern University, Hanan and Minick shared a vision, “To have a positive impact with our lives and our business implementing sustainability, agriculture, community and health, all tied together,” noted Minick.\nIt seems much of Texas agrees with their vision. Today there are over a dozen aquaponics operations in or near Dallas, Houston and Austin. The Texas A&M AgriLife Extension assists organizations through their county extension agents, and individual operators hold meetups to help newcomers learn both the art and the science of controlled atmosphere agriculture.\nMinick and Hanan have found their sweet water of sustainability, agriculture, community and health in aquaponics.\n#TexasCEO's 10 Most Read Articles Of 2017 #2 The Changing Of The Guard: San Antonio’s #Economic #Development Future texasceomagazine.com/features… @SanAntonioEDF #1 Deep Roots In The Heart Of #Texas: The Kaspar Family’s #Holistic Approach To #Ranching texasceomagazine.com/features…\n#TexasCEO's 10 Most Read Articles Of 2017 #4 @Jim_nyquist: At The Inflection Point Of #IIoT texasceomagazine.com/features… #3 Building #Innovation: @turner_talk Builds On Empowering Individuals texasceomagazine.com/features… @Turner_DAL @TurnerSouthTX #MiddleMarket #entrepreneurs\n#TexasCEO's 10 Most Read Articles Of 2017 #6 The Cilantro Diaries: #Business Lessons From The Most Unlikely Places texasceomagazine.com/book-rev… @lgomez123 #5 From #Franchisee To #Franchisor: How Gordon Logan Built @SportClips texasceomagazine.com/features… #MiddleMarket #entrepreneurs\n#TexasCEO's 10 Most Read Articles Of 2017 #8 #Mexico Is The New #China by @DrPippaM texasceomagazine.com/departme… #7 Growing The Next Generation Of Texas #CEOs: #CEO-to-CEO #Mentoring texasceomagazine.com/features… #Texas #MiddleMarket #business #entrepreneurs\n#TexasCEO's 10 Most Read Articles Of 2017 #10 7 Top Trends That Will Shape #Texas In The Coming Decade by @KenGronbach texasceomagazine.com/departme… #9 Peter Huff Of @BlueSageCapital: A Generalist In The Specialized World Of #PrivateEquity texasceomagazine.com/features… #Texas #MiddleMarket", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-30", "url": "https://texasceomagazine.com/features/tasting-sweet-water/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195525374.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20190717181736-20190717203736-00092.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9394307733, "token_count": 1953, "score": 3.03125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Táthar ag súil go mbeidh gá le táirgeadh bia a mhéadú 70 faoin gcéad faoi 2050 chun a bheith réidh le haghaidh daonra an domhain atá ag méadú go seasta. Is comhcheangal de thorthaí talún flat, galair thalún nua, uirbeachas agus creimeadh ithir chomh maith le ganntanas uisce na fachtóirí uile a chuireann leis.\nDe réir Lloyd Minick, comhúinéir cuideachta aquaponics atá lonnaithe in Austin, Agua Dulce, úsáideann talmhaíocht thraidisiúnta 80 faoin gcéad d'uisce úr an domhain agus is é an tríú ranníocóir is mó do ghásanna ceaptha teasa tar éis fuinnimh agus iompair. \"Nuair a chuirtear sin le cé chomh tapa agus a bhfuil ár ndaonra ag fás\", a deir Minick, \"tuigeann tú go gcaithfidh muid i bhfad níos mó bia a tháirgeadh chun daoine a chothú, mar sin caithfimid bealaí níos inbhuanaithe a aimsiú chun fás. \"\nMar a tharlaíonn go minic le fiontraithe fuinniúla, chuaigh Minick agus a chomhpháirtí gnó, Michael Hanan, isteach i dtáirgeadh bia trína gcéad ghnó a thosú i 2012 i gcúlchúrsa in Austin. Tá sé ar a dtugtar Ten Acre Organics agus is oibríocht aquaponics atá ag fás glasraí agus ag tógáil éisc ar an deichiú cuid d'acra talún.\nAn Tús: Deich Acra Orgánach\nTá Ten Acre Organics ag fás barra orgánach, ag tógáil sic��n agus beacha, ag cruthú compóist agus ag fás iasc agus glasraí le dhá chóras aquaponics i dteachlanní glas a bhfuil aeráid nádúrtha acu.\nBhí an rud a thosaigh mar shaothar inléite. \"D'fhoghlaim muid go tapa gur féidir é a bheith ina fhréamhshamhail ní amháin dár modh táirgthe, ach freisin chun custaiméirí a aithint\", a dúirt Hanan. Bhí siad ag iarraidh samhail feirme áitiúil a chruthú a d'fhéadfaí a athdhéanamh ar fud an domhain le níos lú uisce, níos lú talún agus níos lú saothair ná feirmeoireacht thraidisiúnta.\nThosaigh Minick agus Hanan ag díol a dtáirgí, luibheanna agus iasc i mbialanna áitiúla Austin, ag bailiú aiseolas ó chócairí an cheantair chun tuiscint níos fearr a fháil ar phraghas a gcuid táirgí agus ar a raibh custaiméirí ag lorg ó thaobh cáilíochta agus seirbhíse de.\nAg leathnú ar an méid a d'fhoghlaim siad le Ten Acre Organics, cheannaigh Minick agus Hanan sócmhainní Agua Dulce in 2016 - oibríocht aquaponics i bhfad níos mó ar roinnt acra in Oirthear Austin a chuaigh as gnó.\nConas a Oibríonn Aquaponics\nIs modh táirgeachta bia é aquaponics ina ndéantar éisc agus glasraí a fhás le chéile in éiceachóras uisceach. Tá an táirge ardaithe i nglascha agus tá na hiasc ardaithe i tancanna uisce móra in aice leis na nglascha. Chun na plandaí a chothú, úsáideann Agua Dulce (Spáinnis le haghaidh fhuisce milis) córas bith-bhéaraitheora ina ndéantar dramhaíl na n-iasc a ghabháil, a thiúchan, a bith-díleáladh agus a dháileadh isteach san uisce sa t-aerlann. Déantar an t-uisce a ocsaigineáil ansin agus fásann an bith-bhéithréithleach na plandaí a bhfuil a gcuid fréamhacha san uisce.\nTá an t-oighear glas Agua Dulce díreach faoi 5,000 troigh cearnach, le sé lochanna fáis ar leithligh. Táirgeann an loch sa lár síolta agus fásann an chuid eile na plandaí fásta. \"Tosaíonn tú leis na síolta\", a dúirt Hanan. Is faoi am agus spás sa teaslann é cé mhéad spáis a thógann sé agus cé mhéad ama a thógann sé chun fás?\nCaitheann na plandaí dhá nó trí seachtaine sa chéim síolta sula ndéantar iad a phlandáil. Fásann Agua Dulce saladh go príomha, a chaitheann ceithre seachtaine sa loch fáis amach. Téann na plandaí síos beagnach cosúil le feadán gluaiseachta; nuair a bhíonn siad ag snámh go dtí an deireadh, tá siad réidh le haghaidh feirmeoireachta.\nFásann plandaí a fhásann in uisce le cothaithigh i bhfad níos tapúla ná talmhaíocht thraidisiúnta. Maidir le salainn, is é an riail mhóra ná 15 huaire níos mó táirgeachta i spás áirithe i mbliana. Tá táirge ag Agua Dulce le díol gach seachtain toisc, murab ionann agus feirmeoireacht thraidisiúnta, go mbaintear agus go ndéantar athfhás gach seachtain. Tá córas leanúnach táirgeachta ag Hanan agus Minick seachas córas baisc. I gcóras baisc, ba mhaith linn an t-oscailteach iomlán a dhíol le chéile gach seacht seachtaine, agus ansin athfhás. Tá muid ag plandáil agus ag bearradh gach seachtain, a dúirt Hanan.\nMinick agus Hanan a ardú tilapia agus Texas bluegill dúchasach, ach nach bhfuil a gcuid iasc ag díol go fóill. Nuair a fhásann an t-iasc go dtí an aibíocht, táthar ag súil go mbainfidh siad thart ar 200 punt de iasc in aghaidh na míosa. Tá súil acu go mbainfidh siad fiú le costas na n-iasc agus monarcha leasacháin orgánacha acu ar an láthair, rud atá beagnach cothrom go foirfe do na plandaí. Tiocfaidh a n-airgead as na glasraí.\nChun na tancanna iasc a choinneáil glan, teastaíonn caidéal a bhíonn ag scaipeadh ag ráta a mhalartaíonn an t-uisce i ngach tanc gach 45 nóiméad. Ansin, aeráiltear é trí phump mór a sholáthraíonn ocsaigin agus aeráil go leanúnach. Téann an t-uisce go léir trí bhfíor-scagadh lán de phéireanna plaisteach beaga le baictéir a thiontú an amóinia a tháirgtear ag na hiasc i nítriáit do na plandaí.\nTá na tancanna iascaigh i gcoimeádáin loingseoireachta reoite atá go mór inslithe agus na haonaid reoite a bhaint. Is é an teocht idéalach don iasc 86 céim, cé go gcoinníonn teochtaí 75 nó níos airde iad sásta agus ag fás. Sa gheimhreadh coinníonn teasóir gach rud te; sa samhradh, cosnaíonn inslithe teocht an choimeádáin ó ardú os cionn 86 céim.\nMargadh agus Éileamh\nTá Hanan agus Minick tar éis a gcuid speisialtóireacht a aimsiú i saladaí leanbh. Ba mhaith leis na cócairí a oibríonn siad leo i mbialanna Austin mar Uchi agus Barley Swine a gcuid táirgí a fhás go háitiúil ionas gur féidir iad a sheirbheáil úr. Tá an chuid is mó den saladach a itheann na Stáit Aontaithe a tháirgtear i California agus, ag an am a thagann sé go Texas tá sé caillte go leor de a úrghlaise agus a shaol seilfe. Soláthraíonn Agua Dulce a gcuid custaiméirí an lá céanna a ghearrtar an saladach agus tá a gcuid saladaí go léir tar éis a bheith ar an bpáirc beag. Díolann siad ceann blasta glas, mustard frilly dearg agus órga, spínóg Rómhánach agus Síneach.\nTá Agua Dulce ag speisialtóireacht i nglasraí agus luibheanna na hÁise chomh maith le saladach traidisiúnta. Tá caidreamh déanta againn leis na cócairí iontacha seo agus tá siad ag iarraidh níos mó agus níos mó cineálacha glasraí nua. Tá sé an-bhrathúil dúinn a bheith ag ithe as cruthaitheacht a chéile, a dúirt Hanan.\nSa lá atá inniu ann, díoltar táirge Agua Dulce ag margaí feirmeoirí, chuig bialanna agus chuig siopa grósaera beag sa cheantar in Austin ar a dtugtar in.gredients. Is sprioc é díolachán do na slabhraí mór grósaera agus tá litir intinne againn ó slabhra mór. Chun go dtarlóidh sin ní mór dúinn scála a mhéadú, a dúirt Minick.\nTá an dara teaslann ag Agua Dulce atá ag teacht ar líne i gceann cúpla seachtain a thabharfaidh brabúsacht dóibh sa chéad bhliain d'oibriú.\nCén Fáth go bhfuil Aquaponics anois?\nMar idéalaithe féin-aontaithe a bhuail mar dheartháireacha bráithreachta in Ollscoil an Iarthair Theas, roinn Hanan agus Minick fís, \"Torthaí dearfacha a bheith againn lenár saol agus lenár ngnó ag cur in iúl inbhuanaitheacht, talmhaíocht, pobail agus sláinte, go léir ceangailte le chéile\", a dúirt Minick.\nIs cosúil go bhfuil cuid mhór de Texas ag aontacht lena bhfís. Sa lá atá inniu ann tá os cionn dosaen oibríochtaí aquaponics i nó in aice le Dallas, Houston agus Austin. Cabhraíonn an Texas A & M AgriLife Extension le heagraíochtaí trína gníomhairí leathnaithe contae, agus déanann oibreoirí aonair cruinnithe chun cabhrú le daoine nua teacht chun foghlaim an ealaín agus an eolaíocht maidir le talmhaíocht atmaisféir rialaithe.\nFuair Minick agus Hanan a gcuid uisce milis inbhuanaitheachta, talmhaíochta, pobail agus sláinte in aquaponics.\n#TexasCEO's 10 n-Airteagal is mó a Léite de 2017 # 2 An Athrú na Garda: San Antonio's #Economic #Development Future texasceomagazine.com/features... @SanAntonioEDF #1 Roots Deep In The Heart Of #Texas: The Kaspar Family's #Holistic Approach To #Ranching texasceomagazine.com/features...\n#TexasCEO's 10 n-Airteagal is mó a Léite de 2017 #4 @Jim_nyquist: Ag an bpointe infleachta #IIoT texasceomagazine.com/features... #3 Building #Innovation: @turner_talk Builds On Empowering Individuals texasceomagazine.com/features... @Turner_DAL @TurnerSouthTX #MiddleMarket #entrepreneurs\n#TexasCEO's 10 Most Read Articles of 2017 #6 The Cilantro Diaries: #Business Lessons From The Most Unlikely Places texasceomagazine.com/book-rev... @lgomez123 #5 From #Franchisee To #Franchisor: How Gordon Logan Built @SportClips texasceomagazine.com/features... #MiddleMarket #entrepreneurs\n#TexasCEO's 10 Most Read Articles of 2017 #8 #Mexico Is The New #China by @DrPippaM texasceomagazine.com/departme... #7 Ag Fás An chéad ghlúin eile de Texas #CEOs: #CEO-to-CEO #Mentoring texasceomagazine.com/features... #Texas #MiddleMarket #business #entrepreneurs\n# 10 n-Airteagal is mó a Léite ag TexasCEO in 2017 # 10 7 na Treochtaí is Mó a Shaothróidh # Texas sa Deich mbliana atá le teacht ag @KenGronbach texasceomagazine.com/departme... # 9 Peter Huff Of @BlueSageCapital: A Generalist In The Specialized World Of #PrivateEquity texasceomagazine.com/features... #Texas #MiddleMarket"} +{"text": "The Deepwater Horizon oil spill (also referred to as the BP oil spill, the Gulf of Mexico oil spill, the BP oil disaster, or the Macondo blowout) is an oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico which flowed for three months in 2010. It is the largest accidental marine oil spill in the history of the petroleum industry. The spill stemmed from a sea-floor oil gusher that resulted from the April 20, 2010, explosion of Deepwater Horizon, which drilled on the BP-operated Macondo Prospect.\nThe explosion killed 11 men working on the platform and injured 17 others. On July 15, 2010, the leak was stopped by capping the gushing wellhead, after it had released about 4.9 million barrels (780,000 m3) of crude oil. An estimated 53,000 barrels per day (8,400 m³/d) escaped from the well just before it was capped. It is believed that the daily flow rate diminished over time, starting at about 62,000 barrels per day (9,900 m³/d) and decreasing as the reservoir of hydrocarbons feeding the gusher was gradually depleted.\nOn September 19, 2010, the relief well process was successfully completed, and the federal government declared the well \"effectively dead\". But that was not the end of it, the impacts of this oil spill spread far and wide, affected the entire global oil & gas industry. According the recent report done by scientists, they estimated that the BP oil spill incident in the Gulf of Mexico is the biggest oil disaster in the world. This Deep Horizon Disaster has badly affected the ecosystem of the Gulf region and many people have been suffering from financial difficulties. This unfortunate incident has actually brought a lot of negative impacts to the global economy.\nThe Deepwater Horizon accident will have a costly impact on global oil prices.\nBP Group Chief Economist Dr. Christof Ruhl, in a visit to Western Australia in June, warned that oil and gas exploration will become more costly for everyone. “This is an accident which will change the industry. Think back to when you had the (1989) Exxon Valdez disaster.” (The Australian 2010) The 1989 disaster triggered dramatic changes in the industry, including the mandatory fitting of double-hauled tanks into oil transport ships. Moreover, Oil and Gas exploration in the Gulf has already come to a grinding halt.\nWe are able to see some direct effects on certain industries. It is also time for us to take a look at the “Average Joe” and anticipate some worse scenarios in the coming future. We talk about the prices for the oil and gas. Although there was no price increment after the oil spill incident immediately, it doesn’t mean that we have sufficient supply in the near future and the prices will remain the same. We should not be too happy now. Many financial experts estimate that the fuel prices will increase gradually in the long run. Are you ready to pay more for the petrol?\nNext, we look at the stock market. The market is uncertain and it is getting harder to predict the movements. The effects of global economy downturn are still there and there is no obvious improvement. Even if you are not the residents of the Gulf of Mexico, you will still feel the negative impact. The oil spill incident is considered a nightmare for the BP shareholders and those pensioners in UK. UK pension funds are the major BP shareholders. Since the disaster, The BP's share value has been decimated and many people have suffered loss from the BP stock market crash.\nAccording to the previous statistics, the Gulf fishing and tourism industries produced an average annual income of .5-.5 billion for the past few years. Right after the oil spill incident, the annual income for the year of 2010 has been reduced dramatically. The sea water has been contaminated and most of the marine lives were killed. The fishing industry is considered “dead” at the moment because nobody dares to eat seafood in the Gulf region. The seafood wholesalers have suffered huge losses. The environmental damages have great potential to wreck the economy.\nSame thing happens to the tourism industry. Almost all the tourists who have planned to spend their summer at the Gulf of Mexico cancelled their vacation right after the oil leak. They are not willing to waste their time at the tourist spots because in their opinion, the sea hasn’t been cleaned up completely and the beaches are no longer safe. Although BP has allocated billions to compensate the affected victims, these people are not able to survive in the long run. It may take years for the residents and business owners to recover from this crisis.\nView as multi-pages", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-30", "url": "https://lawaspect.com/bp-oil-spill-economic-effects/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195526489.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20190720070937-20190720092937-00028.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9700523615, "token_count": 950, "score": 3.171875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is é an tuiteam ola Deepwater Horizon (ar a dtugtar tuiteam ola BP, tuiteam ola Mhuir Mheicsiceo, tubaiste ola BP, nó an Macondo blowout) tuiteam ola i Mhuir Mheicsiceo a shruthaigh ar feadh trí mhí i 2010. Is é an sceitheadh ola mara neamhchinnte is mó i stair thionscal na peitriliam é. Tháinig an sceitheadh ó shruth ola ar bhonn na farraige a tháinig as an 20 Aibreán, 2010, ag pléascadh Deepwater Horizon, a rinne drileadh ar Macondo Prospect a oibríodh ag BP.\nMar thoradh ar an bplocadh, maraíodh 11 fear a bhí ag obair ar an ardán agus gortaíodh 17 duine eile. Ar an 15 Iúil 2010, cuireadh deireadh leis an sceitheadh trí chaipín a chur ar an gcloigeann tobar, tar éis dó thart ar 4.9 milliún bairille (780,000 m3) ola amh a scaoileadh. Meastar go raibh 53,000 barrell in aghaidh an lae (8,400 m3 / d) ag teitheadh ón tobar díreach sular cuireadh an clúdach air. Creidtear gur laghdaigh ráta an sruth laethúil le himeacht ama, ag tosú ag thart ar 62,000 barrell in aghaidh an lae (9,900 m3 / d) agus ag laghdú de réir mar a bhí an cúlchiste hidreacarbóin a bhí ag soláthar an gusher ag éirí as.\nAr 19 Meán Fómhair 2010, chríochnaíodh próiseas an tobar faoisimh go rathúil, agus dhearbhaigh an rialtas cónaidhme an tobar \"bhás go héifeachtach\". Ach ní raibh sé sin an deireadh leis, scaipeadh tionchair an sceite ola seo i bhfad agus i bhfad, a raibh tionchar aige ar thionscal ola agus gáis domhanda ar fad. De réir na tuarascála a rinne eolaithe le déanaí, mheas siad gurbh é tionóisc ola BP i Mhullach Mheicsiceo an tubaiste ola is mó ar domhan. Tá tionchar mór ag an gCéim Deep Horizon seo ar éiceachóras réigiún na Murascaille agus tá deacrachtaí airgeadais ag go leor daoine. Tá an eachtra míshásta seo i ndáiríre tar éis go leor tionchair dhiúltacha a thabhairt don gheilleagar domhanda.\nBeidh tionchar costasach ag tubaiste Deepwater Horizon ar phraghsanna ola domhanda.\nD'fhógair an t-eacnamaí is mó de Ghrúpa BP, an Dr. Christof Ruhl, i gcuairte ar an Astráil Thiar i mí an Mheithimh, go mbeidh taiscéalaíocht ola agus gáis níos costasaí do gach duine. Is é seo an timpiste a bheidh ag athrú an tionscail. Smaoinigh ar ais nuair a bhí tubaiste Exxon Valdez (1989) agat. (The Australian 2010) Thosaigh tubaiste 1989 athruithe suntasacha sa tionscal, lena n-áirítear cisterne dúbailte a fheistiú i longa iompair ola. Ina theannta sin, tá stopadh mór tagtha cheana féin ar thaighde Ola agus Gáis sa Ghleann.\nIs féidir linn roinnt éifeachtaí díreacha a fheiceáil ar thionscail áirithe. Tá sé in am dúinn freisin féachaint ar an \"Meán-Joe\" agus réamh-mheas a dhéanamh ar roinnt cásanna níos measa sa todhchaí atá le teacht. Labhair muid faoi phraghsanna an ola agus an gháis. Cé nach raibh aon ardú praghsanna tar éis an eachtra sceite ola láithreach, ní chiallaíonn sé go bhfuil soláthar leordhóthanach againn sa todhchaí agus go bhfanfaidh na praghsanna mar an gcéanna. Níor chóir dúinn a bheith ró-sásta anois. Measann go leor saineolaithe airgeadais go méadóidh praghsanna breosla de réir a chéile san fhadtéarma. An bhfuil tú réidh le níos mó a íoc as an gás?\nAnsin, féachfaimid ar an margadh stoc. Tá an margadh neamhchinnte agus tá sé ag éirí níos deacra na gluaiseachtaí a thuar. Tá éifeachtaí an gheilleagair dhomhanda ag titim síos fós ann agus níl aon fheabhas soiléir ann. Fiú mura bhfuil tú ina chónaí i Mhullach Mheicsiceo, beidh an tionchar diúltach ort fós. Meastar go bhfuil an eachtra sceite ola ina uaigneas do scairshealbhóirí BP agus na pinseanóirí sa RA. Is iad cistí pinsin na Ríochta Aontaithe na príomh-eisiairí BP. Ó tharla an tubaiste, tá luach scaireanna BP decimated agus go leor daoine a bhí caillteanas ó BP titim stocmhargadh.\nDe réir na staitisticí roimhe seo, d'eagraigh tionscail iascaireachta agus turasóireachta na Murascaille ioncam bliantúil ar an meán de .5-.5 billiún le cúpla bliain anuas. Díreach tar éis na eachtra sceite ola, tá an t-ioncam bliantúil don bhliain 2010 laghdaithe go suntasach. Tá an t-uisce farraige truaillithe agus maraíodh an chuid is mó de na beatha mara. Meastar go bhfuil an tionscal iascaireachta \"mort\" faoi láthair toisc nach bhfuil aon duine ag iarraidh bia mara a ithe i réigiún na Murascaille. Tá caillteanais mhóra tagtha ar na mórdhíoltóirí bia mara. Tá an cumas mór ag na damáistí comhshaoil an geilleagar a scriosadh.\nTá an rud céanna ag tarlú le tionscal na turasóireachta. D'athraigh beagnach gach turasóir a bhí beartaithe acu a gcuid saoire samhraidh a chaitheamh i Mhullach Mheicsiceo a gcuid saoire díreach tar éis an sceite ola. Níl siad sásta a gcuid ama a chaitheamh sna háiteanna turasóireachta toisc nach bhfuil an fharraige glanta go hiomlán agus nach bhfuil na tránna sábháilte a thuilleadh. Cé go bhfuil na billiúin curtha ar fáil ag BP chun na híospartaigh a ndearnadh díobháil dóibh a chúiteamh, ní féidir leis na daoine seo maireachtáil go fadtéarmach. D'fhéadfadh sé go dtógfadh sé blianta ar na cónaitheoirí agus ar úinéirí gnó teacht ar ais ón ngéarchéim seo.\nFéach mar il-leathanach"} +{"text": "In a world that overloads us with information and temptation, it’s nice to get some help that steers us towards making better choices. That’s the idea behind nudges – a broad term for behavioral science techniques that aim to influence how we make decisions.\nThe underlying philosophy behind nudges is libertarian paternalism: people should be free to make the decisions they want, but policymakers can present these choices in ways that lead to desired outcomes. For instance, employees contribute significantly more to their savings plans when they are automatically enrolled in a 401(k) program compared to when they need to opt-in. These policies help individuals save more for retirement, a generally desired goal that many may not achieve otherwise.\nShould we be concerned about the use of nudges?\nYet as noted by Cass Sunstein, one of the most prominent proponents of nudging, “there can be a thin line between a self-control problem and a legitimate focus on short-term pleasure.” Despite their cost-effectiveness and wide applicability, legitimate concerns remain about if, when, and how we should nudge.\nShould policymakers be influencing how people make these kinds of decisions? Even though nudges don’t mandate behaviors like laws, are nudges manipulating people into decisions they would not endorse upon reflection?\nOur answers to these types of questions depend on many factors. In particular, recent research from social psychology suggests that how nudges are presented, and who presents them, strongly impacts our perceptions of these policies.\nBehavioral Science, Democratized\nWe make 35,000 decisions each day, often in environments that aren’t conducive to making sound choices.\nAt TDL, we work with organizations in the public and private sectors—from new startups, to governments, to established players like the Gates Foundation—to debias decision-making and create better outcomes for everyone.\nChoice Architecture – Defaults Matter\nImagine you’re moving into a new apartment with basic amenities and are given an opportunity to purchase premium upgrades. Now, imagine that you’re moving into a new apartment with already upgraded amenities and are given the chance to opt-out of the upgrades for the basic package.\nThese two scenarios offer exactly the same decision outcomes, but they differ in the default option (basic vs. premium amenities). The way that choices are framed for decision-makers is called choice architecture, and changing the choice architecture of a given scenario can significantly impact the decisions people make.\nFor instance, research from Mary Steffel and her colleagues found that participants in the opt-out (premium default) condition kept more premium amenities than those in the opt-in (basic default) condition choose to purchase. Similar results emerged when environementally-friendly, “green” amenities were substituted for premium options.\nTransparency and Motives of Choice Architecture\nInterestingly, unlike many studies on default effects, Steffel also disclosed why the apartment options had been presented to the participants in a specific way.\nThe “green” amenities were framed as benefitting society while the premium amenities were framed as benefitting the apartment complex owner. Participants were told about how the set defaults may influence their decision-making as well. Each participant then rated the opt-in or opt-out scenario they were given on how ethical they thought it was.\nThe opt-out was perceived as less ethical than the opt-in for the premium amenities, but participants thought the opt-out and opt-in were equally ethical for the “green” packages. These results suggest that the perceived motives of the choice architect play a significant role in whether people approve of nudges. Perhaps unsurprisingly, nudges benefitting society are seen as more ethical than nudges benefitting a single business or person.\nNevertheless, nudges perceived as unethical are still effective. In the aforementioned study, the nudge still prompted people to buy more premium items even when it was disclosed and perceived to be unethical. Given the subtle power of even transparent nudges, businesses and policymakers will need to be trusted – and held accountable – to use these behavioral tools ethically.\nThus, those advocating for the wider use of nudges must overcome citizens’ current lack of trust in institutions and the divisive polarization of partisan politics. The ethical use of these techniques will often require bipartisan agreement on desired outcomes, a state of affairs that rarely exists and is even psychologically avoided.\nThe Inconsistent Politics of Nudges\nEstablished in 2010 under conservative Prime Minister David Cameron, the Behavioral Insights Team was the first “nudge unit” developed to utilize behavioral science techniques in government policy. The Social and Behavioral Sciences Team established under President Obama followed suit in 2015 and has also produced many successful interventions over the last few years.\nIt’s notable that a UK conservative and a US liberal championed these teams. Yet principled critiques of these nudge units have come from across the political spectrum.\nWhy are there such political discrepancies in support for nudges? Researcher David Tannenbaum and his colleagues suggest that partisanship itself is the problem.\nPartisan Nudge Bias\nTo examine these partisan biases, Tannenbaum showed participants legislation that proposed automatic enrolment defaults to encourage retirement savings behavior. This provision, part of the 2006 Pension Protection Act (PPA), was presented as an example of a behavioral tool that could be implemented “across a wide range of policies beyond the illustration above.” This provision was approved by both Presidents George W. Bush and Barack Obama, but participants were told that only one of the presidents, or a vague description of “lawmakers,” enacted the policy.\nWhen asked how they felt about nudges as a general policy tool, liberals and conservatives generally approved of nudges in the “lawmakers” approved condition. Predictably, partisans’ feelings towards nudges as a tool – not just their feelings for the specific policy – shifted as a function of the President they thought approved the legislation. Liberals liked nudges more when Obama approved the PPA and disliked them when Bush approved it. Conservatives displayed the opposite effect.\nIn subsequent studies, Tannenbaum demonstrated that these partisan nudge biases are not limited to regular citizens. State and local bureaucrats, and even a group of mayors, exhibited similar biased evaluations. Policymakers liked automatic enrolment defaults significantly more when they were illustrated by an example that aligned with their politics. Even for professional policymakers, much of the opposition to nudges seemingly takes the form of partisan antipathy.\nThe AI Governance Challenge\nA Tool Like Any Other\nIn our highly polarized times, it can be difficult to distinguish social engineering from sensible policy. But like other powerful tools, nudges are not inherently ethical or unethical. The fairness, effectiveness, and desirability of a nudge should be evaluated on a case-by-case basis.\nChoice architecture is inevitable. The way we frame decisions impacts what we choose whether we think about it or not. It’s better to critically evaluate how we craft choice architecture than to ignorantly pretend such factors don’t influence us at all.\nFocusing on the outcomes of specific policies, rather than on who offers them, may lead to more agreement on when and how nudges should be utilized. However, getting people to concentrate on those kinds of facts may require a nudge of its own.\nAbout the Author\nJared is a PhD student in social psychology and a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellow at the University of California, Irvine. He studies political and moral decision-making and believes that psychological insights can help improve political discourse and policymaking.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-33", "url": "https://thedecisionlab.com/insights/policy/nudges-social-engineering-sensible-policy", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572127.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815024523-20220815054523-00636.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9461349249, "token_count": 1575, "score": 2.609375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "I saol a bhfuil an iomarca faisnéise agus temptation againn, tá sé deas cabhair a fháil a threoraíonn muid chun roghanna níos fearr a dhéanamh. Sin an smaoineamh atá taobh thiar de nudges - téarma leathan le haghaidh teicnící eolaíochta iompraíochta a bhfuil sé mar aidhm acu tionchar a imirt ar an gcaoi a ndéanaimid cinntí.\nIs é an fealsúnacht atá taobh thiar de nudges ná paternalism saoirseach: ba cheart go mbeadh daoine saor in aisce na cinntí a theastaíonn uathu a dhéanamh, ach is féidir le lucht déanta beartais na roghanna seo a chur i láthair ar bhealaí a fhágann go dtiocfaidh torthaí inmhianaithe. Mar shampla, rannchuidíonn fostaithe go suntasach níos mó lena bpleananna coigiltis nuair a bhíonn siad cláraithe go huathoibríoch i gclár 401 (k) i gcomparáid le nuair a chaithfidh siad dul isteach. Cabhraíonn na polasaithe seo le daoine aonair níos mó a shábháil le haghaidh na scor, sprioc atá ag teastáil go ginearálta nach féidir le go leor a bhaint amach ar shlí eile.\nAn bhfuil imní orainn faoi úsáid na n-imdhíbhíní?\nMar a dúirt Cass Sunstein, ceann de na lucht tacaíochta is suntasaí ar shúbáil, \"is féidir go mbeadh líne tanaí idir fadhb féinrialaithe agus fócas dlisteanach ar phléas gearrthéarmach\". In ainneoin a n-éifeachtúlacht ó thaobh costais agus a n-ábharthacht leathan, tá imní dlisteanacha fós faoi má, cathain, agus conas ba cheart dúinn shúbáil.\nAn chóir do lucht déanta beartais tionchar a imirt ar an gcaoi a ndéanann daoine na cineálacha cinntí seo? Cé nach gceanglaíonn nudges iompar cosúil le dlíthe, an bhfuil nudges ag ionramháil daoine i gcinntí nach dtacódh siad leo ar mhachnamh?\nBraitheann ár bhfreagraí ar na cineálacha ceisteanna seo ar go leor fachtóirí. Go háirithe, léiríonn taighde le déanaí ó shíceolaíocht shóisialta go bhfuil tionchar láidir ag an gcaoi a chuirtear nudges i láthair, agus cé a chuireann iad i láthair, ar ár dtuiscintí ar na beartais seo.\nEolaíocht Iompraíochta, Daonlathach\nDéanaimid 35,000 cinneadh gach lá, go minic i dtimpeallachtaí nach bhfuil ag cur le roghanna fónta a dhéanamh.\nAg TDL, oibríomar le heagraíochtaí san earnáil phoiblí agus príobháideach - ó thúsú nua, go rialtais, go himreoirí bunaithe mar Foundation Gates - chun cinnteoireacht a dhíbirt agus torthaí níos fearr a chruthú do gach duine.\nArquitectura Roghnaíochta Is tábhachtaí na réamhshocraithe\nSamhlaigh go bhfuil tú ag bogadh isteach i bpósadh nua le saoráidí bunúsacha agus go bhfuil deis agat feabhsúcháin préimhe a cheannach. Anois, samhlaigh go bhfuil tú ag bogadh isteach i bpósadh nua le áiseanna uasghrádú cheana féin agus go bhfuil deis agat na uasghrádúcháin a roghnú as an bpacáiste bunúsach.\nTá an dá chás seo ag soláthar na torthaí cinnteoireachta céanna go díreach, ach tá difríocht idir an dá chás maidir leis an rogha réamhshocraithe (suímh bhunúsacha i gcoinne suímh phréimhe). An bealach a bhfuil roghanna frámaithe do chinnteoirí ar a dtugtar ailtireacht rogha, agus athrú ar an ailtireacht rogha de chás áirithe is féidir tionchar suntasach na cinntí a dhéanann daoine.\nMar shampla, fuair taighde ó Mary Steffel agus a chomhghleacaithe go gcoinnigh rannpháirtithe sa choinníoll roghnaithe-as (préimh réamhshocraithe) níos mó áiseanna préimhe ná iad siúd sa choinníoll roghnaithe-i (príomh réamhshocraithe) a roghnaíonn a cheannach. Tháinig torthaí den chineál céanna amach nuair a cuireadh áiseanna \"glas\" atá neamhdhíobhálach don chomhshaol in ionad roghanna préimhe.\nTrédhearcacht agus Móitíve na hailtireachta Roghnaithe\nIs suimiúil, murab ionann agus go leor staidéir ar éifeachtaí neamhchomhlíonadh, nocht Steffel freisin cén fáth a raibh na roghanna árasán curtha i láthair na rannpháirtithe ar bhealach ar leith.\nBhí na háiseanna \"glas\" curtha i gcreat mar thairbhe don tsochaí agus bhí na háiseanna préimhe curtha i gcreat mar thairbhe do úinéir an choimpléisc árasán. Tugadh le fios do na rannpháirtithe conas a d'fhéadfadh tionchar a bheith ag na réamhshocraithe atá leagtha síos ar a gcinnteoireacht freisin. Rinne gach rannpháirtí rátáil ansin ar an scéal roghnaithe nó roghnaithe a tugadh dóibh ar cé chomh eiticiúil a cheap siad a bhí sé.\nBhí an rogha as a bheith i gceist níos lú eiticiúil ná an rogha isteach do na háiseanna préimhe, ach shíl rannpháirtithe go raibh an rogha as a bheith i gceist agus an rogha isteach chomh eiticiúil do na pacáistí \"grian\". Tugann na torthaí seo le fios go bhfuil ról suntasach ag mothúcháin a fheictear an ailtire roghnaithe i cibé an gceadaíonn daoine nudges. B'fhéidir nach ionadh go bhfuil nudges a bhaineann tairbhe don tsochaí le feiceáil mar níos eiticiúla ná nudges a bhaineann tairbhe as gnó amháin nó duine amháin.\nMar sin féin, tá nudges a mheastar a bheith mí-eiticiúil éifeachtach fós. Sa staidéar thuasluaite, spreag an nudge daoine fós níos mó earraí préimhe a cheannach fiú nuair a nochtadh é agus a mheastar a bheith mí-eiticiúil. Ag féachaint do chumhacht subtle na nudges trédhearcach, beidh gá le gnóthas agus lucht déanta beartais a bheith iontaofa agus a bheith freagrach chun na huirlisí iompair seo a úsáid go heiticiúil.\nDá bhrí sin, ní mór dóibh siúd a thacaíonn le húsáid níos leithne nudges dul thar an easpa muiníne atá ag saoránaigh faoi láthair in institiúidí agus an polarú idirdhealaitheach polaitíochta páirtí. Is minic a éilíonn úsáid eiticiúil na dteicneolaíochtaí seo comhaontú idir an dá pháirtí ar na torthaí inmhianaithe, staid a bhíonn ann go minic agus a sheachaint go síceolaíoch.\nBeartas Neamhchoitianta na Nudges\nBunaithe i 2010 faoi Phríomh-Aire coimeádach David Cameron, ba é an Foireann Tuiscintí Iompraíochta an chéad \"aonad nudge\" a forbraíodh chun teicnící eolaíochta iompraíochta a úsáid i mbeartas an rialtais. Lean an Foireann Eolaíochtaí Sóisialta agus Iompraíochta a bunaíodh faoi Uachtarán Obama an sampla in 2015 agus tá go leor idirghabhálacha rathúla déanta aige le cúpla bliain anuas.\nIs suntasach go raibh coimeádach sa RA agus sa Mheiriceá sa léirscint ag tacú leis na foirne seo. Ach tá cáineadh phrionsabail ar na haonaid nudge seo tagtha ó gach cearn den speictream polaitiúil.\nCén fáth go bhfuil difríochtaí polaitiúla den sórt sin ann maidir le tacú le nudges? Tugann an taighdeoir David Tannenbaum agus a chomhghleacaithe le fios gurb é an páirtíocht féin an fhadhb.\nAn Chéim Chontae\nChun scrúdú a dhéanamh ar na claontais pháirtí seo, thaispeáin Tannenbaum reachtaíocht do rannpháirtithe a mhol réamhshocraithe cláraithe uathoibríoch chun iompar coigiltis scoir a spreagadh. Cuireadh an foráil seo, cuid den Acht um Chosaint Pinsean (PPA) 2006, i láthair mar shampla d'uirlis iompair a d'fhéadfaí a chur i bhfeidhm thar raon leathan beartas seachas an léargas thuas. Cheadaigh an tUachtarán George W. Bush agus Barack Obama an foráil seo, ach dúradh le rannpháirtithe nach ndearna ach ceann amháin de na uachtaráin, nó tuairisc éagórach ar lucht déanta dlí, an beartas a achtú.\nNuair a d'fhiafraíodh díobh conas a bhraith siad faoi nudges mar uirlis beartais ghinearálta, d'fhormheas liobrálaigh agus coimeádach nudges i gcoitinne sa choinníoll \"dlítheachtóirí\" ceadaithe. Go réamh-mheasta, athraigh mothúcháin na bpáirtithe i leith nudges mar uirlis - ní hamháin a mothúcháin don bheartas sonrach - mar fheidhm den Uachtarán a cheap siad gur cheadaigh siad an reachtaíocht. Bhí na liobrálaigh níos mó ag iarraidh go gcuirfí i bhfeidhm iad nuair a cheadaigh Obama an PPA agus níor thaitin siad leo nuair a cheadaigh Bush é. Léirigh coimeádach an éifeacht eile.\nI staidéir ina dhiaidh sin, léirigh Tannenbaum nach bhfuil na claontachtaí nudge páirtí seo teoranta do shaoránaigh rialta. Léirigh biorócratas stáit agus áitiúla, agus fiú grúpa máirí, meastóireachtaí claonta den chineál céanna. Bhí an-tóir ar lucht déanta beartas ar mhaithe le réamhshocraithe cláraithe uathoibríoch nuair a léiríodh iad le sampla a bhí ag teacht lena bpolasaí. Fiú amháin i gcás lucht déanta beartas gairmiúla, is cosúil go nglacann cuid mhór den fhreasúra i gcoinne nudges foirm antipathy páirtí.\nAn Dúshlán um Rialú AI\nUirlis Mar Aon Uirlis Eile\nSa lá atá inniu ann, nuair a bhíonn an-pholaraithe, is deacair a bheith ag idirdhealú idir innealtóireacht shóisialta agus beartas ciallmhar. Ach cosúil le huirlisí cumhachtacha eile, níl nudges éiticiúil nó neamh-eiticiúil go bunúsach. Ba cheart measúnú a dhéanamh ar chothroimeacht, éifeachtúlacht agus inmhianaitheacht an chothaithe ar bhonn cás ar chás.\nTá ailtireacht rogha dosheachanta. Bíonn tionchar ag an gcaoi a ndéanaimid cinntí ar na cinntí a roghnaímid cibé acu a smaoinímid orthu nó nach ndéanaimid. Is fearr meastóireacht chriticiúil a dhéanamh ar an gcaoi a ndéanaimid ailtireacht rogha a chruthú ná a dhéanamh go neamhfhiosach nach mbíonn tionchar ag na fachtóirí sin orainn ar chor ar bith.\nD'fhéadfadh sé go dtiocfadh níos mó comhaontú ar nuair agus ar conas a ba cheart brú a úsáid, má dhíreadh ar thorthaí beartais shonracha, seachas ar cé a thairgeann iad. Mar sin féin, d'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh gá le cúthail dá chuid féin chun daoine a chur ag díriú ar na cineálacha fíricí sin.\nMaidir leis an Údair\nIs mac léinn PhD é Jared i síceolaíocht shóisialta agus Comhalta Taighde Críochnaitheach an Chiste Náisiúnta Eolaíochta in Ollscoil California, Irvine. Déanann sé staidéar ar chinntí polaitiúla agus morálta agus creideann sé gur féidir le léargas síceolaíocha cabhrú le díospóireacht pholaitiúil agus polasaí a dhéanamh."} +{"text": "- This Planet is the farthest, the smallest,\nthe darkest, the coldest and arguably the strangest.\n- It follows the most elongated and tilted orbit\nin the solar system.\n- Its moon, Charon, is nearly half its size -\nappears like a bi-planet.\n- NASA used a new infra-red telescope, has learned\nthat Pluto is shrouded in frozen nitrogen- not methane as once thought.\nNitrogen makes 78% of the air.\n- Diameter: القطر\n- Orbit the sun: يدور\n- Elongated and tilted orbit: مدار\n- Shrouded: مغطي", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-09", "url": "http://quicklook4u.com/quickinfo/Solar_System.htm", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170914.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00136-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.7695554495, "token_count": 149, "score": 3.109375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "- Tá an phláinéid seo an ceann is faide, an ceann is lú,\nan chuid is mó dorcha, an chuid is mó fuar agus arguably an chuid is mó aisteach.\n- Leanann sé an orbit is elongated agus tilted\nsa chóras gréine.\n- Tá a ghealach, Charon, beagnach leath a mhéid -\nBreathnaíonn sé cosúil le bi-pláinéad.\n- D'úsáid NASA teileascóip infra-dearg nua, tá foghlamtha\ngo bhfuil Pluto shrouded i nítrigin reoite- ní mheatáin mar a cheapadh uair amháin.\nIs é nítrigin 78% den aer.\n- Tromchla: القطر\n- Orbit an ghrian:\n- Orbita fadtha agus claonta: orbit\n- Clúdach: مغطي"} +{"text": "An upright cabinet of Pong on display at the Neville Public Museum of Brown County\n|Release date(s)||29 November 1972|\n|Display||Vertical orientation, black-and-white raster display, standard resolution|\nPong is one of the earliest arcade video games and the very first sports arcade video game. It is a table tennis sports game featuring simple two-dimensional graphics. While other arcade video games such as Computer Space came before it, Pong was one of the first video games to reach mainstream popularity. The aim is to defeat an opponent in a simulated table-tennis game by earning a higher score. The game was originally manufactured by Atari, which released it in 1972. Allan Alcorn created Pong as a training exercise assigned to him by Atari co-founder Nolan Bushnell. Bushnell based the idea on an electronic ping-pong game included in the Magnavox Odyssey, which later resulted in a lawsuit against Atari. Surprised by the quality of Alcorn's work, Bushnell and Atari co-founder Ted Dabney decided to manufacture the game.\nPong quickly became a success and is the first commercially successful arcade video game machine, which helped to establish the video game industry along with the first home console, the Magnavox Odyssey. Soon after its release, several companies began producing games that copied Pong's gameplay, and eventually released new types of games. As a result, Atari encouraged its staff to produce more innovative games. The company released several sequels that built upon the original's gameplay by adding new features. During the 1975 Christmas season, Atari released a home version of Pong exclusively through Sears retail stores. It was also a commercial success and led to numerous copies. The game has been remade on numerous home and portable platforms following its release. Pong has been referenced and parodied in multiple television shows and video games, and has been a part of several video game and cultural exhibitions.\nPong is a two-dimensional sports game that simulates table tennis. The player controls an in-game paddle by moving it vertically across the left side of the screen, and can compete against either a computer-controlled opponent or another player controlling a second paddle on the opposing side. Players use the paddles to hit a ball back and forth. The aim is for each player to reach eleven points before the opponent; points are earned when one fails to return the ball to the other.\nDevelopment and history\nPong was the first game developed by Atari. After producing Computer Space, Bushnell decided to form a company to produce more games by licensing ideas to other companies. The first contract was with Bally Manufacturing Corporation for a driving game. Soon after the founding, Bushnell hired Allan Alcorn because of his experience with electrical engineering and computer science; Bushnell and Dabney also had previously worked with him at Ampex. Prior to working at Atari, Alcorn had no experience with video games. To acclimate Alcorn to creating games, Bushnell gave him a project secretly meant to be a warm-up exercise. Bushnell told Alcorn that he had a contract with General Electric for a product, and asked Alcorn to create a simple game with one moving spot, two paddles, and digits for score keeping. In 2011, Bushnell stated that the game was inspired by previous versions of electronic tennis he had played before; Bushnell played a version on a PDP-1 computer in 1964 while attending college. However, Alcorn has claimed it was in direct response to Bushnell's viewing of the Magnavox Odyssey's Tennis game. In May 1972, Bushnell had visited the Magnavox Profit Caravan in Burlingame, California where he played the Magnavox Odyssey demonstration, specifically the table tennis game. Though he thought the game lacked quality, seeing it prompted Bushnell to assign the project to Alcorn.\nAlcorn first examined Bushnell's schematics for Computer Space, but found them to be illegible. He went on to create his own designs based on his knowledge of transistor–transistor logic and Bushnell's game. Feeling the basic game was too boring, Alcorn added features to give the game more appeal. He divided the paddle into eight segments to change the ball's angle of return. For example, the center segments return the ball a 90° angle in relation to the paddle, while the outer segments return the ball at smaller angles. He also made the ball accelerate the longer it remained in play; missing the ball reset the speed. Another feature was that the in-game paddles were unable to reach the top of screen. This was caused by a simple circuit that had an inherent defect. Instead of dedicating time to fixing the defect, Alcorn decided it gave the game more difficulty and helped limit the time the game could be played; he imagined two skilled players being able to play forever otherwise.\nThree months into development, Bushnell told Alcorn he wanted the game to feature realistic sound effects and a roaring crowd. Dabney wanted the game to \"boo\" and \"hiss\" when a player lost a round. Alcorn had limited space available for the necessary electronics and was unaware of how to create such sounds with digital circuits. After inspecting the sync generator, he discovered that it could generate different tones and used those for the game's sound effects. To construct the prototype, Alcorn purchased a $75 Hitachi black-and-white television set from a local store, placed it into a 4-foot (1.2 m) wooden cabinet, and soldered the wires into boards to create the necessary circuitry. The prototype impressed Bushnell and Dabney so much that they felt it could be a profitable product and decided to test its marketability.\nIn August 1972, Bushnell and Alcorn installed the Pong prototype at a local bar, Andy Capp's Tavern. They selected the bar because of their good working relation with the bar's manager, Bill Gattis; Atari supplied pinball machines to Gattis. Bushnell and Alcorn placed the prototype on one of the tables near the other entertainment machines: a jukebox, pinball machines, and Computer Space. The game was well received the first night and its popularity continued to grow over the next one and a half weeks. Bushnell then went on a business trip to Chicago to demonstrate Pong to executives at Bally and Midway Manufacturing; he intended to use Pong to fulfill his contract with Bally, rather than the driving game. A few days later, the prototype began exhibiting technical issues and Gattis contacted Alcorn to fix it. Upon inspecting the machine, Alcorn discovered that the problem was the coin mechanism was overflowing with quarters.\nAfter hearing about the game's success, Bushnell decided there would be more profit for Atari to manufacture the game rather than license it, but the interest of Bally and Midway had already been piqued. Bushnell decided to inform each of the two groups that the other was uninterested—Bushnell told the Bally executives that the Midway executives did not want it and vice versa—to preserve the relationships for future dealings. Upon hearing Bushnell's comment, the two groups declined his offer. Bushnell had difficulty finding financial backing for Pong; banks viewed it as a variant of pinball, which at the time the general public associated with the Mafia. Atari eventually obtained a line of credit from Wells Fargo that it used to expand its facilities to house an assembly line. The company announced Pong on 29 November 1972. Management sought assembly workers at the local unemployment office, but was unable to keep up with demand. The first arcade cabinets produced were assembled very slowly, about ten machines a day, many of which failed quality testing. Atari eventually streamlined the process and began producing the game in greater quantities. By 1973, they began shipping Pong to other countries with the aid of foreign partners.