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Bigger (Beyoncé song)

Bigger (Beyoncé song) "Bigger" (stylized in uppercase) is a song by American singer Beyoncé from the 2019 album "" and featured in the 2020 film "Black Is King". Background. The song was penned at a writing camp at Beyoncé's studio and was created due to a bond with British singer-songwriter Raye and US songwriter Stacy Barthe. Raye told BBC Newsbeat: "I remember we were both in a really dark, sad place and we wanted to create something to empower ourselves. We spent maybe two or three hours on it. It was 3 a.m. and I remember Beyoncé's team came in and heard what we'd created so far and just completely freaked out. It was incredible." Raye also told Official Charts: "I wrote a lot of songs - I put a shift in. But [Beyoncé] fell in love with Bigger." Beyoncé informed Raye that "Bigger" would be the first song on the album at the 2019 "The Lion King" European premiere, and her reaction, as caught on video, went viral. Raye tweeted "Beyoncé told me I’ve written Track 1 on the new album ... it’s called Bigger . I can’t I can’t." Composition and lyrical interpretation. "Bigger" is preceded by "Balance", a Mufasa interlude voiced by James Earl Jones, which samples his "Circle of Life" speech from the 2019 film. The two tracks segue into each other. "Dazed" described this shift as "tying in nicely with the track’s lyrics." According to "The Atlantic", "Bigger" has an overarching theme of "royal succession" as well as an undercurrent exploration of the "ecological and existential" aspects of the "Circle of Life." Matzav Review described "Bigger" as an "ode to the natural riches of the African continent" whilst also serving as a tribute to Beyoncé's children, showing them the paraphrased "power of collective knowledge." Music video. A music video was released on July 19, 2019, as the second part from an extended edition of the music video from "Spirit", the lead single from the album. A second music video was released in "Black Is King". It features snippets of the original video with new footage filmed specifically for the movie. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

dangor (beyo 'noche geet) "dangor" (dangor bakyot xoilibodho) hoise 2019 sonor elbam "" ror poraa aamerikan gayok biyunchor etaa geet aaru 2020 sonor solositro "" black ij king "" too boixistyojukto. potobhumi. ei gittu biyo 'nocher studio' too thoka etaa likhon xibirot likha hoisil aaru britis gayok-gitikar raaye aaru aamerikar gitikar stacy barthor xoite ek xomporkor baabe sristi koraa hoisil. raaye bibisi newzbeatok koichiloh "mur monot aase aami duyu xosakoiye ek ondhokar, dukhjonok sthanot aasilu aaru aami nijoke xoktixali koriboloi kiba etaa sristi koribo bisarisilu. aami hoyotu dui baa tini ghonta iyar baabe byoy korilu. ee 3 e aasil.em. aaru mur monot aase je biyunchor doltu aahisil aaru aami etiyaloike ki sristi korisu aaru xompurnorupe bimur hoi porisu xunisilu. eyaa obiswasyo aasil."rayeye sorkari chartburoku koichiloh" moi bohut geet likhisilu-moi etaa poriworton korilu. kintu [beyo 'nche] dangortur premot porisil."biyunche rayek jonay je 2019 sonor" "dyo laayon king" "europiyo primiyarot elbamtur prothom geet hoh 'bob" "dangor" ", aaru video' too dhora poraa teur protikriya viral hoi pore. raaye tuit korisil "biyunche muk koichil je moi notun elbamot trekk 1 likhisu... iyak dangor buli kuwa hoy. moi nuwaru." rosona aaru gitikor byakhya. "dangor" ror aagote "balance", james aarl jonsor konthosworot etaa mufaxa interlood aase, ji 2019 sonor sobikhonor poraa teur "charkle owo life" boktritar nomuna. duyuta trekk ijone xijonor logot millie yaay. "dazed"-e ei poribortontuk "trekor gitor xoite bhaldore bandhi rokha" buli bornona korisil."" "dyo aatlantik" "ror mote," "dangor" "ror" "rajokiyo uttoradhikar" "ror ek byapok bixoybostur logote" "jiwan sokror" "poriwexgot aaru ostitwogot" "dixxomuhor ek ontordexiyo onwexon aase."metjabhor porzaluchonat" "dangor" "koo" "african mohadexor prakritik xompodor proti xonman" "hisape bornona korar logote biyunchor xontanxokolok sroddhanjoli jonuwar logote teulukok xamuhik gyanor parafresed xokti dekhuwai." music video '. 2019 sonor 19 julyte elbamtur mukhyo ekok "spirit" ror xongit video "ror xomproxarito xongoskoronor dwitiyo ongxo hisape etaa xongit video 'mukoli koraa hoisil. black ij king" too etaa dwitiyo music video 'mukoli koraa hoisil. iyat mool video 'tur snipetxomuh aase zo' too bixexkoi sobikhonor baabe sitrogrohon koraa notun phutej aase.

borh (beyonce gaan) "borh" (borh haater shoilite) 2019 saaler album "" theke american gayak beyoncer ekti gaan ebong 2020 saaler cholochchitro "" black iza king ""-ayee prodorshito hoyeche. patabhumi. ganti beyoncer studiote ekti lekhar shibire lekha hoyechilo ebong british gayak-geetikar raay ebong markin geetikar stacey barther saathe bondhoner karone toiri koraa hoyechilo. raay bbc newzbeatke bolenoh "amar money achhe amra dujonei sottii ondhokar, dukkhojonok jaiga chhilam ebong amra nijeder khamatayita korar jonno kichhu toiri korte cheyechilam. amra hoyto dui baa tinn ghanta err jonno byoy korechi. etty chhilo chhilo. ebong amar money achhe beyoncer doll esechilo ebong amra jaa toiri korechi taa shunechilo ebong sompurnobhabe atongkito hoye porechilo. abiswasya chhilo."raay official chartkeo bolechilenoh" aami onek gaan likhechi-aami ekti shift rekhechi. kintu [bayonce] badader preme porey yaay."beyonce raike janiyechilen jey 2019 saaler" "dya lyon king" "europea premiere albumer prothom gaan hobey" "borh" "ebong videote dhora porar moto taar protikriya viral hoye yaay. raay tuit korechen, "beyonce amake boleche jey aami notun albume track 1 likhechi... eke bolla hoy borh. aami paari naa." rachona ebong gitikbita byakhya. "brihottor"-err agey "bharsamyo", james earl jonser kanthaswar ekti mufasa interlood, jaa 2019 saaler cholochchitro theke taanr "jeebon britto" boktritar namuna. duti track eke oporer saathe mishe yaay. "dazed" eyi poribortontike "tracker gaaner saathe sundarbhabe bandha" hisabe bornona koreche."" "atlantik" "onusare," "brihottor" "-err ekti bistrito visayavastu holl" "rajakiya uttoradhikar" "ebong seisathe" "jeebon britter" "poribeshgoto oo ostittogoto" "dikgulir ekti antarnihito anusandhan."matzav porjalochona" "brihottor" "keey" "african mahadesher prakritik sompoder proti shroddha" "hisabe bornona koreche, jekhane beyoncer shishuder proti shroddha hisabeo kaaj korey, taader sommilito gyaner" "khomota" "dekhano hoyeche." music vdo. albumer prodhan ekok "spirit"-err music videor bordhito sangaskaraner dwitiya ongsho hisabe 19shhey julai, 2019-ayee ekti music vdo mukti paay. black iza king"-ayee ekti dwitiya music vdo mukti paay. etey cholochchitrer jonno biseshbhabe chitrayit notun footage soho mool videor snippet royeche.

motoo (beyonce geet) "" "motoo" "(motaa aksharma shailibaddh) aee 2019 naa album" "maanthi american gaayak bayoncenu geet chhe aneey 2020 nee film" "black iz king" "maan darshavvama aavyu chhe". prushthbhumi. aaa geet bayoncenaa studiyomaa aek lekhan shibirma lakhvaamaa aavyu hatoo aneey british gaayak-gitkaar reey aneey yuu. aesa. gitkaar stacy barthe saathena bandhanne kaarane banavvama aavyu hatoo. reae bbc newsbeatne kahyunh "maney yaad chhe keey amey banne kharekhar andharama, dukkhad jagyae hataa aneey amey potaane sashakt banaavvaa maate kaneek banaavvaa maangtaa hataa. amey tenaa parr kadaach beey keey trana kalaak vitaavyaa. teey 3 aee hatoo.aema. aneey maney yaad chhe keey bayonceni team andar aavee hatee aneey saambhalyu hatoo keey amey atyaar sudhee shun banaavyu chhe aneey sampurnpane gabharai gayaa chhiae. teey avishvasneey hatoo."reae sattavaar chartsne pann kahyunh" meyn ghanaa geeto lakhyaa-meyn temaa ferfar karyo. parantu [beyonce] motaa saathe premmaa padyo."bayonce raayne jaana curry hatee keey 2019naa" "dhaa lyon king" "european premiyarmaa album parnoo pratham geet" "motoo" "hashe, aneey teneeni pratikriyaa, videeyoma pakadai gaee tema, viral thaee hatee". reae twit karyoo "bayonce maney kahyoo keey meyn navaa album parr track 1 lakhyo chhe... tene motoo kahevama aave chhe. huun naa curry shakoo." rachnaa aneey bhavatmak arthghatan. "motoo" "santulan" dwara aagad aave chhe, james earl johns dwara avaaj aapvama aavel mufasa interlude, jeey 2019 nee filmmathi temnaa "" jeevannaa vartool "bhashannu namunaa chhe". banne track aekbeeja saathe jodaay chhe. "dozed" aee aaa paaline "treknaa geeto saathe saaree reete jodai" tareeke varnavi hatee."atlantic anusaar," "motaa" "maan" "shaahee uttaradhikar" "nee vyaapak theem chhe temaj" "jeevannaa vartulnaa" "paryaavaraniy aneey astitvanaa" "pasaonu vartmaan sanshodhan chhe"."metzav samikshaae" "motaa" "neey" "african khandnee koodarti sampatti maate aek shraddhaanjali" "tareeke varnavyu hatoo, jyaare bayoncenaa baadakone shraddhaanjali tareeke pann sevaa aapee hatee, jeey temne saamuhik gnyanni vyakhya" "shaktee darshaave chhe"." music videeyo. 19 julai, 2019naa roj aek music videeyo "spirit" maanthi music videeyoni vistrut aavruttina beeja bhaag tareeke rajoo karvaamaa aavyo hato, jeey aalbammathi mukhya single chhe. beejo music videeyo "black iz king" maan rajoo karvaamaa aavyo hato. temaa mool videeyona snippets chhe, jemaa khaas kareene film maate filmavvama aavela navaa footage chhe.

badaa (beyonce geet) "badaa" (badey akshar mein shailibaddh) 2019 key album "" seey americi gaayak beyonce kaa ack geet haye aur 2020 kii film "" black ijj king "" mein dikhaaya gayaa haye. prishthabhoomi. yeh geet beyonce key studio mein ack lekhan shivir mein likhaa gayaa thaa aur british gaayak-geetkaar ray aur us geetkaar stacy barthe key saath ack bandhan key kaaran banaaya gayaa thaa. ray ney bbc newsbeat koo bataayah "mujhe yaad haye kii humm donon vaastav mein ack andheri, dukhad jagah parr they aur humm khud koo sashakt banaane key liye kuchh banaana chaahte they. humm shayed dou yaa teen ghante iss parr bitaaye. yeh 3 aeye thaa.aim. aur mujhe yaad haye kii beyonce kii team aaee aur sunaa kii hamane abb taka kyaa banaaya haye aur poori tarah seey hairan thaa. yeh avishvasaniya thaa."ray ney aadhikarik chart koo bhee bataayah" maine bahut saare gaane likhe-maine ack badalaav kiya. lekin [beyonce] koo badey seey pyaar hoe gayaa."beyonce ney raay koo soochit kiya kii 2019 key europeeya premiere" "dha lyon king" "mein album kaa pahala geet" "badaa" "hoga, aur video mein pakadi gaee unaki pratikriya viral hoe gaee. ray ney tweet kiya, "beyonce ney mujhe bataaya kii maine nae album parr track 1 likhaa haye... ise badaa kahaa jaataa haye. main naheen curr sakata." rachana aur geetaatmak vyakhya. "badaa" seey pahale "santulan", james earl johns dwara aavaaj dee gaee ack mufasa interlood haye, joe 2019 kii film seey unake "jeevan key vritt" bhaashan kaa namuna haye. donon patariyan ack dusare seey milati hain. "dozed" ney iss badalaav koo "track key boll key saath achchi tarah seey baandhate hue" key roop mein varnit kiya."" "atlantic" "key anusaar," "badey" "mein" "shaahi uttaradhikar" "kaa ack vyaapak vishay haye aur saath hii" "jeevan key chakr key paaristhitik aur astitva" "pahaluon kaa ack antarnihit anveshan haye."maitzaav sameeksha ney" "badey" "koo" "african mahadweep key praakritik dhana key liye ack shraddhanjali" "key roop mein varnit kiya, jabaki beyonce key bachchon koo ack shraddhanjali key roop mein bhee kaam kiya, joe unhein saamoohik gyaan kii vyakhya kii gaee shakti koo darshaata haye." sangeet video. ack sangeet video 19 julaai, 2019 koo jaari kiya gayaa thaa, joe album key pramukh ekal "spirit" key sangeet video key vistaarit sanskaran key dusare bhaag key roop mein thaa. doosara sangeet video "black ijj king" mein jaari kiya gayaa thaa. isamen mool video key ansh hain, jisamen vishesh roop seey film key liye filmaae gaye nae footage hain.

doddadu (bians haadu) "doddadu" (dodda aksharadalli shailikrutavagide) embudu 2019rahra albumna american gayaka bians avara haadu mattu 2020rahra chalanachitra "" black ees king "" nalli kanisikondide ". hinnele. ee haadannu biansna studiyodalli baravanige shibiradalli bareyalaayitu mattu british gayaka-geetarachanekaara ray mattu yuu. ess. geetarachanekaara stacey barthe avarondigina bandhadindaagi idannu rachisalaayitu. ray bbc nyus beetge heege helidaru "navibbaroo nijavagiyoo kattaleya, dukkhada sthaladalliddevu mattu naave sabalaragalu enannaadaroo rachisalu bayasiddevu embudu nanage nenapide. naavu bahushah eradu athawa mooru gantegala kaala adara mele kalediddeve. adhu 3 aa aagittu.emm. mattu nanage nenapide, biansna tandavu olage bandu naavu illiyavarege enu rachisidevu mattu sampoornavaagi bhayabheetaraagiddeve endu kelide. idu nambalaagadashtu adbhutavaagittu."ray adhikruta chartgalige saha helidaru" naanu bahalashtu haadugalannu barediddene-naanu ondu badalaavaneyannu maadide. aadare [bians] doddadarondige pritiyalli biddanu."2019rahra" "dhii layan king" "european prathama pradarshanadalli albumna modala haadu" "doddadu" "aagiruttade endu bians rege mahiti niididaru, mattu veediyodalli sikkibiddante aakeya pratikriye viral aayitu". ray tweet maadiddaare "hosa albamnalli naanu track 1 annu barediddene endu bians nanage helidaru... idannu doddadu endu kareyalaaguttade. nanage sadhyavilla." samyojane mattu bhavagitatmaka vyakhyana. "dodda" "ge modalu" "samatolana", "james earl johns dhwani needida mufasa madhyantara, idu 2019 rahra chalanachitradinda avara" "jeevana vrutta" bhashanavannu maadari maaduttade ". eradu haadugalu paraspara besedukondive. "dodged" ee badalaavaneyannu "haadina saahityadondige chennagi hondikolluttade" endu vivariside."atlantic prakara," "doddadu" "embudu" "rajamanetanada uttaradhikara" "dha ondu vyaapakavaada vishayavaagide mattu" "jeevana vrattada" "parisara mattu astitvada" "amshagala olanotada anveshaneyannu hondide"."matjav vimarseyu" "doddadu" "endu vivarisiddu" "african khandada naisargika sampattige gaurava" "endu vivariside, jotege beonseya makkalige gaurava sallisuvanteyoo, avarige saamuhika gnaanada" "saanketika" "shaktiyannu torisuttade"." sangeeta video. albumna pramukha single "spirit" ninda sangeeta veediyoda vistruta aavruttiya eradane bhagavagi 2019rahra julai 19randu sangeeta veediyovannu bidugade maadalaayitu. black ees king" nalli eradane sangeeta video bidugadeyaayitu. idu chalanachitrakkagi nirdishtavagi chitrikarisalaada hosa tunukinondige moola veediyoda tunukugalannu olagondide.

valia (beons gaanam) "2019-leeii aalbathil ninnulla american gayakanaaya beons" "black ees king" "enna 2020-leeii chithratthil avatharippicha oru gaanamaan" "bigg" "(valia aksharathil stylise cheythirikkunnu)". pashchaathalam. beyonsinte studiyoyile oru raitting campilaanu eee gaanam ezhuthiyathu, britiish gayakan gaanarachayithaavumaaya raay, us gaanarachayithaav staasi barth ennivarumaayulla bandham moolamaanu ithu srishtichathu. raay bbc newsbeatinode paranju "njangal randuperum valare irundathum sankadakaravumaaya sthalathaayirunnuvennu njaan oorkkunnu, svayam shaaktheekarikkunnathinaayi enthengilum srishtikkaan njangal aagrahichu. orupakshe rando moonno manikkoor njangal athinaayi chelavazhichu. athu 3 eiii aayirunnu.emm. biyonsinte team akathu vannu njangal ithuvare srishtichathu kettathum poornnamaayum paribhraantharaayathum njaan oorkkunnu. athu avishwasaneeyamaayirunnu."raay audyogika chaarttukalod paranju" njaan dhaaraalam ganangal ezhuthiyittundu-njaan oru maattam varuthi. ennaal [beons] valia aalumaayi pranayathilaayi."2019 leeii" "dhii layan king" "europian premiyarile aalbathile aadya gaanamayirikkum" "bigg" "ennu beons raaye ariyichu, veediyoyil kandethiyathupole avalude prathikaranam vairalayi". raay tweet cheythu, "puthiya aalbathil njaan track 1 ezhuthiyittundennu beons ennodu paranju... athine valuth ennu vilikkunnu. enikku kazhiyilla." rachana ganarachana. "bigg" ennathinu munbu jaims erl johns shabdam nalkia "balance" enna mufaza interlood undu, ithu 2019 leeii sinimayil ninnulla addehathinte "sarkkil oof life" prasamgatthinte maathrkayaanu. rund traakkukalum parasparam cherunnu. "daised" eee maattathe "trackinte varikalumayi nannayi poruthappedunnu" ennu visheshippichu."atlaantik" anusarichu, "" valia "" ennathinu "" rajakeeya pinthudarcha "" enna oru vyapakamaaya prameyavum "" jeevita vrithathinte "" paaristhithikavum asthithvaparavumaaya "" vashangalude oru antarvaahini paryaveshanavumundu "."maatsaav avalokanam" "valia" "ennathine" "aafrikkan bhookhandathile prakrithi sambathinaayulla oru adaranjali" "ennu visheshippikkukayum beyonsinte kuttikalkkulla aadarasoochakamaayi pravartthikkukayum koottaaya arivinte" "paraphrase cheytha shakti" "kaanikkukayum cheythu"." music viidiyoo. aalbathile pradhana single "spirittil" ninnulla music veediyoyude vipuleekritha pathippil ninnulla randaam bhaagamaayi 2019 juulai 19 nuu oru music viidiyoo puratthirangi. black ees king" enna peril randaamathe music viidiyoo puratthirangi. sinimaykkaayi prathyekamaayi chithreekaricha puthiya foottejukalulla yadhaartha veediyoyude bhagangal ithil ulppeduthiyittundu.

mothe (beyonce gaane) "mothe" (mothya aksharat shailibaddha) heey 2019 chya albammadhil american gayak beonceche gaane aahe aanee 2020 chya "" black ij king "" yaa chitrapatat dakhavale gele aahe ". parshvabhoomi. heey gaane beoncechya studiomadhil lekhan shibirat lihile gele hote aanee british gayak-gitkar reey aanee us gitkar stacy barth yanchyashi asalelya bandhamule tayar kele gele hote. rayne bbc newsbeatla sangitaleh "mallah aathavate qee aamhi doghe kharokharach eka andharlelya, dukkhad thikani hoto aanee aamhala swatahla saksham karnyasathi kahitari tayar karayache hote. aamhi tyavar kadachit done kinwa teen taas ghalavale. 3 aaa hote.emm. aanee mallah aathavate qee beoncecha sangh aala aanee aamhi aataparyant kaay tayar kele aahe teey aikale aanee purnapane ghabaralo. teey avishvasaniy hote."rayne adhikrut taktyanna dekhil sangitaleh" mea barich ganee lihili-mea tyat badal keela. pann [beyonce] mothya vyaktichya premat padala."beonsene rayala sangitale qee 2019 chya" "daad lyon king" "european premiyarmadhye albumvaril pahile gaane" "mothe" "asel aanee vhidiomadhye qaid jhalyanusar tichi pratikriya viral jhaali". rayne tweet kele qee, "beonsene mallah sangitale qee mea naveen albamvar track 1 lihila aahe... tyala mothe mhanatat. mea karoo shakat nahee." rachana aanee bhavatmak arth. "bigg' chya aadhi 'ballance' aahe, james earl jonsane aavaj dilela mufasa interleud, joou 2019 chya chitrapatatil tyachya 'jeevan vartul' bhashanacha namuna aahe. donhi track ekmekanshi jodale jaatat. "dajeded' neey yaa badalache varnan 'ganyachya bolanshi chhan julavun ghetalele' asey kele."atalantikchya matey," "mothe" "haah" "shahee uttaradhikar" "chaa vyapak vishay aahe tasech" "jeevan vartulachya" "paryavaraniy aanee astitvavadi" "pailuncha antargat shodh aahe"."matzavchya punaravalokanat" "mothya" "chey varnan" "african khandachya naisargik sampattisathi eka sanman" "mhanoon kele gele aahe, tarr beyoncechya mulanna shraddhanjali mhanoon dekhil kaam kele aahe, jeey tyanna samoohik dnyanachi vyakhya keleli" "shakti" "darshavate"." music video. albammadhil pramukh ekal 'spirit' madheel sangeet vhidiochya vistarit aavrutticha dusra bhag mhanoon 19 julai 2019 roji eka sangeet video pradarshit karnyat aala. black ij king' madhye dusra sangeet video pradarshit karnyat aala. tyat mool vhidioche kahee bhag aahet jyat visheshtah chitrapatasathi chitrit kelelya naveen footage aahet.

thulo (biyonse geet) "thulo" (thulo aksharma shailikrit) americi gayak biyonsko 2019 album "" batt ek geet how rar 2020 ko film "" black iz king "" maa chitrit chha. prishthabhumi. yo geet beyonsko studioko lekhan shivirma lekhieko thiyo rar britis gayak-gitkar rey rar americi gitkar stacy barthasangko sambandhaka karan sirjana garieko thiyo. rele bbc newsbitlai bhaneh "malai yadd chha hammy duwai sanchchai andhyaro, dukhad thaunma thiyaun rar hammy afulai sashakta banauna kehi sirjana garna chahanthyaun. hamile yasama dui wa tinn ghanta kharcha garyaun. yo 3 ae thiyo.emm. rar malai yadd chha biyonsko tolly bhitra ayo rar hamile ahilesamma key sirjana gareka thiyaun rar purna rupma daraeka chhaun bhanne sune. yo awishwasaniya thiyo."rele adhikarik chartma pani bhaneh" maile dherai githaru lekhen-maile euta pariwartan garen. tara [beonce] thula manisasanga premma pare."biyonsele rayalai jankari die kii 2019 ko" "da lyon king" "europeli premiyarma albumma pahilo geet" "thulo" "hunechha, rar unko pratikriya, bhidiyoma samatieko rupma, bhairal bhayo. rele tweet gare "biyonsele malai batae kii maile nayan albumma track 1 lekheko chhu... yasalai thulo bhaninchha. mahm garna sakdinan." rachana rar bhawatmak wyakhya. "thulo" "balance" "batt pahile hunchha, james earl jonsdwara awaz diieko mufasa interlood, jasle 2019 ko filmbata unko" "jiwan chakra" bhashanko namuna linchha. dui track ekarkama milchhan. "desed" ley yo siftalai "tracko shabdasanga ramrosanga baandhieko" bhanera warnan gareko chha."" "da atlantic" "kaa anusar," "thulo" "maa" "shahi uttaradhikar" "ko wyapak vishayavastu chha sathai" "jiwan chakrako" "paristhitik rar astitwagat" "pakshaharuko antarnihit anweshan chha."matzabh samikshale" "thulo" "lai" "africi mahadwipko prakritik dhanko samman" "ko rupma warnan gareko chha jabki beyonska bachchaharulai sammanko rupma pani sewa gardai uniharulai samuhik gyanko wyakhya garieko" "shakti" "dekhaundacha." music bhidiyo. euta music bhidiyo 19 july, 2019 maa albumko mukhya ekal "spirit" batt music bhidiyoko wistarit sanskaranko dosro bhagko rupma jaari garieko thiyo. dosro music bhidiyo "black iz king" maa rilij garieko thiyo. yasale vishesh gari chalchitraka lagi khichieko nayan footageko sath muel bhidiyoko snipetharu prastut gardacha.

budd (bijonse geeta) "budd" (budd akhyarare shaileekruta) heuchhi 2019 albummer americae gajaka bijonsenka eka geeta ebong 2020 chalachitra "" black iz kinga "" ray pradarshita . prusthabhumi. ehi geetati bijonsenka studiore eka likhan shibirare lekhajaithila ebong british gajaka-geetikara ray ebong jayu. ess. geetikara stacy barthenka saha eka bandhan hetu srusti karajaithila. ray bibisi nyujwit ku kahichantih "more maneh achhi aame duhen eka prakruta andhara, duhkhada sthanare thilu ebong aame nijaku sashakta kariba paain kichhi srusti karibaku chahunthilu. aame huet dui kimba tini ghanta ehaa upare bitaichu. ehaa 3aii thila.emm. ebong more maneh achhi je bijonsenka dala bhitaraku asithila ebong sunithila je aame eparjyanta qa 'naa srusti karichhu ebong sampurna bhabare chakita. ehaa abiswasaneeja thila."raiah official chartku madhya kahithileh" mun aneka geeta lekhithili-mun eka paribartana aanithili. kintu [bijonse] budd sahita premare padigale ."bijonse rajanku suchana deithile je 2019 masihar" "daa lyon kinga" "europeah primijarare albummer pratham geeta heba" "budd", "ebong taanka pratikrija, bhidiore dharapadithiba bhali, bhairal hoithila. ray twit karichanti "bijonse mote kahichanti je mun nutan alabamare track 1 lekhichhi..... ehaaku budd kuhajae. mun paribini." rachna ebong geetikara byakhya. "budd" rahr purbaru "santulana", james earl jonsanka dwara swara uttolana karajaithiba eka mufasa interlood, jaahaa 2019 chalachitrara taanka "zeeban chakra" baktabyara namuna . duiti track paraspara sahita jodi hoi rahichhi. "desed" ehi paribartanaku "track rahr geeta sahita sunder bhabare bandhiba" bhabare barnana karichhi ."" "atlantic" "anujai," "bruhattara" "ray" "rajkiah uttaradhikara" "rahr eka byapaka bishajabastu rahichhi ebong ehaa sahita" "zeeban chakrara" "paribesagata ebong astitwagata" "diggudikara eka aabhyantareen anusandhana rahichhi."matjav samikhya" "bruhattara" "ku" "africa mahadeshar prakrutika dhanaku eka sammana" "bhabare barnana karichhi, jetebele kii bejonsenka pilamananku shradhanjali bhabare madhya karjya karuchhi, semananku samuhika gyanara byakhya shakti darshauchhi ." music bhidio. eka music bhidio july 19,2019 ray muktilabha karithila, albummer mukhya ekaka "spirit" ru music bhidiora eka bardhita sanskaranara dwiteeja bhaga bhabare . black iz kinga" ray eka dwiteeja music bhidio muktilabha karithila . ethire chalachitra paain bisesh bhabare suting karajaithiba nutan footages sahita moola bhidiora snippet achhi .

vadda (beonse geet) "vadda" (vadde akkhar witch shailibadh) amriki gaeek beonce duaara 2019 dee album "" toon ikk geet haii atey 2020 dee film "" black izz king "" witch pradarshit keeta giaa haii. pichokad. ih geet beonce dey studio witch ikk likhan camp witch likhiaa giaa see atey british gaeek-geetkar reye atey yuu. aiss. geetkar stacy barthe naal ikk bandhan dey caarn banaiaa giaa see. reey neey bbc newsbeat noon dassiaao "mainoon yaad haii kii aseen doven sachmuch ikk hanere, udas jagha witch see atey aseen aapne aap noon shaktishali banaun laee kujh banauna chahunde see. aseen shayed doou jaan tinn ghante iss utte bitaae. ih 3 aii see.aim. atey mainoon yaad haii kii beonce dee team aaee atey suniaa kii aseen hunn takk qee banaiaa haii atey puurii tarahan ghabra gaye haan. ih shandar see."reey neey adhikarat chaart noon ih vee dassiaao" main bahut saare geet likhe-main ikk shift witch paa ditta. parr [beonse] noon vadde naal piaar hoow giaa."beonce neey reye noon dassiaa kii 2019 dey" "dii lyon king" "european premiere witch album daa pahila geet" "vadda" "hovega, atey jiven kii vdo witch fadiaa giaa haii, uss dee pratikiriaa viral hoow gaee. reey neey tweet keeta, "beonce neey mainoon dassiaa kii main naveen album 'teey track 1 likhiaa haii... iss noon vadda kiha jaanda haii. main naheen qarr sakda." rachna atey geetan dee viaakhiaa. "vadda" toon pahilan "santulan" haii, ikk mufasa interlood jiss noon james aral johns duaara aavaaz ditti gaee haii, joe 2019 dee film toon uss dey "jeevan dey chakkar" bhashan daa namuna haii. doven track ikk dooje witch vajjde hunn. "dazed" neey iss tabdili noon "track dey bolan naal changi tarahan bnnhna" dassiaa."" "atlantic" "dey anusar," "vadde" "witch" "shaahi uttradhikari" "daa ikk viaapak visha haii atey naal hii" "jeevan dey chakkar dey" "vatavaran atey hond" "pahiluaan dee ikk undercrunt khoj haii."metzav samikhiaa neey" "vadde" "noon" "african mahandeep dee kudrati daulat laee ikk sanman" "vajon darsaiaa, jadon kii beyonce dey bacchiaan noon shardhanjali vajon vee kamm keeta, uhanan noon samoohak giaan dee viaakhiaa shakti noon darsaunda haii." sangeet vdo. ikk sangeet vdo 19 julai, 2019 noon jaari keeta giaa see, joe kii album dey mukkh single "spirt" dey sangeet vdo dey vistrit sanskaran dey dooje hisse vajon see. ikk dooja sangeet vdo "black izz king" witch jaari keeta giaa see. iss witch mool vdo dey hisse hunn jinhan witch vishesh taur utte film laee banayi gaee naveen footage haii.

bruhat (beonce geetam) "bigg" (bruhatkrutyaam shaileekrutam) iti 2019 tame varshe "" black eej king "iti chalachchitre pradarshitasya american-gayakasya beons ityasya geetam asti. prushtabhoomau. beyonce ityasya studio-madhye lekhanashibire etat geetam likhitam aasit, british-gaayak-geetarachayitru-rey-ityanena, amerikaadeshasy geetarachayitru-stacy baarthe-ityanena cha saha bandhanena etat nirmitam. rey bee. bee. see. newsbeat ityasmai avadat, "mama smaryate, vayam ubhau api ateeva andhakaare, dukhitasthaane smah, aatmaanam sashaktam kartum kimapi nirmaatum icchaamah sma. vayam praayah tasya krute ghantaa-dvivaaram vaa treeni vaa vyatitavantah. saha 3 a aasit.emm. tathaa cha mama smaranam asti yat beonce ityasya dalah aagaty, vayam etaavat yat nirmaama iti shrutavaan, kevalam purnataya vikshiptah cha. avishvasaneeyam aasit."rey" aadhikaarik-pataani api avadat-"aham bahwyah geetaani alikham-aham parivartanam krutavaan. parantu [beonce] bruhattarasya preme abhavat."beonce rey ityasmai soochitavaan yat 2019 tame varshe" da lion king "iti europiya-prathamapradarshane" bruhattaram "iti geetam prathamam geetam bhavishyati, tathaa tasyaah pratikriyaa, veediyo-madhye drushyamaanam, vairalam abhavat. rey tweet krutavaan "beonce mayaa avadat yat aham nutanasya aalbam madhye track 1 alikham iti... idam bruhat iti kathyate. aham naa shaknomi." rachanaa tathaa geetaatmakavyaakhyaanam. "bruhattarah" ityasya poorvam "santulanam" iti, james earl johns ityanena dhvanyaam pradattam mufaasaa-antaraalam, yat 2019 tame varshe chalacchitrasya tasya "jeevanavruttasya" bhashanasya udaaharanam asti. dwau maargau parasparm sammilayanti. "dazed" iti "gitasya saahityen saha sugunatayaa yojitam" iti asya parivartanasya varnanam krutavaan."da atlaantik" ityasya matena, "bruhattarah" iti "raaj-uttaradhikaraha" iti vyaapakavishayah asti, tathaiva "jeevanavruttasya" paaristhitikasya astitvasya cha "pakshaanaam antarvartamaana-anveshanam asti."matzav-samikshayam" bruhattaram "iti" africa-mahaadweepasya praakrutika-dhanasya sammanam "iti varnitam, tathaa cha beonce-ityasya balanam krute sammaanaroopen api karyam karoti, yena te saamoohik-gyaanasya" upabhashita "shakttim" pradarshayanti." sangeeta-veediyo. 2019 julai 19 dinaanke, "spirit" ityasya sangeeta-veediyo ityasya vistaarit-samskaranasya dwiteeyabhaagaroopen, ekam sangeeta-veediyo pradarshitam, yat aalbam ityasya pramukha-ekageetam aasit. blaak eej king" ityasmin dwiteeyam music-veediyo pradarshitam. asmin mool-drushya-chitrasya snipets santi, yatra nootanaani drushyaani visheshatayaa chalacchitrasya krute chitritaani santi.

periya (bionus paadal) "periyathu" (periya ezhuththil vadivamaikkappattullathu) enbathu 2019 aalpaththilirunthu america paadagar beonse ezhuthiya oru paadal "" mattrum 2020 aam aandu thiraippatamaana "" pilaak iss king "" ill idampettrathu ". pinnani. beoncin studiovil ulla oru ezhuththu mugaamil inththa paadal ezhuthappattathu, maelum british paadagar-paatalaasiriyar raey mattrum yuu. ess. paatalaasiriyar stacey paart aakiyoarudanaana pinaippu kaaranamaaga uruvaakkappattathu. raey ppc newspeatidam koorinaar "naangkal iruvarum migavum irunda, sogamaana idaththil irunthoam enbathai naan ninaivil kolgiraen, maelum engkalukku athikaaram alikka aethaavathu ontrai uruvaakka virumbinoam. naangkal irandu allathu moontru manii neram selavaliththoam. adhu 3 auuu.emm. beoncin kuzhu ullae vandhu naangkal idhuvarai uruvaakkiyathai kelvippattathai naan ninaivil kolgiraen, muttrilum peethiyadainthoam. adhu nambamudiyaathathaaga irunththathu."raey athikaarappoorva tharavarisaiyidam koorinaar" naan niraiya paadalkalai ezhuthinaen-naan oru maattraththai aerpaduththinaen. aanaal [bionus] periyavaraik kaathalikkiraar."2019 aam aandu" "thii lyon king" "iroappiya premiyaril aalpaththil muthal paadalaaga" "periyathu" "irukkum endru beonse raeyidam therivitthaar, maelum veediyoavil pidipatta avarathu ethirvinai vairalaagiyathu". raey tweet seithaar, "puthiya aalpaththil naan track 1 aii ezhuthiyullathaaka beonse ennidam koorinaar... adhu periyathu endru azhaikkappadukirathu. ennaal mudiyaathu." paadal mattrum paadal vilakkam. "periyathu" "samanilai", "james earl johns kural koduttha oru mufasa idaivaelai, idhu 2019 thiraippataththilirunthu avarathu" "vaazhkkai vattam" uraiyai maathiriyaagak kondullathu ". irandu thadangalum ondrudan ondru inaikintrana. "taast" inththa maattraththai "trackin paadalkaludan nandraaga pinaikkirathu" endru vivaritthaar."adlandic" "puddy," "periyathu" "enbathu" "arasa vaarisu" "endra oru parantha karupporulaiyum," "vaazhkkai vattaththin" "suttruchchoozhal mattrum iruththaliyal" "amsangkalin tharpoothaiya aaivaiyum kondullathu"."madsav mathippaaivu" "periyathu" "enbathu" "aaprikka kandaththin iyarkai selvangalukku oru ood" "endru vivariththathu, athae neraththil beoncin kuzhandhaigalukku anjali seluththuvathaagavum, koottu arivin paraphrase seiyappatta sakthiyaik kaattukirathu"." isai veediyoa. oru isai veediyoa juulai 19,2019 andru veliyidappattathu, aalpaththin munnani singlaana "sprit" enbathilirunthu isai veediyoavin neettikappatta pathippin irandaavathu paguthiyaaga. irandaavathu isai veediyoa "pilaak iss king" endra peyaril veliyidappattathu. idhu thiraippataththirkaaga kurippaaga padamaakkappatta puthiya kaatchigaludan asal veediyoavin thunukkukalaik kondullathu.

peddadi (bians paata) "peddadi" (pedda aksharamlo saileekrutam) anedi 2019 album nundi american gayakudu bians raasina paata "" mariyu 2020 chitram "" block eej king "" loe pradarsinchabadindi ". nepathyam. eee paata bians studioloni oka vraata shibiramlo vraayabadindi mariyu british gayakudu-geyarachayita rae mariyu us paatala rachayita stacey barthetho bandham kaaranamgaa srushtinchabadindi. rae bbc nyuus beat thoo ilaa annadu "memu iddaroo nijamgaa cheekati, vichaarakaramaina pradaesamloe unnamani naaku gurtundi mariyu manalni manam saktivantam chesukovadaniki edho srushtinchukovaalanukunnaam. memu daani kosam rendu ledhaa moodu gantalu gadipamu. adhi 3 a.emm. mariyu bians brundam vacchi, memu ippativaraku srushtinchina vaatini vinnamu mariyu puurtigaa bhayapaddanani naaku gurtundi. idhi nammasakyam kaanidi."rae adhikaarika chaartulaku kooda ilaa cheppadu" neenu chaalaa paatalu raasaanu-neenu oka maarpunu unchaanu. conny [beyonce] peddavaaditoe premalo paddadu."2019" "dhi layan king" "european premierlo albumlo modati paata" "peddadi" "anie bians reku teliyajesaadu, mariyu veediyolo pattubadinatlugaa aame pratispandana viral ayyindi". rae tweet chesaaru "kotta albumlo neenu track 1 vraasaanani bians naaku chepparu... dheenini peddadi antaaru. neenu cheyalenu." rachana mariyu saahitya vivarana. "pedda" kii mundu "balance", james earl johns gaatradaanam chesina mufasa interlude, idhi 2019 chitram nundi athani "circle off life" prasamgaanni namuunaa chestundi. rendu tracklu okadaanikokati kalustaayi. "dodged" eee maarpunu "paata yokka saahityamto chakkaga tye inn anie varninchindi."atlantic prakaram," "peddadi" "anedi" "raaja vaarasatvam" "yokka vistrutamaina itivruttaanni kaligi undhi, alaage" "jeevana vruttam" "yokka" "paryaavarana mariyu astitva" "amsaala yokka antarleena anveshananu kaligi undhi"."matjav sameeksha" "peddadi" "nuu" "africa khandamloni sahaja sampadaku oka shraddhaanjali" "gaa varninchindi, adhe samayamlo bians pillalaku nivaaligaa kooda panichestundi, vaariki saamuuhika ghnaanam yokka paraphrase cheyabadina saktini choopistundi"." music veediyo. album nundi pradhana single ayina "spirit" nundi music veediyo yokka podiginchina edition nundi rendava bhaagamgaa 2019 juulai 19naa oka music veediyo vidudalaindi. rendava music veediyo "block eej king" loe vidudalaindi. idhi cinema kosam pratyaekamgaa chithreekarinchina kotta futejeetho asalu veediyo yokka snippetlanu kaligi undhi.

badaa (beunsi gaana) "badaa" (baday haroof mein stylized) 2019 kay album "" say americi gulukaar beunce kaa eek gaana hay aur 2020 kii film "" bleek az king "" mein numayan hay. piss manzar. yaha gaana beunce kay studio mein eek tehriri camp mein likhaa gayaa thaa aur asay bartanvi gulukaar-naghmah nigaar ray aur americi naghmah nigaar steesi baarth kay saath taluqat kii wajah say banaya gayaa thaa. ray nay bee bee see newz bait kuu bataya: "majhay yaad hay kahh humm donon waaqee eek tareek adaas jagah parr thay aur humm khood kuu baikhtiyar bananay kay liye kachh banana chahtay thay. humm nay shayed iss parr duu yaa teen ghantay guzaray. yaha 3 aey thaa.ayem. aur majhay yaad hay kahh beunce kii team andar aayee aur sunaa kahh humm nay abb takk kiyaa banaya hay aur balkal ghabra gayey thay. yaha naqabil yaqeen thaa."ray nay sarkaari chaart kuu yaha bhee bataya:" mein nay behat saaray gaaney likhay-mein nay eek shift lagayi. leakin [beunsay] kuu baday say mohabat how gayee."beunce nay ray kuu bataya kahh 2019 kay" "dee line king" "europi premier mein album kaa pehla gaana" "badaa" "hogaa aur iss kaa radamil jaisa kahh video mein pakda gayaa viral hawaa. ray nay tweet kiyaa "beunsay nay majhay bataya kahh mein nay nayey album parr track 1 likhaa hay... asay badaa kahaa jaataa hay. mein nahein kirr saktaa." saakhat aur geeth kii tashrih. "badaa" say pehley "tawazan" hay eek mufsa waqafah jiss kii aawaz jaims airal jonaz nay dee hay juu 2019 kii film say inn kii "zindagi kay dairay" kii taqrir kaa namunah hay. donon track eek dosray say takra jaatay haine. "desed" nay iss shift kuu "track kay bolon kay saath achhi tarah say jadaa hawaa" qaraar diyaa."" "atlantik" "kay mutabiq" "badaa" "" "shaahi janishini" "kaa eek wasee tarr mozua hay aur saath hyee" "zindagi kay dairay kay" "mahuliyati aur wajood" "kay pahluwon kii zeer maujudah talaash bhee hay."metzao kay jaizay mein" "baday" "kuu" "afriqi barazam kii qadarti dolat kay liye kharaaj tehseen" "kay toor parr biyaan kiyaa gayaa hay jabkah beunce kay bachon kuu kharaaj tehseen paish kartay hoay inhein ijtemayi alam kii" "taaqat" "kaa izhaar kiyaa gayaa hay." music video. eek music video 19 jolayi 2019 kuu "spirt" kay music video kay tausiyi edition kay dosray hasay kay toor parr jaari kiyaa gayaa thaa juu album kaa markazi sangal hay. dosra music video "bleek az king" mein jaari kiyaa gayaa thaa. iss mein asl video kay takday takday haine jinn mein khaas toor parr film kay liye banayi gayee nayee fotage hay.

000005ccabca8ce6ec2429b6b42b513ddad4dd32e61ec959f69764df891082b0

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki?curid=8195905

이다

이다 Korean. Etymology 2. Verb. Conjugation. Note: While prescriptively possible, the forms are rarely used in practice. For all forms given as (, etc.) below, note that the common form is (, etc.). Etymology 3. Verb. Conjugation. Note: While prescriptively possible, the forms are rarely used in practice. For all forms given as (, etc.) below, note that the common form is (, etc.).

kurian. byutpotti 2. kriya. xongmisron. tukah nirdexmulokbhabe xombhob jodiu, pro-potrobur proyugor khetrot oti komhe byobohar koraa hoy. (, ityadi) hisape diya xokolu prokaror baabe.) tolot, monn korok je xadharon ruptu hoise (, ityadi.). byutpotti 3. kriya. xongmisron. tukah nirdexmulokbhabe xombhob jodiu, pro-potrobur proyugor khetrot oti komhe byobohar koraa hoy. (, ityadi) hisape diya xokolu prokaror baabe.) tolot, monn korok je xadharon ruptu hoise (, ityadi.).

corian. byutpatti 2. crea. sangmishran. drashtabyah nirdeshmulakbhabe sombhob holeo, formoguli onushilone khub komoi byabohrito hoy. (, ityadi) hisabe prodotto samasta former jonno.) neeche, lakkhya korun jey sadharan rupti holl (, ityadi.). byutpatti 3. crea. sangmishran. drashtabyah nirdeshmulakbhabe sombhob holeo, formoguli onushilone khub komoi byabohrito hoy. (, ityadi) hisabe prodotto samasta former jonno.) neeche, lakkhya korun jey sadharan rupti holl (, ityadi.).

corian. vyutpatti 2. kriyapad. sanyojan. nondhah soochibaddh reete shakya hovaa chhataa, vyavhaarmaa formano bhagye jaj upyog thaay chhe. (, vagere) tareeke aapvama aavela tamaam swarupo maate.) neeche, nondh loow keey saamanya swaroop (, vagere) chhe.). vyutpatti 3. kriyapad. sanyojan. nondhah soochibaddh reete shakya hovaa chhataa, vyavhaarmaa formano bhagye jaj upyog thaay chhe. (, vagere) tareeke aapvama aavela tamaam swarupo maate.) neeche, nondh loow keey saamanya swaroop (, vagere) chhe.).

koriyai. vyutpatti 2. kriya. sanyugman. notah jabaki nirdeshaatmak roop seey sambhav haye, prapatron kaa upayog vyavhaar mein shayed hii kabhi kiya jaataa haye. sabhi roopon key liye (, aadi) key roop mein diyaa gayaa haye.) neeche, dhyaan dein kii samanya roop (, aadi) haye.). vyutpatti 3. kriya. sanyugman. notah jabaki nirdeshaatmak roop seey sambhav haye, prapatron kaa upayog vyavhaar mein shayed hii kabhi kiya jaataa haye. sabhi roopon key liye (, aadi) key roop mein diyaa gayaa haye.) neeche, dhyaan dein kii samanya roop (, aadi) haye.).

corian. vyutpatti 2. kriyapada. samyoga. gamanisi soochisuva reetiyalli saadhyavaadaru, acharaneyalli ee roopagalannu viralavaagi balasalaaguttade. (, ityaadi) endu niidalaada ellah roopagalige.) kelage, saamaanya roopavu (, ityaadi) embudannu gamanisi.). vyutpatti 3. kriyapada. samyoga. gamanisi soochisuva reetiyalli saadhyavaadaru, acharaneyalli ee roopagalannu viralavaagi balasalaaguttade. (, ityaadi) endu niidalaada ellah roopagalige.) kelage, saamaanya roopavu (, ityaadi) embudannu gamanisi.).

corian. padavyuthpatthi 2. kriya. samyojanam. kurippu nirddeshaparamaayi saadhyamaanengilum, prayogatthil foomukal apoorvamaayi maathrame upayogikkaarulloo. (, muthalaayava) aayi nalkiyirikkunna ellah foomukalkkum.thaazhe koduthirikkunna pothuvaaya roopam (, muthalaayava) aanennu shradhikkuka.). padavyuthpatthi 3. kriya. samyojanam. kurippu nirddeshaparamaayi saadhyamaanengilum, prayogatthil foomukal apoorvamaayi maathrame upayogikkaarulloo. (, muthalaayava) aayi nalkiyirikkunna ellah foomukalkkum.thaazhe koduthirikkunna pothuvaaya roopam (, muthalaayava) aanennu shradhikkuka.).

corian. vyutpattishastra 2. kriyapad. sanyog. teepah vihitaritya shakya asale taree, form vyavharat kvachitach vaparale jaatat. (, ityadi) mhanoon dilelya serve formsathi.) khalee, lakshat ghya qee samanya swaroop (, ii.) aahe.). vyutpatti 3. kriyapad. sanyog. teepah vihitaritya shakya asale taree, form vyavharat kvachitach vaparale jaatat. (, ityadi) mhanoon dilelya serve formsathi.) khalee, lakshat ghya qee samanya swaroop (, ii.) aahe.).

corian. wyutpatti 2. kriya. sanyojan. notah jabki nirdeshatmak rupma sambhawa chha, faramharu abhyasma wirlai prayog garinchha. sabai faramharuka lagi (, adi) rupma diieko chha.) tall, samanya roop (, adi) how bhanera note garnuhos.). wyutpatti 3. kriya. sanyojan. notah jabki nirdeshatmak rupma sambhawa chha, faramharu abhyasma wirlai prayog garinchha. sabai faramharuka lagi (, adi) rupma diieko chha.) tall, samanya roop (, adi) how bhanera note garnuhos.).

korea. byutpatti 2. kriya. sanjoga. tippaneeh nirdeshatmaka bhabare sambhaba hoithibabele, farmagudika abhyasare kwachit byabahruta hue . (, ityadi) bhabare diajaithiba samasta form paain) tale, dhyana diantu je sadharana roop heuchhi (, ityadi.). byutpatti 3. kriya. sanjoga. tippaneeh nirdeshatmaka bhabare sambhaba hoithibabele, farmagudika abhyasare kwachit byabahruta hue . (, ityadi) bhabare diajaithiba samasta form paain) tale, dhyana diantu je sadharana roop heuchhi (, ityadi.).

koriaai. shabad-vigiaan 2. kriaa. sanyojan. notay halanki tajveez anusar sambhav haii, farm abhiaas witch ghatt hii varte jaande hunn. (, aadi) dey roop witch ditte gaye saare roopan laee.) hethan, nott crow kii aam roop (, aadi) haii.). shabad-vigiaan 3. kriaa. sanyojan. notay halanki tajveez anusar sambhav haii, farm abhiaas witch ghatt hii varte jaande hunn. (, aadi) dey roop witch ditte gaye saare roopan laee.) hethan, nott crow kii aam roop (, aadi) haii.).

korea-deshah. vyutpatti 2. kriyapada. samyogah. tippaneeh yadyapi nirdeshaatmakaroopen sambhawah, tathaapi vyavahaare prapatraani viralatayaa upayujyante. (, ityaadi) iti pradattanam sarvanam rupanam krute.) adhah, samanyam roopam (, ityadini) iti drashtavyam.) iti. vyutpatti 3. kriyapada. samyogah. tippaneeh yadyapi nirdeshaatmakaroopen sambhawah, tathaapi vyavahaare prapatraani viralatayaa upayujyante. (, ityaadi) iti pradattanam sarvanam rupanam krute.) adhah, samanyam roopam (, ityadini) iti drashtavyam.) iti.

corian. sorpirappiyal 2. vinaichchol. inaiththal. kurippu parinthuraikkappatta saathiyamaana poathilum, padivangkal nadaimuraiyil arithaagavae payanpaduththappadugindrana. (, poantravai) yena kodukkapatta anaitthu padivangkalukkum.keezhae, podhuvaana vadivam (, poantravai) enbathai ninaivil kolga.). sorpirappiyal 3. vinaichchol. inaiththal. kurippu parinthuraikkappatta saathiyamaana poathilum, padivangkal nadaimuraiyil arithaagavae payanpaduththappadugindrana. (, poantravai) yena kodukkapatta anaitthu padivangkalukkum.keezhae, podhuvaana vadivam (, poantravai) enbathai ninaivil kolga.).

corian. vyutpatti shaastram 2. kriya. samyogam. gamanikah suuchimchina vidhamgaa saadhyamainappatikii, aacharanalo faaraalu arudugaa upayoginchabadataayi. (, modalainavi) gaa ivvabadina anni roopaalaku.) krinda, saadhaarana roopam (, modalainavi) anie gamaninchandi.). vyutpatti shaastram 3. kriya. samyogam. gamanikah suuchimchina vidhamgaa saadhyamainappatikii, aacharanalo faaraalu arudugaa upayoginchabadataayi. (, modalainavi) gaa ivvabadina anni roopaalaku.) krinda, saadhaarana roopam (, modalainavi) anie gamaninchandi.).

koriyayi. faliyat 2. faal. kanjgeshan. nott: agarcha tajweez kardah toor parr mumkin hay faarm shaaz woo naadir hyee emli toor parr istemaal hotay haine. tamaam farmon kay liye juu (yee waghairah) kay toor parr diye gayey haine.) neechay nott karein kahh aam shakal (yee waghairah) hay.). faliyat 3. faal. kanjgeshan. nott: agarcha tajweez kardah toor parr mumkin hay faarm shaaz woo naadir hyee emli toor parr istemaal hotay haine. tamaam farmon kay liye juu (yee waghairah) kay toor parr diye gayey haine.) neechay nott karein kahh aam shakal (yee waghairah) hay.).

000006115d7c2d887cd80a9be89eb9ae4165d5627d9afd85f5432fbadd6930f3

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57257423

Harriet White Fisher

Harriet White Fisher Harriet White Fisher Andrew (1861–1939) was an American known for being the first woman to circle the globe in a Locomobile. Birth and early life. Harriet White was born in Crawford County, Pennsylvania on March 31, 1861. She was the daughter of Oscar A. White and Hannah Fisher, and was educated at The Young Women's Classical Seminary in Cleveland Ohio. At the time of the Johnstown Flood she took care of victims. Wu Tingfang, Chinese diplomat and politician, called Mrs. Harriet White Fisher "The most wonderful woman in America." Train accident. On October 8, 1902, two Pennsylvania Railroad passenger trains collided in Menlo Park, New Jersey. Harriet Fisher was severely injured. A report of her injuries stated she was in Presbyterian Hospital (New York City) for eight weeks, hospitalized with fractured hips, spinal injury, and internal injury. Steel industry. After her husband's death, Harriet Fisher took over the management of Eagle Steel Works (later named Fisher & Norris Anvil Works) in Trenton, New Jersey. She was the only woman member of the National Association of Manufacturers. She is quoted in "The Washington Post" in 1911, describing her involvement in the business: "Though I liked machinery even when a child," said Mrs. Fisher, "it was my husband's illness and the desire which every woman has to help in an emergency that led me to enter the Eagle Works, of which Mr. Fisher was the head. I went in as the 'boss'; but I soon learned that if I was to be respected by my employees, I would have to know more than they did. To this end, I began as a regular apprentice, learned to temper steel, chisel the face of an anvil, mold vises and make rails. In fact, I took a complete course in every department of the business, from melting pig-iron to bidding for contracts. Before I was through, I learned really to love the work with iron and steel, the whir of the machinery, and the sound of the forge." Her wealth was reported at $2,000,000 in 1906. "She underbid her rivals on part of the Panama Canal equipment and has made $1,000,000 on that feature of her plan's output." First woman to drive around the world. Initial reports prior to her journey revealed that her four-seat car was built in Bridgeport, Connecticut, and had a 40-horsepower engine with no special equipment. Her planned companions were Harold Fisher Brooks (a relative), a chef named Albert, and a maid. She also traveled with a pet monkey, a Bull Terrier, and a Pug. The planned route was to ship the car to England, travel to her Italian villa at Lake Como, and then continue through Egypt, India, Japan, and back to the United States A bon voyage party was announced in July 1909 at the Automobile Club of America. The travelers set off on July 19, 1909. It was reported that she arrived at Lake Como by November 1909. A contemporary newspaper account stated that Fisher and her entourage had completed their journey to the Japan and that the travelers and the vehicle were back in San Francisco, California. She arrived in Tarrytown, New York on August 16, 1910, completing her journey around the world. Fisher wrote a book about her adventure titled "A Woman's World Tour in A Motor". Personal life. Her first known marriage was to Clark Fisher. They were married in London, England on July 20, 1898. The report of their marriage in the "Trenton Evening Times" states the bride's name as Mrs. White, a widow who moved to Flushing, Queens in 1896. However, a later interview of Harriet Fisher, stated she was a "White" by birth and her mother was distantly related to her husband. Fisher died in 1903. She married again on April 27, 1912, to Silvano Alfredo Andrew, an officer in the Argentine Navy, in Manhattan. It was described as a quiet ceremony in the press because the groom's brother (Edgard) had died on the "Titanic" a few days earlier. Fisher was an anti-suffragist and testified against women's suffrage in New Jersey in 1913. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

harriet bogaa masmoriya harriet huwait fisar endru (1861-1939) egoraki aamerikan aasil ji lukumubailot prithibikhon ghurai diya prothom goraki mohila hisape jonajat aasil. jonmo aaru prarombhik jiwan. 1861 sonor 31 marchot pensylvanier kro 'ford countyt harriet huwaitor jonmo hoisil. teu oskar e-ror konya aasil. bogaa aaru hanah masmoriya, aaru cleveland uhiur juboti mohilar xastriyo xikhyarthonit xikhyito hoisil. johnstown banpanir xomoyot teu bhuktobhugixokolor jotno loisil. wu tingfang, china kutnitibid aaru rajneetibid, srimoti buli kuwa hoisil. harriet huwait fisar "aamerikar ataitkoi xundori mohila." rey "lo durghotona. 1902 sonor 8 octoborot niu jarsir menolu parkot dukhon pensylvania railpoth jatribahi rey "lor maajot xonghorxo ghotisil. harriet masmoriya gurutorbhabe aahot hoy. teur aaghator ek protibedonot kurudondor haar bhangi juwa, merudondor aaghat aaru abhyontorin aaghator baabe sikitsaloyot bhorti hoi aath xoptah dhori presbyterian sikitsaloyot (nework sohor) aasil buli ullekh koraa hoisil. ispat udyug. swamir mrityur pisot harriet masmoriyai niu jarsir trengtonot eegol steelor kaam (pisoloi masmoriya aaru noris envil kaam buli naamkoron koraa hoisil) ror porisalonar dayitwo grohon korisil. teu rastriyo utpadonkari xongsthar ekmatro mohila xodosyo aasil. 1911 sonot "dyo waswington post" too teur uddhriti diya hoise, zo "too byowoxayot teur jorito thokar bornona koraa hoiseh "jodiu moi xixu huwar xomoyote jontropati bhaal paisilu", srimotiye koo "ley. masmoriya, "eitu mur swamir rug aaru proityek mohilai jorurikalin owosthat xohay korar issa aasil jiye muk eegolor kaamot prowex koriboloi badhyo korisil, jaar bhitorot srijut. masmoriya aasil muur. moi 'bob' cho "hisape bhitoroloi goisilu; kintu moi xunkalei janibo parilu je jodi muk mur kormosarixokole xonman dibo bisare, tente moi teulukotkoi odhik janibo lagibo. ei lokhyot uponeet hoh "boloi moi ejon niyomiya xikhyanobix hisape aarombho korilu, steelor saap komaboloi, etaa aawilor mukhkhon sijel koriboloi, bhis sas koriboloi aaru rail bonaboloi xikichilu. dorasolote, moi byowoxayor protitu bibhagote gaahori-luha golai diyar poraa suktir baabe nilam koraloike xompurno pathyokrom loisilu. mur xex huwar aagotei moi luha aaru ispator kaam, jontropatir ghura aaru jaalor xobdo bhaal puwa xikichilu." 1906 sonot teur xompotir mulyo $2,000,000 buli protibedon diya hoisil. "teu panama khaalor xojulir faalor poraa nijor protidondixokolok komkoi disil aaru teur porikolponar outputor xei boixistyor uporot $1,000,000 uparjon korisil." biswokhon sariufale gaari soluwa prothomgoraki mohila. teur jatrar purbe prarombhik protibedonot prokax paisil je teur sarita aaxonor gaari xongzugstholor brijpurtot nirman koraa hoisil aaru iyat kunu bixex xojuli nothoka 40-oswoxoktir injin aasil. teur porikolpito xongixokol aasil herold masmoriya joldhara (ejon aatmiyo), elbert naamor ejon randhoni aaru egoraki daxi. taai etaa puhoniya bandor, etaa xaror terrier aaru etaa paagor xoiteu bhromon korisil. porikolpito poth aasil garikhon englandoloi pothiuwa, lek kumur teur italy bhilaloi jatra koraa, aaru taar pisot ijipto, bharot, japanor maajere aagbarhibo, aaru aamerikaloi ubhoti juwar baabe 1909 sonor julyte aamerikar automobile klabot ek bhaal wejiwe party ghuxona koraa hoisil. 1909 sonor 19 julyte bhromonkarixokole jatra aarombho korisil. 1909 sonor novemboror bhitorot teu lek kumut uposthito huwa buli protibedon puwa goisil. ek xomoxamoyik baatori kakotor biboronot kuwa hoisil je masmoriya aaru teur porjotokxokole japanoloi teulukor jatra xompurno korise aaru bhromonkari aaru bahonkhon californier chaan francisokuloi ubhoti aahise. 1910 sonor 16 aagostot teu neworkor territownot uposthito hoi xomogro biswor bhromon xompurno korisil. masmoriyaxokole teur duxahxik obhijanor bixoye "e womens world tyur inn e motor" xirxok ekhon grontho likhisil. byoktigoto jiwan. teur prothom gyat bibah aasil clerk masmoriyar xoite. 1898 sonor 20 julyte englandor londonot teulukor bibah hoisil. "trainton evoning times" too teulukor bibahor protibedonot koinagorakir naamtu srimoti buli ullekh koraa hoise. 1896 sonot flaswingloi juwa bidhowa swetango rani. obosye, harriet masmoriyar pisor ek xakhyatkarot teu jonmogotobhabe egoraki "swetango" aasil aaru teur maak teur swamir xoite dur xomporko aasil buli ullekh koraa hoisil. 1903 sonot masmoriyar mrityu hoy. 1912 sonor 27 aprilot menhatonot orgentine noubahinir bixoya silvanu alfredo endrur xoite punor bibahpaxot aabodho hoy. xongbad madhyomot iyak ek xanto onusthan hisape bornona koraa hoisil kiyonu keidinman aagote dorar bhatri (ezgard) ror "tytanic" too mrityu hoisil. masmoriya egoraki sofrejisto birudhi aasil aaru 1913 sonot niu jarsit mohilar bhutadhikaror biruddhe xakhyo disil.

harriet saadaa machranga harriet hoait fisher andru (1861-1939) ekjon american chhilen jini prothom mohila jini ekti locomobile bishwa prodokkhin korechilen. jonmo ebong prathomik jeebon. harriet hoait 1861 saaler 31shhey march pensylvanier crofford kauntite jonmogrohon corren. tini askar ayee-err konna chhilen. saadaa ebong hannah fisher, ebong cleveland ohior juboti mohilader shastriya seminare padashona korechilen. johnstowne bonnar somoy tini khotigrostoder jotno niten. oo tingfang, cheena kutnitik ebong rajnitibid, misses naame porichito. harriet hoait fisher "americar sabcheye chamatkar mohila." train durghotona. 1902 saaler 8ee octobor neu jarsir menlo parke duti pensylvania railpoth jatribahi trainer sangharsha hoy. harriet fisher gurutoro ahoto hohn. taar aghater ekti protibedone bolla hoyeche jey tini aatt saptaha dhorey presbyterian hospitale (neu eork city) chhilen, komorer haad bhanga, merudonder aghat ebong abhyantarin aghat niye hospitale bhorti chhilen. ispat shilp. taar swamir mrityur porr, harriet fisher neu jarsir trentone eegol steeler kaaj (porey fisher anned norris anville works naame namkaran koraa hoy) porichalonar dayitto grohon corren. tini national association off manufacturerser ekmatro mohila sadasya chhilen. 1911 saale "dya washington poosta"-ayee tini eyi byabosai taanr sampriktatar bornona diyechenah "jodio aami chhotobelai jontropati pochondo kartam", misses bollen. fisher, "etaa amar swamir oshusthota ebong prottek mohilar joruri abosthai sahajyo korar ichcha chhilo jaa amake eegoler kaaje probesh korte porichalito korechilo, jaar modhye mih. machranga chhilo prodhan. aami 'boss' hisabe probesh karechilam; kintu shighroi aami jaante perechilam jey amar kormocharira jodi amake somman korte chaay tobey taader cheye amake arow beshi jaante hobey. eyi lakkhye, aami ekjon niyamita shikkhanobish hisabe shuru karechilam, ispatke songjoto korte, ekti anviller mukher chhidro korte, vizguli chhanch korte ebong rail toiri korte shikhechilam. asle, aami byabosar protiti bibhage ekti sampurna course niyechilam, shukar-loha golano theke shuru korey chuktir jonno nilam porjonto. shesh korar agey, aami loha oo ispat, jontropatir jhankuni ebong jaaler shobdo diye kaaj korte sottii bhalobaste shikhechi." 1906 saale taar sompoder poriman chhilo $2,000,000. "tini panama khaaler saranjamer jonno taar protidwondider kachh theke $1,000,000 aay korechilen." prothom mohila jini gaadi chaliye saaraa bishwa ghurechen. taanr jatrar agey prathomik protibedone jaanaa yaay jey taanr chaar asoner gaditi sangjogsthaler brijporte nirmito hoyechilo ebong konao bishesh saranjam chharai 40-ashwashaktir injina chhilo. taar porikolpito sangira chhilen harrold fisher brooks (ekjon atmiya), albert naame ekjon randhuni ebong ekjon poricharika. tini ekti poshyo banor, ekti shaand terrier ebong ekti pager satheo bhromon korechilen. porikolpito poth chhilo gaditi englande pathano, lake komor taar italiya vilay bhromon koraa ebong tarpore mishor, bharat, japaner modhyo diye yawa ebong markin juktorashtre firey yawa 1909 saaler julai maase automobile clubey ekti vall samudrajatrar partyr ghoshana koraa hoyechilo. 1909 saaler 19shhey julai bhromonkarira jatra shuru korey. jaanaa yaay jey, 1909 saaler novemborer modhye tini lake komote pouche zaan. ekti somosamoyik sangbadpatrer biborone bolla hoyeche jey, matsyajibi oo taanr safarsangira japane taader jatra shesh koreche ebong bhromonkari oo gaditi californier shaan franciscote firey eseche. tini 1910 saaler 16ee august neu iyarker tarritowne pouchechilen ebong vishwajude taanr jatra shesh korechilen. fisher taanr adventure somporke "aaa wimmens worled tour inn aaa motor" naame ekti boi likhechilen. byaktigato jeebon. taar prothom porichito biye chhilo clerk fisher saathe. 1898 saaler 20shhey julai englander londone taader biye hoy. trenton evoning timesey taader biyer protibedone koner naam misses bolla hoyeche. saadaa, ekjon bidhoba, jini flushing-ayee choley asen, 1896 saale ranira. tobey, harriet fisher poroborti ekti sakkhatkare bolla hoyechilo jey tini jonmogotovabe ekjon "saadaa" chhilen ebong taar maa taar swamir saathe durborti somporkojukto chhilen. 1903 saale fisher maaraa zaan. tini abar biye corren 1912 saaler 27shhey april manhatone argentine naubahinir ekjon kormokorta silvano alfredo andreur saathe. sangbadmadhyame etike ekti shanto anusthan hisabe bornona koraa hoyechilo kaaron borer bhai (ezgard) koyek deane agey "titanic"-ayee maaraa giechilen. fisher ekjon birodhi-sufrazist chhilen ebong 1913 saale neu jarsite mohilader bhotadhikarer biruddhe sakkhyo diyechilen.

harriot safed maachhimaar harriot white fisher andrew (1861-1939) aek american hatee jeey locomobilemaa globnee parikramaa karnari pratham maheela tareeke jaaniti hatee. janm aneey praarambhik jeevan. harriot whiteno janm 31 march, 1861naa roj pensylvania crofford kaauntimaa thayo hato. teey oskaarnee putri hatee. safed aneey hanaah maachhimaar, aneey cleveland oheeyoma yuvan mahilaaonaa shaastriy seminaryma shikshit hataa. johnstowne purnaa samaye temane piditoni sambhaal leedhi hatee. voo tingfang, cheeni rajdwari aneey rajkarani, aema. aar. aesa. tareeke odakhaata. harriot white fisher "americani sauthee adbhut maheela." train akasmaat. 8 october, 1902naa roj, beey pensylvania railroad passenger traino menlo paark, nyu jarsimaa athadai hatee. harriot maachhimaar gambhir reete ghaayal thayo hato. teneeni ijaona ahevaalmaa janavama aavyu chhe keey tenee aath athvadiya sudhee presbyterian hospital (nyu york ciity) maan hatee, asthibhang, karodrajjuni ijaa aneey aantarik ijaa saathe hospitalma dakhal hatee. steel udhyog. tenaa patinaa mrutyu pachhi, harriet fisherae trenton, nyu jarsimaa garud steelnaa kaamo (paachhalthi fisher anned norris enville works naam aapvama aavyu) noon sanchalan sambhaalyu. teo utpadakona raashtriy sangathannaa ekmatra maheela sabhy hataa. 1911maan "dhaa washington poosta" maan teneene tankvama aavee chhe, jemaa teneeae vyavsayma potaani sandovaninu varnan karyoo chheh "joke maney baadpanma pann machinary gamatee hatee", shrimateeae kahyoo. maachhimaar, "teey maaraa patini beemari hatee aneey darek strinee katokatimaa madad karvaanee ichcha hatee jene maney garud kaaryoma praveshvaa taraf doree, jemathi shree. maachhimaar vadaa hataa. huun 'booas' tareeke andar gayo; pann maney toonk samayma jaj khabar puddy keey jooe maaraa karmchaareeo maney maana aape too maare temnaa karataa vadhu jaanvu padashe. aaa maate, meyn aek niyameet shikhau maanas tareeke sharuaat curry, steelne shaant karvaanu, aek andakarna chaheraane chhini kaadhvaanu, mukhane dhhaalvaanu aneey rail banaavvaanu sheekhyu. hakeekatma, meyn vyavsaaynaa darek vibhagma, pig-aayarn ogalvaathi laeene karaar maate bollie lagaavvaano sampoorn abhyaskram leedho hato. huun pasaar thayo teey pahelaa, huun lokhand aneey steel, machinaryni dhoon aneey forgeno avaaj saathe kaama karvaanu kharekhar prem karvaanu sheekhyo." 1906maan teneeni sampatti $2,000,000 nondhvaamaa aavee hatee. "teneeae panaama nahernaa sadhanona bhaag parr tenaa harifone teko aapyo hato aneey teneeni yojnana utpadanna teey laxan parr $1,000,000 kamaaya chhe." vishwani aaspaas vaahan chalavnari pratham maheela. teneeni musafari pahelana praarambhik ahevaalomaa jaanvaa malyun hatoo keey teneeni chaar bethakoni kaar bridgeport, connecticutmaa banavvama aavee hatee aneey temaa koee vishesh saadhan vinaa 40-hoars powernu angine hatoo. teneena aayojit saatheeo machhimarona zupadaa (aek sambandhi), albert naamnaa rasoiya aneey aek nokarani hataa. teneeae paaltu vandara, aakhalo terrier aneey pug saathe pann musafari curry hatee. kaarne ingland mokalvaano, leeka komo khaate tenaa italian veelani musafari karvaano aneey pachhi egypt, bhaarat, japanthi aagad vadhvaano aneey united states parat farvaano aayojit maarg hato, jeey julai 1909maan automobile club off americama aek uttam safarnee partyni jaaherat karvaamaa aavee hatee. pravasio 19 julai, 1909naa roj ravaana thayaa. aevu nondhvaamaa aavyu hatoo keey teo november 1909 sudhimaa leeka komo pahonchya hataa. aek samkalin akhbaarnaa ahevaalmaa janavama aavyu hatoo keey maachhimaaro aneey temnaa parivaaroae japanni temnee yaatra purn curry leedhi hatee aneey pravasio aneey vaahan saana francisco, californiama paachha faryaa hataa. teo 16 august, 1910naa roj newyorknaa territown pahonchya aneey vishvbharma potaani yaatra purn curry. maachhimaarae tenaa saahas vishe "aek maheelano motorma vishva pravaas" sheershak dharaavtu pustak lakhyu hatoo. angat jeevan. teneena pratham jaanita lagna clark fisher saathe hataa. 20 julai, 1898naa roj london, englandma temnaa lagna thayaa hataa. "trenton evening times" maan temnaa lagnana ahevaalmaa kanyaanu naam shrimati tareeke darshavvama aavyu chhe. safed, aek vidhavaa jeey flushing taraf aagad vadhee hatee, 1896 maan raaneeo. jooe keey, harriet fisherni paachhalthi mulakatma, teneeae janmthi "safed" hovaanu janaavyu hatoo aneey teneeni maataa tenaa patee saathe durthi sambandhit hatee. fisher 1903maan mrutyu pamya hataa. temane 27 april, 1912naa roj mainhatanma argentine naukadalna adheekari silvano alfredo andrew saathe fareethi lagna karyaa hataa. tene presamaa aek shaant samaroh tareeke varnavama aavyo hato kaaran keey varrajana bhaai (edgard) thodaa divaso pahelaa "titanic" parr mrutyu pamya hataa. maachhimaar aek veerodhi-suffragist hataa aneey 1913maan nyu jarsimaa maheela matadhikar saame jubani aapee hatee.

harriot safed machuara harriot white fisher andreau (1861-1939) ack americi theen jinhen ack locomobile mein duniya kaa chakkar lagaane vaali pahali mahila honey key liye jaanaa jaataa thaa. janm aur praarambhik jeevan. harriot white kaa janm 31 march, 1861 koo crofford county, pensylvania mein huaa thaa. vaha auskar aeye kii betty theen. safed aur hannah machuara, aur cleveland ohiyo mein yuva mahilaaon key shaastriya madarse mein shikshit they. johnstowne baadh key samay unhone peediton kii dekhbhal kii. woo tingfang, cheeni rajanyik aur rajneta, jinhen shrimati kahaa jaataa haye. harriot white fishers "america kii sabse adbhut mahila." train durghatana. 8 octuber, 1902 koo nyu jersey key menlo park mein dou pensylvania rail yatri trains takra gaeen. harriot machuara gambhir roop seey ghayal hoe gayaa. usaki choton kii ack report mein kahaa gayaa haye kii vaha aathh saptah taka presbyterian aspatal (newyork shahar) mein thee, joe tooty hui koolhon, reedh kii huddy kii chot aur aantarik chot key saath aspatal mein bharti thee. ispat udyog. apane pati kii mrityu key baad, harriot fisher ney trenton, nyu jersey mein eagle steel works (baad mein fisher aind norris enville works naam diyaa gayaa) kaa prabandhan sambhala. vaha rashtriya nirmaata sangh kii ekmatra mahila sadasya theen. 1911 mein "dha washington post" mein unhein uddhrit kiya gayaa haye, jisamen vyavasaay mein unaki bhagidari kaa varnan kiya gayaa haih "shrimati ney kahaa, "halanki mujhe bachpan mein bhee machinary pasand thee. machuara, "yeh merey pati kii bimari thee aur harr mahila kii aapaat sthiti mein madad karane kii ichcha thee, jisake kaaran main eagle key kaam mein pravesh kiya, jisamen shree. machuara pramukh thaa. main 'boss' key roop mein aaya; lekin mujhe jald hii pataa chalaa kii aggar merey karmchaariyon dwara meraa sammaan kiya jaanaa haye, tou mujhe unase adhik jaanana hoga. iss uddeshya key liye, maine ack niyamit prashikshu key roop mein shuruat kii, steel koo shaant karna, ack guchhe key chehare koo chhaantana, nazaron koo dhona aur rail banaana seekha. vaastav mein, maine vyavasaay key harr vibhaag mein ack puuraa pathyakram liya, pig-iron pighlane seey laker anubandh key liye bolly lagaane taka. isase pahale kii main samaapt curr paataa, maine vaastav mein lohe aur ispat key saath kaam karna, machinary kii chakkar aur jaali kii aavaaz seey pyaar karna seekh liya." 1906 mein unaki sampatti $2,000,000 darj kii gaee thee. "unhone panama nahar upkaran key hisse parr apane pratidvandiyon koo cumm bolly lagaai aur apani yojana key utpaadan kii usa visheshta parr $1,000,000 kamaaya." duniya bhar mein gaadi chalaane vaali pahali mahila. unaki yatra seey pahale kii praarambhik reports seey pataa chalaa kii unaki chaar seeton vaali kaar brijport, connecticut mein banaai gaee thee aur isamen 40 horse power kaa injan thaa jisamen koee vishesh upkaran naheen thaa. usake niyojit saathi machuaare key chhote naale (ack rishtedaar), albert naam kaa ack rasoiya aur ack naukarani they. vaha ack paltu bandar, ack bail terrier aur ack pug key saath bhee yatra karati thee. niyojit maarg kaar koo ingland bhejana, lake como mein apane italvi vilaa kii yatra karna, aur phir misra, bhaarat, japan key madhyam seey jaari rakhna aur sanyukt raajya america vaapas jaanaa thaa, julaai 1909 mein automobile club off america mein ack achchi yatra party kii ghoshana kii gaee thee. yatri 19 julaai, 1909 koo ravaana hue. yeh bataaya gayaa kii vaha navambar 1909 taka lake como mein pahunch gaee. ack samkaaleen samachar patra key vivaran mein kahaa gayaa haye kii machuaare aur unake dall ney japan kii apani yatra poori curr lii haye aur yatri aur vaahan saine francisco, california mein vaapas aaa gaye hain. vaha 16 agast, 1910 koo duniya bhar mein apani yatra poori karate hue tarritown, newyork pahunchi. fisher ney apane saahasik kaary key baare mein "ack mahila kaa motor mein vishva daura" sheershak seey ack pustak likhi. vyaktigat jeevan. unaki pahali gyaat shaadi clark fisher seey thee. 20 julaai, 1898 koo landan, ingland mein unaki shaadi hui thee. "trenton shaam key samay" mein unaki shaadi kii report mein dulhan kaa naam shrimati bataaya gayaa haye. white, ack vidhwa joe 1896 mein flushing mein chully gaee, lekin baad mein harriot machuaare key ack sakshatkar mein kahaa gayaa kii vaha janm seey "shwet" thee aur usaki maan apane pati seey door thee. fisher kii mrityu 1903 mein hui. unhone 27 aprail, 1912 koo mainhattan mein argentine kii nausena key ack adhikaari silvano alfredo andreau seey phir seey shaadi kii. ise press mein ack shaant samaroh key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa thaa kyonki doolhe key bhaai (dhaar) kii kuchh dinn pahale "titanic" parr mrityu hoe gaee thee. fisher ack virodhi-suffragist they aur unhone 1913 mein nyu jersey mein mahilaaon key matadhikar key khilaf gawahi dee.

harriet bili minugaara harriet white fisher andrew (1861-1939) locomobilenalli globe annu suttuva modala mahile endu hesaraada american. janana mattu arambhika jeevana. harriet white avaru pensilveniyaada crouford kountiyalli march 31,1861 randu janisidaru. avaru askar aa avara magalaagiddaru. bili mattu hannah minugaara, mattu cleveland ohiyodallina yuva mahileyara shaastriya seminariyalli sikshana padedaru. johnstowne pravaahada samayadalli aake balipashugalannu nodikondalu. vu tingfang, cheenee rajatantrika mattu rajakarani, srimati endu kareyalpaduttaare. harriet white fisher "americada atyanta adbhuta mahile." railu apaghaata. 1902rahra october 8randu, eradu pensylvania railroad prayanikara railugalu newjersey menlo parknalli dikki hodedavu. harriet minugaara gambhiravagi gaayagondiddaane. aakeya gayagala varadiyu aake entu vaaragala kaala presbyterian aaspatreyalli (newyork nagara), murida sonta, bennuhuri gaaya mattu aantarika gaayadondige aaspatrege daakhalaagiddaru endu helide. ukku udyama. aakeya gandana maranada nantara, harriet minugaara trenton, nyoo jarsiyalli haddu ukkina kelasagala (nantara minugaara mattu norris unville kelasagalu endu hesarisalaayitu) nirvahaneyannu vahisikondaru. avaru rashtriya tayaarakara sanghada ekaika mahila sadasyaraagiddaru. 1911ralli "dhii washington post" nalli aake ee vevahaaradalli tanna palgolluvikeyannu vivarisuttaaleh "aadaroo naanu maguvagiddagaloo yantropakaranagalannu ishtapaduttidde", srimati helidaru. minugaara, "nanna gandana anarogya mattu turtu paristhitiyalli sahaaya maaduva pratiyobba mahileya bayakeyu nannannu haddugala kelasagalige praveshisalu kaaranavaayitu, adara shree. meenugaaranu adara mukhyasthanagiddanu. naanu 'baas' aagi olage hode; aadare nanna udyogigalu nannannu gouravisabekadare, avaru maadiddakkinta hecchu naanu tilidukollabeku endu naanu shighradalle tilidukonde. ee nittinalli, naanu niyamita apprentices aagi praarambhisi, ukkannu nigrahisalu, ondu mukhavannu kattarisalu, mukhavannu achchu maadalu mattu haligalannu maadalu kalitiddene. vaastavaagi, naanu vyaapaarada pratiyondu vibhagadalloo, karaguva pig-kabbinadinda hididu oppandagalige bidding maaduvavarege sampoorna course tegedukondiddene. naanu mugiyuva modale, kabbina mattu ukkina kelasa, yantropakaranagala hucchutana mattu forge shabdavannu pritisalu naanu nijavagiyoo kalitiddene." 1906ralli aakeya sampattu $2,000,000 endu varadiyaayitu. "aake panama kaaluve upakaranada bhagavagi tanna pratispardhigalannu kadime maadidaru mattu tanna yojaneya utpaadaneya aaa vaishishtyada mele $1,000,000 galisiddaare." vishvadaadyanta vaahana chalaayisida modala mahile. aakeya prayanada hindina arambhika varadigalu aakeya naalku asanagala kaarannu bridgeport, kanektikatnalli nirmisalaagide mattu yaavude vishesha upakaranagalillada 40 ashvashaktiya engine annu hondittu endu bahirangapadisidavu. aakeya yojita sahachararu minugaarara saakupraanigalu (sambandhika), albert emba banasiga mattu obba dasiyagiddaru. aake sakuprani manga, bull terrier mattu pug jote prayanisidaru. kaarannu inglendge ravanisi, lake komodalliruva tanna italian villaage prayanisi, nantara egypt, bhaarata, japan moolaka munduvariyuvudu mattu united statesge hintiruguvudu yojita maargavaagittu, 1909rahra julainalli automobile club off americadalli uttama prayanada paartiyannu ghooshisalaayitu. prayanikaru 1909rahra julai 19randu horataru. 1909rahra november velege aake lake komoge agamisidalu endu varadiyaayitu. samakaalina patrikeya varadiyu meenugaararu mattu aakeya parivaaravu japange tamma prayanavannu poornagoliside mattu prayanikaru mattu vaahanavu californiada syaan franciscodalli maralide endu helide. aake 1910rahra august 16randu newyorkna tarritownge agamisi, vishvadaadyanta tanna prayanavannu poornagolisidaru. minugaara tanna saahasada bagge "aa womens worled tour inn aa motor" emba shirshikeya pustakavannu barediddalu. vaiyaktika jeevana. avala modala parichita maduveyendare clark fisher. 1898rahra julai 20randu inglendna landannalli avaru vivaahavaadaru. "trenton sanje" dalli avara maduveya varadiyu vadhuvina hesarannu srimati endu heluttade. 1896ralli flushingge teralida vidhave, raaniyaada bili, aadaagyoo, harriet meenugaarana nantarada sandarshanadalli, aake huttinindale "bili" mattu aakeya taayi tanna patiyondige doora sambandha hondiddaru endu helidaru. 1903ralli minugaara nidhanaraadaru. avaru april 27,1912randu manhattennalli argentine naukaapadeya adhikari silvano alfredo andrew avarannu matte vivaahavaadaru. idannu patrikegalalli ondu shaanta samaarambhavendu vivarisalaagide ekendare varana sahodara (edaguard) kelavu dinagala hinde "titanic" nalli nidhanaraadaru. meenugaaranu obba virodhi-sufragist aagiddanu mattu 1913ralli nyoo jarsiyalli mahila matadaanada hakkina viruddha sakshya niididanu.

harriot pandhara machchimar harriot white fisher andrew (1861-1939) hii eka american hotee jee locomobilesmadhye jagachi pradakshina ghalanari pahili mahila mhanoon olakhali jaate. janm aanee prarambhik jeevan. harriot whitecha janm 31 march 1861 roji pensylvaniatil crofford countymadhye jhaala. tee auskar aii. chee mulgi hotee. pandhare aanee hannah masemari karnare, aanee cleveland ohayo yetheel tarun mahilanchya shastriy shikshanshalet tyanche shikshan jhaale. johnstowne puur kalat tine piditanchi kalji ghetali. woo tingfang, chiinii mutsaddi aanee rajkarani, jyanna shrimati mhanatat. harriot white fishers hii americetil sarvat adbhut mahila aahe." railway apghat. 8 aktoobar 1902 roji nyu jarsichya menlo parkmadhye done pensylvania railway pravasi gadyanchi takkar jhaali. harriot machchimar gambhir jakhami jhaala. tichya dukhapatinchya ahavalat asey mhatale aahe qee tee aath aathvade presbyterian rugnalayat (newyork shahar) hotee, nitamb modane, pathichya kanyala dukhapat aanee antargat dukhapatimule teela rugnalayat dakhal karnyat aale hote. polad udyog. tichya patichya mrutyunantar, harriot fisherne trenton, nyu jersey yetheel garud poladachya kamanche (nantar fisher aanee norris anville works asey naav denyat aale) vyavasthapan haatee ghetale. tyaa rashtriy utpadak sanghatanechya ekmev mahila sadasya hotya. 1911 madheel 'daad washington poost' madhye ticha ullekh keela aahe, jyat tichya vyavasayatil sahbhagache varnan kele aaheh "jaree mallah lahanpanapasunach yantrasamagri aavadali", shrimati mhanalya. fishers, "haah majhya paticha aajaar hota aanee pratyek strila aapatkalin paristhitit madat karanyachi ichcha hotee jyamule mallah garudanchya kamat pravesh karava lagla, jyaa shree. machchimar pramukh hota. mea 'boss' mhanoon aat gelo; pann mallah lavkarach kalale qee jarr majhya majhya majha aadar karayacha asel tarr mallah tyanchyapeksha jaast mahitee havee aahe. yasathi, mea eka niyamit shikau mhanoon suruvat kelee, steela shant karane, khodyacha chehara chirane, dolhyanna aakar dene aanee pattya tayar karane shikalo. kharey tarr, mea dukkar-lokhand vitalanyapasun teey kararasathi boolii lavnyaparyant vyavasayachya pratyek vibhagat sampoorn abhyaskram ghetala. mea purn honyapurvich, mea loh aanee polad, yantrasamagrichi dhura aanee banavat aavaj yanche kaam kharokharach aavadayla shikalo." 1906 madhye tichi sampatti $2,000,000 itaki nondavali gelee. "tine panama kalvyachya upkarananchya bhagavar tichya pratispardhyanna qamee boolii lavali aanee tichya yojanechya utpadanachya tyaa vaishishtyavar $1,000,000 kamavale." jagbharat vahan vahan pahilya mahila. tichya pravasapurvichya prathamik ahavalat asey ughad jhaale qee tichi chaar aasananchi qaar bridgeport, connecticut yethe bandhali gelee hotee aanee tyat 40 ashvashaktiche engine hote jyat konatihi vishesh upkarane navhati. tiche niyojit sathidar heey harold fishers brook (eka natevaik), albert navacha eka shafe aanee eka dasee hote. tine eka paliv makad, eka bail terrier aanee eka pug hyasah pravas keela. qaar englandla pathvane, lake komo yetheel tichya italian vhilamadhye pravas karane aanee nantar egypt, bharat, japanmadhun pudhe jaane aanee americet parat yene haah niyojit marg hota, julai 1909 madhye automobile club auph america yethe eka uttam samudraparyatan partychi ghoshana karnyat aalee. pravasi 19 julai 1909 roji ravana jhaale. november 1909 paryant tee lake komo yethe pohochali asey vrutt hote. eka samkalin vruttapatrachya vruttat mhatale aahe qee machchimar aanee tichya parivarane japancha pravas purn keela aahe aanee pravasi aanee vahan californiatil sann francisco yethe parat aale aahet. 16 august 1910 roji tee newyorkmadheel tarritown yethe pohochali aanee tine ticha jagbharatil pravas purn keela. fisherne tichya sahsabaddal 'aaa women world tour inn aaa motor' heey pustak lihile. vaiyaktik jeevan. ticha pahila dnyat vivah haah clark fishershi hota. 20 julai 1898 roji englandmadhil london yethe tyanche lagn jhaale. 'trenton evening times' madheel tyanchya lagnachya ahavalat vadhuche naav shrimati asey namood kele aahe. white hii eka vidhva, jee flushingkade valali, 1896 madhye queens. tathapi, harriot fisherchya nantarchya mulakhatit, tine sangitale qee tee janmane 'pandhari' hotee aanee tichi aaee tichya patishi durchi hotee. fisher 1903 madhye maran pavali. tine 27 april 1912 roji manhattenmadhye argentinachya naudalatil adhikari silvano alfredo andrewshee punha lagn kele. kahee divasanpurvi 'titanic' varr varcha bhau (dhardar) maran pavala hota mhanoon prasarmadhyamandhye haah eka shant sohala mhanoon varnan karnyat aale hote. fisher haah eka aakramak virodhi hota aanee tyane 1913 madhye nyu jarsimadhye mahilanchya matadhikaraviruddha saksh dilee.

harriot seto machha marney harriet white fisher andrew (1861-1939) ek americi thiin jo locomobilema vishwa parikrama garne pahilo mahila hun bhanera chininchhin. janma rar prarambhik jiwan. harriot whiteko janma 31 march 1861 maa pensylvaniako croford countyma bhaeko thiyo. uni oskar ae-key chhori thiin. seto rar hannah fisher, rar cleveland ohiyoko yuwa mahila shastriya semineryma shikshit thie. johnstowne badhiko samayama unle piditharuko herchah garin. woo tingfang, chiniyan kutnitigya rar rajnitigya, jaslai shrimati bhaninchha. harriet white fishers "americako sabaibhanda adbhut mahila." rail durghatana. october 8,1902 maa, dui pensylvania railroad yatri railharu menlo park, nyu georcyma thokkie. harriot fisher gambhir ghaite bhaeka chhan. unko chotko reportle uni atha haptasamma presbyterian aspatal (newyork sahar) maa raheko, tuppo, merudandama chot rar antarik chotka sath aspatalma bharna bhaeko bataeko chha. ispat udyog. unko patiko mrityupachhi, harriot fisherle trenton, nyu georcyma igal still work (pachhi fisher rar noris enbhil works naam diieko) ko wyawasthapanko zimma lie. uni rashtriya utpadak sanghaki ek matra mahila sadasya thiin. unlai sann 1911 maa "da wassington post" maa uddhrit garieko chha, jasma unle wyawasayama afno sanlagnatako warnan gareki chhinh "yadyapi malai bachchako bela pani messinary munn paryo", shrimatile bhanin. fisher, "yo mero patiko rog thiyo rar pratyek mahilale apatkalin awasthama maddat garne iccha thiyo jasle malai igalko kamma prawesh garna badhya banayo, jasko shree. machha marney manis pramukh thie. mahm 'malik' ko rupma bhitra gaen; tara maile chaandai thaha paen kii yadi malai mera karmachariharule samman garna chahanchhan bhane, maile uniharule bhanda badhi jannuparnecha. yass uddeshyaka lagi, maile ek niyamit prashikshuko rupma suru garen, stillai temper garna, anbhilko anuharlai chhedne, bhijharu dhakne rar railharu banauna siken. wastawma, maile sungur-falam paglandekhi liera samjhautaka lagi bolly lagaunasamma wyawasayako harek vibhagma purna pathyakram lien. mahm samapta hunu aghi, maile falam rar stilko kaam, messineryko whir, rar forgeko awajlai sanchchai maya garna sikeko thien." unko sampatti sann 1906 maa $2,000,000 maa report garieko thiyo. "unle panama nahar upkaranko bhagma afna pratidwandiharulai cum bolly lagaeki thiin rar unko yojanako autaputako tyas suwidhama $1,000,000 kamaeki thiin." sansarbhari gadi chalaune pahilo mahila. unko yatra aghi prarambhik reportharule unko chaar sitko carr brijport, connecticutma banaieko thiyo rar yasama kunai vishesh upkaran bina 40-hears pawar injin thiyo bhanera khulasa garyo. unka niyojit sathiharu harold machha marney jharanaharu (ek afanta), albert namka ekjana shafe rar aut dasi thie. unle paltu janawarko baandar, saandheko terrier rar pagsanga pani yatra garin. karlai england pathaune, lake komoma unko italian bhilama yatra garne, rar tyasapachhi egypt, bharat, japan hundai sanyukta rajya america farkane yojana banaieko marga thiyo rar july 1909 maa americako automobile clubma ek ramro yatra party ghoshana garieko thiyo. yatruharu 19 july 1909 maa prasthan gare. uni november 1909 sammama lake komoma aipugeki thiin bhanne khabar aeko thiyo. ek samakalin akhabarko wiwaranle machha marney rar unko dall japanko yatra pura gareko rar yatruharu rar gadi californiako saan franciscoma farkieko bataeko thiyo. uni august 16,1910 maa vishwabhari afno yatra pura gardai territown, newyork puge. fisherle afno sahasik karyako barema "ae womens world tour inn ae motor" shirshakma euta pustak lekheki thiin. wyaktigat jiwan. unko pahilo gyat vivaha clark fishersanga thiyo. uniharule 20 july 1898 maa london, englandma vivaha gareka thie. "trenton saanjhako samaya" maa uniharuko wiwahako reportle dulahiko naam shrimatiko rupma bataunchha. seto, ek vidhava jo flusingma sareki thiin, sann 1896 maa raniharu. tathapi, harriot fisherko pachhi garieko antarwartale uni janmabata "seto" bhaeko rar unaki amah afno patisanga tadhabata sambandhit raheko batae. fisherko 1903 maa mrityu bhayo. unle 27 april 1912 maa manhattanma argentini nausenaka adhikari silvano alfredo endryusanga feri vivaha garin. yasalai presma ek shanta samarohako rupma warnan garieko thiyo kinbhane dulahako bhai (ezgard) kehi dina aghi "tytainic" maa mareka thie. fisher ek virodhi-suffragist thie rar sann 1913 maa nyu georcyma mahila matadhikarko viruddhama gawahi die.

heriet dhalaa matsyajibi heriet white fisher andru (1861-1939) jane americae thile, jieki pratham mahila bhabe eka locomobile joge pruthibee parikrama karithile. janma ebong prarambhika zeeban. heriet white 1861 masiha march 31 tarikhare pensilbhaniaara crafford kauntire janmagrahana karithile. shay askara aii. nka jhia thile. sweta ebong hannah matsyajibi, ebong cleveland ohiore juba mahilanka shastriya seminarire sikhya laabh karithile. johnstown banya samajare shay peeditamananka jatna neithile. wu tingafanga, cheenra kutaneetigya ebong rajneta, nku srimati kuhajauthila. harriet white fisher' americara sabutharu chamatkara mahila." train durghatana. october 8,1902 ray, duiti pensilbhania relpath jatribahi train nyu jarsira menlo parkre dhakka hoithila. harriet matsyajibi gurutara ahata hoithile. taanka aghatara eka reportare kuhajaichhi je shay aatha saptaha paain presbyterian hospital (nyujarka city) ray thile, bhangi jaithiba nitamba, merudanda aaghata ebong aabhyantareen aaghata sahita daktarakhanare bhartti hoithile. ispat shilpa. taanka swameenka mrutyu parey, harriet fisher trenton, nyu jarsire eagle still karjya (parey fisher ebong norris aawil warks naamare namit) rahr parichalana dajitwa grahan karithile. shay jatiah nirmata sanghara ekamatra mahila sadasya thile. 1911 masihare "daa washington post" ray shay ukta byabasajare tankara sampruktata bishajare barnana karichantih "jadio mun piladine jantrapati pasanda karuthili", srimati kahile. matsyajibi, "ehaa moe swameenka asusthata ebong jarureekaleena paristhitire pratyeka mahilanka sahajya karibara ichha thila jaahaa mote eagle karjyare prabesha karibaku badhya karithila, jaahaa mea. matsyajibi thile mukhya. mun 'bus' bhabare bhitaraku galli; kintu mun shighra janibaku paili je jadi mote more karmacharimananka dwara sammana debaku hue, tebe mote semananka thaaru adhika janibaku padiba. ehi uddeshyare, mun jane nijamita sikhyanabisa bhabare arambha colly, ispataku shant kariba, eka anbhilra muhanku chhechiba, bhij dhaliba ebong rela tiari kariba shikhithili . bastabare, mun byabasajara pratyeka bibhagare eka sampurna pathyakrama grahan colly, pig-iron taraliba thaaru arambha curry chukti paain nilam parjyanta. mun shesh heba purbaru, mun luha ebong ispat, jantrapati rahr wir, ebong zaal sabda sahita kaama karibaku prakrutare bhal paiba shikhithili ." 1906 masihare tankara sampatti $2,000,000 ray report karajaithila. "shay panama kenal upkaranara anshabisheshare taanka pratidwandimananku comm prastaba deithile ebong taanka yojanara outputer sehi baisistya upare $1,000,000 rojgar karichanti." bisware gaadi chalaibara pratham mahila. taanka jatra purbaru prarambhika reportaru janapadichhi je taanka chaari aasana bisista karati brijport, kanektikatare nirmita hoithila ebong ethire kaunasi swatantra upakarana bina 40-aswashakti injin thila. tankara jojanabaddha sathimane thile harrold matsyajibi nadee (jane samparkeeah), albert namaka jane rosheia ebong jane daasee. shay eka posha mankada, eka shandha terrier ebong eka pug sahita madhya jatra karithile . jojanabaddha marga thila kaaraku englandaku pathaiba, lake komore thiba taanka italiah bhila jatra kariba, ebong taa 'parey egypt, bharat, japan dei jatra jaari rakhiba, ebong juktarastra aamerikaaku feriba, july 1909 ray automobile club off aamerikare eka bhal jatra party ghoshana karajaithila. jatrimane july 19,1909 ray jatra arambha karithile. ehaa suchana diajaithila je shay navember 1909 suddha hrada komore pahanchithile. eka samasamajika khabarkagaj bibaraneere kuhajaichhi je matsyajibi ebong taanka dala japan jatra samapta karichanti ebong jatri ebong gaadi californier shaan franciscore pherichanti. shay 1910 masiha august 16 tarikhare nyujarkara taritaunre pahanchi saaraa bisware nijara jatra shesh karithile. fisher taanka duhsahasika abhijana bishajare "eka mahila biswa gasta eka motor" shirshaka eka pustaka lekhithile . byaktigata zeeban. tankara pratham bibaha thila clark fisharanka saha. 1898 masiha july 20 tarikhare semane englandara landanare bibaha karithile. "trenton sandhyara samai" ray semananka bibahara bibaraneere kanyanka naama srimati bolly ullekha rahichhi. sweta, jane bidhaba jie flashingku chalijaithile, 1896 ray raanee. tathapi, parey harriet matsyajibinka eka sakhyatakarare shay janmaru jane "sweta" ebong taanka maa taanka swameenka saha doora samparkeeah thile . 1903 masihare matsyajibinka mrutyu hoithila. shay 1912 masiha april 27 tarikhare argentiner nausena adhikari silvano alfredo aandrunku punithare bibaha karithile. presare ehaaku eka shant samaroha bhabare barnana karajaithila kaaran baranka bhai (ezgard) kichhi deane purbaru "titanic" ray mrutyubarana karithile . matsyajibi jane birodhi-suffragist thile ebong 1913 masihare nyu jarsire mahilanka matadhikara biruddhare sakshya deithile.

harriet chitta machera harriet white fisher aindrioo (1861-1939) ikk amriki see joe ikk locomobile witch dunia daa chakkar lagaun vaali pahili aurat vajon jaanhi jaandi see. janam atey mudhla jeevan. harriet white daa janam 31 march 1861 noon crofford kaoonti, pensylvania witch hoiaa see. uh aaskar aii dee dhee see. chitte atey haina machhere, atey cleveland ohio witch naujwan aurtan dey classical madrasse witch sikkhiaa prapat keeti see. johnstown hadah dey samein usne peedtan dee dekhbhal keeti. voo tingfang, cheeni diplomat atey siasatdan, shrimati noon saddiaa jaanda haii. harriet white fisher "amrica dee sabh toon shandar aurat." rail hadsa. 8 aktubar, 1902 noon, doou pensylvania railmarg yaatari rail gaddiaan menlo park, nioo jarsi witch takra gaeeaan. harriet machhere gambhir roop witch zakhmi hoow gaye. uss deeaan sattan dee ikk report witch kiha giaa haii kii uh atth haftiaan toon presbyterian hospital (newyork shehar) witch see, tuttiaan kulleh, reedh dee haddi dee satt atey andruni satt naal hospital witch dakhal see. steel udyog. aapne patee dee maut toon baad, harriet fisher neey trenton, nioo jarsi witch eagle steel dey kamman (baad witch fisher atey nauris envil works daa naam ditta giaa) daa parbandhan sambhal liaa. uh nirmatavan dee rashtari association dee iklauti mahila member see. uss noon 1911 witch "washington post" witch havala ditta giaa haii, jiss witch uss neey carobar witch aapni shamuliat daa varnan keeta haiyav "shrimati neey kiha, "halanki mainoon bachpan witch vee machinary pasand see. machhere, "ih merey patee dee bimari see atey harr aurat dee emergency witch madad curran dee ichha see jiss neey mainoon baaz dey kamm witch dakhal honn laee prerit keeta, jiss vicchon shriman. machhere sir sunn. main 'baus' vajon ander giaa parr mainoon jaldi hii pataa lagg giaa kii jey merey karamchariaan duaara meraa sanman keeta jaanha haii, taan mainoon unhan naalon ziaada jaanna pavega. iss laee, main ikk niyamat sikkhiaarthi vajon shuruat keeti, steel noon shaant karna, ikk envil dey chihre noon chhanna, akkhan noon dhalna atey rail banauna sikkhiaa. asal witch, main carobar dey harr vibhag witch suur-lohe noon pighlan toon lae keey theke laee bollie lagaun takk ikk poora course keeta. iss toon pahilan kii main kamm poora qarr liaa, main lohe atey steel, machinary dee dhund atey jaali dee aavaaz naal kamm karna sachmuch sikkh liaa." uss dee daulat 1906 witch $2,000,000 dassi gaee see. "uss neey panama nahir dey upkarnan dey hisse vajon aapne virodhiaan noon ghatt bollie lagaai atey aapni yojna dey output dee uss visheshta utte $1,000,000 dee kamai keeti." dunia bharr witch gaddi chalaun vaali pahili aurat uss dee yaatra toon pahilan deeaan shuruati reportan toon pataa laggiaa kii uss dee chaar seetan vaali qaar brijport, connect witch banayi gaee see atey iss witch 40-haars pawar daa injan see jiss witch koee vishesh upkaran naheen see. uss dey yojnabadh saathi harold machhere dey jharne (ikk rishtedaar), albert naam daa ikk shaff atey ikk naukrani sunn. uss neey ikk paltu bandar, ikk balad terrier atey ikk pug naal vee yaatra keeti. yojnabadh maarag qaar noon england bhejna, lake como vikhe uss dey italian vilaa dee yaatra karna, atey firr misser, bharat, japaan toon hunde hoye jaari rakkhna atey sanyukat raaj amrica waps jaanha see, julai 1909 witch amrica dey automobile club witch ikk vadhiaa samundari yaatra party daa ailaan keeta giaa see. yaatari 19 julai, 1909 noon ravana hoye. ih dassiaa giaa see kii uh navambar 1909 takk lake como pahunchi see. ikk samkali akhbar dey khaate witch kiha giaa see kii machhere atey unhan dey dall neey japaan dee aapni yaatra puurii qarr laee see atey yaatari atey vaahan sainn francisco, california waps aaa gaye sunn. uh 16 agast, 1910 noon dunia bharr witch aapni yaatra puurii karde hoye territown, newyork pahunchi. fisher neey aapne saahas baare ikk kitaab likhi jiss daa sirlekh see "ikk motor witch ikk aurat daa vishav daura". nijji jeevan. uss daa pahila janhiaa viaah clark fisher naal see. unhan daa viaah 20 julai, 1898 noon london, england witch hoiaa see. "trenton shaam dey samein" witch unhan dey viaah dee report witch laadi daa naam shrimati dassiaa giaa haii. white, ikk vidhwa joe 1896 witch flushing witch chalee gaee, raniaan. halanki, harriet fisher dee baad witch ikk interview witch kiha giaa kii uh janam toon ikk "chitty" see atey uss dee maan aapne patee naal door dee sabndh rakkhdi see. machhi fadan vaale dee maut 1903 witch hoee. uss neey 27 aprail, 1912 noon manhattan witch argentine jall saina dey ikk adhikari silvano alfredo andru naal dubara viaah karwa liaa. presses witch iss noon ikk shaant samaroh vajon darsaiaa giaa see kiunki laade dey bharaa (edgard) dee kujh dinn pahilan "titanic" utte maut hoow gaee see. fisher ikk virodhi-suffrasist see atey 1913 witch nioo jarsi witch aurtan dey vott adhikar dey virudh gawahi ditti.

harriet shwetamatsyapaalakah harriet vait fisher endroo (1861-1939) ityeshaa amerikeeyah aasit yaa locomobail-dwara jagatam paribhramayantee prathamaa mahilaa iti khyata aasit. janma tathaa praarambhikajeevanam. harriet vait ityasya janma pensylvania-deshasya crafford-kauntee-nagare 1861 maarch 31 dinaanke abhavat. saa oscar-e-ityasya putree aasit. shveta-hannaa-matsyapaalakah, cleveland ohiyo-nagarasya yuvateenaam shaastreey-shikshaalaye shikshitah cha aasit. johnstowne-jalaplavanayaha samaye saa piditanam paricharyaam akarot. voo tingfang, chinadeshasya rajanetri tathaa raajaneetidnyah, shrimati iti namna prasidhah. harriet vait fisher "amerikaadeshasy atyantam adbhutah mahilaa." relayan-durghatanaa. 1902 october 8 dinaanke nyoo jersey-nagarasya menlo-paark-nagare pensylvania-rail-rail-yaanadwayam aprutta. harriet matsyapaalakah gambhirataya vranitah aasit. tasyaah aaghaatasy prativedanam avadat yat saa ashtasaptahaha yaavat presbyterian-chikitsaalaye (nyuyaark-nagaram) aasit, nitamba-bhagnayaa, merudanda-aghataya, aantarik-aaghaaten cha chikitsaalaye aasit. ispaata-udyogah. swapatnyaah mrutyoho anantaram, harriet-fisher-varyaha nyoo jersey-nagarasya trenton-nagare eegal-steel-karyanam (pashchat fisher-end noris-envil-works iti namna namna namna khyaatah) prabandhanam sveekrutavaan. saa rashtriya-nirmaatru-sanghasya ekamaatraa mahilaa sadasyaa aasit. 1911 tame varshe "da washington post" ityasmin vyavasaayasya vishaye tasyaah sahabhaagitvasya vivaranam dattam asti. "yadyapi baalye api yantraani rochaami", shrimati avadat. matsyapaalakah, "mama patyoho rogah, apatkale pratyekayaha streeh yat sahayyam kartum icchati tatt cha, aham gayoho kaaryeshu praveshtum prerayat, yasya shree. matsyapaalakah pramukhah aasit. aham 'baas' rupena pravishtavaan, parantu sheeghramev jaanaami yat yadi mama karmachaarinah mama adaram kurvanti tarhi teshaam apekshayaa adhikam jaanaami iti. etasmaat asmaat, aham niyamita-shikshikaaroopen aarabhat, ukkasya shamanam, kasherukasya mukham chhedanam, mukham, rail-nirmaanam cha abhyanayt. vastutah, aham vyavasaayasya pratyekasmin vibhaage, pig-airan-draveenaat aarabhy anubandhartham bolly-patraparyantam, poornam paatyakramam sveekrutavaan. samaapteh poorvam, aham lohasya, ukkasya cha kaaryam, yantrasya veshtanam, jaalasy shabdam cha yatharthataya priyam kartum shikhe." 1906 tame varshe tasyaah sampattih $2,000,000 iti soochitah. "saa panama-nahar-upakaranasy krute swapratidwandinaam krute alpamoolyam dattavatee, tathaa cha swayojanaa-utpadanasya tasmin vaishishtye $1,000,000 arjayat." vishvasya vahanachalika prathamaa mahilaa. tasyaah yatrayaha poorvam praarambhik-vivaranaani prakatitaani yat tasyaah chaturshu aasanayuktaa kaar-yaanam bridgeport, connecticut ityatra nirmitam aasit, tasya 40 ashvashaktiyuktaa yantram cha aasit, yasya kimapi vishesham upakaranm naa aasit. tasyaah niyojitasahacharau harold-matsyapaalakaah (ekaha saapekshah), albert naamakah rasoiya, paricharika cha aasan. saa pashuvrukshinaam vanarena, bull-terrier ityanena, pug ityanena cha saha yatram krutavatee. kaaram england-desham prati preshayitum, leck komo-nagare tasyaah italian-vilaah-nagaram prati yatram kartum, tatah easypt-deshaat, bhaarat-deshaat, japaan-deshaat, samyuktaraajyam prati cha gacchitum, 1909 julai-maase automobile-club-aaf-amerikaadeshe, uttama-samudrayatrayaha utsavasya ghoshanaa krutaa iti yojanabaddhah maargah aasit. yaatrikaah 1909 julai 19 dinaanke prasthanam krutavantah. saa 1909 november-maasaparyantam leck-komo-nagare aagatam iti vruttam aasit. ekaa samakaaleen-vruttapatram kathayati yat matsyapaalakaah tasyaah parivaaren cha japaan-deshaay yatram samapya yaatrikaah cha yaanaani cha california-deshasya saan-francisco-nagare punah aagacchan iti. saa 1910 august 16 dinaanke nyuyaark-nagarasya tarritown-nagaram aagaty, vishvasya bhramanam samapya. matsyapaalakah swa sahasikatayaha vishaye "a womens world tour inn a motor" iti sheershakam pustakam likhitavaan. vyaktigatajeevanam. tasyaah prathamam dnyaatam vivaaham clark-fisher ityanena saha aasit. 1898 julai 20 dinaanke england-deshasya landan-nagare te vivaahitaah aasan. "trenton-sayankale" teshaam vivaahasya vivaranam kanyayaha naam shrimati iti varnayati. shwetah, vidhavaa, yaa flushing-kshetram agruhnaat, 1896 tame varshe raajnee. parantu, harriot-matsyapaalakasy anantaram dattaam sakshatkaram, saa janmatah "shwetah" iti, tasyaah maataa swapatnyaa saha durasambaddha iti cha avadat. 1903 tame varshe matsyapaalakah mrutah. saa punah april 27,1912 tame dine, manhatton-nagare, argentine-nausenaayaah adhikarina silvaano alfredo endroo ityanena saha vivaahitaa. patrikaa-patrikaasu etat shaantah samarohah iti varnitam aasit yatah varasya bhrata (edgard) katipayadinaani poorvam "tatanic" ityasmin mrutah aasit. matsyapaalakah ekaha suffragist-virodhee aasit, 1913 tame varshe nyoo jersey-nagare mahilanam matadhikarasya viruddham sakshyam dattavaan.

haariyat vellai meenavar haariyat vellai meenavar andrew (1861-1939) oru americar aavaar, avar oru locomobile ulagaich suttri vantha muthal penn endru ariyappadugiraar. pirappu mattrum aarambagaala vaazhkkai. haariyat oyit benzylvaniavin crafford kavundiyil maarch 31,1861 andru piranthaar. avar aaskar aee. inn magal aavaar. vellai mattrum hannah meenavar, mattrum cleveland ohiyoavil ulla ilam penkalin paarambariya seminariyil kalvi payintraar. johnstown vellaththin poathu avar paathikkappattavargalai kavaniththuk kondaar. vuu tingfang, seena raajathanthiri mattrum arasiyalvaathi, emm. aarr. ess. endru alaikkappattaar. haariyat vellai meenavar "americavin miga arputhamaana penn." rayil vibaththu. october 8,1902 andru, irandu benzylvania irayil paathai payanigal rayilgal neu jersiyil ulla menlo poongaavil moathiyathu. haariyat meenavar palaththa kaayamadaindhaar. avarathu kaayangal kuriththa arikaiyil, avar ettu vaarangkalaaka prespidean maruthuvamanaiyil (newyorg nagaram) irunthaar, iduppu elumbu murivu, muthukelumbu kaayam mattrum ull kaayaththudan maruthuvamanaiyil anumathikkappattaar. efkut thozhil. avarathu kanavarin maranaththirkup piragu, haariyat meenavar neu jersiyil ulla trentonil ulla kazhugu efku vaelaigalin (pinnar meenavar & norris anvil vaelaigal endru peyaridappattathu) nirvaagaththai eduththuk kondaar. thaesiya urpaththiyaalargal sangaththin oray penn uruppinar aavaar. 1911 aam aandil "thii washington poast" ill avar maerkoal kaattapattu, vanigaththil avarathu eedupaattai vivarikkiraar "kuzhandhaiyaaga irunththapoathu kooda enakku iyanththirangkal pidiththirunthana", endru thirumathi koorinaar. meenavar, "idhu enn kanavarin noayum, ovvoru pennum avasarakaalaththil udhava vaendum endra viruppamum thaan, adhu ennai kazhugu vaelaigalukkul nuzhiya vazhivaguththathu, athil thiru. meenavar thalaivanaaga irunthaar. naan 'muthalaali' aaga ullae sentraen; aanaal enn oozhiyargalaal naan mathikkappada vaendumaanaal, avarkal seithathai vida naan adhigam therinthu kolla vaendum enbathai viraivil arinththaen. inththa mudivukku, naan oru valakkamaana payirchiyaalaraaka thodanginaen, efku, oru anvil mugaththai arippu, vadivam mattrum thandavaalangalai uruvaakka kattrukkondaen. unmaiyil, pandri-irumbu urukuthal muthal oppanthangkalukkaana aelam eduppathu varai vanigaththin ovvoru thuraiyilum naan oru muzhumaiyaana paadaththittaththai maerkondaen. naan mudivatharku munbu, irumbu mattrum efku, iyanththirangkalin surul mattrum forgin olii aagiyavattraik konda vaelaiyai nesikka naan kattrukkondaen." 1906 aam aandil avarathu selvam $2,000,000 aaga arivikkappattathu. "avar panama kaalvaai ubakaranangkalin oru paguthiyil thanathu poattiyaalargalai kuraitthu, thanathu thittaththin veliyeettin antha amsaththil $1,000,000 sambaathitthullaar." ulagaich suttri vantha muthal penn. avarathu payanaththirku munththaiya aaramba arikkaikal avarathu naanku irukkaikal konda kaarr inaippuch salaiyoram ulla bridge poarttil kattappattathaagavum, sirappu ubakaranangkal illaatha 40 kuthiraiththiran konda iyanththiram irunththathaakavum theriyavanthathu. avaludaiya thittamidappatta thoazharkal haarold meenava sittrarasugal (oru uravinar), albert endra samaiyalkarar mattrum oru panippen aavar. aval oru chellaprani kurangu, oru kaalai terrier mattrum oru buck aagiyavattrudan payanam seithaal. englaanththukku kaarai anuppavum, lake koomoavil ulla avarathu itaaliya villaavukkuch sellavum, pinnar egipthu, india, jappan vazhiyaagath thodaravum, amerikkaavirkuth thirumbavum thittamidappatta paathai juulai 1909 ill automobile kilappil oru nalla payana virunththu arivikkappattathu. juulai 19,1909 andru payanigal purappattanar. navambar 1909kkul avar aeri koomoavukku vanththathaaka therivikkappattathu. oru samagaala seithiththaal kanakku meenavargalum avarathu parivaaramum jappanukku thangal payanaththai mudiththuvittathaagavum, payanigalum vaaganamum californiavin chaan franciscovil thirumbi vanthathaakavum kooriyadhu. avar august 16,1910 andru newyorkin daridownukku vandhu, ulagaich suttri thanathu payanaththai muditthaar. meenavar thanathu saagasaththaip pattri "oru pennin ulaga suttruppayanam oru motor" endra thalaippil oru puththagaththai ezhuthinaar. thanipatta vaazhkkai. avarathu muthal tirumanamaanathu clark fisher enbathaakum. avarkal juulai 20,1898 andru englaandhin landanil tirumanam seithu kondanar. "trenton maalai nerangalil" avarkalin thirumanaththin arikkai manamagalin peyarai thirumathi endru koorukirathu. 1896 aam aandil flueshingirku kudipeyarntha oru vidhavai, raanigal. iruppinum, haariyat meenavarin pirkaala nerkaanal, avar pirappaal oru "vellai" endrum, avarathu taayaar thanathu kanavarudan tholaithooraththil thodarbu kondathaagavum koorinaar. 1903 aam aandil meenavar iranthaar. avar aepral 27,1912 andru, manhatonil argentina kadarpadaiyil oru athikaariyaana silvano alfredo andrewai meendum tirumanam seithu kondaar. sila naatkalukku munbu manamagan cakootharar (edjard) titanic andru iranthathaal idhu paththirigaigalil oru amaithiyaana vizhaa endru vivarikkappattathu. meenavar oru suffragist ethirppu mattrum 1913 ill neu jersiyil penkalin vaakkurimaikku ethiraaga saatchiyamalitthaar.

haariyat white fisher harriet white fisher andrew (1861-1939) oka american, locomobile globenu chuttina modati mahilagaa prasiddhi chendindi. jananam mariyu prarambha jeevitam. harriet white marchi 31,1861naa pensylvanialoni crowford counteeloo janminchindi. aame askar eah kumarte. tella mariyu hannah matsyakaarulu, mariyu cleveland ohiyoloni yuva mahilala shaastreeya seminarylo chaduvukunnaru. johnstowne varada samayamlo aame baadhitulanu chusukundi. vu tingfang, chainees doutyavetta mariyu raajakeeyavetta, srimati anie pilavabaddaru. harriet white fisher "americalo atyanta adbhutamaina mahila." railu pramaadam. aktobaru 8,1902naa, rendu pensylvania railroad passenger raillu newjerseelooni menlo paarkulo dheekonnaayi. harriot matsyakaarudu teevramgaa gayapaddadu. aame gaayaala nivedika prakaram, aame enimidi vaaraala paatu presbyterian aasupatrilo (newyork nagaram), virigina pandlu, vennemuka gaayam mariyu antargata gaayamtho aasupatrilo undhi. ukku parisrama. aame bhartha maranam taruvaata, harriet fisher trenton, newjerseylo eegil steel works (taruvaata fisher & norris unville works anie paeru pettaru) nirvahananu chepattadu. tayaareedaarula jaateeya sanghamlo aame ekaika mahilaa sabhyuralu. aame 1911loe "dhi washington post" loe utankinchabadindi, vyaparamlo aame prameyaanni vivarinchindihi "chinnatanamlo kooda naaku yantraalu antey ishtam", anie srimati annaru. matsyakaarudu, "idhi naa bhartha anaaroogyam mariyu prati mahila atyavasara paristhitiloo sahayam cheyalane korika, idhi nannu eegil panulaloki pravesinchadaaniki daariteesindi, andulo mister. matsyakaarudu thala. neenu 'baas' gaa vellaanu; conny naa udyogulu nannu gowravinchaalanukunte, vaaru kante neenu ekkuva telusukovalsi untundani neenu twaralone telusukunnaanu. eee disagaa, neenu oka saadhaarana apprenticega praarambhinchaanu, ukkunu nigrahinchadam, oka kaddii yokka mukhanni kattirinchadam, mukhanni achupettadam mariyu pattalu tayaaru cheyadam neerchukunnaanu. nijaaniki, neenu vyaapaaramlooni prati vibhaagamlo, pig-iron kariginchadam nundi oppandaala kosam velampata varaku puurti korsunu teesukunnaanu. neenu puurti cheyadaaniki mundhe, inumu mariyu ukkutho panini, yantraala yokka wire mariyu forge yokka dhwanini preminchadam neenu nijamgaa neerchukunnaanu." 1906loe aame sampada $2,000,000 gaa nivedinchabadindi. "aame panama kaaluva parikaraala bhaagamlo thana pratyarthulanu addukundi mariyu aame pranaalika yokka avtput yokka aaa lakshanampai $1,000,000 sampaadinchindi." prapanchavyaaptamgaa vahanalu nadipina toli mahila. aame prayaanaaniki mundu vacchina praathamika nivedikala prakaram, aame naalugu seetla kaarunu bridgeport, kanektikatlo nirminchaaru mariyu pratyeka parikaraalu lekunda 40-harspower injin kaligi undhi. aame pranaalikaabaddhamaina sahacharulu harrold fisher brooks (oka bandhuvu), albert anae cheff mariyu oka panimanishi. aame oka pempudu kothi, oka bull terrier mariyu oka pug thoo kooda prayaaninchindi. kaarunu inglaandku ravana cheyadam, lake komoloni aame italian villaku prayaaninchadam, aapai eejipt, india, japan gundaa konasagadam, aapai united statesku tirigi velladam, juulai 1909loe automobile club off americalo oka manchi samudrayaana party prakatinchabadindi. 1909 juulai 19naa prayaanikulu bayaludaeraaru. aame 1909 november natiki lake como vaddaku cherukunnatlu nivedinchabadindi. oka samakaaleena vaartaapatrika kathanam matsyakaarulu mariyu aame parivaram japanku tama prayaanaanni puurti chesaarani mariyu prayaanikulu mariyu vahanam tirigi shaan francisco, californialo unnayani perkondi. aame 1910 augustu 16naa newyorkloni tarritownku cherukuni, prapanchavyaaptamgaa thana prayaanaanni puurti chesindi. matsyakaaruraalu thana sahasam gurinchi "eah umens varald tour inn eah motor" anae paerutoe oka pustakam rasindi. vyaktigata jeevitam. aame modati vivaham clark fisher thoo jarigindi. vaaru juulai 20,1898naa inglaandlooni londonlo vivaham chesukunnaru. "trenton saayantram samayaallo" vaari vivaham gurinchi nivedika vaduvu paerunu srimatigaa perkondi. 1896loe flushing kuu vellina vitantuvu ayina tella, queens. ayithe, taruvaata harriet fisher interviewlo, aame puttukatho "tella" anie, aame talli thana bhartatho dhoorapu sambandham kaligi undani perkondi. fisher 1903loe maraninchaadu. aame april 27,1912naa manhatonlo argentine naavikaadalamloo adhikari ayina silvano alfredo aandruutoe mallee vivaham chesukundi. varudi sodarudu (edgard) konni rojula kritam "titanic" loe maraninchinanduna idhi patrikalalo nissabda vaedukagaa varninchabadindi. fisher oka vyatiraeka-sufragist mariyu 1913loe newjerseylo mahilala ootu hakkuku vyatiraekamgaa saakshyamichaaru.

harriot waait fashar harriot waait fashar andrev (1861-1939) eek americi thee juu locomobile mein duniya kaa chakar laganay waali pehli khaatun kay toor parr jaanee jaati thee. paidaish aur ibtadayi zindagi. harriot waait 31 maarch 1861 kuu pensalvania kii crafword county mein paida hoyee. wah aaskar aey kii betty thein. safed aur hanaa maahi gair aur inhon nay cleoland auhaiyo mein naujawan khwatin kay classici madarse mein taleem haasil kii. janztaon sailaab kay waqat iss nay mutasireen kii deekh bhaal kii. wow tung faing cheeni sifarat kaar aur seyasat daan jinhein mohtarmah kahaa jaataa hay. harriot waait fashar "america kii sabb say shandar khaatun." train kaa haadsah. 8 aktobar 1902 kuu neo jarsi kay menlo paark mein duu pensalvania railway musafir trainein aaps mein takra gayein. harriot maahi gair shadeed zakhmi how gayaa. iss kii chooton kii eek report mein kahaa gayaa hay kahh wah aath hafton say presbyterian hospital (neoyork shehar) mein thein kolhon kay tutnay reedh kii huddy kii choot aur androni choot kay saath hospital mein daakhil thein. steel kii sanaat. apnay shohar kii moth kay baad harriot fashar nay trenton neo jarsi mein aqaab steel kay kaamon (baad mein jasay fashar aind norse annol works kaa naam diyaa gayaa) kaa intezam sanbhala. wah national aisosi aishan aaf menofecturers kii waahid khaatun rakan thein. 1911 mein "dee washington post" mein inn kaa hawalah diyaa gayaa hay jiss mein karobar mein inn kii shamoliyat biyaan kii gayee hay: "agarcha majhay bachpan mein bhee machinary pasand thee" mohtarmah nay kahaa. maahi gair "yaha miray shohar kii bemari thee aur yaha khwahish thee kahh harr aurat kuu hungami soorat haal mein madad karnee hay jiss kii wajah say mein aqaab kay kaam mein daakhil hawaa jiss mein mister. maahi gair iss kaa sarbarah thaa. mein 'baas' kay toor parr andar gayaa vovo leakin majhay jald hyee malum hawaa kahh agar miray mulazimin nay meeri azat karnee hay tuu majhay inn say ziyadah jaanna hoga. iss maqsad kay liyay mein nay eek baqayedah apprents kay toor parr sharoaat kii steel kuu thandaa karnaa eek nook kay chehrey kuu chhingna chehrey kuu mould karnaa aur railein banana seekha. darhaqiqat mein nay karobar kay harr shobay mein suur loha pighalnay say lay kirr muahidon kay liye boli laganay takk kaa makmal kors kiyaa. iss say pehley kahh mein guzar gayaa mein nay lohay aur steel kay saath kaam machinary kii dhadkan aur jaal saazi kii aawaz say mohabat karnaa waaqee seekha." 1906 mein iss kii dolat $2,000,000 batayi gayee thee. "iss nay panama nehar kay saamaan kay hasay parr apnay harifon kuu kumm qeemat parr boli lagayi aur apnay mansubay kii paidawar kii iss khususiyat parr $1,000,000 kamaye." duniya bhar mein gaadi chalanay waali pehli khaatun. iss kay safar say pehley kii ibtadayi itlaat say patah chalaa kahh iss kii chaar nashaston waali kaar kanektikt kay barj port mein banayi gayee thee aur iss mein 40 haars pawar kaa anjan thaa jiss mein koyee khaas saamaan nahein thaa. iss kay mansubah bund saathi maahi geeron kay samandari kinaray (eek rishtah daar)yee elbert naami eek bawarchi aur eek nokarani thay. iss nay eek paalto bandar eek bail terrier aur eek pug kay saath bhee safar kiyaa. mansubah bund raastah kaar kuu england bhejna leek komo mein iss kay atalvi walaa kaa safar karnaa aur phir misar hindustan japaan say guzar kirr america waps jaana thaa aur jolayi 1909 mein automobile kalb aaf america mein eek behtareen safar paarti kaa aalaan kiyaa gayaa thaa. musafir 19 jolayi 1909 kuu rawanah hoay. yaha atlaa milly kahh wah nomber 1909 takk leek komo pahunchi. eek asree akhbaar kay biyaan mein kahaa gayaa hay kahh maahi gair aur inn kay wafad nay japaan kaa safar makmal kirr liyaa hay aur musafir aur gaadi saan francesco california waps aaa gayee haine. wah 16 agast 1910 kuu duniya bhar mein apnaa safar makmal kartay hoay torry town neoyork pahunchi. fashar nay apnay adventure kay baaray mein "eek motor mein eek aurat kaa aalimi dorah" kay anwaan say eek kitaab likhee. zaati zindagi. iss kii pehli malum shaadi clark fashar say thee. inn kii shaadi 20 jolayi 1898 kuu landan england mein hoyee thee. "trenton avening times" mein inn kii shaadi kii report mein dulhan kaa naam mohtarmah bataya gayaa hay. safed eek bewah juu 1896 mein flushing kii taraf chalee gayee malkah. tahim harriot fashar kay baad kay eek intervieve mein kahaa gayaa kahh wah paidaishi toor parr "safed" thee aur iss kii maan kaa apnay shohar say door taaluq thaa. fashar kaa 1903 mein inteqal hawaa. iss nay 27 apreel 1912 kuu meen heaton mein argentine kii bahriyah kay eek afsar salwano alfaredo andrev say dobarah shaadi kii. asay prais mein eek perscon taqrib kay toor parr biyaan kiyaa gayaa thaa keunkah dolhay kay bhayee (adgard) kaa chand dunn pehley "titanic" parr inteqal how gayaa thaa. fashar eek mukhalif sufrest thaa aur iss nay 1913 mein neo jarsi mein khwatin kay haqh raaye dahee kay khalaaf gawahi dee.