\nAfter the success of Pong, Bushnell pushed his employees to create new products. In 1974, Atari engineer Harold Lee proposed a home version of Pong that would connect to a television: Home Pong. The system began development under the codename Darlene, named after an attractive female employee at Atari. Alcorn worked with Lee to develop the designs and prototype, and based them on the same digital technology used in their arcade games. The two worked in shifts to save time and money; Lee worked on the design's logic during the day, while Alcorn debugged the designs in the evenings. After the designs were approved, fellow Atari engineer Bob Brown assisted Alcorn and Lee in building a prototype. The prototype consisted of a device attached to a wooden pedestal containing over a hundred wires, which would eventually be replaced with a single chip designed by Alcorn and Lee; the chip had yet to be tested and built before the prototype was constructed. The chip was finished in the latter half of 1974, and was, at the time, the highest-performing chip used in a consumer product.\nBushnell and Gene Lipkin, Atari's vice-president of sales, approached toy and electronic retailers to sell Home Pong, but were rejected. Retailers felt the product was too expensive and would not interest consumers. Atari contacted the Sears Sporting Goods department after noticing a Magnavox Odyssey advertisement in the sporting goods section of its catalog. Atari staff discussed the game with a representative, Tom Quinn, who expressed enthusiasm and offered the company an exclusive deal. Believing they could find more favorable terms elsewhere, Atari's executives declined and continued to pursue toy retailers. In January 1975, Atari staff set up a Home Pong booth at a toy trade fair in New York City, but was unsuccessful in soliciting orders due to the fact that they did not know that they needed a private showing.\nWhile at the show, they met Quinn again, and, a few days later, set up a meeting with him to obtain a sales order. In order to gain approval from the Sporting Goods department, Quinn suggested Atari demonstrate the game to executives in Chicago. Alcorn and Lipkin traveled to the Sears Tower and, despite a technical complication in connection with an antenna on top of the building which broadcast on the same channel as the game, obtained approval. Bushnell told Quinn he could produce 75,000 units in time for the Christmas season; however, Quinn requested double the amount. Though Bushnell knew Atari lacked the capacity to manufacture 150,000 units, he agreed. Atari acquired a new factory through funding obtained by venture capitalist Don Valentine. Supervised by Jimm Tubb, the factory fulfilled the Sears order. The first units manufactured were branded with Sears' \"Tele-Games\" name. Atari later released a version under its own brand in 1976.\nThe success of Pong attracted the attention of Ralph Baer, the inventor of the Magnavox Odyssey, and his employer, Sanders Associates. Sanders had an agreement with Magnavox to handle the Odyssey's sublicensing, which included dealing with infringement on its exclusive rights. However, Magnavox had not pursued legal action against Atari and numerous other companies that released Pong clones. Sanders continued to apply pressure, and in April 1974 Magnavox filed suit against Atari, Bally Midway, Allied Leisure and Chicago Dynamics. Magnavox argued that Atari had infringed on Baer's patents and his concept of electronic ping-pong based on detailed records Sanders kept of the Odyssey's design process dating back to 1966. Other documents included depositions from witnesses and a signed guest book that demonstrated Bushnell had played the Odyssey's table tennis game prior to releasing Pong. In response to claims that he saw the Odyssey, Bushnell later stated that, \"The fact is that I absolutely did see the Odyssey game and I didn't think it was very clever.\"\nAfter considering his options, Bushnell decided to settle with Magnavox out of court. Bushnell's lawyer felt they could win; however, he estimated legal costs of US$1.5 million, which would have exceeded Atari's funds. Magnavox offered Atari an agreement to become a licensee for US$700,000. Other companies producing \"Pong clones\"—Atari's competitors—would have to pay royalties. In addition, Magnavox would obtain the rights to Atari products developed over the next year. Magnavox continued to pursue legal action against the other companies, and proceedings began shortly after Atari's settlement in June 1976. The first case took place at the district court in Chicago, with Judge John Grady presiding. To avoid Magnavox obtaining rights to its products, Atari decided to delay the release of its products for a year, and withheld information from Magnavox's attorneys during visits to Atari facilities.\nImpact and legacy\nThe Pong arcade games manufactured by Atari were a great success. The prototype was well received by Andy Capp's Tavern patrons; people came to the bar solely to play the game. Following its release, Pong consistently earned four times more revenue than other coin-operated machines. Bushnell estimated that the game earned US$35–40 per day, which he described as nothing he'd ever seen before in the coin-operated entertainment industry at the time. The game's earning power resulted in an increase in the number of orders Atari received. This provided Atari with a steady source of income; the company sold the machines at three times the cost of production. By 1973, the company had filled 2,500 orders, and, at the end of 1974, sold more than 8,000 units. The arcade cabinets have since become collector's items with the cocktail-table version being the rarest. Soon after the game's successful testing at Andy Capp's Tavern, other companies began visiting the bar to inspect it. Similar games appeared on the market three months later, produced by companies like Ramtek and Nutting Associates. Atari could do little against the competitors as they had not initially filed for patents on the solid state technology used in the game. When the company did file for patents, complications delayed the process. As a result, the market consisted primarily of \"Pong clones\"; author Steven Kent estimated that Atari had produced less than a third of the machines. Bushnell referred to the competitors as \"Jackals\" because he felt they had an unfair advantage. His solution to competing against them was to produce more innovative games and concepts.\nHome Pong was an instant success following its limited 1975 release through Sears; around 150,000 units were sold that holiday season. The game became Sears' most successful product at the time, which earned Atari a Sears Quality Excellence Award. Similar to the arcade version, several companies released clones to capitalize on the home console's success, many of which continued to produce new consoles and video games. Magnavox re-released their Odyssey system with simplified hardware and new features, and would later release updated versions. Coleco entered the video game market with their Telstar console; it features three Pong variants and was also succeeded by newer models. Nintendo released the Color TV Game 6 in 1977, which plays six variations of electronic tennis. The next year, it was followed by an updated version, the Color TV Game 15, which features fifteen variations. The systems were Nintendo's entry into the home video game market and the first to produce themselves—they had previously licensed the Magnavox Odyssey. The dedicated Pong consoles and the numerous clones have since become varying levels of rare; Atari's Pong consoles are common, while APF Electronics' TV Fun consoles are moderately rare. Prices among collectors, however, vary with rarity; the Sears Tele-Games versions are often cheaper than those with the Atari brand.\nSeveral publications consider Pong the game that launched the video game industry as a lucrative enterprise. Video game author David Ellis sees the game as the cornerstone of the video game industry's success, and called the arcade game \"one of the most historically significant\" titles. Kent attributes the \"arcade phenomenon\" to Pong and Atari's games that followed it, and considers the release of the home version the successful beginning of home video game consoles. Bill Loguidice and Matt Barton of Gamasutra referred to the game's release as the start of a new entertainment medium, and commented that its simple, intuitive gameplay made it a success. Entertainment Weekly named Pong one of the top ten games for the Atari 2600 in 2013. Many of the companies that produced their own versions of Pong eventually became well-known within the industry. Nintendo entered the video game market with clones of Home Pong. The revenue generated from them—each system sold over a million units—helped the company survive a difficult financial time, and spurred them to pursue video games further. After seeing the success of Pong, Konami decided to break into the arcade game market and released its first title, Maze. Its moderate success drove the company to develop more titles. Pong has also been used in programming classrooms to teach the fundamentals of languages such as Java and C++.\nBushnell felt that Pong was especially significant in its role as a social lubricant, since it was multiplayer-only and did not require each player to use more than one hand: \"It was very common to have a girl with a quarter in hand pull a guy off a bar stool and say, 'I'd like to play Pong and there's nobody to play.' It was a way you could play games, you were sitting shoulder to shoulder, you could talk, you could laugh, you could challenge each other ... As you became better friends, you could put down your beer and hug. You could put your arm around the person. You could play left-handed if you so desired. In fact, there are a lot of people who have come up to me over the years and said, 'I met my wife playing Pong,' and that's kind of a nice thing to have achieved.\"\nSequels and remakes\nBushnell felt the best way to compete against imitators was to create better products, leading Atari to produce sequels in the years followings the original's release: Pong Doubles, Super Pong, Ultra Pong, Quadrapong, and Pin-Pong. The sequels feature similar graphics, but include new gameplay elements; for example, Pong Doubles allows four players to compete in pairs, while Quadrapong has them compete against each other in a four way field. Bushnell also conceptualized a free-to-play version of Pong to entertain children in a Doctor's office. He initially titled it Snoopy Pong and fashioned the cabinet after Snoopy's doghouse with the character on top, but retitled it to Puppy Pong and altered Snoopy to a generic dog to avoid legal action. Bushnell later used the game in his chain of Chuck E. Cheese's restaurants. In 1976, Atari released Breakout, a single-player variation of Pong where the object of the game is to remove bricks from a wall by hitting them with a ball. Like Pong, Breakout was followed by numerous clones that copied the gameplay: Arkanoid, Alleyway, Break 'Em All.\nAtari remade the game on numerous platforms. In 1977, Pong and several variants of the game were featured in Video Olympics, one of the original release titles for the Atari 2600. Pong has also been included in several Atari compilations on platforms including the Sega Mega Drive, PlayStation Portable, Nintendo DS, and personal computer. Through an agreement with Atari, Bally Gaming and Systems developed a slot machine version of the game. The Atari developed TD Overdrive includes Pong as an extra game to be played during the loading screen. In 1999, the game was remade for home computers and the PlayStation with 3D graphics and power-ups. In 2012, Atari celebrated the 40th anniversary of Pong by releasing Pong World. \nIn popular culture\nPong has appeared in several facets of popular culture. The game is prominently featured in episodes of television series: That '70s Show, King of the Hill, and Saturday Night Live. In 2006, an American Express commercial featured Andy Roddick in a tennis match against the white, in-game paddle. Other video games have also referenced and parodied Pong; for example Neuromancer for the Commodore 64 and Banjo-Kazooie: Nuts and Bolts for the Xbox 360. The concert event Video Games Live has performed audio from Pong as part of a special retro \"Classic Arcade Medley\". Frank Black's song \"Whatever Happened to Pong?\" on the album Teenager of the Year heavily references the game's elements.\nDutch design studio Buro Vormkrijgers created a Pong-themed clock as a fun project within their offices. After the studio decided to manufacture it for retail, Atari took legal action in February 2006. The two companies eventually reached an agreement in which Buro Vormkrijgers could produce a limited number under license. In 1999, French artist Pierre Huyghe created an installation entitled \"Atari Light\", in which two people use handheld gaming devices to play Pong on an illuminated ceiling. The work was shown at the Venice Biennale in 2001, and the Museo de Arte Contemporáneo de Castilla y León in 2007. The game was included in the London Barbican Art Gallery's 2002 Game On exhibition meant to showcase the various aspects of video game history, development, and culture.\n- \"Pong\". Killer List of Videogames. Retrieved 22 October 2008.\n- Sellers, John (August 2001). \"Pong\". Arcade Fever: The Fan's Guide to The Golden Age of Video Games. Running Press. pp. 16–17. ISBN 0-7624-0937-1.\n- Kent, Steven (2001). \"And Then There Was Pong\". Ultimate History of Video Games. Three Rivers Press. pp. 40–43. ISBN 0-7615-3643-4.\n- Ellis, David (2004). \"A Brief History of Video Games\". Official Price Guide to Classic Video Games. Random House. pp. 3–4. ISBN 0-375-72038-3.\n- Kent, Steven (2001). \"And Then There Was Pong\". Ultimate History of Video Games. Three Rivers Press. pp. 38–39. ISBN 0-7615-3643-4.\n- Kent, Steven (2001). \"Father of the Industry\". Ultimate History of Video Games. Three Rivers Press. pp. 34–35. ISBN 0-7615-3643-4.\n- Shea, Cam (10 March 2008). \"Al Alcorn Interview\". IGN. Retrieved 13 October 2008.\n- Rapp, David (29 November 2006). \"The Mother of All Video Games\". American Heritage. Archived from the original on 17 May 2008. Retrieved 25 October 2008.\n- Helgeson, Matt (March 2011). \"The Father of the Game Industry Returns to Atari\". Game Informer. GameStop (215): 39.\n- \"Video game history\". R. H. Baer Consultants. 1998. Retrieved 22 October 2008.\n- Baer, Ralph (April 2005). Video Games: In The Beginning. New Jersey, USA: Rolenta Press. p. 81. ISBN 0-9643848-1-7.\n- Morris, Dave (2004). \"Funky Town\". The Art of Game Worlds. HarperCollins. p. 166. ISBN 0-06-072430-7.\n- Kent, Steven (2001). \"And Then There Was Pong\". Ultimate History of Video Games. Three Rivers Press. pp. 43–45. ISBN 0-7615-3643-4.\n- Kent, Steven (2001). \"The King and Court\". Ultimate History of Video Games. Three Rivers Press. pp. 50–53. ISBN 0-7615-3643-4.\n- \"Production Numbers\" (PDF). Atari. 1999. Retrieved 19 March 2012.\n- \"This Day in History: November 29\". Computer History Museum. Retrieved 28 November 2011.\n- Kent, Steven (2001). \"The Jackals\". Ultimate History of Video Games. Three Rivers Press. p. 74. ISBN 0-7615-3643-4.\n- Kent, Steven (2001). \"Could You Repeat That Two More Times?\". Ultimate History of Video Games. Three Rivers Press. pp. 80–83. ISBN 0-7615-3643-4.\n- Kent, Steven L/ (2001). the Ultimate History of Video Games. Three Rivers Press. ISBN 0-7615-3643-4.\n- Kent, Steven (2001). \"Could You Repeat That Two More Times?\". Ultimate History of Video Games. Three Rivers Press. pp. 84–87. ISBN 0-7615-3643-4.\n- Loguidice, Bill; Matt Barton (9 January 2009). \"The History Of Pong: Avoid Missing Game to Start Industry\". Gamasutra. Retrieved 10 January 2009.\n- Baer, Ralph (1998). \"Genesis: How the Home Video Games Industry Began\". R. H. Baer Consultants. Retrieved 22 October 2008.\n- Kent, Steven (2001). \"And Then There Was Pong\". Ultimate History of Video Games. Three Rivers Press. pp. 45–48. ISBN 0-7615-3643-4.\n- Nolan Bushnell (2003). The Story of Computer Games (video). Discovery Channel.\n- Kent, Steven (2001). \"A Case of Two Gorillas\". Ultimate History of Video Games. Three Rivers Press. p. 201. ISBN 0-7615-3643-4.\n- Kent, Steven (2001). \"The King and Court\". Ultimate History of Video Games. Three Rivers Press. pp. 53–54. ISBN 0-7615-3643-4.\n- Ellis, David (2004). \"Arcade Classics\". Official Price Guide to Classic Video Games. Random House. p. 400. ISBN 0-375-72038-3.\n- Kent, Steven (2001). \"The Jackals\". Ultimate History of Video Games. Three Rivers Press. pp. 60–61. ISBN 0-7615-3643-4.\n- Kent, Steven (2001). \"The King and Court\". Ultimate History of Video Games. Three Rivers Press. p. 58. ISBN 0-7615-3643-4.\n- Ellis, David (2004). \"Dedicated Consoles\". Official Price Guide to Classic Video Games. Random House. pp. 33–36. ISBN 0-375-72038-3.\n- Kent, Steven (2001). \"Strange Bedfellows\". Ultimate History of Video Games. Three Rivers Press. pp. 94–95. ISBN 0-7615-3643-4.\n- Sheff, David (1993). \"In Heaven's Hands\". Game Over: How Nintendo Zapped an American Industry, Captured Your Dollars, and Enslaved Your Children (1st ed.). Random House. pp. 26–28. ISBN 0-679-40469-4.\n- Ellis, David (2004). \"Dedicated Consoles\". Official Price Guide to Classic Video Games. Random House. pp. 37–41. ISBN 0-375-72038-3.\n- \"Pong\". IGN. Retrieved 25 December 2008.\n- Morales, Aaron (January 25, 2013). \"The 10 best Atari games\". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved April 17, 2016.\n- Retro Gamer Staff (August 2008). \"Developer Lookback: Konami Part I\". Retro Gamer. Imagine Publishing (53): 25.\n- \"What the Hell has Nolan Bushnell Started?\". Next Generation. Imagine Media (4): 11. April 1995.\n- \"Pong Doubles\". Killer List of Videogames. Retrieved 31 December 2008.\n- \"Quadrapong\". Killer List of Videogames. Retrieved 31 December 2008.\n- \"Doctor Pong\". Killer List of Videogames. Retrieved 31 December 2008.\n- \"Puppy Pong\". Killer List of Videogames. Retrieved 31 December 2008.\n- \"Snoopy Pong\". Killer List of Videogames. Retrieved 31 December 2008.\n- Ellis, David (2004). \"Dedicated Consoles\". Official Price Guide to Classic Video Games. Random House. p. 402. ISBN 0-375-72038-3.\n- Kent, Steven (2001). \"The Jackals\". Ultimate History of Video Games. Three Rivers Press. p. 71. ISBN 0-7615-3643-4.\n- Nelson, Mark (21 August 2007). \"Breaking Down Breakout: System And Level Design For Breakout-style Games\". Gamasutra. Retrieved 23 February 2011.\n- \"Arcade Classics\". IGN. Retrieved 25 December 2008.\n- Atari (20 December 2007). \"Retro Arcade Masterpieces Hit Store Shelves in Atari Classics Evolved\". GameSpot. Retrieved 25 December 2008.\n- Gerstmann, Jeff (23 March 2005). \"Retro Atari Classics Review\". GameSpot. Retrieved 25 December 2008.\n- \"Atari: 80 Classic Games in One Company Line\". GameSpot. 23 April 2004. Retrieved 25 December 2008.\n- Kohler, Chris (7 September 2004). \"Atari opens up massive classic-game library\". GameSpot. Retrieved 25 December 2008.\n- \"Atari, Alliance Gaming to Develop Slots Based on Atari Video Games\". GameSpot. 9 September 2004. Retrieved 25 December 2008.\n- Munk, Simon (4 May 2002). \"PS2 Review: TD Overdrive\". Computer and Video Games. Retrieved 25 December 2008.\n- Gestalt (18 August 2002). \"TD Overdrive Xbox Review\". Eurogamer. Retrieved 25 December 2008.\n- \"Pong: The Next Level (PC)\". IGN. Retrieved 11 January 2009.\n- \"Pong: The Next Level (PlayStation)\". IGN. Retrieved 9 January 2009.\n- \"Atari celebrates 40 years of Pong with new, free iOS Pong game, custom portable Xbox 360\". Engadget. Retrieved 12 July 2015.\n- \"Punk Chick\". That '70s Show. Season 1. Episode 22. 21 June 1999. Fox Broadcasting Company.\n- \"It Ain't Over 'Til the Fat Neighbor Sings\". King of the Hill. Season 9. Episode 15. 15 May 2005. Fox Broadcasting Company.\n- \"Episode 5\". Saturday Night Live. Season 1. Episode 5. New York City. 15 November 1975. NBC.\n- Ashcraft, Brian (22 August 2006). \"Roddick vs. Pong\". Kotaku. Retrieved 26 December 2008.\n- Parker, Sam (13 February 2004). \"The Greatest Games of All Time: Neuromancer\". GameSpot. Retrieved 14 January 2009.\n- Anderson, Luke (11 September 2008). \"Banjo-Kazooie: Nuts & Bolts Updated Hands-On\". GameSpot. Retrieved 14 January 2009.\n- Microsoft (28 August 2007). \"Microsoft Brings Video Games Live To London\". GameSpot. Retrieved 7 September 2008.\n- Frank Black (Singer) (23 May 1994). Album: Teenager of the Year Song: Whatever Happened to Pong?. Elektra Records.\n- Crecente, Brian (28 February 2006). \"Atari Threatens Pong Clock Makers\". Kotaku. Retrieved 22 October 2008.\n- \"Art:21 Pierre Huyghe Slideshow\". Public Broadcasting Service. Retrieved 30 December 2008.\n- \"Musac, Museum XXI Centurt Press Kit\" (PDF). Museo de Arte Contemporáneo de Castilla y León. p. 8. Retrieved 30 December 2008.\n- Boyes, Emma (9 October 2006). \"London museum showcases games\". GameSpot. Retrieved 9 May 2008.\n- Cohen, Scott (1984). Zap! The Rise and Fall of Atari. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-011543-9.\n- Herman, Leonard (1997). Phoenix: The Fall & Rise of Videogames. Rolenta Press. ISBN 978-0-9643848-2-8.\n- Kline, Stephen; Dyer-Witheford, Nick; De Peuter, Greig (2003). Digital Play: The interaction of Technology, Culture and Marketing. McGill-Queen's Press. ISBN 978-0-7735-2591-7.\n- Lowood, H. (2009). \"Videogames in Computer Space: The Complex History of Pong\". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 31 (3). pp. 5–19. doi:10.1109/MAHC.2009.53.\n|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pong.|", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-09", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pong", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170609.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00028-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9218063354, "token_count": 6785, "score": 3.390625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Cabinet dhíreacha de Pong ar taispeáint ag an Músaem Poiblí Neville de Chontae Brown\nDáta scaoilte: 29 Samhain 1972\n♬Iontráil ♬♬Séadóir ♬Vertical orientation, black-and-white raster display, standard resolution ♬♬\nTá Pong ar cheann de na cluichí físeáin arcade is luaithe agus an chéad chluiche físeáin arcade spóirt. Is cluiche spóirt teimpléad tábla é a bhfuil grafaicí simplí dhá thomhais ann. Cé go raibh cluichí físeáin arcade eile mar Spás Ríomhairí roimh é, bhí Pong ar cheann de na chéad cluichí físeáin a shroich tóir mhór. Is é an aidhm ná bualadh le hacair i gcluiche teimpléad-teimpléad samhlaithe trí scór níos airde a thuilleamh. Ba é Atari a rinne an cluiche ar dtús, a scaoileadh é i 1972. Chruthaigh Allan Alcorn Pong mar chleachtadh oiliúna a shann sé leis ag comhbhunaitheoir Atari Nolan Bushnell. Bhunaigh Bushnell an smaoineamh ar chluiche leictreonach ping-pong a bhí san áireamh sa Magnavox Odyssey, rud a d'fhág go ndearnadh cúis dlí i gcoinne Atari ina dhiaidh sin. Iontas ar cháilíocht obair Alcorn, shocraigh Bushnell agus an comhbhunaitheoir Atari Ted Dabney an cluiche a mhonarú.\nTháinig rath go tapa ar Pong agus is é an chéad mheaisín cluiche físeán arcade a bhí rathúil go tráchtála, a chabhraigh leis an tionscal cluiche físeán a bhunú mar aon leis an gcéad chonsól tí, an Magnavox Odyssey. Go gairid tar éis a scaoileadh, thosaigh roinnt cuideachtaí ag táirgeadh cluichí a chóipeáil gameplay Pong, agus ar deireadh scaoileadh cineálacha nua cluichí. Mar thoradh air sin, spreag Atari a fhoireann chun cluichí níos nuálacha a tháirgeadh. Scaoileadh an chuideachta roinnt seicheamh a tógadh ar an gameplay bunaidh ag cur gnéithe nua leis. Le linn shéasúr na Nollag 1975, d'eisigh Atari leagan baile de Pong go heisiach trí siopaí miondíola Sears. Bhí rath tráchtála air freisin agus bhí go leor cóipeanna ann. Rinneadh an cluiche a athdhéanamh ar ardáin bhaile agus in-in-inbheartaithe iomadúla tar éis a scaoileadh. Tagraíodh do Pong agus rinneadh paróide air i roinnt seónna teilifíse agus cluichí físe, agus bhí sé mar chuid de roinnt taispeántais físe agus cultúrtha.\nIs cluiche spóirt dhá-thaobhach é Pong a dhéanann samhlaíocht ar theimpléad. Déanann an t-imreoir rialú ar phaidéal sa chluiche trína bhogadh go ingearach ar fud an taobh clé den scáileán, agus is féidir leis dul i gcomórtas in aghaidh opponent rialaithe ríomhaire nó imreoir eile a rialaíonn dara phaidéal ar an taobh eile. Baineann imreoirí úsáid as na pádlaí chun liathróid a bhualadh ar ais agus ar aghaidh. Is é an aidhm do gach imreoir a bheith in ann aon phointe déag a bhaint amach roimh an gcomórtas; faightear pointí nuair a mhainníonn duine amháin an liathróid a thabhairt ar ais don duine eile.\nForbairt agus stair\nBa é Pong an chéad chluiche a d'fhorbair Atari. Tar éis dó Computer Space a tháirgeadh, shocraigh Bushnell cuideachta a bhunú chun níos mó cluichí a tháirgeadh trí smaointe a cheadúnú do chuideachtaí eile. Ba é an chéad chonradh le Bally Manufacturing Corporation le haghaidh cluiche tiomána. Go gairid tar éis an bhunaithe, d'fhostaigh Bushnell Allan Alcorn mar gheall ar a thaithí le hinnealtóireacht leictreach agus eolaíocht ríomhaireachta; d'oibrigh Bushnell agus Dabney leis roimhe sin ag Ampex. Roimh obair ag Atari, ní raibh aon taithí ag Alcorn le cluichí físeáin. Chun Alcorn a chur in oiriúint do chluichí a chruthú, thug Bushnell tionscadal dó a bhí i gceist go rúnda mar chleachtadh téimh-suas. Dúirt Bushnell le Alcorn go raibh conradh aige le General Electric le haghaidh táirge, agus d'iarr sé ar Alcorn cluiche simplí a chruthú le spota gluaiseachta amháin, dhá pádlaí, agus dígiúla chun scór a choinneáil. I 2011, dúirt Bushnell go raibh an cluiche spreagtha ag leaganacha roimhe seo den teipeán leictreonach a bhí sé ag imirt roimhe; D'imir Bushnell leagan ar ríomhaire PDP-1 i 1964 agus é ag freastal ar an ollscoil. Mar sin féin, d'éiligh Alcorn gur freagra díreach é ar fhéachaint Bushnell ar chluiche Theineas Magnavox Odyssey. I mí na Bealtaine 1972, thug Bushnell cuairt ar Charavan Brabús Magnavox i Burlingame, California áit ar imir sé taispeántas Magnavox Odyssey, go sonrach an cluiche teimpléad tábla. Cé gur shíl sé go raibh easpa cáilíochta sa chluiche, nuair a chonaic sé é spreag Bushnell an tionscadal a shannadh do Alcorn.\nRinne Alcorn scrúdú ar dtús ar sceiméataí Bushnell do Spás Ríomhaireachta, ach fuair sé nach raibh siad inléite. Chuaigh sé ar aghaidh ag cruthú a dhearadh féin bunaithe ar a chuid eolais ar loighic tras-thras-thras-thras-thras agus ar chluiche Bushnell. Ag mothú go raibh an cluiche bunúsach ró-fhulaingteach, chuir Alcorn gnéithe leis chun níos mó tarraingthe a thabhairt don chluiche. Rinne sé an pádal a roinnt ina ocht gcodanna chun uillinn ais an liathróid a athrú. Mar shampla, cuireann na codanna lárnacha an liathróid ar ais ag uillinn 90 ° i ndáil leis an mbád, agus cuireann na codanna seachtracha an liathróid ar ais ag uillinneacha níos lú. Rinne sé an liathróid a luathachadh chomh fada agus a d'fhan sé i gcluiche; athshocraigh sé an luas nuair a chaill sé an liathróid. Ba ghné eile é nach raibh na pádálacha sa chluiche in ann barr an scáileáin a bhaint amach. Bhí sé seo de bharr ciorcad simplí a bhí locht inneachar. In ionad am a chaitheamh ag socrú an locht, shocraigh Alcorn go raibh sé níos deacrachtaí don chluiche agus chabhraigh sé leis an am a d'fhéadfaí an cluiche a imirt a theorannú; shamhlaigh sé go bhféadfadh beirt imreoirí sgileanta imirt go deo ar shlí eile.\nTrí mhí i bhforbairt, dúirt Bushnell le Alcorn go raibh sé ag iarraidh go mbeadh éifeachtaí fuaime réalaíocha ag an gcluiche agus slua ag caoineadh. Bhí Dabney ag iarraidh go mbeadh an cluiche \"boo\" agus \"hiss\" nuair a chaill imreoir babhta. Bhí spás teoranta ar fáil ag Alcorn don leictreonaic riachtanach agus ní raibh a fhios aige conas fuaimeanna den sórt sin a chruthú le ciorcaid dhigiteacha. Tar éis dó iniúchadh a dhéanamh ar an gineadóir sioncrónaithe, fuair sé amach gur féidir leis tonna éagsúla a ghiniúint agus iad sin a úsáid le haghaidh éifeachtaí fuaime an chluiche. Chun an fhréamhshamhail a thógáil, cheannaigh Alcorn seata teilifíse dubh-agus-béar Hitachi $ 75 ó siopa áitiúil, chuir sé isteach i gcaibinéid adhmaid 1.2 méadar, agus leagadh na sreangacha i mbord chun na cuairteanna riachtanacha a chruthú. Chuir an fhréamhshamhail an-tóir ar Bushnell agus Dabney go raibh siad den tuairim go bhféadfadh sé a bheith ina tháirge brabúsach agus chinn siad a mhargaitheacht a thástáil.\nI mí Lúnasa 1972, shuiteáil Bushnell agus Alcorn an fhréamhshamhail Pong ag barra áitiúil, Taverna Andy Capp. Roghnaigh siad an barra mar gheall ar a gcaidreamh oibre maith le bainisteoir an bhair, Bill Gattis; soláthraigh Atari meaisíní pinball do Gattis. Chuir Bushnell agus Alcorn an fhréamhshamhail ar cheann de na táblaí in aice leis na meaisíní siamsaíochta eile: jukebox, meaisíní pinball, agus Spás Ríomhaireachta. Glacadh go maith leis an gcluiche an chéad oíche agus lean a tóir ag fás thar na seachtainí agus leath eile. Ansin chuaigh Bushnell ar thuras gnó go Chicago chun Pong a thaispeáint do fheidhmeannaigh ag Bally agus Midway Manufacturing; bhí sé i gceist aige Pong a úsáid chun a chonradh le Bally a chomhlíonadh, seachas an cluiche tiomána. Cúpla lá ina dhiaidh sin, thosaigh an fhréamhshamhail ag taispeáint saincheisteanna teicniúla agus chuir Gattis i dteagmháil le Alcorn chun é a shocrú. Nuair a rinne Alcorn iniúchadh ar an meaisín, fuair sé amach gurb é an fhadhb ná go raibh an mheicníocht airgeadra ag dul thar barr le ceathrú.\nTar éis dó éisteacht faoi rath an chluiche, chinn Bushnell go mbeadh níos mó brabúis ag Atari an cluiche a mhonarú seachas ceadúnas a thabhairt dó, ach bhí spéis Bally agus Midway ag éirí. Chinn Bushnell a chur in iúl do gach ceann de na dhá ghrúpa nach raibh suim ag an gceann eile. Dúirt Bushnell le feidhmiúcháin Bally nach raibh na feidhmiúcháin Midway ag iarraidh é agus vice versa chun na caidrimh a chaomhnú le haghaidh déileálacha amach anseo. Ar a ráiteas a chuala Bushnell, dhiúltaigh an dá ghrúpa a thairiscint. Bhí deacracht ag Bushnell tacaíocht airgeadais a fháil do Pong; d'fhéach bainc air mar shaincheap pinball, a raibh an pobal i gcoitinne ag baint leis an Mafia ag an am. Fuair Atari líne creidmheasa ó Wells Fargo a d'úsáid sé chun a chuid áiseanna a leathnú chun líne tionóil a shuiteáil. D'fhógair an chuideachta Pong ar 29 Samhain, 1972. D'iarr an bainisteoir ar oibrithe tionóil ag an oifig dífhostaíochta áitiúil, ach ní raibh sé in ann coinneáil suas leis an éileamh. Bhí an chéad cháblaí arcade a tháirgtear comhdhéanta go han-mhaith, thart ar deich meaisín in aghaidh an lae, agus níor éirigh le go leor acu tástáil cáilíochta. Atari go deireadh racionalized an próiseas agus thosaigh a tháirgeadh an cluiche i méideanna níos mó. Faoi 1973, thosaigh siad ag seoladh Pong chuig tíortha eile le cabhair ó chomhpháirtithe eachtracha.\nTar éis rath Pong, chuir Bushnell brú ar a chuid fostaithe táirgí nua a chruthú. Sa bhliain 1974, mhol innealtóir Atari Harold Lee leagan baile de Pong a nascfadh le teilifís: Home Pong. Thosaigh an córas ag forbairt faoin gcód-ainm Darlene, ainmnithe i ndiaidh fostaí ban tarraingteach ag Atari. D'oibrigh Alcorn le Lee chun na dearaí agus an fhréamhshamhail a fhorbairt, agus iad a bhunú ar an teicneolaíocht dhigitigh chéanna a úsáidtear ina gcluichí arcade. D'oibrigh an bheirt i dtimpeallachtaí chun am agus airgead a shábháil; d'oibrigh Lee ar loighic an dearadh i rith an lae, agus d'eagraigh Alcorn na dearaí san oíche. Tar éis na dearadh a bheith ceadaithe, chabhraigh fear eile de chuid Atari, Bob Brown, le Alcorn agus Lee próta-amhrán a thógáil. Bhí an fhréamhshamhail de ghléas ceangailte le péideastál adhmaid ina raibh os cionn céad sreang, a d'fhéadfaí a chur in ionad le sliseanna amháin a dhear Alcorn agus Lee; ní raibh an sliseán fós le tástáil agus le tógáil sula ndearnadh an fhréamhshamhail a thógáil. Críochnaíodh an sliseanna sa leath dheireanach de 1974, agus ba é an sliseanna is airde feidhmíochta a úsáidtear i dtáirge tomhaltóra ag an am.\nBhuail Bushnell agus Gene Lipkin, leas-uachtarán díolacháin Atari, le miondíoltóirí bréagán agus leictreonaí chun Home Pong a dhíol, ach diúltaíodh dóibh. Shíl miondíoltóirí go raibh an táirge ró-daor agus nach mbeadh suim ag tomhaltóirí ann. Chuir Atari i dteagmháil le roinn Earraí Spóirt Sears tar éis fógra Magnavox Odyssey a thabhairt faoi deara sa chuid earraí spóirt dá chatalóg. Phléigh foireann Atari an cluiche le hionadaithe, Tom Quinn, a léirigh díograis agus a thairg an chuideachta déileáil eisiach. Ag creidiúint go bhféadfadh siad téarmaí níos fabhraí a fháil in áiteanna eile, dhiúltaigh feidhmeannaigh Atari agus lean siad ag leanúint le miondíoltóirí bréagán. I mí Eanáir 1975, chuir foireann Atari booth Home Pong ar bun ag taispeántas trádála bréagáin i gCathair Nua Eabhrac, ach níor éirigh leo orduithe a lorg mar gheall ar an bhfíric nár raibh a fhios acu go raibh taispeántas príobháideach de dhíth orthu.\nAgus iad ag an seó, bhuail siad le Quinn arís, agus, cúpla lá ina dhiaidh sin, chuir siad cruinniú leis chun ordú díolacháin a fháil. D'fhonn cead a fháil ón roinn Earraí Spóirt, mhol Quinn go dtaispeánfadh Atari an cluiche do fheidhmeannaigh i Chicago. Chuaigh Alcorn agus Lipkin go dtí Túr Sears agus, in ainneoin deacrachtaí teicniúla a bhaineann le antenna ar bharr an fhoirgnimh a d'fhorchuir ar an gcainéal céanna leis an gcluiche, fuair siad cead. Dúirt Bushnell le Quinn go bhféadfadh sé 75,000 aonad a tháirgeadh in am don séasúr Nollag; áfach, d'iarr Quinn an méid dúbailte. Cé go raibh a fhios ag Bushnell nach raibh an cumas ag Atari chun 150,000 aonad a mhonarú, d'aontaigh sé. Fuair Atari monarcha nua trí mhaoiniú a fuair an caipitealóir fiontair Don Valentine. Faoi mhaoirseacht Jimm Tubb, chomhlíon an monarcha ordú Sears. Bhí na chéad aonaid a mhonaraíodh le Sears ' \"Tele-Games\" ainm. Scaoileadh Atari leagan ina dhiaidh sin faoina bhranda féin i 1976.\nThug rath Pong aird Ralph Baer, aireagóir an Magnavox Odyssey, agus a fhostóir, Sanders Associates. Bhí comhaontú ag Sanders le Magnavox chun fo-cheadúnachas an Odyssey a láimhseáil, lena n-áirítear déileáil le sáruithe ar a chearta eisiacha. Mar sin féin, níor lean Magnavox caingean dlí i gcoinne Atari agus go leor cuideachtaí eile a scaoileadh clónna Pong. Lean Sanders ar aghaidh ag cur brú ar, agus i mí Aibreáin 1974 rinne Magnavox cás a chomhdú i gcoinne Atari, Bally Midway, Allied Leisure agus Chicago Dynamics. D'áitigh Magnavox gur sháraigh Atari paitinní Baer agus a choincheap de ping-pong leictreonach bunaithe ar thaifid mhionsonraithe a choinnigh Sanders ar phróiseas dearadh an Odyssey a bhí ag dul siar go 1966. I measc na ndoiciméid eile bhí ráitis ó fhinnéithe agus leabhar cuairte sínithe a léirigh go raibh cluiche teimpléid tábla an Odyssey ag Bushnell sular scaoileadh Pong. Mar fhreagra ar éilimh go bhfaca sé an Odyssey, dúirt Bushnell ina dhiaidh sin, \"Is é an fhírinne go bhfaca mé an cluiche Odyssey go hiomlán agus ní shíl mé go raibh sé an-cliste\".\nTar éis dó a chuid roghanna a mheas, shocraigh Bushnell socrú a dhéanamh le Magnavox lasmuigh den chúirt. Bhraith dlíodóir Bushnell go bhféadfadh siad a bhuachan; áfach, mheas sé costais dlí de US $ 1.5 milliún, a bheadh níos mó ná cistí Atari. Thug Magnavox comhaontú do Atari chun a bheith ina cheadúnaí ar US $ 700,000. Ní mór do chuideachtaí eile a tháirgeann \"clónna Pong\" - iomaitheoirí Atari - ríchóimeachtaí a íoc. Ina theannta sin, gheobhaidh Magnavox na cearta do tháirgí Atari a fhorbraíodh le linn na bliana seo chugainn. Lean Magnavox ag leanúint le himeacht dlí i gcoinne na gcuideachtaí eile, agus thosaigh imeachtaí go gairid tar éis socrú Atari i mí an Mheithimh 1976. Bhí an chéad chás ar siúl sa chúirt cheantair i Chicago, agus an Breitheamh John Grady ina uachtarán air. Chun a sheachaint go bhfaigheadh Magnavox cearta ar a tháirgí, shocraigh Atari go gcuirfí moill ar scaoileadh a tháirgí ar feadh bliana, agus go ndearnadh faisnéis a choimeád ó dhlíodóirí Magnavox le linn cuairteanna ar áiseanna Atari.\nTionchar agus oidhreacht\nBhí rath mór ar na cluichí arcade Pong a rinne Atari. Fuair cuairteoirí Taverna Andy Capp an próta-amhrán go maith; tháinig daoine chuig an mbarr chun an cluiche a imirt amháin. Tar éis a scaoileadh, bhain Pong ceithre huaire níos mó ioncaim as meaisíní eile a oibrítear le boinn. Bushnell mheas go raibh an cluiche a thuill US $ 35 40 in aghaidh an lae, a thuairiscigh sé mar rud ar bith a bhí sé riamh le feiceáil roimh sa tionscal siamsaíochta airgeadra-oibrithe ag an am. Mar thoradh ar chumhacht thuilleamh an chluiche tháinig méadú ar líon na n-orduithe a fuair Atari. Thug sé seo foinse ioncaim shoiléir do Atari; dhíol an chuideachta na meaisíní ag trí huaire an costas táirgthe. Faoi 1973, bhí 2,500 ordú curtha i gcrích ag an gcuideachta, agus, ag deireadh 1974, dhíol siad níos mó ná 8,000 aonad. Ó shin i leith, tá na caibinéid arcade ina n-earraí bailitheora agus is é an leagan tábla cóictheal an ceann is annamh. Go gairid tar éis tástáil rathúil an chluiche ag Taverna Andy Capp, thosaigh cuideachtaí eile ag tabhairt cuairte ar an mbarr chun é a iniúchadh. Bhí cluichí den chineál céanna ar an margadh trí mhí ina dhiaidh sin, arna dtáirgeadh ag cuideachtaí mar Ramtek agus Nutting Associates. Ní raibh mórán le déanamh ag Atari i gcoinne na n-iomaitheoirí mar nár chuir siad paitinní isteach ar dtús ar an teicneolaíocht staid shoiléir a úsáideadh sa chluiche. Nuair a rinne an chuideachta iarratas ar phaitinní, chuir deacrachtaí moill ar an bpróiseas. Mar thoradh air sin, bhí \"clónna Pong\" den chuid is mó sa mhargadh; mheas an t-údar Steven Kent go raibh níos lú ná an tríú cuid de na meaisíní déanta ag Atari. Thug Bushnell tagairt do na hiomaitheoirí mar \"Chacals\" toisc go raibh a bhraith acu go raibh buntáiste éagórach acu. Ba é a réiteach chun dul san iomaíocht leo ná cluichí agus coincheapa níos nuálacha a tháirgeadh.\nBhí rath láithreach ar Home Pong tar éis a scaoileadh teoranta i 1975 trí Sears; díoladh thart ar 150,000 aonad an séasúr saoire sin. Ba é an cluiche an táirge is rathúla a bhí ag Sears ag an am, rud a thug Gradam Feabhais Cáilíochta Sears do Atari. Cosúil leis an leagan arcade, scaoileadh roinnt cuideachtaí clónna chun leas a bhaint as rath an consóil tí, agus lean go leor acu ag táirgeadh consóil agus cluichí físeáin nua. D'athscaoileadh Magnavox a gcóras Odyssey le crua-earraí simplithe agus gnéithe nua, agus scaoilfeadh sé leaganacha nuashonraithe ina dhiaidh sin. Chuaigh Coleco isteach sa mhargadh físeáin le a gconsól Telstar; tá trí chineál Pong ann agus bhí samhlacha níos nuaí ina dhiaidh sin freisin. Scaoileadh Nintendo an Cluich Télé Couleur 6 i 1977, a imríonn sé athruithe ar theimpléad leictreonach. An bhliain dár gcionn, lean leagan nuashonraithe, an Color TV Game 15, a bhfuil cúig mhalairt déag ann. Ba iad na córais iontráil Nintendo sa mhargadh físeán baile agus an chéad cheann a tháirgtear iad féin - bhí ceadúnas Magnavox Odyssey acu roimhe seo. Tá na consólanna Pong tiomnaithe agus na clónna iomadúla tar éis teacht ar leibhéil éagsúla de neamhchoitianta; tá consólanna Pong Atari coitianta, agus tá consólanna TV Fun APF Electronics measartha annamh. Tá praghsanna i measc bailitheoirí, áfach, ag athrú le searc; is minic go bhfuil na leaganacha Sears Tele-Games níos saoire ná iad siúd a bhfuil an branda Atari acu.\nMeasann roinnt foilseacháin go bhfuil Pong an cluiche a sheol an tionscal cluiche físe mar fiontar brabúsach. Creideann an t-údar cluiche físe David Ellis gurb é an cluiche croílár rath tionscal na cluichí físe, agus d'iarr sé ar an gcluiche arcade \"ceann de na teidil is suntasaí go stairiúil\". Kent a chur ar an \"arcade feiniméan\" Pong agus Atari cluichí a lean sé, agus a mheas an scaoileadh an leagan baile an tús rathúil de bhaile físeán cluiche consoles. Bill Loguidice agus Matt Barton de Gamasutra tagairt a scaoileadh an chluiche mar an tús de mheán siamsaíochta nua, agus dúirt sé go bhfuil a simplí, gameplay intuitive rinne sé rath. Ainmníodh Entertainment Weekly Pong ar cheann de na deich gcluiche is fearr don Atari 2600 in 2013. D'éirigh go leor de na cuideachtaí a d'eisigh a gcuid leaganacha féin de Pong go maith sa tionscal. Chuaigh Nintendo isteach sa mhargadh físeáin le clónna de Home Pong. Cuidigh an t-ioncam a ghintear uathu - díoladh níos mó ná milliún aonad gach córas - leis an gcuideachta maireachtáil le tréimhse airgeadais deacair, agus spreag siad iad chun leanúint ar aghaidh le cluichí físeáin. Tar éis dó rath Pong a fheiceáil, shocraigh Konami dul isteach sa mhargadh cluiche arcade agus scaoileadh a chéad teideal, Maze. Chuir a rath measartha an chuideachta chun níos mó teidil a fhorbairt. Úsáidtear Pong freisin i seomraí ranga cláir chun bunriachtanais teangacha mar Java agus C ++ a mhúineadh.\nBhraith Bushnell go raibh Pong go háirithe suntasach ina ról mar shlílílí sóisialta, ós rud é go raibh sé il-imreoir amháin agus nach raibh ag teastáil ó gach imreoir níos mó ná lámh amháin a úsáid: \"Bhí sé an-choitianta go mbeadh cailín le ceathrú in láimh ag tarraingt fear as stoc barra agus ag rá,' Ba mhaith liom Pong a imirt agus níl aon duine le imirt. ' Bhí sé ar bhealach a d'fhéadfá a imirt cluichí, bhí tú ag suí ghualainn le ghualainn, d'fhéadfá labhairt, d'fhéadfá gáire, d'fhéadfá dúshlán a thabhairt dá chéile ... mar a tháinig tú níos fearr cairde, d'fhéadfá a chur síos do beoir agus hug. D'fhéadfá do lámh a chur timpeall an duine. D'fhéadfá a imirt ar chlé-handed más mian leat. Go deimhin, tá go leor daoine a tháinig chugam thar na blianta agus a dúirt, 'Chonaic mé mo bhean chéile ag imirt Pong,' agus is rud deas é sin a bhaint amach\".\nLeanbh agus athdhéanamh\nBhraith Bushnell gurb é an bealach is fearr chun dul san iomaíocht i gcoinne imitálaithe ná táirgí níos fearr a chruthú, rud a thug ar Atari seicheamh a tháirgeadh sna blianta tar éis scaoileadh an bunaidh: Pong Doubles, Super Pong, Ultra Pong, Quadrapong, agus Pin-Pong. Tá grafaicí den chineál céanna ag na seicheamh, ach tá eilimintí gameplay nua iontu; mar shampla, tugann Pong Doubles deis do cheithre imreoir dul san iomaíocht i mbeirt, agus tugann Quadrapong deis dóibh dul san iomaíocht i gcoinne a chéile i réimse ceithre bhealach. Bushnell conceptualized freisin saor in aisce-le-imirt leagan de Pong a chur ar cúl leanaí i oifig Dochtúir. Ar dtús, thug sé an teideal air Snoopy Pong agus rinne sé an caibinéid tar éis teach madra Snoopy leis an carachtar ar a bharr, ach d'athraigh sé an teideal go Puppy Pong agus d'athraigh Snoopy go madra cineálach chun gníomh dlíthiúil a sheachaint. D'úsáid Bushnell an cluiche ina dhiaidh sin ina slabhra bialanna Chuck E. Cheese. Sa bhliain 1976, d'eisigh Atari Breakout, éagsúlacht aon-imreoir de Pong áit a bhfuil cuspóir an chluiche chun brící a bhaint as balla trí bhualadh orthu le liathróid. Cosúil le Pong, lean Clónadh Breakout le go leor clónna a chóipeáil an gameplay: Arkanoid, Alleyway, Break 'Em All.\nRinne Atari an cluiche a athdhéanamh ar ardáin iomadúla. I 1977, bhí Pong agus roinnt éagsúlachtaí den chluiche le feiceáil i Video Olympics, ceann de na teidil scaoilte bunaidh don Atari 2600. Tá Pong san áireamh freisin i roinnt comhlánaithe Atari ar ardáin lena n-áirítear an Sega Mega Drive, PlayStation Portable, Nintendo DS, agus ríomhaire pearsanta. Trí chomhaontú le Atari, d'fhorbair Bally Gaming and Systems leagan meaisín sliotán den chluiche. Áirítear ar an Atari TD Overdrive a forbraíodh Pong mar chluiche breise le himirt le linn an scáileáin lódála. Sa bhliain 1999, rinneadh an cluiche a athdhéanamh do ríomhairí baile agus an PlayStation le grafaicí 3D agus cumhacht-ups. Sa bhliain 2012, cheiliúradh Atari an 40ú bliain de Pong trí Pong World a scaoileadh.\nSa chultúr tóir\nTá Pong le feiceáil i roinnt gnéithe den chultúr tóir. Tá an cluiche le feiceáil go suntasach in eipeasóid de shraith teilifíse: That '70s Show, King of the Hill, agus Saturday Night Live. Sa bhliain 2006, bhí Andy Roddick i gcluiche teimpléad i ngráin American Express i gcoinne an pádála bán, i gcluiche. Tá tagairt déanta ag cluichí físe eile agus paróide déanta ar Pong freisin; mar shampla Neuromancer don Commodore 64 agus Banjo-Kazooie: Nuts and Bolts don Xbox 360. Rinne an ócáid ceoil Video Games Live fuaime ó Pong mar chuid de \"Classic Arcade Medley\" speisialta retro. An t-amhrán Frank Black \"Whatever Happened to Pong?\" ar an albam Teenager na Bliana tagraíonn sé go mór d'eilimintí an chluiche.\nChruthaigh stiúideo dearadh na hÍsiltíre Buro Vormkrijgers clog Pong mar thionscadal spraoi laistigh dá n-oifigí. Tar éis don stiúideo cinneadh a dhéanamh é a mhonarú le haghaidh miondíola, ghlac Atari caingean dlí i mí Feabhra 2006. Tháinig an dá chuideachta ar chomhaontú sa deireadh ina bhféadfaí Buro Vormkrijgers líon teoranta a tháirgeadh faoi cheadúnas. Sa bhliain 1999, chruthaigh an t-ealaíontóir Fraincis Pierre Huyghe suiteáil dar teideal \"Atari Light\", ina n-úsáideann beirt daoine feistí cearrbhachais láimhe chun Pong a imirt ar uasteorainn shoiléir. Taispeánadh an obair ag Biennale na Veinéise i 2001, agus ag an Museo de Arte Contemporáneo de Castilla y León i 2007. Cuireadh an cluiche san áireamh i taispeántas 2002 Game On de chuid Gailearaí Ealaíne Barbican Londain a bhí i gceist chun na gnéithe éagsúla de stair, forbartha agus cultúr cluiche físe a thaispeáint.\n- \"Pong\". Liosta Marfach Cluichí Físeáin. Faighte an 22 Deireadh Fómhair 2008.\n- Sellers, John (Lúnasa 2001). \"Pong\". Arcade Fever: An Treoir don Fhán chun Aois Óir na gCluichí Físe. Preas ag rith. pp. 1617. ISBN 0-7624-0937-1.\n- Kent, Steven (2001). \"Agus ansin bhí Pong\". Stair Dheiridh na gCluichí Físeáin. Preas Trí Abhainní. pp. 4043. ISBN 0-7615-3643-4.\n- Ellis, David (2004). \"Tuairisc Bheag ar Cheannachtaí Físeán\". Treoir Phríomhoide Oifigiúil do Chluichí Físeán Clasaiceach. Tithe Random. pp. 34. ISBN 0-375-72038-3.\n- Kent, Steven (2001). \"Agus ansin bhí Pong\". Stair Dheiridh na gCluichí Físeáin. Preas Trí Abhainní. pp. 3839. ISBN 0-7615-3643-4.\n- Kent, Steven (2001). \"Athair na Tionscail\". Stair Dheiridh na gCluichí Físeáin. Preas Trí Abhainní. pp. 3435. ISBN 0-7615-3643-4.\n- Shea, Cam (10 Márta 2008). \"Al Alcorn agallaimh\". IGN. Faighte ar 13 Deireadh Fómhair 2008.\n- Rapp, David (29 Samhain 2006). \"Máthair na gCluichí Físeán Go léir\". Oidhreacht Mheiriceá. Archaithe ón bhunaidh ar an 17 Bealtaine 2008. Faighte ar an 25 Deireadh Fómhair 2008.\n- Helgeson, Matt (Márta 2011). \"The Father of the Game Industry Returns to Atari\". \"Tá athair tionscail na gcluichí ar ais chuig Atari\". Tuairisceoir Cluiche. GameStop (215): 39.\n- \"Scéal na gCearrbhachais\". R. H. Baer Consultants. 1998. Faighte an 22 Deireadh Fómhair 2008.\n- Baer, Ralph (Aibreán 2005). Cluichí Físeán: Sa Tús. New Jersey, SAM: Rolenta Press. C. 81. ISBN 0-9643848-1-7.\n- Morris, Dave (2004). \"Baile Funcy\". An Ealaín na Domhan Cluiche. HarperCollins. Leathanach 166. ISBN 0-06-072430-7.\n- Kent, Steven (2001). \"Agus ansin bhí Pong\". Stair Dheiridh na gCluichí Físeáin. Preas Trí Abhainní. pp. 43 go 45. ISBN 0-7615-3643-4.\n- Kent, Steven (2001). \"An Rí agus an Cúirt\". Stair Dheiridh na gCluichí Físeáin. Preas Trí Abhainní. pp. 5053. ISBN 0-7615-3643-4.\n- \"Uimhreacha Táirgthe\" (PDF). Atari. 1999 - Tá an t-am ann. Faighte ar an 19 Márta 2012.\n- \"An Lá seo sa Stair: 29 Samhain\". Músaem Stair an Chompútara. Fuarthas ar ais 28 Samhain 2011.\n- Kent, Steven (2001). \"Na Jackals\". Stair Dheiridh na gCluichí Físeáin. Preas Trí Abhainní. Leathanach 74. ISBN 0-7615-3643-4.\n- Kent, Steven (2001). \"An féidir leat a Athrá go dhá uair níos mó?\". Stair Dheiridh na gCluichí Físeáin. Preas Trí Abhainní. pp. 80 go 83. ISBN 0-7615-3643-4.\n- Kent, Steven L/ (2001). an Eolaíocht Chríochnaitheach de Cluichí Físeáin. Preas Trí Abhainní. ISBN 0-7615-3643-4.\n- Kent, Steven (2001). \"An féidir leat a Athrá go dhá uair níos mó?\". Stair Dheiridh na gCluichí Físeáin. Preas Trí Abhainní. pp. 8487. ISBN 0-7615-3643-4.\n- Loguidice, Bill; Matt Barton (9 Eanáir 2009). \"The History of Pong: Seachain an cluiche a chailleann chun tionscal a thosú\". Gamasutra. Faighte ar 10 Eanáir 2009.\n- Baer, Ralph (1998). \"Genesis: Conas a Thosaigh an Tionscal Cluichí Físeán Baile\". R. H. Baer Consultants. Faighte an 22 Deireadh Fómhair 2008.\n- Kent, Steven (2001). \"Agus ansin bhí Pong\". Stair Dheiridh na gCluichí Físeáin. Preas Trí Abhainní. pp. 4548. ISBN 0-7615-3643-4.\n- Nolan Bushnell (2003). An Stair de Cluichí Ríomhairí (vídeo). Seán Fhaisnéis.\n- Kent, Steven (2001). \"Cás na Dhá Gorillas\". Stair Dheiridh na gCluichí Físeáin. Preas Trí Abhainní. Leathanach 201. ISBN 0-7615-3643-4.\n- Kent, Steven (2001). \"An Rí agus an Cúirt\". Stair Dheiridh na gCluichí Físeáin. Preas Trí Abhainní. pp. 5354. ISBN 0-7615-3643-4.\n- Ellis, David (2004). \"Clasaic Arcade\". Treoir Phríomhoide Oifigiúil do Chluichí Físeán Clasaiceach. Tithe Random. 400. ISBN 0-375-72038-3.\n- Kent, Steven (2001). \"Na Jackals\". Stair Dheiridh na gCluichí Físeáin. Preas Trí Abhainní. pp. 6061. ISBN 0-7615-3643-4.\n- Kent, Steven (2001). \"An Rí agus an Cúirt\". Stair Dheiridh na gCluichí Físeáin. Preas Trí Abhainní. C. 58. ISBN 0-7615-3643-4.\n- Ellis, David (2004). \"Consóil tiomnaithe\". Treoir Phríomhoide Oifigiúil do Chluichí Físeán Clasaiceach. Tithe Random. pp. 3336. ISBN 0-375-72038-3.\n- Kent, Steven (2001). \"Comhpháirtithe Leapa aisteach\". Stair Dheiridh na gCluichí Físeáin. Preas Trí Abhainní. pp. 94 ar 95. ISBN 0-7615-3643-4.\n- Sheff, David (1993). \"In Heaven's Hands\". (I lámha na bhflaitheas) Game Over: How Nintendo Zapped an American Industry, Captured Your Dollars, and Enslaved Your Children (1ú heagrán). Tithe Random. pp. 2628. ISBN 0-679-40469-4.\n- Ellis, David (2004). \"Consóil tiomnaithe\". Treoir Phríomhoide Oifigiúil do Chluichí Físeán Clasaiceach. Tithe Random. pp. 3741. ISBN 0-375-72038-3.\n- \"Pong\". IGN. Faighte ar 25 Nollaig 2008.\n- Morales, Aaron (25 Eanáir, 2013). \"Na 10 cluiche Atari is fearr\". Seachtain na Sláinte. Arna óstáil ar an 17 Aibreán, 2016.\n- Foireann Retro Gamer (Lúnasa 2008). \"Developer Lookback: Konami Cuid I\". Retro Gamers. Smaoinigh ar Foilsitheoireacht (53): 25.\n- \"Cad é an Diabhal a bhfuil Nolan Bushnell Tosaigh?\". An Ginealach seo chugainn. Smaoinigh ar na Meáin (4): 11. Aibreán 1995.\n- \"Pong Dhá\". Liosta Marfach Cluichí Físeáin. Faighte an 31 Nollaig 2008.\n- \"Quadrapong\". - Tá sé sin ceart. Liosta Marfach Cluichí Físeáin. Faighte an 31 Nollaig 2008.\n- \"Dochtúir Pong\". Liosta Marfach Cluichí Físeáin. Faighte an 31 Nollaig 2008.\n- \"Puppy Pong\". - Tá sé sin ceart. Liosta Marfach Cluichí Físeáin. Faighte an 31 Nollaig 2008.\n- \"Snoopy Pong\". - Tá sé sin go maith. Liosta Marfach Cluichí Físeáin. Faighte an 31 Nollaig 2008.\n- Ellis, David (2004). \"Consóil tiomnaithe\". Treoir Phríomhoide Oifigiúil do Chluichí Físeán Clasaiceach. Tithe Random. p. 402. ISBN 0-375-72038-3.\n- Kent, Steven (2001). \"Na Jackals\". Stair Dheiridh na gCluichí Físeáin. Preas Trí Abhainní. Leathanach 71. ISBN 0-7615-3643-4.\n- Nelson, Mark (21 Lúnasa 2007). \"Breaking Down Breakout: Córas agus Dearadh Leibhéil le haghaidh Cluichí Stíl Breakout\". Gamasutra. Faighte ar 23 Feabhra 2011.\n- \"Clasaic Arcade\". IGN. Faighte ar 25 Nollaig 2008.\n- Atari (20 Nollaig 2007). \"Retro Arcade Masterpieces Hit Store seilfeanna i Atari Classics Evolved\". GameSpot. Faighte ar 25 Nollaig 2008.\n- Gerstmann, Jeff (23 Márta 2005). \"Retro Atari Classics Athbhreithniú\". GameSpot. Faighte ar 25 Nollaig 2008.\n- \"Atari: 80 Cluichí Clásúla i Líne Aon Chuideachta\". GameSpot. 23 Aibreán 2004. Faighte ar 25 Nollaig 2008.\n- Kohler, Chris (7 Meán Fómhair 2004). \"Atari opens up ollmhór-classic-cluiche leabharlann\". GameSpot. Faighte ar 25 Nollaig 2008.\n- \"Atari, Alliance Gaming a fhorbairt sliotáin bunaithe ar Atari Video Games\". GameSpot. 9 Meán Fómhair 2004. Faighte ar 25 Nollaig 2008.\n- Munk, Simon (4 Bealtaine 2002). \"PS2 Athbhreithniú: TD Overdrive\". Cluichí Ríomhairí agus Físeáin. Faighte ar 25 Nollaig 2008.\n- Gestalt (18 Lúnasa 2002). \"TD Overdrive Xbox Athbhreithniú\". Eurogamer. Faighte ar 25 Nollaig 2008.\n- \"Pong: An chéad leibhéal eile (PC)\". IGN. Faighte ar 11 Eanáir 2009.\n- \"Pong: An chéad leibhéal eile (PlayStation)\". IGN. Faighte ar 9 Eanáir 2009.\n- \"Atari ceiliúradh 40 bliain de Pong le nua, saor in aisce iOS Pong cluiche, saincheaptha in-chuairte Xbox 360\". Engadget. Faighte ar an 12 Iúil 2015.\n- \"Punk Chick\". - Tá sé sin go maith. An '70s Show. Séasúr 1. Eipidéim 22. 21 Meitheamh 1999. Cuideachta Craolacháin Fox.\n- \"Ní bheidh sé thar 'Till an Neighbor Fat sings\". Rí na hIolla. Séasúr 9. Eipidéim 15. 15 Bealtaine 2005. Cuideachta Craolacháin Fox.\n- \"Episode 5\". - Tá sé seo go maith. Saturday Night Live. - Tá sé ar siúl. Séasúr 1. Eipidéim 5. Cathair Nua Eabhrac. 15 Samhain 1975. NBC.\n- Ashcraft, Brian (22 Lúnasa 2006). \"Roddick vs. Pong\". Kotaku. Faighte ar 26 Nollaig 2008.\n- Parker, Sam (13 Feabhra 2004). \"Na Cluichí is Fearr de Gach Am: Neuromancer\". GameSpot. Faighte ar 14 Eanáir 2009.\n- Anderson, Luke (11 Meán Fómhair 2008). \"Banjo-Kazooie: Nuts & Bolts hands-on nuashonraithe\". GameSpot. Faighte ar 14 Eanáir 2009.\n- Microsoft (28 Lúnasa 2007). \"Tógann Microsoft Cluichí Físeáin Go Maireachtála Go Londain\". GameSpot. Faighte ar an 7 Meán Fómhair 2008.\n- Frank Black (Singer) (23 Bealtaine 1994). Leagan: Óga na Bliana An t-amhrán: Whatever Happened to Pong? Leabhair Elektra.\n- Crecente, Brian (28 Feabhra 2006). \"Atari Threatens Pong Clock Déantóirí\". Kotaku. Faighte an 22 Deireadh Fómhair 2008.\n- \"Ealaín: 21 Pierre Huyghe Slideshow\". Seirbhís Craolacháin Phoiblí. Faighte 30 Nollaig 2008.\n- \"Musac, Museum XXI Centurt Press Kit\" (PDF). Museo de Arte Contemporáneo de Castilla y León. p. 8. Faighte 30 Nollaig 2008.\n- Boyes, Emma (9 Deireadh Fómhair 2006). \"Músaem Londain taispeánann cluichí\". GameSpot. Faighte ar 9 Bealtaine 2008.\n- Cohen, Scott (1984). Zap! - Tá sé! Éirí Amach agus titim Atari. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-011543-9.\n- Herman, Leonard (1997). Phoenix: The Fall & Rise of Videogames. Roilint Press. ISBN 978-0-9643848-2-8.\n- Kline, Stephen; Dyer-Witheford, Nick; De Peuter, Greig (2003). Seinn Digiteach: Idirghníomhaíocht na Teicneolaíochta, an Chultúir agus Margaíochta. McGill-Queen's Press. ISBN 978-0-7735-2591-7.\n- Lowood, H. (2009). \"Gameanna Físeáin i Spás Ríomhaireachta: An Stair Chasta Pong\". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 31 (3) pp. 519. doi:10.1109/MAHC.2009.53.\nTá meáin ag Wikimedia Commons a bhaineann le Pong."} +{"text": "On July 20, 1873, Brazilian aviation pioneer Alberto Santos-Dumont was born. Santos-Dumont designed, built, and flew hot air balloons and early dirigibles, his rising fame in this field culminating in his winning of the Deutsch de la Meurthe prize on 19 October 1901 on a flight that rounded the Eiffel Tower. Santos-Dumont then constructed a heavier-than-air aircraft, the 14-bis, in which on 23 October 1906, he made the first powered heavier-than-air flight to be certified by the Aéro Club de France and the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI).\nThe Son of the Coffee King\nAlberto Santos-Dumont was the son of the “Coffee King of Brazil.” His family owned a large and successful coffee plantation and made extensive use of labor-saving inventions. Next to Jules Verne’s adventures, Santos-Dumont was influenced by the various possibilities on the plantation, driving steam tractors and locomotive. Santos-Dumont was educated at the Colégio Culto à Ciência in Campinas, the Colégio Morton in São Paulo, and the Escola de Minas in Minas Gerais.\nAfter an accident, Alberto’s father Henriques was partially paralyzed. The family sold the plantation and traveled to Europe in search for medical help. In the following years, Alberto Santos-Dumont spent a lot of time traveling between Europe and Brazil. After Henriques died, Alberto lived in Paris, studying physics, chemistry, mechanics, and electricity with the help of a private tutor, and returning to Brazil for short holidays. In 1896 he returned to Brazil for a longer period, but began to miss Paris and so returned to Europe in 1897. Before embarking he had bought a copy of an account of Salomon Andrée’s attempt to fly to the North Pole by balloon, written by the constructors of the balloon, MM. Lachambre and Machuron, which Santos-Dumont described as a “revelation”.\nBalloon Test Flights\nBack in Paris, Santos-Dumont arranged a two hour test flight with Alexis Machuron. Alberto Santos-Dumont was so impressed that he decided to construct a balloon for himself. His first balloon design, the Brésil, was remarkable for its small size and light weight. After some test flights, he decided to create steerable balloons, or what became known as non-rigid airships, which could be propelled through the air rather than drifting along with the wind. Santos-Dumont won the Deutsch de la Meurthe prize for the first flight from the Parc Saint Cloud to the Eiffel Tower and back in less than 30 minutes, necessitating an average ground speed of at least 22 km/h to cover the 11 km.\nNon-Rigid Air Ships\nAlberto Santos-Dumont continued to work on non-rigid airships with great success. However, his primary interest soon turned to heavier-than-air aircraft. He finished his first fixed-wing aircraft design, and also a helicopter. In 1906, Santos-Dumont finally succeeded in flying a heavier-than-air aircraft in front of witnesses at the grounds of Paris’ Château de Bagatelle in the Bois de Boulogne. This was the first flight of a powered heavier-than-air machine in Europe to be verified by the Aéro-Club de France, and won the Deutsch-Archdeacon Price for the first officially observed flight of more than 25 meters. On 12 November 1906 Santos-Dumont set the first world record recognized by the Federation Aeronautique Internationale, by flying 220 metres in 21.5 seconds.\nSantos-Dumont’s Airplane Designs\nSantos-Dumont’s final design were the Demoiselle monoplanes, used for personal transport. In 1908 Santos-Dumont started working with Adolphe Clément’s Clement-Bayard company to mass-produce the Demoiselle No 19. They planned a production run of 100 units, built 50 but sold only 15, for 7,500 francs for each airframe. It was probably the world’s first series production aircraft. The Demoiselle could be constructed in only 15 days and flew at a speed of more than 100 km/h.\nThe Last Flight\nSantos-Dumont’s final known flight as a pilot was made in a Demoiselle in 1910. The flight ended in an accident when a bracing wire snapped when he was flying at an altitude of about 25 m, causing a wing to collapse. He escaped with nothing worse than bruises. In 1911 he moved to the French seaside village of Benerville-sur-Mer, where he took up astronomy as a hobby. When World War I began, some of the locals who knew nothing of his fame mistook his German-made telescope and unusual accent as signs that he was a German spy tracking French naval activity. After his rooms were searched by the French police, the upset Santos-Dumont, who had also been diagnosed with multiple sclerosis, burned all of his papers, plans and notes, sold his house and returned to Brazil. His return to Brazil was marred by tragedy. A dozen members of the Brazilian scientific community boarded a seaplane with the intention of paying a flying welcome to the returning aviator on the luxury liner Cap Arcona. The seaplane, however, crashed with the loss of all on board. Alberto Santos-Dumont committed suicide by hanging himself on 23 July 1932 in the city of Guarujá in São Paulo.\nAt yovisto academic video search you may be interested in the video Howard Hughes Flight Around the World 1938.\nReferences and Further Reading:\n- Santos-Dumont and the Invention of the Airplane [pdf]\n- Alberto Santos-Dumont at the Smithsonian\n- Alberto Santos-Dumont at Britannica\n- Around the World in 80 Days, SciHi Blog\n- Alberto Santos-Dumont at Wikidata\n- Timeline of South American aviation pioneers, via Wikidata", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-35", "url": "http://scihi.org/alberto-santos-dumont/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027318986.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20190823192831-20190823214831-00479.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9583486915, "token_count": 1329, "score": 3.515625, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Ar 20 Iúil, 1873, rugadh Alberto Santos-Dumont, ceannródaí eitlíochta na Brasaíle. Dearbhaigh, tógadh agus d'eitil Santos-Dumont balúin aeir te agus luathach luath, a cháil ag ardú sa réimse seo ag teacht chun cinn ina bhuaigh sé an duais Deutsch de la Meurthe an 19 Deireadh Fómhair 1901 ar eitilt a rinne timpeall ar Thúr Eiffel. D'éirigh le Santos-Dumont aerárthach níos troime ná aer, an 14-bis, a thógáil ansin, agus an 23 Deireadh Fómhair 1906, rinne sé an chéad eitilt mótar-ná-aer a bhí deimhnithe ag Aéro Club de France agus an Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI).\nMac an Rí Caife\nBhí Alberto Santos-Dumont ina mhac ar Rí Caife na Brasaíle. Bhí plandaíocht caife mór rathúil ag a theaghlach agus d'úsáid siad go forleathan aireagáin a shábháil saothair. Chomh maith le eachtraí Jules Verne, bhí tionchar ag Santos-Dumont ar na féidearthachtaí éagsúla ar an plandaíocht, ag tiomáint tarractóirí gaile agus locomotive. Bhí oideachas ag Santos-Dumont ag an Colégio Culto à Ciência i Campinas, an Colégio Morton i São Paulo, agus an Escola de Minas i Minas Gerais.\nTar éis timpiste, bhí Henriques, athair Alberto, páirteach paralach. D'fhág an teaghlach an plandaíocht agus chuaigh siad go dtí an Eoraip chun cabhair leighis a lorg. Sna blianta ina dhiaidh sin, chaith Alberto Santos-Dumont go leor ama ag taisteal idir an Eoraip agus an Bhrasaíl. Tar éis bhás Henriques, d'fhan Alberto i bPáras, ag déanamh staidéir ar fhisice, ceimic, meicnic agus leictreachas le cabhair ó teagascóir príobháideach, agus ag filleadh ar an mBráisil ar laethanta saoire ghearr. Sa bhliain 1896 d'fhill sé go dtí an Bhrasaíl ar feadh tréimhse níos faide, ach thosaigh sé ag súil le Páras agus mar sin d'fhill sé go dtí an Eoraip sa bhliain 1897. Sula ndeachaigh sé ar bord, cheannaigh sé cóip de thuairisc ar iarracht Salomon Andrée a eitilt go Polainn Thuaidh le balún, a scríobh tógálaithe an balún, MM. Lachambre agus Machuron, a thuairiscigh Santos-Dumont mar revelation.\nLéinte tástála baillúin\nAr ais i bPáras, shocraigh Santos-Dumont eitilt tástála dhá uair an chloig le Alexis Machuron. Bhí an-tóir ar Alberto Santos-Dumont go ndearna sé cinneadh balún a thógáil dó féin. Bhí a chéad dhearadh balún, an Brésil, suntasach dá mhéid beag agus a meáchan éadrom. Tar éis roinnt eitiltí tástála, shocraigh sé balúnanna stiúrtha a chruthú, nó an rud a tugadh airships neamh-rialta, a d'fhéadfaí a thiomáint tríd an aer seachas a bheith ag dul ar aghaidh leis an gaoth. Bhuaigh Santos-Dumont duais Deutsch de la Meurthe as an gcéad eitilt ó Parc Saint Cloud go Túr Eiffel agus ar ais i níos lú ná 30 nóiméad, ag teastáil luas meán talún de 22 km / h ar a laghad chun na 11 km a chlúdach.\nLoingseoirí aer neamh-dhlúth\nLean Alberto Santos-Dumont ag obair ar aerárthaí neamh-rialta le rath mór. Mar sin féin, thionóil a phríomh-aigéan go luath ar eitleáin níos truime ná aeir. Chríochnaigh sé a chéad dhearadh aerárthaí sciathán, agus héileacaptar freisin. Sa bhliain 1906, d'éirigh le Santos-Dumont aerárthach níos troime ná aer a eitilt os comhair finnéithe ar thalamh Paris Château de Bagatelle i Bois de Boulogne. Ba é seo an chéad eitilt de mheaisín níos troime ná aer a bhí cumhachtithe san Eoraip a fhíoraigh Aéro-Club de France, agus bhuaigh sé Duais Deutsch-Archdeacon don chéad eitilt bhreathnaithe go hoifigiúil de níos mó ná 25 méadar. Ar an 12 Samhain 1906 shocraigh Santos-Dumont an chéad taifead domhanda a d'aithin an Federation Aeronautique Internationale, trí eitilt 220 méadar i 21.5 soicind.\nDearadh Aerárthaí Santos-Dumont\nBa iad dearadh deiridh Santos-Dumont na monoplanes Demoiselle, a úsáidtear le haghaidh iompair phearsanta. I 1908 thosaigh Santos-Dumont ag obair le cuideachta Adolphe Clément Clement-Bayard chun an Demoiselle Uimh 19 a tháirgeadh go mór. Bhí sé beartaithe go ndéanfaí 100 aonad a tháirgeadh, tógadh 50 ach níor dhíol ach 15, ar 7,500 francs do gach aerárthach. Is dócha gurb é an chéad aerárthach táirgeachta sraithe ar domhan é. D'fhéadfaí an Demoiselle a thógáil i gceann 15 lá amháin agus d'eitil sé ag luas níos mó ná 100 km / h.\nAn Fheisteáil Deireanach\nRinneadh an eitilt deireanach a bhí ar eolas ag Santos-Dumont mar phíolóta i Demoiselle i 1910. Chríochnaigh an eitilt i dtimpiste nuair a bhriseadh sreang bracing nuair a bhí sé ag eitilt ag airde thart ar 25 m, rud a chuir le haire a thiteadh. D'éalaigh sé le rud ar bith níos measa ná bruises. I 1911 bhog sé go dtí sráidbhaile trá na Fraince Benerville-sur-Mer, áit ar ghlac sé réalteolaíocht mar shaothar. Nuair a thosaigh an Chéad Chogadh Domhanda, rinne cuid de na háitritheoirí nach raibh a fhios acu ar bith faoina cáiliúlacht mícheart a theileascóp déanta sa Ghearmáin agus a ghné neamhghnách mar chomharthaí go raibh sé ina spíosra Gearmánach ag rianú gníomhaíocht cabhlaigh na Fraince. Tar éis do na póilíní na Fraince a sheomraí a chuardach, dóitear Santos-Dumont, a ndearnadh sclerosis ilchroí a dhiagnóisiú air freisin, a chuid páipéir, pleananna agus nótaí go léir, dhíol sé a theach agus d'fhill sé ar an mBrasaíl. Bhí tragóid ina thír ar ais go dtí an Bhrasaíl. D'imigh dhá cheann déag de chomhlacht eolaíochta na Brasaíle ar bord hidreabhaileáin le haidhm fáilte a chur roimh an eitiltíóir a bhí ag filleadh ar an líne lóistín Cap Arcona. Thit an hiodrálach, áfach, agus chaill gach duine a bhí ar bord. Rinne Alberto Santos-Dumont féinmharú trína chrochadh é féin an 23 Iúil 1932 i gcathair Guarujá i São Paulo.\nAg cuardach físe acadúil yovisto d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh suim agat sa fhíseán Howard Hughes Flight Around the World 1938.\nTagraíochtaí agus Léitheoireacht Leanaí:\n- Santos-Dumont agus Invent an Aerárthach [pdf]\n- Alberto Santos-Dumont ag an Smithsonian\n- Alberto Santos-Dumont ag Britannica\n- Timpeall an Domhain i 80 Lá, SciHi Blog\n- Alberto Santos-Dumont ar Wikidata\n- Slí ama na mbreathnóirí eitlíochta Mheiriceá Theas, trí Wikidata"} +{"text": "Can your dog or a passing flock of birds predict an incoming storm? Is there any scientific research to substantiate those claims? And even more interestingly, if animals can predict the weather, do we stop watching the weatherman and start observing the behaviors of animals at the zoo or in our own backyards?\nThe implications of such a revelation would surely have a huge impact on people's day-to-day lives. Even more so, these predictions would be especially valuable during catastrophic events like earthquakes, tidal waves, or a one-in-a-million natural disaster, like the tsunami that smashed into Southeast Asia on Dec. 26, 2004.\nOne of the things we will examine is a widely observed (though scientifically unproven) phenomenon -- even though the tidal wave killed more than 200,000 people, almost no wild animals perished (with the exception of caged or confined animals within the wave's path). Observers report that the animals seemed to have some warning, whether by several hours or just seconds, that allowed them, and the people who heeded those warnings, the chance to find safety.\nLet's continue on and look closely at this animal phenomenon to see if there's any fact behind the fiction.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-40", "url": "https://science.howstuffworks.com/nature/climate-weather/storms/animals-predict-weather.htm", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337723.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20221006025949-20221006055949-00427.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9417760968, "token_count": 249, "score": 2.984375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "An féidir le do mhadra nó le slua éan a théann thart stoirm atá ag teacht a thuar? An bhfuil aon taighde eolaíoch ann chun na héilimh sin a dhearbhú? Agus níos suimiúla fós, má fhéadann ainmhithe an aimsir a thuar, an stopann muid ag féachaint ar an aimsir agus a thosaíonn muid ag breathnú ar iompar ainmhithe sa ghairdín bheatha nó inár gcúlchríocha féin?\nBa cheart go mbeadh tionchar mór ag na hiarmhairtí a bheadh ag nochtadh den sórt sin ar shaol laethúil na ndaoine. Níos mó fós, bheadh na tuar seo luachmhar go háirithe le linn imeachtaí tubaisteacha cosúil le crith talún, tonnta tuilte, nó tubaiste nádúrtha amháin i milliún, cosúil leis an tsunami a bhuail an Oirdheisceart na hÁise ar 26 Nollaig, 2004.\nCeann de na rudaí a scrúd��imid is ea feiniméan a breathnaíodh go forleathan (cé nach bhfuil cruthaithe go heolaíoch) - cé gur maraigh an tonn tuilte níos mó ná 200,000 duine, níor maraíodh beagnach aon ainmhithe fiáine (seachas ainmhithe cageáilte nó teoranta laistigh de shlí na tonn). Tuairiscíonn breathnóirí gur cosúil go raibh rabhadh éigin ag na hainmhithe, cibé acu ar feadh roinnt uaireanta nó ar feadh cúpla soicind, a thug deis dóibh, agus do na daoine a thug aird ar na rabhaidh sin, an deis sábháilteacht a fháil.\nLeanfaimid ar aghaidh agus féachfaimid go dlúth ar an bhfeiniméan ainmhithe seo chun a fheiceáil an bhfuil aon fhírinne taobh thiar den bhfíor-scéal."} +{"text": "Cashwords (jargon buster)\nSome of the terms below are not strictly accountancy terms, but we have included them because they help to explain the importance of good financial management.\nSome of the terms are difficult to put into layman’s language, but we have included them because it will be useful for groups to have some knowledge of what the accountant or auditor is talking about.\nNote that this is a first draft. A fuller version will be available soon, that will include some of the more basic terms relevant to small charities.\nA means of arriving at an income and expenditure statement by adjusting the receipts and payments to take account of amounts that should have been paid or received before the end of the accounting period.\nA report confirming accounts have been properly prepared, given by a qualified accountant.\nThe Charities Act (Accounts and Reports) are frequently abbreviated to accounting regulations. They refer to the statutory requirements of the Act for the content and form of charity accounts.\nItems possessed by an organisation – including money goods or property. The term also refers to any legal rights the charity may have to receive goods, services, money or property.\nAn examination of the accounts undertaken by a registered auditor. The Charities Act states that all charities above the �250,000 threshold must have an audit. Increasingly, charities below this threshold are being required to have an audit by funders – especially local authorities. Auditors are regulated by the accounting body to which they belong.\nA procedure used to check the accuracy of your bookkeeping – and also to spot errors made by your bank. See CASHFACTS: Bank reconciliation.\nSummary of assets or liabilities of a charity at a given time – also describes the funds that are represented by the net assets. A balance sheet can be see as a snapshot of the charity’s finances.\nA restricted fund (or funds), capital must be retained by the trustees for the benefit of the charity and not spent.\nThe 1993 Act of Parliament that regulates accounting standards within charities. See the Charity Commission’s website.\nVarious computer software packages that can be used alongside or instead of the traditional paper-based bank analysis book. Well known packages include Excel, Quickbooks and Sage.\nUnrestricted funds which the trustees have set aside for a particular purpose.\nDirect charitable funds\nExpenditure relating directly to the objectives of the charity ie. the income and expenditure concerned with the charity’s activities, distinct from management and administration costs and fundraising/publicity costs.\nA type of restricted fund that must be kept intact and not spent. An expendable endowment can eventually – at the trustee’s discretion – be converted into spendable income.\nA set of procedures that govern how a charity handles its finances. See CASHFACTS: Financial controls.\nThe organisation’s accounts including notes to the accounts and any other statements that need to be included.\nAssets that have a value of more than one year ie. a new computer would normally be considered to have a life of three years. Charities are required to keep a fixed-assets register.\nFundraising and publicity costs\nCosts resulting directly from fundraising activities ie. staff time, advertising, mailing costs.\nFunds that may be used generally for the advancement of the charity’s objectives – they are not restricted funds, nor funds that have been earmarked for a particular purpose.\nThis document sets out the objects and rules of the organisation and needs to be approved by the Charity Commission when a charity is registered or if amendments are made to the governing document. It can also be called: the constitution, trust deed, governing instrument or memorandum and articles of association (for a charitable company). In Scotland it can be known as an explanatory document or as a founding deed.\nAll income of the organisation during a financial year before deductions are made. Under the Charities Act it is defined to create thresholds to exclude all capital (endowment) income, sale of fixed assets and sale of investments.\nIncome and expenditure account\nA summary of the income and expenditure for a financial year, showing only the revenue transactions.\nAll resources available to the organisation, including restricted income, capital (endowment) income, gifts in kind and intangible income.\nThe Charities Act allows for charities below the �250,000 threshold to have an independent examination rather than a full audit. Though less stringent than an audit, the examination is still intended to check that the charity’s finances are being managed properly. The person who carries out the examination is called an independent examiner. They can either be an accountant or someone who is recognised to be financially competent.\nAmounts owed by the organisation at the time the balance sheet is drawn-up. The cost has been incurred, but the bills remain to be paid.\nManagement and administration\nCosts directly resulting from the management of the charity’s assets, compliance with statutory requirements and organisational administration.\nA clause with the charity’s governing document that outlines the purpose for the charities existence. Charities cannot do work outside their objects. Note that CASHWORDS uses the term objectives instead of objects as this is a more readily understandable term.\nOtherwise known as central or core costs, overheads are the basic costs of running the organisation – typically office costs, salaries of core staff, rent etc. The line between overheads and project costs can be difficult to draw. However, when fundraising you should note whether funders allow overheads to be included in project costs ie. the running of a project will include 25% of a core member of staff’s time.\nCharities are now almost universally funded through projects, pieces of work that have specific outputs agreed with the funder(s) ie. a lunch will be provided for 30 pensioners, fives day per week, for 50 weeks of the year. Core costs can be included in project budgets. Note that even when funders support an organisation’s core costs, they will only do so if project targets are met. See CASHFACTS: Fundraising and Writing Budgets.\nA type of endowment fund where the trustees have no discretion to convert the endowment into spendable income. It must be kept intact as capital.\nReceipts and payments account\nA summary of the cash transactions of the charity. This simple form of accounts is often used by small charities.\nThese are sums of money an organisation accrues through a surplus which are kept aside. There are three types of reserves:\n- Restricted: money where the donor has specified on what it must be spent.\n- Designated: money the trustees have set aside for a particular purpose.\n- General: uncommitted funds.\nIt is now recognised as good practice for charities to have reserves – generally three month’s running costs. However, if a charity’s level of reserves goes much beyond this it can impact on fundraising. See CASHFACTS: Fundraising.\nIncome that must be spent on a specific purpose as defined, for instance, in a funders letter or – in the case of an endowment – within the charity’s objects.\nSORP The statement of recommended practice (SORP) for charities gives guidance on how items within charity accounts must be treated. See the Charity Commission website.\nStatement of financial activities (SOFA)\nThe SOFA summaries all incoming resources and use of resources. It replaces the previous standard – the income and expenditure account – as the primary financial statement: going further by bringing together all the transactions of the charity.\nThe out-goings of the organisation for the financial year, excluding purchases of fixed assets and investments.\nFunds held for the general purpose of the charity – but they have to be spent within the stated objectives.\nLast updated: Wed, Apr 27 2005 - 12:02:44 PM\nHelp us improve CASH-ONLINE\nPlease help us by completing our quick, two minute survey. You will enable us to improve this site and help our fundraising.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-09", "url": "http://cash-online.org.uk/content/4/20/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170884.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00203-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9349840283, "token_count": 1666, "score": 2.71875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Cainnt (bustóir slang)\nNí téarmaí cuntasaíochta iad cuid de na téarmaí atá thíos ach tá siad san áireamh mar go gcuireann siad le tuiscint a thabhairt ar thábhacht an bhainistíochta airgeadais mhaith.\nTá cuid de na téarmaí deacair a chur i dteanga na n-eolaithe, ach tá siad á gcur san áireamh mar go mbeidh sé úsáideach do ghrúpaí eolas a bheith acu ar an méid atá á labhairt ag an gcuntasóir nó an iniúchóir.\nTabhair faoi deara gur dréachtchruthú é seo. Beidh leagan níos iomláine ar fáil go luath, a chuimseoidh cuid de na téarmaí níos bunúsaí a bhaineann le carthanais bheaga.\nBealach chun ráiteas ioncaim agus caiteachais a fháil trí na faighteanna agus na híocaíochtaí a choigeartú chun méideanna a ba cheart a bheith íoctha nó faighte roimh dheireadh na tréimhse cuntasaíochta a chur san áireamh.\nTá tuarascáil ag deimhniú go bhfuil cuntas ullmhaithe go cuí, arna thabhairt ag cuntasóir cáilithe.\nIs minic a ghearrtar an tAcht um Charities (Cuntas agus Tuarascálacha) go rialacháin chuntasaíochta. Tagraíonn siad do na ceanglais reachtúla atá sa Acht maidir le hábhar agus foirm na gcuntas carthanachta.\nEarraí atá i seilbh eagraíochta lena n-áirítear airgead, earraí nó maoin. Tagraíonn an téarma freisin do aon chearta dlíthiúla a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ag an charthanas earraí, seirbhísí, airgead nó maoin a fháil.\nScrúdú ar na cuntais arna dhéanamh ag iniúchóir cláraithe. Deir an tAcht um Charities go gcaithfidh iniúchadh a bheith ag gach carthanas os cionn an tairseach 250,000. Tá sé ag éirí níos mó agus níos mó le carthanais atá faoi bhun an tairseach seo go bhfuil gá le iniúchadh a dhéanamh ag cistiúthóirí go háirithe údaráis áitiúla. Tá na hiniúchóirí faoi rialú ag an gcomhlacht cuntasaíochta a mbaineann siad leis.\nNósanna imeachta a úsáidtear chun cruinneas do chuntasaíochta a sheiceáil agus chun earráidí a rinne do bhanc a aimsiú freisin. Féach CASHFACTS: Comhréiteach bainc.\nDéanann achoimre ar shócmhainní nó dliteanais charthanachta ag am áirithe cur síos freisin ar na cistí a léiríonn na sócmhainní glan. Is féidir an t-iarmhéid a fheiceáil mar léargas ar airgeadas an charthanachta.\nCiste (nó cistí) teoranta, ní mór caipiteal a choinneáil ag na iontaobhaithe chun tairbhe na carthanachta agus gan a chaitheamh.\nAn tAcht Parlaiminte 1993 a rialaíonn caighdeáin chuntasaíochta laistigh de charthanachtaí. Féach ar shuíomh gréasáin an Choimisiúin Carthanachta.\nPacáistí bogearraí ríomhaireachta éagsúla is féidir a úsáid in éineacht leis an leabhar anailíse bainc phéipéir thraidisiúnta nó ina ionad. I measc na bpacáistí is cáiliúla tá Excel, Quickbooks agus Sage.\nCistí gan teorainn a chuir na iontaobhaithe ar leataobh chun críche áirithe.\nCistí carthanúla díreacha\nCaiteachas a bhaineann go díreach le cuspóirí an charthanachta ie. na hiníola agus na caiteachais a bhaineann le gníomhaíochtaí an charthanachta, ar leithligh ó chostais bhainistíochta agus riaracháin agus costais bhailiú airgid/foilseachán.\nCineál ciste teoranta nach mór a choinneáil slán agus nach gcaitear. Is féidir le deontais inúsáidte a thiontú go ioncam inúsáidte sa deireadh - ag rogha an iontaobhaí.\nTacar nósanna imeachta a rialaíonn an chaoi a ndéileálann carthanas lena airgeadas. Féach CASHFACTS: Rialuithe airgeadais.\nCuntas na heagraíochta lena n-áirítear nótaí ar na cuntais agus aon ráitis eile is gá a chur san áireamh.\nGníomhaíochtaí a bhfuil luach níos mó ná bliain amháin acu, ie. go meastar go bhfuil saolré trí bliana ag ríomhaire nua de ghnáth. Tá sé de cheangal ar charthanais clár sócmhainní seasta a choinneáil.\nCostas bailiú airgid agus cosc poiblíochta\nCostas a thagann go díreach ó ghníomhaíochtaí maoinithe, ie. Tá an t-am foirne, an fógraíocht, costais a bhaineann leis an bpost.\nCistí a d'fhéadfaí a úsáid go ginearálta chun cuspóirí an charthanachta a chur chun cinn ní cistí srianta iad, ná cistí a leithdháileadh chun críche ar leith.\nLeagtar amach sa doiciméad seo cuspóirí agus rialacha na heagraíochta agus ní mór don Choimisiún Carthanas é a fhormheas nuair a chláraítear carthanas nó má dhéantar leasuithe ar an doiciméad rialaithe. Is féidir é a ghlaoch freisin: an bunreacht, an t-eacht iontaobhais, an t-ionstraim rialaithe nó meabhrán agus ailt chomhlachais (do chuideachta charthanachta). I dTír na hAlban is féidir a bheith ar eolas mar dhoiciméad míniúcháin nó mar dheacht bhunaidh.\nGach ioncam na heagraíochta le linn bliana airgeadais sula ndéantar asbhaintí. Faoi Acht na nGael, sainmhínítear é chun tairseacha a chruthú chun gach ioncam caipitil (deontais), díol sócmhainní seasta agus díol infheistíochtaí a eisiamh.\nCuntas ioncaim agus caiteachais\nachoimre ar ioncam agus caiteachas le haghaidh bliana airgeadais, gan ach na hidirbhearta ioncaim a thaispeáint.\nGach acmhainn atá ar fáil don eagraíocht, lena n-áirítear ioncam teoranta, ioncam caipitil (deontais), bronntanais in ealaín agus ioncam neamhthaobhach.\nCeadaíonn an tAcht um Charities do charthanais atá faoi bhun an tairseach 250,000 scrúdú neamhspleách a dhéanamh seachas iniúchadh iomlán. Cé nach bhfuil sé chomh dian le hiniúchadh, tá sé i gceist leis an scrúdú a sheiceáil go bhfuil bainistiú ceart á dhéanamh ar airgeadas an charthanachta. Tugtar scrúdaitheoir neamhspleách ar an duine a dhéanann an scrúdú. Is féidir leo a bheith ina gcuntasóir nó ina dhuine a aithnítear a bheith inniúil ó thaobh airgeadais de.\nCuntas a bhaineann le hionstraimí a bhaineann le hionstraimí a bhaineann le hionstraimí a bhaineann le hionstraimí a bhaineann le hionstraimí a bhaineann le hionstraimí a bhaineann le hionstraimí. Tá an costas déanta, ach tá na billí fós le híoc.\nBainistíocht agus riarachán\nCostas a thagann go díreach as maoin na heagraíochta carthanachta a bhainistiú, ceanglais reachtúla a chomhlíonadh agus riarachán eagraíochta.\nClásail le doiciméad rialaithe na heagraíochta carthanachta a thugann léargas ar an gcuspóir atá leis an heagraíocht carthanachta. Ní féidir le carthanais obair a dhéanamh lasmuigh dá gcuspóirí. Tabhair faoi deara go n-úsáideann CASHWORDS an téarma cuspóirí in ionad rudaí mar is téarma níos éasca le tuiscint é seo.\nCosnaíonn an t-eagraíocht an t-airgead a bhaintear as a gcuid costais, nó a bhaintear as a gcuid costais, chun a chinntiú go bhfuil an t-airgead a bhaintear as a gcuid costais á úsáid go héifeachtach. Is féidir go mbeadh sé deacair an líne idir costais ghinearálta agus costais tionscadail a tharraingt. Mar sin féin, nuair a bhailíonn tú cistí ba cheart duit a thabhairt faoi deara an gceadaíonn cistiúitheoirí go gcuirtear forchostais san áireamh i gcostais tionscadail ie. Beidh 25% d'am príomhchomhalta foirne i gceist le reáchtáil tionscadail.\nTá carthanais anois beagnach go forleathan maoinithe trí thionscadail, píosaí oibre a bhfuil aschuir shonracha comhaontaithe leis an maoinitheoir. Beidh lón ar fáil do 30 pinseanóir, cúig lá sa tseachtain, ar feadh 50 seachtain den bhliain. Is féidir na costais bhunúsacha a chur san áireamh i mbuiséid tionscadail. Tabhair faoi deara, fiú nuair a thacaíonn cistiúthóirí le bunchostais eagraíochta, ní dhéanfaidh siad sin ach amháin má chomhlíontar spriocanna tionscadail. Féach CASHFACTS: Maoine a bhailiú agus Buiséid a scríobh.\nCineál ciste deontais nach bhfuil aon rogha ag na cistí iontaobhais an deontais a thiontú ina ioncam inúsáidte. Ní mór é a choinneáil slán mar chaipiteal.\nCuntas faighteanna agus íocaíochtaí\nachoimre ar idirbhearta airgid an charthanachta. Is minic a úsáideann carthanais bheaga an cineál cuntas simplí seo.\nIs suim airgid iad seo a fhaigheann eagraíocht trí bhreis a choinnítear ar leataobh. Tá trí chineál cúlchiste ann:\n- Srian: airgead a shonraigh an t-airgeadóir ar cad ba cheart é a chaitheamh.\n- Ainmní: airgead a chuir na iontaobhaithe ar leataobh chun críche áirithe.\n- Ginearálta: cistí neamhcheangailte.\nTá sé aitheanta anois mar dea-chleachtas go bhfuil cúlchistí ag carthanais go ginearálta trí mhí ar chostais reáchtála. Mar sin féin, má théann leibhéal cúlchistí carthanachta i bhfad níos faide ná seo, d'fhéadfadh sé tionchar a bheith aige ar bhailiú airgid. Féach CASHFACTS: Maoine a bhailiú.\nIoncam a chaithfear ar chuspóir shonrach mar a shainmhínítear, mar shampla, i litir na gcisteoirí nó i gcás ciste laistigh de chuspóirí na carthanachta.\nSORP Tugann ráiteas na cleachtais mholta (SORP) do charthanais treoir maidir le conas a gcaithfear le heilimintí laistigh de chuntais charthanachta. Féach ar shuíomh Gréasáin an Choimisiúin Carthanachta.\nRáiteas ar ghníomhaíochtaí airgeadais (SOFA)\nTá achoimre ar na hacmhainní uile a thagann isteach agus ar úsáid na n-acmhainní sa SOFA. Tagann sé in ionad an chaighdeáin roimhe seo an cuntas ioncaim agus caiteachais mar an príomh-litir airgeadais: ag dul níos faide trí idirbhearta uile na carthanachta a thabhairt le chéile.\nCaiteachas an eagrais don bhliain airgeadais, seachas ceannach sócmhainní seasta agus infheistíochtaí.\nCistí a shealbhú chun críocha ginearálta an charthanachta ach ní mór iad a chaitheamh laistigh de na cuspóirí a luaitear.\nNuashonrú deireanach: Wed, Apr 27 2005 - 12:02:44 PM\nCabhair linn CASH-ONLINE a fheabhsú\nCabhraigh linn le do thoil trí ár suirbhé tapa, dhá nóiméad a chomhlánú. Cuirfidh tú ar ár gcumas an suíomh seo a fheabhsú agus cuideoidh tú linn airgead a bhailiú."} +{"text": "What is it? Full text for scholarly and academic magazines and periodicals - covering nearly every area of academic study including: computer sciences, engineering, physics, chemistry, language and linguistics, arts and literature, medical sciences, ethnic studies, and many more – from EBSCOhost.\nWhy use it? Conduct research for your next term paper. Discover in-depth articles on hundreds of subjects.\nWhat is it? Points of View Reference Center contains many topics, each with an overview (objective background/description), point (argument) and counterpoint (opposing argument). Providing a balance of materials from all viewpoints, it also includes over 1,300 main essays, leading political magazines from all sides of the political spectrum, newspapers, radio & TV news transcripts, primary source documents and reference books. It also offers guides for writing position papers, developing arguments and debating.\nWhy use it? Containing resources that present multiple sides of an issue, this database provides the basis from which students can realize and develop persuasive arguments and essays, better understand controversial issues and develop analytical thinking skills.\nWhat is it? OPLIN's ever-expanding directory of Ohio-specific websites and links.\nWhy use it? Find Ohio-focused websites by category or by county.\nWhat is it? An evolving, dynamic online encyclopedia from the Ohio Historical Society.\nWhy use it? Find information, images, timelines, maps, and documents about Ohio’s history, geography, geology, animals, and American Indian populations.\nWhy use it? Search the encyclopedia. Find magazine and newspaper articles. Learn about other countries – through reports, maps, and photos.\nWhy use it? \"Trek's Travels\" offers narrated stories, interactive games, and original videos that teach early childhood themes, including numbers, shapes, colors, opposites, and more. \"Welcome to Reading\" develops and strengthen phonics, vocabulary, phonemic awareness, and comprehension skills. \"Know It\" offers a richly visual first encyclopedia.\nWhy use it? It is designed for native Spanish speakers, bilingual students, and ESL/ELL program participants.\nWhy use it? Tailored for the needs and skills of older students, World Book Advanced integrates primary and secondary source databases in a single search.\nWhy use it? The Spanish Student Discovery Encyclopedia is organized so that the student can find information quickly and easily.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-09", "url": "http://williamsco.lib.oh.us/content/reference-research-databases", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171630.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00448-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9113548398, "token_count": 488, "score": 3.3125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Cad é? Téacs iomlán do irisí agus do thréimhseacháin eolaíocha agus acadúla - a chlúdaíonn beagnach gach réimse staidéir acadúla lena n-áirítear: eolaíochtaí ríomhaireachta, innealtóireacht, fisice, ceimic, teanga agus teangachas, ealaíon agus litríocht, eolaíochtaí leighis, staidéir eitneacha, agus go leor eile ó EBSCOhost.\nCén fáth é a úsáid? Déan taighde le haghaidh do théarma eile. Faigh amach alt domhain ar na céadta ábhar.\nCad é? Tá go leor ábhair i Lárionad Tagartha Píosaí Breathnóireachta, gach ceann acu le forléargas (fonn / tuairisc oibiachtúil), pointe (argument) agus contrapunt (argument os coinne). Ag soláthar cothromaíocht ábhair ó gach dearcadh, áirítear leis freisin níos mó ná 1,300 príomh-easáid, príomh- irisí polaitiúla ó gach taobh den speictream polaitiúil, nuachtáin, trascripteanna nuachta raidió agus teilifíse, doiciméid phríomhfhoinse agus leabhair thagaisc. Cuireann sé treoracha ar fáil freisin le haghaidh páipéir sheasamh a scríobh, argóintí a fhorbairt agus díospóireacht a dhéanamh.\nCén fáth é a úsáid? Leis na hacmhainní a chuimsíonn na taobhanna éagsúla a bhaineann le saincheist, soláthraíonn an bunachar sonraí seo an bonn as ar féidir le mic léinn argóintí agus aisteanna a chur i gcrích agus a fhorbairt, saincheisteanna conspóideacha a thuiscint níos fearr agus scileanna smaointeoireachta anailíseacha a fhorbairt.\nCad é? Treoirlíne OPLIN atá ag leathnú i gcónaí de láithreáin ghréasáin agus naisc atá sonrach do Ohio.\nCén fáth é a úsáid? Faigh suíomhanna Gréasáin atá dírithe ar Ohio de réir catagóire nó de réir contae.\nCad é? Leabharlann ar líne atá ag forbairt agus ag athrú ó Chomhlacht Stairiúil Ohio.\nCén fáth é a úsáid? Faigh faisnéis, íomhánna, amlíne, léarscáileanna, agus doiciméid faoi stair, tíreolaíocht, geolaíocht, ainmhithe, agus daonra Indiach Mheiriceá Ohio.\nCén fáth é a úsáid? Cuardaigh an t-einscríbhinn. Faigh alt i mbreiseán agus i nuachtáin. Foghlaim faoi thíortha eile trí thuairiscí, léarscáileanna agus grianghraif.\nCén fáth é a úsáid? Cuireann \"Trek's Travels\" scéalta in iúl, cluichí idirghníomhacha, agus físeáin bhunaidh a mhúineann téamaí óige, lena n-áirítear uimhreacha, cruthanna, dathanna, frithpháirteanna, agus go leor eile. Forbraíonn \"Fáilte go Léitheoireacht\" agus daingníonn sé fuaimeanna, foclóir, feasacht fuaimeach, agus scileanna tuiscint. Cuireann \"Know It\" an chéad easailpeiripe go huile is go léir ar fáil.\nCén fáth é a úsáid? Tá sé deartha do chainteoirí dúchais na Spáinne, do mhic léinn déitheangacha, agus do rannpháirtithe i gclár ESL/ELL.\nCén fáth é a úsáid? D'aontaíodh é le riachtanais agus scileanna na mac léinn níos sine, comhtháthaíonn World Book Advanced bunachair sonraí bunscoile agus foinseach i cuardach amháin.\nCén fáth é a úsáid? Tá an t-Einscríbhinn Discovery Student Spáinnis eagraithe ionas gur féidir leis an mac léinn faisnéis a fháil go tapa agus go héasca."} +{"text": "coffee consumption may reduce risk of liver disease\nMeta-analyses have suggested that coffee consumption versus no coffee consumption is associated with up to a 40% risk reduction of liver cancer, although this appears to be a dose-dependent relationship3-5.\nResearch from the US6 and Italy7,8 suggests that coffee consumption is consistently associated with a reduced risk of cirrhosis, with a potential risk reduction of 25-70%.\nResearch suggests an inverse association between coffee consumption and risk of chronic liver disease, with an average risk reduction of 25-30% in low coffee consumers, and up to 65% in high coffee consumers9.*.\nDuring the roundtable, Professor Alexander suggested that it is likely that liver cancer develops from an existing liver disease, and proposed that the association between coffee consumption and a reduced risk of liver cancer may in fact link back to an effect of coffee drinking on liver disease.\nOne of the main issues discussed at the roundtable was the diagnosis of liver disease, and the fact that a majority of sufferers are unaware of their condition. Even though the liver is a vital organ, the perception in some European countries is that liver health is not considered as high a priority as other conditions, such as heart disease.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-35", "url": "http://m.jetinnovending.com/news/coffee-consumption-may-reduce-risk-of-liver-di-10269077.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027317688.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20190822235908-20190823021908-00050.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9713863134, "token_count": 252, "score": 2.5625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "d'fhéadfadh go laghdódh tomhaltas caife riosca galar ae\nTá sé de mholadh ag meta-anailísí go bhfuil baint ag tomhaltas caife i gcomparáid le gan tomhaltas caife le laghdú suas le 40% ar riosca ailse ae, cé gur cosúil go bhfuil an gaol seo ag brath ar an dáileog3-5.\nTugann taighde ó na Stáit Aontaithe6 agus ón Iodáil7,8 le fios go bhfuil caitheamh caife ceangailte go comhsheasmhach le riosca laghdaithe de shiorróis, le laghdú riosca a d'fhéadfadh a bheith idir 25-70%.\nTugann taighde le fios go bhfuil nasc inbhéartaithe idir tomhaltas caife agus riosca galar crónach ae, le laghdú riosca 25-30% ar an meán i measc tomhaltóirí caife íseal, agus suas le 65% i measc tomhaltóirí caife ard9. *\nLe linn an bhoird bhabhta, mhol an tOllamh Alexander go bhfuil sé dóchúil go bhforbróidh ailse ae ó ghalair ae atá ann cheana féin, agus mhol sé go bhféadfadh an ceangal idir tomhaltas caife agus riosca laghdaithe ailse ae a bheith nasctha i ndáiríre le héifeacht ó ól caife ar ghalair ae.\nCeann de na príomhcheisteanna a pléadh ag an mbord bhabhta ná diagnóis galar ae, agus an bhfíric nach bhfuil a fhios ag formhór na ndaoine atá ag fulaingt as a riocht. Cé go bhfuil an ae ina orgán ríthábhachtach, is é an tuiscint i roinnt tíortha Eorpacha nach meastar go bhfuil sláinte an ae chomh tosaíochta le coinníollacha eile, mar shampla galar croí."} +{"text": "Eleven days from Chorev, by way of Har Se’ir to Kadesh-barnea.\nBe’er Yosef: We understand Chorev to be none other than Har Sinai. After all, notes the gemara, this most important location went by five different names. Why call Sinai “Chorev?” Because, offers the same gemara, ruin/ churvah descended to the nations on Sinai. The gemara does not tell us what about the giving of the Torah was particularly ruinous to the rest of the world.\nWe can find clues if we look elsewhere to see what Chazal consider to be particularly devastating. One place that comes to mind is the conversation a barren Soro has with her husband Avrohom. She persuades him to take her servant Hagar as a consort, in the hope that “I will build from her,” meaning that Hagar will have a child, and Soro will act as a surrogate parent. Rashi, citing a midrash, draws the inference: If Soro will only “build” by having a child, then it follows that one who has not built, i.e. has not produced a child, lives in a state of destruction or ruin.\nNow, the commandment to have children appears early in Chumash, well before matan Torah. The gemara states an unambiguous principle regarding mitzvos that appear in Chumash before Klal Yisrael received the Torah. If a mitzvah is given prior to Sinai and not repeated after the Torah was given to Klal Yisrael, then only Jews are responsible to uphold it. If it is repeated after matan Torah, then it devolves upon both Jews and non-Jews/ bnei Noach.\nThe Torah does not repeat the “be fruitful and multiply” mitzvah after Sinai. Therefore, obligation in this mitzvah shifts to Jews alone. Whereas before Sinai, all of mankind was commanded to propagate the species, this is no longer true after the Torah was given.\nAnother way of looking at this is that having children became optional for non-Jews after the giving of the Torah. This can only mean that Hashem was prepared for the possibility that a group of people might vanish in time because they could not replenish themselves across the generations. Because of Sinai, the “ruin” of other nations was introduced. They could now treat parenting as an option in which they might or might not be interested. HKBH no longer had a strong interest in maintaining their populations. The possibility of their ruin had descended upon them at Sinai.