00000736d1c67c08e28234ea2e1bb4b3157c6db7d52bb6712c231397e8b9fdce

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=86020

Iris (mythology)

Iris (mythology) Ancient Greek personification of the rainbow In ancient Greek religion and mythology, Iris (; ; Greek: ,  ,  "rainbow," ) is a daughter of the gods Thaumas and Electra, the personification of the rainbow and messenger of the gods, a servant to the Olympians and especially Queen Hera. Iris appears in several stories carrying messages from and to the gods or running errands but has no unique mythology of her own. Similarly, very little to none of a historical cult and worship of Iris is attested in surviving records, with only a few traces surviving from the island of Delos. In ancient art, Iris is depicted as a winged young woman carrying a caduceus, the symbol of the messengers, and a pitcher of water for the gods. Iris was traditionally seen as the consort of Zephyrus, the god of the west wind and one of the four Anemoi, by whom she is the mother of Pothos in some versions. Etymology. The ancient Greek noun means both the rainbow and the halo of the Moon. An inscription from Corinth provides evidence for an original form ("wîris") with a digamma that was eventually dropped. The noun seems to be of pre-Greek origin. A Proto-Indo-European pre-form "*uh2i-r-i-" has been suggested, although Beekes finds it 'hard to motivate.' Family. According to Hesiod's "Theogony", Iris is the daughter of Thaumas and the Oceanid Electra and the sister of the Harpies: Arke and Ocypete. During the Titanomachy, Iris was the messenger of the Olympian gods while her sister Arke betrayed the Olympians and became the messenger of the gods' enemy, the Titans. She is the goddess of the rainbow. She also serves nectar to the goddesses and gods to drink. Zephyrus, who is the god of the west wind, is her consort. Together they had a son named Pothos, or alternatively they were the parents of Eros, the god of love, according to sixth century BC Greek lyric poet Alcaeus, though Eros is usually said to be the son of Ares and Aphrodite. According to the "Dionysiaca" of Nonnus, Iris' brother is Hydaspes. She is also known as one of the goddesses of the sea and the sky. Iris links the gods to humanity. She travels with the speed of wind from one end of the world to the other and into the depths of the sea and the underworld. Mythology. Titanomachy. Iris is said to travel on the rainbow while carrying messages from the gods to mortals. In some records, Iris is a sister to fellow messenger goddess Arke ("swift", "quick"), who flew out of the company of Olympian gods to join the Titans as their messenger goddess during the Titanomachy, making the two sisters enemy messenger goddesses. After the war was won by Zeus and his allies, Zeus tore Arke's wings from her and in time gave them as a gift to the Nereid Thetis at her wedding to Peleus, who in turn gave them to her son, Achilles, who wore them on his feet. Achilles was sometimes known as "podarkes" (feet like [the wings of] Arke). Podarces was also the original name of Priam, the king of Troy. Messenger of the gods. Following her daughter Persephone's abduction by Hades, the goddess of agriculture Demeter withdrew to her temple in Eleusis and made the earth barren, causing a great famine that killed off mortals, and as a result sacrifices to the gods ceased. Zeus then sent Iris to Demeter, calling her to join the other gods and lift her curse; but as her daughter was not returned, Demeter was not persuaded. In one narrative, after Leto and her children pleaded with Zeus to release Prometheus from his torment, Zeus relented, and sent Iris to order Heracles to free the unfortunate Prometheus. After Ceyx drowned in a shipwreck, Hera made Iris convey her orders to Hypnos, the god of sleep. Iris flew and found him in his cave, and informed him that Hera wished for Ceyx's wife, Alcyone, to be informed of her loved one's death in her dreams. After delivering Hera's command, Iris left immediately, not standing to be near Hypnos for too long, for his powers took hold of her, and made her dizzy and sleepy. In Aristophanes's comedy "The Birds", the titular birds build a city in the sky and plan to supplant the Olympian gods. Iris, as the messenger, goes to meet them, but she is ridiculed, insulted, and threatened with rape by their leader Pisetaerus, an elderly Athenian man. Iris appears confused that Pisetearus does not know who the gods are and that she is one of them. Pisetaerus then tells her that the birds are the gods now, the deities whom the humans must sacrifice to. After Pisetaerus threatens to rape her, Iris scolds him for his foul language and leaves, warning him that Zeus, whom she refers to as her father, will deal with him and make him pay. Iris also appears several times in Virgil's "Aeneid", usually as an agent of Juno. In Book 4, Juno dispatches her to pluck a lock of hair from the head of Queen Dido, so that she may die and enter Hades. In book 5, Iris, having taken on the form of a Trojan woman, stirs up the other Trojan mothers to set fire to four of Aeneas' ships in order to prevent them from leaving Sicily. According to the Roman poet Ovid, after Romulus was deified as the god Quirinus, his wife Hersilia pleaded with the gods to let her become immortal as well so that she could be with her husband once again. Juno heard her plea and sent Iris down to her. With a single finger, Iris touched Hersilia and transformed her into an immortal goddess. Hersilia flew to Olympus, where she became one of the Horae and was permitted to live with her husband forevermore. Trojan War. According to the lost epic "Cypria" by Stasinus, it was Iris who informed Menelaus, who had sailed off to Crete, of what had happened back in Sparta while he was gone, namely his wife Helen's elopement with the Trojan Prince Paris as well as the death of Helen's brother Castor. Iris is frequently mentioned as a divine messenger in "The Iliad", which is attributed to Homer. She does not, however, appear in "The Odyssey," where her role is instead filled by Hermes. Like Hermes, Iris carries a caduceus or winged staff. By command of Zeus, the king of the gods, she carries a ewer of water from the River Styx, with which she puts to sleep all who perjure themselves. In Book XXIII, she delivers Achilles's prayer to Boreas and Zephyrus to light the funeral pyre of Patroclus. In the last book, Zeus sends Iris to King Priam, to tell him that he should go to the Achaean camp alone and ransom the body of his slain son Hector from Achilles. Iris swiftly delivers the message to Priam and returns to Olympus. Other myths. According to the "Homeric Hymn to Apollo", when Leto was in labor prior to giving birth to her twin children Apollo and Artemis, all the goddesses were in attendance except for two, Hera and Eileithyia, the goddess of childbirth. On the ninth day of her labor, Leto told Iris to bribe Eileithyia and ask for her help in giving birth to her children, without allowing Hera to find out. According to Callimachus, Iris along with Ares ordered, on Hera's orders, all cities and other places to shun the pregnant Leto and deny her shelter where she could bring forth her twins. After Asteria, now transformed into the island of Delos, offered shelter to Leto, Iris flew back to Hera to inform her that Leto had been allowed to give birth due to Asteria defying Hera's orders, and took her seat beside Hera. According to Apollonius Rhodius, Iris turned back the Argonauts Zetes and Calais, who had pursued the Harpies to the Strophades ("Islands of Turning"). The brothers had driven off the monsters from their torment of the prophet Phineus, but did not kill them upon the request of Iris, who promised that Phineus would not be bothered by the Harpies again. After King Creon of Thebes forbade the burial of the dead Argive soldiers who had raised their arms against Thebes, Hera ordered Iris to moisturize their dead bodies with dew and ambrosia. In a lesser-known narrative, Iris once came close to being raped by the satyrs after she attempted to disrupt their worship of Dionysus, perhaps at the behest of Hera. About fifteen black-and-red-figure vase paintings dating from the fifth century BC depict said satyrs either menacingly advancing toward or getting hold of her when she tries to interfere with the sacrifice. In another cup, Iris is depicted being assaulted by the satyrs, who apparently are trying to prevent Iris from stealing sacrificial meat from the altar of Dionysus, who is also present in the scene. On the other side, the satyrs are attacking Hera, who stands between Hermes and Heracles. The ancient playwright Achaeus wrote "Iris", a now lost satyr play, which might have been the source of those vases' subject. In Euripides' play "Heracles Gone Mad", Iris appears alongside Lyssa, the goddess of madness and insanity, cursing Heracles with the fit of madness in which he kills his three sons and his wife Megara. Iris also prepared the bed of Zeus and Hera. Worship. Cult. Unlike the other prominent messenger god of the Greeks, Hermes, Iris did not play a large part in the ancient Greek religion and was rarely worshipped. There are no known temples, shrines, or sanctuaries to Iris, or festivals held in her honour. While she is frequently depicted on vases and in bas-reliefs, few statues are known to have been made of Iris during antiquity. She was however depicted in sculpture on the west pediment of Parthenon in Athens. Iris does appear to have been the object of at least some minor worship, but the only trace preserved of her cult is the note by Athenaeus in "Scholars at Dinner" that the people of Delos sacrificed to Iris, offering her cheesecakes called "basyniae", a type of cake of wheat-flour, suet, and honey, boiled up together. Epithets. Iris had numerous poetic titles and epithets, including "chrysopteros" ( "golden winged"), "podas ōkea" ( "swift footed") or "podēnemos ōkea" ( "wind-swift footed"), "roscida" ("dewy", Latin), and "Thaumantias" or "Thaumantis" (, , "Daughter of Thaumas, Wondrous One"), "aellopus" ( "storm-footed, storm-swift). She also watered the clouds with her pitcher, obtaining the water from the sea. Representation. Iris is represented either as a rainbow or as a beautiful young maiden with wings on her shoulders. As a goddess, Iris is associated with communication, messages, the rainbow, and new endeavors. This personification of a rainbow was once described as being a link to the heavens and earth. In some texts she is depicted wearing a coat of many colors. With this coat she actually creates the rainbows she rides to get from place to place. Iris' wings were said to be so beautiful that she could even light up a dark cavern, a trait observable from the story of her visit to Somnus in order to relay a message to Alcyone. While Iris was principally associated with communication and messages, she was also believed to aid in the fulfillment of humans' prayers, either by fulfilling them herself or by bringing them to the attention of other deities. Notes. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

aairis (pouranik kahini) prasin greek dhormo aaru pouranik kahineet, aairis (;;) hoise debota thaama aaru electrar egoraki konya, rainbu aaru debotar messengeror byoktitwo, olympicor aaru bixexkoi rani herar ejon daax. aairis debotar poraa barta loi juwa baa kambur solai juwa keibatau kahineet dekha yaay kintu teur nijor kunu ononyo pouranik kahini naai. ekedore, kunu oitihaxik dhormo aaru aairisor upaxonar proman oti komkoi, dell 'cho dipor poraa maatro keitaman sinhe jiyai thokar logote, jiyai thoka obhilekhxomuhot promanito koraa hoise. prasin kolat, aairisok kedusis, dutarxokolor protik, aaru debotaxokolor baabe panir ghortu korhiyai niya egoraki daana thoka juboti hisape sitrito koraa hoise. aairisok poromporagotobhabe poschim botahor debota jefirasor potni aaru sarita enimuir bhitorot egoraki hisape dekha goisil, jaar dwara teu kisuman xongoskoronot puthusor maatri. byutpotti. prasin greek bixesyor ortho hoise rainbu aaru chondror haalu duyutai. korinthor etaa xilalipiye etaa mool rupor ("wiris") proman prodan kore zo "too etaa digamma aasil jitu owoxexot baad diya hoisil. bixesyotu praak-greek mulor zen laage. etaa protu-indu-europiyo praak-rup "* uh2i-r-i-"-ror poramorxo diya hoise, jodiu moumasiye iyak 'onupranito koratu kothin' buli onubhob kore.' poriyal. hesiodor "thiyo 'gonn" onuxori, aairis hoise thamas aaru mohaxagoriyo electrar konya aaru harpyr bhognih aark aaru oh "saipet. tytan 'masir xomoyot aairis aasil olympic debotaxokolor bartabahok, aanhate teur bhogni aarke olympicor xoite biswaxghatokota korisil aaru debotaxokolor xotru titanxokolor bartabahok hoi porisil. teu rainbur debi. teu debi aaru debotaxokolok omrito poriwexon kore. poschim botahor debota jefiras teur potni. khristopurbo xostho xotikar greek gitikar kobi elkeiusor mote, ekeloge teulukor puthus naamor ejon putro aasil, baa bikolpobhabe teuluk premor debota irr 'sor pitri-maatri aasil, jodiu irr' sok xadharonote eres aaru afruditor putro buli kuwa hoy. nononasor "dionysiak" onuxori, aairisor bhatri hoise hyduspace. teuk xagor aaru aakaxor debi hisapeu jonaa yaay. aairise debotaxokolok manobotar xoite xongzug kore. teu prithibir etaa prantor poraa aan etaa prantoloi aaru xagor aaru odhulukor gobhirtaloi botahor gotire jatra kore. pouranik kahini. tytan 'maasi. aairise debotar poraa nobojatokloi barta korhiyai loi rainburot jatra kore buli kuwa hoy. kisuman tothyot, aairis hoise xotirtho bartabahok debi aarke ("suift", "kuik") ror egoraki bhogni, ji tytan 'masir xomoyot titanxokolok teulukor bartabahok debi hisape jugdan koriboloi olympic debotar companyr poraa ulai aahisil, jaar folot dugoraki bhogni xotru messanger debi hoi porisil. juddhokhon jiuch aaru teur mitroxokole joy korar pisot, jiuse teur poraa aarker daana singi peliyasor logot teur biyar xomoyot nerid thitisoloi upohar hisape disil, jiye taar pisot taair putro aakilsok disil, jiye xeibur teur bhorit pindhisil. aakilsok ketiyaba "poderk" ([jahajor] daanar dore bhori) buli jonaa goisil. poders aasil troyor roja priyamor mool naam. debotar dute. headysor dwara teur konya persfonor opohoronor pisot, krixi debi demattere eleusisot thoka teur mondiroloi ubhoti goisil aaru prithibikhonok onurbor kori tulisil, jaar folot ek brihot durbhikhyo hoisil jiye nobokxokolok hotya korisil, aaru pholsworupe debotaxokolok bolidan koratu bondho hoi goisil. tetiya jiuse aairisok demateroloi pothiyai, taik aan debotaxokolor xoite jug diboloi aaru obhixap uthai lo "boloi aahban korisil; kintu taair konya ghurai onaar baabe dematterok preron koraa huwa nasil. etaa aakhyanot, letu aaru taair xontanxokole jeusor usorot promethiusok teur jontronar poraa mukto koriboloi onurudh korar pisot, jeuse onugroho korisil, aaru durbhagyojonok promethiusok mukto koriboloi herakelxokolok aadex diboloi aairis pothiyaisil. six jahajor dhongxawoxexot dubo juwar pisot herai aairisor dwara taair nidrar debota xommuhonoloi nirdex preron koraisil. aairise uri goi teuk teur guhat paisil, aaru teuk jonay je herai saikxor potni elsiyunok teur xopunot teur priyojonor mrityur bixoye obogoto korar issa korisil. herar aadex prodan korar pisot, aairise loge loge guchi goisil, besi xomoy xommuhonor usorot thakiboloi thiyo huwa nasil, kiyonu teur xoktiye taik dhori rakhisil, aaru taik muur ghurai aahisil aaru tuponi aahisil. aristophenceor comedy "dyo birds" too naamor soraibure aakaxot ekhon sohor nirman kore aaru olympic debotaxokolok xoloni korar porikolpona kore. aairis, bartabahok hisape, teulukok log koriboloi yaay, kintu taik upohax koraa hoy, opoman koraa hoy, aaru egoraki briddho ethanian manuh, teulukor netaa piseterasor dwara dhorxonor bhabuki diya hoy. aairisor dore bibhranto zen laage je pisetiyarase debotaxokol coon aaru teu teulukor bhitorot egoraki buli najane. piseterase tetiya taik koy je soraibur etiya debota, manuhxokole jaar baabe bolidan dibo lagibo. piseterase taik dhorxon korar bhabuki diyar pisot, aairise teuk teur opoxobdor baabe gaali diye aaru teuk xotorko kori diye je jiuse, jaak taai taair deutak buli ullekh kore, teur xoite byobohar koribo aaru teuk dhon dibo. aairis xadharonote junur agent hisape bharjilor "anaid" too keibabaru dekha yaay. 4 nong gronthot, junuwe taik rani didur muror poraa sulir etaa taala taniboloi pothiyai diye, jaate taai moribo paare aaru headysot prowex koribo paare. 5 nong gronthot aairise tro 'john mohilar rup luwar pisot aan tro' john matrixokolok jui logai diye jaate teuluk sisili eri juwar poraa rokhya paay. ruman kobi oh 'vidor mote, rumyulsok debota cririnus hisape promanito korar pisot, teur potni harsiliyai debotaxokolok teukou omor hoh' boloi diboloi onurudh korisil jaate taai aakou ebaar nijor swamir xoite thakibo paare. junuwe taair aabedon xuni taair usoroloi aairis pothiyaisil. etaa angulire aairise harsiliak sporxo korisil aaru taik ek omor debiloi rupantorit korisil. harsiliyai olimpasoloi uri goisil, zo 'too teu hoh' rere egoraki hoi porisil aaru teuk sirkalor baabe teur swamir xoite thakiboloi onumoti diya hoisil. tro 'john juddho. stachinusor heruwa mohakabyo "cypria" ror mote, irishe menelausok teu juwar xomoyot sperter xoite ki ghotisil xei bixoye obogoto korisil, orthat teur potni helenor tro 'jaan rajkumar perisor xoite polayonor logote helenor bhatri custeror mrityu. aairisok "eliad" too ek oisworik bartabahok hisape xoghonai ullekh koraa hoise, jitu humarok diya hoy. obosye, teu "dyo oh 'disi" too dekha nayay, zo' too teur bhumikatu harmixor dwara purno koraa hoy. harmsor dore aairiseu kedusis baa daana thoka laathi bohon kore. debotaxokolor roja jiuchor aadexe taai stikes nodir poraa panir etaa borgo korhiyai loi yaay, jaar dwara taai nijor nijor bixoye misa kuwa xokoluke xui pelay. xxiii gronthot, teu petrucluxor ontyestikriyar chita alukito koriboloi buriya aaru jefairasoloi ekilsor prarthona prodan kore. xexorkhon gronthot, jiuse roja priyamoloi aairis pothiyai diye, teuk koo 'boloi je teu okole aseyan xibiroloi jaabo laage aaru teur nihot putro hectoror xorirtu aasir poraa muktipon dibo laage. aairise drutogotit priyamoloi barta preron kore aaru olimpikoloi ghuri aahe. onyanyo kolpokahini. humorik stobo tu epulu" onuxori, jetiya letuwe teur jomoj xontan epulu aaru artemisor jonmo diyar aagote proxowot aasil, tetiya xontan jonmor debi heraa aaru elithia naamor dujon debir baahire xokolu debi uposthito aasil. taair sromor nowom dinaa, letuwe aairisok elithiak utkuch diboloi aaru herak janiboloi nidi teur xontan jonmo diboloi xohay bisariboloi koichil. kolimasusor mote, herar aadexot aairis aaru eresor xoite xokolu sohor aaru aan thailoi gorbhoboti letu eri jaboloi aaru taair aashroy oswikar koriboloi aadex diya hoisil zo 'too taair jomoj xontan jonmo dibo paare. asteriar pisot, etiya dell 'cho dipoloi rupantorit hoi, letuk aashroy disil, aairise heraloi ubhoti aahisil jaate teuk jonuwa hoy je estariyai herar aadex omanyo korar baabe letuwe jonmo diboloi onumoti diya hoisil, aaru herar kaxot teu bohisil. ep 'lo' niyas ror 'diyasor mote, aairise argontor jetes aaru keleis ghurai disil, jiye harpiburok strophed ("ghurar dip") loi onuxoron korisil. bhaixokole probhu finusor otyasaror poraa ranixokolok aatorai disil, kintu aairisor onurudhot teulukok hotya koraa nasil, ji protisruti disil je finus punor harpyr dwara bisolito noho 'bob. thibosor roja kriyene thibosor biruddhe ostro tuli luwa mrito argive xoinikxokolok xomadhistho korat nixedhagya aarup korar pisot herai aairisok teulukor mritodehbur xixir aaru embrosiyare aardro koriboloi nirdex disil. ek komm-gyat aakhyanot, aairise ebaar hoyotu herar nirdexot, teulukor daay "naisasor upaxona byahot koriboloi chesta korar pisot xotirxokole dhorxon korar usorot aahisil. khristopurbo ponchom xotikar poraa pray pundhorta koo 'laa aaru ronga aakritir fuldar sitrot sitrito koraa hoise je xotirxokole hoy bhoyanokbhabe aagbarhi yaay baa tyagoto hostokhyep koriboloi chesta korile teuk dhori raakhe. aan etaa kaapot, aairisok setairxokole aakromon korar chitro diya hoise, jixokole drishyotut uposthito thoka daay "naisasor bedir poraa bolir maangxo suri korar poraa aairisok protirudh koriboloi chesta kori aase. aantu faale, xotirxokole herak aakromon korise, ji herm aaru herakelor maajot thiyo hoi aase. prasin natyokar aaseise "aairis" likhisil, ji ekhon etiya herai juwa biroktikor naatok, ji hoyotu xei fuldarar bixoyor utxo aasil. uripidesor naatok "herakels go 'noo medd" too aairis unmad aaru unmador debi lisar xoite dekha yaay, unmadotar xoite herakelxokolok obhixap diye zo' too teu teur tinijon putro aaru teur potni megarak hotya kore. aairise jiuch aaru herar bisonau prostut korisil. puja korok. porompora. greekxokolor aan bixisto bartabahok debotar biporite, hermix, aairise prasin greek dhormot ek dangor bhumika paalon koraa nasil aaru iyak khubo komhe puja koraa hoisil. teur xonmanot onusthito huwa kunu gyat mondir, mondir, baa aairisor obhoyaronyo baa utxob naai. jodiu teuk xoghonai fuldar aaru bex-rilifot sitrito koraa hoy, prasin kaalot aairisor dwara nirmito huwar baabe keitaman murti jonaa yaay. obosye athensot parthenonor poschim pedimentot bhaskorjot teuk sitrito koraa hoisil. aairis ontotoh kichu xoru pujar lokhyo aasil buli dekha yaay, kintu teur upaxonar ekmatro sinhotu etheniyasor "dinrot ponditoxokol" ror tukatuwe xongrokhyon korise je delsor lukoxokole aairisok utxorgo korisil, "besiniya" naamor teuk sijkek aagborhaisil, ek prokaror ghehu-aata, suit aaru mou, ekeloge utolai. upakhyan. aairisor oxongkhyo kabyik upadhi aaru bixexon aasil, jaar bhitorot aasil "crysopter" cho ("xunali wing"), "podas ōkea" ("drut paad") baa "podnemus ōkea" ("bayu-swift fut"), "rosida" ("dewee", letin), aaru "thumentius" baa "thumentis" (, ", thamasor konya, bismoyokor ek"), "avalupus" ("dhumuha-bhori, dhumuha-swift"). xagoror poraa paanee loi taai nijor kolore meghburot paanee disil. protinidhitwo. aairisok rainbu hisape baa kandhot wing thoka xundor juboti hisape protinidhitwo koraa hoy. debi hisape aairis jugajug, barta, rainbu aaru notun prochestar xoite jorito. rainburor ei byoktitwok exomoyot aakax aaru prithibir xoite xongzug hisape bornona koraa hoisil. kisuman gronthot teuk bohutu rongor kutt pindhi thoka sitrito koraa hoise. ei kutor xoite teu prokritote rainbu sristi kore zo 'too teu sthanor poraa sthanoloi jaboloi uthi yaay. aairisor wingbur imaan xundor buli kuwa hoisil je taai aanoki etaa aandhar guhau jwolai dibo parisil, jitu teur xumnas bhromonor kahinir poraa alsiyunoloi etaa barta preron korar baabe porzobekhyon koribo poraa ek boixistyo. jodiu aairis mulotoh jugajug aaru bartar xoite jorito aasil, tothapiu teu manuhor prarthona puron korat xohay kore buli biswax koraa hoisil, hoy teulukok nije puron kori baa aan debotar dristi aakorxon kori.

iris (pouranik kahini) prachin greek dhormo ebong purane, iris (;;) holl debotader thomas ebong electra-rawr konna, ramdhanur moorto roop ebong debotader bartabahok, olympiander ebong biseshoto runny herar ekjon sebok. iris besh koyekti golpe dekha yaay jaa debotader kachh theke ebong taader kachhe barta bohon korey baa kajguli chaliye yaay tobey taar nijaswa konao ananya pouranik kahini nei. ekibhabe, konao oitihasik cult ebong airiser upasonar khub komoi benche thaka nothite promanito hoy, delos dweep theke matro koyekti chinno benche thaake. prachin shilpe, iriske ekti caducius bohonkari ekjon danawala juboti hisabe chitrito koraa hoyeche, jaa bartabahokder protik ebong debotader jonno joler ekti colls. iriske oitijjogotobhabe poschim bayur debota jefiraser stree ebong charti anaemoyer modhye ekjon hisabe dekha hoto, jaar dwara tini kichhu sangaskarane pothoser maa. byutpatti. prachin greek bisessotir ortho holl chaander ramdhanu ebong alo ubhayi. korinther ekti shilalipi ekti mool rooper ("uiris") proman pradan korey jaa ekti digamma soho jaa shesh porjonto baad deoa hoyechilo. bishesshoti praka-greek utser boley money hoy. ekti proto-indo-europea praka-form "* uaich2aaee-arr-aaee-"-err poramorsho deoa hoyeche, jodio moumachira etike 'anupranito koraa kathin' boley money korey.' poribar. hesioder "theogony" onusare, iris holl thomas ebong mahasagariya electra ebong herpeser bonoh arch ebong osipeter konna. titanomatchir somoy, iris chhilen olympic debotader bartabahok, jokhon taar boone arke olimpiker saathe biswasghatokota korechilo ebong debotader shatru, titander bartabahok hoye othe. tini ramdhanur debi. tini debi ebong debotader amrito paan korar jonnou poribeshon corren. jephirus, jini poschim bayur debota, taanr stree. khristopurbo shostho shatabdir greek geetikar cobby alcuser motey, taader eksathe pothos naame ekti putro chhilo, baa bikolpobhabe taaraa premer debota eroser pitamata chhilen, jodio eroske sadharonoto arres ebong ephroditer putro bolla hoy. nananaser "dionysiac" onusare, airiser bhai holl hydaspace. tini samudra oo akasher onnotomo debi hisabeo porichito. iris debotader manobotar sange jukto korey. seey bishwer eka pranto theke onno prante ebong samudra oo underworlder gobhirotai bataser gotite bhromon korey. pouranik kahini. titanomachi. iriske debotader kachh theke manusher kachhe barta bohon korar somoy ramdhanur upor bhromon korar jonno bolla hoy. kichhu nothite, iris soho-bartabahok debi arke ("druto", "druto")-err boone, jini olympian debotader songo theke beriye eshe titanomatchir somoy titander saathe taader bartabahok debi hisabe jog diyechilen, jaa dui bonke shatru bartabahok debi korey tulechilo. jiusa ebong taar mitrora juddho jitey neoar porey, jiusa taar kachh theke arker danna chhinde feley ebong somoyer saathe saathe peliaser saathe taar biyete neraid theatiske upohar hisabe deyo, jey taader taar chhele akiliske deyo, jey taader paye porechilo. akilis kokhono kokhono "poddark" ([teerer] dunner moto paa) naame porichito chhilo. poderses chhilo troyer raja priyamer asol naamo. debotader dooto. taanr konna percephoner opohoroner porr, krishi debi eliusise taanr mondire firey zaan ebong prithibike anurbar korey deena, jaar foley ekti borh durbhikkho hoy jaa manushke hotya korey ebong falaswarup debotader kachhe balidan bondho hoye yaay. jiusa tokhon iriske demeter kachhe pathiyechilen, taake onno debotader saathe jog ditey ebong taar abhishap tuley nitey dekechilen; kintu taar meye firey naa asay demeterke raji koraa hoyney. ekti bornonai, letto ebong taar santanra jiuser kachhe prometheuske taar jontrona theke mukti deoar jonno anurodh korar porey, jiusa dhoirjo harran ebong durbhaggojonok prometheuske mukto korar jonno herakalder adesh deoar jonno iris pathan. ekti jahajdubite seksa dube yawar porr, herra taar iriske nidra debota sommohonke nirdesh deyo. iris udey giye taake taar guhay khunje paay ebong taake jaanaay jey herra chaay jey sexer stree alcionke taar priyojoner swapne mrityur bishoye abohito koraa hoke. herar adesh deoar porey, iris abilambe choley yaay, khub beshikkhon sommohon kachakachi naa dandiye, kaaron taar shakti taake dhorey felechilo ebong taake matha ghora ebong ghumiye felechilo. abhijatder comedy "dya birds"-ayee, namkara pakhira akashe ekti shohor toiri korey ebong olympian debotader protisthapon korar parikalpana korey. iris, bartabahok hisabe, taader saathe dekha korte yaay, kintu taader neta piseterus, ekjon boyosko ethanian looka dwara taake upohas koraa hoy, apoman koraa hoy ebong dharshaner humki deoa hoy. iris bibhranto hoye porey jey piseterus jaanen naa jey debotara keey ebong tini taader modhye ekjon. piseterus tokhon taake boley jey pakhira ekhon debota, jaader jonno manushke aboshyoi utsarga korte hobey. piseterus taake dharshaner humki deoar porey, iris taar ashleel bhasar jonno taake tiroskar korey ebong taake sotorko korey chhede choley yaay jey jiusa, jaake seey taar baba hisabe ullekh korey, taar saathe acharan korbe ebong taake ortho pradan korbe. iris virgiler "annaid"-ayee sadharonoto junor agent hisabe besh koyekbar dekha yaay. 4 nong boiye, juno taake runny didor matha theke chuler taalaa tolar jonno pathay, jaate seey maaraa yaay ebong hadise probesh korte paare. 5 nong boiye, iris, trojana mohilar roop niye, anyanno trojana mayeder jaliye deyo jaate taaraa siniyaser charti jahaje agun dhoriye deyo jaate taader sikili chhede yawa theke biroto thaake. roman cobby ovider motey, romanulaske debota curinus hisabe protisthito korar porey, taar stree harsilia debotader kachhe takeo omor hotey deoar jonno anurodh korechilen jaate seey abar taar swamir saathe thakte paare. juno taar abedon shune taar kachhe iris pathay. ekti angul diye iris tariliake sporsho korey ebong taake omor debite rupantarita korey. harsilia olympuse udey yaay, jekhane seey ekjon horey hoye othe ebong taake chirkal taar swamir saathe thucker anumati deoa hoy. trojana juddho. stacinuser hariye yawa mahakabya "cypria" onusare, irisei menelauske janiyechilo, jini krete jatra korechilen, tini choley yawar somoy sparta qee ghotechilo, taar naam taar stree helen trojana prince pyariser saathe paliye yawar pashapashi helen err bhai castor mrityu. iriske prayashai "iliad"-ayee ekti oissorik bartabahok hisabe ullekh koraa hoy, jaa homarke dayee koraa hoy. tobey, tini "odisi"-teey uposthito hohn naa, jekhane taar bhumikati hermis dwara purno. hermiser moto, iris ekti caducius baa danawala laathi bohon korey. debotader raja jiuser adeshe, tini stikes nodee theke joler ekti sroto bohon corren, jaar sahajye tini nijeder mithyabadi sokolke ghumiye rakhen. xxiii boiye, tini boreus ebong jefiraser kachhe patrocluser antyeshtikriyar chita alokito korar jonno akiliser prarthona pradan corren. shesh boiye, jiusa raja priyamer kachhe iris pathay, taake bolar jonno jey taake ekaa acheyan shibire jete hobey ebong taar nihoto putro hector dehoke achilis theke muktipan ditey hobey. iris druto priyamer kachhe bartati pouche deyo ebong olympuse firey aase. anyanno pouranik kahini. homerick stob" onusare, jokhon letto taar jomoj santan apollo ebong artemiser jonmo deoar agey prosob bedna bhog korchilen, tokhon duijon chhada samasta debi uposthito chhilen, herra ebong shishu jonmer debi elithia. taar shromer nobom diney, letto iriske bolechilo jey seey ilithiake ghush debe ebong herake khunje berr korte naa diye taar santander jonmo deoar jonno taar sahajyo chaibe. calimacuser motey, herar adeshe iris ebong arres samasta shohor ebong anyanno jaigake gorbhoboti letoke ediye cholar ebong taar ashray aswikar korar adesh deyo jekhane seey taar jomoj santander jonmo ditey paare. starrier porey, ekhon delos dweepe rupantarita hoye, letoke ashray deoar prostab deyo, iris herar kachhe firey yaay jaate taake janano hoy jey starrier adesh amanya korar karone letoke jonmo deoar anumati deoa hoyechilo ebong herar paashe taar asson grohon korey. apollonius rhodiuser motey, iris argonots jets ebong caliseke firiye diyechilo, jaaraa stropheda ("bankano dweeppunjo") porjonto harpyke anusaran korechilo. bhaiyera danobder taader nobee finiuser jontrona theke bitadito korechilo, kintu airiser anurodhe taader hotya koreni, jini protishruti diyechilen jey finius abar herpes dwara birokto hobey naa. dyiboser raja creon mrito argive sainyader dafon nishiddho korar porey, jaaraa taader ostro tulechilo, herra iriske shishir ebong ambrosia diye taader mritodehke ardro korar nirdesh diyechilen. ekti qama porichito bornonai, iris ekbar syatirder dwara dhorshito howar kachakachi esechilo jokhon seey sombhoboto herar nirdeshe dionysuser upasona byahoto korar chesta korechilo. khristopurbo pancham shatabdir pray poneroti kaalo oo laal-akritir fuldani chitrogulite bolla hoyeche jey satirra hoy bhayankarbhabe egiye jachche baa jokhon seey tyage hostokkhep korar chesta korey tokhon taake dhorey rekheche. onno kaape, iriske satterder dwara akranto howar chitro dekhano hoyeche, jaaraa drishyato drishye uposthito dionysuser bedee theke korbanir mangs churi koraa theke iriske protirodh korar chesta korche. onnodike, satirra herake akraman korche, jey hermis ebong herakeler modhye dandiye achhe. prachin natyokar acheus "iris" likhechilen, jaa ekhon ekti hariye yawa byangattak natok, jaa sombhoboto seii fuldanigulir visayavastur utso chhilo. euripideser natok 'hieracles ganned myada'-ayee, iris paglate ebong paglamir debi lisara pashapashi abirbhuto hoy, paglamir saathe hairacleke abhishap deyo jaate seey taar tinn chhele ebong taar stree megara-keey hotya korey. iris jiusa ebong herar bichhanao prostuto korechilo. upasona korun. cult. greekder anyanno bishishto bartabahok debota, hermiser moto, iris prachin greek dhorme ekti borh bhumika palon koreni ebong khub komoi puja koraa hoto. taanr sommane konao porichito mondir, mondir baa airiser abhayaranya baa utsab onusthito hoy naa. jodio taake ghono ghono fuldani ebong bases-releafe chitrito koraa hoy, prachinkale koyekti murti iris diye toiri koraa hoyechilo boley jaanaa yaay. tobey ethenser parthenoner poschim padodeshe bhaskorjer modhye taake chitrito koraa hoyechilo. iris ontotopokkhe kichhu chhoto upasonar lakkhya boley money hoy, tobey taar kalter ekmatro chinnoti atheneuser "dinnerey ponditder" note jey deloser lokera iriske utsarga korey "basinia" naame taar chizcake, eka dharaner gomer moyda, suite ebong madhu, eksathe siddho korey. biseshon. airiser asankhya kabbik shironam ebong biseshon chhilo, jaar modhye chhilo "chrysopteros" ("sonara danna"), "podus ōkea" ("druto payer") baa "podenimos ōkea" ("bayu-suichjukto"), "roscida" ("deui", lattin), ebong "theumantis" baa "theumantis" (, ",,,,",,,,, vismayakar eka, ")," aellopus "(" jhor-payer, jhor-suich). seey taar colls diye meghkeo joll diyechilo, samudra theke joll peyechilo. protinidhitto. iriske rangdhanu hisabe baa kandhe danna soho ekti sundar juboti hisabe uposthapon koraa hoy. debi hisabe, iris jogajog, barta, ramdhanur ebong notun prochestar saathe jukto. rangdhanur eyi murtike eksamoy akash oo prithibir sangjog hisabe bornona koraa hoyechilo. kichhu gronthe taake onek ronger coat porey chitrito koraa hoyeche. eyi coat diye seey asle eka jaiga theke onno jaiga yawar jonno rangdhanu toiri korey. airiser danna eto sundar boley money koraa hoto jey seey ekti ondhokar guhao alokito korte paroto, jaa alcionke ekti barta deoar jonno somnase taar soforer golpo theke porjobekkhonjoggo. iris mulat jogajog ebong bartar saathe jukto chhilo, tobey tini manusher prarthona poripurno korte sahayata corren boley biswas koraa hoto, hoy seguli nize puron korey baa anyanno debotar nojore eney.

iris (pauranik kathaa) praachin grick dharm aneey pauranik kathaoma, iris (;;) aee devtaao thaumas aneey electra, meghadhanush aneey devtaona sandeshvaahaknu moort swaroop, olympians aneey khaas kareene raanee heraani sevaknee putri chhe. iris ghanee vartaoma dekhaay chhe jeey devtaao pasethi aneey temne sandeshao vahan karey chhe athavaa kaaryo karey chhe parantu tenee potaani koee ananya pauranik kathaao nathee. tevee jaj reete, delos tapumathi maatra thodaa jaj avshesho bachee gayaa chhe, jeey hayaat dastavejoma aitihasik sampradaay aneey meghadhanushni pujaani koee pann baabatni pushti karvaamaa aavee nathee. praachin kalaamaa, meghadhanushne aek pankhvali yuvan stree tareeke darshavvama aavee chhe, jeey caducesne vahan karey chhe, jeey sandeshvaahakonu prateek chhe aneey devtaao maate paaninu ghadiyaad chhe. irisne paramparagat reete pashchim pavannaa deva zephirasni patnee aneey chaar anaemoimathi aek tareeke jovama aavtu hatoo, jenaa dwara teey ketalik aavruttioma pothosnee maataa chhe. vyutpatti. praachin grick sangnano arth thaay chhe chandranu saptarangi aneey prabhaamandal. corinthno aek shilalekh aek mool swaroop ("viris") maate puraava puuraa paade chhe, jemaa aek digamma chhe jeey aakhare chhodvama aavyo hato. aaa sangyaa purv-grick mulnee hovaanu janaay chhe. proto-indo-european purv-swaroop "* uh2aaee-aar-aaee-" suchavvama aavyu chhe, jooe keey madhmakhione tene 'prereet karavu mushkel' laage chhe.' parivaar. hesiodnee "theogony" anusaar, meghadhanush aee thaumas aneey oceanid electra aneey harpeaseni bahen chheh aark aneey osipetini putri chhe. titanomachi darmiyan, iris olympic devtaaono sandeshvaahak hato jyaare tenee bahen arche olympicna lokone dago aapyo hato aneey devtaona dushman, titansno sandeshvaahak bunny hatee. teey saptarangini devee chhe. teey deveeone aneey devtaaone amrut pivadaave chhe. zephirus, jeey pashchim pavanno deva chhe, teey tenee patnee chhe. chhaththi sadee bii. see. grick gitkaar kavee alkius anusaar, eksaathe temne pothos naamno putra thayo hato, athavaa vaikalpik reete teo premnaa deva irosnaa matapita hataa, joke erosne saamanya reete arres aneey afroditeno putra kahevama aave chhe. nonanasnaa "dionysiaca" anusaar, meghdhanushno bhaai hydaspace chhe. tenee samudra aneey aakashni deviomaanee aek tareeke pann odakhaay chhe. iris devtaaone manavta saathe jode chhe. teey vishvanaa aek chhedethi beeja chhede aneey samudra aneey paataalni undaima pavannee gatee saathe musafari karey chhe. pauranik kathaa. titanomachi. iris bhagvanna sandeshaaone najeeveeo sudhee pahonchaadtaa meghadhanush parr musafari karey chhe. ketlaak dastavejoma, iris saathee sandeshvaahak devee aarke ("swift", "zadpi") nee bahen chhe, jeey olympian devtaoni sangatmathi bahaar neekali titanomachi darmiyan temnee sandeshvaahak devee tareeke tyton saathe jodai hatee, jenaathi beey baheno dushman sandeshvaahak deveeo bunny hatee. xius aneey tenaa saatheeo dwara yuddh jeetya pachhi, ziyase tenaathi aarknee paankho faadi naakhi aneey samay jataa tene pelius saathena tenaa lagnamaa narraid thetisne bhet tareeke aapee, jene badalaama temne tenaa putra, aecheelisne aapee, jene temne tenaa pug parr paheryaa hataa. akileezne ketalikvaar podarcs ([kamaannee] paankho jevaa pug) tareeke odakhvaamaa aavtaa hataa. poddars aee triana raajaa priyamnu mool naam pann hatoo. devtaona sandeshvaahak. hadis dwara teneeni putri percephone apaharan pachhi, krushee deveena deveeae tenaa mandirmathi pichhehath curry aneey pruthvine ujjad banaavi deedhi, jenaa kaarane aek mahaan dushkaal padyo jene manushyane maaree nakhya, aneey parinaame devtaaone balidan aapvaanu bundh thaee gayoo. ziyase pachhi irisne dimter karvaa maate mokalyo, teneene anya devtaao saathe jodava aneey teneeno shraap uthaavvaa maate bolaavyo; parantu teneeni putri parat naa aavee hovathi, demterne samjavvama aavyu naa hatoo. aek kathaama, leto aneey tenaa baadkoae xius saathe prometheousne tenee yatnamathi mukt karvaa vinanti karyaa pachhi, ziyase maanyu, aneey kamansib prometheousne mukt karvaa maate hereclesne aadesh aapvaa maate iris mokalyo. seeks jahajna bhanganma dooby gayaa pachhi, heraae tenaa aadesho unghanaa deva sammohanne pahonchadya. iris udee gayo aneey tene tenee gufaamaa malyo, aneey tene jaana curry keey heraa seeksnee patnee, elsiyone, tenaa preey vyaktinaa mrutyu vishe tenaa sapnama jaana karvaanee ichcha raakhe chhe. heraani aagnaa aapyaa pachhi, aankhnee aankh tarat jaj chhodi gaee, khoob laambaa samay sudhee sammohanni najik naa ubhaa rahee, kaaran keey tenee shaktioae tene pakadi leedhi, aneey tene chakkar aavvaa aneey unghee javaa deedhi. aristophensani komedi "dhaa birds" maan, namdhari paksheeo aakashma aek shaher banaave chhe aneey olympic devtaaone badalvani yojnaa banaave chhe. sandeshvaahak tareeke iris, temne malvaa jaay chhe, parantu teneeni majaak udavvama aave chhe, apmaan karvaamaa aave chhe aneey temnaa netaa piseterus, aek vruddh ethanian maanas dwara balatkarni dhamki aapvama aave chhe. iris munjhavanma dekhaay chhe keey pisetiyarasne khabar nathee keey devtaao koona chhe aneey teey temathi aek chhe. piseterus pachhi teneene kahe chhe keey paksheeo havey devtaao chhe, jeey devtaaone manushyoae balidan aapvu jaj padashe. piseterus tenaa parr balaatkaar karvaanee dhamki aape chhe, tyaare iris tenee khotee bhaasha maate tene thapako aape chhe aneey tene chetvani aape chhe keey xius, jene tenee tenaa pitaa tareeke odakhaave chhe, tenee saathe vyavhaar karashe aneey tene chukavani karashe. virgilnaa "annaid" maan pann iris ghanee vakhat dekhaay chhe, saamanya reete junona agent tareeke. pustak 4 maan, juno teneene raanee deedona maatha parthee vaadnun taalu todvaa maate mokale chhe, jethee teey murry shake aneey headsma pravesh curry shake. pustak 5 maan, iris, aek trojan mahilaanu swaroop dhaaran kareene, anya trojan maataaone acily chhodata atkavva maate aniana chaar jahajoma aag lagaadvaa maate halaave chhe. rooman kavee ovidna janaavya anusaar, romyulasane bhagvaan quirnus tareeke deva ghoshit karyaa pachhi, tenee patnee hersilia devtaaone vinanti curry keey teneene pann amar banvaa doo jethee teey pharii aekvaar tenaa patee saathe rahee shake. junoae tenee vinanti sambhali aneey tene aankhnee aankh mokali. aek aangalithi, meghdhanushae teneene sparsha karyo aneey teneene amar devimaa rupantarit curry. hersilia olympusema gaee, jyaan tenee aek horey bunny gaee aneey teneene tenaa patee saathe kaayam rahevani manjuri aapvama aavee. trojan yuddh. stacinus dwara khovaayela mahakavya "cypriya" anusaar, teey meghadhanush hato jene manlousene jaana curry hatee, jeey krete javaa ravaana thayo hato, jyaare teey gayo hato tyaare spartama shun thayu hatoo, etale keey tenee patnee hellenni trojan prince paris saathe bhaagi javaani saathe saathe helennaa bhaai casternu mrutyu. irisno vaaramvaar "eliod" maan daivi sandeshvaahak tareeke ullekh karvaamaa aave chhe, jeey homarne aabhaari chhe. joke, teey "odisi" maan dekhaati nathee, jyaan teneeni bhoomika tenaa badale hermes dwara bharvama aave chhe. hermissnee jaim, meghadhanushmaa caduces athavaa pankhvala staff hoya chhe. devtaona raajaa ziyasna aadeshthi, teey stikes nadimathi paaninu aek zaranu vahan karey chhe, jenee saathe teey potaane khotee reete rajoo karnara badhaane unghee deey chhe. xxiii pustakma, tenee petroclusni antimayatrani cheeta prakashit karvaa maate boris aneey zephirasne akileeznee praathnaa karey chhe. chhella pustakma, xius raajaa priyaamne iris mokale chhe, tene kaheva maate keey tene ekalaa acheyan shibirma javu joiae aneey tenaa maarya gayelaa putra hectornaa shareerne akileezmanthi khandani aapvi joiae. iris zadapthi priyaamne sandesh pahonchaade chhe aneey olympusema parat farey chhe. anya dantkathaao. homeric stotra too apollo" anusaar, jyaare leto tenaa jodeeya baadakone apolo aneey artemisne janm aaptaa pahelaa prasutimaa hatee, tyaare tamaam deveeo hajarima hatee, sivaay keey beey, heraa aneey elithia, baljanmni devee. teneena shramnaa navmaa divase, letoae irisne elithiane laanch aapvaa aneey heraane janvani manjuri aapyaa vinaa, tenaa baadakone janm aapvaa maate tenee madad maangvaanu kahyoo. kelimakasna janaavya anusaar, heraana aadesh parr, iris aneey arres dwara tamaam shahero aneey anya sthaloae garbhavati letone door karvaano aneey teneena aashrayne nakaarvaano aadesh aapvama aavyo hato jyaan tenee tenaa jodeeya baadakone janm aapee shake. esteriya pachhi, havey delosnaa tapuma rupantarit, letone aashray aapyo, iris tene jaana karvaa maate heraa parat faryo keey asteriana aadeshoni avgannaa karvaane kaarane letone janm aapvani manjuri aapvama aavee hatee, aneey heraani bajuma tenee bethak leedhi hatee. apollonius rodiyasnaa janaavya anusaar, meghdhanushae argonot zett aneey kelesane paachha fervi deedhaa, jemane stropheds ("valaanknaa taapuo") sudhee harpyno pichho karyo hato. bhaioae rakshasone prabodhak phoeniusni yaatnathi haankee kaadhya hataa, parantu irisni vinanti parr temne maarya nahota, jemane vachan aapyu hatoo keey phoeniusne fareethi harpythi pareshaan karvaamaa aavashe nahee. theebsna raajaa krene mrut argive saineekone dafnavva parr pratibandh mookyaa pachhi, jemane thibs saame temnaa haath unchaa karyaa hataa, heraae temnaa mrutdehone zaakal aneey ambrosia saathe bhejvaa maate irisno aadesh aapyo. aek ochhi jaaniti kathaama, meghadhanush aekvaar satyar dwara balatkarni najik aavee gayoo hatoo, jyaare teneeae kadaach hiraanaa kaheva parr temnee dioniusni pujaamaa vikshep paadvaano prayaas karyo hato. isvision purve paanchmee sadeena lagbhag pandar kaalaa aneey laal-aakrutina fooldani chitro darshaave chhe keey jyaare teey balidaanmaa dakhal karvaano prayaas karey chhe tyaare sateero kaan too bhayanak reete aagad vadhe chhe athavaa tene pakadi leey chhe. anya kapmaa, meghadhanushne satayaro dwara humalo karvaamaa aavto darshavvama aavyo chhe, jeey dekheeti reete drashyamaa haajar dionysusni vedimathi balidaannu maans choree kartaa meghadhanushne atkavvano prayaas curry rahyaa chhe. beejee baaju, sateero heraa parr humalo curry rahyaa chhe, jeey hermes aneey heracle vachche oobho chhe. praachin natyakar akeyase "iris" lakhyu hatoo, jeey havey khovaayelu vyang naatak chhe, jeey kadaach teey vaazonaa vishhayno srot hoi shake chhe. euripidsna naatak "pagal thaee gayelaa ashwet" maan, gaandpan aneey gaandpanni devee lisa saathe meghadhanush dekhaay chhe, jemaa teey tenaa trana putro aneey tenee patnee megara neey maaree naakhe chhe. iris xius aneey heraani pathaari pann taiyar karey chhe. pujaa karoo. sampradaay. greekona anya agranee sandeshvaahak devtaothi vipareet, hermes, iris praachin grick dharmamaa moto bhaag bhajavta naa hataa aneey bhagye jaj tenee pujaa karvaamaa aavtee hatee. temnaa sanmaanmaa koee jaanita mandeero, mandeero athavaa irisna abhayaranyo athavaa tahevaro yojaata nathee. jyaare teneene vaaramvaar vaaz aneey bases-releafma darshavvama aave chhe, tyaare praachinkaal darmiyan ketalik murteeo meghadhanushni banelee hovaanu jaanitu chhe. joke, tene ethansamaa parthenonna pashchim pediment parr shilpma darshavvama aavee hatee. iris ochhama ochhi ketalik naanee pujaano hetu hovaanu janaay chhe, parantu tenaa sampradaaynu ekmatra nishan ethanius dwara "dinner khaate vidhyano" maan nondh chhe keey delosnaa lokoae irisne balidan aapyu hatoo, jene "basinia" kahevaay chhe, jeey ghaun-looat, suet aneey madhnee kekno aek prakaar chhe, jeey eksaathe ukalvama aave chhe. upnaamo. irismaan asankhya kavyatmak sheershako aneey upnaamo hataa, jemaa "chrysopteros" ("soneri pankhvala"), "podas ōkea" ("zadpi pagvala") athavaa "podenemos ōkea" ("pawan-swift pagvala"), "rosida" ("davy", lattin), aneey "thaumantis" (, "thaumasni putri, adbhoot aek"), "avalopus" ("tofani pagvala, tofan-swift") noow samaavesh thaay chhe. teneeae potaana ghadiyaalthi vaadalone paanee pann aapyu, samudramathi paanee melavyu. pratinidhitva. meghadhanush kaan too saptarangi tareeke athavaa tenaa khabha parr paankho dharaavati sunder yuvan yuvati tareeke rajoo thaay chhe. aek devee tareeke, meghadhanush sanchaar, sandeshao, saptarangi aneey navaa prayaaso saathe sankalaayelu chhe. saptaranginaa aaa moort swaroopne aek samaye aakaash aneey pruthvini kadee tareeke varnavama aavyu hatoo. ketlaak granthomaa teneene ghanaa rangono qota paherelee darshavvama aavee chhe. aaa qota saathe teey vaastavma aek jagyaaethee beejee jagyae javaa maate meghadhanush banaave chhe. irisni paankho aetali sunder hovaanu kahevaay chhe keey teey aek kaalee gufaane pann prakashit curry shake chhe, jeey teneeni somnasnee mulakatni vaartaathi avlokanaksham laxan chhe jethee elicionne sandesh prasaarit curry shakaay. jyaare iris mukhyatve sandeshaavyavhaar aneey sandeshao saathe sankalaayelee hatee, tyaare teey manushyani praathnaaone paripurn karvaamaa madad karey chhe, kaan too temne pote paripurn kareene athavaa anya devtaona dhyaan parr laaveene.

iris (pauranik kathaa) pracheen yunani dharm aur pauranik kathaaon mein, iris (;;) devtaon thaumas aur electra kii ack betty haye, indradhanush aur devtaon key doot kaa avtaar, olympians aur vishesh roop seey raani heraa key liye ack sevak haye. iris kaee kahaaniyon mein dikhaai detee haye joe devtaon seey aur unhein sandesh detee hain yaa kaam karati hain lekin unaki apani koee anoothi pauranik kathaa naheen haye. isi tarah, kissy bhee aitihaasik panth aur iris kii pooja key liye bahut cumm sakshya jeevit abhilekhon mein diye gaye hain, jisamen delos dweep seey kewal kuchh hii nishan bache hain. pracheen kalaa mein, iris koo ack pankhon vaali yuva mahila key roop mein chitrit kiya gayaa haye joe ack cadusus, dooton kaa prateek aur devtaon key liye paani kaa ghadaa leey jaa rahee haye. iris koo paaramparik roop seey paschimi havaa key devta zephirus kii patni aur chaar animoi mein seey ack key roop mein dekhaa jaataa thaa, jinake dwara vaha kuchh sanskaranon mein pothos kii maan hain. vyutpatti. pracheen yunani sangya kaa arth haye indradhanush aur chandrama kaa prabhamandal donon. corinth kaa ack shilalekh ack mool roop ("viris") key liye ack digamma key saath saboot pradaan kartaa haye jise antatah hataa diyaa gayaa thaa. yeh sangya poorv-yunani mool kii prateet hoti haye. ack proto-indo-europeeya poorv-roop "* "* kaa sujhaav diyaa gayaa haye, halanki madhumakhiyon koo ise prerit karna mushkil lagata haye.' parivaar. hesiod key "theogony" key anusaar, iris thaumas aur mahasagariya electra kii betty haye aur harpy kii bahan haih aark aur osipete. titanomaki key dauran, iris olympian devtaon kaa doot thaa, jabaki usaki bahan ney olympians koo dhokha diyaa aur devtaon key dushman, titans kaa doot bunn gaee. vaha indradhanush kii devi hain. vaha devi-devtaon koo amrit bhee peeti haye. zephirus, joe paschimi havaa kaa devta haye, usaki patni haye. eesaa poorv chhathi shatabdi key yunani geetkaar kavi alkius key anusaar, unake saath pothos naam kaa ack betaa thaa, yaa vaikalpik roop seey way prem key devta, eros key maataa-pitaa they, halanki eros koo aamtaur parr eres aur afrodite kaa betaa kahaa jaataa haye. nonnous key "dionysia" key anusaar, iris kaa bhaai hydaspace haye. unhein samudra aur akash kii devi key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye. iris devtaon koo manavata seey jodata haye. vaha duniya key ack chhor seey dusare chhor taka aur samudra aur adholok kii gaharaai taka havaa kii gati seey yatra karati haye. pauranik kathaaen. titanomatchy. kahaa jaataa haye kii indradhanush parr yatra karate hue devtaon seey sandeshon koo manushyon taka leey jaataa haye. kuchh abhilekhon mein, iris saathi doot devi aark ("swift", "quick") kii bahan haye, joe titanomaki key dauran apani doot devi key roop mein titans key saath shamil honey key liye olympian devtaon kii company seey baahar nickle gaee, jisase donon bahanon koo dushman doot devi banaa diyaa gayaa. yuddh key baad zius aur usake sahyogiyon ney jeet hassil kii, zius ney usase aark key pankh faad diye aur samay key saath unhein piyales koo usaki shaadi mein nered thetis koo upahaar key roop mein diyaa, jisane unhein badale mein apane bete, akils koo dey diyaa, jisane unhein apane pairon parr pahana thaa. akils koo kabhi-kabhi "poddark" ([jahaaz key] pankhon jaise pair) key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa. poddars bhee troy key raajaa, priyaam kaa mool naam thaa. devtaon key doot. apani betty persphone key hadis dwara apaharan key baad, krishi kii devi ney apane mandir mein vaapas chaley gaye aur prithvi koo banjar banaa diyaa, jisase ack badaa akaal padaa jisase manushya maare gaye, aur parinamswarup devtaon koo balidan denaa bund hoe gayaa. zius ney taba iris koo dematter key liye bheja, usey anya devtaon key saath shamil honey aur uska abhishaap uthaane key liye bulaaya; lekin kyonki usaki betty vaapas naheen aaee thee, dematter koo raaji naheen kiya gayaa thaa. ack kathaa mein, letto aur usake bachchon ney zius seey prometheus koo usake yaatana seey mukt karane kaa anurodh kiya, zius ney maan liya, aur durbhagyapurna prometheus koo mukt karane key liye iris koo bheja. seeks key ack jahaaj key tootane mein doobane key baad, heraa ney apane aadeshon koo neend key devta sammohan koo pahunchaaya. iris ney udaan bharee aur usey apani gufa mein paaya, aur usey soochit kiya kii heraa seeks kii patni, elsiyon koo usake sapanon mein usake priyajan kii mrityu key baare mein soochit karane kii ichcha rakhta haye. heraa kii aagya dene key baad, iris turant chalaa gayaa, bahut lambe samay taka sammohan key paas khade naheen rhaa, kyonki usaki shaktiyon ney usey pakad liya, aur usey chakkar aaney aur neend aaney luggy. abhijaat varg kii comedy "dha birds" mein, nammatra key pakshi akash mein ack shahar kaa nirmaan karate hain aur olympian devtaon koo pratisthaapit karane kii yojana banaate hain. doot key roop mein iris unase milane jaataa haye, lekin unake netaa piseterus, ack bujurg ethanian aadami dwara uska upahaas kiya jaataa haye, upman kiya jaataa haye aur balatkar kii dhamki dee jaati haye. iris bhramit prateet hotaa haye kii pisetiyaras koo naheen pataa kii devta kaun hain aur vaha unamen seey ack haye. piseterus taba usey bataata haye kii pakshi abb devta hain, way devta jinhen manushyon koo balidan karna chaahiye. piseterus dwara usake saath balatkar karane kii dhamki key baad, iris usey usaki abhadra bhasha key liye daantata haye aur usey chetavani detaa haye kii zius, jise vaha apane pitaa key roop mein sandarbhit karati haye, usake saath vyavhaar karega aur usey bhugtan karega. iris virgil key "annaid" mein bhee kaee baar dikhaai detaa haye, aamtaur parr juno key agent key roop mein. pustak 4 mein, juno usey raani dido key sir seey baalon kaa taalaa todane key liye bhejata haye, taaki vaha marr jaae aur hadis mein pravesh curr sakey. pustak 5 mein, iris, ack trojan mahila key roop mein lene key baad, anya trojan maataon koo una chaar annies key jahaajon mein aag lagaane key liye hilaata haye taaki unhein sisili chhodane seey rokaa jaa sakey. roman kavi ovid key anusaar, romulus koo devta key roop mein pratishthit kiye jaane key baad, usaki patni hersilia ney devtaon seey vinati kii kii vaha usey bhee amar honey dey taaki vaha ack baar phir apane pati key saath reh sakey. juno ney usaki yachika sunee aur usake paas iris bheja. ack ungli seey, iris ney harsilia koo chhuaa aur usey ack amar devi mein badal diyaa. hersilia ney olympic key liye udaan bharee, jahan vaha ack horaye bunn gaee aur usey hamesha key liye apane pati key saath rahane kii anumati dee gaee. trojan yuddh. stacinus dwara khoye hue mahakavya "cypria" key anusaar, yeh iris thaa jisane manillos koo soochit kiya, joe crate key liye ravaana hoe gayaa thaa, kii sparta mein kyaa huaa thaa, jaba vaha chalaa gayaa thaa, arthaat usaki patni helen kaa trojan prince peris key saath palayan aur saath hii helen key bhaai caster kii mrityu. iris kaa ullekh aksar "eliod" mein ack divya sandeshvaahak key roop mein kiya jaataa haye, jiska shreya hommer koo diyaa jaataa haye. haalaanki, vaha "odisi" mein dikhaai naheen detee haye, jahan usaki bhoomika hermes seey bharee hoti haye. herm kii tarah, iris mein cadusus yaa pankhon vaalaa karmchari hotaa haye. devtaon key raajaa zius key adesh seey, vaha sticks nadee seey paani kaa ack srot leey jaati haye, jisake saath vaha una sabhi koo sotee haye joe khud koo galat bataate hain. xxiii pustak mein, vaha petroclus kii chitaa koo rotion karane key liye boria aur zephirus koo akils kii prarthana detee haye. antim pustak mein, zius raajaa priyaam koo iris bhejata haye, usey yeh bataane key liye kii usey akele acheyan shivir mein jaanaa chaahiye aur apane maare gaye bete hector key shareer koo akili seey firauti deni chaahiye. iris teji seey priyaam koo sandesh detaa haye aur olympic mein lautata haye. anya mithak. homerick bhajan too apolo" key anusaar, jaba letto apane judvaan bachchon apolo aur artemis koo janm dene seey pahale prasav peedaa mein thee, tou dou devi, heraa aur elithia, prasav kii devi koo chhodkar sabhi devi upasthit theen. usake shram key nauvein dinn, letto ney iris seey kahaa kii vaha elithia koo rishwat dey aur heraa koo pataa lagaane kii anumati diye binaa, usake bachchon koo janm dene mein usaki madad maange. calimacus key anusaar, hair key adesh parr, sabhi shaharon aur anya sthaanon parr garbhavati letto koo chhodane aur usake aashray seey incar karane kaa adesh diyaa gayaa, jahaan vaha apane judwa bachchon koo janm dey sakati thee. asteria key baad, abb delos key dweep mein parivartit, letto koo aashray kii peshkash kii, iris ney usey soochit karane key liye heraa koo vaapas udaan bharee kii letto koo taaraa key aadeshon kii avahelana karane key kaaran janm dene kii anumati dee gaee thee, aur heraa key buggle mein apani seat leey lii. apollonius rhodius key anusaar, iris ney orgonauts zets aur callace koo vaapas curr diyaa, jinhone strophed ("modd key dweep") taka harpy kaa peechha kiya thaa. bhaaiyon ney rakshason koo bhavishyavakta phoenius key yaatana seey door curr diyaa thaa, lekin iris key anurodh parr unhein naheen maaraa, jisane vaadaa kiya thaa kii phoenius koo phir seey veenaa seey pareshan naheen kiya jaayega. jaba dabs key raajaa crayon ney mrit argive sainikon koo dafanaane seey manaa curr diyaa, jinhone dabs key khilaf apani baahen uthaai theen, tou heraa ney iris koo oss aur ambrosia key saath apane shavon koo moisturise karane kaa adesh diyaa. ack cumm gyaat kathaa mein, iris ack baar satyar dwara balatkar key karib aaa gayaa thaa, jaba usane shayed heraa key kahane parr dionysus kii unaki pooja koo baadhit karane kaa prayaas kiya thaa. paanchvin shatabdi eesaa poorv key lagbhag pandrah kaale aur laal-aakriti vaale phuldan chitron mein kahaa gayaa haye kii jaba vaha balidan mein hastakshep karane kii koshish karati haye tou satir yaa tou bhayaavah roop seey usaki or badh rahey hotey hain yaa usey pakad rahey hotey hain. ack anya cup mein, iris koo saitir dwara hamla kiye jaane key roop mein darshaaya gayaa haye, joe spasht roop seey dionysus kii vedi seey bully kaa maans churaane seey iris koo rokane kii koshish curr rahey hain, joe drishya mein bhee maujood haye. doosari or, satir heraa parr hamla curr rahey hain, joe hermes aur heracle key beach khadaa haye. pracheen natakkar akeyas ney "iris" likhaa, joe abb ack khoya huaa vyangya naatak haye, joe una fooldaanon key vishay kaa srot hoe sakata haye. euripids key naatak "pagal hoe gaye haracles" mein, iris pagalpan aur pagalpan kii devi lissa key saath dikhaai detaa haye, joe pagalpan key saath haracles koo shaap detaa haye jisamen vaha apane teen beton aur apani patni megara koo maar detaa haye. iris ney zius aur heraa kaa bistar bhee taiyar kiya. pooja karein. panth. yoonaniyon key anya pramukh doot devtaon key vipareet, hermes, iris ney pracheen yunani dharm mein ack badee bhoomika naheen nibhai aur shayed hii kabhi unaki pooja kii jaati thee. unake sammaan mein koee gyaat mandir, mandir yaa abhayaranya yaa tyohar naheen hain. jabaki unhein aksar fooldaanon aur bases-releaf mein chitrit kiya jaataa haye, pracheen kaal key dauran kuchh moortiyon koo iris seey banaaya gayaa thaa. haalaanki usey athens mein parthenan key paschimi pediment parr murtikala mein chitrit kiya gayaa thaa. aisaa prateet hotaa haye kii iris cumm seey cumm kuchh chhoti pooja kaa uddeshya rhaa haye, lekin usake panth kaa ekmatra nishan athenius dwara "raat key khaane mein vidvaanon" mein nott haye kii delos key logon ney iris koo balidan diyaa, jise "besinia" kahaa jaataa haye, joe ack prakaar kaa cake haye joe gehuun-aataa, soot aur shahad kaa ack saath ubla huaa haye. upakhyan. iris mein kaee kavyatmak sheershak aur visheshan they, jinamen "chrysapteros" ("golden winged"), "podas ōkea" ("swift phut") yaa "podenemos ōkea" ("wind-swift phut"), "rosida" ("davie", lattin), aur "thoumantis" (, "thaumas kii betty, adbhut ack"), "avalopus" ("storm-phut, storm-swift") shamil they. usane apane ghadaa seey baadlon koo paani bhee diyaa, samudra seey paani praapt kiya. pratinidhitva. iris koo yaa tou indradhanush key roop mein yaa apane kandhon parr pankhon key saath ack sunder yuva ladki key roop mein darshaaya jaataa haye. ack devi key roop mein, iris sanchaar, sandesh, indradhanush aur nae prayason seey judaa huaa haye. indradhanush key iss vyaktitva koo ack baar swarg aur prithvi key liye ack kadee key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa thaa. kuchh granthon mein unhein kaee rangon kaa coat pahane hue darshaaya gayaa haye. iss coat key saath vaha vaastav mein indradhanush banaati haye jisaki vaha sawari karati haye taaki vaha ack sthaan seey dusare sthaan parr pahunch sakey. iris key pankh itane sunder kahey jaate they kii vaha ack kaali gufa koo bhee rotion curr sakati thee, joe kii alcione koo ack sandesh dene key liye somnus kii apani yatra kii kahani seey avalokan yogya ack visheshta haye. jabaki iris mukhya roop seey sanchaar aur sandeshon seey judee hui thee, yeh bhee maanaa jaataa thaa kii vaha manushyon kii prarthanaon koo puuraa karane mein sahaayata karati thee, yaa tou unhein swayam puuraa karke yaa unhein anya devtaon key dhyaan mein laakar.

airis (puraana) praachina greek dharma mattu puranagalalli, airis (;;) devategalaada thoumas mattu electra avara magalu, malebillu mattu devategala sandeshavaahakana moortaroopa, olympic mattu visheshavaagi raani heraa avara sevaka. airees halavaaru kathegalalli kaanisuttade, adhu devarinda mattu devarige sandeshagalannu ravaanisuttade athawa kelasagalannu nadesuttade, aadare tannade aada yaavude vishishta puraanavannu hondilla. adhe reeti, delos dweepadinda ulidiruva kelave kelavu kuruhugalondige, ulidiruva daakhalegalalli aitihaasika pantha mattu airisna pujeya bagge yaavude drudhikaranavilla. praachina kaleyalli, airis annu dootarugala sanketavaada caduciusnannu hottiruva rekkegalulla yuvatiyagi mattu devarugalige neerina pitcher endu chithrisalaagide. airis annu sampradayikavagi pashchimada gaaliya devate mattu naalku anemoyigalalli obbaraada jhefirasna sangaatiyaagi nodalaguttittu, avarinda avalu kelavu aavruttigalalli pothosna taayiyaagiddaale. vyutpatti. praachina greek naamapadavu malebillu mattu chandrana prabhamandala eradannoo soochisuttade. korinthada shaasanavu antimavagi kaibidalaada digammadondige moola roopakke ("viris") puraavegalannu odagisuttade. naamapadavu purva-greek mooladdendu toruttade. ondu purva-indo-european purva-roopavaada "* yuhech2aii-aarr-aii-" annu soochisalaagide, aadaagyoo jenusakanegalannu prerepisuvudu kashtavendu toruttade.' kutumba. hesiodna "theogany" prakara, airis embudu thoumas mattu oshineed electraada magalu mattu haarpigala sahodarih arch mattu osaipet. titanomachy samayadalli, airis olympic devarugala sandeshavaahakiyaagiddare, aakeya sahodari arch olympic devategalige droha bagedaru mattu devategala shatrugalaada titangala sandeshavahakaradaru. aake malebillina devate. avalu devategalige mattu devategalige kudiyalu amrutavannu saha badisuttaale. pashchimada gaaliya devateyaada jhephiras avala sangatiyagiddare. cree. poo. aarane shatamaanada greek geetarachanekaara kavi alkayas prakara, avaru ottaagi pothos emba maganannu hondiddaru, athawa paryayavagi avaru preetiya devaraada erosna poshakaragiddaru, aadaagyoo eros annu samanyavagi arres mattu afroditen maga endu helalaaguttade. nanasnasna "dionysiaca" prakara, airisna sahodaranu hydospace aagide. aakeyannu samudra mattu aakaashada devategalalli obbalendoo kareyalaaguttade. airis devarugalannu maanaveeyateyondige samparkisuttade. avalu prapanchada ondu tudiyinda innondu tudiyalli mattu samudrada aalakke mattu patalakke gaaliya vegadalli prayaanisuttaale. puraana. titanomachi. devarinda manushyarige sandeshagalannu saagisuvaaga airis malebillina mele prayanisuttade endu helalaaguttade. kelavu daakhalegalalli, airis sahavarti sandeshavaahaka devate arke ("swift", "quick") ge sahodariyagiddu, avaru titanomachy samayadalli titangalannu tamma sandeshavaahaka devateyagi seralu olympic devarugala kampaniyinda horabandaru, idu ibbaru sahodariyarannu shatru sandeshavaahaka devategalannagi maaditu. yuddhadalli geous mattu avana mitraru gedda nantara, geous aakeyinda arkna rekkegalannu hariduhaakidanu mattu kaalaanantaradalli peliyasge aakeya maduveyalli nerrid thetisge udugoreyagi niididanu, avaru avugalannu tanna maga achilsge niididaru, avaru avugalannu tanna kaalugala mele dharisiddaru. achills annu kelavomme "podaarkgalu" ([arkna] rekkegalantaha padagalu) endu kareyalaaguttittu. padarsugalu troyne raajanaada priyamna moola hesaroo aagittu. devategala sandeshavaahaka. tanna magalu percephonennu haydus apaharisida nantara, krishi devateyaada demeter elyoosisnalliruva tanna devalayakke hintirugidalu mattu bhoomiyannu banjaru maadidalu, idarindaagi dodda baragaalavu manushyarannu konditu mattu idara parinaamavaagi devarugalige tyagagalu nintuhodavu. nantara geous tanna airis annu demeterge kaluhisidanu, itara devarugalondige seralu mattu avala shaapavannu ettalu avalannu karedanu; aadare avala magalu hintirugada kaarana, demeter manavolisalilla. ondu niroopaneyalli, leto mattu avala makkalu prameetiyasnannu avana yaataneyinda bidugade maaduvante jeyusnondige manavi maadida nantara, jius hinjariyuttaane mattu duradrushtakara prameetiyasnannu bidugade maadalu herakalgalannu aadeshisalu airis annu kaluhisuttaane. seaks hadagina bhagnavasheshadalli mulugida nantara, heraa tanna aadeshagalannu nidreya devaraada sammoohanakke talupisidalu. airis haari avanannu tanna guheyalli kandukonditu, mattu tanna kanasinalli tanna pritipatrara saavina bagge tilisalu seaksna patni, alsionge heraa bayasiddalu endu avanige tilisitu. hirana aagneyannu needida nantara, airis takshanave horatuhodanu, hecchu samaya sammoohanada bully nillalilla, ekendare avana shaktigalu avalannu hididukondavu mattu avalannu taletirugisitu mattu nidre maaditu. aristophanesna haasya "dhii birds" nalli, naamamaatrada pakshigalu akashadalli ondu nagaravannu nirmisuttave mattu olympic devarugalannu badalisalu yojisuttave. airees, sandeshavaahakanante, avarannu bheti maadalu hoguttaane, aadare avalannu avara nayaka pisaterus, obba hiriya athenian vyaktiyu apahasya maaduttaane, avamanisuttane mattu atyaachaara maaduvudaagi bedarike haakuttaane. pisetiyarasge devarugalu yaarendu tilidilla mattu avalu avaralli obbalu endu airis gondalakkolagaagiddaane. pakshigalu eega devarugalaagiddu, manushyaru yaarige tyaga maadabeku endu piseterus aakege heluttaane. piseterus tanna mele atyaachaara esaguvudaagi bedarike haakida nantara, airis tanna asabhya bhashegagi avanannu dooshisuttaale mattu bittubiduttaale, avalu tanna tande endu kareyuva geous avanondige vyavaharisuttaane mattu avanannu pavatisuvante maaduttaane endu echcharisuttaane. virgilna "aineed" nalli airis halavaaru baari kaanisikolluttade, samanyavagi junoda agent aagi. 4neey pustakadalli, raani didola taleyinda koodalina beegavannu tegeyalu juno avalannu kaluhisuttaane, idarindaagi avalu saayabahudu mattu hads annu praveshisabahudu. 5neey pustakadalli, airis, trojan mahileya roopavannu tegedukonda nantara, itara trojan tayandirannu prachodisi, avaru sisili bittu hoguvudannu tadegattuva saluvaagi naalku inious hadagugalige benki hachchuttade. roman kavi ovid prakara, romulus annu devate quirinus endu ghooshisida nantara, avana hendati hersilia tannannu mattomme tanna patiyondige iralu avakasha maadikoduvante devarugalannu bedikondalu. juno aakeya manaviyannu kelidanu mattu avala balige airis annu kaluhisidanu. onde beralininda, airis avalannu sparshisi avalannu amara devateyagi parivartisitu. hersilia olimpikge haarihodalu, allie avalu horegalalli obbalaadalu mattu avala patiyondige shaashvatavaagi vaasisalu anumati nidalaayitu. trojan yuddha. stacinusna kaleduhoda mahakavya "cypriya" dha prakara, avanu hodaaga spaartaadalli enaayitu embudara bagge, andare trojan rajakumara pyaarisnondige avana hendati hellen palayana mattu helanna sahodara castern maranada bagge, kreetge prayanisida menelasge mahiti niididavaru airis aagiddaru. airisannu aagaagge "iliad" nalli daivika sandeshavaahaka endu ullekhisalaagide, idu homarge kaaranavaagide. aadaagyoo, aake "odissi" yalli kanisuvudilla, allie aakeya patravu harmesninda tumbiruttade. harmesnante, airis ondu caducius athawa rekkeya sibbandiyannu hondiruttade. devategala raajanaada geousna aagneyinda, avalu stikes nadiyinda neerina ondu huranavannu oyyuttaale, adarondige avalu tammannu taavu tappagi grahisuva ellarannoo nidrisuttaale. xxiii pustakadalli, avaru borus mattu jephirasge achills prarthaneyannu patroclusna antyakriyeya chiteyannu belagisalu niiduttaare. koneya pustakadalli, geous raaja priyaamge airis annu kaluhisuttaane, avanu ekangiyagi achian shibirakke hogabeku mattu avana kollalpatta maga hectorn dehavannu achillesninda vimochisabeku endu heluttaane. airis tvaritavagi sandeshavannu priyaamge talupisuttade mattu olimpikge maraluttade. itara puraanagalu. homerick stutigeete tuu apollo" dha prakara, leto tanna avali makkalaada apollo mattu artemisge janma needuva modalu herige maaduttiddaru, heraa mattu herigeya devate elithia emba ibbaru devategalannu horatupadisi ellah devategalu haajaraagiddaru. heraalannu kanduhidiyalu bidade, aakeya herigeya ombattane dinadandu, leto airisrige eleethiyaage lancha needalu mattu tanna makkalige janma needalu sahaaya kelalu helidanu. calimacusna prakara, airis mattu arres, heraada aadeshada merege, ellah nagaragalu mattu itara sthalagalige garbhini letovannu tyajisalu mattu avalu tanna avali makkalannu heruvantaha avala aashrayavannu nirakarisalu aadeshisidalu. eega delos dweepawaagi rupantaragonda aasteriyaada nantara, letoge ashraya needida airis, heraada aadeshagalannu dhikkarisida asteriyaadindaagi letoge janma needalu avakasha nidalaagide endu tilisalu heraage maralitu mattu heraada pakkadalli tanna sthaanavannu tegedukonditu. apollonius rhodeusna prakara, airis, haarpigalannu strophedgalige ("tiruguva dweepagalu") himbaalisidda organauts jets mattu calise annu hindakke tirugisitu. sahodararu pravaadi phoeniusna yaataneyinda rakshasarannu odisiddaru, aadare airisna korikeya merege avarannu kollalilla, avaru phoenius matte haarpigalinda tondaregolagaguvudilla endu bharavase niididaru. dabsna raaja kreyan, dabsna viruddha tamma shastrastragalannu ettida mruta argive sainikarannu samadhi maaduvudannu nishedhisida nantara, hima mattu ambrosiyaadinda tamma mruta dehagalannu tevaamshagolisalu heraa airisge aadeshisidanu. ashtenu tilidillada ondu niroopaneyalli, bahushah hirana aagneya merege, aakeya dionysesna aaradhaneyannu addipadisalu prayatnisida nantara, airis omme syaatargalinda atyaachaarakkolagaagalu hattiravaayitu. cree. poo. aidane shatamaanada sumaru hadinaidu kappu mattu kempu-anki hoodani varnachitragalu, syaatargalu bhayabheetaraagi aakeya kadege munnadeyuvudannu athawa aake tyagadalli hastakshepa maadalu prayatnisidaga avalannu hidiyuvudannu chithrisuttave. mattondu kapnalli, drashyadalli iruva dionysosn balipeethadinda baliya mamsavannu kadiyuvudannu tadeyalu prayatnisuttiruva sattersninda airis mele daali maaduvudannu chithrisalaagide. mattondede, satyararu hermes mattu herakalgala naduve nintiruva hirana mele daali maduttiddare. praachina natakakara achayas "airis" annu baredaru, idu eega kaleduhoda vidambanaatmaka naatakavaagide, idu aaa hoodaanigala vishayada moolavaagirabahudu. euripieds avara nataka "hyracles gode myaad" nalli, airis hucchutana mattu huchchutanada devateyaada lisaalondige kaanisikolluttade, huchchutanada hondaanikeyondige hairakalgalannu shapisuttade, idaralli avanu tanna moovaru putrarannu mattu avana hendati megaaraalannu kolluttaane. airis kooda geous mattu heraada haasigeyannu siddhapadisitu. aaradhane. aaradhane. greekara itara pramukha sandeshavaahaka devategalaada harmesnantallade, praachina greek dharmadalli airis dodda patravannu vahisalilla mattu viralavaagi poojisalpaduttittu. aakeya gouravaarthavaagi yaavude devaalayagalu, devaalayagalu athawa abhayaranyagalu athawa habbagalu nadeyuvudilla. avalannu aagaagge hoodaanigala mele mattu bays-releafgalalli chithrisalaagideyaadaru, praachina kaaladalli kelavu pratimegalannu airisninda maadalaagide endu tilidubandide. aadaagyoo, athensnalliruva parthenon paschima paadada mele shilpakaleyalli avalannu chithrisalaagide. airis kanishta kelavu sanna pujeya vastuvagi toruttade, aadare avala aaradhaneya ekaika kuruhu endare "autanakootadalli vidvaamsaru" nalli athenius bareda tippani, delosna janaru airisge tyaga maaduttaare, "besine" endu kareyalpaduva avala chisekekgalannu arpisuttaare, godhi-hittu, suit mattu jenutuppada ondu reetiya cake annu ottige beyisalaaguttade. epithets. airis halavaaru kaavyaatmaka shirshikegalu mattu visheshanagalannu hondittu, avugalalli "chrispteros" ("golden rekke"), "podas tokia" ("swift fooded") athawa "podenemos tokia" ("wind-swifted fooded"), "rosida" ("devi", lattin), mattu "thamantis" athawa "thamantis" (, ", thamas magalu, adbhutavaadaddu"), "evelopus" ("chandamarutada paada, chandamaruta-swift") serive. aake tanna madikegalinda modagalige neerunisi, samudradinda neerannu padeyuttaale. pratinidhya. airis annu malebillaagi athawa avala hegala mele rekkegalannu hondiruva sundara yuva kanyeyagi pratinidhisalaaguttade. devateyagi, airis samvahana, sandeshagalu, malebillu mattu hosa prayatnagalondige sambandhiside. malebillina ee moortaroopavannu omme akasha mattu bhoomige samparka endu vivarisalaagittu. kelavu patyagalalli aakeyannu aneka bannagala coat dharisi chithrisalaagide. ee kotnondige avalu nijavagiyoo ondu sthaladinda mattondu stalakke hogalu taanu sawari maaduva malebillugalannu srushtisuttaale. airisna rekkegalu eshtu sundaravagiveyendare, avalu ondu kattaleya guheyannu belagisabahudu endu helalaaguttittu, idu alsonge sandeshavannu ravanisuva saluvaagi somnasge aakeya bhetiya katheyinda gamanisabahudaada lakshanavaagide. airis mukhyavaagi samvahana mattu sandeshagalondige sambandha hondiddaroo, maanavara prarthanegalannu swatah puraisuva moolaka athawa itara devategala gamanakke taruva moolaka avugalannu puraisalu sahaaya maaduttade endu nambalaagittu.

airis (puraanam) purathana greak mathathilum puraanatthilum, airis (;;) devanmaraya thoumaasukaludeyum electrayudeyum makalaanu, mazhavillinteyum daivangalude doothanudeyum avathaaramaan, olimbyanmaarudeyum prathyekichu raajnji herayudeyum sevakanaan. daivangalil ninnum avarkkulla sandeshangalo pravartthanangalo vahikkunna niravadhi kathakalil airis prathyakshappedunnunde svanthamaayi savisheshamaaya puraanangalonnumilla. athupole, delos dveepil ninnu avasheshikkunna eathaanum adayaalangal maathram ullathinaal, avasheshikkunna rekhakalil charitraparamaaya oru aaradhanayum airisinte aaradhanayum valare kuravaanu. purathana kalayil, doothanmaarude pratheekamaaya oru cadusius daivangalkkaayi oru kudam vellavum vahikkunna chirakulla oru yuvathiyayi airis chithreekarichirikkunnu. parambaraagathamaayi padinjaaran kaattinte devanaaya sephairasinte bharyayaayum chila pathippukalil pothosinte ammayaya naalu anemoyikalil oralaayum airis kaanapettirunnu. padavyuthpathishaasthram. purathana greak namam chandrante mazhavillum haloy ennaanu ardhamaakkunnathu. korinthil ninnulla oru likhitham oru yadhaartha roopathinu ("vairis") thelivukal nalkunnu, athil oru digamma oduvil upekshikkappettu. eee namam greak uthbhavathin mumbullathaanennu thonnunnu. theneechakale prachodippikkaan budhimuttaanengilum oru proto-indo-europian pree-phoom "* uh2aii-aarr-aii-" nirddeshikkappettittund.' kudumbam. hesiyodinte "theogani" anusarichu, airis thoumaasukaludeyum ooshiyaanid electrayudeyum makalaanu, koodaathe haarppikalude sahodariyaann arck, ocypit. titanomaakkiyil, airis olimbiku devanmaarude sandeshavaahakanaayirunnu, athesamayam avalude sahodari arck olimbyanmaare vanjichu daivathinte shathruvaaya taittanmaarude sandeshavaahakayaayi. aval mazhavillinte deviyaanu. devathakalkkum devanmaarkkum kudikkaan avar thaine vilambunnu. padinjaaran kaattinte devanaaya sephirus avalude bhaaryayaan. bisi aaram noottaandile greak gaanarachayithaav alcase parayunnathanusarichu, avarkk orumichu pothos enna oru makan janichu, allengil pakaram avar snehathinte daivamaaya erosinte maathaapithaakkalaayirunnu, ennirunnaalum eros saadhaaranayaayi aaresinteyum afroditinteyum makanaanennu parayappedunnu. nonnasinte "dionysiaca" anusarichu, airisinte sahodaran hydaspes aanu. samudrathinteyum aakaashathinteyum devathakalil oralaayum avar ariyappedunnu. airis daivangale manushyaraashiyumaayi bandhippikkunnu. aval lokathinte oru attathu ninnu mattonnilekkum kadalinteyum adholokathinteyum aazhangalilekkum kaattinte vegathayode sanjarikkunnu. puranangal. titanomachi. daivangalil ninnulla sandeshangal manushyarilekku kondupokumbol airis mazhavillil sanjarikkunnuvennu parayappedunnu. chila rekhakalil, olimbyan devanmaarude koottatthil ninnu parannuyarnnu titanomaakkiyil titan devathakalodoppam avarude sandeshavahaka devathayaayi cherunna saha sandeshavahaka devathayaaya aarkkinte ("swift", "pettennullath") sahodariyaanu airis, ithu rund sahodarimaareyum dhootha devathakalude shathruvaakkunnu. sease sakhyakakshikalum yuddham vijayichathinusesham, seeyus avaril ninnu aarkkinte chirakukal keerukayum kaalakramena peliyasinumaayulla vivaahathil nerrid theettissinu sammaanamaayi nalkukayum cheythu, avar avaye thante makan akkillasinu nalkukayum avar avaye kaalil dharichu. akkillas chilappol "podaarkkukal" ([pettakatthinte] chirakukal poleyulla paadangal) ennariyappettirunnu. troiyude rajaavaaya priyaaminte yadhaartha peru koodiyaayirunnu poddarses. daivangalude doothan. thante makal persephone hades thattikkondupoyathinnethu, kaarshika demeter devata eloosisile thante shethrathilekku pinvaangukayum bhoomiye vandhyamaakkukayum cheythu, ithu oru valia shaamathinu kaaranamavukayum manushyare kollukayum athinte falamaayi daivangalkkulla yagangal avasaanikkukayum cheythu. thudarnnu seeyus airis ayachu, mattu daivangalumaayi cheraanum avalude saapam uyarthanum avale vilichu; ennaal avalude makal madangiyethaathathinaal demeter bodhyapettilla. oru vivaranathil, lettoyum avarude kuttikalum promethiasine peedanatthil ninnu mochippikkaan suisinode abhyarthichathinushesham, syoos pinthirinju, nirbhagyakaramaaya promethiasine mochippikkaan heracleukalkku utharavidunnathinaayi airis ayachu. seeks oru kappal thakarchayil mungimarichathinushesham, urakkathinte devanaaya hypnosine herah airis thante utharavukal kaimaran nirbandhichu. airis parannuyarnnu avane thante guhayil kandethi, seeksinte bhaarya alsionine avalude priyappettayaalude maranathekkurichu avalude swapnangalil ariyikkanamennu herah aagrahikkunnuvennu ariyichu. herayude kalppana nalkia sesham, airis udan thanne pooyi, valarekkalam hypnosine sameepam nilkkathe, kaaranam avante sakthikal avale pidichu, avale thalakarakkavum urakkavum varuthi. aristophenisinte komadi "pakshikal" ennathil, naamasoochakamaaya pakshikal aakaashat oru nagaram nirmmikkukayum olimbyan daivangale maattisthaapikkaan padhathiyidukayum cheiyunnu. sandeshavaahakan enna nilayil airis avare kaanaan pookunnu, pakshe avarude nethaavu pissetteras, prayamaaya etheniyan manushyan avale parihasikkukayum apamanikkukayum balaalsangam cheiyumennu bheeshanippeduthukayum cheiyunnu. daivangal aaraanennum avar avaril oraalaanennum pisetteriyasinu ariyillennum airis aashayakkuzhappathilaayenn thonnunnu. pakshikalaanu ippol daivangalennum manushyar thyagam cheyyenda devathakalaanennum pisetteras avalodu parayunnu. pisetteras avale balaalsangam cheiyumennu bheeshanippeduthiyathinushedhum, avalude mosham bhaashaykk airis avane shaasikkukayum upekshikkukayum cheiyunnu, aval avalude pithaav ennu vilikkunna syoos avane kaikaaryam cheyyumennum panam nalkanamennum munnariyipp nalkunnu. virjilsinte "ineed" ll, saadhaaranayaayi juunoyude ejantaayi airis niravadhi thavana prathyakshappedunnu. 4-aamm pusthakatthil, raajnji didoyude thalayil ninnu oru mudi poottu parichedukkaan juno avale ayaykkunnu, angane aval marikkukayum hedasil praveshikkukayum cheyyum. 5-aamm pusthakatthil, airis, oru trojan sthreeyude roopam sweekarichu, mattu trojan ammamaare elakkividukayum avar sisili vidunnathu thadayunnathinaayi ainiyayude naalu kappalukalkk theeyidukayum cheiyunnu. roman kavi oovidinte abhipraayathil, romulus quirninus devanaayi daiveekarikkappettathinum, taanum orikkalkkoodi bharthavinoppam aayirikkan vendi thanne amartyayaakaan anuvadikkanamennu bhaarya hersilia daivangalodu abhyarthichu. juno avalude apeksha kelkkukayum airis avalkk ayaykkukayum cheythu. oru viral kondu airis hersilya sparsikkukayum avale oru amartya devathayaayi maattukayum cheythu. hersilia olimbasilekku parannu, avide aval horakaliloralaayi maarukayum bharthavinoppam ennekkum thamasikkaan anuvadikkukayum cheythu. trojan yuddham. staasinasinte nashtappetta ithihaasamaaya "cypria" anusarichu, kreettilekku kappal kayariya menilosine, addeham pookumbool spartayil enthaanu sambhavichathenn, athaayath trojan rajakumaran paareesumaayulla bhaarya helente olichottavum helente sahodaran kaasttarinte maranavum, irisaanu vivaramariyichathu. hommer ennu visheshippikkappedunna "iliad" enna pusthakatthil airisine oru divya sandeshavaahakanaayi palappozhum paraamarsikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, "dhii odeesi" yill avar prathyakshappedunnilla, avide avalude vesham hermus kondu nirayunnu. hermus pole, irisilum oru cadusius allengil chirakulla staaf vahikkunnu. daivangalude rajaavaaya seeyasinte aajnjaprakaaram, aval staiks nadiyil ninnu oru vellam vahikkunnu, athu upayogichu aval svayam thettuparayunna ellaavareyum urappikkunnu. xxiii enna pusthakatthil, paatroklasinte shavasamskara chitha kathikkunnathinaayi avar boriasinum sephyrusine akillasinte praarthana nalkunnu. avasana pusthakatthil, seeyas priyam rajaavinu airis ayaykkunnu, thaan ottaykku achaayan campilekku pokanamennum kollapetta makan hectorinte mrithadeham akkillasil ninnu mochanadravyam nalkanamennum parayunnu. airis vegathil priyaamin sandesham nalkukayum olimbasilekku madangukayum cheiyunnu. mattu kettukadhakal. apolloyude homerick sthuthigeethathil" letto thante eratta makkalaya apolloykum artemisinum janmam nalkunnathinumumbu prasavavedanayilaayirunpol, herah, prasavadeviyaaya elaithiya ennee rund devathakal ozhike ellah devathakalum sannihitharaayirunnu. prasavatthinte onpathaam divasam, letto irisinode elithiyaykku kaikkooli nalkaanum heraye kandethaan anuvadikkaathe thanne avalude kuttikalkk janmam nalkaan avalude sahayam chodikkaanum paranju. calimachus parayunnathanusarichu, herayude utharavanusarichu, ellah nagarangalilum mattu sthalangalilum garbhiniyaya letto ozhivaakkaanum erattakkuttikale prasavikkaan kazhiyunna avalude abhayam nishedhikkaanum irisum erisum utharavittu. ippol delos dveepaayi parivartthanam cheyyappetta aasteeriyaykku sesham, lettoikk abhayam nalki, airis herayilekk thirichupoyi, herayude utharavukal lamghichathinaal lettoye prasavikkaan anuvadichuvennu avale ariyikkukayum herayude arikil irikkukayum cheythu. apollonius rhodius parayunnathanusarichu, haarpikale strophedukalilekku ("tiriyunna dveepukal") pinthudarnna argonats settukaleyum caleysineyum airis thirichuvittu. sahodaranmaar phoenius pravaachakane peedippikkunnathil ninnu raakshasanmare thuratthiyenkilum phoenius veendum veenakalaal vishamikkillenn vaagdaanam cheytha airisinte abhyarthanaprakaaram avare konnilla. tebasinethire kaikal uyarthiya maricha argive sainikare samskarikkunnath tebeyile kriyoon rajaavu vilakkiyathinethudarnnu, manjum ambrosia upayogichu avarude mrithadehangal eerppappeduthaan herah irisinode utharavittu. ariyappedaatha oru vivaranathil, orupakshe herayude nirddeshaprakaaram, dionysisine aaraadhikkunnath thadassappeduthaan sramichathinu sesham airis orikkal saattayarmar balaalsangam cheyyappedaan aduthethi. bii. sii. anchaam noottaandil ninnulla pathinanju karuppum chuvappum niramulla kudakal chithreekarichirikkunnu, avar yaagathil edapedaan shramikkumbol saattayarmar bhayankaramaayi avale sameepikkukayo pidikkukayo cheiyunnu. mattoru kappil, airis sittarukal aakramikkunnath chithreekarichirikkunnu, avar drishyathilundaayirunna dionysisinte balipeetathil ninnu bully maamsam moshtikkunnathil ninnu airis thadayaan shramikkunnu. maruvashathu, heermikalkkum heracleukalkkum idayil nilkkunna heraye saattayarmar akramikkunnu. purathana naadakakrithaaya achayas ippol nashtappetta aakshepahasya naadakamaaya "airis" ezhuthi, athu aaa paathrangalude vishayathinte uravidamaayirunnirikkaam. yoorippidesinte "heracles goonn maadu" enna naadakatthil, bhraanthudeyum bhraanthudeyum devathayaaya lisaykkoppam airis prathyakshappedunnu, bhraanthine sapikkunna bhraanthode addeham thante moonnu aanmakkaleyum bhaarya megara kollunnu. seeyusinteyum herayudeyum kidakkayum airis thayyarakki. aaradhana. aaradhana. greekkukaarude mattu pramukha sandeshavahaka daivangalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, purathana greak mathathil hermus, airis enniva valia punk vahichirunnilla, apoorvvamaayi maathrame aaraadhikkappedunnulloo. ariyappedunna kshethrangalo kshethrangalo airisinte sankethangalo avalude bahumaanaartham nadakkunna uthsavangalo illa. paathrangalilum baas-relifukalilum avale pathivayi chithreekarikkumbol, purathana kaalath kurachu prathimakal maathrame airis kondu nirmmichirunnulloo. ennirunnaalum ethansile paartheenoninte padinjaaran pedimentile shilpathil avale chithreekarichittundu. airis kuranjathu chila cheria aaraadhanakalude lakshyamaayirunnuvenn thonnunnu, pakshe delosile aalukal airisinu baliyarppikkukayum "basinia" ennu vilikkunna oru tharam gothamb-maavu, suit, thaine ennivayude kekku, orumichu thilappichukondu avalkk nalkukayum cheythuvennu "athaazhathil pandithanmaar" enna kruthiyil ethiniyas ezhuthiya kurippaanu avalude aaraadhanayude eaka adayaalam. eppidhettukal. chrispopteros" ("swarnna chirakukalulla"), "podas ookiya" ("swift phood") allengil "podenemos ookiya" ("wind-swift phood"), "rosida" ("devi", laattin), "thoumaanshyas" allengil "thoumaantis" (, ",,,, thoumaasinte makal, athbhuthakaramaaya onnu"), "ellopus" ("kodunkaattu-phood, kodunkaattu-swift") ennivayulppede niravadhi kaavyathmaka thalakkettukalum visheshanangalum airisinu undaayirunnu. aval thante kudam upayogichu meghangalkku vellam nalkukayum kadalil ninnu vellam edukkukayum cheythu. praathinidhyam. airis onnukil mazhavillaayo allengil tholil chirakukalulla sundariyaaya yuvaavaayo prathinidheekarikkunnu. oru devatayenna nilayil, airis ashayavinimayam, sandeshangal, mazhavillu, puthiya sramangal ennivayumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu. mazhavillinte eee roopeekaranam orikkal aakaashathilekkum bhoomiyilekkum bandhippikkunnathayi visheshippikkappettirunu. chila grandhangalil avar niravadhi nirangalude anki dharichathaayi chithreekarichirikkunnu. eee kottu upayogichu aval yadhaarthathil oridathu ninnu mattoridathekku pookaan aval oodikkunna mazhavillukal srishtikkunnu. airisinte chirakukal valare manoharamaanennu parayappedunnu, avalkk oru irunda guha polum prakaashippikkaan kazhiyum, somnasilekkulla avalude sandarshanathinte kathayil ninnu alsioninu oru sandesham nalkunnathinaayi nireekshikkaavunna oru swabhaavam. airis pradhaanamaayum aashayavinimayavumaayum sandeshangalumaayum bandhappettirikkumbol, manushyarude praarthanakal svayam niravettunnathiloodeyo mattu devathakalude shradhayilppeduthunnathu avaa poortthiyaakkaan sahayikkumennum vishwasikkappedunnu.

iris (pauranik katha) pracheen greek dharm aanee pauranik kathanmadhye, iris (;;) hii devata thaumas aanee electra yanchi mulgi aahe, indradhanushya aanee devancha sandeshvahak, olympic aanee visheshtah ranee herachi sevak aahe. indradhanushya anek kathanmadhye disate jyat devankadun aanee tyanna sandesh dile jaatat kinwa kaame kelee jaatat parantu tichi swatachi konatihi anokhi pauranik katha nahee. tyachpramane, delos betavarun keval kahee khuna shillak rahilyane, astitvat asalelya nondinmadhye aitihasik panth aanee bubulanchya pujechi pramanan phaar qamee kinwa phaar qamee aahe. pracheen kalemadhye, meghadhanushyala eka pankhanchi taruni, sandeshavahakanche prateek aanee devansathi panyacha ghada, asey chitrit kele gele aahe. iriskade paramparikpane paschim pashchimekadil devata zefirasachi patni aanee chaar animoepaiki eka mhanoon pahile jaat asey, jyanchyadvare tee kahee aavrutyanmadhye pothoschi aaee aahe. vyutpatti. pracheen greek sandnyecha arth indradhanushya aanee chandracha prabhamandal assa hoto. korinthmadhil eka shilalekh, shevati vagalanyat aalelya digammachya mool swarupacha ('viaris') purava pradan karato. heey sandnya purv-greek moolche asalyache disate. jaree madhmashyanna 'prerit karane' katheen vatat asale, taree '* '* haah proto-indo-european purv-prakar suchavanyat aala aahe.' kutumb. hesiodchya 'theogony' nusar, bubul hii thaumas aanee oceanud electrachi mulgi aanee harpeejchi baheen aaheh aark aanee ausipet. titanomachya kalat, iris haah olympic devancha sandeshvahak hota tarr tichi baheen aarkne olympic kheladuncha vishvasaghat keela aanee devacha shatru, titanscha sandeshvahak bunley. tee indradhanushyachi devi aahe. tee devi aanee devatannahi amrut pyayala dete. zaferas, jee pashchimekadil pashchimekadil devata aahe, tee tichi patni aahe. ii. sha. puu. sahavya shatkatil greek gitkar kavee alkys yanchya matey, jaree eros haah samanyatah eres aanee ephroditecha mulga asalyache mhatale jaate, taree tyanna ekatra pothos navacha mulga jhaala, kinwa vaikalpikaritya teey premacha dev irosache palak hote. nononschya 'dionysiac' nusar, aayarisacha bhau hydaspace aahe. teela samudra aanee aakashachya devatanpaiki eka mhanoonahi olakhale jaate. meghadhanushyala dev manavteshi jodale jaate. tee tee vegane jagachya eka tokapasoon thikanahun tokaparyant aanee samudra aanee patalatil kholvar pravas karate. pauranik katha. titanomachy. indradhanushya devatanche sandesh manavaparyant pohochavat indradhanushyavar pravas karate asey mhatale jaate. kahee nondinmadhye, bubul hii sahkari sandeshvahak devi aark ("vegwan", "jalad") chee baheen aahe, jee olympic devatanchya sahavasatoon baher padoon titanomachya kalat titansla tyanchi sandeshvahak devi mhanoon sameel jhaali, jyamule done bahini doot deviche shatru banalya. zius aanee tyachya mitranni yuddh jinkalyanantar, ziusne tichyakadun aarkche pankh fadale aanee kalantarane peliyashi jhalelya tichya lagnat nered theatisla bhet mhanoon dile, jyane tyaa tichya mulala, akilsala dilya, jyane teey tyachya payavar ghatale. akilila kadhikadhi 'poddark' ([jahajachya] pankhansarkhe paay) mhanoon olakhale jaat asey. poddars heey triacha raja asalelya priyamche mool naav dekhil hote. devancha sandeshvahak. tichya muliche percephone headsney apaharan kelyanantar, shetichi devi demeter elyusismadhil tichya mandirat paratali aanee pruthvila napik kele, jyamule motha dushkal padala jyamule manav marle gele aanee parinami devanna balee dene bund jhaale. tyanantar zyusane teela itar devanmadhye sameel honyasathi aanee ticha shaap uthavanyasathi bolavanyasathi bubul pathavali; parantu tichi mulgi parat naan aalyane, demeterla patale nahee. eka kathet, leto aanee tichya mulanni ziasla promethiusla tyachya yatanapasun mukt karanyachi vinanti kelyanantar, ziusne maan gamavali aanee durdaivi promethiusla mukt karnyasathi heraclecha aadesh denyasathi iris pathavala. seeks jahaj durghatanet budalyanantar, herane tichya irisla zopecha dev asalelya sammohanala tiche aadesh kalavale. irisney udya marlya aanee tyala tyachya guhet aadhalale aanee tyala sangitale qee herachi ichcha aahe qee sexchee patni, elsione, tichya priy vyaktichya mrutyuchi mahitee tichya swapnanmadhye dyavi. herachi aadnya dilyanantar, bubul lagech nighun gela, jaast vel sammohanajaval ubha rahoo shakala nahee, kaaran tyachya shaktinni teela pakadale aanee teela chakkar aalee aanee zope lagali. aristophensachya vinodi 'daad birds' madhye, namdhari pakshi aakashat eka shahar bandhatat aanee olympic devatanchi jaaga ghenyachi yojana aakhtat. sandeshvahak mhanoon iris tyanna bhetayala jaato, parantu tyancha neta piseterus, haah eka vruddha ethanian manus tichi khilli udavato, ticha upman karato aanee tichyavar balatkar karanyachi dhamki deto. pisetiyarasala dev kona aahet heey maheet nahee aanee tee tyapaiki eka aahe heey visangatila basalele disate. piseterus nantar teela sangato qee pakshi aata dev aahet, jyaa devatanna manavane balee dilech pahije. piseterus tichyavar balatkar karanyachi dhamki dilyanantar, iris tyachya white bhashesathi tyala fatkarto aanee nighun jaato, aanee tyala ishara deto qee zius, jyala tee tiche vadil mhanoon sambodhate, too tyachyashi vyavhar karel aanee tyala paise deil. varjilchya "anaid" madhye dekhil samanyatah junocha agent mhanoon bubul anek vela disun yete. chauthya pustakat, juno teela ranee didochya dokyatoon kesanche kuloop todanyasathi pathavato, jenekarun tee maroo shakel aanee headsmadhe pravesh karoo shakel. 5 vya pustakat, iris, trojan mahileche roop dharan karoon, itar trojan matanna, tyanna sikili baher jaanyapasun rokhanyasathi, aniaschya chaar jahajanna aag lavnyasathi uttejit karate. roman kavee ovidchya matey, romulusla 'quirinus' haah dev mhanoon ghoshit kelyanantar, tyachi patni hersiliane devanna vinavani kelee qee tinehi teela amar houu dyave jenekarun tee punha ekada tichya patisobat rahoo shakel. junone tichi vinanti aikali aanee teela bubul pathavali. eka botane, bubulane hersiliala sparsh keela aanee tiche amar devimadhye rupantar kele. hersilia olympicala gelee, jithe tee eka horay bunley aanee teela tichya patisobat kayamchi rahanyachi parvanagi denyat aalee. trojan yuddh. stacinuschya haravalelya mahakavya 'cypriya' nusar, irisnech menelosla, joou cretla ravana jhaala hota, too gelyanantar spartamadhye kaay ghadale hote, mhanje tyachi patni hellen trojan prince parisasobat paloon gelee tasech helanchya bhavachya castercha mrutyu yachee mahitee dilee. homerla shrey dilelya 'eliod' madhye meghadhanushyacha varanvar daivi sandeshvahak mhanoon ullekh keela jaato. tathapi, tee 'daad odisi' madhye disat nahee, jithe tichi bhoomika tyaeivaji hermisney bharali aahe. harmispramanech, bubulamadhye caducius kinwa pankhancha dand asato. devancha raja ziuschya aadeshanusar, tee sticks naditoon panyacha eka zot gheuun jaate, jyadvare tee swatahla khote khote sarvanna zopavate. xxiii yaa pustakat, tee patrocluschi antyasanskarachi chita petvanyasathi boria aanee zephirusla akilijchi prathna karate. shevatchya pustakat, zius raja priyamkade bubul pathavato, tyala sanganyasathi qee tyane ektyane achin chhavanit jaave aanee tyachya thaar jhalelya mulachya hectorchya mrutdehachi akilismadhun khandani ghyavi. iris patkan priyamala sandesh pohochavate aanee olympicmadhye parat yete. itar dantkatha. homerick stotra too apolo" nusar, jevha leto tichya julya mulanna apolo aanee artemisla janm denyapurvi prasootila hotee, tevha mulachi devi herah aanee elithia yaa done devi vagalata serve devi upasthit hotya. tichya prasutichya navvya divashi, letone irisla sangitale qee, qee heey naan kaloo deta, elithiyala laach dyavi aanee tichya mulanna janm denyasathi tichi madat ghyavi. calimachya matey, heranchya aadeshanusar, iris aanee eres yanni serve shaharanna aanee itar thikananna garbhavati leto sodoon teela aashray nakarnyacha aadesh deela, jithe tee tichya julya mulanna janm deu shakel. aata delos betat rupantarit jhalelya esteriyanantar, letola aashray dilyanantar, heranchya aadeshanche ullanghan kelyamule letola janm denyachi parvanagi denyat aalee hotee heey teela kalavanyasathi iris parat herakade gela aanee herajaval tine aasan ghetale. apollonius rodiuschya matey, bubulane argonauts zets aanee callace yanna mage valavale, jyanni harpicha pathlag strofedsparyant ("valan denari bete") keela hota. bhavanni rakshasanna, bhavishyavakta phoeniuschya yatanapasun door kele hote, parantu aayarisachya vinantivarun tyanna marle nahee, jyane phoeniusla punha harpichi chinta honar nahee asey vachan dile hote. theebschya raja kreonne theebschya virodhat haat varr prayatna mrut argive sainikanna daphan karnyas manai kelyanantar, herane tyanchya mrutdehanna dava aanee aambyane olsar karnyache aadesh irisla dile. eka qamee dnyat kathet, kadachit herachya sangnyavarun, tine tyanchya dioniuschya upasanet vyatyay aananyacha prayatna kelyanantar, ekada aayarisvar vyangkaryanni balatkar karnyachya jawal aala. ii. sha. puu. pachvya shatkatil sumare pandhra kalya aanee laal aakrutichya fuldanichya chitranmadhye mhatale aahe qee jevha tee balidanachya kamat hastakshep karnyacha prayatna karate tevha vyangkar ektar bhayanakpane tichyakade pudhe sarkat asatat kinwa teela pakadat asatat. thikanahun kapmadhye, drushyamadhye upasthit asalelya dynisuschya vedivaroon baliche maans choranyapasun bubulala rokhanyacha prayatna prayatna vyangchitrakaranni bubulavar hallah kelyache darshavile aahe. thikanahun bajula, vyangkar heravar hallah karat aahet, joou hermes aanee heracleschya darmyan ubha aahe. pracheen natakkar akeyas yane 'iris' heey aata haravalele vyangchitra natak lihile, jeey kadachit tyaa fuldanya vishayanche srot asoo shakate. euripidschya 'harackle gonn madd' yaa natkat, iris, vedepana aanee vedepanachi devi lisa sobat disate, vedepanachya yogyatesah haracklena shaap dete jyamadhye too tyachya teen mulancha aanee tyachi patni megaracha vadh karato. irisney zius aanee herancha bichhana dekhil tayar keela. pooja qaraa. panth. greek lokanchya itar pramukh sandeshvahak devatepramane, hermes, irisney pracheen greek dharmat mothee bhoomika bajavali nahee aanee kvachitach tyachi pooja kelee jaat asey. tichya sanmanarth konatihi dnyat mandire, mandire kinwa aayarischi abhayaranye kinwa utsav aayojit kele jaat naheet. fuldanya aanee bases-releafmadhye tiche varanvar chitran kele jaat asale taree, pracheen kalat kahee moorti bubulapasoon banvilya gelya asalyache dnyat aahe. tathapi, ethansmadhil parthenonchya paschim prushthbhagavaril shilpakalet tiche chitran karnyat aale hote. iris haah kiman kahee kirkol upasanecha uddesh asalyache disate, parantu tichya panthacha ekmev thasa mhanje 'dinnerchya velee vidwan' madheel ethaniuschi nond aahe qee delosche lock irisla balee dett, teela 'basinia' navache chizcakes arpan karatat, gavhache peeth, suut aanee madh yancha eka prakar, ekatra ukaloon. upnamanche. irisla 'chrysopteros' ('soneri pankh'), 'podas ōkea' ('vegwan paay') kinwa 'podenemos ōkea' ('vaara-firalela paay'), 'rosida' ('davie', lattin) aanee 'thoumantias' kinwa 'thoumantis' (, 'thaumaschi mulgi, aashcharyakarak'), 'allopus' ('vadal-paay, vadal-badal) yasah anek kavyatmak shirshake aanee visheshan hote. tine tichya ghagarine dhaganna panihi dile, samudratoon paanee ghetale. pratinidhitva. meghdhanushya ektar indradhanushya mhanoon kinwa tichya khandyavar pankh asaleli eka sunder tarun mulgi mhanoon darshavile jaate. eka devi mhanoon, bubul sanvad, sandesh, indradhanushya aanee naveen prayatnanshi sambandhit aahe. indradhanushyache heey moort swaroop ekekali aakash aanee pruthvishi jodale gelele asalyache varnan kele gele hote. kahee granthanmadhye teela anek rangancha coat ghatalele chitrit kele aahe. yaa kotane tee pratyakshat indradhanushya tayar karate, jyachi tee eka thikanahun thikanahun thikani jaanyasathi sawari karate. aayrisache pankh itake sunder asalyache mhatale jaat hote qee tee eka gadad guha dekhil ujalavu shakat hotee, heey vaishishtya tichya somnaschya bhetichya kathetoon alciona sandesh denyasathi disun yete. bubul pramukhyane sanvad aanee sandeshanshi sambandhit asatana, tee manavanchya prathna swatah purn karoon kinwa itar devanchya laksh vedhoon gheuun purn karnyat madat karate asey manale jaat hote.

iris (pauranik katha) prachin grick dharma rar pauranik kathaharuma, iris (;;) dewataharu thaumas rar electra, indradhanushko murta roop rar dewataharuko sandeshwahak, olympic rar vishesh gari rani herako sewakaki chhori hun. iris devataharubata rar sandeshaharu bokne wa kamharu chalaune dherai kathaharuma dekha pardachha tara unko afnai kunai adwitiya pauranik katha chhaina. tyastai gari, delos tapubata kehi matra nishanaharu bancheka chhan, kunai pani aitihasik pantha rar airisko puja jiwit recordharuma pramanit garieko chhaina. prachin kalama, airislai caducius bokeko, sandeshawahakharuko pratik rar dewataharuka lagi paniko ghadiyal bokeko ek pakha bhaeko yuwatiko rupma chitran garieko chha. airislai paramparagat rupma paschimi hawako devta jefirasko patni rar chaar enemoi madhye ekko rupma herieko thiyo, jasdwara uni kehi sanskaranharuma pothosko amah hun. wyutpatti. prachin grick sangyako artha chandramako indradhanush rar prabhamandal duwai how. korinthako euta shilalekhle digammako sath muel roop ("wairis") ko praman pradan gardacha june antatah khasalieko thiyo. yo sangya purva-grick mulko dekhinchha. proto-indo-europeli purva-roop "* uha2aie-arr-aie-" sujhau diieko chha, yadyapi mauriharule yasalai 'prerit garna gahro' paunchhan.' pariwar. hesiodko "theogony" anusar, iris thaumas rar oceaned electra rar harpiharuhu arch rar osipetki bahiniki chhori hun. titanomakiko samayama, iris olympic dewataharuko sandeshwahak thiin jabki unaki bahini arcley olympic kheladiharulai dhoka diin rar dewataharuko shatru, titansko sandeshwahak banin. uni indradhanushki devi hun. unle devi rar dewataharulai amrit pani piunaka lagi sewa garchhin. jephirus, jo paschimi hawako devta hun, unaki patni hun. isapurva chhaitaun shatabdika grick gitkar kawi alkiuska anusar, sangai uniharusanga pothos namak chhora thiyo, wa vaikalpik rupma tiniharu premka devta iroska amababu thie, yadyapi iroslai samanyataya aris rar afroditeko chhora bhaninchha. nananasko "dionysia" anusar, airisko bhai hydaspace how. unlai samudra rar akashki deviharu madhye ekko rupma pani chininchha. airisle dewataharulai manawatasanga jodchha. uni hawako gatima sansarko ek chheumabata arko chheuma rar samudra rar bhumigat sansarko gahiraima yatra garchhin. pauranik katha. titanomaki. airisle devataharubata manawaharulai sandeshaharu bokdai indradhanushma yatra garne bhaninchha. kehi abhilekhharuma, iris sathi sandeshwahak devi arch ("swift", "kwik") ko bahini hun, jasle olympic dewataharuko companybata bahira niskiera titanomakiko samayama titonharulai uniharuko sandeshwahak deviko rupma samel garin, jasle dui bahiniharulai shatru sandeshwahak deviharu banayo. jius rar unka sahayogiharule yuddha jitepachhi, jiusale unibata arkako pakha chyatyo rar samayasangai peliyasangko unko vivahama nered thatislai upaharko rupma diyo, jasle tiniharulai unko chhora, akilslai die, jasle tiniharulai afno khuttama lagaeka thie. akilslai kahilekaahin "podarch" ([jahajko] pakha jastai khutta) bhanera chininthyo. poddars troyaka raja priyamko muel naam pani thiyo. dewataharuko sandeshwahak. unaki chhori percephonelai headsdwara apharan garepachhi, krishi dematerki devi aleusisma raheko unko mandirma farkiin rar prithwilai banjho banae, jasle garda thulo anikal bhayo jasle manisharulai marey, rar falaswarup dewataharulai balidan banda bhayo. tyasapachhi jiusale airislai dematter garna pathae, unlai anya dewataharusanga samel huna rar unko shrap uthauna bolae; tara unaki chhori farkeka thienan, dematerlai vishwas bhaena. euta kathama, leto rar unka bachchaharule promithiyaslai unko yatanabata mukta garna jiusasanga anurodh garepachhi, jius maan gae, rar durbhagyapurna promithiyaslai mukta garna herakalharu adesh dina iris pathae. sex jahajko bhagnawasheshma dubepachhi, herale airislai nidraka devta sammohanlai afno adesh sunauna lagae. iris udeko thiyo rar usalai afno gufama bheteko thiyo, rar herale kexky shrimati, alcionylai sapanama afno priya wyaktiko mrityuko barema suchit garna chaheko jankari die. herako adesh diepachhi, iris turuntai chhodera gayo, dherai lamo samayasamma sammohanko najik khada bhaena, kinki usako shaktile unlai samateko thiyo, rar usalai chakkar rar nidra ayo. aristofensko kamedi "da birds" maa, namdhari charaharule akashma euta sahar nirman garchhan rar olympic dewataharulai pratisthapan garne yojana banaunchhan. iris, sandeshwahakko rupma, uniharulai bhetna janchha, tara unko upahas garinchha, apaman garinchha, rar uniharuko neta piseterus, ek wriddha athenian manisdwara balatkarko dhamki diinchha. pisetiyaraslai dewataharu ko hun rar uni tiniharumadhe ek hun bhanne thaha chhaina bhanera iris bhramit dekhinchha. piseterasle tyasapachhi unlai charaharu ab dewataharu hun, dewataharu jaslai manisharule balidan garnuparchha bhanera bataunchha. piseterasle unlai balatkar garne dhamki diepachhi, airisle unko abhadra bhashaka lagi usalai dant garchha rar usalai jiusale, jaslai unle afno bubako rupma ullekha garchhin, usalai wyawahar garne rar usalai bhuktan garne chetawani dindai janchha. iris pani bharjilko "annaid" maa dherai patak dekha pardachha, samanyataya junoko agentko rupma. pustak 4 maa, junole unlai rani didoko taukobata kapalko tala tipna pathaunchhin, taaki uni marchhan rar headsma prawesh garna sakchhan. pustak 5 maa, airisle trojan mahilako roop lieko chha, anya trojan amaharulai sikili chhodnabata roknaka lagi aniaska charawata jahajharuma ago lagauna uttejit gardacha. roman kawi obhidka anusar, romulaslai devta curinusko rupma dev banaiepachhi, unaki patni hersiliale dewataharulai unlai pani amar huna dinuhos bhanera anurodh garin taaki uni feri ek patak afno patisanga huna sakun. junole unko nivedan sune rar unlai iris pathae. ekal aunlaale, airisle harsilialai chhue rar unlai amar devima parinat gare. hersilia olympicma udeki thiin, jahaan uni ek horai banin rar unlai sadaka lagi afno patisanga basna anumati diiyo. trojan yuddha. stasinusko haraeko mahakawya "cypria" kaa anusar, yo iris thiyo jasle menelauslai suchit गऱ्यो।, jo cretma gaeka thie, uni jaanda spartama key bhaeko thiyo, arthat unaki patni helenko trojan rajkumar perisasanga bhagne rar helenko bhai casterko mrityu. airislai prayaha "eliod" maa ishwariya sandeshwahakko rupma ullekha garieko chha, june homarlai shreya diinchha. yadyapi, uni "odisi" maa dekha pardainan, jahaan unko bhumika hermisle bharieko chha. hermis jastai, airisle caducius wa pakhako staff bokchha. dewataharuko raja jiusako adeshma, unle sticks nadibata paniko ek bahau bokchhin, jasbata uni afulai dhoka dine sabailai sutna lagaaunchhin. pustak xxiii maa, unle petrocolusko antim sanskarko chita ujalna boreus rar jefiraslai akilsko prarthana pradan garchhin. antim pustakma, jiusale raja priyamlai iris pathaunchhan, usalai eklai acheyan shivirma januparchha rar afno marieko chhora hectorko sharira akilsbata muktika rupma linuparchha bhanera bhanna. airisle chaandai priyamlai sandesh dinchha rar olympicma farkanchha. anya mithakharu. homerick bhajan too apolo" kaa anusar, jab leto afna jumlyaha santan apolo rar artemislai janma dinuaghi prasava pidama thiin, bachcha janmaune devi hera rar alithia bahek sabai deviharu upasthit thie. unko prasawako nawaun dina, letole airislai elithialai ghusa dina rar heralai thaha nadekhera afna bachchaharulai janma dina sahayog magna bhane. calimacuska anusar, herako adeshma iris rar erisle sabai sahar rar anya thaaunharulai garbhawati letolai tyagna rar unko ashraya aswikar garna adesh die jahaan unle afna jumlyaha santan janmauna sakthin. asteria, ab delos tapuma parinat bhaepachi, letolai ashraya diepachhi, iris heralai herako adeshlai bewasta garda asteriale janma dina anumati dieko jankari dina herama farkie, rar herako chheuma afno sitt lie. apollonius rodiuska anusar, airisle argonauts jets rar calislai firta farkeko thiyo, jasle strofed ("modka tapuharu") samma harpyharu pachhyaeka thie. bhaiharule danaharulai agamawakta finiyasko yatanabata bhagaeka thie, tara airisko anurodhma tiniharulai mareka thienan, jasle finiyaslai feri harpyharule sataune chhaina bhanera wacha gare. thibiska raja kreonle thibisko viruddhama hatiyar uthaeka mrit argaibh sainikharulai gadna nishedh garepachhi, herale airislai oss rar ambrosiale afno shawalai ardra banauna adesh die. cum gyat kathama, iris ek patak dionysusko pujama badha puryaune prayas garepachhi, sayed herako adeshma, sattirharudwara balatkarko najik pugyo. panchaun shatabdi isapurvaka lagbhag pandhrawata callo rar rato-akriti bhaeka fuldani chitraharule chitran gardacha kii wyangyaharule yaa tata bhayanak rupma aghi badhdaichin wa jab unle balidanma hastakshep garne prayas garchhin bhane unlai samatchhan. arko kapma, drishyama upasthit raheko dionysusko vedibata bali masu chornabata airislai rokna khojiraheka sattirharule airislai akraman gareko chitran garieko chha. arkotarf, sattirharule heralai akraman gariraheka chhan, jo hermes rar herakalko bichma khada chhan. prachin natakkar akeyasle "iris" lekhe, june ahile haraeko wyangya natak how, june tee fuldaniharuko wishayako srota huna sakchha. yuripidsko natak "herkles gund myad" maa, iris pagalpan rar pagalpanko devi lisasanga dekha pardachha, pagalpanko fitasanga herkleharulai shrap dindachha jasma usale afna tean chhoraharu rar afnie patni megara marchha. airisle jius rar herako ochhyan pani tayar गऱ्यो।. puja garnuhos. dharma. grikharuka anya pramukh sandeshwahak devataharubhanda farak, hermis, airisle prachin grick dharmama thulo bhumika kheleko thiena rar wirlai puja garinthyo. tyahan kunai gyat mandirharu, mandirharu, wa airiska lagi abhayaranyaharu, wa unko sammanma ayojit chadaparwaharu chhainan. unlai prayaha fuldan rar bases-reliefma chitran garieko chha, puratan kalma kehi murtiharu airisbata baneka thie bhanera thaha chha. yadyapi unlai athensma parthenanko paschimi pedimentma murtikla chitran garieko thiyo. iris kamtima pani kehi sano pujako uddeshya bhaeko dekhinchha, tara unko panthako ek matra nishan atheniusle "dinnerma vidwanharu" maa rakheko note how kii deloska manisharule airislai balidan gare, unlai "besinia" bhanine chijakekharu arpan gare, gahun-atta, suit rar mahako ek prakarko keck, sangai umaleko thiyo. epithets. irisma "crysupteros" ("sunaulo pakha"), "podas okia" ("druta khutta") wa "podenemos okia" ("hawa-ghumauro khutta"), "rosida" ("davy", lattin), rar "thoumantius" wa "thoumantis" (, ", thaumaski chhori, adbhut"), "allopus" ("aandhi-khutta, aandhi-ghumauro") sahit dherai kawyatmak shirshak rar wisheshanharu thie. unle afno ghisabata badallai pani pani die, samudrabata pani lie. pratinidhitwa. airislai yaa tata indradhanushko rupma wa kandhama pakhaharu bhaeko sunder jawan yuwatiko rupma pratinidhitwa garinchha. deviko rupma, iris sanchar, sandesh, indradhanush rar nayan prayasharusanga sambandhit chha. indradhanushko yo murta ruplai ek patak swarga rar prithwiko linkko rupma warnan garieko thiyo. kehi granthaharuma unlai dherai rangharuko kote lagaeka chitran garieko chha. yass kotko sath unle wastawma ek thaunbata arko thaunma pugnaka lagi sawari garne indradhanushharu sirjana garchhin. airisko pakha yati sunder bhaeko bhanieko thiyo kii unle euta andhyaro gufama pani ujyalo parne sakthin, yo visheshta unko somnus bhramanko kathabata alsianlai sandesh pathaunaka lagi awalokan garna sakinchha. iris mukhyataya sanchar rar sandeshharusanga sambandhit thiyo, tara uni manisharuko prarthanaharu pura garnama pani sahayog garchhin bhanne vishwas garieko thiyo, yaa tata tiniharulai afaile pura garera wa anya dewataharuko dhyanma lyaera.

iris (pouranika kathaa) pracheen greek dharma ebong pouranika kathaare, iris (;;;) heuchhanti debata thamas ebong electranka jhia, indradhanush ebong debatamananka dootanka murtirupa, alympian ebong bisesh curry raanee heranka sebaka . iris aneka kahanire dekhajae jaahaa debatamananka thaaru ebong semananku barta bahn kare kimba karjya chalaithae kintu tankara nijara kaunasi ananya pouranika kahani naahin . sehipari, kaunasi aitihasika dharma ebong airisra pooja banchithiba recordre pramanita hoinahin, ebong delos dweparu kebala alpa kichhi chinha banchichhi . pracheen kalaare, airisku eka pakhyajukta jubatee bhabare chitrita karajaichi jaahaa eka caduces, dootanka pratika ebong debatamananka paain eka paani paatra bahn kare . airisku paramparika bhabare paschima pubner debata jefirasra patni ebong chaari aanimoinka madhyaru jane bhabare dekhajaithila, jahanka dwara shay keteka sanskaranare pothosra maaa . byutpatti. pracheen greek bisesyara artha heuchhi ubhaja indradhanush ebong chandra prabhamulaka. korinthara eka shilalekha eka moola roop ("wiris") rahr pramana pradan kare jeunthire eka digamma thila jaahaa sheshare hatai diajaithila . ehi bishesyati prack-greek utpattira bolly manehue. eka proto-indo-europeah prack-form "* "* paramarsha diajaichhi, jadio mahumachhimane ehaaku 'prerita kariba kastakara' bolly bibechana karanti .' paribara. hesiodnka "theogany" anujai, iris heuchhi thamas ebong oceanid electranka jhia ebong harpih arch ebong ocipatra bhaunee . titanmachi samajare, iris alympic debatamanankara doota thile, jetebele kii taanka bhaunee arche alympic khelalimananku biswasghatakata karithile ebong debatanka shatru titanmanankara doota hoithile. shay indradhanushar debi. shay madhya debi ebong debatamananku amruta paribeshana karanti. paschima pubner debata jephirus heuchhanti taanka patni. khreestapoorba shastha shatabdir greek geetikara kabi alakejasnka anujai, semanankara pothos namaka eka putra thile, kimba bikalpa bhabare semane premer debata irosra pitamata thile, jadio eros sadharanatah arres ebong aafrodaitnka putra bolly kuhajae . nananasra "dionysiaca" anujai, airisra bhai hydaspace atanti. shay samudra ebong akashar debimananka madhyaru jane bhabare madhya janashuna . iris bhagabananku manabajati sahita jodithae. shay pubner begare duniaara gotie prantaru anya prantaku ebong samudra ebong adhatala biswara gabhirataku jatra karanti . pouranika kathaa. titanomachi. kuhajae je iris indradhanush upare jatra curry debatamananka thaaru barta manabamananku neithae . keteka recordre, iris saathee shatru debi arche ("druta", "druta") nka bhaunee, jie alympian debatamananka companyru bahari titanmachi samajare taitanamananka sahita semanankara shatru debi bhabare joga deithile, jaahaa dui bhauneenku shatru shatru debi karithila . jius ebong taanka sahajogeemane juddhare bijai heba parey, jius tankatharu arch rahr dena chiri pakaile ebong samajakrame segudiku pelijasnka saha taanka bibaahare nered titis ku upahara bhabare dele, jie taa 'rahr pua akilis ku dele, jie segudiku taanka paadare pindhithile . akilis belebele "podarcs" ([jahajar] dena bhali paada) bhabare janashuna . poddars madhya trior raja prijamanka moola naama thila . debatamanankara doota. taanka jhia persifonku hedsanka dwara apaharan karajiba parey, krushi demater debi ilusisare thiba taanka mandiraku pherigale ebong pruthibeeku anurbara karidele, jaahaa eka budd durbhikhya srusti karithila jaahaa manishamananku hatya karithila, ebong phalaswaroopa debatamananku balidana banda hoijaithila . ehapare jius airisku demator pathaithile, tanku anya debatamananka sahita jogadebaku ebong taanka abhishapa uthaibaku dakithile; kintu taanka jhia pherinathile, demator raaji hoinathile . gotie barnanare, letto ebong taanka pilamane promithijasku taanka jantranaru mukta karibaku jiusanku nibedana kariba parey, jiusa dhairjya haarile, ebong durbhagyajanaka promithijasanku mukta kariba paain herkle adesh deba paain iris pathaithile. eka jahaz bhangibare cakes budijiba parey, herah airisku nidrara debata sammohanaku taanka adesh janaile. iris udijai tanku taanka gumphare dekhithile, ebong tanku suchana deithile je herah chahanti je sexanka patni alasionnku taanka swapnare taanka priya byaktinka mrutyu bishajare abgat karajau. heranka adesh pradan kariba parey, iris turanta chalijaithile, adhika samai sammohan nikatare naah thia hoithile, kaaran taanka shakti tanku dharineithila, ebong tanku munda ghashiba ebong nida hoijaithila . aristophensnka kamedi "daa birds" ray, namdhari pakhimane aakaashare eka sahara nirmana karanti ebong alympic debatamananku badalaibaku yojana karanti . iris, doota bhabare, semananku bhetibaku jaanti, kintu tanku semananka neta piseteros, jane bayaska ethanian byakti dwara upahasa, apamanita ebong balatkara dhamaka diajae . iris bibhranta dekhajanti je piseteros bhagaban kie jaani nahanti ebong shay semananka madhyaru jane . piseteros taa 'parey tanku kuhanti je pakhimane bartamana debata, jeun debatamananku manishamane balidana deba aabasyaka . piseteros tanku balatkara karibaku dhamaka deba parey, iris tanku taanka avadra bhasha paain dakuchanti ebong tanku chetabani dei chalijaichhanti je jius, jaahaaku shay taanka pita bhabare ullekha karanti, taanka sahita byabahara karibe ebong tanku tanka debe . iris madhya aneka thara bharjilnka "anaid" ray dekhajae, sadharanatah junora agent bhabare . | pustakare, junie raanee didonka mundaru eka kesh taalaa katiba paain tanku pathanti, jahadwara shay mrutyubarana kariparibe ebong heades prabesha kariparibe . pustaka pustaka, iris, eka trojan mahilanka roop grahan curry, anya trojan maamananku uttejita curry, semananku sisili chhadiba thaaru rokiba paain eniyasra charoti jahajare niaan lagaithae . roman kabi obhidnka anujai, romulasnku debata quirines bhabare ghoshita karajiba parey, taanka patni hersilia bhagabananku nibedana karithile je tanku madhya amara hebaku diantu jaahaa dwara shay puni thare taanka swameenka sahita rahiparibe . juno taanka nibedana sunithile ebong taanka pakhaku iris pathaithile. gotie aanguthire iris harsiliaaku sparsha curry tanku jane amara debeere parinata karithila. hersilia alimpasaku udaana karithile, jeunthare shay jane hore hoithile ebong tanku taanka swameenka saha sabuddin paain rahibaku anumathi diajaithila. trojan juddha. stasinasnka hozzy jaithiba mahakabya "cypria" anujai, iris hinn menelasnku suchana deithila, jie crate abhimukhe jatra karithile, shay chaali jaithiba samajare spartare qa 'naa ghatithila, jathaa trojan prince pyarisnka saha taanka patni helenanka palajana tatha helenanka bhai kastaranka mrutyu . airisku "eliad" ray eka dibya doota bhabare ullekha karajaichi, jaahaa homaranku daie . tebe, shay "odisi" ray abhinai karanti naahin, jeunthare taanka bhumika hermis dwara purana hoichhi . hermis pari, iris eka caduces kimba danga thiba laathi bahn kare . debatamanankara raja jiusnka nirdeshare, shay stikes nadeeru eka jala bahn karanti, jaahaa sahita shay nijaku mithya karuthiba samastanku shoi pakaithanti . xxiii pustakare, shay patroclusra antim sanskara chitare alokita kariba paain borias ebong jephirasnku aakilisnka prarthana pradan karanti . shesh pustakare, jius raja prijamnka nikataku iris pathanti, tanku kahiba paain je shay ekutia acheyan shibiraku jiba uchita ebong tankara nihata pua hektaranka shabaku akilis ru mukta kariba uchit . iris druta gatire prijamanku barta pradan kare ebong alimpiksaku pherijae . anya pouranika kathaa. homerick staba" anusare, jetebele letto taanka yamaja santan apollo ebong artemisanku janma deba purbaru prasaba jantrana bhoguthile, setebele dui john, herah ebong shishu janmara debi elithianka byatita samasta debi upasthita thile. taanka prasaba prasbar nabam dinare, letto airisku elithijanku lanch debaku ebong heranku janibaku nadei taanka pilamananku janma debare sahajya magibaku kahithile. kalimachusnka anujai, aaresnka nirdeshare iris samasta sahara ebong anyanya sthanaku garbhabati letoku parityaga karibaku ebong taanka aashrajaku pratyakhyana karibaku nirdesh deithila jeunthare shay taanka yamaja santan janma deiparibe . asteria, jaahaa bartamana delos dwepare rupantarita hoichhi, letonku ashrai pradan kariba parey, iris tanku janaiba paain herah pherithila je asteria heranka aadeshaku asweekara kariba karanaru letonku janma debaku anumathi diajaithila, ebong herah pakhare basithila . apollonius rodiasnka anujai, iris argonut jett ebong kalaisku ferai deithila, jeunmane strofed ("turning dwepapunja") parjyanta harpy anusarana karithile . bhaimane bhabishyadwakta phinijasnka jantrana thaaru rakhyasamananku tadi deithile, kintu airisanka anurodhare semananku hatya karinathile, jie pratishruti deithile je phenious aau harpy dwara byasta hebe naahin. thibsra raja creon thibs biruddhare astra uthaithiba mruta argive sainikamananku kabara deba upare pratibandhaka lagaiba parey, herah airisku semananka mrutadehaku sisira ebong embrosia sahita ardra karibaku nirdesh deithile. eka comm janashuna barnanare, iris thare satiramananka dwara balatkarara nikatatar hoithila jetebele shay dionyssra poojaare baadha debaku chesta karithile, bodhahue heranka nirdeshare . khreestapoorba pancham shatabdir praiah pandarati kalaa ebong laal-aakrutira phuldani chitra darshaithae, jeunthire kuhajaichhi je shay balidanare hastakhyepa karibaku chesta kalabele satiramane bhajankara bhabare taanka aadaku agrasara huanti kimba tanku dharithanti. anya eka kapare, airisku satiramananka dwara aakraman karajaithiba chitrita karajaichi, jeunmane drushyare upasthita thiba dionyssra jagyabeditharu balidana maansa chori karibaru airisku rokiba paain chesta karuchanti. anya parsware, satiramane heranku aakraman karuchanti, jie hermis ebong heracles madhyare thia hoichhanti . pracheen natyakara achaeous "iris" lekhithile, jaahaa bartamana eka hozzy jaithiba byangatmaka nataka, jaahaa sehi phuldanigudikara bishajabastura utsa hoithaipare . juripidesnka nataka 'heracles gunn myad' ray, iris pagalami ebong pagalami debi lisanka sahita dekhajaithae, pagalami sahita herakalmananku abhishapa deithae jeunthire shay taanka tini pua ebong taanka patni megaranku hatya karanti . iris madhya jiusa ebong herara shajya prastuta karithila . pooja karantu. dharma. grikmanankara anya pramukh doota debatanka bhali, hermis, iris pracheen greek dharmare eka budd bhumika grahan karinathile ebong kwachit pooja karajauthila . taanka sammanare ajojita kaunasi mandira, mandira, kimba iris paain abhajaranya kimba parbaparbani naahin . tanku barambar phuldani ebong baasa-reliffere chitrita karajaithibabele, pracheen kaalare alpa kichhi pratimurti aairisare nirmita hoithiba janaa padichi . tebe ethensare parthenanara paschima pedimentare thiba bhaskarjyare tanku chitrita karajaithila. iris ati kamre kichhi chhot pooja paain uddista bolly manehue, kintu taanka sampradaajara ekamatra chinha heuchhi etheniasnka dwara "dinner samajare bidwana" ray diajaithiba note je delosra lokamane airisku balidana deithile, tanku "basinie" namaka chizcake arpan karithile, gaham-aataa, suite ebong mahu rahr eka prakara keck, ekathi sijhajaithila . biseshana. airisra aneka kabya shirshaka ebong biseshana thila, jeunthire "crysupteros" ("subarna pakhyajukta"), "podas okia" ("druta padajukta") kimba "podenemos okia" ("pabana-gatishila padajukta"), "rosida" ("dewi", latin), ebong "thumantius" kimba "thamantis" (, ",,, thamasanka kanya, chamatkara"), "allopus" ("jhada-padajukta, jhada-gatishila") antarbhukta . shay madhya niz ghia dwara meghaku paani deithile, samudraru paani sangraha karithile. pratinidhitwa. airisku indradhanush bhabare kimba kandhare dena thiba eka sunder jubatee bhabare upasthapita karajae . jane debi bhabe, iris jogajoga, barta, indradhanush ebong nutan prayasa sahita jadita . indradhanur ehi roopaku ekada swarga ebong pruthibee sahita eka sanjoga bhabare barnana karajaithila . keteka granthare tanku aneka rangara coat pindhithibara chitrita karajaichi. ehi coat sahita shay bastabare indradhanush srusti karanti jaahaa shay eka sthanaru anya sthanaku neba paain chale . airisra dena ete sunder bolly kuhajauthila je shay eka andhakara gumphaku alokita madhya kariparanti, jaahaa alsionanku eka barta prerana kariba paain somnus paridarshanara kahaniru eka lakhyan parjyabekhyana karajae . iris mukhyatah jogajoga ebong barta sahita jadita thibabele, shay nije purana curry kimba anya debatamananka dhyanaku aaniba dwara manishanka prarthana purana karibare sahajya karanti bolly biswasa karajauthila .