\nThis line of reasoning helps explain why Har Sinai is called “Chorev” in our pasuk. The Torah goes on to place the beginning of Devarim at a point in time just after the wars with Sichon and Og. Those battles ushered in a policy of destruction of the seven nations that occupied the Land at the time. This, too, was a reflection of the new reality that took hold after Sinai, in which Divine interest waned in sustaining the populations of other nations. Some would come and go. The most evil of them would disappear in the short run, as the Bnei Yisrael would replace them within the borders of Israel.\nThe Torah hints here at the source of their harsh treatment. Having been offered the Torah and spurning it, they had become expendable. Rejecting the Torah was tantamount to signing their own death warrants. Because of Sinai, their future was jeopardized. Their ruin had descended to them on that mountain, albeit by their own choosing.\n Based on Be’er Yosef, Devarim 1:2\n Shabbos 89B\n Bereishis 16:2\n Bereishis Rabbah 45:2", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-40", "url": "https://torah.org/torah-portion/beeros-5775-devarim/?printversion=1", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030331677.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220924151538-20220924181538-00579.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9671126008, "token_count": 823, "score": 2.890625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Aon lá déag ó Chorev, ar bhealach Har Seir go Cadesh-barnea.\nBeer Yosef: Tuigimid nach bhfuil Chorev ar bith eile ná Har Sinai. Tar éis an tsaoil, a deir an gemara, bhí cúig ainm éagsúla ar an áit is tábhachtaí seo. Cén fáth a n-ainm Sinai Chorev? Toisc go, cuireann an gemara céanna, ruin / churvah tháinig síos go dtí na náisiúin ar Sinai. Ní deir an gemara dúinn cad faoi thabhairt an Torah a bhí go háirithe ruinary don chuid eile den domhan.\nIs féidir linn leideanna a fháil má fhéachann muid in áit eile chun a fheiceáil cad a mheas Chazal a bheith go háirithe tubaisteach. Is é an t-aon áit a thagann chun cuimhne ná an comhrá a bhíonn ag Soro neamhtháir lena fear céile Avrohom. Spreagann sí é a sheirbhíseach Hagar a ghlacadh mar chomhghleacaí, agus dóchas aici go \"Tógfaidh mé as í\", rud a chiallaíonn go mbeidh leanbh ag Hagar, agus go ngníomhaíonn Soro mar thuismitheoir iontrála. Rashi, ag lua midrash, tarraingíonn an inference: Má Soro ach amháin a bheidh tógáil ag a bheith ar leanbh, ansin leanann sé go bhfuil duine nach bhfuil tógtha, ie. Ní raibh a tháirgeadh leanbh, ina chónaí i staid na scrios nó ruin.\nAnois, an commandment a bheith leanaí le feiceáil go luath i Chumash, fada roimh matan Torah. Deir an gemara prionsabal gan amhras maidir le mitzvos a thagann chun cinn i Chumash sula bhfaigheann Klal Yisrael an Torah. Má thugtar mitzvah roimh Sinai agus nach bhfuil sé arís tar éis an Torah a tugadh do Klal Yisrael, ansin níl ach Giúdaigh freagrach as é a chur chun cinn. Má dhéantar é a athdhéanamh tar éis matan Torah, ansin téann sé ar na Giúdaigh agus ar neamh-Giúdaigh / bnei Noah.\nNí dhéanann an Torah an bheith torthúil agus iomadaigh mitzvah a athdhéanamh tar éis Sinai. Dá bhrí sin, oibleagáid sa mitzvah seo a aistriú go dtí Giúdaigh amháin. Cé go raibh an t-eagla ar an chine daonna go léir roimh Shíneach an speiceas a iompachadh, ní fíor é seo a thuilleadh tar éis an Torah a thabhairt.\nBealach eile chun féachaint air seo ná gur tháinig leanaí a bheith roghnach do dhaoine nach Giúdaigh tar éis an Torah a thabhairt. Ní féidir leis seo a chiallaíonn ach go raibh Hashem ullmhaithe le haghaidh an fhéidearthacht go bhféadfadh grúpa daoine a bheith imithe in am toisc nach raibh siad in ann athsholáthar iad féin ar fud na glúine. Mar gheall ar Shíne, tugadh isteach ruin na náisiún eile. D'fhéadfadh siad anois breithniú ar thuismitheoireacht mar rogha a d'fhéadfadh a bheith nó nach bhféadfadh a bheith suim acu. Ní raibh suim láidir ag HKBH a gcuid daonra a choinneáil a thuilleadh. Bhí an fhéidearthacht a n-difríocht tháinig orthu ag Sinai.\nCuidíonn an líne réasúnaithe seo le míniú a thabhairt ar an gcúis go dtugtar Chorev ar Har Sinai inár pasuk. Leanann an Torah ag cur tús Devarim ag pointe ama díreach tar éis na gcogadh le Sichon agus Og. Thosaigh na cathanna sin le beartas chun na seacht náisiún a bhí i dTír na nAirí ag an am a scriosadh. Ba léiriú é seo freisin ar an réaltacht nua a tháinig i bhfeidhm tar éis Sinai, ina raibh spéis Dé i gcabhair le daonra na náisiún eile. Thosaigh cuid acu ag teacht agus ag imeacht. D'imigh an chuid is mó díobh i rith an ama, agus an Bnei Yisrael a bhí in ionad iad laistigh de theorainneacha Iosrael.\nTugann an Torah le fios anseo cén bunús a bhí ag a gcaitheamh crua leo. Tar éis dóibh an Torah a thairiscint agus é a dhiúltú, bhí siad inúsáidte. Bhí diúltú an Torah ionann agus a n-údarú báis féin a shíniú. Mar gheall ar Shíona, bhí a dtodhchaí i mbaol. Bhí a n-druim tar éis titim orthu ar an sliabh sin, cé gur iad féin a roghnaigh é.\nBunaithe ar Beer Yosef, Devarim 1:2\nShabbos 89B\nBéaráis 16:2\nBeirísis Rabbah 45:2"} +{"text": "Seizures are basically abnormal electrical activity in the brain. Seizures can be very mild “focal” seizures – causing uncontrolled, rhythmic contractions of just the jaw muscles (“fly biting seizures”) to full out Grand Mal seizures in which the entire body is involved in uncontrolled muscle contraction – urine or feces may leak and the dog may vocalize. There are 3 phases to each seizure:\n1. Pre-ictal phase – occurs just prior to initiation of seizure activity, this phase is usually very short – only a few seconds long. If you know a person who has seizures, they may describe it as an aura that signals the onset of a seizure.\n2. Ictal phase – this is the actual seizure itself. It may last 5-90 seconds.\n3. Post-ictal phase – occurs immediately after the seizure. Your dog may act crazy, blind, disoriented. They may not recognize you or their surroundings, they will stumble and fall and possibly run into things. This phase can last up to an hour.\n*If your pet continues to have back-to-back seizures without fully recovering, please contact your veterinarian or nearest emergency clinic right away! This is called “status epilepticus” and can lead to severe brain damage.\nWhat causes seizures? Good question! Metabolic problems ranging from liver and kidney failure to disorders such as hypoglycemia (very low blood sugar) can be the cause. Other factors such as a brain tumor or epilepsy may be at fault. Still other causes that are very difficult to diagnose – such as aberrant migration of parasites, odd infections, toxin ingestion, or head trauma could also be to blame. Unfortunately, it is often very difficult to diagnose the exact cause of multiple seizures in dogs without CT scans and MRI’s, even then, diagnosis is challenging. Your pet’s history is very important when attempting to find a cause of the seizures. For instance, if a 2-4 yr old dog has a few seizures, Epilepsy, toxin ingestion and head trauma are higher on the list of potential causes than if a 12 yr old dog has it’s first seizure. Older dogs tend to have a higher risk of organ failure and brain tumors than young dogs. Epilepsy is an inherited condition in which the first signs of seizure activity usually begin in the 2-5 year old range. Very young (4-10 week old) toy-breed puppies often suffer from hypoglycemia (very low blood sugar) which can reach the point of seizures.\nDiagnosis will always involve a thorough examination and usually blood tests to rule out organ failure. Other than that, veterinarians usually give their best educated “guess” as to what is causing the seizures. Your pet may be referred to a specialist for CT or MRI testing to rule out a brain tumor or other intracranial cause of the seizures. More often than not, in a young otherwise healthy dog, a diagnosis of Epilepsy is made based on ruling out of common metabolic causes and lack of head trauma or toxin ingestion.\nTreatment is warranted if your pet is having seizures with a frequency that is affecting quality of life. For instance if your dog only has 1 seizure every 6-8 months, treatment is usually not necessary for your pet to live a normal life. However, if your pet is having multiple seizures in a day, week or month, treatment is definitely recommended. There are several medications available for use as anti-seizure medication including (but not limited to) Phenobarbitol, Levitiracetam, Zonisamide, Gabapentin, Potassium Bromide or a combination of these medications. These medications are life-long and periodic monitoring of blood parameters and medication levels is necessary to ensure the medication is within therapeutic levels and is not causing any harm to vital organs. If your tiny puppy is hypoglycemic, a simple injection of glucose can perk them right up – they may need to be kept for monitoring and treatment of other issues that go along with hypoglycemia, but they can return to normal quickly.\nI hope you have enjoyed learning about seizures in dogs!\nStay Happy, Stay Healthy", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-40", "url": "https://animalclinicofcolumbus.com/seizures-in-dogs/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030336880.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20221001163826-20221001193826-00294.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9387167096, "token_count": 871, "score": 2.984375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Is gníomhaíocht leictreach neamhghnácha sa inchinn iad na hairíonna go bunúsach. Is féidir leis na hairíonna a bheith an-éadrom hairíonna fócacha ag cur le géarghnóthachan neamhrialta, rithimiceach na matáin chabháin amháin ( hairíonna biting mosca ) go géarghnóthacha Grand Mal iomlán ina bhfuil an corp ar fad bainteach le géarghnóthachan matáin neamhrialta d'fhéadfadh fual nó feces a sceitheadh agus d'fhéadfadh an madra guth a dhéanamh. Tá 3 chéim ag gach coinneáil:\n1. an t-am a bhí ann. Tarlaíonn céim réamh-ictal díreach roimh thús gníomhaíochta na hairíonna, is gnách nach mbíonn an chéim seo ach an-ghearr gan ach cúpla soicind ar fhad. Má tá aithne agat ar dhuine a bhfuil greim air, d'fhéadfadh sé a mhíniú gur aura é a thugann comhartha ar thús greim.\n2. Seachadadh. Céim ictal is é seo an coimhlint iarbhír féin. D'fhéadfadh sé 5-90 soicind a mhaireachtáil.\n3. Tá an t-am ann. Tarlaíonn céim iar-ictal díreach tar éis an ghabháil. D'fhéadfadh do mhadra gníomhú go dúr, dall, dícheapadh. B'fhéidir nach aithneoidh siad tú ná a dtimpeallacht, trioblóidh siad agus titfidh siad agus b'fhéidir go rithfidh siad isteach i rudaí. Is féidir leis an chéim seo dul ar aghaidh suas le uair an chloig.\n* Má leanann do pheata ag teacht ar thráthanna ar ais ar ais gan é a ghnóthú go hiomlán, déan teagmháil le do theiripeoir nó leis an gclinic éigeandála is gaire duit láithreach! Tugtar \" status epilepticus \" air seo agus is féidir go dtiocfadh damáiste tromchúiseach don inchinn leis.\nCad a dhéanann na hairíonna? Ceist mhaith! Is féidir fadhbanna meitibileach a bheith mar chúis leis, ó mhainneachtain ae agus duáin go neamhordanna amhail hipoglicéim (siúcra fola an-íseal). D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh tosca eile mar thúmar inchinn nó epilepsy i gceist. D'fhéadfadh cúiseanna eile a bheith i gceist a bhfuil sé an-deacair a dhiagnóisiú mar imirce neamhghnách paraisítí, ionfhabhtuithe neamhghnácha, inghlacadh tocsain, nó trauma ceann. Ar an drochuair, is minic a bhíonn sé an-deacair an chúis cruinn a bhaineann le hairíonna iomadúla a dhiagnóisiú i mbabhla gan scanadh CT agus MRIs, agus fiú ansin, tá diagnóisíocht dúshlánach. Tá stair do pheata an-tábhachtach nuair a dhéantar iarracht cúis na n-ionsaithe a fháil. Mar shampla, má bhíonn cúpla coimhlint ag madra 2-4 bliana d'aois, tá Eipilís, inghlacadh tocsainí agus trauma ceann níos airde ar an liosta cúiseanna féideartha ná má tá an chéad coimhlint ag madra 12 bliana d'aois. Is gnách go mbíonn riosca níos airde ag madraí níos sine a bheith acu do dhrochfheidhm orgánach agus tuamair inchinne ná madraí óga. Is riocht oidhreachta é an eipilís ina dtosaíonn na chéad chomharthaí gníomhaíochta greimithe de ghnáth sa raon 2-5 bliana d'aois. Is minic a bhíonn hypoglycemia (siúcra fola an-íseal) ag cuileoga an-óg (4-10 seachtaine d'aois) a bhfuil an-tóir orthu a d'fhéadfadh teacht ar an bpointe na n-ionsaithe.\nBeidh iniúchadh cuimsitheach agus tástálacha fola de ghnáth i gceist le diagnóis a dhéanamh chun teip orgánach a eisiamh. Seachas sin, is gnách go dtugann tréidireoirí a \"mhol\" is fearr a bhfuil eolas acu maidir leis an gcúis atá leis na coiscíní. D'fhéadfadh go gcuirfí do pheata chuig speisialtóir chun tástáil CT nó MRI a dhéanamh chun tuirse inchinne nó cúis intracranialach eile na n-ionsaithe a eisiamh. Is minic, i madra óg atá sláintiúil ar shlí eile, déantar diagnóis Epilepsy bunaithe ar chúiseanna meitibileacha coitianta a eisiamh agus easpa trauma ceann nó inghlactha tocsain.\nTá cóireáil indéanta má tá do pheata ag teacht ar thráthanna le minicíocht a bhfuil tionchar aige ar cháilíocht na beatha. Mar shampla, mura mbíonn ach aon ghéarchéim amháin ag do mhadra gach 6-8 mhí, de ghnáth ní gá cóireáil a dhéanamh chun go mbeidh do pheata ina shaol gnáth. Mar sin féin, má tá do pheata ag teacht ar thráchtálacha i rith lá, seachtaine nó míosa, moltar cóireáil go cinnte. Tá roinnt cógais ar fáil le húsáid mar chógas frith-ghabháil lena n-áirítear (ach gan a bheith teoranta do) Phenobarbitol, Levitiracetam, Zonisamide, Gabapentin, Potassium Bromide nó meascán de na cógais seo. Tá na cógais seo ar feadh an tsaoil agus tá sé riachtanach faireachán tréimhsiúil a dhéanamh ar pharaiméadair fola agus ar leibhéil na cógais chun a chinntiú go bhfuil an cógas laistigh de leibhéil theiripeacha agus nach bhfuil aon díobháil á dhéanamh aige d'orgáin ríthábhachtacha. Má tá do mhadra beag hypoglycemic, is féidir le instealladh simplí glúcóis iad a chur suas láithreach b'fhéidir go mbeidh gá leo a choinneáil chun monatóireacht agus cóireáil a dhéanamh ar shaincheisteanna eile a théann in éineacht le hypoglycemia, ach is féidir leo filleadh ar an ngnáth go tapa.\nTá súil agam gur bhain tú taitneamh as foghlaim faoi na hairíonna i gcúinsí!\nFan Sásta, Fan Shláintiúil"} +{"text": "Differentiation is a key part of teaching, no matter what type of school you teach in. Normally when we discuss differentiation, we discuss ways to meet the needs of our low achieving students who have deficits or gaps that need to be met. The high achieving students, who are doing well already, are rarely differentiated for unless they become a behavior issue due to boredom. Unfortunately this often means that students who are doing well often never meet their full potential. This is particularly true in lower income or lower achieving schools or classrooms where there are more low achieving students than high achieving ones.\nEvery student in your classroom has a right to be pushed to their full potential, no matter their level. As a teacher though, there are only so many hours in a day, so how do we differentiate for our highest achieving students? Here are ten strategies to help you meet those students' needs:\n1.) Allow students time to work on their individual deficits, even if they aren't academic. High achieving students are NOT great at everything. Even your best student will have weaker areas. For some students it is handwriting or spelling. For other students it is social skills or athletic ability. When they have finished their work, give them additional time to work on these weaker areas. Students might be given additional time to practice cursive writing or they may use the internet to research different ways to stay physically fit. Allow students to weigh in on where they are weak and encourage them to to use their time to help fill in these gaps for themselves.\n2.) Let students expand out instead of up. If a student is doing very well on 2nd grade standards, it is often the case that we go ahead and give them 3rd grade standards. While this is an okay strategy, often there is more that can be done within their own standards if we allow students to dig deeper.\nFor example, it is tempting to move students who have mastered addition with regrouping problems into multiplication. But is there more they can do with addition with regrouping? Can they develop their own word problems with this skill? Can they complete error analysis on problems completed incorrectly? (Some error analysis problems like this can be found in my Addition with Regrouping Tiered Activities at the Fix it Level.) Can they create a video teaching others how to solve problems like this? (You can find a Video Creation Planning Sheet and Rubric at my Teachers Pay Teachers store.)\nThis is also true with reading. Often we push students to read harder and harder books because they can. While reading new books is wonderful, students often run into books with more grown up situations than they are ready for. Students can learn about new vocabulary and new ideas from reading additional books on their own grade level as well, or by digging deeper into the books the entire class is reading. Perhaps that student can do an author study and read additional books from the author of the book you are reading in class. Perhaps that students can be a topic and read multiple books about that topic. Students might be encouraged to do a self-guided novel study using my Student Selected Novel Study Packet on a novel that is really interesting to them.\n3.) Allow students a chance to teach. Some students really enjoy being peer tutors. Others do not. However giving students a chance to teach others will expand their own thinking and memory of a topic. We remember 95% of what we teach. For students who do not want to be a peer tutor in person, they can easily create video tutorials, using my Video Creation Planning Sheet. Either way the process of teaching will help students further process their learning.\n4.) Give early finishers ongoing projects to work on. Often high achieving students become the \"I'm done.\" students. They finish work quickly and then become bored. Or because they know they will finish early, they become distracted and socialize instead of putting forth their best effort. Alternatively, some will rush through things because they are used to being done early and having time to chill. Having ongoing projects can help alleviate these behaviors by making sure students are always busy with quality activities. Some projects from my Teachers Pay Teachers store that work well for this are:\n- Mystery Book Reports\n- Informational Trade Book - Book Reports\n- Country Study Reports\n- Math Projects\n- Biography Projects\n- Self Selected Book Studies - Fiction or Non-fiction\n5.) Use technology to develop a PLC for students. Just like teachers need to connect with other teachers, students need to connect with other students. High achieiving students often have few peers in their school who are on the same level as them. As a teacher, you can allow students to connect with other high achieving students around the world using websites like Edmodo. Students may also connect with adults in a field of interest for them. For example a student who is very interested in science, may contact a scientist at the local college. Once students have made an initial connection, they may write penpal letters or e-mails with these people, giving them a chance to interact with someone who will push their brain to new levels.\n6.) Provide puzzles and brain teasers. Higher achieving students often enjoy solving a puzzle that seems unsolveable. Puzzles and brain teasers challenge their brains to process at a higher level than normal school activities. Of course puzzles and brain teasers are great for all students, so I usually call them \"early finisher activities\", leaving these activities open to everyone, but accessed mainly by my high achieving students. Some of my favorite puzzles are my Math Tiling Puzzles, which work on basic math standards, but take it to a higher level of understanding.\n7.) Allow time for community outreach. Social skills are often one of the hardest skills for our highest achieving students. One of the best ways to encourage social skills like empathy and compassion is to encourage students to work in the community. Within the classroom, this could be as simple as a letter writing campaign to soldiers or children who are in the hospital. Or students could leave larger community outreach projects like food and clothing drives for the needy.\n8.) Give time for individual interest projects. Genius projects or passion projects are a great way to allow students to truly pursue their own interests while still building on their literacy skills. While these projects are great for all students, high achieving students will be able to dig the deepest. These students may also use these projects as an \"early finisher\" activity. The great part about individual interest projects is that they can be completely individualized. Students can learn another language. They can learn how to design a YouTube channel. They can study fashion design. They can literally study any topic that is interesting to them.\n9.) Keep expectations high, but achievable. Be careful when working with your high achieving students to not set the bar too high. While we want to stretch students, we sometimes forget that high achieving kids are still kids. They don't want a bunch of extra work. They want to be interested. And they still don't have the same understandings as adults. So keep your expectations high, but still make them kid appropriate and achievable for your students.\n10.) Provide time for creative thinking. For some reason we often stretch our high achieving students in standard school subjects, but we forget about the arts. Art, design, music, dance, drama and programming all use different parts of the brain. Giving students a chance to be creative also feels more fun to students, which makes them less resistant to extra work.\nNo matter which of these strategies works best for your students, the important thing is to be sure to differentiate your instruction for these highest achieving students just as we do for our lowest achieving students.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-13", "url": "http://www.rakisradresources.com/2016_10_01_archive.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189686.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00205-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9679400921, "token_count": 1559, "score": 3.90625, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Tá difríocht mar chuid lárnach den teagasc, is cuma cén cineál scoile a mhúineann tú. De ghnáth nuair a phléimid difríocht, pléimid bealaí chun freastal ar riachtanais ár gcuid mic léinn a bhfuil scoth acu a bhfuil easnamh nó bearnaí acu a chaithfear a chomhlíonadh. Ní bhíonn na mic léinn a bhfuil ard-aidhm acu, a bhfuil ag déanamh go maith cheana féin, difriúil ach amháin má bhíonn siad ina gcúrsa iompair mar gheall ar bhrón. Is minic a chiallaíonn sé seo go minic nach mbíonn mic léinn a bhfuil dea-dhuine acu ag baint amach a n-acmhainneacht iomlán. Tá sé seo fíor go háirithe i scoileanna nó i seomraí ranga a bhfuil ioncam níos ísle acu nó a bhfuil níos lú a bhaint amach acu, áit a bhfuil níos mó daltaí a bhfuil a gcuid oibre íseal acu ná iad siúd a bhfuil a gcuid oibre ard acu.\nTá sé de cheart ag gach mac léinn i do sheomra ranga a bheith i mbun a gcumas iomlán, is cuma cén leibhéal atá acu. Mar mhúinteoir, áfach, níl ach go leor uaireanta sa lá, mar sin conas a dhéanaimid idirdhealú dár gcuid daltaí is airde a bhaint amach? Seo deich straitéis chun cabhrú leat freastal ar riachtanais na scoláirí sin:\n1.) Lig do mhic léinn am a bheith acu ag obair ar a n-easnamh aonair, fiú mura bhfuil siad acadúil. Ní bhíonn mic léinn ard-aistrithe iontach i ngach rud. Beidh fiú do chuid is fearr mac léinn a bheith áiteanna lag. I gcás roinnt daltaí is é an lámh-scríobh nó an litreáil. I gcás mic léinn eile is scileanna sóisialta nó cumas spóirt é. Nuair a bheidh a gcuid oibre críochnaithe acu, tabhair níos mó ama dóibh oibriú ar na háiteanna seo a bhfuil níos laige acu. D'fhéadfaí am breise a thabhairt do mhic léinn chun scríbhneoireacht chúrsacha a chleachtadh nó d'fhéadfadh siad an t-idirlíon a úsáid chun modhanna éagsúla a thaighde chun fanacht sláintiúil go fisiciúil. Lig do dhaltaí a gcuid laigí a mheas agus spreag iad a gcuid ama a úsáid chun cabhrú leo na bearnaí seo a líonadh dóibh féin.\n2.) Lig do mhic léinn leathnú amach in ionad suas. Má tá mic léinn ag déanamh go han-mhaith ar chaighdeáin 2ú grád, is minic a théann muid ar aghaidh agus caighdeáin 3ú grád a thabhairt dóibh. Cé go bhfuil sé seo ina straitéis ceart go leor, is minic go bhfuil níos mó is féidir a dhéanamh laistigh dá gcaighdeáin féin má ligimid do mhic léinn a dhúnadh níos doimhne.\nMar shampla, tá sé mealltach mic léinn a bhfuil máistreacht acu ar chur le chéile a aistriú le fadhbanna a athghrúpaithe i mholtaí. Ach an féidir leo níos mó a dhéanamh le hairíon le hathghrúpaithe? An féidir leo a gcuid fadhbanna focal féin a fhorbairt leis an scileanna seo? An féidir leo anailís earráide a chur i gcrích ar fhadhbanna a cuireadh i gcrích go mícheart? (Is féidir roinnt fadhbanna anailíse earráide mar seo a fháil i mo bhreis le Gníomhaíochtaí Rathrú Réiteach ag an Leibhéal Fix it.) An féidir leo físeán a chruthú a mhúineann daoine eile conas fadhbanna mar seo a réiteach? (Is féidir leat bileog pleanála cruthaithe físe agus rúibric a fháil ag mo siopa Múinteoirí Íoc Múinteoirí.)\nTá an rud céanna fíor maidir le léamh. Go minic, spreagann muid mic léinn le leabhair níos deacra a léamh toisc go bhfuil siad in ann. Cé go bhfuil sé iontach leabhair nua a léamh, is minic a bhíonn mic léinn ag teacht ar leabhair a bhfuil níos mó cásanna fásta acu ná mar a bhíonn siad réidh leo. Is féidir le mic léinn focal nua agus smaointe nua a fhoghlaim trí leabhair bhreise a léamh ar a leibhéal grád féin chomh maith, nó trí bheith ag dul níos doimhne sna leabhair atá á léamh ag an rang ar fad. B'fhéidir go bhféadfaidh an mic léinn sin staidéar a dhéanamh ar údar agus leabhair bhreise a léamh ó údar an leabhair atá á léamh agat sa rang. B'fhéidir gur féidir le mic léinn ábhar a bheith acu agus leabhair iomadúla a léamh faoin ábhar sin. D'fhéadfaí mic léinn a spreagadh chun staidéar úrscéal féin-threoirthe a dhéanamh ag baint úsáide as mo Phacáiste Staidéar úrscéal Roghnaithe Mac Léinn ar úrscéal atá an-spéisiúil dóibh.\n3.) Lig do dhaltaí deis a thabhairt chun múineadh. Is breá le roinnt mic léinn a bheith ina múinteoirí comhghleacaithe. Ní dhéanann daoine eile. Mar sin féin, má thugann tú deis do mhic léinn múineadh do dhaoine eile, leathnóidh sé a gcuid smaointeoireachta féin agus a chuimhne ar ábhar. Cuimhnímid 95% den méid a mhúineann muid. I gcás scoláirí nach mian leo a bheith ina múinteoir comhoibritheach go pearsanta, is féidir leo múinteoirí físe a chruthú go héasca, ag baint úsáide as mo Sceideal Pleanála Cruthaithe Físeáin. Ar aon nós, cabhróidh an próiseas teagaisc le mic léinn próiseas a fhoghlaim a dhéanamh níos mó.\n4.) Tabhair tionscadail leanúnacha do dhaoine a chríochnaíonn go luath. Is minic a bhíonn mic léinn a bhfuil ard-éifeacht acu ina \"Táim críochnaithe\". mic léinn. Déanann siad a gcuid oibre go tapa agus ansin bíonn siad tuirseach. Nó toisc go bhfuil a fhios acu go mbeidh siad ag críochnú go luath, bíonn siad ag díriú ar dhaoine eile agus ag caitheamh aimsire in áit a bheith ag déanamh a ndícheall. Ina theannta sin, déanfaidh cuid acu rudaí go tapaidh toisc go bhfuil siad cleachtadh a dhéanamh go luath agus go bhfuil am acu chun scíth a ligean. Is féidir le tionscadail leanúnacha cabhrú leis na hiompar seo a mhaolú trí a chinntiú go bhfuil mic léinn gnóthach i gcónaí le gníomhaíochtaí cáilíochta. Tá roinnt tionscadal ó mo stór Teachers Pay Teachers a oibríonn go maith le haghaidh seo:\n- Tuarascálacha Leabhar Mícheál\n- Leabhar Trádála Faisnéise - Tuarascálacha Leabhair\n- Tuarascálacha Staidéar Tíre\n- Tionscadail Mhatamaitice\n- Tionscadail Beathaisnéis\n- Staidéar Leabhair Féin-roghnaithe - Ficsean nó Neamh-ficsean\n5.) Úsáid teicneolaíocht chun PLC a fhorbairt do mhic léinn. Díreach mar a theastaíonn ó mhúinteoirí ceangal a dhéanamh le múinteoirí eile, is gá do mhic léinn ceangal a dhéanamh le mic léinn eile. Is minic nach mbíonn mórán comhianna ag mic léinn ard-aistrithe ina scoil atá ar an leibhéal céanna leo. Mar mhúinteoir, is féidir leat ligean do mhic léinn ceangal le mic léinn ard-aistrithe eile ar fud an domhain ag baint úsáide as láithreáin ghréasáin mar Edmodo. Féadfaidh mic léinn teagmháil a dhéanamh le daoine fásta i réimse a bhfuil spéis acu ann freisin. Mar shampla, d'fhéadfadh mac léinn a bhfuil spéis mhór aige sa eolaíocht teagmháil a dhéanamh le heolaí sa choláiste áitiúil. Nuair a bheidh nasc tosaigh déanta ag mic léinn, d'fhéadfadh siad litreacha nó r-phoist a scríobh le daoine seo, rud a thugann deis dóibh idirghníomhú le duine a chuirfidh a n-inchinn ar leibhéil nua.\n6.) Cuir puzzles agus teasers inchinn ar fáil. Is minic a bhíonn sé ag mic léinn a bhfuil níos mó rath orthu réiteach a fháil ar phasc a bhfuil an chuma air nach féidir a réiteach. Cuireann puzzles agus teasers inchinn dúshlán ar a n-inchinn chun próiseáil ar leibhéal níos airde ná gnáthghníomhaíochtaí scoile. Ar ndóigh tá puzzles agus teasers inchinn iontach do gach mac léinn, mar sin is gnách go n-iarrann mé orthu \"gníomhaíochtaí luath-chríochnaithe\", ag fágáil na gníomhaíochtaí seo oscailte do gach duine, ach rochtain go príomha ag mo mhic léinn ard-a bhaint amach. Tá cuid de na puzzles is fearr liom ar mo Math Tiling Puzzles, a oibríonn ar chaighdeáin bhunúsacha matamaitice, ach a thógann sé go leibhéal níos airde tuiscint.\n7.) Cuir am ar fáil do thacaíocht phobail. Is minic gurb é scileanna sóisialta ceann de na scileanna is deacra dár mic léinn is fearr a bhaint amach. Ceann de na bealaí is fearr chun scileanna sóisialta a spreagadh cosúil le comhbhá agus trócaire ná mic léinn a spreagadh chun obair sa phobal. Sa seomra ranga, d'fhéadfadh sé seo a bheith chomh simplí le feachtas litreacha a scríobh chuig saighdiúirí nó leanaí atá san ospidéal. Nó d'fhéadfadh mic léinn tionscadail níos mó a fhágáil chun cuidiú leis an bpobal mar bia agus éadaí a fháil do dhaoine atá i ngátar.\n8.) Tabhair am do thionscadail spéise aonair. Is bealach iontach iad tionscadail géine nó tionscadail paisean chun ligean do dhaltaí a gcuid spéise féin a shaothrú i ndáiríre agus iad ag tógáil ar a gcuid scileanna litearthachta. Cé go bhfuil na tionscadail seo iontach do gach mac léinn, beidh na mic léinn a bhfuil ard-aidhm acu in ann an ceann is doimhne a dhúnadh. D'fhéadfadh na mic léinn seo na tionscadail seo a úsáid freisin mar ghníomhaíocht \"críochála luath\". Is é an chuid is mó faoi thionscadail spéise aonair go bhféadfaí iad a bheith go hiomlán indibhidiúnaithe. Is féidir le mic léinn teanga eile a fhoghlaim. Is féidir leo foghlaim conas cainéal YouTube a dhearadh. Is féidir leo staidéar a dhéanamh ar dhearadh faisin. Is féidir leo staidéar a dhéanamh ar aon ábhar a bhfuil spéis acu ann.\n9.) Coinnigh ionchais ard, ach inrochtana. Bí cúramach nuair a bhíonn tú ag obair le do mhic léinn ard-aistrithe gan an barra a leagan ró-ard. Cé gur mhaith linn mic léinn a shíneadh, déanaimid dearmad uaireanta go bhfuil páistí ard-aistrithe fós ina bpáistí. Níl siad ag iarraidh a lán oibre breise. Ba mhaith leo a bheith suim acu. Agus níl an tuiscint chéanna acu fós le daoine fásta. Mar sin coinnigh do chuid ionchais ard, ach fós a dhéanamh iad páiste oiriúnach agus inrochtana do do mhic léinn.\n10.) Cuir am ar fáil le haghaidh smaointeoireachta cruthaitheach. Ar chúis éigin, is minic a chuireann muid ár gcuid daltaí ard-aistrithe i gcúig ábhair scoile caighdeánacha, ach déanaimid dearmad ar na healaíona. Úsáideann ealaín, dearadh, ceol, damhsa, drámaíocht agus cláir gach cuid den inchinn. Agus deis a thabhairt do mhic léinn a bheith cruthaitheach, bíonn sé níos spraíúla do mhic léinn, rud a fhágann go bhfuil siad níos lú frithsheasmhach i gcoinne obair bhreise.\nIs cuma cén ceann de na straitéisí seo a oibríonn is fearr do do mhic léinn, is é an rud tábhachtach a bheith cinnte go bhfuil do theagasc éagsúil do na mic léinn is airde a bhaint amach díreach mar a dhéanaimid dár mic léinn is ísle a bhaint amach."} +{"text": "Indentation is very important and should be taken notice of when you create recipes. If your indentation is incorrect, your recipe logic will eventually go wrong as well\nIndentation is relevant when you have a Conditional Action or a Repeat Action. You need to define what are the actions that should be performed should the condition is met, or for each of the items in the list.\nThe above image is a sample of a correct indentation.(Note how step 2 and step 4 are further to the right (Indented) compared to 1 and 3\nHow do I indent a step?\nTo indent a step, first you need to make sure that you have a repeat action or conditional action. When you create a conditional action, it will come with an indented blank step.\nYou can then drag a step to be indented under that condition.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-39", "url": "https://support.workato.com/support/solutions/articles/1000229424-building-recipes-indented-actions", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573052.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20190917040727-20190917062727-00440.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9369125962, "token_count": 175, "score": 2.875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá an-tábhacht ag an indentation agus ba cheart aird a thabhairt air nuair a chruthaíonn tú oidis. Má tá do indentation mícheart, beidh do réitigh loighic ag dul ar deireadh thiar mícheart chomh maith\nTá an t-easnamh ábhartha nuair a bhíonn Gníomh Coinníollach nó Gníomh Athchóirithe agat. Ní mór duit a shainiú cad iad na gníomhartha ba chóir a dhéanamh má chomhlíontar an coinníoll, nó do gach ceann de na míreanna sa liosta.\nIs sampla de dheisiú ceart é an íomhá thuas. (Tabhair faoi deara conas céim 2 agus céim 4 atá níos faide ar dheis (Indented) i gcomparáid le 1 agus 3\nConas a indent mé céim?\nChun céim a indent, ní mór duit a chinntiú ar dtús go bhfuil gníomh a athdhéanamh nó gníomh coinníollach agat. Nuair a chruthaíonn tú gníomh coinníollach, beidh sé a thagann le céim bán indented.\nIs féidir leat céim a tharraingt ansin chun a bheith indented faoin gcoinníoll sin."} +{"text": "by: Dr. Tom Swanlund\nSleep apnea is quite prevalent; statistics out of the US quote approximately 12 million people have some degree of sleep apnea. This sleep issue occurs when the airway is obstructed by the tongue and soft tissues of the throat during sleep.\nWhen the airway is constricted and oxygen is not getting into the lungs for circulation to the rest of the body the brain senses this, the heart rate increases, and ultimately the person wakes up. When this cycle continues during the night, a sleep deficiency develops as the person is not able to get much-needed deep restorative sleep called REM sleep. As well this cycle of sleep/waking has a significant negative effect on the heart.\nSleep apnea can affect every organ system. It is linked to weight gain, poor memory, heart attack, stroke, depression, diabetes hypertension, gastric reflux, libido, sleepiness, and ADHD in children.\nSigns and symptoms are snoring, excessive daytime sleepiness, awakening at night with gasping or choking and fragmented, and non-refreshing light sleep.\nIf any of these signs or symptoms are common to you it is important to see your physician so they can assist in providing a diagnosis. Your physician may send you to a sleep clinic for a sleep study, also called a polysomnogram. During a sleep study, you will sleep overnight at the clinic with small sensors attached to you to monitor your sleep patterns. After this is complete the physician will review the results of the study to see if treatment is needed.\nA few treatment options for sleep apnea exist.\nA CPAP machine is a non-surgical option. CPAP which means continuous positive airway pressure consists of a machine that delivers air under pressure through the nose while you sleep to help prevent constriction of the airway.\nSurgical management also exists for sleep apnea. These options are used mostly in severe cases of sleep apnea. All of the surgical procedures available include the removal of soft tissue in the oral cavity and throat to prevent constriction while a person sleeps. These surgeries do require significant post-operative discomfort and healing time.\nAnother treatment option for sleep apnea is a dental appliance called a Mandibular Advancement Appliance. These appliances prevent the lower jaw from falling back when you sleep which keeps the tongue forward and out of the airway. These appliances work best in mild to moderate sleep apnea.\nAt Aqua Dental Wellness we work closely with patients who have been diagnosed with sleep apnea as well as with their physicians to make and monitor dental appliances as an alternative to CPAP.\nMonday: 8:30 AM - 6:00 PM\nTuesday: 8:30 AM - 6:00 PM\nWednesday: 8:30 AM - 7:00 PM\nThursday: 8:30 AM - 7:00 PM\nFriday: 9:00 AM - 1:00 PM By Appointment Only\n1565 Regent Ave W Unit 3,\n© 2022 Aqua Dental Wellness and Dental Growth Strategies. All Rights Reserved.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-40", "url": "https://aquadentalwellness.com/blog/snoring-and-sleep-apnea/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337524.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20221004184523-20221004214523-00157.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9363595843, "token_count": 653, "score": 2.6875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "ag: Dr. Tom Swanlund\nTá apnea codlata an-choitianta; luaitear staitisticí as na Stáit Aontaithe go bhfuil thart ar 12 milliún duine ag baint le roinnt céim de apnea codlata. Tarlaíonn an fhadhb codlata seo nuair a bhíonn an teanga agus fíocháin bhoga an throat ag bac ar na bealaí aeir le linn codlata.\nNuair a bhíonn an t-aistriú aeir coibhneasta agus nach bhfuil ocsaigin ag dul isteach sna scamhóga le haghaidh scaipeadh chuig an gcuid eile den chorp mothaíonn an inchinn é seo, méadaíonn an ráta croí, agus sa deireadh bíonn an duine ag éirí. Nuair a leanann an timthriall seo le linn na hoíche, bíonn easpa codlata ag teacht chun cinn toisc nach féidir leis an duine an codladh athshlánúcháin domhain a theastaíonn go mór a fháil ar a dtugtar codladh REM. Chomh maith leis sin tá tionchar suntasach diúltach ag an timthriall codlata/fágála ar an gcroí.\nIs féidir le apnea codlata difear a dhéanamh do gach córas orgánach. Tá baint aige le meáchan a fháil, cuimhne lag, ionsaí croí, stróc, dúlagar, hipertine diaibéiteas, reflux gastric, libido, codlata, agus ADHD i leanaí.\nIs iad na comharthaí agus na hairíonna ná snorking, codlatacht iomarcach i rith an lae, ag éirí san oíche le gasping nó suffocation agus codladh éadrom, agus neamh-athnuaite.\nMá tá aon cheann de na comharthaí nó na hairíonna seo coitianta duit, tá sé tábhachtach dul i gcomhairle le do dhochtúir ionas gur féidir leis cabhrú leat diagnóis a dhéanamh. D'fhéadfadh do dhochtúir tú a sheoladh chuig clinic codlata le haghaidh staidéir codlata, ar a dtugtar polysomnogram freisin. Le linn staidéir codlata, codlaíonn tú thar oíche sa chlinic le braiteoirí beaga ceangailte leat chun do chuid patrúin codlata a mhonatóireacht. Tar éis an staidéir seo a bheith críochnaithe, déanfaidh an dochtúir athbhreithniú ar thorthaí an staidéir chun a fháil amach an bhfuil gá le cóireáil.\nTá cúpla rogha cóireála ann le haghaidh apnea codlata.\nIs rogha neamh-mhionsonraithe é meaisín CPAP. Is éard atá i CPAP a chiallaíonn brú buan leanúnach na n-airdbhealaí ná meaisín a chuireann aer faoi bhrú tríd an srón agus tú ag codladh chun cabhrú le cosc a chur ar an aerbhealach a bheith ina shrian.\nTá cóireáil máinliachta ann freisin le haghaidh apnea codlata. Úsáidtear na roghanna seo den chuid is mó i gcásanna tromchúiseacha d'apnea codlata. I measc na nósanna imeachta máinliachta atá ar fáil tá baint fíochán bog sa chala agus sa throat chun cosc a chur ar chúnamh agus an duine ag codladh. Éilíonn na máinliacht seo míchompord iar-oibritheach suntasach agus am le leigheas.\nRogha eile le haghaidh apnea codlata ná feiste fiacla ar a dtugtar Feiste Fheistithe Mandibular. Cuireann na fearais seo cosc ar an mbéal íseal titim ar ais nuair a chodlaíonn tú rud a choinníonn an teanga ar aghaidh agus as an aerbhealach. Oibríonn na feistí seo is fearr le apnea codlata éadrom go meánach.\nAg Aqua Dental Wellness oibrímid go dlúth le hothair a ndearnadh diagnóis orthu le apnea codlata chomh maith lena n-a n-oibritheacha chun fearais fiacla a dhéanamh agus a monatóireacht mar rogha eile do CPAP.\nDé Luain: 8:30 AM - 6:00 PM\nDé Máirt: 8:30 AM - 6:00 PM\nDé Céadaoin: 8:30 AM - 7:00 PM\nDéardaoin: 8:30 AM - 7:00 PM\nDé hAoine: 9:00 AM - 1:00 PM Ar Cheapachán Aonair\n1565 Regent Ave W Aonad 3,\n© 2022 Folláine Aqua Dental agus Straitéisí Fás Dental. Gach Ceart Coimeádta."} +{"text": "Hello people. I hope you’re all doing fine. Today I will share an interesting guide on the modulus of elasticity units or young modulus units.\nWhat is Modulus of Elasticity Units\nThe modulus of elasticity means the ratio of the stress applied to the material along the longitudinal axis of the specimen tested and the deformation measured on the same axis. In other words, it represents a material’s resistance to elastic deformation. It only applies to temporary deformation when under stress. The modulus of elasticity is also known as the Young modulus or elastic modulus.\nIt expands when the tensile or stretching force is applied to an object. The behavioral changes can be observed and gained utilizing a stress-strain curve in the elastic deformation region (known as Hooke’s Law). Yes, the expansion or extension produced heavily depends on the material, but the factors responsible are the object’s dimensions (thickness, breadth, length, etc.).\nA less stretchy material always has a comparatively greater elasticity modulus than a more stretchy or springy object. The definition of stress is the force per unit area of plastic with units Nm-2 or Pa. The young modulus is often represented by the Greek symbol lambda, λ. It is derived when stress is divided by strain.\n- Stress is the force that causes the deformation divided by the affected area.\n- Strain is the displacement of the particle of the substance relative to a specific strength.\nImage Credit - Matmatch.com\nσ (stress) = F/A\nIf I try to simplify the equation and tell the meaning of each character, then σ is stress (in Newtons per square meter), F is force, and A is the cross-sectional area of the specimen.\nOn the other hand, strain is defined as extension per unit length, and strain has no units as it’s a ratio of units.\nε (strain) = ΔL/L0; ΔL = L-L0\nIn the above equation, the Lo represents the original length of the bar being stretched, and L represents its length which has been stretched. ΔL is the difference between these two lengths.\nE = stress/strain = σ/ ε\nUtilizing the measurements of tensile stress and tensile strain, the material’s stiffness is differentiated by the modulus of elasticity which is consent and doesn’t change for a given material. The formula representing the modulus of elasticity is:\nE = stress/strain = σ/ ε\nTypes of Modulus of Elasticity Units\nThe two main types of elastic modulus coming under young’s modulus unit are:\n- Shear modulus\n- Bulk modulus\n1. Shear modulus:\nThe shear modulus of a material determines its stiffness. It is useful when a force parallel to a given axis is combined with an opposing force, such as friction. Simply put, it’s the likelihood of a material changing from a rectangular shape to a parallelogram. Shear modulus can be defined as the ratio of shear stress to shear strain and is denoted by the symbols G, S, or µ.\nThe shear modulus is commonly used in calculations involving two materials in contact and subject to opposite forces. A good example of a phenomenon is rubbing together.\n2. Bulk modulus:\nThe bulk modulus is a thermodynamic property that measures a material’s resistance to compression. In simple terms, it means the likelihood of the volume of a substance changing without changing its original shape. The ratio is pressure increase relative to volume decrease is what bulk modulus is all about. Denoted by the symbols K or B, the bulk modulus is generally used for observing the properties of liquids under compression.\nInteresting Read – What is the Density of Plastics? | The Complete Guide\nApplications of Elasticity Modulus Units\nElastic modulus is essential in determining a material’s mechanical properties. The engineering and medical industry utilizes the elastic modulus the most.\n- Essential to select various materials considering how they will be affected under different types of forces and stresses.\n- Helping the designing process.\n- Determining batch quality and reducing material costs require consistency in manufacturing.\nHow to Calculate Modulus of Elasticity\nGenerally, “tensile test methods” are utilized to determine the modulus of materials. These methods include the bending test or natural frequency vibration test, and tension test. Bending and tension testing methods follow Hooke’s law and are static methods. Using natural frequency determines an accurate elastic modulus as the test is performed utilizing vibrations.\nThe static methods are performed by applying quantifiable parallel or perpendicular forces and measuring and calculating the change in length or extent of deformation. Extensometers or mechanical strain gauges are the most preferred devices to operate as they’re good at measuring very small lengths.\nThe common standards used for determining are:\n- ASTM D638 – Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics\n- ISO 527-1:2012 – Determination of tensile properties.\nEngaging Read – What is the Glass Transition Temperature of Plastics?\nASTM D638 and ISO 527 Test Methods:\nASTM D638 and ISO 527 test methods are utilized to determine tensile properties for plastic materials and composites under specific conditions in the form of standard dumbbell-shaped test samples. The specified conditions are temperature, humidity, pretreatment, testing machine speed, etc.\nThe following results can be obtained for the tensile test results:\n- Tensile strength\n- Tensile modulus/ Young’s modulus\n- Elongation and percent elongation at yield\n- Elongation and percent elongation at break\nRegarding ASTM D638 test methods, the test speed depends on the specific material. However, for ISO 527 test, the speed is generally 5 or 50mm/min for measuring strength and elongation and 1mm/min for measuring modulus.\nFactors Affecting Modulus of Elasticity\nThe modulus of elasticity is related to the atom’s binding energies. The young’s modulus and bending forces are generally higher for high melting point materials. The modulus of elasticity does depend on the positioning of a single crystal material.\nThe higher temperature in the materials results in a big jump in the atomic vibrations, decreasing the necessary energy to separate the toms further. That decreases the stress needed to produce a certain amount of strain.\nCertain things can marginally or heavily weaken or strengthen a material with its presence, such as alloying atoms, impurity atoms, secondary phase particles, non-metallic inclusions, dislocations (mismatches in the lattice structure), and defects (cracks).\n- Anything that hampers the motion of dislocations through the lattice will likely increase the modulus and yield strength.\n- Increased temperature will aid the dislocation movement or create cracks or inclusions that will decrease strength by triggering the early onset of failure.\nInterestingly, plastics’ modulus of elasticity falls way below that of metals, ceramics, or even glass. Below I have shared a table with young’s modulus units of mainstream plastic materials:\nTensile Modulus or Elastic Modulus Units of Mainstream Plastics\n|Plastic Name||Minimum Value (Gpa)||\nMaximum Value (Gpa)\n|ABS – Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene||1.79||3.2|\n|ABS Flame Retardant||2||3|\n|ABS High Heat||1.5||3|\n|ABS High Impact||1||2.5|\n|ABS/PC Blend – Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene/Polycarbonate Blend||2.1||2.3|\n|ABS/PC Blend 20% Glass Fiber||6||6|\n|ABS/PC Flame Retardant||2.6||3|\n|Amorphous TPI Blend, Ultra-high heat, Chemical Resistant (High Flow)||3.5||3.5|\n|Amorphous TPI, High Heat, High Flow, Lead-Free Solderable, 30% GF||10.53||10.52|\n|Amorphous TPI, High Heat, High Flow, Transparent, Lead-Free Solderable (High Flow)||3.1||3.1|\n|Amorphous TPI, High Heat, High Flow, Transparent, Lead-Free Solderable (Standard Flow)||3.16||3.16|\n|Amorphous TPI, Highest Heat, Chemical Resistant, 260°C UL RTI||3.9||3.9|\n|Amorphous TPI, Moderate Heat, Transparent||3.12||3.12|\n|Amorphous TPI, Moderate Heat, Transparent (Food Contact Approved)||3.11||3.1|\n|Amorphous TPI, Moderate Heat, Transparent (Mold Release grade)||3.12||3.12|\n|Amorphous TPI, Moderate Heat, Transparent (Powder form)||3.11||3.11|\n|ASA – Acrylonitrile Styrene Acrylate||2||2.6|\n|ASA/PC Blend – Acrylonitrile Styrene Acrylate/Polycarbonate Blend||2||2.6|\n|ASA/PC Flame Retardant||2.5||2.5|\n|ASA/PVC Blend – Acrylonitrile Styrene Acrylate/Polyvinyl Chloride Blend||2||2.2|\n|CA – Cellulose Acetate||0.6||2.8|\n|CAB – Cellulose Acetate Butyrate||0.4||1.7|\n|Cellulose Diacetate-Pearlescent Films||2||2.5|\n|Cellulose Diacetate-Gloss Film||2||2.5|\n|Cellulose Diacetate-Integuard Films||2.6||2.9|\n|Cellulose Diacetate-Matt Film||2||2.9|\n|Cellulose Diacetate-Window Patch Film (Food Grade)||2||2.5|\n|Cellulose Diacetate-Clareflect metalized film||2.1||2.6|\n|Cellulose Diacetate-Colored Films||2||2.6|\n|Cellulose Diacetate-Flame retardant Film||2||2.5|\n|Cellulose Diacetate-High Slip Film||2.3||2.8|\n|Cellulose Diacetate-Semitone Films||2||2.5|\n|CP – Cellulose Proprionate||0.45||1.4|\n|COC – Cyclic Olefin Copolymer||2.6||3.2|\n|CPVC – Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride||2.5||3.2|\n|ETFE – Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene||0.8||0.8|\n|EVA – Ethylene Vinyl Acetate||0.01||0.2|\n|EVOH – Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol||1.9||3.5|\n|FEP – Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene||0.3||0.7|\n|HDPE – High Density Polyethylene||0.5||1.1|\n|HIPS – High Impact Polystyrene||1.5||3|\n|HIPS Flame Retardant V0||2||2.5|\n|Ionomer (Ethylene-Methyl Acrylate Copolymer)||0.9||0.4|\n|LCP – Liquid Crystal Polymer||10||19|\n|LCP Carbon Fiber-reinforced||31||37|\n|LCP Glass Fiber-reinforced||13||24|\n|LDPE – Low-Density Polyethylene||0.13||0.3|\n|LLDPE – Linear Low-Density Polyethylene||0.266||0.525|\n|MABS – Transparent Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene||1.9||2|\n|PA 11 – (Polyamide 11) 30% Glass fiber reinforced||3.8||5.2|\n|PA 46 – Polyamide 46||1||3.3|\n|PA 46, 30% Glass Fiber||7.8||8.2|\n|PA 6 – Polyamide 6||0.8||2|\n|PA 6-10 – Polyamide 6-10||1||2|\n|PA 66 – Polyamide 6-6||1||3.5|\n|PA 66, 30% Glass Fiber||5||8|\n|PA 66, 30% Mineral filled||1.4||5.5|\n|PA 66, Impact Modified, 15-30% Glass Fiber||2||11|\n|PA 66, Impact Modified||0.8||1.2|\n|PAI – Polyamide-Imide||4||5|\n|PAI, 30% Glass Fiber||11||15|\n|PAI, Low Friction||5||7|\n|PAN – Polyacrylonitrile||3.1||3.7|\n|PAR – Polyarylate||2||2.3|\n|PARA (Polyarylamide), 30-60% glass fiber||11.5||24|\n|PBT – Polybutylene Terephthalate||2||3|\n|PBT, 30% Glass Fiber||9||11.5|\n|PC (Polycarbonate) 20-40% Glass Fiber||6||10|\n|PC (Polycarbonate) 20-40% Glass Fiber Flame Retardant||7||8|\n|PC – Polycarbonate, high heat||2.2||2.5|\n|PC/PBT Blend – Polycarbonate/Polybutylene Terephthalate Blend||1.8||2.3|\n|PC/PBT blend, Glass Filled||4.5||5.1|\n|PCL – Polycaprolactone||0.38||0.43|\n|PCTFE – Polymonochlorotrifluoroethylene||1.2||1.5|\n|PE – Polyethylene 30% Glass Fiber||4.9||6.3|\n|PE/TPS Blend – Polyethylene/Thermoplastic Starch||0.18||0.3|\n|PEEK – Polyetheretherketone||3.5||3.9|\n|PEEK 30% Carbon Fiber-reinforced||13||22.3|\n|PEEK 30% Glass Fiber-reinforced||9||11.4|\n|PEI – Polyetherimide||3||3|\n|PEI, 30% Glass Fiber-reinforced||9||9|\n|PEI, Mineral Filled||5||7|\n|PEKK (Polyetherketoneketone), Low Crystallinity Grade||3.5||3.6|\n|PESU – Polyethersulfone||2.3||2.8|\n|PESU 10-30% glass fiber||3.5||8.5|\n|PET – Polyethylene Terephthalate||2.8||3.5|\n|PET, 30% Glass Fiber-reinforced||9||12|\n|PET, 30/35% Glass Fiber-reinforced, Impact Modified||7||9|\n|PETG – Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol||1.9||2|\n|PFA – Perfluoroalkoxy||0.7||0.8|\n|PGA – Polyglycolides||6.5||6.9|\n|PHB – Polyhydroxybutyrate||3.1||3.3|\n|PI – Polyimide||1.3||4|\n|PLA – Polylactide||3.4||3.6|\n|PLA, High Heat Films||3.3||3.5|\n|PLA, Injection molding||3.5||3.6|\n|PMMA – Polymethylmethacrylate/Acrylic||2.5||3.5|\n|PMMA (Acrylic) High Heat||2.5||4.3|\n|PMMA (Acrylic) Impact Modified||1.5||3.5|\n|PMP – Polymethylpentene||0.5||1.6|\n|PMP 30% Glass Fiber-reinforced||5||6|\n|PMP Mineral Filled||1.7||2|\n|POM – Polyoxymethylene (Acetal)||2.8||3.7|\n|POM (Acetal) Impact Modified||1.5||2.4|\n|POM (Acetal) Low Friction||1.8||3|\n|POM (Acetal) Mineral Filled||4||5.5|\n|PP – Polypropylene 10-20% Glass Fiber||2.8||4|\n|PP, 10-40% Mineral Filled||1||3.5|\n|PP, 10-40% Talc Filled||1.5||3.5|\n|PP, 30-40% Glass Fiber-reinforced||4||10|\n|PP (Polypropylene) Copolymer||1||1.2|\n|PP (Polypropylene) Homopolymer||1.1||1.6|\n|PP Homopolymer, Long Glass Fiber, 30% Filler by Weight||7||7|\n|PP Homopolymer, Long Glass Fiber, 40% Filler by Weight||9||9|\n|PP Homopolymer, Long Glass Fiber, 50% Filler by Weight||12||13.5|\n|PP, Impact Modified||0.4||1|\n|PPA – Polyphthalamide||3.7||3.7|\n|PPA, 33% Glass Fiber-reinforced – High Flow||13||13.2|\n|PPA, 45% Glass Fiber-reinforced||17.1||17.3|\n|PPE – Polyphenylene Ether||2.1||2.8|\n|PPE, 30% Glass Fiber-reinforced||7||9|\n|PPE, Flame Retardant||2.4||2.5|\n|PPE, Impact Modified||2.1||2.8|\n|PPE, Mineral Filled||2.9||3.5|\n|PPS – Polyphenylene Sulfide||3.3||4|\n|PPS, 20-30% Glass Fiber-reinforced||6||11|\n|PPS, 40% Glass Fiber-reinforced||8||14|\n|PPS, Glass fiber & Mineral-filled||10||17|\n|PPSU – Polyphenylene Sulfone||2.34||2.34|\n|PS (Polystyrene) 30% glass fiber||10||10|\n|PS (Polystyrene) Crystal||2.5||3.5|\n|PS, High Heat||3||3.5|\n|PSU – Polysulfone||2.5||2.7|\n|PSU, 30% Glass fiber-reinforced||7.7||10|\n|PSU Mineral Filled||3.8||4.5|\n|PTFE – Polytetrafluoroethylene||0.4||0.8|\n|PTFE, 25% Glass Fiber-reinforced||1.4||1.7|\n|PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride), 20% Glass Fiber-reinforced||4.6||7|\n|PVC, Plasticized Filled||0.001||1|\n|PVDC – Polyvinylidene Chloride||0.35||0.5|\n|PVDF – Polyvinylidene Fluoride||1.5||2|\n|SAN – Styrene Acrylonitrile||2.8||4|\n|SAN, 20% Glass Fiber-reinforced||8||11|\n|SMA – Styrene Maleic Anhydride||2.4||3|\n|SMA, 20% Glass Fiber-reinforced||5||6|\n|SMA, Flame Retardant V0||1.8||2|\n|SMMA – Styrene Methyl Methacrylate||2.1||3.4|\n|SRP – Self-reinforced Polyphenylene||5.9||8.3|\n|TPI-PEEK Blend, Ultra-high heat, Chemical Resistant, High Flow, 240C UL RTI||4.2||4.2|\n|TPS, Injection General Purpose||0.8||3|\n|TPS, Injection Water Resistant||0.63||0.72|\n|UHMWPE – Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene||0.3||0.6|\n|XLPE – Crosslinked Polyethylene||0.35||3.5|\nFascinating Read – What is Processing and Drying Temperatures of Plastics\nIs a higher Young’s modulus better?\nA higher Young’s modulus means more stiffness. In simple words, the elastic strain resulting from applying given stress is smaller. The modulus is an essential metric for determining elastic deflections. Plastics have lower modulus elasticity compared to metals, glass, and ceramics.\nWhat are the factors on which the modulus of elasticity depends?\nThe modulus of elasticity is dependent mainly on two factors – 1. nature of the material and 2. type of stress used in producing the strain.\nWhat is the stiffest plastic?\nA plastic material named Primospire has the stiffest to date. It has a flexural modulus of 1.2 million psi and a tensile strength of 30,000 psi.\nWhat does modulus of elasticity equal?\nModulus of elasticity is equal to the longitudinal stress divided by the strain. However, the deformation is measured on the same axis.\nWhat is the relation between elasticity and modulus of resilience?\nModulus of elasticity and modulus are much more similar than most people know. The key difference between the both is that the stress is applied slowly in the former, and the load is applied rapidly in the latter.\nSuggested Read –\n- Plastic Abbreviations and Their Salient Features | The Ultimate Guide\n- What is Warpage? | Causes of Warpage | Warpage Variations\n- 6 Best Plastic Molding Techniques | A Complete Analysis\n- What is Rotational Molding | Rotational Molding Process | Advantages & Disadvantages | Best Material for Rotational Molding\n- What is Compressive Strength of Plastics | The Complete Guide\n- Thermal Properties of Plastics | The Ultimate Guide\n- Mold Temperature in Plastics | A Complete Analysis\n- Physical Properties of Plastic Materials | The Complete Guide\nThat was all I had to say about the modulus of elasticity and related information. The applications of modulus of elasticity are immense in the engineering industry providing experts with accurate data on plastic stiffness, which helps them make robust products used by consumers like ourselves.\nKindly share your thoughts and reviews in the comment section.\nHave a fantastic day.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-49", "url": "http://plasticranger.com/what-are-modulus-of-elasticity-units/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711162.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20221207121241-20221207151241-00654.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.7468679547, "token_count": 5245, "score": 3.828125, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Dia duit, a dhaoine. Tá súil agam go bhfuil sibh go léir go maith. Sa lá atá inniu beidh mé a roinnt treoir suimiúil ar an modúl de aonad elasticity nó aonad modúl óg.\nCad é Modúl na n-Aonaid Éalaisíochta\nCiallaíonn an modúl solúbthachta cóimheas an strus a chuirtear i bhfeidhm ar an ábhar ar feadh oisean fhadúil an speiceam a thástáiltear agus an dífhoirmiú a thomhas ar an oisean céanna. I bhfocail eile, léiríonn sé friotaíocht ábhar le dífhoirmiú elastach. Ní bhaineann sé ach le dífhoirmiú sealadach nuair a bhíonn strus air. Tugtar modúl na haillstátasachta freisin mar modúl Young nó modúl haillstátasach.\nMéadaíonn sé nuair a chuirtear an fórsa tarraingthe nó síneadh i bhfeidhm ar réad. Is féidir na hathruithe iompraíochta a bhreathnú agus a fháil trí úsáid a bhaint as cuardach strus-strain sa réigiún dífhoirmiú éalaistig (ar a dtugtar Dlí Hooke). Sea, braitheann an leathnú nó an síneadh a tháirgtear go mór ar an ábhar, ach is iad na fachtóirí atá freagrach ná méideanna an ábhair (tiús, leithead, fad, srl. )\nTá modúl elasticity níos mó i gcónaí ag ábhar nach bhfuil chomh tarraingteach le réad níos tarraingtí nó níos treise ná réad níos tarraingtí nó níos treise. Is é an sainmhíniú ar strus an fórsa in aghaidh an aonaid limistéir plaisteach le haonaid Nm-2 nó Pa. Is minic a léirítear an modúl óg leis an siombail Gréagach lambda, λ. Déantar é a dhíorthaítear nuair a dhéantar an strus a roinnt ar an strain.\n- Is é an strus an fórsa a chuireann an dífhoirmiú i bhfeidhm a roinntear leis an limistéar atá buailte.\n- Is é an straen díláithriú na bpáirtíneach den substaint i ndáil le neart sonrach.\nCreidmheas Íomhá - Matmatch.com\nTá an t-ábhar seo a leanas:\nMá dhéanaim iarracht an chothromóid a shimpliú agus an bhrí a insint do gach carachtar, ansin is é σ strus (in Newtons in aghaidh an mhéadar cearnach), F is é fórsa, agus A is é limistéar tras-ghearrtha an tspéimín.\nAr an láimh eile, sainmhínítear strus mar leathnú in aghaidh aonad fad, agus níl aonad ag strus mar go bhfuil cóimheas aonad ann.\nTá an t-ábhar a úsáidtear le haghaidh an t-ábhar seo a leanas:\nSa chothromóid thuas, léiríonn an Lo fad bunaidh an barra atá á shíneadh, agus léiríonn L a fhad a bhfuil sí curtha ar shíneadh. Is é ΔL an difríocht idir an dá fhad seo.\nE = strus/strain = σ/ ε\nAg baint úsáide as tomhais na strus tarraingthe agus na strus tarraingthe, déantar stiffness an ábhair a idirdhealú trí mhodúl na hairdhearcachta atá comhaontaithe agus nach n-athraíonn do ábhar áirithe. Is é an fhoirmle a léiríonn modúl na haillsteachta ná:\nE = strus/strain = σ/ ε\nCineálacha Módúl na n-Aonaid Éillitheachta\nIs iad an dá phríomhchineál modúl solúbthachta atá faoi aonad modúl young:\n- Modúl sciála\n- Modúl mórchruinn\n1. an t-am a bhí ann. Modúl gearrthóg:\nCinntíonn modúl sciála ábhair a stiffness. Tá sé úsáideach nuair a bhíonn fórsa comhthreomhar le hais ar leith in éineacht le fórsa os coinne, mar shampla frithghníomh. Go simplí, is é an dóchúlacht go n-athróidh ábhar ó chruth ceathrú-cheannaigh go parallelogram. Is féidir modúl sciála a shainiú mar an cóimheas idir an strus sciála agus an straen sciála agus déantar é a léiriú leis na siombailí G, S, nó μ.\nÚsáidtear modúl an ghreamú go coitianta i ríomhanna a bhaineann le dhá ábhar i dteagmháil agus faoi réir fórsaí frithpháirteacha. Is sampla maith de fheiniméan é frithpháirteachas.\n2. Seachadadh. Modúl mórchruinn:\nIs é an modúl mórchomhpháirteach ná airíonna teirmodheinamic a thomhas friotaíocht ábhar le brú. I dtéarmaí simplí, ciallaíonn sé dóchúlacht go n-athróidh toirte substaint gan a fhoirm bhunaidh a athrú. Is é an cóimheas méadú brú i gcomparáid le laghdú toirte cad é modulus mórchóir faoi go léir. Léirítear leis na siombailí K nó B, úsáidtear an modúl mórchruinn go ginearálta chun airíonna leachtaigh faoi chúnamh a bhreathnú.\nLéitheoireacht Suimiúil Cad é Dlúthlathas na bPlaisteacha? An Treoir Iomlán\nIarratais ar Aonaid Módúl Éillitheachta\nTá modúl éadrom riachtanach chun airíonna meicniúla ábhair a chinneadh. Baineann tionscal na hinnealtóireachta agus na míochaine úsáid as an modúl soladach is mó.\n- Tá sé riachtanach ábhair éagsúla a roghnú ag smaoineamh ar an gcaoi a mbeidh tionchar acu faoi chineálacha éagsúla fórsaí agus strus.\n- Ag cuidiú leis an bpróiseas dearadh.\n- Chun cáilíocht baisc a chinneadh agus costais ábhair a laghdú, ní mór comhsheasmhacht a bheith ann sa mhonarú.\nConas Módúl Éalaiscthe a ríomh\nGo ginearálta, úsáidtear \"mhodhanna tástála teannas\" chun modúl ábhair a chinneadh. I measc na modhanna sin tá an tástáil cneasaithe nó an tástáil thriomú minicíochta nádúrtha, agus an tástáil teannas. Lean modhanna tástála lúbtha agus teannas dlí Hooke agus is modhanna statacha iad. Is féidir modúl elastachta cruinn a chinneadh trí thriomú nádúrtha a úsáid agus an tástáil á dhéanamh ag baint úsáide as cith.\nDéantar na modhanna statacha trí fhórsaí in aice le chéile nó i dtreo perpendicular a chur i bhfeidhm agus an t-athrú ar fhad nó ar mhéid an dífhoirmiú a thomhas agus a ríomh. Is iad na feistí is fearr a oibríonn extensometers nó méadair strains meicniúla mar go bhfuil siad go maith ag tomhas fadanna an-bheaga.\nIs iad na caighdeáin choiteanna a úsáidtear chun an méid seo a leanas a chinneadh:\n- ASTM D638 Modh Tástála le haghaidh Maoine Tensile Plastaí\n- ISO 527-1:2012 Cinntiú airíonna teann.\nLéitheoireacht Iomlánach Cad é Teochta Aistriú Glainne na bPlaisteach?\nModhanna tástála ASTM D638 agus ISO 527:\nÚsáidtear modhanna tástála ASTM D638 agus ISO 527 chun airíonna teannta a chinneadh do ábhair phlaisteach agus do chomhcheanglais faoi choinníollacha sonracha i bhfoirm samplaí tástála caighdeánacha i bhfoirm dumbbell. Is iad na coinníollacha sonraithe teocht, taise, réamhchóireáil, luas an mheaisín tástála, srl.\nIs féidir na torthaí seo a leanas a fháil maidir le torthaí na tástála tarraingthe:\n- Teacht tarraingthe\n- Modúl teann/Modúl Young\n- Éalú agus éalú faoin gcéad ag an toradh\n- Éalú agus céatadán éalú ag an bpríosún\nMaidir le modhanna tástála ASTM D638, braitheann luas na tástála ar an ábhar sonrach. I gcás tástála ISO 527, áfach, is é an luas 5 nó 50 mm/min go ginearálta chun neart agus síneadh a thomhas agus 1 mm/min chun modúl a thomhas.\nFachtóirí a Iompraíonn Módúl Éillitheachta\nTá baint ag modúl na haillsteachta le fuinneamh cheangal na n-adamh. Tá modúl agus fórsaí lúbtha young's níos airde de ghnáth le haghaidh ábhair a bhfuil pointe leá ard acu. Braitheann modúl na haillsteachta ar shuíomh ábhar criostail aonair.\nMar thoradh ar an teocht níos airde sna hábhair, bíonn léim mhór sna cithfithíní adamhach, ag laghdú an fhuinnimh is gá chun na toms a scaradh níos faide. Laghdaíonn sé sin an strus a theastaíonn chun méid áirithe de shlaonadh a tháirgeadh.\nIs féidir le rudaí áirithe ábhar a lagú nó a neartú go mór nó go mór lena láithreacht, mar shampla atamaí cóimhiotail, atamaí neamhghlanta, coirpigh chéim darach, cuimiltí neamhmhiotalacha, díláithrithe (mí-chomhoiriúnacht sa struchtúr gráta), agus lochtanna (cracks).\n- Aon rud a chuireann bac ar ghluaiseacht na dí-athrú trí an ghréasán is dócha go méadóidh sé an modúl agus neart an úis.\n- Cabhróidh ardú teocht le gluaiseacht an dí-athrú nó le creataí nó le hionchuimsithe a dhéanfaidh neart a laghdú trí thosaíocht luath na faill a spreagadh.\nIs suimiúil go bhfuil modúl na réabhlóideachta plaisteach i bhfad níos ísle ná miotail, ceirmeacma, nó fiú gloine. Anseo thíos roinn mé tábla le haonaid modúlais óige de phríomhábhair plaisteach:\nAonad Módúl Tensile nó Módúl Éillitheach Phríomh-Plaisteach\n Ainm Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh-Phríomh\nUasluach (Gpa)\n ABS Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene \n♬ ABS Flame Retardant ♬\n♬ABS High Heat ♬\n♬ABS High Impact ♬\n Comhcheangal ABS/PC Comhcheangal Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene/Polycarbonate\n ABS/PC Blend 20% Glas Fibre \n ABS/PC Flame Retardant \n Meascán TPI Amorphous, Teas Ultra-ard, Resistant Ceimiceach (Flú Ard) \nTPI Amorphous, Teas Ard, Flow Ard, Soldable Lead-Free, 30% GF\nTPI neamhriachtanach, Teas Ard, Tarraingthe Ard, Trédhearcach, Soldaithe Gan Chruach (Tarraingthe Ard)\nTPI neamhorfach, Teas Ard, Tarraingthe Ard, Trédhearcach, Soldaithe Gan Chruach (Tarraingthe Caighdeánach)\nTPI Amorphous, Teas is airde, Resistant Ceimiceach, 260 ° C UL RTI\nTPI Amorphous, Teas Measartha, Transparent Cad Cad Cad 3.12 Cad Cad Cad 3.12 Cad Cad\nTPI Amorphous, Teas Measartha, Trédhearcach (Contact Bia Cheadaithe)\nTPI Amorphous, Teas Measartha, Trédhearcach (Cáil Scaoileadh Múnla)\nTPI Amorphous, Teas Measartha, Trédhearcach (Foirm Púdar)\n ASA Acrylonitrile Styrene Acrylate cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad\n ASA/PC Blend Acrylonitrile Styrene Acrylate/Polycarbonate Blend\nASA/PC Flame Retardant \n ASA/PVC Blend Acrylonitrile Styrene Acrylate/Polyvinyl Chloride Blend\n CA Cellulose Acetate 0.6 2.8 \n CAB Cellulose Acetate Butyrate saghas 0.4 saghas 1.7 saghas\n Ceallach Diacetate-Pearlescent Scannáin \n Cellulose Diacetate-Gloss Film \n Cellulose Diacetate-Integuard Films \n Cellulose Diacetate-Matt Film \n Cillillús Diacetate-Finneog Patch Film (Bia Grád) \n Ceallais Diacetate-Clareflect scannán miotalaithe \nCellulose Diacetate-Colored Films \n Ceallais Diacetate-Flame retardant Film \n Ceallais Diacetate-High Slip Film \n Ceallóis Diacetate-Semitone Scannáin \n CP Cellulose Proprionate cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad\n COC Cóipólaiméir Oleifín Ciorclach \n CPVC Clóiríd Polyvinyl Chloride\n ETFE Eitiléine Teitrafluóireatíleine\n EVA Ethylene Vinyl Acetate chaith 0.01 chaith 0.2 chaith\nEVOH Eitiléine Alcóil Vinil Cad a Tharraingíonn 1.9 Cad a Tharraingíonn 3.5 Cad a Tharraingíonn\n FEP Flúoráilte Eitiléin Propiléin Cad atá le déanamh 0.3 Cad atá le déanamh 0.7 Cad atá le déanamh\n HDPE Poileitiléine Ard-Dlús cad a tharla 0.5 cad a tharla 1.1 cad a tharla\n HIPS Ard-Ionchar Polystyrene Cad atá le déanamh 1.5 Cad atá le déanamh 3 Cad atá le déanamh\n HIPES Flame Retardant V0 \nIonomer (Copailímear Eitilín-Méiteal-Acrilaí)\nLCP Poliméir Chriostail Leachtaigh cad a tharla 10 cad a tharla 19 cad a tharla\nLCP Carbon Fiber-neartaithe Cad Cad Cad Cad\nLCP Glas-Fibre-neartaithe Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad 24 Cad Cad\nLDPE Poileitiléine Íseal-Dlúthchruinn\n LLDPE Poileitiléine Íseal-Dlúthmhéide Líneach 0.266 0.525 \n MABS Trédhearcach Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Cad atá le déanamh1.9 Cad atá le déanamh2 Cad atá le déanamh\n PA 11 (Polyamide 11) 30% Glas snáithín neartú cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadás cadá\n PA 46 Polyamide 46\nPA 46, 30% Glas Fibre a chur ar bun 7.8 a chur ar bun 8.2 a chur ar bun\nPA 6 Polyamide 6 \n PA 6-10 Polyamide 6-10\n PA 66 Polyamide 6-6\nPA 66, 30% Glas Fibre \nPA 66, 30% Mineral filled adadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadad\n PA 66, Tionchar Modified, 15-30% Glas Fibre \nPA 66, Tionchar Modified 0.8 1.2 \n PAI Polyamide-Imide\nIPAI, 30% Glas Fibre iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii\nI, Low Friction iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii\n PAN Polyacrylonitrile \n PÁR Polyarylate \nPARA (Polyarylamide), 30-60% snáithín gloine darach 11.5 darach darach 24 darach\n PBT Polybutylene Terephthalate\nPBT, 30% Glas Fibre \nPC (Polikarbónáit) 20-40% Fibre Glainne \nPC (Polikarbónáit) 20-40% Fibre Glainne Flame Retardant\n PC Poileacarbónáit, teas ard ard\n Comhcheangal PC/PBT Comhcheangal Poileacarbónáit/Póibhuitéilín Téireiftalait \n PC / PBT meascán, Glas Filled Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad\n PCL Polycaprolactone chaith 0.38 chaith 0.43 chaith\n PCTFE Polymonochlorotrifluoroethylene cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad\n PE Poileitiléine 30% Fibre Glainne 4.9 6.3 \n Meascán PE/TPS Poileitiléine/Stachtair Thermoplastaigh\n PEEK Polyetheretherketone \nPEEK 30% Carbon Fibre-neartaithe cad cad cad cad cad cad cad 22.3 cad cad cad\nPEEK 30% Glas-Fibre-neartaithe Cadad Cadad Cadad Cadad\n PEI Polyetherimide \nPEI, 30% Glas-Fibre-neartaithe\nPEI, Mineral Filled Cad Cad Cad Cad\nPEKK (Polyetherketoneketone), Grád Crithchruthaitheachta Íseal\n PESU Polyethersulfone cad a rinne 2.3 cad a rinne 2.8 cad a rinne\n PESU 10-30% snáithín gloine \n PET Polyethylene Terephthalate dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara dara\nPET, 30% Glas-Fibre-neartaithe Cad Cad Cad Cad 12 Cad Cad Cad\nPET, 30/35% Glas-Fibre-neartaithe, Tionchar Modified\nPETG Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol Cad Cad Cad\nPFA Perfluoroalkoxy ardaitheoir 0.7 ardaitheoir 0.8 ardaitheoir\nPGA Polyglycolides chaith 6.5 chaith 6.9 chaith\n PHB Polyhydroxybutyrate chaith 3.1 chaith 3.1 chaith\n Polyimide PI \nPLA Polylactide chaill 3.4 chaill 3.6 chaill\nPLA, High Heat Films ar an bhfód3.3 ar an bhfód3.5 ar an bhfód\n♬ PLA, Instealladh múnlaithe ar an bhfód 3.5 ar an bhfód 3.6 ar an bhfód\n PMMA Polymethylmethacrylate/Acrylic\n PMMA (Acrylic) Ard Teas \n PMMA (Acrylic) Tionchar Modified \nPMP Polymethylpentene Cad atá le déanamh0.5 Cad atá le déanamh1.6 Cad atá le déanamh\nPMP 30% Glas-Fibre-neartaithe\nPMP Mineral Filled Cad Cad Cad Cad\nPOM Polyoxymethylene (Acetal) cad a rinne 2.8 cad a rinne 3.7 cad a rinne\nPOM (Acetal) Tionchar Modified Cad é an t-airgead 1.5 Cad é an t-airgead 2.4 Cad é an t-airgead\nPOM (Acetal) Friction íseal Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad\nPOM (Acetal) Mineral Filled Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad5.5 Cad Cad\n PP Poilipróipiléine 10-20% Fibre Glainne\nPP, 10-40% Mineral Filled Cadad Cadad Cadad Cadad Cadad Cadad Cadad Cadad\nPP, 10-40% Talc Filled Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad\nPP, 30-40% Glas-Fibre-neartaithe adadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadad\nPP (Polipróipiléine) Copolymer\nPP (Polipróipiléine) Homopolymer Cad Cad Cad Cad\nPP Homopolymer, Fibre Glainne Fada, 30% Filler de réir Meáchan\nPP Homopolymer, Fibre Glainne Fada, 40% Filler de réir Meáchan\nPP Homopolymer, Fibre Glainne Fada, 50% Filler de réir Meáchan 12 13.5 \nPP, Impact Modified Cad atá le déanamh?\nPPA Polyphthalamide chaill 3.7 chaill 3.7 chaill\nPPA, 33% Glas-Fibre-neartaithe Ard-Sreabhadh Cadad 13 Cadad Cadad Cadad 1 Cadad 3.2\nPPA, 45% Glas-Fibre-neartaithe Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad\n PPE Polyphenylene Ether cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad\nPPE, 30% Glas-Fibre-neartaithe adadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadadad\nPPE, Flame Retardant 2.4 2.5 \nPPE, Tionchar Modified\nPPE, Mineral Filled Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad\nPPS Polyphenylene Sulfide cad a tharla 3.3 cad a tharla 4 cad a tharla\nPPS, 20-30% Glas-Fibre-neartaithe\nPPS, 40% Glas-Fibre-neartaithe Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad\nPPS, snáithín gloine & Mineral-líonta cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad\nPPSU Polyphenylene Sulfone cad a rinne 2.34 cad a rinne 2.34 cad a rinne\nPS (Polystyrene) 30% snáithín gloine \nPS (Polystyrene) Crystal 2.5 3.5 \nPS, Teas Ard a chur ar bun\n PSU Polysulfone Cad a dhéanann 2.5 Cad a dhéanann 2.7 Cad a dhéanann\nPSU, 30% Glas-Fibre-neartaithe Dháiside 7.7 Dháiside 10 Dháiside\nPSU Mineral Filled Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad\nPTFE Polytetrafluoroethylene cad a dhéantar 0.4 cad a dhéantar 0.8 cad a dhéantar\nPTFE, 25% Glas-Fibre-neartaithe d'fhéachann sé ar an 1.\n PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride), 20% Glas-Fibre-neartaithe\n PVC, Plasticised Filled Cad Cad Cad Cad\nPVDC Polyvinylidene Chloride chailleadh 0.35 chailleadh 0.5 chailleadh\nPVDF Polyvinylidene Fluoride \n Styrene Acrylonitrile 2.8 4 \nSAN, 20% Glas-Fibre-neartaithe Cad Cad Cad Cad 11 Cad Cad Cad\nSma Styrene Maleic Anhydride a chur ar bun 2.4 a chur ar bun 3 a chur ar bun\nSma, 20% Glas-Fibre-neartaithe Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad\nSma, Flame Retardant V0 Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad\n SMMA Styrene Methyl Methacrylate Cad a tharla 2.1 Cad a tharla 3.4 Cad a tharla\nSRP Polyphenylene féin-neartaithe Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad Cad\nTPI-PEEK Blend, Ultra-teas ard, Resistant Ceimiceach, High Flow, 240C UL RTI\nTPS, Instealladh Críocha Ginearálta Cad a Thógann 0.8 Cad a Thógann 3 Cad a Thógann\nTPS, Injection Water Resistant Cad Cad Cad Cad 0.63 Cad Cad 0.72 Cad Cad\n Ultra-Meáchan Móilíneach Ard Polyethylene Cad Cad 0.3 Cad Cad 0.6 Cad Cad\n XLPE Polyethylene Crosslinked ar an gclár.\nLéigh suimiúil Cad é an Teochtaí Próiseála agus Triomú Phróiseála\nAn bhfuil modúl Youngs níos airde níos fearr?\nCiallaíonn modúl Youngs níos airde níos mó cruas. I bhfocail shimplí, tá an straen elastach a thagann as strus áirithe a chur i bhfeidhm níos lú. Is méadar riachtanach é an modúl chun díbirt elastach a chinneadh. Tá lúchlú modúl íogair ag plaisteach i gcomparáid le miotail, gloine agus ceirmeacha.\nCad iad na fachtóirí ar a bhfuil an modúl solúbthachta ag brath?\nBraitheann an modúl réasmhachta go príomha ar dhá fhachtóir: 1. nádúr an ábhair agus 2. cineál an strus a úsáidtear chun an strain a tháirgeadh.\nCad é an plaisteach is crua?\nTá an t-ábhar plaisteach is crua go dtí seo ar a dtugtar Primospire. Tá modúl flechtúrtha 1.2 milliún psi agus neart teannas 30,000 psi aige.\nCad é modulus na elasticity cothrom?\nTá modúl na treochtachta comhionann leis an strus fhadtéarmach roinnte leis an straen. Is é an t-am is mó a chaitear an t-am is mó a chaitear an t-am is lú.\nCad é an gaol idir elasticity agus modúl na lánachta?\nTá modúl na hairíonna agus modúl i bhfad níos cosúla ná mar a fhios ag an chuid is mó daoine. Is é an príomhdhifríocht idir an dá cheann ná go gcuirtear an strus go mall sa chéad cheann, agus go gcuirtear an t-ualach go tapa sa dara ceann.\nMoltar a léamh \n- Gearrthreoracha Phróiseála agus a n-Féachtraí Salient. An Treoir Ultimate\n- Cad é Warpage? Cúiseanna le Warpage\n- 6 Theicnící Móide Phróiseála Phróiseála\n- Cad é an múnlaíocht rothlach Príomhphróiseas múnlaithe rothlach Buntáistí agus míbhuntáistí An t-ábhar is fearr le haghaidh múnlaithe rothlach\n- Cad é neart brú de phlaisteach?\n- Príomh-Ionstraimí Teirmeacha na bPlaisteach.\n- Teochta Múnla i bPlaisteach. Anailís Iomlán\n- Príomhábhair Físeacha Ábhair Plastaí. An Treoir Iomlána\nBa é sin go léir a bhí agam a rá faoi an modúl de elasticity agus faisnéis gaolmhar. Tá feidhmíocht mhódúl na hairdteacht ollmhór san tionscal innealtóireachta ag soláthar sonraí cruinn d'eolaithe ar stiffness plaisteach, rud a chabhraíonn leo táirgí láidir a dhéanamh a úsáideann tomhaltóirí cosúil linn féin.\nCuir do chuid smaointe agus athbhreithnithe in iúl sa chuid tráchtaireachta.\nLá iontach a bheith agat."} +{"text": "Why Lesson Planet?\nFor this addition and subtraction equation worksheet, students learn how to use a math table to solve an equation. Students then write the equation shown by the model and use mental math to solve the equations. Students then use mental math to solve the second series of addition and subtraction equations. Students finish with one word problem.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-13", "url": "https://www.lessonplanet.com/teachers/algebra-mental-math-addition-and-subtraction-equations-homework", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218187113.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212947-00140-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9042062759, "token_count": 71, "score": 4.0, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Cén fáth ar Lesson Planet?\nChun an bhileog oibre seo um chothromóid bhreise agus aistrithe, foghlaimíonn daltaí conas tábla matamaitice a úsáid chun chothromóid a réiteach. Ansin scríobhann daltaí an chothromán a léiríonn an tsamhail agus úsáideann siad matamaitic mheabhrach chun na hochtúile a réiteach. Ansin úsáideann mic léinn matamaitic mheabhrach chun an dara sraith chothromanna cur leis agus a bhaint amach. Críochnaíonn mic léinn le fadhb focal amháin."} +{"text": "What it does\nRice tungro disease is caused by the combination of two viruses, which are transmitted by leafhoppers. It causes leaf discoloration, stunted growth, reduced tiller numbers and sterile or partly filled grains.\nTungro infects cultivated rice, some wild rice relatives and other grassy weeds commonly found in rice paddies.\nWhy and where it occurs\nTungro disease viruses are transmitted from one plant to another by leafhoppers that feed on tungro-infected plants. The most efficient vector is the green leafhopper.\nLeafhoppers can acquire the viruses from any part of the infected plant by feeding on it, even for a short time. It can, then, immediately transmit the viruses to other plants within 5−7 days. The viruses do not remain in the leafhopper's body unless it feeds again on an infected plant and re-acquires the viruses.\nTungro infection can occur during all growth stages of the rice plant. It is most frequently seen during the vegetative phase. Plants are most vulnerable at tillering stage.\nTungro incidence depends on the availability of the virus sources andpopulation. Other than infected rice plants in the farmer's field, other primary sources for tungro, include:\n- stubble of previous crops\n- new growth from infected stubbles that had not been properly plowed under and harrowed effectively\n- volunteer rice\n- infected plants in nearby rice fields\nSeedlings raised in nurseries or seedbeds can also be infected with Tungro prior to transplanting and can be a primary source of virus.\nTransplanting seedlings from nurseries in tungro-infected areas has also shown to increase infection rates in the field, particularly, in cases where seedbed is in a tungro-endemic area or when the nursery duration is 5−6 weeks.\nHowever, this is not believed to be a very strong mechanism in initiating epidemics, because the competitiveness of tungro-infected seedlings is low; they can die rapidly after transplanting.\nWhy is it important\nTungro is one of the most damaging and destructive diseases of rice in South and Southeast Asia. In severe cases, Tungro susceptible varieties infected at an early growth stage could have as high as 100% yield loss.\nOnce tungro is present in the field, it increases rapidly in young rice plants. Leafhopper vectors prefer to feed on young rice plants. They also acquire tungro viruses more efficiently from younger infected plants.\nHow to identify\nCheck for presence of leafhoppers.\nCheck leaves for discoloration.\nYellow or orange-yellow discoloration is noticeable in tungro-infected plants. Discoloration begins from the leaf tip and extends down to the blade or the lower leaf portion. Infected leaves may also show mottled or striped appearance, rust-colored spots, and inter-veinal necrosis.\n|Tungro-infected plant||Yellowing of leaves||Tungro-infected field||Green leafhopper|\nTungro-infected plants also show symptoms of stunting, delayed flowering which may delay maturity, reduced number of tillers, small and not completely exserted panicles, as well as a higher than normal percentage of sterile panicles or partially filled grains, covered with dark brown blotches.\nThe degree of stunting and of leaf discoloration varies with rice varieties, strains of the viruses, the age of the plant when infected, and with the environment. In varieties that carry some resistance to the disease, infected plants exhibit no discoloration or only a mild discoloration that may disappear as the plants mature.\nTungro symptoms can be mistaken for physiological disorders.\n- the yellowing of the plant and its stunted height can be confused as nitrogen and zinc deficiencies and water stress,\n- pest infestation such as stem borer infestation, plant hopper infestation, and rat damage, and\n- other diseases such as grassy stunt virus disease and orange leaf.\nWhere available, Tungro can be confirmed using serological tools such as Latex agglutination test, Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISA) and Rapid Immunofilter Paper Assays (RIPA).\nHow to manage\nOnce a rice plant is infected by tungro, it cannot be cured.\nPreventive measures are more effective for the control of tungro than direct disease control measures. Using insecticides to control leafhoppers is often not effective, because green leafhoppers continuously move to surrounding fields and spread tungro rapidly in very short feeding times.\nThe most practical measures at present, include\n- Grow tungro or leafhopper resistant varieties.\nThis is the most economical means of managing the disease. There are tungro-resistant varieties available for the Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, India, and Bangladesh.\nContact your local agriculture office for up-to-date lists of varieties available.\n- Practice synchronous planting with surrounding farms.\nDelayed or late planting, relative to the average date in a given area, makes the field susceptible for Tungro. Late-planted fields also pose a risk to early planting in the next season.\n- Adjust planting times to when green leafhopper are not in season or abundant, if known\n- Plow infected stubbles immediately after harvest to reduce inoculum sources and destroy the eggs and breeding sites of green leaf hopper.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-39", "url": "http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/training/fact-sheets/pest-management/diseases/item/tungro", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573385.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20190918234431-20190919020431-00290.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9317523837, "token_count": 1154, "score": 3.765625, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Cad a dhéanann sé\nTá galar tungro ríse mar thoradh ar dhá víreas a chomhcheanglaíonn, a tharchur ag leafhoppers. Tá sé ina chúis le hathchraoladh duille, fás stunted, líon laghdaithe tiller agus gráin stéarlacha nó páirteach líonta.\nInfheicíonn Tungro rís chultúrtha, roinnt gaol rís fiáine agus luibheanna féirnéacha eile a fhaightear go coitianta i réimsí rís.\nCén fáth agus cá tharlaíonn sé\nTarchuirtear vírisí galar tungro ó phlandaí go plandaí eile trí leafhoppers a itheann ar phlandaí atá ionfhabhtaithe le tungro. Is é an t-aisteoir is éifeachtaí an leafhopper glas.\nIs féidir leis na leafhoppers na víris a fháil ó aon chuid den phlanda atá ionfhabhtaithe trí ithe air, fiú ar feadh tréimhse ghearr. Is féidir leis, ansin, na víris a tharchur láithreach chuig plandaí eile laistigh de 5−7 lá. Ní fhanann na vírisí i gcorp an leafhopper mura n-itheann sé arís ar phlandaí ionfhabhtaithe agus mura bhfaigheann sé na vírisí arís.\nIs féidir ionfhabhtú tungro a bheith ann le linn gach céim fáis de phlanda rís. Is minic a fheictear é le linn na céime fásta. Tá plandaí an-socair ag céim na tuilte.\nBraitheann an líon daoine a bhfuil an víreas acu ar an líon daoine a bhfuil an víreas acu. I gcás ina bhfuil an t-easpa sin ag baint le héifeachtúlacht na n-easaontais, ba cheart an t-easpa sin a laghdú go dtí an leibhéal is airde.\n- stubble de chothracha roimhe sin\n- fás nua ó stubble ionfhabhtaithe nach raibh plódaithe go cuí faoi agus harrowed go héifeachtach\n- rís dheonach\n- plandaí ionfhabhtaithe i bhfeirmeacha rís in aice láimhe\nIs féidir le síolta a fhásann i n-óigeanna nó i mbéal síolta a bheith ionfhabhtaithe le Tungro roimh thrasplantaíocht agus is féidir leo a bheith ina phríomhfhoinse víris.\nTá sé léirithe freisin go méadaíonn trasphlandú síolta ó gléasraí i gceantair atá ionfhabhtaithe le tungro rátaí ionfhabhtaithe sa réimse, go háirithe, i gcásanna ina bhfuil an leaba síolta i gceantar atá endéamach le tungro nó nuair a bhíonn an tréimhse sliochta 5−6 seachtaine.\nNí chreidtear, áfach, gur meicníocht an-láidir é seo chun eipidéimí a thionscnamh, toisc go bhfuil iomaíochas na mbannaí atá ionfhabhtaithe le tungro íseal; is féidir leo bás a fháil go tapa tar éis iad a phlandáil.\nCén fáth go bhfuil sé tábhachtach\nTá an tungró ar cheann de na galair is díobhálacha agus is díothaí ar rís i ndeisceart agus i ndeisceart na hÁise. I gcásanna tromchúiseacha, d'fhéadfadh caillteanas toraidh a bheith chomh hard le 100% ag cineálacha atá so-ghabhálach do Tungro a ionfhabhtaíodh ag céim luath fáis.\nNuair a bhíonn tungro i láthair sa réimse, méadaíonn sé go tapa i bplandaí rís óga. Is fearr le hiompróirí Leafhopper bia a fháil ar phlandaí ríse óga. Faigheann siad víris tungro níos éifeachtaí ó phlandaí ionfhabhtaithe níos óige freisin.\nConas a aithint\nSeiceáil an bhfuil leafhoppers ann.\nSeiceáil go bhfuil na duilleoga ag athrú dath.\nTá athdhéanamh buí nó buí-oráiste le feiceáil i bplandaí atá ionfhabhtaithe le tungro. Tosaíonn an athchraoladh ó cheann na duille agus cuireann sé síos go dtí an sciath nó an chuid íseal den duille. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh cuma speicthe nó stiallaithe ar duilleoga ionfhabhtaithe, spotaí dath-réit, agus nécróis idir-veineach.\n \nLéiríonn plandaí atá ionfhabhtaithe le tungro comharthaí freisin de stunting, fionnachtain mhoillithe a d'fhéadfadh aibíocht a mhoilliú, líon laghdaithe de phéinteoirí, panicles beaga agus nach bhfuil go hiomlán á n-úsáid, chomh maith le céatadán níos airde ná an gnáth de panicles steiriliúla nó gráin atá líonta go páirteach, clúdaithe le spots donn dorcha.\nAthraíonn cé chomh mór agus a bhíonn an t-athrú dath ar na duilleoga de réir cineálacha rís, de réir na sliocht víris, de réir aois an phlanda nuair a bhíonn sé ionfhabhtaithe, agus de réir an chomhshaoil. I gcineálacha a bhfuil roinnt friotaíocht acu don ghalair, ní bhíonn aon athbhriseadh dath ag plandaí ionfhabhtaithe nó ní bhíonn ach athbhriseadh dath beag ann a d'fhéadfadh a bheith imithe de réir mar a bhíonn na plandaí ag fás.\nIs féidir le hairíonna Tungro a bheith mícheart le neamhoird fiseolaíocha.\n- is féidir giollacht an phlanda agus a airde stunted a mheas mar easnaimh nítrigine agus sinc agus strus uisce,\n- ionfhabhtú ag lotnaidí amhail ionfhabhtú ag an mborradh stóg, ionfhabhtú ag an hopper plandaí, agus damáiste ag an mbrat, agus\n- galair eile amhail galar víreas stunt féirste agus duille oráiste.\nI gcás ina bhfuil sé ar fáil, is féidir Tungro a dhearbhú ag baint úsáide as uirlisí serological mar tástáil aglutination Latex, Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISA) agus Rapid Immunofilter Paper Assays (RIPA).\nConas a bhainistiú\nNuair a bhíonn plandaí rís ionfhabhtaithe ag tungro, ní féidir é a leigheas.\nTá bearta coisctheacha níos éifeachtaí chun an tungró a rialú ná bearta díreacha chun an galar a rialú. Is minic nach mbíonn sé éifeachtach insecticides a úsáid chun an leafhopper a rialú, toisc go bogann an leafhopper glas go leanúnach chuig páirceanna timpeall agus go scaipeann sé tungro go tapa i amanna beathaithe an-ghearr.\nI measc na mbeart is praiticiúla faoi láthair, tá:\n- Sliocht atá frithsheasmhach i gcoinne tungro nó leafhopper a fhás.\nIs é seo an bealach is eacnamaí chun an galar a bhainistiú. Tá cineálacha atá in aghaidh tungro ar fáil do na hOileáin Fhilipíneacha, na Malaeisia, na hIndinéis, na hIndia, agus na Banglaidéise.\nDéan teagmháil le hoifig talmhaíochta áitiúil chun liostaí cothrom le dáta de na cineálacha atá ar fáil a fháil.\n- Iarr ar phlandaí a bheith ag síneadh go comhuaineach le feirmeacha na háite.\nDéantar plandáil a dhéantar go déanach nó go déanach, i gcomparáid leis an meándháta i limistéar áirithe, a fhágann go bhfuil an réimse so-ghabhálach do Tungro. Tá riosca ann freisin do phlandaí a phlandaítear go déanach chun go mbeidh siad in ann a phlandaíocht go luath sa séasúr seo chugainn.\n- Amanna síolta a choigeartú nuair nach bhfuil séasúr nó iomadta leafhopper glas, má tá a fhios agat\n- Scaip na stubble atá ionfhabhtaithe láithreach tar éis an bhréag a bhaint chun foinsí inócuil a laghdú agus chun na huibheacha agus na háiteanna atáirgthe de chraobh glas a scriosadh."} +{"text": "The Greater Cambridge Greenways project aims to create a walking, cycling and equestrian travel network that will link local villages and Cambridge. The Wildlife Trust is supportive of the principle of creating enhanced opportunities for safe cycling and walking routes through the Greenways programme. Tackling climate change and the loss and damage to natural habitats are two of the most pressing issues for society to address.\nHowever, we believe these recent proposals will have impacts on the natural environment and on local habitats and species.\nThe project has proposed two alternative options for access via the south of Trumpington Meadows nature reserve near Hauxton: option A: by a proposed new bridge over the river Cam and option B: along an existing shared path. Closer to the city in the north east, the Greenway project has suggested two more alternative options: A: via a newly created path cutting through the wildflower meadows and B: along the existing path towards the Trumpington Park & Ride. Details of these can be seen online.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-43", "url": "https://www.wildlifebcn.org/news/new-melbourn-greenway-proposals-threaten-trumpington-meadows-nature-reserve", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987750110.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20191020233245-20191021020745-00447.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9187096953, "token_count": 201, "score": 2.609375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá sé mar aidhm ag tionscadal Greater Cambridge Greenways líonra taistil siúlóide, rothaíochta agus marcaíochta a chruthú a nascfaidh sráidbhailte áitiúla agus Cambridge. Tacaíonn an tIonad Fiadhúlra leis an bprionsabal de dheiseanna feabhsaithe a chruthú do bhealaí rothaíochta agus siúil shábháilte trí chlár Greenways. Tá an t-athrú aeráide agus an caillteanas agus an damáiste do ghnáthóga nádúrtha ar dhá cheann de na saincheisteanna is práinne a bhfuil an tsochaí le tabhairt faoi.\nCreidimid, áfach, go mbeidh tionchair ag na tograí seo le déanaí ar an gcomhshaol nádúrtha agus ar ghnáthóga agus ar speicis áitiúla.\nTá dhá rogha eile beartaithe sa tionscadal le haghaidh rochtana tríd an deisceart de chúlchiste nádúrtha Trumpington Meadows in aice le Hauxton: rogha A: trí dhroichead nua a bheartaítear a thógáil thar abhainn Cam agus rogha B: ar feadh cosán comhroinnte atá ann cheana féin. Níos gaire don chathair sa tuaisceart, mhol an tionscadal Greenway dhá rogha eile: A: trí chosán nua-chruthaithe a ghearradh trí na meadows wildflower agus B: ar feadh an chosáin atá ann cheana i dtreo Trumpington Park & Ride. Is féidir sonraí a fheiceáil ar líne."} +{"text": "The World Health Company’s Constitution, which came into result in 1948, proclaims that health is a basic human right. Every human can enjoy the highest possible achievable level of wellness, regardless of race, faith, political idea, or socioeconomic status. A number of country states acknowledge this right, and also are legally bound to shield access to top quality health care and offer the factors of health and wellness. Nevertheless, the meaning of “wellness” remains ambiguous, and also numerous concerns remain unanswered.\nAccording to the World Health and wellness Organization, wellness is a state of total physical, psychological, and also social health. A healthy and balanced populace can be specified as one that has sufficient resources to live a complete and also active life. Inequalities in health can be observed in between various populations or even within the same population. Inequalities can be either architectural or social, and also can impact people in different methods. Those that live in urban or bad communities are most likely to be at higher danger of illness than those who stay in the country’s countryside.\nThe that initially defined wellness as the lack of illness. Ever since, this meaning has been redefined many times, as well as the meaning of health has actually become a complex concern. In its current form, wellness is the capacity to fulfill one’s demands as well as adapt to transforming atmospheres. It also describes the capability to take care of anxiety as well as create abilities, along with the ability to keep connections. While these interpretations are a beginning factor, they are not full.\nThe WHO specifies health as a state of total physical, mental, and social well-being. Advertising wellness is a continuous procedure that needs people to raise and also endure healthy and balanced tasks and also stay clear of harmful situations. Although the that meaning of health and wellness was embraced by the Internet in 1948, it is not the most up-to-date. The current consensus is that health and wellness is a source for everyday living. Individuals can improve their physical and also mental capacity by engaging in activities that promote health.\nThe World Wellness Organization (WHO) defines health as a state of full physical, mental, as well as social wellness. The that definition is no longer applicable. Instead, it needs to focus on an individual’s ability to handle anxiety and also create abilities. Moreover, the WHO also defines wellness as a person’s capability to join society as well as be taken part in its setting. It is an important source, and it ought to be promoted thus.\nThe principle of health is complex. It encompasses physical, psychological, as well as social sources, as well as integrates emotional as well as social facets of condition. It can be boosted with prevention as well as early diagnosis of ailments. Study on wellness and also social determinants has actually revealed that social variables contribute to the advancement of condition. This can likewise make a person more prone to injuries and other troubles. It is not unusual for an individual to create certain types of cancer. But, when it comes to aging, it is best to concentrate on reducing the threat of developing the problem as well as handling the ailment.\nBy definition, health and wellness is a human’s ability to manage the environment. It includes physical as well as mental capacities. It consists of the ability to take care of stress and keep partnerships. Inequalities in wellness can be observed in between groups, within a population, or amongst people. Whether health and wellness is defined as physical, mental, or emotional, it is a reflection of the person’s life. This includes her environment, the sort of activity as well as social support she has in her environment.\nThe World Wellness Organization defines health and wellness as “the condition of a specific, a neighborhood, or a society”. It defines health and wellness as the capacity to maintain homeostasis as well as recover from adverse occasions. It additionally considers the ability to handle stress, obtain skills, as well as keep relationships. The that’s definition of health and wellness is more large than a physical state. It likewise thinks about the social environment and the atmosphere. It associates with the capacity to deal with a specific kind of social situation.\nIn general, health and wellness refers to a person’s ability to live a long, meeting, and effective life. During the 20th century, the concept of health and wellness was greatly defined in clinical terms. This design of health and wellness focused on physical and mental capacities, while the biopsychosocial version focused on social as well as emotional resources was created. Its interpretation of health and wellness reflects the reality that it includes the social, emotional, and also environmental aspects. The Globe Financial institution’s 2010 variation of the Constitution of Wellness focuses on the mental as well as social aspects of wellness.\nThe meaning of health and wellness varies considerably relying on the environment we stay in. If you live near sea level, you might experience lack of breath as well as anemia when you transfer to the hills. In the mountains, you might experience cardiac arrest and anemia. Simply put, the definition of wellness ought to take the atmosphere into account. However, the basic concept of good health remains the very same. No matter where you live, you ought to keep a top quality of life.