iris (mithihas) prachin yunani dharam atey mithihas witch, iris (;;) devta thomas atey electra dee ikk dhee haii, satrangi dhanush atey devtiaan dey sandeshvahak dee murti, olympic atey vishesh taur 'teey raanee heraa dee sevak haii. iris kaee kahaniaan witch dikhai dindi haii jiss witch devtiaan toon atey uhanan noon sandesh ditte jaande hunn jaan kamm chall rahey hunn parr uss dee aapni koee vilakkhan mithihasak kathaa naheen haii. isey tarahan, ikk itihasak panth atey iris dee pooja dee bahut ghatt jaan koee vee saboot bache hoye recordan witch pramanit naheen haii, jiss witch delos tapu toon siraf kujh nishan bache hunn. prachin qalaa witch, iris noon ikk khambhan vaali naujwan aurat dey roop witch darsaiaa giaa haii joe ikk caducius, sandeshvahakan daa prateek atey devtiaan laee paanee daa ghada chukkdi haii. iris noon ravaiti taur utte pachmi havaa dey devta atey chaar animoi vicchon ikk, zephirus dee patni vajon dekhiaa jaanda see, jiss duaara uh kujh sanskarnan witch pothos dee maan haii. shabdawali. prachin yunani naam daa arth haii chandrama daa satrangi atey prabhashit doven. corinth daa ikk shilalekh ikk mool roop ("viruses") daa saboot pardan karda haii jiss witch ikk digamma see jiss noon aakharkar sutt ditta giaa see. ih naam purav-yunani mool daa japda haii. ikk proto-indo-european pree-farm "* "* daa sujhaa ditta giaa haii, halanki madhu makkhiaan noon prerit karna mushkal laggda haii.' parivaar. hesiod dey "theogany" dey anusar, iris thoms atey oceaned electra dee dhee haii atey harpies dee bhainn haiyav aarak atey ocipete. titanomaki dauran, iris olympic devtiaan daa sandeshvahak see jadon kii uss dee bhainn sandook neey olympic khidariaan noon dhokha ditta atey devta dey dushman, titans daa sandeshvahak bann gaee. uh satrangi dee devi haii. uh devi-devtiaan noon antar peenn laee vee parosadi haii. zephirus, joe pachmi havaa daa devta haii, uss dee patni haii. chhevin sadee bee. see. dey yunani geetkar kavee alcase dey anusar, uhanan daa ikk puttar see jiss daa naam pothos see, jaan badal vajon uh piaar dey devta, eros dey maape sunn, halanki eros noon aam taur 'teey eres atey afrodite daa puttar kiha jaanda haii. nananas dey "dionysiaca" dey anusar, iris daa bharaa hydaspace haii. uss noon samunder atey asman deeaan deviaan vicchon ikk vajon vee janhiaa jaanda haii. iris devtiaan noon manukhta naal jodada haii. uh dunia dey ikk sire toon dooje sire takk atey samunder atey underworld dee dunghai witch havaa dee gatee naal yaatra kardi haii. mithihas. titanomaki. kiha jaanda haii kii iris rabb dey sandeshan noon manukkhan takk pahunchaunde hoye satrangi dhanush utte yaatra karda haii. kujh ricard witch, iris saathi sandeshvahak devi aarak ("swift", "tez") dee bhainn haii, joe olympic devtiaan dee sangat toon bahr nickle keey titanomachy dauran aapni sandeshvahak devi vajon titans naal shamal hoow gaee, jiss naal doven bhainan sandeshvahak deviaan dey dushman bann gaeeaan. jius atey uss dey sahiyogiaan duaara yuddh jittan toon baad, zioos neey uss toon aarak dey khambh paadd ditte atey samein dey naal unhan noon neelade theatis noon uss dey viaah witch tohfe vajon ditta, jiss neey badle witch unhan noon aapne puttar, aakils noon dey ditta, jiss neey unhan noon aapne pairan utte pahiniaa hoiaa see. akils noon kaee vaar "poddarks" ([kishti dey khambhan varge pair) vajon janhiaa jaanda see. poddars troye dey raaje, priyam daa asal naam vee see. devtiaan daa sandeshvahak. heads duaara aapni dhee persiphone dey agwa honn toon baad, khetibadi dee devi neey alucis witch aapne mandar witch waps aaa keey dharti noon banjar bnaa ditta, jiss naal ikk vadda qaal piaa jiss neey manukkhan noon maar ditta, atey natije vajon devtiaan noon balidan denna bnd hoow giaa. zias neey firr iris noon demeter curran laee bhejiaa, uss noon dooje devtiaan naal shamal honn atey uss daa saraap chukkan laee bulaiaa; parr kiunki uss dee dhee waps naheen aaee, demeter noon yakeen naheen hoiaa. ikk birtant witch, jadon letto atey uss dey bacchiaan neey zias noon prometheus noon uss dee tasihe toon rihaa curran dee benati keeti, taan zias neey manniaa, atey mandbhage prometheus noon aazaad curran laee hairaikalan daa adesh denh laee iris bhejiaa. seeks dey jahaz dey tuttan witch dubban toon baad, heraa neey iris noon neend dey devta, sammohan noon aapne adesh ditte. iris neey udd keey uss noon aapni gufa witch paaiaa, atey uss noon dassiaa kii heraa chahundi haii kii seeks dee patni, alcion, noon uss dey supniaan witch uss dey aziz dee maut baare soochit keeta jaave. heraa dee command denh toon baad, iris turant chalee gaee, bahut lambe samein takk sammohan dey nede naheen khadhi, kiunki uss deeaan shaktiaan neey uss noon fadd liaa, atey uss noon chakkar aaunn atey neend aaunn laggi. aristophanes dee kamedi "panchhi" witch, namvar panchhi asman witch ikk shehar banaunde hunn atey olympic devtiaan dee thaan lainn dee yojna banaunde hunn. sandeshvahak dey roop witch iris, unhan noon milann jaanda haii, parr uhanan dey neta pisaters, ikk bazurg athenian aadmi duaara uhanan daa mazak udaiaa jaanda haii, uhanan daa apman keeta jaanda haii atey uhanan noon balatkar dee dhamki ditti jaandi haii. iris ulajhan witch japda haii kii pcters noon naheen pataa kii devte kaunn hunn atey uh unhan vicchon ikk haii. pisaters firr uss noon dassdi haii kii panchhi hunn devta hunn, uh devte jinhan noon manukkhan noon bully denna chahida haii. jadon pisaters uss naal balatkar curran dee dhamki dinda haii, taan iris uss noon uss dee ashleel bhasha laee jhidakda haii atey uss noon chetavani dinda haii kii zias, jiss noon uh aapne pitaa vajon darsaundi haii, uss naal pesh aavega atey uss noon bhugtan karega. iris virgil dey "annied" witch vee kaee vaar dikhai dinda haii, aam taur utte juno dey agent vajon. kitaab 4 witch, juno uss noon raanee dido dey sir toon vaalan daa taala todan laee bhejda haii, taan joe uh marr sake atey headys witch dakhal hoow sake. kitaab 5 witch, iris, ikk trojan aurat daa roop lae keey, horr trojan maavan noon anius dey chaar jahazan noon agg lagaun laee utejit kardi haii taan joe unhan noon sisli chaddan toon rokiaa jaa sake. roman kavee ovid dey anusar, romulus noon devta dey roop witch paribhashit keete jaanh toon baad, uss dee patni harsilia neey devtiaan noon benati keeti kii uh uss noon vee amar bann jaave taan joe uh ikk vaar firr aapne patee dey naal rahi sake. juno neey uss dee benati sunee atey uss noon iris hethan bhej ditti. ikk ungli naal, iris neey harsilia noon chhuhiaa atey uss noon ikk amar devi witch badal ditta. harsilia olymps laee uddi, jitthe uh ikk horr bann gaee atey uss noon aapne patee naal hamesha laee rahinn dee aagiaa ditti gaee. trojan yuddh. stacins duaara gumm hoye mahankavi "cyperia" dey anusar, ih iris see jiss neey mainlouse noon soochit keeta, joe kii cratt laee ravana hoiaa see, jadon uh giaa see, sparta witch qee vaapriaa see, arthaat usdi patni hallen daa trojan prince paris naal bhajjan dey naal-naal hallen dey bharaa caster dee maut. iris daa aksar "iliaad" witch ikk braham sandeshvahak vajon zikar keeta jaanda haii, jiss daa caarn hommer noon manniaa jaanda haii. halanki, uh "odc" witch dikhai naheen dindi, jitthe uss dee bhumika hermes naal bharee hoee haii. hermes dee tarahan, iris witch ikk caducius jaan khambhan vaala staff hunda haii. devtiaan dey raaja zias dey hukam naal, uh sticks nadee toon paanee daa ikk patthar chukkdi haii, jiss naal uh aapne aap noon galat saabat curran vaale saare lokan noon saundi haii. kitaab xxiii witch, uh petrocles dee antim sanskar dee chita noon jagaun laee borias atey zephirus noon akils dee prarthna kardi haii. aakhri kitaab witch, zioos neey raaja priyam noon iris bheji, taan joe uss noon dassiaa jaa sake kii uss noon ikalle akian camp witch jaanha chahida haii atey aapne maare gaye puttar hector dee laash noon akileez toon firauti denni chahidi haii. iris tezi naal prime noon sandesh pahunchaunda haii atey olymps witch waps aaa jaanda haii. horr mith. homerick bhajan too apolo" dey anusar, jadon letto aapne judvan bacchiaan apolo atey artemis noon janam denh toon pahilan prasav witch see, taan bacche dey janam dee devi heraa atey elithia noon chhadd keey saariaan deviaan maujood sunn. uss dee laber dey nauven dinn, letto neey iris noon kiha kii uh elithia noon rishwat deve atey heraa noon pataa lagaun toon binan, uss dey bacchiaan noon janam denh witch uss dee madad mange. calimax dey anusar, iris neey eres dey naal, heraa dey aadeshan 'teey, saare shahiran atey horr thaavan noon garbhavati letto noon chaddan atey uss dee panaah toon inkaar curran daa adesh ditta jitthe uh aapne judvan bacchiaan noon janam dey sakadi see. asteria, joe hunn delos dey tapu witch badal giaa, neey letto noon panaah dee peshkash keeti, iris neey uss noon soochit curran laee waps heraa noon udaann bharee kii letto noon asteria dey caarn paida curran dee aagiaa ditti gaee see, jiss neey heraa dey aadeshan dee ulanghna keeti see, atey heraa dey naal aapni seet lae laee. apollonius rhodius dey anusar, iris neey orgonauts zets atey callis noon waps qarr ditta, jinhan neey harpies daa strofed ("modd dey tapu") takk pichha keeta see. bharavan neey rakhshan noon finius nabii dey tasihe toon bhaja ditta see, parr iris dee benati 'teey unhan noon naheen maariaa, jiss neey vaada keeta see kii finius noon firr toon harpies toon pareshan naheen keeta javega. jadon theebs dey raaja creon neey theesas dey virudh aapne hathiaar chukkan vaale marey hoye argive sainikan noon dafnaun toon manha qarr ditta, taan heraa neey iris noon trel atey ambrosia naal aapniaan laashan noon namee denh daa adesh ditta. ikk ghatt jaane-pachane birtant witch, iris ikk vaar viang curran valiaan duaara balatkar dey nede aaa gaee see jadon usne shayed heraa dey ishaare 'teey dionysus dee pooja noon vigadan dee koshish keeti see. panjvin sadee ee. poo. deeaan lagbhag pandran kaliaan atey laal-ank valiaan fullan dey fullan deeaan pentingan witch kiha giaa haii kii jadon uh balidan witch dakhal denh dee koshish kardi haii taan viang curran vaale jaan taan draune dhang naal uss vall vadhade hunn jaan uss noon fadd lainde hunn. ikk horr kapp witch, iris noon viang curran valiaan duaara hamla keete jaanh noon darsaiaa giaa haii, joe spasht taur 'teey iris noon dionysus dee jagvedi toon balidan daa meat chori curran toon rokann dee koshish qarr rahey hunn, joe kii drish witch maujood haii. dooje paase, viang curran vaale heraa utte hamla qarr rahey hunn, joe harmi atey herklan dey vichkaar khadah haii. prachin natakkar akias neey "iris" likhiaa, joe hunn gumm hoow giaa viangatmak natak haii, joe shayed unhan fullan dey vishe daa sarot hoow sakda haii. uripieds dey natak "hairkals gund maid" witch, iris pagalpan atey pagalpan dee devi lisa dey naal dikhai dinda haii, joe kii pagalpan dey naal herklan noon saraap dinda haii jiss witch uh aapne tinn puttran atey aapni patni megara noon maar dinda haii. iris neey zias atey heraa daa bistra vee tiaar keeta. pooja crow. panth. yoonaniaan dey horr pramukh sandeshvahak devta dey ulat, hermis, iris neey prachin yunani dharam witch vaddi bhumika naheen nibhai atey ghatt hii pooja keeti jaandi see. itthe koee jaane-pachane mandar, mandar jaan iris dey panahgahan jaan uss dey sanman witch manaae jaanh vaale tiuhar naheen hunn. jadon kii uss noon aksar fullan dey fullan atey bases-releaf witch darsaiaa jaanda haii, prachin qaal dauran kujh murtiaan iris deeaan baniaan janhiaan jandiaan hunn. halanki uss noon ethans witch parthenon dey pachmi pediment utte murti witch darsaiaa giaa see. iris ghatto ghatt kujh mamuli pooja daa udesh japda haii, parr uss dey panth daa ikko ikk nishan haii joe "raat dey khaane dey vidvanan" witch athenius duaara surakhiat keeta giaa haii kii delos dey lokan neey iris noon kurban qarr ditta, uss noon "besinia" namak chizcake dee peshkash keeti, joe kii kanak dey aate, soot atey honey daa ikk kisam daa cake haii, joe ikkathe ubale gaye hunn. upp-chittar. iris dey kaee kavik sirlekh atey upname sunn, jinhan witch "chrysoptros" ("sunhiri khambhan vaala"), "podas ōkea" ("tez pair vaala") jaan "podenemos ōkea" ("havaa-swift pair vaala"), "roscida" ("davie", latini), atey "thomantius" jaan "thomenties" (, ", thomas dee dhee, adbhut"), "allops" ("toofan-pair vaala, toofan-swift") shamal hunn. usne aapne ghada naal baddlan noon paanee vee ditta, samunder toon paanee prapat keeta. numaindagi. iris noon jaan taan satrangi dhanush dey roop witch jaan ikk sunder naujwan kuddi dey roop witch darsaiaa jaanda haii jiss dey modhiaan utte khambh hunde hunn. ikk devi dey roop witch, iris sanchar, sandeshan, satrangi atey navein yatnan naal judiaa hoiaa haii. satrangi dhanush dey iss roop noon ikk vaar swarg atey dharti naal joden vajon darsaiaa giaa see. kujh granthan witch uss noon kaee rangan daa coat pahinade hoye darsaiaa giaa haii. iss coat naal uh asal witch satrangi kamaan banaundi haii jiss utte uh swari kardi haii taan joe uh ikk jagha toon duji jagha pahunch sake. iris dey khambh inne sunder dasse jaande sunn kii uh ikk kaali gufa noon vee jagaa sakadi see, joe kii uss dee somens dee ferry dee kahani toon alsion noon ikk sandesh denh laee vekhi jaa sakadi haii. jadon kii iris mukkh taur 'teey sanchar atey sandeshan naal judee hoee see, ih vee manniaa jaanda see kii uh manukkhan deeaan prarthnavan noon poora curran witch sahaita kardi haii, jaan taan uhanan noon khud poora karke jaan uhanan noon horr devtiaan dey dhiaan witch liaa keey.

airees (pauraanika kathaa) prachina-greek-dharmasya pauraanika-kathaasu cha, airis (;;) iti devataanaam taumaas tathaa alectra ityetayoho putree asti, indradhanasah tathaa devataanaam sandeshavaahakah cha, olympic-kreedaayaah visheshatah raajnyaah heraa ityasyaah daasah. airees ityeshaa anekaasu kathaasu drushyate, yatra devataanaam prati sandeshah santi athavaa karyani cha prachalanti, parantu tasyaah swasya kimapi vishishtam pauraanika-kathaa naasti. tathaiva, avashishta-abhilekheshu aitihaasika-sampradaayasy, netrapatalasya pujayaha cha pramaanam atyalpam asti, delos-dweepebhyah kevalam katipayaah eva chihnaani eva avashishtaani santi. prachine kalaayaam, airis iteedam, dutanam prateekam, devataanaam krute jalapaatram cha, caduces-vaahakaayaah, pakshayuktaayaah yuvaayaah rupena chitritam asti. airees iteedam paramparaagataroopen pashchimavrushtehe devataam zephirus ityasya patneeroopen, tathaa cha chaturnam aneemoyi-devataanaam madhye ekaa iti manyate sma, yaabhih saa keshuchit samskaraneshu pothos-maataaroopen asti. vyutpattih. prachina-greek-namakam arthah chandrasya indradhanuhu, prabhamandalam cha. corinth-nagarasya ekaha shilalekhah moolaroopasy ("vairees") sakshyam pradadaati, yasmin digamma aasit, yat antatah patitam. namakam poorva-greek-mulasya iti drushyate. proto-indo-europe poorvaroopam "* "* iti soochitam asti, yadyapi madhukoshaan prerayitum kathinam bhavati.' parivaarah. hesiod ityasya "theogony" ityasya anusaaram, airis iti taumaasasya, oceanid-alectra ityasya cha putree, tathaa cha harpiece-aark-osaipeet-ityetayoho bhaginee asti. taitanomaki-kreedaayaah samaye, airis olympic-devataanaam dootah aasit, tasyaah bhaginee aark olympic-kridaakaaraan vanchya devataam shatrunam, tatanus-devataanaam dootah abhavat. saa indradhanushasya devee asti. saa devataam devataam cha peeyate amrutam. pashchimavrushtehe dewah zephirus tasyaah patnee asti. saa. sha. poo. shashtashataabdyaam greek-geetaatmak-kavihi alkayas ityasya matena, teshaam militvaa pothos iti putrah abhavat, athavaa vaikalpikaroopen te premadevasya aeros ityasya maataapitarau aasan, yadyapi aeros ityeshah praayah aares tathaa afrodat ityasya putrah iti kathyate. nananas ityasya "dionysia" ityasya anusaaram, airis ityasya bhrata hadaspace asti. saa samudrasya aakaashasy cha devateshu anyatama iti api dnyaayate. airees iti devataam manavajatya saha sambaddham karoti. saa vishvasya ekatah aparam praantam yaavat, samudrasya adholokasya cha gabhiratayam yaavat, vayupravahena saha yatram karoti. pauranikakatha. taitanamachi. airees iti devataanaam sandeshaan manavanam prati preshayan indradhanushe sanchaaram karoti iti kathyate. keshuchit abhilekheshu, airis ityeshaa saha-sandeshawaahak-devyaah aarke ("swift", "kwik") ityasyaah bhaginee asti, yaa olympian-devataanaam sangatah uddiya, tatanomachi-samaye tatans-devataam swa-sandeshawaahak-devataam rupena sammilayitum, ubhayabhrutyaam shatru-sandeshawaahak-devataam nirmitavatee. yadaa zyoos tathaa tasya mitraihi yuddham vijayee abhavat, zyoos-varyaha tasyaah aark-pakshan cha kshiptavaan, tathaa cha kalantare neeliyed-theatis-janaan pelius-ityanena saha tasyaah vivaahasamaye upahaararoopen dattavaan, yah tatt swaputraaya akils-ityasmai dattavaan, yah taan swapaate dharitavaan. akils iti kadaachit "podaark" (paadaani [naukaayaah] pakshaani iva) iti namna prasidhah aasit. podarces iti troy-ityasya raajnah priyaam ityasya mulanama api aasit. devataam dootah. heads ityanena tasyaah putree percephone ityasya apaharanasya anantaram, krushi-devee demeter, aleusis-nagare sthitam swamandiram prati apagatya, bhoomim anurbaram krutavatee, yena mahatee durbhiksham abhavat yena nashwarajanaah mrutaah, parinaamatah devataanaam krute yadnyaah api samaaptaah. tatah cus, anyadevatebhyah saha militvaa shaapam utthaapayitum taan aahvayan, vikshaposhayitum airisam ayacchat; parantu tasyaah putree naa pratyaagatavatee, demeter naa sammohanam akarot. ekasmin akhyane, leto tathaa tasyaah santatihi promethius-ityenam tasya pidaayaah mukttim kartum zyoos-ityenam praarthayan, zyoos-varyaha pashchaataapitah, durbhagyapoornam promethius-ityenam mukttum heracles-ityetaan aadeshayitum airis-ityetam preshitavaan. seeks-naukaavishkaare nimajjayitvaa heraa, nidrayaha devataam sammohanam prati airees-dwara aadesham preshitavatee. airis-pakshah uddiya tam tasya guhaayaam vilakshya, heraa, seeks ityasya patnee alcion swapaane swapituh mrutyoho vishaye soochitum icchati iti soochitavaan. heraa ityasya aadnyaayaah anantaram, airisah tatkshanameva nishkaasayat, dirghakalam sammohanasya sameepe naa sthitaa, yatah tasya shakttih tam gruheetvaa, tasyaah cha chwah nidraam cha krutavatee. aristophens ityasya hasya-krutau "pakshina" ityasmin namakam pakshina akasham nagaram nirmayitvaa olympic-devataam sthanat pratisthaapayitum yojanam kurvanti. airees, sandeshawaahakatwen taan militum gacchati, parantu tasyaah upahaasah, apamaanah, teshaam netaa piseterus ityanena, vruddhah ethanian-purushah, balatkarasya dhamakim cha karoti. pisetiyaras ityeshah devataanaam vishaye naa jaanaati, saa cha teshu anyatamah iti airees iti bhramitaa drushyate. tatah piseterus vadati yat pakshina adhunaa devataah santi, te devataah yaan manavena balidaanam kartavyam iti. piseterus-varyaha tasyaah balatkarasya dhamakim dattvaa, airis-granthikaa tasya ashobhaniyabhashayaha krute tam nindya, tasyaam nishkaasy, yat zyoos, yah saa swapitru iti nirdishyate, tena saha vyavahaaram karishyati, tasya krute dhanam daatum cha shaknoti iti chetayati. virgil ityasya "anaid" ityasmin api airis anekavaaram drushyate, praayah joono ityasya abhikartruroopena. 4 tame pustake, joono raajnyaah deedo ityasya shiraha keshbandhanam kshunnum taan preshayati, yena saa mriyata, heads-madhye pravishati. 5 tame pustake, airis, trojan-strirupena sveekrutya, anyaan trojan-matam uttejitam krutvaa, taan sisilee-nirgamanaat nivaarayitum anias-ityasya chaturnam naukanam agnihi karoti. roman-kavihi ovid ityasya matena, romulus-devasya quirinus iti devatvena abhinirdishtasya anantaram, tasya patnee hersilia devaan prahrayat yat saa api amaram bhavet yena saa punah swapituh saha bhavitum shaknoti. joono tasyaah prarthanam shrutvaa tasyaah prati netrapatalam preshitavaan. ekavintrena, airis-granthikaa hersilia-ityetam sprushat, tasyaah amar-devirupena parivartayat. hersilia olympus-kreedaam agruhnat, yatra saa horaay-kreedaasu anyatama abhavat, swapatnyaa saha nityavaasam kartum cha anumatee prapta. trojan-yuddham. stacinus ityasya lupta-mahaakaavyasya "cypria" ityasya anusaaram, airees-granthah eva menelaus ityasmai soochitavaan, yah crate-nagaram prati naukaayaanam akarot, yadaa saha gatavaan tadaa sparta-nagare punah kim jaatam iti, yathaa tasya patnee hellen ityasyaah trojan-rajkumar-pyaris ityanena saha palaayanam, hellen ityasya bhrata caster ityasya mrutyuhu cha. eliod" ityasmin, hommer ityasya krute airees ityasya ullekhah daivika-sandeshawaahakatwen bahudhaa bhavati. saa tu "da odisee" ityasmin naa drushyate, yatra tasyaah paatram hermes ityanena pooritam asti. hermis-sadrusham, airis-madhye api caducius athavaa pakshiya-dandah bhavati. devataanaam raajnah zyoos ityasya aajnayaa saa stacks-nadyaah jalasya ekam udagamam vahati, yena saa sveshaam apabhramshaan sarvaan nidraam karoti. xxiii iti pustake saa petroclus ityasya antimayatrayaha chitaam prajjwalitum borias tathaa zephirus ityetaan prati akils ityasya prarthanam karoti. antimagranthe, zyoos, raja priyaam ityasmai airisam preshayati, yena saha ekena achian-shibiram gatvaa, swasya mrutasya putrasya hector ityasya shareeram achills-nagaraat mukttam kartum vadati. airis drutatayaa priyaam ityasmai sandesham pradadaati, olympic-kreedaam prati pratyaagacchati. anye mithakaah. homerick-stotre apolo" ityasya matena, yadaa leto svavadhootaraputraanaam apolo-artemis-ityetayoho janmadanat poorvam prasava-kashte aasit, tadaa heraa-elithia-ityetabhyam dwau, prasaweh devataam vihaay sarve deweeh upasthitau aasan. tasyaah shramasya navame dine, leto, airees ityasmai, heraa-varyam naa dnyaatum, elithia-ityasyaah krute utkocham daatum, tasyaah santatibhyah janma daatum sahayyam yaachayitum cha uktavaan. kaalimaachus ityasya matena, airis ityanena saha aares ityanena saha, heraa ityasya adeshanusaram, sarvaani nagaraani, anye cha sthanani, garbhinee leto-ityetam tyajayitum, tasyaah ashrayam niraakartum cha aadishat yatra saa svavadhootraan janayitum shaknoti. adhunaa delos-dweepe roopaantaritasy asteria ityasya anantaram, leto-ityasmai ashrayam dattavatee, airis-netrapatalam punah heraa-nagaram prati uddiya, heraa-ityasya aadesham dhaatoh, leto-nakshatrasya karanat janmadaatum anumoditam iti soochitavatee, heraa-ityasya paarshve aasanam agruhnaat. apollonius rhodius ityasya matena, airis-granthah arganats-jets-cales-ityetaan prativartayat, ye harpiece-ityetaan stropheds ("turning-dweepaah") paryantam anugantavantah. bhraataah finaeus-bhavishyadvaktaah pidanaat rakshasam nishkaasitavantah, parantu airis-ityasya anurodhena taan naa maaritavantah, yah pratijnaam krutavaan yat finaeus-varyaha punah veenaihi vyathitah naa bhavishyati iti. yadaa theebs-deshasya raja kriyan, theebs-viruddham shastram utthaapayan mrutaanaam aargiv-sainikanam samadhisthanam nishedham akarot, tadaa heraa, airees-ityetam shishiren, embrosia ityanena cha mrutaan shariran aardram kartum aadishat. alpa-jnaata-varnane, bahushah heraa ityasya aajnayaa, yadaa saa teshaam dionysus-poojaam vikshepayitum prayatatam tadaa ekadaa airees-chitrakaushalam, vyangyakaaraih balaatkrutasya sameepe aagatam. saa. sha. poo. panchamashataabdyaah praayah panchadash-krushna-rakta-aakrutayah pushpastambha-chitraani darshayanti yat yadaa saa tyaage hastkshepam kartum prayatate tadaa vyangyakaarinah bhayaat tasyaah prati aagacchanti athavaa taan graheeyuh iti kathitam asti. anyasmin kapamadhye, airisa iti drushye upasthitasya dionysus ityasya yadnyavedyaah bali-maamsasya choranaat airisa iti nirodhayitum prayatamanah saatars ityanena aakramitah iti chitritam asti. aparapaarshve, saateer ityete heraa ityetam aakramayanti, yah hermes-heracles-ityetayoho madhye sthitah asti. prachina-natyakaraha akeyas ityeshah "airis" iti adhunaa luptam vyangya-naatakam likhitavaan, yat praayah teshaam pushpastambhasya vishayasya srotah syaat. euripids ityasya "hairaakals gund myaad" iti naatake, airees, unmaadasya unmattataayaah cha devyaah lisaa ityanaya saha drushyate, unmattataayaah yogyatayaa hairaakals ityetaan shapayati yasmin saha swasya trayah putraah, swapatneem megara cha maarayati. airis ityanena zyoos-heraa ityetayoho shayyaanaam api sajjam krutam. poojaa. dharmah. greek-jananam anyaih pramukhaihi sandeshavaahakadevaih, hermes-airees-devataanaam vipareetam prachina-greek-dharme mahatee bhumika naa vahati sma, viralatayaa eva poojyate sma. atra tasyaah sammanartham naa dnyaataani mandiraani, tirthasthanani, abhayaranyani, utsavaani vaa naa santi. yadyapi saa praayah pushpastambheshu, baasa-releafs madhye cha chitritaa asti, tathaapi prachinatayam kechan pratimaah airisa-nirmitaah iti dnyaayate. parantu ethans-nagare paarthinon-ityasya pashchim-pediment-madhye shilpakalayam saa chitritaa aasit. airees iti alpena api alpena pujayaha uddeshyam syaat iti drushyate, parantu tasyaah sampradaayasy ekamaatram chihnam asti ethanius ityanena "scholars att dinner" ityasmin likhitam tippany yat delos-janaah airees-krute balim adadat, tasyaah "besinia" iti cheejkek ityetam samarpayanti, yat godhoom-aataa, sweet, madhuhu ityetayoho ekasyaah prakarasya keck iti, yadrusham saha ushmate. upakhyanani. airis ityasya anekaani kavyatmakani sheershakaah, visheshanaani cha aasan, yathaa "chrysopteros" ("suvarnapankayuktam"), "podas okia" ("drutapankitam") athavaa "podenemos okia" ("vaayuprakshepitapankitam"), "rosida" ("davy", lattin), "thoumantias" athavaa "thoumantis" (, ", thaumaasasya putree, adbhutam"), "allopus" ("tuphaanapoktam, tufan-parivartanam"). saa swapaatrena meghaan api jalam adadat, samudraat jalam praaptavatee. pratinidhitvam. airis iteedam indradhanuhu athavaa shaaleshu pakshayuktaa sundari yuvikaa iti rupena niroopyate. devyaah rupena, airis iti sampreshanam, sandeshaani, indradhanusham, nootanaprayaasaih cha sambaddham asti. indradhanushyasya etat avataaranam ekadaa swargam pruthivyaa cha sambaddham iti varnitam aasit. keshuchit grantheshu saa bahwyah varnaihi yukttaa kotah dharya chitritaa asti. asmin kotena saa vastutah sthanantare praaptum swaarohanam kurvateenaam indradhanushyaan nirmaati. airis ityasya pakshaah ete sundarah iti kathyate yat saa krushna-guhaam api prajjwalitum shaktavatee, yat lakshanam tasyaah somnus-bhramanasy kathayaha avalokaneeyam asti yena alcion-prati sandesha prasaaryate. yadyapi airis mukhyataya samvaadena sandeshaih cha sambaddham aasit, tathaapi saa manavanam prarthanam pooryate, swayam puryanti vaa anyadevataam prati avadhaanam krutvaa vaa sahaayakah iti manyate sma.

iris (puraanam) pandaiya kiraekka madham mattrum puraanangkalil, iris (;;) enbathu theivangalaana thamas mattrum electra aagiyoarin magal, vaanavil mattrum kadavulgalin thootharin uruvagam, olimpiyarkalukku oru oozhiyar mattrum kurippaaga raani haeraa. kadavulgalilirundhu mattrum kadavulgalukkuch sellum seithigalai eduththuch sellum pala kadhaigalil iris thoandrugirathu allathu thavarugalaich seikirathu, aanaal avalukku sonthamaana thaniththuvamaana puraanangkal ethuvum illai. idhaepoal, delos theevil irunthu oru sila thadayangal mattumae enjchiyullana, varalaattru valipaattu muraigal mattrum karuvizhi valipaattu muraigal ethuvum enjchiyirukkum pathivukalil saantralikkappadavillai. pandaiya kalaiyil, karuvizhi oru kaadusiyasai sumanthu sellum oru sirakulla ilam pennaaga siththarikkappadukirathu, idhu thootharkalin chinnam mattrum kadavulgalukkaana oru kudam. iris paarambariyamaaga maerkuk kaatrin kadavulaana jeffressin thunaiyaagavum, naanku anemoikalil ontraagavum paarkkappattathu, sila pathippukalil avar bothosin thaayaaga ullaar. sorpirappiyal. pandaiya kiraekka peyarchchol enbathu chandran vaanavil mattrum haaloo aagiya irandaiyum kurikkirathu. korindhilirundhu oru kalvettu oru asal vadivaththirku ("viris") aathaaraththai valangkukirathu, athil oru digamma iruthiyil kaividappattathu. peyarchchol kiraekkaththirku munththaiya thoattram kondathaagath therikirathu. oru proto-inthoa-iroappiya muun-vadivamaana "* "* parinthuraikkappadukirathu, iruppinum thaeneekkal 'ookkuvippathu kadinam'.' kudumbam. hesiodin "deogani" puddy, iris enbathu thamas mattrum oosanit electra aagiyoarin magal mattrum haarpikalin sagodhari aark mattrum oosipit. dietanomachyin poathu, iris olympian kadavulgalin thootharaaga irunthaar, athae neraththil avarathu chakoothari aark olimbiyangalaik kaattik kodutthu kadavulgalin ethiriyaana dietaingalin thootharaaga aanaar. aval vaanavillin theivam. aval thevathaikalukkum kadavulgalukkum theneer parimaarukiraal. maerkuk kaatrin kadavulaana jephres, avarathu manaivi. kimu aaraam noottraandin kiraekka paatalaasiriyar alkayasin koottruppadi, avarkal ontraaka bothos endra maganaip pettranar, allathu maattraaka avarkal anbin kadavulaana erosine petrtroargalaaka irunththanar, iruppinum eros podhuvaaga aaraes mattrum abroditine magan endru koorappadugiradhu. nanasin "dianesiaca" puddy, iris 'cakootharar hydosphes aagum. kadal mattrum vaanaththin theivangalil oruvaraagavum avar ariyappadugiraar. airiskal kadavulgalai manithagulaththudan inaikkintrana. aval ulagin oru munaiyilirunthu marumunaikkum kadalin aazhaththirkum paathaala ulagaththirkum kaatrin vaekaththudan payanikkiraal. puraanangkal. dietanomachi. theivangalidamirunthu manitharkalukku seithigalai eduththuch sellum poathu vaanavillil payanippathaaga iris koorappadugiradhu. sila pathivukalil, iris saga thoothar theivamaana arche ("swift", "kwick") enbavarin chakoothari, avar olympian kadavulgalin niruvanaththilirunthu veliyaeri dietanomachyin poathu dietaingaludan thangal thoothar theivamaaga saernthaar, ithanaal irandu cakootharikalum ethiri thoothar theivangalaaga aanaargal. jeeyas mattrum avarathu koottaaligalaal poarai ventra piragu, jeeyas avaridamirunthu arkin irakkaikalai kiliththu, kaalappoakkil beliasukku thanathu thirumanaththil nerrit theettisukku parisaaga valangkinaar, avar avattrai thanathu magan agilleesukku valangkinaar, avar avattrai thanathu kaalil aninthirunthaar. aggles sila nerangalil "podarcs" ([valaivin] irakkaikal poantra kaalgal) endru azhaikkappattathu. podorses enbathu troin mannaraana priyaamin asal peyaraagavum irunththathu. kadavulgalin thoothar. avarathu magal persephone hatsall kadaththappattathaith thodarnthu, vivasaaya theivam elucisil ulla thanathu koayilukkuth thirumbich sendru poomiyai varandathaakkiyathu, ithanaal oru periya panjam aerpattathu, idhu manitharkalaik kondrathu, idhan vilaivaaga kadavulgalukkaana thiyaagangal nirutthappattana. pinnar jeeyas airisai demeterukku anuppi, mattra kadavulgaludan saernthu thanathu saabaththai uyarththa avalai alaiththaar; aanaal avarathu magal thirumpaathathaal, demeter nambappadavillai. oru kadhaiyil, lettovum avarathu kuzhandhaigalum prometheusai avarathu vaethanaiyilirunthu viduvikkumaaru jeeyasaik kaettukkonda piragu, jeeyas mananthirumbinaar, maelum thurathirshtavasamaana prometheusai viduvikka heraakkilgalai uththaravida karuvizhiyai anupinaar. seaks oru kappal vibaththil moozhgiya piragu, heraa thanathu uththaravugalai thookkaththin kadavulaana hypnosukku anuppiyathu. iris paranthu sendru avarathu kugaiyil avaraik kandupiditthaar, maelum seaksin manaivi alcion thanathu kanavugalil thanathu anbukkuriyavarin maranaththaip pattri therivikkappada vaendum endru heraa virumbuvathaaga avarukkuth therivitthaar. heraavin kattalaiyai valangkiya piragu, karuvizhi udanadiyaaga veliyaeri, adhiga neram hypnosukku arugil nirkavillai, aenenil avarathu sakthigal avalaip pidiththana, maelum avalai thalaichchuttral mattrum thookkaththirku aalaakkiyathu. aristophanesine nagaichchuvaip padamaana "paravaikal" endra padaththil, peyaralavilaana paravaikal vaanaththil oru nagaraththaik katti olympian kadavulgalai maattrath thittamidugindrana. iris, thootharaaga, avarkalaich santhikkach selkiraar, aanaal avar kaelii seiyappadugiraar, avamathikkappadugiraar, maelum avarkalin thalaivar physaterus, oru vayathaana atheniya manithanaal karpalikkappaduvaar endru achuruththappadugiraar. theivangal yaar endru pisidiyarukkuth theriyaathu endrum, aval avarkalil oruvar endrum iris kuzhappamaagath thoandrugirathu. paravaikal ippoathu kadavulgal, manitharkal paliyida vaendiya theivangal endru physeterus avalidam koorukiraar. physeterus avalai paaliyal palaathkaaram seivathaaga achuruththiya piragu, iris avarathu thavaraana mozhikkaaga avarai thittukirathu mattrum vittuch selkirathu, aval thanathu thanthai endru kurippidum jeeyas, avaraik kaiyalwar mattrum panam seluththuvaar endru echcharikkiraar. irisum pala murai virjilin "ineet" ill thoandrugirathu, podhuvaaga junovin mugavaraaga. puththagam 4 ill, juno raani tidovin thalaiyilirunthu mudiyai puutta avalai anuppukiraar, ithanaal aval iranththu hatsil nulaiyalaam. nulaiyalaam puththagaththil, iris, oru trojan pennin vadivaththai eduththukkonda piragu, mattra trojan thaaimaarkalaith thoondivittu, naanku anios kappalkal seasily vittuch selvathaith thaduka thee vaikkintranar. roaman kavignar oovittin koottruppadi, romulus theivamaaga thigazhappatta piragu, avarathu manaivi hersilia kadavulgalai vaendikkondaar, avar meendum thanathu kanavarudan irukka mudiyum enbatharkaaka avarum azhiyaathavaraaga irukkattum. juno avarathu manuvaik kettu, avalukku karuvizhiyai anupinaar. ottrai viralal, karuvizhi hersiliaavaith thottu avalai oru azhiyaatha theivamaaga maattriyathu. hersilia olympasukku paranthaar, angku avar oru hoarae aanaar, maelum avarathu kanavarudan endrendrum vaazha anumathikkappattaar. trojan poar. stacinessin ilanththa kaviyamaana "cypria" puddy, avar sendrapoathu spartavil enna nadanthathu enbathai menalasukkuth theriviththathu iris thaan, athaavathu avarathu manaivi helen trojan ilavarasar paarisudan thappiyoodiyathu mattrum helanin cakootharar casterine maranam. iris adikkadi oru theiveega thootharaaga "iliot" ill kurippidappadugiradhu, idhu homarukkuk kaaranam. iruppinum, avar "odisi" padaththil thoandravillai, angku avarathu paaththiram hermezol nirappappadukirathu. hermesipe poalavae, iris oru caducius allathu irakkaikal konda staff kondu selkirathu. kadavulgalin mannaraana jeeyasin kattalaiyin paeril, stikes nadhiyilirunthu oru neer kuvalaiyaik kondu selkiraal, athanudan thannaith thaanae poiyaagak karudhum anaivaraiyum thoonga vaikkiraal. xxiii endra puththagaththil, avar poaras mattrum jephres aakiyoarukku akillasin praarththanaiyai valangkukiraar, idhu patroclessin iruthich sithaiyai olirach seikirathu. kadaisi puththagaththil, jeeyas mannar priyaamidam airisai anuppukiraar, avar thaniyaaga aakkiyan mugaamukkuch sella vaendum endrum, avarathu kollapatta magan hectorin udalai aakiyil irunthu meetka vaendum endrum koorukiraar. iris viraivaaga seithiyai priyaamukku valangkukirathu mattrum olimbasukkuth thirumbukirathu. pira puraanangkal. homerick paadalil irunthu appallo" puddy, letto thanathu irattaik kuzhandhaigalaana appallo mattrum artemis aakiyoaraip peruvatharku munbu pirasavaththil irunththapoathu, pirasavaththin theivamaana haeraa mattrum elithia aagiya iru theivangalaith thavira anaitthu theivangalum kalandhu kondanar. avaludaiya pirasavaththin onbathaavathu naalil, letto irisidam eliththiyaavukku lanjam kodukkavum, avaludaiya kuzhandhaigalaip peruvatharku avaludaiya uthaviyaik kaetkavum, haeraa kandupidikka anumathikkaamal koorinaar. calimaxin koottruppadi, iris mattrum aaraes aagiyoar, heraavin uththaravin paeril, anaitthu nagarangal mattrum pira idangkalaiyum karppini letovith thavirkkavum, aval thanathu irattaiyargalaip pettredukkakkoodiya thangkumidaththai marukkavum uththaravittanar. natchatthiram, ippoathu delos theevaaga maariya piragu, lettovukku thangkumidam koduththathu, iris meendum heraavukku paranthu sendru, heraavin uththaravugalai meeriyathaal letto pirasavikka anumathikkappattathaaka avalukkuth therivitthaar, maelum heraavukku arugil amarnthaar. apollonius rhodiusine koottruppadi, iris arganauts jeds mattrum kaalaasait tiruppinaar, avarkal haarpikalai strofates ("tiruppum theevugal") varai pinthodarnthanar. cakoothararkal pinius theerkkatharisi meethaana vaethanaiyilirunthu arakkarkalai virattiyadiththanar, aanaal irisine vaendukoalin paeril avarkalaik kollavillai, avar meendum piniyasai haarpikalaal thontharavu seiya mattar endru uruthiyaliththaar. theeps mannar kreen, iranththa argive veerargalai adakkam seivathaith thadaiseitha piragu, avarkal thangal kaikalai theeps meethu uyarththinar, heraa thangal iranththa udalgalai panii mattrum ambroasiyaavudan eerappaduththa irisukku uttaravittaar. oru ariyappadaatha kadhaiyil, irisil oru murai saththiyarkalaal paaliyal palaathkaaram seiyappaduvatharku arugil vanthathu, oruvaelai haeraavin uththaravin paeril, dionysisine valipaattai seerkulaikka muyandra piragu. kimu ainthaam noottraandaich saerntha sumar pathinainthu karuppu mattrum sivappu uruva kuvalaigal ooviyangkal sadders payangkaramaaga munnaerich selvathai allathu aval thiyaagaththil thalaiyida muyarchikkumpoathu avalaip pidippathai siththarikkindrana. mattroru kooppaiyil, kaatchiyil irukkum dionysisine palipeedaththilirunthu paliyidappatta iraichchiyaith thiruduvathaith thaduka muyarchikkum saadirgalaal iris thaakkappaduvathai siththarikkappadukirathu. marupuram, hermez mattrum heraakkilkalukku idaiyil nirkum heraavait thaakkukindranar. pandaiya naadaga aasiriyar acaeus "iris" endra ippoathu ilanththa naiyandi naadagaththai ezhuthinaar, idhu antha madaalayangkalin porulin aathaaramaaka irunthirukkalaam. euribites naadagaththil "kiraekkangkal paiththiyam pidiththana", iris paiththiyakkaaraththanam mattrum paiththiyakkaaraththanaththin theivamaana lysavudan thoandrugirathu, paiththiyakkaaraththanaththin poruththaththudan greakergalai sabikkirathu, athil avar thanathu moontru magangalaiyum avarathu manaivi megaaraavaiyum kollugiraar. iris jeeyas mattrum heraavin padukkaiyaiyum thayaariththathu. vazhipaadu. valipaattu murai. greakergalin mattra mukiya thoothar kadavulaana hermesipe poalallaamal, irisum pandaiya kiraekka mathaththil periya pangku vagikkavillai, maelum arithaagavae vanangkappattathu. ariyapatta koayilgal, koayilgal allathu karuvaraikkaana saranaalayangkal allathu avarathu ninaivaaga nadaiperum thiruvizhaakkal ethuvum illai. aval adikkadi kuvalaigal mattrum baas-releafgalil siththarikkappattaalum, sila sila silaigal pazhangkaalaththil karuviliyaal seiyappattathaaga ariyappadugirathu. iruppinum, avar athensil ulla bardenan maerku pedimentil ulla sirpaththil siththarikkappattaar. irisil kurainthapatcham sila siriya vazhipaattin porulaagath thoandrugirathu, aanaal avarathu vazhipaattin oray thadayam "iravu unavil arinyarkal" ill ulla atheniusine kurippu mattumae, delos makkal irisukku paliyidugiraargal, "basinia" endru azhaikkappadum avarathu seascakeugalai vazhangkukiraargal, koathumai maavu, suut mattrum thaen aagiyavattrin oru vagai ontraaka vaekavaikkappadukirathu. epitet. irisil "chrysopteros" ("thanga irakkaikal"), "bodas ōkea" ("vaekamaana kaall") allathu "podenamos ōkea" ("kaattru-nagarum kaall"), "rosida" ("devi", latheen), mattrum "thamandis" (, ", tamazin magal, arputhamaana ondru"), "ellophus" ("puyal-kaall, puyal-suzharchi") ullitta aeraalamaana kavidhai thalaippukal mattrum epidettukal irunththana. aval thanathu kudatthaal maekangkalukku neer uutrtri, kadalil irunthu thanneeraip pettraal. pirathinithiththuvam. iris oru vaanavillagavoa allathu thoazhgalil irakkaikalaik konda oru azhagaana ilam pennagavo kurippidappadugiradhu. oru theivamaaga, karuvizhi thagaval thodarbu, seithigal, vaanavil mattrum puthiya muyarchigaludan thodarpudaiyathu. vaanavillin inththa uruvam oru kaalaththil vaanaththirkum poomikkum oru inaippaaka vivarikkappattathu. sila noolgalil avar pala vannangkalin code aninthiruppathu siththarikkappattullathu. inththa code moolam aval unmaiyil oru idaththilirunththu mattroru idaththirkuch sella aval sawari seiyum vaanavillugalai uruvaakkukiraal. irisine irakkaikal migavum azhagaaga iruppathaagak koorappattathu, ithanaal aval oru irunda kugaiyai kooda olirach seiya mudiyum, idhu alcionukku oru seithiyai anuppuvatharkaaga somnesukku aval varugai thantha kadhaiyilirundhu kavanikkakoodiya oru panbu. iris mukkiyamaaga thagaval thodarbu mattrum seithigaludan thodarpudaiyathaaga irunththapoathu, manitharkalin piraarththanaigalai niraivaettruvathil uthavuvathaakavum, avattrai thaanaaga niraivaettruvathan moolamoa allathu pira theivangalin kavanaththirku kondu varuvathan moolamoa avar nambappattaar.

iris (puraanam) puraatana greeku matam mariyu puraanaalaloo, iris (;;) devatalu thoumas mariyu electra yokka kumarte, indradhanassu mariyu devatala dhootha yokka vyaktitvam, olympic mariyu mukhyamgaa raani haeraa yokka sevakudu. iris aneka kathalalo devatala nundi mariyu vaariki sandeshaalanu teesukuvelutundi ledhaa panulu chestundi, conny aameku swantha pratyaekamaina puraanaalu laevu. adevidhamgaa, delos dveepam nundi konni jaadalu matrame migili unnanduna, chaaritraka aaradhana mariyu iris aaraadhanalo edhee manugadalo unna recordulalo dhruvikarinchabadaledu. puraatana kalalo, irisnu dhoothalaku chihnamaina cadususnu, devatalaku neeti kundanu mostunna rekkalugala yuvakudigaa chitreekarinchaaru. iris saampradayakamgaa paschima gaali yokka devudu jephirus yokka bharyaga mariyu naalugu anemoylalo okarigaa chudabadindi, aame konni samskaranalalo pothosku talli. vyutpatti. puraatana greeku namavachakam antey chandruni yokka indradhanassu mariyu haalo rendoo. korinth nundi vacchina oka saasanam oka asalu roopaaniki ("viris") aadhaaraalanu andistundi, chivariki adhi tolaginchabadindi. namavachakam puurva-greeku muulaaniki chendinadigaa kanipistundi. proto-indo-european prii-form "* yuhech2ii-aarr-ii-" soochinchabadindi, ayinappatikee theneteegalu 'prerepinchadam kashtam' anie bhaavistaayi.' kutumbam. hesiode yokka "theogony" prakaram, iris anedi thoumas mariyu oshineed electra kumarte mariyu harpes yokka sodarih aark mariyu osipeet. titanomachy samayamlo, iris olympic devatala dhootha kaga, aame sodari aark olympic devatalaku droham chesi, devatala satruvu, titans yokka doothagaa maarindi. aame indradhanassu devata. aame devatalaku mariyu devatalaku thenenu kooda taagadaaniki andistundi. paschima gaali yokka devudu ayina jephirus aame bhaarya. cree. puu. aarava sataabdapu greeku geetha kavi alcois prakaram, vaaru kalisi pothos anae kumarudini kaligi unnaaru, ledhaa pratyamnaayamgaa vaaru prema devudu eros yokka tallidandrulu, ayithe eros saadhaaranamgaa aares mariyu afrodite kumarudu anie chebutaaru. nanus yokka "dionysia" prakaram, iris sodarudu hydaspes. aame samudram mariyu aakaasam yokka devatalalo okarigaa kooda piluvabadutundi. iris devullanu maanavatvamto anusandhaanistundi. aame prapanchamlooni oka chivara nundi maroka vaipuku mariyu samudram mariyu paataala prapanchamlooni lotulaloki gaali vegamtho prayaanistundi. puraanaalu. titanomachy. devatala nundi manushulaku sandeshaalanu teesukuvelutuu indradhanassupai prayaanistundani iris chebutaaru. konni recordulalo, iris thoti dhootha devata aarke ("swift", "quick") kii sodari, aame titanomachy samayamlo titansnu vaari dhootha deevatagaa chaeradaaniki olympic devatala samstha nundi bayataku velli, iddaru sodareemanulanu shatru dhootha deevatalugaa chesindi. yuddhamlo geous mariyu athani mitrulu gelichina taruvaata, geous aame nundi aark rekkalanu cheelchivesi, kalakramena peliyasku aame vivaahamlo nerrid thetisku bahumatigaa icchaadu, athanu vaatini thana kumarudiki icchaadu, akiles, athanu vaatini thana paadaalapai dharinchaadu. akilesnu konnisaarlu "padarcs" ([aark yokka] rekkalu vanti adugulu) anie pilicheevaaru. padarses anedi troy raaju ayina priyam yokka asalu paeru kooda. devatala dhootha. thana kumarte percephone nuu hadeesulu apaharinchina taruvaata, vyavasaya devata elusis looni thana aalayaaniki tirigi velli bhoomini banjarugaa chesindi, deenivalla goppa karuvu sambhavinchindi, idhi maanavulanu champindi, phalitamgaa devatalaku chese tyaagaalu aagipoyaayi. geous appudu irisnu demeterku pampaadu, itara devatalato chaeradaaniki mariyu aame saapaanni ettadaaniki aamenu pilichadu; conny aame kumarte tirigi raakapovadamtho, demeter oppinchabadaledu. oka kathanamlo, leto mariyu aame pillalu promethiyasnu athani peeda nundi vidudala cheyamani jeeyastho vedukunna taruvaata, geous paschaattaapapadi, duradrushtakaramaina promethiyasnu vidipinchadaaniki herakilsnu aadesinchadaaniki irisnu pampaadu. seaks ooda pramaadamloo munigipoyina taruvaata, haeraa thana aadesaalanu nidra devudaina hypnosku teliyajesindi. iris egiripoyi athani guhalo atanni kanugoni, seaks bhaarya, alsion, thana kalalalo thana priyamaina vyakti maranam gurinchi teliyajeyaalani cora korukunnarani ataniki teliyajesindi. haeraa aadesaanni andinchina taruvaata, iris ventane vellipoyaadu, chaalaa kaalam paatu hypnosku daggaragaa nilabadaledu, endukante athani saktulu aamenu pattukunnayi, mariyu aamenu talanoppi mariyu nidrapoyela chesaayi. aristophanes yokka haasya chitram "dhi birds" loe, naamamaatrapu pakshulu aakaasamlo oka nagaranni nirminchi, olympic devullanu bharti cheyadaaniki pranaalika vestaayi. doothagaa iris vaarini kalavadaniki velutundi, conny aame egataali cheyabadutundi, avamaaninchabadutundi mariyu vaari nayakudu pisaterus, oka vruddha athenian vyaktichae atyaachaaram cheyabadutundani bedirinchabadutundi. piseterasku devatalu evaro teliyadani, aame vaarilo okadani ayomayam chendutunnatlu kanapadutundi. pakshulu ippudu devatalu, maanavulu evariki tyaagam cheyaalo aaa devatalu anie piseterus aameku chebutundi. piseterus aamepai atyaachaaram chestaanani bedirinchina taruvaata, iris athani asabhya bhasha kosam atanni tittukoni, vadilivesi, aame thana tandrigaa soochinche geous athanitho vyavaharinchi, ataniki dabbu chellinchela chestaadani heccharistundi. iris kooda virgil yokka "ineed" loe aneka saarlu kanipistundi, saadhaaranamgaa juno yokka agentga. pustakam 4loe, juno raani dido thala nundi juttunu teesiveyadaaniki aamenu pamputundi, tadwara aame chanipoyi hadeesulloki pravesinchavacchu. 5va pustakamlo, iris, trojan mahila roopaanni teesukunna taruvaata, itara trojan tallulanu kadilinchi, vaatini sisily nundi vellakundaa nirodhinchadaaniki naalugu ineas noukalaku nippu pettadaniki. roman kavi ovid prakaram, romulasnu quirinus gaa deevatalagaa perkonna taruvaata, athani bhaarya hersilia aamenu kooda amaratvaaniki anumatinchamani devullanu vaedukunnaaru, tadwara aame marosari thana bhartatho undagaladu. juno aame abhyardhana vini, aameku iris pampindi. okka vaelitoe, iris amelianu taaki, aamenu amara deevatagaa maarchindi. hersilia olympicsku vellindi, akkada aame horelo okatigaa maarindi mariyu aame bhartatho eppatikee jeevinchadaaniki anumatinchabadindi. trojan yuddham. stassinus kolpoyina itihaasam "cypriya" prakaram, athanu vellipoyinappudu spartalo tirigi emi jarigindo, antey trojan prins paaristoe athani bhaarya helen paaripovadam alaage helen sodarudu caster maranam gurinchi kreetku prayaaninchina menelouseku iris samacharam ichindi. iris tarachugaa "iliad" loe daivika doothagaa prastaavinchabadindi, idhi homarku aapaadinchabadindi. ayithe, aame "odissie" loe kanipinchadu, akkada aame paatraku badulugaa ames nindi untundi. hermes laaga, iris oka cauduces ledhaa rekkalugala sibbandini kaligi untundi. devatala raaju ayina geous aadesamto, aame stikes nadhi nundi oka neeti pravahanni teesukuvelutundi, daanitoe aame tamanu taamu tappugaa cheppe vaarandarinii nidrimpajestundi. xxiii pustakamlo, aame patroclus yokka antyakriyala chitanu veliginchadaaniki boras mariyu jephiraslaku akiles praarthananu andistundi. chivari pustakamlo, geous raaju priyam kuu iris pamputaadu, athanu ontarigaa achian shibiraniki velli, athani champabadina kumarudu hector mrutadehaanni achilles nundi vimochanam cheyaalani cheptaadu. iris vaegamgaa priyam kuu sandesaanni andinchi, olympicsku tirigi vastundi. itara puraanaalu. homerick shlokam tuu apolo" prakaram, leto thana kavala pillalaku apolo mariyu artemis janmanivvadaaniki mundu prasavamlo unnappudu, iddaru, herah mariyu elithia, prasava devata minaha anni devatalu hajarayyaru. aame shrama yokka tommidava rojuna, leto airisto elithiaku lancham ivvamani mariyu aame pillalaku janmanivvadamlo sahayam koramani, heeraanu telusukovadaaniki anumatinchakundaa cheppadu. calimachus prakaram, herah aadesaala meraku, anni nagaralu mariyu itara pradaesaalaloo garbhinii letonu vidichipetti, aame thana kavalalanu puttinchagala aame aasrayam niraakarinchaalani airisto paatu iris aadesinchindi. austeria taruvaata, ippudu delos dveepamgaa roopaantaram chendhi, letoku aasrayam ichindi, iris haeraa aadesaalanu dhikkarinchinanduna leto janmanivvadaaniki anumatinchabadindani aameku teliyajeyadaaniki tirigi heeraaku velli, haeraa pakkana aame koorchundi. apollonius rhodius prakaram, iris, haarpeelanu strophades ("malupu yokka dveepaalu") varaku vembadinchina organauts jets mariyu kaalisnu venakki tippindi. sodarulu pravakta phoenius yokka peedanam nundi raakshasulanu tarimikottaaru, conny iris abhyardhana meraku vaarini champaledu, athanu phoenius mallii harpes dwara badhapadanani vaagdaanam chesaadu. dabs raaju creen dabsku vyatiraekamgaa chetulu paiki lechina chanipoyina argive sainikulanu khananam cheyadaanni nishedhinchina taruvaata, vaari mrutadehaalanu manchu mariyu ambrosiato thema cheyamani haeraa irisnu aadesinchaadu. antagaa teliyani kathanamlo, iris okasari vaari dionysus aaraadhananu antaraayam kaliginchadaaniki prayatninchina taruvaata, bahusha haeraa aadesaala meraku, satters atyaachaaraaniki daggaragaa vachindi. kristupurvam aidava sataabdaaniki chendina padihenu nalupu-erupu-bommala kundeelapai chithrinchina chitraalu, saatirlu aame tyaagam cheyadaaniki prayatninchinappudu bhayapette vidhamgaa munduku saagadam ledhaa aamenu pattukovadam vantivi varninchaayi. maroka kappulo, drushyamlo unna dionysus balipeetam nundi bully mamsanni dongilinchakundaa irisnu nirodhinchadaaniki prayatnistunna saatirlu iris meeda daadi chestunnatlu chitreekarinchaaru. marovaipu, saatirlu hermes mariyu heracles madhya nilabade herapai daadi chestunnaru. puraatana naataka rachayita achayas "iris" anae ippudu kolpoyina vyangya natakam raasaaru, idhi aaa kundeelapai unna amsaaniki muulam ayi undavacchu. euripieds natakam "hyracles gode picchi" loe, iris, picchi mariyu picchi devata ayina lissaatoe paatu kanipistundi, picchi yokka amarikatho hairaakillanu sapistundi, dheenilo athanu thana mugguru kumaarulanu mariyu athani bhaarya megara nuu champutaadu. iris kooda geous mariyu haeraa yokka manchaanni siddham chesindi. aaradhana. aaradhana. greekula itara pramukha dhootha devudu, hermes, iris maadirigaa kakunda, puraatana greeku matamlo pedda paatra pooshinchaleedu mariyu arudugaa poojinchabadedi. aame gouravaartham telisina devalayalu, punyakshetraalu ledhaa abhayaaranyaalu ledhaa pandugalu laevu. aame tarachugaa kundeelapai mariyu bays-releaflalo chithreekarinchabadinappatiki, puraatana kaalamlo konni vigrahalu airisto tayaaru cheyabaddaayi. ayithe ethensloni parthinone yokka paschima pedimentlooni shilpamlo aame chithreekarinchabadindi. iris kaneesam konni chinna aaraadhanalaku sambandhinchinadigaa kanipistundi, conny aame aaradhana yokka ekaika jaada emitante, delos prajalu irisku tyaagam chesi, "basinia" anie piluvabade aame cheejkeklanu samarpinchaaru, idhi godhuma pindi, suut mariyu thene yokka oka rakamaina cake, kalisi udikinchi. epithets. irislo aneka kavita sheershikalu mariyu visaeshanhaalu unnaayi, veetilo "chrysopteros" ("bangaaru rekkalu"), "podas ōkea" ("swift phut") ledhaa "podenomos ōkea" ("wind-swift phut"), "rosida" ("devy", latin), mariyu "thoumantias" ledhaa "thoumantias" (, ", thoumas kumarte, adbhutamainadi"), "evellopus" ("tuphaanu-paadaalu, tuphaanu-swift) unnaayi. aame thana kundatho meghalaku neeru kooda poesi, samudram nundi neetini pondindi. praatinidhyam. irisnu indradhanassu ledhaa aame bhujaalapai rekkalu unna andamaina yuva mahilagaa suuchistaaru. oka deevatagaa, iris communication, sandeshaalu, indradhanassu mariyu kotta prayatnaalatoe mudipadi untundi. indradhanassu yokka eee vyaktitvam okappudu aakaasam mariyu bhoomiki anusandhanamgaa varninchabadindi. konni grandhaalalo aame aneka rangula kotu dharinchi chithreekarinchabadindi. eee kotutho aame vaastavaaniki oka pradaesam nundi maroka pradaesaaniki velladaaniki aame nadipe indradhanassulanu srushtistundi. iris rekkalu chaalaa andamgaa unnayani, aame oka cheekati guhanu kooda veliginchagaladani cheppabadindi, idhi aame somnus sandarsana katha nundi alsionku sandesaanni prasaram cheyadaaniki gamaninchadagina lakshanam. iris pradhanamgaa communication mariyu sandeshaalatho mudipadi undagaa, aame maanavula praarthanala neraverpulo sahaayapadutundani kooda nammutaaru, vaatini swayamgaa neraverchadam dwara ledhaa itara devatala drushtiki teesukuraavadam dwara.

aayers (afsanay) qadeem yunani mazhab aur afsanon mein aayers (vovo vovo) dewataon thamas aur electra kii betty hay andardakhsh kii shaqsiyat aur dewataon kay paigham rasaan olympian aur khaas toor parr malkah heera kii nokar. aayers kayee kahaniyon mein zahir hotaa hay jinn mein dewataon say aur inn kay liye paighamat hotay haine yaa kaam chull rahay hotay haine leakin iss kii apnee koyee manfard afsanay nahein haine. asee tarah kasee bhee tarikhi farqay aur aayers kii poja kii tasdiq zindah bach jaanay waalay recordon mein behat kumm hay jiss mein delos kay jazeeray say sarf chand nishanaat baaqi haine. qadeem funn mein aayers kuu eek paroon waali naujawan aurat kay toor parr dikhaya gayaa hay juu eek cadiosis paigham rasaani kii alaamat aur dewataon kay liye paani kaa ghadaa lay kirr jaati hay. aayers kuu rawayati toor parr zeefers kii bewi kay toor parr dekha jaataa thaa juu maghrabi hawaa kaa devta hay aur chaar anaemoyi mein say eek hay jiss kay zariah wah kachh warzan mein pothoos kii maan hay. siftiyat. qadeem yunani asm kaa matlab chaand kaa andardakhsh aur haloo donon hay. karanth kaa eek naushtah eek degma kay saath eek asl shakal ("wires") kaa sabut farahim kartaa hay jasay balaakhir giraa diyaa gayaa thaa. asm qabal az yunani asl kaa malum hotaa hay. eek proto-indo-europi paree faarm "* yuu aich 2 aayee-aar-aayee-" tajweez kiyaa gayaa hay halankah makhiyon kuu huslah afzayi karnaa mashkal lagtaa hay.' khaandaan. hesod kay "theogani" kay mutabiq aayers thamas aur samandari electra kii betty hay aur harpeez kii behan hay: aark aur osipet. tytenomachi kay doraan aayers olympic dewataon kii paigham rasaani thee jabkah iss kii behan aark nay olympian kuu dhokah diyaa aur dewataon kay dashman titans kii paigham rasaani bunn gayee. wah andardakhsh kii dewi hay. wah dewi aur dewataon kuu pinay kay liye bhee amrat paish karti hay. zeefers juu maghrabi hawaa kaa devta hay iss kii shareek hayaat hay. chhatti sadee qabal maseeh kay yunani geeth nigaar shayer alkiyas kay mutabiq inn kaa eek betaa thaa jiss kaa naam pothoos thaa yaa muthbadil toor parr wah mohabat kay devta airos kay waldeen thay halankah airos kuu aam toor parr airs aur afrodite kaa betaa kahaa jaataa hay. naanans kay "deunesiaka" kay mutabiq aayers kaa bhayee hydospis hay. wah samandar aur aasman kii dewi mein say eek kay toor parr bhee jaanee jaati haine. aayers dewataon kuu insaniyat say jodta hay. wah duniya kay eek saray say dosray saray takk aur samandar aur zeer zameen duniya kii gahraiyon takk hawaa kii raftaar say safar karti hay. afsanay. tytenomachi. kahaa jaataa hay kahh aayers andardakhsh parr safar kartaa hay aur dewataon kay paighamat insaanon takk pahunchata hay. kachh recordon mein aayers saathi paigham rasaani dewi aark ("teez"yee "teez") kii behan hay juu tytenomachi kay doraan titanon kay saath apnee paigham rasaani dewi kay toor parr shaamil honay kay liye olympian dewataon kii company say nikal gayee jiss say donon behnein dashman paigham rasaani dewi bunn gayein. jung zeyes aur iss kay itehadiyon kay jeetnay kay baad zeyes nay iss say aark kay paroon kuu phaad diyaa aur waqat kay saath saath inhein pelios say iss kii shaadi mein nered theats kuu tahfay kay toor parr diyaa jiss nay badlay mein inhein apnay betay achilas kuu day diyaa jiss nay inhein apnay peeron parr pehna hawaa thaa. achilas kuu baaz auqaat "podarks" ([kashti kay paroon jeesay paaon) kay naam say jaana jaataa thaa. podars trayee kay baadshah prem kaa asl naam bhee thaa. dewataon kay paigham rasaani. apnee betty persifon kay hadoon kay aghwa kay baad zaraat kii dewi demeter eliosis mein apnay mandar mein waps chalee gayee aur zameen kuu banjar banaa diyaa jiss say eek badaa qahat padaa jiss nay insaanon kuu halaak kirr diyaa aur iss kay natijay mein dewataon kuu qurbaniyan deena bund how gayein. iss kay baad zeos nay aayers kuu demeter karnay kay liye bheja asay dosray dewataon kay saath shaamil honay aur iss kii laanat uthanay kay liye blaya vovo leakin chonkah iss kii betty waps nahein aayee iss liye demeter kuu raazi nahein kiyaa gayaa. eek daastaan mein jabb leeto aur iss kay bachon nay zeos say promethios kuu iss kay azaab say aazaad karnay kii altaja kii zeos nay raazi how kirr badqismat promethios kuu aazaad karnay kay liye hericles kaa hakam deenay kay liye aayers bheja. seks kay jehaaz kay tootnay mein dobnay kay baad heera nay aayers say apnay ahkamat naind kay devta hypnos takk pahunchaye. aayers urh gayaa aur asay apnay ghaar mein payaa aur asay bataya kahh heera chahta hay kahh seks kii bewi alsiyon kuu iss kay khwabon mein iss kay azeez kii moth say aagah kiyaa jaaye. heera kaa hakam deenay kay baad aayers foraa chalaa gayaa ziyadah deer takk hypnos kay qareeb khaday naha rehaa keunkah iss kii taaqaton nay asay pakad liyaa aur asay chakar aaney aur naind aaney parr majbur kirr diyaa. erstophanes kii mazahiya film "dee birds" mein titler parinday aasman mein eek shehar banatay haine aur olympian dewataon kii jagah leenay kaa aradah rakhtay haine. aayers batoor paigham rasaan inn say milnay jaataa hay leakin inn kay rehnuma passiters juu eek buzurg aithnin aadmi hay iss kaa mazaaq adaata hay iss kii toheen kartaa hay aur asay asmat daree kii dhamki deeta hay. aayers aljhan mein dikhayi deeta hay kahh passitiers nahein jaanta kahh devta coone haine aur wah inn mein say eek hay. passiters phir asay batata hay kahh parinday abb devta haine wah devta jinn kay liye insaanon kuu qurban karnaa chahiye. jabb passiters iss kay saath asmat daree karnay kii dhamki deeta hay tuu aayers asay iss kii badtamizi parr dantata hay aur asay khabardar kartay hoay chalaa jaataa hay kahh zewas jasay wah apnay waalid kay toor parr hawalah deeti hay iss say namtay gaa aur asay adayegi karay gaa. aayers wargal kay "annoid" mein bhee kayee baar zahir hotaa hay aam toor parr jono kay agent kay toor parr. kitaab 4 mein jono asay malkah duu kay sarr say baalon kaa taalaa todnay kay liye bhejta hay taakah wah marr jaaye aur hadoon mein daakhil how sakay. kitaab 5 mein aayers eek trojan aurat kii shakal akhtiyar karnay kay baad deegar trojan maaon kuu anyaas kay chaar jehazon kuu aag laganay kay liye hilata hay taakah inhein sasli say jaanay say rooka jaa sakay. roman shayer oveed kay mutabiq romols kuu devta curance kay toor parr paish kiye jaanay kay baad iss kii bewi harsilia nay dewataon say altaja kii kahh wah asay bhee amar honay day taakah wah eek baar phir apnay shohar kay saath rahh sakay. jono nay iss kii darkhwast sunee aur asay aayers neechey bhej dee. eek angli say aayers nay harsaliya kuu chhawa aur asay eek lafani dewi mein tabdil kirr diyaa. harsaliya olympics kay liye urh gayee jehaan wah eek hooraa bunn gayee aur asay hamishah apnay shohar kay saath rehney kii ajazat dee gayee. trojan jung. stassence kay gumshidah mahakawi "cypria" kay mutabiq yaha aayers hyee thaa jiss nay menelos kuu matlaa kiyaa juu creat kay liye rawanah hawaa thaa jabb wah chalaa gayaa thaa tuu sparta mein kiyaa hawaa thaa yauni iss kii bewi healen kaa trojan prince peers kay saath faraar honay kay saath saath healen kay bhayee caster kii moth. aayers kaa aksar "dee aleed" mein eek alhee paigham rasaani kay toor parr zakar kiyaa jaataa hay jiss say homar mansub hay. tahim wah "dee odesi" mein nazar nahein aatee jehaan iss kaa kirdaar iss kay bajaye herms say bharaa hawaa hay. herms kii tarah aayers mein cadiosis yaa paroon waala emlah hotaa hay. dewataon kay baadshah zeos kay hakam say wah daryaae stykes say paani kaa eek daheer lay kirr jaati hay jiss say wah apnay aap kuu jhuta saabat karnay waalay tamaam logon kuu suutee hay. kitaab xxiii mein wah patrocles kii janazay kii cheeta kuu roshan karnay kay liye boriyas aur zeefars say achilas kii duaa karti hay. aakhri kitaab mein zeos king prem kuu aayers bhejta hay taakah asay yaha bataye kahh asay akilay aachin camp jaana chahiye aur apnay maaray gayey betay hector kii laash kuu aakalz say tawaan deena chahiye. aayers teezi say prem kuu paigham pahunchata hay aur olympics mein waps aataa hay. deegar afsanay. homeric geeth tuu apolo" kay mutabiq jabb leeto apnay jadwaan bachon apolo aur artimus kuu janam deenay say pehley zachgi mein thee tuu tamaam deviyan mojud thein sawaye duu kay heera aur elithia bachay kii paidaish kii dewi. iss kii zachgi kay nawein dunn leeto nay aayers say kahaa kahh wah elthia kuu rashwat day aur heera kuu patah laganay kii ajazat diye baghair apnay bachon kuu janam deenay mein iss kii madad maangay. colimox kay mutabiq airs kay saath saath airs nay heera kay hakam parr tamaam shehron aur deegar maqamat kuu hakam diyaa kahh wah haamilah leeto say door rahein aur iss kii panah gaah say ankaar karein jehaan wah apnay jadwaan bachon kuu janam day sakti hay. esteria kay baad juu abb delos kay jazeeray mein tabdil how gayaa leeto kuu panah kii paishkash kii aayers waps heera kuu yaha batanay kay liye urh gayee kahh leeto kuu sterea kay hirah kay hakam kii khalaaf warzi karnay kii wajah say janam deenay kii ajazat dee gayee thee aur hirah kay saath iss kii nashast lay lee. apoloneos rudiyas kay mutabiq aayers nay argents zets aur callis kuu peeche murh diyaa jinhon nay harpeez kaa taaqib stropheds ("moad kay jazair") takk kiyaa thaa. bhayiyon nay rockshison kuu nabee fenios kay azaab say door kirr diyaa thaa leakin aayers kii darkhwast parr inhein qatal nahein kiyaa jiss nay waadah kiyaa thaa kahh fenios kuu dobarah harpeez say preshan nahein kiyaa jaaye gaa. jabb theebs kay baadshah karyun nay theebs kay khalaaf apnay hathiyar uthanay waalay mardah arjanio fojiyon kii tadfin parr pabandi lagaa dee tuu heera nay aayers kuu hakam diyaa kahh wah apnee laashon kuu aus aur ambroshiya say numm karay. eek kumm maruf bayaniye mein aayers eek baar shateeron kay zariah asmat daree kay qareeb pahunch gayee jabb iss nay deunesus kii ibadat mein khalal daalnay kii koshish kii shayed hair kay kahnay parr. panchwen sadee qabal maseeh kii taqriba pandrah seeyah aur sarkh shakal kii guldaan kii pentings mein kahaa gayaa hay kahh jabb wah qurbani mein madakhilat karnay kii koshish karti hay tuu satayer yaa tuu khufnaak toor parr iss kii taraf badh rahay hotay haine yaa asay pakad rahay hotay haine. eek aur cup mein aayers kuu tanz karnay waalon kay hamlay kay toor parr dikhaya gayaa hay juu bazahir aayers kuu deunesus kii qurban gaah say qurbani kaa gosht choori karnay say roknay kii koshish kirr rahay haine juu manzar mein mojud hay. dosri taraf sateer hirah parr hamlah kirr rahay haine juu harmi aur hairkles kay darmiyan khadaa hay. qadeem dramah nigaar achios nay "aayers" likhaa juu abb khoo gayaa tanz dramah hay juu shayed inn guldanon kay mozua kaa zariah rehaa hoga. eurepaids kay dramay "hairkalon godd meed" mein aayers paagal punn aur paagal punn kii dewi leesa kay saath zahir hotaa hay paagal punn kii fitt kay saath hairkalon kuu laanat kartaa hay jiss mein wah apnay teen beton aur apnee bewi megara kuu maar deeta hay. aayers nay zeos aur heera kaa bastar bhee tayaar kiyaa. ibadat karein. cult. yunaniyon kay dosray mamtaz paigham rasaani devta kay barakas harmees aayers nay qadeem yunani mazhab mein badaa kirdaar adaa nahein kiyaa aur shaaz woo naadir hyee iss kii poja kii jaati thee. inn kay aizaz mein koyee maruf mandar mazaaraat yaa aayers kii panah gaahein yaa tehwaar munaqid nahein hotay haine. agarcha asay aksar guldanon aur bees releaf mein dikhaya jaataa hay leakin qadeem zamanay mein chand mujasme aayers say banay hoay thay. tahim asay aithanz mein parthinon kay maghrabi pediment parr mujasme mein dikhaya gayaa thaa. aisa lagtaa hay kahh aayers kumm az kumm kachh mamuli ibadat kaa maqsad rehaa hay leakin iss kay farqay kaa waahid saraag juu mahfuz hay wah aithnios kaa "scholars aett dunner" mein likhaa hawaa nott hay kahh delos kay loag aairees kuu qurban kartay haine asay cheez keek paish kartay haine jasay "besini" kahaa jaataa hay juu kahh gandam kay aatay sweet aur shehad kaa eek qasm kaa keek hay jasay eek saath abala jaataa hay. akaasi. aayers kay mutadid shayerana enwanat aur luqbaat thay jinn mein "cresoptros" ("sunhari paroon waala")yee "podas okiya" ("teez paaon waala") yaa "podinimos okiya" ("hawaa kay paaon waala")yee "roscada" ("dewi"yee laatini)yee aur "thamantis" yaa "thamantis" (yee "yee thamas kii betty hairat angez")yee "elops" ("toofan kay paaon waalaa toofan kaa rakh) shaamil haine. iss nay apnay ghaday say baadlon kuu paani bhee diyaa samandar say paani haasil kiyaa. numaindagi. aayers kii numaindagi yaa tuu andardakhsh kay toor parr yaa kandhon parr paroon kay saath eek khubsurat naujawan ladki kay toor parr kii jaati hay. eek dewi kay toor parr aayers mawasilat paighamat andardakhsh aur nayee koshishon say waabistah hay. andardakhsh kii iss shaqsiyat kuu eek baar aasman aur zameen say jodnay kay toor parr biyaan kiyaa gayaa thaa. kachh tehreeron mein inhein kayee rangon kaa coat pehney dikhaya gayaa hay. iss coat say wah darasil andardakhsh banaati hay jiss parr wah sawari karti hay taakah wah eek jagah say dosri jagah pahunch sakay. aayers kay paroon kay baaray mein kahaa jaataa thaa kahh wah eek tareek ghaar kuu bhee roshan kirr sakti thee yaha eek khususiyat hay juu iss kay somens kay doray kii kahaani say mashahidah kii jaati hay taakah alsiyon kuu paigham diyaa jaa sakay. agarcha aayers bunyadi toor parr mawasilat aur paighamat say waabistah thee leakin yaha bhee khayaal kiyaa jaataa thaa kahh wah insaanon kii duaon kii takmeel mein madad karti hay yaa tuu inhein khood poraa karkay yaa inhein dosray dewataon kii taujah mein laa kirr.

00000768be7a3eb0f4fa50bfaf2a10f864e44c24c48342ed1f47730c582f3468

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64450824

Ioannis Kontoyiannis

Ioannis Kontoyiannis Greek mathematician and information theorist Ioannis Kontoyiannis (born January 1972) is a Greek mathematician and information theorist. He is the Churchill Professor of Mathematics for Operational Research with the Statistical Laboratory, in the Department of Pure Mathematics and Mathematical Statistics, of the University of Cambridge. He is also a Fellow of Darwin College, Cambridge, an affiliated member of the Division of Information Engineering, Cambridge, a Research Fellow of the Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, a Senior Member of Robinson College, Cambridge, and a trustee of the Rollo Davidson Trust. His research interests are in information theory, probability and statistics, including their applications in data compression, bioinformatics, neuroscience, machine learning, and the connections between core information-theoretic ideas and results in probability theory and additive combinatorics. Academic biography. Kontoyiannis earned a B.S. in mathematics from Imperial College, University of London (1992), he obtained a distinction in Part III of the Cambridge University Pure Mathematics Tripos (1993), and he earned an M.S. in statistics (1997) and a Ph.D. in electrical engineering (1998), both from Stanford University. Between 1998 and 2018 he taught at Purdue University, Brown University, Columbia University, and at the Athens University of Economics and Business. In January 2018 he joined the Information Engineering Division at Cambridge University, as Professor of Information and Communications, and Head of the Signal Processing and Communications Laboratory. Since June 2020 he has been with the Statistical Laboratory, in the Department of Pure Mathematics and Mathematical Statistics, University of Cambridge, where he holds the Churchill Chair in Mathematics. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

iyunis contoianis io 'nich contoyanis (ingrajih iionnis kontoyiannis) (jonmo 1972 sonor january maahot) ejon greek gonitobid aaru tothyo totwobid. teu cambridge biswobidyaloyor bixudho gonito aaru ganitik porixongkhya bibhagor porixongkhya gowexonagaror xoite karjyokori gowexonar baabe gonitor charchil odhyapok. teu cambridgeor darwin collegeor egoraki felu, cambridgeor tothyo obhijantrik bibhagor egoraki onumudit xodosyo, gowexona aaru projuktir foundation-helesor gowexona felu, cambridgeor robinson collegeor egoraki jyestho xodosyo, aaru rulu devidson trustor ejon nyaxi. teur gowexonar aagroh tothyo totwo, xombhawona aaru porixongkhyar uporot, jaar bhitorot tothyo xongkuchon, joibo tothyobigyan, snayubigyan, jontro xikhyon, aaru mool tothyo-tatwik dharonaxomuhor maajor xongzug aaru iyar folot xombhawona totwo aaru jugatmok xongmisronor folafol aadir proyug ontorbhukto. academic jiwani. contoianise e bi laabh korisil.ess. imperial kolej, london biswobidyaloyor poraa gonitot (1992), teu cambridge biswobidyaloyor bixudho gonito trip 'sor (1993) tritiyo ongxot ek bixexotwo laabh korisil, aaru teu em. e. orjon korisil.ess. porixongkhya (1997) aaru pieis.di. boidyutik obhijantrik bixoyot (1998), duyujone stanford biswobidyaloyor poraa. 1998 sonor poraa 2018 sonor bhitorot teu pardu biswobidyaloy, braun biswobidyaloy, kolombiya biswobidyaloy, aaru athens orthoniti aaru byoboxai biswobidyaloyot xikhyokota korisil. 2018 sonor januaryt teu cambridge biswobidyaloyor tothyo obhijantrik bibhagoto tothyo aaru jugajugor odhyapok, aaru xongket prokriyakoron aaru jugajug gowexonagaror murobbi hisape jugdan korisil. june 2020 sonor poraa teu cambridge biswobidyaloyor bixudho gonito aaru ganitik porixongkhya bibhagoto porixongkhya gowexonagaror xoite aase, zo 'too teu gonitor charchil odhyokhyo hisape odhisthito.

ionis contoiannis eonis contoiannis (jonmo januari 1972) ekjon greek ganitobid ebong tothyo tattik. tini cambridge bishwobidyaloyer bishuddho gonito oo ganitik porisongkhyan bibhager porisongkhyan gobeshonagare karjokori gobeshonar jonno goniter churchill adhyapak. tini cambridger darouin colleger ekjon fello, tothyo prakaushal bibhager onumodito sadasya, kembridger gobeshona oo prajukti foundationer ekjon gobeshok fello-hellus, robbinson college, cambridger ekjon senior sadasya ebong rollo davidson truster ekjon trusty. taanr gobeshonar agroho tothyo totto, sombhabyota ebong porisongkhane royeche, jaar modhye royeche tothyo sangkochan, joibo tothyobiggan, snayubigyan, meshina larnim ebong mool tothyo-tattik dharonagulir modhye sangjog ebong sombhabyota totto ebong sanjojanmulak sangmishraner folafol. academic jeeboni. contoiannis ekti bii orjon korechen.esha. imperial college, university off london (1992) theke gonite tini cambridge university peuer mathematics tripos (1993)-err tritiya ongshe ekti parthokyo orjon corren ebong tini emm. ayee orjon corren.esha. porisongkhyan (1997) ebong ekti paech.dii. stanford vishwavidyalaya theke boidyutik prakaushal (1998)-ayee. 1998 theke 2018 saaler modhye tini pardu vishwavidyalaya, braun vishwavidyalaya, kalambia vishwavidyalaya ebong ethensa university off economics anned bijnes-ayee shikkhokota corren. 2018 saaler januaryte tini cambridge bishwobidyaloyer tothyo prakaushal bibhage tothyo oo jogajog bibhager adhyapak ebong sangket prakriyakaran oo jogajog porikkhagarer prodhan hisabe jogdan corren. 2020 saaler june maas theke tini porisongkhyan gobeshonagare, kembridge bishwobidyaloyer bishuddho gonito oo ganitik porisongkhyan bibhage royechen, jekhane tini gonite churchill cheyarer dayitte royechen.

ionis contoianis ionis contoianis (janm january 1972) aek grick ganeetshastri aneey maahitee siddhaantkaar chhe. teo cambridge universityna shuddh ganeet aneey gaanitik aankdashastra vibhagma aankadaakiy prayogshaalaa saathe kaarykaari sanshodhan maate ganeetnaa churchill prophesara chhe. teo cambridge khaateni darwin collegena phelo, cambridge khaatena information engineering vibhagna sanlagn sabhy, sanshodhan aneey technology foundation-helaasnaa sanshodhan phelo, cambridge khaateni robinson collegena varishth sabhy aneey rollo davidson trustnaa trusty pann chhe. temnaa sanshodhannaa heeto maahitee siddhaant, sambhavna aneey aankadashastrama chhe, jemaa detaa sankochan, bioinformatics, neuroscience, machine learningma temnee applicationo aneey mukhya maahitee-saiddhaantik vichaaro vachchena jodaano aneey sambhavna siddhaant aneey additive combinetonicsma parinaamo saamel chhe. shaikshanik jivancharitra. contoyanise bii. nee kamaani curry hatee.aesa. imperial college, university off london (1992) maanthi ganeetma, temane cambridge university pyor methematics tripos (1993) naa bhaag III maan vishishtataa melvee, aneey temane aema.aesa. aankadama (1997) aneey piaech.dii. stanford universitymathi electrical angineeringma (1998), banne. 1998 aneey 2018 nee vachche temane purdue university, braaun university, kolambiya university aneey athens university off economics anned businessma bhanaavyu hatoo. january 2018maan teo cambridge universityma maahitee aneey sanchaarnaa prophesara aneey signal processing aneey sanchaar prayogshalana vadaa tareeke maahitee ijneri vibhagma jodaya hataa. juuna 2020thee teo cambridge universityna shuddh ganeet aneey gaanitik aankdashastra vibhagma aankadaakiy prayogshalama chhe, jyaan teo ganeetma churchill chair dharaave chhe.

eonis contoyanis eonis contoyanis (janm janwari 1972) ack yunani ganitshastri aur soochana siddhantkar hain. way cambridge vishvavidyalaya key shuddh ganit aur ganitiya saankhyiki vibhaag mein saankhyikiya prayogshala key saath parichaalan anusandhaan key liye ganit key churchill professor hain. vaha darwin college, cambridge key ack saathi, soochana engineering vibhaag, cambridge key ack sambaddh sadasya, anusandhaan aur praudyogiki key liye foundation-hellus key ack shodh saathi, robbinson college, cambridge key ack varishth sadasya aur rollo davidson trust key ack trusty bhee hain. unake shodh key hita soochana siddhant, sambhavana aur saankhyiki mein hain, jisamen detta sampeedan, jaiv soochana vigyaan, tantrika vigyaan, machine learning aur mukhya soochana-saiddhaantik vichaaron key beach sambandh aur sambhavana siddhant aur yogaatmak sanyojan mein parinam shamil hain. akaadamik jeevani. contoyanis ney bee arjit kiya.aiss. imperial college, landan vishvavidyalaya (1992) seey ganit mein, unhone cambridge vishvavidyalaya shuddh ganit tripos (1993) key bhaag III mein ack vishishtata praapt kii, aur unhone ack aim.aiss. saankhyiki (1997) aur ack ph.dee. electrical engineering (1998) mein, donon steinford vishvavidyalaya seey. 1998 aur 2018 key beach unhone purdue vishvavidyalaya, braun vishvavidyalaya, kolambiya vishvavidyalaya aur athens vishvavidyalaya key arthshastra aur vyavasaay mein padhaaya. janwari 2018 mein way cambridge vishvavidyalaya mein soochana engineering vibhaag mein soochana aur sanchaar key professor aur sanket prasanskaran aur sanchaar prayogshala key pramukh key roop mein shamil hue. juuna 2020 seey way cambridge vishvavidyalaya key shuddh ganit aur ganitiya saankhyiki vibhaag mein saankhyikiya prayogshala key saath rahey hain, jahan way ganit mein churchill cheyar rakhate hain.

eoinis kontoyannis eoinis kontoyannis (janana janavari 1972) obba greek ganitashaastragna mattu mahiti siddhaanti. avaru cambridge vishvavidyaalayada suddha ganita mattu ganitada ankiamshagala vibhagadalli sankhyaashaastriya prayogaalayadalli kaaryakaari samshoodhanegaagi ganitashaastrada churchill pradhyapakaragiddare. aata cambridgen darvin collegina phelo, cambridgen mahiti engineering vibhagada angasamsthe sadasya, hellas foundation samshodhanaa phelo, cambridgen robbinson collegina hiriya sadasya mattu rollo davidson trustne trustiyagiddare. dattaamsha sankochana, jaivika maahitishaastra, naravijnaana, yantra kalike mattu pramukha mahiti-saiddhaantika vichaaragala naduvina samparkagalu mattu sambhavaneeyate siddhaanta mattu samyojaka samyojaneya phalitaamshagalu seridante mahiti siddhaanta, sambhavaneeyate mattu ankiamshagalalli avara samshodhanaa asaktigalive. shaikshanika jivanacharitre. kontoyannis bii galisidaru.ess. london vishvavidyaalayada imperial kaalejininda (1992) ganitashaastradalli, avaru cambridge vishvavidyaalayada suddha ganitada tripose (1993) naa bhaaga III ralli vishishtateyannu padedaru, mattu avaru emm.ess. ankiamshagalalli (1997) mattu ph.dii. electrical engineeringnalli (1998), ibbaroo stanford vishvavidyaalayadinda. 1998 mattu 2018rahra naduve avaru purdue vishvavidyaalaya, braun vishvavidyaalaya, columbia vishvavidyaalaya mattu athens arthashaastra mattu vevahaara vishvavidyaalayadalli bodhisidaru. 2018rahra janavariyalli avaru cambridge vishvavidyaanilayada mahiti engineering vibhagakke, mahiti mattu samvahana vibhagada pradhyapakaragi mattu signal processing mattu samvahana prayogaalayada mukhyastharaagi seridaru. zoon zoon avaru sankhyaashaastriya prayogaalayadalli, suddha ganita mattu ganitashaastrada ankiamshagala vibhagadalli, cambridge vishvavidyaalayada ganitashaastradalli churchill kurchi hondiddaare.

ionis contoyanis ionis contoyanis (janm janewari 1972) haah eka greek ganitshastradnya aanee mahitee siddhantkar aahe. teey cambridge vidyapithachya shuddha ganeet aanee ganiteey sankhyiki vibhagat sankhyiki prayogshalet parichalan sanshodhanasathi ganitache churchill pradhyapak aahet. teey kembridgechya darwin mahavidhyalayache sadasya, kembridgechya mahitee abhiyantriki vibhagache sanlagn sadasya, hellus yaa sanshodhan aanee tantradnyan sanstheche sanshodhan sadasya, kembridgechya robbinson mahavidhyalayache varishtha sadasya aanee rollo davidson trustche vishvast dekhil aahet. mahitee siddhant, sambhavyata aanee sankhyiki, jyat deta compression, bioinformatics, neuroscience, machine learning aanee mukhya mahitee-saiddhantik kalpananmadhil sambandh aanee sambhavyata siddhant aanee yojak sanyojanatil parinamanmadhil anuprayogancha samavesh aahe, yaat tyanche sanshodhan swarasya aahe. shaikshanik charitra. contoyanisne bii.ess. imperial college, university auph london (1992) yethoon ganitat, tyanni cambridge university pyor mathematics tripose (1993) chya bhag 3 madhye guna midavale aanee tyanni emm. aii. chee kamai kelee.ess. sankhyikimadhye (1997) aanee ph.dii. vidyut abhiyantrikimadhye (1998), doghehi stanford vidyapithatun. 1998 teey 2018 yaa kalat tyanni purdue vidyapith, braun vidyapith, kolambiya vidyapith aanee athens arthshastra aanee vyavasay vidyapithat adhyapan kele. janewari 2018 madhye teey cambridge vidyapithatil mahitee abhiyantriki vibhagat, mahitee aanee dalanvalanache pradhyapak aanee signal processing aanee dalanvalan prayogshaleche pramukh mhanoon ruju jhaale. juuna 2020 pasoon teey cambridge vidyapithachya shuddha ganeet aanee ganiteey sankhyiki vibhagat sankhyiki prayogshalet aahet, jithe teey ganitachya churchill chearvar aahet.

eonis contoyanis eonis contoyanis (janma janawari 1972) ek grick ganitashastri rar suchana siddhantakar hun. uni cambridge wishwawidyalayako shudha ganit rar ganitiya tathyanka vibhagma sankhyikiya prayogshalama parichalan anusandhanka lagi ganitka charchil pradhyapak hun. uni derwin college, cambridgeka felo, suchana engineering, cambridge divisionka sambadha sadasya, anusandhan rar prawidhiko foundation-helaska anusandhan felo, robinson college, cambridgeka warishtha sadasya rar rolo devidson trustka trusty pani hun. unko anusandhan ruchiharu suchana siddhanta, sambhawana rar tathyankama chhan, jasma deta compression, bioinformatics, neuroscience, messin learning, rar core suchana-saidhantik vicharharu rar sambhawit siddhanta rar yojak sanyojanma parinamharu bichko sambandhaharu samawesh chhan. shaikshik jiwani. contoannisle ae bee prapta gare.ess. imperial college, university aff london (1992) batt ganitma unle cambridge university pyor mathematics tripos (1993) ko bhag III maa dishtingson prapta gare, rar unle emm. ae. prapta gare.ess. tathyankama (1997) rar ek ph.dee. electrical engineeringma (1998), duwai stanford vishwavidyalayabata. sann 1998 rar 2018 ko bichma unle purdyu vishwavidyalaya, brauna vishwavidyalaya, columbia vishwavidyalaya rar athens vishwavidyalaya aff economics anned businessma padhaeka thie. janawari 2018 maa uni cambridge wishwawidyalayako suchana engineering vibhagma suchana rar sancharka pradhyapak rar sanket prashodhan rar sanchar prayogshalaka pramukhka rupma samel bhae. june 2020 dekhi uni cambridge wishwawidyalayako shudha ganit rar ganitiya tathyanka vibhagma sankhyikiya prayogshalama chhan, jahaan unle ganitma charchil cheyar rakheka chhan.

ioniz contoianis ionies contoianis (janma januari 1972) jane greek ganita bigyani ebong suchana siddhantabadi. shay cambridge biswabidyalajara bishudha ganita ebong ganitika parisankhyana bibhagare parisankhyana parikhyagara sahita parichalana gabeshana paain ganitara churchill professor atanti. shay madhya cambridger darwin colleger jane fello, cambridger suchana injinijaring bibhagara jane anubandhita sadasya, gabeshana ebong prajuktibidya paain foundation-helasara jane gabeshaka fello, cambridger robbinson colleger jane baristha sadasya ebong rollo devidson truster jane trusty . tankara gabeshana agraha suchana siddhanta, sambhabana ebong parisankhyanare rahichhi, jeunthire tathya sampeedana, jaiba suchana bigyana, snajubigyana, messin larning ebong moola suchana-tatwika bichara madhyare sanjoga ebong sambhabya siddhanta ebong jogatmaka sanjojana madhyare phalaphal antarbhukta . academic jeebani. contoianis eka bii arjan karithile.ess. imperial college, london biswabidyalaja (1992) ru ganitare shay cambridge biswabidyalajara truteeja bhagare eka biseshatwa hassel karithile, ebong shay emm.ess. parisankhyana (1997) ebong eka ph.dii. shay stanford biswabidyalajaru baidyutika injinijaringre (1998) degree hassel karithile. 1998 ru 2018 madhyare shay pardu biswabidyalaja, braun biswabidyalaja, kalambia biswabidyalaja ebong ethens biswabidyalajara arthaneeti ebong byabasajare adhyapana karithile. januari 2018 ray shay cambridge biswabidyalajara suchana injinijaring bibhagare suchana ebong jogajogara professor ebong signal prakrijakarana ebong jogajoga parikhyagarara mukhya bhabare joga deithile. june 2020 ru shay cambries biswabidyalajara bishudha ganita ebong ganitika parisankhyana bibhagare parisankhyana parikhyagara sahita achanti, jeunthare shay ganitare churchill cheyara dhaaran karichanti .

ionis contoionis ionis contoionis (janam janwari 1972) ikk yunani ganit shastari atey soochna sidhantkar haii. uh cambridge university dey shudh ganit atey ganitik ankada vibhag witch ankada prayogshala dey naal sanchalan khoj laee ganit dey charchil professor hunn. uh darwin kaalaj, cambridge daa ikk failo, soochna engineering division, cambridge daa ikk maanta prapat member, khoj atey technology-hales laee foundation daa ikk khoj failo, robinson kaalaj, cambridge daa ikk senior member atey rollo davidson trust daa ikk trusty vee haii. uhanan deeaan khoj ruchiaan soochna thioori, sambhavna atey ankadiaan witch hunn, jiss witch detta sankuchan, bioinformatics, neuroscience, masheen learning atey mukkh jankari-sidhantak vicharan atey natije sambhavna thioori atey editive combinatorics witch uhanan dey upyog shamal hunn. akadamik jeevani. contoionis neey bee. aii. prapat keeta.aiss. imperial kaalaj, london university (1992) toon ganit witch, usne cambridge university shudh ganit tripos (1993) dey bhaag III witch ikk visheshta prapat keeti, atey usne ikk aim.aiss. ankada (1997) atey ikk ph.dee. electrical engineering (1998) witch, doven stanford university toon. 1998 atey 2018 dey vichkaar unhan neey pardioo university, baraoon university, columbia university atey ethans university aaf economics aind busions witch padaiaa. janwari 2018 witch uh cambridge university witch soochna engineering division witch soochna atey sanchar dey professor atey signal processing atey sanchar prayogshala dey mukhi vajon shamal hoye. juun 2020 toon uh cambridge university dey shudh ganit atey ganitik ankada vibhag witch ankada prayogshala dey naal rahey hunn, jitthe uh ganit witch charchil chair rakkhde hunn.

eonis kontoyaanis eonis kontoyaanis (jananam 1972 janavaree) ekaha greek-ganitashaastradnyah suchana-siddhaantadnyah cha asti. saha kembridge-vishvavidyaalayasya shuddha-ganita-ganiteey-saankhyikee-vibhaagasya saankhyikeey-prayogashalayam parichaalan-anusandhanartham ganitasya charchil-pradhyapakaha asti. saha kembridge-nagarasya darwin-mahaavidyaalayasya sadasyah, kembridge-nagarasya suchana-abhiyaantriki-vibhaagasya sambadhah sadasyah, helas-samsthaayaah anusandhaana-praudyogikee-samsthaayaah shodha-sadasyah, kembridge-nagarasya rabinson-mahaavidyaalayasya varishtah sadasyah, rolo devidson-nyasasya nyasi cha asti. tasya anusandhaanasya ruchihi suchana-siddhaante, sambhaavyate, saankhyikee cha asti, dattaamsha-sankochana-kshetre, jaiva-suchana-shastra-kshetre, neurosains-vishaye, yantra-shikshan-vishaye, tathaa cha mool-suchana-saiddhaamtika-vichaaraanaam madhye samparkam, tathaa cha sambhaavyataa-siddhaantasy, yogaatmak-samyojanasya cha parinaamaah cha santi. shaikshanik-jeevanacharitram. kontoyaanis-varyaha e. bii.-ankam praptavan.ess. imperial college, university aaf landan (1992) ityatah ganitashaastre saha kembridge-university-pyoor mathematics-tripos (1993) ityasya bhaag-III madhye vishishtatam praptavan, tathaa cha emm. e. padaveem praptavan.ess. saankhyikee (1997) tathaa cha e. ech.dee. vidyuta-abhiyantre (1998), ubhau stanford-vishvavidyaalayaat. 1998 taha 2018 paryantam saha purdyoo-vishvavidyaalaye, braun-vishvavidyaalaye, columbia-vishvavidyaalaye, ethens-arthashaastr-vyavasaay-vishvavidyaalaye cha adhyapayat. 2018 janavaree-maase saha kembridge-vishvavidyaalaye suchana-abhiyaantriki-vibhaage, suchana-sampreshana-praadhyaapakatven, sanketa-prakramana-sanchaar-prayogashalayaha pramukhatvena cha sammilitah. 2020 joon-masat saha saankhyikeey-prayogashalayam, kembridge-vishvavidyaalayasya shuddha-ganita-ganiteey-saankhyikee-vibhaageshu, ganitashaastre charchil-peetham dhaarayati.

ionis contoiennis ionis contoionis (prappu janavari 1972) oru kiraekka kanidhaviyalaalarum thagaval koatpaattaalarum aavaar. avar cambridge palkalaikkazhagaththin thooya kanitham mattrum kanitha pullivivarath thuraiyil pullivivara aaivagaththudan seyalpaattu aaraaychchikkaana kanithaththin sarchchil paeraasiriyaraaga ullaar. avar cambridge, darvin kallooriyin saga uruppinaraagavum, cambridge thagaval poriiyal pirivin inai uruppinaraagavum, aaraaichi mattrum thozhilnutpa arakkattalaiyin aaraaichi uruppinaraagavum, cambridge, rabinson kallooriyin mooththa uruppinaraagavum, rollo davitson arakkattalaiyin arangkaavalaraagavum ullaar. tharavu surukkuthal, uyir thagaval, narambiyal ariviyal, iyanththira karral mattrum mukiya thagaval-koatpaattu yoasanaigalukku idaiyilaana thodarbugal mattrum nigazhthagavu koatpaadu mattrum saerkkai orunginaippu aagiyavattril mudivugal ullitta thagaval koatpaadu, nigazhthagavu mattrum pullivivarangkalil avarathu aaraaichi aarvangkal ullana. kalviyiyal vaazhkkai varalaaru. contoiennis oru pii pettraar.ess. lundon palkalaikkazhagaththin imperial kallooriyil (1992) kanithaththil pattam pettra avar, cambridge palkalaikkazhagaththin thooya kanitha tribos (1993) inn moontraam paguthiyil oru thaniththuvaththaip pettraar, maelum avar emm.ess. pulliyial (1997) mattrum oru pii. ech.dii. minn poriyiyalil (1998), iruvarum stanford palkalaikkazhagaththil pattam pettravarkal. 1998 mattrum 2018 kku idaiyil avar burdoo palkalaikkazhagam, pravun palkalaikkazhagam, kolambiya palkalaikkazhagam mattrum aethans porulaathaaram mattrum vaniga palkalaikkazhagaththil karpitthaar. janavari 2018 ill avar cambridge palkalaikkazhagaththil thagaval poriiyal pirivil, thagaval mattrum thagaval thodarbu paeraasiriyaraagavum, samignai seyalaakkam mattrum thagaval thodarbu aaivagaththin thalaivaraagavum saernthaar. juun 2020 muthal avar pulliyial aaivagaththil, cambridge palkalaikkazhagaththin thooya kanitham mattrum kanitha pullivivarath thuraiyil irunthu varukiraar, angku avar kanithaththil sarchchil narkaaliyai vaiththirukiraar.

ionis kontoyannis ionis kontoyannis (jananam janavari 1972) oka greeku ganita shaastravetta mariyu samachara siddhaantakarta. athanu cambridge vishwavidhyaalayamloni swachchamaina ganitam mariyu ganita ganaanka vibhaagamlo ganaanka prayogasaalato kaaryaacharana parisoedhana kosam ganitasastramlo churchill professor. athanu cambridge looni darwin kalasalalo sabhyudu, cambridge looni information injaneering vibhaagamlo anubandha sabhyudu, foundation pharr research und technology-helas yokka parisoedhanaa sabhyudu, cambridge looni robinson kalasalalo senior sabhyudu mariyu rolo davidson trust trusty kooda. dayta compression, bioinformatics, neurosines, meshin learning mariyu core information-theoretic aalochanala madhya anusandhaanaalu mariyu sambhaavyata siddhaantam mariyu sankalana sammelanamlo phalitaalato sahaa samachara siddhaantam, sambhaavyata mariyu ganankalalo athani parisoedhanaa aasaktulu unnaayi. vidyaaparamaina jeevita charitra. kontoyannis oka bii sampaadinchaadu.ess. imperial college, university off london (1992) nundi ganitamlo, athanu cambridge university pure mathematics tripose (1993) yokka moodava bhaagamlo vishishtatanu pondaadu, mariyu athanu emm.ess. ganaamkaalu (1997) mariyu oka pihech.dii. electrical injaneeringlo (1998), iddaroo stanford vishwavidyaalayam nundi. 1998 mariyu 2018 madhya athanu purdue vishwavidyaalayam, braun vishwavidyaalayam, columbia vishwavidyaalayam mariyu athens vishwavidyaalayam off economics und businesslo bodhinchaadu. janavari 2018loe athanu cambridge vishwavidhyaalayamlo information injaneering vibhaagamlo information und communications professorga, signal prosessing und communications laboratory adhipatigaa cheraadu. juun 2020 nundi athanu ganaanka prayogasaalalo, cambridge vishwavidhyaalayamloni swachchamaina ganitam mariyu ganita ganaanka vibhaagamlo unnadu, akkada athanu ganitamlo churchill kurcheeni kaligi unnadu.

ionees countoins ionees countoins (paidaish januri 1972) eek yunani riyaazi daan aur information theorest hay. wah camberge university kay khaalis riyaazi aur riyaziyati shumariyat kay shobah mein shumariyati libartry kay saath operational recerch kay liye riyaazi kay charchal professor haine. wah daron college camberge kay filo information engineering devision camberge kay eek waabistah rakan foundation faar recerch aind technology-hailas kay eek recerch filo rabansan college camberge kay eek seniyar mumber aur rolo dudeson trust kay trusti bhee haine. inn kii tehqiqi dilchaspiyan information theori amkaan aur shumariyat mein haine bashmol ddita compression baiyo information neuro science masheen learning aur bunyadi malumat-nazaryati khayalat kay darmiyan rawabit aur amkanat kay nazariyah aur izaafi imtazaaj kay nataij mein inn kay istemaal. taleemi sawanah umri. countoins nay eek bee haasil kiyaa.aiss. imperial college university aaf landan (1992) say riyaazi mein inhon nay camberge university peevar methematics tripos (1993) kay hasah III mein imtiyaz haasil kiyaa aur inhon nay ayem.aiss. aidadushmar mein (1997) aur eek pee aich.ddee. electrical engineering (1998) mein donon nay stenford university say. 1998 aur 2018 kay darmiyan inhon nay perdio university brown university columbia university aur aithanz university aaf aknamiks aind buznis mein padhaya. januri 2018 mein inhon nay camberge university mein information engineering devision mein information aind communications kay professor aur segnal processing aind communications libartry kay sarbarah kay toor parr shamoliyat akhtiyar kii. joone 2020 say wah shumariyati libartry kay saath khaalis riyaazi aur riyaziyati shumariyat kay shobah mein camberge university mein haine jehaan wah riyaazi mein charchal chair rakhtay haine.

00000c264f0d7effa3099891b89969e9a7f45e1769dd92ecd858e440660ac66c

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12918217

Calgary Roller Derby

Calgary Roller Derby Roller derby league Calgary Roller Derby is a not-for-profit women's flat-track roller derby league based in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Calgary Roller Derby is a member of the Women's Flat Track Derby Association (WFTDA). History and structure. Calgary Roller Derby was originally formed as the Sandstone City Roller Girls in 2006, and restructured as the Calgary Roller Derby Association the following year. The league is skater-owned and skater-operated and is a non-profit organization. In April 2018 the league announced a rebrand and dropped the "Association" from its name, and introduced an updated logo. Currently, there are three home teams within the league: The Cut-Throat Car Hops, the Thrashin' Lassies, the B-52 Bellas. There are two travel teams: the Jane Deere (B team) and the All Stars (WFTDA charter travel team). The Hellion Rebellion were renamed the All Stars in 2012. The Jane Deere was defunct as of summer 2009 and reformed in 2016. Each of these teams has a roster of 14-20 skaters. There is also a Fresh Meat team of new skaters. The league skates from April until September, at Triwood Arena, with charity and invitational scrimmages during the off-season. Skaters also frequently travel throughout the province to participate in invitational bouts. The league was accepted into the WFTDA Apprentice Program in January 2013. CRD achieved full member status in the Women's Flat Track Derby Association (WFTDA) in December 2013, becoming the first full WFTDA member league in Alberta. Calgary Junior Roller Derby is the league's JRDA-aligned junior roller derby league. WFTDA competition. Calgary first qualified for WFTDA Playoffs in 2016, entering the Division 2 tournament in Lansing, Michigan as the fifth seed. At Lansing, Calgary upset higher-seeded Cincinnati Rollergirls, Charm City Roller Girls (Baltimore) and ultimately defeated the seventh-seeded Charlottesville Derby Dames 189–165 to take first place in the tournament. The victory qualified Calgary for the Division 2 side of WFTDA Championships. At Championships in Portland, Calgary lost their opening game against the Blue Ridge Rollergirls 225–183, but then won a rematch against Charlottesville 252–197 to take third place in Division 2. In 2017, Calgary made their first appearance at Division 1 Playoffs at Malmö, but lost to both Rainy City Roller Derby and Helsinki Roller Derby to finish out of the medal round. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

kelgari rular darbi kelgeri rular darbi hoise kanadar kelgeri, elberter uporot aadharito ek olabhjonok mohilar flate-trekk rular darbi leeg. kelgeri rular darbi hoise mohilar flate trekk darbi ess "siyesyonor (dobliu. ef. ti. di. e) xodosyo. itihax aaru gothon. kelgari rular darbi mulotoh 2006 sonot beleparur sohor rular suwali hisape gothon koraa hoisil, aaru poroborti bosorot kelgari rular darbi ess "siyesyon hisape punor gothon koraa hoisil. leegkhon skateror malikanadhin aaru skater-porisalito aaru ee ek olabhjonok xongstha. 2018 sonor aprilot leege etaa punor brend ghuxona korisil aaru iyar naamor poraa "ess" siyesyon "aatorai disil, aaru etaa update koraa lugu proborton korisil. bortoman, leegor bhitorot tinita ghoruwa doll aaseh kaat-throat kaar hoh 'poo, thresin lesij, bi-52 belaa. dutaa bhromon doll aaseh zen dire (bi doll) aaru ol staar (dobliu. ef. ti. di. e. charter travel doll). 2012 sonot helion bidruhor naam xoloni kori ol staar koraa hoisil. 2009 sonor grishmokaloloike zen direk niskriyo koraa hoisil aaru 2016 sonot xongskar koraa hoisil. ei dolxomuhor protiture 14-20 skateror rostar aase. notun skaterxokolor etaa xotej mangxor dolou aase. aprilor poraa septembor maholoike triude erinat off-sijonor xomoyot datobyo aaru aamontronmulok screamageor xoite leeg skate kore. skaterxokoleu aamontronmulok boutot ongxogrohon koriboloi xoghonai xomogro prodex bhromon kore. 2013 sonor januaryt leagtuk dobliu. ef. ti. di. e. apprentice karzoxusit grohon koraa hoisil. 2013 sonor disembor maahot chi. aar. di. e mohila flate trekk darbi ess "siyesyon (dobliu. ef. ti. di. e.) too xompurno xodosyor morzada laabh korisil, aaru ee elberter prothom xompurno dobliu. ef. ti. di. e. xodosyo leeg hoi porisil. kelgeri juniyor rular darbi hoise leegor je. aar. di. e-elined juniyor rular darbi leeg. dobliu. ef. ti. di. e. protijugita. kelgeriye 2016 sonot dobliu. ef. ti. di. e. play-ofor baabe prothombaror baabe jugyota orjon korisil, ponchom basai hisape mixiganor lansingot dwitiyo bibhagor protijugitat prowex korisil. lensing-too kelgeriye uscho-basair sinsinnati rollergorls, charmo chiti rular garls (bultimur) koo bipothgami kori tule aaru owoxexot xoptom-basair charlotsovil darbi dames 189-165 koo porasto kori protijugitakhonot prothom sthan dokhol kore. ei bijoyoi dobliu. ef. ti. di. e. championswipor dwitiyo bibhagor baabe kelgerir jugyota orjon korisil. poo 'rtolandor championswipot kelgeriye blue riz rollergorlsor biruddhe prarombhik khelot porasto hoisil, kintu taar pisot charlo' tosvilor biruddhe punor khelkhonot joylabh kori dwitiyo xakhat tritiyo sthan laabh korisil. 2017 sonot, kelgeriye malmut 1moo bibhagor play-ofot prothombaror baabe uposthito hoisil, kintu renar chiti rular darbi aaru helsingki rular darbi duyure haatot porasto hoi podokor roundor poraa baahir hoisil.

calgari roller darby calgari roller darby holl calgari, alberta, kanada vittik ekti olabhjonok mohilader flatt-track roller darby leeg. calgari roller darby mohilader flatt track darby associationer (doblueftda) sadasya. itihas oo kathamo. calgari roller darby mulat 2006 saale belepathorer shohorer roller garles hisabe gothito hoyechilo ebong porer bochor calgari roller darby association hisabe punargathan koraa hoyechilo. leaguety skater-malikanadhin ebong skater-porichalito ebong ekti olabhjonok sangostha. 2018 saaler aprile leaguety ekti rebrand ghoshana korey ebong taar naam theke "association" baad deyo ebong ekti halnagad logo chaalu korey. bortomane, liger modhye tinti home doll royeche cutt-throat kaar hops, thrashin lassie, bii-52 belas. duti bhromon doll royeche zena dier (bii doll) ebong oll stara (doblueftda charter travel doll). 2012 saale hellion bidroher naam poriborton korey oll stara koraa hoy. 2009 saaler grisse zena dier bilupto hoye yaay ebong 2016 saale sangoskar koraa hoy. eyi dalgulir prottektiri 14-20 skaterder ekti talika royeche. notun skaterder ekti taza mangser dolo royeche. april theke septembara porjonto ligg sketa korey, triude arena, off-sijone datobbo ebong amantranmulak screamage soho. sketarrao prayashai amantranmulak ladaiye ongshogrohoner jonno pradesh judey bhromon korey. 2013 saaler januaryte leaguety dobleeu. eff. tii. dii. ayee shikkhanobish programe grihito hoy. 2013 saaler decembere mohila flatt track darby associatione (dobleeu. eff. tii. dii. ayee) purno sadasyer morjada orjon korey, jaa alberter prothom purno dobleeu. eff. tii. dii. ayee sadasya leeg hoye othe. calgari junior roller darby holl liger jeey. arr. dii. ayee-sangjukto junior roller darby leeg. dablu. eff. tii. dii. ayee protijogita. calgari prothom 2016 saale dablu. eff. tii. dii. ayee play-ofer jonno jogyata orjon korey, pancham bachhai hisabe mishiganer lansingye dwitiya bibhage turnamente probesh korey. lancing-ayee, calgarir biporjoy uchcho-bachhai cincinati rollergirls, charm city roller garles (baltimore) ebong shesh porjonto saptam bachhai charlotsville darby demske 189-165 porajito korey turnamente prothom sthan adhikar korey. eyi joy dablu. eff. tii. dii. ayee championshiper dwitiya bibhager jonno calgarir jogyata orjon korey. portlande championshipe, calgari taader udwodhoni khelay blue riz rollergirls 225-183-err biruddhe herey yaay, kintu tarpor charlotsviller biruddhe ekti punra match jitey dwitiya bibhage tritiya sthan orjon korey. 2017 saale, calgari malmote prothom bibhage prothom uposthito hoy, kintu raine city roller darby ebong helsinki roller darby ubhoyer kachhe herey podok round theke beriye aase.

kelgari roller derby kelgari roller derby aee biin-nafakarak maheelaoni flat-track roller derby leag chhe jeey kelgari, alberta, kenedama stheet chhe. kelgari roller derby maheela flat track derby association (doubleu. aef. tii. dii. aee.) nee sabhy chhe. itihas aneey maalakhu. kelgari roller derbyni rachnaa mulroope mulroope sandstone ciity roller gearls tareeke karvaamaa aavee hatee aneey teey pachhinaa varshe kelgari roller derby association tareeke tenu punargathan karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. aaa leag skaterni malikini aneey skater sanchaalit chhe aneey biin-nafakarak sanstha chhe. april april leege rebrandnee jaaherat curry aneey tenaa nammathi "sangathan" neey door karyoo aneey adhyatan logo rajoo karyo. haalmaa, leegma trana gharelu teamo chheh qata-throat kaar hops, thrashin lessies, bii-52 belaa. beey musafari teamo chheh jaine deere (bii team) aneey ola stars (wftda charter travel team). heliyan badvaanu naam badaline badaline ola stars rakhvama aavyu hatoo. hatoo unaalaa sudhimaa jaine deere bundh thaee gayoo hatoo aneey aneey temaa sudhaaro karvaamaa aavyo hato. aaa darek team 14-20 skaternu roaster chhe. navaa skaterni taajee maansnee team pann chhe. leag aprilthi september sudhee, triwood aarenama, off-season darmiyan charity aneey aamantran screamage saathe skates karey chhe. skater pann aamantran mukabalama bhaag levaa maate vaaramvaar samagr praantmaa musafari karey chhe. leegne january december doubleu. aef. tii. dii. aee. apprentices prograamma svikarvama aavee hatee. see. aar. dii. aee december december maheela flat track derby association (doubleu. aef. tii. dii. aee.) maan sampoorn sabhyano darajjo praapt karyo hato, jeey albertama pratham sampoorn doubleu. aef. tii. dii. aee. sabhy leag bunny hatee. kelgari juniyar roller derby aee leegnee jeey. aar. dii. aee.-sanrekheet juniyar roller derby leag chhe. doubleu. aef. tii. dii. aee. spardhaa. kelgari pratham 2016 maan doubleu. aef. tii. dii. aee. playoff maate kwolifay thayu hatoo, paanchmaa kramaankit tareeke mishiganna lancingma division 2 tournamentma pravesh karyo hato. lensing khaate, kelgari uchch kramaankit cincinati rollergirls, chaarm ciity roller gearls (baltimore) neey pareshaan karyaa aneey aakhare tournamentma pratham sthaan melavaa maate saatmaa kramaankit charlotsville derby damsne haraavya. aaa vijay doubleu. aef. tii. dii. aee. champiyanshipna division 2 baaju maate laaykaat dharaave chhe. portlandmaa champiyanshipma, kelgari blue rij rollergirls 225-183 saame temnee praarambhik ramat haaree gaee, parantu pachhi charlotsville 252-197 saame rematch jeeteene division 2 maan triju sthaan melavyu. 2017 maan, kelgari malmo khaate division 1 playofma pratham dekhaav karyo, parantu medala roundmanthi bahaar thavaa maate rainer ciity roller derby aneey helsinki roller derby banne saame haaree gaee.

kailgari roller derby kailgari roller derby ack gair-laabhkaari mahila flat-track roller derby leag haye joe kailgari, alberta, kanada mein sthit haye. kailgari roller derby mahilaaon key flat track derby association (doubleu. aff. tii. dee. aeye.) kaa sadasya haye. itihas aur sanrachana. kailgari roller derby koo mool roop seey 2006 mein balua patthar shahar roller ladkiyon key roop mein banaaya gayaa thaa, aur agale varsh kailgari roller derby association key roop mein punargathit kiya gayaa thaa. leag skater key swaamitva vaali aur skater-sanchaalit haye aur ack gair-laabhkaari sangathan haye. aprail 2018 mein leag ney ack rebrand kii ghoshana kii aur apane naam seey "association" koo hataa diyaa, aur ack adyatan logo pesh kiya. vartamaan mein, leag key bheetar teen gharelu teemen hainh cutt-throat kaar hops, thrashin 'laaseez, bee-52 belas. dou yatra dall hainh jaine deere (bee team) aur sabhi sitaare (doubleu. aff. tii. dee. aeye. charter travel team). helian vidroh kaa naam 2012 mein aul stars curr diyaa gayaa thaa. jaine deere 2009 kii garmiyon mein bund hoe gayaa thaa aur 2016 mein sudhaar kiya gayaa thaa. inn teams mein seey pratyek key paas 14-20 skaters kaa ack roaster haye. nae skaters kii ack taaja maans team bhee haye. leag aprail seey sitambar taka, triwood kshetra mein, daan aur aamantran key saath off-season key dauran skates karati haye. skater bhee aamantran mukabalon mein bhaag lene key liye poore praant mein aksar yatra karate hain. leag koo janwari 2013 mein doubleu. aff. tii. dee. aeye. prashikshu karyakram mein sweekaar kiya gayaa thaa. see. aar. dee. ney disambar 2013 mein mahila flat track derby association (doubleu. aff. tii. dee. aeye.) mein poorna sadasya kaa darja hassil kiya, joe alberta mein pahali poorna doubleu. aff. tii. dee. aeye. sadasya leag bunn gaee. kailgari junier roller derby leag kii jey. aar. dee. aeye.-sanrekhit junier roller derby leag haye. doubleu. aff. tii. dee. aeye. pratiyogita. kailgari ney pahali baar 2016 mein doubleu. aff. tii. dee. aeye. playoff key liye arhata praapt kii, paanchven beej key roop mein mishigan key lancing mein division 2 tournament mein pravesh kiya. lancing mein, uchch vareeyata praapt sinsinati rollergirls, chaarm city roller girls (baltimore) aur antatah saatvin vareeyata praapt charlotsville derby dames koo harakar tournament mein pahala sthaan praapt kiya. doubleu. aff. tii. dee. aeye. championship key division 2 paksh key liye jeet ney yogya kailgari kiya. portland mein championship mein, kailgari ney blue riz rollergirls 225-183 key khilaf apana shuruati khel khou diyaa, lekin phir charlotsville 252-197 key khilaf division 2 mein teesara sthaan lene key liye ack rematch jeetaa. 2017 mein, kailgari ney malmo mein division 1 playoff mein apani pahali upasthiti darj karaai, lekin padak daur seey baahar honey key liye barsaat key shahar roller derby aur helsinki roller derby donon seey haar gaye.

calgary roller durby calgary roller durby kenadaada calgary, albertadalli nelegondiruva laabharahita mahila flat-track roller durby leigh aagide. calgary roller durby mahila flat track durby association (wftda) naa sadasyavagide. itihaasa mattu rachane. calgary roller darbiyannu moolatah moolatah maralugallina city roller gurles endu rachisalaayitu mattu mundina varsha calgary roller durby association endu punarrachisalaayitu. ee leigh skater-malikatvada mattu skater-chaalitavaagiddu, laabharahita samstheyaagide. 2018rahra aprilnalli leigh marubrand ghoshisitu mattu adara hesarininda "association" annu kaibittitu mattu navikarisida laanchanavannu parichayisitu. prastuta, leagnalli mooru tavaru tandagaliveh cutt-throat kaar hops, thrashin lassis, bii-52 bellas. eradu pravaasa tandagaliveh jaine dierre (bii tanda) mattu aall stars (wftda charter travel tanda). tanda) helian dangeyannu aall stars endu marunamakarana maadalaayitu. 2009rahra besigeyante jaine dierre annu nishkriyagolisalaayitu mattu calgary sudhaarane maadalaayitu. ee pratiyondu tandavoo 14-20 skatergala pattiyannu hondide. hosa skatergala taja maamsada tandavoo ide. leigh eprilninda september varege, triwood kridaanganadalli, off-seesannalli datti mattu aahvaanada skrimmejgalondige scate maaduttade. skatergalu aagaagge praantyadaadyanta prayanisi aahvaanita pandyagalalli bhagavahisuttare. ee leigh annu 2013rahra janavariyalli wftda apprentices prograange angeekarisalaayitu. crd december december mahila flat track durby association (wftda) nalli purna sadasya sthaanamaanavannu galisitu, idu albertaadallina modala purna wftda sadasya leigh aayitu. calgary junier roller durby leagna jrda-allined junier roller durby leigh aagide. wftda spardhe. calgary calgary wftda playafgalige modala baarige arhate padedu, aidane shreyankada atagaranagi michigan lancingnalli nadeda division 2 pandyaavaliyannu praveshisidaru. lancingnalli, calgariyu unnata-shreyankada cincinnati rollergirls, charm city roller gurles (baltimore) galannu asamaadhaanagolisitu mattu antimavagi elane shreyankada charlotesville durby dames 189-165 avarannu solisi pandyaavaliyalli modala sthana galisitu. ee vijayavu wftda championshipna vibhaga 2rahra tandakke arhate padeditu. portlandnallina champiyanshipgalalli, calgary tamma arambhika aatavannu blue ridge rollergirls 225-183 viruddha sotaru, aadare nantara charlotesville 252-197 viruddha marukalisuva pandyadalli geddu vibhaga vibhaga moorane sthaanavannu padedaru. padedaru, calgary malmodalli vibhaga 1rahra playafgalalli modala baarige kanisikondaru, aadare malyada suttinalli maley nagarada roller durby mattu helsinki roller durby eradannoo solisi padakada suttininda horabandaru.

kalgari roller derby kaanadayile alberta aasthaanamaayulla laabhechayillaathe nadakkunna vanita phlait track roller derby leegaanu kalgari roller derby. vanita phlait track derby association (doublueftda) amgamaanu kalgari roller derby. charithravum ghadanayum. kalgari roller derby yadhaarthathil 2006 ll manalkkall sitti roller gales aayi roopeekarikkukayum adutha varsham kalgari roller derby associationaayi punasamghadippikkukayum cheythu. skettar udamasthathayilullathum skettar nadathunnathumaaya eee leag laabhechayillaathe pravartthikkunna oru samghadanayaanu. 2018 eprilil leag oru rebrand prakhyapikkukayum athinte peril ninnu "association" ozhivaakkukayum update cheytha logo avatharippikkukayum cheythu. nilavil, leagil moonnu hoome teamukalunda katt-throat kaar hoops, trashin lassis, bii-52 bellas. rund traval teamukalunda jaine deere (bii team), ool staars (doublueftda charter traval team). 2012-ll helian kalaapathe ool staar ennu punarnaamakaranam cheythu. 2009 venalkkaalath jaine deere pravarthanarahithamaavukayum 2016-ll parishkarikkukayum cheythu. eee teamukalil oronninum 14-20 skettarmaarude pattikayund. puthiya skettarmaarude oru puthiya irachi samghavum undu. epril muthal septambar vare, triwood arenayil, oof seasonil chaaritiyum shanakkathum ulla skettukalumaayaanu leag skettu cheiyunnathu. shanikkappetta malsarangalil pankedukkaan skettarmaar pravishyayiludaneelam pathivayi sanjarikkunnu. 2013 januvariyil dablyu. eph. tii. dii. eiii apprentis prograamilekku leag amgeekarikkappettu. 2013 desemberil vanita phlait track derby associationil (dablyu. eph. tii. dii. eiii) poornna amgathvam nediya sii. aarr. dii. alberta aadyathe poornna dablyu. eph. tii. dii. eiii anga leegayi maari. leagile jrda-allined juuniyar roller derby leegaanu kalgari juuniyar roller derby. dablyu. eph. tii. dii. eiii malsaram. anchaam seedaayi mishiganile lansingle division 2 toornamentil praveshicha kalgari 2016 ll dablyu. eph. tii. dii. eiii play ofukalkku yogyatha nedi. lansingle, kalgari uyarnna seed sinsinnaatti rollergarels, chaarm sitti roller gales (baltimore) ennivare paraajayappedutthukayum aathyanthikamayi ezhaam seed charlottasville derby daamukale 189-165 paraajayappeduthi toornamentil onnaam sthaanam nedukayum cheythu. eee vijayam dablyu. eph. tii. dii. eiii chaambyanshippinte division 2 bhaagathekku kalgari yogyatha nedi. portlandile chaambyanshippukalil, kalgari avarude aadya geyim blue ridge rollergarels <aii. dii. 1>-nethire parajayappettu, pakshe pinneedu charlottasville <aii. dii. 2> nethiraaya oru rematch vijayichu division 2-ll moonnaam sthaanam nedi. 2017-ll, kalgari malmoyil division 1 play oofukalil aadyamaayi prathyakshappettu, pakshe mazhayulla sitti roller derbiode helsinghi roller derbiode parajayappettu medel roundil ninnu purathaayi.

calgary roller derby calgary roller derby hii canadatil calgary, alberta yethe sthit eka naa-napha milanari mahilanchi flat-track roller derby leag aahe. calgary roller derby hii mahilanchya flat track derby associationchi (doubleu. eff. tii. dii. aii.) sadasya aahe. itihas aanee rachana. calgary roller derbychi sthapana 2006 madhye valukashma shahar roller gearls mhanoon jhaali aanee pudhchya varshi calgary roller derby association mhanoon punarrachana karnyat aalee. hii leag skaterchya malkichi aanee skater-sanchalit aahe aanee eka naa-napha sanstha aahe. april 2018 madhye leegne rebrandchi ghoshana kelee aanee tyachya navatoon 'association' kadhoon takale aanee adyayavat logo sadar keela. sadhya, leegmadhye teen gharche sangh aaheth cutt-throat qaar hops, thrashin lassies, bii-52 belah. done pravasi sangh aaheth jaine dier (buub sangh) aanee aul stars (doubleu. eff. tii. dii. aii. charter travel sangh). helian bandala 2012 madhye aul stars asey naav denyat aale. 2009 chya unhalyapasun jaine dier bund karnyat aale aanee 2016 madhye tyat sudharana karnyat aalee. yaa pratyek sanghat 14-20 skaterchi yadee aahe. naveen skatercha eka tajya mansacha chamoo dekhil aahe. eprilpasoon septemberparyant, triwoodchya maidanat, leag skates, auph-seasonmadhye dharmaday aanee aamantranatmak screamages. skater dekhil aamantranatmak spardhanmadhye sahbhagi honyasathi varanvar sampoorn prantat pravas karatat. janewari 2013 madhye doubleu. eff. tii. dii. aii. shikau karyakramat leag sweekarli gelee. december 2013 madhye see. aar. dii. neey mahilanchya flat track derby associationmadhye (doubleu. eff. tii. dii. aii.) purn sadasya darja prapt keela, aanee albertamadhil pahili purn doubleu. eff. tii. dii. aii. sadasya leag bunley. calgary junier roller derby hii leegchi jeey. aar. dii. aii.-sanrekhit junier roller derby leag aahe. doubleu. eff. tii. dii. aii. spardha. calgarine 2016 madhye doubleu. eff. tii. dii. aii. playofsathi patrata midavali, lancing, mishiganmadhye pachve manankit mhanoon vibhag 2 spardhet pravesh keela. lancingmadhye, calgarine uchch manankit cincinnati rollergirls, charm ciity roller gearls (baltimore) yanna parabhoot kele aanee shevati satvya manankit charlotsville derby dames 189-165 yanna parabhoot karoon spardhet pratham sthan midavale. haah vijay doubleu. eff. tii. dii. aii. ajinkyapad spardhechya vibhag 2 sathee calgarila patra tharala. portlandmadhil ajinkyapad spardhanmadhye, calgarila tyancha pahila samna blue rij rollergirls 225-183 viruddha gamvava lagla, parantu nantar charlotsville 252-197 viruddha punha samna jinkun vibhag 2 madhye tisare sthan midavale. 2017 madhye, calgarine malmo yethe vibhag 1 playofmadhye tyancha pahila samna keela, parantu raine ciity roller derby aanee helsinki roller derby yaa doghankadun parabhav patkarla aanee padak feritoon baher padale.

calgari roller derby calgari roller derby calgari, alberta, canadama adharit ek gaira-nafamulak mahila flatt-track roller derby ligg how. calgari roller derby mahila flatt track derby association (wftda) ko sadasya how. itihas rar sanrachana. calgari roller derby muel rupma 2006 maa balaute dhungako sahar roller ketiharuko rupma gathan garieko thiyo, rar arko warsha calgari roller derby associationko rupma punargathan garieko thiyo. ligg skater-swamitwa rar skater-sanchalit chha rar ek gaira-labhkari sanstha how. april 2018 maa ligle rebrandko ghoshana garyo rar yasako nambata "association" hataeko thiyo, rar adyawadhik logo prastut garyo. hall, ligbhitra tinawata gharelu toliharu chhanh cutt-throat carr hups, thressin 'lasiharu, bee-52 belas. tyahan dui yatra toliharu chhanh zen dear (bee tolly) rar sabai tara (wftda charter travel tolly). helian vidrohalai 2012 maa sabai taraharu naam diiyo. zen dear garmi 2009 samma nishkriya thiyo rar 2016 maa sudhar gariyo. yee pratyek tolisanga 14-20 skaterharuko roaster chha. tyahan nayan skaterharuko taja masu tolly pani chha. ligle aprildekhi septembersamma, triwod erenama, aff-sijanma paropkar rar nimantrana screamageharusahit skating gardacha. skaterharu pani prayaha nimantrana bautharuma bhag lyne prantabhari yatra garchhan. liglai janawari 2013 maa wftda apprentices karyakramma swikar garieko thiyo. december 2013 maa mahila flatt track derby association (wftda) maa purna sadasya darja prapta gardai, albertama pahilo purna wftda sadasya ligg banyo. calgari junier roller derby ligko jrda-allined junier roller derby ligg how. wftda pratiyogita. calgarile pahilo patak 2016 maa wftda playafka lagi yogya bhayo, lancing, mishiganma division 2 pratiyogitama panchaun sidko rupma prawesh garyo. lancingma, calgarile uccha-wariyata prapta cincinnati rollergerls, charma city roller gearls (baltimore) lai parajit गऱ्यो। rar antatah sataun-wariyata prapta charlotsabhil derby dames 189-165 lai haraera pratiyogitama pahilo sthan prapta गऱ्यो।. yo jitle wftda championshipko division 2 pakshako lagi calgarilai yogya banayo. portlandko championshipma, calgarile afno udghatan khel nilo riz rollergerls 225-183 viruddha haare, tara tyasapachhi charlotsabhil 252-197 viruddha punah khel jitera division 2 maa tesro sthan prapta gare. 2017 maa, calgarile malmoma division 1 playfma pahilo upasthiti banayo, tara warsha shahar roller derby rar helsinki roller derby duwaisanga padak roundbata bahira huna haare.

calgery roller derby calgery roller derby heuchhi calgery, alberta, kanadare abasthita eka analabhakari mahila flat-track roller derby ligg . calgery roller derby mahila flat track derby association (dablu. aif. tii. dii. aii.) rahr sadasya. itihas ebong dhancha. calgery roller derby moolatah 2006 ray baluka pathara city roller gearl bhabare gathita hoithila, ebong parabarti barsha calgery roller derby association bhabare punargathana karajaithila . ehi ligg skater-malikanare ebong skater-parichalita ebong eka anah-labhakari sangathana . april 2018 ray ligg eka rebrand ghoshana karithila ebong ehara namaru "association" ku hatai deithila, ebong eka update logo prabartana karithila . bartamana, ligg madhyare tinoti gharoi dala achhih cott-thrut carr hops, thrashin lassies, bii-52 belas . duiti bhraman dala achhih zen dire (bii dala) ebong all starr (dablu. aif. tii. dii. aii. charter travel dala). helian bidrohaku 2012 ray samasta taaraa bhabare punahnamakarana karajaithila. 2009 grishma ruture zen dire karjyakhyama hoinathila ebong 2016 ray sanskara karajaithila. ehi dalagudika madhyaru pratyekankara 14-20 sketarnka roaster achhi . nutan sketarmanankara eka taza maansa dala madhya achhi . eprilaru september parjyanta, triude erenare, off-sijinare databya ebong nimantranakaree screamage sahita ligg skate kare . skatermane madhya nimantran mukabilare anshagrahana kariba paain barambar samagra pradesh bhraman karanti . januari 2013 ray ehi ligg ku dablyu. aif. tii. dii. aii. apprentices prograamare grahan karajaithila. december 2013 ray mahila flat track derby association (dablyu. aif. tii. dii. aii.) ray sii. aarr. dii. purna sadasya manyata hassel karithila, jaahaa albertare pratham purna dablyu. aif. tii. dii. aii. sadasya ligg hoithila . calgery juniara roller derby heuchhi ligra jay. aarr. dii. aii.-allined juniara roller derby ligg. dablyu. aif. tii. dii. aii. pratijogita. calgery prathame 2016 ray dablyu. aif. tii. dii. aii. playoff paain jogyata arjan karithile, pancham sid bhabare mishiganara lanasingre divijana 2 turnamentare prabesha karithile. lanasingre, calgery uccha-manyata prapta cincinnati rollergirl, charm city roller gearls (baltimore) nku parasta karithile ebong sheshare saptama manyata prapta charlotasvil derby dames 189-165 nku parasta curry turnamentare pratham sthana hassel karithile. ehi bijai dablyu. aif. tii. dii. aii. championshipra divijana 2 pakhya paain calgery jogyata arjan karithila. portlander championship ray, calgari blue riz rollergirl 225-183 bipakhyare semanankara prarambhika khela harithile, kintu parey charlotasvil 252-197 bipakhyare eka punahmyacha jiti divijana 2 ray truteeja sthana hassel karithile. 2017 ray, calgari malmore divijana 1 play off ray pratham pradarshan karithile, kintu ubhaja barsha sahara roller derby ebong helasinki roller darbinkatharu haari padaka roundru samapta hoithile .

calgari roller derby calgari roller derby ikk gair-munafa aurtan dee flat-track roller derby leeg haii joe calgari, alberta, canada witch adharat haii. calgari roller derby aurtan dee flat track derby association (w. eff. tii. dee. aii.) dee member haii. itihaas atey banatar. calgari roller derby noon asal witch 2006 witch sandstone city roller gerals vajon banaiaa giaa see, atey agle saal calgari roller derby association vajon punargathan keeta giaa see. leeg skater dee malkiat atey skater duaara sanchalit haii atey ikk gair-munafa sangathan haii. aprail 2018 witch leeg neey ikk rebrand dee ghoshna keeti atey aapne naam toon "association" noon hataa ditta, atey ikk update keeta logo pesh keeta. varatman witch, leeg dey ander tinn gharelu teaman hann katt-galey qaar hops, threshin 'lassies, bee-52 baila. doou yaatra teaman hann jaine deere (bee team) atey aal starr (w. eff. tii. dee. aii. charter travel team). helian vidroh daa naam 2012 witch aal starr rakkhiaa giaa see. jaine deere noon 2009 deeaan garmiaan witch bnd qarr ditta giaa see atey 2016 witch sudhar keeta giaa see. inhan teaman vicchon harek witch 14-20 skateran dee suchi haii. navein skateran dee ikk taaza meat team vee haii. leeg aprail toon satambar takk, triwood akhade witch, aaf-season dauran charity atey sadda denh vaale takraa naal skate kardi haii. skater vee aksar sadde jaanh vaale mukabaliaan witch hissa lainn laee poore soobe witch yaatra karde hunn. leeg noon janwari 2013 witch w. eff. tii. dee. aii. apprentices program witch savikar keeta giaa see. see. aar. dee. neey dasambar 2013 witch mahila flat track derby association (w. eff. tii. dee. aii.) witch poora member daa darja prapat keeta, joe alberta witch pahili puurii w. eff. tii. dee. aii. member leeg bann gaee. calgari junier roller derby leeg dee jey. aar. dee. aii.-allined junier roller derby leeg haii. w. eff. tii. dee. aii. mukabala. calgari neey pahili vaar 2016 witch w. eff. tii. dee. aii. playf laee qualify keeta, panjwan darja prapat mishigan dey lensing witch division 2 tournament witch dakhal hoiaa. lensing witch, calgari neey ucch darja prapat sinsinati rollergrals, charm city roller gerals (baltimore) noon upset keeta atey aakharkar tournament witch pahila sathaan haasal curran laee sattvan darja prapat charlotsville derby dams noon haraiaa. iss jitt neey w. eff. tii. dee. aii. championship dey division 2 laee qualify keeta. portland witch championship witch, calgari aapni shuruati khed blue rij rollergrals 225-183 dey virudh haar gaee, parr firr charlotsville 252-197 dey virudh ikk rematch jitt keey division 2 witch teeja sathaan haasal keeta. 2017 witch, calgari neey malmo vikhe division 1 playf witch aapni pahili peshkari ditti, parr maddle raoond toon bahr honn laee barsati shehar roller derby atey helsinki roller derby dovan toon haar gaee.

kelgari roller derby calgary roller derby iti calgary, alberta, kenada-deshe sthitaa laabharahitah mahilaa-flaat-track roller derby leag asti. calgary roller derby iti mahilaa-flaat-track-derby-sanghasya (doubleu. ef. tea. dee. e.) sadasyaa asti. itihaasah tathaa samrachanaa. calgary roller derby ityasya nirmanam moolatah 2006 tame varshe sandstan city roller gearls iti rupena krutam, tadanantaram varshe calgary roller derby asosiyeshan iti rupena punargatitam. leag iti skater-svamitva skater-sanchaalitam cha asti, labharahitasamstha cha asti. 2018 april-maase leag-samsthaa punah brand iti ghoshayitvaa swanamna "sangham" iti nishkaasayat, adyataneekrutam logo cha praavartayat. samprati leag-madhye trayah gruha-dalaani santi-cutt-throat-kaar-hops, thrashin-lassies, bee-52 belas. atra yatra-daladwayam asti-zen deere (bee-dalam), aal-stars (doubleu. ef. tea. dee. e. charter-travel-dalam) cha. helian-vidrohasya naam 2012 tame varshe aal-stars iti punahkaranam krutam. 2009 tame varshe grishmakaale zen-deere ityasya kaaryam nishkriyam abhavat, 2016 tame varshe cha tasya samskaarah krutah. eteshu pratyekasmin dale 14-20 skater-ityeteshaam soochee asti. tatra nutananam skater-ityeteshaam nootanam maamsa-dalam api asti. leag-skates-kreedaah april-masat september-maasaparyantam, travood-kshetre, dayavada-karyakramena, aahvaan-vivaadaih cha saha, aaf-season-madhye bhavanti. skater-kreedakaah api praayah aahvaan-spardhaasu bhaagam graheetum sampoorne pradeshe pravaasam kurvanti. 2013 janavaree-maase doubleu. ef. tea. dee. e. apprentices-kaaryakrame leag-samsthaa sweekrutah. see. aar. dee. samsthaa 2013 december-maase mahilaa-flaat-track-derby-sanghe (doubleu. ef. tea. dee. e.) poornasadasyapadaveem praapnot, alberta-nagarasya prathamaa poorna-doubleu. ef. tea. dee. e. sadasya-leag abhavat. calgary-junier-roller-derby iti leag-ityasya jey. aar. dee. e-alaind-junier-roller-derby-leag asti. doubleu. ef. tea. dee. e. pratiyogitaa. kalgari prathamavaaram 2016 tame varshe doubleu. ef. tea. dee. e. play-aaf-krute arhataa praaptavatee, panchamam seed iti rupena mishigan-deshasya lancing-nagare division 2 spardhayam pravesham krutavatee. lancing-kridaayaam, calgary-kreedaayaah uccha-shrenyaah cincinnati rollergirls, chaarm city roller gearls (baltimore) ityetaan apadat, ante saptamm shrenyaah chaarlotasville derby dames 189-165 ityetaan parajayya pratiyogitaayaam prathamastham praapnot. ayam vijayah doubleu. ef. tea. dee. e.-chaampiyanship-vibhaagasya 2 pakshasya krute yogyatam praapnot. portland-nagarasya championship-kreedaasu, calgary-varyaha bloo riz rollergirls-viruddham swasya udghaatanee-kridaayaam parajitah, parantu tatah chaarlottaswille-viruddham punah spardhayam vijayam praapya vibhaga-2 madhye trutiyasthanam praapnot. 2017 tame varshe, calgary-varyaha maalmo-nagare vibhaga-1 play-aaf-kridaayaam prathamam upasthitah abhavat, parantu varshaakaale nagarasya roller derby tathaa helsinki roller derby ityetayoho parajitah bhutva padaka-chakraat muktah abhavat.

calcery roller terby calcery roller terby enbathu kanadaavin kalkari, albertavai thalamaagak konda ilaaba noakkattra penkalin plaat-track roller terby leak aagum. calcery roller terby enbathu penkal plaat track terby sangaththin (dablueft) uruppinar aagum. varalaaru mattrum amaippu. calcery roller terby muthalil 2006 aam aandil manarkal nagara roller sirumigalaaga uruvaakkappattathu, aduththa aandu calcery roller terby sangamaaga maruseeramaikkappattathu. inththa leak skaettarukkuch sonthamaanathu mattrum scatter moolam iyakkappadukirathu mattrum idhu oru ilaaba noakkattra amaippaagum. aepral 2018 ill leak oru marupeyaridalai ariviththathu mattrum adhan peyarilirunthu "sangam" aii kaivittathu, maelum pudhuppikkappatta logovai arimugappaduththiyathu. tharpoothu, leakil moontru sontha anigal ullanah cutt-throad kaarr hops, drashin lassies, pii-52 bellaakkal. irandu payana anigal ullanah jaine deere (pii anii) mattrum aall stars (dablueft saarttar payanak kuzhu). heliyan kilarchi 2012 aam aandil anaitthu natchaththiranggal endru marupeyaridappattathu. jaine deere 2009 koadaiyil seyalizhandhu 2016 ill seerthiruththappattathu. inththa anigal ovvondrum 14-20 scatergalin pattiyalaik kondullana. puthiya scatergalin puthiya iraichchi kuzhuvum ullathu. leak skaettukal aepral muthal septumber varai, trivoot arangkil, off-seasonil thondu mattrum azhaippithazh scrimmageludan. scatergal adikkadi maagaanam muzhuvathum payanam seithu azhaippithazh poattikalil pankerkiraarkal. inththa leak janavari 2013 ill dablueft abrandis thittaththil aetrtrukkollappattathu. disambar 2013 ill penkal plaat track terby associationil (dablueft) muzhu uruppinar anthasthai adainthathu, idhu alberdavil muthal muzhu dablueft uruppinar leak aanathu. calcery juuniyar roller terby enbathu leakin jrda-seeramaikkappatta juuniyar roller terby leak aagum. dablueft poatti. calcery muthanmuthalil 2016 aam aandil dablueft playofgalukku thaguthi pettraar, lansingle pirivu 2 poattiyil nuzhainthaar, michikan ainthaavathu vithaiyaaka. lansingle, calcery uyar-seed cincinati rollergirls, saarm chitty roller carels (baltimore) mattrum iruthiyil aezhaavathu seed charlodesville terby dames 189-165 aii thoarkadiththu poattiyil muthal idaththaip pidiththathu. inththa vettri dablueft saambiyanshippin pirivu 2 pakkaththirku kalkari thaguthi pettrathu. poartlaendil nadantha saambiyanshippil, calcery neela ridge rollergerls 225-183 kku ethiraaga thangal thodakka aattaththai ilanththaar, aanaal pinnar charlottasville 252-197 kku ethiraana marupariseelanaiyil vettri pettru pirivu 2 ill moontraavathu idaththaip pidiththaar. 2017 aam aandil, calcery malmovil pirivu 1 playofgalil muthal muraiyaaga thoantrinaar, aanaal mazhai nagara roller terby mattrum helsingi roller terby aagiya iruvaridamum thoalviyadainthu pathakka suttril irunthu veliyaerinaar.

kalshari roller derby calberry roller derby anedi kenadaaloni calbertaloni calberrylo unna labhapeksha laeni mahilala flat-track roller derby leag. kalshari roller derby mahilala flat track derby association (wftda) loe sabhyuralu. charitra mariyu nirmaanam. kalshari roller derby modata modata isukaraayi city roller gerlsga erpadindi, marusati samvatsaram kalshari roller derby associationga punarnirminchabadindi. eee leag skater yajamanyamlo mariyu skater-nirvahanalo undhi mariyu idhi laabhaapekshaleni samstha. april april leag rebrandnu prakatinchindi mariyu daani paeru nundi "association" nuu tolaginchindi mariyu naveekarinchabadina logonu pravesapettindi. prastutam, leaglo moodu home jatlu unnaih cutt-throat kaar hops, trashin lassies, bii-52 bellas. rendu prayaana jatlu unnaih jaine deere (bii jattu) mariyu aall stars (wftda charter travel team). team) helian tirugubaatuku aall stars anie paeru marcharu. 2009 vesavi natiki jaine deer panicheyaledu mariyu kalgari samskarinchabadindi. eee jatlalo prati okkati 14-20 skaetarla jaabitaanu kaligi undhi. kotta skaetarla taja maamsam brundam kooda undhi. leag april nundi september varaku, trivood arenalo, off-seasonlo swachchanda mariyu aahvaanita godavalatho skate chestundi. skaetarlu kooda tarachugaa ahvanam pootiilaloo paalgonadaaniki provins antataa prayaanistaaru. eee leag janavari december wftda apprentices prograamloki aamodinchabadindi. december december mahilala flat track derby association (wftda) loe puurti sabhya hodaanu saadhinchi, albertalo modati puurti wftda member leaga nilichindi. kalgari juuniyar roller derby anedi leag yokka jrda-allined juuniyar roller derby leag. wftda pootii. kalgari kalgari wftda playoffsku arhata saadhinchindi, michigaanlooni lancinglo aidava seedga division 2 tornamentloki pravesinchindi. lancinglo, adhika-seed sinsinnati rollergirls, chaarm city roller gurles (baltimore) mariyu chivariki edava seed charlotesville derby dames 189-165 nuu oodinchi tornamentlo modati sthaanam saadhinchaaru. eee vijayam wftda chhampiyanshipla division 2 vaipuku arhata saadhinchindi. port landloni champiyanshiplalo, kalgari blue ridge rollergirls 225-183 thoo tama prarambha aatanu kolpoyindi, conny taruvaata charlottasville 252-197 thoo division division moodava sthaanamlo nilichinappudu tirigi match gelichindi. gelichindi, kalgari malmolo division 1 playoflo modatisaari kanipinchindi, conny varshapu nagaram roller derby mariyu helsinki roller derby rendinti chetilo odipoyi pataka round nundi nishkraminchindi.

calori roller durby calligary roller durby eek ghair munafa bakhash khwatin kii fleet track roller durby leeg hay juu calligary alberta canada mein waaqa hay. calligary roller durby khwatin kii fleet track durby aisosi aishan (dabliyo aif tye ddee aey) kii rakan hay. tareekh aur saakhat. calligary roller durby kuu asl mein 2006 mein sandost stee roller garlaz kay toor parr tashkil diyaa gayaa thaa aur aglay saal calligary roller durby aisosi aishan kay toor parr iss kii tanzim noow kii gayee. leeg scatter kii malkiyat aur scatter say chalnay waali hay aur eek ghair munafa bakhash tanzim hay. apreel 2018 mein leeg nay ree braand kaa aalaan kiyaa aur apnay naam say "aisosi aishan" kuu hataa diyaa aur eek taazah tareen logo mutaarif karaya. phee alhaal leeg kay andar teen hoam teamein haine: cutt-thart kaar hops tharasheen lessies bee-52 belas. duu travel teamein haine: jaine dayer (bee team) aur aal starz (dabliyo aif tye ddee aey charter travel team). helin baghawat kaa naam 2012 mein aal starz rakh diyaa gayaa. jaine dayer 2009 kay mosam garma mein ghair faal how gayaa thaa aur 2016 mein iss mein aslahaat kii gayein. inn teamon mein say harr eek kay paas 14-20 scatters kaa eek fehrist hay. nayey scatters kii eek taazah gosht kii team bhee hay. leeg apreel say satambar takk trivod kay medaan mein aaf seezan kay doraan khairati aur daawat naamay kay saath scates karti hay. scatter bhee daawat naamon kay muqabilon mein hasah leenay kay liye aksar puray soobay kaa safar kartay haine. leeg kuu januri 2013 mein dabliyo aif tye ddee aey apprents prograam mein qabool kiyaa gayaa thaa. see aar ddee nay dasambar 2013 mein khwatin kii fleet track durby aisosi aishan (dabliyo aif tye ddee aey) mein makmal rakan kaa darjah haasil kiyaa juu alberta mein pehli makmal dabliyo aif tye ddee aey mumber leeg bunn gayee. calligary juniyar roller durby leeg kii jay aar ddee aey say mansalk juniyar roller durby leeg hay. dabliyo aif tye ddee aey muqabilah. kelgari nay pehli baar 2016 mein dabliyo aif tye ddee aey play aaf kay liye kawalifai kiyaa lenzing mein devision 2 tornament mein daakhil huay mashee gunn panchwen seed kay toor parr. lenzing mein calligary nay aalee darjay kii sankanati roller garal chaarm stee roller garlaz (baltimore) kuu preshan kiyaa aur balaakhir saatwein darjay kii charlots will durby dems kuu shakast day kirr tornament mein pehli position haasil kii. fatah nay dabliyo aif tye ddee aey champine ship kay devision 2 side kay liye calligary kuu ahal banaya. port lend mein champine ship mein calligary apnaa iftatahi kheel blue rajj rolergrals 225-183 kay khalaaf haar gayee leakin phir charlots weel 252-197 kay khalaaf dobarah meech jeeth kirr devision 2 mein teesri position haasil kii. 2017 mein calligary nay maalmo mein devision 1 play aaf mein pehli baar sharkat kii leakin raine stee roller durby aur helsonki roller durby donon say haar kirr medal round say baahir how gayee.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13197842

Life 24

Life 24

jiwan 24 life 24 aasil life tibhi miriyar malikanadhin aaru porisalito ekhon britis television senel, ee aasil companytur dwitiyo television senel. life tibhi miriyai life 24-ror puronkari hisape aan tinita senel mukoli korisil; life tibhi, life swokes tibhi aaru life waan. iyak 2006 sonor 24 julyte mukoli koraa hoisil aaru 2007 sonor 20 aagostot bondho koraa hoisil. 2007 sonor 20 aagostot life 24 aaru iyar aan dutaa bhogni senel bondho kori senel life 1too ekotrito koraa hoisil. senel sarita television korpuresone teulukor tinita aakax digital ee. pi. ji. slot kroy korisil aaru teulukor nijor senelbur slotoloi sthanantor korisil.