\nAccording to the World Wellness Organization, health is a state of complete physical, psychological and also social health. Promoting wellness refers reducing unhealthy tasks as well as scenarios. Lots of elements affect an individual’s health, a few of which are largely determined by individual choices. Other elements, such as genetics as well as ecological elements, are structural. Therefore, advertising your overall health and wellness is the very best means to maintain on your own healthy as well as disease-free.\nOne means to determine health and wellness is by reviewing your physical problem and also whether you’re likely to establish a disease in the near future. The World Wellness Organisation has established that an individual’s physical condition is defined by a combination of the physiological, mental, and also social facets of his or her life. This definition might be also enthusiastic, yet it still satisfies of guaranteeing a person’s health. You’ll likely go through a range of tests, some of which are more descriptive than measurable, as well as some of which can point out the visibility of a condition in a person who seems to be healthy and balanced. Continue reading\nThere are 2 main methods of specifying health and wellness. The very first is through the physical. Physiological dimensions are a very quantitative way of assessing your body’s ability to work. Organic tests measure the degree of a person’s blood, yet they do not tell you anything regarding the problem. But if you’re trying to find a more qualitative approach, you can attempt checking out a book on professional medicine or medical diagnosis. By comprehending exactly how others define health, you can get a much better idea of what individuals must do to boost their own health and wellness.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-49", "url": "https://hdd-nagano.com/2022/03/26/wellness-has-the-response-to-everything-2/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710733.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20221130060525-20221130090525-00721.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.975599587, "token_count": 1442, "score": 3.421875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Dearbhaíonn Bunreacht na Cuideachta Sláinte Domhanda, a tháinig i bhfeidhm i 1948, gur ceart bunúsach daonna é sláinte. Is féidir le gach duine an leibhéal is airde folláine is féidir a bhaint amach, is cuma cén cine, creideamh, smaoineamh polaitiúil nó stádas socheacnamaíoch atá aige. Aithníonn roinnt stáit tíre an ceart seo, agus tá dualgas dlíthiúil orthu rochtain ar chúram sláinte den scoth a chosaint agus na gnéithe sláinte agus folláine a thairiscint. Mar sin féin, tá an bhrí atá le \"folláine\" fós éagothroime, agus tá go leor imní fós gan freagra.\nDe réir na hEagraíochta Domhanda Sláinte agus Folláine, is é folláine staid sláinte iomlán fisiceach, síceolaíoch, agus sóisialta freisin. Is féidir daonra sláintiúil agus cothrom a shonrú mar dhuine a bhfuil acmhainní leordhóthanacha aige chun saol iomlán agus gníomhach a chaitheamh. Is féidir neamhionannas sláinte a fheiceáil idir daonraí éagsúla nó fiú laistigh den daonra céanna. Is féidir le neamhionannais a bheith ar ailtireacht nó ar shóisialta, agus is féidir leo tionchar a imirt ar dhaoine ar bhealaí éagsúla. Is dóichí go mbeidh na daoine a chónaíonn i bpobail uirbeacha nó droch-chomhphobail i mbaol níos airde galar ná iad siúd a fhanann ar thuaithe na tíre.\nAn ceann a shainmhínigh folláine ar dtús mar easpa tinneas. Ó shin i leith, tá an bhrí seo athshainithe go leor uaireanta, chomh maith le brí na sláinte i ndáiríre a bheith ina imní casta. I bhfoirm reatha, is é folláine an cumas chun éilimh duine a chomhlíonadh chomh maith le dul i ngleic le haimsir atá ag athrú. Déanann sé cur síos freisin ar an gcumas aire a thabhairt do imní chomh maith le cumas a chruthú, mar aon leis an gcumas naisc a choinneáil. Cé gur gné tosaigh iad na léirmhínithe seo, níl siad iomlán.\nSonraíonn an WHO sláinte mar staid folláine iomlán fisiceach, mheabhrach agus shóisialta. Is nós imeachta leanúnach é folláine a chur chun cinn a éilíonn ar dhaoine tascanna sláintiúla agus chothromaithe a ardú agus a sheasamh agus a bheith ar shiúl ó chásanna díobhálacha freisin. Cé gur ghlac an Idirlíon leis an gciall sin de shláinte agus folláine i 1948, ní hé an ceann is nua-aimseartha é. Is é an comhthoil reatha go bhfuil sláinte agus folláine ina fhoinse do shaol laethúil. Is féidir le daoine a gcumas fisiciúil agus a gcumas meabhrach a fheabhsú trí bheith páirteach i ngníomhaíochtaí a chuireann le sláinte.\nSainmhíníonn an Eagraíocht Domhanda Sláinte (WHO) sláinte mar staid iomlán folláine fisiceach, mheabhrach, chomh maith le folláine shóisialta. Ní bhaineann an sainmhíniú sin le haon duine a thuilleadh. Ina áit sin, ní mór dó díriú ar chumas an duine aonair déileáil le imní agus cumas a chruthú freisin. Ina theannta sin, sainmhíníonn an WHO folláine mar chumas duine dul isteach sa tsochaí chomh maith le bheith páirteach ina timpeallacht. Is foinse thábhachtach í agus ba cheart í a chur chun cinn dá réir sin.\nTá prionsabal na sláinte casta. Cuimsíonn sé foinsí fisiciúla, síceolaíocha, chomh maith le foinsí sóisialta, chomh maith le gnéithe mothúchánach chomh maith le gnéithe sóisialta den riocht a chomhtháthú. Is féidir é a threisiú trí chosc a chur air chomh maith le diagnóis luath a dhéanamh ar ailí. Léirigh staidéar ar fholláine agus ar chinneoirí sóisialta go bhfuil athróg sóisialta ag cur le dul chun cinn na staid. D'fhéadfadh sé seo go mbeadh duine níos mó seans maith go ndéanfaí díobháil dó agus go mbeadh trioblóidí eile aige. Ní haon rud neamhghnách go gcruthóidh duine cineálacha áirithe ailse. Ach, nuair a thagann sé chun dul in aois, is fearr díriú ar an mbaol a laghdú go dtiocfaidh an fhadhb chun cinn chomh maith le déileáil leis an ailment.\nDe réir sainmhíniú, is é sláinte agus folláine cumas an duine chun an timpeallacht a bhainistiú. Áirítear leis na cumas fisiceacha chomh maith le na cumas meabhrach. Is éard atá ann ná an cumas chun aire a thabhairt do strus agus comhpháirtíochtaí a choinneáil. Is féidir neamhionannas i folláine a fheiceáil idir grúpaí, laistigh de phobal, nó i measc daoine. Cibé an sainmhínítear sláinte agus folláine mar fhisiceach, meabhrach nó mothúchánach, is léiriú é ar shaol an duine. Áirítear leis seo a timpeallacht, an cineál gníomhaíochta chomh maith leis an tacaíocht shóisialta atá aici ina timpeallacht.\nSainmhíníonn an Eagraíocht Domhanda Sláinte agus Folláine sláinte agus folláine mar suim sonrach, comharsanachta nó sochaí. Sainmhíníonn sé sláinte agus folláine mar an cumas homeostasis a choinneáil chomh maith le téarnamh ó ócáidí díobhálacha. Ina theannta sin, déantar machnamh ar an gcumas chun déileáil le strus, scileanna a fháil, chomh maith le caidreamh a choinneáil. Tá sainmhíniú THAT ar shláinte agus ar folláine níos mó ná staid fhisiceach. Smaoiníonn sé freisin ar an timpeallacht shóisialta agus ar an atmaisféar. Tá baint aige leis an gcumas déileáil le cineál áirithe staid shóisialta.\nGo ginearálta, tagraíonn sláinte agus folláine do chumas duine saol fada, sásúil agus éifeachtach a chaitheamh. Le linn an 20ú haois, sainmhíníodh an coincheap sláinte agus folláine go mór i dtéarmaí cliniciúla. Díríodh an dearadh seo ar shláinte agus folláine ar chumas fisiceach agus mheabhrach, agus cruthaíodh an leagan bith-síceasaí a d'fhócas ar acmhainní sóisialta chomh maith le acmhainní mothúchánach. Léiríonn a léirmhíniú ar shláinte agus folláine an réaltacht go n-áirítear na gnéithe sóisialta, mothúchánach agus chomhshaoil ann freisin. Díríonn an institiúid airgeadais Globe ar an mBunreacht um Folláine a d'eisigh i 2010 ar ghnéithe meabhracha agus sóisialta na folláine.\nAthraíonn an bhrí atá le sláinte agus le folláine go mór ag brath ar an timpeallacht ina bhfuil muid. Má tá cónaí ort in aice le leibhéal na farraige, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh easpa gaoithe ort chomh maith le haineolacht nuair a aistríonn tú go dtí na cnoic. I na sléibhte, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh stad croí agus anaimic ort. Go simplí, ba cheart go gcuirfí an t-atmaisféar san áireamh sa sainmhíniú ar fholláine. Mar sin féin, tá an bunchoincheap ar shláinte mhaith mar an gcéanna. Is cuma cá bhfuil tú ina chónaí, ba cheart duit cáilíocht den scoth beatha a choinneáil.\nDe réir na hEagraíochta Domhanda Sláinte, is é sláinte ná staid sláinte iomlán fisiceach, síceolaíoch agus sóisialta freisin. Tagraíonn feabhas a chur ar folláine do thascanna neamhshláintiúla a laghdú chomh maith le cásanna. Tá go leor eilimintí a dhéanann difear do shláinte an duine aonair, agus is rogha aonair a chinnfidh cuid acu go mór. Tá eilimintí eile, mar shampla géineolaíocht chomh maith le eilimintí éiceolaíochta, struchtúrtha. Dá bhrí sin, is é an bealach is fearr chun tú féin a choinneáil sláintiúil chomh maith le saor ó ghalair ná do shláinte agus do folláine i gcoitinne a fhógairt.\nIs bealach amháin chun sláinte agus folláine a chinneadh ná trí athbhreithniú a dhéanamh ar do chuid fadhbanna fisiciúla agus freisin an bhfuil seans ann go mbeidh galar ag teacht ort sa todhchaí. Tá sé bunaithe ag an Eagraíocht Domhanda Sláinte go ndéantar coinníoll fisiceach an duine a shainiú trí chomhcheangal de ghnéithe fiseolaíocha, mheabhracha agus sóisialta dá shaol nó dá saol. D'fhéadfadh an sainmhíniú seo a bheith díograiseach freisin, ach tá sé sásta fós sláinte duine a ráthú. Is dócha go rachaidh tú trí raon tástálacha, cuid acu atá níos tuairisciúla ná in-mheasta, chomh maith le cuid acu a d'fhéadfadh a chur in iúl go bhfuil an riocht le feiceáil i duine a bhfuil an chuma air go bhfuil sé sláintiúil agus cothrom. Lean ar aghaidh ag léamh\nTá dhá phríomhmhodh ann chun sláinte agus folláine a shonrú. Is é an chéad cheann tríd an fisiciúil. Is bealach an-mheánmhéide é na tomhais fiseolaíocha chun cumas do chorp a mheas. Tomhaiseann tástálacha orgánacha leibhéal fola duine, ach ní insíonn siad aon rud duit faoin bhfadhb. Ach má tá tú ag iarraidh cur chuige níos cáilíochtúla a fháil, is féidir leat triail a bhaint as leabhar ar leigheas gairmiúil nó ar dhiagnóis leighis. Trí thuiscint a fháil go díreach ar an gcaoi a ndéanann daoine eile sláinte a shainiú, is féidir leat smaoineamh i bhfad níos fearr a fháil ar an méid a chaithfidh daoine a dhéanamh chun a sláinte agus a folláine féin a threisiú."} +{"text": "In its earliest, dark days, Bomber Command operated deep into occupied Europe with the underdeveloped Avro Manchester. Powered by the Rolls Royce Vulture, it was the only British aircraft to use this engine operationally. The design was revised and amended several times, with three enlargements of the flying surfaces required to provide an adequate flight envelope. Nevertheless, Manchesters entered service without adequate type-testing, leading to four groundings in the first ten months of use. Aircrews were faced with airframe and engine challenges, and the Manchester continued to evolve as the war was being fought.Despite this, seven RAF squadrons would eventually use 202 Manchesters (with 538 Vultures) on 1,260 sorties. Manchesters may have contributed to Bomber Command failures (as set out in the Butt Report of August 1941), but they also contributed to its success in denying German capital ships the naval base at Brest. Bomber Command’s persistence with the type was soon shown to be wise, as the Manchester was developed into the famous and war-winning Avro Lancaster.This second edition of The Avro Manchester: The Legend Behind the Lancaster retains the keen analysis and gripping narrative of the first, but it also fills many gaps, revises key passages, and provides six appendices for references. It is richly illustrated with 200 images, many of which are previously unpublished.\n||248 x 172 mm\n||15 September 2015\n||190 black-and-white photographs\nRobert Kirby forged a successful career in the discipline of oceanography; as a government researcher, he discovered and named a number of new scientific phenomena. Throughout his life he has maintained an interest in aviation, especially in the Second World War, leading to his authorship of a history of the Avro Manchester. Following the publication of the first edition of this book in 1995, his continued studies have led to this new and definitive edition.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-49", "url": "https://www.fonthill.media/products/the-avro-manchester-the-legend-behind-the-lancaster", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711042.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20221205164659-20221205194659-00503.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9586743116, "token_count": 462, "score": 2.875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "I a laethanta is luaithe, dorcha, oibrigh Bomber Command go domhain san Eoraip faoi choimhlint leis an Avro Manchester neamhfhorbartha. Cumhachtithe ag an Rolls Royce Vulture, ba é an t-aon aerárthach Breataine é a d'úsáid an t-inneall seo go hoibríoch. Rinneadh athbhreithniú agus leasú ar an dearadh arís agus arís eile, le trí mhéadú ar na dromchlaí eitilte a bhí ag teastáil chun clúdach eitilte leordhóthanach a sholáthar. Mar sin féin, tháinig Manchesters i seirbhís gan tástáil chineál leordhóthanach, rud a d'fhág go raibh ceithre chúlchiste sa chéad deich mí d'úsáid. Bhí dúshláin aerchrutha agus innill ag lucht foirne, agus lean an Manchester ag teacht chun cinn de réir mar a bhí an cogadh á troid. In ainneoin seo, d'úsáid seacht scáileán RAF 202 Manchesters (le 538 Vultures) ar 1,260 sortie sa deireadh. B'fhéidir go raibh rannchuidiú ag Manchesters le teipí ar an gCúdarás Baomála (mar a leagtar amach i dTuarascáil Butt i mí Lúnasa 1941), ach chuir siad lena rath freisin i ndíriú ar long chaipitil na Gearmáine an bonn cabhlaigh ag Brest. Bhí sé soiléir go raibh an Manchester cliste, mar a bhí an Manchester a fhorbairt go dtí an Avro Lancaster cáiliúil agus buaiteoir cogaidh. An dara heagrán de The Avro Manchester: The Legend Behind the Lancaster coinníonn an anailís géar agus scéal grianghrafadóireachta den chéad cheann, ach líonann sé go leor bearnaí, athbhreithníonn sé pasanna tábhachtacha, agus soláthraíonn sé sé ceangaltáin le haghaidh tagairtí. Tá 200 pictiúr saibhir ann, agus ní foilsíodh go leor acu roimhe seo.\n248 x 172 mm\n15 Meán Fómhair 2015\nTá 190 grianghraf dubh-agus-béar ann\nD'éirigh go maith le Robert Kirby a ghairm bheatha a dhéanamh i réimse na hailtéaragrafaíochta; mar thaighdeoir rialtais, fuair sé amach agus d'ainmnigh sé roinnt feiniméin eolaíochta nua. Le linn a shaol, choinnigh sé spéis in eitlíocht, go háirithe sa Dara Cogadh Domhanda, rud a thug air stair an Avro Manchester a scríobh. Tar éis an chéad eagrán den leabhar seo a fhoilsiú i 1995, tá an t-ath-eagrán seo críochnaitheach de thoradh a chuid staidéir leanúnacha."} +{"text": "The school year has come to an end and many athletic fields are filled with summer sport camps. With the intention of developing athletes skills in various sports including football, soccer, field hockey, basketball, and cheerleading, these camps have a curriculum designed for student athletes at all levels.\n“Participation in youth sports camps during the summer months can offer plenty of exercise and physical activity and can help student athletes develop a wide variety of skills,” said Peter Ouellette, DPT, MEd, OCS, physical therapist and manager of Rehabilitation Services at Baystate Mary Lane Hospital.\nIt is estimated that 40 million kids throughout the country participate in athletic activities both in and out of school each year. “While it’s a great way for young athletes to prepare for tryouts and competition in the fall and winter sports programs, 1 in 10 of those students will end up with an injury or illness,\" said Ouellette. \"Most of these injuries are to the lower extremities, commonly bruises, blisters, and scrapes. Muscle strains and joint sprains may also occur at a lower frequency, and we have also become much more aware of the potential for, and screening of, sports concussion especially in the contact sports. Fatigue, dehydration, and poor conditioning can obviously play a role in sports injury, though poor choices in clothing, especially footwear, can also be a factor.”\nSome discomfort is normal with the onset of a new or renewed sports activity, such as muscle aches or stiffness after hard practice. When an overuse injury occurs, young athletes should modify the intensity, duration and/or frequency of the activity to allow the body to recover and heal itself. This distress is known as “delayed onset muscle soreness,” and is discomfort that develops one or two days after the beginning of intense activity, and typically lasts three to five days. Although performance may be reduced for a few days, the body accommodates to the new stress as the muscles become conditioned.\nStudents, coaches and parents should be aware of the signs signaling the progressive onset of an overuse injury:\n- initially feeling pain at the beginning of activity;\n- then discomfort throughout practice;\n- leading to soreness during and after practice particularly that lasts for several days.\nAn athlete limping during practice and games should be immediately assessed by an athletic trainer or physical therapist to establish the severity of the condition and the potential need for rest, and/or physician referral.\nAn overuse injury is preventable,” said Ouellette. “You can’t just put ice on these injuries and expect them to go away. Recovery is often slow and very difficult to achieve. Early recognition, rest periods, and specific treatment of an injury, are key to preventing a chronic condition and getting the player back on the field.”\nPrevention Is Key\nA warm-up, followed by a light stretching program prior to athletic activity, is recommended. Stretching following sports participation may help your body prepare for the next bout of exercise. Slow, sustained stretching is significantly safer and more effective than bouncing. As beneficial as stretching is, it is not a cure-all and will not prevent injuries from occurring when athletes push their bodies too far.\n“One important item to remember is that when injury does occur, full recovery is never guaranteed, so prevention really is the key,” said Ouellette. “Athletes must get fit for their sport rather than use the sport to get fit. Student athletes should see the camp’s athletic trainer if they are having any excessive or prolonged discomfort, so that the problem can be addressed before it develops into a serious injury.”\n“If protective gear is required for a game, it’s important for practice, too. Warm up and stay hydrated for practice just as you would for a game,” said Ouellette offering these additional tips:\n- Make sure all protective gear is the right size and properly adjusted.\n- Never “play through” an injury. Get immediate help from a coach or trainer, and be sure to mention everything that hurts or aches.\n- Rest often and rehydrate with water or an electrolyte sports drink. In two hours of activity, student athletes can lose a quart of fluid by sweating.Follow the rules. In most sports, the rules are based on not only sportsmanship but safety.\n- Don’t break in new footwear during camp; bring two pairs of cleats and socks especially if the grass is wet with morning dew or rain.\n- Have a topical anti-chafing product in your sports bag to apply at the first indication of chafing or a blister.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17", "url": "https://www.baystatehealth.org/news/2016/07/summer-sports-and-camp-safety", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917119080.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031159-00257-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9595648646, "token_count": 976, "score": 3.40625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá deireadh tagtha leis an mbliain scoile agus tá go leor páirceanna spóirt líonta le campaí spóirt samhraidh. Le haidhm scileanna lúthchleasaithe a fhorbairt i spóirt éagsúla lena n-áirítear peil, soccer, hóckey réimse, cispheile, agus cheerleading, tá curaclam deartha ag na campaí seo do lúthchleasaithe mac léinn ar gach leibhéal.\n\"Is féidir le rannpháirtíocht i gcampaí spóirt óige i rith mhíonna an tsamhraidh go leor aclaíochta agus gníomhaíochta fisice a thairiscint agus is féidir cabhrú le lúthchleasaithe mac léinn scileanna éagsúla a fhorbairt\", a dúirt Peter Ouellette, DPT, MEd, OCS, fisiceolaí agus bainisteoir Seirbhísí Athshlánúcháin in Ospidéal Baystate Mary Lane.\nMeastar go nglacann 40 milliún páiste ar fud na tíre páirt i ngníomhaíochtaí spóirt gach bliain laistigh agus lasmuigh den scoil. Cé gur bealach iontach é do lúthchleasaithe óga ullmhú do thrialacha agus do chomórtas i gcláir spóirt an fhoghair agus an gheimhridh, beidh 1 as 10 de na mic léinn sin ag fáil díobhála nó tinnis\", a dúirt Ouellette. \"Tá an chuid is mó de na gortuithe seo ar na foircinn íochtaracha, go coitianta bruises, blisters, agus scrapes. Is féidir le strainsí matáin agus sprainsí comhpháirteacha tarlú ag minicíocht níos ísle, agus tá muid i bhfad níos mothaithe freisin ar an gcumas le haghaidh, agus scagadh, concussion spóirt go háirithe sna spóirt teagmhála. Is léir gur féidir le tuirse, díhiodráitiú, agus drochchoinníollacha ról a imirt i gcion spóirt, cé gur féidir le drochroghanna i mbéile, go háirithe bróga, a bheith ina fhachtóir freisin.\nTá roinnt míchompord gnáth nuair a thosaíonn gníomhaíocht spóirt nua nó athnuaite, mar shampla pian muscle nó stiffness tar éis cleachtadh crua. Nuair a tharlaíonn gortaíocht as iomarca úsáid, ba cheart do lúthchleasaithe óga déine, fad agus/nó minicíocht na gníomhaíochta a mhodhnú chun ligean don chorp é féin a aisghabháil agus a leigheas. Tá an t-eagrán seo ar a dtugtar \"boilg mhíchumas muscle tharchur\", agus is míchompord é a fhorbraíonn lá amháin nó dhá lá tar éis thús gníomhaíochta dian, agus a mhaireann trí go cúig lá de ghnáth. Cé go bhféadfadh feidhmíocht a laghdú ar feadh cúpla lá, déanann an corp freastal ar an strus nua de réir mar a bhíonn na matáin ag dul i gcoinníollacha.\nBa cheart do mhic léinn, do chóitseálaithe agus do thuismitheoirí a bheith ar an eolas faoi na comharthaí a léiríonn go bhfuil gortaíocht ró-úsáid ag teacht chun cinn:\n- pian a bhraitheann ar dtús ag tús na gníomhaíochta;\n- ansin míchompord i rith na cleachtais;\n- a fhágann go bhfuil pian ann le linn agus tar éis na cleachtais go háirithe má mhaireann sé ar feadh roinnt laethanta.\nBa cheart oiliúnóir spóirt nó fisiceolaí a mheas láithreach ar lúthchleasaí a bhíonn ag cneadacht le linn cleachtais agus cluichí chun déine an staid agus an gá a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ann le scíth a fháil a chinneadh, agus/nó atreorú dochtúir.\nIs féidir díobháil a thionchar le ró-úsáid a sheachaint, a dúirt Ouellette. Ní féidir leat ach oighear a chur ar na gortuithe seo agus a bheith ag súil go rachaidh siad ar shiúl. Is minic a bhíonn an leigheas mall agus an-deacair é a bhaint amach. Tá aitheantas luath, tréimhsí scíthe, agus cóireáil shonrach le haghaidh gorta, ríthábhachtach chun riocht ainsealach a chosc agus an t-imreoir a chur ar ais ar an bpáirc.\nIs é an Chéad Chinn an Cháite\nMoltar téamh suas, agus clár socair síneadh ina dhiaidh sin roimh ghníomhaíocht spóirt. D'fhéadfadh sé go gcabhródh sí le do chorp ullmhú don chéad uair eile a bheidh tú ag cleachtadh spóirt má dhéanann tú síneadh. Tá síneadh mall, leanúnach i bhfad níos sábháilte agus níos éifeachtaí ná bouncing. Cé go bhfuil an síneadh tairbheach, ní leigheas uile-bhéasach é agus ní choscfaidh sé díobhálacha ó tharlaíonn nuair a chuireann lúthchleasaithe a gcorp thar a bheith.\nIs é an rud tábhachtach le cuimhneamh ná nuair a tharlaíonn díobháil, ní ráthaítear go mbeidh an duine slán go hiomlán, agus mar sin is é an cnaidhm atá leis an gcosc i ndáiríre,a dúirt Ouellette. Ní mór do lúthchleasaithe a bheith in ann a gcuid spóirt a dhéanamh go maith seachas an spórt a úsáid chun a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann a bheith in ann. Ba cheart do lúthchleasaithe mac léinn dul i gcomhairle le hoiliúntóir lúthchleasaíochta an champa má tá aon míchompord iomarcach nó fada acu, ionas gur féidir aghaidh a thabhairt ar an bhfadhb sula bhforbróidh sé ina ghortú tromchúiseach.\nMá tá gá le trealamh cosanta le haghaidh cluiche, tá sé tábhachtach freisin le haghaidh cleachtais. \"Tá sé tábhachtach go mbeadh an t-ádh ort agus go mbeadh tú in ann do chuid ama a chaitheamh ag imirt i gcluiche eile\", a dúirt Ouellette agus na leideanna seo a leanas a chur leis:\n- Déan cinnte go bhfuil gach trealamh cosanta ar an méid ceart agus go bhfuil sé socraithe i gceart.\n- Ná \"imigh tríd\" troimh ghortú. Faigh cabhair láithreach ó chóitseálaí nó ó oiliúnaí, agus bí cinnte go luaigh tú gach rud a dhéanann pian nó pian.\n- Fan go minic agus athsholáthair uisce nó deoch spóirt leictrealaithe. I dhá uair an chloig de ghníomhaíocht, is féidir le lúthchleasaithe mac léinn litre sreabhach a chailleadh trí thriomú. Lean na rialacha. I bhformhór na spóirt, tá na rialacha bunaithe ní amháin ar spórtachán ach ar shábháilteacht.\n- Ná cuir bróga nua i do pháirc le linn an champa; tabhair dhá péire clóis agus sóca, go háirithe má tá an fheoil fliuch le féar maidin nó le báisteach.\n- Bíodh táirge anti- chafing áitiúla agat i do mála spóirt le cur i bhfeidhm ar an gcéad léiriú ar chafing nó blister."} +{"text": "In this episode of Hashivenu: Jewish Teachings on Resilience, Rabbi Jacob Staub, Ph.D., talks about one of the deepest and best known of Jewish practices, Shabbat. We read about this ancient practice in Genesis, with God creating the world in six days and then resting on the seventh—and from that, we get the concept of a day of rest.\nRabbi Staub is a professor of Jewish philosophy and spirituality at the Reconstructionist Rabbinical College. He’s written widely on many topics, including a beautiful extended chapter on the Jewish Sabbath in “A Guide to Jewish Practice, Volume 2 – Shabbat and Holidays,” published by the RRC Press. You are invited to review the chapter by clicking on the link under Episode Links, below.\nThis podcast is produced by Reconstructing Judaism. Visit us at ReconstructingJudaism.org.Support Hashivenu", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-43", "url": "https://hashivenu.fireside.fm/1", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986692723.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20191019090937-20191019114437-00365.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9441940188, "token_count": 194, "score": 2.984375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Sa eipeasóid seo de Hashivenu: Múineadh Giúdach ar Fhuascailt, Labhraíonn an Rabh Jacob Staub, Ph.D., faoi cheann de na cleachtais Giúdach is doimhne agus is fearr ar a dtugtar, Shabbat. Léimid faoin cleachtas ársa seo i Genesis, le Dia ag cruthú an domhain i sé lá agus ansin ag sosadh ar an seachtú lá - agus as sin, faigheann muid an coincheap ar lá saoire.\nIs ollamh fealsúnaíochta agus spioradáltachta Giúdach é Rabbi Staub ag an gColáiste Rabhíneach Athchruthaithe. Scríobh sé go forleathan ar go leor ábhair, lena n-áirítear caibidil fada álainn ar an Sabbath Giúdach i \"Treoir le Cleachtas Giúdach\", Tomo 2 \"Shabhat agus Lá saoire\", a d'fhoilsigh Preas RRC. Tugtar cuireadh duit an chaibidil a athbhreithniú trí chliceáil ar an nasc faoi Episode Links, thíos.\nTá an podchraoladh seo á tháirgeadh ag Athchruthú Giúdachas. Tabhair cuairt orainn ag ReconstructingJudaism.org.Support Hashivenu"} +{"text": "Transportation and transit systems are key features of any major city. The lack of, or abundance of, efficient transport options affects the built environment as a whole: from carbon emissions to housing prices, from commuting times to citizen's health.\nOxford Urbanists look at efficient transportation as a key factor to building sustainable cities that are connected to their hinterland and the world beyond. At the same time, we believe that it is important to carefully analyse the fiscal burden that transit systems can pose to some urban areas.\nCheck out our database of infrastructure data resources here.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-43", "url": "https://www.oxfordurbanists.com/focus-areas/infrastructure", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986677230.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20191017222820-20191018010320-00381.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9411529303, "token_count": 115, "score": 2.59375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá córais iompair agus idirthurais ina phríomhghnéithe de gach cathair mhór. Bíonn tionchar ag easpa, nó ar iomarca, roghanna iompair éifeachtúla ar an timpeallacht tógtha ina iomláine: ó astaíochtaí carbóin go praghsanna tithíochta, ó amanna taistealaithe go sláinte na saoránach.\nBreathnaíonn uirbeoirí Oxford ar iompar éifeachtúil mar phríomhfhachtóir chun cathracha inbhuanaithe a thógáil atá nasctha lena ngairdín agus leis an domhan lasmuigh. Ag an am céanna, creidimid go bhfuil sé tábhachtach anailís a dhéanamh go cúramach ar an ualach cánach a d'fhéadfadh córais idirthurais a bheith ina gcúis le roinnt ceantair uirbeacha.\nSeiceáil ár mbunachar sonraí de acmhainní sonraí bonneagair anseo."} +{"text": "The method of assessment of solar potential for selected area with use Geographical Information Systems\nUniversity of Wroclaw, Department of Climatology and Atmosphere Protection, Poland\nThis paper describes a method for analyse the spatial distribution of solar energy potential based on calculated solar irradiation with use of GIS (Geographical Information System). Program GIS GRASS gives opportunity to create spatial distribution of solar radiation which is taking into account such important elements like: terrain, atmosphere, pollutants, water and aerosol in atmosphere, clouds. The use of GIS GRASS module – named r.sun gives opportunity to generate spatial distribution of solar radiation on Lower Silesia (south – west part of Poland). In this work the analyse of solar potential to obtain hot water in the individual household were done. This analyse was based on the amount of total solar radiation monthly sums generated by r.sun module. Spatial distribution of solar potential was used to classify the Lower Silesia region in terms of work efficiency solar installations. It is very usefully because it gives people information about the date of the return of the funds invested in the purchase of the solar collectors.\n© Owned by the authors, published by EDP Sciences, 2012", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-49", "url": "https://epjwoc.epj.org/articles/epjconf/abs/2012/15/epjconf_e2c2012_01010/epjconf_e2c2012_01010.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710192.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20221127041342-20221127071342-00530.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8962523341, "token_count": 266, "score": 2.578125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "An modh chun an cumas gréine a mheas i gcás limistéar roghnaithe a bhfuil Córais Faisnéise Geografacha á n-úsáid aige\nOllscoil Wroclaw, Roinn na hAeráide agus na Cosanta Atmaisféire, an Pholainn\nDéantar cur síos sa pháipéar seo ar mhodh chun dáileadh spásúil acmhainneacht fuinnimh na gréine a anailísiú bunaithe ar radaíocht na gréine a ríomhadh le húsáid GIS (Sistema de Información Geográfica). Tugann clár GIS GRASS deis d'eascraíocht spásúil radaíochta na gréine a chruthú a bhfuil gnéithe tábhachtacha mar: tírdhreach, atmaisféar, truailleoirí, uisce agus aeróisól san atmaisféar, scamaill á gcur san áireamh. Tugann úsáid modúl GIS GRASS ainmnithe r.sun deis dáileadh spásúil radaíochta na gréine a ghiniúint ar Sileisia Íseal (deisceart an chuid thiar den Pholainn). Sa obair seo rinneadh anailís ar an gcumas gréine chun uisce te a fháil sa bhaile aonair. Bhí an anailís seo bunaithe ar mhéid na suimeanna míosúla iomlán radaíochta gréine a ghineann modúl r.sun. Baineadh úsáid as dáileadh spásúil an fhéidearthachta gréine chun réigiún Sileisia Íochtarach a aicmiú i dtéarmaí éifeachtúlacht oibre suiteálacha gréine. Tá sé an-úsáideach toisc go dtugann sé faisnéis do dhaoine faoi dháta an aisíocaíochta ar na cistí a infheistíodh i gceannach na ngníomhairí sólar.\n© Seilbh na n-údar, foilsithe ag EDP Sciences, 2012"} +{"text": "What is Omanization?\n|Omanization is a policy enacted by the government of Oman in 1988 aimed at replacing expatriate workers with trained Omani Personnel. The Sultanate of Oman sets quotas for various industries to reach in terms of the percentage of Omani to foreign workers. Companies which reach their government mandated goals are given a \"green card\", meaning they recieve press attention and preferential treatment in their dealings with the government. Several Universities have been opened by the Sultanate to train Omani workers.|\nHis Majesty Sultan Qaboos has proclaimed percentages of Omanization to be met in six areas of the private sector.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17", "url": "http://www.mtholyoke.edu/~deflu20a/classweb/omanization/omanization.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917119637.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031159-00369-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9534832835, "token_count": 128, "score": 2.609375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Cad é an Omanization?\nIs beartas é Omanisation a d'eisigh rialtas Oman i 1988 a bhí dírithe ar oibrithe eachtrannacha a athsholáthar le Pearsanra Omanacha oilte. Socraíonn Sultanate Oman cuótaí do thionscail éagsúla a bhaint amach i dtéarmaí céatadán na n-oibrithe Omani do oibrithe eachtracha. Tugtar \"cárta glas\" do chuideachtaí a shroicheann a spriocanna arna gceapadh ag an rialtas, rud a chiallaíonn go bhfaigheann siad aird na preasa agus cóireáil phréasúil ina gcaidreamh leis an rialtas. Osclaíodh roinnt Ollscoileanna ag an Sultanate chun oibrithe Omani a oiliúint.\nD'fhógair a Mhór-Sultán Qaboos céatadáin na n-Omanization a chomhlíonadh i sé réimse den earnáil phríobháideach."} +{"text": "Inspiring a Love for Lifelong Learning\nLearning at Ashford Park\nTopics covered in each year group are shown below and in more detail by following the Year Groups link on the left. Home Learning can also be found there.\nOur phonics learning is delivered through the use of:\n- Phonics International\n- Phonics Play - a web based learning tool\n- The Alphabetic Code\n- Letters and Sounds\nOur Infant Reading Schemes include:\n- Bug Club\n- Rigby Stars\n- Oxford Reading Tree\nWe want to work in partnership with you to raise confidence with English grammar, punctuation and spelling. The Oxford OWL has really useful \"Expert help\", short video snippets all about grammar and how these patterns of language are used to write and communicate clearly. Please follow this link\nEnjoy listening to free stories through: http://www.storynory.com/\nVisit this site to hear famous authors reading the winning entries in BBC Radio 2 - 500 word writing competition: http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00rfvk1\nWriting inspiration through images: http://www.pobble365.com/\nLiteracy Shed is full of incredible ideas using film to encourage speaking and listening, drama, reading and writing. It has some incredible video snippets to support children in making the right choices when faced with the life challenges of bullying and on-line challenges: http://www.literacyshed.com/\nTed Talks: Sir Ken Robinson, \"How to escape education's death valley\", presents a really interesting view on the development of a curriculum to encourage natural learning: View here\nSir Ken Robinson, \"Do schools kill creativity?\"\nON-LINE SAFETY: Please find an important e.safety document in the documents listed below with information and websites for you to visit to keep YOUR children SAFE when using the INTERNET and MOBILE DEVICES.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17", "url": "http://www.ashford-park.surrey.sch.uk/page/?title=Learning+at+Ashford+Park&pid=50", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917119225.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031159-00432-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8879221678, "token_count": 399, "score": 2.890625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Grá a spreagadh le Foghlaim ar feadh an tsaoil\nFoghlaim i bPáirc Ashford\nTaispeántar na hábhair a chuimsítear i ngach grúpa bliain thíos agus le tuilleadh mionsonraithe ag leanúint na nasc Grúpaí Bliana ar chlé. Is féidir Foghlaim sa bhaile a fháil ann freisin.\nDéantar ár bhfoghlaim fónóige a sheachadadh trí úsáid a bhaint as:\n- Phonics Idirnáisiúnta\n- Phonics Play - uirlis foghlama ar líne\n- An Cód Alfabéiseach\n- Litreacha agus Fuaimeanna\nÁirítear ar ár Scéimeanna Léitheoireachta do Leanaí:\n- Cluichí Bug\n- Réaltaí Rigby\n- Crann Léitheoireachta Oxford\nBa mhaith linn oibriú i gcomhpháirtíocht leat chun muinín a ardú i gcúrsaí gramadaí, ponctuaíochta agus litriú na Béarla. Tá \"Cúnamh saineolaithe\" an-úsáideach ag OWL Oxford, gearrthreacanna físe go léir faoi ghramadach agus conas a úsáidtear na patrúin teanga seo chun scríobh agus cumarsáid a dhéanamh go soiléir. Lean an nasc seo le do thoil\nBíodh spraoi agat ag éisteacht le scéalta saor in aisce trí: http://www.storynory.com/\nTabhair cuairt ar an suíomh seo chun éisteacht le húdair cáiliúla ag léamh na dtionscadal buaiteoirí i gcomórtas scríbhneoireachta 500 focal BBC Radio 2: http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00rfvk1\nSpreagadh scríbhneoireachta trí íomhánna: http://www.pobble365.com/\nTá Literacy Shed lán le smaointe dochreidte ag baint úsáide as scannán chun labhairt agus éisteacht, drámaíocht, léamh agus scríobh a spreagadh. Tá roinnt snippets físe iontacha ann chun tacú le páistí na roghanna cearta a dhéanamh nuair a bhíonn siad i ngleic le dúshláin saoil na mbrú agus dúshláin ar líne: http://www.literacyshed.com/\nTuairimí Ted: Sir Ken Robinson, \"How to escape education's death valley\", a chuireann léargas suimiúil ar fhorbairt chúrsa teagaisc chun foghlaim nádúrtha a spreagadh: Féach anseo\nSir Ken Robinson, \"An ndéanann scoileanna an cruthaitheacht a mharú?\"\nSAGART ar LINE: Le do thoil, faigh doiciméad e.safety tábhachtach sna doiciméid atá liostaithe thíos le faisnéis agus suíomhanna gréasáin le tabhairt cuairte orthu chun do pháistí a choinneáil SAFTA nuair a bhíonn siad ag úsáid an LINE agus GINNEADH MOBILE."} +{"text": "Cretaceous Geology: Places\nYou can also browse all Cretaceous topics.\nPlaces to see Cretaceous GeologyResources containing photos and descriptions of places to see Cretaceous Geology.\n- Introduction to the Cretaceous Geology of Texas and Other States. The goal of this site is to form a database for Cretaceous rocks of North America. The site provides a discussion of Cretaceous stratigraphy with maps and cross sections that illustrate Cretaceous formations of Texas and an extensive bibliography for additional information. Diagrams and discussions of Cretaceous geology in several states can also be accessed by clicking on the appropriate state in the navigation bar to the left. (more info)\n- Touring Colorado Geology. This site is a portal to several online tours throughout Colorado. An array of rock types, stratigraphic units, paleoenvironments, structural geology, archeological sites and landscapes are discussed in the tours. Tours include the Red Rocks area, Cave of the Winds, Mesa Verde National Park, Pikes Peak, Parfet Prehistoric Preserve, Dinosaur Ridge, Garden of the Gods, Colorado National Monument, Rocky Mountain National Park and Dinosaur National Monument. ( This site is likely no longer available. )\n- Touring Colorado Geology: Parfet Prehistoric Preserve. This site contains several outcrop photos of the Upper Cretaceous Laramie Formation from the Parfet Prehistoric Preserve. Exceptionally-preserved, 70 Million year-old dinosaur tracks, palm frond impressions and raindrop impressions are featured on this site. Specific topics include Cretaceous climate, vertebrates, ceratopsian and hadrosaur footprints, burrows, mudrock, sandstone and cast formation. Additional information and photographs are obtained by clicking on the top page photos. ( This site is likely no longer available. )\n- Virtual Field Trip to the Austin Chalk Group. This virtual field trip explores the Upper Cretaceous, Austin Chalk Group and provides visitors with an understanding of the geology of central Texas. Visitors can access information about any formation within the Austin Chalk Group by clicking on a portion of the stratigraphic column. Descriptions, photographs, fossil content and environmental interpretations of each unit are provided. Specific topics include the geology of central Texas, Atco Formation, Vinson Chalk, Jonah Formation, Dessau Chalk, Burditt Marl, Pflugerville Formation and the historical development of regional stratigraphic nomenclature. (more info)\nCretaceous Geology in the ParksResources describing Cretaceous geology in National Parks.\n- Geology Fieldnotes: Bryce Canyon National Park, Utah. Located on the Colorado Plateau in Utah, this canyon is comprised mostly of sedimentary rocks, and continues to be eroded and shaped by the Paria River. Its geologic and human history are outlined on this site, including the formation of the canyon, from the Cretaceous period (144 million years ago) to the present, and geologic features, such as fins, columns, pinnacles, and hoodoos. Visitor information, links to other resources, maps, and a teacher feature (resources for teaching geology with National Park examples) are also available. (more info)\n- Geology Fieldnotes: Capitol Reef National Park, Utah. This Capitol Reef National Park site contains park geology information, park maps, photographs, visitor information, and a teacher feature (resources for teaching geology with National Park examples). Geologic data includes descriptions of the Waterpocket Fold, a monocline formed in the Laramide Orogeny and made of sedimentary rock. Also covered is erosion, and details about the Cathedral Valley outcrop of gypsum. This formation is Permian to Cretaceous in age (270-80 million years old). (more info)\n- Geology Fieldnotes: Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming. This National Park Service resource includes information about geology, park maps, visitor information, photographs, and links to other sites about this park. Geologic information spans the entire history of the park, beginning 2.5 billion years ago (Precambrian) to the present. Details about the different rock types and their formation, mountain building through plate tectonics and the Laramide Orogeny, formation of valleys and canyons, volcanism in the area, and erosion by glaciers are all covered. (more info)", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-47", "url": "https://serc.carleton.edu/research_education/cretaceous/cgplaces.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496669813.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20191118182116-20191118210116-00295.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8780695796, "token_count": 920, "score": 2.921875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Geolaíocht Cretaceous: Áiteanna\nIs féidir leat na hábhair Cretaceous go léir a bhrabhsáil freisin.\nÁiteanna le feiceáil Geology CretaceousResources ina bhfuil grianghraif agus tuairiscí ar áiteanna le feiceáil Geology Cretaceous.\n- Iomláine ar Ghéarchéim Chréatach Texas agus Stáit Eile. Is é aidhm an láithreáin seo bunachar sonraí a chruthú do charraigí Cretaceous Mheiriceá Thuaidh. Soláthraíonn an suíomh plé ar stratigraphy Cretaceous le léarscáileanna agus trasghearradh a léiríonn foirmiú Cretaceous Texas agus leibríogaireacht fairsing le haghaidh faisnéise breise. Is féidir teacht ar dheacraimh agus ar phléanna ar gheo-eolaíocht na Cretaceous i roinnt stáit freisin trí chliceáil ar an stát cuí sa bharra nascleanúna ar chlé. (Le tuilleadh eolais)\n- Touring Colorado Geology. - Tá sé ag dul. Is tairseach é an suíomh seo do roinnt turais ar líne ar fud Colorado. Déantar plé ar shraith cineálacha carraige, aonad stratigraphic, paleoenvironments, geolaíocht struchtúrach, láithreáin seandálaíochta agus tírdhreacha sna turais. Áirítear ar thurais limistéar na n-aigíde dearga, Cave of the Winds, Páirc Náisiúnta Mesa Verde, Pikes Peak, Coimeádann Parfet Réamhstairiúil, Dinosaur Ridge, Garden of the Gods, Colorado National Monument, Rocky Mountain National Park agus Dinosaur National Monument. (Is dócha nach bhfuil an suíomh seo ar fáil a thuilleadh.)\n- Touring Colorado Geology: Coimeádann Parfet Réamhstairiúil. Tá roinnt grianghraif asraonta den Fhorbairt Laramie Cretaceous Uachtarach ón gConservach Réamhstairiúil Parfet sa suíomh seo. Tá rianta dinosaur 70 milliún bliain d'aois, imprisean frond pailme agus imprisean raindrop á gcur i láthair ar an suíomh seo. I measc na n-ábhar sonracha tá aeráid Chréataí, vertebrataí, lorg chos ceratopsian agus hadrosaur, burrows, mudrock, sandstone agus foirmiú caipitil. Tá tuilleadh eolais agus grianghraif ar fáil trí chliceáil ar na grianghraif ar an leathanach is airde. (Is dócha nach bhfuil an suíomh seo ar fáil a thuilleadh.)\n- Taistil Feirme Fíorúil chuig Grúpa Chalk Austin. Déantar an turas réimse fíorúil seo chun iniúchadh a dhéanamh ar Ghrúpa Chréite Uachtarach, Austin Chalk agus tugtar tuiscint do chuairteoirí ar gheolaíocht lár Texas. Is féidir le cuairteoirí rochtain a fháil ar fhaisnéis faoi aon fhoirmiú laistigh de Ghrúpa Chalk Austin trí chliceáil ar chuid den cholún stratigraphic. Tugtar tuairiscí, grianghraif, ábhar iontaise agus léirmhínithe comhshaoil de gach aonad. I measc na n-ábhar sonracha tá geolaíocht lár Texas, Forbairt Atco, Vinson Chalk, Forbairt Jonah, Dessau Chalk, Burditt Marl, Forbairt Pflugerville agus forbairt stairiúil ainmníochta stratigraphic réigiúnach. (Le tuilleadh eolais)\nGeolaíocht na Cretaceous sna PáirceannaResources describing Cretaceous geology in National Parks.\nNótaí Réimse Geolaíochta: Páirc Náisiúnta Bryce Canyon, Utah. Lonnaithe ar an Colorado Plateau i Utah, tá an canyon seo comhdhéanta den chuid is mó de charraigí sedimentary, agus leanann sé ag éadóireacht agus ag cruthú Abhainn Paria. Léirítear a stair gheolaíoch agus daonna ar an suíomh seo, lena n-áirítear foirmiú an chanainn, ón tréimhse Cretaceous (144 milliún bliain ó shin) go dtí an lá atá inniu ann, agus gnéithe gheolaíocha, mar fhéin, colúin, pinnacles, agus hoodoos. Tá faisnéis do chuairteoirí, naisc le hacmhainní eile, léarscáileanna, agus gné múinteora (acmhainní chun geolaíocht a mhúineadh le samplaí de Pháirc Náisiúnta) ar fáil freisin. (Le tuilleadh eolais)\nNótaí Réimse Geolaíochta: Páirc Náisiúnta Réamhchrutha Capitol, Utah. Tá faisnéis gheolaíochta páirce, léarscáileanna páirce, grianghraif, faisnéis cuairteora, agus gné múinteora (acmhainní chun geolaíocht a mhúineadh le samplaí Páirc Náisiúnta) sa suíomh seo de Pháirc Náisiúnta Capitol Reef. Áirítear ar shonraí geolaíocha tuairiscí ar an Fold Pocket Water, monocline a cruthaíodh i Orogeny Laramide agus a rinneadh de charraig shuiteálach. Cuimsítear freisin éadóis, agus sonraí faoi thréimhse gipsum Ghleann na Cathedrale. Tá an fhoirmiú seo Permian go Cretaceous in aois (270-80 milliún bliain d'aois). (Le tuilleadh eolais)\nNótaí Réimse Geolaíochta: Páirc Náisiúnta Grand Teton, Wyoming. Áirítear leis an acmhainn seo de chuid na Seirbhíse Páirce Náisiúnta faisnéis faoi gheolaíocht, léarscáileanna páirce, faisnéis do chuairteoirí, grianghraif, agus naisc le suíomhanna eile faoin bpáirc seo. Tá faisnéis gheolaíoch ag gabháil le stair iomlán an pháirce, ag tosú 2.5 billiún bliain ó shin (Preambrian) go dtí an lá atá inniu ann. Tá sonraí faoi na cineálacha carraigeacha éagsúla agus a bhfoirmiú, foirgneamh sléibhe trí theictónic phláta agus Orogeny Laramide, foirmíocht gleann agus canyon, bolcáníocht sa cheantar, agus creimeadh le hailseacha clúdaithe go léir. (Le tuilleadh eolais)"} +{"text": "Cardiac symptoms have a prominent position in hyperthyroidism. The basic haemodynamic change is an increased cardiac output due to an increased stroke volume and an increased heart rate. Dyspnoea and palpitations are frequent symptoms. ECG-changes such as atrial fibrillation, sinus tachycardia, prolonged atrioventricular conduction and ST-segment changes are seen, but such changes are unspecific. Chest X-ray and echocardiographic studies are often normal, but cardiomegaly and ventricular hypertrophy are seen. The cardiac and non-cardiac symptoms of hyperthyroidism may in part be related to an increased sympathoadrenal activity. The thyroid hormones also exert a direct effect on the heart. Treatment includes specific anti-thyroid medication, beta-blocking agents, digoxin, diuretics and possibly anticoagulant therapy. Congestive heart failure, ventricular hypertrophy and arrhythmia are most commonly seen if other cardiac abnormalities are already present. The existence of thyrotoxic cardiomyopathy as an independent disease is illustrated by two case histories, which also demonstrate the reversibility of this condition.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-06", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8497965/?dopt=Abstract", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499654.