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jeevana 24 life 24 british duradarshana channel aagiddu, life tv madhyamada odetanadallide mattu nirvahisuttade, idu kampaniya eradane duradarshana channel aagide. life tv madhyamavu life 24 ge purakavagi life tv, life shokes tv mattu life one emba mooru chaanelgalannu praarambhisittu. idannu 2006rahra julai julai praarambhisalaayitu mattu 2007rahra august august muchchalaayitu. 2007rahra august august life 24 mattu adara itara eradu sahodari vaahinigalannu muchchalaayitu mattu channel life wandaralli samyojisalaayitu. channel phore television corporation tamma mooru skye digital epg slaatgalannu khareedisitu mattu tammade aada chaanelgalannu slaatgalige sthalaantarisitu.

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00001515d973a0758d866d5a0bdfbf3e447aa6609ddc8836c04256b1c1e07157

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8101933

TAM Transportes Aéreos Regionais Flight 402

TAM Transportes Aéreos Regionais Flight 402 1996 aviation accident TAM Transportes Aéreos Regionais Flight 402 was a scheduled domestic flight from São Paulo–Congonhas International Airport in São Paulo, Brazil to Recife International Airport in Recife via Santos Dumont Airport in Rio de Janeiro. On 31 October 1996, at 8:27 (UTC-2), the starboard engine of the Fokker 100 operating the route reversed thrust while the aircraft was climbing away from the runway at Congonhas. The aircraft stalled and rolled beyond control to the right, then struck two buildings and crashed into several houses in a heavily populated area only 25 seconds after takeoff. All 95 people on board were killed, as well as another 4 on the ground. It is the fourth deadliest accident in Brazilian aviation history, the second at the time. It is also the deadliest aviation accident involving a Fokker 100. Aircraft. The aircraft involved was a Fokker 100 with the registration PT-MRK. The aircraft made its first flight on 8 February 1993 and was acquired second-hand by TAM Transportes Aéreos Regionais in April 1995; it had accumulated more than 8,000 flying hours. It wore a special promotional blue livery on its fuselage with the inscription "Number 1", in reference to TAM being awarded "Regional Airline of the Year" by "Air Transport World" magazine. Crew. The Captain was 35-year-old José Antonio Moreno, who had more than 9,000 hours of flight experience, including 3,000 hours on the Fokker 100. The first officer was 27-year-old Ricardo Luis Gomes, who had 4,000 flight hours, with 160 of them on the Fokker 100. There were also five flight attendants on board. Accident. The Fokker 100 aircraft incorporates a safety system to deal with an accidental deployment of a thrust reverser on take-off or when in flight; the system automatically moves the thrust control of the affected Rolls-Royce Tay 650-15 engine to reduce power, the aeroplane then being capable of climbing out safely on the full power of the one unaffected engine, or of maintaining normal flight at reduced power. In addition, a micro-switch, activated by the aircraft's main landing gear leaving the ground, disables the thrust reverser operating circuitry, preventing inadvertent operation of the thrust reverser in flight. As the aircraft lifted off the runway on the accident flight with both engines at full power, a faulty switch in conjunction with a possible short circuit caused the right engine's thrust reverser to deploy. The imbalance of power resulted in the aircraft rolling and veering to the right as it was climbing away from the runway. The safety system automatically cut the power to the engine with the malfunctioning thrust reverser. There was no alarm or other indication in the cockpit to indicate that a thrust reverser had been accidentally deployed. The crew had no way of knowing what the true problem was. The copilot, seeing the right engine power lever automatically move to the closed position, thought that the lever had slipped back due to a problem with the autothrottle system and pushed it back to the full power position alongside the left engine throttle lever. Once again, the automatic safety system closed the right engine throttle and the captain, who was conducting the takeoff, called for the autothrottle system to be switched off. After switching off the system, the copilot again pushed the right engine power lever fully forward and forcefully held it there. The safety system cable, responsible for pulling the power lever to the idle position, was no longer able to withstand the physical strain of being pulled one way by the actuator, while the copilot forced it the other way by pushing the throttle lever to the fully open position — the cable soon parted at a maintenance connection. With the lever no longer restrained by the safety system, the copilot continued to hold the right throttle fully open. The combination of the right engine at full thrust in reverse and the left engine still at normal forward take-off thrust caused the aircraft to roll violently to the right and descend into the ground. Investigation. In the subsequent investigation it was discovered that the flight crew had not been trained for such an occurrence as the aircraft's manufacturer, Fokker, had judged the failure mode to be so remote a possibility that training for recovery was not necessary. Dramatization. The crash was featured in the 15th season of the television documentary series "Mayday" in an episode titled "Carnage in São Paulo". References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> External links. TAM 402 Footage 2 days before the crash.

taam erio "cho regianeis flyte 402 poribohon kore taam trensp "rtes erio" cho regianeis flyte 402 brajilor sau paulur sau paulu-kongonhas antohrastriyo bimanbondoror poraa rio "di jeneirur chent" cho dumont bimanbondoror joriyote risifot antohrastriyo bimanbondorot risif koriboloi nirdharito ghoruwa biman aasil. 1996 sonor 31 octoborot, 8.27 bojat (eu. ti. chi.-2), bimankhone kongunasot ranwer poraa aatori uthi thokar xomoyot pothtu porisalona koraa pho 'kaar 100-ror starobo' rd injine probhabito korisil. bimankhon thomoki roi xufale niyontronor bahirot ghuri goisil, taar pisot dukhon ottalikat aaghat korisil aaru uronor maatro 25 sekendor pisot ek jonobohul oncholor keibatau ghorot durghotonagrosto hoisil. bimankhonot thoka xokolu 95 john lukor logote aan 4 john luk maatit nihot hoisil. brajilor biman poribohonor itihaxot eitu soturthotu ataitkoi bhoyongkor durghotona, xei xomoyot eitu dwitiyokhon durghotona aasil. eitu etaa fokar 100 jorito ataitkoi maratmok biman durghotona. biman. jorito bimankhon aasil ponjiyon porisalok-em. aar. key.-ror xoite etaa fokar 100. bimankhone 1993 sonor 8 februaryt iyar prothom uron korisil aaru 1995 sonor aprilot taam trensp "rtos erio" cho rijiyaneise sandhand hisape odhigrohon korisil; ee 8,000 ghontatkoiu odhik uronor xomoy xongroho korisil. eyar trensp" rt world "alusoniye tomok" bosoror ancholik biman poribohon xongstha "hisape xonmanito korar xondorbhot ee iyar fuselageot" 1 nombor "xilalipir xoite ek bixex prosarmulok neela rongor libhari pindhisil. dolor xodosyoxokol. captain aasil 35 bosoriya juche antonio "morenu, jaar 9,000 ghontatkoiu odhik uronor obhigyota aasil, jaar bhitorot aasil pho 'kaar 100too 3,000 ghonta. prothom bixoya aasil 27 bosoriya rikardu luis gomes, jaar 4,000 ghonta uron aasil, jaar bhitorot 160 john pho' kaar 100too aasil. bimankhonot pasjon uron porisaroku aasil. durghotona. pho 'kaar 100 bimankhonot tek-ofor xomoyot baa uronot thokar xomoyot akosmikbhabe thrust reverseror sthaponor xoite mukabila koriboloi ek xurokhya byowostha ontorbhukto koraa hoy; pronalituwe swoyongkriyobhabe probhabito rul-royos tey 650-15 enginor thrust niyontron xokti hraax koriboloi sthanantor kore, taar pisot bimankhone etaa probhabito nuhuwa enginor xompurno xoktito xurokhyitobhabe bahiroloi bogaboloi xokhyom hoy, baa hraax puwa xoktito swabhabik uron bojai rakhiboloi xokhyom hoy. iyar uporiu, bimankhonor mool owotoron giyare maati eri juwar folot xokriyo huwa etaa maikro "-suis, thrust reverser operating charkitri niskriyo kore, jaar folot uronot thrust reverseror oxabodhanotat karjyokolap protirudh kore. durghotonar xomoyot bimankhone duyuta enginor xompurno xoktire ranwer poraa uporoloi uthaar loge loge, etaa xombhabyo swort charkitor xoite xongzug kori etaa trutipurno suisor folot xu enginor thrust reversertu sthapon koraa hoisil. xoktir bharxamyohinotar folot bimankhon ranwer poraa duroloi uthi juwar xomoyot xufale ghuri furisil. xurokhya byowosthai swoyongkriyobhabe karjyokori nuhuwa thrust reverseror xoite enginor xokti kaati diye. kokpitot kunu elerm baa aan kunu ingito nasil ji etaa thrust reverser bhulboxotoh niyujit koraa hoisil buli xusay. prokrito xomosyatu ki aasil janiboloi nabikxokolor haatot kunu upay nasil. kopailote xu enginor pawar libhartu swoyongkriyobhabe bondho owosthanoloi juwa dekhi bhabisil je autothrotol sistemor xomosyar baabe libhartu pisfale pisoli goise aaru iyak baau enginor throtol libharor kaxot xompurno xokti owosthanoloi ghurai theli disil. aakou ebaar swoyongkriyo xurokhya byowosthai xu injin thro 'tolok bondho kori disil aaru takeof kori thoka keptene otuthro' toll byowosthatu bondho koriboloi aahban jonaisil. sistemtu bondho korar pisot, kopailote punor xu enginor pawar libhartu xompurnorupe aguwai theli disil aaru taak taat bolpurbokbhabe dhori rakhisil. pawar libhartu niskriyo owosthanoloi tunny onaar baabe daybodho xurokhya byowosthar keboltuwe aaksuwetaror dwara ekfale tunny onaar xaririk saap xohyo koriboloi xokhyom huwa nasil, aanhate kopailote thro 'toll libhartu xompurnorupe mukoli owosthanoloi theli aan dixot iyak badhyo korisil-kebultu xunkalei etaa rokhyonabekhyon xongzugot prithok hoisil. xurokhya byowosthar dwara libhartu aaru niyontrito nuhuwar baabe, koo 'pilote xufalor thro' tolok xompurnorupe mukoli kori rakhisil. xu engintur xompurno probrittit biporit dixot aaru baau engintuwe etiyau swabhabik forward tek-off probritot thokar folot bimankhon xufale hingxatmokbhabe ghuri maatit naami pore. todonto. poroborti todontot eitu gom puwa goisil je bimankhonor nirmata pho 'kaare bifolota mudtu imaan duroborti buli bisari puwar baabe bimanor kormosarixokolok ene ek ghotonar baabe proxikhyon diya huwa nasil je punoruddharor baabe proxikhyonor proyujon nasil. natokiyota. durghotonatu television tothyositro sringkhola "mede" ror 15tomo sijonot "cornez inn sau paulu" xirxok etaa khondot prodorxito koraa hoisil.

taam aeros anchaler flight 402 poribohon korey taam transports arios regionice flight 402 braziler saao paolor saao paolo-congonhas antorjatik bimanbandar theke reo dii genero santos dumont bimanbandar madhyome recifete antorjatik bimanbandar jonno ekti nirdharito abhyantarin udan chhilo. 1996 saaler 31shhey octobor, 8taa 27 minute (utc-2), bimanti jokhon kangonhaser runway theke doore jachchilo, tokhon focker 100-err starboard enginti biporito dike dhakka deyo. bimanti theme giye niyantraner baire dunn dike gadiye porey, tarpor duti bhobone aghat haane ebong uddayaner matro 25 second porey ekti jonobohul elaka besh koyekti barite achhde porey. bimane thaka 95 joner sobai nihoto hohn, pashapashi arow 4 john matite porey chhilen. etty braziler biman cholacholer itihase choturtho pranghati durghotona, seii somoyer dwitiya durghotona. etty ekti focker 100-err saathe jorito sabcheye marattok biman durghotona. biman. err sange jukto bimanti chhilo pitty-marqa rejistreshana soho ekti focker 100. bimanti 1993 saaler 8ee february taar prothom udan chaalaay ebong 1995 saaler aprile taam transports arios anchal dwara second-hanned adhigrahan koraa hoy; etty 8,000 ghantaro beshi udaner somoy sangraha korechilo. aire transport worled" magazine kortrik tomke "" bochorer sera anchalik biman sangostha "" puraskar deoar prosonge etty "1 nambar" shilalipi soho ekti bishesh procharmulok neel poshak porechilo. kru. captain chhilen 35 bochor vayasi jose antonio moreno, jaar 9,000 ghantaro beshi udaner obhiggota chhilo, jaar modhye chhilo focker 100-ayee 3,000 ghanta. prothom kormokorta chhilen 27 bochor vayasi ricardo luiz gomes, jaar 4,000 ghanta udaner somoy chhilo, taader modhye 160 john focker 100-ayee chhilo. boarde panchjon flight attendanto chhilen. durghotona. focker 100 bimanti uddayaner somoy baa udaner somoy ekti thrust reversor durghatanakrame sthaponar mokabila korar jonno ekti surakkha byabostha antarbhukta korey; systemti swayangkriyabhabe probhabito roll-royes teey 650-15 enginer thrust niyantranke bidyut hrass korte sariye deyo, bimanti tokhon ekti aprobhaito enginer purno shoktite nirapode arohan korte sokkhom hoy, baa qama shoktite swabhabik udan bojay rakhe. uporontu, ekti micro-suich, jaa bimaner prodhan abataran gear dwara sakriya hoye mutty chhede yaay, thrust reversor operating circuityke akkham korey, jaa uddayaner somoy thrust reversor asabdhanotaboshoto operationke protirodh korey. ubhoy enginer purno shoktite bimanti durghotonajonito uddayaner somoy runway theke namar saathe saathe ekti sombhabbo short sarkiter saathe ekti trutijukto suich sothik enginer thrust reversorke sthapon korte badhyo korey. shaktir bharsamyohinotar foley bimanti runway theke doore arohan korar somoy dandike ghurte ebong ghurte thaake. nirapatta byabosthati swayangkriyabhabe trutijukto thrust reversor diye enginer shakti ketey deyo. kokpite konao alarm baa onno konao ingito chhilo naa jaa nirdesh korey jey ekti thrust reversor durghatanakrame motayen koraa hoyechilo. asol samasyati qee taa jaanar konao upay chhilo naa nabikder kachhe. copylot, dunn enginer pawar liverti swayangkriyabhabe bondho abosthane choley jete dekhe, bhebechilo jey autothrotol systemer samasyar karone liverti pichhon dike pichle geche ebong baam enginer throttle liver pashapashi etike sampurna pawar abosthane firiye diyeche. abar, swayankriya nirapatta byabosthati dunn enginer throttle bondho korey deyo ebong captain, jini takeoff porichalona korchilen, autothrotol systemti bondho korar ahoban zanan. systemti bondho korar porr, copylot abar dunn enginer pawar livertike sompurnobhabe egiye thhele deyo ebong jore korey sekhane dhorey rakhe. pawar liverke nishkriya abosthane tunner jonno dayee nirapatta byabostha tarti actuator dwara ekodike taanaa sharirik chup arr sohyo korte sokkhom hoyney, onnodike copylot throttle liverke sampurna khola abosthane thhele diye onnobhabe badhyo korechilo-tarti shighroi ekti rakkhanabekkhan sangjoge bivokto hoye yaay. liverti arr nirapatta byabostha dwara niyantrita naa howa, soho-chaalok dunn throttlety sampurnarupe khola rakhte thaake. biporito dike sampurna chaape dunn enginer sangmishran ebong baam enginti ekhono swabhabik forroard teeka-off thruste thakay bimanti dunn dike hingosrobhabe gadiye porey ebong matite neme yaay. todonto. poroborti todonte dekha yaay jey, bimaner prostutkarok focker byarthotar modke etotai durborti boley bitcher korechilen jey punoruddharer jonno proshikkhoner prayojan chhilo naa. natakiyata. television documentary sirij 'medey'-err 15tomo morshume 'carranage inn saao paolo' shironame ekti porbe eyi durghatanati prodorshito hoyechilo.

taam arios regionus flight 402 noon parivahan karey chhe taam transportase arreos regionus flight 402 aee braazilnaa saao paauloma saao paulo-kongonhas aantarrashtriy havaimathakthi riyo dii janeiroma santos dumont hawaimathak maarfate recifmaan aantarrashtriy hawaimathakni mulakat levaa maate nirdharit sthaaneek udaan hatee. 31 october 1996naa roj, 8.27 vaagye (utc-2), maargne sanchaalit kartaa phokara 100noon starboard angine jyaare vimaan kongonhas khaate ranvethee door chadatu hatoo tyaare dabaanne ultavi didhu hatoo. vimaan atakee gayoo aneey jamani bajuae niyantranni bahaar valyun, pachhi beey imaarato saathe athadaayu aneey takeoff thayaana maatra 25 second pachhi bhaare vastivaalaa vistaarmaa ghanaa gharomaa tutee padyu. vimaanmaa savaar tamaam 95 loko maarya gayaa hataa, temaj anya 4 loko jameen parr hataa. braazilnaa uddayan itihaasmaa aaa chothee sauthee ghaatak durghatnaa chhe, jeey teey samaye beejee hatee. teey phokara 100 saathe sankalaayelee sauthee ghaatak uddayan durghatnaa pann chhe. vimaan. saamel vimaan nondhani pii. tii.-aema. aar. keey. saathe phokara 100 hatoo. vimaane 8 februari 1993naa roj tenee pratham udaan bharee hatee aneey april 1995maan taam transports arios regionize dwara second hanned hastgat karvaamaa aavee hatee; tene 8,000thee vadhu udaannaa kalaako aektrit karyaa hataa. air transport worled" magazine dwara tamane "" praadeshik airline off dhaa year "" noow award apavvana sandarbhma, tene tenaa fuselage parr "number 1" shilalekh saathe vishesh promotional vaadadi rangno rung paheryo hato ". cru. capton 35 varsheey joses antonio moreno hataa, jaimne 9,000 kalaakthee vadhuno udaanno anoobhav hato, jemaa phokara 100 parr 3,000 kalaakno samaavesh thaay chhe. pratham adheekari 27 varsheey ricardo luis gooms hataa, jaimnee paase 4,000 udaannaa kalaako hataa, jemathi 160 phokara 100 parr hataa. temaa paanch flight attendants pann hataa. akasmaat. phokara 100 vimaanmaa teqa-off parr athavaa jyaare udaanmaa hoya tyaare thrust reversorni aakasmik jamavatno saamno karvaa maate salaamati pranaalino samaavesh thaay chhe; system aapmele asargrast rolls-royas teey 650-15 angine thrust niyantranne power ghatadva maate khasede chhe, pachhi vimaan aek asargrast angine sampoorn shaktee parr suraksheet reete bahaar chadvaa maate saksham chhe, athavaa ochhi shaktee parr saamanya udaan jaalvi raakhe chhe. vadhumaa, vimaannaa mukhya utaraan gear dwara sakreey micro-switch, jameen parthee bahaar nikale chhe, thrust reversor operating circuitaryne nishkreey karey chhe, jeey udaanmaa thrust reversorni ajaantaan kaamgeereene atkaave chhe. jyaare vimaan durghatnaa udaan darmiyan runway parthee banne angine sampoorn shaktee saathe upaadyu, tyaare sambhaveet shorta circuit saathe khaamiyukt sweechne kaarane jamnaa angine thrust reversorne tainaat karvaamaa aavyu. shaktinu asantulan vimanne ranvethee door chadata jamani taraf vadvaa aneey vadvaa taraf doree gayoo. salaamati pranali aapmele khaamiyukt thrust reversor saathe angine shakteene kaapee naakhe chhe. kokpitma koee chetvani athavaa anya sanket nahota keey jeey soochave keey thrust reversor aakasmik reete tainaat karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. cru paase saachee samasya shun hatee teey janvani koee reet nahoti. kopilot, jamnaa angine power leaverne aapmele bundh sthitima jataa joine, vichaaryu keey autothrotal sistamma samsyaane kaarane leaver paachhal sarkee gayo chhe aneey tene daabi angine throttle leaverni saathe sampoorn power position parr paachha dhakeli deedho chhe. pharii aekvaar, svachaalit salaamati pranaaliae jamnaa angine throttlene bundh curry didhu aneey takeoff curry rahela keptane autothrotal pranaaline bundh karvaanee haakal curry. system bundh karyaa pachhi, qoo-pylote fareethi jamnaa angine power leaverne sampurnpane aagad dhakeli deedho aneey tene badpurvak tyaan pakadi raakhyo. power leaverne nishkreey sthitima khenchvaa maate jawabdar salaamati pranali cable, havey actuator dwara aek taraf khenchvaamaa aavtaa bhauteek taanno saamno curry shaktee naa hatee, jyaare qoo-pylot throttle leaverne sampurnpane khulli sthitima dhakeleene tene beejee reete dabaan karatee hatee-cable toonk samayma jaalvani jodaan parr alag thaee gaee. leaver havey salaamati pranali dwara niyantrit naa hovathi, qoo-pylot jamani throttlene sampurnpane khulli raakhvaanu chaalu raakhyu. jamnaa angine sampoorn dabaan saathe vipareet aneey daaba angine sanyojanthi vimanne jamani taraf hinsak reete vadvaa aneey jameen parr neeche utarvaa maate kaaranbhut banyu. tapaas. pachhini tapasma jaanvaa malyun keey flight krune aavee ghatnaa maate taaleem aapvama aavee naa hatee kaaran keey vimaannaa utpaadak, phokara, nishfalta modne aetalo door hovaanu nakki karyoo hatoo keey punahprapti maate taaleem jaroori naa hatee. natyatmak. aaa durghatnaa television dastaveji shrenee 'mede' nee 15mee seasonma 'carnege ina saao paulo' naamnaa episodema darshavvama aavee hatee.

taam parivahan arios kshetra udaan 402 taam transports aereos reasoness flight 402 brazil key saao paulo mein saao paulo-kongonhas antarrashtriya havaai adde seey riyo dee janeiro mein santos dumont havaai adde key madhyam seey recife mein antarrashtriya havaai adde key liye ack nirdhaarit gharelu udaan thee. 31 octuber 1996 koo, 8.27 (utc-2) parr, fokar 100 key starboard injan ney maarg kaa sanchaalan karate hue ulat diyaa, jabaki vimaan kangonhas mein runway seey door chadh rhaa thaa. vimaan rook gayaa aur niyantran seey baahar daaeen or ludhak gayaa, phir dou imaraton seey takra gayaa aur udaan bharane key kewal 25 sekand baad bhaari aabaadi vaale kshetra mein kaee gharon mein durghatanagrast hoe gayaa. vimaan mein savaar sabhi 95 loga maare gaye, saath hii jameen parr anya 4 loga maare gaye. yeh brazil key vimanan itihas mein chauthi sabse ghaatak durghatana haye, joe usa samay kii doosari durghatana haye. yeh ack fokar 100 seey judee sabse ghaatak vimanan durghatana bhee haye. vimaan. isamen shamil vimaan panjikaran peaty-mrk key saath ack fokar 100 thaa. vimaan ney 8 farwari 1993 koo apani pahali udaan bharee aur aprail 1995 mein taam transports arios reejan dwara ise dusare haath seey praapt kiya gayaa thaa; isane 8,000 seey adhik udaan ghante jamaa kiye they. air transport worled" patrika dwara "varsh kii kshetriya airline" seey sammaanit kiye jaane key sandarbh mein, isane apane dhad parr ack vishesh prachaar neela rung pahana huaa thaa, jisamen "number 1" shilalekh thaa. dall. kaptan 35 varsheeya jose antonio moreno they, jinake paas 9,000 ghante seey adhik udaan kaa anubhav thaa, jisamen fokar 100 parr 3,000 ghante shamil they. pahala adhikaari 27 varsheeya ricardo luis gomes thaa, jisake paas 4,000 udaan ghante they, jinamen seey 160 fokar 100 parr they. board parr paanch udaan parichaarak bhee they. durghatana. fokar 100 vimaan mein udaan bharane parr yaa udaan mein ack thrust reversor kii aakasmik tainaati seey nipatane key liye ack suraksha pranali shamil haye; pranali swachaalit roop seey prabhaavit roll-royce taye 650-15 injan key thrust niyantran koo shakti koo cumm karane key liye sthanantarit karati haye, phir havaai jahaaj ack aprabhaavit injan kii poori shakti parr surakshit roop seey baahar chadhane mein saksham hotaa haye, yaa cumm shakti parr samanya udaan banaae rakhane mein saksham hotaa haye. isake alawa, ack micro-switch, joe vimaan key mukhya landing gear dwara sakriya hotaa haye, jameen koo chhod detaa haye, thrust reversor operating circuit koo aksham curr detaa haye, jisase udaan mein thrust reversor key anajaane mein sanchaalan koo rokaa jaa sakata haye. jaise hii vimaan ney durghatana udaan parr runway seey donon injanon koo poori shakti seey oopar uthaaya, ack sambhaavit short circuit key sanyojan mein ack doshpurna switch key kaaran sahee injan kaa thrust reversor tainaat kiya gayaa. shakti key asantulan key parinamswarup vimaan runway seey door chadhane key kaaran daaeen or ludhak rhaa thaa. suraksha pranali swachaalit roop seey kharabi vaale thrust reversor key saath injan kii shakti koo kaat detee haye. cockpit mein koee alarm yaa anya sanket naheen thaa joe yeh ingit kartaa haye kii ack thrust reversor koo galati seey tainaat kiya gayaa thaa. chaalak dall key paas yeh jaanane kaa koee tarika naheen thaa kii asli samasya kyaa thee. copylot ney daahine injan key power leaver koo swachaalit roop seey bund sthiti mein jaate hue dekhaa, socha kii autothrottle system mein samasya key kaaran leaver vaapas fisal gayaa thaa aur ise baaen injan throttle leaver key saath poori shakti sthiti mein vaapas dhakel diyaa. ack baar phir, swachaalit suraksha pranali ney sahee injan throttle koo bund curr diyaa aur kaptan, joe takeoff kaa sanchaalan curr rhaa thaa, ney autothrottle pranali koo bund karane key liye kahaa. system koo bund karane key baad, saha-pilot ney phir seey sahee injan power leaver koo poori tarah seey aage dhakel diyaa aur ise balpurvak vahaan pakad liya. suraksha pranali cable, joe bijli key leaver koo nishkriya sthiti mein kheenchane key liye jimmedaar thee, abb actuator dwara ack taraf kheenche jaane key bhautik tanaav kaa saamana karane mein saksham naheen thee, jabaki saha-pilot ney throttle leaver koo poori tarah seey khuli sthiti mein dhakelkar ise dusare tareeke seey majboor kiya-cable jald hii ack rakharkhaav connection parr alag hoe gaee. leaver key suraksha pranali dwara abb pratibandhit naheen honey key kaaran, saha-pilot ney daahine throttle koo poori tarah seey khula rakhna jaari rakhaa. daahine injan key poorna jore key saath vipareet aur baaen injan key samanya aage key tech-off jore key kaaran vimaan hinsak roop seey daaeen or ludhak gayaa aur jameen parr utar gayaa. jaanch. baad kii jaanch mein yeh pataa chalaa kii udaan chaalak dall koo aisee ghatana key liye prashikshit naheen kiya gayaa thaa kyonki vimaan key nirmaata, fokar ney viphalata mode koo itna doorasth honey kii sambhavana kaa faisala kiya thaa kii punarpraapti key liye prashikshan aavashyak naheen thaa. natakiyakaran. yeh durghatana television vrittachitra shrinkhala "mede" key 15vein season mein "carnez inn saao paulo" naamak ack episode mein dikhaai gaee thee.

tomm aeros pradeshada vimaana 402 annu saagisuttade tomm transports aerios reasonise flight 402 brazilna savo palodalliruva savo paulo-kongonhas antararashtriya vimaana nildaanadinda reo dii janirodalliruva santos dumont vimaana nildaanada moolaka recifeyalli antararashtriya vimaana nildaanavannu talupalu nigadita deshiya vimaanavaagittu. 1996rahra october october, 31randu (yuu. tii. sii-2), vimaanavu kangonhasnalli ranveninda doora airuttiruvaaga maargavannu nirvahisuva faakar 100naa starboard engine ottadavannu tirugisitu. vimaanavu sthagitagonditu mattu niyantrana meeri balakke urulitu, nantara eradu kattadagalige appalisitu mattu takeoff aada kevala 25 sekendugala nantara hecchu jananibida pradeshadalli halavaaru manegalige appalisitu. vimaanadallidda ellah 95 janaru savannappiddare, jotege innoo 4 janaru nelada mele savannappiddare. idu brazilna vayuyana itihaasadalli nalkane atyanta maaranaantika apaghaatavaagiddu, aaa samayadalli nadeda eradane apaghaatavaagide. idu faakar 100 annu olagonda atyanta maaranaantika vayuyana apaghaatavaagide. vimaana. idaralli bhagiyagidda vimaanavu nondani pii. tii.-emm. aarr. keey. yondige 100 rashtittu. vimaanavu 1993rahra phebravari phebravari tanna modala haaraatavannu maaditu mattu 1995rahra aprilnalli tomm transports arias reejanaisninda second hanned aagi swadhinapadisikonditu; idu idu hecchu haaraatada gantegalannu sangrahisittu. air transport worled" niyatakaalikavu tamanige "varshada praadeshika vimanayana samsthe" endu prashasti needida bagge ullekhisi, "number 1" emba shaasanadondige adara fucellagenalli vishesha prachaarada neeli bannavannu dharisittu. sibbandi. nayaka 35 varshada jose antonio moreno, 9,000 gantegaliginta hecchu haaraatada anubhavavannu hondiddaru, idaralli faakar 100 nalli 3,000 gantegalu seriddavu. modala adhikariyu 27 varshada ricardo louis gomes, avaru 4,000 haaraatada gantegalannu hondiddaru, avaralli 160 mandi faakar 100 ralliddaru. vimaanadalli aidu vimaana paricharakaru saha iddaru. apaghaata. faakar 100 vimaanavu take-off maduvaga athawa haratadalliddaga thrust riversorn aakasmika niyojaneyannu edurisalu surakshata vyavastheyannu olagondiruttade; ee vyavastheyu svayamchaalitavaagi pidita rolls-roys tay 650-15 engine thrust niyantranavannu chalisuttade, vidyut annu kadime maaduttade, nantara vimaanavu ondu parinama beerada engine purna shaktiyalli surakshitavagi horahoguva saamarthyavannu hondiruttade, athawa kadime shaktiyalli saamaanya haaraatavannu nirvahisuttade. idallade, vimaanada mukhya landing gair neladinda horahoguvudarinda sakriyagonda micro-switch, thrust riversor operating circutriannu nishkriyagolisuttade, idu haaraatadalli thrust riversorn ajaagarookateyinda karyacharaneyannu tadeyuttade. eradoo engingalu purna shaktiyondige apaghaatada haaraatadalli vimaanavu ranveyannu melakkettidaaga, sambhaavya short sarkyootnondige doshapoorita switch bala engine thrust riversor annu niyojisalu kaaranavaayitu. shaktiya asamatolanadindagi vimaanavu ranveyallinda doora eruvaaga balakke urulitu mattu tirugitu. surakshata vyavastheyu asamarpakavagi kaaryanirvahisuva thrust rivarsarnondige svayamchaalitavaagi engine shaktiyannu kaditagolisuttade. thrust riversor annu aakasmikavaagi niyojisalagide endu soochisalu kakpitnalli yaavude alaram athawa itara suchanegaliralilla. nijavaada samasye enu endu tiliyalu sibbandige yaavude margaviralilla. bala engine power liver svayamchaalitavaagi muchchida sthanakke chalisuvudannu nodida copylot, autothrotal systemnallina samasyeyindaagi liver hintirugi hogide endu bhavisi adannu eda engine throttle liverna pakkadalli purna power sthanakke hindakke tallitu. mattomme, svayamchaalita surakshata vyavastheyu bala engine throttle annu muchchitu mattu takeoff nadesuttidda capton, autothrotal vyavastheyannu off maadalu karey niididaru. vyavastheyannu switch off maadida nantara, copylot matte bala engine power liver annu sampoornavaagi mundakke tallitu mattu adannu balavagi hididukonditu. power liver annu nishkriya sthanakke eleyuva javaabdaariyannu hondiruva surakshata vevastheya cable, activatorninda ondu reetiyalli eleyuva bhautika ottadavannu tadedukollalu sadhyavagalilla, aadare copylot throttle liver annu sampoornavaagi tereda sthanakke talluva moolaka adannu bere reetiyalli ottaayisitu-cable shighradalle nirvahanaa samparkadalli berpattitu. surakshata vyavastheyinda liver annu innu munde nirbandhisalaagada kaarana, copylot bala thoretal annu sampoornavaagi teredittukolluvudannu munduvarisitu. bala engine sampoorna ottadadalli himmukha mattu eda engine saamaanya mumbhagada take-off ottadadalli samyojaneyu vimaanavu balakke himsaatmakavaagi urulalu mattu nelakke iliyalu kaaranavaayitu. tanikhe. nantarada tanikheyalli vimaanada tayaarakaraada fakkar, vaiphalyada vidhaanavu eshtu dooradaddaagide endu nirnayisiddarinda, chetarikegaagi tarabetiya agatyavilla endu vimaanada sibbandige antaha ghatanege tarabeti nidalagilla endu kandubandide. naatakeeyate. duradarshana sakshyachitra sarani "mede" yaya 15neey aavruttiyalli "cornage inn savo palo" emba shirshikeya sanchikeyalli ee apaghaatavannu pradarshisalaayitu.

taaminte eyar regionous flaitt 402 brazeelile saavo pouloyile saavo poulo-kongonhas anthaaraashtra vimaanathaavalathil ninnu rioo dii janeeroyile santos dumont vimaanathaavalam vazhi resifeyile anthaaraashtra vimaanathaavalam sandarshikkunnathinaayi shedule cheytha aabhyanthara vimanamaayirunnu taam transportus eriyaas flaitt 402. 1996 october 31nuu, 8.27nuu (yuu. tii. sii-2), vimanam kongonhaasile ranveyil ninnu akannupokumbol roottil pravartthikkunna focker 100-nte starboard enchin thiruthi. vimanam nilaykkukayum niyanthranam vittu valathuvashathekku urunduveezhukayum cheythu, thudarnnu rund kettidangalil idikkukayum take oof cheyth 25 second kazhinju janasaandrathayeriya pradeshathe niravadhi veedukalil idichukayarukayum cheythu. vimaanathilundaayirunna 95 perum mattu 4 perum nilathu vechu kollappettu. brazilian vyomayaana charithratthile naalaamathe ettavum marakamaaya apakadamaanithu, akkaalathe randaamathe apakadamaanithu. oru focker 100 ulppedunna ettavum marakamaaya vyomayaana apakadam koodiyaanithu. vimanam. rajisttar cheytha pidi-emarke ulla oru focker 100 aayirunnu vimaanathil undaayirunnathu. 1993 februvari 8 nuu vimanam athinte aadya parakkal nadathukayum 1995 eprilil taam transports eriyaas second hand ettedukkukayum cheythu; ithu 8,000-ladhikam parakkal manikorukal shekharichu. eyar transport waled" magazin tamine "regional airline oof dhaa iyar" award nalkiyathine paraamarshichu "nambar 1" enna likhithamulla oru prathyeka promotional neela niratthilulla vasthram athinte fuselageil dharichirunnu. samghaamgangal. 35 kaaranaya jose antonio moreno aayirunnu kyapttan, addehathinu 9,000 manikkooriladikam flaitt parichayamundaayirunnu, athil 3,000 manikkoor focker 100-lum ulppedunnu. aadyathe officer 27 kaaranaya ricardo luis gomas aayirunnu, avarkk 4,000 flaitt manikkoorukalundaayirunnu, avaril 160 perr focker 100-lum undaayirunnu. anchu flaitt attandantumaarum vimaanathilundaayirunnu. apakadam. focker 100 vimanam take oof cheiyumbozho parakkumbozho oru thrastt reversor aakasmikamaayi vinyasikkunnath kaikaaryam cheiyunnathinulla oru suraksha samvidaanam ulkkollunnu; power kuraykkunnathinu sisttam baadhicha rolls-roys tay 650-15 enchinte thrastt niyanthranam yaanthrikamaayi neekkunnu, thudarnnu airplayininu baadhikkappedaatha oru enchinte poornna shakthiyil surakshithamaayi kayarano kuranja shakthiyil saadhaarana parakkal nilanirthaano kazhiyum. koodaathe, vimaanathinte pradhana landing gear nilathu ninnu purathupokunna oru micro-switch, thrastt reversor operating sarcutary pravarthanarahithamaakkunnu, ithu parakkalil thrastt reversorinte ashradhamaaya pravartthanam thadayunnu. rund enchinukalum poornna shakthiyode apakada vimaanathil ninnu vimanam ranveyil ninnu uyarnnappol, oru thettaaya switch, short surcuted enniva sariyaaya enchinte thrastt reversor vinyasikkaan kaaranamaayi. oorjjathinte asanthulithaavastha kaaranam vimanam ranveyil ninnu akannupokumbol valathottu urundupokukayum thiriyukayum cheythu. thakararilaaya thrastt reversor upayogichu suraksha samvidaanam enchinte power automaattikkaayi vettikkuraykkunnu. oru thrastt reversor abadhathil vinyasichathayi soochippikkunna alaramo mattu soochanakalo kokkpittil undaayirunnilla. yadhaartha prashnam enthaanennu arian kroovinu oru maargavum undaayirunnilla. valath enchin power liver svayameva adanja sthaanathekku neengunnathu kanda copylet, autothrottil sisttathile prashnam kaaranam liver pinnott vazhuthippoyathaayi karuthukayum idathu enchin throttil liverinoppam poornna power sthaanathekku thirike thallukayum cheythu. orikkal koodi, automatic suraksha samvidaanam sariyaaya enchin throttil adachu, take oof nadathunna kyapttan oottoo throttil sisttam switch oof cheyyaan aavasyappettu. sisttam switch oof cheytha sesham, copylet veendum sariyaaya enchin power liver poornnamaayum munnott thallukayum athu avide nirbandhithamaayi pidikkukayum cheythu. power liver nishkriya sthaanathekku valikkunnathinulla utharavaadithamulla suraksha sisttam kebilinu aakyuvettar oru vazhi valikkunnathinte shaareerika sammarddathe neridaan kazhinjilla, athesamayam copylet throttil liver thallikkond mattoru vazhi nirbandhichu poornnamaayum thuranna sthaanathekku-cable taamasiyaathe oru maintainance kanakshanil ninnu verpirinju. suraksha samvidaanam liverine niyanthrikkaathathinaal, copylet valath throttil poornnamaayum thurannirikkunnath thudarnnu. valath enchin poornnamaayi reverse thrasttil gadippichathum idathu enchin saadhaarana forwade take oof thrasttil aayirunnathum vimanam akramaasakthamaayi valathottu urunduveezhaanum nilathekku erangaanum kaaranamaayi. anweshanam. thudarnnulla anweshanathil vimaanathinte nirmmathaavaaya focker, parajaya mooad valare vidooramaanennu vidhichathinaal veendedukkalinulla pariseelanam aavasyamillaathathinaal atharam oru sambhavathin flaitt kroovinu pariseelanam nalkiyittillenn kandethi. naadakeeyavalkkaranam. maiday" enna television documentary parambarayude pathinanjaam seasonil "karnej inn saavo pooloo" enna episodil eee apakadam avatharippikkappettu.

tamne arios regionus flight 402 vahtook kelee taam transportes arios rijnais flight 402 heey brazilmadhil saao paulo yetheel saao paulo-kongonhas aantarrashtriy vimantalavarun riyo dii janeiro yetheel santos dumont vimantalavarun recifemadhil aantarrashtriy vimantalavar jaanyasathiche niyojit deshantargat uddan hote. 31 aktoobar 1996 roji, sakali 8.27 vajata (utc-2), viman kangonhas yethe dhavpattipasun door jaat asatana marg marg fokar 100 chya starboard engine ulatya dishene jore deela. viman thambale aanee niyantranabaher ujavikade valale, nantar done imaratinna dhadakale aanee uddananantar keval 25 sekandat mothya loksankhyechya bhagatil anek gharanmadhye dhadakale. vimanatil serve 95 lock thaar jhaale, tasech aanakhi 4 jann jaminivar hote. brazilchya vimanchalan itihasatil haah chautha sarvat pranghatak apghat aahe, joou tyaa kalatil dusra apghat aahe. fokar fokar samavesh asalela haah sarvat pranghatak viman apghat dekhil aahe. viman. tyat sahbhagi asalele viman nondani pandit-emm. aar. keey. saha fokar 100 hote. vimanane 8 februwari 1993 roji pahile uddan kele aanee april 1995 madhye taam transports arios regionaisne sekand hand adhigrahit kele; tyane 8,000 peksha jaast uddan taas jamaa kele hote. air transport world' masikane tamla 'pradeshik vimanseva varshatil sarvottam' puraskar dilyachya sandarbhat, tyane tyachya vimanachya prushthbhagavar 'kramank 1' shilalekhasah eka vishesh pracharatmak nila rung paridhan keela hota. karmchari. capton 35 varshiy jose antonio moreno hota, jyala 9,000 tasanpeksha jaast uddan anubhav hota, jyat fokar 100 varr 3,000 tasancha samavesh hota. pahila adhikari 27 varshiy ricardo louis goams hota, jyachyakade 4,000 uddan taas hote, tyapaiki 160 fokar 100 varr hote. jahajavar paach uddan paricharak dekhil hote. apghat. fokar 100 vimanat uddanadarmyan kinwa uddanadarmyan thrust reversorchya apghati upayojanecha samna karnyasathi eka suraksha pranali samavisht aahe; shakti qamee karnyasathi pranali svayamchalitapane prabhavit rolls-royce teey 650-15 engineche thrust niyantran halavate, tyanantar viman eka aprabhavit enginechya purn samarthyane surakshitpane baher chadhanyas saksham asate kinwa qamee shaktivar samanya uddan rakhanyas saksham asate. yavyatirikt, vimanachya mukhya landing giyardware sakriy kelele micro-switch, thrust reversor operating circuitary aksham karate, jyamule uddanat thrust reversorche anavdhanane operation rokhate. donhi engine purn shaktisah apghat uddanadarmyan viman dhavpattivarun varr uchalale asata, sambhavya short circuitchya sanyogane sadosh swichmule ujavya enginecha thrust reversor tainat karnyat aala. vijechya asantulanamule viman dhavpattipasun door jaat asatana teey valat aanee ujavikade valat gele. suraksha pranali svayamchalitapane kharab karya uddan thrust reversors enginechi shakti qamee karate. thrust reversor chukun tainat karnyat aala hota heey darshavinyasathi cockpitmadhye konatahi alarm kinwa itar sanket navhata. kharee samasya kaay hotee heey jaanun ghenyacha konatahi marg chalak dalakade navhata. ujavya enginecha power liver aapoaap bund sthiteet jaatana pahoon saha-pilotla vatale qee autothrottle pranalitil samasyemule liver mage ghasarala aahe aanee davya enginechya throttle liverchya bajula tyala purn power sthiteet parat dhakalale. punha ekada, svayanchalit suraksha pranaline yogya engine throttle bund kele aanee uddan uddan captonne autothrottle pranali bund karnyache aavahan kele. pranali bund kelyanantar, saha-pilotne punha ujavya enginechya power liverla purnapane pudhe dhakalale aanee too jabardastine tithe dharoon thewala. power liverla nishkriy sthiteet khechanyasathi jababdar asaleli suraksha pranali kebal, aata actuatordware eka margane khechale jaanyachya sharirik tanala sahan karoo shakali nahee, tarr saha-pilotne throttle liverla purnapane khulya sthiteet dhakaloon dhakaloon margane jabardastine kele-kebal lavkarach dekhbhal jodanivar vibhakt jhaali. suraksha pranaline yakrutala yapudhe pratibandhit naan kelyamule, saha-pilotne ujavya throttla purnapane ughade thevane suru thewale. ujavya enginechya sampoorn jorane ulatya aanee davya enginechya samanya forward take-auph jorane sanyogamule viman ujavikade hinsakpane sarkale aanee jaminivar utarale. tapas. tyanantarchya tapasat asey aadhalun aale qee vimanachya chalak dalala asha ghatanesathi prashikshan denyat aale navhate kaaran vimanache utpadak, fokar yanni apayashi mode itka durcha asalyache tharavale hote qee punarpraptisathi prashikshan aavashyak navhate. natakikaran. mede' yaa durchitravani mahitipatachya malikechya malikechya hangamat 'carrenage inn saao paulo' yaa shirshakachya eka bhagat haah apghat dakhavanyat aala hota.

tamle arios reasonice udan 402 dhuwani gardacha taam transportes arios regionice flyte 402 brazilko sao pauloko sao paulo-kongonhas antarrashtriya wimansthalbata riyo day generioko santos dumont vimansthal hundai recifema antarrashtriya wimansthalko lagi nirdharit gharelu udan thiyo. 31 october 1996 maa, 8ah27 (utc-2) maa, viman kangonhasma ranawebata tadha chadhiraheko bela marga sanchalan garne fakar 100 ko starboard enginele ulto dhakka diyo. viman rokiera niyantranbhanda bahira dayantira luteko thiyo, tyasapachhi dui bhawanharuma thokkieko thiyo rar udanko 25 second pachhi matra bhari janasankhya bhaeko kshetrama dherai gharharuma khasyo. jahajma raheka sabai 95 janako mrityu bhaeko thiyo bhane anya 4 zana jaminma thie. yo brazilko uddayan itihasma chautho sabaibhanda ghatak durghatana how, tyas samayama dosro. yo fakar 100 bhaeko sabaibhanda ghatak uddayan durghatana pani how. viman. yasama sanlagna viman darta piti-markko sath fakar 100 thiyo. vimanle 8 february 1993 maa afno pahilo udan garyo rar april 1995 maa taam transports arios rijnaisdwara second hanned adhigrahan garieko thiyo; yasale 8,000 bhanda badhi udan ghanta jamma gareko thiyo. yasale afno fuselagema "air transport world" magjinle tamlai "warshako khetriya airlines" ko puraskar dieko sandarbhama "number 1" shilalekhsahit vishesh prachar nilo wardi lagaeko thiyo. chalak dall. kaptan 35 warshiya jose antonio moreno thie, josanga 9,000 ghanta bhanda badhi udanko anubhav thiyo, jasma foker 100 maa 3,000 ghanta samawesh thiyo. pahilo adhikari 27 warshiya ricardo luis gomes thie, josanga 4,000 udan ghanta thiyo, jasmadhye 160 foker 100 maa thie. boardma paanch udan paricharakharu pani thie. durghatana. foker 100 vimanle tech-afma wa udanma hunda thrust ribharsarko akasmik diployamentasanga wyawahar garna suraksha pranali samawesh gardacha; pranalile swachalit rupma prabhawit rolls-royas tey 650-15 injinko thrust niyantranlai pawar cum garna sarchha, tyasapachhi hawaijahaj ek aprabhawit injinko purna shaktima surakshit rupma bahira chadhna saksham hunchha, wa cum pawarma samanya udan kayam rakhna saksham hunchha. thap rupma, wimanko mukhya awataran gearle jamin chhoddai sakriya gareko micro-swichle thrust reversor uprating circuiterylai asaksham parchha, udanma thrust ribharsarko anajane sanchalanlai rokchha. vimanle durghatana udanma ranawebata duwai injinharu purna shaktima uthaunda, sambhawit cert circuitko sanyojanma trutipurna swichle dayan injinko thrust ribharsarlai tainath garna badhya banayo. shaktiko asantulanko parinamswarup viman ranawebata tadha chadhiraheko bela dayantira ghumdai rar ghumaundai gayo. suraksha pranalile swachalit rupma kharabi hune thrust ribharsarko sath injinko shakti katauti gardacha. kakapitama kunai alarm wa anya sanket thiena jasle kii ek thrust reversor akasmik rupma tainath garieko thiyo bhanera sanket gardacha. chalak dalsanga wastawik samasya key thiyo bhanera thaha paune kunai tarika thiena. kopailatle dayan injin pawar libhar swachalit rupma banda sthitima sardai dekhe, autothrotal pranalima samasyako karan libhar pachhadi sareko thiyo bhanne soche rar yasalai bayan injin throttle libharko chheuma purna pawar sthitima firta dhakelyo. feri ekpatak, swachalit suraksha pranalile dayan injin throttle banda gyoa rar takeuff sanchalan gariraheka captainle autothrotal pranali banda garna awhan gare. pranali banda garepachhi, kopailatle feri dayan injin pawar libharlai purna rupma agadi dhakelyo rar yasalai tyahan jabarjasti samatyo. pawar libharlai nishkriya sthitima tanne jimmewar suraksha pranali kebal, ab actuatordwara ek bato tanne bhautik tanawako samana garna saksham thiena, jabki kopailatle throttle libharlai purna rupma khula sthitima dhakelera arko tarikama yasalai badhya banayo-kebal chaandai marmat jadanma vibhajit bhayo. suraksha pranalidwara libharlai ab pratibandhit nagariepachi, kopailatle dayan throttlei purna rupma khula rakhna jaari rakhyo. dayan injinko purna thrustma ulto rar bayan injinko sanyojanle samanya agadi tech-aff thrustma vimanlai dayantira hinsrak rupma ghumauna rar jaminma tall jharna badhya banayo. anusandhan. tyasapachhiko anusandhanma yo patta lageko thiyo kii udan chalakadallai yasto ghatanako lagi prashikshit garieko thiena kinki wimanko nirmata, fokarle asafalata mode yati tadhako bhaeko nirnaya gareko thiyo kii rikbharika lagi prashikshan awashyak thiena. natakiyakaran. yo durghatana television writtachitra shringkhala "mede" ko 15 aun sijanma "carnez inn sao paulo" shirshakko episodema chitrit garieko thiyo.

tama aeros anchalika biman 402 paribahana kare tama transportes arios regionice flyte 402 brazilara sao paolore sao paolo-kongonhasa antarjatija bimanabandararu reo dii generor santos dumont bimanbandar dei resiphere antarjatija bimanabandaraku recife kariba paain eka nirdharita gharoi biman thila . 1996 masiha october 31 tarikhare, 8.27 (jayu. tii. sii.-2) ray, bimanati kangonahasare ranaweru doorare aarohan karuthiba samajare, fakara 100rahr starboard injin ehi margaku parichalana karuthiba bele, ehara chaap olatpalat hoijaithila. bimanati atakigala ebong nijantrana bahare dahanaku gadila, taa 'parey duiti attalika upare aaghata kallah ebong udanara maatra 25 second parey eka janbahul anchalare aneka ghare dhakka delah . bimanare thiba samasta 95 john lock mrutyubarana karithile, ebong anya 4 john bhumire thile. brazilara biman chalachala itihasare ehaa chaturtha maratmaka durghatana, jaahaa sehi samajare dwiteeja thila. ehaa madhya eka fakara 100 sahita jadita sabutharu maratmaka biman durghatana . biman. ethire samil bimanati panjikarana pii. tii.-emm. aarr. kee. sahita eka fakara 100 thila. bimanati 8 februari 1993 ray ehara pratham udaana karithila ebong april 1995 ray tamm transportes arios anchala dwara second hanned adhigrahan karajaithila; ehaa 8,000 ru adhika udaana ghanta sangraha karithila . eyaara transport warld" patrika dwara tamaku "barshar anchalika biman seba" pradan karajibara sandarbhare, ehaa ehara bimanara prusthabhagare eka swatantra pracharatmaka neela rangara poshaka pindhithila, jeunthire "1 nambara" lekha thila. dala. captain thile 35 barsha bayaska jose antonio moreno, jahankara 9,000 ghantaru adhika udaana abhigyata thila, jeunthire fakara 100 ray 3,000 ghanta antarbhukta thila. pratham adhikari thile 27 barsha bayaska ricardo louis gomes, jahanka pakhare 4,000 udaana ghanta thila, semananka madhyaru 160 john fakara 100 ray thile. boardre pancha john flyte attendant madhya thile . durghatana. fakara 100 bimanati udaana samajare kimba udaana samajare eka thrust reversor durghatanajanita nijojanara mukabila kariba paain eka surakhya pranaliku antarbhukta kare; shakti hrass kariba paain system swajanchalita bhabare prabhabita roll-rais tay 650-15 injin rahr thrust nijantranaku sthanantarita kare, bimanati eka aprabhabita injin rahr sampurna shaktire surakhita bhabare aarohan karibaku sakhyama hue, kimba comm shaktire sadharana udaana bajaiah rakhiba . ehaa byatita, bimanara mukhya abataran gear dwara sakriya eka micro-suich, thrust reversor apareting sarkitriku nishkriya karithae, udanare thrust reversor rahr ajanatare karjyaku atakaithae . ubhaja injin purna shaktire thiba bele bimanati durghatanagrasta udanare ranaweru uthiba parey, eka sambhabya cert circuit sahita eka trutipurna suich phalare dahana enginer thrust reversor nijojita hoithila. shaktira asantulana jogun bimanati ranweru doorare aarohan karuthibaru dahanaku ghunchila ebong ghunchila . trutipurna thrust reversor sahita surakhya byabastha swajanchalita bhabare enginer shakti katithae . eka thrust reversor durghatanajanita bhabare nijojita hoichhi bolly suchita karibaku kakapitare kaunasi alarm kimba anya sanketa nathila . prakruta samasya qa "naa taaha janibara kaunasi upaiah nabikamananka pakhare nathila. copylot, dahana injin pawara libharaku swajangkrija bhabare banda abasthaku jiba dekhi, bhabithile je autothrotal sistamare samasya hetu libhar pachaku khasijaichhi ebong baama injin throttle libhar sahita ehaaku sampurna shakti abasthaku theli deichi. puni thare, swajangkrija surakhya byabastha dahana injin throtalku banda karideithila ebong tekaf parichalana karuthiba captain autothrotal sistamaku banda karibaku aahwana karithile. sistamaku banda kariba parey, coe-pilot punithare dahana injin pawara libharaku sampurna aagaku theli deithila ebong ehaaku sethare jorapurbaka dhari rakhithila. pawara libharaku nishkriya abasthaku taniba paain daie surakhya system kebul, accutuator dwara gotie baatare taani niajibara sharirika chapaku aau sahya karibaku sakhyama hoinathila, jetebele kii copylot throttle libharaku sampurna khola abasthaku theli anya upaajare badhya karithila-kebul shighra eka rakhyanabekhyana sanjogare alga hoijaithila . surakhya byabastha dwara libhar aau nijantrita nahoithibaru, copylot dahana throtalku sampurna bhabare khola rakhithila . sampurna chaapare dahana injin ebong baama injin sadharana aagaku tech-off thrustre thiba karanaru bimanati dahanaku hinsatmaka bhabare ghunchila ebong bhumire talaku khasigala . tadanta. parabarti anusandhanare ehaa janibaku milithila je bimanara nirmata fokara, biphalata modaku ete doora bolly bichara karithile je punaruddhara paain prasikhyana aabasyaka nathila . natakeejakarana. ehi durghatana television documentary sirij "mede" rahr 15 tama sijinare "sao paolore narasanghara" shirshaka eka episodare pradarshita hoithila .

taam neey arios reasoness flight 402 noon transport keeta taam transportes arios reasoness flight 402 braazeel dey saao paulo witch saao paulo-congonhas antarashtari havaai adde toon reeo dee janeiro witch santos dumont havaai adde raahin recife witch antarashtari havaai adde noon prapat curran laee ikk nirdharat gharelu udaann see. 31 aktubar 1996 noon, 8.27 vaje (yuu. tii. see.-2), focker 100 daa starboard injan joe ruut noon chalaa riha see, neey zor noon ulta ditta jadon jahaz congonhas vikhe runway toon door chadh riha see. jahaz rook giaa atey niyantaran toon bahr sajje paase ghumm giaa, firr doou imaratan naal takra giaa atey udaann bharan dey siraf 25 skintan baad bhaari aabadi vaale khetar witch kaee gharan naal takra giaa. jahaz witch swaar saare 95 lock maare gaye sunn, atey naal hii 4 horr zameen utte sunn. ih braazeel dey havabazi itihaas witch chautha sabh toon ghatak hadsa haii, joe uss samein dooja see. ih sabh toon ghatak havabazi hadsa vee haii jiss witch ikk focker 100 shamal haii. jahaz. iss witch shamal jahaz pandit-aimm. aar. keey. dee registration vaala ikk focker 100 see. jahaz neey 8 farvari 1993 noon aapni pahili udaann bharee atey aprail 1995 witch taam transportes arios reasoness duaara dooje hatth naal prapat keeta giaa see; iss neey 8,000 toon vaddh udaann dey ghante ikkathe keete sunn. iss neey aapne dhadd utte ikk vishesh prachar neela livri paaee hoee see jiss witch "number 1" likhiaa hoiaa see, jiss dey sandrabh witch taam noon "air transport world" magazine duaara "saal dee khetri airline" naal sanmanit keeta giaa see. chaalak dall. kaptan 35 saala jose antonio moreno see, jiss cole 9,000 ghantiaan toon vaddh dee udaann daa tajraba see, jiss witch focker 100 utte 3,000 ghante shamal sunn. pahila adhikari 27 saala ricardo luis gomes see, jiss cole 4,000 udaann dey ghante sunn, jinhan vicchon 160 focker 100 utte sunn. jahaz witch panj flight attendant vee sunn. durghatna. focker 100 jahaz witch udaann bharan jaan udaann dauran ikk thrust riverse dee durghatnatmak tayinati naal najithan laee ikk surakhiaa pranali shamal haii; system aapne aap prabhavit rolls-raais taye 650-15 injan dey thrust controll noon bijli noon ghataun laee chalaunda haii, firr havaai jahaz ikk aprabhavit injan dee puurii shakti naal surakhiat dhang naal bahr chadhan dey samrath hunda haii, jaan ghatt shakti naal aam udaann noon banayi rakkhan dey samrath hunda haii. iss toon ilava, ikk micro-switch, joe kii jahaz dey mukkh landing geear duaara zameen noon chhadd keey sargaram hunda haii, thrust riverse operating circuitry noon ayog karda haii, joe udaann witch thrust riverse dey anjane witch sanchalan noon rokada haii. jiven hii jahaz neey puurii shakti naal doven injanan dey naal durghatna dee udaann dey runway toon uppar chukkiaa, ikk sambhavit shaart circut dey naal ikk nukasdar switch caarn sajje injan daa thrust rivzer tainat keeta giaa. bijli dey asantulan dey natije vajon jahaz sajje paase ghumm riha see atey runway toon door chadh riha see. surakhiaa pranali aapne aap hii kharaab hoow rahey thrust riverse naal injan dee bijli noon katt dindi haii. cockpit witch koee chetavani jaan horr sanket naheen see joe ih darsaunda haii kii ikk thrust riverse galti naal tainat keeta giaa see. chaalak dall cole ih jaanan daa koee tarika naheen see kii asal samassiaa qee see. copellet neey sajje injan dey pawar leaver noon aapne aap bnd sathiti witch jaande hoye dekhiaa, sochiaa kii autothrotal system witch samassiaa caarn leaver waps khisak giaa see atey iss noon khabbe injan dey throttle leaver dey naal puurii pawar sathiti witch waps dhakk ditta. ikk vaar firr, automatic surakhiaa pranali neey sajje injan throttle noon bnd qarr ditta atey jahaz dey takeof curran vaale kaptan neey autothrottle pranali noon bnd curran dee mung keeti. system noon bnd curran toon baad, qo-pilot neey firr toon sajje injan pawar leaver noon puurii tarahan agge dhakk ditta atey iss noon zabardasti utthe hii rakkh liaa. surakhiaa pranali cable, joe pawar leaver noon bekaar sathiti witch khicchan laee zimmevar haii, hunn actuator duaara ikk paase khicchan dey sarirak tanaa daa sahmana curran dey yog naheen see, jadon kii copylot neey throttle leaver noon puurii tarahan khullhi sathiti witch dhakk keey iss noon dooje tarike naal majbur keeta-cable jaldi hii ikk rakkh-rakhaa connection teey vakkh hoow gaee. surakhiaa pranali duaara leaver noon hunn sanjam naa honn caarn, qo-pilot neey sajje throttle noon puurii tarahan khullah rakkhna jaari rakkhiaa. sajje injan dey ulat atey khabbe injan dey sanyojan neey ajey vee aam agge take-aaf zor 'teey jahaz noon hinsk dhang naal sajje paase roll curran atey zameen' teey utaran daa caarn baniaa. jaanch. baad dee jaanch witch ih pataa laggiaa kii udaann chaalak dall noon ajihi ghatna laee sikhlai naheen ditti gaee see kiunki jahaz dey nirmata, focker neey asafalta mode noon inna door honn dee sambhavna daa faisla keeta see kii rikavari laee sikhlai dee zaroorat naheen see. natkikaran. ih durghatna television dastavezi ladiwar "mede" dey 15ven season witch "saao paulo witch katal" sirlekh dey ikk episode witch pradarshit keeti gaee see.

tamah arios-pradeshasya vimaanayaanam 402 iti parivahanam karoti. tama-transportes-arios-reasonais-flat 402 iti, riyo-dee-janero-nagarasya santos-dumont-vimanasthanakasya madhyamena recife-nagare antarashtriya-vimanasthanakasya bhojanartham, brazil-deshasya saavo-paulo-kongonhaas-antarashtriya-vimaanasthaanakaat ekam anusoochitam aantarik-vimaanayaanam aasit. 1996 october 31 dinaanke, 8.27 (yoo. tea. see.-2) dinaanke, margasya sanchaalanam kurvataam faakar-100 ityasya starr-board-injin, yadaa vimaanam kangonhaas-nagarasya runn-ve-taha doore aarohanam kurvan aasit tadaa, vyutkramitam prerakam praapnot. vimaanam sthityeebhootam, niyantranaat bahihi dakshinadishi chaalayat, tatah bhavantam dwayam aakraamy, uddayanasy 25 kshananantaram eva atyadhikajanasankhyaayuktakte anekeshu gruheshu cha patitah. vimaanasya sarwah 95 janaah mrutaah, anye cha 4 janaah bhoomau cha mrutaah. eshaa brazilian-vimanayana-itihaase chaturtham pranaghatakam durghatanaa asti, tatt samaye dwiteeyam. etat faakar-100 ityanena saha yukttam pranaghatakam vimana-durghatanaa api asti. vimaanaani. vimaanasya panjeekaranam pi. tii.-emm. aar. key. ityanena saha faakar 100 aasit. vimanena 1993 februvari 8 dinaanke prathamam uddiyata, 1995 april-maase tama-transportes-arios-reasonais ityanena dwiteeya-hastena praaptam; 8,000 taha adhikaani uddayanaavartaani sanchitaah aasan. err-transport-world" patrikayaa tamam "reasonal-erlain-aaf-da-iyar" iti puraskaaren sammaanitah iti ullekham krutvaa, tasya vimaanasya prushtabhaage "number-1" iti shilaalekhayuktam vishesham prachaar-neelavarnam vastram upavarnitam aasit. dalah. naayakah 35 varsheeyah jose antonio moreno aasit, yasya 9,000 ghantaatah adhikah uddayanaanubhavah aasit, yasmin faakar 100 madhye 3,000 ghantaah api aasan. prathamah adhikaari 27 varsheeyah ricardo louis gomes aasit, yasya 4,000 uddayanaavartayah aasan, teshu 160 janaah fakkar 100 madhye aasan. vimaane pancha vimana paricharakaha api aasan. durghatanaa. fokkar-100 vimaane uddaane athavaa uddaane, aakasmikaroopen thrust-reversor ityasya upayojanasya nivaaranaartham surakshaa-pranaali antarbhavati; eshaa pranaali svayameva prabhaavitasya rolls-raays-tay <aii. dii. 1> injin ityasya thrust-niyantranam vidyut-nyunatayai chaalayati, tatah vimaanah ekasya aprabhaavitasya injin ityasya purnashaktya surakshitataya aarohanam kartum samarthah bhavati, athavaa nyunashaktya samanya-uddayanam chaalayati. tadatiriktam, vimaanasya mukhyena landing-gerr ityanena bhoomim nishkaasy sakriyam macrow-swich, thrust-reversor-operating-circuitory-ityetam nishkriyam karoti, yena uddaane thrust-reversor-ityasya anavadhaanen karyam nivaaryate. yadaa vimanena vimanayanasya runn-ve-taha utaranam krutam, yatra ubhayoho injin-purnashaktya yuktah aasit, tadaa sambhaavya-shaart-circuit-ityanena saha doshapoorn-swich-ityanena dakshina-injin-ityasya thrust-reversor-ityasya niyojanam jaatam. shaktteh asantulanena vimaanah dhavanat doore arohanakale dakshinadishi chaalayitum, vyutkramitum cha pravruttah. surakshaasamsthaa svayameva doshayuktena thrust-reversor ityanena yantrasya shakttih nyooneekaroti. akasmikataya thrust-reversor ityasya prayogah krutah iti soochayitum kaakpit-madhye alaarm athavaa anyah sanketah naseet. vaastavikam samasyam kim iti dnyaatum nausainikadalasya sameepe upaayah naseet. kopailat, dakshina-injin-power-liver svayameva baddha-sthaanam prati gacchan drushtvaa, swayamchaalita-throttle-vyavasthaayaah samasyaayaah karanat liver-punah patitah iti chintayitvaa vaama-injin-throttle-liver-ityasya paarshve poorna-shaktti-sthaanam prati punah praavartayat. punah ekadaa swayamchaalita-surakshaa-pranaali dakshina-injin-throttle-ityetam bandhayat, tathaa cha tekaaf-sanchalakam capton, autothrotal-pranaalim nishkriyam kartum aahvayat. tantram nishkriyam krutvaa, saha-chaalakah punah dakshina-yantra-shaktti-yantram purnataya agre nyavedayat, tatra balaat api samasthaapayat. power-liver-ityasya nishkriyasthaanam prati aharanartham uttaradaayeeh surakshaa-tantrasya kebal-yantrah, ekasyaam dishi occuvator-dwara aahaty aahaty bhautika-peedanam naa sahayitum samarthah aasit, aparam dishayam saha-chaalakah throttle-liver-yantram purnataya muktasthaane nyudwastwaa tam balaat badhyavan-kebal-yantrah sheeghramev rakshan-samparkena vibhaktaa. surakshaasamvidhaanaa dwara liver naa sanyamitah, ataha kopailat dakshina-throttle purnataya udghaatitam dhaarayat. dakshina-yantrasya poorna-prerane, pratyutar-prerane, vaama-yantrasya cha samyojanena, samanya-agre-tech-aaf-prerane eva, vimaanam dakshinadishi himsakaroopena urukayitvaa bhoomau adhah patati sma. anveshanam. tadanantaram samshodhane dnyaatam yat vimaanasya chaalakadalam etaadrushasya ghatanaayaah krute prashikshita naseet, yatah vimaanasya nirmata fakkar ityeshah viphalataayaah mode iteedam doorastham iti nirnayam akarot, yena punahpraaptyartham prashikshanm naa aavashyakam aasit iti. natakikaranam. mede" iti dooradarshan-vruttachitra-shrunkhalaayaah 15 tame samskarane "carnez inn saavo paalo" iti sheershake ekasmin prakaranasya pradarshanm krutam.

thaam aeros piraanthiyaththai 402 endra vimanaththil kondu selkirathu tamtansports arias piraanthiya vimaanam 402 enbathu brazilin saavo paavloavil ulla saavo paaloa-kongonhas sarvadesa vimaana nilaiyaththilirunthu reo dii jenirovil ulla sandos dumont vimaana nilaiyam vazhiyaaga recifiyil ulla sarvadesa vimaana nilaiyaththilirunthu thittamidappatta ullnaattu vimaanamaagum. 1996 october 31 andru, kaalai 8.27 manikku (yuu. dii. chii-2), vimaanam congonhassil oodupaathaiyilirunthu vilagi aerum poathu paathaiyai iyakkum focker 100 inn starboardu iyanththiram unthuthalai maattriyamaithathu. vimaanam nindru kattupaattai meeri valathupuram urundoadiyathu, pinnar irandu kattidangalaith thaakki, purapatta 25 vinaadigalukkup piragu adhiga makkal thogai konda paguthiyil pala veedugalil moathiyathu. vimanaththil irunththa 95 paerum kollappattanar, maelum 4 paer tharaiyil irunththanar. idhu brazilin vimaana varalaattril naankaavathu miga moasamaana vibaththu aagum, antha neraththil idhu irandaavathu vibaththaaga irunththathu. idhu oru focker 100 sambanthappatta miga moasamaana vimaana vibaththu aagum. vimaanam. sambanthappatta vimaanam pathivu seiyappatta pandit-emrke udan oru focker 100 aagum. inththa vimaanam 8 pipravari 1993 andru thanathu muthal vimanaththai iyakkiyathu, maelum aepral 1995 ill thaampradhaesa poakkuvaraththu niruvanangalaal irandaavathu kaii vaangkappattathu; idhu 8,000 kkum maerpatta parakkum maninerangkalaik kuviththathu. vimaanap poakkuvaraththu ulaga" idhazh thamai "aandin piraanthiya vimaana niruvanam" endru azhaiththathai maerkoal kaatti, adhan udpuraththil "nambar 1" endra kalvettil oru sirappu vilambara neela nira nira nira aadaiyai aninthirunthathu. kuzhu. capton 35 vayathaana jose antonio moreno aavaar, avar 9,000 manii neeraththirkum maelaana vimaana anubavaththaik kondirundhaar, idhil focker 100 ill 3,000 maninaerangkalum adangkum. muthal adhigaari 27 vayathaana ricardo luis comes aavaar, avar 4,000 vimaana maninerangkalaik kondirundhaar, avarkalil 160 paer focker 100 ill irunththanar. athil ainthu vimaana uthaviyaalargalum irunththanar. vibaththu. focker 100 vimaanam purappadumpoathu allathu parakkum poathu oru undhuthal thalaikeezhaana thartseyalaana varisaippaduththalai kaiyaala oru paathukaappu amaippai ulladakkiyathu; inththa amaippu thaanaagavae paathikkappatta rolls-roys day 650-15 iyanththiraththin undhuthal kattupaattai nagarththukirathu, pinnar vimaanam oru paathikkappadaatha iyanththiraththin muzhu sakthiyil paathukaappaaka aerakkoodiya thiran kondadhu, allathu kuraindha sakthiyil saathaarana vimanaththai paraamarikkum thiran kondadhu. koodudhalaaga, tharaiyil irunthu veliyaerum vimanaththin mukiya tharaiyirangkum kier moolam seyalpaduththappadum oru micro-switch, undhuthal thalaikeezh iyakka suttruvattaththai mudakkukirathu, idhu undhuthal thalaikeezh iyakkaththin kavanakkuraivaana seyalpaattaith thadukkirathu. irandu enjinkalum muzhu sakthiyil irunththa vibaththu vimanaththil vimaanam oodupaathaiyil irunthu uyarththappattapoathu, oru thavaraana switch oru saathiyamaana shord sarkyoottudan inainthu valathu enjin undhuthal thalaikeezhaanavai payanpaduththappaduvatharku kaaranamaaga amainthathu. minsaaraththin samanilaiyinmai kaaranamaaga vimaanam oodupaathaiyil irunthu vilagi aerum poathu valathupuram urundu thisaithiruppappattathu. paathukaappu amaippu thaanaagavae iyanththiraththin sakthiyai seyalizhandha undhuthal thalaikeezh moolam kuraikkirathu. kakpittil endha alaramum allathu pira arikurigalum illai, idhu oru undhuthal thalaikeezh thartcheyalaaka payanpaduthappattathaik kurikkirathu. unmaiyana sikkal enna enbathai ariya kuzhuvinarukku endha vazhiyum illai. valathu enjin power liver thaanaaga moodiya nilaikku nagarvathaik kanda gopilat, autothrattil amaippil ulla sikkal kaaranamaaga liver pinvaangkivittathu endru ninaiththu, idathu enjin throattil liver udan muzhu power nilaikkuth thalliyathu. meendum, thaaniyangi paathukaappu amaippu sariyaana enjin throattilai moodiyathu, maelum purappaduvathai nadaththik kondirundha capton, thaaniyangi throattilai anaikkumaaru alaippu viduththaar. kaneneyai anaiththa piragu, cobilet meendum valathu enjin power nembukoalai muzhumaiyaaga munnoakki thalli, adhai valukkattaayamaaga angkae pidiththathu. power livarai seyalattra nilaikku izhukkum poruppu konda paathukaappu amaippu cable, oxwaiterol oru vazhiyil izhukkappadum udal aluththaththai inii thaanga mudiyavillai, athae neraththil cobilet throattil livarai muzhumaiyaagath thalluvathan moolam adhai vaeru vazhiyil kattaayappadutthinaar thirantha nilai-cable viraivil oru paramarippu inaippil pirinthathu. nembukoal inii paathukaappu amaippaal kattuppaduththappadaadhaal, cobilet valathu throattilai muzhumaiyaagath thiranthu vaiththirunthathu. valathu iyanththiraththin muzhu unththuthalil thalaikeezhaagavum, idathu iyanththiram innum iyalpaana munnoakki take-off unththuthalil iruppathaal vimaanam valathupuram vanmuraiyil urundu tharaiyil irangkiyathu. visaaranai. aduthaduththa visaaranaiyil, vimanaththin urpathtiyaalaraana focker, thoalviyin murai migavum tholaithooramaaga iruppathaaka theerppaliththathaal, meetpukkaana payirchi thevaiyillai endru vimaanak kuzhuvinarukku aththagaiya nigazhvukku payirchi alikkappadavillai enbathu kandariyappattathu. natakamayamakkal. maedae" endra tholaikaatchi aavanappadath thodarin 15 vadhu seasonil "saavo paaloavil padukolai" endra thalaippil oru aththiyaayaththil inththa vibaththu idampettrathu.

tamm aeros region flight 402 nuu ravana chestundi tomm transportase arias reasonise flight 402 anedi brazilloni saavo paaloloni saavo paalo-kongonas antarjaateeya vimaanaasrayam nundi reo dii janeero looni santos dumont vimaanaasrayam dwara recifelo antarjaateeya vimaanaasrayamloo recife cheyadaaniki schedule chesina desheeya vimanam. 1996 aktobaru 31naa, 8.27 (yuu. tii. sii-2) gantalaku, vimanam kangonhas vadda runway nundi dhooramgaa ekkutunnappudu marganni nirvahinche facker 100 yokka starboard injin tirogamana ottidini edurkondi. vimanam aagipoyi, niyantranaku minchi kudivaipuku urumukundi, aapai rendu bhavanalanu taaki, takeoff ayina 25 sekanla tarvaata adhika janabha kaligina praantamloo aneka illanu dheekottindi. vimaanamlo unna mottam 95 mandhi maraninchaaru, alaage maroe 4 mandhi neelapai unnaaru. brazil vimanayana charitralo idhi naalugo atyanta ghoramaina pramaadam, aaa samayamlo idhi rendavadi. idhi facker 100 thoo kuudina atyanta praanaantakamaina vimaana pramaadam kooda. vimanalu. indulo palgonna vimanam registration pii. tii-emaarketho kuudina facker 100. eee vimanam 8 fibravari 1993naa thana modati vimananni nadipindi mariyu april april tama transportes arias regionla dwara second handga konugolu cheyabadindi; idhi 8,000 kante ekkuva vimaana prayaana gantalanu sekarinchindi. air transport varald" patrika dwara tamku "reginal airline off dhi iyar" avaardu labhinchadaanni suuchistuu, "number 1" saasanamto daani fuselage meeda pratyeka prachara neelam rangu dustulu dharinchindi. sibbandi. kepten 35 yella jose antonio moreno, 9,000 gantalaku paiga vimaana anubhavam kaligi unnadu, indulo facker facker 3,000 gantalu unnaayi. modati adhikari 27 yella ricardo luis gomes, 4,000 vimaana gantalu kaligi unnaaru, vaarilo 160 mandhi facker facker unnaaru. vimaanamlo aiduguru vimaana parichaarakulu kooda unnaaru. pramaadavasaattu. fokkar 100 vimanam takeoff chesetappudu ledhaa egurutunnappudu thrust reversor pramaadavasaattu moharinchadaanni edurkovadaniki oka bhadrata vyavasthanu kaligi untundi; vyavastha svayamchaalakamgaa prabhaavita rolls-rais tay 650-15 injin yokka thrust niyantrananu saktini tagginchadaaniki kadilistundi, appudu vimanam oka prabhaavitam kaani injin yokka puurti saktitoe surakshitamgaa ekki, ledhaa takkuva saktitoe saadhaarana vimananni nirvahinchagaladu. adanamgaa, vimanam yokka pradhana landing gair dwara sakriyam cheyabadina micro-switch, thrust reversor operating circuitaryni nilipivestundi, idhi thrust reversor yokka anukokunda aapareshannu nirodhistundi. rendu enginelu puurti saktitoe pramaada vimaanamlo vimanam runway nundi paiki lechinappudu, short circuitho kalipi lopabhuishta switch kaaranamgaa kudi injin yokka thrust reversor moharinchabadindi. shakti asamatulyata phalitamgaa vimanam runway nundi dhooramgaa ekki veltundagaa kudi vaipuku tirugutuu, tipputuu vachindi. bhadrata vyavastha svayamchaalakamgaa panicheyakapovadam valla engineku saktini taggistundi. thrust reversor anukokunda moharinchabadindani suuchimchadaaniki kaakpitlo alaram ledhaa itara suuchanalu laevu. nijamaina samasya emito telusukovadaaniki sibbandiki maargam ledhu. kudi injin power liver svayamchaalakamgaa closed sthaanaaniki velladaanni chusina copylot, autothoratal vyavasthalo samasya kaaranamgaa liver venakki jaaripoyindani bhaavinchi, edama injin throttle liver pakkana puurti power sthaanaaniki tirigi nettadu. marosari, automatic bhadrata vyavastha kudi injin thoretalnu moosivesindi mariyu takeoff nirvahistunna kepten, autothoratal vyavasthanu switch off cheyaalani pilupunicchaadu. systemnu switch off chesina taruvaata, copylot mallee kudi injin power livarnu puurtigaa munduku netti, balavantamgaa akkada unchindi. power livarnu panilekunda unna sthaanaaniki laagadaaniki baadhyata vahinche bhadrata vyavastha cable, acuator oka vaipu lagadam vanti bhouthika ottidini tattukolekapoyindi, ayithe copylot thoretal livarnu puurtigaa terichi unchadam dwara maroka vidhamgaa balavantam chesindi-cable tvaralo nirvahana connection vadda vidipoyindi. liver ikapai bhadrata vyavasthachae nirodhinchabadaledu, copylot kudi thoretalnu puurtigaa terichi unchadam konasaaginchindi. kudi injin puurti vegamtho riverslo mariyu edama injin saadhaarana munduku takeoff thrust vadda undatam valla vimanam kudivaipuku himsaatmakamgaa uruki neelapaiki digindi. daryaaptu. tadupari daryaptulo, vimaana tayaareedaaru facker vaiphalyam mode chaalaa suduuramgaa undani teerpu icchinanduna, punaruddharana kosam sikshana avasaram ledani, atuvanti sanghatana kosam vimaana sibbandiki sikshana ivvaledani kanugonabadindi. naatakeeyata. television documentary syries "mede" yokka 15va seasonlo "knage inn saavo paalo" anae episodelo eee pramaadam kanipinchindi.

taam nay arios regens flyte 402 kuu muntaqil kiyaa taam transports arios regionise flyte 402 brazeel kay saao paolo mein saao paolo-kangonas beenn alaqwami hawai aday say riyo ddee janero mein centos domont hawai aday kay zariye recefi mein beenn alaqwami hawai aday parr jaanay kay liye eek tay shadah gharilo parwaz thee. 31 aktobar 1996 cow 8:27 (yuu tye see-2) parr raastay kuu chalanay waalay fokar 100 kaa staar board anjan iss waqat alt gayaa jabb tayarah kangonha mein runn way say door chadh rehaa thaa. tayarah rakk gayaa aur daayein taraf qaabu say baahir chalaa gayaa phir duu emaraton say takra gayaa aur teek aaf kay sarf 25 second baad hyee bhaari aabadi waalay elaqay mein kayee gharoon say takra gayaa. jehaaz mein sawaar tamaam 95 afraad halaak how gayey aur saath hyee deegar 4 zameen parr thay. yaha brazeel kii hawaa baazi kii tareekh kaa chotha mahlak tareen haadsah hay juu iss waqat kaa dosra hay. yaha hawaa baazi kaa sabb say mahlak haadsah bhee hay jiss mein eek fokar 100 shaamil hay. hawai jehaaz. iss mein shaamil tayarah registration pee tye-ayem aar kay kay saath eek fokar 100 thaa. tayaray nay 8 faroori 1993 kuu apnee pehli parwaz kii aur apreel 1995 mein tomm transports arios reginees kay zariah second hanned haasil kiyaa gayaa. iss nay 8,000 say ziyadah parwaz kay ghantay jamaa kiye thay. iss nay apnay fosilage parr eek khususi promotional neela labaas pehna hawaa thaa jiss parr "number 1" likhaa hawaa thaa jiss kay hawalay say "aiyar transport world" megzin nay taam kuu "saal kii elaqayi aiyar line" say nawaza thaa. amley. kaptaan 35 saalah jose antonio morino thaa jasay 9,000 ghantay say ziyadah kii parwaz kaa tajarbah thaa jiss mein fokar 100 parr 3,000 ghantay bhee shaamil thay. pehla afsar 27 saalah recordo lois gomz thaa jiss kay paas 4,000 parwaz kay ghantay thay jinn mein say 160 fokar 100 parr thay. iss mein paanch flyte attendant bhee sawaar thay. haadsah. fokar 100 tayarah teek aaf parr yaa parwaz kay doraan tharsat reversor kii hadsati tayinati say namatnay kay liye eek hifazati nazaam kuu shaamil kartaa hay. yaha nazaam khood bakhud mutasirah roles raais tye 650-15 anjan kay tharsat control kuu taaqat kuu kumm karnay kay liye muntaqil kartaa hay iss kay baad hawai jehaaz eek ghair mutasirah anjan kii poori taaqat say mahfuz tareeqe say baahir chadhnay kay qaabil hotaa hay yaa kumm taaqat parr mamul kii parwaz kuu barqarar rakhta hay. iss kay alawah eek micro switch juu hawai jehaaz kay markazi lending gair kay zariye zameen say nikal kirr chaalo hotaa hay tharsat reversor operating circuitry kuu ghair faal kirr deeta hay jiss say parwaz mein tharsat reversor kay nadanista operation kuu rooka jaa saktaa hay. jeesay hyee tayarah haadise kii parwaz mein runn way say donon anjanon kuu makmal taaqat kay saath uthaa mamkanah shaart circuit kay saath mill kirr eek naqis swaich daayein anjan kay tharsat reversor kuu tayinaat karnay kaa sabab banaa. taaqat kay adam tawazan kay natijay mein tayarah runn way say door chadh rehaa thaa aur daayein taraf ghoom rehaa thaa. hifazati nazaam khood bakhud kharaab honay waalay tharsat reversor kay saath anjan kii taaqat kuu cott deeta hay. kaak putt mein koyee alarm yaa koyee aur asharah nahein thaa jiss say yaha zahir how kahh tharsat reversor ghalti say tayinaat how gayaa thaa. amley kay paas yaha jaannay kaa koyee tariqah nahein thaa kahh asl masilah kiyaa thaa. kaapi pilot nay daayein anjan kay pawar leaver kuu khood bakhud bund position mein jaatay hoay dekhaa socha kahh autothrotal system mein dushwari kii wajah say leaver peeche hutt gayaa hay aur asay bayein anjan kay tharotal leaver kay saath saath makmal pawar position parr waps dhakeel diyaa. eek baar pahar khudkaar hifazati nazaam nay daayein anjan tharotal kuu bund kirr diyaa aur teek aaf karnay waalay kaptaan nay auto tharotal system kuu bund karnay kaa mutalibah kiyaa. system kuu bund karnay kay baad kaapi pilot nay dobarah daayein anjan pawar leaver kuu makmal toor parr aagay dhakeel diyaa aur asay zabardasti wahaan pakad liyaa. hifazati nazaam cable juu pawar leaver kuu khaali position parr khainchnay kay liye zamah daar thee abb actuator kay zariye eek taraf khainchnay kay jasmani dabao kaa muqabilah karnay kay qaabil nahein thee jabkah copplet nay tharotal leaver kuu makmal toor parr khalee position parr dhakeel kirr asay dosray tareeqe say majbur kiyaa-cable jald hyee deekh bhaal kay concussion parr alg how gayee. leaver kuu hifazati nazaam kay zariye mazeed mahdud naha honay kii wajah say kaapi pilot daayein tharotal kuu makmal toor parr khilaa rakhta rehaa. daayein anjan kay makmal zoor parr altay aur bayein anjan kay aam aagay teek aaf zoor parr honay kii wajah say tayarah daayein taraf pratashdad toor parr ghoom gayaa aur zameen parr utar gayaa. tehqiqat. baad kii tehqiqat mein yaha patah chalaa kahh flyte kay amley kuu iss tarah kay waaqiye kay liye tarbiyat nahein dee gayee thee keunkah tayaray kay bananay waalay fokar nay nakami kay moad kuu atnaa door daraaz qaraar diyaa thaa kahh iss baath kaa amkaan thaa kahh bazyabi kay liye tarbiyat zaruri nahein thee. dramayi. yaha haadsah teeli vision dastawezi seerez "mee day" kay 15 wein seezan mein "carnage inn saao paolo" kay anwaan say eek qast mein paish kiyaa gayaa thaa.

0000159509fb20fbdd38aba8d9a9f18cb7e13c5fbda61297a4a6888a0d936bf4

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38909223

Otto Koehler

Otto Koehler Otto Koehler (20 December 1889 - 7 January 1974) was a German zoologist and pioneer ethologist. He was a founding editor, along with Konrad Lorenz of the "Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie" (Journal of animal psychology) which was later renamed as "Ethology". He was among the earliest to explore the numerical abilities of animals, and to use tools like film to study animal behaviour. Otto was born in Insterburg, Prussia, the fifth and the only child to survive of Lutheran pastor Eduard Koehler and his second wife Karoline née Heinrici. His mother died after his birth and his father died four years later leaving him in the care of his uncle Paul Heinrici. He went to the Royal school at Pforta in 1902 and matriculated in 1907 to then study at the University of Freiburg. He studied mathematics and history and attended August Weismann's classes on zoology and evolution. In 1908 he moved to the University of Munich where he studied botany and listened to lectures in physics from Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen. He studied the biology of a sea urchin "Strongylocentrotus lividus" under Richard von Hertwig and obtained a doctorate. He then worked as an assistant to Franz Doflein and then worked with Karl von Frisch. During the war Koehler was in charge of bacteriological examinations at a military hospital near Metz in 1914. He then set up a laboratory in Anatolia in 1916 and became an English prisoner of war in Nazareth. In 1919 he moved to Wroclaw where Franz Doflein had moved. Koehler studied geotaxis in "Paramecium", color vision in "Daphnia" and examined the perception of magnetic fields and UV in animals. He lectured on sensory physiology and animal psychology. Koehler worked with Karl von Frisch and trained dragonfly larvae to feed on yellow food thereby showing that they could recognize colour. In 1923 he became an associate professor in Munich and in 1925 he became directory of the Museum at the University of Königsberg. Koehler experimented on animals to identify if they had what was needed for human thinking and was especially interested in behaviours that demonstrated counting (which he called as unnamed thinking). He examined the behaviour of sandpiper's at the nest and used dummy eggs to check how the birds recognized their own eggs. He was also among the first biologists to use films to record animal behaviour for subsequent analysis. In 1937 he established the German Society for Animal Psychology and began its journal "Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie" with Konard Lorenz and Carl Kronacher. From 1986 it was renamed as "Ethology". After the war, Otto Koehler had lost his wife Annemarie Deditius whom he had married in Breslau in 1920 to an illness and Königsberg was in ruins. He was appointed a professor at the University of Freiburg in 1946 and he married a former student Amélie Hauchecorne, great-granddaughter of Wilhelm Hauchecorne. His first doctoral student Paul Leyhausen studied tiger-lion hybrids and he continued his research on the counting ability of animals. He also took an interest in bioacoustics. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

utu kuhlar utu kuhlar (20 disembor 1889-7 january 1974) ejon german pranibigyani aaru pothoprodorxok aasil. teu "jeitscrift fur tirecycology" (journal owo animal cycology) ror kunrad lorenger xoite egoraki protisthapok xompadok aasil, jaak pisoloi "eth" lojee "buli punor naamkoron koraa hoisil. jibo-jontur xongkhyagot xamorthyo onwexon koraa aaru jibo-jontur aasoron odhyoyon koriboloi solositror dore xojuli byobohar koraa prarombhikxokolor bhitorot teu onyotomo aasil. pruchiyar insterbergot jonmogrohon koraa oh 'tu lutharan pastar eduard kuhlar aaru teur dwitiyo potni kerulin nee heinorisir ponchom aaru ekmatro xontan aasil. jonmor pisot teur matrir mrityu hoisil aaru chaari bosoror pisot teur pitrir mrityu hoisil aaru teur kakak poll heinorisir suwasitar baabe eri disil. teu 1902 sonot poo 'rtar royel skuloloi goisil aaru 1907 sonot metrik degree laabh kori freiberg biswobidyaloyot odhyoyon korisil. teu gonito aaru itihax odhyoyon korisil aaru prani bigyan aaru bibortonor uporot august weismanor shrenit ongxogrohon korisil. 1908 sonot teu miunikh biswobidyaloyoloi yaay zo 'too teu udbhidbigyan odhyoyon kore aaru uilhelm conrad rontgenor poraa podartho bigyanor boktrita xunisil. teu rechard bhon heartwigor odhinot xagoriyo orsin "strangail" centus lividus "ror jibobigyan odhyoyon korisil aaru doctorate degree laabh korisil. taar pisot teu frange doflinor xohokari hisape kaam korisil aaru taar pisot carl bhon freechor xoite kaam korisil. juddhor xomoyot kuhlar 1914 sonot metzor usoror xamorik sikitsaloyot jiwanubidya porikhyar dayitwot aasil. taar pisot teu 1916 sonot anatoliat etaa porikhyagar sthapon korisil aaru najrethor ejon ingraj juddhobondi hoi porisil. 1919 sonot teu frange doflinor sthanantorito huwa wro 'klo' loi sthanantorito hoisil. kuhlare "paramacium" too geotaxis, "dafnia" too rongor dristi odhyoyon korisil aaru jibo-jontur sumbokiyo khyetro aaru euvir upolobdhi porikhya korisil. teu xongbedonxil xorirototwo aaru poxu monubigyanor uporot boktrita disil. kuhlare carl bhon freech aaru proxikhito dragonfly larbhaburor xoite halodhiya khadyo khuwar baabe kaam korisil jaar folot teuluke rong sinakto koribo paare buli dekhuwaisil. 1923 sonot teu miunikhot xohojugi odhyapok hoisil aaru 1925 sonot teu koo 'nigosberg biswobidyaloyor xongrohaloyor xonsalok hoisil. kuhlare jibo-jontur uporot porikhya-nirikhya kori sinakto korisil je teulukor manuhor sintadharar baabe ki proyujoniyo aasil aaru bixexkoi gonona prodorxon koraa aasoronot aagrohi aasil (jaak teu naamohin chinta buli koichil). teu ghorot sandpiperor aasoron porikhya korisil aaru soraibure nijor konibur kenedore sinakto korisil xeitu porikhya koriboloi nokol konee byobohar korisil. poroborti bislexonor baabe poxur aasoron record koriboloi solositro byobohar koraa prothom jibobigyanixokolor bhitorot teu aasil. 1937 sonot teu german cho "saiti for animal saik" ji protistha kore aaru connard lorenz aaru carl krunasaror xoite iyar journal "jeitscrift fur tirecycology" aarombho kore. 1986 sonor poraa iyak "noitikota" buli punor naamkoron koraa hoisil. juddhor pisot, ottu kuhlare teur potni ennemari diditiosok heruwaisil jaak teu 1920 sonot breslaut biyaa koraisil aaru conigsborg ek rugot aabodho hoi porisil. 1946 sonot teu freiberg biswobidyaloyot odhyapok hisape nijukti laabh kore aaru uilhelm hasekarnor natini aameri hasekarno naamor egoraki prakton satrik biyaa koray. teur prothom doctorate chatri poll leihausene baagh-xinghor xonkoror bixoye odhyoyon korisil aaru teu jibo-jontur gononar khyomotar uporot gowexona obyahot rakhisil. teu joibo dhwonibigyanor protiu aagroh dekhuwaisil.

otto quelar otto quelar (20 december 1889-7 januari 1974) ekjon german pranibigyani ebong aggragami nitishastrobid chhilen. tini "jeitscrift phara tearcycology" (prani monobigganer journal)-err conrad lorenzer saathe ekjon protisthata sompadok chhilen, jaa porey "ethology" hisabe namkaran koraa hoyechilo. tini pranider sankhyasuchak khomota anweshan ebong pranider acharan adhyayaner jonno cholochchitrer moto saranjam byabohar korar jonno prothom diker modhye chhilen. auto prussier insterberge jonmogrohon korechilen, lutharan jajok eduard quelar ebong taanr dwitiya stree caroline nee heinrichir pancham ebong ekmatro santan jini benche chhilen. taanr jonmer porr taanr maa maaraa zaan ebong chaar bochor porr taanr baba taanke taanr caca poll henricyr tottabodhane rekhe choley zaan. tini 1902 saale pofforter rajakiya bidyalaye zaan ebong 1907 saale matriculate hohn ebong tarpor freeberg bishwobidyaloye padashona corren. tini gonito oo itihas adhyayan corren ebong pranibidya oo biborton niye august weismaner classe jog deena. 1908 saale tini munikh bishwobidyaloye choley zaan jekhane tini udbhidbiggan adhyayan corren ebong uilhelm conrad rontgener kachh theke podarthobiggane boktrita shonen. tini richarda vone hartwigger adhine ekti samudrik orchin "stronghylocentrotes lividus"-err jibbigyan adhyayan corren ebong doctorate degree orjon corren. erpor tini franz doflainer sahokari hisebe kaaj corren ebong tarpor curl vone frisher sange kaaj corren. juddher somoy quelar 1914 saale metzer kachhe ekti samrik hospitale bacteriajonito porikkhar dayitte chhilen. tarpor tini 1916 saale anatolia ekti porikkhagar sthapon corren ebong nazareth ekjon ingrez juddhobondi hoye othen. 1919 saale tini franz doflin jekhane sthanantorito hoyechilen sekhane choley zaan. kohler "paramacium"-ayee bhu-okkhototto, "daffnia"-teey rongin drishti adhyayan corren ebong pranider modhye chaumbak khettro ebong uv-rawr upolobdhi porikkha corren. tini censory physiology ebong prani monobigganer upor boktrita diyechilen. quelar curl vone phrisha ebong proshikkhito dragonfly larva niye holud khabar khaoar jonno kaaj korechilen jaar foley taaraa rongo chinte paare. 1923 saale tini munikhe sahojogi adhyapak hohn ebong 1925 saale tini connigsburg bishwobidyaloyer jadughar porichalok hohn. quelar pranider upor porikkha-nirikkha korechilen jey taader kachhe manusher chintabhabnar jonno jaa prayojan taa achhe kina ebong biseshoto emon achorone agrahi chhilen jaa ganana prodorshon korechilo (jaake tini namheen chintabhabna boley abhihito korechilen). tini bassa theke sandpiper acharan porikkha korechilen ebong pakhira kibhabe taader nijaswa dimguli chinte paare taa porikkha korar jonno dummy dima byabohar korechilen. poroborti bishleshoner jonno pranir acharan record korar jonno cholochchitro byabohar koraa prothom jibbigyanider modhye tini chhilen. 1937 saale tini prani monobigganer jonno german samaj protistha corren ebong connard laurence ebong curl chronaturer saathe "jeitscrift phara tearcycology" journal shuru corren. 1986 saal theke err naam poriborton korey "ethology" rakha hoy. juddher porr, otto quelar taar stree anaemary diditiuske hariechilen, jaake tini 1920 saale breslaute ekti oshusthotar karone biye korechilen ebong connigsburg dhongshostupe porinoto hoyechilen. 1946 saale tini freeberg bishwobidyaloyer adhyapak nijukto hohn ebong uilhelm hutchecorner natni, ekjon praktan chhatro ameli hutchecornke biye corren. taanr prothom doctoral chhatro poll leihausen bagh-singho sankar niye gobeshona korechilen ebong tini pranider ganana korar khomota niye gobeshona chaliye zaan. tini joibo dhonibidyar protio agroho prakash korechilen.

otto kohler otto kohler (20 december 1889-7 january 1974) aek german pranishastri aneey agranee nitishastrashastri hataa. teo "zeitschrift phara tearcycology" (journal off animal cycology) naa konrad laurenz saathe sthaapak sampaadak hataa, jenu naam paachhalthi "athology" rakhvama aavyu hatoo. teo pranioni sankhyatmak kshamataonu anveshan karnara aneey praniona vartanno abhyaas karvaa maate film jevaa sadhanono upyog karnara sauthee pahelaa lokomaana aek hataa. otono janm prussiana insterbergma thayo hato, jeey lutheran paadari aduard kohler aneey tenee beejee patnee kerolin nee heinrikinu paanchmu aneey ekmatra santaan hatoo. temnaa janm pachhi temnee maataa mrutyu pamya hataa aneey chaar varsh pachhi temnaa pitaa mrutyu pamya hataa aneey temne temnaa kaaka poola henrichini sambhaalmaa chhodi deedhaa hataa. teo teo porta khaateni shaahee shaalaama gayaa aneey aneey metrikni pariksha aapeene freeberg universityma abhyaas karyo. temane ganeet aneey itihaasno abhyaas karyo aneey pranishastra aneey utkranti parr ogast weisemanna vargomaa haajari aapee. aapee teo munich universityma gayaa jyaan temane vanaspatishastrano abhyaas karyo aneey wilhelm konrad rontgen pasethi bhautikshastrama pravachno sambhalya. temane richard voona heartwig hethal see archin "strongilocentrotes lividus" naa jivvigyanno abhyaas karyo aneey doctorateni padvi melvee. tyarbad temane franz doflinna sahayak tareeke kaama karyoo aneey pachhi carle voona frish saathe kaama karyoo. yuddh darmiyan kohler kohler metz najikni lashkari hospitalma bacterial tapasna prabhaari hataa. tyarbad temane temane anatoliama aek prayogshaalaa sthaapi aneey nazarethma angrej yuddh kedee banyaa. banyaa teo rocklauma rahevaa gayaa jyaan franz doflane gayaa hataa. kohler "paramatium" maan geotexes, "dephnia" maan rung drashti aneey pranioma chumbakeey kshetro aneey yuveeni dhaarnani tapaas curry. temane samvednatmak sharirvigyan aneey pranee manovigyaan parr pravachno aapyaa hataa. kohler carle voona frish aneey prashikshit dragonfly larva saathe pilaa khoraakne khavdavva maate kaama kartaa hataa, jenaathi teo rangne odakhee shake chhe teey darshaave chhe. chhe teo myunichma sahyogi prophesara banyaa aneey aneey teo connigsburg universityma sangrahalayna niyaamak banyaa. kohler praaneeo parr prayog karyo keey shun temnee paase manav vicharsarani maate jeey jaroori hatoo teey chhe keey qema aneey khaas kareene ganatari darshaavati vartanukomaa rus dharaavto hato (jene temane anaami vicharsarani tareeke odakhaavyo hato). temane maalaama sandpipernaa vartannee tapaas curry aneey paksheeo temnaa potaana indaane kevee reete odakhe chhe teey tapasva maate nakali indaano upyog karyo. teo pachhinaa vishleshan maate praniona vartanne reqorda karvaa maate filmono upyog karnara pratham jivvigyaniomana aek hataa. hataa temane pranee manovigyaan maate german samajni sthaapnaa curry aneey connard laurenz aneey carle chronature saathe "zitscrift phara tearcycology" naamnee tenee saamyikni sharuaat curry. curry tenu naam badaline "nitishastra" rakhvama aavyu hatoo. yuddh pachhi, otto kohler tenee patnee animary diditiusne gumaavee deedhi hatee, jemnaa saathe tene tene breslauma aek beemarine kaarane lagna karyaa hataa aneey connigsburg khander haalatmaa hato. hato temne freeberg universityma prophesara tareeke niyukt karvaamaa aavyaa hataa aneey temane wilhelm hatchecornni prapautri emeli hatchecorn saathe lagna karyaa hataa. temnaa pratham doctoral vidhyarthi poola lehausne vaagh-sinh sankarno abhyaas karyo aneey temane pranioni ganatari kshamata parr temnu sanshodhan chaalu raakhyu. temane bioacosticsma pann rus leedho hato.

otto kohler otto kohler (20 disambar 1889-7 janwari 1974) ack german prani vigyaani aur agrani naitik vigyaani they. way "zitscrift phur tearcycology" (journal off animal psychology) key konrad lorenz key saath ack sansthaapak sampaadak they, jiska naam baad mein "athology" rakhaa gayaa. way jaanvaron kii sankhyaatmak kshamataon kaa pataa lagaane aur jaanvaron key vyavhaar kaa adhyayan karane key liye film jaise upkaranon kaa upayog karane vaale sabse pahale logon mein seey they. otto kaa janm prussia key insterberg mein huaa thaa, joe luthran paadari edward kohler aur unaki doosari patni carolin nee henriqui kii paanchvin aur ekmatra santan thee. unake janm key baad unaki maan kii mrityu hoe gaee aur chaar saal baad unake pitaa kii mrityu hoe gaee aur unhein unake chaacha paul henriqui kii dekhbhal mein chhod diyaa gayaa. way 1902 mein porta key shaahi vidyalaya mein gaye aur 1907 mein matrick kii padhaai kii aur phir freeberg vishvavidyalaya mein adhyayan kiya. unhone ganit aur itihas kaa adhyayan kiya aur prani vigyaan aur vikas parr agast weissman kii kakshaon mein bhaag liya. 1908 mein way munich vishvavidyalaya chaley gaye jahan unhone vanaspati vigyaan kaa adhyayan kiya aur wilhelm conrad rontgen seey bhautiki mein vyakhyan suney. unhone richard wonn heartwig key tahat ack samudri archin "strongillocentrotes lividus" key jeev vigyaan kaa adhyayan kiya aur doctorate praapt kii. isake baad unhone fraans doflin key sahayak key roop mein kaam kiya aur phir carle wonn frisch key saath kaam kiya. yuddh key dauran kohler 1914 mein metz key paas ack sainya aspatal mein jeevanvik pareekshaon key prabhaari they. phir unhone 1916 mein anatolia mein ack prayogshala sthaapit kii aur nazreth mein ack angreji yuddh kaidi bunn gaye. 1919 mein vaha roclau chaley gaye jahan franz dofleen chaley gaye they. kohler ney "paramacium" mein bhoo-akshata, "daphnia" mein rung drishti kaa adhyayan kiya aur jaanvaron mein chumbakiya kshetron aur yuvi kii dhaarana kii jaanch kii. unhone samvedi shareer vigyaan aur pashu manovigyaan parr vyakhyan diyaa. kohler ney carle wonn frisch aur prashikshit dragonfly larva key saath kaam kiya taaki peele bhojan koo khaaya jaa sakey jisase pataa chalata haye kii way rung koo pehchaan sakate hain. 1923 mein way munich mein ack sahayogi professor baney aur 1925 mein way conigsburg vishvavidyalaya mein sangrahalaya key nideshak baney. kohler ney jaanvaron parr yeh pahchaanane key liye prayog kiya kii kyaa unake paas maanav soch key liye aavashyak thaa aur vishesh roop seey una vyavhaaron mein ruchi rakhate they joe ginati kaa pradarshan karate they (jise unhone anaam soch kahaa). unhone ghonsale mein sandpiper key vyavhaar kii jaanch kii aur yeh jaanchne key liye nakali andon kaa upayog kiya kii pakshiyon ney apane andon koo kaise pahachaana. way baad key vishleshan key liye pashu vyavhaar koo record karane key liye filmon kaa upayog karane vaale pahale jeevvigyaani mein seey ack they. 1937 mein unhone pashu manovigyaan key liye german samaaj kii sthaapana kii aur connard lorenz aur carle chronature key saath apani patrika "zitscrift phur tearcycology" shuru kii. 1986 seey iska naam badalkar "naitikta" curr diyaa gayaa. yuddh key baad, otto kohler ney apani patni animary diditius koo khou diyaa thaa, jisase unhone 1920 mein bracelau mein ack bimari key kaaran shaadi kii thee aur conigsburg khandahar mein thaa. unhein 1946 mein freeberg vishvavidyalaya mein professor niyukt kiya gayaa thaa aur unhone wilhelm hachecorn kii parpoti, ack poorv chhaatr emili hachecorn seey shaadi kii. unake pahale doctorate chhaatr paul lehossen ney bagh-shher sankar kaa adhyayan kiya aur unhone jaanvaron kii ginati kshamata parr apana shodh jaari rakhaa. unhone jaiv dhwaniki mein bhee ruchi lii.

otto kohler otto kohler (20 december 1889-7 janavari 1974) obba german praanishaastragna mattu pravartaka nitishaastragnaraagiddaru. avaru "jheetscrift farr tyre psychology" (journal off animal psychology) yaya sthapaka sampaadakaraagiddaru, nantara adannu "ethology" endu marunamakarana maadalaayitu. pranigala sankhya samarthyagalannu anveshisida mattu pranigala nadavalikeyannu adhyayana maadalu chalanachitradantaha sadhanagalannu balasida modaligaralli aata obbaraagiddaru. otto prussiyaada insterbergnalli janisidaru, lutheran padri edward kohler mattu avara eradane patni carolin nee heenrikiya aidane mattu badukulida ekaika magu. avana jananada nantara avana taayi nidhanaraadaru mattu naalku varshagala nantara avana tande avanannu avana chikkappa paul heenrikiya aaraikeyalli bittu nidhanaraadaru. avaru avaru pafortaadalliruva rajamanetanada shaalege hodaru mattu mattu metriculation padedu nantara freeberg vishvavidyaalayadalli adhyayana maadidaru. avaru ganita mattu itihaasavannu adhyayana maadidaru mattu august weisman avara pranishastra mattu vikaasada taragatigalalli bhagavahisidaru. bhagavahisidaru avaru munich vishvavidyaanilayakke teralidaru, allie avaru sasyashaastravannu adhyayana maadidaru mattu wilhelm kanrad rantjenninda bhautashaastradalli upanyaasagalannu aalisidaru. avaru richard vaan heartwig avara adiyalli sea archin "strangylocentrotus lividus" naa jivashaastravannu adhyayana maadidaru mattu doctorate padedaru. nantara avaru franz dofleen avara sahayakaragi kelasa maadidaru mattu nantara carle vaan fristurondige kelasa maadidaru. yuddhada samayadalli kohler kohler metz baliya military aaspatreyalli byaaktiriyaada parikshegala ustuvaari vahisiddaru. nantara avaru avaru anatoliyadalli prayogaalayavannu sthaapisidaru mattu nazaretnalli inglish yuddha khaidiyaadaru. khaidiyaadaru avaru franz doflen sthalaantaragondidda vroklaage sthalaantaragondaru. kohler avaru "paramessium" nalli geotoxis, "daffania" nalli bannada drashti mattu pranigalalli kantiya kshetragalu mattu yuvi grahikeyannu parikshisidaru. avaru samvedanaa sharirashastra mattu prani manovignanada bagge upanyasa niididaru. kohler avaru carle vaan fristionondige kelasa maadidaru mattu haladi aahaaravannu tinnalu tarabeti padeda dragonfly larvagalondige kelasa maadidaru, idarindaagi avu bannavannu gurutisaballavu endu torisuttade. torisuttade avaru munichnalli sahayaka praadhyaapakaraadaru mattu mattu avaru konigsburg vishvavidyaalayadalli vastusangrahaalayada nirdeshakaraadaru. kohler pranigala mele prayoga maadi, avugalige manava chintanege enu beku embudannu gurutisidaru mattu enikeyannu pradarshisuva nadavalikegalalli visheshavaagi asakti hondiddaru (idannu avaru hesarisada chintane endu karedaru). avaru goodinalliruva sandpipergala nadavalikeyannu parishilisidaru mattu pakshigalu tamma swanta mottegalannu hege gurutisuttave embudannu parishilisalu nakali mottegalannu balasidaru. nantarada vishleshanegaagi pranigala nadavalikeyannu daakhalisalu chalanachitragalannu balasida modala jivashaastragnaralli avaru obbaraagiddaru. obbaraagiddaru aata pranigala manovignanakkagi german samajavannu sthaapisidaru mattu connard lorenz mattu carle chronacher avarondige adara journal "jheetscrift farr tyre psychology" yannu praarambhisidaru. praarambhisidaru idannu "ethology" endu marunamakarana maadalaayitu. yuddhada nantara, otto kohler avaru 1920 ralli breslavnalli vivaahavaada tamma patni annemari ddts avarannu anarogyadinda kaledukondaru mattu konigsburg avasheshagala sthitiyalliddaru. sthitiyalliddaru avaru freeberg vishvavidyaalayadalli pradhyapakaragi nemakagondaru mattu wilhelm hatchecorn avara marimommagalaada maaji vidyarthi ameli hatchecorn avarannu vivaahavaadaru. avara modala doctorate vidyarthi paul lehousen avaru huli-simha mishrataligalannu adhyayana maadidaru mattu avaru pranigala enikeya saamarthyada bagge tamma samshoodhaneyannu munduvaresidaru. aata jaivika dhvanishaastradalloo asakti hondiddaru.

oottoo kohler oru jarmman suvolajistum pioneer etholajistumaayirunnu oottoo kohler (20 desember 1889-7 januvari 1974). pinneedu "ethology" ennu punarnaamakaranam cheyyappetta "seatscrift phur tyresicology" (jenal oof animal saikkolaji) yude sthaapaka edittar aayirunnu addeham. mrugangalude samkhyaaparamaaya kazhivukal paryavekshanam cheythathum mrugangalude perumaattam padikkaan philim polulla upakaranangal upayogichathum addehamaayirunnu. lutheran paasttar edward kohlerinteyum randaam bhaarya carolin nee heyntisiyudeyum anchaamatheyum eaka kuttiyayum prashyayile insterbergil janichayaalaan oottoo. addehathinte jananathinushesham amma marikkukayum naalu varshathinu sesham pithaav marikkukayum ammavan pooll heyntisiyude samrakshanathil addehathe upekshikkukayum cheythu. 1902ll addeham porttayile royal schoolil pooyi 1907ll metrikkuleshan poortthiyaakki freeberg sarvakalashaalayil padichu. addeham ganithavum charithravum padikkukayum suvology parinaamavum sambandhicha august weismante klaasukalil pankedukkukayum cheythu. 1908-ll addeham myoonichu sarvakalaashaalayilekk thamasam maarukayum avide sasyashasthram padikkukayum wilhem konraad rondjanil ninnu bhauthikashaasthrathile prabhashanangal kelkkukayum cheythu. richard voonn hertwigginte keezhil addeham oru kadal archin "strometylocentrotes lividus" nte jeevashasthram padikkukayum doktarettu nedukayum cheythu. thudarnnu addeham france dofleyininte sahayiyaayi jolie cheyyukayum pinneedu kaal voonn frishinoppam pravartthikkukayum cheythu. yudhasamayathu 1914ll mettsinaduthulla oru sainika ashupathriyil bacteriological parishodhanakalude chumatala kohlarinundaayirunnu. thudarnnu 1916ll anatoliyayil oru laborattari sthaapikkukayum nazarathil oru engleesh yudhathadavukaaranaakukayum cheythu. 1919ll france doflane thamasam marria roklaavilekku addeham maari. kohler "paarameshyatthil" geotaxis, "daphniyayil" varnnadarsanam enniva padikkukayum mrugangalile kaanthikakshethrangaleyum uvy kurichulla dhaarana parisodhikkukayum cheythu. censory physiology, animal saikkolaji ennivayekkurichu addeham prabhashanam nadatthi. kaal voonn frishinoppam pravarthicha kohler, manja bhakshanam kazhikkaan pariseelanam labhicha dragonfly laarvakal enniva upayogichu avaykku niram thirichariyaan kazhiyumennu kaanichu. 1923ll addeham myoonikkil associate professoraayi, 1925ll conigsburg sarvakalaashaalayile myoosiyathinte directoryaayi. manushya chinthaykku aavashyamaayava undo ennu thirichariyaan kohler mrugangalil pareekshanangal nadatthi, koodaathe ennal prakadippikkunna perumattangalil prathyekichum thaalpparyamundaayirunnu (peru velippeduthaatha chintha ennu addeham ithine vilichu). addeham koodile saandpaipparukalude swabhaavam parisodhikkukayum pakshikal avarude swantham muttakal engane thirichariyaan ennu parisodhikkaan dummy muttakal upayogikkukayum cheythu. thudarnnulla vishakalanathinayi mrugangalude perumaattam rekhappeduthunnathinu sinimakal upayogicha aadyathe jeevashaasthranjaril oraalaayirunnu addeham. 1937-ll addeham jermman sosaitti phoor animal saikkolaji sthaapikkukayum connard laurence, kaal chronacher ennivarumaayi chernnu "seatscrift phur tyresicology" enna jenal aarambikkukayum cheythu. 1986 muthal ithine "ethology" ennu punarnaamakaranam cheythu. yudhathinushesham, 1920ll breslouvilvechu thaan vivaham kazhicha bhaarya annemari diditiasine oru asukhathe thudarnnu ottoo kohlerinu nashtappedukayum conigsburg thakarnnuveezhukayum cheythu. 1946ll freeberg sarvakalashaalayil professoraayi niyamithanaaya addeham wilhem houcheconinte kochumakal, muun vidyaarthini ameli houcheconine vivaham kazhichu. addehathinte aadya doctoral vidyaarthi pooll leehousen kaduva-simha sankarayinangalekkurichu padikkukayum mrugangalude ennaanulla kazhivinekkurichulla gaveshanam thudarukayum cheythu. bioacousticsilum addeham thaalparyam prakadippichu.

oto kohler oto kohler (20 december 1889-7 janewari 1974) heey german pranishastradnya aanee agraganya nitishastradnya hote. teey 'zitscrift phara tearcycology' (journal auph animal cycology) chey sansthapak sampadak hote, jyache nantar 'ethology' asey namkaran karnyat aale. pranyanchya sankhyatmak kshamatancha shodh shodh aanee pranyanchya vartanacha abhyas karnyasathi chitrapatasarkhya sadhanancha vapar vapar sarvat suruvatichya lokanpaiki too eka hota. otocha janm prushiyachya insturberg yethe jhaala, too lutheran padri edward kohler aanee tyachi dusari patni carolin nee heinrychi yanche pachve aanee ekmev mool hote. tyachya janmanantar tyachya aaiche nidhan jhaale aanee chaar varshannantar tyachya vadilanche nidhan jhaale aanee tyane tyala tyache kaka paul henrichichya dekharekhikhali sodale. 1902 madhye teey porta yetheel shahee shalet gele aanee 1907 madhye matrick purn karoon freeberg vidyapithat shikshan ghetale. tyanni ganeet aanee itihasacha abhyas keela aanee pranishastra aanee utkrantivaril august weismanchya varganna upasthit rahile. 1908 madhye teey munich vidyapithat gele jethe tyanni vanaspatishastracha abhyas keela aanee wilheim conrad rontgen yanchyakadun bhautikshastratil vyakhyane aikali. tyane richard wonn hertwigchya netrutvakhali sagari archin "strongylocentrotes lividus" chya jivashastracha abhyas keela aanee doctorate midavali. tyanantar tyane franz doflanecha sahayyak mhanoon kaam kele aanee nantar carl wonn frishsobat kaam kele. yuddhadarmyan kohler 1914 madhye metzjavalachya lashkari rugnalayat jivanushastriy tapasanicha prabhari hota. tyanantar tyane 1916 madhye anatoliamadhye eka prayogshala sthapan kelee aanee nazarethmadhye too eka ingraj yuddhakaidi banala. 1919 madhye too vroclau yethe gela jithe franz doflane sthalantarit jhaala hota. kohlerne 'paramatium' madhye geotaxis, 'daphnia' madhye rung drushticha abhyas keela aanee pranyanmadhil chumbakeey kshetra aanee yoovhichya aakalanachi tapasani kelee. tyanni sanvedanatmak shariravidnyan aanee prani manasshastra yavar vyakhyane dilee. kohlerne carl wonn frisch aanee prashikshit dragonfly alyansobat kaam kele aanee pivalya annache sevan kele jyamule teey rung olakhoo shakatat heey disun aale. 1923 madhye teey myoonichmadhye sahyogi pradhyapak jhaale aanee 1925 madhye teey conigsburg vidyapithatil sangrahalayachi nirdeshika banale. kohlerne pranyanvar manvi vicharansathi aavashyak asalelya goshti aahet qaa heey olakhanyasathi prayog kele aanee visheshtah mojani mojani vartananmadhye tyanna rus hota (jyala tyanni anamit vichar mhatale). tyane gharatyatil sandpiperschya vartanachi tapasani kelee aanee pakshyanni tyanchi swatachi undy kashee olakhali heey tapasanyasathi dummy andyancha vapar keela. tyanantarchya vishleshanasathi pranyanchya vartanachi nond karnyasathi chitrapatancha vapar vapar pahilya jivshastradnyanpaiki teey eka hote. 1937 madhye tyanni prani manasshastrasathi german societychi sthapana kelee aanee connard laurenz aanee carl chronature yanchyasobat 'zitscrift phara tearcycology' heey tyache niyatkalik suru kele. 1986 pasoon tyache naav badaloon 'nitishastra' asey karnyat aale. yuddhanantar, oto kohlerne tyachi patni enemary diditius gamavali hotee, jichyashi tyane 1920 madhye breslau yethe lagn kele hote, tee eka aajarane grast hotee aanee conigsburg uddhvast jhaala hota. 1946 madhye tyanna freeberg vidyapithat pradhyapak mhanoon niyukt karnyat aale aanee tyanni wilheim hotchecorn yanchi panatu, majee vidyarthi ameli hotchecorn hichyashi vivah keela. tyanche pahile doctorate vidyarthi paul lehausen yanni wagh-sinh sankarit pranyancha abhyas keela aanee tyanni pranyanchya mojanichya kshamatevar tyanche sanshodhan suru thewale. tyanni jaiv dhvanishastratahi rus ghetala.

oto kohler oto kohler (20 december 1889-7 janawari 1974) ek german pranishastri rar agragami athologist thie. uni "jitscrift ferr tearcycology" (journal aff animal cycology) kaa konrad lorenjasanga sansthapak sampadak thie jaslai pachhi "athology" naam diieko thiyo. uni janawarharuko sankhyatmak kshamataharu anweshan garne rar janawarharuko wyawahar adhyayan garna film jasta upkaranharu prayog garne prarambhik madhye ek thie. otoko janma insterberg, rasiyama bhaeko thiyo, lutheran paster edward kohler rar unaki dosro patni caroline nee henricyko baanchne panchaun rar ek matra santan. unko janmapachhi unaki amako mrityu bhayo rar chaar warshapachhi unka bubako mrityu bhayo rar unlai unka kaka pall henrisiko herchahma chhode. uni sann 1902 maa porta sthit royal schoolma gae rar sann 1907 maa matrick pass garera tyasapachhi fryberg vishwavidyalayama adhyayan gare. unle ganit rar itihasko adhyayan gare rar august weismanko prani vigyan rar wikaswadko kakshaharuma bhag lie. sann 1908 maa uni myunikh vishwavidyalayama gae jahaan unle wanaspatishastra adhyayan gare rar wilheim konrad rontgenbata bhautikashastrama wyakhyanharu sune. unle richard bhon heartwigko netritwama samudri archin "strangthilocentrotes lividus" ko jiwawigyanko adhyayan gare rar doctorate prapta gare. tyasapachhi unle franaz doflinko sahayakko rupma kaam gare rar tyasapachhi carle bhon freeschsanga kaam gare. yuddhako samayama kohler sann 1914 maa metz najikaiko sainya aspatalma bacteriological parikshanko prabhari thie. tyasapachhi unle sann 1916 maa anatoliama prayogshala sthapana gare rar nazarethma angreji yuddhabandi bane. sann 1919 maa uni roklavma sare jahaan frange doflin sareka thie. kohlerle "paramacium" maa geotaxis, "dafnia" maa rung drishti adhyayan gare rar janawarharuma chumbakiya khetra rar yuwiko dharanako jaanch gare. unle sanvedi shariravigyan rar pashu manovigyanma wyakhyan die. kohlerle carle bhon freesch rar prashikshit dragonfly larbha sanga pahenlo khana khaan kaam gare jasle garda uniharule rung chinna sakchhan bhanera dekhae. sann 1923 maa uni myunikhma associate professor bane rar sann 1925 maa uni conigsberg wishwawidyalayako sangrahalayako nirdeshika bane. kohlerle janawarharuma manav sochka lagi awashyak key chha bhanera patta lagauna prayog gare rar vishesh gari ganana pradarshan garne wyawaharharuma ruchi rakhthe (jaslai unle agyat sochko rupma bolae). unle ghonsalema sandpiperko wyawaharko jaanch gare rar charaharule afnai anda kasari chinchhan bhanera janchna dommy anda prayog gare. uni tyasapachhika vishleshanka lagi janawarko wyawahar record garna chalchitraharu prayog garne pahilo jiwawigyaniharu madhye ek thie. sann 1937 maa unle pashu manovigyanka lagi german samaj sthapana gare rar connard lorenz rar carle kronakersanga yasako journal "jeitscrift ferr tearcycology" suru gare. sann 1986 dekhi yasalai "athology" naam diieko thiyo. yuddhapachhi, oto kohlerle afnie patni animary diditius gumaeka thie jaslai unle sann 1920 maa breslauma ek rogka karan vivaha gareka thie rar conigsberg bhagnawasheshma thie. uni sann 1946 maa fryberg vishwavidyalayama pradhyapak niyukta bhae rar unle wilheim hauchekornaki prapautri purva vidyarthi ameli hauchekornasanga vivaha gare. unka pahilo doctorate vidyarthi pall lehausenle bagh-sinha sankarharuko adhyayan gare rar unle janawarharuko ganana kshamatama afno anusandhan jaari rakhe. unle bioecousticsma pani ruchi lie.

otto kohler otto kohler (20 december 1889-7 januari 1974) jane german prani bigyani ebong agrani neetishastrabit thile. shay jane pratisthata sampadaka thile, ebong taanka sahita "jitscrift pharr tirecycology" (prani manobigyanara patrika) rahr konrad lorenz thile, jahara naama parey "ethology" bhabare punahnamakarana karajaithila. pashumankara sankhyagata samarthya anweshana karibare ebong pasumananka acharan adhyajana kariba paain chalachitra pari upakarana byabahara karibare shay sarbaprathame thile . otto prusara insterbergre janmagrahana karithile, lutheran padri edward kohler ebong taanka dwiteeja patni carolin nee henrichinka pancham ebong ekamatra santan jie banchithile. taanka janma parey taanka maaa mrutyubarana karithile ebong chaari barsha parey taanka pita tanku taanka maamun pull henrichinka tatwabadhanare chhadi deithile. shay 1902 masihare pofortara rayal skulaku jaithile ebong 1907 masihare matrick sikhya grahan curry fryberg biswabidyalajare adhyajana karithile. shay ganita ebong itihas adhyajana karithile ebong prani bigyana ebong bibartana upare august wesamyananka shreneere joga deithile. 1908 masihare shay munich biswabidyalajaku jaithile jeunthare shay udbhida bigyana adhyajana karithile ebong wilhelm konrad rontajenka thaaru padartha bigyanare baktruta sunithile. shay richard bhann hartawignka adheenare eka samudrika archin "strangilocentrotes lividas" rahr jeebabigyana adhyajana karithile ebong doctorate hassel karithile. ehapare shay franges doflinanka sahakaree bhabe karjya karithile ebong taa 'parey carle bhann frishnka saha kaama karithile. juddha samajare kohler 1914 masihare metz nikatasta eka samarika daktarakhanare jeebaanu sambandheeah parikhyanara dajitware thile. ehapare shay 1916 masihare anatoliare eka parikhyagara pratistha karithile ebong najarethare jane ingreja judhabandi hoithile. 1919 masihare shay franges doflinanka sthanantarita hoithiba wrokalaku chalijaithile. kohler "paramesiam" ray geotaxis, "dafnia" ray ranga drusti adhyajana karithile ebong pranimananka madhyare chumbakiah khetra ebong jubhi dharana parikhya karithile. shay sensory physiology ebong pashu manobigyana upare baktruta deithile. kohler carle bhann frish ebong talimprapta dragonfly larbhanka saha kaama karithile, jahadwara semane haladia khadya khaiparibe, jaahaa dekhaiba je semane rangaku chinhi paribe. 1923 masihare shay munichare sahajogee professor hoithile ebong 1925 masihare shay conigsburg biswabidyalajara sangrahalajara nirdeshika hoithile. kohler pranimananka upare parikhyana karithile je manab chintadhara paain jaahaa aabasyaka taaha semananka pakhare achhi kii naahin ebong ganana pradarshan karuthiba aacharanare bisesh bhabare agrahi thile (jaahaaku shay anamita chintadhara bolly kahichanti) . shay basare sandpiperanka acharan jancha karithile ebong pakhimane kipari semanankara niz anda chinhat kale taaha jancha karibaku nakali anda byabahara karithile. parabarti bisleshana paain prani acharan record kariba paain chalachitra byabahara karithiba pratham jeebabigyaneemananka madhyare shay madhya thile . 1937 masihare shay prani manobigyana paain german society pratistha karithile ebong connard lorenz ebong carle kronakarnka saha mishi ehara journal 'jitscrift pharr tirecycology' arambha karithile. 1986 masiharu ehara naama paribartana karajai "ethology" rakhajaithila. juddha parey, otto kohler taanka patni anemari diditijasku haraithile, jaahaaku shay 1920 ray bresalaure eka asusthata hetu bibaha karithile ebong conigsburg dhwansa hoijaithila . 1946 masihare shay fryberg biswabidyalajare professor bhabe nijukta hoithile ebong wilhelm hachekarnka ananatuni, jane purbatana chhatra, ameli hachekarnanku bibaha karithile. tankara pratham doctorate chhatra pull leihausen bagha-singh sankara adhyajana karithile ebong shay pasumananka ganana khyamata upare tankara gabeshana jaari rakhithile. shay jaiba dhwani bigyana prati madhya agraha prakash karithile.

otto kohler otto kohler (20 dasambar 1889-7 janwari 1974) ikk german prani vigiaani atey pioneer ethologist see. uh "zitshrift farr tearcycology" (journal aaf animal psychology) dey konrad lorenz dey naal ikk sansthapak sampadak sunn, jiss daa naam baad witch "ethology" rakkhiaa giaa see. uh janwaran deeaan sankhiaatmak yogtavan dee padchol curran atey janwaran dey vivhaar daa adhiaen curran laee film varge sadhanan dee varton curran vaale sabh toon purane lokan vicchon ikk sunn. otto daa janam insterberg, roos witch hoiaa see, joe luthern padri eduard kohler atey uss dee duji patni caroline nee henricy daa panjwan atey iklauta baccha see. uss dey janam toon baad uss dee maan dee maut hoow gaee atey chaar saal baad uss dey pitaa dee maut hoow gaee atey uss neey uss noon aapne chaache paal henrichi dee dekhbhal witch chhadd ditta. uh 1902 witch porta dey shaahi school witch giaa atey 1907 witch metrik keeti atey firr freeberg university witch padahi keeti. uss neey ganit atey itihaas daa adhiaen keeta atey jeev vigiaan atey vikas utte agast weisman deeaan classes witch hissa liaa. sann 1908 witch uh munich university chaley gaye jitthe unhan neey banaspati daa adhiaen keeta atey wilham konrad rontgun toon bhautik vigiaan witch bhashan sune. uss neey richard vaan heartwig dey adheen samundari archin "strongylocentrots livids" dey jeev vigiaan daa adhiaen keeta atey doctorate prapat keeti. firr uss neey franz doflin dey sahaik vajon kamm keeta atey firr kaaral vaan frish naal kamm keeta. yuddh dauran kohler 1914 witch matz nede ikk fauji hospital witch bacteriological janchan daa incharge see. firr usne 1916 witch anatolia witch ikk prayogshala sathapat keeti atey nazreth witch ikk angrezi jangi kaidi bann giaa. giaa। witch uh varokala chaley gaye jitthe franz doflin chaley gaye sunn. kohler neey "paramacium" witch geotexis, "daffania" witch rung drishti daa adhiaen keeta atey janwaran witch chumbki khetran atey yuvi dee dharna dee jaanch keeti. unhan neey sanvedi sareer vigiaan atey pashu manovigiaan 'teey bhashan ditte. kohler neey kaaral vaan frish atey sikhlai prapat dragonfly larva naal peele bhojan noon khaann laee kamm keeta jiss naal ih pataa laggda haii kii uh rung noon pachanh sakde hunn. 1923 witch uh munich witch ikk associate professor bann gaye atey 1925 witch uh conigsburg university witch ajaib gharr dee directory bann gaye. kohler neey janwaran utte ih pachanan laee prayog keeta kii qee unhan cole uh haii joe manukkhi soch laee zaruri see atey uh vishesh taur utte uhanan vivharan witch dilchaspi rakkhde sunn joe ginti daa pardarshan karde sunn (jiss noon uh anjaan soch kahinde sunn). unhan neey aalhane witch sandpiper dey vivhaar dee jaanch keeti atey ih janchan laee nakli andiaan dee varton keeti kii panchhiaan neey aapne andiaan noon kiven pachaniaa. uh pahile jeev vigiaaniaan vicchon ikk sunn jinhan neey baad dey vishleshan laee janwaran dey vivhaar noon ricard curran laee filman dee varton keeti. sann 1937 witch uhanan neey german suciety phaar animal cycology dee sathapana keeti atey connard lorenz atey kaaral cronature naal mill keey iss daa journal "zitshrift farr tearcycology" shuru keeta. 1986 toon iss daa naam badal keey "naitikta" rakkhiaa giaa. yuddh toon baad, otto kohler neey aapni patni animary diditius noon guaa ditta see jiss naal usne 1920 witch ikk bimari caarn viaah keeta see atey conigsburg khandar witch see. uss noon 1946 witch freeberg university witch professor niyukat keeta giaa see atey uss neey wilham houchecorn dee padpoti, ikk sabka vidiaarthi emily houchecorn naal viaah karwa liaa. uss dey pahile doctorate vidiaarthi paal lihosan neey tiger-leone hybrid daa adhiaen keeta atey usne janwaran dee ginti dee yogta 'teey aapni khoj jaari rakkhi. unhan neey bioacostics witch vee dilchaspi laee.

oto kohler oto kohler (20 december 1889-7 janavaree 1974) ekaha german-jeevashaastradnyah, pravartaka-neetishaastradnyah cha aasit. saha samsthaapakah sampaadakah aasit, "zatscrift farr tearsacology" (journal aaf animal saikalji) ityasya konrad lorenz ityanena saha, yasya naam pashchat "ethalogy" iti punah namakaranam krutam. pashunam sankhyaatmak-kshamatanam anveshanam kartum, pashunam vyavahaarasya adhyayanartham chalacchitram ityadinam sadhananam upayogaay cha saha praarambhikeshu anyatamah aasit. oto ityasya janma prussia-deshasya insterberg-nagare abhavat, yah lutheran-paadri edward kohler ityasya, tasya dwiteeyapatnyaah carolin nee henrichi ityasyaah cha panchamah ekamaatrah cha santatihi aasit. tasya janmaat anantaram tasya maataa mrutavatee, tathaa cha tasya pitaa cha varshachaturthayaanantarm mrutah, saha tasya kakayaha paal henrichi ityasya paricharyayam nyastah. saha 1902 tame varshe porta-nagarasya raajavidyaalayam gatvaa 1907 tame varshe matrick-utteernah bhutva tatah freeberg-vishvavidyaalaye adhyayanam krutavaan. saha ganitasya itihasasya cha adhyayanam krutvaa, august-maase wesman ityasya jeevavidnyaanasya vikaasasya cha vishayeshu vargeshu upasthitah abhavat. 1908 tame varshe saha munich-vishvavidyaalayam gatavaan, yatra saha vanaspatishaastrasya adhyayanam krutavaan, vilhelm konrad rontjen ityatah bhautikashaastrasya vyaakhyaanam cha shrutavaan. saha richard vaan heartwig ityasya adheene see-archin "strangilocentrotes lividus" ityasya jeevavidnyaanasya adhyayanam krutvaa doctorate praptavan. tatah saha franz dofleen ityasya sahayakatvena karyam krutavaan, tatah carl vaan frish ityanena saha karyam krutavaan. yuddhakaale kohler 1914 tame varshe metz-nagarasya sameepe sainya-chikitsaalaye jeevaanuvidnyaana-parikshanasya prabhaari aasit. tatah saha 1916 tame varshe anatolia-nagare prayogashalam sthapitavan, naajareth-nagare aangl-yuddha-bandee abhavat. 1919 tame varshe saha roklaav-nagaram gatavaan yatra franz dofleen ityeshah sthanantaritaha aasit. kohler ityayam "peramesium" ityasmin geotaxis, "dafnia" ityasmin varnadrushtihi cha adhyayanam krutvaa pashunam chumbakiyakshetranam yoo. vee. ityasya cha dharana parikshanam krutavaan. saha samvedanaatmak-shareeravidnyaanasya tathaa pashu-manovidnyaanasya vishaye vyaakhyaanam krutavaan. kohler ityeshah carl vaan frish ityanena saha karyam krutavaan, tathaa cha peetabhakshanam khaaditum dragon-flai-larva-ityetaih prashikshita, yena te varnam dnyaatum shaknuvanti iti darshayati. 1923 tame varshe saha munich-nagare sahapradhyaapakah abhavat, 1925 tame varshe saha conigsburg-vishvavidyaalaye sangrahaalayasy nirdeshikaa abhavat. kohler-varyaha pashunam vishaye prayogam krutvaa dnyaatavaan yat teshaam krute maanavachintaayaah aavashyakam tatt asti vaa iti, tathaa cha gananaam pradarshayantah vyavahaareshu visheshatayaa ruchihi aasit (yaan saha anamika chintanam iti aahvayat). saha nest-madhye sandpaper-ityasya vyavahaaram parikshayitva, pakshina swasyaah andaan katham ankayanti iti drashtum dummy-andaan upayujyat. saha prathama-jeevashaastradnyeshu anyatamah aasit yah anuvartee-vishleshanaartham pashunam vyavahaarasya abhilekhanartham chalacchitraanaam upayogam krutavaan. 1937 tame varshe saha german-sosaiti faar animal-saikalji iti samsthaam sthapitavan, tathaa cha connard lorenz tathaa carl kronakar ityetaih saha "zatscrift farr tear-saikolaji" iti patrikaam prarabhata. 1986 tamaat varshaat asya naam "nitishastram" iti punah namakaranam krutam. yuddhanantaram, oto kohler ityayam swapatneem animeri diditius ityenam, yaa 1920 tame varshe brasla-nagare vivaahitaa aasit, rogena aprushyat, conigsburg ityeshah cha bhagnaavasthaayaam aasit. 1946 tame varshe saha freeberg-vishvavidyaalaye praadhyaapakatven niyuktah, tathaa cha vilhelm-haachekorn ityasya prapautreem poorvachaatreem ameli-haachekorn ityetam parineetavaan. tasya prathamah doctorate-chhaatrah paal lehausen ityeshah vyaaghra-simha-sankaranam adhyayanam krutavaan, tathaa cha pashunam gananayogyatam vishaye swasya samshodhanam anvavartayat. saha jaivika-dhvanishaastre api ruchim avaapnot.

oodoa kohler oodoa kohler (20 disambar 1889-7 janavari 1974) oru jerman vilangkiyal nipunar mattrum munnoadi nerimurai nipunar aavaar. avar oru niruvana aasiriyaraaga irunthaar, maelum "jeadschrift farr adukku mananalaviyal" (vilangku ulaviyalin idhazh) inn konrad lorenzudden pinnar "nerimurai" endru marupeyaridappattathu. vilangkugalin enniyal thirankalai aaraayntha aarambagaala nabarkalil ivarum oruvar, maelum vilangkugalin nadaththaiyaip padikka padam poantra karuvigalaip payanpaduththinaar. lutheran poathakar edward kohler mattrum avarathu irandaavathu manaivi caroline nee hainrisiyin ainthaavathu mattrum oray kuzhandhaiyaana otto, russiavin insterberkil piranthaar. avarathu taayaar avar pirantha piragu iranthaar, avarathu thanthai naanku aandugalukkup piragu iranthaar, avarai avarathu maama paal heinrigiyin paraamarippil vittuch sentraar. avar 1902 aam aandil fortavil ulla arasap pallikkuch sendru 1907 aam aandil matriculation mudiththu pinnar freefurg palkalaikkazhagaththil padiththaar. avar kanitham mattrum varalaattraip padiththaar mattrum august weisman vilangkiyal mattrum parinaamam kuriththa vaguppugalil kalandhu kondaar. 1908 aam aandil avar munich palkalaikkazhagaththirku kudipeyarnthaar, angku avar thaavaraviyal padiththaar mattrum wilhelm conrat randkenil irunthu iyarpiyalil virivuraigalaik catar. avar richard vaan hertwick keezh oru kadal archin "stranglosentroads lividus" inn uyiriyalaip padiththu munaivar pattam pettraar. pinnar avar france dofleen uthaviyaalaraaka paniyaattrinaar, pinnar carle vaan frissudden paniyaattrinaar. poarin poathu kohler 1914 aam aandil meds arugae ulla oru iraanuva maruthuvamanaiyil pacteriavial parisoathanaikalin poruppil irunthaar. pinnar avar 1916 aam aandil anatoliavil oru aaivagaththai niruvinaar, maelum naasareththil oru aangkila poark kaithiyaaga aanaar. 1919 aam aandil avar france dofleen nagarntha roklaavukku kudipeyarnthaar. kohler "paramasium" ill jiotoxis, "daffniavil" vanna paarvai aagiyavattrai aaivu seithaar mattrum vilangkugalil kaanthappulangal mattrum yuvi pattriya karutthai aaivu seithaar. avar unarchchi udaliyal mattrum vilangku ulaviyal kuritthu virivurai valangkinaar. carle vaan frisch mattrum payirchi pettra tragonfly larvakkaludan inainthu manjal unavai unavaagak kondu, adhan moolam niratthai adaiyaalam kaana mudiyum enbathaik kaattuvatharkaaga kohler paniyaattrinaar. 1923 aam aandil avar munichchil oru inai paeraasiriyaraaga aanaar, 1925 aam aandil avar gonixberg palkalaikkazhagaththil arungaatchiyagaththin iyakkunaraaka aanaar. kohler vilangkugal meethu manitha sinthanaikkuth thevaiyaanathu ullathaa enbathaik kandariya parisoathanai seithaar, maelum kurippaaga ennuvathai niroobikkum nadaththaigalil aarvamaaga irunthaar (idhu peyar veliyidappadaatha sinthanai endru avar alaiththaar). avar koottil saandpaipparin nadaththaiyai aaraaynthu, paravaikal thangal sontha muttaikalai evvaaru adaiyaalam kandana enbathai saribaarkka poali muttaikalaip payanpaduththinaar. aduthaduththa paguppaaivirkaaga vilangkugalin nadaththaiyai pathivu seiya thiraippatankalaip payanpaduththiya muthal uyiriyalaalargalil ivarum oruvar. 1937 aam aandil avar vilangkugal ulaviyalukkaana jerman samoogaththai niruvi, adhan idhazhai "jeadschrift farr adukku mananalaviyal" endra idhazhil gonard laurence mattrum carle chronacharudan inainthu thodangkinaar. 1986 muthal idhu "nerimurai" endru marupeyaridappattathu. poarukkup piragu, 1920 aam aandil breslavil tirumanam seithu konda thanathu manaivi annemari dddsai oodoa kohler oru noayaal ilanththaar, maelum gonixberg idipaadugalil irunthaar. avar 1946 aam aandil freefurg palkalaikkazhagaththil paeraasiriyaraaga niyamikkappattaar, maelum avar wilhelm haachchekaarin-inn kollup paerakkuzhandhaiyaana munnaal maanavar ameli haachekaaranai mananthaar. avarathu muthal munaivar maanavar paal leehavusan buulii-lyon kalappinangalaip padiththaar, maelum vilangkugalin ennum thiran kuriththa thanathu aaraaichiyaith thodarnthaar. avar uyir oliyiyalil aarvam kaattinaar.

otto kohler oto kohler (20 december 1889-7 janavari 1974) oka german janthu shaastravetta mariyu maargadarsaka naitika shaastravetta. athanu "jeatschrift pharr tyre psychology" (journal off animal psychology) yokka konrad lorenzto paatu vyavasthaapaka sampadakudu, taruvaata dheenini "ethology" gaa paeru marcharu. jantuvula sankhya saamardhyaalanu anveshinchina toli vyaktulalo ayana okaru, alaage jantuvula pravartananu adhyayanam cheyadaaniki chalanachitram vanti saadhanaalanu upayoginchaaru. otto pruusiyaalooni insterberglo janminchaadu, lutheran paster edward kohler mariyu athani rendava bhaarya carolin nee heinriki jeevinchi unna aidava mariyu ekaika santaanam. athani talli athani jananam taruvaata maraninchindi mariyu athani tandri naalugu samvatsaraala taruvaata atanini athani maama paal heinriki samrakshanhalo vadili vellaadu. athanu 1902loe fortaloni raayal paatasaalaku velli, 1907loe matriculation puurti chesi, taruvaata freeberg vishwavidhyaalayamlo chaduvukunnadu. athanu ganitam mariyu charitranu adhyayanam chesi, jantusaastram mariyu parinaamampai aagashtu weisman taragatulaku hajarayyadu. 1908loe ayana munich vishwavidhyaalayaaniki vellaaru, akkada ayana vrukshashaastraanni abhyasinchaaru mariyu wilhelm kanrad rantgen nundi bhouthika saastramlo upanyaasaalu vinnaru. athanu richard vaan heartwig aadhvaryamlo sea archin "strangylocentrotus lividus" yokka jeevasaastraanni adhyayanam chesi doctorate pondaadu. aaa tarvaata athanu franz dofleenku sahayakudiga panichesi, aapai carle vaan frischto kalisi panicheesaadu. yuddha samayamlo kohler 1914loe metz sameepamloni sainika aasupatrilo bacteriological pareekshalaku baadhyata vahinchaadu. taruvaata 1916loe anatolialo oka prayogasaalanu erpaatu chesi, naajaaretlo aangla yuddha khaidi ayyadu. 1919loe athanu franz dofleen taralinchina vroklaaku vellaadu. kohler "paramasium" loe geotoxis, "daphnia" loe rangu drushtini adhyayanam chesi, jantuvulalo ayaskanta kshetraalu mariyu yuvi yokka avagahananu pariseelinchaaru. ayana indriya sareeradharma shaastram mariyu janthu manastatva saastrampai upanyaasaalu icchaaru. kohler carle vaan frischto kalisi panicheesaaru mariyu pasupu aaharaanni tinipinchadaaniki sikshana pondina dragonfly larvalatho kalisi panicheesaaru, tadwara avi rangunu gurtinchagalavani chuupimchaaru. 1923loe ayana munich loe associate professor ayyaru mariyu 1925loe conigsburg vishwavidhyaalayamlo museum director ayyaru. kohler jantuvulapai maanava aalochanaku avasaramainadi undaa anie gurtinchadaaniki prayogaalu chesaadu mariyu mukhyamgaa lekkimpunu pradarsinche pravartanalapai aasakti kaligi unnadu (dheenini athanu paerulaeni aalochana anie pilichadu). athanu goodu vadda sandpiper yokka pravartananu pariseelinchi, pakshulu tama gudlanu elaa gurtinchayo tanikhi cheyadaaniki dummy gudlanu upayoginchaadu. tadupari vislaeshanha kosam janthu pravartananu namodu cheyadaaniki chitraalanu upayoginchina modati jeevasaastravettalalo ayana okaru. 1937loe athanu janthu manastatvasaastram kosam german sosaiteeni sthaapinchaadu mariyu connard lorenz mariyu carle chronacherlatho kalisi daani journal "jeatschrift pharr tyre psychology" nuu praarambhinchaadu. 1986 nundi dheeniki "ethology" gaa paeru maarchabadindi. yuddham taruvaata, otto kohler thana bhaarya annemari diditiusnu kolpoyadu, aamenu athanu 1920loe breslavlo vivaham chesukunnadu, athanu anaarogyamtho badhapaddadu mariyu conigsburg shidhilaavasthalo unnadu. athanu 1946loe freeberg vishwavidhyaalayamlo professorga niyaminchabaddaadu mariyu wilhelm hatchecorn yokka manumaralu ayina maajee vidyaarthi amealy hachekaarnu vivaham chesukunnadu. athani modati doctorate vidyaarthi paal lehousen puli-simham sankara jaatulanu adhyayanam chesaadu mariyu jantuvula lekkimpu saamardhyampai thana parisoedhananu konasaginchadu. ayana bioacousticslo kooda aasakti chuupaaru.

oto kohler oto kohler (20 dasambar 1889-7 januri 1974) eek german maahir haiwaniyat aur maahir akhlaqiyat thay. wah "zetschrift farr tyre cycology" (journal aaf anaemal cycology) kay konrad laurenz kay saath eek baanee editor thay jiss kaa naam baad mein "akhlaqiyat" rakh diyaa gayaa. wah janwaron kii addi salahiyaton kuu talaash karnay aur janwaron kay royay kaa mutalah karnay kay liye film jeesay aalat kaa istemaal karnay waalay ibtadayi afraad mein say thay. oto insterberg roos mein paida hawaa juu lothran paadri edward kohler aur iss kii dosri bewi carolin nee henracy kii panchwen aur akloti bachee thee. inn kii paidaish kay baad inn kii waldah kaa inteqal how gayaa aur chaar saal baad inn kay waalid kaa inteqal how gayaa aur inhein inn kay chachaa paal henracy kii deekh bhaal mein chhod diyaa. wah 1902 mein porta kay raail school gayey aur 1907 mein metrik kii taleem haasil kii aur phir freeberg university mein taleem haasil kii. inhon nay riyaazi aur tareekh kaa mutalah kiyaa aur agast wesmen kii haiwaniyat aur irtaqaa parr classes mein sharkat kii. 1908 mein wah meunakh university chalay gayey jehaan inhon nay nabatat kii taleem haasil kii aur walaheem konrad rontjan say tabiyat mein lecture sunay. inhon nay richard waan hertog kay maatehat samandari archan "strountellocentrots leuds" kii hayatiyat kaa mutalah kiyaa aur doctorate haasil kii. iss kay baad inhon nay franz dofleen kay maawan kay toor parr kaam kiyaa aur phir carle waan freesh kay saath kaam kiyaa. jung kay doraan kohler 1914 mein metz kay qareeb eek foji hospital mein jarasimiyati muainey kay incharge thay. iss kay baad inhon nay 1916 mein anatoliya mein eek libartry qayem kii aur naasrat mein angrez jangi qaidi bunn gayey. 1919 mein wah roklav chalay gayey jehaan franz dofleen muntaqil how gayey thay. kohler nay "paramacium" mein geotexus "defnia" mein rangeen basarat kaa mutalah kiyaa aur janwaron mein maqnatisi shoabon aur yuu wee kay adraak kaa jaizah liyaa. inhon nay hasee faliyat aur janwaron kii nafsiyaat parr lecture diye. kohler nay carle waan freesh aur dragon flayee larwa kay saath kaam kiyaa taakah wah peela khaana khaa sakein aur iss tarah yaha zahir hotaa hay kahh wah rung kuu pehchaan saktay haine. 1923 mein wah meunakh mein aisosi aett professor banay aur 1925 mein wah university aaf kongsburg mein museum kii directory bunn gayey. kohler nay janwaron parr yaha shanakhat karnay kay liye tajarbah kiyaa kahh aayaa inn kay paas wah cheez hay juu insani soch kay liye zaruri hay aur wah khaas toor parr inn tarz amal mein dilchaspi rakhtay thay juu ganti kaa mazahirah kartay haine (jasay wah namalum soch kehtay haine). iss nay ghonslay mein send piper kay royay kaa jaizah liyaa aur dami indon kaa istemaal kartay hoay yaha cheek kiyaa kahh parindon nay apnay indon kuu kisay pehchana. wah inn pehley maahir hayatiyat mein say thay jinhon nay baad kay tajziye kay liye janwaron kay royay kuu record karnay kay liye filmein istemaal kein. 1937 mein inhon nay janwaron kii nafsiyaat kay liye german society qayem kii aur konard laurenz aur carle croncher kay saath mill kirr iss kaa jaridah "zetschrift farr tyre cycology" sharoo kiyaa. 1986 say iss kaa naam badal kirr "akhlaqiyat" rakh diyaa gayaa. jung kay baad oto kohler nay apnee bewi ainee meeri deditius kuu khoo diyaa thaa jiss say iss nay 1920 mein breslao mein shaadi kii thee aur kongsburg eek bemari mein mubtala thaa. inhein 1946 mein freeberg university mein professor muqarar kiyaa gayaa aur inhon nay walaheem haochikoran kii padpoti eek saabiq talibah ameli haochikoran say shaadi kii. inn kay pehley doctorate kay taalib alam paal lehaosan nay tiger-leone hibard kaa mutalah kiyaa aur inhon nay janwaron kii ganti kii salahiyat parr apnee tehqeeq jaari rakhee. inhon nay baiyo owstics mein bhee dilchaspi lee.

00001905f0725e83794def3bc79bc7a3ccec613f357c1427739fd1d29885cdc1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11341610

Cork North (Dáil constituency)

Cork North (Dáil constituency) Dáil constituency (1923–1961) Cork North was a parliamentary constituency represented in Dáil Éireann, the lower house of the Irish parliament or Oireachtas from 1923 to 1961. The constituency elected 3 (and sometimes 4) deputies (Teachtaí Dála, commonly known as TDs) to the Dáil, on the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote (PR-STV). History. The constituency was created under the Electoral Act 1923, for the 1923 general election to Dáil Éireann, whose members formed the 4th Dáil. The constituency returned 3 Teachtaí Dála initially. The number of seats was increased to 4 for the 1937 general election but was reduced back to 3 for the 1948 general election. It succeeded the constituency of Cork Mid, North, South, South East and West. It was abolished under the Electoral (Amendment) Act 1961, when it was replaced by the new constituency of Cork North-East and Cork Mid. Boundaries. It consisted of the county electoral areas of Kanturk and Macroom in the administrative county of Cork. Elections. 1957 general election. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> 1954 general election. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> 1951 general election. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> 1948 general election. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> 1944 general election. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> 1943 general election. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> 1938 general election. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> 1937 general election. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> 1933 general election. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> 1932 general election. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> September 1927 general election. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> June 1927 general election. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> 1923 general election. Figures from the second count are not available. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

korko uttor (dell xomosti) korko northo aasil 1923 sonor poraa 1961 sonoloike aairis xongxod baa oh 'reisatasor nimno xodon daail aairenot protinidhitwo koraa ek xongxodiyo xomosti. xomostituwe ekok sthanantorjugyo bhut (pro-ess. ti. bhi) ror joriyote anupatik protinidhitwor byowosthar joriyote dailor baabe 3 john (aaru ketiyaba 4 john) deputi (ti. di. ess. naamere jonajat ti. ti. aai. delaa) nirbasito korisil. itihax. 1923 sonor xadharon nirbasonor baabe 1923 sonor nirbasoni aainor odhinot ei xomostitu sristi koraa hoisil, jaar xodosyoxokole soturtho dell gothon korisil. nirbasoni khetrokhone prothomote 3taa xikhya diya ghurai disil. 1937 sonor xadharon nirbasonor baabe aaxonor xongkhya 4 loi briddhi koraa hoisil jodiu 1948 sonor xadharon nirbasonor baabe iyak 3 loi hraax koraa hoisil. ee modhyo, uttor, dokhyin, dokhyin-pubo aaru poschim korkor xomostir uttoradhikari hoisil. 1961 sonor nirbasoni (xongxudhoni) aainor odhinot iyak bilupto koraa hoisil, jetiya iyak korko uttor-pubo aaru korko midor notun xomostir dwara xoloni koraa hoisil. ximabodhota. iyat korkor proxaxonik countyr kanturk aaru macroomor county nirbasoni oncholxomuh ontorbhukto aasil. nirbason. 1923 sonor xadharon nirbason. dwitiyo gononar poraa xongkhya upolobdho nohoy.

cork uttor (dell nirbachoni elaka) cork north ekti sangsadiya nirbachoni elaka chhilo jaa 1923 theke 1961 saal porjonto airish sangsad baa oriachtaser nimnokokkho dyle airene protinidhitto koroto. nirbachoni elakati ekok hostantorjoggo bhoter (pr-stv) madhyome anupatik protinidhitter poddhotite dailer 3 john (ebong kokhono kokhono 4 john) deputi (tichtai daala, sadharonoto tds naame porichito) nirbachito koroto. itihas. 1923 saaler sadharan nirbachoner jonno nirbachoni elakati nirbachoni aain 1923-err adhine toiri koraa hoyechilo, jaar sadasyara sadasyara dell gathon korechilen. nirbachoni elakati prathomikbhabe 3 tii shikkha pradan korey. 1937 saaler sadharan nirbachoner jonno asson sankhya baadiye 4 koraa holeo 1948 saaler sadharan nirbachoner jonno taa komiye 3 koraa hoy. etty modhyo, uttor, dakkhin, dakkhin-purbo ebong poschim cork nirbachoni elakar uttoradhikari hoy. 1961 saaler nirbachoni (sangshodhani) aainer adhine etty bilupto koraa hoy, jokhon etty cork uttor-purbo ebong cork mider notun nirbachoni elaka dwara protisthapito hoy. seemana. etty korker proshashonik kauntir kanturak ebong mccroomer county nirbachoni anchal niye gothito chhilo. nirbachan. 1923 saaler sadharan nirbachan. dwitiya ganana theke porisongkhyan pawa yaay naa.

cork uttar (dail matvistaar) cork north aee 1923 thee 1961 sudhee irish sansad athavaa oirechtasna neechala gruh dail aeranmaa pratinidhitva karato sansadeey matvistaar hato. aaa matvistaar single transfer curry shakaay tevaa mutt (pii. aar.-aestee. vee.) dwara pramansar pratinidhitvani paddhati parr dail maate 3 (aneey ketalikvaar 4) deputyo (teachtei daala, jene saamanya reete tii. dii. aesa. tareeke odakhvaamaa aave chhe) chuntavama aavyaa hataa. itihas. aaa matvistaarni rachnaa chuntani adhiniyam 1923 hethal 1923nee saamanya chuntani maate dail aaron maate karvaamaa aavee hatee, jenaa sabhyoae chothee delnee rachnaa curry hatee. matvistaarae sharuaatmaa 3 teachtei daala parat karyaa hataa. 1937nee saamanya chuntani maate bethakoni sankhyaa vadhaarine 4 karvaamaa aavee hatee parantu 1948nee saamanya chuntani maate teey ghataadine 3 karvaamaa aavee hatee. teey madhya, uttar, dakshin, dakshin purv aneey pashchimma cork matvistaarne safal banyo. jyaare tenu sthaan cork uttar-purv aneey cork midna navaa matvistaar dwara levaamaa aavyu tyaare tene chuntani (sudhara) adhiniyam 1961 hethal nabud karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. seemaao. temaa corkna vahivati kaauntimaa kanturk aneey macroomnaa kaauntii chuntani vistaarono samaavesh thato hato. chuntanio. 1923nee saamanya chuntani. beejee ganatarinaa aankada uplabdh nathee.

cork uttar (dell nirvaachan kshetra) cork north ack sansadiya nirvaachan kshetra thaa jiska pratinidhitva 1923 seey 1961 taka ayrish sansad yaa oirechtus key nichale sadan dell airen mein kiya gayaa thaa. nirvaachan kshetra ney ekal hastantaraniya vote (pee. aar.-st. vee.) key madhyam seey aanupaatik pratinidhitva kii pranali parr dell key liye 3 (aur kabhi-kabhi 4) pratinidhiyon (teachte daala, jise aamtaur parr tii. dee. aiss. key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye) koo chunaa. itihas. iss nirvaachan kshetra koo chunavi adhiniyam 1923 key tahat 1923 key aam chunaav key liye dell airen key liye banaaya gayaa thaa, jisake sadasyon ney chauthe dell kaa gathan kiya thaa. nirvaachan kshetra ney shuru mein 3 teachte daala vaapas curr diye. 1937 key aam chunaav key liye seeton kii sankhya badhaakar 4 curr dee gaee thee, lekin 1948 key aam chunaav key liye ise ghataakar 3 curr diyaa gayaa thaa. yeh madhya, uttar, dakshin, dakshin poorv aur paschim mein cork nirvaachan kshetra kaa uttaradhikari banaa. ise chunavi (sanshodhan) adhiniyam 1961 key tahat samaapt curr diyaa gayaa thaa, jaba ise cork uttar-poorv aur cork madhya key nae nirvaachan kshetra dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. seemaaen. isamen cork key prashaasnik county mein kaantark aur mcroom key county chunavi kshetra shamil they. chunaav. 1923 aam chunaav. doosari ginati key aankade upalabdh naheen hain.

cork uttara (dayle kshetra) cork north 1923rinda 1961ravarege airish samsattina kelamaneyaada dayle airennalli pratinidhisuttidda samsadeeya kshetravagittu. ee kshetravu eka vargaavane matada (pr-stv) moolaka anupaatada praatinidhyada vevastheya mele dalege 3 (mattu kelavomme 4) niyogigalannu (teachty dalla, samanyavagi tds endu kareyalaaguttade) ayke maaditu. itihaasa. 1923rahra saarvatrika chunavanegagi, 1923rahra chunawana kaayideya adiyalli ee kshetravannu rachisalaayitu, idara sadasyaru 4neey dayle annu rachisidaru. ee kshetravu aarambhadalli 3 bodhane dinagalannu hindirugisitu. 1937rahra saarvatrika chunavaneyalli sthaanagala sankhyeyannu 4kke hechchisalaayitu aadare 1948rahra saarvatrika chunavaneyalli adannu 3kke ilisalaayitu. idu madhya, uttara, daksina, agneya mattu pashchimada cork kshetrada nantara adhikaarakke banditu. 1961rahra chunawana (tiddupadi) kaydeya adiyalli idannu raddupadisalaayitu, adara badalige cork eeshaanya mattu cork madhyada hosa kshetravannu sthaapisalaayitu. gadigalu. idu cork aadalitaatmaka kountiya kanturk mattu macroom kaunti chunawana pradeshagalannu olagondittu. chunavanegalu. 1923rahra saarvatrika chunawane. eradane enikeya anki amshagalu labhyavilla.

cork uttar (dell matdarsangh) cork north haah 1923 teey 1961 paryant ayrish sansadeche kanishth sabhagruh kinwa oriectas, dell eranmadhye pratinidhitva karnara sansadiy matdarsangh hota. yaa matdarsanghatun, pramanbaddh pratinidhitva pranalivar, ekal hastantaraniy matadvare (pii. aar.-st. vhee.), delche 3 (aanee kadhikadhi 4) pratinidhi (tii. dii. dii. ess. mhanoon olakhale jaanare) nivadoon aale. itihas. 1923 chya sarvatrik nivadanukisathi, 1923 chya nivadanuk kayadyantargat haah matdarsangh tayar karnyat aala hota, jyachya sadasyanni chauthya delchi sthapana kelee. yaa matdarsanghane suruvatila 3 shikshak divas parat kele. kele sarvatrik nivadanukisathi jaganchi sankhya 4 paryant vadhavanyat aalee hotee, parantu parantu sarvatrik nivadanukisathi tee qamee karoon 3 karnyat aalee. madhya, uttar, dakshin, aagney aanee paschim cork matdarsanghanantar teey vijayi jhaale. nivadanuk (durusti) kayada 1961 antargat too radd karnyat aala, jevha tyachya jaagi cork ishanya aanee cork madhya yaa naveen matdarsanghane jaaga ghetali. seema. tyat corkchya prashasakeey countymadhil kantark aanee macroom yaa county nivadanuk kshetrancha samavesh hota. nivadanuka. 1923 chya sarvatrik nivadanuka. nivadanuka mojanichi aakadevari upalabdh nahee.

curk uttar (dayle nirvachan khetra) curk north sann 1923 dekhi 1961 samma iris sansad wa oirechtasko tallo sadan dayle eryanma pratinidhitwa garieko sansadiya nirvachan khetra thiyo. nirvachan kshetrale ekal sthanantaran yogya mutt (piar-stv) ko madhyambata anupatik pratinidhitwako pranalima delma 3 (rar kahilekaahin 4) pratinidhiharu (tichte dala, jaslai samanyataya tds bhaninchha) nirvachit गऱ्यो।. itihas. nirvachan khetra chunawi aina 1923 antargat sirjana garieko thiyo, 1923 ko dayle eryanko aam chunawaka lagi, jaska sadasyaharule chautho dayle gathan gare. nirvachan kshetrale suruma 3 wata path firta गऱ्यो।. sann 1937 ko aam chunawaka lagi sitko sankhya badhaera 4 gariyo tara sann 1948 ko aam chunawaka lagi 3 maa jhareko thiyo. yo madhya, uttar, dakshin, dakshin purva rar pashchimko curk nirvachan kshetrabata safal bhayo. yasalai chunawi (sanshodhan) adhiniyam 1961 antargat samapta garieko thiyo, jab yasalai curk uttar-purva rar curk midko nayan nirvachan kshetradwara pratisthapit garieko thiyo. simaharu. yasama karkako prashasanik countyma canterch rar macrumko county chunawi kshetraharu samawesh thie. nirvachan. sann 1923 ko aam nirvachan. dosro gananako tathyanka upalabdha chhaina.

cork uttara (dayle nirbachana mandali) cork uttara eka sansadeeah nirbachana mandali thila jaahaa 1923 ru 1961 parjyanta iris sansadara nimna saden kimba oirechtasare pratinidhitwa karuthila. ehi nirbachana mandaleeti ekaka hastantarajogya bhot (piaara-esativi) madhyamare aanupatika pratinidhitwa byabasthare delku 3 (ebong belebele 4) deputi (tichate dalla, sadharanatah tds bhabare janashuna) nirbachita karithila. itihas. 1923 sadharana nirbachana paain nirbachana adhiniam 1923 anujai ehi nirbachana mandali srusti karajaithila, jahara sadasyamane chaturtha dayle gathan karithile. nirbachana mandaleeti prathame 3 tii sikhya pradan karithila. 1937 sadharana nirbachana paain aasana sankhya 4 ku brudhi karajaithila kintu 1948 sadharana nirbachana paain ehaaku 3 ku hrass karajaithila. ehaa madhya, uttara, dakhina, dakhina purba ebong paschima cork nirbachana mandalira uttaradhikari hoithila. nirbachana (sanshodhana) adhiniam 1961 anujai ehaaku uchheda karajaithila, jetebele ehaa uttara-purba cork ebong madhya karkar nutan nirbachana mandali dwara pratisthapita hoithila . seema. ehaa karkar prashasanika kauntire cantrock ebong makrumra county nirbachana khetraku nei gathita . nirbachana. 1923 sadharana nirbachana. dwiteeja gananara parisankhyana upalabdha naahin.

kaarak uttar (dell chonh khetar) kaarak uttar ikk sansadi chonh khetar see joe 1923 toon 1961 takk irish sansad jaan orichts dey hethle sadan dell aaren witch darsaiaa giaa see. chonh khetar neey single transferyog vott (pee. aar.-aiss. tii. vee.) dey zariye anupatak numaindagi dee pranali utte dell laee 3 (atey kaee vaar 4) dipty (tii. dee. aiss. vajon jaane jaande) chunhe sunn. itihaas. ih chonh khetar 1923 dey chonh kanoon tehat banaiaa giaa see, 1923 deeaan aam chonhan laee dell aaren, jiss dey memberan neey chautha dell banaiaa see. halke neey shuru witch 3 adhiaae waps qarr ditte. 1937 deeaan aam chonhan laee seetan dee ginti vadha keey 4 qarr ditti gaee see parr 1948 deeaan aam chonhan laee iss noon ghataa keey 3 qarr ditta giaa see. ih maddh, uttar, dakkhan, dakkhan-purab atey pachham dey kaarak halke toon baad aaiaa. iss noon chonh (sodh) aikat 1961 dey tehat khatam qarr ditta giaa see, jadon iss noon uttar-purab atey maddh kaarak dey navein halke duaara badliaa giaa see. seemavan. iss witch kaarak dee parshaski county witch kanturak atey macroom dey county chonh khetar shamal sunn. chonhan. 1923 deeaan aam chonhan. duji ginti dey ankade upalbadh naheen hunn.

carc-uttara (dell nirvaachanakshetram) carc-naarth iti 1923 taha 1961 paryantam airish-samsadena athavaa oirechtaas-ityasya nimnasadanasy dell airen-madhye pratinidhitvam kurwantah samsadeeya-nirvaachan-kshetram aasit. nirvaachan-kshetren, anupatika-pratinidhitva-vyavasthaayaah aadhaaren, ekala-hastaantaraneey-matasya (pee aar-ess tea vee) madhyamena, dell-pakshasya 3 (tathaa kadaachit 4) pratinidhayah (tea tea dee ess) nirwaachitaah. itihaasah. 1923 tame varshe saamaanyanirvaachanaay, dell airen ityasya krute nirvaachan-adhiniyamasya 1923 ityasya antargatam nirvaachan-kshetrasya nirmanam krutam, yasya sadasyaah chaturtha-dell ityasya nirmanam krutavantah. nirvaachanamandalam praarambhe 3 teechte-daalaa-patraani pratyarpayat. 1937 tame varshe saamaanyanirvaachane asananam sankhyaa 4 yaavat vardhitaa, parantu 1948 tame varshe saamaanyanirvaachane 3 yaavat nyunikrutam. madhya-uttar-dakshina-dakshina-poorva-pashchim-carc-nirvaachan-kshetrasya uttaraadhikaari abhavat. nirvaachan (samshodhana) adhiniyamah 1961 ityasya antargatam tatt nirastam abhavat, yadaa tasya sthaane carc-eeshaany-carc-madhya-kshetram api pratisthaapitam. seemaah. asmin carc-prashaasanik-prantasya kaanturk-nagarasya, myakroom-nagarasya cha mandal-nirvaachanakshetraani aasan. nirvaachanam. 1923 tame varshe saamaanyanirvaachanam jaatam. dwiteeyagananaayaah ankaani naa upalabhyante.

kaark vadakku (dail thoguthi) kaark vadakku enbathu 1923 muthal 1961 varai airish naadaalumandraththin keezh sabaiyaana dail airaenil pirathinithiththuvappaduththa oru naadaalumandrath thoguthiyaagum. inthath thoguthi 3 (mattrum sila nerangalil 4) pirathinithikalai (deatsay dalla, podhuvaaga dds endru azhaikkappadukirathu) deilukku, vigithaasaara pirathinithiththuva muraiyin moolam ottrai parimaattra vaakku (pr-estivi) moolam thaernthedukkappattathu. varalaaru. 1923 aam aandu podhuth thaerthalukkaaga thaerthal sattam 1923 inn keezh inththa thoguthi uruvaakkappattathu, adhan uruppinarkal 4 vadhu deyilai uruvaakkinar. inthath thoguthi aarambaththil 3 karpiththal thaazhgalaith tiruppith thanthathu. 1937 podhuth therthalil idangkalin ennikkai 4 aaga uyarththappattathu, aanaal 1948 podhuth therthalil 3 aagak kuraikkappattathu. idhu kaark thoguthiyin nadu, vadakku, therku, thenkizhakku mattrum maerku pakuthikalukkup piragu vanthathu. idhu thaerthal (thiruththa) sattam 1961 inn keezh rathu seiyappattathu, adharku pathilaaka kaark vadakizhakku mattrum kaark nadu puthiya thoguthi maattrappattathu. ellaikal. idhu kaark nirvaaga maavattaththil contourg mattrum macroom mavatta thaerthal pakuthikalaik kondirundhadhu. thaerthalkal. 1923 podhuth thaerthal. irandaavathu ennikkaiyin pullivivarangkal kidaikkavillai.

cork uttara (dail niyojakavargam) cork north 1923 nundi 1961 varaku airish paarlamentu ledhaa oirechtas diguva sabha ayina dayle irenlo praatinidhyam vahinchina parliamentary niyojakavargam. eee niyojakavargam 3 (mariyu konnisaarlu 4) mandhi deputylanu (teachte dalla, saadhaaranamgaa tds anie pilustaaru) dayle kuu, oke badilee cheyadagina ootu (pr-stv) dwara anulomaanupaatamlo praatinidhyam vyavasthapai ennukundi. charitra. 1923 ennikala chattam kinda 1923 saadhaarana ennikala kosam eee niyojakavargam srushtinchabadindi, dheeni sabhyulu 4 va dialnu erpaatu chesaaru. eee niyojakavargam praarambhamlo 3 bodhanalanu tirigi ichindi. 1937 saarvatrika ennikalaloo seetla sankhyanu 4kii penchaaru, conny 1948 saarvatrika ennikalaloo 3kii tagginchaaru. idhi madhya, uttara, dakshina, aagneya mariyu paschima cork niyojakavargaanni vijayavantam chesindi. ennikala (savarana) chattam 1961 prakaram idhi raddu cheyabadindi, daani sthaanamlo cork eshaanya mariyu cork madhya kotta niyojakavargam erpadindi. sarihaddulu. idhi cork paripalana kounteelooni kanturk mariyu macroom yokka county ennikala praantaalanu kaligi undhi. ennikalu. 1923 saarvatrika ennikalu. rendava lekkimpu nundi ganaamkaalu andubaatulo laevu.

kaark naarth (diyal halqah) kaark naarth eek parlimani halqah thaa jiss kii numaindagi 1923 say 1961 takk aairish parliament yaa aurichats kay aiwan zeerein dail airan mein kii gayee thee. iss halqay nay waahid muntaqli woat (pee aar-aiss tye wee) kay zariye mutnasib numaindagi kay nazaam parr dail kay liye 3 (aur baaz auqaat 4) naibeen (techti daila jasay aam toor parr tye ddee aiss kay naam say jaana jaataa hay) muntakhib kiye. tareekh. yaha halqah electoral aikat 1923 kay tahat banaya gayaa thaa 1923 kay aam intekhabat kay liye dail airan kay liyay jiss kay arakeen nay chothi dail tashkil dee. halqay nay ibtadayi toor parr 3 techti dunn waps kirr diye. 1937 kay aam intekhabat kay liye nashaston kii taadad badhaa kirr 4 kirr dee gayee thee leakin 1948 kay aam intekhabat kay liye asay ghataa kirr 3 kirr diyaa gayaa thaa. yaha wasat shamaal janub janub mashriq aur maghrab kay halqay kaark kay baad aayaa. asay electoral (amendment) aikat 1961 kay tahat khatam kirr diyaa gayaa jabb iss kii jagah kaark shamaal mashriq aur kaark mudd kay nayey halqay nay lay lee. hadood. yaha kaark kii intezami county mein kantark aur meek room kay county intekhabi elaqon parr mushtamil thaa. intekhabat. 1923 kay aam intekhabat. dosri ganti kay aidaad woo shamaar dastiyaab nahein haine.

000019a661e3f74f74d83554ade86d43484b8723167ba0a6ba5b9dd7332db84a

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49340832

Bill Meates (rugby union)

Bill Meates (rugby union) NZ international rugby union player Rugby player William Anthony Meates (26 May 1923 – 1 February 2003) was a New Zealand rugby union player, soldier and schoolteacher. Biography. Meates was born in Greymouth in 1923, and was an elder brother of Kevin Meates. He received his education at Marist Brothers' School, Greymouth, and at St Bede's College in Christchurch. A wing three-quarter, Bill Meates represented and at a provincial level, and was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, in 1949 and 1950. He played 20 matches for the All Blacks including seven internationals. Rejected for military service as an 18-year-old because of flat feet, Meates graduated from Christchurch Teachers' Training College in 1944. While there he served as vice-president of the student union, and his future wife Nancy was president. He was subsequently accepted for military service. However, by the time his contingent reached Egypt, Germany had surrendered. Following the end of the war, he toured Britain and France with the 2nd New Zealand Expeditionary Force rugby team, known as the "Kiwis", playing in 13 matches. Back in New Zealand, worked as a teacher and studied at Canterbury University College, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts in 1954. He taught at Aranui High School in Christchurch for 25 years, rising to deputy principal. As chairman of Sacred Heart Girls' College, he was influential in the integration of Catholic schools into the state system. With his wife Nancy, Meates had ten children, including David Meates who was CEO of the Canterbury District Health Board for 12 years. He died at Christchurch on 1 February 2003, and was buried at Ruru Lawn Cemetery. His wife, Nancy Meates, died in 2017. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

bill mites (ragbi union) uilium enthoni mites (26 mey '1923-1 february 2003) aasil newzealandor ragbi unionor kheluwoi, xoinik aaru schoolor xikhyok. jiwani. 1923 sonot greimauthot jonmogrohon koraa mites kebhin mitesor ejon jyestho bhatri aasil. teu greimouthor maristo braders skool aaru christcharchor saint bede 'jo collegeot xikhya laabh korisil. tini-soturthangxo uingor bill mitese protinidhitwo korisil aaru pradexik porzayot, aaru 1949 aaru 1950 sonot newzealandor rastriyo doll ol blackchor xodosyo aasil. teu xatkhon antohrastriyoke dhori xokolu krishnor baabe baabe mess khelisil. 18 bosor boyoxor xomoyot xomotol bhorir baabe xamorik xewar baabe nakoch koraa hoy, 1944 sonot mitese christcharch xikhyok proxikhyon mohabidyaloyor poraa snatok degree laabh kore. taat teu saatro xonghor upo-xobhapoti hisape karzonirbah korar xomoyot, aaru teur bhobisyotor potni nensee xobhapoti aasil. poroborti xomoyot teuk xamorik xewar baabe grohon koraa hoisil. obosye, teur xoinyodol ijiptot uposthito huwar aagotei germanye aatmoxomorpon korisil. juddhor xomaptir pisot, teu "kiui" naamere jonajat dwitiyo newzealand obhijan bahinir ragbi dolor xoite britain aaru france bhromon kori kori khelot ongxogrohon korisil. newzealandot ubhoti aahi, xikhyok hisape kaam korisil aaru kentarbari biswobidyaloy collegeot odhyoyon korisil, 1954 sonot kolaa snatok degree laabh korisil. teu 25 bosor dhori christcharchor aaranui haiskulot xikhyokota korisil, upo-odhyokhyoloi unnit hoisil. xeri heart garls collegeor odhyokhyo hisape teu ketholik bidyaloixomuhok rajyik byowosthat ekotrito korat probhawxali aasil. teur potni nenxir xoite, mitesor dohta xontan aasil, jaar bhitorot david mites aasil ji 12 bosor dhori kentarbari jilaa swasthyo bob "rdor chi. ee. oh" aasil. 2003 sonor 1 februaryt christcharchot teur mrityu hoy aaru ruru lonn koborsthanot teuk xomadhistho koraa hoy. teur potni nensee mitesor 2017 sonot mrityu hoisil.

bill mitts (ragbi union) uilium anthony mitts (26 meey 1923-1 february 2003) chhilen newzealander ragbi unioner ekjon kheload, sainik ebong school shikkhok. jeeboni. mitts 1923 saale gremouthe jonmogrohon corren ebong kevin mitser borh bhai chhilen. tini gremouther marrist brothers school ebong christchurcher seenta bede college padashona corren. tinn-choturthangsho wing, bill mitts protinidhitto korechilen ebong pradeshik porjaye protinidhitto korechilen ebong 1949 ebong 1950 saale newzealand jatiya doler sadasya chhilen, oll blacks. tini satti antorjatik soho samasta krishnangader hoye 20 tii match khelechilen. 18 bochor boyse chapta payer karone samrik porishebar jonno prottakhyato, 1944 saale mitts christchurch teachers training college theke snatok hohn. sekhane tini chhatro unioner soho-sabhapati hisabe dayitto palon corren ebong taanr bhabishyat stree nancy sabhapati chhilen. porey tini samrik porishebar jonno grihito hohn. tobey, taanr doll jokhon mishore pouchoy, tokhon germany atmosomorpon korey. juddho shesh howar porr, tini "kiui" naame porichito porichito newzealand abhijankari ragbi doler saathe britten oo france sofor corren, 13tii match khelechen. newzealande firey, shikkhok hisabe kaaj corren ebong canterbury vishwavidyalaya college padashona corren, 1954 saale bachelor off artasa niye snatok hohn. tini 25 bochor dhorey christchurcher aranui uchcho bidyalaye shikkhokota corren, upo-adhyakkha hohn. pobitro hridaya balika colleger sabhapati hisabe, tini catholic bidyaloygulike rashtriya byabosthar saathe ekibhuto korte prabhabshali chhilen. taanr stree nancy-rawr sange mitteser dashti santan chhilo, jaar modhye david mittes chhilen jini 12 bochor dhorey canterbury zela swastho boarder ceo chhilen. 2003 saaler 1 february tini christchurche maaraa zaan ebong ruru lonn koborsthane taanke somahito koraa hoy. taanr stree nancy mitts 2017 saale maaraa zaan.

bill meats (rugby union) veeliyam aenthanee meats (26 meey 1923-1 februari 2003) newzealand rugby unionnaa khelaadi, sainik aneey shaalaana shikshak hataa. jivancharitra. mitsano janm 1923maan gremouthma thayo hato aneey teey cavin meetsnaa motaa bhaai hataa. temane temnu shikshan marrist bradhars school, greymouth aneey christchurchnee saint bads collegemaa melavyu hatoo. trana chaturthansh paankh, bill meats praantiy stare pratinidhitva karey chhe, aneey 1949 aneey 1950maan newzealandnee raashtriy team, ola blacksna sabhy hataa. temane saat aantarrashtriy saheet tamaam ashwet loko maate 20 match ramee hatee. sapaat pagne kaarane 18 varshnee ummare lashkari sevaa maate nakaari kadhvama aavyaa hataa, mitse 1944maan christchurch teachers training collegemathi snaatak thayaa hataa. jyaare tyaan temane vidhyarthi sanghnaa upadhyaksh tareeke sevaa aapee hatee, aneey temnee bhaavi patnee nancy pramukh hataa. tyarbad temne lashkari sevaa maate svikarvama aavyaa hataa. jooe keey, temnee tukadi egypt pahonchi tyaan sudhimaa germany aatmasamarpan curry didhu hatoo. yuddhnaa anta pachhi, temane "kivi" tareeke odakhaati beejee newzealand abhiyaan dada rugby team saathe britton aneey franceno pravaas karyo, jeey 13 mecho ramee hatee. newzealandma paachha faryaa, temane shikshak tareeke kaama karyoo aneey canterbury university collegemaa abhyaas karyo, 1954maan snatakni padvi melvee. temane 25 varsh sudhee christchurchnee aranui uchch shaalaama bhanaavyu, nayab aachaary banyaa. pavitra hraday kanyaa collegena adhyaksh tareeke, teo ketholik shaalaaone raajy vyavsthaamaa aekeekrut karvaamaa prabhavshali hataa. temnee patnee nancy saathe, meetsne dass baadako hataa, jemaa david mitsano samaavesh thaay chhe, jeo 12 varsh sudhee canterbury jilla aarogya boardnaa see. ee. oo. hataa. 1 februari 2003naa roj teo khristchurch khaate mrutyu pamya hataa aneey temne ruru lonn kabrastaanmaa dafnavvama aavyaa hataa. temnee patnee, nancy meats, 2017maan mrutyu pamya hataa.

bill meats (ragbi union) villium anthany meats (26 maee 1923-1 farwari 2003) newzealand ragbi union key khilaadi, sanic aur school shikshak they. jeevani. meats kaa janm 1923 mein greymouth mein huaa thaa, aur way cavin meats key badey bhaai they. unhone apani shiksha marrist brothers school, greymouth aur christchurch key sent beds college mein praapt kii. teen chauthai wing, bill meats ney praantiya star parr pratinidhitva kiya, aur 1949 aur 1950 mein newzealand key rashtriya paksh, aul black key sadasya they. unhone saat antarrashtriya maichon sahit sabhi ashweton key liye 20 match khele. 18 saal kii umr mein sapaat pairon key kaaran sainya seva key liye asweekrit, meats ney 1944 mein christchurch shikshak prashikshan college seey snaatak kiya. jabaki vahaan unhone chhaatr sangh key upaadhyaksh key roop mein kaary kiya, aur unaki bhaavi patni nancy adhyaksh theen. baad mein unhein sainya seva key liye sweekaar curr liya gayaa. haalaanki, jaba taka unakaa dall misra pahuncha, germany ney aatmasamarpan curr diyaa thaa. yuddh kii samaapti key baad, unhone newzealand key dusare abhiyaan bull ragbi team key saath britten aur france kaa daura kiya, jise "keevi" key naam seey jaanaa jaataa haye, aur 13 maichon mein khela. newzealand mein vaapas, ack shikshak key roop mein kaam kiya aur canterbury vishvavidyalaya college mein adhyayan kiya, 1954 mein kalaa snaatak key saath snaatak kiya. unhone 25 varshon taka christchurch key aranui hyee school mein padhaaya, aur upa-pracharya baney. pavitra hriday balika mahavidyalaya key adhyaksh key roop mein, way catholic vidyaalayon koo raajya pranali mein ekikrit karane mein prabhaavshaali they. apani patni nancy key saath, meats key duss bachche they, jinamen david meats bhee shamil they, joe 12 varshon taka canterbury jilaa swaasthya board key mukhya karyakari adhikaari they. 1 farwari 2003 koo christchurch mein unaki mrityu hoe gaee aur unhein ruru lonn kabristan mein dafnaya gayaa. unaki patni, nancy meats kii 2017 mein mrityu hoe gaee.

bill meats (ragbi union) vilium anthony meats (26 mayee 1923-1 phebravari 2003) newzealandna ragbi union atagara, sainika mattu shaala shikshakaraagiddaru. jivanacharitre. meats 1923ralli gremoutnalli janisidaru mattu kevin meatsna hiriya sahodararaagiddaru. aata tanna shikshanavannu gremoutnalliruva marrist sahodarara shaleyalli mattu christchurchnalliruva saint bedes colleginalli padedaru. mooru-quarter vibhagada bill meats praantiya mattadalli pratinidhisidaru mattu 1949 mattu 1950ralli newzealand rashtriya tandavaada aall blacksna sadasyaraagiddaru. avaru elu antaaraashtriya pandyagalu seridante ellah kariyarigaagi 20 pandyagalannu aadidaru. 18 varshadavanagiddaga, chappateyaada paadagala kaaranadindaagi military sevege tiraskarisalpatta meats, 1944ralli christurch sikshakara tarabeti kaalejininda padavi padedaru. allie avaru vidyarthi sanghada upadhyaksharagi seve sallisidaru mattu avara bhaavi patni nancy adhyaksharaagiddaru. nantara avarannu military sevege angeekarisalaayitu. aadaagyoo, avana tandavu egypt talupuva hottige, germanyu sharanagittu. yuddhada antyada nantara, avaru "kivis" endu kareyalpaduva 2neey newzealand dandayaatre padey ragbi tandadondige britton mattu france pravaasa kaigondu 13 pandyagalalli aadidaru. nyoojilendnalli shikshakanaagi kelasa maadida avaru, canterbury vishvavidyaalaya colleginalli adhyayana maadidaru, 1954ralli batchular off arts padavi padedaru. avaru 25 varshagala kaala christchurchnalliruva aranui proudhashaaleyalli kalisidaru, upa pramshupalaragi airidaru. pavitra hridaya balakiyara collegina adhyaksharaagi, avaru catholic shaalegalannu raajya vyavasthege samyojisuvalli prabhaavashaaliyaagiddaru. tanna patni nancy jote, meetsge hattu makkaliddaru, idaralli 12 varshagala kaala canterbury jilla aarogya mandaliya sii. ii. oo aagidda david meats seriddaru. aata 2003rahra phebravari 1randu christurechinalli nidhanaraadaru mattu avarannu ruru laune smashaanadalli samadhi maadalaayitu. avara patni nancy meats 2017ralli nidhanaraadaru.

bill meetts (rugby union) oru nyoosilaand rugby union kalikkaaranum sinikanum school adthyaapakanum aayirunnu vilyam aanthani meetts (26 meyy 1923-1 februvari 2003). jeevacharitram. 1923ll gremouthil janicha meetts, kevin meetsinte mootha sahodaranaayirunnu. gremouthile maarist bradezhs schoolilum christcharchile sent bedez collegilum addeham vidyaabhyaasam nedi. moonnu quarter vibhagamaaya bill meetts pravishya thalatthilum prathinidheekarikkukayum 1949 lum 1950 lum nyoosilaand deseeya teamaaya ool blaakkukalil amgamaavukayum cheythu. ezhu anthaaraashtra malsarangal ulppede ellah karuthavargakkaarkkum vendi addeham 20 malsarangal kalichu. paranna kaalukal kaaranam 18 vayassullappol sainika sevanathinu nirasikkapetta meetts 1944 ll christchurch teachers training collegil ninnu birudam nedi. avide addeham vidyaarthi yooniyante vais presidentaayi sevanamanushtikkukayum addehathinte bhaavi bhaarya nancy prasidantaavukayum cheythu. pinneedu addehathe sainika sevanathinu sweekarichu. ennirunnaalum, addehathinte samgham eejiptil athiyappozhekkum jarmmani keezhadangiyirunnu. yuddham avasaanichathinusesham, "kivikal" ennariyappedunna randaamathe nyoosilaand paryaveshana senayaaya rugby teaminoppam addeham brittanilum fraansilum paryadanam nadatthi, 13 malsarangal kalichu. nyoosilandil thirichethiya addeham, adthyaapakanaayi jolie cheyyukayum kaantarbari yooniversitti collegil padikkukayum 1954ll baachilar oof arts birudam nedukayum cheythu. 25 varsham christcharchile aranui haiskoolil padippikkukayum deputy principalaayi uyarukayum cheythu. hoolid hart gales kolejinte chairman enna nilayil, catholica skoolukale samsthaana samvidaanavumaayi samyojippikkunnathil addeham swaadheenam chelutthi. bhaarya nansiodoppam, kaantarbari jilla aarogya bordinte 12 varsham ceo ayirunna david meetts ulppede patthu kuttikalundaayirunnu. 2003 februvari 1 nuu kristcharchil vachu addeham marikkukayum ruru pultthakidi semitheriyil samskarikkappedukayum cheythu. addehathinte bhaarya nancy meetts 2017ll marichu.

biil meats (rugby union) william anthany meats (26 meey 1923-1 februwari 2003) haah newzealandcha rugby unioncha kheladu, sainik aanee shaley shikshak hota. charitra. meatscha janm 1923 madhye gremouthmadhye jhaala aanee too kevin meatscha motha bhau hota. tyane tyache shikshan greymouth yetheel marrist brothers skoolmadhye aanee khristacharchmadhil seent beds collegemadhye ghetale. teen chaturthansh, biil meatsney prantiy staravar pratinidhitva kele aanee 1949 aanee 1950 madhye newzealandchya rashtriy sanghacha, aul blackcha sadasya hota. tyane saat aantarrashtriy samnyansah serve krishnavarniy sanghansathi 20 samne khelale. 18 varshe vayachya asatana sapat payanmule lashkari sevesathi nakarle gelele meats 1944 madhye khristchurch shikshak prashikshan mahavidhyalayatun padvi prapt kelee. tethe tyanni vidyarthi sanghataneche upadhyaksh mhanoon kaam kele aanee tyanchi bhavee patni nancy adhyaksh hotee. tyanantar tyala lashkari sevesathi swikaranyat aale. matra, tyacha tukada egyptala pohochato toparyant germanyne aatmasamarpan kele hote. yuddh sampalyanantar, tyane newzealandchya dusya abhiyan dalasah, 'kivi' mhanoon olakhalya jaananya rugby sanghasah britton aanee francecha daura keela aanee 13 samne khelale. newzealandmadhye parat yeuun, shikshak mhanoon kaam kele aanee canterbury vidyapith mahavidhyalayat shikshan ghetale, 1954 madhye qalaa padvi prapt kelee. tyanni khristacharchmadhil aranui highschoolmadhye 25 varshe adhyapan kele, teey uppracharya jhaale. pavitra hriday mulinchya mahavidhyalayache adhyaksh mhanoon, catholic shalanche rajya vyavasthet ekikaran karnyat teey prabhavshali hote. tyachya patni nancies, meatsla daha mule hotee, jyat david meatscha samavesh hota, jeey 12 varshe canterbury jilha aarogya mandalache mukhya karyakari adhikari hote. 1 februwari 2003 roji khrischarch yethe tyanche nidhan jhaale aanee tyanna ruru lonn smashanbhumit daphan karnyat aale. tyachi patni nancy meats 2017 madhye maran pavali.

bill meats (ragbi union) william anthony mitts (26 maee 1923-1 february 2003) newzealand ragbi unionka kheladi, sainik rar schol shikshak thie. jiwani. mitsko janma sann 1923 maa gremauthama bhaeko thiyo, rar uni kebhin mitska jetha bhai thie. unle afno shiksha marista brothers schol, gremouth rar cristchurchko cent beds kalejma prapta gare. tinn chauthaiko ek wing, bill mitsle prantiya starma pratinidhitwa gare, rar sann 1949 rar 1950 maa newzealand rashtriya pakshako sadasya thie, sabai kaloharu. unle saat antarrashtriyasahit sabai kaloharuka lagi 20 khelharu khele. 18 warshako umerma sapata khuttako karan sainya sewaka lagi aswikrit, mitsle sann 1944 maa cristchurch shikshak prashikshan kalejbata snatak gare. tyahan unle vidyarthi sanghako upadhyakshako rupma sewa gare, rar unaki bhawi patni nancy adhyaksha thiin. pachhi unlai sainya sewaka lagi swikar gariyo. yadyapi, unko dall egypt pugdasamma germanyle atmasamarpan garisakeko thiyo. yuddhako antyapachhi, unle dosro newzealand abhiyan ball ragbi tolisanga belayat rar franceko bhraman gare, jaslai "kiwis" bhanera chininchha, 13 wata khelharu khele. newzealandma farkiera, shikshakko rupma kaam gare rar canterbury vishwavidyalaya kalejma adhyayan gare, 1954 maa kala snatakko sath snatak gare. unle 25 warshasamma cristchurchko aranui hai schoolma padhae, upa-principalma puge. pawitra hridaya balika mahavidyalayaka adhyakshaka rupma, uni catholic vidyalayaharulai rajya pranalima ekikaran garnama prabhawashali thie. afnie shrimati nyansisanga, mitska das santan thie, jasma devid mitts pani thie jo 12 warshasamma canterbury zilla swasthya boardka siio thie. unko mrityu 1 february 2003 maa cristchurchma bhayo, rar unlai ruru lunn kabristanma gadiyo. unaki shrimati nancy mitsko sann 2017 maa mrityu bhaeko thiyo.

bill mitts (ragbi union) william anthony mitts (26 meey 1923-1 februari 2003) jane nyujilanda ragbi union khelali, sainika ebong skula sikhyaka thile. jeebani. mitts 1923 masihare gremauthre janmagrahana karithile ebong kebhin mitsanka jane budd bhai thile. shay gremouth sthita marist brathers skula ebong khristacharchara cent bede kalejare sikhya laabh karithile. tini chaturthansha bisista eka winga bill mitts pradeshika starare pratinidhitwa karithile ebong 1949 ebong 1950 masihare nyujilanda jatiah dala, all blaxra sadasya thile. shay satati antarjatija sameth samasta kalaa dala paain 20tii match khelithile. 18 barsha bajasare paada chapata thibaru samarika seba paain pratyakhyana hoithile, 1944 masihare mitts khreestacharcha sikhyaka prasikhyana kalejaru snataka hassel karithile. sethare shay chhatra sanghara upadhyakhya bhabe karjya karithile, ebong taanka bhabisyata patni nancy sabhapati thile. parey tanku samarika seba paain grahan karajaithila. tebe, taanka dala egyptare pahanchiba belaku germany atmasamarpana karisarithila. juddhara samapti parey, shay dwiteeja nyujilanda abhijana bahini ragbi dala sahita britten ebong frances gasta karithile, jaahaa "kiwis" bhabare janashuna, 13 tii match khelithile. nyujilandare, shay jane sikhyaka bhabe karjya karithile ebong canterberry biswabidyalaja kalejare adhyajana karithile, 1954 masihare snataka degree hassel karithile. shay 25 barsha dhari khristacharchara aaranui haiskulare adhyapana karithile, upa-adhyakhya hoithile. pabitra hrudai balika mahabidyalajara adhyakhya bhabe shay catholic bidyalajagudiku rajya byabasthare samil karibare prabhabasali thile. taanka patni nansinka saha mietsara dashati santan thile, jeunthire devida meat madhya samil thile, jieki 12 barsha dhari canterbury zillah swasthya boarder ceo thile. shay 1 februari 2003 ray khreestacharchare mrutyubarana karithile ebong ruru lunn kabarasthanare kabara diajaithila. taanka patni nancy mitts 2017 ray mrutyubarana karithile.

bill meats (ragbi union) viliam anthony meats (26 maee 1923-1 farvari 2003) ikk newzealand ragbi union khidari, sipahi atey school adhiaapak see. jeevani. meats daa janam 1923 witch gremouth witch hoiaa see, atey uh kevin meats daa vadda bharaa see. uss neey aapni sikkhiaa marrist bharavan dey school, gremouth atey christurech dey cent bede kaalaj witch prapat keeti. tinn-chauthai wing, bill meats neey subai paddhar 'teey numaindagi keeti, atey 1949 atey 1950 witch newzealand dee rashtari team, aal blacks daa member see. usne satt antarashtari samet saare kaale lokan laee 20 match khede. 18 saal dee umar witch flat futt dey caarn fauji seva laee radd qarr ditta giaa, meats neey 1944 witch christurech teachers training kaalaj toon graduation keeti. jadon kii utthe usne vidiaarthi union dey upp-pardhan vajon seva nibhai, atey usdi bhavikh dee patni nancy pardhan see. baad witch uss noon fauji seva laee savikar qarr liaa giaa. halanki, jadon takk uss dee tukdi misser pahunchi, germany neey aatam samarpan qarr ditta see. yuddh dey ant toon baad, usne newzealand dee duji muhim bull ragbi team, jiss noon "keevi" vajon janhiaa jaanda haii, naal britten atey france daa daura keeta, 13 maichan witch khediaa. newzealand witch waps, ikk adhiaapak vajon kamm keeta atey canterbury university kaalaj witch padahi keeti, 1954 witch bachelor aaf arts naal graduate hoiaa. usne 25 saalan laee christchurch dey aranui hyee school witch padaiaa, dipty principle bann giaa. pavittar dill ladkiaan dey kaalaj dey chairman vajon, uh catholic schoolan noon raaj pranali witch ekikrit curran witch prabhavshali sunn. aapni patni nancy naal, meats dey dass bacche sunn, jinhan witch david meats vee shamal sunn, joe 12 saalan takk canterbury zilha sihat board dey see. ee. ou. sunn. uss dee maut 1 farvari 2003 noon christurech vikhe hoee atey uss noon ruru lyon kabarstan witch dafnaiaa giaa. uss dee patni, nancy meats dee 2017 witch maut hoow gaee see.

bill meats (ragbee-union) vilium enthonee meats (26 mey 1923-1 februvari 2003) ekaha newjeelyaand-deshasya ragbee-union-kreedakah, sainikah, vidyaalayashikshakah cha aasit. jeevanacharitram. meats ityasya janma 1923 tame varshe gremaut-nagare abhavat, saha kevin meats ityasya jyeshtah bhrata aasit. saha gremouth-nagarasya marrist-brothers-vidyaalaye, christchurch-nagarasya sent-beds-mahaavidyaalaye cha shikshaam praptavan. chaturthaamsha-pakshasya, bill meats ityeshah prantiya-stare cha pratinidhitvam krutavaan, 1949 tame varshe 1950 tame varshe cha newzealand-deshasya rashtriya-pakshasya, aal-black-ityasya sadasyah aasit. saha sapta antarashtriya-kreedaasu saha sarveshu krushnavarniyanam krute 20 spardhaah akreedat. 18 varsheeyah sainikasevaayaam niraakrutah meats 1944 tame varshe christchurch-shikshak-prashikshan-mahaavidyaalayaat snaatakapadaveem praptavan. tatra saha chaatrasanghasya upaadhyakshatwen karyam krutavaan, tasya bhaavee patnee nancy adhyakshaa cha aasit. tadanantaram saha sainyasevaayaam sweekrutah. parantu, tasya dalasya easypt-desham praapya, germany-deshah sharanaagatah aasit. yuddhasya samaapteh anantaram, saha "kivees" iti namna prasiddhen dwiteeyena newjeelyaand-abhiyaan-balena ragbee-dalena saha britton-france-deshayoho bhramanam krutvaa 13 spardhaasu kreeditavaan. newzealand-deshe punah, shikshakatvena karyam krutvaa, canterbury-vishvavidyaalaya-mahaavidyaalaye adhyanam akarot, 1954 tame varshe snaatak-kalaa-upaadhim praptavan. saha christchurch-nagarasya arnui-ucchavidyaalaye 25 varshaani adhyaapanam krutvaa, upapraachaaryapadaveem praptavan. pavitra-hrudaya-balika-mahaavidyaalayasya adhyakshatvena, saha catholic-vidyaalayaanaam raajyavyavasthaayaam ekeekaranam kartum prabhaawashaalinah aasan. swapatnyaa nancy ityanaya saha meats ityasya dash putraah aasan, teshu david meats api aasit yah 12 varshaani yaavat kenterbury-mandalasya swaasthya-mandalasya mukhyakaryakarta aasit. 2003 februvari 1 dinaanke christchurch-nagare saha mrutah, ruru-laan-shmashaane cha tasya samaadhih abhavat. tasya patnee nancy meats 2017 tame varshe mrutaa.

pill meats (rakbi union) villiyam anthoni meats (26 mae 1923-1 pipravari 2003) oru newsilaandhu rakbi union veerar, sippaai mattrum palli aasiriyar aavaar. vaazhkkai varalaaru. meats 1923 aam aandil gremouththil piranthaar, maelum kevin meats mooththa cakootharar aavaar. avar thanathu kalviyai marrist cakoothararkal palli, gremavuth mattrum christchurchil ulla saint bett kallooriyil pettraar. naangil oru pirivaana pill meats maagaana mattaththil pirathinithiththuvappaduththinar, maelum 1949 mattrum 1950 aam aandugalil newsilaandhu thaesiya aniyaana aall blocks aniyil uruppinaraaga irunthaar. avar aezhu sarvadesa poattikal udpada anaitthu karuppinatthavarukkum 20 poattikalil vilaiyaadinaar. thattaiyaana kaalgal kaaranamaaga 18 vayathaaka irunththapoathu iraanuva sevaikku niraagarikkappatta meats, 1944 aam aandil christcherch aasiriyar payirchi kallooriyil pattam pettraar. angku avar maanavar sangaththin thunaith thalaivaraaga paniyaattrinaar, maelum avarathu varungkaala manaivi naansi thalaivaraaga irunthaar. pinnar avar iraanuva sevaikku aetrtrukkollappattaar. iruppinum, avarathu padai egipthai adaiyum neraththil, jermani saranadainthirunthathu. poar mudivadainthathaith thodarnthu, avar "kivees" endru azhaikkappadum 2 vadhu newsilaandhu payana padai rakbi aniyudan brittan mattrum brancil suttruppayanam seithu 13 poattikalil vilaiyaadinaar. newzealaandhil meendum, oru aasiriyaraaga panipurinthu, canterbury palkalaikkazhagak kallooriyil padiththaar, 1954 aam aandil ilangkalai kalaip pattam pettraar. avar christchurchil ulla aranui uyarnilaip pallyil 25 aandugal karpitthaar, thunai muthalvaraaga uyarnthaar. punitha idhaya penkal kallooriyin thalaivaraaga, catholica palligalai maanila amaippudan orunginaippathil avar selvaakku seluththinaar. avarathu manaivi naanchiyudan, meats paththu kuzhandhaigalaip petrtreduththaar, idhil davit meats udpada canterbury mavatta sugaathaara vaariyaththin thalaimai nirvaaga athikaariyaaga 12 aandugal irunthaar. avar pipravari 1,2003 andru christchurchil iranthaar, maelum rooru pulveli kallaraiyil adakkam seiyappattaar. avarathu manaivi naansi meats 2017 ill iranthaar.

bill meats (rugby union) vilium anthony meats (26 mae 1923-1 fibravari 2003) newzealand rugby union aatagadu, sainikudu mariyu paatasaala upadhyayudu. jeevita charitra. meats 1923loe greymouth loe janminchaadu mariyu kevin meats kuu annaiah. athanu marrist brothers school, greymouth mariyu christchurchloni seyint bedes kalasalalo vidyanu pondaadu. moodonthula vibhaagaaniki chendina bill meats praantiiya sthaayilo praatinidhyam vahinchaaru, 1949 mariyu 1950loe newzealand jaateeya jattu, aall blocks loe sabhyudiga unnaaru. athanu edu antarjaateeya myaachlatho sahaa nallajaateeyula kosam 20 matchlu aadadu. 18 yella vayasulo chadunaina paadaala kaaranamgaa sainika sevaku tiraskarinchabadina meats 1944loe christchurch upaadhyaayula sikshanaa kalaasaala nundi pattabhadrudayyaadu. akkada athanu vidyaarthi sanghaaniki upadhyakshudiga panicheesaadu, athani kaboye bhaarya nancy adhyakshuraligaa unnaaru. aaa taruvaata athanu sainika sevaku angeekarinchabaddaadu. ayithe, athani dalam eejiptuku cherukune samayaniki, germany longipoyindi. yuddham mugisina taruvaata, athanu "kivis" anie piluvabade 2va newzealand dandayaatrikula rugby jattutho kalisi 13 matchlalo aadadu. nyoojilaandlo tirigi, upadhyayudiga panichesi, conterbury vishwavidyaalaya kalasalalo chaduvukunnadu, 1954loe bachelor off artslo pattabhadrudayyaadu. athanu christchurchloni aranui unnata paatasaalalo 25 samvatsaraalu bodhinchi, deputy principalga edigaadu. pavitra hridaya baalikala kalaasaalaku chairmanga, catholic paatasaalalanu rashtra vyavasthalo vileenam cheyadamlo ayana prabhaavavantamainavaaru. thana bhaarya naanseetho, meats kuu padhi mandhi pillalu unnaaru, veerilo 12 samvatsaraalu canterbury jilla aarogya boardu seeevogaa unna david meats kooda unnaaru. athanu 2003 fibravari 1naa christchurchlo maraninchaadu mariyu rooru laan smasaanavaatikalo khananam cheyabaddaadu. athani bhaarya nancy meats 2017loe maraninchindi.

bull mets (ragbi union) waleem ainthoni mets (26 mayee 1923-1 faroori 2003) newzi lend ragbi union kaa khilaadi spahi aur school teacher thaa. sawanah umri. mets 1923 mein grimoth mein paida huay aur keween mets kay baday bhayee thay. inhon nay apnee taleem maarst baradaran kay school grimoth aur crist charch kay sent beads college mein haasil kii. teen chothayi wing bull mets nay soobayi satah parr numaindagi kii aur 1949 aur 1950 mein newzi lend kii qomi team aal blacks kay rakan thay. inhon nay saat beenn alaqwami meechon sameet tamaam seeyah faamon kay liye 20 meech khelay. fitt fitt kii wajah say 18 saal kii amar mein foji khidmaat kay liye mustarid kirr diyaa gayaa mets nay 1944 mein crist charch teachers training college say graduation kiyaa. jabb kahh wahaan inhon nay studant union kay naib sadr kay toor parr khidmaat anjaam dain aur inn kii mustaqabil kii ahliyah nainsi sadr thein. baad mein inhein foji khidmaat kay liye qabool kirr liyaa gayaa. tahim jabb takk iss kaa dastah misar pahuncha germani nay hathiyar ddaal diye thay. jung kay ikhtatam kay baad inhon nay newzi lend kii dosri muham chalanay waali ragbi team kay saath bartaniah aur france kaa dorah kiyaa jasay "kiviyon" kay naam say jaana jaataa hay aur 13 meechon mein kheela. newzi lend mein waps aakar eek astaad kay toor parr kaam kiyaa aur canterbry university college mein taleem haasil kii 1954 mein bachelor aaf arts kay saath graduation kii. inhon nay crist charch kay aranoyi hayee school mein 25 saal takk padhaya aur dipty principle takk pahunch gayey. muqadas dall ladkiyon kay college kay chairmeen kay toor parr wah catholic schoolon kuu riyasati nazaam mein zam karnay mein baasir thay. apnee bewi nainsi kay saath mets kay duss bachay thay jinn mein dude mets bhee shaamil thay juu 12 saal takk canterbry distrikt health board kay see ayee awo thay. wah 1 faroori 2003 kuu crist charch mein inteqal kirr gayey aur inhein roro laan qabristan mein dafan kiyaa gayaa. inn kii bewi nainsi mets kaa 2017 mein inteqal how gayaa.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54207744

Motilal Tejawat

Motilal Tejawat Indian activistMotilal Tejawat (Hindi: मोतीलाल तेजावत), (1885–1963) was the leader of the Eki Movement that was agitated in the 1920s in the adivasi-dominated border areas of present-day Rajasthan and Gujarat. Early life. Motilal Tejawat was born in Koliyari (now in Jhadol tehsil, Udaipur district, Rajasthan) in 1886. After being educated to the fifth grade, he was employed in the Jhadol "thikana" (in present-day Jhadol tehsil) for some time. During his stint at Jhadol, he witnessed the oppressive behavior of the "thakur" and his henchmen towards the local Bhil people, which prompted him to resign his position in 1920. He then worked for a shopkeeper in Udaipur city. Soon after obtaining new employment, Tejawat was sent by his employer to Jhadol on business, where the "thakur" ordered him to hand over building material belonging to Tejawat's employer; he refused to oblige, and was beaten up and imprisoned by the "thakur" until Tejawat's employer was able to arrange for his release. Following this experience, Tejawat gave up his job in Udaipur and devoted himself to full-time political activity. Activism. Motilal Tejawat's immediate source of inspiration was the Bijolia movement. Tejawat came in contact with pamphlets originating from the Bijolia Movement and proceeded to make copies of and distribute the pamphlets in Bhil-majority areas. Tejawat organized several meetings in Bhil villages in the erstwhile estate of Jhadol, which resulted in the formation of a committee that sought to articulate the grievances and demands of the Bhil peasantry. Tejawat saw his movement as being part of the larger independence movement in India led by, among others, Gandhi. He is said to have stated during speeches that once 'Gandhi raj' was established, the agitators would have to pay only one anna in the rupee (i.e., 6%) to their rulers. Eki Movement. See Eki Movement. Position of national leaders. Gandhi did not approve of Tejawat's methods and distanced himself from Tejawat in an article in "Young India":I hear that a gentleman by name Motilal Pancholi hailing from Udaipur claims to be my disciple and to preach temperance and what not among the rustics of the Rajputana States. He is reported to be surrounded by an armed crowd of admirers and establishing his kingdom or some other -dom wherever he goes. He claims too, miraculous powers. He or his admirers are reported to have done some destructive work. I wish that people will once and for all understand that I have no disciples.Similarly, V.S. Pathik criticized Tejawat:One thing, however, is certain and that is that it was beyond Moti Lal's intellectual capacity to lead the public on the right path...nobody, even a child, would ever recognize Moti Lal as having a political aim or status, nor was he connected with any political society. Tejawat's arrest and imprisonment. Tejawat had been outlawed by the Udaipur state, which had announced a Rs-500 reward on his head. Tejawat was arrested in Khedbrahma on June 4, 1929, by police belonging to Idar State, and handed over the Mewar State. Tejawat was held in Udaipur, without trial, until his release on April 23, 1939. Post-Eki Movement activities. In December 1939, Tejawat announced to the Agra newspaper "Sainik" his intention to proceed to the "adivasi" areas of Mewar; he was barred by state authorities from doing so. However, in spite of state opposition to his activities, Tejawat continued to tour "adivasi" areas to advocate social reform, and was arrested again in Kotra on January 24,1946. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

motilal tejawot mutilal tejawot (hindih mutilal tejawot), (1885-1963) 1920-ror doxokot bortomanor rajosthan aaru gujorator adibaxi odhyuxito ximanto oncholot uttejito huwa eki andulonor netaa aasil. prarombhik jiwan. 1886 sonot mutilal tejawotor jonmo hoisil kuliyarit (bortoman udoipur jilaa, rajosthanor jhodul tohsilot). ponchom shreniloike xikhya laabh korar pisot teu kichu xomoyor baabe jhodul "thikana" (bortomanor jhodul tohsilot) too nijukti laabh korisil. jhadulot thokar xomoyot teu sthaniyo bhil lukoxokolor proti "thakur" aaru teur onuragixokolor nirzatonmulok aasoronor xakhyi hoisil, jaar folot teu 1920 sonot teur podor poraa podotyag koriboloi prerito hoisil. taar pisot teu udoipur sohoror ejon dukanir baabe kaam korisil. notun sakori laabh korar loge loge, tejawotok teur niyugkortai byowoxayor baabe jhaduloloi pothiyaisil, zo 'too "thakure" teuk tejawator niyugkortar ontorgoto nirman xamogri hostantor koriboloi nirdex disil; teu badhyo hoh' boloi oswikar korisil, aaru tejawator niyugkortai teuk mukoli korar byowostha koribo nuwaloike "thakure" teuk pituri aaru karagarot rakhisil. ei obhigyotar pisot tejwawote udoipurot teur sakori tyag kore aaru nijoke purnokalin rajnoitik karzokolapor baabe utxorgito kore. xokriyota. mutilal tejawotor tatkhyonik onupreronar utxo aasil bijulia andulon. tejowot bijulia andulonor poraa udbhob huwa pustikar xongosporxoloi aahisil aaru bill-xongkhyagoristho oncholot pustikar protilipi toiyar kori bitoron koriboloi aagbarhisil. tejwawote purbor jhadulor oncholor bhil gaont keibatau boithokor aayujon korisil, jaar folot etaa xomiti gothon koraa hoisil jiye bhil krixokor obhijug aaru dabixomuh sposto koriboloi chesta korisil. tejowote teur andulonok gandhir netritwot bharotot huwa brihot swadhinota andulonor ongxo hisape dekhisil. teu bhaxonor xomoyot koichil je ebaar 'gandhi raaj "protistha hoh" ley andulonkarixokole tokat maatro etaa aanna dibo lagibo (orthat.ee., 6 xotangxo) teulukor xaxokxokolok. eki andulon. eki andulon sauk. rastriyo netaxokolor sthiti. gandhiye tejawotor poddhotiburok onumudon koraa nasil aaru "iyong india" naamor ekhon probondhot tejawotor poraa nijoke dur korisiloh moi xunisu je udoipuror poraa ohaa mutilal panchuli naamor ejon bhodrolukoi nijoke mur xisyo buli daabi kore aaru rajputan rajyoxomuhor gramyo rajyoxomuhor maajot ji naai tene mejajor prosar kore. teur sariufale onuragir xoxostro bhir aasil aaru teu zo 'tei yaay teur rajyo baa aan kunu xaxon protistha korisil buli janibo poraa goise. teu oloukik xoktiu daabi kore. teu baa teur onuragixokole kisuman dhongxatmok kaam koraa buli janibo poraa goise. moi aaxa koru je manuhe ebaar aaru sirkalor baabe buji paab je mur kunu xisyo naai.ekedore, bhi.ess. patike tejowotok xomaluchona korisiloh obosye etaa kotha nischito aaru xeitu hoh "lo jonoxadharonok xothik pothot loi juwatu mutilalor boudhik khyomotar bahirot aasil...kuneu, aanoki xixuweu, mutee laalok ketiyau rajnoitik lokhyo baa morzada hisape swikriti nidiye, baa teu kunu rajnoitik xomajor xoite jorito nasil. tejowotok greptar aaru karagar. udoipur rajyoi tejowotok nixidho korisil, jiye teur murot 500 tokar puroskar ghuxona korisil. 1929 sonor 4 junot idaar rajyor arokhyiye tejawotok khedbrohmat greptar korisil aaru mewar rajyokhonor haatot disil. 1939 sonor 23 aprilot mukti nupuwaloike tejawotok kunu bisar nuhuwakoi udoipurot rokha hoisil. eki andulonor pisor karzokolap. 1939 sonor disembor maahot tejwate aagra baatori kakot "xoinik" too mewaror "adibaxi" onsololoi juwar issa ghuxona korisil; rajyik kortripokhyoi teuk ene korat baadha disil. obosye, teur karzokolapor rajyik birudhitar swotweu, tejwawote xamajik xongskaror xomorthon koriboloi "adibaxi" oncholxomuh bhromon kori thakil, aaru 1946 sonor 24 januaryt punor kutrat greptar koraa hoisil.

matilal tejawat matilal tejawat (hindih motilal tejawat), (1885-1963) chhilen 1920-err doshke bortoman rajasthan oo gujrater adibasi adhyushito seemanto anchale uttejito eki andoloner neta. prathomik jeebon. matilal tejawat 1886 saale koliarite (bortomane udaipur jelara jhodol tohosile) jonmogrohon corren. pancham shreni porjonto padashona korar porr tini kichhu somoyer jonno jhodol "thikana" (bortoman jhodol tohosile)-teey nijukto chhilen. jhadol-ayee thakakalin tini sthaniya vill jonogoner proti "thakur" ebong taanr anucharder nipidanmulak acharan prottokkho korechilen, jaa taanke 1920 saale taanr podo theke podotyag korte prorochito korechilo. tarpore tini udaipur shohore ekjon dokandar jonno kaaj korechilen. notun chakri pawar porpori, tejwatke taanr niyogkarta byabosayer jonno jhadol-ayee pathan, jekhane "thakur" taanke tejwat-err niyogkartar nirman samagri hastantar korar nirdesh deena; tini badhyo hotey aswikar corren ebong tejwat-err niyogkarta taar muktir byabostha naa koraa porjonto taanke "thakur" dwara mardhar oo kararuddho koraa hoy. eyi obhiggotar porr, tejwat udaipure taanr chakri chhede deena ebong nijeke purnakalin rajnaitik karjokolape utsarga corren. sakriyata. motilal tejawater tatkhonik onupreronar utso chhilo bijolia andolon. tejwat bijolia andolon theke udbhuto pustikagulir sangosparshe asen ebong vill-sankhyagarishtha anchale pustikagulir anulipi toiri oo bitoron korte egiye zaan. tejwat praktan jhadol estater vill grame besh koyekti boithoker ayojan korechilen, jaar foley ekti committy gathon koraa hoyechilo jaa vill krishakder abhijog oo dabiguli sposhto korar chesta korechilo. tejwat taanr andolonke gandhir netritte bharte brihottor swadhinota andoloner ongsho hisabe dekhechilen. kothito achhe jey, tini boktritar somoy bolechilen jey ekbar 'gandhi raaj' protisthito holey, andolonkarider takay matro ekti aanaa ditey hobey (arthat.ee., 6 shotangsho) taader shasokder kachhe. eki andolon. eki andolon dekhun. jatiya netader abosthan. gandhi tejawater poddhotiguli anumodan korenni ebong "eong india"-rawr ekti nibondhe tejawater theke nijeke doore sariye niyechilenah aami shunechi jey udaypur matilal pancholi naame ekjon bhadralok nijeke amar shishyo ebong sangjamer prochar corren ebong jaa rajputan rajyogulir gramanchale nei. tini jekhanei zaan naa keena, taanr charpashe bhoktoder ekti soshostro bhid ebong taanr rajyo baa onno konao rajyo protistha korechilen boley jaanaa geche. tini aloukik shaktio daabi corren. tini baa taanr bhoktora kichhu dhongshattok kaaj korechen boley jaanaa geche. aami aasha corry jey, manush chirokaler jonno bujhte parbe jey, amar cono shishyo nei.ekibhabe, vee.esha. pothik tejwatke samalochana korenoh tobey ekti vishay nischito ebong taa holl jonogonke sothik pothe niye yawa motilaler buddhibrittik khomotar baire chhilo...keu, emonki ekti sisuo, motilalke kokhono rajnaitik lakkhya baa morjada hisabe swikriti debe naa, baa tini konao rajnaitik samajer saathe jukto chhilen naa. tejwatke greptar oo karabas. udaipur rajyo tejwatke nishiddho korechilo, jaaraa taar mathay 500 taaka puraskar ghoshana korechilo. 1929 saaler 4thhaa june idar rajyer pulish tejawatke khedarbrahame greptar korey ebong meoar rajyoke hastantar korey. 1939 saaler 23shhey april mukti naa pawa porjonto, konao bitcher chharai udaipure tejawatke rakha hoyechilo. eki-poroborti andoloner karjokrom. 1939 saaler decembere, tejwat agor sangbadpatra "sainik"-keey meoarer "adibasi" anchale yawar ichcha ghoshana corren; rajyo kortripokkho taanke taa korte nishedh korey. zaihok, taanr karjokolaper rashtriya birodhita sotteo, tejwat samajik sangoskarer pokkhe kotha bolar jonno "adibasi" anchalguli sofor korte thaken ebong 1946 saaler 24shhey januari kotra abar greptar hohn.

motilal tejavat motilal tejavat (hindih motilal tejavat), (1885-1963) aee aek chalvalno netaa hato, jeey jeey daykama haalnaa raajsthaan aneey gujaraatnaa adivasi prabhutva dharaavtaa sarhadi vistaroma aandolan curry hatee. praarambhik jeevan. motilal tejavatno janm janm koliyari (havey udaypur jeellana zadol talukama, raajsthaan) maan thayo hato. paanchmaa dhoranmaa shikshan melvyaa baad, teo thodaa samay maate zadol "thikana" (haalnaa zadol talukama) maan nokri kartaa hataa. zadol khaatena temnaa kaarykaad darmiyan, temane sthaaneek bheel loko pratye "thakur" aneey temnaa anuyaayionaa damankari vartanne joyu, jenaa kaarane temne temne temnaa pada parthee raajinaamu aapvaa maate prereet karyaa. tyarbad temane udaypur shaherma aek dukaandaar maate kaama karyoo. navee nokri melvyaa pachhi tarat jaj, tejavatne tenaa employer dwara vepaar maate zadol mokalvaamaa aavyo hato, jyaan "thakur" aee tene tejavatna employerni bandhkam samagri sopavaano aadesh aapyo hato; tene faraj paadvaano incar karyo hato, aneey jyaan sudhee tejavatna employer tenee muktini vyavastha curry shakyaa naa tyaan sudhee "thakur" dwara tene maar marvama aavyo hato aneey jailma dhakeli devaamaa aavyo hato. aaa anoobhavne pagale, tejavate udaypurma potaani nokri chhodi deedhi aneey potaane purn-samaynee raajkeey pravruttimaa samarpeet curry deedhaa. sakriytaavaad. motilal tejavatni prernaano taatkaalik srot bijoliya chalval hatee. tejavat bijoliya chalvalmathi udbhaveli patrikaona samparkma aavyaa hataa aneey bheel bahumatiwala vistaroma patrikaoni nakalo banaavvaa aneey tenu vitaran karvaa maate aagad vadhyaa hataa. tejavate agaauni jameen zadolnaa bheel gaamoma ghanee bethakonu aayojan karyoo hatoo, jenaa parinaame aek sameetini rachnaa karvaamaa aavee hatee, jeey bheel khedutoni fariyaado aneey maanganeeone spasht karvaa maangati hatee. tejavate temnaa aandolanne anya loko saathe, gaandhinaa netrutvamaa bharatma motee svatantrataa chalvalna bhaag tareeke joyu hatoo. temane bhashano darmiyan kahyoo hatoo keey aekvaar 'gaandhi raaj' nee sthaapnaa thaee jaay pachhi aandolankarioae rupeeyama maatra aek ann chukavvu padashe (etale keey.ee., 6 takaa) temnaa shaasakone. aek chalval. aekee hilchal juo. raashtriy netaaoni sthitee. gaandhine tejavatni paddhateeo manjur nahoti aneey temane 'young india' maan aek lekhamaa tejavatthi potaane door rakhyah huun saambhalu chhu keey udaypurnaa motilal pancholi naamnaa aek sajjan maaraa shishya hovaano aneey rajputana gaamadaoma jeey naa hatoo teey sanyamno upadesh aapvaano daavo karey chhe. teey chaahakoni sashastr bhidthi gheraayelo hovaanu aneey teey jyaan pann jaay tyaan potaanu raajy athavaa anya koee raajy sthaapit karato hovaanu kahevaay chhe. teey chamatkarik shaktiono pann daavo karey chhe. tene athavaa tenaa prashansakoae ketlaak vinashak kaama karyaa hovaanu nondhvaamaa aave chhe. huun ichchu chhu keey loko kaayam maate samjee jashe keey maaraa koee shishyo nathee.tevee jaj reete, vee.aesa. patheeke tejavatni teeka kareeh joke, aek baabat nishchit chhe aneey teey aee chhe keey jantaane saacha maarg parr doree javee motilaalnee bauddhik kshamataani bahaar hatee...koee pann, aek baadak pann, motilaalne kyaarey raajkeey udesh athavaa darajjo tareeke odakhatu nahotu, naa too teey koee raajkeey samaaj saathe jodaayelu hatoo. tejavatni dharapkad aneey jail. udaypur raajy dwara tejavatne gerkaydesar theravama aavyo hato, jene tenaa maatha parr 500 rupeeyaanu inam jaaher karyoo hatoo. tejavatni 4 juuna, juuna roj idara raajyani polise khedbrahmama dharapkad curry hatee aneey mewad raajyane sonpyu hatoo. 23 april, april roj temnee muktee sudhee, tejavatne koee pann sunavani vinaa udaypurma rakhvama aavyaa hataa. aekee pachhini chalvalni pravruttio. december december, tejavate 'sainik' naamnaa agra akhbaar samaksh mevaadnaa 'adivasi' vistaroma aagad vadhvaano temno irado jaaher karyo hato; raajy sattavalao dwara temne aama karvaa parr pratibandh mukvaamaa aavyo hato. jooe keey, temnee pravruttiono rajyano veerodh hovaa chhataa, tejavate saamaajik sudhaaraani himayat karvaa maate "adivasi" vistaaroni mulakat levaanu chaalu raakhyu aneey 24 january, january roj fareethi kotraama temnee dharapkad karvaamaa aavee hatee.

motilal tejawat motilal tejawat (hindeeh motilal tejawat), (1885-1963) 1920 key dashak mein vartamaan rajsthan aur gujaraat key adiwasi bahul seemavarti kshetron mein andolankari eeki andolan key netaa they. praarambhik jeevan. motilal tejawat kaa janm 1886 mein koliyari (abb jhadol tehseel, udaipur jilaa, rajsthan mein) mein huaa thaa. paanchvin kaksha taka shikshit honey key baad, vaha kuchh samay key liye jhadol "thikana" (vartamaan jhadol tehseel mein) mein kaaryarat they. jhadol mein apane karyakal key dauran, unhone sthaaniya bheel logon key prati "thakur" aur unake gurgon key damankari vyavhaar koo dekhaa, jisane unhein 1920 mein apane pada seey istifa dene key liye prerit kiya. phir unhone udaipur shahar mein ack dukaandaar key liye kaam kiya. nayaa rojgar praapt karane key turant baad, tejawat koo unake niyokta dwara vyaapaar parr jhadol bheja gayaa, jahan "thakur" ney unhein tejawat key niyokta seey sambandhit nirmaan samagri saunpane kaa adesh diyaa; unhone baadhya honey seey incar curr diyaa, aur "thakur" dwara peeta gayaa aur kaid curr liya gayaa jaba taka kii tejawat kaa niyokta unaki rihaai kii vyavastha karane mein saksham naheen hoe gayaa. iss anubhav key baad, tejawat ney udaipur mein apani naukari chhod dee aur khud koo purnakaalik raajneetik gatividhi mein samarpit curr diyaa. sakriyata. motilal tejawat kii prerana kaa tatkaal srot bijoliya andolan thaa. tejawat bijoliya andolan seey utpann parche key sampark mein aae aur bheel-bahul kshetron mein parche banaane aur vitarit karane key liye aage badhe. tejawat ney poorvavarti jameen-jameen key bheel gaanvon mein kaee baithaken aayojit keen, jisake parinamswarup ack samiti kaa gathan kiya gayaa, joe bheel kisaanon kii shikayaton aur maangon koo spasht karane kii maang karati thee. tejawat ney apane andolan koo bhaarat mein gaandhi key netritva mein badey swatantrata andolan key hisse key roop mein dekhaa. kahaa jaataa haye kii unhone bhashanon key dauran kahaa thaa kii ack baar 'gaandhi raaj' sthaapit honey key baad andolankariyon koo rupaye mein kewal ack aanaa denaa hoga (yaani.ee., 6 pratishat) apane shasakon koo. eeki andolan. eeki andolan dekhein. rashtriya netaaon kii sthiti. gaandhi ney tejawat key tarikon koo manjuri naheen dee aur "young india" mein ack lekh mein tejawat seey khud koo door curr liyaah maine sunaa haye kii udaipur key rahane vaale motilal pancholi naam key ack sajjan ney meraa shishya honey aur swabhaav kaa prachaar karane kaa daavaa kiya haye aur joe rajput raajyon key dehaati logon mein naheen haye. bataaya jaataa haye kii vaha prashansakon kii ack sashastr bheed seey ghiraa huaa haye aur jahaan bhee vaha jaataa haye, apane raajya yaa kissy anya raajya kii sthaapana kartaa haye. vaha chamatkaarik shaktiyon kaa bhee daavaa kartaa haye. bataaya jaataa haye kii usane yaa usake prashansakon ney kuchh vinashkari kaam kiya haye. main chaahata huun kii loga hamesha key liye yeh samajhenge kii meraa koee shishya naheen haye.isi tarah, vee.aiss. pati ney tejawat kii aalochana keeh ack baat, halanki, nishchit haye aur vaha yeh haye kii janata koo sahee raaste parr leey jaanaa motee laal kii bauddhik kshamata seey parey thaa...koee bhee, yahaan taka kii ack bachcha bhee, kabhi bhee motee laal koo raajneetik uddeshya yaa sthiti key roop mein maanyata naheen dega, naa hii vaha kissy raajneetik samaaj seey judaa huaa thaa. tejawat kii giraftari aur karawas. udaipur raajya ney tejawat key sir parr 500 rupaye kaa inam ghoshit kiya thaa. tejawat koo 4 juuna, 1929 koo idder raajya seey sambandhit pulis dwara khedbrahma mein giraftar kiya gayaa thaa aur mewad raajya koo saunp diyaa gayaa thaa. 23 aprail, 1939 koo unaki rihaai taka, tejawat koo binaa kissy mukadame key udaipur mein rakhaa gayaa thaa. ekee andolan key baad kii gatividhiyaan. disambar 1939 mein, tejawat ney aagara samachar patra "sanic" koo mewad key "adiwasi" kshetron mein aage badhane key apane iraade kii ghoshana kii; unhein raajya key adhikaariyon dwara aisaa karane seey roque diyaa gayaa thaa. haalaanki, apani gatividhiyon key raajya virodh key bavjood, tejawat ney samajik sudhaar kii vakaalat karane key liye "adiwasi" kshetron kaa daura karna jaari rakhaa, aur 24 janwari, 1946 koo unhein phir seey kotra mein giraftar curr liya gayaa.

motilal tejawat motilal tejawat (hindih motilala tejawat), (1885-1963) 1920rahra dasakadalli indina rajasthana mattu gujaratna adivasi praabalyada gadi pradeshagalalli bhugiledda eki chalavaliya naayakaraagiddaru. arambhika jeevana. motilal tejawat 1886ralli kolliyariyalli (eega raajasthaanada udaypur jilleya jhadol tahasilnalli) janisidaru. aidane taragatiyavarege sikshana padeda nantara, avaru swalpa samayadavarege jhadol "thikana" (indina jhadol tahasilnalli) udyogadalliddaru. jhadolnalliddaga, sthaliya bhil janara bagge "thakur" mattu avara anuyayigala dabbaalikeya nadavalikeyannu avaru kandiddaru, idu avarannu 1920 ralli tamma huddege rajiname needalu prerepisitu. nantara avaru udaypur nagaradalli angadiyondaralli kelasa maadidaru. hosa udyogavannu padeda nantara, tejawat avarannu avara udyogadaatanu vyaapaarada mele jhadolge kaluhisidanu, allie "thakur" avaru tejawat avara udyogadatanige serida kattada saamagrigalannu hastaantarisalu aadeshisidaru; avaru ottaayisalu nirakarisidaru, mattu tejawat avara udyogadaatanu avara bidugadege vyavasthe maadalu saadhyavaaguvavarege "thakur" ninda thalisalpattaru mattu jailinallidalaayitu. ee anubhavada nantara, tejawat udayapuradalli tamma kelasavannu tyajisidaru mattu purnaavadhiya rajakiya chatuvatikegalige tammannu taavu arpisikondaru. kriyashilate. motilal tejawat avara takshanada sphoortiya moolavendare bijolia chaluvali. tejawat bijolia chalavaliyinda huttida karapatragalondige samparkakke bandaru mattu karapatragala pratigalannu tayaarisalu mattu bhil-bahusankhyaata pradeshagalalli vitarisalu mundaadaru. tejawat avaru hindina jhadol estatenalli bhil gramagalalli halavaaru sabhegalannu ayojisidaru, idara parinaamavaagi bhil raitara kundukorategalu mattu bedikegalannu vyaktapadisalu samitiyondannu rachisalaayitu. tejawat tamma chalavaliyannu gandhijiyavara netrutvadalli bhaaratadalli nadeda dodda swatantrya chalavaliya bhagavendu pariganisidaru. omme 'gandhi raaj' sthaapaneyaada nantara, pratibhatanaakaararu roopaayiyalli kevala ondu annavannu pavatisabekaguttade endu avaru bhashanagalalli heliddaru endu helalaaguttade.ii., 6 pratishata) tamma aadalitagaararige. eki chalane. eki chalaneyannu nodi. rashtriya nayakara sthanamaana. gandhijiyavaru tejawat avara vidhaanagalannu oppalilla mattu "young india" emba lekhanadalli tejavatninda doora saridaruh udayapurada motilal pancholi emba sajjananu tanna shishyanendu mattu rajputana rajyagala halligalli illadantaha manodharmavannu boodhisuttaanendu helikolluvudannu naanu keluttene. aatana suttaloo abhimanigala sashastra gumpu ide mattu aata ellige hodaroo tanna raajya athawa bere yavudo rajyavannu sthaapisuttaane endu varadiyagide. aatanu pavaadada shaktigalannoo saha helikolluttaane. avanu athawa avana abhimanigalu kelavu vinashakari kelasagalannu maadiddaare endu varadiyagide. nanage sisyarilla embudannu janaru shaashvatavaagi arthamaadikollabekendu naanu bayasuttene.adhe reeti, vii.ess. patik tejawat avarannu teekisidaruh aadaagyoo, ondu vishaya khachitavaagide mattu adhu motilal avara bouddhika saamarthyavannu meeri janarannu sariyaada haadiyalli munnadesuvudu...yaaroo, ondu maguvoo saha, motilal rajakiya uddesha athawa sthaanamaanavannu hondiddanendu endigoo gurutisuvudilla, athawa aata yaavude rajakiya samajadondige samparka hondiralilla. tejawat bandhana mattu jailu shikshe. tejawat avara talege 500 rupai bahumaanavannu ghoshisidda udaypur raajyavu avarannu kaanunubaahiragolisittu. tejawat avarannu 1929rahra zoon 4randu idar rajyakke serida polisaru khedbramaadalli bandhisi mewar rajyavannu hastaantarisidaru. tejawat avarannu 1939rahra april 23randu bidugade maaduvavaregoo yaavude vichaarane illade udayapuradalli irisalaagittu. eki nantarada chaluvali chatuvatikegalu. 1939rahra decembernalli, tejawat avaru mevaadada "adivasi" pradeshagalige teraluva tamma uddeshavannu "sainik" emba agra patrikege ghoshisidaru; raajya adhikaarigalu avarannu haage maadadante nirbandhisidaru. aadaagyoo, avara chatuvatikegalige rajyada virodhada horataagiyoo, tejawat samajika sudhaaraneyannu pratipaadisalu "adivasi" pradeshagalige pravaasavannu munduvaresidaru mattu 1946rahra janavari 24randu kotraadalli matte bandhisalaayitu.

mothilaal tejawat 1920kalil innathe rajasthaanileyum gujaraathileyum adivasi aadipathyamulla athirthi pradeshangalil prakshobham srishticha ekki prasthaanatthinte neethaavaayirunnu mothilaal tejawat (hindi motheelal tejawata). aadyakaala jeevitam. 1886ll kolliyariyil (ippol raajasthaanile udaipur jillayile jhadol tehsilil) janicha mothilaal tejawat anchaam klaas vare vidyaabhyaasam nediya sesham kurachu kaalam jhadol thikkanayil (innathe jhadol tehsilil) jolie cheythu. jhadolile thante bharanakaalathu, praadeshika bhil janathayodulla "thaakkoorinteyum" anuyaayikaludeyum adichamarthal perumaattathinu addeham saakshyam vahichu, ithu 1920-ll thante sthaanam raajivaykkaan addehathe prerippichu. thudarnnu addeham udaipur nagaratthile oru kadayudamayil jolie cheythu. puthiya jolie labhichayudane, tejaavathine thozhiludama bisinessil jadolilek ayachu, avide thejaavathinte thozhiludamayude nirmmaana saamagrikal kaimaran "thaakoor" addehathodu utharavittu; addeham nirbandhikkaan visammathichu, thejaavathinte thozhiludamaykku addehathe mochippikkaan krameekarikkaan kazhiyunnathuvare "thaakoor" addehathe marddikkukayum jayililadaykkukayum cheythu. eee anubhavathetthudarnnu tejawat udaypoorile jolie upekshichu muzhuvan samaya rashtreeya pravarthanangalil svayam samarppichu. activism. mothilaal thejaavathinte prachodanatthinte udan uravidam bijolia prasthaanamaayirunnu. bijolia prasthaanatthil ninnu uthbhavicha laghulekhakalumaayi sanbarkkam pularthiya tejawat, bhil bhooripaksha pradeshangalil laghulekhakal nirmmikkukayum vitharanam cheyyukayum cheythu. pazhaya bhoovudamasthamaaya jhadolile bhil gramangalil niravadhi yogangal tejawat samghadippichu, ithu bhil karshakarude paraathikalum aavasyangalum vyakthamakkaan oru samiti roopeekarikkaan kaaranamaayi. gaandhijiyude neethrthwathilulla indiayile valia swaathanthryasamarathinte bhagamaayaanu tejawat thante prasthaanatthe kandathu. gaandhi raaj sthaapithamaayikkazhinjal prakshobhakar roopayil oru anna maathrame nalkendathulloo ennu addeham prasamgangalil paranjathaayi parayappedunnu.iii.6 sathamaanam) avarude bharanaadhikaarikalkk. ekki chalanam. ekki chalanam kaanuka. deseeya nethaakkalude sthaanam. thejaavathinte reethikal gaandhi amgeekarikkaathirikkukayum "yang india" enna lekhanathil tejaavathil ninnu svayam akannupookukayum cheythu udaypooril ninnulla mothilaal pancholi enna maanyan thante shishyanaanennum, rajputana samsthaanangalile gramangalil illaathathum, manodhairyam prasamgikkunnuvennum njaan kelkkunnu. addehathinu chuttum aaraadhakarude sayudha janakkoottam undennum addeham pookunnidatthellaam thante raajyamo mattethenkilum raajyamo sthaapikkunnuvennum reportund. athbhuthashakthikalum addeham avakaashappedunnu. avano avante aaradhakaro chila vinashakaramaaya pravartthanangal cheythathayi reportund. enikku shishyanmaarillenn aalukal ennennekkumaayi manassilaakkanamenn njaan aagrahikkunnu.athupole, vii.ezz. pathik tejaavathine vimarshichu ennirunnaalum, oru kaaryam urappaan, athu pothujanangale sariyaaya paathayilekku nayikkunnath mottilaalte boudhika seshikku atheethamaayirunnu ennathaanu...aarum, oru kutty polum, motilaal oru rashtreeya lakshyamo padaviyo ullayaalaanenn orikkalum amgeekarikkilla, oru rashtreeya samoohavumaayum addehathinu bandhamilla. thejaavathinte arasttum thadavum. thejaavathinte thalaykku 500 roopa paaritoshikam prakhyaapichirunna udaipur samsthaanam addehathe niyamavirudhanaakkiyirunnu. 1929 juun 4nuu idar samsthaanathil ninnulla police tejaavathine khedbrahmayil arast cheyyukayum mewar samsthaanam kaimarukayum cheythu. 1939 epril 23nuu mochithanaakunnathuvare vichaarana koodaathe tejaavathine udaypooril thadavilaakki. ekki prasthaanatthinu sheshamulla pravartthanangal. 1939 desemberil, mevaarile "adivasi" pradeshangalilekku pookaanulla thante uddeshyam tejawat agra pathramaya "sainik" nodu prakhyaapichu; angane cheiyunnathil ninnu samsthaana adhikaarikal addehathe vilakki. ennirunnaalum, thante pravarthanangalodu samsthaana ethirppu undaayirunnittum, saamoohika parishkaranatthinu vendi vaadikkunnathinaayi tejawat "adivasi" pradeshangal sandarshikkunnathu thudarukayum 1946 januvari 24 nuu kotrayil veendum arast cheyyappedukayum cheythu.

motilal tejavat motilal tejavat (hindih motilal tejavat), (1885-1963) heey 1920 chya dashakat sadhyachya rajsthan aanee gujaratchya aadivasi varchasva asalelya simavarti bhagat aandolan aandolan ekee chalvaliche nete hote. prarambhik jeevan. motilal tejavat yancha janm 1886 madhye koliyari (aata udaypur jilhyatil zadol talukyat, rajsthan) yethe jhaala. pachviparyant shikshan ghetalyanantar teey kahee kaal zadol 'thikana' (sadhyachya zadol talukyat) madhye karyarat hote. zadol yetheel tyanchya karyakalat, sthanik bheel lokanprati 'thakur' aanee tyanchya tyanchya atyachari vartan tyanni pahile, jyamule tyanna 1920 madhye aaplya padacha rajinama denyas pravrutt kele. tyanantar tyanni udaypur shaharatil eka dukandarasathi kaam kele. naveen nokri midalyanantar lagechach, tejavatla tyachya niyoktyane vyavasayasathi zadolala pathavale, jithe 'thakur' neey tyala tejavatchya niyoktyakade asalele bandhkam sahitya sopavanyache aadesh dile; tyane teey manya karnyas nakar deela aanee tejavatcha malak tyachya sutakechi vyavastha karoo shakala nahee toparyant 'thakur' neey tyala marhan kelee aanee turungat takale. yaa anubhavanantar tejavatne udaypurmadhil nokri sodali aanee swatahla purnavel rajkiy karyat samarpit kele. sakriyatavad. motilal tejavat yanchya preranecha tatkal srot mhanje bijoliya chalval. tejavat bijoliya chalvalitun udbhavalelya patrakanchya samparkat aale aanee tyanni bhil-bahusankhya bhagat patrakanchya pratee tayar karoon tyanche vitaran karnyas suruvat kelee. tejavat yanni purvichya zadolchya vasahatitil bheel gavanmadhye anek baithka aayojit kelya, jyacha parinam mhanoon eka samitee sthapan karnyat aalee jee bheel bheel takrari aanee maganya spasht karnyacha prayatna karat hotee. tejavat yanni tyanchya chalvalikade itarambarobarach gandhinchya netrutvakhalil bharatatil mothya swatantrya chalvalicha bhag mhanoon pahile. ekada 'gandhi raaj' sthapan jhaale qee aandolankartyanna rupayamadhye fakt eka ann dyave lagel (mhanje.eae., 6 takke) tyanchya shasakanna. eka chalval. ekee chalval pahaa. rashtriy netyanchi sthitee. gandhijinni tejavatchya paddhatinna manyata dilee nahee aanee 'young india' madheel eka lekhat tejavatpasun swatahla door thewaleh mea aikale aahe qee udaypurcha rahivasi motilal pancholi navacha eka sajjan manus majha shishya asalyacha aanee rajputana rajyanchya grameen bhaganmadhye jeey nahee, teey sanyam aanee sanyam yancha prachar karnyacha dawa karato. tyachya bhovati chahatyanchi sashastr gardi asalyache aanee too jithe jithe jaato tithe tyache rajya kinwa itar kahee rajya sthapan kelyache sangitale jaate. too chamatkarik shaktincha dekhil dawa karato. tyane kinwa tyachya chahatyanni kahee vidhvansak kaam kelyache sangitale jaate. mallah shishya naheet heey lokanna kayamche samajave ashee majhi ichcha aahe.tyachpramane, vhee.ess. pathik yanni tejavat yanchyavar teeka keleeh matra, eka gosht nishchit aahe aanee tee mhanje janatela yogya margavar nene hii motilal yanchya bauddhik kshamatechya palikade hotee...konihi, agadi eka mooldekhil, motilalla rajkiy uddesh kinwa darja asalyache kadhihi manya karnar nahee, kinwa tyacha konatyahi rajkiy samajashi sambandh navhata. tejavatla atak aanee turungwas. udaypur rajyane tejavatchya dokyavar 500 rupayanche bakshis jaheer kele hote. idara rajyachya polisanni 4 juuna 1929 roji tejavatla khedbrahma yethe atak kelee aanee mewad rajya sopavale. 23 april 1939 roji tyachi sutka hoiparyant, tejavatla konatyahi khatalyashivay udaypurmadhye thevanyat aale hote. ekee chalvalinantarche upkram. december 1939 madhye, tejavatne 'sainik' yaa agra vruttapatrala mevadchya 'aadivasi' bhagat jaanyacha aapala hetu jaheer keela; rajya rajya tyala tase karnyas manai kelee. tathapi, tyachya karvayanna rajya sarkarcha virodh asoonahi, tejavatne samajik sudharananche samarthan karnyasathi aadivasi bhagancha daura karane suru thewale aanee 24 janewari 1946 roji tyala punha kotramadhye atak karnyat aalee.

motilal tejawat motilal tejawat (hindih motilal tejawat), (1885-1963) eki andolanka neta thie june 1920 ko dashakma wartaman rajasthan rar gujaratko adiwasi-prabhutwa simawarti kshetraharuma andolan bhaeko thiyo. prarambhik jiwan. motilal tejawatko janma koliyari (ahile udaipur jillako jhadol tahsil, rajasthan) maa sann 1886 maa bhaeko thiyo. panchaun kakshama padhepachi uni jhadol "thikana" (wartaman jhadol tahsil) maa kehi samayaka lagi karyarat thie. jhadolma afno karyakalko samayama, unle sthaniya bhil janataprati "thakur" rar unka sahayogiharuko damankari wyawahar dekhe, jasle unlai 1920 maa afno padabata rajinama dina prerit prerit. tyasapachhi unle udayapur saharma ek pasal malikaka lagi kaam gare. nayan rojgari prapta garepachhi, tejawatlai unka niyoktale wyaparka lagi jhadol pathae, jahaan "thakur" ley unlai tejawatko niyoktasanga sambandhit nirman samagri hastantaran garna adesh die; unle badhya huna aswikar gare, rar tejawatko niyoktale unko rihaiko wyawastha garna saksham nabhaesamma "thakur" dwara kutpit rar jailma pare. yass anubhawpachhi, tejawatle udayapurma afno jagira tyage rar afulai purna-samaya rajnitik gatiwidhima samarpit gare. sakriyata. motilal tejawatko tatkal preranako srota bijolia andolan thiyo. tejawat bijolia andolanbata utpanna parchaharuko samparkama ae rar bhil-bahul kshetraharuma parcha pratilipiharu banauna rar witaran garna aghi badhe. tejawatle jhadolko purano estateko bhil gaunharuma dherai baithakharu ayojana gare, jasko parinamswarup bhil kisanharuko gunaso rar magharu wyakta garna khojne samiti gathan bhayo. tejawatle afno andolanlai gandhiko netritwama bharatma bhaeko thulo swatantrata andolanko hissa bhaeko dekhe. unle bhashanma bhaneka thie kii ek patak 'gandhi raaj' sthapana bhaepachi andolankariharule rupiyanma ek anna matra tirnuparne hunchha (arthat.ei.,%%) afna shasakharulai. eki andolan. eki andolan hernuhos. rashtriya netaharuko sthiti. gandhile tejawatko vidhiharulai anumodan garenan rar "young india" maa euta lekhma tejawatbata afulai tadha rakheh udayapurka motilal pancholi namak ekjana sajjanle afu mero sishya bhaeko rar rajputan rajyaharuka dehatiharumadhe jey hoina, tyo sanyamko prachar garne dabi gareko mahm sunchhu. uni prashansakharuko sashastra bhidle gherieko rar jahaan pani janchhan afno rajya wa kunai anya-shasson sthapana gareko bataieko chha. usale pani chamatkarik shaktiharu dabi gardacha. unle wa unka prashansakharule kehi vinashkari kaam gareko bataieko chha. mahm chahanchhu kii manisharule ek patak rar sadaka lagi bujhnechhan kii mera kunai chelaharu chhainan.tyasai gari, v.ess. pathikle tejawatko alochana gareh tara euta kura nishchit chha rar tyo key how bhane janatalai sahi batoma laijaunu motilalko baudhik kshamatabhanda bahira thiyo...kasaile pani, euta bachchale pani motilallai rajnitik uddeshya wa haisiyat bhaeko rupma kahilyai manyata dindaina, naha tata uni kunai rajnitik samajsanga jodieko thiyo. tejawatko giraftari rar zell. udayapur rajyale tejawatko taukoma ru. 500 inam ghoshana gareko thiyo. eider rajyasanga sambandhit praharile 4 june 1929 maa tejawatlai khedbramama pakrau gari mewad rajya sumpieko thiyo. 23 april 1939 maa riha nabhaesamma, tejawatlai kunai mudda bina udayapurma rakhieko thiyo. post-eki andolan gatiwidhiharu. december 1939 maa, tejawatle agar akhbar "sainik" lai mewadko "adiwasi" kshetraharuma aghi badhne afno iccha ghoshana gare; unlai rajya adhikariharule tyaso garnabata rokyo. yadyapi, unko gatiwidhiharuko rajya virodhko bawajud, tejawatle samajik sudharko wakalat garna "adiwasi" kshetraharuko bhraman jaari rakhe, rar janawari 24,1946 maa kotrama feri pakrau pare.

motilal tejawat motilal tejawat (hindeeh motilal tejawat), (1885-1963) 1920 dashakare barttamanara rajasthana ebong gujarator adibasi-pradhanya seema anchalare andolana karithiba eki andolanara neta thile. prarambhika zeeban. motilal tejawat 1886 masihare koliyari (bartamana udaipur zillah, rajasthanara jhadola tahasilare) janmagrahana karithile. pancham shreneere sikhya laabh kariba parey shay jhadola "thikana" (barttamanara jhadola tahasilare) ray kichhi samai paain nijukta hoithile. jhadolare karjya kariba samajare, shay sthaniah bhila lokanka prati "thakur" ebong taanka anugameemananka atyachari acharanara sakhi hoithile, jaahaa tanku 1920 ray taanka padabeeru istafa debaku prabartaithila. taa 'parey shay udaipur saharare jane dokaneenka paain kaama karithile. nutan chakiri paiba parey, tejawatanku taanka nijuktidata byabasai paain jhadola pathaithile, jeunthare "thakur" tanku tejawatanka nijuktidatanka nirmana samagri hastantara karibaku nirdesh deithile; shay badhya hebaku manah karideithile, ebong tejawatanka nijuktidata taanka mukti paain byabastha karibare sakhyama naheba parjyanta "thakur" dwara tanku maada maari jail karajaithila. ehi abhigyata parey, tejawata udajapurare nijara chakiri chadideithile ebong purnakalina rajanaitika karjyakalapare nijaku nijojita karithile. sakrijata. motilal tejawatanka preranara tatkhyanat utsa thila bijolia andolana. tejawata bijolia aandolanaru utpanna hoithiba patrika sahita jogajogare aasithile ebong bhila-bahusankhyaka anchalare patrika gudikar nakal tiari ebong bitarana karibaku agrasara hoithile. tejawata purbatana jhadola sampattira bhila graamare aneka baithaka ayojan karithile, jahara phalaswaroopa eka kamiti gathan karajaithila jaahaa bhila krushakamananka abhijoga ebong daabi spust karibaku chesta karithila. tejawata taanka andolanaku anyamananka madhyare gandheenka netrutware bharatare bruhattara swadheenata andolanara ansha bhabare dekhithile. kuhajae je shay bhashana samajare kahithile je thare 'gandhi raaj' pratistha heba parey andolanakarimananku tankare kebala gotie annah debaku padiba (arthat.ee., 6 pratishata) semananka shasakamananku. eki andolana. eki andolana dekhantu. jatiah netamananka sthiti. gandhi tejawatanka paddhatiku anumodana karinathile ebong "jang india" ray eka nibandhare tejawatankatharu nijaku doorei rakhithileh mun sunichhi je udaypur motilal pancholi namaka jane bhadraloka more sishya bolly daabi karanti ebong sanjamata prachara karanti ebong jaahaa rajputana rajyagudikara gramanchala madhyare nuhen . shay prashansakanka eka sashastra bhida dwara gheri rahithiba ebong shay jeunthare bii jaantu naa kahinki taanka rajya kimba anya kaunasi rajya pratistha karuthiba suchana rahichhi. shay chamatkarika shakti madhya daabi karanti. shay kimba taanka prashansakamane kichhi dhwansatmaka karjya karithiba suchana milichi. mun kamna karuchhi je lokamane sabuddin paain bujhibe je more kaunasi sishya nahanti.sehipari, bhi.ess. patik tejawatanku samalochana karithileh tebe, gotie kathaa nischita ebong taaha heuchhi janasadharananku sathik pathare aagei neba moteelalanka boudhika samarthya bahare thila.....kehi, epariki eka shishu madhya, moteelalanku kebe bii rajanaitika uddeshya kimba manyata bhabare sweekara karibe naahin, kimba shay kaunasi rajanaitika samaj sahita jadita nathile. tejawatanka girapha ebong jail. udaipur rajya tejawatanku beaina ghoshana karithila, jie taanka munda upare 500 tanka puraskara ghoshana karithila. tejawatanku 1929 masiha juna 4 tarikhare idara rajyara police dwara khedrabrahma thaare girapha karajaithila ebong mewara rajyaku hastantara karajaithila. 1939 masiha april 23 tarikhare mukti paiba parjyanta, tejawatanku bina bichara udajapurare rakhajaithila. eki andolana parabarti karjyakalapa. december 1939 ray, tejawata agra khabarkagaj "sainika" ku mewarara "adibasi" anchalaku jibaku tankara uddeshya ghoshana karithile; tanku rajya kartupakhyanka dwara epari karibaku barana karajaithila . tebe, taanka karjyakalapaku rajya birodha kariba satwe, tejawata samajika sanskarara samarthan kariba paain "adibasi" anchala gasta jaari rakhithile, ebong 1946 masiha januari 24 tarikhare kotrare tanku puni girapha karajaithila.

motilal tejawat motilal tejawat (hindia motilal tejawat), (1885-1963) ikee andolan daa aagoo see joe 1920 dey dahake witch ajoke rajasthan atey gujrat dey aadivasi-bahul sarhaddi khetran witch andolankari see. mudhla jeevan. motilal tejawat daa janam 1886 witch koliari (hunn jhadol tehseel, udaipur zilha, rajasthan witch) witch hoiaa see. panjvin jamaat takk sikkhiaa prapat curran toon baad, uh kujh samein laee jhadol "thikana" (varatman jhadol tehseel witch) witch naukari karda see. jhadol witch aapne karajkal dauran, usne sathanak bheel lokan pratee "thakur" atey usde gundiaan dey damankari vivhaar noon dekhiaa, jiss neey usnoon 1920 witch aapne ahude toon astifa denh laee prerit keeta. firr usne udaipur shehar witch ikk dukandar laee kamm keeta. naveen naukari prapat curran toon turant baad, tejawat noon uss dey maalak duaara carobar laee jhadol bhejiaa giaa, jitthe "thakur" neey uss noon tejawat dey maalak naal sabandhat nirman samaggari saunpan daa adesh ditta; uss neey mangan toon inkaar qarr ditta, atey "thakur" duaara kuttiaa giaa atey qaid qarr ditta giaa jadon takk kii tejawat daa maalak uss dee rihayi daa parbandh curran dey yog naheen hoow giaa. iss tajrabe toon baad, tejawat neey udaipur witch aapni naukari chhadd ditti atey aapne aap noon poore samein dee rajneetik gatividhi witch samarpit qarr ditta. sargarmi. motilal tejawat dee prerna daa turant sarot bijolia andolan see. tejawat bijolia andolan toon utpan hoye parchiaan dey samparak witch aaiaa atey bheel bahuginti vaale khetran witch parchiaan deeaan kapiaan banaun atey vandann laee agge vadhiaa. tejawat neey jhadol dee purani jaidad dey bheel pindan witch kaee meetingan keetiaan, jiss dey natije vajon ikk kameti daa gathan keeta giaa jiss neey bheel kisanan deeaan shikaitan atey mangan noon sapshat curran dee koshish keeti. tejawat neey aapne andolan noon gandhi dee agvai vaale bharat witch vadde sutantarta andolan daa hissa manniaa. kiha jaanda haii kii unhan neey bhashnan dauran kiha see kii ikk vaar 'gandhi raaj' dee sathapana honn toon baad, pradarshankariaan noon rupaye witch siraf ikk annaa denna pavega (bhaav.ee.6 pratishat) aapne shaskan noon. ikee lahir. ikee andolan dekho. rashtari netavan dee sathiti. gandhi neey tejawat dey tarikiaan noon manzuri naheen ditti atey "young india" witch ikk lekh witch aapne aap noon tejawat toon door qarr liaav main suniaa haii kii udaipur dey rahinn vaale motilal pancholi naam dey ikk sajjan neey meraa chela honn atey sanjam daa prachar curran daa daava keeta haii atey joe kii rajputana raajan dey desh witch naheen haii. dassiaa jaanda haii kii uh parshanskan dee ikk hathiaarband bheed naal ghiriaa hoiaa haii atey uh jitthe vee jaanda haii, aapna raaj jaan kise horr raaj dee sathapana karda haii. uh chamatkari shaktiaan daa vee daava karda haii. dassiaa jaanda haii kii uss neey jaan uss dey parshanskan neey kujh vinashkari kamm keeta haii. main chahunda haan kii lock hamesha laee ih samjhan kii meraa koee chela naheen haii.isey tarahan, vee.aiss. patthak neey tejawat dee alochna kitia parr ikk gall pakki haii atey uh ih haii kii janata noon sahee raste 'teey lae keey jaanha motee laal dee baudhik samratha toon bahr see...koee vee, ithon takk kii ikk baccha vee, motee laal noon kadey vee kise rajneetak udesh jaan rutbe vajon maanta naheen devega, naa hii uh kise rajneetik samaaj naal judiaa hoiaa see. tejawat dee griftari atey qaid. tezawat noon udaipur raaj neey gair-kanunni karaar ditta see, jiss neey uss dey sir 'teey 500 rupaye daa inam denh daa ailaan keeta see. tejawat noon 4 juun, 1929 noon eedar raaj naal sabandhat pulis neey khedbrahma witch griftar keeta see atey mewad raaj noon saunp ditta see. 23 aprail, 1939 noon uss dee rihayi takk, tezawat noon binan kise mukkadme dey udaipur witch rakkhiaa giaa see. ekee andolan toon baad deeaan gatividhiaan. dasambar 1939 witch, tejawat neey 'sainik' akhbar noon mewad dey 'aadivasi' khetran witch jaanh dey aapne iraade daa ailaan keeta; raaj dey adhikariaan neey uss noon ajiha curran toon roque ditta see. halanki, aapniaan gatividhiaan dey raaj dey virodh dey bavjood, tejawat neey smajik sudhar dee vakalat curran laee "aadivasi" khetran daa daura karna jaari rakkhiaa, atey 24 janwari, 1946 noon kotra witch dubara griftar keeta giaa.

motilal tejaavat motilal tejaavat (hindeeh motilal tejaavat), (1885-1963) 1920 tame dashake vartamaanasya rajasthanasya gujaratasya cha adivasi-praabalyita-simakshetreshu aandolitasy eki-aandolanasy netaa aasit. praarambhikajeevanam. motilal tejaavat 1886 tame varshe koliyari-nagare (adhunaa udaypur-mandalasya zadol-tahaseel-madhye) ajayata. panchamashrenyaah shikshaam praapya saha kinchitkalam zadol-"thikana" (vartamaanasya zadol-tahaseel-madhye) madhye karyam krutavaan. zadol-nagare swasya karyakale, saha sthaniyanam bhil-jananam prati "thakur" ityasya, tasya anuyayinam cha damanakaari vyavahaaram apashyat, yena saha 1920 tame varshe swasya padaat nivruttah abhavat. tatah saha udaypur-nagare ekaha vikretuhu krute karyam krutavaan. nootanam karyam praapya sheeghramev, tejaavat-varyaha tasya niyoktraa vyaapaaraartham zadol-nagaram preshitah, yatra "thakur" ityeshah tam tejaavat-ityasya niyoktuh nirmanasamagrim daatum aadishat; saha badhyatam niraakarot, tathaa "thakur" ityanena praharam krutvaa kaaraavaase nyastah abhavat yaavat tejaavat-ityasya niyoktraa tasya vimochanasya vyavasthaa naa abhavat. asya anubhavasya anantaram tejaavat ityeshah udaypur-nagare swasya karyam tyaagam krutvaa purnakalikarajanitika-kaaryeshu swam samarpayt. sakriyataa. motilal tejaavat ityasya tatkshanasya preranaaroopen bijolia-andolanam aasit. tejaavat bijolia-andolanat udbhutanam patrapatranam samparke aagatah, bhil-bahusankhyakakhetreshu patrapatranam pratilipim nirmaatum vitaranam cha kartum agre sarat. tejaavat ityeshah poorvatanasya zadol-kshetrasya bhila-graameshu anekaan sabhaan aayojayat, yasya parinaamen ekasyaah samityaah nirmanam jaatam, yaa bhila-krushaka-samudaayasy akshepan, agrahan cha spashtayitum prayatate sma. tejaavat ityeshah swasya andolanam anyeshu gandhi-varyasya netrutve bhaarate bruhattarasya swaatantrya-aandolanasy bhaagah iti drushtavaan. saha bhashanakale avadat iti kathyate yat ekadaa 'gandhiraj' ityasya sthapana abhavat, andolanakarinaha rupyayam kevalam ekam annam daatavyam (arthaat.ee.6 pratishatam) teshaam shasakanam krute. eki-andolanam. eki-andolanam pashyatu. raashtranetrunaam sthitihi. gandhi-varyaha tejaavat-ityasya paddhatyam naa sveekrutavaan, "yang india" ityasmin ekasmin lekhasya tejaavat-taha dooreekrutavaan cha-udaypur-nagarasya motilal pancholi iti ekaha bhadralokah mama shishyah iti, sanyamanasya upadesha karoti, yat rajaputanam rajyanam gramyanam madhye naasti iti vadati iti mayaa shrutam. saha prashamsakaih sashastraih janaihi pariveshtitah, yatra cha gacchati tatra swaraajyam athavaa anyam raajyam sthaapayati iti kathyate. saha api, chamatkaarikashaktayah iti pratipaadayati. saha athavaa tasya prashamsakaah kechan vinaashakaareekaaryaani krutavantah iti kathyate. mama shishyah naasti iti janaah sarvadaa jaaneeyuh iti icchaami.tathaiva, vi.ess. patik ityeshah tejaavat ityasya nindaam krutavaan-tathaapi ekam nishchitam vartate yat, janaan samyak maarge nayitum motee laal ityasya bauddhikakshamataayaah bahihi aasit iti...naa kenaapi, balakena api, motilalasya raajanaitikah uddesha athavaa sthitihi iti kadaapi naa maanyate, naa cha saha kasyaapi rajanaitikasamajena saha sambaddha aasit. tejaavat ityasya bandhanam, kaaraavaasam cha. tejaavat ityasya shiraha 500 rupyakanam puraskaram iti ghoshayan udayapurarajyen nishidhah aasit. tejaavat-varyaha 1929 joon 4 dinaanke khedbrahmaa-nagare idaar-rajyasya aarakshakaih gruheetah, mewaar-raajyam cha pratyarpayat. tejaavat ityeshah 1939 april 23 dinaanke tasya vimochanaparyantam, vicharanavina, udaypur-nagare eva samaadhitah. ekee-prasthana-pashchata-gatividhayah. 1939 december-maase tejaavat-varyaha mewad-nagarasya "adivasi" kshetraani prati gantum swasya icchaam "sainik" iti agra-patrikaayaam ghoshayat; saha rajya-adhikaribhih tatt kartum vilambitah. parantu, tasya kaaryeshu rajya-virodhah satsu api, tejaavat samajika-sudharasya samarthanartham "adivasi" kshetraani paryatakashtavan, 1946 janavaree 24 dinaanke kotra-nagare punah gruheetah.

moathilaal tejawat moathilaal tejawat (intih moathilaal tejawat), (1885-1963) (1885-1963) intraiya rajastan mattrum gugaratin aathivaasi aathikkam seluththum ellaip pakuthikalil kilarchi seiyappatta eggy iyakkaththin thalaivar aavaar. aarambagaala vaazhkkai. moathilaal tejawat 1886 aam aandil kooliyaariyil (ippoathu rajastan udaipur maavattaththil ulla jadol tehsil) piranthaar. ainthaam vaguppu varai padiththa piragu, avar sirithu kaalam jadol "tigana" (intraiya jadol tehsil) ill paniyaattrinaar. jadolil irunththapoathu, ulloor pill makkal meethu "thagur" mattrum avarathu aatharavaalarkalin odukkumurai nadaththaiyai avar kandaar, idhu 1920 aam aandil thanathu padhaviyai rajinama seiyath thoondiyathu. pinnar avar udaipur nagaril oru kadaikkararidam paniyaattrinaar. puthiya vaelai kidaittha udanaeyae, tejaavaththai avarathu muthalaali vanigaththirkaaga jadolukku anupinaar, angku "thagur" tejaavaththin muthalaalikku sonthamaana kattumaanap porutkalai oppadaikkumaaru uttaravittaar; avar kadamai aerka marutthuvittaar, maelum tejaavaththin muthalaali avarai viduvikka aerpaadu seiyum varai "thagur" aall adiththu siraiyil adaikkappattaar. inththa anubavaththaith thodarnthu, tejawat udhaypuril thanathu vaelaiyai kaivittu mulunaera arasiyal nadavadikkaigalil thannai arppanitthaar. seyalpaadu. moathilaal tejaavaththin udanadi uthvaegam bijolia iyakkamaagum. tejawat bijolia iyakkaththilirunththu thoantriya thundu pirasurangkaludan thodarbu kondu, pill perumbaanmai pakuthikalil thundu pirasurangkalin nagalkalai uruvaakki viniyoagiththaar. tejawat munththaiya jadol thoattaththil ulla pill kiraamangalil pala koottangalai aerpaadu seithaar, idhan vilaivaaga pill vivasaayigalin kuraigalaiyum koorikkaigalaiyum velippaduththa muyandra oru kuzhu amaikkappattathu. gaandhiyin thalaimaiyil inthiyaavil nadaipettra periya sudhanthira iyakkaththin oru paguthiyaaga thanathu iyakkaththai tejawat paarthaar. kaanthi raaj niruvapattavudan, poaraattakkaararkal roopaayil oru annah mattumae seluththa vaendum endru avar uraigalin poathu kooriyathaagak koorappadugiradhu (athaavathu.ii., 6 sathaveetham) avarkalin aatchiyaalarkalukku. eggy iyakkam. eggy iyakkaththaip paarkkavum. thaesiya thalaivarkalin nilai. kaanthi tejaavaththin muraigalai angkeekarikkavillai, maelum "ilam india" endra katturaiyil thejaavaththilirunthu thannaith thoora vilakkik kondar udhaypooraich saerntha moathilaal panjoli endra manithar thaan enathu seedar endrum, rajputtana maanilangkalin kiraamangalil illaathathai manachoarvaip pirasangkikkiraar endrum naan kaelvippadugiraen. avar aayuthamaenthiya rasigargalin koottatthaal soozhappattathaagavum, avar engku sentraalum thanathu iraajjiyaththai allathu vaeru aethaenum oru aatchiyai niruviyathaagavum koorappadugiradhu. avar arputhamaana sakthigalaiyum koorukiraar. avar allathu avarathu rasigargal sila azhivugaramaana vaelaigalai seithathaaga koorappadugiradhu. enakku seedargal illai enbathai makkal endrendrum purinthukolla vaendum endru naan virumbukiraen.idhaepoal, vii.ess. pathik tejaavaththai vimarsiddhar iruppinum, oru vishayam uruthiyaaka ullathu, adhu motilaalin arivusaar tiranukku appaarpattathu, podhumakkalai sariyaana paathaiyil vazhinadaththuvathu...moatheelaal oru arasiyal noakkam allathu anthasthu kondavar enbathai oru kuzhandhai kooda angkeekarikkavillai, avar endha arasiyal samoogaththudanum thodarbu kondavar alla. tejawat kaithu mattrum siraiththandanai. tejaavaththin thalaikku 500 roopaai parisu vazhangkappadum endru ariviththa udaipur maanila arasu, avarai sattaviroathamaaga ariviththathu. tejawat juun 4,1929 andru kethpirammaavil idaar maanilatthaich saerntha kaavalthuraiyinaraal kaithu seiyappattu mewar maanilatthai oppadaiththaar. aepral 23,1939 andru avar viduvikkappadum varai, visaaranai illaamal, tejawat udhaypuril thadutthu vaikkappattaar. eggy iyakkaththirkup pinththaiya nadavadikkaikal. 1939 disambaril, maevaaril ulla "aathivaasi" pakuthikalukkuch selvatharkaana thanathu virupaththai "sainik" endra akra seithiththaalidam tejawat arivitthaar; avar avvaaru seiya maanila athikaarigalaal thadai seiyappattaar. iruppinum, avarathu nadavadikkaikalukku arasu ethirppu irunththapoathilum, samooga seerthiruththaththai aatharippatharkaaka tejawat "aathivaasi" pakuthikalukku thodarnthu suttruppayanam seithaar, maelum janavari 24,1946 andru koothraavil meendum kaithu seiyappattaar.

motilal tejawat motilal tejawat (hindih motilal tejawat), (1885-1963) 1920laloe neti rajasthan mariyu gujarat looni adivasi aadhipatya sarihaddu praantaalalo aandolana chendina eki udyamaaniki nayakudu. prarambha jeevitam. motilal tejawat 1886loe koliyaarilo (prastutam raajasthaanloni udaypur jillaalooni jhadol tehseello) janminchaaru. aidava taragati varaku chaduvukunna taruvaata, kontakaalam jhadol "tikana" (prastuta jhadol tehseello) loe panicheesaaru. jhadol loe thana padaveekaalamlo, sthaanika bhil prajala patla "thakur" mariyu athani anucharula anachiveta pravartananu athanu chushadu, idhi 1920loe thana padaviki rajinama cheyamani prerepinchindi. aaa taruvaata athanu udaypur nagaramlo oka dukaanadaarudi kosam panicheesaadu. kotta udyogam pondina ventane, tejaavatnu athani yajamani vyaparam kosam jhadol kuu pampaadu, akkada tejawat yajamaniki chendina nirmaana saamagrini appaginchaalani "thakur" aadesinchaadu; athanu baadhyata vahinchadaaniki niraakarinchaadu, mariyu tejawat yajamani athani vidudalaku erpaatlu cheyagalige varaku "thakur" atanini kotti khaidu chesaadu. eee anubhavam taruvaata, tejawat udayapoorloni thana udyogaanni vadulukuni, puurti samayam raajakeeya kaaryakalaapaalaku tananu taanu ankitam chesukunnadu. kriyaaseelata. motilal tejawat takshana prerana bijolia udyamam. tejawat bijolia udyamam nundi udbhavinchina karapatraalato parichayam erpadi, bhil-majority praantaalalo karapatraala kaapeelanu tayaaru chesi pampinhee cheyadaaniki munduku sagaru. tejawat gatamlo jhadol estateloni bhil gramalalo aneka samavesalanu nirvahinchaadu, dheeni phalitamgaa bhil raitula firyadulu mariyu demandlanu spashtam cheyadaaniki oka kamiteeni erpaatu chesaaru. tejawat thana udyamaanni gandhi netrutvamloni bhaaratadesamlo pedda swaatantrya udyamamlo bhaagamgaa chuusaaru. okasari 'gandhi raaj' sthaapinchabadina tarvaata, aandolanakaarulu roopaayilo oka anna matrame chellinchaalsi untundani ayana prasamgaalalo paerkonnatlu chebutaaru.ii., 6 saatam) vaari palakulaku. ekee udyamam. eki kadalikanu chudandi. jaateeya nayakula sthaanam. tejawat paddhatulanu gandhi aamodinchaledu, "young india" loe oka vyaasamlo tejawat nundi tananu taanu dhooram chesukunnaruh udayapurku chendina motilal pancholi anae peddamanishi tananu taanu shishyudini anie, rajputana raashtraala graameena praantaallo laeni vaatini nigrahanni bodhistaanani cheppukuntaarani neenu vinnanu. ayana chuttoo saayudha abhimanula gumpu undi, ayana ekkadiki vellinaa thana rajyaanni ledhaa maredainaa rajyaanni sthaapinchinatlu nivedinchabadindi. athanu adbhuta saktulanu kooda prakatinchukunnadu. athanu ledhaa athani abhimanulu konni vidhvamsaka panulu chesinatlu nivedinchabadindi. naaku shishyulu laerani prajalu eppatikee ardham chesukovalani neenu korukuntunnanu.adevidhamgaa, vii.ess. pathik tejaavatnu vimarsinchaaruh ayithe, oka vishayam khachitamgaa undhi, adhi emitante, prajalanu saraina maargamlo nadipinchadam motilal yokka medho saamardhyaaniki minchinadi...mothee laal kuu raajakeeya lakshyam ledhaa hodha undani evaruu, oka pillavadu kooda gurtincharu, ledhaa aayanaku yea raajakeeya samaajamtho sambandham ledhu. tejawat arrestu mariyu jailu siksha. tejawat talapai 500 roopaayala bahumatini prakatinchina udaypur rashtram atanni nishedhinchindi. tejaavatnu 1929 juun 4naa idar raashtraaniki chendina pooliisulu khedbrahmalo arrestu chesi, mewar rashtraanni appaginchaaru. 1939 april 23naa vidudalayye varaku tejaavatnu vichaarana lekunda udayapurlo unchaaru. ekee anantara udyama karyakalapalu. 1939 decemberulo, tejawat mevaarloni "adivasi" praantaalaku vellaalanae thana uddesaanni agra vaartaapatrika "sainik" kuu prakatinchaaru; alaa cheyakunda rashtra adhikarulu atanni nishedhinchaaru. ayithe, athani kaaryakalaapaalaku rashtra vyatiraekata unnappatikee, tejawat saamaajika samskaranalanu samarthinchadaaniki "adivasi" praantaalalo paryatinchadam konasaginchadu, 1946 janavari 24naa kotraalo mallee arrestu cheyabaddaadu.

motee laal tijwaat motee laal tijwaat (hindy: motee laal tijwaat)yee (1885-1963) akee tehreek kay rehnuma thay juu 1920 kii dahayi mein maujudah rajisthan aur gajraat kay aadiwasi aksariyati sarhadi elaqon mein mushtaal hoyee thee. ibtadayi zindagi. motee laal tijwaat 1886 mein koliyari (abb jhadol tehseel aday poor zalaa rajisthan mein) mein paida hoay. panchwen jamaat takk taleem haasil karnay kay baad wah kachh arsey kay liye jhadol "thikanah" (maujudah jhadol tehseel mein) mein mulazimat kartay rahay. jhadol mein apnay door mein inhon nay maqami bheel logon kay tayein "thaakar" aur inn kay saathiyon kay jabranah royay kuu dekhaa jiss kii wajah say inhein 1920 mein apnay ahday say istefi deenay parr majbur kiyaa. iss kay baad inhon nay aday poor shehar mein eek dukandar kay liye kaam kiyaa. nayee mulazimat haasil karnay kay foraa baad tijwaat kuu iss kay aajar nay karobar kay liye jhandol bheja jehaan "thaakar" nay asay hakam diyaa kahh wah tijwaat kay aajar say taaluq rakhnay waala tamirati saamaan hawalay karay. iss nay majbur honay say ankaar kirr diyaa aur "thaakar" nay asay maaraa peeta aur qaid kirr diyaa jabb takk kahh tijwaat kaa aajar iss kii rehayi kaa intezam karnay mein kamiyab naha how gayaa. iss tajarbay kay baad tijwaat nay aday poor mein apnee mulazimat chhod dee aur khood kuu kill waqti seyasi sargarmiyon kay liye waqaf kirr diyaa. srgarmi. motee laal tijwaat kii tehreek kaa fouri zariah bejulia tehreek thee. tijwaat kaa bejulia tehreek say sharoo honay waalay pumfilt say raabtah hawaa aur wah bheel aksariyati elaqon mein pumfilt kii kaapiyan bananay aur taqsim karnay kay liye aagay badhay. tijwaat nay sabqah steat jhadol kay bheel dehaton mein kayee metingein munaqid kein jiss kay natijay mein eek committy tashkil dee gayee jiss nay bheel kasaanon kii shikayaat aur mutalibat kuu waazah karnay kii koshish kii. tijwaat nay apnee tehreek kuu hindustan mein gaandhi kii qayadat mein deegar kay alawah bury tehreek aazadi kaa hasah samjha. kahaa jaataa hay kahh inhon nay taqriron kay doraan kahaa thaa kahh eek baar 'gaandhi raaj' qayem honay kay baad mushtaal afraad kuu rupay mein sarf eek anaa adaa karnaa paray gaa (yauni.ayee.yee 6 vovo) apnay hukmaranon kuu. aiki tehreek. aiki harkat dekhein. qomi rehnumaon kii haisiyat. gaandhi nay tijwaat kay tareeqon kuu manzoor nahein kiyaa aur "yang indiya" kay eek mazmun mein khood kuu tijwaat say door kirr liyaa: mein nay sunaa hay kahh aday poor say taaluq rakhnay waalay motee laal pancholi naami eek shareef aadmi nay apnay shagird honay aur mazaaj kii tabligh karnay kaa daawi kiyaa hay aur juu rajpotan riyasaton kay dehaton mein nahein hay. bataya jaataa hay kahh wah madahon kay maslah hujum say gharaa hawaa hay aur jehaan bhee jaataa hay apnee sultanat yaa kasee aur sultanat kuu qayem kartaa hay. wah moujizana taaqaton kaa bhee daawi kartaa hay. bataya jaataa hay kahh iss nay yaa iss kay madahon nay kachh tabaah kunn kaam kiyaa hay. meeri khwahish hay kahh loag hamishah kay liye yaha samjhein kahh miraa koyee shagird nahein hay.asee tarah wee.aiss. patakh nay tijwaat parr tanqeed kii: tahim eek baath yaqeeni hay aur wah yaha hay kahh awaam kuu saheeh raastay parr lay jaana motee laal kii danishwarana salahiyat say balatar thaa...koyee bhee yahaan takk kahh eek bachah bhee moth laal kuu kabhi bhee seyasi maqsad yaa haisiyat kay toor parr tasleem nahein karay gaa aur naha hyee wah kasee seyasi muashiray say mansalk thaa. tijwaat kii giraftari aur qaid. tijwaat kuu aday poor riyasat nay kaladam qaraar day diyaa thaa jiss nay iss kay sarr parr 500 rupay kay anaam kaa aalaan kiyaa thaa. tijwaat kuu 4 joone 1929 kuu khaidbarham mein riyasat adr say taaluq rakhnay waali police nay giraftar kiyaa aur riyasat mewad kay hawalay kirr diyaa. tijwaat kuu 23 apreel 1939 kuu rehaa honay takk baghair kasee moqhadhime kay aday poor mein rakhaa gayaa thaa. aiki tehreek kay baad kii sargarmiyan. dasambar 1939 mein tijwaat nay aagra akhbaar "senk" kuu aalaan kiyaa kahh wah mewad kay "aadiwasi" elaqon mein jaanay kaa aradah rakhta hay vovo asay riyasati hakaam nay aisa karnay say rook diyaa thaa. tahim apnee sargarmiyon kii riyasati mukhalifat kay bawajood tijwaat nay samaji aslahaat kii wakalat karnay kay liye "aadiwasi" elaqon kaa dorah jaari rakhaa aur 24 januri 1946 kuu kotra mein dobarah giraftar kiyaa gayaa.