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20230128184907-20230128214907-00822.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.916415751, "token_count": 248, "score": 2.640625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá ról suntasach ag comharthaí cardasacha i hipertireodóisis. Is é an t-athrú bunúsach hemodynamic ná toradh cardasach méadaithe mar gheall ar mhéid stróc méadaithe agus ráta croí méadaithe. Is comharthaí coitianta iad dyspnea agus palpitations. Feictear athruithe ECG mar fhibriolaíocht atrial, tachycardia sinus, seoladh atrioventricular fada agus athruithe ar an ST- rann, ach níl athruithe den sórt sin sonrach. Is minic a bhíonn staidéir r-ghathar agus echocardiographic gnáth, ach feictear cardiomegaly agus hypertrophy ventricular. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh baint ag comharthaí cardasacha agus neamh-chárdacha hipertireoidí le gníomhaíocht mhéadaithe sympathoadrenal. Bíonn tionchar díreach ag na hormóin thyroid ar an gcroí freisin. Áirítear le cóireáil cógais anti- thyroid sonracha, gníomhaireachtaí beta- bhac, digoxin, diuretics agus cóireáil anticoagulant b'fhéidir. Is minic a fheictear teip chridhe coigisteach, hipertrofaíocht ventricular agus arrhythmia má tá neamhghnáchtaí croí eile i láthair cheana féin. Léirítear go bhfuil cardiomyopathy thyrotoxic mar ghalair neamhspleách trí dhá chás staire, a léiríonn freisin an t-athraitheacht an choinníoll seo."} +{"text": "Award Funded by the National Science Foundation for Transboundary Groundwater Resiliency Research\nBy Ashley Atkins, NM WRRI Research Scientist\nA team of researchers at the New Mexico Water Resources Research Institute (NM WRRI) and the San Diego Supercomputer Center (SDSC) received an award from the National Science Foundation (NSF) to create a new, international network of networks that connects hydrology, social science, data science, and systems science networks to establish a novel transboundary groundwater resiliency research (TGRR) approach. The network will provide leadership, volunteer, and engagement opportunities for all its members, especially students and early-career researchers.\nThe virtual Kickoff Event for the TGRR Network will take place on November 16, 2021, from 9:00-10:00 AM MT. Click here to register for the Kickoff. An in-person TGRR Networking Event will take place in Glasgow from 15:00-17:00 local time on November 3, 2021, during the 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference. Click here to learn more about TGRR. You can find more information about all past and upcoming TGRR events here.\nUnprecedented transboundary groundwater depletion is a critical issue facing regions around the world, including U.S.-Mexico border communities. Understanding why transboundary groundwater depletion occurs and how it can be changed within these complex and interconnected systems is key to reversing or avoiding the depletion of these important resources. The TGRR Network remains rooted in the idea that harnessing advances in data science and systems science can help answer these questions in ways that meet the diverse needs and priorities of stakeholders. Objectives of the project are to: 1) catalyze transboundary groundwater resilience research to address groundwater scarcity and its natural and societal impacts, 2) identify the capabilities of the convergence approach to determine key questions and fill critical gaps in knowledge and resources, and 3) support the development of students and early-career researchers who will lead the next generation to collaboratively integrate water, data, and systems science to address transboundary groundwater scarcity.\nA panel introduced the TGRR Network on September 28, 2021, at the virtual Two Nations One Water 2021: Binational Water Conference for Chihuahua, New Mexico, and Texas. Access the presentations here and a recording of the panel session here. Visit the TGRR website to learn more about the network, register to join the network, signup for upcoming events, and review resources from past events. All are welcome to join the network.\nThe TGRR Network is funded by the NSF’s Accelerating Research through International Network-to-Network Collaborations program. The TGRR network prioritizes, in line with AccelNet’s goals, both accelerating the process of scientific discovery for transboundary groundwater research and preparing the next generation of researchers that will lead the future of this international work. Principal Investigator (PI) Sam Fernald and Co-PIs Saeed Langarudi and Ashley Atkins of NM WRRI and Co-PIs Christine Kirkpatrick and Ilya Zaslavsky of SDSC lead the project, which runs from October 2021 through September 2023.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-06", "url": "https://nmwrri.nmsu.edu/category/enews/october-2021/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500628.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20230207170138-20230207200138-00678.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9055105448, "token_count": 664, "score": 2.5625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Gradam arna mhaoiniú ag an gCiste Náisiúnta Eolaíochta le haghaidh Taighde Trasnachtrannch um Athshlándáil Uisce Gruntáiste\nDe réir Ashley Atkins, Eolaí Taighde NM WRRI\nFuair foireann taighdeoirí ag Institiúid Taighde Acmhainní Uisce New Mexico (NM WRRI) agus an tIonad Supercomputer San Diego (SDSC) duais ón National Science Foundation (NSF) chun líonra nua, idirnáisiúnta líonraí a chruthú a nascann hidreolaíocht, eolaíocht shóisialta, eolaíocht sonraí, agus líonraí eolaíochta córais chun cur chuige nua taighde frithsheasmhachta uisce talún trasteorann (TGRR) a bhunú. Beidh an líonra ag soláthar deiseanna ceannaireachta, deiseanna deonacha agus deiseanna rannpháirtíochta dá chomhaltaí go léir, go háirithe do mhic léinn agus do thaighdeoirí atá ag tús a ngairme.\nBeidh an ócáid fíorúil Kickoff don Líonra TGRR ar siúl ar 16 Samhain, 2021, ó 9:00-10:00 AM MT. Cliceáil anseo chun clárú don Kickoff. Beidh Imeacht Líonraithe TGRR pearsanta ar siúl i nGlasgow ó 15:00-17:00 am áitiúil an 3 Samhain, 2021, le linn Chomhdháil Athrú Aeráide na Náisiún Aontaithe 2021. Cliceáil anseo chun tuilleadh eolais a fháil faoi TGRR. Is féidir leat tuilleadh faisnéise a fháil faoi na himeachtaí TGRR a bhí ann roimhe seo agus a bheidh le teacht anseo.\nIs saincheist chriticiúil é an díghrádú uisce talún trasteorann gan fasach atá os comhair réigiún ar fud an domhain, lena n-áirítear pobail teorann na Stát Aontaithe agus Mheicsiceo. Tá sé ríthábhachtach tuiscint a fháil ar na cúiseanna a bhfuil an díleá trasteorann uisce talún ag tarlú agus ar an gcaoi ar féidir é a athrú laistigh de na córais casta agus idirnasctha seo chun díleá na n-acmhainní tábhachtacha seo a aisiompú nó a sheachaint. Tá Líonra TGRR bunaithe ar an smaoineamh gur féidir le dul chun cinn i eolaíocht sonraí agus i eolaíocht na gcóras cabhrú leis na ceisteanna seo a fhreagairt ar bhealaí a fhreastalaíonn ar riachtanais éagsúla agus ar thosaíochtaí na bpáirtithe leasmhara. Is iad cuspóirí an tionscadail: 1) taighde ar éadráth na mbraighdeáin ghrinnfhuí trasteorann a chatalaíocht chun dul i ngleic le ganntanas grinnfhuí agus a thionchair nádúrtha agus sochaíocha, 2) cumas an chur chuige comhsheasmhachta a shainaithint chun príomhcheisteanna a chinneadh agus bearnaí criticiúla i dtaithí agus acmhainní a líonadh, agus 3) tacú le forbairt na mac léinn agus taighdeoirí luath-churacála a threoróidh an chéad ghlúin eile chun eolaíocht uisce, sonraí agus córais a chomhtháthú go comhoibritheach chun dul i ngleic le ganntanas grinnfhuí trasteorann.\nChuir painéal Líonra TGRR i láthair ar 28 Meán Fómhair, 2021, ag an gComhdháil Uisce Dhá Náisiún Aon Uisce 2021: Comhdháil Uisce Dhá Náisiúnta do Chihuahua, Nua-Mheicsiceo, agus Texas. Faigh rochtain ar na cur i láthair anseo agus ar thaifeadadh den seisiún painéil anseo. Tabhair cuairt ar shuíomh Gréasáin TGRR chun tuilleadh eolais a fháil faoin líonra, clárú chun páirt a ghlacadh sa líonra, clárú le haghaidh imeachtaí atá le teacht, agus athbhreithniú a dhéanamh ar acmhainní ó imeachtaí a bhí ann roimhe seo. Tá fáilte roimh gach duine a bheith páirteach sa líonra.\nTá Líonra TGRR maoinithe ag NSF's Accelerating Research trí chlár Idirnáisiúnta Comhoibrithe Líonra-le-Líonra. Tá sé mar thosaíocht ag líonra TGRR, i gcomhréir le cuspóirí AccelNet, an próiseas fionnachtana eolaíochta a luasghéarú le haghaidh taighde trasteorann ar uisce talún agus an chéad ghlúin eile taighdeoirí a ullmhú a bheidh i gceannas ar an obair idirnáisiúnta seo sa todhchaí. Is é an Príomh-Iontrálaí (PI) Sam Fernald agus Co-PIs Saeed Langarudi agus Ashley Atkins de NM WRRI agus Co-PIs Christine Kirkpatrick agus Ilya Zaslavsky de SDSC a threoraíonn an tionscadal, a ritheann ó Dheireadh Fómhair 2021 go Meán Fómhair 2023."} +{"text": "If non-HDL cholesterol was viewed as a key predictor of cardiac disease risk (on par with apoB or LDL particle testing), why was it abandoned in the new November 2013 cholesterol guidelines?\nThis is something I’ve been thinking about for a while. Because for those with diabetes or high triglycerides, it was considered vital to know non-HDL cholesterol. (Do You Know Your Non-HDL Cholesterol? explains why, and how easy it is to calculate from just a standard cholesterol lipid blood test.)\nLet me start with a brief, very non-technical definition (for more technical info click blog post link above). Non-HDL cholesterol is a measure that estimates the level of ALL the bad types of cholesterol in the blood. Think of it this way: subtracting HDL (good) from total cholesterol yield the non-HDL cholesterol number, which is a measure of all the ‘bad’ cholesterol in the blood. That means it’s a measure of all LDL: the ‘regular-old’ LDL (bad) cholesterol number, which is the number that appears on a report, plus all the other carriers of ‘bad’ cholesterol, such as VLDL (very low density lipoprotein) and IDL (intermediate density lipoprotein) – which are not included in the regular-old LDL cholesterol measurement listed on a cholesterol lipid panel report.\nThough it was not as widely known/used by doctors as regular-old LDL cholesterol, it’s true that non-HDL-C was proven to be a better indicator of cardiac disease risk than just LDL cholesterol.\nIndeed, as explained in the Mayo Clinic’s Cardiovascular Risk Assessment Beyond LDL Cholesterol: Non-HDL Cholesterol, LDL Particle Number, and Apolipoprotein B, non-HDL-C is a better measure of cardiac risk than LDL cholesterol:\n“Several known limitations make LDL-C a less accurate marker of cardiovascular risk than either non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C), LDL particle number, or apolipoprotein B (apoB).”\n“Advocacy for non-HDL-C began following widespread recognition of its superiority over LDL-C as a measurement of vascular event risk and demonstrated equivalency to apoB or LDL particle number in some clinical trials.”\nIf it was widely accepted in the medical community that non-HDL-C was a better predictor than LDL alone – and indeed, a good proxy for apoB or LDL particle testing, why were BOTH the LDL and the non-HDL-C measures abandoned in the new guidelines?\nThe answer seems to be that there is no rationale for setting a specific number target for either LDL or non-HDL-C.\nI get it for LDL cholesterol. LDL was used as a key measure to determine whether someone should take a statin, even though there was no real rationale for a specific LDL number as a goal (which is crazy but is basically what’s been the case for many years now). Thus, the committee recommended a new risk assessment measure that was based on research – and eliminated the ‘random’ LDL goal.\nIf it is/was widely accepted and studies have shown that apoB and LDL particle size are predictive of cardiac risk, and non-HDL-C is an easy, cost-effective way to approximately measure apoB and LDL particle size (because non-HDL is calculated from a typical cholesterol test – not a whole new test like apoB) then it seems to me that knowing your Non-HDL-C is a good idea.\nBut hey, I’m no doctor. (And I don’t even pretend to play one on TV). So I could be wrong.\nThat said, I’m concerned. The new guidelines say I’m (suddenly, now) very low risk for cardiac disease. But my non-HDL cholesterol is significantly higher than the old “goal” of 130 for those with high triglycerides.\nAnd I get that the 130 figure is not, in and of itself, a meaningful target.\nI do. Truly.\nBut it seems clear since my non-HDL-C is “high” compared with ‘normal’ or a lot of other people, that this might indicate a potential problem. And thus warrant action. Not treatment – I get that it doesn’t make sense to recommend a statin based on a goal number that’s not grounded in research.\nBut to me, it seems that if non-HDL-C is greater than 130 then further testing could be indicated.\nAgain, I’m no doctor.\nBut I think it’s important to ASK about this. Perhaps the fact that my non-HDL is high indicates the need apoB and/or particle size testing – or one or several of the tests the AHA now indicates for those who might be at risk: see New Cholesterol Guidelines – An App For That.\nGood thing I’m due for my annual checkup soon. I will ask my doctor about these tests. AGAIN.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17", "url": "http://golowcholesterol.com/2014/03/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917120461.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031200-00162-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9451588988, "token_count": 1093, "score": 3.015625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Má bhí an colaistéaról neamh-HDL mar phríomh-táscaire riosca galar croí (ar aon dul le tástáil páirteil apoB nó LDL), cén fáth a d'fhágadh é sna treoirlínte nua colaistéaról i mí na Samhna 2013?\nTá sé seo rud éigin a bhí mé ag smaoineamh faoi ar feadh tamaill. Toisc go raibh sé ríthábhachtach go mbeadh a fhios ag daoine a raibh diaibéiteas nó triglycerides ard acu ar cholesterol neamh-HDL. (An bhfuil a fhios agat cad é do Choilesterol Neamh-HDL? (Tá sé éasca a ríomh ó ghnáththástáil fola lipid cholesterol.)\nLig dom tosú le sainmhíniú gairid, an-neamhtheicniúil (le haghaidh tuilleadh faisnéise teicniúla cliceáil ar nasc post an bhlag thuas). Is tomhas é colesterol neamh-HDL a mheasann leibhéal UILE na cineálacha drochchoilesterol sa fhuil. Smaoinigh air ar an mbealach seo: má dhéantar HDL (mhaith) a bhaint as colesterol iomlán, is é an uimhir choilesterol neamh-HDL a gheobhaidh tú, ar tomhas é sin den choilesterol \"dona\" go léir sa fhuil. Ciallaíonn sé sin go bhfuil sé ina thomhas ar an LDL ar fad: an uimhir \"choitianta\" LDL (droch) choilesterol, is é sin an uimhir a léirítear ar thuarascáil, chomh maith leis na hiompróirí eile uile \"droch\" choilesterol, amhail VLDL (lipopróitéin íseal-dlúis) agus IDL (lipopróitéin dlúis idirmheánach) nach bhfuil san áireamh i thomhas choilesterol LDL gnáth-dlúis atá liostaithe ar thuarascáil painéal lipid choilesterol.\nCé nach raibh an méid sin ar eolas/a úsáidtear ag dochtúirí chomh forleathan le gnáth-choilesterol LDL, is fíor gur léiríodh go raibh neamh-HDL-C ina tháscaire níos fearr ar riosca galar croí ná cholesterol LDL amháin.\nGo deimhin, mar a mhínítear i Measúnú Riosca Cardiovascular Clinic's Beyond LDL Cholesterol: Cholesterol Neamh-HDL, Uimhir Páirtnéil LDL, agus Apolipoprotein B, is beart níos fearr de riosca croí é neamh-HDL-C ná colesterol LDL:\nTagann roinnt teorainneacha ar eolas LDL-C mar mharcóir níos lú cruinne de riosca cardashoithíoch ná colesterol lipoprotein neamh-ard-dlúis (neo-HDL-C), líon na bpáirtíní LDL, nó apolipoprotein B (apoB).\nTosaigh an t-aistriú chun neamh-HDL-C tar éis aitheantas forleathan a dhéanamh ar a mhalairt thar LDL-C mar thomhas ar riosca imeachtaí soithíoch agus léirigh sé coibhéiseacht le líon na bpáirtíní apoB nó LDL i roinnt trialacha cliniciúla.\nMá bhí glacadh go forleathan sa phobal leighis go raibh neamh-HDL-C ina réamhtheachtaire níos fearr ná LDL ina n-aonar agus go deimhin, ina ionad maith le haghaidh tástála apoB nó LDL, cén fáth a ndearnadh an dá thástáil LDL agus neamh-HDL-C a thréigean sna treoirlínte nua?\nIs cosúil gurb é an freagra ná nach bhfuil aon réasúnaíocht ann chun spriocghrá uimhir ar leith a shocrú do LDL nó do neamh-HDL-C.\nFaighim é le haghaidh colesterol LDL. Baineadh úsáid as LDL mar phríomhmheas chun a chinneadh an gcaithfeadh duine statin a ghlacadh, cé nach raibh aon réasúnaíocht ann do uimhir LDL ar leith mar sprioc (ar éigean ach is é sin go bunúsach an cás le blianta fada anois). Dá bhrí sin, mhol an coiste beart nua measúnaithe riosca a bhí bunaithe ar thaighde agus a chuir deireadh leis an sprioc randamach LDL.\nMá ghlacann go forleathan leis/le glacadh leis agus má léiríonn staidéir go bhfuil méid na bpáirtíneacha apoB agus LDL ina réamhaisnéis ar riosca croí, agus is bealach éasca, costéifeachtach é neamh-HDL-C chun méid na bpáirtíneacha apoB agus LDL a thomhas go garbh (toisc go ríomhtar neamh-HDL ó thástáil choilesterol tipiciúil ní tástáil nua go hiomlán cosúil le apoB) ansin is cosúil liom gur smaoineamh maith é a bheith ar an eolas faoi do Non-HDL-C.\nAch hey, I m aon dochtúir. (Agus ní dhéanaim fiú ionáireamh go bhfuil ceann ar an teilifís). Mar sin d'fhéadfadh mé a bheith mícheart.\nTá sé sin ráite, tá imní orm. Deir na treoirlínte nua go bhfuil mé (go tobann, anois) i mbaol an-íseal do ghalar croí. Ach tá mo chholeisréal neamh-HDL i bhfad níos airde ná an sean \"sprioc\" de 130 dóibh siúd a bhfuil triglycerides ard acu.\nAgus tuigim nach sprioc bríomhar é an figiúr 130 ina n-aonar.\nTá mé. Go fírinneach.\nAch is léir ó tá mo neamh-HDL-C ard i gcomparáid le gnáth nó le go leor daoine eile, go bhféadfadh sé seo fadhb fhéideartha a léiriú. Agus dá bhrí sin a cheadú gníomh. Ní cóireáil Tuigim nach bhfuil sé ciallmhar stáitín a mholadh bunaithe ar uimhir sprioc nach bhfuil bunaithe ar thaighde.\nAch is cosúil liomsa, má tá neamh-HDL-C níos mó ná 130 ansin d'fhéadfadh tástáil bhreise a bheith léirithe.\nArís, níl mé dochtúir.\nAch sílim go bhfuil sé tábhachtach a FÉIRGÍOCH faoi seo. B'fhéidir go léiríonn an fíric go bhfuil mo neamh-HDL ard an gá le tástáil apoB agus / nó méid na bpáirtíneach nó ceann amháin nó níos mó de na tástálacha a léiríonn an AHA anois dóibh siúd a d'fhéadfadh a bheith i mbaol: féach Treoirlínte Choilesterol Nua An App For That.\nRud maith go bhfuil mé mar gheall ar mo sheiceáil bliantúil go luath. Iarrfaidh mé ar mo dhochtúir faoi na tástálacha seo. AGAIN."} +{"text": "MEMPHIS, TN (WMC) - The Great Plains is typically referred to as Tornado Alley, but researchers are finding evidence that tornado alley is shifting away from the plains and into the Southeast, putting a bull’s-eye on the Mid-South.\nA new study published in the journal of Climate and Atmospheric Science, shows that tornado frequency has increased across the eastern third of the United States, especially in the Mid-South.\nAs tornadoes increase over the southeast, twister activity is starting to decrease in a large portion of the Southern Plains, primarily in Oklahoma and Texas.\nThis is especially problematic since the Southeast is a very vulnerable region with low visibility, denser population centers and lack of underground storm shelters. The biggest tornado frequency increase was in the states of Mississippi, Alabama, Arkansas, Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, Tennessee and Kentucky.\nResearchers of the study, Vittorio Gensini, a professor of atmospheric sciences at Northern Illinois University and Harold Brooks, a scientist at the National Severe Storms Laboratory in Oklahoma, also point at the varying change in year to year tornado activity. The amount of tornadoes per year has not necessarily increased, but the parameters are definitely more favorable for development.\nResearchers used the Significant Tornado Parameter (STP) to show tornado activity shift over the years of 1979 to 2017. It is a complicated index of twister ingredients, such as moisture and winds, that measure the potential potency of the tornado environment. The researchers found a lowering trend in the Great Plains but an upward trend in the Southeast and Midwest.\nWhile the shift in tornado alley is apparent, the question is why this shift is taking place. The researchers think that it could be from a warming Earth due to climate change, but more research needs to be done on the topic.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-47", "url": "https://www.wmcactionnews5.com/2018/10/18/breakdown-mid-south-could-be-new-tornado-alley/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496664808.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20191112074214-20191112102214-00144.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9281006455, "token_count": 368, "score": 3.40625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "MEMPHIS, TN (WMC) - De ghnáth tugtar Tornado Alley ar na hIdirléig Mhór, ach tá taighdeoirí ag teacht ar fhianaise go bhfuil tornado alley ag bogadh ar shiúl ó na hIdirléigí agus isteach sa Oirdheisceart, ag cur súil ar an Meán-Deisceart.\nLéiríonn staidéar nua a foilsíodh sa iris Climate and Atmospheric Science go bhfuil méadú tagtha ar thriomóid na tuirlingthe ar fud an tríú cuid thoir de na Stáit Aontaithe, go háirithe sa Mheán-Deisceart.\nDe réir mar a mhéadaíonn tornadoes thar an oirdheisceart, tá gníomhaíocht twister ag tosú ag laghdú i gcuid mhór de na Pleananna Theas, go príomha in Oklahoma agus Texas.\nTá sé seo fadhbanna go háirithe ós rud é go bhfuil an Oirdheisceart ina réigiún an-socair le infheictheacht íseal, lárionaid daonra níos dlúithe agus easpa tearmann stoirme faoi thalamh. Ba é Mississippi, Alabama, Arkansas, Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, Tennessee agus Kentucky na Stáit a raibh an méadú is mó ar minicíocht na tuirlingthe.\nLéiríonn taighdeoirí an staidéir, Vittorio Gensini, ollamh eolaíochtaí atmaisféaracha in Ollscoil Northern Illinois agus Harold Brooks, eolaí ag an Saotharlann Náisiúnta um Thormais Thromchúiseacha in Oklahoma, an t-athrú éagsúil a bhíonn ar ghníomhaíocht na tuirlingthe ó bhliain go bliain. Ní gá go bhfuil méadú tagtha ar líon na dtornádaí in aghaidh na bliana, ach is cinnte go bhfuil na paraiméadair níos fabhraí don fhorbairt.\nD'úsáid taighdeoirí an Paraméadar Tornáide Mór (STP) chun athrú gníomhaíochta tornáide a thaispeáint thar na blianta 1979 go 2017. Is táscaire casta é de chomhábhair twister, mar shampla taise agus gaotha, a thomhas cumhacht féideartha thimpeallacht tornado. Fuair na taighdeoirí treocht ag titim sna Mór-Phléine ach treocht ag ardú san Oirdheisceart agus sa Mheán-Iarthar.\nCé go bhfuil an t-athrú i alley tornado soiléir, is é an cheist cén fáth go bhfuil an t-athrú seo ag tarlú. Measann na taighdeoirí go bhféadfadh sé a bheith ó Dhúchas atá ag téamh mar gheall ar athrú aeráide, ach ní mór tuilleadh taighde a dhéanamh ar an ábhar."} +{"text": "Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Medical, Financial, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia.\nchock full of (something)\nHaving a lot of something; very full of something. If you don't like raisins, you won't like this cake —it's chock full of them. Good luck fitting anything else in that storage locker—it is just chock full of boxes.\npull (up) chocks\n1. To remove the wedges used to keep the wheels of a vehicle from moving. Used especially in reference to aviation, particularly in the military. I was put on duty pulling chocks for the fighter jets aboard the aircraft carrier. She was willing to do any tough job, from pulling chocks to hauling cargo.\n2. To pack up and leave some place. OK, team, we're finished here—let's pull chocks and head back to headquarters. After a week of camping in the countryside, we finally pulled up chocks and decided to stay in a bed and breakfast for the night before going back home.\n3. To leave one's place of residence or employment and relocate elsewhere. I've loved living in the city, but now that we have a baby on the way, it's time to pull up chocks and find somewhere more affordable. I always told myself that I would pull chocks after spending five years working for them.\nchock full of something\nFig. very full of something. These cookies are chock full of big chunks of chocolate.\npull chocksand pull up stakes\ntv. to leave a place. (see also up stakes.) Time to pull chocks and get out of here. We pulled up stakes and moved on.\nchock-a-block, to be\nAlso, chock-full. To be very full, tightly jammed together. It was originally a nineteenth-century nautical term, describing the blocks of a tackle drawn so close that they touched. In time it was transferred to objects, people—just about anything very crowded. W. Somerset Maugham used it, “The city’s inns were chock-a-block and men were sleeping three, four and five to a bed” (Then and Now, 1946). The synonymous “chock-full” is much older, dating from the fifteenth century, and actually may be used more often, in such locutions as, “Her paper was chock-full of typos.”", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-51", "url": "https://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/chock", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540547536.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20191212232450-20191213020450-00034.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9713240862, "token_count": 514, "score": 2.78125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Fuarthas freisin i: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Medical, Financial, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia.\nchock lán de (rud éigin)\nAg a bhfuil go leor de rud éigin; an-líon de rud éigin. Mura maith leat raisíní, ní maith leat an císte seo - tá sé lán de. Go raibh maith agat a chur in aon rud eile sa stóráil closet - tá sé ach chock lán de na boscaí.\nclóis tarraingthe (suas)\n1. an t-am a bhí ann. Chun na cnaipí a úsáidtear chun rothaí feithicle a choinneáil ó ghluaiseacht a bhaint. Úsáidtear go háirithe i dtaca le haeráid, go háirithe san arm. Bhí mé i mo dhícheall ag tarraingt clóca do na scaird chogaidh ar bord an iompróra aerárthaí. Bhí sí sásta aon obair chrua a dhéanamh, ó chuici a tharraingt go lasta a tharraingt.\n2. Seachadadh. Chun pacáil suas agus fág áit éigin. OK, foireann, tá muid críochnaithe anseo - a ligean ar tharraingt chocks agus ceann ar ais go dtí an ceanncheathrú. Tar éis seachtaine ag campaíocht sa tuaithe, tharraing muid na cnocáin suas sa deireadh agus shocraigh muid fanacht i leaba agus bricfeasta don oíche sula bhfillfidh muid abhaile.\n3. Tá an t-am ann. An áit chónaithe nó an áit oibre a fhágáil agus bogadh chuig áit eile. Bhí grá agam maireachtáil sa chathair, ach anois go bhfuil leanbh againn ar an mbealach, tá sé in am chun tarraingt suas chocks agus áit éigin níos inacmhainne a fháil. Dúirt mé liom féin go mbeadh mé ag tarraingt chocks tar éis a chaitheamh cúig bliana ag obair dóibh.\nchock lán de rud éigin\nFig. lán de rud éigin. Tá na fianáin seo lán de chnónna móra seacláide.\ntarraing chocksand tarraing suas stakes\nteilifís. áit a fhágáil. (féach freisin suas gealltanas.) Tá sé in am chun a tharraingt chocks agus a fháil amach anseo. Tharraing muid suas stakes agus bhog ar aghaidh.\nchock-a-block, a bheith\nChomh maith leis sin, chock-full. A bheith an-líonta, go daingean jammed le chéile. Bhí sé ina théarma muirí ón naoú haois déag ar dtús, ag cur síos ar bhlocanna de cháil a tharraingtear chomh gar go dteagmháil siad. Le himeacht ama, aistríodh é chuig rudaí, daoine - díreach faoi rud ar bith atá an-chruinn. D'úsáid W. Somerset Maugham é, \"Bhí na teachí cónaithe sa chathair chock-a-block agus bhí fir ag codladh trí, ceithre agus cúig le leaba\" (Then and Now, 1946). Tá an comhchiall chock-full i bhfad níos sine, ag dul siar ón chúigiú haois déag, agus i ndáiríre d'fhéadfaí é a úsáid níos minice, i bhfocail mar, Bhí a pháipéar lán de typos."} +{"text": "RESTON, Va. — The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the Colorado Geological Survey are investing $300,000 to map four 7.5-minute quadrangles (Rampant Hills, La Plata, Monument Hills, and Thompson Park) in the historic La Plata mining district along the southwest edge of the San Juan Mountains and eastern portion of the Colorado Plateau in southwestern Colorado.\nBipartisan Infrastructure Law funds geologic mapping in Colorado\nThe study area is southwest of the San Juan volcanic field and consists of marine and non-marine sedimentary rocks of Late Paleozoic to Late Mesozoic age. Past mineral production in the district included gold, silver, copper, lead and zinc; critical minerals are associated with these precious and base metal deposits. Potential critical minerals in the project area: palladium, platinum, tellurium, vanadium and zinc.\nThe grants for the geologic mapping come from a $74 million investment allocated earlier this year to the USGS Mineral Resources Program’s Earth Mapping Resources Initiative (Earth MRI), provided through annual appropriations and investments from the Administration’s Bipartisan Infrastructure Law. Overall, the Infrastructure Law is providing an appropriated $510.7 million investment to the USGS to advance scientific innovation and map critical minerals.\nThe objectives of this project are to complete new mapping, at a scale of 1:24,000, or more detailed; fill in data gaps among previous maps that partially cover the study area; and provide higher resolution in areas where existing mapping is generalized or unclear. Concurrent geochemical and mineralogical studies are also being conducted. The goal is to better define the surface geology associated with mineral deposits in the La Plata polymetallic district.\nThe new geologic maps will refine our understanding of the geologic framework of mineral areas of interest. In addition to helping identify mineral potential, these maps also support both decisions about the use of land, water, energy and minerals, and understanding the potential impact of geologic hazards on communities.\nEarth MRI is a partnership between the USGS and state geological surveys across America to modernize our understanding of the Nation’s fundamental geologic framework and mineral resources through new geologic maps, geophysical and topographic surveys, and geochemical sampling. The 2022 Bipartisan Infrastructure Law provided additional funding that has accelerated this new mapping in areas with potential for hosting critical mineral resources both still in the ground and in mine wastes.\nMore information can be found here. To learn more about how the USGS is investing the resources from the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law, visit our website. To learn more about USGS mineral resource and commodity information, please visit our website and follow us on Twitter.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-06", "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/bipartisan-infrastructure-law-investments/news/bipartisan-infrastructure-law-funds-2", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764495001.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20230127164242-20230127194242-00287.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8942809105, "token_count": 559, "score": 2.546875, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Tá Suirbhé Geolaíochta na Stát Aontaithe (USGS) agus Suirbhé Geolaíochta Colorado ag infheistiú $ 300,000 chun ceathrar cheathrú ceathrú nóiméad 7.5 (Rampant Hills, La Plata, Monument Hills, agus Thompson Park) a mhapeáil sa cheantar mianadóireachta stairiúil La Plata ar feadh imeall siar ó dheas na Sléibhte San Juan agus cuid thoir de Chladach Colorado i ndeisceart Colorado.\nCisteann an Dlí um Thoscailtis Dhá-pháirtí léarscáileanna geolaíocha i Colorado\nTá an limistéar staidéir i ndeisceart an réimse bolcánach San Juan agus tá carraigeacha sedimentary mara agus neamh-mara de aois Paleozoic Déanach go Measózóic Déanach ann. I measc na dtáirgeadh mianraí a bhí ann roimhe seo sa cheantar bhí ór, airgead, copar, luaidhe agus sinc; tá mianraí criticiúla bainteach leis na taiscí miotail luachmhara agus bunúsacha seo. Mionraí criticiúla féideartha i limistéar an tionscadail: paladach, platainm, tellúr, vanaid agus sinc.\nTagann na deontais don mhapáil gheolaíoch ó infheistíocht $ 74 milliún a leithdháileadh níos luaithe i mbliana do Chlár Acmhainní Mionraí USGS's Earth Mapping Resources Initiative (Earth MRI), a sholáthraítear trí leithreasaí bliantúla agus infheistíochtaí ó Dlí Bunúsaíochta Dhá-Pháirtí an Riaracháin. Ar an iomlán, tá an tAcht um Infreastruchtúr ag soláthar infheistíocht $ 510.7 milliún a leithdháileadh ar USGS chun nuálaíocht eolaíoch a chur chun cinn agus mianraí criticiúla a mhapeáil.\nIs iad cuspóirí an tionscadail seo léarscáileáil nua a chomhlánú, ar scála 1:24,000, nó níos mionsonraithe; bearnaí sonraí a líonadh i measc léarscáileanna roimhe seo a chlúdaíonn an limistéar staidéir go páirteach; agus réiteach níos airde a sholáthar i gceantair ina bhfuil léarscáileáil atá ann cheana féin ginearálaithe nó neamhshoiléir. Tá staidéir gheochimiceacha agus mianra-eolaíocha á ndéanamh ag an am céanna. Is é an aidhm ná geolaíocht dromchla a bhaineann le taiscí mianraí sa cheantar polimetal La Plata a shainiú níos fearr.\nDéanfaidh na léarscáileanna geolaíocha nua ár dtuiscint ar chreat geolaíoch na limistéar mianraí is spéise a scagadh. Chomh maith le cabhrú le poitéinseal mianraí a aithint, tacaíonn na léarscáileanna seo le cinntí maidir le húsáid talún, uisce, fuinnimh agus mianraí, agus tuiscint a fháil ar thionchar féideartha na mbaol géolaíoch ar phobail.\nIs comhpháirtíocht é MRI na Talún idir USGS agus suirbhéanna geolaíocha stáit ar fud Mheiriceá chun ár dtuiscint ar chreat geolaíoch bunúsach an Náisiúin agus ar acmhainní mianraí a nuachóiriú trí léarscáileanna geolaíocha nua, suirbhéanna geofisíocha agus topagrafacha, agus sampláil geochimiceach. Thug an tAcht um Bonneagar Dhá-Pháirtí 2022 maoiniú breise a chuir chun cinn an léarscáileáil nua seo i gceantair a bhfuil acmhainn acu acmhainní mianraí criticiúla a óstáil fós sa talamh agus i dramhaíola mianach.\nIs féidir tuilleadh eolais a fháil anseo. Chun tuilleadh a fhoghlaim faoi conas a bhfuil USGS ag infheistiú na hacmhainní ón Acht um Infreastruchtúr Dhá-Pháirtí, tabhair cuairt ar ár suíomh Gréasáin. Chun tuilleadh a fhoghlaim faoi acmhainní mianraí agus faisnéis earraí USGS, tabhair cuairt ar ár suíomh Gréasáin agus lean muid ar Twitter."} +{"text": "Dominion was created by Inaba Naoki\nPuzzle and Goal\nAn unsolved puzzle consists of a rectangular grid; some cells have letters in them.\nThe goal is to black pairs of squares to create regions.\nThe solved grid must satisfy the following conditions:\nEvery region has at least one letter in it.\nTwo different regions cannot have the same letter.\nTwo different letters cannot be in the same region.\nBlack squares for two-square dominos that cannot touch other dominos except diagonally.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-22", "url": "http://curiouscheetah.com/Museum/Puzzle/Dominion", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607960.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170525010046-20170525030046-00233.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9370829463, "token_count": 106, "score": 2.78125, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Chruthaigh Inaba Naoki Dominion\nPuzzle agus Sprioc\nIs éard atá i bhfreagra neamh-réitithe ná gráid cheathrú cearnach; tá litreacha i roinnt cill.\nIs é an sprioc chun péirí dubh de chearnóga chun réigiúin a chruthú.\nNí mór don ghréasán réitithe na coinníollacha seo a leanas a chomhlíonadh:\nTá litir amháin ar a laghad i ngach réigiún.\nNí féidir leis an litir chéanna a bheith ag dhá réigiún éagsúla.\nNí féidir le dhá litir dhifriúla a bheith sa réigiún céanna.\nCearnacha dubh le haghaidh dominoí dhá chearnach nach féidir leo dominoí eile a bhaint ach go déimeallach."} +{"text": "History of Nelson\nto escape and also provided the only means of entry - a notched log set up like a ladder. A large flat stone was used as a kind of shield to keep the fire from burning the ladder.\n|By Michael Jessen\nAlthough Nelson did not exist until the late 1880s, the history of man in this area dates back to when the great pyramids were being constructed in Egypt. The latest archeological carbon dating provides evidence that a race of men and women lived, hunt ed and fished along the shores of Kootenay Lake two thousand years before the time of the advanced cultures of the Aztecs and the Incas of Central and South America. These earliest inhabitants of the area were later to be called the Kootenay Indians, and their names were adopted to designate the land that they roamed. Kootenay is an Indian word meaning \"water people\". In the original spelling \"Co\" means water and \"Tinneh\" means people. An abundance of fish in the lakes and rivers, as well as berries, fruits, bulbs, roots, nuts, seeds, and grains provided the Indians with a varied and adequate diet. Animals such as deer, moose, elk, bear and numerous smaller fur-bearing creatures supplied meat for food, hides for clothing and bones for tools. These early citizens lived in airy, tule mat-covered teepees during the summer months, while spending the cooler months and winter in cozy, subterranean dwellings with a timber superstructure, covers with branches and topped with sods and soil. A square hole at the apex of the house allowed smoke from cooking fires\n\"Pirate Queen of the Kootenays\"\nSternwheelers of Kootenay Lake\nThe many large groups of these pits, which are still visible today, are reminders of the good-sized villages that once existed along the lakes and rivers.\nIndian artifacts have been found in abundance along the shores of the West Arm of the Kootenay River. Just above lake-level on Granite (Elephant) Mountain opposite Nelson, carvings were found of human beings and animals cut boldly in the rock found on the shores of the Arrow Lakes.\nBut after extensive harvesting of the salmon in the Columbia River, food became scarce and a few natives remained when the settlers arrived in the Kootenays. Explorers and adventures, employed by the rival North West Trading Company and the Hudson Bay Company, were the first to enter the practically inaccessible Kootenay and Columbia River valleys while searching for fur trade routes. David Thompson travelled to the Kootenay River as well as the full length of the Columbia between the years 1807 and 1811, but did not come up the main lakes or down the West Arm which flows past Nelson. Other explorers, among them Captain John Palliser, recorded nothing in their notebooks of what they saw. In September 1876, gold was discovered at Forty-nine Creek, nine miles west of Nelson, resulting in a minor rush of prospectors from the United States to the site of the find. In the years 1876 to 1869, miners wages were $4 to $5 a day. Gold dust was worth $18 an ounce. Mining was carried on around Hall Creek, Forty-nine Creek and the Pend d'Oreille. In an item in the December 2nd, 1893, edition of the Nelson Miner, Richard Fry of Bonners Ferry, Idaho, stated that two men made $1900 each in two weeks.\nAfter this mineral find was exploited, quiet again returned to the forested valleys and 15 years went by before another rush of people came to the area.\nAlthough precious metals were a part of the lure that attracted the next group of men to this area, large land development schemes were also a part of their plans. When the British Columbia Legislature assembled in Victoria for the session of 1882-1883, a private bill was read in the House that would grant 750,000 free acres to a group headed by Captain George Ainsworth of San Francisco. In return for the land, the Ainsworth party was to build a narrow gauge railway over the 21-mile distance between the Columbia River and Kootenay Lake. Part of the land that this group sought included the best alluvial, the bottom land at the southern end of the lake. Before this grant could be voted on, an offer form W. A. Baille-Groham, representing British interests and backed by influential letters, was made to the provincial government. Baille-Grohman's objective was to obtain a concession for an extensive tract of land lying on both sides of the river. Although subject to flooding every summer when the river was swollen from melting snow, the land was recognized for its high agricultural value. Baille-Grohman offered to drain the land, construct dikes to permanently reclaim it, and pay $1 an acre for it within 10 years. This scheme was accepted by the Government and resulted in the Ainsworth party failing to get the concession in the form that they wanted. In 1885, however, Ainsworth and Gustavus Blinn Wright made a deposit of $25, 000 and secured from Victoria a charter to construct a railway from Columbia River to Kootenay Lake. The railway was not built and their charter expired in 1887, although a government reserve on the land was not lifted, a fact which had interesting consequences later on.\nBaille-Grohman and Ainsworth were also involved in another famous incident in the years immediately preceding settlement at Nelson. The legendary Bluebell mine at Riondel, which finally ceased operations in 1971, was the issue over which these two Kootenay area pioneers next became embroiled. Natives and Hudsonâs Bay Company trappers had long known about the galena ledge on a cliff on the eastern side of Kootenay Lake. It is speculated that David Douglas, the botanist for whom the Douglas fir tree is named, visited the site. In the spring of 1882, Robert Evan Sproule set out from Dick Fry's ranch at Bonners Ferry and after inspecting the rusty iron stain on the cliff and finding a 50-foot vein of silver, staked his claim. He was unable to register the claim in the manner required by law, however, since 480 miles of rugged territory lay between him and the nearest claims office, a distance he could not hope to cover in the 72 hours that he was allowed to be absent from his claim.\nDuring Sproule's absence, Thomas Hammill was sent by Ainsworth to investigate the galena ledge. Hammill, who was accompanied by the gold commissioner, promptly staked claims to the rich ore. Thus began a lengthy legal battle, which culminated in murder. Sproule enlisted the aid of Grohman, who was called upon to defend the case in court when at the last moment a Victoria lawyer could not attend the trial, being held in shanties in the two mining camps near the claims. According to Baille-Grohman, the judge, a genial old man named Kelly, ate his meals in the Hammill camp because of its higher quality food and slept in the Sproule camp to show no prejudice in the case. The court opened on August 31, 1883, and continued for six weeks. The litigation had resolved itself into four distinct cases, for each of the two parties had taken up the same claims on the big ledge. The discoverer of a new mine had the right to take up, besides the one claim to which every miner was then entitled, a second location known as the discovery claim.\nOn October 16th, after two or three short adjournments to round up witnesses, judge Kelly rendered his judgements. All four claims were decided in favour of Sproule's party. Baille-Grohman was now a partner with Sproule and two others for he had stipulated he was to become part owner if he was able to win the suit. But Ainsworth and Hammill were not quick to give up and they appealled the case to the Supreme Court of British Columbia sitting at Victoria. Business in England prevented Baille-Grohman from defending again and he entrusted the case to the same lawyer whom he had attempted to secure for the lower court trial. A case before the Supreme Court of Canada, however, for the second time prevented this lawyer from attending and the case was taken over by another counsellor who had little knowledge of the circumstances. The appeals were heard by Chief Justice Begbie, who decided three of the four cases in Hamill's favour. The strain of losing was toughest on Sproule. He could not settle the large amount claimed by Ainsworth and Hammill, and the one claim he had left was attached and sold by the sheriff. His mind unsettled, Sproule was determined to murder both Baille-Grohman and Hammill. The former managed to escape Sproule's gun, but Hammill was not so lucky. Sproule lay in ambush for him at the Bluebell and shot and killed him. Although he had a six-hour start on a posse, Sproule was eventually caught and hanged.\nCaptain Ainsworth, the rich capitalist who founded the Oregon Navigation Company, also had mineral interests on the western side of Kootenay Lake, at the small community bearing his name. The town was known for both its silver deposits and warm hot springs, which still attract bathers today. The discovery of ore here and at Riondel set the stage for another mineral find which heralded the birth of Nelson.\nIn the late summer of 1886, a 15-man party left Colville, Washington, on a gold prospecting trip up to the Salmon River. It was well known that the lower bars of the Salmon just above the border had been well washed in the 1850âs, but Winslow Hall remarked that there was a tributary of that stream heading up in the rough country south of Kootenay Lake which he had always wanted to prospect. William V. Brown, a pioneer merchant, ferryman and prospector, agreed to grubstake an expedition to the area. The Hall party included Winslow Hall, commonly known as Bill, and his five sons Bobby, Charlie, Willie, Tommy and Albert; Winslow's brother Osner and his sons; Oscar and three cousins, Bill, Mel and Henry Oakes. In addition to this large family there was Willie White, son of Captain Len White, who had built and commanded the first steamboat on the upper Columbia. There was also Will Miller, one of the most venturesome prospectors and river men in the upper country. Providing the party with fresh meat was the chore of two Colville Native youths, Narcisse Downing and Dauney Williams.\nBy autumn, with the snow level creeping down the mountains, the weary Hall group had found nothing for all their efforts and they were discouraged. They decided to pack up and head for home. Tommy Hall, Willie Hall, and Willie White were sent to fetch the pack and saddle horses, while the hunters were sent to get meat for the return trip. Even at these tasks the two groups had little luck and when the five of them met late in the afternoon they sat down to rest on a small outcropping of rock. According to an account by Van B. Putnam, the boys vented their frustration by digging their heels in the ground and kicking away the vegetation. Suddenly, a pine squirrel scooted by and one of the boys picked up a loosened rock to throw at it. Where the rock had been, lay copper-silver deposits which, in their day, were to be famous on two continents.\nThe following year the Halls returned to their secret area after receiving financial assistance from their Scottish neighbour, John McDonald. In one of his first official acts upon becoming a partner, McDonald bought out Narcisse Downet, and Dauney Williams, the Native meat hunters, with a bonus of $250. The wily Scotsman told the two they were only paid employees of the prospecting partners and, as such, they were not entitled to a partnership. The hunters assumed they had shared in all the work and the accident of the discovery, in addition to the fact that they both had Canadian Miners' permits. But, believing that they had no alternative, they took the bonus money and retired.\nThe Halls staked four claims in the Silver King group- the Silver King, The Kootenay Bonanza, The American Flag, and the Kohinoor. The mountain was not named at this time and the property was described as being on the divide between Cottonwood Smith Creek and the Salmon River. On July 27 1887, however, Charlie Townsend was sitting on a log half a mile from the Silver King group writing the location notice when he came to the words, \"situated on.. Just then a big toad hopped out form under the log and Townsend filled in the blank space with the word, \"Toad Mountain\". Just the year before, the quiet of the forested hills had been deafened, but by September 20th, 1887, 30 claims had been staked and the miners were pouring in. And with the miners, came habitation.\nArthur Bunting, a son in law of Dick Fry, erected the first cabin near the mouth of Ward Creek. He decided the area would be a good spot for a town-site and the government accepted his deposit, unaware that the reserve granted to Ainsworth and Wright two years before had not yet been lifted. Next to Buntings cabin, his brothers-in-law, Fryâs sons, built another in which A. D. Collins and Silas H. Cross kept their supplies. Later that same year, in 1887, Harry Anderson, a mining recorder and constable, arrived on the scene. He made a location to the east of Buntings land, which was also outside the railway reserve. C.W. Busk made the first survey and in running his lines, he came upon a stake marked \"Government Reserve.