00001d48de8c7dc586f2ca5a763a7685bc6957faf575d8944f73db8558d80902

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52096782

ECWA Women's Championship

ECWA Women's Championship Professional wrestling women's championship The East Coast Wrestling Association Women's Championship (stylized as ECWA Women's Championship) was a women's professional wrestling championship in East Coast Wrestling Association. Title history. <templatestyles src="template:row hover highlight/styles.css"/> Notes. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

ee. chi. waa mohila championswip isto coust ressling ess "siyesyon mohila championswip (ee. chi. waa mohila championswip hisape xoilibodho) aasil isto coust ressling ess" siyesyonor ek mohila pesadari mollojuj championswip.

eae. see. doubleu. aii. mahila ajinkyapad spardha east coast raceling association mahila ajinkyapad spardha (eae. see. doubleu. aii. mahila ajinkyapad spardha mhanoon shailibaddha) hii east coast raceling associationmadhil mahilanchi vyavsayik kusti ajinkyapad spardha hotee.

ee. sii. waa. mahila championship purba upakula kusti sangha mahila championship (ee. sii. waa. mahila championship bhabare shaileekruta) purba upakula kusti sanghare eka mahila bruttigata kusti championship thila .

ee. see. vee. aii. mahila championship purbi tatt kushti association mahila championship (ee. see. vee. aii. mahila championship vajon shailibadh) purbi tatt kushti association witch ikk mahila peshevar kushti championship see.

00001f0afd3350684747818608aef8c02643f1e9f911f7bd4be5028a57c9ee51

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58205537

International Society of Dermatopathology

International Society of Dermatopathology Professional medical organization The International Society of Dermatopathology is a non-profit, international society for the discipline of dermatopathology which was founded in 1979. It is based in Half Moon Bay, California, US. It publishes a peer-reviewed journal, "The American Journal of Dermatopathology" (AJDP). It was founded by Helmut Kerl, MD; Gérald E. Piérard, MD; Jorge Sánchez, MD; and the late A. Bernard Ackerman, MD. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

antohrastriyo saalor rug bigyan xomiti antohrastriyo saalor rug bigyan xomiti hoise 1979 sonot protistha koraa saalor rug bigyanor xakhar baabe ek olabhjonok, antohrastriyo xomiti. ee aamerika juktorastror californier huff muno bey-too owosthito. ee "aamerikan journal owo dermatopeth" lojee (e. je. di. pi) naamor etaa xomoniya-porzaluchona journal prokax kore. iyak helmott kerol, em. di.; gerald ee.-ror dwara protistha koraa hoisil. pyrard, em. di.; jorjo sensej, em. di.; aaru lett e. bernard ekormen, em. di..

international society off dermatopathology international society off dermatopathology ekti olabhjonok, dermatopathology bibhager jonno antorjatik samiti jaa 1979 saale protisthito hoyechilo. etty markin juktorashtrer californier huff moone beey-teey abosthito. etty ekti piar-review journal prakash korey, "dya american journal off dermatopathology" (ayee. jeey. dii. pii). etty helmut curl, emdi; gerald ee dwara protisthito hoyechilo. pierard, emdi; george sunchage, emdi; ebong leeta ayee. bernard ackerman, emdi.

international sosayati off dermatopathology international sosayati off dermatopathology aee biin-nafakarak, dermatopathologyni shaakha maateni aantarrashtriy sosayati chhe, jenee sthaapnaa sthaapnaa karvaamaa aavee hatee. teey americana keliforniyana haaf moone bemaa stheet chhe. teey pier-review journal, "dhaa american journal off dermatopathology" (aee. jeey. dii. pii.) prakashit karey chhe. tenee sthaapnaa helmut keral, aema. dii.; gerald ee. dwara karvaamaa aavee hatee. pierard, aema. dii.; george sanchez, aema. dii.; aneey leeta aee. bernard ackerman, aema. dii.

international society off dermatepathology international society off dermatepathology ack gair-laabhkaari, dermatepathology key anushasana key liye antarrashtriya samaaj haye jisaki sthaapana 1979 mein kii gaee thee. yeh aadhaa chandrama khaadi, california, us mein sthit haye. yeh ack sahakarmi-sameeksha patrika, "dha american journal off dermatepathology" (aeye. jey. dee. pee.) prakaashit kartaa haye. isaki sthaapana helmut keral, aim. dee.; gerald ee. dwara kii gaee thee. pearard, aim. dee.; george sanchez, aim. dee.; aur dair seey aeye. bernard ackerman, aim. dee.

international society off dermatopathology international society off dermatopathology 1979ralli sthaapaneyaada laabharahita, dermatopathology vibhagakkagi antararashtriya samaajavaagide. idu americada californiada ardha chandrana kolliyallide. idu "dhii american journal off dermatopathology" (aa. zhe. dii. pii) emba peer-reviewed journal annu prakatisuttade. idannu helmut kerl, emdi; gerald ii sthaapisidaru. pierard, emdi; georg sanchez, emdi; mattu late aa. bernard akarman, emm. dii.

international society auph dermatopathology international society auph dermatopathology hii eka naa-napha denari, dermatopathologychya shakhesathichi aantarrashtriy sanstha aahe, jichi sthapana 1979 madhye jhaali hotee. tee amerikechya californiachya ardh chandra khadimadhye sthit aahe. teey 'daad american journal auph dermatopathology' (aii. jeey. dii. pii.) heey samvayask-samikshan kelele niyatkalik prakashit karate. tyachi sthapana helmut keral, emm. dii.; gerald eae. yanni kelee hotee. pierard, emm. dii.; george sanchez, emm. dii.; aanee lett aii. bernard ekarman, emm. dii.

antarrashtriya dermatopathology samaj da international society aff dermatopathology ek gaira-labhkari, dermatopathologyko anushasanka lagi antarrashtriya samaj how june 1979 maa sthapana bhaeko thiyo. yo adha chandrama khadi, california, americama adharit chha. yasale ek sahakarmi-samiksha garieko journal, "da american journal aff dermatopathology" (ajdp) prakashit gardacha. yo helmott keral, md; gerald eae dwara sthapit garieko thiyo. pierard, md; george sanchez, md; rar lett ae. bernard ekerman, md.

international society off dermatopathology international society off dermatopathology heuchhi eka analabhakari, dermatopathology shrunkhala paain antarjatija society jaahaa 1979 ray sthapita hoithila . ehaa californier haf munn bay, jayu. ess. ray abasthita . ehaa eka sahakarmee-samikhya patrika, "daa americae journal off dermatopathology" (aii. jay. dii. pii.) prakash kare. ehaa helmut kerl, emm. dii.; gerald ee. nka dwara pratisthita hoithila. piarard, emm. dii.; george sanchage, emm. dii.; ebong swargata aii. bernard ackerman, emm. dii.

international suciety aaf dermatopathology international suciety aaf dermatopathology ikk gair-munafa, dermatopathology dey anushasana laee antarashtari suciety haii jiss dee sathapana 1979 witch keeti gaee see. ih addhe chandrama dee khaadi, california, yuu. aiss. witch adharat haii. ih ikk ikk journal prakashit karda haii, "american journal aaf dermatopathology" (aii. jey. dee. pee.). iss dee sathapana helmut keral, aimm. dee.; gerald ee. duaara keeti gaee see. pyrard, aimm. dee.; jaaraj sanchez, aimm. dee.; atey lait aii. bernard ackerman, aimm. dee.

antarashtriya-dermatopathology-samsthaa da international-sosaiti-aaf-dermatopathology iti laabharahitah, dermatopathology-vishayasya antarashtriya-samaajah asti, yasya sthapana 1979 tame varshe abhavat. eshah america-deshasya california-rajyasya ardha-chandra-bey-pradeshe sthitah asti. eshah "da american journal aaf dermatopathology" (e. jey. dee. pee.) iti samavayaska-samikshita-patrikaam prakaashayati. asya sthapana helmutt-kerl, emm. dee.; gerald-ee ityanena abhavat. pierard, emm. dee.; jaarj sanchez, emm. dee.; tathaa cha lett e. bernard akarman, emm. dee.

sarvadesa tholnoi samoogam sarvadesa tholnoi sangam enbathu 1979 aam aandil niruvapatta oru ilaaba noakkattra, tholnoi thuraikkaana sarvadesa samoogamaagum. idhu californiavin arai nilavu virigudaavil amainthullathu. idhu saga mathippaaivu seiyappatta idhazhaana "thii american journal off termatopathology" (aee. jay. dii. pii) aii veliyidugirathu. idhu helmut kerl, emm. dii.; jerault ii. aall niruvappattathu. bearard, emm. dii.; jaarj sances, emm. dii.; mattrum thaamathamaaga aee. bernard ackerman, emm. dii.

international society off dermatopathology international society off dermatopathology anedi 1979loe sthaapinchabadina dermatopathology vibhagam kosam laabhaapekshaleni, antarjaateeya samajam. idhi americaloni californialoni haaph moone baeloe undhi. idhi "dhi american journal off dermatopathology" (ajdp) anae peer-reviewed jarnalnu prachuristundi. dheenini helmut kerl, emdi; gerald ii sthaapinchaaru. pierard, emdi; georg sanchez, emdi; mariyu chivari eah. bernard akarman, emdi.

international society aaf dermatopathology international society aaf dermatopathology eek ghair munafa bakhash dermatopathology kay shobay kay liye beenn alaqwami society hay jiss kii bunyaad 1979 mein rakhee gayee thee. yaha nasf chaand khaleej california america mein waaqa hay. yaha eek humm martabah jaizah leenay waala jaridah "american journal aaf dermatopathology" (aey jay ddee pee) shaye kartaa hay. iss kii bunyaad helmat kiral ayem ddee vovo jairled ayee nay rakhee thee. pierard ayem ddee vovo jaarj sancheez ayem ddee vovo aur deer say aey. bernard ackerman ayem ddee.

000023db3320cf8df3f5846df98b6e9a4775befaaf4b89c024adf62decc10c68

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6140803

Can't You Hear Me Knocking

Can't You Hear Me Knocking 1971 song by the Rolling Stones "Can't You Hear Me Knocking" is a track by English rock band the Rolling Stones from their 1971 album "Sticky Fingers". The track is over seven minutes long, and begins with a Keith Richards open-G tuned guitar intro. The main song lasts for two minutes and 43 seconds, after which it transforms into an extended improvisational jam. The entire track was captured in one take, with the jam being a happy accident; the band had assumed the tape machine had been stopped, and were surprised to find the entire session had been captured. Originally they were going to end the song before the jam started, but were so pleased with the jam that they decided to keep it in. Besides the regular Rolling Stones members Mick Jagger (vocals), Keith Richards (guitar), Mick Taylor (guitar), Charlie Watts (drums) and Bill Wyman (bass), the track also features conga player Rocky Dijon, saxophonist Bobby Keys, organist Billy Preston and additional percussion by producer Jimmy Miller. Composition and recording. The track featured Rocky Dijon on congas; tenor saxophonist Bobby Keys performs an extended saxophone solo over the guitar work of Richards and Mick Taylor, punctuated by the organ work of Billy Preston. At 4:40 Taylor takes over from Richards and carries the song to its finish with a lengthy guitar solo. Richards described writing the guitar riff: <templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />"Can't You Hear Me Knocking" came out flying – I just found the tuning and the riff and started to swing it and Charlie picked up on it just like that, and we're thinking, hey, this is some groove. So it was smiles all around. For a guitar player it's no big deal to play, the chopping, staccato bursts of chords, very direct and spare. In 2002, Richards commented on the recording: <templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />The jam at the end wasn't inspired by Carlos Santana. We didn't even know they were still taping. We thought we'd finished. We were just rambling and they kept the tape rolling. I figured we'd just fade it off. It was only when we heard the playback that we realised, Oh, they kept it going. Basically we realised we had two bits of music. There's the song and there's the jam. Taylor recalled in a 1979 interview: <templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />"Can't You Hear Me Knocking"... is one of my favourites... [The jam at the end] just happened by accident; that was never planned. Towards the end of the song I just felt like carrying on playing. Everybody was putting their instruments down, but the tape was still rolling and it sounded good, so everybody quickly picked up their instruments again and carried on playing. It just happened, and it was a one-take thing. A lot of people seem to really like that part. Taylor added, "I used a brown Gibson ES-345 for 'Dead Flowers' and the solo on 'Can't You Hear Me Knocking'." Jagger noted in the Spotify Landmark interview on the album that the key was too high for his voice and that "I [did] lots of vocals, harmonies to sort of hide the fact that I didn't really hit the notes that great in the chorus bits." An early alternate take of the song (with dummy/placeholder lyrics) was released in June 2015 on the Deluxe and Super Deluxe editions of the reissued "Sticky Fingers" album. Accolades. In 2004, "Rolling Stone" magazine listed it at number 25 in "The 100 Greatest Guitar Songs of All Time." "Mick Taylor had the biggest influence on me, without me even knowing it," remarked Slash. "My favourite Stones records were "Beggars Banquet", "Let It Bleed" and "Sticky Fingers"… One of the greatest Mick Taylor solos is 'Can't You Hear Me Knocking'. It's the kind of stuff that's almost like old Eric Clapton – it's very simple stuff, but it's about how the notes are placed and how you approach them." The Rolling Stones live performances. The number was part of the Rolling Stones' concert repertoire during their Licks Tour in 2002–2003 and A Bigger Bang Tour in 2005–2007. In these renditions, Jagger played a harmonica solo after Keys' sax solo, and Ronnie Wood performed the extended guitar solo. A live recording was released on the band's 2003 DVD set "Four Flicks" and on the 2004 concert album "Live Licks". It was also performed live during shows in 2013, with Mick Taylor appearing as a special guest with the band. Another live version was published on the release "Sticky Fingers Live - From The Vault", recorded on 20 May 2015 at the Henry Fonda Theater in Los Angeles, California, where the band played the entire "Sticky Fingers" album. Personnel. "Sticky Fingers". The Rolling Stones Additional musicians "Live Licks". The Rolling Stones Additional musicians References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

tumi mur tuka xuna naai neki "" "kewol tumi muk tuka di xunibo nuwara" "hoise ingraji rok bendo dyo rolling stonesor 1971 sonor elbam" "sticky fingers" "ror etaa trekk. trektu xaat minutetkoiu odhik dighol, aaru keith risardsor mukoli-ji xurojukto gitter porisoyor xoite aarombho hoy. mool gittu dui minute 43 sekendo dhori sole, jaar pisot ee ek xomproxarito tatkhyonik jyamoloi rupantorit hoy. xomogro trektu etaa tekot bondi koraa hoisil, jaamtu etaa xukhi durghotona aasil; bende onuman korisil je tape machintu bondho koraa hoise, aaru gutei odhibexontu bondi koraa huwa dekhi aasorit hoisil. mulotoh teuluke jaam aarombho huwar aagotei gaantu xex koriboloi goi aasil, kintu jaamtur baabe imaan xontusto hoisil je teuluke iyak bhitorot rokhar xiddhanto loisil. niyomiya rolling stonor xodosyo maik jegaar (bhukel), keith risards (gitter), mick tailor (gitter), charley waatch (drums) aaru bill waimen (bes) ror uporiu trektut konga baadok ror 'ki dijon, sexophonist bobi kiz, organisto billy preston aaru projujok jimi milaror otirikto parkasonou aase. rosona aaru recording. trektut kongasot ror 'ki dijon aasil; tenar sexophonist bobi kije risards aaru mick tailoror gitter kaamor uporot ek xomproxarito sexufun xulu poriwexon kore, jitu billy pristonor orgenor kaamor dwara bondho koraa hoisil. 4h40 bojat tailore risardsor poraa dayitwo loy aaru etaa dighol gitter cho "lo" ror xoite gaantu xex koriboloi loi yaay. risarde gitter rif likhaar bornona korisiloh 2002 sonot risarde recordingor uporot montobyo korisiloh 1979 sonor etaa xakhyatkarot tailore smoron korisiloh tailore logote koy, "moi 'dead flower' ror baabe badami giboson ess-345 byobohar korisilu aaru 'cant eu swiri mii nok' koo 'ror' too ekok byobohar korisilu." elbamtut spotifier jugantokari xakhyatkarot jegare ullekh korisil je teur konthosworor baabe sabitu oti besi aasil aaru "moi kuras bitxomuhot imaan bhaal tukatu prokritote aaghat koraa nasilu ei xotyotu lukuwaboloi moi bohutu kontho, xurota korisilu." gittur etaa prarombhik bikolpo grohon (daami/placeholderor gitor xoite) 2015 sonor june maahot punor prokax koraa "sticky fingers" elbamor delux aaru supar delux xongoskoronot mukoli koraa hoisil. proxongxa. 2004 sonot "rolling stone" alusoniye iyak "xorbokalor 100taa xorbosrestho gitter geet" ror talikat 25 nomborot talikabhukto korisil." rolling stonor live prodorxon. ei nombortu 2002-2003 too teulukor likoch bhromonor xomoyot rolling stonesor concertor repterir ongxo aasil aaru 2005-2007 too etaa dangor beng tyur aasil. ei prodorxonxomuhot, jegare sabir sex cho "lo" ror pisot etaa hormonika cho "lo" bornona korisil, aaru roni ude xomproxarito gitter cho "lo" bornona korisil. bendor 2003 sonor dibhidi set "sarita sobi" aaru 2004 sonor concert elbam "live likoch" too etaa live recording mukoli koraa hoisil. 2013 sonot onusthanor xomoyot iyak punpotiyakoi prodorxon koraa hoisil, zo "too mick tailore bendtur xoite bixex otithi hisape uposthito hoisil. 2015 sonor 20 mey 'too californier los angelesor henori fonda theaterot record koraa "sticky fingers live-from dyo volt" ror aan etaa live xongskoron prokax paisil, zo' too bende xomogro "sticky fingers" elbamtu bojuwa hoisil. kormosari. "aathure bhora aanguli. rolling stonxomuh otirikto xongitogyoxokol "live lixes". rolling stonxomuh otirikto xongitogyoxokol

upney kii amar kadaa nadte shunte pachchen naa? "cant eu hear mii naking" holl ingrez rock banned dya rolling stoneser ekti gaan jaa taader 1971 saaler album "" sticky fingers "" theke neoa hoyeche. tracti shaat minutero beshi deergho, ebong ekti keith richards open-zii surojukto gitter bhumika diye shuru hoy. mool ganti dui minit 43 second sthayi hoy, jaar porey etty ekti bordhito tatkhonik jyama-ayee rupantarita hoy. puro tracti eka teeka-ayee dhora porey, jyamti ekti sukhi durghotona chhilo; bandti dhorey niyechilo jey tape meshinti bondho hoye geche, ebong puro sessionti capture koraa hoyeche dekhe abak hoyechilo. prothome taaraa jyama shuru howar agei ganti shesh korte jachchilo, kintu jyamti niye etotai khushi hoyechilo jey taaraa etty rakhar siddhanta niyechilo. niyamita rolling stone sadasyader modhye maik jagger (kontho), keith richards (gitter), maik telor (gitter), charley wats (drums) ebong bill wyman (bases) chharao, tractite kanga player rockie dijon, saxophonist bobby qee, organist billy preston ebong projojok jimmy miller atirikto parokashono royeche. rachona ebong recording. tractite kangase pathure dijon chhilo; tenor saxophonist bobby kiguli richards ebong maik telor-err gitter kaajer upor ekti bordhito saxophone ekok poribeshon korey, jaa billy prestoner anger kaaj dwara biram deyo. 4taa 40 minute telor richardder kachh theke dayitto nene ebong ekti deergho gitter ekok diye ganti shesh porjonto bohon corren. richards gitter riff lekhar bornona diyechenah 2002 saale, richards recording somporke montobbo korenoh 1979 saaler ekti sakkhatkare telor smaran korenoh tailor arow bollen, "aami 'deeda flower'-err jonno ekti badami gibson esha-345 ebong 'cant eu shrobon mii naking'-err ekok byabohar korechi." albumer spotify landmark sakkhatkare jagger ullekh korechen jey taar kanthaswarer jonno chaabi khub beshi chhilo ebong "aami eyi satyati lukanor jonno prachur kanthaswar, surer soor karechilam jey aami sottii corus bitgulite eto vall notguli aghat korini." 2015 saaler june maase punra prokashito "sticky finger" albumer delux ebong super delux sangaskarane gantir ekti prathomik bikalpa grohon (dummy/placeholder gaaner saathe) mukti paay. proshongsha. 2004 saale, "rolling stone" magazine etike "sorbokaler 100tii sera gitter gaaner" talika 25 nombore talikabhukto korey." rolling stone live performance. eyi sankhyati rolling stoneser concerter prodorshonir ongsho chhilo jokhon taaraa 2002-2003-ayee taader licks sofor korechilo ebong 2005-2007-ayee ekti borh bang sofor korechilo. eyi uposthaponai, jagger qee 'sacks solo-err porey ekti hermonica ekok bajaten ebong ronnie udd bordhito gitter ekok poribeshon korten. bander 2003 saaler dvd seeta "phore flick" ebong 2004 saaler concert album "live licks"-ayee ekti live recording mukti paay. 2013 saale anusthan chalakalin etty sarasari poribeshito hoyechilo, jekhane maik telor bander saathe bishesh atithi hisabe uposthito chhilen. arekti live sanskaran "sticky fingers live-from dya volt" releasey prokashito hoyechilo, jaa 20 meey 2015 saale californier loss angeleser henry fonda theatrey record koraa hoyechilo, jekhane bandti puro "sticky fingers" albumty bajiechilo. karmi. "antsant angul. rolling pathor atirikto sangitshilpira "live lixes. rolling pathor atirikto sangitshilpira

shun tame maney khakhdavto sambhali shaktaa nathee? "shun tame maney khakhdavta sambhali shaktaa nathee" aee angreji roqa bendnu aek geet chhe, jeey temnaa 1971 naa album "" sticky finger "" maanthi rolling stones chhe ". aaa track saat minutethi vadhu laambo chhe, aneey keath richards open-jee tune gitaar prastavnathi sharoo thaay chhe. mukhya geet beey minut aneey 43 second sudhee chaale chhe, jeey pachhi teey vistrut improvisational jaamma parivartit thaay chhe. samagr track aek tekmaa qeda karvaamaa aavyo hato, jemaa jaam aek sukhad akasmaat hato; bende dhaaryu hatoo keey tape machine bundh thaee gayoo chhe, aneey samagr satrane kabaje karvaamaa aavyu chhe teey jaanine aashchary thayu hatoo. sharuaatmaa teo jaam sharoo thaay teey pahelaa geet samaapt karvaa jaee rahyaa hataa, parantu teo jaamthi etalaa khush hataa keey teoae tene andar raakhvaanu nakki karyoo. niyameet rolling stones sabhyo mike jegger (vocals), keath richards (gitaar), miqa taylor (gitaar), charley wats (drums) aneey bill wyman (baas) upraant, trekmaa konga vaadak khadkaal dijon, sexophonist bobby keys, organist biilii preston aneey nirmata jimmi miller dwara vadharana percusion pann chhe. rachnaa aneey reqordina. trekmaa kangas parr khadkaal digeon darshavvama aavyu hatoo; tenara sexophonist bobby keys richards aneey miqa tailornaa gitaar varqa parr vistrut saxophone solo rajoo karey chhe, jeey biilii prestonnaa anga kaary dwara viramchinhit chhe. 4. 40 vaagye taylor richards pasethi javabdari sambhaale chhe aneey laambaa gitaar solo saathe geetane tenaa anta sudhee laee jaay chhe. richardse gitaar riff lakhvaanu varnan karyunh 2002maan, richardse reqordina parr tippani kareeh tellare 1979naa aek interviewmaa yaad karyunh tellare umeryu, "meyn 'deeda flowers' maate braaun gibson aesa-345 aneey 'qenta yuu hayer mee nocking' parr solono upyog karyo hato." jegare album parr spotify simachinh mulakatma nondhyu hatoo keey chaavee tenaa avaaj maate khoob unchee hatee aneey "meyn aaa hakeekatne chhupavva maate ghanaa badhaa gaayan, samvaditao karyaa hataa keey meyn kharekhar samoohgitnaa tukadaoma aetali saaree nondho hita curry nathee." geetno praarambhik vaikalpik upyog (dummy/placeholder geeto saathe) juuna 2015maan fareethi prakashit "sticky finger" aalbamni delux aneey super delux aavruttio parr rajoo karvaamaa aavyo hato. prashansa. 2004maan, "rolling stone" saamyike tene "sarvkaaleen 100 mahaan gitaar geetoni yaadimaa 25maa krame soochibaddh karyoo hatoo." rolling stones jivant pradarshan karey chhe. aaa number rolling stonesna sangeet kaarykramna pradarshanno bhaag hato, jyaare teo 'id2' maan temnaa 'liqa' pravaas darmiyan aneey 'id1' maan motaa benga tour darmiyan hataa. aaa prastutiomaa, jugger 'keys' seqsa solo pachhi harmonica solo vagaadtaa hataa aneey ronee woodey vistrut gitaar solo rajoo karyo hato. bendnaa 2003naa dvd seeta "phora filmo" aneey 2004naa concert album "live licks" parr jivant reqordina rajoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. teey 2013 maan shho darmiyan jivant pann rajoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo, jemaa miqa taylor benned saathe vishesh maheman tareeke dekhaayo hato. anya jivant sanskaran "sticky finger live-phroma dhaa walt" prakaashan parr prakashit thayu hatoo, jeey 20 meey 2015naa roj keliforniyana losa angelsmaa henry fonda theatrema reqorda karvaamaa aavyu hatoo, jyaan bende samagr "sticky finger" album vagaadyu hatoo. karmchaareeo. "chikani aangadio". fartaa pattharo vadharana sangeetkaaro "jivant liko". fartaa pattharo vadharana sangeetkaaro

kyaa aap mujhe khatkhataate hue naheen suna sakate hain "kyaa aap mujhe khatkhataate hue naheen suna sakate hain" angreji rock baind dha rolling stones kaa ack track haye joe unake 1971 key album "" sticky fingers "" seey haye. track saat minut seey adhik lamba haye, aur ack keath richard key open-jee tuned gitar parichay key saath shuru hotaa haye. mukhya geet dou minut aur 43 sekand taka chalata haye, jisake baad yeh ack vistaarit ashurachana jaim mein badal jaataa haye. poore track koo ack tech mein kaid curr liya gayaa thaa, jisamen jaam ack sukhad durghatana thee; baind ney maan liya thaa kii tape machine koo roque diyaa gayaa thaa, aur yeh jaankar aashcharyachakit they kii poore satra koo kaid curr liya gayaa thaa. mool roop seey way jaam shuru honey seey pahale geet koo samaapt karane jaa rahey they, lekin jaam seey itane khush they kii unhone ise ander rakhane kaa faisala kiya. niyamit rolling stone sadasyon mike jagger (gaayan), keath richards (gitar), mike teller (gitar), charley wats (drum) aur bill wyman (baas) key alawa, track mein conga vaadak rockie dijon, saxophonist bobby keys, organist billy preston aur nirmaata jimmi miller dwara atirikt taalvaadya bhee shamil hain. rachana aur recording. track mein kangas parr chattani dijon dikhaaya gayaa thaa; tenner saxophonist bobby keys ney richard aur mike teller key gitar key kaam parr ack vistaarit saxophone ekal pradarshan kiya, joe billy preston key anga kaary seey viram chihnit thaa. 4: 40 baje teller ney richard seey padbhar sambhala aur ack lambe gitar ekal key saath geet koo apane anta taka leey gayaa. richards ney gitar riff likhane kaa varnan kiyaah 2002 mein, recording parr richard ney tippani keeh teller ney 1979 key ack sakshatkar mein yaad kiyaah teller ney aage kahaa, "maine 'mrit foolon' key liye bhoore rung key gibson aiss-345 kaa upayog kiya aur 'kyaa aap mujhe khatkhataate hue naheen suna sakate' parr ekal kaa upayog kiya." jagger ney album parr spotify aitihaasik sakshatkar mein nott kiya kii unaki aavaaj key liye kunji bahut adhik thee aur "maine iss tathya koo chhipaane key liye bahut saare swar, samanjasya kiye kii maine vaastav mein corus bits mein itane achche notes naheen maare." geet kaa ack praarambhik vaikalpik roop (nakali/placeholder geeton key saath) juuna 2015 mein punah jaari "sticky finger" album key delux aur super delux sanskaranon parr jaari kiya gayaa thaa. prashansa. 2004 mein, "rolling stone" patrika ney ise "sarvakaalik 100 mahantam gitar geeton" kii apani soochi mein 25vein sthaan parr soochibaddh kiya." rolling stone live pradarshan karate hain. yeh sankhya rolling stones key sangeet karyakram key pradarshan kaa hissa thee, joe unake 'ids2' mein likk daure key dauran aur 'ids1' mein ack badey dhamaake key daure key dauran thaa. inn prastutiyon mein, jagger ney 'keys' sax solo key baad ack harmonica solo bajaaya, aur rony wood ney vistaarit gitar solo kaa pradarshan kiya. baind key 2003 dvd sett "phore films" aur 2004 key sangeet karyakram album "live lixes" parr ack live recording jaari kii gaee thee. ise 2013 mein show key dauran bhee live pradarshan kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen mike teller baind key saath ack vishesh atithi key roop mein dikhaai diye they. ack anya live sanskaran release "sticky finger live-from dha walt" parr prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa, jise 20 maee 2015 koo loss angils, california mein heinry fonda theatre mein record kiya gayaa thaa, jahan baind ney puuraa "sticky finger" album bajaaya thaa. karmi. "chipchipi ungaliyaan. ludhakate patthar atirikt sangeetkaar "live lixes. ludhakate patthar atirikt sangeetkaar

naanu badidukolluvudannu neevu keluttillave? "cant yuu hear mii nock" embudu inglish rock byaand dhii rolling stones avara 1971 rahra album "sticky fingers" naa haadu ". ee haadu elu nimishagaliginta hecchu uddavaagide, mattu keeth richards open-zii tuned guitar parichayadondige praarambhavaaguttade. mukhya haadu eradu nimisha mattu 43 sekendugala kaala iruttade, nantara adhu vistruta sudhaarita jaam aagi badalaaguttade. idee track annu onde teknalli serehidiyalaayitu, jaam ondu santoshada apaghaatavaagittu; tape yantravannu nillisalaagide endu byaand bhavisittu mattu idee session annu serehidiyalaagide endu kandu aashcharyavaayitu. moolatah avaru jaam praarambhavaaguva modalu haadannu konegolisaliddaru, aadare jaamninda eshtu santoshagondiddarinda avaru adannu ulisikollalu nirdharisidaru. niyamita rolling stones sadasyaraada mick jagar (gayana), keeth richards (guitar), mick taylor (guitar), charley wats (drums) mattu bill wyman (baas) jotege, ee haadinalli kanga vaadaka rockie dijan, saxophone vaadaka baabi keys, organist billi preston mattu nirmaapaka jimmi miller avara hechchuvari taalavaadyavoo ide. samyojane mattu dhwanimudrana. ee haadu kangasnalli rock dijan annu olagondittu; tenar saxophone vaadaka baabi keys richards mattu mick taylor avara guitar kelasada mele vistruta saxophone ekavyakti pradarshanavannu niiduttaare, idu billi priston argan varkninda viraamachihneyaagide. 4. 4 taylor richardgalinda adhikara vahisikolluttaane mattu sudirgha guitar solodondige haadannu adara antyakke kondoyyuttaane. guitar riff annu bareyuvudannu richards vivarisiddaareh vivarisiddaareh, richards ee dhwanimudranada bagge heege pratikriyisidaruh 1979rahra sandarshanavondaralli taylor nenapisikondaruh taylor, "naanu 'dead flovers' gaagi kandu gibson ess-345 annu balasiddene mattu 'cant yuu hear mii nock' emba ekavyakti haadannu balasiddene." aalbamnallina spotify heggurutu sandarshanadalli, avara dhwanige keeliyu tumba hechchaagide mattu "naanu nijavagiyoo svaragalannu doddadaagi hitt madalilla emba amshavannu maremachalu naanu saakashtu gayana, saamarasyagalannu maadiddene" endu jagar gamanisidaru." haadina arambhika paryaya take annu (dummy/placeholder saahityadondige) zoon 2015 ralli marumudranagonda "sticky fingers" albumna delux mattu suuper delux aavruttigalalli bidugade maadalaayitu. prashastigalu. prashastigalu, "rolling stone" niyatakaalikavu tanna "saarvakaalika 100 shreshtha guitar haadugala" pattiyalli 25neey sthaanavannu padedukonditu." rolling stones live pradarshanagalu. ee sankhyeyu rolling stonesna sangeeta kacheriya sangrahada bhagavagittu, idu avara lixes pravaasada samayadalli, mattu dodda byang pravaasada samayadalli, ee prastutigalalli, jagar keegala nantara harmonica solovannu nudisidaru, mattu rony wood vistruta guitar solovannu nudisidaru. bandna 2003rahra dvd sett "phore flixes" mattu 2004rahra sangeeta kachheri album "live lixes" nalli nera dhwanimudranawannu bidugade maadalaayitu. idannu 2013 ralli pradarshanagala samayadalli nera pradarshana nidalaayitu, mick taylor byaandnondige vishesha atithiyaagi kanisikondaru. mattondu nera aavruttiyannu "sticky fingers live-frum dhii walt" bidugadeyalli prakatisalaayitu, idannu 20 mayee 2015 randu californiada laas angelisnalliruva henry fonda theaternalli dhwanimudrisalaayitu, allie byaand idee "sticky fingers" album annu nudisitu. sibbandi. "jigutaada beralugalu". rolling kallugalu hechchuvari sangeetagaararu "live lixes". rolling kallugalu hechchuvari sangeetagaararu

mallah thaap martana aikoo yet nahee qaa? "cann yuu hair mea nocking' heey ingraji rock band daad rolling stonesche tyanchya 1971 chya 'sticky bingers' yaa albammadhil gaane aahe. heey gaane saat minitanpeksha jaast lamb aahe aanee keath richardchya open-jee tune gitar parichayane suru hote. mukhya gaane done minite aanee 43 sekand chalate, jyanantar teey vistarit imprevicetional jaammadhye rupantarit hote. sampoorn track ekach tekmadhye tipla gela, jaam haah eka sukhad apghat hota; bandney asey gruheet dharale hote qee tape machine thambavali gelee aahe aanee sampoorn satra tipale gele aahe heey pahoon tyanna aashchary vatale. suruvatila teey jaam suru honyapurvi gaane sampavanar hote, parantu jammule itake khoosh jhaale qee tyanni teey tyat thevanyacha nirnay ghetala. niyamit rolling stone sadasya mike jagger (gayan), keath richards (gitar), mike teller (gitar), charley wats (drum) aanee biil wyman (baas) vyatirikt, yaa trackmadhye conga vadak rock deason, saxophonist bobby keys, organist biilii preston aanee nirmata jimmi millerche atirikt talvadya dekhil aahe. rachana aanee dhwanimudran. yaa ganyat kangasvar khadkal dijon hote; tenner saxophonist bobby keys richard aanee mike tellerchya gitarvar vistarit saxophone solo sadar karatat, jeey biilii prestonchya avyav karyane viramchinhit kele jaate. 4. 40 vajata teller richardkadoon padbhar swikarato aanee eka lamb gitar solosah gaane tyachya shevataparyant gheuun jaato. richardne gitar riif lihinyache varnan keleh 2002 madhye, richardne dhvanimudranavar tippani keleeh keleeh eka mulakhatit tellarne aathvan karoon dileeh teller pudhe mhanala, "mea 'deed flovers' sathee tapkiri gibson ess-345 aanee 'cann yuu hair mea nocking' vareel ekal vaparale." albumvaril spotifychya aitihasik mulakhatit jaggerne namood kele qee tyachya aavajasathi chavee khoop jaast hotee aanee "mea khoop swar, susanvade kelee qee mea heey satya lapavale qee mea kharokhar swarmelatil chhotya chhotya swaranmadhye itake changle hiit kele nahee." ganyache prarambhik paryayi swaroop (dummy/placeholderchya bolansah) juuna 2015 madhye punha prakashit kelelya 'sticky fingers' albumchya delux aanee super delux aavrutyanvar prakashit karnyat aale. prashansa. 2004 madhye, 'rolling stone' masikane tyachya 'sarvkaleen 100 mahan gitar ganyanchya' yadeet tyala 25 vya kramankavar soochibaddha kele." rolling stonesche thet sadarikaran. haah kramank rolling stoneschya maifilichya pradarshanacha bhag hota, jevha teey teey madheel tyanchya 'licks tour' madhye aanee aanee madheel eka mothya bang tourmadhye hote. yaa sadarikarananmadhye, jaggerne 'keys' chya sacks solo nantar eka harmonica solo vajavala aanee ronny woodney vistarit gitar solo sadar keela. bandchya bandchya dii. vhee. dii. sanchavar 'phoor films' aanee aanee maifilichya album 'live licks' varr eka thet dhwanimudran prakashit karnyat aale. 2013 madhye pradarshanadarmyan tyache thet sadarikaranhi karnyat aale hote, jyat mike teller haah bandsobat vishesh atithi mhanoon disala hota. aanakhi eka thet aavrutti 'sticky fingers live-fraum daad walt' yaa prakashanavar prakashit karnyat aalee, jee 20 meey 2015 roji losses angelis, california yetheel heinry fonda theatermadhe dhwanimudrit karnyat aalee, jithe bandney sampoorn 'sticky fingers' album vajavala. karmchari. "chikat bote". gundalanare dagad atirikt sangitkar "jiwant lickets". gundalanare dagad atirikt sangitkar

key tapainle malai takatak gardai sunnuhunna "key tapain malai nak gardai sunnuhunna" angreji ruck bandko uniharuko 1971 album "" sticky finger "" batt rolling stoneko track how. track saat minetbhanda lamo chha, rar keith richards open-zee tune garieko gitar parichayabata suru hunchha. mukhya geet dui minet rar 43 secondsamma rahanchha, tyasapachhi yo wistarit improvisional jamma parinat hunchha. sampurna track ekai tekma khichieko thiyo, zam ek sukhad durghatana thiyo; bandley tape messin rokiyo bhanera maneko thiyo, rar sampurna satra khichieko dekhera achamma lagyo. suruma uniharule zam suru hunuaghi nai geet samapta garna jaandai thie, tara jambata yati khusi bhae kii uniharule yasalai bhitra rakhne nirnaya gare. niyamit rolling stone sadasyaharu mick jagar (bhokal), keith richards (gitar), mick taylor (gitar), charley watt (drum) rar bill wyman (bass) bahek, trackma konga player raki dijon, saxophonist babi keys, arganista billy preston rar nirmata zimmi millerko atirikta perkson pani samawesh chha. rachana rar recording. trackma kangasma chattani dijon prastut garieko thiyo; tenner saxophonist babi kijle bill prestonko anga karyadwara viramchinha garieko richard rar mick tellerko gitarko kamma wistarit saxophone ekal pradarshan gardacha. 4ah40 maa tailerle richardbata padabhar linchhan rar lamo gitar ekalko sath gitlai yasako antyama bokchhan. richardle gitar riff lekhne warnan gareh sann 2002 maa, richardsle recordingmathi tippani gareh tailerle sann 1979 ko antarwartama samjhaeh tailerle thape, "maile 'dead flower' kaa lagi khairo gibson ess-345 rar 'cant yu sear mii nak' maa ekal prayog garen." albumma spatifai landmark antarwartama jagarle unko awazka lagi chabi dherai uccha thiyo rar "maile corus bitharuma asal noteharu heat garena bhanne tathya lukauna dherai swar, harmonharu garen." gitko prarambhik vaikalpik tech (dommy/placeholder shabdaharu) june 2015 maa punah jaari garieko "sticky finger" albumko delocks rar super delocks sanskaranharuma jaari garieko thiyo. prashansa. sann 2004 maa, "rolling stone" patrikale yasalai "sabai samayaka 100 mahan gitar githaruko suchima 25 nambarma suchibadha गऱ्यो।" rolling stoneharu pratyaksha pradarshanharu. yo number rolling stoneko concertko bhandarko hissa thiyo june uniharuko licks bhramanko samayama 2002-2003 rar 2005-2007 maa thulo byang tour thiyo. yee prastutiharuma, jagarle chabiharuko sax solo pachhi harmonica solo bajae, rar rony woodle wistarit gitar solo pradarshan gare. bandko 2003 dividi sett "fore flick" rar 2004 concert album "laibh licks" maa laibh recording jaari garieko thiyo. yo sann 2013 maa karyakramharuma pratyaksha pradarshan garieko thiyo, jasma mick taylor bandsanga vishesh atithika rupma dekha pareka thie. arko pratyaksha sanskaran releasma prakashit bhaeko thiyo "sticky finger laibh-frum da bhalt", 20 mey 2015 maa lus angels, californiako heinry fonda thieterma record garieko thiyo, jahaan bandley sampurna "sticky finger" album bajaeko thiyo. karmachariharu. "chipchipa aunlaaharu. rolling pattharharu atirikta sangitkarharu "laibh licks". rolling pattharharu atirikta sangitkarharu

moe khata khata shunu naahn kii? "kwand jayu hiring mea naking" heuchhi ingraji rock banned rahr roling stones rahr eka track jaahaa semanankara 1971 album "" sticky fingers "" ru aasichhi. ehi geetati saata minitaru adhika lamba, ebong eka keith richards open-jii tune gitara parichiti sahita arambha hue . mukhya geetati dui minute ebong 43 second parjyanta chalithae, jaahaa parey ehaa eka bardhita improvisational jaamare parinata hue . samagra track gotie tekare qaeda karajaithila, zaam eka khusi durghatana thila; banned anumana karithila je tape messin banda hoijaichhi, ebong samagra adhibeshanaku capture karajaithiba dekhi ashcharjya hoithile . prathame semane zaam arambha heba purbaru geetatiku shesh karibaku jauthile, kintu zaam ray ete khusi hoithile je semane ehaaku bhitare rakhibaku nishpatti neithile. nijamita roling stone sadasya mick jagger (kantha), keith richards (gitara), mick taylor (gitara), charley waat (drums) ebong bill wajaman (baas) byatita, ehi track ray konga player raki dison, saxophonebadaka bubby keys, organist billy preston ebong nirmata jimi milaranka atirikta perkson madhya achhi . rachna ebong recording. ehi geetare kongasare pathara dison pradarshita hoithila; tenor saxophonebadaka bubby keys rechards ebong mick telaranka gitara karjya upare eka bardhita saxophone solo pradarshan karanti, jaahaa billy prestananka anga karjya dwara biram die . | 4taa taylor richardanka thaaru dajitwa grahan karanti ebong eka lamba gitara solo sahita geetatiku shesh parjyanta nei jaanti . richards gitara riff lekhibara barnana karithileh 2002 ray, richards recording upare mantabya deithileh 1979 masihar eka sakhyatakarare taylor smarana karithileh tailor ahuri madhya kahichanti, "mun 'mruta phul' paain eka badami gibson ess-345 byabahara colly ebong 'cann jayu hiring mea nuck' ray ekaka byabahara colly." alabamare spotify landmark sakhyatakarare jagara ullekha karithile je taanka swara paain chaabi bahuta adhika thila ebong "mun ehi satyaku luchaibaku [karithili] aneka kantha, harmony je mun bastabare courus bitare ete bhal note marily naahin ." gitatira eka prarambhika bikalpa grahan (dommy/placeholder geeta sahita) june 2015 ray punah prakashita "sticky fingers" albummer delocks ebong super delocks sanskaranare muktilabha karithila . prashansa. 2004 masihare, "roling stone" patrika ehaaku "sarbakaleena 100 sarbashrestha gitara geeta" talikare 25 nambarare talikabhukta karithila." roling stoner laiva pradarshan. ehi nambarati roling stoner sangeeta karjyakramara eka ansha thila, jetebele semane semane ray 'licks' gasta karithile ebong ebong ray eka budd bang tour karithile. ehi upasthapanagudikare, jagara 'sax solo' parey eka harmonic solo bajaithile, ebong rony udd bardhita gitara solo paribeshana karithile. bander 2003 dividi sett "fore films" ebong 2004 concert album "live licks" ray eka live recording muktilabha karithila . 2013 ray shoe samajare ehaa madhya live paribeshana karajaithila, mick taylor banned sahita eka swatantra atithi bhabare upasthita hoithile . anya eka live sanskarana "sticky fingers live-frum daa valta" ray prakashita hoithila, jaahaa 20 meey 2015 ray californier lus angelsra heinry phonda thietarare record karajaithila, jeunthare banned samagra "sticky fingers" album paribeshana karithila . karmachari. "aanguthigudika chatpata. ghurnajamana pathara atirikta sangeetagya "jibanta licks. ghurnajamana pathara atirikta sangeetagya

qee tusin mainoon khadkaunde naheen sunn sakde? "qee tusin mainoon khadkaunde hoye naheen sunn sakde" angrezi raak baind daa ikk track haii joe uhanan dee 1971 dee album "" sticky fingers "" toon rolling stones haii. ih track satt mint toon vaddh lamba haii, atey ikk keath richards open-jee tuned gitar dee shuruat naal shuru hunda haii. mukkh geet doou mint atey 43 skint takk chalda haii, jiss toon baad ih ikk vistrit sudharatmak jaim witch badal jaanda haii. poore track noon ikk take witch qaid qarr liaa giaa see, jaam ikk khushhal durghatna see; baind neey manniaa see kii tape masheen noon roque ditta giaa see, atey ih dekh keey hairan sunn kii poore saishan noon capture qarr liaa giaa see. asal witch uh jaam shuru honn toon pahilan geet noon khatam curran jaa rahey sunn, parr uh jaam toon inne khush sunn kii unhan neey iss noon ander rakkhan daa faisla keeta. iss track witch niyamit rolling stone memberan, mick jaigar (vocal), keath richards (gitar), mick teller (gitar), charley wats (drum) atey bill wyman (baas) toon ilava, kaunga player rockie digeon, sexophonist baubi keys, organist billie preston atey nirmata jimmi miller duaara vadhu pakkrushan vee shamal haii. rachna atey recording. track witch congs utte chatani digeon dee visheshta see; tenner sexophonist baubi kunji richards atey mick teller dey gitar dey kamm utte ikk vistrit sexophone solo pesh kardi haii, joe billie preston dey anga dey kamm duaara viram chinhit hundi haii. 4. 40 vaje teller neey richards toon sambhal liaa atey ikk lambe gitar solo naal geet noon aapne ant takk lae giaa. richards neey gitar riff likhan daa varnan keetaau 2002 witch, recording utte richards neey tippni kitia teller neey 1979 dey ikk interview witch yaad keetaau teller neey agge kiha, "main 'dedd fullan' laee ikk bhure gibson ee. aiss.-345 dee varton keeti atey 'qee tusin mainoon khadkaunde naheen sunn sakde' 'teey ikalle." album utte spotify landmark interview witch jaigar neey nott keeta kii kunji uss dee aavaaz laee bahut ucchi see atey "main iss tatth noon lukaun laee bahut saariaan aavazan, sadbhavnavan keetiaan kii main asal witch course bittan witch bahut vadhiaa notes naheen maare." geet daa ikk shuruati badalvan take (dummy/placeholder geetan dey naal) juun 2015 witch dubara jaari keeti gaee "sticky fingers" album dey delux atey super delux editionan utte jaari keeta giaa see. sanman. sann 2004 witch, "rolling stone" magazine neey iss noon "100 mahaan gitar geetan dee suchi witch 25ven number utte suchibadh keeta." rolling patthar live pardarshan karde hunn. ih number uhanan dey licks tour dauran rolling stones dey sangeet samaroh dey bhandar daa hissa see atey 2002-2003 witch ikk vadde dhamake dey daure witch. ihanan peshkariaan witch, jaigar neey kunji dey saiks solo toon baad ikk harmonica solo vajaiaa, atey ronnie wood neey vistrit gitar solo pesh keeta. baind dey 2003 dey dvd sett "fore flix" atey 2004 dee sangeet samaroh album "live licks" utte ikk live recording jaari keeti gaee see. iss noon 2013 witch shoa dauran live vee pesh keeta giaa see, jiss witch mick teller baind dey naal ikk vishesh mehmann vajon dikhai ditta see. ikk horr live sanskaran rileez 'sticky fingers live-fraum dha walt' 'teey prakashit keeta giaa see, joe 20 maee 2015 noon california dey laas angels witch hannery fonda theatre witch ricard keeta giaa see, jitthe baind neey puurii "sticky fingers" album khedi see. karamchari. "hatth deeaan unglan. rolling patthar vadhu sangeetkar "live licks". rolling patthar vadhu sangeetkar

kim tvam mama nudanam naa shrutavaan? "kyaand yoo hear mii naak-inn" iti aangl-raak-vaadyavrundasya da rolling stones ityasya 1971 tame varshe prakashitasya "sticky-fingers" iti aalbam ityasya geetam asti. saptanimeshaat adhikam deergham geetam keet richards ityasya open-jee-tuned gitaar-parichayena arabhyate. mukhyageetam nimeshadwayam 43 sekendam yaavat bhavati, tadanantaram vistrutam improvijeshanal jaam iti parivartate. sampoornam geetam ekasmin tech-madhye gruheetam, jaam iti sukhada-durghatanaa aasit; vaadyavrundah tape-yantram sthagitam iti anumanyata, sampoornam satram gruheetam iti dnyaatvaa cha ashcharyam avaapnot. moolatah te jaam-arambhat poorvam geetam samaaptum gacchanti sma, parantu jaam-ityanena eteshaam prasannau abhavan yat te tatt sthaapayitum nishchinoho. niyamita-rolling-stones-sadasyanam mick-jaagar (gayanam), keet-richards (gitaar), mick-teller (gitaar), charley-wats (drums), bill-vaiman (baas) ityetaan atirichya asmin track-madhye kongaa-vaadakah raak-dijaan, saxophonist-baabi-keys, arganist-bilee-preston, nirmaatru jimmi-miller ityasya atirikta-perkson cha santi. rachanaa tathaa abhilekhah. gitasya kongaas-madhye shilaa-dijon aasit; tenner-saxophonist-baabi-keys iteedam richards tathaa mick-teller ityetayoho gitaar-krutau vistrutam saxophone-solo-pradarshanm karoti, yat bilee-preston ityasya aargan-krutyaa viraamachinhitam asti. 4. 40 vaadane teller ityeshah richards-taha karyam sveekrutya dirghena gitaar-solo ityanena saha geetam samaaptam prati vahati. richards ityeshah gitaar-riff ityasya lekhanasy varnanam akarot. 2002 tame varshe, recording vishaye richards ityanena tippaneeh krutah. teller 1979 tame varshe ekasmin saakshaatkaarasy smaranam akarot. teller ityanena avadat, "aham 'mrutapushpaanaam' krute godhoomavarnasya gibson ess-345 ityasya, 'kyaand yoo hear mii naak' iti ekaakinah cha upayujyate sma." aalbam-madhye spaatifai-iti aitihaasika-saakshaatkaarasy jaagar-varyaha avadat yat tasya dhwanyaah chaavee ati ucchah aasit, tathaa cha "aham bahuswaram, swarasamanjasyaam krutavaan, yena aham vastutah swara-khandeshu atra uttamm naa hitt krutavaan iti satyam alikhaami." gitasya prarambhikam vaikalpikam grahanam (dummy/placeholder-geetaih saha) 2015 joon-maase punah prakashitasya "sticky-fingers" aalbam ityasya delux tathaa soopar-delux-samskaraneshu pradarshitam. prashamsaam. 2004 tame varshe "rolling stone" iti patrikaa "saarvakaalikasy 100 shreshtaanaam gitaar-gitanam" suchyam 25 tame sthaane suchibaddhavati." rolling stones laiv pradarshanani kurvanti. 2002-2003 ityasmin teshaam licks-pravaasasya samaye, tathaa cha 2005-2007 ityasmin bruhattar-byaang-pravaasasya samaye, etat sankhyaa rolling stones-sangeeta-pradarshanasy bhaagam aasit. eteshu prastuteekaraneshu, jaigar-varyaha kee-ityasya shesham, ekaakim, ekaakim, ekaakim, ekaakim, ekaakim, raanee-wood ityetabhyam vistrutam gitaar-geetam abhyanayt. 2003 tame varshe vaadyavrundasya dee. vee. dee. sett "fore-flix" ityatra, 2004 tame varshe sangeeta-sangrahasya "laiv-licks" ityatra cha pratyaksha-dhwanimudranam pradarshitam. 2013 tame varshe pradarshanasy samaye api tatt pratyaksharoopen pradarshitam, yasmin mick teller ityeshah vaadyavrundena saha vishesha-atithiroopen abhyanayt. sticky-fingers-laiv-frum da-walt" iti prakashanasya anyat pratyaksham samskaranam prakaashitam, yat 20 mey 2015 dinaanke california-rajyasya laas-angelies-nagarasya heinry-fondaa-natyashalayam dhvanimudritam, yatra vaadyavrundah sampoornam "sticky-fingers" aalbam abhyanayt. karmachaarinah. "sticky-aangulaani". prastarani chaalayanti. atirikta-sangeetadnyaah "laiv licks" iti. prastarani chaalayanti. atirikta-sangeetadnyaah

naan thattuvathai neengkal kaetka mudiyaathu "cant yuu carrie mee nocking" enbathu aangkila raak isaikkuzhuvin 1971 aam aandu aalbamaana "" sticky finkers "" ilirunththu urulum karkal oru paadal ". aezhu nimidangalukkum maelaana neelamulla inthap paadal, keeth richards thirantha-jii dune seiyappatta kittar arimugaththudan thodangukirathu. pirathaana paadal irandu nimidangal mattrum 43 vinaadigal needikkum, adhan piragu adhu oru neettikappatta maempatta jaamaaga maarukirathu. muzhu trackum oray takel pidikkappattathu, jaam oru magizhchchiyaana vibaththu; tape iyanththiram niruththappattathaaga isaikkuzhu karuthi, muzhu amarvum kaippattrappattathaik kandu aachariyappattathu. muthalil avarkal jaam thodanguvatharku munbu paadalai mudikkap poakiraargal, aanaal jaam kuritthu migavum magizhchchiyadainthathaal adhai ullae vaiththiruka mudivu seithanar. valakkamaana urulum karkal uruppinargalaana mick jaagar (kural), keeth richards (kittar), mick daylor (kittar), chaarli whats (trums) mattrum pill wyman (baas) thavira, inththa paadalil kanga player rockie dijon, saxophonist baabi keys, organist billie breston mattrum thayaarippaalar jimmi millerine koodudhal thaalamum adangkum. thoguppu mattrum pathivu. inththa paadal congassil paarai dejonike kondirundhadhu; danner saxophonist baabi keys richards mattrum mick dailorin kittar vaelai meethu oru neettikappatta saxabone thanii nigazhththukirathu, idhu billie breston uruppu vaelaiyaal niruththappadukirathu. 4. 40 manikku dailor richchartkalidamirunthu poruppaettru, oru neenda kittar thanii paadaludan paadalai adhan iruthi varai eduththuch selkiraar. kittar rif ezhuthuvathai richards vivarithaar 2002 aam aandil, richards pathivu kuritthu karutthu therivithaar 1979 aam aandu oru nerkaanalil dailor ninaivu kurndar dailor maelum koorugaiyil, "naan 'tett plovers' mattrum 'cant yuu carrie mii thattu' endra thanii olikku paluppu kipson ess-345 aip payanpaduththinaen." aalpaththil spotify milecal nerkaanalil jaagar avarathu kuralukku visai miga athigamaaga iruppathaakavum, "naan unmaiyil guras pitkalil ulla sirantha kurippugalai adikkavillai endra unmaiyai maraikka niraiya kuralgal, haarmoanigalai seithaen" endrum kuripittaar." paadalin aaramba maattru take (poali/placeholder paadalkaludan) juun 2015 ill meendum veliyidappatta "ottum viralgal" aalpaththin delux mattrum suuppar delux pathippukalil veliyidappattathu. paaraattukal. 2004 aam aandil, "rolling stone" idhazh "ellah kaalaththilum 100 sirantha kittar paadalkalin pattiyalil 25 vadhu idaththil pattiyalittathu." urulum karkal neradi nigazhchchigal. inththa enn, avarkalin lixes suttruppayanaththin poathu urulum karkalin kacheri thoguppin oru paguthiyaaga irunththathu, maelum 2005-2007 ill oru periya baeng suttruppayanam. inththa thoguppukalil, jaagar visaigalin sax thanii piragu oru harmonica thanii isaiththaar, maelum ronnie wood neettikappatta kittar thanii isai nigazhththinaar. isaikkuzhuvin 2003 dii. vii. dii thoguppaana "fore flix" mattrum 2004 kacheri aalbamaana "live lixes" aagiyavattril oru neradi pathivu veliyidappattathu. idhu 2013 aam aandil nigazhchchigalin poathu neralaiyil nigazhththappattathu, mick dailor isaikkuzhuvudan sirappu virunththinaraaga thoantrinaar. mattroru neradi pathippu "ottum viralgal neradi-pettiyil irunthu" veliyeettil veliyidappattathu, idhu 20 mae 2015 andru californiavin losses aenchalsil ulla hendri fonda theateril pathivu seiyappattathu, angku isaikkuzhu muzhu "ottum viralgal" aalpaththaiyum isaiththathu. paniyaalarkal. "viralgal ottukintrana". urulum karkal koodudhal isaikkalainarkal "live lixes". urulum karkal koodudhal isaikkalainarkal

neenu kottadam meeku vinapadatam ledhu "" "kent yuu vir mii nock" "anedi aangla rock byaand dhi rolling stones vaari 1971 album" "sticky fingers" "nundi oka paata". eee paata edu nimishala kante ekkuva podavu untundi, mariyu keeth richards open-zii tuned guitar parichayamtho praarambhamavutundi. pradhana paata rendu nimishala 43 sekanla paatu untundi, aaa tarvaata adhi podiginchina improvisational jamga maarutundi. mottam track oke takelo bandhinchabadindi, jaam oka santoshakaramaina pramaadamgaa undhi; tape mesheen nilipiveyabadindani byaand bhaavinchindi, mariyu mottam session chithreekarinchabadindani telusukuni aascharyapooyindi. modata vaaru jaam praarambhamayye mundu patanu muginchabotunnarani, conny jaam patla chaalaa santrupti chendadamtho vaaru daanini unchaalani nirnayinchukunnaaru. saadhaarana rolling stones sabhyulu mick jagger (gaatram), keeth richards (guitar), mick taylor (guitar), charley wats (drums) mariyu bill wyman (baas) thoo paatu, eee paatalo kanga player rock dijan, saxophone vaadyakaarudu baabii keelu, organist billie preston mariyu nirmaata jimmy miller adanapu percussion kooda unnaayi. kuurpu mariyu recording. eee paatalo kangas meeda raathi dijan undhi; tenor saxophone vaadyakaarudu baabii keys richards mariyu mick taylor yokka guitar pani meeda podiginchina saxophone soloni pradarsistundi, idhi billie preston yokka orgaon pani dwara viramam cheyabadindi. 4. 40 gantalaku taylor richards nundi baadhyatalu sweekarinchi, sudeergha guitar solotho patanu mugimpuku teesukuvelataadu. guitar riff vraasinatlu richards vivarinchaaduh vivarinchaaduh, recording gurinchi richards ilaa vyaakhyaaninchaaduh vyaakhyaaninchaaduh icchina oka interviewlo taylor gurtuchesukunnadu taylor inca ilaa annadu, "neenu 'ded flovers' kosam braun gibson ess-345 nuu upayoginchaanu mariyu 'meeru nannu kottadam vinaleru' anae soloni upayoginchaanu." aalbamloni spotify mylurayi interviewlo jagger thana vayisku kii chaalaa ekkuvagaa undani mariyu "neenu corus bitslo nijamgaa goppa swaraalanu kottaledu anae vaastavaanni daachadaaniki chaalaa gaatraalu, samarasyalu chesaanu." paata yokka prarambha pratyaamnaaya take (dummy/placeholder saahityamto) juun juun tirigi vidudala chesina "sticky fingers" album yokka delux mariyu suupar delux editionlalo vidudalaindi. prasamsalu. prasamsalu, "rolling stone" patrika dheenini "anni kaalaalaloonuu 100 goppa guitar paatala jaabitaalo 25va sthaanamlo unchindi." rolling stones pratyaksha pradarsanalu. eee sankhya vaari lixes paryatana samayamlo rolling stones kacheri pradarsanasaalalo bhaagamgaa undhi, mariyu 2002-2003 loe oka pedda byaang paryatana. eee pradarsanalalo, jagger keys 'saaks solo tarvaata harmonica solo vaayinchaadu, mariyu roney wood vistarinchina guitar solo vaayinchaadu. byaand yokka 2003 DVD sett "phore flix" loe mariyu 2004 kacheri album "live lixes" loe pratyaksha recording vidudala cheyabadindi. idhi idhi pradarsanala samayamlo pratyakshamgaa pradarsinchabadindi, mick taylor bandto pratyeka atithigaa kanipinchaadu. maroe pratyaksha samskarana "sticky fingers live-frum dhi walt" vidudalalo prachurinchabadindi, idhi 20 mae 2015naa californialoni laas angelsloni henry fonda theatres record cheyabadindi, akkada byaand mottam "sticky fingers" albumnu play chesindi. sibbandi. "jigatagala vellu". rolling raallu adanapu sangeetakaarulu "live lixes". rolling raallu adanapu sangeetakaarulu

kiyaa aap majhay dastak deetay hoay nahein sunn saktay "kiyaa aap majhay dastak deetay hoay nahein sunn saktay" angrezi raak bend kaa eek track hay juu inn kay 1971 kay album "" chapchapa angliyan "" say hay. track saat mint say ziyadah lamba hay aur keeth richardz open jee tewan gataar intro say sharoo hotaa hay. markazi gaana duu mint aur 43 second takk chalta hay jiss kay baad yaha eek tausiyi improvisional jaam mein tabdil how jaataa hay. puray track kuu eek teek mein qaid kirr liyaa gayaa jaam eek khushgawar haadsah thaa. bend nay farz kiyaa thaa kahh taip masheen kuu rook diyaa gayaa hay aur yaha jaan kirr hairan rahh gayey kahh puray seeshan kuu qaid kirr liyaa gayaa hay. asl mein wah jaam sharoo honay say pehley gaana khatam karnay waalay thay leakin jaam say atnay khush thay kahh inhon nay asay andar rakhnay kaa faislah kiyaa. baqayedah roling stones kay arakeen meek jeegar (aawaz)yee keeth richardz (gataar)yee meek teller (gataar)yee chaarli waatz (derms) aur bull waimeen (baas) kay alawah track mein kaanga player raaki ddaijan sexfonist boby keez arginist bully prestin aur producer jamee miller kii izaafi pakarakshan bhee shaamil hay. composition aur recording. track mein kaanga parr raaki ddaijan shaamil thaa vovo tenner sexfonist boby keez richardz aur makk teller kay gataar kay kaam parr eek tausiyi sexfon solo paish karti hay juu bully prestin kay aargan wark say waqaf hoti hay. 4: 40 bajay teller richardz say iqtedar sanbhalta hay aur eek lambay gataar solo kay saath gaaney kuu apnay ikhtatam takk lay jaataa hay. richardz nay gataar reef likhnay kaa biyaan kiyaa: 2002 mein richardz nay recording parr tabsarah kiyaa: teller nay 1979 kay eek intervieve mein yaad kiyaa: teller nay mazeed kahaa "mein nay 'deed flowers' kay liye brown gibson aiss-345 aur 'kent yuu hair mee dastak' parr solo istemaal kiyaa." jeegar nay album parr spotife kay tarikhi intervieve mein nott kiyaa kahh kaleed iss kii aawaz kay liye behat ziyadah thee aur "mein nay iss haqeeqat kuu chhapanay kay liye behat saaree aawazein humm aahingi kii kahh mein nay waaqee kors buts mein atnay achhay nott nahein maaray." gaaney kaa ibtadayi muthbadil teek (dami/plais holder kay bolon kay saath) joone 2015 mein dobarah jaari kardah "steaki angliyon" album kay delux aur spir delux edition parr jaari kiyaa gayaa thaa. tareefain. 2004 mein "roling stone" megzin nay asay "abb takk kay 100 azeem tareen gataar gaanon" kii fehrist mein 25 wein number parr darj kiyaa." roling stones laiyo performans. yaha number inn kay laks torr kay doraan roling stones kay concert kay zakhiray kaa hasah thaa. 2002-2003 aur 2005-2007 mein eek badaa beng torr. inn paishkashon mein jeegar nay kaleedon kay baad eek harmonka solo bajaya. seks soulo aur runy wode nay tausiyi gataar solo paish kiyaa. bend kay 2003 kay ddee wee ddee seet "four flux" aur 2004 kay concert album "laiyo laks" parr eek laiyo recording jaari kii gayee thee. asay 2013 mein shoz kay doraan bhee braah raast paish kiyaa gayaa thaa jiss mein meek teller bend kay saath eek khususi mahman kay toor parr namodar hoay thay. eek aur laiyo warzan release "chapchapa angliyan braah raast-walt say" parr shaye hawaa juu 20 mayee 2015 kuu laas angeles california kay hunry fonda theater mein record kiyaa gayaa jehaan bend nay poraa "chapchapa angliyan" album chalaya. ahalkaar. "chapchapa angliyan. roling pathar izaafi mausiqar "laiyo laks. roling pathar izaafi mausiqar

00002511596a80e645e876e1977906e046d48ff220914d13c164376b96892f28

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8644308

Natalie Imbruglia discography

Natalie Imbruglia discography The discography of Natalie Imbruglia, an Australian pop/rock singer, consists of six studio albums, one compilation album, one extended play, and seventeen singles. Imbruglia debuted in 1994 as an actress on the Australian soap opera "Neighbours". In 1996, she began composing songs and signed a recording contract with RCA Records in the United Kingdom. Imbruglia's debut album "Left of the Middle" was released in November 1997. The album reached number one on Australian albums chart and was certified platinum five times by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). On the UK albums chart, it reached number five and was certified triple platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI). "Left of the Middle" sold over seven million copies and produced three top five singles. Her second album, "White Lilies Island", was released in November 2001. It reached number three in Australia and was certified gold. The album reached number fifteen in the UK and was certified gold. "White Lilies Island" produced three singles, two of which reached the top forty in Australia. "Counting Down the Days", her third album, was released in April 2005. It reached number twelve in Australia and number one in the UK. It produced two singles and was certified gold in the UK. "", a greatest hits collection, was released in September 2007. It reached number five in the UK and was certified gold. Since 1997, Imbruglia has sold over 10 million albums worldwide. Other appearances. These songs have not appeared on a studio album released by Imbruglia. References. Notes <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> General <templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" /> Specific <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

natali imbrugolia discography australier pop/rok gayika natali imbrugolier discographyt soita studio 'elbam, etaa xongkolon elbam, etaa xomproxarito naatok aaru xotorixota ekok geet aase. ingbrugoliai 1994 sonot australier cho 'poo opera "suburiya" too obhinetri hisape aatmoprokax korisil. 1996 sonot teu geet rosona koriboloi aarombho kore aaru juktorajyor aar. chi. e. recordsor xoite ek recording sukti swakhyor kore. 1997 sonor novembor maahot imbrugolier prothom elbam "left owo dyo middle" mukoli koraa hoisil. elbamtu australian elbam chartot ek nomborot uponeet hoisil aaru australian recording industry ess "siyesyon (ariya) ror dwara pasbar platinum promanpotro laabh korisil. iuke elbamor chartot ee paas nomborot uponeet hoisil aaru britis phone "graphik industry (bpi) ror dwara tripol platinum promanpotro laabh korisil. "left owo dyo middle" xaat nijutoru odhik kopi bikri hoisil aaru tinita xirxo pasta ekok geet prostut korisil. teur dwitiyo elbam "huwait liliz eyeland" 2001 sonor novembor maahot mukti paisil. ee australiat tritiyo sthanot uponeet hoisil aaru xunor promanpotro laabh korisil. elbamtuwe eu. key. too pundhor nomborot uponeet hoisil aaru xunor promanpotro laabh korisil. "huwait liliz eyeland"-e tinita ekok geet prostut korisil, jaar bhitorot dutaa australier xirxo sollixot uponeet hoisil. "dinn gonona kori", teur tritiyo elbamtu 2005 sonor aprilot mukti paisil. ee australiat baar nomborot aaru eu. key. too ek nomborot uponeet hoisil. ee dutaa ekok projujona korisil aaru eu. key. too xunor promanpotro laabh korisil. "," 2007 sonor septembor maahot mukti puwa ek xorbosrestho hitt xongroho. ee eu. key. too ponchom sthanot uponeet hoisil aaru xunor promanpotro laabh korisil. 1997 sonor poraa, imbrugliai biswojuri 1 kutitkoiu odhik elbam bikri korise. onyanyo uposthiti. ei gitbur imbruglier dwara mukoli koraa etaa studio 'elbamot dekha puwa huwa naai. proxongo. nutxomuh xadharon nirdisto

natali imbruglia discography australian popp/rock gayika natali imbruglier discography chhoyti studio album, ekti sangkalan album, ekti bordhito natok ebong soteroti ekok niye gothito. 1994 saale australian sope apera "nabers"-ayee abhinetri hisebe imbruglier atmoprokash ghote. 1996 saale, tini gaan rachona shuru corren ebong juktorajye rca recordser saathe ekti recording chukti swakkhar corren. 1997 saaler novembore imbruglier prothom album 'left off dya middle' mukti paay. albumty australian album charte eka nombore pouche ebong australian recording industry association (aria) dwara panchbar platinum pratyayita hoy. juktorajyer album charte, etty panch nombore pouchechilo ebong british phonographic industry (bpi) dwara triple platinum pratyayita hoyechilo. "left off dya middle" shaat millionero beshi coppy bikri hoy ebong tinti sheersho panchti ekok gaan toiri korey. taanr dwitiya album, "hoait lillies iland", 2001 saaler novembore mukti paay. etty australia tritiya sthane pouchechilo ebong swarna shangsapatra laav korey. albumty juktorajye ponero nombore pouchechilo ebong swarna shangsapatra peyechilo. "hoait lillies iland" tinti ekok gaan toiri korey, jaar modhye duti australia sheersho challishe poucheche. "deane ganana korey", taar tritiya albumty 2005 saaler aprile mukti paay. etty australia barro nombore ebong juktorajye eka nombore pouchechilo. etty duti ekok gaan toiri korey ebong juktorajye swarner pratyayita hoy. ", ekti sorboshrestho hitt sangraha, septembara 2007 saale mukti paay. etty juktorajye panch nombore pouchechilo ebong swarner pratyayita hoyechilo. 1997 saal theke, imbruglia bishwobyapi 1 kotiro beshi album bikri koreche. anyanno uposthiti. eyi ganguli imbruglia dwara prokashito konao studio albume prodorshito hoyney. reference. note general nirdishto

natali imbruglia dyscography australian pope/roqa gaayak natali imbruliani discographyma chh studiyo album, aek sankalan album, aek vistrut naatak aneey sattar singlesno samaavesh thaay chhe. imbruglia 1994maan australian sopa opera "nebara" maan abhinetri tareeke padaarpan karyoo hatoo. 1996maan, temane geeto lakhvaanu sharoo karyoo aneey united kingadamma rca records saathe reqordina karaar parr hastakshar karyaa. imbrulianu pratham album "left off dhaa middle" november 1997maan rajoo thayu hatoo. aaa album australian album chaart parr pratham krame pahonchyu hatoo aneey australian reqordina udhyog sangathan (eriya) dwara paanch vakhat platinum pramanit karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. yuke albums chaart parr, teey paanchmaa krame pahonchi gayoo hatoo aneey british phonographic udhyog (bii. pii. aaee.) dwara triple platinum pramanit karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. "daabi bajuae madhya" nee saat millionthi vadhu nakalo vechai hatee aneey trana tochnaa paanch singalsanu nirmaan karyoo hatoo. temnu beeju album, "white lillies eyeland", november 2001maan rajoo thayu hatoo. teey australiyama trija krame pahonchyu hatoo aneey tene goldnu pramanpatra malyun hatoo. aaa album yukemaa pandarma krame pahonchyu hatoo aneey tene goldnu pramanpatra malyun hatoo. "white lillies eyeland" aee trana singalsanu nirmaan karyoo hatoo, jemathi beey australiyama tochnaa chaalisma pahonchya hataa. "divasoni ganatari", temnu triju album, april 2005maan rajoo thayu hatoo. teey australiyama baarmaa krame aneey yukemaa pratham krame pahonchyu hatoo. tene beey singalsanu nirmaan karyoo hatoo aneey yukemaa tene goldnu pramanpatra malyun hatoo. "," sauthee safal sangrah, september 2007maan rajoo thayo hato. teey yukemaa paanchmaa krame pahonchyo hato aneey tene goldnu pramanpatra malyun hatoo. 1997 thee, imbruglia vishvbharma 1 karodthee vadhu aalbamonu vechaan karyoo chhe. anya dekhaav. aaa geeto imbruglia dwara prakashit studiyo aalbamma dekhaata nathee. sandarbho. nondho general vishisht

natali imbraglia dyscography ack australiyai popp/rock gayika, natali imbragalia kii dyscography mein chhah studio album, ack sankalan album, ack vistaarit naatak aur satrah ekal shamil hain. imbruglia ney 1994 mein australiyai sope opera "padosiyon" mein ack abhinetri key roop mein shuruat kii. 1996 mein, unhone geeton kii rachana shuru kii aur united kingdam mein aar. see. aeye. record key saath ack recording anubandh parr hastakshar kiye. imbruglia kaa pahala album "left off dha middle" navambar 1997 mein jaari kiya gayaa thaa. album australiyai album chart parr number ack parr pahunch gayaa aur australiyai recording udyog sangh (eriya) dwara paanch baar platinum pramaanit kiya gayaa thaa. yuu. key. album chart parr, yeh paanchven number parr pahunch gayaa aur british phonographic udyog (bee. pee. aaee.) dwara triple platinum pramaanit kiya gayaa. "madhya key baaen" kii saat million seey adhik pratiyaan bikin aur teen sheersh paanch ekal banaae. unakaa doosara album, "white lillies eyeland", navambar 2001 mein jaari kiya gayaa thaa. yeh australia mein teesare number parr pahunch gayaa aur ise gold pramaanit kiya gayaa thaa. album britten mein pandrahaven number parr pahunch gayaa aur ise swarn pramaanit kiya gayaa. "white lillies eyeland" ney teen ekal geeton kaa utpaadan kiya, jinamen seey dou australia mein sheersh chaalees mein pahunch gaye. "dinon kii ginati karate hue", unakaa teesara album, aprail 2005 mein jaari kiya gayaa thaa. yeh australia mein baarahaven aur britten mein pahale number parr pahunch gayaa. isane dou ekal kaa utpaadan kiya aur yuu. key. mein swarn pramaanit kiya gayaa. "," ack sabse badaa hitt sangrah, sitambar 2007 mein jaari kiya gayaa thaa. yeh britten mein paanchven number parr pahunch gayaa aur swarn pramaanit kiya gayaa thaa. 1997 key baad seey, imbraglia ney duniya bhar mein 10 million seey adhik album beche hain. anya roop. yeye gaane imbragalia dwara jaari kiye gaye studio album mein dikhaai naheen diye hain. sandarbh. notes general vishisht

natalie imbruglia discography aastreliyaada pop/rock gayaki natalie imbruglia avara dhwanimudranawu aaru studio aalbangalu, ondu sankalana album, ondu vistruta nataka mattu hadinelu ekageetegalannu olagondide. imbruglia imbruglia aastreliyaada sope opera "nibers" nalli natiyagi paadaarpane maadidaru. maadidaru, avaru haadugalannu samyojisalu praarambhisidaru mattu united kingdamnalli aarr. sii. aa. recordsnondige dhwanimudrana oppandakke sahi haakidaru. imbruglia avara modala album "left off dhii middle" november 1997 ralli bidugadeyaayitu. ee album australian aalbangala pattiyalli modala sthaanavannu talupitu mattu australian recording industry association (airia) ninda aidu baari platinum pramanikarisalpattitu. idu yuke aalbangala pattiyalli aidane sthaanavannu talupitu mattu british phonographic udyamadinda (bipi) triple platinum endu pramanikarisalpattitu. "left off dhii middle" elu dashalakshakku hecchu pratigalu maaraatavaadavu mattu mooru agra aidu ekageetegalannu nirmisidavu. aakeya eradane album, "white lillies ailyand", 2001rahra novembernalli bidugadeyaayitu. idu aastreliyaadalli moorane sthaanavannu talupitu mattu chinnada pramaanapatravannu padeyitu. ee album yukeyalli hadinaidane sthaanavannu talupitu mattu chinnada pramaanapatravannu padeyitu. "white lillies ailyand" mooru ekageetegalannu nirmisitu, avugalalli eradu aastreliyaadalli agra nalavattu sthaanagalannu talupidavu. "dinagala enike", avara moorane album, april 2005 ralli bidugadeyaayitu. idu aastreliyaadalli hanneradane sthaanavannu mattu yukeyalli modala sthaanavannu talupitu. idu eradu ekageetegalannu nirmisitu mattu yukeyalli chinnada pramaanapatravannu padeyitu. "," ondu shreshtha hitt sangrahavaagiddu, september 2007 ralli bidugadeyaayitu. idu yukeyalli aidane sthaanavannu talupitu mattu chinna endu pramanikarisalpattitu. pramanikarisalpattitu, imbruglia vishvaadyanta 10 dashalakshakku hecchu aalbangalannu marata maadide. itara notagalu. ee haadugalu imbruglia bidugade maadida studio albamnalli kanisikondilla. ullekhagalu. tippanigalu general nirdishta

naattaali imbruglia dyscography australian poppu/roock gaayikayaya naattaali imbrugliayude dyscography aarr studiyo aalbangal, oru compilation aalbam, oru extended play, pathinezh singles enniva ulppedunnu. 1994ll australian sopp oopparayaaya "ayalkkar" enna chithratthile nadiyaayi imbruglia arangettam kurichu. 1996 ll avar ganangal rachikkaan thudangukayum yunaittad kingdatthile rca recordukalumaayi oru recording karar oppidukayum cheythu. imbrugliayude aadya aalbam "lephtt oof dhii middle" 1997 novemberil puratthirangi. aalbam australian aalbangalude pattikayil onnaam sthaanathethukayum australian recording industry association (eriya) anchu thavana plaattinam certificat nedukayum cheythu. yuke aalbangalude chartle ithu anchaam sthaanathethukayum britiish phonographic industry (bpi) triple plaattinam certificat nedukayum cheythu. "lephtt oof dhaa middle" ezhu dashalakshathiladhikam koppikal vilkkukayum moonnu mikacha anchu singles nirmmikkukayum cheythu. avarude randaamathe aalbamaaya "vaitt lillies ailand" 2001 novemberil puratthirangi. athu austreliyayil moonnaam sthaanathethukayum swarnna certificat nedukayum cheythu. aalbam yukeyil pathinanjaam sthaanathethukayum swarnna certificat nedukayum cheythu. "vaitt lillies ailand" moonnu singles nirmmichu, athil randennam australiyayile aadya naalpathiletthi. "divasangal ennikkondu", avarude moonnaamathe aalbam 2005 eprilil puratthirangi. athu austreliyayil panthrandaam sthaanathum yukeyil onnaam sthaanathum ethi. ithu rund singles nirmmikkukayum yukeyil swarnna certificat nedukayum cheythu. "ettavum valia vijaya shekharamaaya 'dhaa grettast hitts kalakshan' 2007 septambaril puratthirangi. ithu yukeyil anchaam sthaanathethukayum swarnna certificat nedukayum cheythu. 1997 muthal, imbruglia lokamembaadum 10 dashalakshathiladhikam aalbangal vittu. mattu prathyakshathakal. imbruglia puratthirakkiya oru studiyo aalbathilum eee ganangal prathyakshappettitla. paraamarshangal. kurippukal general prathyeka

natali imbruglia discography astreliyali pup/ruck gayika natali imbrugliako discographyma chha wata studio album, euta sankalan album, euta wistarit natak rar satraun ekalharu samawesh chhan. imbruliale sann 1994 maa astreliyali sope opera "neber" maa abhinetriko rupma debue gareki thiin. sann 1996 maa, unle githaru rachana garna thalin rar sanyukta adhirajyama arasie recordharusanga recording samjhautama hastakshar garin. imbruliako pahilo album "left aff da middle" november 1997 maa rilij bhaeko thiyo. album astreliyali album chartma number ekma pugyo rar astreliyali recording udyog sangha (aria) dwara paanch patak platinum pramanit bhayo. yuke album chartma, yo panchaun nambarma pugyo rar britis phonographic udyog (bpi) dwara triple platinum pramanit gariyo. "left aff da middle" ley 70 lakhbhanda badhi pratilipiharu bikri utpadan rar tinawata shirsha paanch ekalharu utpadan utpadan. unko dosro album, "white lilies ailand", november 2001 maa rilij bhaeko thiyo. yo australiama tesro nambarma pugyo rar swarna pramanit bhayo. album belayatma pandhraun nambarma pugyo rar suna pramanit bhayo. "white lilies ailand" ley tinawata ekalharu utpadan utpadan, jasmadhye dui australiama shirsha chalisma pugyo. "dina ganana gardai", unko tesro album, april 2005 maa rilij bhaeko thiyo. yo australiama bahraun number rar belayatma pahilo nambarma pugyo. yasale duiwata ekal utpadan utpadan rar belayatma swarna pramanit bhayo. "," sabaibhanda thulo heat sangraha, september 2007 maa rilij bhaeko thiyo. yo belayatma panchaun nambarma pugyo rar swarna pramanit bhayo. sann 1997 dekhi, imbrugliale vishwawyapi rupma 1 karodbhanda badhi albumharu becheko chha. anya upasthitiharu. yee githaru imbruliale sarvajanik gareko studio albumma dekha pareka chhainan. sandarbhaharu. noteharu general wishishta

natalie imbruglia discography jane astreliah pop/rock gajika natalie imbruglianka discography chhaati studio album, gotie sankalana album, gotie bardhita nataka ebong saturiti ekakaku nei gathita . imbruglia 1994 ray astreliah sope apera "padoshi" ray jane abhinetri bhabare debyu karithile. 1996 ray, shay geeta rachna arambha karithile ebong britenare aarr. sii. aii. records sahita eka recording chukti swakhyara karithile. imbruglianka pratham album "lett off dee middle" navember 1997 ray muktilabha karithila. album astreliah album chartre eka nambarare pahanchithila ebong astreliah recording industry association (aria) dwara pancha thara platinum certificate paithila . brittener album chartre, ehaa pancham sthanare pahanchithila ebong british phonographic industry (bpi) dwara triple platinum certificate paithila. "lett off dee middle" saata nijutaru adhika kapi bikri hoithila ebong tinoti shrestha panchti ekaka nirmana karithila. tankara dwiteeja album, "white lilize iland", navember 2001 ray muktilabha karithila. ehaa astreliaare truteeja sthanare pahanchithila ebong swarna certificate paithila . ehi album britenare pander nambarare pahanchithila ebong swarna pramanapatra paithila. "white lilize iland" tinoti ekaka geeta srusti karithila, jeunthiru duiti astreliaare shrestha chalishare pahanchithila . "deane ganana curry", tankara truteeja album, april 2005 ray muktilabha karithila. ehaa astreliaare baratama ebong britenare eka nambarare pahanchithila . ehaa duiti ekaka geeta prastuta karithila ebong britenare swarna pramanapatra paithila. ", eka sarbashrestha heat sangraha, september 2007 ray muktilabha karithila. ehaa britenare pancham sthanare pahanchithila ebong swarna certificate paithila . 1997 masiharu, imbruglia biswabyapee 10 nijutaru adhika album bikri karichhi. anya drushyamana. ehi gitagudika imbruglianka dwara prakashita eka studio alabamre dekhajai naahin. sandarbha. note general nirdista

natley imbruglia dyscography ikk australiaai popp/raak gaika, natley imbruglia dee dyscography witch chhe studio ailabman, ikk sangrah album, ikk vistrit play atey sataran singles shamal hunn. imbruglia neey 1994 witch australiaai sope opera "nabers" witch ikk abhinetri dey roop witch shuruat keeti. sann 1996 witch, uss neey geet likhne shuru keete atey united kingdom witch aar. see. aii. recordan naal ikk recording ikrarname utte hastakhar keete. imbruglia dee pahili album "left aaf dha middle" navambar 1997 witch jaari keeti gaee see. ih album australiaai ailabman dey chaart utte pahile number utte pahunch gaee see atey australiaai recording udyog association (eria) duaara panj vaar platinum pramanit keeti gaee see. yuke ailabman dey chaart utte, ih panjven number utte pahunch giaa atey british phonographic udyog (bee. pee. aaee.) duaara triple platinum pramanit keeta giaa. "left aaf dha middle" deeaan satt million toon vaddh kapiaan wick gaeeaan atey tinn choti dey panj singles tiaar keete. uss dee duji album, "white lillies tapu", navambar 2001 witch jaari keeti gaee see. ih australia witch teeje number 'teey pahunch gaee atey iss noon sone daa certificate ditta giaa. ih album yuke witch pandranven number utte pahunch gaee atey iss noon sone daa certificate ditta giaa. "white lillies tapu" neey tinn singles tiaar keete, jinhan vicchon doou australia witch choti dey chaali witch pahunch gaye. "dinan dee ginti", uss dee tiji album, aprail 2005 witch jaari keeti gaee see. ih australia witch barahven number atey yuke witch pahile number 'teey pahunch gaee see. iss neey doou singles tiaar keete atey yuu. keey. witch sone daa certificate prapat keeta. ", ikk sabh toon vadda hitt sangrah, satambar 2007 witch jaari keeta giaa see. ih yuke witch panjven number 'teey pahunch giaa atey iss noon sone daa certificate ditta giaa see. 1997 toon, imbruglia neey dunia bharr witch 1 croad toon vaddh ailabman vechiaan hunn. horr dikkh. ih geet imbruglia duaara jaari keeti gaee studio album witch naheen dikhai ditte hunn. havale. notes general vishesh

natali imbraglia discography australian-paap/raak-gayika natali imbruglia ityasyaah discography ityasmin shut studio-aalbam, ekaha sankalan-aalbam, ekaha vistaarit-naatakah, saptadasha-ekageetam cha santi. imbruglia ityeshaa 1994 tame varshe australian-sope-operaa "nebers" ityasmin abhinetreeroopen padaarpanam krutavatee. 1996 tame varshe saa gitanam rachanaa aarabhat, tathaa cha unated kingdam-deshe aar. see. e.-record-ityanena saha dhvanimudrana-anubandham cha krutavatee. imbruglia ityasya prathama-aalbam "left aaf da middle" 1997 tame varshe november-maase pradarshitam aasit. etat aalbam australia-deshasya aalbam-chaart-madhye prathamastham praapnot, australia-deshasya recording-udyoga-sanghena (eria) panchavaaram plaatinam iti pramanikrutam. yoo. key. aalbam-chaart madhye, etat panchamam sthaanam praapnot, british-phonographic-udyogena (bee. pee. aii.) triple plaatinam iti pramanikrutam. "left aaf da middle" ityasya saptalaksham pratiani vikreeya shirsha-pancha-ekageetam nirmitam. tasyaah dwiteeyam aalbam "vait lillis ailyaand" 2001 tame varshe november-maase pradarshitam aasit. australia-deshe trutiyasthanam praapnot, swarnapramaanitam cha praapnot. yoo. key.-deshe etat aalbam panchadash-sthaanam praapnot, swarna-pramanakam cha praapnot. "vait lillis ailyaand" iti geetam trishu ekakeeyeshu gitanam nirmaanam akarot, yeshu dwau australia-deshasya shirsha-chaturvimshataam sthaanam agruhnan. "dinaani ganayatam" iti tasyaah truteeyam aalbam 2005 april-maase pradarshitam aasit. australia-deshe dvaadasha-sthaanam, yoo. key.-deshe prathama-sthaanam cha praapnot. etat ekageetadwayam nirmitam, tathaa cha yoo. key. madhye swarnapramaanitam cha abhavat. "," ekaha greatest hits-sangrahah, 2007 september-maase pradarshitah aasit. etat yoo. key. madhye panchamam sthaanam praapnot, swarna-pramaanapatram cha praapnot. 1997 tamaat varshaat imbruglia ityeshaa vishvavyaapeeroopena 10 dashalakshat adhikaah aalbam-vikrayitaah santi. anyaani drushyaani. imbraglia ityanena prakashitasya studio-aalbam madhye etaani geetaani naa drushyante. sandarbhah. tippanyah samanyaha. vishishtam

nadali imprugilia dyschography australian paap/raak paatakiyaana nadali imprugiliyaavin dyschography, aaru studio aalbangkal, oru thoguppu aalbam, oru neettikappatta naadagam mattrum pathinaezhu ottraiyar aagiyavattraik kondullathu. 1994 aam aandil australian soap ooparaa "andai" ill oru nadigaiyaaga imprugilia arimugamaanaar. 1996 aam aandil, avar paadalkalai isaiyamaikkath thodangkinaar mattrum aikkiya raachchiyaththil aarr. chii. aee pathivukaludan oru pathivu oppanthaththil kaiyeluththittaar. imprugiliyaavin muthal aalbam "lept off thii midilil" navambar 1997 ill veliyidappattathu. inththa aalbam australian aalbangkal tharavarisaiyil muthalidaththai ettiyathu mattrum australian recording industry association (aria) aall ainthu murai platinum saantrithazh pettrathu. englaanthu aalbangkalin tharavarisaiyil, idhu ainthaavathu idaththaip pidiththathu mattrum british phonographic tholilthuraiyaal (ppi) moontru platinum saantrithazh pettrathu. "lept off thii midila" aezhu milliyanukkum athigamaana pirathikal vitrtrana mattrum moontru muthal ainthu ottraiyar paadalkalai thayaariththana. avarathu irandaavathu aalbamaana "oyit lillies theevu", navambar 2001 ill veliyidappattathu. idhu australiavil moontraavathu idaththaip pidiththathu mattrum thangach saantrithazh pettrathu. inththa aalbam englaanththil pathinainthaavathu idaththaip pidiththathu mattrum thanga saantrithazh pettrathu. "oyit lillie theevu" moontru thanippaadalkalai thayaariththathu, avattril irandu australiavil muthal naarpathu idangkalai ettina. "naatkalaik kanakkiduvathu", avarathu moontraavathu aalbam, aepral 2005 ill veliyidappattathu. idhu australiavil pannirandaavathu idaththaiyum, englaanththil muthalidaththaiyum ettiyathu. idhu irandu ottraiyar paadalkalai thayaariththathu mattrum englaanththil thanga saantrithazh pettrathu. ", oru migapperiya vettri vasool, septumber 2007 ill veliyidappattathu. idhu englaanththil ainthaavathu idaththaip pidiththathu mattrum thanga saantrithazh pettrathu. 1997 muthal, imprugilia ulagalavil 10 milliyanukkum athigamaana aalbangkalai vitrtrullathu. pira thoattranggal. inththa paadalkal imprugilia veliyitta studio aalpaththil thoandravillai. kurippugal. kurippugal podhu kuripitta

natali imbruglia discography australian pop/rock gayani natali imbruglia yokka discography aaru studio albumlu, oka sankalanam album, oka podiginchina natakam mariyu padihedu singles unnaayi. imbruglia 1994loe australian sope opera "nibers" loe natigaa arangetram chesindi. 1996loe, aame paatalanu compose cheyadam praarambhinchindi mariyu united kingdamloni aarr. sii. yea. recordulatho recording oppandampai santakam chesindi. imbruglia yokka toli album "left off dhi middle" november 1997loe vidudalaindi. eee album australian albumla chaartulo modati sthaanaaniki cherukundi mariyu australian recording industry association (aria) dwara aidusarlu platinum certificate pondindi. UK albumla chaartulo, idhi aidava sthaanaaniki cherukundi mariyu british phonographic parisrama (bpi) dwara triple platinum certificate pondindi. "left off dhi middle" edu million kaapeelaku paiga ammudai, moodu top aidu singilsnu nirminchindi. aame rendava album, "white lillies iland", november 2001loe vidudalaindi. idhi australialo moodava sthaanaaniki cherukundi mariyu goaled certificate pondindi. eee album UKloe padihenu sthaanaaniki cherukundi mariyu bangaaru dhruvikarana pondindi. "white lillies iland" moodu singilsnu utpatti chesindi, vaatilo rendu australialo modati nalabhai sthaanaalaku cherukunnayi. "rojulanu lekkinchi", aame moodava album, april 2005loe vidudalaindi. idhi australialo pannendava sthaanaaniki mariyu UKloe modati sthaanaaniki cherukundi. idhi rendu singilsnu utpatti chesindi mariyu UKloe bangaaru dhruvikarana pondindi. "," grate hits collection, september 2007loe vidudalaindi. idhi UKloe aidava sthaanaaniki cherukundi mariyu goaled certificate pondindi. 1997 nundi, imbruglia prapanchavyaaptamgaa 10 million albumlanu vikrayinchindi. itara pradarsanalu. eee paatalu imbruglia vidudala chesina studio albumlo kanipinchaledu. suuchanalu. gamanikalu general nirdishta

natali ambroglia discography eek austrailvi paap/raak gulukarah natali ambroglia kii discography, chh studio albumz eek taleef album eek tausiyi dramah aur satrah singles parr mushtamil hay. ambroglia nay 1994 mein austrailvi saabin opera "parosiyon" mein batoor adakarah debio kiyaa. 1996 mein iss nay gaaney tartib deena sharoo kiye aur bartaniah mein aar see aey records kay saath recording kay muahide parr dastakhat kiye. ambroglia kaa pehla album "leaft aaf dee muddle" nomber 1997 mein release hawaa. yaha album austrailvi album chaart parr pehley number parr pahunch gayaa aur austrailvi recording industry aisosi aishan (aariyah) nay asay paanch baar platinum kii sund dee. bartaniah kay album chaart parr yaha panchwen number parr pahunch gayaa aur bartanvi phonographic industry (bee pee aayee) nay asay triple platinum kii sund dee. "leaft aaf dee muddle" kii saat millin say ziyadah kaapiyan farokhat hoyein aur teen topp faiyo singles tayaar kiye. iss kaa dosra album "waait laleez aayee lend"yee nomber 2001 mein release hawaa. yaha australia mein teesre number parr pahunch gayaa aur asay gold kii sund milly. yaha album bartaniah mein pandrah number parr pahunch gayaa aur asay gold kii sund dee gayee. "waait laleez aayee lend" nay teen singles tayaar kiyay jinn mein say duu australia mein topp forty mein pahunch gayey. "dunon kii ganti kartay hoay"yee iss kaa teesra album apreel 2005 mein release hawaa. yaha australia mein baarah number aur bartaniah mein pehley number parr pahunch gayaa. iss nay duu singles tayaar kiye aur bartaniah mein sonay kii sund haasil kii. "yee" sabb say badaa hutt majmuah satambar 2007 mein release hawaa. yaha bartaniah mein panchwen number parr pahunch gayaa aur asay gold kii sund dee gayee. 1997 kay baad say ambroglia nay duniya bhar mein 1 karod say ziyadah albumz farokhat kiye haine. deegar zahiri shakal. yaha gaaney ambroglia kay jaari kardah studio album mein nazar nahein aayey haine. hawalah jaat. nott general makhsus

0000281f7827bde0d62a94e647a89e29b131c5a61c25203699f3dbd97356a508

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=69795791

HMS Surface (P269)

HMS Surface (P269)

aech. aema. aesa. sapaati (pii. 269)

aich. aim. aiss. satah (pee. 269)

etch. emm. ess. prushthbhag (pii. 269)

echa. emm. ess. prusthabhaga (pii. 269)

aich. aim. aiss. satah (pee. 269)

echa. emm. ess. prushtabhaagah (pee. 269)

000029bab3ac51a23c3ad4e03efa95b2a602e6c282b034a4177fd2268101f5d7

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54525426

O Come to the Altar

O Come to the Altar "O Come to the Altar" is a song by American worship group Elevation Worship. It was released on February 24, 2017, as the lead single from their fifth live album, "Here as in Heaven" (2016). The song was written by Chris Brown, Mack Brock, Steven Furtick, and Wade Joye. The song peaked at No. 2 on the Hot Christian Songs chart, their highest-charting entry. It stayed there for a record total of sixteen weeks, blocked by Lecrae's "I'll Find You" and Hillsong Worship's "What a Beautiful Name". References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

oh 'jogyobediloi jauk "oh kaam tu dyo bedori" hoise aamerikan upaxona gutor uschota pujar etaa geet. iyak 24 february, 2017-too teulukor ponchom live elbam "hiyaar ess inn hebhen" (2016) ror mukhyo ekok hisape mukoli koraa hoisil. gittu crich braun, mek brock, steven fartik aaru wead joye likhisil. gittur nombortur uporot aasil. 2 gorom khristan gitor chartot, teulukor xorbuscho charting prowex. ee muth xullo xoptahor obhilekhor baabe taat aasil, lekrer "aai uil find eu" aaru hilsong pujar "ki xundor naam" ror dwara oborudho koraa hoisil.

joggobedite asun "oo kaam too dya bedir" holl american upasonar ekti gaan. etty 24shhey february, 2017-ayee taader pancham live album "hear ayaja inn heven" (2016)-err prodhan ekok hisabe mukti paay. ganti likhechen criss braun, mack brock, steven fartika ebong oyeda joy. ganti nong-ayee pouchechilo. 2 hott khristan gaaner charte, taader sorbochcho-chartim entry. etty record moat shole saptaha dhorey sekhane chhilo, lekrer "aaee uil fined eu" ebong hilsong upasonar "kii sundar naam" dwara aboruddho.

oo yagnavedi parr aavo "oo qama too dhaa vedee" aee american pujaa jooth dwara elevation pujaanu geet chhe. teey 24 februari, 2017naa roj temnaa paanchmaa jivant album "hear aez ina haven" (2016) maanthi mukhya single tareeke rajoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. aaa geet criss braaun, meeka broqa, steven fertic aneey vaid joy dwara lakhvaamaa aavyu hatoo. geet nann. 2 garam khristi gitonaa chaart parr, temnee sauthee vadhu charting entry. teey tyaan coole sola athvadiya sudhee rokaayo hato, jeey lacrana "aaee will fined yuu" aneey hillsong pujaanaa "kevu sunder naam" dwara avrodhit hatoo.

oh vedi parr aao "oh vedi parr aao" americi pooja samooh kii unnayan pooja kaa ack geet haye. yeh 24 farwari, 2017 koo unake paanchven live album, "yahaan swarg mein" (2016) key pramukh ekal key roop mein jaari kiya gayaa thaa. yeh geet criss braun, mack brock, steven fertic aur waid joy dwara likhaa gayaa thaa. geet number parr pahunch gayaa. 2 germ isai geeton key chart parr, unaki uchchatam-charting pravishti. yeh record kull solah hafton taka vahaan rhaa, jise lekre key "aaee will find yuu" aur hilsong pooja key "kyaa ack sunder naam" dwara avaruddh kiya gayaa thaa.

oo balipeetakke bunny "oo cum tuu dhii balipeeth" embudu american aradhana gumpina ettarada aaradhaneya haadaagide. idu phebravari 24,2017 randu, avara aidane live album "hear aus inn heaven" (2016) naa pramukha single aagi bidugadeyaayitu. ee haadannu criss braun, mack brock, steven fertic mattu waded joy barediddaare. haadu namm. 2, bisi christian haadugala pattiyalli, avara atyunnata-charting namoodu. idu allie daakhaleya ottu hadinaaru vaaragala kaala ulidukonditu, lecray avara "aii will fined yuu" mattu hilsang aaradhaneya "entha sundara hesaru" yinda nirbandhisalpattitu.

ooo balipeetathilekku varika "ooo kamme tuu dhaa belttar" ennathu american aradhana grouppaaya elevation poojayude oru gaanamaan. avarude anchaamathe live aalbamaaya "hair aas inn heven" (2016) ll ninnulla pradhana single aayi 2017 februvari 24 nuu ithu puratthirangi. kriss braun, mack brock, steevan furtic, wade joy ennivaraanu gaanam ezhuthiyathu. paatt onnaam sthaanathethi. 2 hoott kristhyan gaanangalude chartle, avarude ettavum uyarnna charting entry. lekreyude "aii will phine yuu", hilsong aaraadhanayude "enthoru manoharamaaya peru" ennivayaal thadanjukondu motham pathinaar aazhchakal avide thaamasichu.

oo vedivar yaa "oo qama too daad vedi' heey american upasana gatane lihilele eka gaane aahe. haah 24 februwari 2017 roji tyanchya pachvya thet album 'hear aij inn heven' (2016) madheel pramukh ekal mhanoon pradarshit jhaala. heey gaane criss braun, mack brock, steven fertic aanee waid joy yanni lihile hote. heey gaane nam. 2 hii khristi ganyanchya chartvar, tyanchi sarvoch-charting entree aahe. teey tethe vikrami ekoon sola aathvade rahile, jeey lekrechya 'aay will fined yuu' aanee hilsong upasanechya 'kitee sunder naav' dware avarodhit hote.

o vedima aunuhos "o vedima aunuhos" americi puja samuhako utthan pujako geet how. yo february 24,2017 maa uniharuko panchaun laibh album, "hear age inn hebhan" (2016) ko pramukh ekalko rupma jaari garieko thiyo. yo geet criss brauna, mack broke, steven fertic rar wade joyale lekheka hun. geet namma pugyo. 2 hutt christian geet chartma, tiniharuko uchchatam-chart prawishti. yo tyahan record kull sohra haptasamma rahyo, lekrako "mahm timilai fela parchhu" rar hilsong pujako "key sunder naam" dwara awaruddha.

o jagyabedi pakhaku aasa "oh jagyabedi pakhaku aasantu" heuchhi americae pooja gosthi uchchata pooja dwara eka geeta . ehaa februari 24,2017 ray, semanankara pancham live album, "hear aas inn hebhen" (2016) rahr mukhya ekaka bhabare muktilabha karithila. ehi geetati criss braun, make brock, stiven fertic ebong wed jajanka dwara lekhajaithila. geetati nambarare pahanchithila. ପହଞ୍ଚିଥିଲା। hutt khristian geeta chartre, semanankara sarbocha-charting entry . ehaa sethare record sankhyaka shohal saptaha dhari rahithila, lekrenka "aai wila find jayu" ebong hilsanga pujara "kete sunder naama" dwara abarodh karajaithila.

jagvedi utte aao "ou kamm too dha webbleder" amriki pooja samooh dee uchchai pooja daa ikk geet haii. ih 24 farvari, 2017 noon uhanan dee panjvin live album, "itthe swarg witch" (2016) dey mukkh single vajon jaari keeta giaa see. ih geet criss baraoon, maek brock, steven fertic atey waded joye duaara likhiaa giaa see. geet number 'teey pahunch giaa. 2 garam isai geetan dey chaart utte, uhanan dee sabh toon ucchi charting entary. ih kull solan haftiaan dey ricard laee utthe riha, jiss noon lekre dey "main tuhanun labbh lavanga" atey pahadi pooja dey "kinna sunder naam" duaara rokiaa giaa see.

o yadnyavedeem prati aagacchatu. "o kamm too da vedee" iti american-poojaa-samuhasya unnatee-pujayaha geetam asti. 2017 februvari 24 dinaanke, teshaam panchame laiv-aalbam "hear aas inn hevan" (2016) ityasya pramukha-ekageetaroopen etat pradarshitam. geetam criss braun, meck broke, steven fertic, ved joy cha likhitavantah. geetam nam-madhye uccham praapnot. 2 iti haat-christian-geeta-soocheeh, teshaam sarvoccha-soochee pravishtihi asti. lekre ityasya "aii will fooch yu" iti, hilsang-pujayaha "kett e sundarena naam" iti cha ityanena avaruddhen, tatra abhilekha-yukttam 16 saptaahaani yaavat avasat.

palipeedaththirku vaarungkal "ooo palipeedaththirku vaarungkal" enbathu america vazhipaattuk kuzhu uyarththi vazhipaadu paadum paadal aagum. idhu pipravari 24,2017 andru veliyidappattathu, avarkalin ainthaavathu neradi aalpaththin munnani thanippaadalaaga, "ingkae sorkkaththil" (2016). inthap paadalai chriss pravun, maek broke, steven furtic mattrum vaed joy aagiyoar ezhuthiyullanar. paadal nambar onnil uchaththai adainthathu. 2 soodaana christhava paadalkalin tharavarisaiyil, avarkalin miga uyarnththa-sarding nuzhaivu. legraine "aii will fend yuu" mattrum hillsang vazhipaattin "enna oru azhagaana peyar" aagiyavattraal thadukkapatta moththam pathinaaru vaarangkal angku irunththathu.

o balipeetam vaddaku randi "oo cuum tuu dhi balipeetam" anedi american aaradhana samuuham elevation pooja paata. idhi fibravari 24,2017naa vaari aidava pratyaksha album "hear yaz inn heaven" (2016) nundi pradhana singlega vidudalaindi. eee patanu criss braun, maak brock, steven fertic mariyu wade joy raasaaru. paata nem. 2 hott christian paatala chaartlo, vaari atyadhika charting entry. idhi rikaardu sthaayilo mottam padahaaru vaaraala paatu akkade undipoyindi, lekre yokka "ii will find yuu" mariyu hill sang aaradhana yokka "entha andamaina paeru" dwara nirodhinchabadindi.

o qurban gaah parr aayen "awo kaam tuu dee videtor" americi ibadat grop kii bulandi kii ibadat kaa eek gaana hay. asay 24 faroori 2017 kuu inn kay panchwen laiyo album "hair aiz inn hayon" (2016) kay markazi sangal kay toor parr release kiyaa gayaa thaa. yaha gaana curse brown meek broke steven fertik aur weed joye nay likhaa thaa. gaana number parr pahunch gayaa. 2 garm eisayi gaanon kay chaart parr inn kii sabb say ziyadah charting andraj. yaha wahaan record kill solah hafton takk rehaa jasay lekra kay "mein aap kuu dhond loan gaa" aur pahaadi geeton kii ibadat kay "kiyaa khubsurat naam" nay rook diyaa.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27283377

Alfred Horsford

Alfred Horsford British Army general General Sir Alfred Hastings Horsford (1818 – 13 September 1885) was a senior British Army officer who went on to be Military Secretary. Military career. Born in Bath and educated at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, Horsford was commissioned into the Rifle Brigade in 1833. He served in the Cape Frontier War in 1847 and was Commanding Officer of 1st Bn the Rifle Brigade during the 8th Xhosa War in 1852. He also served in the Crimean War and fought at the Battle of Alma, Battle of Inkerman, Battle of Balaklava and the early part of the Siege of Sevastopol. He served in the repression of the Indian Mutiny, having been made Commander of the 6th Brigade at the Capture of Lucknow. He was made Deputy Adjutant-General at Army Headquarters in 1860, a Brigade commander at Aldershot in 1866, Major-General on the General Staff at Malta in 1869 and General Officer Commanding South-Eastern District in January 1872. He went on to be Military Secretary in 1874. In retirement he was involved in an accident when Frederick Gye, Manager of the Royal Italian Opera, was assisting Horsford over a fence. Horsford's gun went off and shot Gye in the eye. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

alfred hoh 'rsford general chaar alfred hestings hoh 'rsford (1818-13 septembor 1885) ejon jyestho britis xena bixoya aasil ji xamorik xosibo hoisil. xamorik jiwan. baathot jonmogrohon koraa aaru sandharstor royel militery collegeot xikhya laabh koraa hoh 'rsfordok 1833 sonot rifle brigedot nijukti diya hoisil. teu 1847 sonot kep frontier juddhot xewa aagborhaisil aaru 1852 sonot ostom jhusa juddhor xomoyot rifle brigedor 1moo bienor commanding officer aasil. teu crimean juddhotu xewa aagborhaisil aaru aalmar juddho, inkormanor juddho, balaklavar juddho aaru sevastupul oworudhor prarombhik ongxot juj disil. teu bharotiyo bidruhor domonot xewa aagborhaisil, lokhnou dokhol korar xomoyot teuk xostho brigedor commander koraa hoisil. 1860 sonot teuk xena mukhyo karzaloyot deputi adjutant general, 1866 sonot elderswotot ejon brigade commander, 1869 sonot multat xadharon kormosarir mejor general aaru 1872 sonor januaryt dokhyin-pubo jilaar commanding general officer hisape nijukti diya hoisil. 1874 sonot teu xamorik xosibo hoisil. owoxor grohonor xomoyot royel italy operar menezar frederic giye etaa berot hoh 'rsfordok xohay kori thokar xomoyot teu etaa durghotonat lipto hoisil. horsfordor bonduktu faati goisil aaru sokut go 'yoy gulee soluwa hoisil. proxongo.

alfried horsford general syara alfried hastings horsford (1818-13 septembara 1885) chhilen ekjon probin british seena kormokorta jini samrik sachib hohn. samrik karmajiban. bathroome jonmogrohonkari ebong sandhurster rayyal military college padashona koraa horsford 1833 saale raifel brigade kamishana laav corren. tini 1847 saale cape frontier juddhe dayitto palon corren ebong 1852 saale 8maum jhosa juddher somoy 1maum bn raifel brigader commanding officer chhilen. tini crimean juddheo kaaj korechilen ebong almer juddho, inkermaner juddho, balaklavar juddho ebong sevastopol aborodher prathomik ongshe ladai korechilen. tini bharatiya bidroher domon-pidane kaaj korechilen, lakhnou dokholer somoy somoy brigader commander nijukto hoyechilen. 1860 saale tini seena sodor doftore deputi adjutant-general, 1866 saale uldershotte brigade commander, 1869 saale multa general stuffer mejor-general ebong 1872 saaler januaryte dakkhin-purbo jelara commanding general officer nijukto hohn. 1874 saale tini samrik sachib hohn. abosar grohoner somoy tini ekti durghotonai joriye paden jokhon rayyal italian operar manager fredrick giye ekti bedaa diye horsfordke sahayata korchilen. horsforder bandukti bishforito hoy ebong chokhe gully laage. reference.

alfred horsford general surr alfred hestings horsford (1818-13 september 1885) aek varishth british sainya adheekari hataa, jeo lashkari sacheev banyaa hataa. lashkari karkirdi. snaanmaa janmela aneey royal military college, sandhurstmaa shikshit, horsfordne 1833maan rifle brigadema niyukt karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. temane 1847maan cape frontier yuddhmaa sevaa aapee hatee aneey 1852maan 8maa zosa yuddh darmiyan 1lii batalian rifle brigednaa commanding officer hataa. temane crimean yuddhmaa pann sevaa aapee hatee aneey almani ladaai, inkermanni ladaai, balaklavni ladaai aneey sevastopolni gherabandhina praarambhik bhagma ladyaa hataa. temane bhaartiy badvaanaa damanmaa sevaa aapee hatee, jaimne lakhanauna kabaja samaye chhaththi brigednaa commander banavvama aavyaa hataa. temne 1860maan sainya mukhyalayma nayab adjutant-general, 1866maan aldershot khaate brigade commander, 1869maan malta khaate general staff parr mejar-general aneey january 1872maan dakshin-purv jeellana commanding general officer banavvama aavyaa hataa. teo 1874maan lashkari sacheev banyaa hataa. nivrutti samaye teo aek akasmatma saamel thayaa hataa jyaare royal italian operana manager fredarika geeye, horsfordne vaad parr madad curry rahyaa hataa. horsfordnee bandook faatee neekali aneey aankhma golee vaagee. sandarbho.

alfred horsford general surr alfred hastings horsford (1818-13 sitambar 1885) ack varishth british senaa adhikaari they joe sainya sachiv baney. sainya carrier. snan mein janme aur shaahi sainya mahavidyalaya, sandhurst mein shikshit, horsford koo 1833 mein rifle brigade mein commission diyaa gayaa thaa. unhone 1847 mein cape frontier yuddh mein seva kii aur 1852 mein 8vein jhosa yuddh key dauran rifle brigade key pahale bn key commanding adhikaari they. unhone crimean yuddh mein bhee seva kii aur alma kii ladaai, ikkarman kii ladaai, balklawa kii ladaai aur sevastopol kii gherabandi key shuruati hisse mein ladey. unhone bhaaratiya vidroh key daman mein seva kii, jinhen lakhanau parr kabja karane parr 6 veen brigade kaa commander banaaya gayaa thaa. unhein 1860 mein senaa mukhyalaya mein upa-sahayak-general, 1866 mein uldershot mein ack brigade commander, 1869 mein malta mein general staff parr mejar-general aur janwari 1872 mein dakshin-purvi jile kii kamaan sambhaalane vaale general officer banaaya gayaa thaa. way 1874 mein sainya sachiv baney. sevaanivritti mein vaha ack durghatana mein shamil hoe gaye they jaba shaahi italvi opera key prabandhak fredrick gye ack baad parr horsford kii sahaayata curr rahey they. horsford kii bandook chully gaee aur aankh mein goli maar dee. sandarbh.

alfred harsford general surr alfred hassings harsford (1818-13 september 1885) british seeneya hiriya adhikaariyaagiddu, avaru military karyadarshiyagiddaru. military vrutti. snaanagruhadalli janisida mattu raayal military kaaleju, sandhurstonalli sikshana padeda harsford 1833ralli raifal brigedge niyojisalpattaru. aata 1847ralli cape gadi yuddhadalli seve sallisidaru mattu 1852ralli nadeda 8neey jhosa yuddhada samayadalli 1neey bn raifal brigadene commanding adhikaariyaagiddaru. aata crimean yuddhadalli seve sallisidaru mattu alma yuddha, inkerman yuddha, balaclava yuddha mattu sevastopol muttigeya arambhika bhagadalli horadidaru. aata bhaaratiya dangeya damanadalli seve sallisiddanu, laknovannu vashapadisikondaga 6neey brigadene commander aagi nemakagondanu. 1860ralli seenaa pradhana kacheriyalli upa adajutant-general, 1866ralli aldershotnalli brigade commander, 1869ralli maltadalli general sibbandiyalli majer-general mattu 1872rahra janavariyalli agneya jilleya commanding general officer aagi nemakagondaru. avaru 1874ralli military kaaryadarshiyaadaru. raayal italian operaada vyavasthapaka frederic gai avaru beliya mele harsfordge sahaaya maduttiddaga avaru nivruttiyalli apaghaatadalli todagiddaru. harsfordna bandooku spotagondu kanninalli gundu haarisitu. ullekhagalu.

alfred hozhsford general sarr alfred haastings hozhsford (1818-13 septambar 1885) oru muthirnna britiish armi offeesaraayirunnu. sainikajeevitam. baatthil janichathum sandhurstile royal milittari collegil vidyaabhyaasam nediyathumaaya hozhsford 1833 ll raifil brigadylake kammeeshan cheyyappettu. 1847-leeii keppu athirthi yudhathil sevanamanushticha addeham 1852-leeii ettaam sosa yudhathil raifil brigedinte onnaam bii. enn. commanding offeesaraayirunnu. crimean yudhathilum sevanamanushticha addeham alma yuddham, inkerman yuddham, balaklawa yuddham, sevastopol uparodhathinte aadya bhagam ennivayil poraadi. laknau pidichadakkiyappol aaram brigedinte kamaandaraayi niyamikkapetta addeham indian kalaapathinte adichamarthalil sevanamanushtichu. 1860ll sainika aasthaanathu deputy adjattant generalayum 1866ll aldershottil brigade commandera 1869ll maltayile general staafil mejar generalayum 1872 januvariyil thekkukizhakkan jillayude commanding general offeesaraayum addeham niyamikkapettu. 1874ll sainika sekrattariyaayi. viramikkumbol royal itaaliyan oopparayude maanejar frederic gaii oru velikk mukaliloode hozhsfordine sahaayikkumbol addeham oru apakadatthil pedukayaayirunnu. hozhsfordinte thokku pottitherichu kannil vediyuthirthu. paraamarshangal.

alfried horsford general surr alfried hastings horsford (1818-13 september 1885) heey british lashkarache varishtha adhikari hote, jeey pudhe lashkari sachiv jhaale. lashkari karkird. bathmadhye janmalelya aanee sandhurst yetheel royal miiliitary collegemadhye shikshan ghetalelya horsfordla 1833 madhye raifal brigedmadhye niyukt karnyat aale. tyanni 1847 madhye cape frontier yuddhat kaam kele aanee 1852 madhye 8 vya zosa yuddhadarmyan raifal brigedchya 1 lii bnche commanding officer hote. tyane crimean yuddhatahi kaam kele aanee almachi ladhai, inkermanchi ladhai, balaklavachi ladhai aanee sevastopolachya vedhyachya suruvatichya bhagat ladhala. lakhanau tabyat ghetalyanantar 6 vya brigedcha commander banoon tyane bharatiy bandachya dadapshahimadhye kaam kele. 1860 madhye tyanna lashkari mukhyalayat up-sahayak-general, 1866 madhye uldershot yethe brigade commander, 1869 madhye malta yethe general staffver mejar-general aanee janewari 1872 madhye aagney jilhyache commanding general officer mhanoon niyukt karnyat aale. 1874 madhye teey lashkari sachiv jhaale. royal italian auperache vyavasthapak fredrick gye heey horsfordla kumpanavar madat karat asatana nivruttinantar tyancha apghat jhaala. horsfordchi bandook phutali aanee dolhyala golee lagali. sandarbh.

alfred hersford general sear alfred hastings hersford (1818-13 september 1885) ek warishtha britis sena adhikari thie jo sainya sachiva bane. sainya currier. snanma janmieka rar royal military college, sandhurstma shikshit, hersfordlai sann 1833 maa rifle brigedma niyukta garieko thiyo. unle sann 1847 maa cape frontier yudhama sewa gare rar sann 1852 maa 8 aun jhosa yuddhako samayama rifle brigedko 1 aun batalianko commanding officer thie. unle crimean yudhama pani sewa gare rar almako yuddha, incormanko yuddha, balaklawako yuddha rar sewastopolko gherabandiko prarambhik bhagma lade. unle bharatiya vidrohako damanma sewa gare, lakhanau kabja garda chhaitaun brigedko commander banaiyo. unlai sann 1860 maa sena mukhyalayama upa-adjutant-general, sann 1866 maa uldersotma brigade commander, sann 1869 maa maltama general stafma mazer-general rar janawari 1872 maa dakshin-purvi jillako commanding garne general officer banaiyo. uni sann 1874 maa sainya sachiva bane. sewaniwrittika kramama shahi italian operaka prabandhak fredrick gele hersfordlai badma sahayog garda uni durghatanama pareka thie. hersfordko banduk banda bhayo rar ankhama goli lagyo. sandarbhaharu.

alfred hersford general saar alfred hastings hersford (1818-13 september 1885) jane baristha british sena adhikari thile jie samarika sachiba hoithile. samarika kyariyara. snanare janmita ebong sandhorstra rayal military kalejare sikhita, hersford 1833 ray rifle brigedare nijukta hoithile. shay 1847 ray cape seemanta juddhare karjya karithile ebong 1852 ray 8maha jhosa juddha samajare rifle brigedara 1maha bienra kamanding officer thile. shay crimean juddhare madhya karjya karithile ebong alma juddha, inkarmana juddha, balaklava juddha ebong sevastopola abarodhara prarambhika bhagare ladhithile. shay bharatiah bidrohara damanare karjya karithile, lakshnau dakhalare 6stha brigedara commander hoithile. 1860 masihare sena mukhyalajare deputi adjutant-general, 1866 masihare aldershotre brigade commander, 1869 masihare malta thaare general staff upare mejara general ebong 1872 masiha januari maasare dakhina-purba jillara kamanding general officer bhabe nijukta hoithile. 1874 masihare shay samarika sachiba hoithile. absar grahan samajare shay eka durghatanare samprukta thile jetebele rayal italiah aperara manager frederic gaiah eka baada upare hersfordnku sahajya karuthile. hersfordnka bandhukati bajigala ebong aakhire gaiah guli bajithila. sandarbha.

alfried harsford general sarr alfried hassings harsford (1818-13 satambar 1885) ikk senior british fauj adhikari see joe agge miltery sakattar baniaa. fauji carrier. baath witch paida hoiaa atey shaahi miltery kaalaj, sandhurst witch padhiaa, harsford noon 1833 witch rifle brigade witch commission ditta giaa see. unhan neey sann 1847 witch cape frontier yuddh witch seva nibhai atey sann 1852 witch 8veen zosa yuddh dauran rifle brigade dee pahili bee. ainn. dey commanding adhikari sunn. uss neey creamian yuddh witch vee seva keeti atey alma dee ladai, inkerman dee ladai, balkalawa dee ladai atey sevastopol dee gherabandi dey shuruati hisse witch ladiaa. uss neey bharti vidroh dey daman witch seva nibhai, jiss noon lakhnau utte kabza curran vele 6veen brigade daa commander banaiaa giaa see. unhan noon 1860 witch fauj dey headquarter witch dipty adjutant-general, 1866 witch aldershot witch ikk brigade commander, 1869 witch malta witch general staff utte mejar-general atey janwari 1872 witch dakkhan-purbi zilhe dee command curran vaale general afsar banaiaa giaa see. uh 1874 witch miltery sakattar baney. retirement witch uh ikk hadse witch shamal hoow giaa see jadon shaahi italian opera dey manager fredrik gee ikk vaad utte harsford dee sahaita qarr rahey sunn. harsford dee banduk bnd hoow gaee atey uss dee akkh witch goli lagg gaee. havale.

alfred harsford general surr alfred hastings harsford (1818-13 september 1885) ekaha varishtah british-senaa-adhikaari aasit yah sainya-sachivah abhavat. sainya-vruttihi. snaanagruhe janma praapya, sandhurst-nagarasya rayal military-mahaavidyaalaye shikshitah, harsford ityeshah 1833 tame varshe raifal-brigade-madhye niyuktah. saha 1847 tame varshe kep-frintier-yuddhe sevaam akarot, 1852 tame varshe 8 tame zosaa-yuddhe prathama-bii. enn. raifal-brigade ityasya commanding-adhikaarih aasit. saha crimean-yuddhe api sevaam akarot, almaa-yuddhe, inkarman-yuddhe, balaklava-yuddhe, sevastopol-pariveshtanasya prarambhikabhage cha yuddham krutavaan. saha bhaarateey-vidrohasya damanasya kaaryam akarot, saha lakno-nagarasya grahanasamaye shashta-brigade-ityasya senaapatih abhavat. saha 1860 tame varshe senaa-mukhyalaye upa-sahaayak-senaapatih, 1866 tame varshe aldershot-nagare brigade-kamaandarah, 1869 tame varshe malta-nagare samanya-karmachaarishu measure-general, 1872 tame varshe janavaree-maase dakshina-poorva-mandalasya commanding-general-aafeesar iti cha abhavat. saha 1874 tame varshe sainya-sachivah abhavat. nivruttau saha ekasmin durghatanayam samlagnah aasit yadaa rayal italian operaa ityasya prabandhakah fredrick gai, harsford ityasya veli-upari sahayyam kurvan aasit. harsford ityasya bandookam visphotitam, netre cha chvvam cha. sandarbhah.

alfred harspoardu general charr alfred haastings harspoardu (1818-13 septumber 1885) oru mooththa british iraanuva adhigaari aavaar, avar iraanuva seyalaalaraaga irunthaar. iraanuva vaazhkkai. kuliyalaraiyil piranthu, sandhurstill ulla raayal iraanuvak kallooriyil kalvi payintra harspoardu, 1833 aam aandil rifle padaippirivil niyamikkappattaar. avar 1847 aam aandil cape ellaippura poaril paniyaattrinaar mattrum 1852 aam aandil 8 vadhu sosa poarin poathu 1 vadhu pii. enn. rifle padaippirivil commanding athikaariyaaga irunthaar. avar grimean poarkalilum paniyaattrinaar, maelum alma poar, ingerman poar, balaklawa poar mattrum sevastopol muttrukaiyin aaramba paguthiyil poaraadinaar. avar inthiya kilarchiyin adakkumuraiyil paniyaattrinaar, laknoavaik kaippattriyapoathu 6 vadhu padaippirivukku thalapathiyaaga niyamikkappattaar. 1860ill iraanuva thalaimaiyagaththil thunai thunaith thalapathiyaagavum, 1866ill altershoddle padaippirivu thalapathiyaagavum, 1869ill maltavil podhup paniyaalarkalil mejar jenaralaagavum, 1872 janavariyil thenkizhakku maavattaththirku thalaimaip poruppaalaraagavum niyamikkappattaar. 1874ill iraanuvach seyalaalaraagap paniyaattrinaar. oaivupettrapoathu, raayal itaaliya ooparaa maelaalaraana frederic keyy, oru vaeliyin meethu harspordukku udhavi seithapoathu avar oru vibaththil sikkiyirunthaar. harspordin thuppakki vediththu kannil kaii sudappattathu. kurippugal.

alfred harsford general surr alfred hastings harsford (1818-13 september 1885) oka senior british armi adhikari, ayana sainika kaaryadarsigaa konasagaru. sainika vrutti. baath loe janminchi, raayal military kalaasaala, sandhurst loe chaduvukunna harsford 1833loe raifil brigadelo niyaminchabaddaadu. athanu 1847loe cape sarihaddu yuddhamlo panicheesaadu mariyu 1852loe 8va khosa yuddhamlo 1va bn raifil brigedku commanding adhikariga panicheesaadu. athanu crimean yuddhamlo kooda panicheesaadu mariyu alma yuddham, inkerman yuddham, balaklava yuddham mariyu sevastopol muttadi prarambha bhaagamlo poraadaadu. athanu bhaarata tirugubaatu anachivetalo panicheesaadu, lakno swaadheenam chesukunnappudu 6va brigade commanderga niyaminchabaddaadu. 1860loe armi pradhana karyalayamlo deputy adjutant-generalga, 1866loe aldershotlo brigade commanderga, 1869loe maltalo general staflo majer generalga, 1872 janavarilo aagneya jillaaku commanding general officerga niyamitulayyaaru. 1874loe sainika kaaryadarsigaa panicheesaaru. padavee viramana samayamlo raayal italian opera manager frederic gai kanchepai harsfordku sahayam chestunnappudu athanu pramaadamloo chikkukunnadu. harsford tupaki pelipoyi kantiki thupaakeetho kaalchaaru. suuchanalu.

alfared haars ford general sarr alfared hestings harsford (1818-13 satambar 1885) eek seniyar bartanvi foji afsar thay juu aagay chull kirr foji secertry banay. foji carrier. baath mein paida hoay aur raail multery college sandhorst mein taleem haasil kii harsford kuu 1833 mein rifil brigade mein commission diyaa gayaa. inhon nay 1847 mein cape frontier waar mein khidmaat anjaam dain aur 1852 mein 8 wein zosa jung kay doraan rifil brigade kii pehli bee aine kay commanding officer thay. iss nay creamin jung mein bhee khidmaat anjaam dain aur almaa kii jung ankarman kii jung balkalawa kii jung aur siwastopol kay muhasire kay ibtadayi hasay mein ladaa. inhon nay hindustani baghawat kay jabar mein khidmaat anjaam dain inhein likhno parr qabzah karnay parr chhatti brigade kaa commander banaya gayaa. inhein 1860 mein aarmi head kwarter mein dipty adjustant general 1866 mein alder shaat mein brigade commander 1869 mein maalta mein general staaf parr meejar general aur januri 1872 mein janub mashriqi zalaa kii commanding karnay waalay general officer banaya gayaa. wah 1874 mein foji secertry banay. retirement mein wah eek haadise mein malus how gayey jabb raail atalvi opera kay maneejar frederk gee baad parr harsford kii madad kirr rahay thay. haars ford kii bandoq phatt gayee aur aankh mein golee lagee. hawalah jaat.

00002da56c63c27507770bc60cb3c4ae37b354f7a12c3d26a75719e12073b037

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=122726

New Hampton, Missouri

New Hampton, Missouri New Hampton is a city in southwest Harrison County, Missouri, United States. The population was 228 at the 2020 census. History. New Hampton was originally called Hamptonville, and under the latter name was platted in 1869 by Hampton Cox, and named for him. A post office called New Hampton has been in operation since 1881. Geography. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all land. Demographics. <templatestyles src="US Census population/styles.css"/> 2010 census. At the 2010 census there were 291 people in 123 households, including 80 families, in the city. The population density was . There were 153 housing units at an average density of . The racial makup of the city was 95.5% White, 1.7% Native American, and 2.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.3%. Of the 123 households, 28.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.9% were married couples living together, 11.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 9.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 35.0% were non-families. 30.9% of households were one person, and 20.3% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 2.90. The median age was 38.1 years. 24.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 11.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 20.6% were from 25 to 44; 25.8% were from 45 to 64; and 17.9% were 65 or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.1% male and 50.9% female. 2000 census. At the 2000 census there were 349 people in 142 households, including 92 families, in the city. The population density was . There were 170 housing units at an average density of . The racial makup of the city was 100.00% White. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.72%. Of the 142 households, 26.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.9% were married couples living together, 6.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.2% were non-families. 31.0% of households were one person, and 16.9% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.46 and the average family size was 3.12. In the city the population was spread out, with 26.4% under the age of 18, 8.0% from 18 to 24, 25.8% from 25 to 44, 19.8% from 45 to 64, and 20.1% 65 or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.2 males. The median household income was $32,917 and the median family income was $40,536. Males had a median income of $23,125 versus $16,136 for females. The per capita income for the city was $13,450. About 4.4% of families and 10.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.2% of those under age 18 and 2.9% of those age 65 or over.

niu hampton, misouri niu hampton hoise aamerika juktorastror misourir dokhyin-poschim herison countyr ekhon sohor. 2020 sonor lukopiyolot jonoxongkhya aasil 228 john. itihax. niu hamptonok prothomote hamptonville buli kuwa hoisil, aaru pisor naamtur odhinot 1869 sonot hampton kokxe play 'tot korisil, aaru teur naamere naamkoron koraa hoisil. niu hampton naamor etaa dakghor 1881 sonor poraa karzokori hoi aase. bhugul. aamerika juktorastror lukpiyol byur "ror mote, sohorkhonor muth eleka hoise, xokolu bhumi. jonogathoni. 2010 sonor lukpiyol. 2010 sonor lukopiyolot sohorkhonot 80taa poriyaloke dhori 123taa poriyalot 291john luk aasil. jonoxongkhyar ghonotwo aasil. gorh ghonotwot 153taa grihonirman gutt aasil. sohorkhonor jatigoto gothon aasil 95.5% bogaa, 1.7% sthaniyo aamerikan, aaru 2.7% dutaa baa totudhik jaatir. jikunu jaatir hispanik baa letin 'ror xongkhya aasil 0.3%. 123taa poriyalor bhitorot, 28.5% ror xoite baax koraa 18 bosoror tolor xontan aasil, 43.9% bibahito dompoti aasil ekeloge baax korisil, 11.4% ror egoraki mohila grihostho aasil jaar swami nasil, 9.8% ror egoraki purux grihostho aasil jaar potni nasil, aaru 35.0% poriyalbihin aasil. 30.9 xotangxo poriyalor ejon byokti aasil, aaru 20.3% 65 bosor baa tatkoi odhik boyoxor ejon byokti aasil. gorh poriyalor aakar aasil 2.37 aaru gorh poriyalor aakar aasil 2.90. gorh boyox aasil 38.1 bosor. 24.4 xotangxo baxindar boyox 18 bosoror tolor aasil; 11.2% 18-ror poraa 24 bosor boyoxor bhitorot aasil; 20.6% 25-ror poraa 44 bosoror bhitorot aasil; 25.8% 45-ror poraa 64 bosoror bhitorot aasil; aaru 17.9% 65 baa tatkoi odhik boyoxor aasil. sohorkhonor lingo gothon aasil 49.1% purux aaru 50.9% mohila. 2000 sonor lukpiyol. 2000 sonor lukopiyolot sohorkhonot 92taa poriyaloke dhori, 142taa poriyalot 349john luk aasil. jonoxongkhyar ghonotwo aasil. gorh ghonotwot 170taa grihonirman gutt aasil. sohorkhonor jatigoto gothon 100.00% bogaa aasil. jikunu jaatir hispanik baa letin 'aasil 1.72%. ei 14taa poriyalor bhitorot, 18 bosoror tolor xontanor xoite baax koraa aai. di. 2 aasil, aai. di. 1 aasil bibahito dompoti, 6.3% aasil egoraki mohila grihostho, jaar swami nasil, aaru aai. di. 3 aasil poriyalbihin. 31.0 xotangxo poriyalor ejon byokti aasil, aaru 16.9% 65 bosor baa tatkoi odhik boyoxor ejon byokti aasil. gorh poriyalor aakar aasil 2.46 aaru gorh poriyalor aakar aasil 3.12. sohorkhonot jonoxongkhya 18 bosoror tolor 26.4%, 18-ror poraa 24 bosor boyoxor 8.0%, 25-ror poraa 44 bosoroloike 25.8%, 45-ror poraa 64 bosoroloi 19.8%, aaru 65 bosor baa tatkoi odhik boyoxor lukor xoite bistrito aasil. gorh boyox aasil 40 bosor. proti 100 goraki mohilar biporite 89.7 goraki purux aasil. 18 bosor aaru taar uporor boyoxor proti 100 goraki mohilar biporite 93.2 goraki purux aasil. poriyalor majomiya aay aasil 32,917 dollar aaru majomiya poriyalor aay aasil 40,536 dollar. puruxor majomiya aay aasil 23,125 dollar biporite mohilar baabe 16,136 dollar. sohorkhonor jonomuri aay aasil 13,450 dollar. jonoxongkhyar pray 4.4% poriyal aaru <aai. di. 2> doridrotarekhar tolot aasil, jaar bhitorot 18 bosoror tolor lukoxokolor <aai. di. 1> aaru 65 bosor baa tatkoi odhik boyoxor lukoxokolor 2.9% aasil.

neu hamton, misauri neu hamton markin juktorashtrer misaurir dakkhin-poschim harrison kauntir ekti shohor. 2020 saaler jonogonona anujayi jonosongkha chhilo 228 john. itihas. neu hamptonke mulat hamptonville bolla hoto ebong 1869 saale hampton cox dwara poroborti naame plated koraa hoyechilo ebong taar naame namkaran koraa hoyechilo. neu hamton naame ekti dakghar 1881 saal theke kaaj korey asche. bhugol. markin juktorashtrer jonogonona bureau onusare, shahartir moat ayton holl, samasta jommy. jonosongkha. 2010 saaler jonogonona. 2010 saaler jonogonona anujayi, shohore 80tii poribar soho 123tii poribare 291 john looka chhilo. jonosongkhar ghonotto chhilo. gadey 153tii abason unit chhilo. shohorer jatigoto gathon chhilo saadaa, 1.7% sthaniya american ebong 2.7% dui baa totodhik jaatir. jey konao jaatir hyspanic baa latino chhilo 0.3%. 123tii poribarer modhye, 28.5%-err 18 bochorer qama vayasi santan chhilo, 43.9% bibahito dampati chhilo jaaraa eksange thakat, 11.4%-err ekjon mohila grihokorta chhilo jaar konao swami uposthito chhilo naa, 9.8%-err ekjon purush grihokorta chhilo jaar konao stree uposthito chhilo naa, ebong 35.0% chhilo aaa-poribar. 30.9 shotangsho poribare ekjon byakti chhilen ebong 20.3% 65 bochor baa taar beshi vayasi ekjon byakti chhilen. garh poribarer akaar chhilo 2.37 ebong garh poribarer akaar chhilo 2.90. garh boyce chhilo 38.1 bochor. 24.4 shotangsho basinder boyce 18 bochorer qama; 11.2% 18 theke 24 bochor vayasi; 20.6% 25 theke 44 bochor vayasi; 25.8% 45 theke 64 bochor vayasi; ebong 17.9% 65 baa taar beshi vayasi. shohorer ling gathon chhilo 49.1% purush ebong 50.9% mohila. 2000 saaler jonogonona. 2000 saaler jonogonona anujayi, shohore 92tii poribar soho, 14tii poribare 349 john looka chhilo. jonosongkhar ghonotto chhilo. gadey 170tii abason unit chhilo. shohorer jatigoto gathon chhilo 100.00% saadaa. jey konao jaatir hyspanic baa latino chhilo 1.72%. 14tii poribarer modhye, jaader 18 bochorer qama vayasi santan chhilo, taaraa eksange bosobas koroto, bibahito dampati chhilo, 6.3 shotangsher ekjon mohila grihokorta chhilen ebong swami uposthito chhilen naa ebong ebong chhilo aaa-poribar. 31.0 shotangsho poribare ekjon byakti chhilen ebong 16.9% 65 bochor baa taar beshi vayasi ekjon byakti chhilen. garh poribarer akaar chhilo 2.46 ebong garh poribarer akaar chhilo 3.12. shohore jonosongkha chhoriye chhilo, 18 bochorer qama boyosider modhye 26.4%, 18 theke 24 bochor boyosider modhye 8 shotangsho, 25 theke 44 bochor boyosider modhye 25.8%, 45 theke 64 bochor boyosider modhye 19.8% ebong 65 bochor baa taar beshi boyosider modhye 20.1% 65. garh boyce chhilo 40 bochor. proti 100 john mohilar jonno 89.7 john purush chhilen. 18 bochor baa taar beshi vayasi proti 100 john mohilar jonno 93.2 john purush chhilen. poribarer garh aay chhilo 32,917 markin dollar ebong poribarer garh aay chhilo 40,536 markin dollar. purushder garh aay chhilo 23,125 markin dollar bonam mohilader jonno 16,136 markin dollar. shohorer mathapichu aay chhilo 13,450 markin dollar. pray 4.4% poribar ebong jonosongkhar 10.9% daridrosimar niche chhilo, jaar modhye 18 bochorer qama boyosider 11.2% ebong 65 bochor baa taar beshi boyosider modhye 2.9% chhilo.

nyu hampton, misauri nyu hampton aee united statesnaa misaurima dakshinpashchim harrison kaauntimaa aavelu aek shaher chhe. chhe vastee ganatarimaa vastee 228 hatee. itihas. navaa hamptonne mulroope hamptonville kahevama aavtu hatoo, aneey pachhinaa naam hethal hethal hampton coaks dwara platted karvaamaa aavyu hatoo, aneey tenu naam temnaa naam parthee rakhvama aavyu hatoo. nyu hampton naamnee poosta offices offices kaaryarat chhe. bhugol. united states sensus beuro anusaar, aaa shaherno coole vistaar, tamaam jameen chhe. vastee vishhayak. ganatari vastee ganatari. ganatari vastee ganatarimaa shaherma 80 parivaaro saheet 123 gharomaa 291 loko hataa. vasteeni gichataa hatee. tyaan 153 aavaas aekamo hataa, jenee sarerash ghanata hatee. shahernee vansheey vastee safed hatee, 1.7% mool american aneey 2.7% beey keey tethee vadhu jatiomathi hatee. koipan jaatinaa hyspanic athavaa latinono hisso 0.3 takaa hato. 123 gharomathi, 28.5% paase temnee saathe raheta 18 varshthi ochhi umarnaa baadako hataa, 43.9% saathe raheta parineet yugalo hataa, 11.4% paase koee patee vinaa maheela gruhasth hatee, 9.8% paase koee patnee vinaa purush gruhasth hataa, aneey 35.0% biin-parivaaro hataa. 30.9 takaa gharomaa aek vyaktee hatee aneey 20.3% 65 keey tethee vadhu umarnaa aek vyaktee hataa. sarerash gharnu qada 2.37 hatoo aneey sarerash kutumbanu qada 2.90 hatoo. sarerash vaya 38.1 varsh hatee. 24.4 takaa rahevasio 18 varshthi ochhi umarnaa hataa; 11.2% 18 thee 24 varshnee vaya vachchena hataa; 20.6% 25 thee 44 varshnee vayanaa hataa; 25.8% 45 thee 64 varshnee vayanaa hataa; aneey 17.9% 65 keey tethee vadhu umarnaa hataa. shahernu ling swaroop 49.1% purush aneey 50.9% stree hatoo. ganatari vastee ganatari. ganatari vastee ganatarimaa shaherma 92 parivaaro saheet, 142 gharomaa 349 loko hataa. vasteeni gichataa hatee. tyaan 170 aavaas aekamo hataa, jenee sarerash ghanata hatee. shahernu vansheey swaroop 100.00% safed hatoo. koipan jaatinaa hyspanic athavaa latinono 1.72% hato. 14 gharomathi, aaee. dii. 2. maan 18 varshthi ochhi umarnaa baadako temnee saathe raheta hataa, aaee. dii. 3. maan parineet yugalo saathe raheta hataa, 6.3 takaa stree gruhasth hatee aneey patee haajar nahota aneey aaee. dii. 1. biin-parivaaro hataa. 31.0 takaa gharomaa aek vyaktee hatee aneey 16.9% 65 keey tethee vadhu umarnaa aek vyaktee hataa. sarerash gharnu qada 2.46 hatoo aneey sarerash kutumbanu qada 3.12 hatoo. shaherma vastee felaayelee hatee, jemaa 18 varshthi ochhi umarnaa 26.4%, 18 thee 24 varshnee umarnaa 8 takaa, 25 thee 44 varshnee umarnaa 25.8%, 45 thee 64 varshnee umarnaa 19.8% aneey 65 keey tethee vadhu umarnaa 20.1% loko hataa. sarerash ummar 40 varsh hatee. darr 100 maheelao deeth 89.7 purusho hataa. 18 varsh aneey tethee vadhu umarnee darr 100 maheelao maate 93.2 purusho hataa. gharnee sarerash aavak 32,917 dollar hatee aneey parivaarni sarerash aavak 40,536 dollar hatee. purushoni sarerash aavak 23,125 dollar hatee jyaare maheelao maate 16,136 dollar hatee. shahernee mathadith aavak 13,450 dollar hatee. lagbhag 4.4 takaa parivaaro aneey vasteena 10.9% garibi rekhaa neeche hataa, jemaa 18 varshthi ochhi umarnaa 11.2% aneey 65 keey tethee vadhu umarnaa 2.9 takaa loko saamel hataa.

nyu hampton, misauri nyu hampton dakshin-paschim harrison county, misauri, sanyukt raajya america mein ack shahar haye. 2020 kii janganana mein jansankhya 228 thee. itihas. nae hampton koo mool roop seey hamptonville kahaa jaataa thaa, aur baad vaale naam key tahat 1869 mein hampton cox dwara plate kiya gayaa thaa, aur unake naam parr rakhaa gayaa thaa. nyu hampton naamak ack dakghar 1881 seey kaam curr rhaa haye. bhugol. sanyukt raajya janganana beuro key anusaar, shahar kaa kull kshetrafal, sabhi bhoomi haye. jansankhyiki. 2010 kii janganana. 2010 kii janganana mein shahar mein 80 parivaaron sahit 123 gharon mein 291 loga they. jansankhya ghanatva thaa. 153 awas ikaaiyaan theen jinka ausat ghanatva thaa. shahar kaa nasleeya roop safed thaa, 1.7% mool americi, aur 2.7% dou yaa dou seey adhik naslon seey thaa. kissy bhee jaati key hyspanic yaa latino 0.3% they. 123 gharon mein seey, 28.5% key 18 varsh seey cumm ayu key bachche unake saath reh rahey they, 43.9% vivaahit jode they joe ack saath reh rahey they, 11.4% kii ack mahila grihasthi thee jisamen koee pati maujood naheen thaa, 9.8% kaa ack purush grihasth thaa jisamen koee patni maujood naheen thee, aur 35.0% gair-parivaar they. 30.9 pratishat parivaar ack vyakti they, aur 20.3% 65 varsh yaa usase adhik ayu key ack vyakti they. ausat ghar kaa aakar 2.37 thaa aur ausat parivaar kaa aakar 2.90 thaa. ausat ayu 38.1 varsh thee. 24.4 pratishat nivasi 18 varsh seey cumm ayu key they; 11.2% 18 aur 24 varsh kii ayu key beach they; 20.6% 25 seey 44 varsh kii ayu key they; 25.8% 45 seey 64 varsh kii ayu key they; aur 17.9% 65 yaa usase adhik ayu key they. shahar kaa ling makeup 49.1% purush aur 50.9% mahila thaa. 2000 kii janganana. 2000 kii janganana mein shahar mein 92 parivaaron sahit, 142 gharon mein 349 loga they. jansankhya ghanatva thaa. 170 awas ikaaiyaan theen jinka ausat ghanatva thaa. shahar kaa nasleeya roop 100.00% safed thaa. kissy bhee jaati key hyspanic yaa latino 1.72% they. 14 gharon mein seey, 18 varsh seey cumm ayu key bachche unake saath rahate they, vivaahit jode ack saath rahate they, 6.3% mahila grihasth thee aur koee pati maujood naheen thaa, aur gair-parivaar they. 31.0 pratishat parivaar ack vyakti they, aur 16.9% 65 varsh yaa usase adhik ayu key ack vyakti they. ausat ghar kaa aakar 2.46 thaa aur ausat parivaar kaa aakar 3.12 thaa. shahar mein aabaadi 18 varsh seey cumm ayu key logon key saath 26.4%, 18 seey 24 varsh kii ayu key logon key saath 8.0%, 25 seey 44 varsh kii ayu key logon key saath 25.8%, 45 seey 64 varsh kii ayu key logon key saath 19.8% aur 65 varsh yaa usase adhik ayu key logon key saath faili hui thee. ausat ayu 40 varsh thee. pratyek 100 mahilaaon key liye 89.7 purush they. 18 varsh aur usase adhik ayu kii pratyek 100 mahilaaon key liye 93.2 purush they. ausat gharelu aaya 32,917 dollar thee aur ausat parivarik aaya 40,536 dollar thee. purushon kii ausat aaya 23,125 dollar thee jabaki mahilaaon kii ausat aaya 16,136 dollar thee. shahar kii prati vyakti aaya 13,450 dollar thee. lagbhag 4.4% parivaar aur 10.9% aabaadi garibi rekha seey neeche thee, jisamen 18 varsh seey cumm ayu key logon kii 11.2% aur 65 varsh yaa usase adhik ayu key logon kii 2.9% shamil theen.

nyoo hampton, misauri nyoo hampton united statesna misauriya nairtya harrison kountiyalliruva ondu nagaravagide. 2020rahra janaganatiyalli janasankhyeyu 228 aagittu. itihaasa. hosa hampton annu moolatah hamptonville endu kareyalaaguttittu, mattu nantarada hesarinalli 1869 ralli hampton kaksninda plat maadalaayitu mattu avana hesarannu idalaayitu. nyoo hampton emba anche kacheriyu kacheriyu kaaryanirvahisuttide. bhougolika. united states janaganati byooroda prakara, nagaravu ottu bhoopradeshavannu hondide. janasankhyaashaastra. 2010rahra janaganati. 2010rahra janaganatiya prakara nagaradalli 80 kutumbagalu seridante 123 kutumbagalalli 291 janariddaru. jansankhyeya saandrate ittu. 153 vasati ghatakagalu sarasari saandrateyallive. nagarada janangiya gumpugalu bili, 1.7% sthaliya americannaru mattu 2.7% eradu athawa hecchina janangagalinda bandavaraagiddaru. yaavude janangada hysponic athawa latino janaru 0.3% rashtiddaru. 123 kutumbagalalli, aii. dii. 4.18 varshakkinta kadime vayassina makkalannu hondiddu, aii. dii. 2. vivaahita dampatigalu ottige vaasisuttiddaru, aii. dii. 3. nalli ganda illada mahila maney maleeki iddaru, 9.8% rashtu kutumbadalli ganda hendati illada purusha maney maalikaraagiddaru mattu aii. dii. 1. kutumbagalalladavaragiddaru. 30.9 pratishata kutumbagalalli obba vyakti mattu <aii. dii. 1> 65 athawa adakkinta hecchina vayassina obba vyakti iddaru. sarasari maneya gatravu 2.37 aagittu mattu sarasari kutumbada gatravu 2.90 aagittu. sarasari vayassu 38.1 varshagalu. varshagalu nivasigalu 18 varshakkinta kadime vayassinavaragiddaru; <aii. dii. 4> 1> 24 varshadolaginavaraagiddaru; <aii. dii. 2> 2> 44 varshadavaraagiddaru; <aii. dii. 1> 1> 64 varshadavaraagiddaru; mattu <aii. dii. 3> 65 athawa adakkinta hecchina vayassinavaragiddaru. nagarada linga vinyaasavu <aii. dii. 2> purusha mattu <aii. dii. 1> mahileyagittu. 2000 janaganati. 2000rahra janaganatiya prakara nagaradalli 92 kutumbagalu seridante, 349 janaru, ottu, 142 kutumbagalalli vaasisuttiddaru. jansankhyeya saandrate ittu. 170 vasati ghatakagalu sarasari saandrateyallive. nagarada janangiya svaroopavu 100.00% bili bannaddagittu. yaavude janangada hysponic athawa latino 1.72% aagittu. 14 kutumbagalalli, 18 varshakkinta kadime vayassina makkalannu hondidda, ottige vasisuttidda vivaahita dampatigalu, pathi illada mahila maney malikarannu hondiddavaru, mattu kutumbagalalladavaragiddaru. kutumbagalalladavaragiddaru kutumbagalalli obba vyakti mattu <aii. dii. 1> kutumbagalalli 65 athawa adakkinta hecchina vayassina obba vyakti iddaru. sarasari maneya gaatra 2.46 mattu sarasari kutumbada gaatra 3.12 aagittu. nagaradalli 18 varshakkinta kadime vayassinavaraada <aii. dii. 1>, 1> 18rinda 24ravareginavara% 8.0,25rinda <aii. dii. dii 2,45rinda <aii. dii. 4> mattu 65 athawa adakkinta hecchina vayassinavara <aii. dii. 3> janasankhye haradittu. sarasari vayassu 40 varshagalu. prati 100 mahileyarigomme 89.7 purushariddaru. 18 mattu adakkinta hecchina vayassina prati 100 mahileyaralli 93.2 purushariddaru. sarasari kutumbada aadaayavu $32,917 aagittu mattu sarasari kutumbada aadaayavu $40,536 aagittu. purusharu sarasari aadaayavannu $23,125 mattu mahileyarige $16,136 hondiddaru. nagarada talaa aadaayavu $13,450 aagittu. sumaru 4.4% kutumbagalu mattu jansankhyeya <aii. dii. 1> badatana rekheginta kelagiddavu, idaralli 18 varshadolaginavara <aii. dii. 2> mattu 65 athawa adakkinta hecchina vayassinavara 2.9% seriddavu.

nyoo hampton, misauri american aikyanaadukalile misouriyile thekkupadinjaaran haarisan kaundiyile oru nagaramaan nyoo hampton. 2020leeii sensus prakaram ividuthe janasamkhya 228 aayirunnu. charithram. puthiya hampton aadyam haamptanville ennu vilikkapettu, 1869 ll hampton cox randaam peril plait cheyyukayum addehathinte peril namakaranam cheyyukayum cheythu. nyoo hampton enna peril oru poost oafees 1881 muthal pravartthikkunnu. bhoomishaasthram. yunaittad stetts sensus beuroyude kanakkanusarichu, nagarathinu motham vistheernnam, muzhuvan bhoomiyumaanu. janasamkhyaashaasthram. 2010leeii sensus. 2010leeii sensus prakaram nagaratthil 80 kudumbangal ulppede 123 veedukalilaayi 291 perundaayirunnu. janasandrata undaayirunnu. sharashari saandrathayil 153 bhawana unitukalundaayirunnu. nagaratthile vamseeya roopangal veluthavarum 1.7% thaddesheeya amerikkakkarum 2.7% rando athiladhikamo vamshangalil ninnullavarumaayirunnu. eathenkilum vamshathile hyspanic allengil laattino 0.3 shathamaanamaayirunnu. 123 kudumbangalil, aii. dii. 2.-nuu 18 vayassil thaazheyulla kuttikalundaayirunnu, aii. dii. 4. vivahita dambathikalaayirunnu, aii. dii. 1-nuu bharthaavillaatha oru sthree veettammayum, 9.8%-nuu bhaaryayillaatha oru purusha veettammayum, aii. dii 3.-nuu kudumbangalallaathavarumaayu. 30.9 sathamaanam kudumbangalum oru vyakthiyum 65 vayaso athil kooduthalo praayamulla oralum aayirunnu. sharashari kudumba valuppam 2.37 umm sharashari kudumba valuppam 2.90 umm aayirunnu. sharashari praayam 38.1 vayassayirunnu. 24.thaamasakkaril 4 sathamaanam perr 18 vayassinu thaazheyullavarum, 18num 24num idayil praayamullavarum, 25num 44num idayil praayamullavarum, 45num 64num idayil praayamullavarum, 65num athil kooduthal praayamullavarumaan. nagaratthinte lingaghadana <aii. dii. 1> purushan <aii. dii. 2> sthreeyumaayirunnu. 2000 sensus. 2000leeii sensus prakaram nagaratthil 92 kudumbangal ulppede, 349 perr, athaayath, 142 kudumbangalilayi undaayirunnu. janasandrata undaayirunnu. 170 bhawana yoonittukalaan sharashari saandrathayil undaayirunnathu. nagaratthile vamseeya rooparekha 100.00% vellayaayirunnu. eathenkilum vamshathile hyspanic allengil laattino 1.72% aayirunnu. aii. dii. 1. enna peril thamasikkunna 14 kudumbangalil 18 vayassil thaazheyulla kuttikalundaayirunnu, aii. dii. 3. enna peril vivahita dambathikal orumichu thaamasichirunnu, 6.3 sathamaanam perkku bharthaavillaatha oru sthree veettammayum, aii. dii. 2. enna peril kudumbangalallaathavarumaayu. 31.0 sathamaanam kudumbangalum oru vyakthiyum, <aii. dii. 1> 65 vayaso athil kooduthalo praayamulla oraalumaan. sharashari kudumba valuppam 2.46 umm sharashari kudumba valuppam 3.12 umm aayirunnu. 18 vayassinu thaazheyullavarude ennam aii. dii. 4umm 18 muthal 24 vare praayamullavarude ennam 8 sathamaanavum 25 muthal 44 vare varunnavarude ennam aii. dii 3umm 45 muthal 64 vare varunnavarude ennam aii. dii 2umm 65 vayaso athil kooduthalo praayamullavarude ennam aii. dii. 1umm aanu. sharashari praayam 40 vayassayirunnu. oro 100 sthreekalkkum 89.7 purushanmaaraan undaayirunnathu. 18 vious athil kooduthalumulla oro 100 sthreekalkkum 93.2 purushanmaaraan undaayirunnathu. sharashari kudumba varumanam 32,917 dollar sharashari kudumba varumanam 40,536 dollarumaayirunnu. purushanmaarude sharashari varumanam 23,125 dollar sthreekalude sharashari varumanam 16,136 dollarumaayirunnu. nagaratthinte prathiseersha varumanam 13,450 dolaraayirunnu. 18 vayassinu thaazheyullavarude aidi1 umm 65 vayaso athil kooduthalo praayamullavarude 2.9 sathamaanavum ulppede janasamkhyayude 4.4 sathamaanam kudumbangalum aidi2-umm daaridryarekhaykku thaazheyaayirunnu.

nyu hampton, misauri nyu hampton heey amerikechya misauri rajyatil nairutya harrison countymadhil eka shahar aahe. 2020 chya jangananenusar loksankhya 228 hotee. itihas. nyu hamptonla moolatah hamptonville asey mhatale jaat hote aanee nantarchya navane 1869 madhye hampton coxney tyala plated kele aanee tyache naav dile. nyu hampton navache tapal karyalay 1881 pasoon karyarat aahe. bhoogol. united states sensus beuronusar, shaharache ekoon kshetrafal, serve jameen aahe. loksankhyashastra. 2010 chee janganana. 2010 chya jangananenusar shaharat 80 kutumbansah 123 gharanmadhye 291 lock hote. loksankhyechi ghanata hotee. 153 gruhnirman ekak sarasari ghanatenusar hote. shaharachi vanshik rachana 95.5% pandhari, 1.7% mool american aanee 2.7% done kinwa adhik vanshatil hotee. konatyahi vanshatil hyspanic kinwa latino 0.3% hote. 123 kutumbanpaiki, 28.5% laa 18 varshankhalil mule hotee, 43.9% heey vivahit jodape ekatra rahat hote, 11.4% madhye patee nasaleli mahila gruhastha hotee, 9.8% kutumbat purush gruhastha hote aanee patni navhati aanee 35.0% heey kutumb nasalele hote. 30.9 takke kutumbe eka vyakti hotee aanee 20.3% 65 kinwa tyahoon adhik vayachi eka vyakti hotee. kutumbacha sarasari aakar 2.37 hota aanee kutumbacha sarasari aakar 2.90 hota. tyanche sarasari vay 38.1 varshe hote. 24.4 takke rahivasi 18 varshankhalil hote; 11.2% heey 18 teey 24 vayogatatil hote; 20.6% heey 25 teey 44 vayogatatil hote; 25.8% heey 45 teey 64 vayogatatil hote; aanee 17.9% heey 65 kinwa tyahoon adhik vayache hote. shaharacha lingroop 49.1% purush aanee 50.9% mahila hota. 2000 chee janganana. 2000 chya jangananenusar shaharat 92 kutumbansah, 142 gharanmadhye 349 lock hote. loksankhyechi ghanata hotee. 170 gruhnirman ekak sarasari ghanatenusar hote. shaharachi vanshik rachana 100.00% pandhari hotee. konatyahi jaatiche hyspanic kinwa latino 1.72% hote. 142 gharanpaiki, aay. dii. 3. madhye 18 varshankhalil mule tyanchyasobat rahat hotee, aay. dii. 1. vivahit jodapi ekatra rahat hotee, 6.3 takke gharat patee nasaleli mahila hotee aanee aay. dii. 2. hii gair-kutumbe hotee. 31.0 takke kutumbe eka vyakti hotee aanee 16.9% 65 kinwa tyahoon adhik vayachi eka vyakti hotee. kutumbacha sarasari aakar 2.46 hota aanee kutumbacha sarasari aakar 3.12 hota. shaharat 18 varshankhalil 26.4%, 18 teey 24 vayogatatil 8 takke, 25 teey 44 vayogatatil 25.8%, 45 teey 64 vayogatatil 19.8% aanee 65 kinwa tyahoon adhik vayachi 20.1% ashee loksankhya pasarali hotee. sarasari vay 40 varshe hote. darr 100 mahilanmage 89.7 purush hote. 18 varshe aanee tyahoon adhik vayachya pratyek 100 mahilansathi 93.2 purush hote. kutumbache sarasari utpann 32,917 dollar hote aanee kutumbache sarasari utpann 40,536 dollar hote. purushanche sarasari utpann 23,125 dollar hote tarr mahilanche 16,136 dollar hote. shaharache dardoi utpann 13,450 dollar hote. sumare 4.4% kutumbe aanee loksankhyetil 10.9% daridrya reshekhali hotee, jyat 18 varshankhalil 11.2% aanee 65 varshe kinwa tyahoon adhik vayachya 2.9% lokancha samavesh hota.

nyu hampton, misauri nyu hampton dakshinapashchim harrison county, misauri, sanyukta rajya americako euta sahar how. sann 2020 ko janaganaanusar janasankhya 228 thiyo. itihas. nayan hamptonlai muel rupma hamptonbhil bhaninthyo, rar pachhillo naam antargat 1869 maa hampton koksdwara plated garieko thiyo, rar unko naam rakhieko thiyo. nayan hampton namak hulak karyalaya sann 1881 dekhi sanchalanma chha. bhugol. sanyukta rajya americako janagana byuroka anusar, saharko kull kshetrafal, sabai jamin chha. janasankhyiki. sann 2010 ko janagana. sann 2010 ko janaganaanusar saharma 80 pariwarsahit 123 gharapariwarma 291 zana thie. janasankhya ghanatwa thiyo. tyahan 153 awas ekaiharu ausat ghanatwama thie. saharko jatiya banawat 95.5% seto, 1.7% muel americi, rar 2.7% dui wa badhi jatiharubata thie. kunai pani jatika hispainik wa latino 0.3% thie. 123 wata gharapariwarharu madhye, 28.5% kaa 18 warsha munika chhorachhoriharu uniharusanga basdai aeka thie, 43.9% sangai basne vivahit dampatiharu thie, 11.4% kaa pati bina mahila grihastha thie, 9.8% kaa pati bina purush grihastha thie, rar 35.0% gaira-pariwarharu thie. 30.9 pratishat gharapariwarma ekjana wyakti thie, rar 20.3% 65 warsha wa sobhanda mathika ekjana wyakti thie. ausat gharko akar 2.37 thiyo rar ausat pariwarko akar 2.90 thiyo. ausat umera 38.1 warsha thiyo. 24.4 pratishat basindaharu 18 warshabhanda cum umerka thie; 11.2% 18 rar 24 warsha bichka thie; 20.6% 25 dekhi 44 warsha bichka thie; 25.8% 45 dekhi 64 warsha bichka thie; rar 17.9% 65 wa sobhanda mathika thie. saharko laingik banawat 49.1% purush rar 50.9% mahila thiyo. 2000 ko janagana. sann 2000 ko janaganaanusar saharma 92 pariwarsahit 14 wata gharma 349 zana thie. janasankhya ghanatwa thiyo. tyahan 170 awas ekaiharu ausat ghanatwama thie. saharko jatiya akar 100.00% seto thiyo. kunai pani jatika hispainik wa latino 1.72% thie. 14 gharapariwarharu madhye, 26.1% kaa 18 warsha munika chhorachhoriharu uniharusanga basdai aeka thie, 54.9% vivahit dampatiharu sangai basdai aeka thie, 6.3% mahila grihastha thie jasko pati upasthit thienan, rar 35.2% gaira-pariwarharu thie. 31.0 pratishat gharpariwar ek zana wyakti thie, rar 16.9% 65 warsha wa sobhanda mathika ek wyakti thie. ausat gharko akar 2.46 thiyo rar ausat pariwarko akar 3.12 thiyo. saharma janasankhya failieko thiyo, 18 warshabhanda cum umerka 26.4%, 18 dekhi 24 samma 8.0%, 25 dekhi 44 samma 25.8%, 45 dekhi 64 samma 19.8%, rar 20.1% 65 wa sobhanda mathika thie. ausat umera 40 warsha thiyo. pratyek 100 zana mahilama 89.7 zana purush thie. 18 warsha rar sobhanda mathika pratyek 100 zana mahilaka lagi 93.2 zana purush thie. ausat gharelu amdani $32,917 thiyo rar ausat pariwarik amdani $40,536 thiyo. purushharuko ausat amdani $23,125 thiyo jabki mahilaharuko ausat amdani $16,136 thiyo. saharko pratiwyakti aya 13,450 dollar thiyo. lagbhag 4.4 pratishat pariwar rar 10.9% janasankhya garibiko rekhamuni thie, jasma 18 warsha munika 11.2% rar 65 warsha wa sobhanda mathika 2.9 pratishatharu thie.

nyu hampton, misauri nyu hampton heuchhi juktarastra americara misaurira dakhina-paschima harrison kauntira eka sahara . 2020 janganana anujai ehara janasankhya 228 thila. itihas. nutan hampatanaku moolatah hamptonville kuhajauthila, ebong parabarti naamare 1869 ray hampton cokes dwara plate karajaithila, ebong taanka naamare namit hoithila . nyu hampton namaka eka dakghar 1881 masiharu karjya karuchhi. bhugol. juktarastrara janganana byurora tathya anujai, saharar mote khetraphala heuchhi, samasta jami. janasankhyika. 2010 janganana. 2010 janganana anujai, saharare saharare paribara sameth thile। paribarare 291 john lock thile. janasankhyara ghanatwa thila. harahari ghanatware ghanatware abas unit thila. saharar jatigata roop thila <aai. dii. 1> dhalaa, 1.7% moola americae, ebong 2.7% dui kimba adhika jaatira thile. jekaunasi jaatira hyspanic kimba latino 0.3% thile. thile। paribara madhyaru, madhyaru rahr 18 barsharu comm baisar pila semananka sahita rahuthile, ebong bibahita dampati thile, rahuthile rahr jane mahila gruhinee thile, ebong taanka swamee nathile, '9.8%' nka jane purush gruhinee thile, ebong madhyaru anah-paribara thile. 30.9 pratishata paribara jane byakti thile, ebong <aai. dii. 1> 65 barsha kimba taa 'thaaru adhika baisar jane byakti thile. harahari paribarara aakaar thila 2.37 ebong harahari paribarara aakaar thila 2.90. harahari bayasa 38.1 barsha thila. 24.4 pratishata basinda 18 barsharu comm baisar thile; 11.2% 18 ru 24 barsha baisar thile; 20.6% 25 ru 44 barsha baisar thile; 25.8% 45 ru 64 barsha baisar thile; ebong 17.9% 65 kimba taa 'thaaru adhika baisar thile. saharar linggata gathan thila 49.1% purush ebong 50.9% mahila. 2000 janganana. 2000 masihar janganana anusare saharare saharare paribara sameth, sameth paribarare 349 john lock thile. janasankhyara ghanatwa thila. harahari ghanatware ghanatware abas unit thila. saharar jatigata roop thila 100.00% dhalaa . jekaunasi jaatira hyspanic kimba latino thile 1.72%. ehi ehi paribara madhyaru, madhyaru rahr 18 barsharu comm baisar pila semananka sahita rahuthile, rahuthile bibahita dampati thile, '6.3%' mahila gruhinee thile ebong ebong anah-paribara thile. 31.0 pratishata paribara jane byakti thile, ebong <aai. dii. 1> 65 barsha kimba taa 'thaaru adhika baisar jane byakti thile. harahari paribarara aakaar thila 2.46 ebong harahari paribarara aakaar thila 3.12. saharare janasankhya 18 barsharu comm baisar 26.4%, 18 ru 24 barsha baisar 8.0%, 25 ru 44 barsha baisar 25.8%, 45 ru 64 barsha baisar 19.8% ebong 65 kimba taa 'thaaru adhika baisar 20.1% sahita byapithila. harahari bayasa 40 barsha thila. prati 100 john mahilanka pichha 89.7 john purush thile. 18 barsha ebong taa 'thaaru adhika baisar prati 100 john mahilanka paain 93.2 john purush thile. madhyama gharoi aaja thila $32,917 ebong madhyama paribarika aaja thila $40,536. purushanka madhyama aaja thila $23,125 banam mahilanka paain $16,136. saharar mundapicha aaja thila 13,450 dollar. pakhapakhi 4.4% paribara ebong janasankhyara <aai. dii. 1. daridrya seemarekha tale thile, jeunthire 18 barsharu comm baisar <aai. dii. 2> ebong 65 kimba taa 'thaaru adhika baisar 2.9% antarbhukta thile.

nioo hampton, misauri nioo hampton dakkhan-pachmi harrison kaoonti, misauri, sanyukat raaj amrica daa ikk shehar haii. 2020 dee mardamshumari witch aabadi 228 see. itihaas. nioo hampton noon asal witch hamptonville kiha jaanda see, atey baad vaale naam heth 1869 witch hampton cox duaara tiaar keeta giaa see, atey uss dey naam utte rakkhiaa giaa see. nioo hampton namak ikk dakghar 1881 toon kamm qarr riha haii. bhugol. sanyukat raaj mardamshumari beoro dey anusar, shehar daa kull khetarfal, saaree zameen haii. jansankhiaa. 2010 dee mardamshumari 2010 dee mardamshumari witch shehar witch 80 parivaran samet 123 gharan witch 291 lock sunn. aabadi dee ghanta see. 153 rihaishi ikaiaan sunn joe kii ausat ghanta 'teey sunn. shehar daa nasli roop chitta see, 1.7% mool amriki atey 2.7% doou jaan doou toon vaddh naslan daa see. kise vee nasal dey hyspanic jaan latino 0.3% sunn. 123 gharan vicchon, aaee. dee. 2. dey 18 saal toon ghatt umar dey bacche unhan naal rahinde sunn, aaee. dee. 1. viaahe jode sunn joe ikkathe rahinde sunn, aaee. dee. 4. dee ikk mahila gharelu aurat see jiss daa koee patee maujood naheen see, 9.8% daa ikk purash gharelu maalak see jiss dee koee patni maujood naheen see, atey aaee. dee. 3. gair-parivaar sunn. 30.9 pratishat gharan witch ikk viakati see, atey 20.3% ikk viakati see jiss dee umar 65 saal jaan iss toon vaddh see. ausat gharelu aakaar 2.37 see atey ausat parivarak aakaar 2.90 see. ausat umar 38.1 saal see. 24.4 pratishat vasneek 18 saal toon ghatt umar dey sunn; 11.2% 18 toon 24 saal dee umar dey vichkaar sunn; 20.6% 25 toon 44 saal dey sunn; 25.8% 45 toon 64 saal dey sunn; atey 17.9% 65 jaan iss toon vaddh umar dey sunn. shehar daa ling banatar 49.1% purash atey 50.9% mahila see. 2000 dee mardamshumari. saal 2000 dee mardamshumari witch shehar witch 92 parivaran samet, 142 gharan witch 349 lock sunn. aabadi dee ghanta see. 170 rihaishi ikaiaan sunn joe kii austan ghanta 'teey sunn. shehar daa nasli roop 100.00% chitta see. kise vee nasal dey hyspanic jaan latino 1.72% sunn. uhanan dey naal rahinn vaale 14 gharan vicchon, 18 saal toon ghatt umar dey bacche sunn, viaahe hoye jode sunn joe ikkathe rahinde sunn, 6.3% aurtan gharelu sunn jinhan daa koee patee maujood naheen see, atey gair-parivaar sunn. 31.0 pratishat gharan witch ikk viakati see, atey 16.9% ikk viakati see jiss dee umar 65 saal jaan iss toon vaddh see. ausat gharelu aakaar 2.46 see atey ausat parivarak aakaar 3.12 see. shehar witch aabadi fail gaee see, 18 saal toon ghatt umar dey lokan laee 26.4%, 18 toon 24 saal dee umar dey lokan laee 8.0%, 25 toon 44 saal dee umar dey lokan laee 25.8%, 45 toon 64 saal dee umar dey lokan laee 19.8% atey 65 saal jaan iss toon vaddh umar dey lokan laee 20.1%. ausat umar 40 saal see. harr 100 aurtan laee 89.7 marad sunn. 18 saal atey iss toon vaddh umar deeaan harr 100 aurtan laee 93.2 marad sunn. ausat gharelu aamdan 32,917 dallar see atey ausat parivarak aamdan 40,536 dallar see. mardan dee ausat aamdan 23,125 dallar see jadon kii aurtan laee 16,136 dallar see. shehar dee pratee viakati aamdan 13,450 dallar see. lagbhag 4.4% parivaar atey aabadi daa 10.9% garibi rekha toon hethan see, jiss witch 18 saal toon ghatt umar dey lokan daa 11.2% atey 65 saal jaan iss toon vaddh umar dey lokan daa 2.9% shamal see.

nyoo hampton, misauree nyoo hampton samyuktarajyamerikadesha misauree-nagarasya nairutya-harrison-prantasya ekam nagaram asti. 2020 janaganananusaram asya janasankhyaa 228 aasit. itihaasah. nootanah hampton moolatah haamptanville iti namna prasidhah aasit, tathaa cha 1869 tame varshe hampton cox ityanena uttar-namna plyaat krutvaa tasya namakaranam krutam. nyoo hampton iti daakagharam 1881 tamaat varshaat prachalati. bhoogolah. samyuktarajyamerika-janaganana-karyalayasya anusaaram asya nagarasya sampoornam kshetrafalam sampoornam bhoomih asti. janasaamkhyikee. 2010 tame varshe janaganana. 2010 tamasya varshasya janaganananusaram asmin nagare 80 parivaaraih saha 123 gruheshu 291 janaah aasan. janasankhyaa-ghanataa aasit. 153 aawaas-ghatakaani aasan, yasya ghanatvam samanyam aasit. nagarasya jaateey-roopah shwetawarneeyah, 1.7% desheeyaah amerikeeyajanaah, 2.7% janaah dwau vaa adhikau vaa jaatibhih aasan. kasyaapi jaatyaah hispaanik athavaa latino-janaah 0.3% aasan. 123 gruheshu, 28.5% ityasya 18 varshaat nyoonavayaskaanaam baalaah teshaam saha nivasanti sma, 43.9% vivahita-dampatee ekatra nivasanti sma, 11.4% ityasya stree-gruhasthee aasit, pati upasthitah naseet, 9.8% ityasya stree vinaa purusha-gruhasthah aasit, 35.0% ityetaani parivaarahitaani aasan. 30.9 pratishatam gruhaani ekavyaktih aasit, tathaa cha 20.3% 65 varshaat adhikah vaa ekaha vyaktihi aasit. gruhasya madhyamah aakaarah 2.37 aasit, tathaa cha madhyamah parivaarah 2.90 aasit. asya madhyayuhu 38.1 varshaani aasit. 24.4 pratishatam nivaasinah 18 varshaat nyoonawayaskaah aasan; 11.2% 18 taha 24 varshaparyantam vayasaha aasan; 20.6% 25 taha 44 varshaparyantam vayasaha aasit; 25.8% 45 taha 64 varshaparyantam aayuh aasit; 17.9% 65 varshaat adhikavayaskah vaa aasit. nagarasya linga-vinyaasah 49.1% purushah, 50.9% mahilaa cha aasit. 2000 janagananam. 2000 tame varshe janaganananusaram nagare 92 parivaaraih saha, 142 gruheshu 349 janaah aasan. janasankhyaa-ghanataa aasit. 170 aawaas-ikaaiyaah aasan, yasya ghanatvam samanyam aasit. nagarasya jaateey-aakrutihi 100.00% shwetawarnah aasit. kasyaapi jaatyaah hispaanik athavaa latino iti 1.72% aasit. 14 gruheshu, 26.1% ityasya 18 varshaat nyoonavayaskaanaam baalaah teshaam saha nivasanti sma, 54.9% vivahita-dampatee ekatra nivasanti sma, 6.3% mahilaa-gruhasthaa aasit, pati naseet, 35.2% anyaa-parivaarah aasit. 31.0 pratishatam gruhaani ekavyaktih aasit, tathaa cha 16.9% 65 varshaat adhikah vaa aayuh vaa ekaha vyaktihi aasit. gruhasya madhyamah aakaarah 2.46 aasit, tathaa cha madhyamah parivaarah 3.12 aasit. 18 varshaat nyoonavayaskaanaam 26.4%, 18 taha 24 varshaparyantam 8.0%, 25 taha 44 varshaparyantam 25.8%, 45 taha 64 varshaparyantam 19.8%, 65 varshaparyantam vaa vruddhaha cha, nagare janasankhyaayaah prasaarah aasit. asya madhyayuhu 40 varshaani aasit. prati 100 mahilanam krute 89.7 purushaah aasan. 18 varshaanaam adhikavayaskaanaam prati 100 mahilanam krute 93.2 purushaah aasan. madhyam-gruhastha-aayah $32,917 aasit, madhyam-kutumba-aayah $40,536 aasit. purushaanaam madhyam-aayah $23,125 aasit, mahilanam krute $16,136 aasit. asya nagarasya prativyakti-aayah $13,450 aasit. praayah 4.4% parivaaraah, tathaa cha janasankhyaayaah 10.9% janaah cha daridryarekhayaha adhah aasan, yeshu 18 varshaat nyoonavayaskaanaam 11.2%, 65 varshaat adhikavayaskaanaam cha 2.9% cha aasan.

neu haamptan, mizori neu haamptan enbathu aikkiya americavin misori maanilaththin thenmaerku haarisan kavundiyil ulla oru nagaram aagum. 2020 makkal thogai kanakkeduppinpadi makkal thogai 228 aaga irunththathu. varalaaru. puthiya hampton muthalil hamptonville endru azhaikkappattathu, pinththaiya peyaril 1869 aam aandil hampton cox enbavaraal thattappattathu, maelum avarathu peyaraal peyaridappattathu. neu haamptan endra anjal aluvalagam 1881 muthal seyalpattu varukirathu. puviyiyal. america makkal thogai kanakkeduppu paniyagaththin koottruppadi, inththa nagaram moththa nilaparappaik kondullathu. makkalthogai. 2010 makkal thogai kanakkeduppu. 2010 makkal thogai kanakkeduppinpadi, nagaraththil 80 kudumbangal udpada 123 veedugalil 291 paer irunththanar. makkal thogai adarththi irunththathu. 153 veettuvasathi alagugal saraasariyaaga adarththiyaaga irunththana. nagaraththin ina maekkap 95.5% vellai, 1.7% poorveega americar mattrum 2.7% irandu allathu adharku maerpatta inangkalaich saernthavargal. endhavoru inaththin hysphonic allathu latheen 0.3 sathaveetham aagum. 123 veedugalil, aii. dii. 1. avarkaludan vasikkum 18 vayathirkutpatta kuzhandhaigalaik kondirundhadhu, aii. dii. 4. tirumanamaana thambathigal ontraaka vasiththu vanthanar, aii. dii 3. kku kanavar illaatha penn veettukkarar irunthaar, 9.8 sathaveetham paer manaivi illaatha aann veettukkarar mattrum aii. dii 2. kudumbangal allaathavarkal. 30.9 sathaveetha kudumbangal oru nabaraagavum, 20.3% 65 vayathu allathu adharku maerpatta oru nabaraagavum irunththanar. sarasari kudumba alavu 2.37 aagavum, sarasari kudumba alavu 2.90 aagavum irunththathu. sarasari vayathu 38.1 aaga irunththathu. 24.kudiyiruppaalargalil 4 sathaveetham paer 18 vayathirkutpattavarkal; 11.2% 18 muthal 24 vayathukkutpattavarkal; 20.6% 25 muthal 44 vayathukkutpattavarkal; 25.8% 45 muthal 64 vayathukkutpattavarkal; mattrum 17.9% 65 allathu adharku maerpattavargal. nagaraththin paalina amaippu 49.1% aann mattrum 50.9% penn aagum. 2000 makkal thogai kanakkeduppu. 2000 makkal thogai kanakkeduppinpadi, nagaraththil 92 kudumbangal udpada, 142 veedugalil 349 paer irunththanar. makkal thogai adarththi irunththathu. 170 veettu alagugal saraasariyaaga adarththiyaaga irunththana. nagaraththin ina amaippu 100.00% vellai niraththil irunththathu. endhavoru inaththin hysphonic allathu latheen inaththaich saernthavargalum 1.72% aaga irunththanar. 14 kudumbangalil, 18 vayathirkutpatta kuzhandhaigal avarkaludan vasiththu vanthanar, tirumanamaana thambathigal ontraaka vasiththu vanthanar, 6.3 sathaveetham paer kanavar illaatha penn veettukkarar mattrum kudumbangal allaathavarkal. 31.0 sathaveetha kudumbangal oru nabaraagavum, 16.9% 65 vayathu allathu adharku maerpatta oru nabaraagavum irunththanar. sarasari kudumba alavu 2.46 aagavum, sarasari kudumba alavu 3.12 aagavum irunththathu. nagaraththil makkal thogai paravalaaka irunththathu, 18 vayathirkutpattavarkal 26.4%, 18 muthal 24 varai 8 sathaveetham, 25 muthal 44 varai 25.8%, 45 muthal 64 varai 19.8% mattrum 65 allathu adharku maerpattavargal. sarasari vayathu 40 aagum. ovvoru 100 penkalukkum 89.7 aangal irunththanar. 18 vayathu mattrum adharku maerpatta ovvoru 100 penkalukkum, 93.2 aangal irunththanar. sarasari kudumba varumaanam $32,917 aagavum, sarasari kudumba varumaanam $40,536 aagavum irunththathu. aangalin sarasari varumaanam $23,125 aagavum, penkalukku $16,136 aagavum irunththathu. nagaraththin thaninabar varumaanam 13,450 daalaraaga irunththathu. sumar 4.4 sathaveetham kudumbangal mattrum makkal thogaiyil 10.9% varumaik koattirkuk keezhae irunththanar, idhil 18 vayathirkutpattavarkal 11.2% mattrum 65 vayathu allathu adharku maerpattavargalil 2.9 sathaveetham paer adangkuvar.

nyuu hampton, misauri nyuu hampton anedi united states looni missouriilooni nairuti haarisan kounteelooni oka nagaram. 2020 janabha lekkala prakaram janabha 228. charitra. kotta hamptonnu modata hamptonville anie pilicheevaaru, mariyu taruvaati paerutoe 1869loe hampton cox chetha plate cheyabadindi, mariyu athani paeru pettaru. nyuu hampton anae tapala karyalayam 1881 nundi panichestondi. bhougolikam. united states janabha lekkala beuro prakaram, nagaram mottam bhuubhaagam mottam undhi. janabha. 2010 janabha lekkalu. 2010 janabha lekkala prakaram nagaramlo 80 kutumbaalato sahaa 123 gruhaalalo 291 mandhi unnaaru. janabha saandrata undedi. sagatu saandrata vadda 153 gruha unitlu unnaayi. nagaram yokka jaathi samuuhaalu tellajati, 1.7% sthaanika american, mariyu 2.7% rendu ledhaa anthakante ekkuva jaatula nundi. edainaa jaatiki chendina hysponic ledhaa laatinolu 0.3% unnaaru. 123 kutumbaalalo, 28.5% vaaritho nivasistunna 18 samvatsaraala kante takkuva vayassu unna pillalu, 43.9% kalisi nivasistunna vivaahita jantalu, 11.4% bhartha laeni mahilaa gruhasthuraalu, 9.8% mandhi bhaarya laeni purusha gruhasthudu, mariyu 35.0% kutumbaalu kaanivaaru. 30.9 saatam kutumbaalalo oka vyakti, mariyu 20.3% 65 ledhaa anthakante ekkuva vayassu unna oka vyakti. sagatu gruha parimaanam 2.37 kaga, sagatu kutumba parimaanam 2.90gaa undhi. sagatu vayassu 38.1 samvatsaraalu. 24.nivaasitulaloo 4 saatam mandhi 18 samvatsaraala kante takkuva vayassu galavaaru; 11.2% 18 mariyu 24 samvatsaraala madhya vayassu galavaaru; 20.6% 25 nundi 44 madhya vayassu galavaaru; 25.8% 45 nundi 64 madhya vayassu galavaaru; mariyu 17.9% 65 ledhaa anthakante ekkuva vayassu galavaaru. nagaram yokka linga alankarana 49.1% purushudu mariyu 50.9% stree. 2000 janabha lekkalu. 2000 janabha lekkala prakaram nagaramlo 92 kutumbaalato sahaa, 142 gruhaalalo 349 mandhi unnaaru. janabha saandrata undedi. sagatu saandratatoe 170 gruha unitlu unnaayi. nagaram yokka jaathi aakruti 100.00% tellagaa undhi. edainaa jaatiki chendina hysponic ledhaa laatinolu 1.72%. mottam 14 kutumbaalalo, 18 samvatsaraala kante takkuva vayassu unna pillalu vaaritho nivasistunnaaru, vivaahita jantalu kalisi nivasistunnaaru, 6.3% mandhi bhartha laeni mahilaa gruhasthulu unnaaru, mariyu kutumbaalu kaanivaaru. 31.0 saatam kutumbaalalo oka vyakti, mariyu 16.9% 65 ledhaa anthakante ekkuva vayassu unna oka vyakti. sagatu gruha parimaanam 2.46 mariyu sagatu kutumba parimaanam 3.12. nagaramlo 18 ellalopu vayassu galavaaru 26.4%, 18 nunchi 24 ellalopu vayassu galavaaru 8 saatam, 25 nunchi 44 ellalopu vayassu galavaaru 25.8%, 45 nunchi 64 ellalopu vayassu galavaaru 19.8%, 65 ellalopu vayassu galavaaru 20.1% thoo janabha vistarinchindi. sagatu vayassu 40 samvatsaraalu. prati 100 mandhi mahilalaku 89.7 mandhi purushulu unnaaru. 18 ellu mariyu anthakante ekkuva vayassu unna prati 100 mandhi mahilalaku, 93.2 mandhi purushulu unnaaru. madhyastha kutumba aadaayam $32,917 mariyu madhyastha kutumba aadaayam $40,536. purushula madhyastha aadaayam $23,125 kaga, mahilala sagatu aadaayam $16,136. nagaraniki talasari aadaayam $13,450. janabhalo 4.4% kutumbaalu mariyu 10.9% pedarika rekhaku diguvana unnaaru, veerilo 18 samvatsaraala kante takkuva vayassu unnavaaru 11.2% mariyu 65 ledhaa anthakante ekkuva vayassu unnavaarilo 2.9% unnaaru.

neo hampton mesori neo hampton janub maghrabi herison county mesori riyasathaye muthadah kaa eek shehar hay. 2020 kii mardam shumari mein aabadi 228 thee. tareekh. neo hampton kuu asl mein hampton weel kahaa jaataa thaa aur moakhar alzikar kay naam say 1869 mein hampton kaaks nay asay plaat kiyaa aur iss kaa naam iss kay naam parr rakhaa gayaa. neo hampton naami eek ddaak khaanah 1881 say kaam kirr rehaa hay. geografiya. riyasathaye muthadah mardam shumari beuro kay mutabiq shehar kaa kill raqbah tamaam zameen hay. aabadi. 2010 kii mardam shumari. 2010 kii mardam shumari kay mutabiq shehar mein 80 khandanon sameet 123 gharoon mein 291 afraad thay. aabadi kii kasafat thee. 153 housing units thein jinn kii ausat kasafat thee. shehar kaa nasli meek app 95.5% safed thaa 1.7 vovo maqami americi aur 2.7 vovo duu yaa duu say ziyadah naslon say thaa. kasee bhee nasal kay hispanvi yaa laatini 0.3 vovo thay. 123 gharaanon mein say 28.5% kay 18 saal say kumm amar kay bachay inn kay saath rehtay thay 43.9% shaadi shadah joday thay juu eek saath rehtay thay 11.4% kii eek khaatun gharilo khaatun thee jiss kaa koyee shohar mojud nahein thaa 9.8 vovo kaa eek mard gharilo thaa jiss kii koyee bewi mojud nahein thee aur 35.0% ghair khaandaan thay. 30.9 faisad gharaanon mein eek shaqs thaa aur 20.3% 65 saal yaa iss say ziyadah amar kaa eek shaqs thaa. ausat gharilo size 2.37 thaa aur ausat khaandaani size 2.90 thaa. ausat amar 38.1 saal thee. 24.4 faisad baashindon kii amar 18 saal say kumm thee vovo 11.2% 18 aur 24 saal kii amar kay darmiyan thay vovo 20.6% 25 say 44 saal kii amar kay thay vovo 25.8% 45 say 64 saal kii amar kay thay vovo aur 17.9% 65 yaa iss say ziyadah amar kay thay. shehar kaa sanfi meek app 49.1% mard aur 50.9% aurat thaa. 2000 mardam shumari. 2000 kii mardam shumari kay mutabiq shehar mein 92 khandanon sameet 142 gharoon mein 349 afraad thay. aabadi kii kasafat thee. 170 housing units thay jinn kii ausat kasafat thee. shehar kaa nasli meek app 100.00% safed thaa. kasee bhee nasal kay hispanvi yaa laatini 1.72% thay. inn 14 gharaanon mein say jinn kay saath 18 saal say kumm amar kay bachay rehtay thay shaadi shadah joday thay juu eek saath rehtay thay 6.3 faisad khwatin gharilo thein jinn kaa koyee shohar mojud nahein thaa aur 1 ghair khaandaani thay. 31.0 vovo gharaanon mein eek shaqs thaa aur 16.9% 65 saal yaa iss say ziyadah amar kaa eek shaqs thaa. ausat gharilo size 2.46 thaa aur ausat khaandaani size 3.12 thaa. shehar mein aabadi phaili hoyee thee 18 saal say kumm amar kay afraad kay saath 18 say 24 saal kii amar kay afraad kay saath 8.0 vivoo 25 say 44 saal kii amar kay afraad kay saath 45 say 64 saal kii amar kay afraad kay saath aur 65 saal yaa iss say ziyadah amar kay afraad kay saath. ausat amar 40 saal thee. harr 100 khwatin kay muqabilay mein 89.7 mard thay. 18 saal aur iss say ziyadah amar kii harr 100 khwatin kay liye 93.2 mard thay. ausat gharilo aamadni 32,917 ddaalar thee aur ausat khaandaani aamadni 40,536 ddaalar thee. mardon kii ausat aamadni 23,125 ddaalar thee jabkah khwatin kay liye 16,136 ddaalar thee. shehar kii phee kiss aamadni 13,450 ddaalar thee. taqriba 4.4 faisad khaandaan aur aabadi kaa 10.9% khath gharbat say neechey thaa jiss mein 18 saal say kumm amar kay afraad kaa 11.2% aur 65 saal yaa iss say ziyadah amar kay logon kaa 2.9 faisad shaamil thaa.

00002e358243ab19c8a6129b75e05a3524e8ae5847a110a7a62d959c98b6064f

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=158799

Choline

Choline Chemical compound and essential nutrient <templatestyles src="Chembox/styles.css"/> Chemical compound Choline ( ) is a cation with the chemical formula . Choline forms various salts, for example choline chloride and choline bitartrate. Chemistry. Choline is a quaternary ammonium cation. The cholines are a family of water-soluble quaternary ammonium compounds. Choline is the parent compound of the cholines class, consisting of ethanolamine residue having three methyl groups attached to the same nitrogen atom. Choline hydroxide is known as choline base. It is hygroscopic and thus often encountered as a colorless viscous hydrated syrup that smells of trimethylamine (TMA). Aqueous solutions of choline are stable, but the compound slowly breaks down to ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycols, and TMA. Choline chloride can be made by treating TMA with 2-chloroethanol: The 2-chloroethanol can be generated from ethylene oxide. Choline has historically been produced from natural sources, such as via hydrolysis of lecithin. Choline in nature. Choline is widespread in nature in living beings. In most animals, choline phospholipids are necessary components in cell membranes, in the membranes of cell organelles, and in very low-density lipoproteins. Choline as a nutrient. Choline is an essential nutrient for humans and many other animals. Humans are capable of some "de novo" synthesis of choline but require additional choline in the diet to maintain health. Dietary requirements can be met by choline by itself or in the form of choline phospholipids, such as phosphatidylcholine. Choline is not formally classified as a vitamin despite being an essential nutrient with an amino acid–like structure and metabolism. Choline is required to produce acetylcholine – a neurotransmitter – and "S"-adenosylmethionine (SAM), a universal methyl donor. Upon methylation SAM is transformed into S-adenosyl homocysteine. Symptomatic choline deficiency causes non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and muscle damage. Excessive consumption of choline (greater than 7.5 grams per day) can cause low blood pressure, sweating, diarrhea and fish-like body smell due to trimethylamine, which forms in the metabolism of choline. Rich dietary sources of choline and choline phospholipids include organ meats, egg yolks, dairy products, peanuts, certain beans, nuts and seeds. Vegetables with pasta and rice also contribute to choline intake in the American diet. Metabolism. Biosynthesis. In plants, the first step in "de novo" biosynthesis of choline is the decarboxylation of serine into ethanolamine, which is catalyzed by a serine decarboxylase. The synthesis of choline from ethanolamine may take place in three parallel pathways, where three consecutive "N"-methylation steps catalyzed by a methyl transferase are carried out on either the free-base, phospho-bases, or phosphatidyl-bases. The source of the methyl group is "S"-adenosyl-L-methionine and "S"-adenosyl-L-homocysteine is generated as a side product. In humans and most other animals, de novo synthesis of choline is via the phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) pathway, but biosynthesis is not enough to meet human requirements. In the hepatic PEMT route, 3-phosphoglycerate (3PG) receives 2 acyl groups from acyl-CoA forming a phosphatidic acid. It reacts with cytidine triphosphate to form cytidine diphosphate-diacylglycerol. Its hydroxyl group reacts with serine to form phosphatidylserine which decarboxylates to ethanolamine and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) forms. A PEMT enzyme moves three methyl groups from three "S"-adenosyl methionines (SAM) donors to the ethanolamine group of the phosphatidylethanolamine to form choline in the form of a phosphatidylcholine. Three "S"-adenosylhomocysteines (SAHs) are formed as a byproduct. Choline can also be released from more complex choline containing molecules. For example, phosphatidylcholines (PC) can be hydrolyzed to choline (Chol) in most cell types. Choline can also be produced by the CDP-choline route, cytosolic choline kinases (CK) phosphorylate choline with ATP to phosphocholine (PChol). This happens in some cell types like liver and kidney. Choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferases (CPCT) transform PChol to CDP-choline (CDP-Chol) with cytidine triphosphate (CTP). CDP-choline and diglyceride are transformed to PC by diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase (CPT). In humans, certain PEMT-enzyme mutations and estrogen deficiency (often due to menopause) increase the dietary need for choline. In rodents, 70% of phosphatidylcholines are formed via the PEMT route and only 30% via the CDP-choline route. In knockout mice, PEMT inactivation makes them completely dependent on dietary choline. Absorption. In humans, choline is absorbed from the intestines via the SLC44A1 (CTL1) membrane protein via facilitated diffusion governed by the choline concentration gradient and the electrical potential across the enterocyte membranes. SLC44A1 has limited ability to transport choline: at high concentrations part of it is left unabsorbed. Absorbed choline leaves the enterocytes via the portal vein, passes the liver and enters systemic circulation. Gut microbes degrade the unabsorbed choline to trimethylamine, which is oxidized in the liver to trimethylamine "N"-oxide. Phosphocholine and glycerophosphocholines are hydrolyzed via phospholipases to choline, which enters the portal vein. Due to their water solubility, some of them escape unchanged to the portal vein. Fat-soluble choline-containing compounds (phosphatidylcholines and sphingomyelins) are either hydrolyzed by phospholipases or enter the lymph incorporated into chylomicrons. Transport. In humans, choline is transported as a free molecule in blood. Choline–containing phospholipids and other substances, like glycerophosphocholines, are transported in blood lipoproteins. Blood plasma choline levels in healthy fasting adults is 7–20 micromoles per liter (μmol/L) and 10 μmol/L on average. Levels are regulated, but choline intake and deficiency alters these levels. Levels are elevated for about 3 hours after choline consumption. Phosphatidylcholine levels in the plasma of fasting adults is 1.5–2.5 mmol/L. Its consumption elevates the free choline levels for about 8–12 hours, but does not affect phosphatidylcholine levels significantly. Choline is a water-soluble ion and thus requires transporters to pass through fat-soluble cell membranes. Three types of choline transporters are known: SLC5A7s are sodium- (Na+) and ATP-dependent transporters. They have high binding affinity for choline, transport it primarily to neurons and are indirectly associated with the acetylcholine production. Their deficient function causes hereditary weakness in the pulmonary and other muscles in humans via acetylcholine deficiency. In knockout mice, their dysfunction results easily in death with cyanosis and paralysis. CTL1s have moderate affinity for choline and transport it in almost all tissues, including the intestines, liver, kidneys, placenta and mitochondria. CTL1s supply choline for phosphatidylcholine and trimethylglycine production. CTL2s occur especially in the mitochondria in the tongue, kidneys, muscles and heart. They are associated with the mitochondrial oxidation of choline to trimethylglycine. CTL1s and CTL2s are not associated with the acetylcholine production, but transport choline together via the blood–brain barrier. Only CTL2s occur on the brain side of the barrier. They also remove excess choline from the neurons back to blood. CTL1s occur only on the blood side of the barrier, but also on the membranes of astrocytes and neurons. OCT1s and OCT2s are not associated with the acetylcholine production. They transport choline with low affinity. OCT1s transport choline primarily in the liver and kidneys; OCT2s in kidneys and the brain. Storage. Choline is stored in the cell membranes and organelles as phospholipids, and inside cells as phosphatidylcholines and glycerophosphocholines. Excretion. Even at choline doses of 2–8 g, little choline is excreted into urine in humans. Excretion happens via transporters that occur within kidneys (see transport). Trimethylglycine is demethylated in the liver and kidneys to dimethylglycine (tetrahydrofolate receives one of the methyl groups). Methylglycine forms, is excreted into urine, or is demethylated to glycine. Function. Choline and its derivatives have many functions in humans and in other organisms. The most notable function is that choline serves as a synthetic precursor for other essential cell components and signalling molecules, such as phospholipids that form cell membranes, the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, and the osmoregulator trimethylglycine (betaine). Trimethylglycine in turn serves as a source of methyl groups by participating in the biosynthesis of "S"-adenosylmethionine. Phospholipid precursor. Choline is transformed to different phospholipids, like phosphatidylcholines and sphingomyelins. These are found in all cell membranes and the membranes of most cell organelles. Phosphatidylcholines are structurally important part of the cell membranes. In humans 40–50% of their phospholipids are phosphatidylcholines. Choline phospholipids also form lipid rafts in the cell membranes along with cholesterol. The rafts are centers, for example for receptors and receptor signal transduction enzymes. Phosphatidylcholines are needed for the synthesis of VLDLs: 70–95% of their phospholipids are phosphatidylcholines in humans. Choline is also needed for the synthesis of pulmonary surfactant, which is a mixture consisting mostly of phosphatidylcholines. The surfactant is responsible for lung elasticity, that is for lung tissue's ability to contract and expand. For example, deficiency of phosphatidylcholines in the lung tissues has been linked to acute respiratory distress syndrome. Phosphatidylcholines are excreted into bile and work together with bile acid salts as surfactants in it, thus helping with the intestinal absorption of lipids. Acetylcholine synthesis. Choline is needed to produce acetylcholine. This is a neurotransmitter which plays a necessary role in muscle contraction, memory and neural development, for example. Nonetheless, there is little acetylcholine in the human body relative to other forms of choline. Neurons also store choline in the form of phospholipids to their cell membranes for the production of acetylcholine. Source of trimethylglycine. In humans, choline is oxidized irreversibly in liver mitochondria to glycine betaine aldehyde by choline oxidases. This is oxidized by mitochondrial or cytosolic betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenases to trimethylglycine. Trimethylglycine is a necessary osmoregulator. It also works as a substrate for the BHMT-enzyme, which methylates homocysteine to methionine. This is a "S"-adenosylmethionine (SAM) precursor. SAM is a common reagent in biological methylation reactions. For example, it methylates guanidines of DNA and certain lysines of histones. Thus it is part of gene expression and epigenetic regulation. Choline deficiency thus leads to elevated homocysteine levels and decreased SAM levels in blood. Content in foods. Choline occurs in foods as a free molecule and in the form of phospholipids, especially as phosphatidylcholines. Choline is highest in organ meats and egg yolks though it is found to a lesser degree in non-organ meats, grains, vegetables, fruit and dairy products. Cooking oils and other food fats have about 5 mg/100 g of total choline. In the United States, food labels express the amount of choline in a serving as a percentage of daily value (%DV) based on the adequate intake of 550 mg/day. 100% of the daily value means that a serving of food has 550 mg of choline. "Total choline" is defined as the sum of free choline and choline-containing phospholipids, without accounting for mass fraction. Human breast milk is rich in choline. Exclusive breastfeeding corresponds to about 120 mg of choline per day for the baby. Increase in a mother's choline intake raises the choline content of breast milk and low intake decreases it. Infant formulas may or may not contain enough choline. In the EU and the US, it is mandatory to add at least 7 mg of choline per 100 kilocalories (kcal) to every infant formula. In the EU, levels above 50 mg/100 kcal are not allowed. Trimethylglycine is a functional metabolite of choline. It substitutes for choline nutritionally, but only partially. High amounts of trimethylglycine occur in wheat bran (1,339 mg/100 g), toasted wheat germ (1,240 mg/100 g) and spinach (600–645 mg/100 g), for example. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> Daily values. The following table contains updated sources of choline to reflect the new Daily Value and the new Nutrition Facts and Supplement Facts Labels. It reflects data from the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. FoodData Central, 2019. Dietary recommendations. Insufficient data is available to establish an estimated average requirement (EAR) for choline, so the Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) established adequate intakes (AIs). For adults, the AI for choline was set at 550 mg/day for men and 425 mg/day for women. These values have been shown to prevent hepatic alteration in men. However, the study used to derive these values did not evaluate whether less choline would be effective, as researchers only compared a choline-free diet to a diet containing 550 mg of choline per day. From this, the AIs for children and adolescents were extrapolated. Recommendations are in milligrams per day (mg/day). The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) recommendations are general recommendations for the EU countries. The EFSA has not set any upper limits for intake. Individual EU countries may have more specific recommendations. The National Academy of Medicine (NAM) recommendations apply in the United States, Australia and New Zealand. Intake in populations. Twelve surveys undertaken in 9 EU countries between 2000 and 2011 estimated choline intake of adults in these countries to be 269–468 milligrams per day. Intake was 269–444 mg/day in adult women and 332–468 mg/day in adult men. Intake was 75–127 mg/day in infants, 151–210 mg/day in 1- to 3-year-olds, 177–304 mg/day in 3- to 10-year-olds and 244–373 mg/day in 10- to 18-year-olds. The total choline intake mean estimate was 336 mg/day in pregnant adolescents and 356 mg/day in pregnant women. A study based on the NHANES 2009–2012 survey estimated the choline intake to be too low in some US subpopulations. Intake was 315.2–318.8 mg/d in 2+ year olds between this time period. Out of 2+ year olds, only % of males and % of females exceeded the adequate intake (AI). AI was exceeded by % of 2- to 3-year-olds, % of 4- to 8-year-olds, % of 9- to 13-year-olds, % of 14–18 and % of 19+ year olds. Upper intake level was not exceeded in any subpopulations. A 2013–2014 NHANES study of the US population found the choline intake of 2- to 19-year-olds to be  mg/day and  mg/day in adults 20 and over. Intake was  mg/d in men 20 and over and 278 mg/d in women 20 and over. Deficiency. Signs and symptoms. Symptomatic choline deficiency is rare in humans. Most obtain sufficient amounts of it from the diet and are able to biosynthesize limited amounts of it via PEMT. Symptomatic deficiency is often caused by certain diseases or by other indirect causes. Severe deficiency causes muscle damage and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, which may develop into cirrhosis. Besides humans, fatty liver is also a typical sign of choline deficiency in other animals. Bleeding in the kidneys can also occur in some species. This is suspected to be due to deficiency of choline derived trimethylglycine, which functions as an osmoregulator. Causes and mechanisms. Estrogen production is a relevant factor which predisposes individuals to deficiency along with low dietary choline intake. Estrogens activate phosphatidylcholine producing PEMT enzymes. Women before menopause have lower dietary need for choline than men due to women's higher estrogen production. Without estrogen therapy, the choline needs of post-menopausal women are similar to men's. Some single-nucleotide polymorphisms (genetic factors) affecting choline and folate metabolism are also relevant. Certain gut microbes also degrade choline more efficiently than others, so they are also relevant. In deficiency, availability of phosphatidylcholines in the liver are decreased – these are needed for formation of VLDLs. Thus VLDL-mediated fatty acid transport out of the liver decreases leading to fat accumulation in the liver. Other simultaneously occurring mechanisms explaining the observed liver damage have also been suggested. For example, choline phospholipids are also needed in mitochondrial membranes. Their inavailability leads to the inability of mitochondrial membranes to maintain proper electrochemical gradient, which, among other things, is needed for degrading fatty acids via β-oxidation. Fat metabolism within liver therefore decreases. Excess intake. Excessive doses of choline can have adverse effects. Daily 8–20 g doses of choline, for example, have been found to cause low blood pressure, nausea, diarrhea and fish-like body odor. The odor is due to trimethylamine (TMA) formed by the gut microbes from the unabsorbed choline (see trimethylaminuria). The liver oxidizes TMA to trimethylamine "N"-oxide (TMAO). Elevated levels of TMA and TMAO in the body have been linked to increased risk of atherosclerosis and mortality. Thus, excessive choline intake has been hypothetized to increase these risks in addition to carnitine, which also is formed into TMA and TMAO by gut bacteria. However, choline intake has not been shown to increase the risk of dying from cardiovascular diseases. It is plausible that elevated TMA and TMAO levels are just a symptom of other underlying illnesses or genetic factors that predispose individuals for increased mortality. Such factors may have not been properly accounted for in certain studies observing TMA and TMAO level related mortality. Causality may be reverse or confounding and large choline intake might not increase mortality in humans. For example, kidney dysfunction predisposes for cardiovascular diseases, but can also decrease TMA and TMAO excretion. Health effects. Neural tube closure. Low maternal intake of choline is associated with an increased risk of neural tube defects. Higher maternal intake of choline is likely associated with better neurocognition/neurodevelopment in children. Choline and folate, interacting with vitamin B12, act as methyl donors to homocysteine to form methionine, which can then go on to form SAM ("S"-adenosylmethionine). SAM is the substrate for almost all methylation reactions in mammals. It has been suggested that disturbed methylation via SAM could be responsible for the relation between folate and NTDs. This may also apply to choline. Certain mutations that disturb choline metabolism increase the prevalence of NTDs in newborns, but the role of dietary choline deficiency remains unclear, as of 2015.[ [update]] Cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Choline deficiency can cause fatty liver, which increases cancer and cardiovascular disease risk. Choline deficiency also decreases SAM production, which partakes in DNA methylation – this decrease may also contribute to carcinogenesis. Thus, deficiency and its association with such diseases has been studied. However, observational studies of free populations have not convincingly shown an association between low choline intake and cardiovascular diseases or most cancers. Studies on prostate cancer have been contradictory. Cognition. Studies observing the effect between higher choline intake and cognition have been conducted in human adults, with contradictory results. Similar studies on human infants and children have been contradictory and also limited. Perinatal development. Both pregnancy and lactation increase demand for choline dramatically. This demand may be met by upregulation of PEMT via increasing estrogen levels to produce more choline "de novo", but even with increased PEMT activity, the demand for choline is still so high that bodily stores are generally depleted. This is exemplified by the observation that "Pemt −/−" mice (mice lacking functional PEMT) will abort at 9–10 days unless fed supplemental choline. While maternal stores of choline are depleted during pregnancy and lactation, the placenta accumulates choline by pumping choline against the concentration gradient into the tissue, where it is then stored in various forms, mostly as acetylcholine. Choline concentrations in amniotic fluid can be ten times higher than in maternal blood. Functions in the fetus. Choline is in high demand during pregnancy as a substrate for building cellular membranes (rapid fetal and mother tissue expansion), increased need for one-carbon moieties (a substrate for methylation of DNA and other functions), raising choline stores in fetal and placental tissues, and for increased production of lipoproteins (proteins containing "fat" portions). In particular, there is interest in the impact of choline consumption on the brain. This stems from choline's use as a material for making cellular membranes (particularly in making phosphatidylcholine). Human brain growth is most rapid during the third trimester of pregnancy and continues to be rapid to approximately five years of age. During this time, the demand is high for sphingomyelin, which is made from phosphatidylcholine (and thus from choline), because this material is used to myelinate (insulate) nerve fibers. Choline is also in demand for the production of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which can influence the structure and organization of brain regions, neurogenesis, myelination, and synapse formation. Acetylcholine is even present in the placenta and may help control cell proliferation and differentiation (increases in cell number and changes of multiuse cells into dedicated cellular functions) and parturition. Choline uptake into the brain is controlled by a low-affinity transporter located at the blood–brain barrier. Transport occurs when arterial blood plasma choline concentrations increase above 14 μmol/L, which can occur during a spike in choline concentration after consuming choline-rich foods. Neurons, conversely, acquire choline by both high- and low-affinity transporters. Choline is stored as membrane-bound phosphatidylcholine, which can then be used for acetylcholine neurotransmitter synthesis later. Acetylcholine is formed as needed, travels across the synapse, and transmits the signal to the following neuron. Afterwards, acetylcholinesterase degrades it, and the free choline is taken up by a high-affinity transporter into the neuron again. Uses. Choline chloride and choline bitartrate are used in dietary supplements. Bitartrate is used more often due to its lower hygroscopicity. Certain choline salts are used to supplement chicken, turkey and some other animal feeds. Some salts are also used as industrial chemicals: for example, in photolithography to remove photoresist. Choline theophyllinate and choline salicylate are used as medicines, as well as structural analogs, like methacholine and carbachol. Radiolabeled cholines, like 11C-choline, are used in medical imaging. Other commercially used salts include tricholine citrate and choline bicarbonate. Antagonists and inhibitors. Hundreds of choline antagonists and enzyme inhibitors have been developed for research purposes. Aminomethylpropanol is among the first ones used as a research tool. It inhibits choline and trimethylglycine synthesis. It is able to induce choline deficiency that in turn results in fatty liver in rodents. Diethanolamine is another such compound, but also an environmental pollutant. "N"-cyclohexylcholine inhibits choline uptake primarily in brains. Hemicholinium-3 is a more general inhibitor, but also moderately inhibits choline kinases. More specific choline kinase inhibitors have also been developed. Trimethylglycine synthesis inhibitors also exist: carboxybutylhomocysteine is an example of a specific BHMT inhibitor. The cholinergic hypothesis of dementia has not only lead to medicinal acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, but also to a variety of acetylcholine inhibitors. Examples of such inhibiting research chemicals include triethylcholine, homocholine and many other "N"-ethyl derivates of choline, which are false neurotransmitter analogs of acetylcholine. Choline acetyltransferase inhibitors have also been developed. History. Discovery. In 1849, Adolph Strecker was the first to isolate choline from pig bile. In 1852, L. Babo and M. Hirschbrunn extracted choline from white mustard seeds and named it "sinkaline". In 1862, Strecker repeated his experiment with pig and ox bile, calling the substance "choline" for the first time after the Greek word for bile, "chole", and identifying it with the chemical formula C5H13NO. In 1850, Theodore Nicolas Gobley extracted from the brains and roe of carps a substance he named "lecithin" after the Greek word for egg yolk, , showing in 1874 that it was a mixture of phosphatidylcholines. In 1865, Oscar Liebreich isolated "neurine" from animal brains. The structural formulas of acetylcholine and Liebreich's "neurine" were resolved by Adolf von Baeyer in 1867. Later that year "neurine" and sinkaline were shown to be the same substances as Strecker's choline. Thus, Bayer was the first to resolve the structure of choline. The compound now known as neurine is unrelated to choline. Discovery as a nutrient. In the early 1930s, Charles Best and colleagues noted that fatty liver in rats on a special diet and diabetic dogs could be prevented by feeding them lecithin, proving in 1932 that choline in lecithin was solely responsible for this preventive effect. In 1998, the US National Academy of Medicine reported their first recommendations for choline in the human diet. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

kulin kuleen () hoise raxayonik xutror xoite etaa ketayon. kuleine bibhinno lowon gothon kore, udahoronsworupe kulein klo "raid aaru kulein bitartrete. roxayon bigyan. kuleen hoise ek soturtho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho kulin hoise paneet droboniyo soturtho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho-ordho - kulin hoise kulin shrenir mool joug, zo 'too ekebidh naitrojen pormanowor xoite xongzukto tinita methyl gutt thoka ithaan' lamain owoxisto thaake. kulin hydro 'xideok kulin khyar buli jonaa yaay. ee higroscopic aaru xeyehe praye trimethylamine (ti. em. e) ror gundho thoka rongohin sipsipa hydrated chirap hisape dekha yaay. kulinor joliyo drobo sthir, kintu jougtu laahe laahe ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol aaru ti. em. e. loi bhangi yaay. ti. em. e.-koo 2-klo "ror" ethanolor xoite byobohar kori kulin klo "raid toiyar koribo paarih ethylene oxider poraa 2-klo "ror" ethanol utponno koribo paari. oitihaxikbhabe kuleen prakritik utxor poraa utpadon koraa hoy, jene lesithinor jolobislexonor joriyote. prokritit kuleen. kuleen prokritigotobhabe jiwito pranir maajot byapokbhabe aase. besibhag jibo-jontur khetrot, kuleen phospholipid kuxor jhilli, kuxor ongokuxor jhilli aaru oti komm ghonotwor laipuprotinot proyujoniyo upadan. pusti hisape kuleen. manuh aaru aan bohutu jibo-jontur baabe kulin ek otyawosyokiyo pusti. manuhe kulinor kichu "di nobhu" xongslexon koriboloi xokhyom kintu swasthyo bojai rakhiboloi aaharot otirikto kulinor proyujon hoy. khadyor proyujoniyotaxomuh kuleine nijei baa phosphatidylokulinor dore kulein phospholipidor rupot puron koribo paare. eminu acidor dore gathoni aaru bipakor xoite ek otyawosyokiyo pusti huwar swotweu kulinok anusthanikbhabe vitamin hisape shrenibodho koraa nohoy. acetylocoline-etaa niur "transmitter-aaru" ess "-adenosylmathia 'naain (chem), etaa xarbojonin methyl daata utpadon koriboloi kulinor proyujon hoy. methylationor pisot semok ess-adenosil humusistainoloi rupantorit koraa hoy. lokhyongot kulinor obhabe xurapan nokora sorbir jokritor rug aaru pexir khyotir sristi kore. otyodhik koo 'linn xewon (protidine 7.5 gramotkoi odhik) koo' linor bipakot gothon huwa trimethylaminor folot nimno roktosap, ghaam uluwa, diarrhea aaru maasor dore xoriror gundho hoh 'bob paare. kulin aaru kulin phospholipidor xomridho khadyo utxoxomuhor bhitorot aase ongo maangxo, konir kuxum, dugdhojat xamogri, badam, kisuman bean, badam aaru beej. pasta aaru saul thoka xaak-pasoliu aamerikar aaharot kuleen grohonot orihona jugay. bipak. joibo xongslexon. udbhidor khetrot, kulinor "di nobhu" joibo xongslexonor prothom podokhyeptu hoh "lo serinor ithaan 'lamainoloi di-carboxylation, jitu etaa cherin di-carboxylageor dwara onughotokit hoy. ithaan 'lamainor poraa koo' linor xongslexon tinita xomantoral pothot hoh 'bob paare, zo' too methyl trensferageor dwara onughotok koraa ekerahe tinita "eno"-methylation podokhyep mukto-khyar, fosof '-khyar baa phosphatidyl-khyarot xomponno koraa hoy. methyl gutor utxo hoise "s"-adenosil-methio "ninn aaru" s "-adenosil-homocystein etaa parswo xamogri hisape utponno hoy. manuh aaru aan besibhag jibo-jontur khetrot, kulinor di nobhu xongslexon phosphatidylethanulamine eno-methyl transferage (pemt) pothor joriyote hoy, kintu manuhor proyujoniyota puron koriboloi joibo xongslexon porzapto nohoy. jokritor pemt pothot, 3-fosfoglicerate (3piji) esail-kuru poraa 2taa esail gutt laabh kori phosphatidic acid gothon kore. ee cytidine trifesfator xoite bikriya kori cytidine difesfet-dicylglycerol gothon kore. iyar hydro 'xil groope serinor xoite bikriya kori phosphatidylserin gothon kore ji ithaan' lamain aaru phosphatidylthane 'lamain (pi. ee.) rupoloi carbuxilate kore. etaa pemt utxesoki tinita methyl gutok tinita adenosil methiyo 'naain (chem) daatar poraa phosphatidylthenolaminor ethanulamine gutoloi sthanantor kori phosphatidylokulinor rupot kulin gothon kore. thri "cho-adenosylhomosistain (sahos) upojat hisape gothon koraa hoy. odhik jotil kulin thoka onur porau kulin mukoli koribo paari. udahoronsworupe, besibhag kuxor prokarot phosphatidylocoline (pi. chi.) koo jolo-opoghoton kori kulin (kul) koribo paari. chi. di. pi-kulin poth, sait "solik kulin kinez (sike) fosforilate kulinor xoite e. ti. pi.-ror poraa fosof" kolin (poo "koll)-ror dwarau kulin utpadon koribo paari. jokrito aaru brikkor dore kisuman kuxor prokarot ene hoy. kuleen-fosfet cytidylil transferage (chi. pi. ti.)-e cytidine trifesfet (chi. ti. pi.)-ror xoite poo "kolok chi. di. pi-koo" linn (chi. di. pi-kul)-loi rupantorit kore. chi. di. pi-koo 'linn aaru deglycerideok diacylglycerol koo' linfsof 'transferage (chi. pi. ti.) ror dwara pi. chi.-loi rupantorit koraa hoy. manuhor khetrot kisuman pemt-enzyme mutation aaru istro "jenor obhabe (praye rojunibrittir baabe) kulinor khadyor proyujoniyota briddhi kore. krintokor khetrot, 70 xotangxo phosphatidylocoline pemt pothor joriyote aaru maatro 30 xotangxo chi. di. pi-kulin pothor joriyote gothon hoy. nockout mausor khetrot, pemt niskriyo korar folot xeibur xompurnorupe khadyotalikagot kulinor uporot nirbhorxil hoi pore. xuxon. manuhor khetrot, kulin ghonotwor dhaal aaru entar "sait jhillir uporot boidyutik xombhawonar dwara porisalito xohoj proxaror joriyote ess. el. chi. 44e1 (ctl1) jhilli pro 'tinor joriyote ontror poraa kulin xuxit hoy. ess. el. chi. 44e1-ror kuleen poribohonor ximito khyomota aaseh uscho ghonotwot iyar kichu ongxo xuxon nuhuwakoi eri diya hoy. xuxit kuleine poo 'rtel xirar joriyote entar' sitebur eri yaay, jokrito paar hoy aaru pronaligot xonsarot prowex kore. ontror onujibxomuhe xuxon nuhuwa kuleentuk trimethylaminoloi owonomito kore, jitu jokritot trimethylamine "eno"-oxideloi jaaron koraa hoy. fosof 'kolin aaru glycher' fosof 'kolin phospholipesor joriyote jolo-opoghoton kori kulinoloi prowex koraa hoy, ji poo' rtel xirat prowex kore. panir droboniyotar baabe, iyare kisumane poo 'rtel xiraloi xoloni nuhuwakoi polayon kore. sorbi-droboniyo kulinjukto jougoxomuh (phosphatidylocoline aaru sphingomyeline) hoy fosfulipageor dwara jolobiliskoron koraa hoy baa kailumaikronot ontorbhukto limphot prowex kore. poribohon. manuhor khetrot, kuleen tejot mukto onu hisape poribohon koraa hoy. kulinjukto phospholipid aaru onyanyo podartho, jene glycherofsof 'kolin tejor laipuprotinot poribohon koraa hoy. xustho upobax koraa praptoboyoskoxokolor tejor plazma kulinor stor proti literot 7-20 maikro "moo" lo (maikro "moo" lo/el) aaru gore 10 maikro "moo" lo/el hoy. storbur niyontrito koraa hoy, kintu kuleen grohon aaru obhabe ei storbur xoloni kore. kulin khuwar pisot pray 3 ghontar baabe stor briddhi paay. upobax koraa praptoboyoskoxokolor plajmat phosphatidylok 'linor stor 1.5-2.5 mmol/l hoy. iyar xewone pray 8-12 ghontar baabe mukto kulinor stor briddhi kore, kintu phosphatidylokulinor storot ullekhjugyobhabe probhab pelabo nuware. kuleen hoise paneet droboniyo aayon aaru xeyehe poribohonkarixokole sorbi-droboniyo kuxor jhillir maajere paar hoh 'bob laage. tini prokaror kulin poribohonkarir bixoye jonaa yayoh ess. el. chi. 5e. 7 hoise cho "dium-(naa +) aaru e. ti. pi.-nirbhorxil poribohonkari. teulukor kulinor proti uscho bondhon xomporko aase, iyak prathomikbhabe neuronoloi poribohon kore aaru porukhyobhabe acetylocoline utpadonor xoite jorito. iyar karjyor obhabot acetylocolinor obhawor folot manuhor palmunery aaru onyanyo pexiburot bongxogot durbolotar sristi hoy. nockout mausor khetrot, teulukor okarzokaritar folot sayanusis aaru pokhyaghator folot xohoje mrityu hoy. ctl1-ror kulinor proti modhyomiya xomporko aase aaru ee ontro, jokrito, brikko, placenta aaru maitukondriyake dhori pray xokolu kolat poribohon kore. ctl1-e phosphatidylok 'linn aaru trimethylglycine utpadonor baabe kuleen jugan dhore. chi. ti. el. 2. bixexkoi jibha, brikko, pexi aaru hridjontror maitukondriyat hoy. eibur kulinor mitocondrial jaaronor xoite trimethylglycinoloi jorito. ctl1 aaru ctl2 ess acetylocoline utpadonor xoite xomporkito nohoy, kintu tez-mogojur badhar joriyote ekeloge kuleen poribohon kore. badhar mogojur faale kewol ctl2 hoy. teuluke neuronor poraa otirikto kolinou tejoloi ghurai loi yaay. ctl1 kewol badhar tejor falehe hoy, kintu estro "sait aaru neuronor jhillitu hoy. octer 1 aaru octer 2 ess acetylocoline utpadonor xoite xomporkito nohoy. teuluke komm protibondhokotar xoite kuleen poribohon kore. octaruwa 1-e prodhankoi jokrito aaru brikkot koo 'linn poribohon kore; octaruaruwaru mogjute octaruwar. xongrokhyon. kuleen kuxor jhilli aaru ongokuxot phospholipid hisape aaru kuxor bhitorot phosphatidylokuline aaru glycherofsof 'kolin hisape xongrokhyon koraa hoy. moll tyag koraa. aanoki 2-8 graamor kolin paalir khetrotu manuhor prosrawot xoru kulin niskaxito hoy. brikkor bhitorot huwa poribohonkarixokolor joriyote moll tyag hoy (poribohon sauk). trimethylglycine jokrito aaru brikkot dimethylglycinoloi demethyl koraa hoy (tetrohydro 'foletot etaa methyl gutt puwa yaay). methylglycin prostut hoy, prosrawot niskaxito hoy, baa glycinoloi demathylated koraa hoy. fangxon. kuleen aaru iyar poraa aahoron koraa podarthor manuh aaru onyanyo jiwot bohutu karjyo aase. ataitkoi ullekhjugyo karjyotu hoh 'lo kuleine onyanyo otyawosyokiyo kuxor upadan aaru xongket prodan koraa onur baabe xongslexito purboxuri hisape kaam kore, jene kuxor jhilli gothon koraa phospholipid, niur "transmitter acetylok' linn, aaru oh 'somurguletar trimethylglycine (biten). trimethylglycine iyar poriworte "ess"-adenosylmathio "nainor joibo xongslexonot ongxogrohon kori methyl gutor utxo hisape kaam kore. phospholipidor purboxuri. kuleen bibhinno phospholipidoloi rupantorit hoy, jene phosphatidylokuline aaru sphingo 'myelin. eibur xokolu kuxor jhilli aaru besibhag kuxor ongokuxor jhillito puwa yaay. phosphatidylocoline kuxor jhillir gothongotovabe guruttopurno ongxo. manuhor khetrot teulukor phospholipidor 40-50% phosphatidylocoline hoy. kulin fosfulipidae colesterolor logote kuxor jhillito lipid raft gothon kore. reftbur kendro, udahoronsworupe receptor aaru receptor xignal transduction enjaimor baabe. bhi. el. di. el.-ror xongslexonor baabe phosphatidylecoliner proyujonoh teulukor phospholipidor <aai. di. 1> manuhor khetrot phosphatidylocoline. palmunary surfectant xongslexonor babeu kulinor proyujon hoy, jitu besibhag phosphatidylecolinore gothito etaa mishron. charfectant haufaur sthitisthapokotar baabe dayee, orthat haufaur kolar xongkuchon aaru xomproxaronor khyomotar baabe. udahoronsworupe, haufaur kolat phosphatidylecoliner obhabok ekyut resporatori tress chindromor xoite jorito koraa hoise. phosphatidylecolinxomuh pittoloi niskaxito hoy aaru pitto omlo lobonor xoite taat surfectant hisape ekeloge kaam kore, enedore lipidor ontror xuxonot xohay kore. acetylocoline xongslexon. acetylocoline utpadon koriboloi kulinor proyujon hoy. eitu etaa niur 'transmitter jiye pexir xongkuchon, smritixokti aaru snayowik bikaxot proyujoniyo bhumika paalon kore, udahoronsworupe. tothapiu, onyanyo prokaror kulinor tulnat manob xorirot acetylocoline komm thaake. niuruneu acetylocoline utpadonor baabe kuxor porbotot phospholipidor rupot kuleen xongrokhyon kore. trimethylglyciner utxo. manuhor khetrot, kulin oxidasor dwara jokritor maitukondriyat glycine biten eldehydoloi oporibortonjugyobhabe jaaron koraa hoy. iyak mitocondrial baa cytosolik biten-eldehyde dehydrogenegesor dwara trimethylglycinoloi jaaron koraa hoy. trimethylglycine hoise ek proyujoniyo oh "somurguletar. ee bi. eis. em. ti-utxesokor baabe etaa upangxo hisapeu kaam kore, ji humusistainok methio "ninot methylate kore. eitu etaa "s"-adenosylmathio "ninn (chem) purboxuri. joibik methylon protikriyat chem hoise ek xadharon bikarok. udahoronsworupe, ee di. eno. e.-ror guwanidin aaru histonor kisuman laisin methylate kore. xeyehe ee jinn obhibyokti aaru epigenetic niyontronor ongxo. kulinor obhabot humusistainor matra briddhi paay aaru tejot semor matra hraax paay. khadyot thoka xamogri. khadyot mukto onu hisape aaru phospholipidor rupot, bixexkoi phosphatidylocoline hisape kuleen dekha yaay. organ maangxo aaru konir kuxumot kuleen xorbadhik hoy jodiu organ maangxo, xosyo, xaak-pasoli, foll-mool aaru dugdhojat xamogrit ee komm porimane puwa yaay. rondhon tel aaru onyanyo khadyo sorbir muth kulin pray 5 milligram/100 graam thaake. aamerika juktorastrot, khadyo labelxomuhe doinik 550 milligram proyujon onuxori doinik mulyor (% dibhi) xotangxo hisape xewa aagborhuwa khadyot kulinor poriman prokax kore. doinik mulyor 100% maane hoise je etaa khadyo xewat 550 milligram kuleen thaake. "muth kuleen" koo mukto kuleen aaru kulinjukto phospholipidor jugfol hisape xongyayito koraa hoy, bhor bhognangxor baabe hixabo nokorakoi. manuhor matridugdhot kulinor poriman besi. eksetiyabhabe stonpan koruwatu xixur baabe protidine pray 120 milligram kulinor xoite mill aase. matrir kulin grohonor briddhir folot matrir gakhiror kolinor poriman briddhi paay aaru komm grohonor folot ee hraax paay. xixur xutrot porzapto porimanor kuleen thakibo paare baa nathakibou paare. euroop aaru aamerikat protitu xixur xutrot proti 100 kill 'kell' reet (key. chi. el.) komeu 7 milligram kulin jug koratu badhyotamulok. euiut 50 milligram/100 kill 'kelorir uporor stor onumudit nohoy. trimethylglycine hoise kulinor ek karjyokori bipak. ee pustigotovabe kulinor bikolpo, kintu kewol angxikbhabe. udahoronsworupe, ghehur bakoli (1,339 milligram/100 graam), toast koraa ghehur germ (1,240 milligram/100 graam) aaru paleng xaak (600-645 milligram/100 graam) too uscho porimanor trimethylglycine dekha yaay. doinik mulyobudh. tolot diya talikakhonot notun doinondin mulyo aaru notun pusti tothyo aaru xompurok tothyo label protipholito koriboloi kulinor update utxo aase. ee eur poraa tothyo protipholito kore.ess. krixi bibhag, krixi gowexona xewa. khadyo tothyo kendriyo, 2019. khadyor poramorxo. kulinor baabe anumanik gorh proyujoniyota (kaan) protistha koriboloi oporzapto tothyo upolobdho, xeyehe khadyo aaru pusti porixode (fnb) porzapto porimanor grohon (ais) sthapon kore. praptoboyoskoxokolor baabe, kulinor baabe eai puruxor baabe 550 milligram/dinn aaru mohilar baabe 425 milligram/dinn nirdharon koraa hoisil. ei manbure puruxor jokritor poriworton protirudh kore buli dekhuuwa hoise. obosye, ei manxomuh aahoron koriboloi byobohrito odhyoyontuwe komm kuleen pholoproxu hoh "bob ney nohoy taar mulyayon koraa nasil, kiyonu gowexokxokole kewol kuleen-mukto aaharok protidine 550 milligram kuleen thoka aaharor xoite tulona korisil. iyar poraa xixu aaru kixur-kixurixokolor baabe aaisbur extrapolate koraa hoisil. poramorxoxomuh protidine milligramot (milligram/dinn) thaake. europiyo khadyo xurokhya kortripokhyor (ee. ef. ess. e.) poramorxoxomuh hoise europiyo unionor dexxomuhor baabe xadharon poramorxo. ee. ef. ess. e.-ye grohonor baabe kunu uscho xeema nirdharon koraa naai. prithok prithok europiyo unionor dexxomuhor odhik nirdisto poramorxo thakibo paare. national academy owo medicine (naam) ror poramorxo aamerika juktorastro, australia aaru newzealandot projujyo. jonoxongkhyar bhitorot grohon. 2000 sonor poraa 2011 sonor bhitorot 9khon europiyo unionor dexot koraa barkhon joripor onuman onuxori ei dexxomuhot praptoboyoskoxokolor kulin grohon protidine 269-468 milligram hoh 'bob. praptoboyosko mohilar khetrot protidine 269-444 mg aaru praptoboyosko puruxor khetrot 332-468 mg/dinn aasil. xixur khetrot 75-127 mg/dinn, 1-ror poraa 3 bosoriya xixur khetrot 151-210 mg/dinn, 3-ror poraa 10 bosoriya xixur khetrot 177-304 mg/dinn aaru 10-ror poraa 18 bosoriya xixur khetrot 244-373 mg/dinn aasil. muth kulin grohonor gorh onuman aasil gorbhoboti kixur-kixurixokolor khetrot 336 milligram/dinn aaru gorbhoboti mohilar khetrot 356 milligram/dinn. nenes <aai. di. 1> joripor uporot aadharito ek odhyoyonot onuman koraa hoise je aamerika juktorastror kisuman upo-jonoxongkhyar maajot kulin grohon oti komm. ei xomoyor bhitorot 2 + bosor boyoxor lukor baabe grohon korar poriman aasil 315.2-318.8 mg/d. 2 + bosor boyoxor bhitorot, maatro% purux aaru% mohilai porzapto porimanor (eai) poriman otikrom korisil. ei aai 2-ror poraa 3 bosoriya xixur%, 4-ror poraa 8 bosoriya xixur%, 9-ror poraa 13 bosoriya xixur%, 14-18 ror% aaru 19 + bosoriya xixur%-e otikrom korisil. kunu upo-jonoxongkhyar khetrot uscho porimanor grohonor stor otikrom koraa huwa nasil. aamerika juktorastror jonoxongkhyar uporot koraa ek 2013-2014 nenes odhyoyonot 20 bosor aaru taar uporor praptoboyoskoxokolor khetrot 2-ror poraa 19 bosor boyoxor lukor kulin grohon milligram/dinn aaru milligram/dinn huwa dekha goise. 20 bosor aaru taar uporor puruxor khetrot mii. graam/di aaru 20 bosor aaru taar uporor mohilar khetrot 278 mii. graam/di aasil. obhab. lokhyon aaru lokhyonxomuh. manuhor khetrot lokhyonmulok kulinor obhab birol. besibhag lukei khadyor poraa iyar porzapto poriman laabh kore aaru iyar ximito porimanor joibo xongslexon koriboloi xokhyom hoy. lokhyongot obhab praye kisuman rug baa onyanyo porukhyo karonor folot hoy. gurutor obhabot pexir khyoti hoy aaru xurapan nuhuwa sorbir jokritor rug hoy, ji chir "sisot porinot hoh" bob paare. manuhor uporiu, sorbijukto jokritou aan jibo-jontur khetrot kulinor obhawor ek xadharon lokhyon. kisuman projatit brikkot roktokhyoron hoh "bob paare. eitu kulinor poraa aahoron koraa trimethylglyciner obhawor baabe huwa buli xondeh koraa hoise, ji ek oh "somurguletar hisape kaam kore. kaaron aaru pronali. istro "zen utpadon hoise ek praxongik kaarok jiye komm khadyotalikagot kuleen grohonor logote byoktixokolok obhawor probhabito kore. istrujene phosphatidylocoline utpadon koraa pemt utxesok xokriyo kore. mohilar istro "jenor utpadon odhik huwar baabe rojunibrittir purbe mohilaxokolor puruxotkoi komm khadyot kulinor proyujon hoy. istro "zen therapy obihone, rojunibrittir pisot mohilaxokolor kulinor proyujoniyota puruxor dore eke. kulin aaru follet bipakok probhabito koraa kisuman ekok-nucleo 'tide polymorphism (aanubongxik kaarok) u praxongik. kisuman ontror jiwanuweu aanburotkoi odhik dokhyotat kulinor obokhyoy ghotay, xeyehe xeiburu praxongik. obhabot jokritot phosphatidylokulinor upolobdhota hraax paay-eibur bhi. el. di. el. gothonor baabe proyujoniyo. eidore jokritor poraa bahiroloi bhi. el. di. el-modhyostho sorbi omlor poribohon hraax paay jaar folot jokritot sorbi jomaa hoy. porzobekhyon koraa jokritor khyotir bixoye byakhya koraa eke xomoyote huwa onyanyo pronalir poramorxo diya hoise. udahoronsworupe, mitocondrial membranotu kolin phospholipidor proyujon hoy. iyar onupolobdhotar folot mitocondrial membranbure xothik boidyutik raxayonik dhaal bojai rakhiboloi okhyomotar sristi kore, jitu aan bixoyor bhitorot, β-jaaronor joriyote sorbi omlor owonotir baabe proyujoniyo. xeyehe jokritor bhitorot sorbir bipak hraax paay. otirikto grohon. otyodhik porimanor kulinor protikul probhab poribo paare. udahoronsworupe, doinik 8-20 g koo 'linor paalir folot nimno roktosap, bomi bomi bhaab, diarrhea aaru maasor dore xoriror gundho uluwa dekha goise. ei gundhotu grohon nokora kulinor poraa ontror onujibe sristi koraa trimethylamine (ti. em. e) ror folot hoy (trimethylaminuria sauk). jokritoi ti. em. e.-koo trimethylamine "eno"-oxide (ti. em. e. oh ")-loi jaaron kore. xorirot ti. em. e. aaru ti. em. e. oh '.-ror uscho storok ethor "soklir" sis aaru mrityur xombhawona briddhir xoite jorito koraa hoise. xeyehe, otyodhik kuleen grohon kori ei bipodbur briddhi koriboloi carnitinor uporiu onuman koraa hoise, ji ontror bacterier dwara tma aaru tmao "too gothon hoy. obosye, kuleen xewone hridjontror rugot mrityur axongka briddhi koraa dekha nayay. eitu xombhob je ti. em. e. aaru ti. em. e. oh ".-ror stor briddhi kewol aan ontornihito rug baa aanubongxik karokxomuhor etaa lokhyon jiye byoktir mrityur haar briddhir baabe probhabito kore. ti. em. e. aaru ti. em. e. oh '. storor mrityur haar nirikhyon koraa kisuman odhyoyonot ene karokxomuh xothikbhabe gonona koraa huwa naai. karonor rup xoloni baa bibhrantimulok hoh "bob paare aaru odhik kuleen grohon korile manuhor mrityur haar briddhi noho" bou paare. udahoronsworupe, brikkor bikolota hridjontror rugor baabe probhabito hoy, kintu ti. em. e. aaru ti. em. e. owoxoru hraax koribo paare. swasthyor uporot probhab. snayutontror nolee bondho koraa. matrir khetrot komm porimane kuleen grohon koratu snayutontror trutir xombhawona briddhir xoite jorito. matrir khetrot odhik porimane kuleen grohon koratu xombhobotoh xixur unnot snayukux gyan/snayukux bikaxor xoite jorito. vitamin bi12-ror xoite antohkriya kori kulin aaru fulete humusistainor methyl daata hisape kaam kori methiunin gothon kore, ji taar pisot chem ("cho"-adenosylmathionin) gothon koribo paare. chem hoise stonyopayi pranir pray xokolu methylon protikriyar baabe prostor. eitu poramorxo diya hoise je semor joriyote bighnito methylation follet aaru eno. ti. di. ess.-ror maajor xomporkor baabe dayee hoh 'bob paare. eitu kulinor khetrotu projujyo hoh "bob paare. kuleen bipakot byaghat ghota kisuman poriwortone nobojatokor khetrot eno. ti. di.-ror pradurbhab briddhi kore, kintu khadyot kulinor obhawor bhumika osposto hoi aase. hridjontror rug aaru korkot rug. kulinor obhabot sorbijukto jokrito hoh "bob paare, jaar folot korkot rug aaru hridjontror rugor axongka briddhi paay. kulinor obhabe chem utpadonu hraax kore, ji dna mithailesonot ongxogrohon kore-ei hraxtuwe carcinogenesisot orihona jugabo paare. xeyehe, ene rugor xoite iyar obhab aaru xomporko odhyoyon koraa hoise. obosye, mukto jonoxongkhyar porzobekhyonmulok odhyoyone komm kuleen grohon aaru hridjontror rug baa besibhag korkot rugor maajot xomporko biswaxjugyobhabe dekhuwai diya naai. prostet korkot rugor uporot koraa odhyoyonxomuh birudhi hoi aahise. gyan. uscho kuleen grohon aaru gyanor maajor probhab porzobekhyon koraa odhyoyonbur manuhor praptoboyoskoxokolor khetrot koraa hoise, jaar birudhi folafol aase. manuhor xixu aaru xixur uporot ekedhoronor odhyoyon birudhi aaru ximito hoi aahise. proxowor xomoyot bikax. gorbhawostha aaru dugdhopan duyutai natokiyobhabe kulinor sahida briddhi kore. ei sahidatu odhik kulin "di nobhu" utpadon koriboloi istro "jenor matra briddhi kori pemtor niyontronor dwara puron koribo paari, kintu aanoki pemtor karjyokolap briddhi huwar pisotu, kulinor sahida etiyau imaan besi je xadharonote xaririk sto" roxomuh hraax paay. iyar udahoron hoise ei porzobekhyonor dwara je "pemt-/-" maus (karjyokori pemtor obhab thoka maus)-e 9-10 dinot owoxor koribo jodihe onupurok kuleen khuuwa nohoy. gorbhawostha aaru dugdhopanor xomoyot matrir kulinor bhandarxomuh hraax huwar biporite, placentai kolat ghonotwor dhaalor biruddhe kulin pump kori kulin jomaa kore, zo 'too iyak bibhinno rupot xongrokhyon koraa hoy, besibhagei acetylocoline hisape. matrir tejotkoi amniotik torolot kulinor ghonotwo dohgun besi hoh "bob paare. bhrunot karjyoxomuh. kuxiyo jhilli (drutobhabe bhrun aaru matrir kolaa xomproxaron), ek-carbon moo 'itir (dna aaru onyanyo karjyor methylationor baabe etaa sorbi) proyujoniyota briddhi, bhrun aaru placental tisyut kulin sto "ror briddhi, aaru laipuprotinor (sorbir ongxo thoka pro' tinn) utpadon briddhir baabe gorbhawosthar xomoyot kuliner uscho sahida thaake. bixexkoi, mogojur uporot kulin xewonor probhawor proti aagroh aase. iyar kaaron hoise kuxiyo jhilli (bixexkoi phosphatidylok 'linn) prostut korar baabe upadan hisape kulinor byobohar. gorbhawosthar tritiyo trimaxikot manuhor mogojur briddhi ataitkoi drut hoy aaru pray paas bosor boyxoloike drutogotit obyahot thaake. ei xomoisuwat, sphing "mailinor sahida besi, jitu phosphatidylokulinor (aaru enedore kulinor poraa) poraa toiyar koraa hoy, kiyonu ei upadantu snayu aahbur myelinet (insulate) koriboloi byobohar koraa hoy. niur 'transmitter acetylocoline utpadonor babeu kuline sahida aase, jiye mogojur oncholxomuhor gothon aaru xongothon, neurogenesis, myelination, aaru chineps gothonok probhabito koribo paare. aanoki placentat acetylocoline thaake aaru kuxor proxaron aaru prithokikoron (kuxor xongkhya briddhi aaru bohu byobohar koraa kuxor nirdisto kuxiyo karjyot poriworton) aaru proxob niyontron korat xohay koribo paare. mogojur bhitorot kuleen grohon tez-mogojur badhat owosthito komm-aakorxonor poribohonkarir dwara niyontron koraa hoy. dhomonir tejor plazma kulinor ghonotwo 14 maikro "mull/li 'tokoi odhik hoh" ley poribohon hoy, jitu kuleen-xomridho khadyo grohon korar pisot kulinor ghonotwo briddhi huwar xomoyot hoh "bob paare. iyar biporite niurune uscho aaru nimno-protibexi ubhoy poribohonkariyei kuleen aahoron kore. kulinok jhilli-aabodho phosphatidylokulin hisape xongrokhyon koraa hoy, jitu pisot acetylocoline niur "transmitter xongslexonor baabe byobohar koribo paari. proyujon onuxori acetylocoline gothon hoy, chinepsor maajere bhromon kore, aaru xongkettu nimnolikhito neuronoloi preron kore. iyar pisot, acetylcholinesterage iyak owonomito kore, aaru mukto kuleentu punor neuronoloi uscho-aakorxon poribohonkariye grohon kore. byobohar kore. khadyor poripurok khadyot kolin klo "raid aaru kolin bitartre 'tot byobohar koraa hoy. komm haigro "scopicityr baabe bitoretor byobohar odhik hoy. kisuman kuleen lowon kukura, turkey aaru aan kisuman poxu khadyor puronor baabe byobohar koraa hoy. kisuman lobonok oudyugik raxayonik podartho hisapeu byobohar koraa hoyoh udahoronsworupe, photoresist atoraboloi photolithugraphyt. kulin theophilinate aaru kulin celecilate ouxodh hisape byobohar koraa hoy, logote methasulin aaru karbasolor dore gathonigot analog hisape byobohar koraa hoy. 11chi-kulinor dore readyo 'labeljukto kulin sikitsa imagingot byobohar koraa hoy. onyanyo banijyikbhabe byobohrito lobonor bhitorot aase trike 'linn citrate aaru kulin bicarbonate. birudhi aaru baadha diya. gowexonar uddesye xo xo kulin antegost aaru enzyme inhibiter bikoxito koraa hoise. eminumethilpro 'penol hoise gowexonar xojuli hisape byobohar koraa prothomburor bhitorot onyotomo. ee kulin aaru trimethylglycine xongslexonok baadha diye. ee kulinor obhab sristi koriboloi xokhyom hoy jaar folot krintokor sorbijukto jokrito hoy. diethanolamine hoise ene aan ek joug, kintu ee ek poriwex produxokou. "eno"-cyclohexylocoline prodhankoi mogojur kuleen grohonot baadha diye. hemicolinium-3 hoise ek odhik xadharon baadha, kintu modhyomiyabhabe kulin kainejxomuh baadha diye. odhik nirdisto kolin kinez inhibitaru bikoxito koraa hoise. trimethylglycine xongslexon protirudhokxomuhou aaseh carboxybutylhomousine hoise etaa nirdisto bi. eis. em. ti. protirudhokor udahoron. demencier colinergic onumanor folot kewol ouxodhi acetylcholinesterage inhibiter nohoy, bibhinno dhoronor acetylocoline inhibitaru hoise. ene dhoronor baadha diya gowexona raxayonik podarthor udahoronxomuhor bhitorot aase triethylok 'linn, hoom' koo 'linn aaru kulinor aan bohutu "eno"-ethyl byobohar koraa, jibur hoise acetylok' linor misa niur 'transmitter analog. kuleen acetyl transferage inhibitaru bikoxito koraa hoise. itihax. abiskar. 1849 sonot edolph strackere prothombaror baabe gaahorir pittor poraa kuleen prithok korisil. 1852 sonot, el. baabu aaru em. hirsbrune bogaa xoriyohor bijor poraa kulin uliyai iyak "chinkelin" buli naam disil. 1862 sonot strackere gaahori aaru boldor pittor xoite teur porikhyar punorabritti korisil, pittor baabe greek xobdo "sul" ror pisot prothombaror baabe podarthotuk "kulin" buli obhihito korisil aaru iyak raxayonik xutro c5h13no ror xoite sinakto korisil. 1850 sonot thiudur nikulax gobliye mogojur poraa aaru carpsor ror 'ror poraa etaa podartho uliyaisil jaak teu konir kuxumor baabe greek xobdor naamere "lesithin" naam disil, 1874 sonot dekhuwaisil je ee phosphatidylecoliner mishron aasil. 1865 sonot oskar libracke pranir mogojur poraa "neurin" prithok korisil. 1867 sonot edolph bhon beiyare acetylocoline aaru libraceor "neurin" ror gathonigot xutrobur xomadhan korisil. xei bosoror xexor faale "neurin" aaru "chinokalin" strackeror kulinor dore eke podartho buli dekhuuwa hoisil. eidore, beyare prothome kulinor gathoni xomadhan korisil. etiya neurin naamere jonajat jougotur kulinor xoite xomporko naai. pusti hisape abiskar koraa. 1930-ror doxokor aarombhonite charls besto aaru teur xohokormixokole ullekh korisil je bixex aahar grohon koraa murkho aaru diabetis rugee kukurok lesithin khuuwai sorbir jokrito protirudh koribo paari, 1932 sonot proman korisil je lesithinot thoka kuleen ei protirudhmulok probhawor baabe ekmatro daybodho aasil. 1998 sonot aamerika juktorastror rastriyo sikitsa academye manuhor aaharot kulinor baabe teulukor prothom poramorxor kotha prokax korisil.