\" In filling his field notes in the Lands and Works Department at Victoria, Busk made reference to this reserve. However, officials at the capital disclaimed any knowledge of the reserve and Anderson was able to make good his claim. He called the place Salisbury. In the summer of 1888, Gilbert Malcolm Sproat, a gold commissioner and stipendiary magistrate, who later became known as the \"Father of the Kootenay,\" arrived in the camp. Tents and rough wooden shacks housing between 300 and 400 miners were spread along the banks of Ward Creek and more prospectors, drawn by the mineral wealth of the Silver King, just a few miles behind the camp, were flooding in each day. Sproat was there to establish a capital in the Kootenay country. He said Bunting's land was covered by a reserve, and the name Salisbury would not do. In a letter to The Miner, March 17, 1894, he told why he chose the site, which he called Stanley. \"I chose this site because it is close to promising mining camps. It is at the meeting of two valleys along which land traffic from the West and South will have to come. These valleys meet at navigable waters that connect with the mining regions of Kootenay Lake and of the United States. I intend Bogustown [which later became the residential district of Fairview] to be included. It has the advantages of Cottonwood waterfall, meadows for a town common, Ward Creek for a sewer, and a basin between Vernon Street and the lake, as a park for the women and children, God bless them. My dream was that here, where nature was so bountiful, there might be, could we but keep out newspapers and lawyers, the town of all towns for civilized habitation.\" Sproat had been sent in 1884 to report upon the minerals in Kootenay Lake district and as soon as the government replied favourably to his report, he used a rope to lay off a portion of Vernon Street, which was at that time a beach at the water's edge. A trail had been cleared among the charred logs - a reminder of a forest fire that swept the area in 1885 - from the landing at the mouth of Ward Creek. Adjoining the trail were two tents, the first a general store owned by R.E. Lemmon and J.F. Hume, who had floated their stock down the Columbia and beat their way up through the brush from Sproat's Landing. The other tent was a primitive hotel kept by John Ward. He had an extensive stock of solid and liquid refreshments, but guests who stayed the night were obliged to use their own blankets. His three-roomed tent with its dining room and bar was the first hotel in Nelson, and Ward street was named in his honour. One block east of this street is Josephine Street, named for Ward's wife. After a year, Ward replaced the tent beside his log cabin with a log hotel, and the tent was used as a store by John Walsh. Next to this stood the office of the mining recorder,T.H. Giffin. In another tent beside the government shack, James Arthur Gilker put the stock of goods he had brought down from Revelstoke. In 1889, Ottawa appointed Gilker the town's first postmaster.\nSproat presided at the sale of the first lots in a little log shack as auctioneer. Those who took land as far back as the location of Victoria Street dreaded to settle so deep in the bush. During the same month, Arthur Stanhope Farwell came to Nelson and surveyed the first eight blocks that fall, and the following spring did four more. His next task was to lay-out a wagon road along the river on the trail that Lemon had used to come in from Sproat's Landing. The rest of the town was surveyed in 1890 by a man named Latimer, who later opened the first real estate office and for whom Latimer Street is named. Colonel E.S. Topping continued to sell lots during the winter of 1888-89. By the following year the lots were bringing in as much as $295 for a single lot and $9,515 for a block of 32. Bunting, whose log house was the first in the new town, could not be frightened off his claim, not even by Sproat or Giffin, who became mining recorder for Toad Mountain District in the spring of 1889 when Anderson was transferred to Ainsworth.\nBunting did not move until 1889 and his house stood for nine years.\nOn March 18, 1897 the City of Nelson was born when the Letters of Patent were issued. The first mayor was John \"Truth\" Houston. A monument in his honour still stands on Vernon Street, downtown.\nTo be continued.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-22", "url": "http://www.discovernelson.com/htdocs/history.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463612008.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20170529014619-20170529034619-00511.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9838187099, "token_count": 3907, "score": 3.578125, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Stair Nelson\nchun éalú agus freisin ar fáil ar an modh amháin dul isteach - log notched ar bun mar léim. Baineadh úsáid as cloch mór cothrom mar chineál sciath chun an tine a choinneáil ó dhó an scála.\nLe Michael Jessen\nCé nár tháinig Nelson chun bheith ann go dtí deireadh na 1880idí, téann stair an duine sa cheantar seo siar go dtí nuair a bhí na pirimidí móra á dtógáil san Éigipt. Soláthraíonn an dátaithe carbóin seandálaíochta is déanaí fianaise go raibh cine fir agus mná ina gcónaí, ag sealgadh agus ag iascaireacht ar chóstaí Loch Kootenay dhá mhíle bliain roimh am cultúir ard na nAistéic agus na nIncas i Meiriceá Láir agus Theas. Bhí na chéad áitritheoirí seo sa cheantar ar a dtugtar Iníonannaigh Kootenay ina dhiaidh sin, agus glacadh lena n-ainmneacha chun an talamh a raibh siad ag siúl a ainmniú. Is focal Indiach é Kootenay a chiallaíonn \"daoine uisce\". Sa chionchur bunaidh ciallaíonn \"Co\" uisce agus ciallaíonn \"Tinneh\" daoine. Bhí an iomarca éisc sna lochanna agus sna haibhneacha, chomh maith le bair, torthaí, bolba, fréamhacha, cnónna, síolta, agus gráin ag soláthar aiste bia éagsúil agus leordhóthanach do na hIndiaigh. Bhí ainmhithe cosúil le deer, moose, elk, bear agus go leor créatúir bheaga feirmeacha níos lú ag soláthar feola le haghaidh bia, leathar le haghaidh éadaí agus cnámha le haghaidh uirlisí. Bhí cónaí ar na saoránaigh luath seo i teepees aermhar, clúdaithe le matáin tule i rith mhíonna an tsamhraidh, agus iad ag caitheamh na míonna níos fuíle agus an gheimhridh i dtithe áineasa, faoi thalamh le barrstruchtúr adhmaid, clúdaithe le brainsí agus le sods agus le talamh. Bhí poll cearnach ag barr an tí a thug isteach deatach ó thine cócaireachta\n\"Bhanríon Pirate na Kootenays\"\nSternwheelers de Loch Kootenay\nIs iad na grúpaí móra go leor de na poill seo, atá le feiceáil go fóill inniu, cuimhní cinn de na sráidbhailte dea-mhéide a bhí ann uair amháin ar feadh na lochanna agus na n-aibhneacha.\nFuarthas earraí Indiach go leor ar feadh chóstaí an Bhratach Thiar d'Aibhne Kootenay. Díreach os cionn leibhéal an loch ar Shliabh na Ghránáit (Elephant) os coinne Nelson, fuarthas carvings de dhaoine agus ainmhithe a ghearradh go mór sa charraig a fuarthas ar chóstaí Lochanna an Arrow.\nAch tar éis an t-earraigh a bhailiú go forleathan i Abhainn Columbia, tháinig ganntanas bia agus d'fhan cúpla dúchasach nuair a tháinig na lonnaitheoirí i Kootenays. Bhí imscrúdaitheoirí agus eachtrálaithe, a bhí fostaithe ag an gCumhacht Trádála Thuaidh Thiar agus an Chuideachta Bhaile Hudson, ar na chéad daoine a chuaigh isteach i ghleannanna Kootenay agus Abhainn Columbia a bhí beagnach dochreidte agus iad ag cuardach bealaí trádála feirme. Thaistil David Thompson go dtí Abhainn Kootenay chomh maith le fad iomlán na hOileáin Cholóimic idir na blianta 1807 agus 1811, ach níor tháinig sé suas na príomh-locha ná síos an West Arm a shruthaíonn in aice le Nelson. Níor thaifead na taiscéalaithe eile, a raibh an Captaen John Palliser ina measc, aon rud ina n-aireagáin faoi na rudaí a chonaic siad. I mí Mheán Fómhair 1876, fuarthas ór ag Forty-nine Creek, 15 míle siar ó Nelson, rud a d'fhág go raibh lúthchleasaithe ó na Stáit Aontaithe ag dul go dtí an suíomh a fuarthas. Sna blianta 1876 go 1869, bhí pá na mianach idir $4 agus $5 sa lá. Bhí $18 an ounce de dhusca óir. Rinneadh mianadóireacht timpeall Hall Creek, Forty-nine Creek agus Pend d'Oreille. I mír sa 2 Nollaig, 1893, eagrán an Nelson Mianach, Richard Fry de Bonners Ferry, Idaho, luaigh go bhfuil dhá fhear a rinne $ 1900 gach ceann i dhá sheachtain.\nTar éis an lorg mianraí seo a shaothrú, d'fhill sé ar ais go ciúin ar na gleannta foraoise agus rith 15 bliain sula tháinig rush eile daoine chuig an gceantar.\nCé gur cuid den mheall a mheall an chéad ghrúpa eile de na fir chuig an gceantar seo a bhí i miotail luachmhara, bhí scéimeanna móra forbartha talún mar chuid dá bpleananna freisin. Nuair a chruinnigh reachtaíocht Cholóim Bhreatainigh i Victoria le haghaidh seisiún 1882-1883, léadh bille príobháideach sa Teach a dheonódh 750,000 acra saor in aisce do ghrúpa faoi cheannas Captaen George Ainsworth de San Francisco. I gcúis an talún, bhí ar pháirtí Ainsworth iarnród caol-chló a thógáil thar an achar 21 míle idir Abhainn Columbia agus Loch Kootenay. Baineann cuid den talamh a bhí á lorg ag an ngrúpa seo leis an talamh alluvial is fearr, an talamh bun ag deireadh theas an loch. Sula bhféadfaí an deontas seo a vóta a chaitheamh, rinneadh tairiscint ó W. A. Baille-Groham, a bhí i láthair ar leasanna na Breataine agus a bhí le tacaíocht ó litreacha tionchair, chuig rialtas na cúige. Ba é cuspóir Baille-Grohman coinníoll a fháil ar thrácht leathan talún atá suite ar gach taobh den abhainn. Cé go raibh an t-uisce ag tuile gach samhradh nuair a bhí an t-iasc ag dul suas mar gheall ar an sneachta a bhí ag titim, bhí cáil ar an tír as a luach talmhaíochta ard. D'iarr Baille-Grohman an talamh a dhraenáil, dí a thógáil chun é a aisghabháil go buan, agus $ 1 an acra a íoc as laistigh de 10 mbliana. Ghlac an Rialtas leis an scéim seo agus mar thoradh air sin níor éirigh le páirtí Ainsworth an coimhdeacht a fháil sa fhoirm a theastaigh uathu. Sa bhliain 1885, ��fach, rinne Ainsworth agus Gustavus Blinn Wright taisce de $ 25,000 agus d'éirigh leo cairt a fháil ó Victoria chun iarnród a thógáil ó Abhainn Columbia go Loch Kootenay. Níor tógadh an iarnród agus d'éirigh a gcairt in 1887, cé nár cuireadh cúlchiste rialtais ar an talamh ar ceal, fíric a raibh iarmhairtí suimiúla aici ina dhiaidh sin.\nBhí Baille-Grohman agus Ainsworth bainteach le eachtra cáiliúil eile sna blianta díreach roimh an lonnaíocht i Nelson. Ba é an mianadóir legendary Bluebell ag Riondel, a chuir deireadh le hoibríochtaí i 1971, an t-ábhar ar tháinig an dá cheannródaí seo ó cheantar Kootenay isteach ina dhiaidh sin. Bhí a fhios ag dúchasaigh agus le trapairí Cuideachta Bhaile Hudson ar feadh i bhfad faoin gclúdach galena ar charraig ar thaobh thoir Loch Kootenay. Meastar go ndeachaigh David Douglas, an buntanaí a thug ainm don chrann fir Douglas air, chuig an suíomh. In earrach 1882, d'fhág Robert Evan Sproule ranch Dick Fry ag Bonners Ferry agus tar éis dó an stain iarann rosta ar an gcliabhán a iniúchadh agus fíon airgid de 50 troigh a fháil, chuir sé a éileamh i gcrích. Ní raibh sé in ann an t-éileamh a chlárú ar an mbealach a cheanglaítear de réir an dlí, áfach, ós rud é go raibh 480 míle de chríoch garbh idir é féin agus an oifig éileamh is gaire, ach ní raibh dóchas aige go rachadh sé ar an achar sa 72 uair a raibh cead aige a bheith as láthair óna éileamh.\nLe linn easpa Sproule, chuir Ainsworth Thomas Hammill chun imscrúdú a dhéanamh ar an gclúdach galena. Hammill, a bhí in éineacht leis an coimisinéir óir, go pras a stailc éilimh ar an miotal saibhir. Mar sin thosaigh cath dlíthiúil fada, a tháinig chun cinn le dúnmharú. Scríobh Sproule cúnamh Grohman, a gabhadh chun an cás a chosaint sa chúirt nuair nach bhféadfadh dlíodóir Victoria freastal ar an triail ag an nóiméad deireanach, agus é á choinneáil i shanties sna dhá champa mianadóireachta in aice leis na héilimh. De réir Baille-Grohman, d'ith an breitheamh, seanfhear géinealach darbh ainm Kelly, a béilí i gcampa Hammill mar gheall ar a bhia cáilíochta níos fearr agus codladh sé i gcampa Sproule chun aon fhoréigean a thaispeáint sa chás. Osclaíodh an chúirt ar an 31 Lúnasa, 1883, agus lean sí ar aghaidh ar feadh sé seachtaine. Bhí an litigation réiteach féin i gceithre cásanna ar leith, do gach ceann de na dhá pháirtí a bhí ag glacadh leis na héilimh céanna ar an ledge mór. Bhí sé de cheart ag an duine a fuair mianach nua, seachas an t-aon éileamh a bhí ag gach mianadóir ina cheart ansin, an dara suíomh ar a dtugtar an éileamh fionnachtana a ghlacadh.\nAr 16 Deireadh Fómhair, tar éis dhá nó trí chur ar athló go gairid chun finnéithe a bhailiú, thug an Breitheamh Kelly a chuid breithiúnais. Bhí na ceithre éileamh go léir cinneadh i bhfabhar páirtí Sproule. Baille-Grohman anois ina chomhpháirtí le Sproule agus dhá cheann eile mar go raibh sé a shocraigh sé a bhí chun a bheith ina úinéir páirteach má bhí sé in ann a bhuachan an t-éileamh. Ach níor thit Ainsworth agus Hammill suas go tapa agus rinne siad achomharc ar an gcás chuig Ard-Chúirt Cholóim Bhreataine a bhí ina suí i Victoria. Chuir gnó i Sasana cosc ar Baille-Grohman a chosaint arís agus thug sé an cás don dlíodóir céanna a rinne sé iarracht a fháil don triail cúirte níos ísle. Ach, d'éirigh le cás os comhair Chúirt Uachtarach Cheanada an dlíodóir seo a bheith i láthair don dara huair agus ghlac comhairleoir eile an cás ar a láimh nach raibh mórán eolais aige ar na himthosca. Chuala an Príomh-Bhreitheamh Begbie na hachainí, a shocraigh trí cinn de na ceithre chás i bhfabhar Hamill. Bhí an strain a chailleadh is deacra ar Sproule. Níorbh fhéidir leis an méid mór a éilíonn Ainsworth agus Hammill a shocrú, agus d'éirigh leis an éileamh amháin a bhí aige a chur i gceangal agus a dhíol an sioric. Bhí a intinn neamhshocraithe, bhí Sproule cinnte Baille-Grohman agus Hammill a mharú. D'éirigh leis an gcéad cheann éalú ó gunna Sproule, ach ní raibh an t-ádh sin ag Hammill. Sproule laigh i ambush dó ag an Bluebell agus lámhaigh agus mharaigh sé é. Cé go raibh sé sé uair an chloig ar dtús ar an posse, gabhadh Sproule sa deireadh agus crochadh é.\nBhí leasanna mianraí ag an gCaptaín Ainsworth, an caipitil saibhir a bhunaigh Cuideachta Loingseoireachta Oregon, ar thaobh thiar Loch Kootenay, ag an bpobal beag a bhfuil a ainm air. Bhí an baile ar eolas mar gheall ar a thaisceanna airgid agus a fhoirgnimh theas te, a mheallann cithfholcadóirí go fóill. Chuir fionnachtana miotal anseo agus ag Riondel an stáitse le haghaidh fionnachtana mianraí eile a chuir tús le breithe Nelson.\nI ndeireadh an tsamhraidh 1886, d'fhág grúpa 15 fear Colville, Washington, ar thuras chun ór a lorg suas go dtí Abhainn Salmon. Bhí a fhios go maith go raibh na barraí níos ísle den Salmon díreach os cionn na teorann glanta go maith sna 1850idí, ach dúirt Winslow Hall go raibh deoch den sruth sin ag dul suas sa tír throm ó dheas ó Loch Kootenay a bhí sé ag iarraidh a ionchas i gcónaí. D'aontaigh William V. Brown, ceannaí, farantóir agus tairbhí pionóireachta, le turas a dhéanamh chuig an gceantar. I measc na bpáirtí Halla bhí Winslow Hall, ar a dtugtar Bill go coitianta, agus a chúig mhac Bobby, Charlie, Willie, Tommy agus Albert; Osner deartháir Winslow agus a mhac; Oscar agus trí chúnain, Bill, Mel agus Henry Oakes. Chomh maith leis an teaghlach mór seo bhí Willie White, mac an Chaipitín Len White, a bhí tógtha agus a bhí i gceannas ar an gcéad long gaile ar an Columbia uachtarach. Bhí Will Miller ann freisin, ceann de na daoine is mó a bhí ag lorg agus ag déanamh báistí san tír uachtarach. Ba é an dualgas a bhí ar dhá óige Dúchasach Colville, Narcisse Downing agus Dauney Williams, an pháirtí a sholáthar le feoil úr.\nFaoi an fhómhar, agus an sneachta ag dul síos na sléibhte, ní raibh an grúpa déanach Hall tar éis teacht ar rud ar bith dá gcuid iarrachtaí go léir agus bhí siad díbrí. Chinn siad a pacáil agus dul ar aghaidh abhaile. Seoladh Tommy Hall, Willie Hall, agus Willie White chun an pacáiste a thabhairt agus capaill a shéalú, agus seoladh na sealgairí chun feoil a fháil don turas ar ais. Fiú amháin sna tascanna seo ní raibh an t-ádh ar an dá ghrúpa agus nuair a bhuail an cúigear acu go déanach san tráthnóna shuigh siad síos chun scíth a ligean ar an mbarr beag carraige. De réir scéala ag Van B. Putnam, chuir na buachaillí a gcuid frustrachas amach trína ndíol i dtalamh agus ag cothú an fhás. Go tobann, scooters squirrel pinne ag agus ceann de na buachaillí thóg cloch scaoilte a chaitheamh air. Sa áit a raibh an carraig, bhí taiscí copar-airgead a bhí, ina lá, a bhí clú ar dhá mhór-roinn.\nAn bhliain ina dhiaidh sin d'fhill na Hallaí ar a gceantar rúnda tar éis dóibh cúnamh airgeadais a fháil óna gcomharsana scóiteacha, John McDonald. I gceann de na chéad ghníomhartha oifigiúla aige tar éis dó a bheith ina chomhpháirtí, cheannaigh McDonald amach Narcisse Downet, agus Dauney Williams, na sealgairí feola Dúchasacha, le bónais de $ 250. Dúirt an Scotchman cleas an dá nach raibh siad ach fostaithe íoctha na comhpháirtithe lorg agus, mar sin, ní raibh siad i dteideal comhpháirtíocht. Ghlac na sealgairí leis go raibh páirt acu sa obair go léir agus i dtimpiste an fhionnaidh, chomh maith leis an bhfíric go raibh ceadúnais Mianachóirí Cheanada acu araon. Ach, ag creidiúint nach raibh aon rogha eile acu, ghlac siad an bónais airgid agus d'éirigh siad as.\nChuir na Hallaí ceithre éileamh i ngrúpa Silver King - an Silver King, The Kootenay Bonanza, The American Flag, agus an Kohinoor. Níor tugadh ainm ar an sliabh ag an am seo agus tuairiscíodh an t-eastát mar a bhí sé ar an roinn idir Cottonwood Smith Creek agus Abhainn Salmon. Ar an 27 Iúil 1887, áfach, bhí Charlie Townsend ina shuí ar chlog leath míle ón ghrúpa Silver King ag scríobh an fógra suímh nuair a tháinig sé ar na focail, \"suíomh ar .. Díreach an bhliain roimhe sin, bhí an ciúin na cnoic foraoise deafened, ach faoi 20 Meán Fómhair, 1887, 30 éileamh a bhí stakeed agus na mianadóirí a bhí ag tuilte isteach. Agus leis na mianachóirí, tháinig cónaithe.\nD'éirigh Arthur Bunting, mac-dlí Dick Fry, an chéad chábán in aice le béal Ward Creek. Chinn sé go mbeadh an limistéar ina áit mhaith le haghaidh suíomh baile agus ghlac an rialtas lena thaisceadh, gan a fhios go raibh an cúlchiste a tugadh do Ainsworth agus Wright dhá bhliain roimhe sin gan a bheith ardaithe go fóill. In aice le cabán Buntings, thóg a dheartháireacha-i-dlí, mic Fry, ceann eile ina raibh A. D. Collins agus Silas H. Cross ag coinneáil a gcuid soláthairtí. Níos déanaí sa bhliain chéanna sin, i 1887, tháinig Harry Anderson, taifeadóir mianadóireachta agus coisteal, ar an láthair. Rinne sé suíomh ar an taobh thoir de thalamh Buntings, a bhí lasmuigh den chúlchiste iarnróid freisin. C.W. Rinne Busk an chéad suirbhé agus agus a línte á rith aige, tháinig sé ar phéire a bhí marcáilte \"Réarbh Rialtais\". Agus a nótaí feirme á líonadh aige sa Roinn Talún agus Oibreacha i Victoria, rinne Busk tagairt don chúlchiste seo. Mar sin féin, dhiúltaigh oifigigh sa phríomhchathair aon eolas faoin gcúlchiste agus bhí Anderson in ann a éileamh a dhéanamh go maith. D'iarr sé ar an áit Salisbury. Sa samhradh de 1888, tháinig Gilbert Malcolm Sproat, coimisinéir óir agus máistir stipendiaire, a tháinig ar a dtugtar \"Athair na Kootenay\", sa champa. Bhí teanta agus barraí adhmaid garbh a raibh idir 300 agus 400 mianadóir ina gcónaí orthu scaipthe ar feadh bhruach Ward Creek agus bhí níos mó saighdiúirí, arna dtarraingt ag saibhreas mianraí an Rí Airgid, ach cúpla míle taobh thiar den champa, ag tuile isteach gach lá. Bhí Sproat ann chun príomhchathair a bhunú i dtír Kootenay. Dúirt sé go raibh talamh Bunting clúdaithe ag cúlchiste, agus ní bheadh an t-ainm Salisbury a dhéanamh. I litir chuig The Miner, an 17 Márta, 1894, dúirt sé cén fáth a roghnaigh sé an suíomh, a thug sé Stanley air. \"Ghuaigh mé an áit seo mar go bhfuil sé gar do champaí mianadóireachta a bhfuil súil leo. Tá sé ag cruinniú dhá ghleann ar feadh a mbeidh trácht talún ón Iarthar agus ó Dheas a bheith le teacht. Tagann na gleannta seo le chéile ag uiscí inláimhsithe a nascann le réigiúin mianadóireachta Loch Kootenay agus na Stát Aontaithe. Tá sé i gceist agam Bogustown [a tháinig ina dhiaidh sin ar an gceantar cónaithe Fairview] a chur san áireamh. Tá sé na buntáistí a bhaineann le Cottonwood waterfall, meadows do phobal baile, Ward Creek do séala, agus basán idir Vernon Sráid agus an loch, mar pháirc do na mná agus leanaí, Dia bheannacht dóibh. Bhí mo aisling go bhfuil anseo, áit a raibh nádúr chomh bountiful, d'fhéadfadh a bheith ann, d'fhéadfaimis ach a choinneáil amach nuachtáin agus dlíodóirí, an baile de gach cathrach do chónaithe sibhialta. \" Cuireadh Sproat i 1884 chun tuairisciú a dhéanamh ar na mianraí i gceantar Loch Kootenay agus a luaithe a d'fhreagair an rialtas go fabhrach a thuairisc, d'úsáid sé rópa chun cuid de Sráid Vernon a leagan amach, a bhí ag an am sin ina trá ar imeall an uisce. Bhí cosán glanta i measc na gcoróin charbóin - cuimhní cinn de tine foraoise a scrios an ceantar i 1885 - ón tuirlingt ag béal Ward Creek. Bhí dhá theampaill in aice leis an mbóthar, an chéad cheann ina siopa ginearálta faoi úinéireacht R.E. Lemmon agus J.F. Hume, a bhí floated a stoc síos an Columbia agus bhuail a mbealach suas tríd an scuab ó Sproat's Landing. Ba é an teint eile óstán primitive a bhí á reáchtáil ag John Ward. Bhí stoc mór de refreshments soladach agus leachtacha aige, ach bhí sé de dhualgas ar a gcuid craiceann féin a úsáid ag a gcuid cuairteoirí a d'fhan ar an oíche. Ba é a theach trí sheomra le seomra bia agus barra an chéad óstán i Nelson, agus ainmníodh sráid Ward ina onóir. Tá Sráid Josephine, a ainmníodh i ndiaidh bhean chéile Ward, ar an mbloc amháin ó dheas den tsráid seo. Tar éis bliana, chuir Ward óstán tréithin in ionad an teampaill in aice lena chabán tréithin, agus d'úsáid John Walsh an teampaill mar stór. In aice leis seo bhí oifig an taifeadtóra mianadóireachta, T.H. Giffin. I ndeachtanas eile in aice leis an mballa rialtais, chuir James Arthur Gilker an stoc earraí a thug sé síos ó Revelstoke. Sa bhliain 1889, cheap Ottawa Gilker mar chéad mháistir phoist na cathrach.\nBhí Sproat i gceannas ar dhíol na chéad lótaí i mbothán beag leabhair mar mholtóir. Bhí eagla ar na daoine a ghlac talamh chomh fada siar leis an suíomh Sráid Victoria socrú chomh domhain sa bhus. Le linn na míosa céanna, tháinig Arthur Stanhope Farwell go Nelson agus rinne sé suirbhé ar na chéad ocht mbloc a thit, agus an earrach ina dhiaidh sin rinne sé ceithre cinn eile. Ba é a chéad tasc eile a leagan amach bóthar carraig feadh na habhann ar an mbóthar go raibh Lemon a úsáidtear chun teacht isteach ó Sproat's Landing. Rinne fear ar a dtugtar Latimer suirbhé ar an gcuid eile den bhaile i 1890, a d'oscail an chéad oifig eastáit réadaigh ina dhiaidh sin agus ar a dtugtar Sráid Latimer. Colún E.S. Lean Topping ag díol go leor i rith gheimhridh 1888-89. Faoi bhliain ina dhiaidh sin bhí na lótaí ag tabhairt suas le $295 do lót amháin agus $9,515 do bhloc de 32. Ní fhéadfadh Sproat ná Giffin, a tháinig chun bheith ina thaifeadóir mianadóireachta do Cheantar Sléibhe an Toad i bpríomhbhliain 1889 nuair a aistríodh Anderson go Ainsworth, a éileamh a chur ar eagla ar Bunting, a raibh a theach lógó ar an gcéad cheann sa bhaile nua.\nNíor bhog Bunting go dtí 1889 agus sheas a theach ar feadh naoi mbliana.\nAr 18 Márta, 1897, rugadh Cathair Nelson nuair a eisíodh na Litreacha Patent. Ba é John \"Truth\" Houston an chéad mhéara. Tá sé ina cheannas go fóill go bhfuil sé ina shuíomh ar Shráid Vernon, i lár na cathrach.\nLe leanúint."} +{"text": "This article is about heating and cooling. It explains the role it plays for the general health and well being of the people. Heating and cooling plays a big role in the general well being and health of a person. While the environment, weather, and climate of each region on Earth is dictated by its location, there are times when extraordinary weather conditions occur.\nIn the case of buildings that house offices and workers, the people who maintain and run these need to keep a comfortable temperature in order to cater to the workers in them. Artificial means to cool or warm the entire building are employed in the form of HVAC units. These units provide a constant stream of cool or warm air that is deemed suitable for the comfort of the people inside the structure. In some structures, there are sensitive materials or equipment that need colder or hotter air than what is normally provided to the entire facility.\nHealth and Wellbeing\nThe health of a person is given especially when this individual is young and not prone to illnesses and diseases. The right diet and care for the body is something that most individuals do. During work or in their homes, people are exposed to environmental factors that can affect their health and well being. Heating and cooling temperatures are determined by what is comfortable for the individuals occupying the buildings. The actual temperature outside affects the temperature indoors. Many people get sick when exposed to air that may be too cold or too warm. Some individuals who are prone to a cold may get this easily when exposed to cold air, which is above what is comfortable. Some people also cannot concentrate too much with either too much heat or too much cold. It affects the efficiency of each person at work. Switching from warm to cool can also affect a person’s health and well being in the sense that the body takes some time to acclimate to the surrounding temperature. If the individual comes from a chilly office and goes out to the balmy air outside, then the body may feel lethargic or sickly for an hour or so. The reverse also applies.\nSome individuals feel lethargic when exposed to a chilly atmosphere with the help of artificial coolers such as air conditioners and fans. Heating and cooling can have small but undesirable effects on the human body if these are taken to extreme temperatures. It is important that the HVAC units of buildings be kept in good condition to maintain their function.\nCall heating and cooling Nampa to get your heating and cooling system fixed.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-51", "url": "http://speakgeekytome.com/2019/08/27/the-importance-of-proper-heating-and-cooling/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575541310866.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20191215201305-20191215225305-00084.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9648130536, "token_count": 501, "score": 3.109375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Baineann an t-alt seo le téamh agus fuaraithe. Míníonn sé an ról a imríonn sé do shláinte ghinearálta agus do leas na ndaoine. Tá ról mór ag téamh agus fuaraithe i bhfolláine agus i sláinte an duine i gcoitinne. Cé go bhfuil an timpeallacht, an aimsir agus aeráid gach réigiúin ar an Domhan faoi réir a shuíomh, bíonn amanna ann nuair a tharlaíonn coinníollacha aimsire neamhghnácha.\nI gcás foirgnimh ina bhfuil oifigí agus oibrithe, ní mór do na daoine a chothaíonn agus a ritheann iad seo teocht compordach a choinneáil chun freastal ar na hoibrithe iontu. Úsáidtear modhanna saorga chun an foirgneamh iomlán a fhuaraithe nó a théamh i bhfoirm aonaid HVAC. Soláthraíonn na haonaid seo sruth leanúnach aer fuar nó te a mheastar a bheith oiriúnach do chothú na ndaoine laistigh den struchtúr. I roinnt struchtúir, tá ábhair nó trealamh íogair ann a dteastaíonn aer níos fuaire nó níos te ná mar a soláthraítear go hiondúil don áis iomlán.\nSláinte agus Folláine\nTugtar sláinte duine go háirithe nuair a bhíonn an duine seo óg agus nach bhfuil sé buailte do ghalair agus do ghalair. Is rud é an aiste bia ceart agus cúram an chomhlachta a dhéanann an chuid is mó daoine. Le linn oibre nó ina dtithe féin, bíonn daoine nochtaithe do fhachtóirí timpeallachta a d'fhéadfadh tionchar a bheith acu ar a sláinte agus ar a bhfolláine. Déantar teochtaí téimh agus fuaraithe a chinneadh de réir na n-aistriúcháin atá compordach do dhaoine aonair atá ag maireachtáil sna foirgnimh. Bíonn tionchar ag an teocht iarbhír lasmuigh ar an teocht laistigh. Bíonn go leor daoine tinn nuair a bhíonn siad nochtaithe d'aer a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ró-fhuar nó ró-te. D'fhéadfadh go dtarlódh sé seo go héasca ar roinnt daoine atá tugtha do chois nuair a bhíonn siad nochtaithe d'aer fuar, atá os cionn an méid atá compordach. Ní féidir le daoine áirithe díriú go mór freisin, bíodh sé ró-theas nó ró-fhuar. Bíonn tionchar aige ar éifeachtúlacht gach duine ag obair. Féadfaidh athrú ó theochta go fuaracht tionchar a bheith aige ar shláinte agus ar fholláine duine sa chiall go dtógann sé tamall don chorp dul i dtaithí ar an teocht timpeallachta. Má thagann an duine ó oifig fuar agus má théann sé amach chun an aer balmy lasmuigh, ansin d'fhéadfadh an corp a bheith lethargic nó tinn ar feadh uair an chloig nó mar sin. Baineann an aisiompú freisin.\nBíonn daoine áirithe ag mothú go bhfuil siad ag dul i ngleic le lethargic nuair a bhíonn siad nochtaithe do thimpeallacht fuar le cabhair ó chúlraí saorga amhail aerchóirithe agus lucht leanúna. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh éifeachtaí beaga ach neamháisiúla ag téamh agus fuarú ar chorp an duine má dhéantar iad seo a chur go teochtaí iomarcacha. Tá sé tábhachtach go gcoimeádfar aonad HVAC na bhfoirgneamh i riocht maith chun a bhfeidhm a choinneáil.\nGlaoigh ar an teas agus ar an fhuaraithe Nampa chun do chóras téimh agus fuaraithe a shocrú."} +{"text": "Is gaming beneficial for adults?\nThe debate over whether or not video games are suitable for adults has been ongoing for some time, and new studies continue to come out that add fuel to the fire. Some scientists agree that playing video games can be beneficial and lead to better brain function, while others believe they’re nothing but a waste of time with no benefits at all. The latter group will say that many adult gamers claim they experience cognitive development from video games. Still, in reality, their brains may just be struggling to find something else more interesting than the natural world around them. Both sides of the argument appear valid, but one thing is for sure: you can absorb new information and improve your problem-solving skills by playing video games.\nThe number of adults that play video games has been steadily increasing over the years, and a study done in 2010 found that a whopping 78% of American gamers are 18 or older. This suggests that even as we grow older, our desire to play video games doesn’t seem to wane much at all. Many people continue to play throughout their lives as a way to escape from stress and work. Entertainment games that are widely spread are can be casino games – Book of the Dead, Reactoonz 2, Holy Cow, or even role-playing games such as Grand Theft Auto or Witcher. Of course, if they become too addictive or interfere with responsibilities, they can become dangerous, but there is something inherently good about gaming for adults on some level.\nMany scientific studies have shown how playing video games may help improve brain function by teaching us new strategies for solving problems. For example, a University of Toronto study found that playing action games can boost your decision-making ability under time pressure by 35%. This is partly because video games force you to make split-second decisions while playing, which should have some carryover into other parts of your life. The good news is that this benefit should remain even if you’re taking breaks from the game for extended periods, so it’s not something that’ll disappear after just a few minutes of playtime.\nHowever, other scientists say no studies are proving any real cognitive development benefits from gaming at all. The debate has been going on for years now with no clear winner… until now? A recent study suggests gamers who play first-person shooter games experience a boost in cognitive ability after playing. Still, those who play slower-paced puzzle games don’t see as much improvement. So, if you’re looking to up your mental game, then it would seem that first-person shooters are the best option. This makes sense because action video games have been shown before to provide cognitive benefits more readily than other types of video games.\nWhether or not there is any real benefit from playing video games may depend on how much time and effort you put into them. According to Dr. James Gee of the University of Wisconsin – Madison, people can learn a lot about themselves and improve their overall focus by playing video games, but that won’t happen if you don’t take it seriously. So, if you’re trying to get any benefit from playing an action game, then make sure it’s something you enjoy and can invest your full attention into so you can reap the benefits.\nWhether or not video games are suitable for adults may still be up in the air after this latest study, but there is no denying they have some value if played correctly. If anything, they provide a welcome escape from stress at work or allow for relaxation at home when life gets overwhelming. However, playing too much or ignoring responsibilities in favor of gaming can lead to negative consequences…so it all depends on how severe your pick-up game is.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-06", "url": "https://ferhu.com/is-gaming-beneficial-for-adults/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500719.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20230208060523-20230208090523-00842.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9639868736, "token_count": 765, "score": 2.59375, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "An bhfuil cearrbhachas tairbheach do dhaoine fásta?\nTá an díospóireacht faoi cibé an bhfuil cluichí físeáin oiriúnach d'aosaigh nó nach bhfuil ar siúl le tamall anuas, agus leanann staidéir nua ag teacht amach a chuireann ola ar an tine. Aontaíonn roinnt eolaithe gur féidir le cluichí físe a imirt a bheith tairbheach agus a bheith ina gcúis le feidhmiú níos fearr ar an inchinn, agus creideann daoine eile nach bhfuil siad ach dramhaíl ama gan aon tairbhe ar chor ar bith. Deir an grúpa deireanach go n-éileoidh go leor gamers fásta go bhfuil forbairt chognaíoch acu ó chluiche físe. Mar sin féin, i ndáiríre, d'fhéadfadh a gcuid brains a bheith ag streachailt chun rud éigin eile a fháil níos suimiúla ná an domhan nádúrtha timpeall orthu. Is cosúil go bhfuil an dá thaobh den argóint bailí, ach tá rud amháin cinnte: is féidir leat eolas nua a ionsú agus do scileanna réiteach fadhbanna a fheabhsú trí chluich físeáin.\nTá líon na ndaoine fásta a imríonn cluichí físeáin ag méadú go seasta thar na blianta, agus staidéar a rinneadh i 2010 fuair sé go bhfuil an-mhór 78% de na himreoirí Meiriceánach 18 nó níos sine. Tugann sé seo le tuiscint go bhfuil sé cosúil go bhfuil ár ngá le cluichí físeáin a imirt ag titim i bhfad fiú nuair a bhíonn muid ag fás níos sine. Leanann go leor daoine ag imirt le linn a saoil mar bhealach chun teannas agus obair a sheachaint. Is féidir le cluichí siamsaíochta atá scaipthe go forleathan a bheith ina gcluichí Casino Book of the Dead, Reactoonz 2, Holy Cow, nó fiú cluichí ról-imirt mar Grand Theft Auto nó Witcher. Ar ndóigh, má thagann siad ró-dibhéasach nó go gcuireann siad isteach ar fhreagrachtaí, d'fhéadfadh siad a bheith contúirteach, ach tá rud éigin go bunúsach maith faoi chluiche do dhaoine fásta ar leibhéal éigin.\nLéirigh go leor staidéir eolaíochta go bhféadfadh cluichí físeáin a bheith ina chuidiú le feidhmiú na hinchinne a fheabhsú trí straitéisí nua a mhúineadh dúinn chun fadhbanna a réiteach. Mar shampla, fuair staidéar ó Ollscoil Toronto amach gur féidir le cluichí gníomhaíochta a imirt do chumas cinntí a dhéanamh faoi bhrú ama a threisiú 35%. Tá sé seo go páirteach toisc go gcuireann cluichí físeáin iallach ort cinntí a dhéanamh i gcodanna de thrian agus tú ag imirt, rud a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ina chuid de do chuid eile den saol. Is é an dea-scéal ná gur chóir go bhfanfadh an sochar seo fiú má tá tú ag cur sosanna ón gcluiche ar feadh tréimhsí fada, mar sin ní rud é a imíonn tar éis cúpla nóiméad de am cluichíochta.\nMar sin féin, deir eolaithe eile nach bhfuil aon staidéir ag dearbhadh aon tairbhí fírinneach forbartha cognaíocha ó chearrbhachas ar chor ar bith. Tá an díospóireacht ag dul ar aghaidh le blianta anois gan aon bhuaiteoir soiléir ... go dtí anois? Tugann staidéar le déanaí le fios go mbíonn borradh ag gaiméaraithe a imríonn cluichí lámhach céad-phearsa i gcumas cognaíoch tar éis dóibh imirt. Mar sin féin, ní fheiceann na daoine a imríonn cluichí phéistle a bhíonn níos moille an oiread sin feabhsaithe. Mar sin, má tá tú ag lorg chun suas do chluiche mheabhrach, ansin is cosúil go bhfuil shooters chéad duine an rogha is fearr. Tá sé seo ciallmhar toisc go bhfuil sé léirithe roimhe seo go soláthraíonn cluichí físe gníomhaíochta buntáistí cognaíocha níos éasca ná cineálacha eile cluichí físe.\nAn bhfuil aon leas fíor nó nach bhfuil ag baint le cluichí físeáin a imirt, b'fhéidir go mbeidh sé ag brath ar an méid ama agus iarrachta a chuireann tú isteach iontu. De réir an Dr. James Gee ó Ollscoil Wisconsin Madison, is féidir le daoine a lán a fhoghlaim fúthu féin agus a gcuid fócas foriomlán a fheabhsú trí chluichí físe a imirt, ach ní tharlóidh sin mura nglacann tú go dáiríre leis. Mar sin, má tá tú ag iarraidh a fháil ar aon tairbhe ó ag imirt cluiche gníomhaíochta, ansin a dhéanamh cinnte go bhfuil sé rud éigin a bhfuil tú taitneamh a bhaint agus is féidir a infheistiú do aird iomlán i ionas gur féidir leat a bhaint as na buntáistí.\nAn bhfuil nó nach bhfuil cluichí físeáin oiriúnach d'aosaigh d'fhéadfadh a bheith fós san aer tar éis an staidéar is déanaí, ach níl aon diúltú go bhfuil siad roinnt luach má bhí sé a imirt i gceart. Má tá, cuireann siad faoiseamh fáilte roimh strus ag an obair nó cuireann siad deis le scíth a ligean sa bhaile nuair a bhíonn an saol ag éirí thar a bheith trom. Mar sin féin, is féidir le ró-imirt nó neamhaird a dhéanamh ar fhreagrachtaí i bhfabhar cearrbhachais a bheith ina chúis le hiarmhairtí diúltacha...mar sin braitheann sé ar fad ar cé chomh tromchúiseach is atá do chluiche pictiúr."} +{"text": "St. Colman Catholic Church\nSt. Colman Catholic Church, located on W. 65th Street near Lorain Avenue, was founded in 1880 as a response to the rapidly growing Irish immigrant population on Cleveland's West Side. Father Eugene M. O'Callaghan, former pastor of the predominately Irish St. Patrick's Catholic Church, held the first mass in a rented home off of Gordon Street (W 65th Street). Later that year, the first church was constructed on Gordon Street and the home was converted into St. Colman School. With over 1,000 worshipers in 1883, the church was expanding in both its size and the role it played within the surrounding community. A new school was built on Gordon Street in 1885, and a convent was constructed for the Sisters of St. Joseph to begin their residency the following year. By 1904, a larger 3 level schoolhouse opened that included a 1,000 seat auditorium in the basement.\nTaking four years to construct, St. Colman Catholic Church opened its doors in 1918. The classical style structure could accommodate 2,800 people. St. Colman continued to expand, with a convent added in 1921, and both a second school and rectory constructed in 1930. The Church continued to act as the centerpiece of the neighborhood's Irish community until the middle of the century.\nThe West Side Irish community remained stable until the end of World War II. Soon after, however, the community dissolved as a result of the general exodus of Cleveland residents away from the urban core. In this changing environment, St. Colman Church evolved to meet the needs of an increasingly diverse and less prosperous community. With the 1904 school being closed and demolished in 1974, St. Colman opened one of the West Side's first preschools in its 1930 school building. Additionally, the church expanded its role ministering and providing social services to the outlying neighborhood through the development of a recovery program, literacy projects, an outreach ministry, and HUD supported housing for senior citizens.\nIn an effort to downsize the Cleveland Catholic Diocese, Bishop Richard Lennon announced that St. Colman would merge with St. Stephen in March 2009. This order led to local grassroots efforts by the community to have Lennon reconsider his decision. Rev. Bob Begin visited Lennon on two occasions to make the case for St. Colman. A flurry of appeal letters were sent to Lennon, arguing that the parishes’ social services had a tremendous impact on the urban poor, and that the church was financially stable. The works done by both Begin and St. Colman’s parishioners convinced Lennon to keep the church open.\nHowever, not every church was spared closure. St. Emeric church closed on June 30th, 2010, leaving hundreds without a parish. Enter St. Colman; Rev. Begin collaborated with St. Emeric’s parishioner Eva Szabo, to hold monthly masses at St. Colman. Begin started learning Magyer, a Hungarian language, in order to prepare for St. Emeric’s churchgoers. He told the Plain Dealer, “I’ll learn to speak Hungarian enough to do the prayers.” The masses continued while Szabo and others continued to fight for their parish.\nWhen Rev. Begin turned 75, he had to retire under church law. St. Colman’s parishioners disagreed, wishing for Begin to stay longer. In their efforts, they submitted over 3,000 signatures and letters to Lennon to change his mind about Begin’s retirement. Lennon listened and offered Begin to work for one more year, to which Begin accepted. Begin officially retired in 2014, but continued to help and assist the church and those in need.", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-14", "url": "https://clevelandhistorical.org/items/show/185", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945242.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20230324020038-20230324050038-00628.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9781973958, "token_count": 763, "score": 2.5625, "int_score": 3, "irish_text": "Eaglais Chaitliceach Naomh Colman\nBunaíodh Eaglais Chaitliceach Naomh Colman, atá suite ar an 65ú Sráid W. in aice le Lorain Avenue, i 1880 mar fhreagra ar an daonra inimirceach Éireannach a bhí ag fás go tapa ar thaobh thiar Cleveland. Rinne an tAthair Eugene M. O'Callaghan, iar-pháisteoir Eaglais Chaitliceach Naomh Pádraig, a bhfuil an chuid is mó de mhuintir na hÉireann ann, an chéad mhisean i dteach ar cíos in aice le Sráid Gordon (Sráid 65th W). Níos déanaí an bhliain sin, tógadh an chéad eaglais ar Sráid Gordon agus rinneadh an teach ina Scoil Naomh Colman. Le breis agus 1,000 adhradh i 1883, bhí an eaglais ag leathnú dá mhéid agus an ról a bhí aige laistigh den phobal timpeall air. Tógadh scoil nua ar Sráid Gordon i 1885, agus tógadh convent do na Siúracha Naomh Iósaef chun tús a chur lena gcónaithe an bhliain ina dhiaidh sin. Faoi 1904, d'oscail teach scoile níos mó 3 leibhéal a raibh halla 1,000 suíochán sa bhunscoil san áireamh.\nAg tógáil ceithre bliana, d'oscail Eaglais Chaitliceach Naomh Colman a doirse i 1918. D'fhéadfadh an struchtúr stíl clasaiceach freastal ar 2,800 duine. Lean Naomh Colman ag leathnú, le convent a chur leis i 1921, agus an dara scoil agus an rectory a tógadh i 1930. Lean an Eaglais ar aghaidh ag feidhmiú mar lárphéist de phobal na hÉireann sa chomharsanacht go dtí lár na haoise.\nD'fhan pobal na hÉireann ar an Taobh Thiar seasmhach go dtí deireadh an Dara Cogadh Domhanda. Go gairid ina dhiaidh sin, áfach, díscaoileadh an pobal mar thoradh ar eisiúint ginearálta cónaitheoirí Cleveland ar shiúl ón gcroílár uirbeach. Sa timpeallacht athraitheach seo, d'fhorbair Eaglais Naomh Colman chun freastal ar riachtanais phobal atá ag éirí níos éagsúla agus níos lú rathúla. Le scoil 1904 a dúnadh agus a scriosadh i 1974, d'oscail St. Colman ceann de na chéad réamhscoileanna ar an Taobh Thiar ina fhoirgneamh scoile 1930. Ina theannta sin, leathnaigh an eaglais a ról ag freastal agus ag soláthar seirbhísí sóisialta don chomharsanacht imeallach trí chlár athshlánaithe, tionscadail litearthachta, aireacht amachraíochta, agus tithíocht a thacaíonn HUD do shaoránaigh scothaosta a fhorbairt.\nI iarracht a dhéanamh an Diocese Caitliceach Cleveland a laghdú, d'fhógair an tEaspag Richard Lennon go mbeadh Naomh Colman ag teacht le Naomh Stephen i mí an Mhárta 2009. Mar thoradh ar an ordú seo, rinne an pobal iarrachtaí áitiúil chun go ndéanfadh Lennon a chinneadh a athbheochan. Rev. Thug Bob Begin cuairt ar Lennon dhá uair chun an cás a dhéanamh do St. Colman. Seoladh litreacha achomhairc go Lennon, ag argóint go raibh tionchar ollmhór ag seirbhísí sóisialta na bparóiste ar na bochta uirbeacha, agus go raibh an eaglais cobhsaí ó thaobh airgeadais de. Chuir na hoibreacha a rinne páistí Begin agus Naomh Colman Lennon ina luí ar an eaglais a choinneáil ar oscailt.\nMar sin féin, ní raibh gach eaglais slán ó dhúnadh. Dúnadh eaglais Naomh Emeric an 30 Meitheamh, 2010, ag fágáil na céadta gan paróiste. Téigh isteach i St Colman; Rev. D'oibrigh Begin le paróisteoir Naomh Emeric, Eva Szabo, chun measaí míosúla a reáchtáil ag Naomh Colman. Thosaigh Begin ag foghlaim Magyer, teanga Ungáiris, d'fhonn ullmhú do lucht eaglais Naomh Emeric. Dúirt sé leis an Dealer Plain, \"I'll learn to speak Hungarian enough to do the prayers\". Lean na maisí ar aghaidh agus Szabo agus daoine eile ag streachailt ar son a bparóiste.\nNuair a Rev. Thosaigh sé ag dul ar scor ag aois 75, de réir dlí na heaglaise. Níor aontaigh páistí na Naomh Colman, ag iarraidh go bhfanfadh Begin níos faide. Ina n-iarrachtaí, chuir siad os cionn 3,000 síniú agus litreacha chuig Lennon chun a intinn a athrú faoi scor Begin. D'éist Lennon agus thairg sé tús a chur le hobair ar feadh bliana amháin eile, a ghlac Begin leis. Thosaigh sé ar scor go hoifigiúil in 2014, ach lean sé ag cabhrú agus ag cabhrú leis an eaglais agus leis na daoine atá i ngátar."} +{"text": "A 39,000 year old, well-preserved woolly mammoth will be on view to the public from July 13th to September 16th at an exhibition hall in Yokohama, Japan.\nThe specimen, a baby female whom scientists nicknamed \"Yuka,\" was found in May on the New Siberian Islands. Yuka had been trapped in the ice for centuries, but the frozen conditions kept Yuka's fur and muscle tissue intact.\nParts of her torso and legs, however, had been partially consumed by prehistoric predators.\nPaleontologists previously discovered examples of woolly mammoths, but many, including one nicknamed Jenya, found last year also in Siberia, were more decomposed due to insufficiently cold climates.\nSemyon Grigoriev, chairman of the Museum of Mammoths of the Institute of Applied Ecology of the North at the North Eastern Federal University, called Yuka \"the best-preserved mammoth in the history of paleontology.\"\nVisitors to the exhibition hall in Japan can see Yuka's intact snout, amber fur, and hardy hooves —not bad for a species that roamed the earth over 10,000 years ago.\nIn addition, there's a chance that the ice age may meet the modern age: unlike with other woolly mammoth specimens, researchers were able to extract blood from the creature, \"leading to speculation that scientists might try to clone the extinct animal.\"", "id": "", "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-26", "url": "http://www.nbcnews.com/science/exceptionally-preserved-woolly-mammoth-goes-view-6C10592132", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320215.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624031945-20170624051945-00448.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9741018414, "token_count": 291, "score": 3.734375, "int_score": 4, "irish_text": "Beidh mamoth uachtar, 39,000 bliain d'aois, a chaomhnófar go maith le feiceáil don phobal ó 13 Iúil go 16 Meán Fómhair i halla taispeántais i Yokohama, an tSeapáin.\nFuarthas an sampla, bean bheaga a thug eolaithe an leasainm \"Yuka\", i mí na Bealtaine ar Oileáin Nua-Sibéir. Bhí Yuka gafa sa oighear ar feadh na gcéadta bliain, ach d'fhág na coinníollacha reoite gruaig agus fíochán matáin Yuka slán.\nBhí codanna dá torso agus a cosa, áfach, tuillte go páirteach ag creachadóirí réamhstairiúla.\nFuair paleontologists samplaí de mamuthanna uachtar roimhe seo, ach bhí go leor acu, lena n-áirítear ceann amháin ar a dtugtar Jenya, a fuarthas an bhliain seo caite freisin sa Sibéir, níos mó dí-imní mar gheall ar aeráidí nach raibh fuar go leor.\nDúirt Semyon Grigoriev, cathaoirleach Músaem na Mammooths de Institiúid Eiceolaíochta Feidhmiúil an Tuaiscirt ag Ollscoil Chónaidhme Thuaiscirt Thuaidh, go raibh Yuka \"an mammooth is fearr a chaomhnaíodh i stair na paileantaolaíochta\".\nIs féidir le cuairteoirí ar an halla taispeántais sa tSeapáin an snáthacha, an fheirme amáire, agus na hooves daingean a fheiceáil - ní go dona do speiceas a bhí ag siúl ar an talamh níos mó ná 10,000 bliain ó shin.\nIna theannta sin, tá seans ann go bhféadfadh an ré oighear a bheith ag teacht le linn na n-aois nua-aimseartha: murab ionann agus samplaí eile mamut uachtar, bhí taighdeoirí in ann fuil a bhaint as an gcruth, \"ag tabhairt faoi thuairim go bhféadfadh eolaithe iarracht a dhéanamh an ainmhí imithe a chlónaíocht\"."}