collin koleen () holl rasayanik sootro soho ekti catayon. koleen bivinno lobon gathon korey, udahoronsorup koleen chloride ebong koleen bitartrate. rasayan. koleen ekti quaternary amonium catayon. collin holl joley dravaniya quaternary amonium jouger ekti poribar. collin holl collin shrenir mool jougo, jaa ekoi nitrogen paramanur saathe sangjukto tinti methyl group soho ethanolamine aboshistangsho niye gothito. collin hydroxide collin kkhar naame porichito. etty hygroscopic ebong taai prayashai ekti bornohin sandra hydrated sirap hisabe dekha yaay jaa trimethylamine (tma) err gondho paay. colliner joliyo drobon sthitishil, tobey jougoti dheere dheere ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol ebong tma-teey venge yaay. 2-chloroethanol diye tii. emm. ayee-keey treatment korey collin chloride toiri koraa jete paareh ethylene oxide theke 2-chloroethanol utponno hotey paare. oitihasikbhabe prakritik utso theke collin utpadito hoyeche, jemon lesithiner hydrolysiser madhyome. prokritite collin. koleen prokritite jeebonto pranir modhye byapokbhabe pawa yaay. beshirbhag pranir modhye, kosher jhillite, kosher angakosher jhillite ebong khub qama ghonotter lipoproteingulite collin phospholipidguli prayojaniya upadan. pushti hisabe collin. manush ebong anyanno onek pranir jonno collin ekti aporiharjo pushti. manush colliner kichhu "dii novo" sangshleshan korte sokkhom tobey swastho bojay rakhar jonno diete atirikto colliner prayojan hoy. khadder prayojaniyata coline nijei baa collin phospholipid akare puron koraa jete paare, jemon phosphatidylcoline. amino assider moto kathamo ebong bipak soho ekti prayojaniya pushti haoya sotteo kolainke anusthanikbhabe vitamin hisabe shreniboddho koraa hoy naa. acetylcholine-ekti neurotransmitter-ebong "esha"-adenosylmethionine (syama), ekti sorbojonin methyl daata utpadoner jonno colliner prayojan hoy. methylation-err porey syama esha-adenosyl homocystine rupantarita hoy. uposorgogoto colliner ghatoti aaa-alkoholojukto fatty libhara roga ebong peshi khotir kaaron hoy. atyadhik coline (protidin 7.5 gramer beshi) khele trimethylaminer karone nimno raktachap, ghaam, diarrhea ebong machher moto shorirer gondho hotey paare, jaa colliner bipak prokriyay toiri hoy. collin ebong collin phospholipider samriddha khaddo utsogulir modhye royeche ongo mangs, dimer kusum, dugdhojato ponno, chinabadam, nirdishto motorshooti, badam ebong beej. pasta ebong bhatjukto shaksabjio american diete collin grohoner khettre abodan rakhe. bipak. joibo sangshleshan. udbhider modhye, colliner "dii novo" joibo sangshleshaner prothom dhap holl serinke ethanolamine rupantarita koraa, jaa ekti serine decarboxyless dwara onughotokito hoy. ethanolamine theke colliner sangshleshan tinti samantaral pothe hotey paare, jekhane methyl transferrage dwara onughotokito porpor tinti "enn"-methylation dhap hoy mukto-kkhar, phospho-kkhar baa phosphatidyl-khargulite sanchalito hoy. methyl grouper utso holl "esha"-adenosyl-methionine ebong "esha"-adenosyl-homocystine ekti parshwa ponno hisabe utponno hoy. manush ebong anyanno beshirbhag pranir modhye, collin-err dii novo sangshleshan phosphatidylethanolymine enn-methyl transferrage (pemt) pother madhyome hoy, tobey manusher prayojaniyata puroner jonno joibo sangshleshan jotheshto noy. hepatic pemt rutey, 3-phosphoglycerate (3pizzy) assile-koo theke 2tii assile group grohon korey jaa ekti phosphatidic assid gathon korey. etty cytidine trifesfater saathe bikria korey cytidine diaphsphate-diasylglycerol gathon korey. err hydroxyl group serine-err saathe bikria korey phosphatidilserine gathon korey jaa ethanolamine ebong phosphatidylethanolymine (pee) gathone decarxilate korey. ekti pemt utsechok tinti methyl gosthike tinti-adenosyl methionine (syama) daata theke phosphatidylthenolaminer ethanolamine gosthite sthanantorito korey ekti phosphatidylcoliner akare collin gathon korey. thri "shha-adenocylhomosistine (sahos) ekti upojato hisabe gothito hoy. arow jotil collin dharankari onu thekeo collin mukto hotey paare. udahoronsorup, beshirbhag kosher prokargulite phosphatidylcholine (pissy) hydrolyzed hoye koleen (cole) hotey paare. cdp-collin rutt, cytosolic collin kiness (seeke) phosphorylate collin soho atp theke phosphocolin (pokol) dwarao collin toiri koraa jete paare. etty libhara ebong kidnir moto kichhu kosher khettre ghote. collin-phosphate cytidylil transferrage (shee. pii. tii. tii) cytidine trifesfate (shee. tii. pii)-err saathe pii. kolke shee. dii. pii-collaine (shee. dii. pii-cole) rupantarita korey. diasylglycerol colinfosfotrancepherage (shee. pii. tii) dwara shee. dii. pii-collin ebong deglyceride pisite rupantarita hoy. manusher modhye, kichhu pemt-enzyme mutation ebong istrogener ghatoti (prayashai menopauser karone) colliner khadder prayojaniyata baday. indurer khettre, phosphatidylcolingulary 70 shotangsho pemt pother madhyome ebong matro 30 shotangsho cdp-collin pother madhyome gothito hoy. nockout indurer khettre, pemt nishkriyakaran taader sampurnarupe khaddotalikagoto colliner upor nirbharshil korey toley. shoshan. manusher modhye, collin ghonotter ddhaal ebong enterocyte jhilli judey boidyutik sombhabona dwara porichalito sahajtara bistarer madhyome esha. ell. shee. 44ayee1 (ctl1) jhilli proteiner madhyome ontro theke collin shoshito hoy. esha. ell. shee. 44ayee1-err collin poribohoner seemit khomota royeche uchcho ghonotte err kichhu ongsho aboshoshito thaake. shoshito collin probeshdwarer shirar madhyome enterocyte chhede yaay, libhara atikram korey ebong systemic sanchalane probesh korey. antrer jibanuguli aboshoshito kolainke trimethylamine abonomito korey, jaa jokrite trimethylamine "enn"-oxide jarito hoy. phosphocolin ebong glycerophosphocolineguly phospholipacer madhyome collin-ayee hydrolyse koraa hoy, jaa portal shiray probesh korey. taader joley dravaniyatar karone, taader modhye kichhu portal shiray oporibortito thaake. chorbite dravaniya collin-jukto jougoguli (phosphatidylcoline ebong sphingomyelene) hoy phospholipage dwara hydrolyse koraa hoy baa kylomicrone antarbhukta lymphe probesh korey. poribohon. manusher modhye, rokte mukto onu hisabe collin poribohon koraa hoy. collin-jukto phospholipid ebong glycerophosphocoliner moto anyanno podartho rokter lipoproteingulite poribohon koraa hoy. sustho upobas praptoboyoskoder rokte plazma colliner matra proti littere 7-20 micromol (microll/ly) ebong gadey 10 microll/ly. matra niyantrita hoy, kintu coline grohon ebong ghatoti eyi matra poriborton korey. collin khaoar porr pray 3 ghanta dhorey err matra briddhi paay. upobasoroto praptoboyoskoder plazma phosphatidylcoliner matra 1.5-2.5 emm. emm. oo. ell/ell. err byabohar pray 8-12 ghantar jonno mukto colliner matra baday, tobey phosphatidylcoliner matra ullekhjoggobhabe probhabito korey naa. collin ekti joley dravaniya ayon ebong taai poribahokder chorbite dravaniya kosher jhillir modhyo diye jete hoy. tinn dharaner collin poribahok porichitoh esha. ell. shee. 5ayee7 holl sodiyama-(naa +) ebong ayee. tii. pii-nirbhar poribahok. colliner proti taader uchcho bondhon royeche, etty prathomikbhabe neurone poribohon korey ebong porokkhobhabe acetylcholine utpadoner saathe jukto. taader karjokaritar abhab acetylcholiner ghatotir madhyome manusher fusfus ebong anyanno peshite bongshogoto durbolota srishti korey. nockout indurer khettre, taader kormohinotar foley sianosis ebong pokkhaghater saathe sahojei mrityu hoy. ctl1-err colliner proti majhari anurag royeche ebong etty ontro, jokrito, kidney, placenta ebong mitochondria soho pray samasta tissute poribohon korey. ctl1esha phosphatidilcoline ebong trimethylglycin utpadoner jonno coline sarbaraha korey. shee. tii. ell. 2 bishesh korey jihba, kidney, peshi ebong hridpinde mitochondria ghote. eguli trimethylglycine colliner mitochondrial jaroner saathe jukto. ctl1esha ebong ctl2esha acetylcholine utpadoner saathe jukto noy, tobey rokto-mostishker protibondhokotar madhyome kolinke eksathe poribohon korey. shudhumatra ctl2esha protibondhoktir mostishker dike ghote. taaraa neuron theke atirikto collin rokte firiye aaney. ctl1esha shudhumatra protibondhoktir rokter dike, tobey astrocyte ebong neuroner jhilliteo ghote. octa 1 ebong octa 2 acetylcholine utpadoner sange jukto noy. taaraa qama akorshoner saathe collin poribohon korey. octa1-err modhye prathomikbhabe libhara ebong kidneyte collin poribohon hoy; octa2-err modhye kidney ebong mostishke. sanchaya. kosher jhilli ebong angakoshgulite collin phospholipid hisabe ebong kosher abhyantare phosphatidilcoline ebong glycerophosphocoline hisabe sanrakkhan koraa hoy. moll tyag. emonki 2 theke 8 grama collin matrayo manusher prosrabe samanno collin nirgoto hoy. kidnir modhye poribahokder madhyome nisshoron ghote (poribohon dekhun). trimethylglycin jokrito ebong kidneyte dimethylglycine demythylated hoy (tetrahydropholate methyl grouper ekti grohon korey). methylglycin gothito hoy, prosrabe nirgoto hoy, baa glycine demythylated hoy. fungsion. manusher modhye ebong anyanno jeeber modhye collin ebong err byutpattigulir onek kaaj royeche. sabcheye ullekhjoggo kaaj holl jey, collin anyanno prayojaniya kosh upadan ebong sangketkari anugulir jonno ekti synthetic agraduta hisabe kaaj korey, jemon phospholipid jaa kosher jhilli, neurotransmitter acetylcholine ebong osmoregulator trimethylglycin (bitten) gathon korey. trimethylglycin poriborte "esha"-adenosylmethioniner joibo sangshleshane ongshogrohon korey methyl gosthir utso hisabe kaaj korey. phospholipider agraduta. collin bivinno phospholipidae rupantarita hoy, jemon phosphatidylcoline ebong sphingomyelins. eguli samasta kosher jhilli ebong beshirbhag kosher angakosher jhillite pawa yaay. phosphatidylcholineguly kosher jhillir kathamogotovabe guruttopurno ongsho. manusher modhye taader phospholipidgulir modhye 40-50% holl phosphatidylcoline. collin phospholipid collesteroler pashapashi kosher jhillite lipid ruftow toiri korey. raftguli kendra, udahoronsorup receptor ebong receptor signal transduction enzymer jonno. vldl sangshleshaner jonno phosphatidylcoline prayojanah taader phospholipidgulir modhye 70-95% manusher modhye phosphatidylcoline. palmonary surfactant sangshleshaner jonnou colliner prayojan hoy, jaa beshirbhag phosphatidylcoliner samanwaye gothito ekti mishran. surfactant fusfuser sthitisthapokotar jonno dayee, jaa fusfuser tissure sangkuchito ebong prosarito howar khomotar jonno dayee. udahoronsorup, fusfuser tissute phosphatidylcoliner abhab teebro shashjontrer samasya syndromer saathe jukto koraa hoyeche. phosphatidylcholineguly pitte nirgoto hoy ebong etey surfactant hisabe pitto assid loboner saathe eksathe kaaj korey, eibhabe lipidgulir antrer shoshoner khettre sahayata korey. acetylcholine sangshleshan. acetylcholine utpadoner jonno colliner prayojan hoy. etty ekti neurotransmitter jaa udahoronsorup, peshi sangkochan, smritishakti ebong snaybik bikashe prayojaniya bhumika palon korey. taa sotteo, anyanno dharaner colliner tulna manabdehe acetylcholine khub qama thaake. neuronguli acetylcholine utpadoner jonno taader kosher jhillite phospholipid akare collin sanchaya korey. trimethylglyciner utso. manusher modhye, collin oxidase dwara collin libhara mitochondria oporibortoniyobhabe glycine beatine aldehyde-ayee jarito hoy. etty mitochondrial baa cytosolic beatine-aldehyde dehydrogeness dwara trimethylglycine jarito hoy. trimethylglycin ekti prayojaniya osmoregulator. etty bii. eich. emm. tii-enzymer jonno ekti stor hisabeo kaaj korey, jaa homocysteinke methionine methylate korey. etty ekti "esha"-adenosylmethionine (syama) agraduta. joibik methylation bikria syama ekti sadharan bikarok. udahoronsorup, etty dii. enn. ayee-rawr guanidine ebong histoner kichhu licineke mithailito korey. sutrang etty zina abhibyakti ebong epigenetic niyantraner ongsho. colliner ghatoti eibhabe homocysteiner matra baday ebong rokte syamer matra hrass paay. khabare upadan. khaddodrobyogulite mukto onu hisabe ebong phospholipid akare, biseshoto phosphatidylcoline hisabe collin dekha yaay. ongo mangs ebong dimer kusumer modhye collin sorbadhik pawa yaay jodio aaa-ongo mangs, shosyo, shaksabji, foll ebong dugdhojato ponnogulite etty qama porimane pawa yaay. rannar teela ebong anyanno khaddo chorbite moat colliner pray 5 milligram/100 grama thaake. markin juktorashtre, khaddo lebelguli protidin 550 milligram porjapto grohoner upor vitti korey daeenik mulyer (% dibhi) shotangsho hisabe poribeshonai colliner poriman prakash korey. daeenik mulyer 100% maane holl jey eka poribeshon koraa khabare 550 milligram collin thaake. "moat collin" keey mukto collin ebong collin-dharankari phospholipidgulir samashti hisabe sangyayita koraa hoy, bhor bhognangsho hisab naa korey. manusher booker dudhe collin prachur porimane thaake. ekchetia booker dudh khawano shishur jonno protidin pray 120 milligram colliner saathe mille yaay. mayer collain grohoner poriman briddhi booker dudhe colliner poriman baday ebong qama khele taa komey yaay. shishu sutrogulite porjapto porimane collin thakte paare baa naao thakte paare. eu ebong markin juktorashtre, protiti shishu sutre proti 100 kilocalori (kilocalory) kompokkhe 7 milligram collin jog koraa badhyotamulok. eu-teey, 50 milligram/100 kilocalorir upore stor onumodito noy. trimethylglycin holl colliner ekti karjokori bipak. etty pushtir dick theke colliner bikalpa, tobey shudhumatra angshikbhabe. udahoronsorup, gomer bran (1,339 milligram/100 grama), bhaja gomer jeebanu (1,240 milligram/100 grama) ebong palong shaak (600-645 milligram/100 grama)-ayee uchcho porimane trimethylglycin dekha yaay. daeenik mulyabodh. nimnolikhito tabile notun daeenandin mulya ebong notun pushtir tothyo ebong poripurok tothyo lebelguli protifolito korar jonno colliner update koraa utso royeche. etty eu theke tothyo protifolito korey.esha. krishi bibhag, krishi gobeshona porisheba. fudadata central, 2019. khaddotalikagoto poramorsho. colliner jonno anumanik garh prayojaniyata (qaana) protisthar jonno aporjapto tothyo pawa yaay, taai khaddo oo pushti board (fnb) porjapto grohon (ais) sthapon korey. praptoboyoskoder jonno, colliner jonno aii purushder jonno 550 milligram/deane ebong mohilader jonno 425 milligram/deane nirdharan koraa hoyechilo. eyi manguli purushder modhye jokriter poriborton protirodh korte dekhano hoyeche. tobey, eyi manguli berr korar jonno byabohrito gobeshonati qama collin karjokor hobey kina taa mulyayan koreni, kaaron gobeshokra shudhumatra protidin 550 milligram kolinjukto dieter saathe collin-mukto dieter tulna korechen. err theke shishu oo kishore-kishorider jonno aiske bohirmukhi koraa hoyechilo. superisguli protidin milligrame (milligram/deane) hoy. europea khaddo nirapatta kortripokkher (ee. eff. esha. ayee) superisguli holl europea unioner deshgulir jonno sadharan superish. ee. eff. esha. ayee grohoner jonno konao uchcho seema nirdharan koreni. prithak eu deshgulir arow nirdishto superish thakte paare. national academy off medicine (naam)-err superisguli markin juktorashtro, australia ebong newzealande prajojya. jonosongkhar modhye grohon. 2000 theke 2011 saaler modhye 9tii eu deshe koraa 12tii samikshai anuman koraa hoyeche jey eyi deshgulite praptoboyoskoder modhye protidin 269-468 milligram collin grohon koraa hoy. praptoboyosko mohilader khettre etty 269-444 milligram/deane ebong praptoboyosko purushder khettre 332-468 milligram/deane chhilo. shishuder modhye 75-127 milligram/deane, 1 theke 3 bochor boyosider modhye 151-210 milligram/deane, 3 theke 10 bochor boyosider modhye 177-304 milligram/deane ebong 10 theke 18 bochor boyosider modhye 244-373 milligram/deane chhilo. gorbhoboti kishore-kishorider modhye moat collin grohoner garh anuman chhilo 336 milligram/deane ebong gorbhoboti mohilader modhye 356 milligram/deane. nanes 2009-2012 samikkhar upor vitti korey ekti samikshai anuman koraa hoyeche jey markin juktorashtrer kichhu upo-jonosongkhai collin grohon khub qama. eyi somoyer modhye 2 + bochor boyosider modhye 315.2-318.8 milligram/dii chhilo. 2 + bochor boyosider modhye, matro% purush ebong% mohila porjapto porimane grohon (aii) atikram korechen. aei 2 theke 3 bochor boyosider%, 4 theke 8 bochor boyosider%, 9 theke 13 bochor boyosider%, 14-18 err% ebong 19 + bochor boyosider% dwara atikram koraa hoyechilo. konao upo-jonosongkhai uchcho matrar grohon matra atikram koraa hoyney. markin jonosongkhar upor ekti 2013-2014 nanis gobeshonai dekha geche jey 20 bochor baa taar beshi boyosider modhye 2 theke 19 bochor boyosider collin grohon milligram/deane ebong milligram/deane hotey paare. 20 bochor baa taar beshi vayasi purushder khettre etty migra/dii ebong 20 bochor baa taar beshi vayasi mohilader khettre 278 migra/dii chhilo. ghatoti. lakkhan oo uposorgo. manusher modhye colliner uposorgogoto ghatoti biral. beshirbhagi khaddo theke porjapto porimane etty paay ebong seemit porimane joibo sangshleshito korte sokkhom hoy. lokkhongoto ghatoti prayashai nirdishto kichhu roga baa anyanno porokkho karone hoy. gurutoro ghatoti peshi khoti ebong aaa-alcoholic fatty libhara roger kaaron hoy, jaa serosiser roop nitey paare. manush chharao, fatty libhara anyanno pranir modhye colliner ghatotir ekti sadharan lakkhan. kichhu projatir kidneyte raktapato hotey paare. etty collin theke udbhuto trimethylglyciner abhaber karone boley sandeha koraa hachche, jaa ekti osmoregulator hisabe kaaj korey. kaaron ebong prokriya. istrogen utpadon ekti prasongik kaaron jaa qama khaddotalikagoto coline grohoner pashapashi byaktider ghatotir probonota toiri korey. istrogenguli phosphatidylcholine utpadonkari pemt enzymegulike sakriya korey. mohilader astrogen utpadoner karone menopauser agey mohilader purushder tulna colliner khadder prayojan qama thaake. istrogen therapy chhada, rajonibritti poroborti mohilader colliner chahida purushder anurup. collin ebong follet bipakke probhabito korey emon kichhu ekok-nucleotide bahurupata (genetic factor) prasongik. kichhu antrer jeebanu onnoder tulna arow dokkhotar saathe kolainke hrass korey, taai segulio prasongik. abhaber khettre, jokrite phosphatidylcoliner prapyota hrass paay-eguli vldl gathoner jonno prayojan hoy. eibhabe libhara theke vldl-modhyostho fatty assid poribohon hrass paay jaar foley jokrite charbi jomaa hoy. porjobekkhon koraa liver khoti byakhya korey anyanno ekoi somoye ghotote thaka prokriyagulio poramorsho deoa hoyeche. udahoronsorup, mitochondrial jhilliteo collin phospholipider prayojan hoy. taader onupolobdhota mitochondrial jhillir sothik taditrasayanik ddhaal bojay rakhte okkhomotar dike porichalito korey, jaa anyanno bishoyer modhye, β-jaroner madhyome fatty acidgulike abonomito korar jonno prayojan. taai liver modhye charbi bipak hrass paay. atirikto grohon. atyadhik matra colliner birup prabhab padte paare. udahoronsorup, protidin 8-20 zii colliner doze nimno raktachap, bommy bommy bhab, diarrhea ebong machher moto shorirer gondho srishti korey. gondhoti aboshoshito coline theke antrer jeebanu dwara gothito trimethylaminer (tii. emm. ayee) karone hoy (trimethylaminuria dekhun). libhara tii. emm. ayee-keey trimethylamine "enn"-oxide (tii. emm. ayee. oo)-ayee jarito korey. shorire tii. emm. ayee ebong tii. emm. ayee. oo-rawr uchcho matra atherosclerosis ebong mrityur jhunki briddhir sange jukto. eibhabe, atyadhik collin grohon carnetin chharao eyi jhunkiguli badanor jonno anuman koraa hoyeche, jaa antrer bacteria dwara tma ebong tmao-teey gothito hoy. tobey, koleen grohoner foley hridroge akranto hoye mrityur jhunki briddhi paay naa. etty juktisangato jey, uchcho tii. emm. ayee ebong tii. emm. ayee. oo matra anyanno antarnihito oshusthota baa jingato karongulir ekti lakkhan jaa byaktider bordhito mrityur jonno purbabhas deyo. tii. emm. ayee ebong tii. emm. ayee. oo stor somporkito mrityuhar porjobekkhonkari kichhu gobeshonai eyi dharaner karonguli sathikbhabe hisab koraa hoyney. karjokaron biporito baa bibhrantikar hotey paare ebong borh porimane collin grohon manusher mrityuhar baadiye ditey paare naa. udahoronsorup, kidnir karmahinata hridroger jonno purbonirdharito, tobey tii. emm. ayee ebong tii. emm. ayee. oo nisshorono hrass korte paare. swasther prabhab. neural tube bondho. mayer qama collain grohon snaybik noler trutir jhunki briddhir saathe jukto. mayer kolener beshi grohon sombhoboto shishuder modhye arow vall snaybik gyan/snaybik bikasher saathe jukto. collin ebong follet, vitamin bii12-err saathe mythscrea korey, homocysteiner methyl daata hisabe kaaj korey methionine gathon korey, jaa tarpor syama ("esha"-adenosylmethionine) gathon korte paare. stanyapayi pranir pray samasta methylation bikriya jonno syama holl stor. etty poramorsho deoa hoyeche jey syamer madhyome bighnito methylation follet ebong enn. tii. dii-rawr modhye somporker jonno dayee hotey paare. etty colliner khettreo prajojya hotey paare. kichhu mutation jaa coline bipakke byahoto korey taa nobojatokder modhye enn. tii. dii-rawr pradurbhab baday, tobey dietory colliner ghatotir bhumika osposhto roye geche. hridrog ebong cancer. colliner ghatoti fatty liver kaaron hotey paare, jaa cancer ebong hridroger jhunki baday. colliner ghatoti syama utpadono hrass korey, jaa dna methylatione ongsho neyo-eyi hrass carcinogenesiseo abodan rakhte paare. sutrang, eyi dharaner roger sange err ghatoti ebong err somporko niye gobeshona koraa hoyeche. tobey, mukto jonosongkhar porjobekkhonmulok gobeshonai qama collin grohon ebong cardiovascular roga baa beshirbhag cancer modhye konao somporko biswasjogyobhabe dekhano hoyney. prostate cancer upor gobeshona porosporbirodhi. gyan. uchcho koleen grohon ebong gyaner modhye prabhab porjobekkhonkari gobeshona manob praptoboyoskoder modhye porosporbirodhi folafol soho porichalito hoyeche. manob shishu ebong shishuder upor anurup gobeshona porosporbirodhi ebong seemitoo hoyeche. prosobkalin bikash. gorbhabostha ebong stanyadan ubhayi colliner chahida natokiyobhabe briddhi korey. eyi chahida metano jete paare istrogener matra briddhir madhyome pemoter niyantraner madhyome jaate arow beshi collin "dii novo" utpadon koraa yaay, kintu pemoter criacollup briddhi peleo colliner chahida etotai beshi jey sadharonoto sharirik dokanguli hrass paay. err udaharan holl eyi porjobekkhon jey "pemt-/-" indur (karjokori pemoter abhab thaka indur) 9-10 diney gorbhopat korbe jodi naa poripurok collin khawano hoy. gorbhabostha ebong stanyadaner somoy mayer kolener bhandarguli hrass peley, placenta tissute ghonotter ddhaltir biruddhe coline pump korey coline jomaa korey, jekhane etty porey bivinno akare sanrakkhan koraa hoy, beshirbhag acetylcholine hisabe. amneotic torole colliner ghonotto mayer rokter tulna dashgun beshi hotey paare. bhruner modhye kaaj korey. koshiya jhilli (druto bhruno ebong matri tisue samprasaran), eka-carbon moyetir (dna ebong anyanno kriyakalaper methylation korar jonno ekti stor), bhruno ebong placental tissute collin sanchaya briddhi ebong lipoprotein ("charbi" ongshojukto protein) utpadon briddhir jonno ekti stor hisabe gorbhabosthai colliner uchcho chahida royeche. bishesh korey, mostishke collin grohoner probhaber proti agroho royeche. etty koshiya jhilli toirir jonno upadan hisabe colliner byabohar theke udbhuto hoy (biseshoto phosphatidylcoline toirite). gorbhabosthar tritiya troimasike manusher mostishker briddhi sabcheye druto hoy ebong pray panch bochor boyce porjonto druto hoy. eyi somoye, sphingomylener chahida beshi, jaa phosphatidilcoline (ebong eibhabe collin theke) theke toiri hoy, kaaron eyi upadanti snayur tantugulike myelinate (nirodhok) korte byabohrito hoy. neurotransmitter acetylcholiner utpadoner jonnou colliner chahida royeche, jaa mostishker anchalgulir kathamo ebong sangathan, neurogenesis, milination ebong synups gathonke probhabito korte paare. acetylcholine emonki placentateo uposthito thaake ebong kosher bistar ebong parthokyo (kosher sankhya briddhi ebong bohubidh kosher nibedito koshiya crea poriborton) ebong prosob niyantran korte sahayata korte paare. mostishke coline grohon rokto-mostishker badhay abosthito ekti qama-akarshan poribahok dwara niyantrita hoy. poribohon ghote jokhon dhamani rokter plazma colliner ghonotto 14 microll/ly-err upore briddhi paay, jaa koleen samriddha khabar khaoar porey colliner ghonotto briddhi pawar somoy ghotote paare. neuron, biporitobhabe, uchcho ebong nimno-akarshan poribahok ubhoyer dwara collin orjon korey. koleen jhilli-aboddho phosphatidilcoline hisabe sanrakkhan koraa hoy, jaa porey acetylcholine neurotransmitter sangshleshaner jonno byabohar koraa jete paare. acetylcholine prayojan anujayi gothito hoy, synups judey bhromon korey ebong nimnolikhito snayute sangket preron korey. porey, acetylcholinestereste etike abonomito korey ebong mukto kolinti ekti uchcho-akarshan poribahok dwara abar snayur modhye niye yawa hoy. byabohar korun. khaddotalikagoto poripurke collin chloride ebong collin bitartrate byabohar koraa hoy. bitartrate err nimno hygroscopicityr karone prayashai byabohrito hoy. nirdishto kichhu collin lobon murgi, turkey ebong anyanno kichhu praneej khadder poripurok hisabe byabohrito hoy. kichhu lobon shilp rasayanik hisabeo byabohrito hayah udahoronsorup, photoregist aposaroner jonno photolithographyte. collin theophilinate ebong collin salicillate oshudh hisabe byabohrito hoy, pashapashi methacholin ebong karbacholer moto kathamogoto analogue hisabeo byabohrito hoy. 11shee-colliner moto radiolable koraa kolinguli chikitsa imagingye byabohrito hoy. anyanno banijjikbhabe byabohrito loboner modhye royeche tricholin citrate ebong collin bicarbonate. birodhi ebong protirodhok. gobeshonar uddeshye shoto shoto collin antagonist ebong enzyme inhibiter toiri koraa hoyeche. aminomethylpropanol holl gobeshonar hatiar hisabe byabohrito prothomgulir modhye ekti. etty collin ebong trimethylglycin sangshleshanke badha deyo. etty colliner ghatoti ghotate sokkhom jaar foley indurer modhye fatty libhara toiri hoy. dietanolamine emonyi arekti jougo, tobey etty ekti poribesh dushankario botte. "enn"-cyclohexylcoline prathomikbhabe mostishke coline grohonke badha deyo. hemicolinium-3 ekti sadharan protirodhok, tobey etty majharibhabe collin kineskeo protirodh korey. arow nirdishto collin keynage inhibitaro toiri koraa hoyeche. trimethylglycin sangshleshan protirodhoko royeche carboxybutylhomosine ekti nirdishto bhmt protirodhok ekti udaharan. demensier colinergic hypothesis shudhumatra oushadhi acetylcholinestereste inhibiter dikei noy, bivinno acetylcholine inhibitarero dike porichalito koreche. eyi dharaner protirodhkari gobeshona rasayaniker udahorongulir modhye royeche triethylcholine, homocolin ebong colliner anyanno onek "enn"-ethyl derivated, jaa acetylcholiner mithya neurotransmitter analogue. collin acetyltranspherage inhibitaro toiri koraa hoyeche. itihas. abishkar. 1849 saale adloff strekker prothom shukorer pitto theke kolainke prithak corren. 1852 saale, ell. babu ebong emm. hirshbrun saadaa sorshe beej theke collin berr korey ebong err naam deena "syncallin". 1862 saale, strekker shukar ebong shander pitto niye taanr porikkhar punorabritti corren, pitter jonno greek shobdo "chole"-err porey prothombarer jonno podarthotike "collin" boley abhihito corren ebong etike rasayanik sootro shee5eich13noo diye chinnito corren. 1850 saale, theodor nicolas gobli carpser mostishko ebong roow theke ekti podartho berr corren jaa tini dimer kusumer jonno greek shobder namanusare "lesithin" namkaran korechilen, 1874 saale dekhiyechilen jey etty phosphatidylcoliner mishran chhilo. 1865 saale, askar libraich pranider mostishko theke "neurine" keey prithak korey. acetylcholine ebong libraicher "neurine"-err kathamogoto sutroguli 1867 saale adloff vone beyara dwara samadhan koraa hoyechilo. seii bochorer shesher dike "neurine" ebong sinkalinke strekker colliner moto ekoi podartho hisabe dekhano hoyechilo. eibhabe, buyer prothom colliner kathamo samadhan corren. bortomane neurine naame porichito jougoti colliner saathe somporkito noy. pushti hisabe abishkar. 1930-err doshoker godar dike, charles best ebong sahakarmira ullekh korechilen jey ekti bishesh diete thaka indurer fatty libhara ebong diabetes akranto kukurder lesithin khawanor madhyome protirodh koraa jete paare, jaa 1932 saale proman korey jey lesithine thaka collin eyi protirodhmulok probhaber jonno ekmatro dayee. 1998 saale, markin jatiya chikitsa academy manusher diete colliner jonno taader prothom superisguli report korey.

collin collin () aee rasayanik sootra saathenu ketayan chhe. collin viveedh kshaar banaave chhe, udaaharan tareeke collin chloride aneey collin bitartrate. rasayanshastra. collin aee chaturthansh emonium ketayan chhe. collin aee paanimaa draavya chaturthansh emonium sanyojanonu kutumb chhe. collin aee collin vargnoo mool sanyojan chhe, jemaa ethanolamine avshesho hoya chhe, jemaa aek jaj nitrogen anoo saathe jodaayela trana methyl jutho hoya chhe. collin hydroxidene collin bays tareeke odakhvaamaa aave chhe. teey hygroscopic chhe aneey aama ghanivaar rangheen chikanu hydrated chaasani tareeke jovaa maley chhe jeey trimethylamine (tii. aema. aee.) nee gandh dharaave chhe. koleennaa jaleey draavan stheer hoya chhe, parantu sanyojan dheeme dheeme ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol aneey tii. aema. aee. maan tutee jaay chhe. tii. aema. aee. neey 2-chloroathenol saathe saarvaar kareene collin chloride banaavi shakaay chheh 2-chloroathenol ethylene oxidemanthi utpann thaee shake chhe. aitihasik reete koleennun utpaadan koodarti strotomathi karvaamaa aave chhe, jaim keey lecithinna hydrolysis dwara. prakrutimaa collin. collin prakrutimaa jivant pranioma vyaapak chhe. motabhagna pranioma, collin phospholipids koshh patalmaa, koshh angonaa patalmaa aneey khoob ochhi ghantavala lipoproteinmaa jaroori ghatako chhe. poshak tattva tareeke collin. collin aee manushyo aneey anya ghanaa praaneeo maate aavashyak poshak tatva chhe. manushya koleennun thodu "dii novo" sanshleshan karvaamaa saksham chhe parantu svaasthya jalava maate aaharma vadharana koleennee jaroor padey chhe. aahaarni jaruriyaato collin dwara athavaa collin phospholipidsna swarupma puurii curry shakaay chhe, jaim keey phosphatidilcoline. emino acid jevee rachnaa aneey chayapachay saathe aavashyak poshak tatva hovaa chhataa koleenne aupcharik reete vitamin tareeke vargikrut karvaamaa aavtu nathee. acetylcoline-aek chetapreshak-aneey "aesa"-adenosylmathionine (same), aek saarvtrik methyl daataa, utpann karvaa maate koleennee jaroor padey chhe. methylation parr same aesa-adenosyl homocysteinma rupantarit thaay chhe. koleennee lakshaneek unapthi biin-alcoholic fetee leaver rooga aneey snaayuone nuksan thaay chhe. koleennun vadhu padatu sevana (darroj 7.5 graamthee vadhu) trimethylamine kaarane loheenu dabaan ochhu, parsevo, zaadaa aneey maachhali jevee shareerni durgandh pedaa curry shake chhe, jeey koleennaa chayapachayma rachaay chhe. collin aneey collin phospholipidsna samruddh aahaar strotomaa anga maans, indani jardi, darry utpaadno, magfali, amuk kathol, badaam aneey biyaranno samaavesh thaay chhe. paasta aneey chokha saathena shakbhaji pann american aaharma koleennaa sevanmaa faalo aape chhe. chayapachay. jaivasanshleshan. chhodma, koleennaa "dii novo" jaivasanshleshanma pratham pagalu aee ethanolaminema sereennun decarboxylation chhe, jeey sereen decarboxylase dwara utprereet thaay chhe. ethanolaminemathi koleennun sanshleshan trana samaantar maargomaa thaee shake chhe, jyaan methyl transfer dwara utprereet satat trana "aena"-methylation pagalaao mukt-aadhaar, phospho-aadhaar athavaa phosphatidyl-aadhaar parr haath dharvaamaa aave chhe. methyl juthano srot "s"-adenosyl-mathionine chhe aneey "s"-adenosyl-homocystein aek aadpedash tareeke utpann thaay chhe. manushyo aneey motabhagna anya pranioma, koleennun novo sanshleshan phosphatidilathanolyne aena-methyltransferase (pamt) maarg dwara thaay chhe, parantu manav jaruriyaatone pahonchi vadvaa maate jaivasanshleshan puratu nathee. yakrut pamt maargmaa, 3-phosphoglycert (3 pii. jee.) esile-koamathi 2 esile jutho melve chhe jeey phosphatidic acid banaave chhe. teey cytidine triphosphate saathe pratikriyaa kareene cytidine diphosphate-diacylglycerol banaave chhe. tenu hydroxyl jooth sereen saathe pratikriyaa kareene phosphatidilsarine banaave chhe jeey ethanolamine aneey phosphatidilathanolyne (pii. ee.) svarupomaa decarboxylates karey chhe. pamt utsechak trana methyl juthone trana-adenosyl mathionines (same) dataomathi phosphatidilathanolynamine ethanolamine juthamaa phosphatidilcoline swarupma collin banaavvaa maate khasede chhe. three "aesa"-adenosylhomosistines (saahs) aek aadpedash tareeke rachaay chhe. collin vadhu jatil collin dharaavtaa anuomathi pann mukt thaee shake chhe. udaaharan tareeke, motabhagna koshh prakaroma phosphatidilcolines (pisi) neey collin (qola) maan hydrolyse curry shakaay chhe. koleennun utpaadan see. dii. pii.-collin maarg, cytosolic collin kinnez (see. keey.) phosphorilate collin saathe aetipeethee phosphocolin (pii. qola.) dwara pann thaee shake chhe. aaa yakrut aneey kidnee jevaa ketlaak koshh prakaroma thaay chhe. collin-phosphate cytidylil transfer (see. pii. tii. tii.) cytidine triphosphate (see. tii. pii.) saathe pii. kolane see. dii. pii.-collin (see. dii. pii.-qola) maan rupantarit karey chhe. see. dii. pii.-collin aneey deglyceridene diacylglycerol colinfosphotrancephare (see. pii. tii.) dwara pii. see. maan rupantarit karvaamaa aave chhe. manushyoma, chokkas pamt-utsechak parivartan aneey astrogenni unap (ghanivaar manoposene kaarane) koleennee aahaarni jaruriyaatmaa vadhaaro karey chhe. undarmaa, 70 takaa phosphatidilcoline pamt maarg dwara aneey maatra 30 takaa cdp-collin maarg dwara rachaay chhe. nockout undarmaa, pamt nishkriyataa temne sampurnpane aahaar collin parr nirbhar banaave chhe. shoshan. manushyoma, collin saandrata dhhaal aneey enterocyte patalmaa vidhyut kshamata dwara sanchaalit sulabh prasaar dwara collin aantardamathi chhe slc44aee1 puttle protein dwara shoshaay chhe. chhe koleennun parivahan karvaanee maryadit kshamata dharaave chheh uchch sandratama teno aek bhaag shoshai naa jaay. shoshaayel collin praveshdwaar nus dwara enterocytesne chhodi deey chhe, yakrutmathi pasaar thaay chhe aneey pranaligat paribhramanmaa pravesh karey chhe. aantardana jivanuo shoshee naa levaayela koleenne trimethylaminema ghataade chhe, jeey yakrutma trimethylamine "aena"-oxidema oxidise thaay chhe. phosphocolin aneey glycerphosphocoline phospholipase dwara koleenmaa hydrolyse thaay chhe, jeey portal nasmaa pravesh karey chhe. temnee paanimaa draavyataane kaarane, temaanna ketlaak portal nasmaa aparivartit rahe chhe. charabeema draavya collin dharaavtaa sanyojno (phosphatidilcolins aneey sphingomyelenes) kaan too phospholipase dwara hydrolyse thaay chhe athavaa kylomicronema samavisht lasika dakhal karey chhe. parivahan. manushyoma, collin loheemaa mukt anoo tareeke parivahan thaay chhe. collin dharaavtaa phospholipids aneey glycerphosphocoline jevaa anya padaartho loheena lipoproteinmaa parivahan thaay chhe. tandurast upvaas karnara pukht vayanaa lokomaa loheena plasma koleennun star 7-20 micromols pratee litter (micromol/aela) aneey sarerash 10 micromol/aela chhe. star niyantrit thaay chhe, parantu koleennun sevana aneey unap aaa starne badale chhe. koleennaa sevana pachhi lagbhag 3 kalaak sudhee tenu star unchu rahe chhe. upvaas kartaa pukht vayanaa lokonaa plasmama phosphatidilacolinu star 1.5-2.5 mmol/l chhe. teno vapraash lagbhag 8-12 kalaako sudhee mukt koleennun star vadhaare chhe, parantu phosphatidilcoline starne nondhpaatra reete assar karatu nathee. collin aee paanimaa draavya aayan chhe aneey tethee parivahankaarone charabeema draavya koshh patalmathi pasaar thavaani jaroor padey chhe. trana prakaarnaa collin parivahankaro jaanita chheh chheh aee soodiyama-(naa +) aneey atp-aadharit parivahankartaao chhe. teo collin maate uchch bandhankarta aakarshan dharaave chhe, tene mukhyatve chetakoshoma parivahan karey chhe aneey parox reete acetylcoline utpaadan saathe sankalaayela chhe. temnee khaamee acetylcoline unap dwara manushyamaa pulmonary aneey anya snayuoma vaarsaagat nabalaainu kaaran baney chhe. nockout undarmaa, temnee nishkriyataa saraltathi cyanosis aneey lakvo saathe mrutyu paame chhe. chhe collin maate madhyam aakarshan hoya chhe aneey teey aantarda, yakrut, kidnee, stanya pranioma garbhamaa rahela bachchaani raksha maatenu bachchaani raksha maatenu bachchaani raksha maatenu bachchaani raksha maatenu bachchaani raksha maatenu bachchaani raksha maatenu bachchaani raksha maatenu bachchaani raksha maatenu bachchu aneey bachchaani raksha maatenu bachchaani raksha maatenu bachchu bachchaani raksha maatenu bachchu bachchaani raksha maatenu bachchu bachchu bachchu bachchu bachchaani raksha maatenu bachchu bachchu bachchu bachchu bachchu bachchu bachchu bachchu bachchu bachchu bachchu bachchu bachchu bachchu bachchu bachchu bachchu bachchu bachchu bachchu bachchu bachchu bachchu bachchu bachchu bachchu bachchu bachchu bachchu bachchu bachchu bachchu bachchu bachchu bachchu bachchu bachchu bachchu bachchu bachchu bachchu bachchu bachchu bachchu bachchu bachchu bachchu bachchu bachchu bachchu bachchu bachchu bachchu bachchu bachchu bachchu bachchu bachchu bachchu bachchu bachchu bachchu bachchu bachchu bachchu bachchu. chhe phosphatidilcoline aneey trimethylglycine utpaadan maate koleenno purvatho puuro paade chhe. chhe khaas kareene jeebh, kidnee, snaayuo aneey hradayma metochondriama jovaa maley chhe. teo koleennaa trimethylglycinema metochondrial oxidation saathe sankalaayela chhe. chhe aneey chhesaes acetylcoline utpaadan saathe sankalaayela nathee, parantu lohee-magajnaa avrodh dwara koleennun eksaathe parivahan karey chhe. avrodhni magajnee bajuae maatra ctl 2 thaay chhe. teo chetakoshomathi vadhaaraani koleenne loheemaa paachha pann door karey chhe. chhe maatra avrodhni loheeni baaju parr jaj thaay chhe, parantu astrocytes aneey chetakoshona puttle parr pann thaay chhe. oct 1 aneey oct 2 acetylcoline utpaadan saathe sankalaayela nathee. teo ochhi aatmiyataa saathe koleennun parivahan karey chhe. octo 1 aesa mukhyatve yakrut aneey kidneyma koleennun parivahan karey chhe; octo 2 aesa kidnee aneey magajma. sangrah. collin koshh puttle aneey angkoshoma phospholipids tareeke aneey koshoni andar phosphatidilcoline aneey glycerphosphocoline tareeke sangraheet thaay chhe. visarjan. 2-8 graamnaa collin dose parr pann, manushyoma peshaabmaa thodu collin visarjan thaay chhe. kidneenee andar thataa parivahankartaao dwara visarjan thaay chhe (parivahan juo). trimethylglycine yakrut aneey kidneyma dimethylglycinema demathylited thaay chhe (tetrahydropholate methyl juthomathi aek melve chhe). methylglycin swarupo, peshaabmaa visarjan thaay chhe, athavaa glycinema demythylated thaay chhe. kaary. collin aneey tenaa vyutpann manushyoma aneey anya sajeevoma ghanaa kaaryo karey chhe. sauthee nondhpaatra kaary aee chhe keey collin anya aavashyak koshh ghatako aneey sanketneek anooo maate krutrim agradut tareeke kaama karey chhe, jaim keey phospholipids jeey koshh puttle banaave chhe, chetapreshak acetylcoline aneey osmoregulator trimethylglycine (beaten). trimethylglycine badalaama "aesa"-adenosylmethionina jaivasanshleshanma bhaag laeene methyl juthonaa strot tareeke kaama karey chhe. phospholipid purvavarti. collin viveedh phospholipidsma rupantarit thaay chhe, jaim keey phosphatidilcoline aneey sphingomyelene. aaa tamaam koshh puttle aneey motabhagna koshh angonaa patalmaa jovaa maley chhe. phosphatidilcoline aee koshh patalno malkhakiy reete mahatvapurn bhaag chhe. manushyoma temnaa phospholipidsmanthi 40-50% phosphatidilcoline chhe. collin phospholipids collastrolni saathe koshh patalmaa lipid raft pann banaave chhe. raft kendro chhe, udaaharan tareeke receptors aneey receptors signal transduction utsechako maate. vee. aela. dii. aela. naa sanshleshan maate phosphatidilcolinesni jaroor padey chheh temnaa phospholipidsmanthi 70-95% manushyoma phosphatidilcolines chhe. collin pulmonary surfectantnaa sanshleshan maate pann jaroori chhe, jeey mote bhaage phosphatidilcoline mishran chhe. surfectant fefsani sthitisthaapaktaa maate jawabdar chhe, jeey fefsaanaa pesheeoni sankochan aneey vistaranni kshamata maate jawabdar chhe. udaaharan tareeke, fefsaanaa pesheeomaa phosphatidilcoline unapne teevra shvasan taklif syndrome saathe jodvama aavee chhe. phosphatidilcoline pittmaa visarjan thaay chhe aneey temaa pitt acid kshaar saathe surfectant tareeke kaama karey chhe, aama lipidnaa aantardana shoshanma madad karey chhe. acetylcoline sanshleshan. acetylcoline utpann karvaa maate koleennee jaroor padey chhe. aaa aek chetapreshak chhe jeey snaayu sankochan, yaadshakti aneey chetatantrana vikasma jaroori bhoomika bhajve chhe, udaaharan tareeke. tema chhataa, koleennaa anya swaruponi sarkhaamanimaa manav shareerma acetylcoline ochhu hoya chhe. chetakosho acetylcoline utpaadan maate temnaa koshh patalmaa phospholipidsna rupmaan koleenno sangrah pann karey chhe. trimethylglycino srot. manushyoma, collin oxidase dwara yakrutnaa metochondriama koleenne glycine beaten aldehydema aparivartneey reete oxidise karvaamaa aave chhe. aaa metochondrial athavaa cytosolic beaten-aldehyde dehydrogenase dwara trimethylglycinema oxidise thaay chhe. trimethylglycine aee aek jaroori osmoregulator chhe. teey bii. aech. aema. tii.-utsechak maate substrate tareeke pann kaama karey chhe, jeey homocysteine methioninema methylate karey chhe. aaa aek "s"-adenosylmathionine (same) purogami chhe. same aee jaivik methylation pratikriyaoma saamanya reagent chhe. udaaharan tareeke, teey dii. aena. aee. naa guanidine aneey histonsnaa amuk licine methylate karey chhe. aama teey janin abhivyakti aneey epigenetic niyamanno aek bhaag chhe. koleennee unap aama homocysteinna starmaa vadhaaro karey chhe aneey loheemaa semnu star ghate chhe. khoraakmaa samagri. collin khoraakmaa mukt parmaanu tareeke aneey phospholipidsna swarupma, khaas kareene phosphatidilcoline tareeke jovaa maley chhe. collin anga maans aneey indani jaradimaa sauthee vadhu hoya chhe, joke teey biin-anga maans, anaaj, shakbhaji, falo aneey darry utpadanoma ochha pramanma jovaa maley chhe. rasoi teela aneey anya khaadhy charabeema coole koleennun lagbhag 5 milligram/100 graam hoya chhe. united statesma, khoraaknaa label 550 milligram/divasnaa purtaa sevannaa aadhare dainik moolya (% dii. vee.) nee takaavaari tareeke koleennee matrane vyakt karey chhe. dainik mulyanaa 100% noow arth aee chhe keey khoraaknee sevaa aaptaa 550 milligram collin hoya chhe. "coole collin" neey mukt collin aneey collin dharaavtaa phospholipidsna sarwala tareeke vyakhyayit karvaamaa aave chhe, jemaa dada apurnankno hisab nathee. manav stana dudhmaa collin samruddh hoya chhe. khaas stanpaan baadak maate darroj lagbhag 120 milligram koleenne anuroop chhe. maataana koleennaa sevanmaa vadhaaro stannaa dudhmaa koleennun pramaan vadhaare chhe aneey tenu ochhu sevana temaa ghataado karey chhe. shishu sutromaa purtaa pramanma collin hoi shake chhe athavaa naa pann hoi shake. european union aneey yuu. aesa. maan, darek shishu sutramaa 100 kilokelari (keey. see. aela.) deeth ochhama ochha 7 milligram collin umervu farjiyat chhe. european unionma, 50 milligram/100 keelo kelareethee uparnaa starne manjuri nathee. trimethylglycine aee koleennun kaaryatmak chayapachay chhe. teey poshanni drashtiae koleenno vikalp aape chhe, parantu maatra aansheek reete. udaaharan tareeke, ghaunee bhooki (1,339 milligram/100 graam), shekela ghaunaa jantu (1,240 milligram/100 graam) aneey paalak (600-645 milligram/100 graam) maan trimethylglycine unchu pramaan jovaa maley chhe. dainik moolyo. neechena koshtakma navaa dainik moolya aneey navaa poshan tathyo aneey purak tathyonaa lablene pratibimbit karvaa maate koleennaa adhyatan stroto chhe. teey yuu maanthi detaane pratibimbit karey chhe.aesa. krushee vibhag, krushee sanshodhan sevaa. fooddeta central, 2019. aahaarni bhalamano. collin maate andajit sarerash jaruriyaat (qaana) sthaapit karvaa maate apuratee maahitee uplabdh chhe, tethee food anned nutrition booard (fnb) aee purtaa pramanma sevana (aes) sthaapit karyoo. pukht vayanaa loko maate, collin maate AI purusho maate 550 milligram/divas aneey streeo maate 425 milligram/divas nakki karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. aaa moolyo purushomaa yakrutnaa parivartanne rokvaa maate darshavvama aavyaa chhe. jooe keey, aaa moolyo melavaa maate upyogmaa levaata abhyasma mulyankan karvaamaa aavyu naa hatoo keey ochhi collin asarkarak raheshe keey qema, kaaran keey sanshodhakoae maatra collin-mukt aahaarni sarkhaamani darroj 550 milligram collin dharaavtaa aahaar saathe curry hatee. aamathi, baadako aneey kishoro maate aee. aaee. neey extrapolate karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. bhalaaman darroj milligram (milligram/divas) maan hoya chhe. european food safety authority (ee. aef. aesa. aee.) nee bhalamano european union desho maate saamanya bhalamano chhe. ee. aef. aesa. aee. aee sevana maate koee upali maryada nakki curry nathee. vyaktigat european union desho paase vadhu chokkas bhalamano hoi shake chhe. national academy off medicine (naam) nee bhalamano united states, austreliya aneey newzealandma laagu padey chhe. vastimaa vapraash. 2000 aneey 2011 nee vachche 9 european union deshomaa haath dharaayela baar sarvexanoae aaa deshomaa pukht vayanaa lokonu koleennun sevana darroj 269-468 milligram hovaano andaaj mookyo hato. pukht striomaa 269-444 mg/divas aneey pukht purushomaa 332-468 mg/divas hatoo. shishuoma 75-127 mg/divas, 1 thee 3 varshnaa baadakoma 151-210 mg/divas, 3 thee 10 varshnaa baadakoma 177-304 mg/divas aneey 10 thee 18 varshnaa baadakoma 244-373 mg/divas hatoo. coole collin sevanno sarerash andaaj sagarbha kishoroma 336 milligram/divas aneey sagarbha striomaa 356 milligram/divas hato. nenes 2009-2012 sarvekshan parr aadharit aek abhyasma andaaj mukvaamaa aavyo chhe keey yuu. aesa. nee ketalik petaa vastimaa koleennun sevana khoob ochhu chhe. aaa samaygaalaa darmiyan 2 + varshnaa baadakoma 315.2-318.8 mg/d noon sevana hatoo. 2 + varshnaa balakomathi, maatra% purusho aneey% streeo purtaa pramanma (AI) karataa vadhee gayaa. AI neey 2 thee 3 varshnaa balakomathi%, 4 thee 8 varshnaa balakomathi%, 9 thee 13 varshnaa balakomathi%, 14-18 naa% aneey 19 + varshnaa balakomathi% dwara vataavi devaamaa aavyu hatoo. koipan petaa vastimaa uchch sevana star odangaayu naa hatoo. yuu. aesa. nee vasteena 2013-2014 nenes abhyasma 20 aneey tethee vadhu umarnaa pukht vayanaa lokomaa 2 thee 19 varshnee vayanaa lokonu koleennun sevana milligram/divas aneey milligram/divas hovaanu jaanvaa malyun chhe. 20 aneey tethee vadhu umarnaa purushomaa mg/d aneey 20 aneey tethee vadhu umarnee striomaa 278 mg/d noon sevana karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. unap. chihno aneey lakshano. manushyoma koleennee lakshaneek unap durlabh chhe. motabhagna loko aaharmathi tenee puratee maatraa melve chhe aneey tenee maryadit matrama jaivasanshleshan karvaamaa saksham hoya chhe. lakshanoni unap ghanivaar amuk rogo athavaa anya parox kaaranosar thaay chhe. gambhir unapthi snaayuone nuksan thaay chhe aneey biin-alcoholic fetee leaver rooga thaay chhe, jeey sirosisma vikasi shake chhe. manushyo upraant, charbiyukt yakrut pann anya pranioma koleennee unapno aek lakshaneek sanket chhe. kidneyma raktsraav ketalik prajatioma pann thaee shake chhe. aaa koleenmathi melvelaa trimethylglycine unapne kaarane hovani shankaa chhe, jeey osmoregulator tareeke kaama karey chhe. kaarano aneey paddhateeo. astrogen utpaadan aee aek susangat pareebal chhe jeey vyaktione ochha aahaar koleennaa sevana saathe unap taraf doree jaay chhe. astrogen pamt utsechako utpann kartaa phosphatidilcoline sakreey karey chhe. strionaa astrogenna unchaa utpadanne kaarane menopause pahelaanni streeone purusho karataa koleennee ochhi aahaar jaruriyaat hoya chhe. astrogen upchaar vinaa, manoposal pachhini strioni koleennee jaruriyaato purushoni jaruriyaato jevee jaj hoya chhe. collin aneey follet chayapachayne assar kartaa ketlaak single-nucleotide bahurupataa (aanuvanshik pareebalo) pann susangat chhe. aantardana amuk sukshmajivanuo pann anya kartaa vadhu asarkarak reete koleenne ghataade chhe, tethee teo pann susangat chhe. unapmaa, yakrutma phosphatidilcoline uplabdhataa ghatee jaay chhe-aaa vee. aela. dii. aela. nee rachnaa maate jaroori chhe. aama vee. aela. dii. aela.-madhyasth fetee acidnun yakrutmathi bahaarnu parivahan ghate chhe jeey yakrutma charabinu sanchay taraf doree jaay chhe. avalokan karaayel yakrutnaa nukasaanne samjavti anya aek saathe thatee paddhateeo pann suchavvama aavee chhe. udaaharan tareeke, metochondrial patalmaa pann collin phospholipidsnee jaroor padey chhe. temnee anupalabdhataa yogya electrochemical dhhaal jalava maate metochondrial patalnee asamarthata taraf doree jaay chhe, jeey anya baabtoni saathe, β-oxidation dwara fetee acidsne adhogati maate jaroori chhe. tethee yakrutni andar charabinu chayapachay ghate chhe. vadhu padatee maatraa. koleennaa vadhu padata doseni pratikool asaro thaee shake chhe. udaaharan tareeke, koleennaa dainik 8-20 g dose, neecha blood pressure, ubkaa, zaadaa aneey maachhali jevee shareerni gandhanu kaaran baney chhe. gandh shoshai naa shakaay tevaa koleenmathi aantardana jivanuo dwara rachaayeli trimethylamine (tii. aema. aee.) neey kaarane thaay chhe (juo trimethylaminuria). yakrut tii. aema. aee. neey trimethylamine "aena"-oxide (tii. aema. aee. oo.) maan oxidise karey chhe. shareerma tii. aema. aee. aneey tii. aema. aee. oo. naa unchaa starne atherosclerosis aneey mrutyudarnaa vadhata jokham saathe jodvama aavyaa chhe. aama, koleennun vadhu padatu sevana carnitine upraant aaa jokhamone vadhaarvaa maate anumanit karvaamaa aavyu chhe, jeey aantardana bekteriya dwara tii. aema. aee. aneey tii. aema. aee. oo. maan pann rachaay chhe. jooe keey, koleennun sevana raktvaahini rogthee mrutyunaa jokhamma vadhaaro karey chhe tevu darshavvama aavyu nathee. teey vaajbi chhe keey unchaa tii. aema. aee. aneey tii. aema. aee. oo. noon star aee anya antargat bimaareeo athavaa aanuvanshik paribalonu maatra aek laxan chhe jeey vyaktione vadhelaa mrutyudar maate purvanirdharit karey chhe. tii. aema. aee. aneey tii. aema. aee. oo. star sambandhit mrutyudarnaa nirikshanma amuk abhyasoma aavaa pareebalone yogya reete ganvaamaa aavyaa naa hoi shake. kaaran vipareet athavaa gunchavanbharyu hoi shake chhe aneey motaa pramanma koleennun sevana manushyamaa mrutyudarmaa vadhaaro naa curry shake. udaaharan tareeke, kidneenee taklif raktvaahini rogonee shakyata dharaave chhe, parantu teey tii. aema. aee. aneey tii. aema. aee. oo. naa utsarjanmaa pann ghataado curry shake chhe. svaasthya parr assar. neural tube bundh. maataama koleennun ochhu sevana neural tubeny khaamionaa vadhata jokham saathe sankalaayelu chhe. maataama koleennun vadhu sevana baadakoma vadhu saaree chetapeshika/chetapeshika vikaas saathe sankalaayelu hovani shakyata chhe. collin aneey follet, vitamin vitamin saathe kriyapratikriya karey chhe, homocysteine methyl daataa tareeke kaary karey chhe aneey mathionine banaave chhe, jeey pachhi same ("aesa"-adenosylmathionine) banaavi shake chhe. same aee sastan pranioma lagbhag tamaam methylation pratikriyaao maatenu substrate chhe. aevu suchavvama aavyu chhe keey same dwara vikshepit methylation follet aneey aena. tii. dii. aesa. vachchena sambandh maate jawabdar hoi shake chhe. aaa koleenne pann laagu puddy shake chhe. amuk parivartan keey jeey collin chayapachayne khalel pahonchaade chhe teey navjaat shishuoma aena. tii. dii. aesa. naa prasaarmaa vadhaaro karey chhe, parantu aahaar koleennee unapnee bhoomika aspasht rahe chhe. hraday rooga aneey kensar. koleennee unapthi fetee leaver thaee shake chhe, jeey kensar aneey raktvaahini rognoo jokham vadhaare chhe. koleennee unapthi semnu utpaadan pann ghate chhe, jeey dii. aena. aee. methylationma bhaag leey chhe-aaa ghataado carcinogenesisma pann faalo aapee shake chhe. aama, unap aneey aavaa rogo saathe tenaa jodanno abhyaas karvaamaa aavyo chhe. jooe keey, mukt vasteena nirikshan abhyasoae koleennun ochhu sevana aneey raktvaahini rogo athavaa motabhagna kensar vachcheno sambandh vishvaspatra reete darshaavyo nathee. prostate kensar parnaa abhyaso virodhabhasi rahyaa chhe. samajshakti. manav pukht vayanaa lokomaa koleennun vadhu sevana aneey samajshakti vachcheni asarnu nirikshan kartaa abhyaso virodhabhasi parinaamo saathe haath dharvaamaa aavyaa chhe. manav shishuo aneey baadako parr samaan abhyaso virodhabhasi aneey maryadit pann rahyaa chhe. prasvottar vikaas. garbhaavastha aneey stanpaan banne koleennee maangmaa natyatmak vadhaaro karey chhe. aaa maangne vadhu collin "dii novo" noon utpaadan karvaa maate astrogenna starmaa vadhaaro kareene pematnaa niyaman dwara puurii curry shakaay chhe, parantu pamt pravruttimaa vadhaaro thayo hovaa chhataa, koleennee maang haju pann aetali vadhaare chhe keey shaaririk bhandar saamanya reete ksheen thaee jaay chhe. aanun udaaharan aee nirikshan dwara aapvama aave chhe keey "pamt-/-" undar (kaaryatmak pamtno abhaav dharaavtaa undar) purak collin naa khavdavama aave tyaan sudhee 9-10 divasomaa garbhpaat karashe. jyaare garbhaavastha aneey stanpaan darmiyan koleennaa maataana bhandarma ghataado thaay chhe, tyaare stanya pranioma garbhamaa rahela bachchaani raksha maatenu aachchhadan pesheeomaa sandratana dhhaal saame koleenne pumping kareene collin aekthee karey chhe, jyaan teey pachhi tene viveedh svarupomaa sangraheet karvaamaa aave chhe, mote bhaage acetylcoline tareeke. amneotic pravaahimaa koleennee saandrata maataana lohee karataa dass ganee vadhaare hoi shake chhe. garbhamaa kaaryo. cellular puttle (zadpi garbh aneey maataa peshee vistaran), aek-carbon moities (dna aneey anya kaaryona methylation maate substrate), garbh aneey garbh pesheeomaa collin storsene vadhaarvaa aneey lipoprotein (charbiwala protein) naa utpadanma vadhaaro karvaa maate substrate tareeke garbhaavastha darmiyan koleennee unchee maang chhe. khaas kareene, magaj parr koleennaa sevannee asarmaa rus chhe. aaa cellular puttle banaavvaa maate samagri tareeke koleennaa upyog (khaas kareene phosphatidilcoline banaavvaa maate) thee udbhave chhe. garbhavsthaanaa trija trimasik darmiyan manav magajnee vrudhdhi sauthee zadpi hoya chhe aneey lagbhag paanch varshnee ummar sudhee zadpi rahe chhe. aaa samay darmiyan, sphingomyeleenni maang vadhaare chhe, jeey phosphatidilcoline (aneey aama koleenmathi) maanthi banavvama aave chhe, kaaran keey aaa saamgreeno upyog chetaa tantuone myelinate (insulate) karvaa maate thaay chhe. koleenne chetapreshak acetylcoline utpaadan maate pann maang chhe, jeey magajnaa pradeshoni rachnaa aneey sangathan, chetapeshika, myelination aneey synaps rachnaane prabhaavit curry shake chhe. acetylcoline garbhamaa rahela bachchaani raksha maatenu aachchhadanma pann haajar hoya chhe aneey koshnaa prasaar aneey tafaavat (koshnee sankhyama vadhaaro aneey bahuupyogi koshona samarpeet kosheey kaaryoma ferfaro) aneey prasavne niyantrit karvaamaa madad curry shake chhe. magajma koleennun grahan lohee-magajnaa avrodh parr stheet ochhi-aakarshan parivahankarta dwara niyantrit thaay chhe. parivahan tyaare thaay chhe jyaare dhamnee rakt plasma koleennee saandrata 14 micronol/literthi vadhu vadhe chhe, jeey koleenthee samruddh khoraakno upyog karyaa pachhi koleennee sandratama vadhaaro darmiyan thaee shake chhe. tenaathi vipareet, chetakosho uchch aneey nimn-aakarshan dharaavtaa parivahankaro dwara collin melve chhe. koleenne puttle-bandhaayel phosphatidilcoline tareeke sangraheet karvaamaa aave chhe, jeno upyog pachhithi acetylcoline chetapreshako sanshleshan maate thaee shake chhe. acetylcoline jaruriyaat mujab rachaay chhe, cinepsma pravaas karey chhe aneey neechena chetakoshma sanket prasaarit karey chhe. pachhithi, acetylcholinesterase tene adhogati aape chhe, aneey mukt koleenne uchch-aakarshan vaahak dwara chetakoshma fareethi levaamaa aave chhe. upyog karey chhe. aahaar puravaniomaa collin chloride aneey collin bitartretno upyog thaay chhe. bitartretno upyog tenee ochhi hygroscopicityne kaarane vadhu thaay chhe. amuk collin kshaarno upyog chikan, turkey aneey anya ketlaak praniona khoraakne purak banaavvaa maate thaay chhe. ketlaak kshaarno upyog audhyogik rasaayano tareeke pann thaay chheh udaaharan tareeke, photorestistne door karvaa maate photolithographyma. collin theophilinate aneey collin salicillateno upyog davaao tareeke thaay chhe, temaj methacholin aneey carbachol jevaa malkhakiy analogue tareeke thaay chhe. chhe jevaa radiolabled koleenno upyog tabibi imagingma thaay chhe. anya vyaapaari reete upyogmaa levaata kshaarmaa tricholine citrate aneey collin bicarbonateno samaavesh thaay chhe. virodheeo aneey avrodhak. sanshodhan hetuo maate senkado collin virodheeo aneey enzyme avrodhak vikasavvama aavyaa chhe. eminomethylpropanol aee sanshodhan saadhan tareeke upyogmaa levaata pratham lokomaanu aek chhe. teey collin aneey trimethylglycine sanshleshanne atkaave chhe. teey koleennee unapne prereet karvaamaa saksham chhe jeey badalaama undarmaa fetee leaverma pariname chhe. diethanolamine aee aavu jaj aek anya sanyojan chhe, parantu teey paryaavaraniy pradushak pann chhe. "aena"-cyclohexylcoline mukhyatve magajma koleennaa sevanne atkaave chhe. hemicolinium-3 vadhu saamanya avrodhak chhe, parantu collin keynezne pann madhyam reete atkaave chhe. vadhu chokkas collin kinnez avrodhako pann vikasavvama aavyaa chhe. trimethylglycine sanshleshan avrodhak pann astitva dharaave chheh carboxybutylhomotine aee chokkas bii. aech. aema. tii. avrodhaknu udaaharan chhe. dementiani collinergic purvadhaarnaa maatra aushhadheey acetylcholinesterase avrodhako taraf jaj nahee, parantu viveedh acetylcoline avrodho taraf pann doree jaay chhe. aavaa avrodhak sanshodhan rasaayanona udaharanoma triathylcholine, homocolin aneey koleennaa anya ghanaa "aena"-ethyl vyutpannono samaavesh thaay chhe, jeey acetylcoline khotaa chetapreshako analogue chhe. collin acetyltransferase avrodhako pann vikasavvama aavyaa chhe. itihas. shodh. shodh, adolph stracker aee dukkarnaa pittmathi koleenne alag karnaar pratham vyaktee hataa. hataa, aela. baabu aneey aema. hirshbrune safed sarsavna bijmathi collin kaadhyu aneey tene "sinklin" naam aapyu. aapyu, strackeray dukkar aneey balad pitt saathena temnaa prayognu punraavartan karyoo, pitt maatena grick shabd, "chola" pachhi pratham vakhat padaarthne "collin" kaheene, aneey tene rasayanik sootra c5h13no saathe odakhaavyo. odakhaavyo, theodor nicolas goble magajmathi aneey carpsna romathi aek padaarth kaadhyo, jene temane indani jardi maatena grick shabd parthee "lecithin" naam aapyu, jeey jeey darshaave chhe keey teey phosphatidilcoline mishran hatoo. hatoo, oskar libreiche praniona magajmathi "chetakosh" neey alag paadyu. acetylcoline aneey libraichnaa "neurine" naa malkhakiy sutrone sutrone adolph voona bayer dwara ukelvaamaa aavyaa hataa. teey varshnaa antamaa "neurine" aneey sinklin strackernaa collin jevaa jaj padaartho hovaanu darshavvama aavyu hatoo. aama, bayer koleennee rachnaane ukelnaar pratham vyaktee hataa. havey neurine tareeke odakhaatu sanyojan collin saathe asambandhit chhe. poshak tattva tareeke shodh. shodh daaykaani sharuaatmaa, charles besta aneey temnaa saathioae nondhyu hatoo keey khaas aahaar parr undarmaa fetee leaver aneey diabetic shvaanone lecithin khavadaaveene atkavi shakaay chhe, jeey jeey saabit thayu hatoo keey lesitheenmaa collin aaa nivaarak assar maate sampurnpane jawabdar chhe. chhe, yuu. aesa. national academy off medicine manav aaharma collin maate temnee pratham bhalamanoni jaana curry hatee.

collin collin () rasayanik sootra vaalaa ack cashion haye. collin vibhinn lavanon kaa nirmaan kartaa haye, udaaharan key liye collin chloride aur collin bitartrate. rasayan vigyaan. collin ack chaturthak amonium catayan haye. collin jall-ghulansheel chaturthak amonium yaugikon kaa ack parivaar haye. collin collin varg kaa mool yaugik haye, jisamen ethanolamine avashesh hotey hain, jinamen teen methyl samooh ack hii nitrogen paramanu seey judey hotey hain. collin hydroxide koo collin bases key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. yeh hygroscopic haye aur iss prakaar aksar ack rangheen chipchipa hydrated sirap key roop mein saamane aataa haye joe trimethylamine (tii. aim. aeye.) kii badbu aataa haye. collin key jaleey ghol sthir hotey hain, lekin yaugik dheere-dheere ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol aur tii. aim. aeye. mein toot jaataa haye. collin chloride koo 2-chloroathenol key saath tii. aim. aeye. kaa upchaar karke banaaya jaa sakata haih 2-chloroathenol ethylene oxide seey utpann kiya jaa sakata haye. collin kaa utpaadan aitihaasik roop seey praakritik sroton seey kiya gayaa haye, jaise kii lesithin key jall apghatan key madhyam seey. prakriti mein collin. collin prakriti mein jeevit praniyon mein vyaapak haye. adhikansh jaanvaron mein, collin phospholipids koshika jhilli mein, koshika angon kii jhilli mein aur bahut cumm ghanatva vaale lipoprotein mein aavashyak ghatak hain. ack poshak tatva key roop mein collin. collin manushyon aur kaee anya jaanvaron key liye ack aavashyak poshak tatva haye. manushya collin key kuchh "dee novo" sanshleshan mein saksham hain lekin swaasthya banaae rakhane key liye aahar mein atirikt collin kii aavashyakta hoti haye. aahar aavashyaktaon koo collin dwara yaa collin phospholipids key roop mein puuraa kiya jaa sakata haye, jaise kii phosphatidilcoline. amino acid jaisi sanrachana aur chayapachaya key saath ack aavashyak poshak tatva honey key bavjood collin koo aupchaarik roop seey vitamin key roop mein vargeekrit naheen kiya jaataa haye. acetylcholine-ack neurotransmitter-aur "aiss"-adenosylmethionine (saim), ack saarvbhaumik methyl daataa kaa utpaadan karane key liye collin kii aavashyakta hoti haye. methylation parr saim koo aiss-adenosyl homocystein mein badal diyaa jaataa haye. lakshanaatmak collin kii kamee gair-maadak vasaayukt yakrit roga aur maanspeshiyon koo nuksan pahunchaati haye. collin kaa atyadhik sevan (prati dinn 7.5 graam seey adhik) trimethylamine key kaaran nimn raktchaap, pasina, dast aur machhali jaisi shareer kii gandh kaa kaaran bunn sakata haye, joe collin key chayapachaya mein banata haye. collin aur collin phospholipids key samriddh aahar sroton mein anga maans, andey kii jardi, dayeri utpaad, moongfali, kuchh beans, nuts aur beej shamil hain. paasta aur chawal vaali sabjiyaan bhee americi aahar mein collin key sevan mein yogdan detee hain. chayapachaya. jaiv sanshleshan. paudhon mein, collin key "dee novo" jaiv sanshleshan mein pahala kadam ethanolamine mein serin kaa decarboxylation haye, jise ack serin decarboxylase dwara utprerit kiya jaataa haye. ethanolamine seey collin kaa sanshleshan teen samanantar maargon mein hoe sakata haye, jahaan ack methyl hastaantaran dwara utprerit lagaatar teen "aine"-methyl charan yaa tou mukt-kshaar, fosfo-kshaar, yaa phosphatidyl-kshaar parr kiye jaate hain. methyl samooh kaa srot "aiss"-adenosyl-- methionine haye aur "aiss"-adenosyl-- homocystein ack side utpaad key roop mein utpann hotaa haye. manushyon aur adhikansh anya jaanvaron mein, collin kaa dee novo sanshleshan phosphatidelathanolyne aine-methyltransferess (pemt) maarg key madhyam seey hotaa haye, lekin jaiv sanshleshan maanav aavashyaktaon koo puuraa karane key liye paryaapt naheen haye. yakrit pemt maarg mein, 3-phosphoglycer (3 pee. jee.) koo asyl-coa seey 2 asyl samooh praapt hotey hain joe ack phosphatidic acid banaate hain. yeh cytidine trifosphate key saath pratikriya karke cytidine diphosphate-diacylglycerol banaata haye. iska hydroxyl samooh phosphatidilserine banaane key liye serin key saath pratikriya kartaa haye joe ethanolamine aur phosphatidilathanolyne (pee. ee.) roopon mein decarboxylate kartaa haye. ack pemt enzyme teen methyl samoohon koo teen "aiss"-adenosyl methionines (saim) daataon seey phosphatidylthenolymine key ethanolamine samooh mein phosphatidilcoline key roop mein collin banaane key liye leey jaataa haye. teen "aiss"-adenosylhomosistine (sahs) ack upotpaad key roop mein banate hain. collin koo adhik jatil collin yukt anuon seey bhee chhoda jaa sakata haye. udaaharan key liye, adhikansh koshika prakaron mein phosphatidilcoline (pc) koo collin (cole) mein hydrolyse kiya jaa sakata haye. collin kaa utpaadan see. dee. pee.-collin maarg, cytosolic collin kinnesses (see. key.) phosphorylate collin key saath aeye. tii. pee. seey phosphocoline (pee. see. oh. ell.) dwara bhee kiya jaa sakata haye. yeh kuchh prakaar kii koshikaon jaise yakrit aur gurde mein hotaa haye. collin-phosphat cytidiletransphress (see. pee. tii.) cytidine trifosphate (see. tii. pee.) key saath pee. cole. koo see. dee. pee.-collin (see. dee. pee.-cole) mein badal detaa haye. see. dee. pee.-collin aur deglyceride koo diacylglycerol colinfosfotrancepharase (see. pee. tii.) dwara pee. see. mein parivartit kiya jaataa haye. manushyon mein, kuchh pemt-enzyme utparivartan aur astrogen kii kamee (aksar rajonivritti key kaaran) collin kii aahar aavashyakta koo badhaati haye. krintakon mein, 70 pratishat phosphatidilcoline pemt maarg key madhyam seey aur kewal 30 pratishat see. dee. pee.-collin maarg key madhyam seey banate hain. nockout choohon mein, pemt nishkriyata unhein poori tarah seey aahar collin parr nirbhar banaati haye. avashoshan. manushyon mein, collin koo collin sandrata pravanata aur enterocyte jhilli mein vidyut kshamata dwara niyantrit sulabh prasaar key madhyam seey है। slc44aeye1 jhilli protein key madhyam seey aanton seey avashoshit kiya jaataa haye. है। mein collin koo parivahan karane kii seemit kshamata haih uchch sandrata parr iska hissa avashoshit naheen kiya jaataa haye. avashoshit collin pravesh koshikaon koo portal nus key madhyam seey chhod detaa haye, yakrit koo paar kartaa haye aur pranaaleegat parisancharan mein pravesh kartaa haye. aant key roganu avashoshit collin koo trimethylamine mein parivartit curr dete hain, joe yakrit mein trimethylamine "aine"-oxide mein aukseekrit hoe jaataa haye. phosphocolin aur glycerophosphocoline koo phospholipaces key madhyam seey collin mein hydrolyse kiya jaataa haye, joe portal nus mein pravesh kartaa haye. apani jall ghulansheelata key kaaran, unamen seey kuchh portal nus mein aparivartit butch jaate hain. vasaa mein ghulansheel collin yukt yaugik (phosphatidilcoline aur sphingomyelene) yaa tou phospholipaces dwara hydrolyse kiye jaate hain yaa kylomicron mein shamil lymph mein pravesh karate hain. parivahan. manushyon mein, collin koo rakt mein ack mukt anu key roop mein leey jaaya jaataa haye. collin yukt phospholipids aur anya padaarth, jaise glycerophosphocoline, rakt lipoprotein mein leey jaae jaate hain. swasth upvaas karane vaale vayaskon mein rakt plasma collin kaa star 7-20 micromol prati leater (micromol/ell) aur ausatan 10 micromol/ell haye. star niyantrit hotey hain, lekin collin kaa sevan aur kamee inn staron koo badal detee haye. collin key sevan key baad lagbhag 3 ghante taka star badh jaataa haye. upvaas karane vaale vayaskon key plasma mein phosphatidilcoline kaa star 1.5-2.5 mmol/l haye. isaki khapat lagbhag 8-12 ghanton key liye mukt collin key star koo badhaati haye, lekin phosphatidilcoline key star koo mahatvapurna roop seey prabhaavit naheen karati haye. collin ack jall-ghulansheel aayan haye aur iss prakaar parivahankartaon koo vasaa-ghulansheel koshika jhilli seey gujarane kii aavashyakta hoti haye. teen prakaar key collin transporter gyaat hainh hainh sodium-(naa +) aur aeye. tii. pee.-nirbhar parivahanak hain. unamen collin key liye uchch bandhan sambandh haye, ise mukhya roop seey neurons mein leey jaataa haye aur apratyaksh roop seey acetylcholine utpaadan seey judey hotey hain. unake kaary kii kamee acetylcholine kii kamee key madhyam seey manushyon mein fuffusiya aur anya maanspeshiyon mein vanshaanugat kamjori kaa kaaran banati haye. nockout choohon mein, unaki shithilata key parinamswarup sinosis aur pakshaghat key saath aasaani seey mrityu hoe jaati haye. है। mein collin key liye madhyam lagaav hotaa haye aur yeh aanton, yakrit, gurde, naal aur mitochondria sahit lagbhag sabhi ootakon mein failata haye. see. tii. ell. 1. phosphatidilcoline aur trimethylglycin utpaadan key liye collin kii aapoorti kartaa haye. kewal vishesh roop seey jeebh, gurde, maanspeshiyon aur hriday mein mitochondria mein hotaa haye. way collin key trimethylglycin key mitochondrial okseekaran seey judey hotey hain. हैं। aur aur acetylcholine utpaadan seey judey naheen hain, lekin rakt-mastishk baadha key madhyam seey collin koo ack saath parivahan karate hain. kewal kewal baadha key mastishk paksh mein hotey hain. way neurons seey atirikt collin koo bhee vaapas rakt mein hataa dete hain. see. tii. ell. 1. kewal baadha key rakt paksh parr hotaa haye, lekin khagoliya koshikaon aur neurons kii jhilli parr bhee hotaa haye. है। aur aur acetylcholine utpaadan seey judey naheen hain. way cumm aatmiyata key saath collin kaa parivahan karate hain. हैं। mukhya roop seey yakrit aur gurdon mein collin kaa parivahan kartaa haye; औरएsus gurde aur mastishk mein. bhandaran. collin koshika jhilli aur angon mein phospholipids key roop mein aur koshikaon key ander phosphatidilcoline aur glycerosphocoline key roop mein sangraheet hotaa haye. mull tyag. 2-8 graam kii collin khuraak parr bhee, manushyon mein mootra mein thodaa collin utsarjit hotaa haye. gurde key bheetar honey vaale transporters key madhyam seey utsarjan hotaa haye (parivahan dekhein). trimethylglycin koo yakrit aur gurdon mein dimethylglycin mein demythyl kiya jaataa haye (tetrahydropholate koo methyl samoohon mein seey ack praapt hotaa haye). methylglycin mootra mein utsarjit hotaa haye, yaa glycine mein demathyl kiya jaataa haye. kaary. collin aur isake vyutpannon key manushyon aur anya jeevon mein kaee kaary hain. sabse ullekhaniya kaary yeh haye kii collin anya aavashyak koshika ghatakon aur sanket anuon key liye ack synthetic agradoot key roop mein kaary kartaa haye, jaise kii phospholipids joe koshika jhilli banaate hain, neurotransmitter acetylcholine, aur ausmorgulator trimethylglycin (beaten). trimethylglycin badale mein "aiss"-adenosylmethionine key jaiv sanshleshan mein bhaag laker methyl samoohon key srot key roop mein kaary kartaa haye. phospholipid agradoot. collin koo vibhinn phospholipids mein parivartit kiya jaataa haye, jaise phosphatidilcoline aur sphingomyelene. yeye sabhi koshika jhilli aur adhikansh koshika angon kii jhilli mein paae jaate hain. phosphatidilcoline sanrachanaatmak roop seey koshika jhilli kaa mahatvapurna hissa hain. manushyon mein unake phospholipids mein seey 40-50% phosphatidilcoline hain. collin phospholipids collestroll key saath koshika jhilli mein lipid raft bhee banaate hain. raft kendra hain, udaaharan key liye receptors aur receptor signal transduction enzymon key liye. vee. ell. dee. ell. key sanshleshan key liye phosphatidilcoline kii aavashyakta hoti haih unake phospholipids key 70-95% manushyon mein phosphatidilcoline hotey hain. fuffusiya surfactant key sanshleshan key liye bhee collin kii aavashyakta hoti haye, joe kii jyaadaatar phosphatidilcoline seey banaa mishran haye. surfactant fefadon kii loach key liye jimmedaar haye, joe fefadon key ootak kii sankuchan aur vistaar karane kii kshamata key liye haye. udaaharan key liye, fefadon key ootakon mein phosphatidilcoline kii kamee koo teevra shwasan sankat syndrome seey jodaa gayaa haye. phosphatidilcoline pitt mein utsarjit hotey hain aur isamen pitt aml lavan key saath surfactant key roop mein kaam karate hain, iss prakaar lipid key aanton key avashoshan mein madad karate hain. acetylcholine sanshleshan. acetylcholine key utpaadan key liye collin kii aavashyakta hoti haye. yeh ack neurotransmitter haye joe udaaharan key liye maanspeshiyon key sankuchan, smriti aur tantrika vikas mein aavashyak bhoomika nibhaata haye. phir bhee, maanav shareer mein collin key anya roopon key saapeksh acetylcholine bahut cumm hotaa haye. neurons acetylcholine key utpaadan key liye phospholipids key roop mein collin koo apani koshika jhilli mein bhee sangraheet karate hain. trimethylglycin kaa srot. manushyon mein, collin oxidase dwara collin koo yakrit mitochondria mein glycine beaten aldehyde mein aparivartaniya roop seey aukseekrit kiya jaataa haye. yeh mitochondrial yaa cytosolic beeta-aldehyde dehydrogeness dwara trimethylglycin mein aukseekrit hotaa haye. trimethylglycin ack aavashyak ausmoregulator haye. yeh bee. aich. aim. tii.-enzyme key liye ack substrate key roop mein bhee kaam kartaa haye, joe homocystein koo methionine mein methylate kartaa haye. yeh ack "aiss"-adenosylmethionine (saim) agradoot haye. javic methylation pratikriyaon mein saim ack samanya abhikarmak haye. udaaharan key liye, yeh dee. aine. aeye. key gwanidine aur histone key kuchh lycine koo methylate kartaa haye. iss prakaar yeh jeane abhivyakti aur epigenetic viniyaman kaa hissa haye. iss prakaar collin kii kamee seey homocystein kaa star badh jaataa haye aur rakt mein saim kaa star cumm hoe jaataa haye. khaadya padarthon mein samagri. collin khaadya padarthon mein ack mukt anu key roop mein aur phospholipids key roop mein hotaa haye, vishesh roop seey phosphatidilcoline key roop mein. collin anga maans aur andey kii jardi mein sabse adhik hotaa haye, halanki yeh gair-anga maans, anaaj, sabjiyon, falon aur dayeri utpaadon mein cumm matra mein paaya jaataa haye. khaana pakaane key telon aur anya khaadya vasaa mein kull collin kaa lagbhag 5 milligram/100 graam hotaa haye. sanyukt raajya america mein, khaadya label 550 milligram/dinn key paryaapt sevan key aadhar parr dainik moolya (% dee. vee.) key pratishat key roop mein collin kii matra koo vyakt karate hain. dainik moolya key 100% kaa matlab haye kii bhojan kii ack seva mein 550 milligram collin hotaa haye. "kull collin" koo mukt collin aur collin yukt phospholipids key yog key roop mein paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye, binaa dravyamaan ansh key. maanav stun kaa doodh collin seey bharpur hotaa haye. vishesh stanpan bachche key liye prati dinn lagbhag 120 milligram collin key anuroop haye. maan key collin sevan mein vriddhi stun key doodh mein collin kii matra koo badhaati haye aur cumm sevan seey yeh cumm hoe jaataa haye. shishu formulon mein paryaapt collin hoe sakata haye yaa naheen bhee hoe sakata haye. eu aur us mein, pratyek shishu sootra mein cumm seey cumm 7 milligram collin prati 100 kilocallery (key. see. ell.) jodana anivarya haye. ee. yuu. mein, 50 milligram/100 kilo calori seey oopar key star kii anumati naheen haye. trimethylglycin collin kaa ack karyatmak chayapachaya haye. yeh poshan key roop mein collin key liye pratisthaapit kartaa haye, lekin kewal aanshik roop seey. udaaharan key liye, trimythylglycin kii uchch matra gehuun kii bhusi (1,339 milligram/100 graam), bhunaa huaa gehuun roganu (1,240 milligram/100 graam) aur paalak (600-645 milligram/100 graam) mein hoti haye. dainik moolya. nimnalikhit talika mein nae dainik moolya aur nae poshan tathyon koo pratibimbit karane key liye collin key adyatan srot aur poorak tathya label shamil hain. yeh yuu seey detta koo darshaata haye.aiss. krishi vibhaag, krishi anusandhaan seva. foodeta central, 2019. aahar sambandhi sifaarishen. collin key liye anumaanit ausat aavashyakta (kaana) sthaapit karane key liye aparyaapt detta upalabdh haye, isaliye khaadya aur poshan board (fnb) ney paryaapt sevan (ais) sthaapit kiya. vayaskon key liye, collin key liye aii purushon key liye 550 milligram/dinn aur mahilaaon key liye 425 milligram/dinn nirdhaarit kiya gayaa thaa. inn moolyon koo purushon mein yakrit parivartan koo rokane key liye dikhaaya gayaa haye. haalaanki, inn moolyon koo praapt karane key liye upayog kiye gaye adhyayan ney mulyankan naheen kiya kii kyaa cumm collin prabhaavi hoga, kyonki shodhkartaon ney kewal collin-mukt aahar kii tulanaa prati dinn 550 milligram collin vaale aahar seey kii. isase bachchon aur kishoron key liye aayas koo alag kiya gayaa thaa. sifaarishen milligram prati dinn (milligram/dinn) mein hain. europeeya khaadya suraksha pradhikaran (ee. aff. aiss. aeye.) kii sifaarishen europeeya sangh key deshon key liye samanya sifaarishen hain. ee. aff. aiss. aeye. ney sevan key liye koee oopari seema nirdhaarit naheen kii haye. vyaktigat europeeya sangh key deshon mein adhik vishisht sifaarishen hoe sakati hain. rashtriya chikitsa akadami (naam) kii sifaarishen sanyukt raajya america, australia aur newzealand mein lagu hoti hain. aabaadi mein sevan. 2000 aur 2011 key beach 9 europeeya sangh key deshon mein kiye gaye baarah sarvekshanon mein inn deshon mein vayaskon kaa collin sevan prati dinn 269-468 milligram honey kaa anuman lagaaya gayaa haye. vayask mahilaaon mein 269-444 mg/dinn aur vayask purushon mein 332-468 mg/dinn kaa sevan thaa. shishuon mein 75-127 mg/dinn, 1 seey 3 saal key bachchon mein 151-210 mg/dinn, 3 seey 10 saal key bachchon mein 177-304 mg/dinn aur 10 seey 18 saal key bachchon mein 244-373 mg/dinn kaa sevan thaa. garbhavati kishoron mein kull collin sevan kaa ausat anuman 336 milligram/dinn aur garbhavati mahilaaon mein 356 milligram/dinn thaa. enhance 2009-2012 sarvekshan parr adharit ack adhyayan ney anuman lagaaya kii kuchh americi upa-aabaadi mein collin kaa sevan bahut cumm haye. iss samay avadhi key beach 2 + varsh key bachchon mein 315.2-318.8 mg/d kaa sevan kiya gayaa thaa. 2 + varsh key bachchon mein seey kewal% purush aur% mahilaaen paryaapt sevan (aeye. aaee.) seey adhik theen. aii 2 seey 3 saal key bachchon key%, 4 seey 8 saal key bachchon key%, 9 seey 13 saal key bachchon key%, 14-18 key% aur 19 + saal key bachchon key% seey adhik thaa. kissy bhee upa-aabaadi mein uchch sevan star seey adhik naheen thaa. americi aabaadi key ack 2013-2014 adhyayan mein paaya gayaa kii 20 aur usase adhik vayaskon mein 2 seey 19 saal key bachchon kaa collin sevan milligram/dinn aur milligram/dinn haye. 20 aur usase adhik umr key purushon mein migra/dee aur 20 aur usase adhik umr kii mahilaaon mein 278 migra/dee kaa sevan kiya gayaa thaa. kamee. sanket aur lakshan. manushyon mein collin kii lakshanaatmak kamee durlabh haye. adhikansh loga aahar seey isaki paryaapt matra praapt karate hain aur isaki seemit matra koo jaiv sanshleshan karane mein saksham hotey hain. lakshanaatmak kamee aksar kuchh beemariyon yaa anya apratyaksh karanon seey hoti haye. gambhir kamee seey maanspeshiyon koo nuksan hotaa haye aur gair-maadak vasaayukt yakrit roga hotaa haye, joe serosis mein vikasit hoe sakata haye. manushyon key alawa, vasaayukt yakrit bhee anya jaanvaron mein collin kii kamee kaa ack vishisht sanket haye. gurde mein raktasraav kuchh prajaatiyon mein bhee hoe sakata haye. yeh collin seey praapt trimethylglycin kii kamee key kaaran honey kaa sandeh haye, joe ack ausmoregulator key roop mein kaary kartaa haye. kaaran aur tantra. astrogen utpaadan ack praasangik kaarak haye joe cumm aahar collin sevan key saath-saath vyaktiyon koo kamee kaa saamana karane key liye purvanirdhaarit kartaa haye. astrogen pemt enzymon kaa utpaadan karane vaale phosphatidilcoline koo sakriya karate hain. rajonivritti seey pahale mahilaaon koo mahilaaon key uchch astrogen utpaadan key kaaran purushon kii tulanaa mein collin kii cumm aahar aavashyakta hoti haye. astrogen therapy key binaa, rajonivritti key baad mahilaaon kii collin kii aavashyaktaaen purushon key samaan hoti hain. collin aur follet chayapachaya koo prabhaavit karane vaale kuchh ekal-nucleotide bahuroopata (aanuvanshik kaarak) bhee praasangik hain. kuchh aant key roganu bhee dusaron kii tulanaa mein adhik kushalata seey collin koo cumm karate hain, isaliye way bhee praasangik hain. kamee mein, yakrit mein phosphatidilcoline kii upalabdhata cumm hoe jaati haye-yeye vee. ell. dee. ell. key gathan key liye aavashyak hain. iss prakaar yakrit seey baahar vee. ell. dee. ell.-madhyasth vasaa aml kaa parivahan cumm hoe jaataa haye jisase yakrit mein vasaa jamaa hoe jaati haye. yakrit key nuksan kii vyakhya karane vaale anya ack saath honey vaale tantra kaa bhee sujhaav diyaa gayaa haye. udaaharan key liye, mitochondrial jhilli mein collin phospholipids kii bhee aavashyakta hoti haye. unaki anupalabdhata seey mitochondrial jhilli kii uchit vidyut rasayanik pravanata banaae rakhane mein asamarthata hoti haye, joe anya cheejon key alawa, beeta-okseekaran key madhyam seey vasaa acid koo cumm karane key liye aavashyak haye. isaliye yakrit key bheetar vasaa chayapachaya cumm hoe jaataa haye. adhik sevan. collin kii atyadhik khuraak key pratikool prabhaav hoe sakate hain. udaaharan key liye, collin kii dainik 8-20 g khuraak nimn raktchaap, matali, dast aur machhali jaisi shareer kii gandh kaa kaaran banati haye. gandh gair-avashoshit collin seey aant key roganuon dwara banaai gaee trimethylamine (tii. aim. aeye.) key kaaran hoti haye (trimethylaminuria dekhein). yakrit tii. aim. aeye. koo trimethylamine "aine"-oxide (tii. aim. aeye. oh.) mein aukseekrit kartaa haye. shareer mein tii. aim. aeye. aur tii. aim. aeye. oh. key uchch star koo atherosclerosis aur mrityu darr key badhate jokhim seey jodaa gayaa haye. iss prakaar, atyadhik collin kaa sevan carnitine key alawa inn jokhimon koo badhaane key liye kalpit kiya gayaa haye, joe aant key bacteria dwara tii. aim. aeye. aur tii. aim. aeye. oh. mein bhee banata haye. haalaanki, collin kaa sevan hriday rogon seey marane key jokhim koo badhaane key liye naheen dikhaaya gayaa haye. yeh prashansaniya haye kii tii. aim. aeye. aur tii. aim. aeye. oh. kaa star badhana anya antarnihit beemariyon yaa aanuvanshik karakon kaa ack lakshan haye joe vyaktiyon koo mrityu darr mein vriddhi key liye purvanirdhaarit karate hain. tii. aim. aeye. aur tii. aim. aeye. oh. star seey sambandhit mrityu darr koo dekhate hue kuchh adhyayanon mein aise karakon kaa uchit roop seey hisab naheen diyaa gayaa hoga. kaaran vipareet yaa bhramit hoe sakata haye aur badey paimaane parr collin kaa sevan manushyon mein mrityu darr koo naheen badhaa sakata haye. udaaharan key liye, gurde kii shithilata hriday rogon key liye purvanirdhaarit haye, lekin tii. aim. aeye. aur tii. aim. aeye. oh. utsarjan koo bhee cumm curr sakati haye. swaasthya parr prabhaav. tantrika nully bund karna. collin kaa cumm maatri sevan tantrika nully doshon key badhate jokhim seey judaa huaa haye. collin kaa adhik maatri sevan bachchon mein behtar neuro cognition/neurodevelopment seey judaa honey kii sambhavana haye. collin aur follet, vitamin vitamin key saath baatchit karate hue, methionine banaane key liye homocystein key liye methyl daataon key roop mein kaary karate hain, joe phir saim ("aiss"-adenosylmethionine) banaa sakate hain. standhaariyon mein lagbhag sabhi methylation pratikriyaon key liye saim substrate haye. yeh sujhaav diyaa gayaa haye kii saim key madhyam seey ashant methylation follet aur aine. tii. dee. aiss. key beach sambandh key liye jimmedaar hoe sakata haye. yeh collin parr bhee lagu hoe sakata haye. kuchh utparivartan joe collin chayapachaya koo baadhit karate hain, navjat shishuon mein aine. tii. dee. kii vyaapaktaa koo badhaate hain, lekin aahar collin kii kamee kii bhoomika spasht naheen haye, hriday roga aur cancer. collin kii kamee seey vasaayukt yakrit hoe sakata haye, jisase cancer aur hriday roga kaa khatra badh jaataa haye. collin kii kamee seey saim utpaadan bhee cumm hoe jaataa haye, joe dee. aine. aeye. methylation mein bhaag letaa haye-yeh kamee carcinogenesis mein bhee yogdan curr sakati haye. iss prakaar, kamee aur aisee beemariyon key saath isake sambandh kaa adhyayan kiya gayaa haye. haalaanki, mukt aabaadi key avalokan adhyayanon ney cumm collin sevan aur hriday rogon yaa adhikansh cancer key beach ack sambandh koo aashvast naheen dikhaaya haye. prostate cancer parr adhyayan virodhabhasi rahey hain. sangyaan. maanav vayaskon mein uchch collin sevan aur sangyaan key beach prabhaav kaa avalokan karane vaale adhyayan virodhabhasi parinamon key saath kiye gaye hain. maanav shishuon aur bachchon parr isi tarah key adhyayan virodhabhasi aur seemit bhee rahey hain. prasavkaaleen vikas. garbhavastha aur stanpan donon hii collin kii maang koo naatakiya roop seey badhaate hain. iss maang koo adhik collin "dee novo" kaa utpaadan karane key liye astrogen key star koo badhaane key madhyam seey pemt key niyaman dwara puuraa kiya jaa sakata haye, lekin pemt gatividhi mein vriddhi key saath bhee, collin kii maang abhee bhee itani adhik haye kii shaaririk bhandar aam taur parr samaapt hoe jaate hain. iska udaaharan iss avalokan seey milata haye kii "pemt-/-" choohe (karyatmak pemt kii kamee vaale choohe) 9-10 dinon mein garbhpaat curr denge jaba taka kii poorak collin naheen khilaaya jaataa. jabaki garbhavastha aur stanpan key dauran collin key maatri bhandar samaapt hoe jaate hain, naal ootak mein ekagrata pravanata key khilaf collin koo pump karke collin koo jamaa karati haye, jahaan ise phir vibhinn roopon mein sangraheet kiya jaataa haye, jyaadaatar acetylcholine key roop mein. amneotic drav mein collin kii sandrata maatri rakt kii tulanaa mein duss gunaa adhik hoe sakati haye. bhroon mein kaary. collin kii garbhavastha key dauran uchch maang hoti haye kyonki koshika jhilli (teji seey bhroon aur maan ootak vistaar) key nirmaan key liye ack substrate, ack-carbon moities (dee. aine. aeye. aur anya karyon key methylation key liye ack substrate) kii aavashyakta badh jaati haye, bhroon aur placental ootakon mein collin bhandar koo badhaata haye, aur lipoprotein (vasaa vaale protein) key utpaadan mein vriddhi hoti haye. vishesh roop seey, mastishk parr collin kii khapat key prabhaav mein ruchi haye. yeh cellular jhilli banaane key liye ack samagri key roop mein collin key upayog seey utpann hotaa haye (vishesh roop seey phosphatidilcoline banaane mein). garbhavastha kii teesari timahi key dauran maanav mastishk kaa vikas sabse teji seey hotaa haye aur lagbhag paanch saal kii umr taka teji seey hotaa rahata haye. iss samay key dauran, sphingomelin kii maang adhik hoti haye, joe phosphatidilcoline (aur iss prakaar collin seey) seey banaai jaati haye, kyonki iss samagri kaa upayog myelinate (insulate) tantrika tantuon key liye kiya jaataa haye. collin kii neurotransmitter acetylcholine key utpaadan key liye bhee maang haye, joe mastishk kshetron kii sanrachana aur sangathan, neurogenesis, myelination aur synapse gathan koo prabhaavit curr sakata haye. acetylcholine naal mein bhee maujood hotaa haye aur koshika prasaar aur vibhedan (koshika sankhya mein vriddhi aur bahu-upayog koshikaon key samarpit cellular karyon mein parivartan) aur prasaran koo niyantrit karane mein madad curr sakata haye. mastishk mein collin kaa grahan rakt-mastishk baadha parr sthit ack cumm-aakarshan transporter dwara niyantrit kiya jaataa haye. parivahan taba hotaa haye jaba dhamani rakt plasma collin sandrata 14 microne/ell seey adhik hoe jaati haye, joe collin yukt khaadya padarthon kaa sevan karane key baad collin sandrata mein vriddhi key dauran hoe sakati haye. isake vipareet, neurons uchch aur nimn-aakarshan transporters donon dwara collin praapt karate hain. collin koo jhilli-baddh phosphatidilcoline key roop mein sangraheet kiya jaataa haye, jiska upayog baad mein acetylcholine neurotransmitter sanshleshan key liye kiya jaa sakata haye. acetylcholine aavashyakta key anusaar banata haye, synapse key paar jaataa haye, aur sanket koo nimnalikhit neuron mein preshit kartaa haye. isake baad, acetylcholinesterase ise kharaab curr detaa haye, aur mukt collin koo ack uchch-aakarshan transporter dwara phir seey neuron mein leey jaaya jaataa haye. upayog karein. aahar purakon mein collin chloride aur collin bitartrate kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye. bitartrate kaa upayog isaki cumm hygroscopicity key kaaran adhik baar kiya jaataa haye. kuchh collin lavanon kaa upayog murgi, turkey aur kuchh anya pashu aahar key poorak key roop mein kiya jaataa haye. kuchh lavanon kaa upayog audyogik rasayanon key roop mein bhee kiya jaataa haih udaaharan key liye, photolithography mein photoresist koo hataane key liye. collin theophilinate aur collin salicillate kaa upayog davaaon key roop mein kiya jaataa haye, saath hii saath sanrachanaatmak anuroop, jaise kii methacholin aur carbachol. कार्बाचोल। kii tarah radiolabeld collin kaa upayog chikitsa imaging mein kiya jaataa haye. anya vyaavsaayik roop seey upayog kiye jaane vaale lavanon mein tricholine citrate aur collin bicarbonate shamil hain. virodhi aur avarodhak. shodh uddeshyon key liye saikadon collin virodhi aur enzyme avarodhak vikasit kiye gaye hain. aminomethylpropanol ack shodh upkaran key roop mein upayog kiye jaane vaale pahale logon mein seey ack haye. yeh collin aur trimethylglycin sanshleshan koo rokta haye. yeh collin kii kamee koo prerit karane mein saksham haye jisake parinamswarup krintakon mein vasaayukt yakrit hotaa haye. dietanolamine ack aur aisaa yaugik haye, lekin ack paryavaraniya pradooshak bhee haye. "aine"-cyclohexylcoline mukhya roop seey mastishk mein collin key sevan koo rokta haye. hemicolinium-3 ack adhik samanya avarodhak haye, lekin madhyam roop seey collin kinnez koo bhee rokta haye. adhik vishisht collin kinnez avarodhak bhee vikasit kiye gaye hain. trimethylglycin sanshleshan avarodhak bhee maujood hainh carboxybutilehomotione ack vishisht bee. aich. aim. tii. avarodhak kaa ack udaaharan haye. dementia kii collinergic parikalpana ney naa kewal aushadhiya acetylcholinesterase avrodhakon koo janm diyaa haye, balki vibhinn prakaar key acetylcholine avrodhakon koo bhee janm diyaa haye. iss tarah key avarodhak anusandhaan rasayanon key udaharanon mein triathylcholine, homocolin aur collin key kaee anya "aine"-ethyl vyutpann shamil hain, joe acetylcholine key galat neurotransmitter analogue hain. collin acetyltransferase avarodhak bhee vikasit kiye gaye hain. itihas. khoj. 1849 mein, adolph stracker ney pig byle seey collin koo alag karane vaalaa pahala vyakti thaa. 1852 mein, ell. baabu aur aim. hirshbroon ney safed sarason key beejon seey collin nikala aur ise "sinkleen" naam diyaa. 1862 mein, stracker ney suar aur bail key pitt key saath apane prayog koo dohraya, pitt key liye yunani shabd, "chola" key baad pahali baar padaarth koo "collin" kahaa, aur ise rasayanik sootra c5h13no key saath pahachaana. 1850 mein, theodor nicolas gobley ney mastishk seey nikala aur corps key row ack padaarth jise unhone andey kii jardi key liye yunani shabd key naam parr "lesithin" naam diyaa, 1874 mein dikhaaya kii yeh phosphatidilcoline kaa mishran thaa. 1865 mein, auskar libratch ney jaanvaron key dimag seey "neurin" koo alag curr diyaa. acetylcholine aur libreak key "neurin" key sanrachanaatmak sootron koo 1867 mein adolph wonn bayer dwara hull kiya gayaa thaa. usa varsh baad mein "neurin" aur sinkleen koo stracker key collin key samaan padaarth dikhaaya gayaa thaa. iss prakaar, bayer collin kii sanrachana koo hull karane vaalaa pahala vyakti thaa. abb neurin key roop mein jaanaa jaane vaalaa yaugik collin seey asambandhit haye. ack poshak tatva key roop mein khoj. 1930 key dashak kii shuruat mein, charles best aur unake sahyogiyon ney nott kiya kii ack vishesh aahar parr choohon mein vasaayukt yakrit aur madhumeh vaale kutton koo lesithin khilaakar rokaa jaa sakata haye, 1932 mein yeh saabit huaa kii lesithin mein collin iss nivaarak prabhaav key liye poori tarah seey jimmedaar thaa. 1998 mein, americi rashtriya chikitsa akadami ney maanav aahar mein collin key liye apani pahali sifaarishon kii soochana dee.

collin collin () embudu rasayanika sutravannu hondiruva catayon aagide. colean vividha lavanagalannu roopisuttade, udaaharanege colean chloride mattu colean bitartrate. rasaayanashaastra. collin ondu chaturdhaatiya amonium catayon aagide. kolingalu nirinalli karaguva chaturdhaatiya amonium samyuktagala ondu kutumbavagide. colean embudu colean vargada moola samyuktavaagiddu, onde sarajanaka paramaanuge jodisalaada mooru methyl gumpugalannu hondiruva ethanolamine avasheshagalannu olagondide. colean hydroxide annu colean bays endu kareyalaaguttade. idu hygroscopic aagiddu, aaddarinda hechchaagi trimethylamine (tma) vaasane baruva bannarahita snigdhateya hydrated sirap aagi kandubaruttade. koleen jaleeya draavanagalu sthiravagiruttave, aadare samyuktavu nidhaanavaagi ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycolgalu mattu tma aagi vibhajaneyaguttade. tii. emm. aa. ge 2-chloroethanol annu samskarisuva moolaka colean chloride annu tayaarisabahuduh 2-chloroethanol annu ethylene oxideninda utpaadisabahudu. aitihaasikavaagi, lecithine jalavichchedanadantaha naisargika moolagalinda colean annu utpaadisalaagide. prakrutiyalli collin. collin prakrutiyalli jivigalalli vyaapakavaagide. hecchina pranigalalli, collin phospholipidgalu jivakoshada poregalli, jivakoshada angakagala poregalli mattu kadime saandrateya lipoproteengalalli agatyavaada ghatakagalaagive. colean ondu poshakaamshavaagide. kolin maanavaru mattu itara aneka pranigalige atyagatyavaada poshakaamshavaagide. manushyaru koleen kelavu "dii novo" samshleshaneyannu maaduva saamarthyavannu hondiddaare aadare aarogyavannu kapadikollalu aharadalli hechchuvari colean agatyaviruttade. aahaarada avashyakategalannu colean swatah athawa phosphatidylkolinnantaha colean phospholipidgala roopadalli pooraisabahudu. amaino aamladantaha rachane mattu chayapachaya kriyeyondige agatyavaada poshakaamshavaagiddaru colean annu vitamin endu oupachaarikavaagi vargikarisalaagilla. acetylcholine-ondu naraprekshaka-mattu "ess"-adenosylmethionine (samm), ondu saarvatrika methyl daaniyannu utpaadisalu colean agatyaviruttade. methylation nantara samm annu ess-adenosyl homocystein aagi parivartisalaaguttade. rogalakshanada colean korateyu aalkohaalyuktavallada kobbina yakruttina kaayile mattu snaayugala haaniyannu untumaaduttade. koleen atiyaada sevaneyu (dinakke 7.5 graam ginta hecchu) kadime raktadottada, bevaruvikeya, atisaara mattu trimethylaminindagi meeninantaha dehada vaasaneyannu untumaadabahudu, idu koleen chayapachaya kriyeyalli roopugolluttade. collin mattu collin phospholipidgala samruddha aahara mulagalalli anga maamsa, motteya haladi, dairi utpannagalu, kadalekayi, kelavu beans, beejagalu mattu beejagalu serive. pasta mattu akkiyondige tarakaarigalu saha american aharadalli collin sevanege koduge niiduttave. chayapachaya. jaivika samshleshane. sasyagalalli, koleen "dii novo" jaivika samshleshaneya modala hantavendare serine dii-carboxylation annu ethanolamine aagi parivartisuvudu, idu serine dii-carboxylasninda vegavardhakavaguttade. ethanolamainninda koleen samshleshaneyu mooru samaanaantara maargagalalli nadeyabahudu, allie methyl vargaavane moolaka vegavardhakavaguva mooru satata "enn"-methylation hantagalannu free-bays, phospho-bays athawa phosphatidil-besgala mele nadesalaaguttade. methyl gumpina moolavendare "s"-adenosyl-methionine mattu "s"-adenosyl-homocystein annu adda utpannavaagi utpaadisalaaguttade. maanavaru mattu itara pranigalalli, koleen dii novo samshleshaneyu phosphatidilethanolamine enn-methyl transpherase (pemt) maargada moolaka nadeyuttade, aadare manavana avashyakategalannu puraisalu jaivika samshleshane sakaguvudilla. hepatic pemt maargadalli, 3-phosphoglycerate (3piji) asie-koyinda 2 asil gumpugalannu padeyuttade, idu phosphatidic aamlavannu roopisuttade. idu cytidine triphosphatenondige pratikriyisi cytidine diphosphate-diasylglycerol annu roopisuttade. adara hydroxyl gumpu serinnondige pratikriyisi phosphatidilserine annu roopisuttade, idu ethanolamine mattu phosphatidilethanolamine (pee) roopagalige decorboxylate maaduttade. pemt kinvavu mooru methyl gumpugalannu mooru-adenosyl methionine (samm) daanigalinda phosphatidilethanolamine ethanolamine gumpige chalisi phosphatidylcoline roopadalli colean annu roopisuttade. mooru-adenosylhomosistingalu (shhs) upautpannavagi roopugolluttave. hecchu sankirnavaada collin hondiruva anugalindaloo collin annu bidugade maadabahudu. udaaharanege, hecchina jivakosha prakaragalalli phosphatidilcolingalanu (pisi) hydrolyse maadi collin (cole) maadabahudu. sii. dii. pii-colean maarga, cytosolic colean kainesgalu (sike) phosphorylate colean annu atp yinda phosphocolin (pkol) ge utpaadisabahudu. idu yakruttu mattu mootrapindadantaha kelavu jivakosha prakaragalalli sambhavisuttade. colean-phosphate cytidilile transferesgalu (sii. pii. sii. tii) cytidine trifasphate (sii. tii. pii) nondige pchol annu sii. dii. pii-colean (sii. dii. pii-cole) aagi parivartisuttave. sii. dii. pii-collin mattu diaglyceridegalannu diasylglycerol colinfasfotrancerophe (sii. pii. tii) moolaka computer aagi parivartisalaaguttade. manavaralli, kelavu pemt-kinwa roopaantaragalu mattu eestrojen korateyu (samanyavagi rutubandhadindaagi) koleen aahaarada agatyavannu hechchisuttade. damshakagalalli, shekada 70rashtu phosphatidylkolingalu pemt maargada moolaka mattu shekada 30rashtu maatra cdp-collin maargada moolaka roopugolluttave. nockout iligalalli, pemt nishkriyagolisuvikeyu avugalannu aahaarada colean mele sampoornavaagi avalambitavagisuttade. hirikolluvike. manavaralli, colean saandrateya ilijaaru mattu enterocyte poregalaadyanta vidyut saamarthyadinda niyantrisalpaduva sugama prasaranada moolaka colean annu karulininda slc44aa1 (ctl1) memberane protein moolaka hirikollalaaguttade. slc44aa1 colean annu saagisuva seemita saamarthyavannu hondideh hecchina saandrateyalli adara bhagavannu hirikollade bidalaaguttade. hirikollalaada colean, praveshanaalada moolaka enterocytgalannu bittu, yakruttannu haaduhoguttade mattu vyavasthita parichalaneyannu praveshisuttade. karulina sookshmajeevigalu hirikollada colean annu trimethylamine aagi kshinisuttave, idu yakruttinalli trimethylamine "enn"-oxide aagi aaksidikarisalpaduttade. phosphocolin mattu glycerophosphocolingalanu phospholipasegala moolaka jalavichhedanagolisi kolinge serisalaaguttade, idu portal abhidhamaniyannu praveshisuttade. avugalalli kelavu nirinalli karaguva saamarthyadindaagi, portal abhidhamanige badalaagade tappisikolluttave. kobbinalli karaguva colean-hondiruva samyuktagalannu (phosphatidylkolingalu mattu sphingomylingalu) phospholipasegalinda jalavichchedanagolisalaguttade athawa chailomaikrangalalli samyojisalaada dugdharasavannu praveshisuttade. saarige. manavaralli, colean annu raktadalli mukta anuvaagi saagisalaaguttade. colean-hondiruva phospholipidgalu mattu glycerophosphocolingalah itara padaarthagalu raktada lipoproteengalalli saagisalpaduttave. upavaasadalliruva aarogyavanta vayaskaralli raktada plasma colean mattavu prati leetarge (micromol/ell) micromolgalu mattu sarasari 10 micromol/ell aagiruttade. mattagalannu niyantrisalaaguttade, aadare collin sevane mattu korateyu ee mattagalannu badalaayisuttade. colean sevaneya nantara sumaru 3 gantegala kaala mattavannu hechchisalaaguttade. upavaasa maaduva vayaskara plaasmaadalli phosphatidylcoline mattavu 1.5-2.5 mmol/l aagiruttade. idara sevaneyu sumaru 8-12 gantegala kaala uchita colean mattavannu hechchisuttade, aadare phosphatidylcoline mattavannu gamanarhavagi parinama biruvudilla. colean nirinalli karaguva ayanu aagiddu, aaddarinda saaganedaararu kobbinalli karaguva jivakoshada poregala moolaka haaduhogabekaaguttade. mooru reetiya collin saaganedaararu tilididdaareh slc5aa7galu sodiyam-(naa +) mattu atp-avalambita saaganedaararaagive. avu koleenge hecchina bandhisuva sambandhavannu hondiddu, adannu prathamikavagi neurangalige saagisuttave mattu acetylcholine utpaadaneyondige parokshavagi sambandhisive. avugala korateyu acetylcholine korateya moolaka manavaralli shvasakosha mattu itara snayugalalli aanuvamshika daurbalyavannu untumaaduttade. nockout iligalalli, avugala apasaamaanya kriyeu cyanosis mattu parshvavayuvinindagi sulabhavaagi saavige kaaranavaaguttade. ctl1galu koleenge madhyama sambandhavannu hondive mattu karulu, yakruttu, mootrapindagalu, jarayu mattu mitochondry seridante bahuteka ellah angamshagalalli adannu saagisuttave. sii. tii. ell. 1galu phosphatidylcoline mattu trimethyl glycine utpaadanege colean annu pooraisuttave. sii. tii. ell. 2 galu visheshavaagi naalige, mootrapindagalu, snaayugalu mattu hrudayadallina mitochondriyadalli sambhavisuttave. avu koleen trimethyl glycinge mitochondriyada utkarshanakke sambandhisive. ctl1ess mattu ctl2ess acetylcholine utpaadaneyondige sambandha hondilla, aadare rakta-medulina tadegodeya moolaka colean annu ottige saagisuttave. tadegodeya medulina badiyalli ctl2galu maatra sambhavisuttave. avu hechchuvari collin annu neurangalinda raktakke hintirugisuttave. ctl1galu tadegodeya raktada badiyalli maatra sambhavisuttave, aadare austrocytgalu mattu neurangala poregala meloo sambhavisuttave. act1 mattu act2galu acetylcholine utpaadanege sambandhisilla. avu kadime aakarshaneyondige colean annu saagisuttave. act1ಗluu mukhyavaagi yakruttu mattu mootrapindagalalli colean annu saagisuttave; act2galu mootrapindagalu mattu medulinalli. sangrahane. collin annu jivakoshada poregalu mattu angakagalli phospholipidgalagi mattu jivakoshagala olage phosphatidilkolingalu mattu glycerophosphocolingaly sangrahisalaaguttade. visarjane. 2-8 gramna colean pramanadallu saha, manushyaralli swalpa colean mootrakke horahaakalpaduttade. mootrapindagalolage sambhavisuva saganedarara moolaka visarjane sambhavisuttade (saarige nodi). trimethyl glycine annu yakruttu mattu mootrapindagalalli dimethyl glycine aagi demethylate maadalaaguttade (tetrahydropholate methyl gumpugalalli wandannu padeyuttade). methyl glycine roopagalu, mootradalli horahaakalpaduttade, athawa glycine aagi demethylated aguttade. kaarya. collin mattu adara utpannagalu manushyaralli mattu itara jivigalalli aneka kaaryagalannu hondive. atyanta gamanarhavada kaaryavendare, collin itara agatya jivakoshada ghatakagalu mattu sanketa anugalaada jivakoshada poregalannu roopisuva phospholipidgalu, neurotransmitter acetylcholine mattu osmorgulator trimethyl glycine (beatain) ge samshleshita purvasoochakavaagi kaaryanirvahisuttade. trimethyl glycine pratiyagi methyl gumpugala moolavaagi kaaryanirvahisuttade, idu "ess"-adenosylmethionine jaivika samshleshaneyalli bhagavahisuttade. phospholipid purvagami. colean annu phosphatidylkolingalu mattu sphingomailingalantaha vividha phospholipidgalagi parivartisalaaguttade. ivu ellah jivakoshada poregalli mattu hecchina jivakoshada angakoshagala poregalli kandubaruttave. phosphatidylkolingalu jivakoshada poregala rachanaatmakavaagi pramukha bhagavagive. manavaralli avugala phospholipidgalalli <aii. dii. 1> phosphatidylkolingalagi. colean phospholipidgalu collustroll jotege jivakoshada poregalli lipid raftgalannu saha roopisuttave. raftgalu kendragalaagive, udaaharanege grahakagalu mattu grahaka sanketa prasarana kinvagalige. vii. ell. dii. elgala samshleshanege phosphatidilkolingalu bekaguttaveh avugala phospholipidgalalli <aii. dii. 1> manavaralli phosphatidilkolingalagi. hechchaagi phosphatidylkolingalanu olagondiruva mishranavaada pulmonary surfactantna samshleshanege saha colean agatyaviruttade. surfactant shvasakoshada sthitisthaapakatvakke kaaranavaagide, andare shvasakoshada angaamshada sankochana mattu vistaraneya saamarthyakke kaaranavaagide. udaaharanege, shvasakoshada angamshagalalli phosphatidylkolingala korateyu tivravaada usiraatada tondare syndromge sambandhiside. phosphatidilkolingalu pittarasavagi horasoosalpaduttave mattu pittarasa aamla lavanagalondige sarfactantgalagi kaaryanirvahisuttave, heegaagi lipidgala karulina hirikolluvikege sahaaya maaduttade. acetylcholine samshleshane. acetylcholine annu utpaadisalu collin agatyaviruttade. idu naraprekshakavagiddu, udaaharanege, snaayuvina sankochana, smarane mattu naragala belavanigeyalli agatya patravannu vahisuttade. aadaagyoo, itara reetiya koleengalige holisidare manava dehadalli kadime acetylcholine iruttade. acetylcholine utpadanegagi neurangalu tamma jivakoshada poregalige phospholipidgala roopadalli colean annu sangrahisuttave. trimethyl glycine moola. manavaralli, colean aaksidesgalinda yakruttina mitochondriyadalli glycine beatain aldehydege colean annu badalaayisalaagadashtu aaksideekarisalaaguttade. idannu mitochondry athawa cytosolic beatain-aldehyde dehydrogenesgalinda trimethyl glycinge aaksideekarisalaaguttade. trimethyl glycine ondu agatyavaada osmorgulator aagide. idu homocystein annu methioninge methylate maaduva bii. etch. emm. tii-kinvakke talaadhaaravaagiyu kaaryanirvahisuttade. idu "s"-adenosylmethionine (samm) poorvasoochakavaagide. jaivika methylation pratikriyegalalli samm saamaanya kaarakavaagide. udaaharanege, idu dii. enn. aa. yaya gwanidingalannu mattu histongala kelavu laisingalannu methylate maaduttade. heegaagi idu vamshavaahi abhivyakti mattu epigenetic niyantranada bhagavagide. heegaagi collin korateyu homocystein mattavannu hechhisalu mattu raktadalli samm mattavannu kadime maadalu kaaranavaaguttade. aharadalli padaartha. aharagalalli colean mukta anuvaagi mattu phospholipidgala roopadalli, visheshavaagi phosphatidylkolingalagi kandubaruttade. collin anga maamsa mattu motteya haladimaamsadalli hecchu kandubaruttade, aadaroo idu angavallada maamsa, dhanyagalu, tarakaarigalu, hannu mattu dairi utpannagalalli kadime pramaanadalli kandubaruttade. aduge tailagalu mattu itara aahara kobbugalu ottu 5 migram/100 graam colean annu hondiruttave. united statesnalli, aahaarada lebalgalu dinakke 550 migramnashtu sevaneya aadhaarada mele dainandina moulyada (% divy) shekadaavaaru pramaanadalli kolinna pramaanavannu vyaktapadisuttave. dainandina moulyada <aii. dii. 1> endare ondu aahara seveyalli 550 mii. graam. colean iruttade. "ottu colean" annu dravyarashi bhinnaamshavannu lekkisade mukta colean mattu colean-hondiruva phospholipidgala motta endu vyaakhyaanisalaagide. manavana edehaalu collin amshadinda samruddhavaagide. vishesha stanyapaanavu maguvige dinakke sumaru 120 migram koleenge anugunavagiruttade. taayiya collin sevaneya hechchalavu ede haalina collin amshavannu hechchisuttade mattu kadime sevaneyu adannu kadime maaduttade. shishu sootragalu saakashtu collin annu hondirabahudu athawa hondilladirabahudu. iyu mattu usnalli, prati shishu sootrakke prati 100 kilokyaalarigalige (keey. sii. ell) kanishta 7 migram colean annu serisuvudu kaddayavagide. iyu nalli, 50 migram/100 keey. sii. ell. ginta hecchina mattavannu anumatisalaaguvudilla. trimethyl glycine koleen kriyatmaka chayapachayavagide. idu poushtikaamshada drashtiyinda koleenge paryayavagide, aadare bhagashah maatra. udaaharanege, godhi hottu (1,339 migram/100 graam), hurida godhi sookshmaanu (1,240 migram/100 graam) mattu palak (600-645 migram/100 graam) nalli hecchina pramaanadalli trimethyl glycine kandubaruttade. dainandina moulyagalu. ee kelagina koshtakavu hosa dainandina moulya mattu hosa poushtikaamshada sangatigalannu pratibimbisalu mattu puraka sangatigala gurutugalannu pratibimbisalu collin naa navikarisida moolagalannu olagondide. idu yuu ninda dattaamshavannu pratibimbisuttade.ess. krishi ilakhe, krishi samshodhanaa seve. fuddeta central, 2019. aahaarada shipharasugalu. koleenge andaju sarasari agatyavannu (kivi) sthapisalu saakashtu dattaamsha labhyavilla, aaddarinda aahara mattu poushtikaamsha mandaliyu (efnb) saakashtu sevaneyannu (ias) sthaapisitu. vayaskarige, koleenge aii annu purusharige 550 migram/dina mattu mahileyarige 425 migram/dina endu nigadipadisalaagide. ee moulyagalu purusharalli yakruttina badalaavaneyannu tadeyuttave endu torisalaagide. aadaagyoo, ee moulyagalannu padeyalu balasalaada adhyayanavu kadime colean parinamakariyaguttadeye endu moulyamaapana madalilla, ekendare samshoodhakaru colean-mukta aahaaravannu dinakke 550 migram colean hondiruva aharakke maatra hoolisiddaare. idarinda, makkalu mattu hadihareyadavarige ais annu horategeyalaayitu. shipharasugalu dinakke miligraangalalli (migram/dina) iruttave. european aahara surakshata praadhikaarada (efsa) shipharasugalu airopya okkootada deshagalige saamaanya shiphaarasugalaagive. efsa sevanege yaavude garishta mitigalannu nigadipadisilla. pratyeka iyu deshagalu hecchu nirdishta shipharasugalannu hondirabahudu. national academy off medicine (enn. aa. emm.) shipharasugalu united states, australia mattu nyoojilendnalli anvayisuttave. janasankhyeyalli sevaneya. 2000 mattu 2011rahra naduve 9 airopya okkootada desagalalli nadesida hanneradu samikshegalu ee desagalalli vayaskara colean sevaneyu dinakke <aii. dii. 1> miligraangalaagiruttade endu andajisive. vayaska mahileyaralli 269-444 migram/dina mattu vayaska purusharalli 332-468 migram/dina sevaneyagittu. sisugalalli 75-127 migram/dina, 1-rinda 3-varshada makkalalli 151-210 migram/dina, 3-rinda 10-varshada makkalalli 177-304 migram/dina mattu 10-rinda 18-varshada makkalalli 244-373 migram/dina. ottu collin sevaneya sarasari andaju garbhini hadihareyadavaralli dinakke 336 migram mattu garbhini mahileyaralli dinakke 356 migram aagittu. nons 2009-2012 samiksheyannu aadharisida adhyayanavu kelavu yuu. ess. upa janasankhyeyalli collin sevaneyu tumba kadimeyagide endu andajiside. ee avadhiya naduve 2 + varsha vayassinavaralli sevaneyu 315.2-318.8 mg/d aagittu. 2 + varsha vayassinavaralli, kevala% rashtu purusharu mattu% rashtu mahileyaru maatra saakashtu sevaneyannu (aie) meeriddaare. aieyannu 2rinda 3 varshadolagina makkalalli shekada, 4rinda 8 varshadolagina makkalalli shekada, 9rinda 13 varshadolaginavaralli shekada, 14-18 rallina shekada mattu 19 + varshadolaginavaralli shekada meeriside. yaavude upa janasankhyeyalli hecchina sevaneya mattavannu meeriralilla. yuu. ess. jansankhyeya mele nadesida adhyayanavu 20 mattu adakkinta hecchina vayaskaralli 2 rinda 19 varshadolaginavara colean sevaneyu dinakke migram mattu dinakke migram agiruvudannu kanduhididide. 20 mattu adakkinta hecchina vayassina purusharalli migram/dii mattu 20 mattu adakkinta hecchina vayassina mahileyaralli 278 migram/dii sevaneyagittu. korate. chihnegalu mattu rogalakshanagalu. rogalakshanada collin korateyu manavaralli aparoopavaagide. hechchinavaru aahaaradinda saakashtu pramaanadalli adannu padeyuttaare mattu adara seemita pramanada jaivika samshleshaneyannu maadalu samartharagiddare. rogalakshanada korateyu samanyavagi kelavu kaayilegalinda athawa itara paroksa kaaranagalinda untaaguttade. teevra korateyu snaayugalige haaniyannuntumaaduttade mattu aalkohaalyuktavallada kobbina yakruttina kaayileyannu untumaaduttade, idu serosis aagi beleyabahudu. maanavara jotege, kobbina yakruttu saha itara pranigalalli colean korateya ondu vishishta sanketavagide. mootrapindagalalli raktasraavavu kelavu prabhedagalalli sambhavisabahudu. idu osmorgulator aagi kaaryanirvahisuva koleenninda padeda trimethyl glycine korateyindagi endu shankisalaagide. kaaranagalu mattu kaaryavidhaanagalu. eestrojen utpaadaneyu sambandhita amshavaagiddu, idu kadime aahaarada colean sevaneyondige vyaktigalige korateyannu untumaaduttade. eestrojengalu pemt kinvagalannu utpaadisuva phosphatidylcoline annu sakriyagolisuttave. mahileyara hecchina eestrojen utpadaneyindagi rutubandhakke munchina mahileyaru purushariginta kadime aahaarada agatyavannu hondiruttaare. eestrojen chikitseyillade, rutubandhakkolagaada mahileyara colean agatyagalu purushara agatyagalannu holuttave. colean mattu folate chayapachaya krieya mele parinama beeruva kelavu eka-nucleotide bahuroopategalu (aanuvamshika amshagalu) saha prastutavagive. kelavu karulina sookshmajeevigalu itarariginta hecchu parinamakariyagi koleenannu kshinisuttave, aaddarinda avu saha prastutavagive. korateyalli, yakruttinalli phosphatidylkolingala labhyateyu kadimeyaguttade-ivu vii. ell. dii. elgala ranchanege agatyavagive. heegaagi vii. ell. dii. ell-madhyastha kobbinamlavu yakruttininda horahoguvudu kadimeyaguttade mattu idu yakruttinalli kobbina shekharanege kaaranavaaguttade. gamanisida yakruttina haaniyannu vivarisuva itara ekakaaladalli sambhavisuva karyavidhanagalannu saha soochisalaagide. udaaharanege, mitochondriyada poregalli colean phospholipidgalu saha bekaguttave. avugala labhyateyu mitochondriyada poregala sariyaada electrochemical gradient annu nirvahisalu asamarthatege kaaranavaaguttade, idu itara vishayagala jotege, β-aaksideekaranada moolaka kobbinamlagalannu avanatigolisalu agatyavagiruttade. aaddarinda yakruttinolagina kobbina chayapachayavu kadimeyaguttade. atiyaada sevane. collin naa atiyaada pramanavu pratikoola parinaamagalannu beerabahudu. udaaharanege, dainandina <aii. dii. 1> zii. pramanada colean kadime raktadottada, vakarike, atisaara mattu meeninantaha dehada vaasaneyannu untumaaduttade endu kandubandide. hirikollada koleenninda karulina sookshmajeevigalinda rupugonda trimethylamine (tii. emm. aa) ninda ee vaasane untaaguttade (trimethylaminuria nodi). yakruttu tmanu trimethylamine "enn"-oxide (tmao) aagi aaksideekarisuttade. dehadalli hechchida tii. emm. aa mattu tii. emm. aa. oo mattagalu apadhamanikathinya mattu maranada apaayavannu hechchisuttave. heegaagi, atiyaada collin sevaneyu cornitine jotege ee apayagalannu hechhisalu uhisalaagide, idu karulina byaakteeriyaadinda tma mattu tmao aagi roopugolluttade. aadaagyoo, collin sevaneyu hrudayaraktanaalada kaayilegalinda saayuva apaayavannu hechchisuttade endu torisalagilla. hechchida tii. emm. aa mattu tii. emm. aa. oo mattagalu itara aadhaaravaagiruva kayilegalu athawa aanuvamshika amshagala lakshanavaagiddu, vyaktigalu hecchina maranakke olagaaguttaare embudu saabitaagide. tii. emm. aa mattu tii. emm. aa. oo. mattakke sambandhisida marana pramaanavannu gamanisida kelavu adyayanagalalli antaha amshagalannu sariyagi lekka haakalaagilladirabahudu. kaaranavu vyatiriktavaagirabahudu athawa gondalakkolagaagirabahudu mattu hecchina pramanada collin sevaneyu manavaralli maranavannu hechchisadirabahudu. udaaharanege, mootrapindada apasaamaanya kriyeu hrudayaraktanaalada kaayilegalige kaaranavaaguttade, aadare tma mattu tmao visarjaneyannu kadime maadabahudu. aarogyada mele parinamagalu. naragala kolaveya muchchuvike. taayandiralli kadime pramanada collin sevaneyu naragala kolaveya doshagala apaayavannu hechchisuttade. taayandiralli hecchina pramaanadalli collin sevaneyu makkalalli uttama naragnaana/naragala belavanigeyondige sambandha hondide. colean mattu folate, vitamin bii12 nondige samvahana nadesi, homosysteinge methyl daanigalaagi kaaryanirvahisuttave mattu methionine annu roopisuttave, idu nantara samm ("s"-adenosylmethionine) annu roopisuttade. sastanigalallina bahuteka ellah methylation pratikriyegala talaadhaara samm aagide. samm moolaka untaaguva methylation folate mattu enn. tii. dii. gala naduvina sambandhakke kaaranavaagabahudu endu soochisalaagide. idu koleengoo anvayisabahudu. colean chayapachaya kriyege addipadisuva kelavu roopaantaragalu navjat sisugalalli enn. tii. dii. gala haraduvikeyannu hechchisuttave, aadare aahaarada colean korateya patravu aspashtavagide. hrudayanaalada kayilegalu mattu cancer. collin korateyu kobbina yakruttannu untumaadabahudu, idu cancer mattu hrudayaraktanaalada kayileya apaayavannu hechchisuttade. colean korateyu samm utpaadaneyannu saha kadime maaduttade, idu dii. enn. aa. methylationalli bhagavahisuttade-ee ilikeyu carcinogenesisge saha kaaranavaagabahudu. heegaagi, korate mattu antaha kaayilegalondige adara sambandhavannu adhyayana maadalaagide. aadaagyoo, mukta jansankhyeya vikshaneya adhyayanagalu kadime colean sevane mattu hrudayaraktanaalada kayilegalu athawa hecchina cancergala naduvina sambandhavannu manavarike madikottilla. prostate cancern adhyayanagalu paraspara viruddhavaagive. arivina. hecchina collin sevane mattu arivina naduvina parinaamavannu gamanisuttiruva adhyayanagalannu manava vayaskaralli nadesalaagiddu, paraspara viruddhavaada phalitaamshagalannu kandide. manava sisugalu mattu makkala mele idhe reetiya adhyayanagalu paraspara viruddhavaagive mattu simitavagive. prasavaanantarada belavanige. garbhadharane mattu haalunisuvike eradoo koleenge bedikeyannu naatakiyavaagi hechchisuttave. ee bedikeyannu eestrojen mattavannu hechchisuva moolaka eestrojen mattavannu hechchisuva moolaka pooraisabahudu, aadare hechchida pemt chatuvatikeyondige, koleenge bedike innoo eshtu hechchideyendare, daihika maligegalu samanyavagi khaaliyaaguttave. puraka collin annu needada horatu "pemt-/-" iligalu (kriyatmaka pemt illada iligalu) 9-10 dinagalli garbhapaatavaaguttave emba avalokanavu idakke udaaharaneyaagide. garbhavastheyalli mattu haalunisuva samayadalli taayiya collin sangrahagalu khaaliyaadare, jarayuvu collin annu saandrateya ilijaarina viruddha angaamshakke pump maaduva moolaka collin annu sangrahisuttade, allie adannu vividha rupagalalli sangrahisalaaguttade, hechchaagi acetylcholine aagi. amneotic dravadalli colean saandrateyu taayiya raktakkinta hattu pattu hechchagirabahudu. bhrunadalli kaaryagalu. collin ge garbhavastheyalli hecchina bedikeyide, idu jivakoshada poregalannu nirmisalu (tvarita bhruna mattu taayiya angaamsha vistarane) talaadhaaravaagi, ondu-ingaalada mayitigala (dna mattu itara karyagala methylationge talaadhaara) hechchida agatyavagi, bhruna mattu garbhakoshada angamshagalalli collin sangrahagalannu hechhisalu mattu lipoproteengala (kobbina bhagagalannu hondiruva proteingalu) hecchina utpaadanege. nirdishtavagi, medulina mele colean sevaneya parinaamada bagge asakti ide. idu jivakoshada poregalannu tayaarisalu (visheshavaagi phosphatidylcoline tayaarikeyalli) collin annu vastuvagi balasuvudarinda untaaguttade. garbhavastheya moorane traimasikadalli manavana medulina belavanigeyu atyanta vegavagiruttade mattu sumaru aidu varsha vayassinavarege vegavagi munduvariyuttade. ee samayadalli, phosphatidilecolinninda (mattu heegaagi koleenninda) tayaarisalaada sphingomylinge hecchina bedikeyide, ekendare ee vastuvannu naragala narugalannu myelinate (nirodhaka) maadalu balasalaaguttade. neurotransmitter acetylcholine utpaadanege koleenge bedikeyide, idu medulina pradeshagala rachane mattu rachane, neurogenesis, myelination mattu synaps rachaneya mele prabhaava biruttade. acetylcholine jarayuvinalliyu saha iruttade mattu jivakoshada prasarana mattu vyatyaasavannu (jivakoshada sankhyeyalli hecchala mattu bahubalakeya jivakoshagala meesalaada jivakoshada kaaryagalaagi badalaavanegalu) mattu prasaranavannu niyantrisalu sahaaya maaduttade. medulige colean tegedukolluvudannu rakta-medulina tadegodeyalliruva kadime-akarshaneya saganeya moolaka niyantrisalaaguttade. apadhmaniya raktada plasma colean saandrateyu 14 micromal/lea ginta hecchaadaaga sagane sambhavisuttade, idu colean-bharita aahaaravannu sevisida nantara colean saandrateya hechchalada samayadalli sambhavisabahudu. idakke viruddhavaagi, narakoshagalu hecchina mattu kadime-akarshaneya saaganedaararinda colean annu padeyuttave. colean annu memberane-bound phosphatidylcoline aagi sangrahisalaaguttade, nantara idannu acetylcholine neurotransmitter samshleshanege balasabahudu. agatyakke anugunavagi acetylcholine roopugolluttade, synapsna uddakkoo chalisuttade mattu ee kelagina narakoshakke sanketavannu ravaanisuttade. nantara, acetylcholinesterase adannu kshinisuttade, mattu mukta collin annu hecchina-akarshaneya saaganedaaranu matte narakoshakke tegedukolluttaane. balakege. aahara purakagalalli colean chloride mattu colean bitartrate annu balasalaaguttade. bitartrate annu adara kadime hygroscopicity kaaranadindaagi hechchaagi balasalaaguttade. kooli, turkey mattu itara kelavu pranigala aharakke purakavagi kelavu collin lavanagalannu balasalaaguttade. kelavu lavanagalannu kaigarika rasayanikagalagiyu balasalaaguttadeh udaaharanege, photoricist annu tegeduhakalu photolithographially. colean theophilinate mattu colean salicylate annu aushadhigalaagi balasalaaguttade, jotege methacolin mattu karbacholnantaha rachanaatmaka saadrushyagalannu balasalaaguttade. 11sii-collin nantaha radiolable maadalaada kolingalannu vaidyakeeya chithranadalli balasalaaguttade. itara vanijyikavagi balasuva lavanagalalli tricholin citrate mattu colean bicarbonate serive. virodhigalu mattu pratirodhakagalu. samshodhanaa uddeshagaligaagi nooraru colean virodhigalu mattu kinwa nirodhakagalannu abhivraddhipadisalaagide. aminomethylpropanol annu samshodhanaa sadhanavagi balasalaaguva modala sadhanagalalli ondaagide. idu colean mattu trimethyl glycine samshleshaneyannu tadeyuttade. idu colean korateyannu prachodisalu saadhyavaaguttade, idu damshakagalalli kobbina yakruttige kaaranavaaguttade. diethanolamine antaha mattondu samyuktavaagide, aadare parisara maalinyakaarakavu aagide. "enn"-cyclohexylcoline prathamikavagi medulinalli colean tegedukolluvudannu tadeyuttade. hemicolinium-3 hecchu saamaanya pratirodhakavagide, aadare colean kainesgalannu saha madhyamavaagi tadeyuttade. hecchu nirdishtavaada colean kinace pratirodhakagalannu saha abhivraddhipadisalaagide. trimethyl glycine samshleshane pratirodhakagalu saha astitvadalliveh carboxybutylhomosine ondu nirdishta bii. etch. emm. tii pratirodhakakke ondu udaaharaneyaagide. buddhimaandyateya collinergic uheyu aushadheeya acetylcholinesterase inhibitargalige matravallade vividha acetylcholine inhibitargaligoo kaaranavaagide. antaha nirodhaka samshodhanaa rasayanikagala udaaharanegalalli triathylcholine, homocolin mattu koleen aneka itara "enn"-ethyl utpannagalu serive, ivu acetylcholine sullu naraprekshaka saadrushyagalaagive. colean acetyl transpherase inhibitargalannu saha abhivraddhipadisalaagide. itihaasa. avishkara. 1849ralli, adolph streaker handhi pittarasadinda colean annu pratyekisida modala vyaktiyagiddaru. 1852ralli, ell. babo mattu emm. hirshbrun bili saasive beejagalinda collin annu horategedu adannu "sinkalin" endu hesarisidaru. 1862ralli, streaker handhi mattu ettu pittarasadondigina tanna prayogavannu punaraavartisi, pittarasada greek padavaada "cole" nantara modala baarige padaarthavannu "colean" endu karedaru mattu adannu rasayanika sootra c5h13no endu gurutisidaru. 1850ralli, theodor nicolus goble avaru midulininda mattu corpsna royinda horategeyalaada padaarthavannu motteya haladi loleya greek padada nantara "lecithin" endu hesarisidaru, idu 1874ralli phosphatidylkolingala mishranavaagide endu torisuttade. 1865ralli, askar librech pranigala medulininda "neuraine" annu pratyekisitu. acetylcholine mattu librechna "neuraine" naa rachanaatmaka sootragalannu 1867ralli adolph vaan bayer pariharisidaru. aaa varshada nantara "neuraine" mattu sinkalin streakern collin nanteye onde padaarthagalendu torisalaayitu. heegaagi, koleen rachaneyannu modalu pariharisidavaru bayer. eega neuraine endu kareyalpaduva samyuktavu koleenge sambandhisilla. ondu poshakaamshavaagi avishkara. 1930rahra dashakada aarambhadalli, charles best mattu sahodyogigalu vishesha aharakramadalli iligalalli kobbina yakruttu mattu madhumeha naayigalige lecithin annu tinnuva moolaka avugalannu tadeyabahudu endu gamanisidaru, 1932ralli lesithinnalliruva collin maatra ee tadegattuva parinamakke kaaranavaagide endu saabitaayitu. 1998ralli, yuu. ess. national academy off medicine manava aharadalli kolinge tamma modala shipharasugalannu varadi maaditu.

collin collin () heey rasayanik sootra asalele eka catayan aahe. collin chloride aanee collin bitartrait yansarkhya collin vividh kshar tayar karate. rasayanshastra. collin heey eka chaturthansh amonium catayan aahe. collin heey panyat virghalananya chaturthansh amonium sanyuganche eka kutumb aahe. collin heey collin vargache mool sanyug aahe, jyamadhye ethanolamine avashesh asatat, jyat ekach nitrogen anoola jodalele teen methyl gut asatat. collin hydroxidela collin bases mhanatat. heey hygroscopic aahe aanee tyamule anekada rangheen chikat hydrated sirap mhanoon aadhalate jyamadhye trimethylamine (tii. emm. aii.) vaas yeto. koleenche jaleey dravan sthir asate, parantu sanyug haloohaloo ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol aanee tii. emm. aii. madhye modate. tii. emm. aii. varr 2-chloroethanols prakriya karoon collin chloride tayar kele jaau shakateh ethylene oxidepasoon 2-chloroethanol tayar kele jaau shakate. aitihasikdrushtya collin naisargik strotanmadhun tayar kele gele aahe, jase qee lesithinchya jalvichhedanadvare. nisargat collin. collin heey nisargat sajivanmadhye vyapak aahe. bahutek pranyanmadhye, collin phospholipids heey peshi patalanmadhye, peshi avyavanchya patalanmadhye aanee atishay qamee ghanatechya lipoproteinsmadhye aavashyak ghatak asatat. eka poshak mhanoon collin. collin heey manav aanee itar anek pranyansathi aavashyak poshak tatva aahe. manav koleenche kahee 'dii novo' sanshleshan karnyas saksham aahet parantu aarogya rakhanyasathi aaharat atirikt koleenchi aavashyakta asate. aaharatil garja kolindware swatach kinwa phosphetidialkolinsarkhya collin phospholipidschya swarupat purn kelya jaau shakatat. amino esidsarkhi rachana aanee chayapachayasah aavashyak poshak tatva asoonahi koleenche jivansatva mhanoon aupcharik vargikaran kele jaat nahee. acetylcholine-eka neurotransmitter-aanee "ess"-adenosylmethionine (samm), eka sarvatrik methyl daata tayar karnyasathi collin aavashyak aahe. methylation jhalyavar samche ess-adenosyl homocysteinmadhye rupantar hote. koleenchya lakshaniy kamataratemule alcoholic nasalelya charbiyukt yakrutacha rog aanee snayunche nuksan hote. koleenchya ativaparamule (darroj 7.5 grampeksha jaast) qamee raktadab, gham yene, atisar aanee trimethylaminemule mashasarkha shareer vaas yeu shakato, jeey koleenchya chayapachayat tayar hote. collin aanee collin phospholipidschya samruddha aahar strotanmadhye avayavanche maans, andyachi pivali pivali pivali pivali pivali vilee vilee, dugdhajanya padarth, shengdane, kahee shengdane, shengdane aanee biyane yancha samavesh hoto. pasta aanee tandul asalelya bhajya dekhil american aaharat koleenchya sevanat yogdan detat. chayapachay. jaivasanshleshan. vanaspatinmadhye, koleenchya "dii novo" jaivasanshleshanachi pahili payari mhanje ethanolaminemadhye sereenche decarboxylation, jeey serine decarboxylesdware utprerit hote. ethanolaminepasoon koleenche sanshleshan teen samantar marganmadhye houu shakate, jethe methyl hastantaranadvare utprerit kelelya salag teen "aine"-methylation payya ektar mukt-kshar, phospho-kshar kinwa phosphatidil-ksharanvar kelya jaatat. methyl gatacha srot mhanje "ess"-adenosyl-methionine aanee "ess"-adenosyl-homocystein heey eka side product mhanoon tayar kele jaate. manav aanee itar bahutek pranyanmadhye, koleenche naveen sanshleshan phosphatidilathanolymine aine-methyltransferase (pemt) margadvare hote, parantu manvi garja purn karnyasathi jaivasanshleshan purese nahee. yakrutachya pemt margavar, 3-phosphoglycerate (3 pii. jee.) laa esile-koapasoon 2 esile gut midatat, jeey phosphatidic aaml tayar karatat. teey cytidine trifosphates pratikriya deuun cytidine diaphosphate-diacylglycerol tayar karate. tyacha hydroxyl gut sereens pratikriya deuun phosphatidilserine tayar karato joou ethanolamine aanee phosphatidilathenolyne (pii. eae.) swarupat decarboxylates karato. pemt enzyme teen methyl gatanna teen 's'-adenosyl methionins (samm) datyanmadhun phosphatidylethanolymine ethanolamine gatakade phosphetidylakolinchya swarupat collin tayar karnyasathi halavate. three "sha"-adenosylhomosistines (sahs) heey upautpad mhanoon tayar hotat. adhik jatil collin asalelya renunmadhun dekhil collin sodale jaau shakate. udaharanarth, bahutek peshinchya prakaranmadhye phosphatidilcolinsche (pii. see.) hydrolyzed karoon collin (cole) kele jaau shakate. collin heey see. dii. pii.-collin margadvare, cytosolic collin kinnesses (see. keey.) phosphorylate collins aii. tii. pii. teey phosphocolin (pii. cole.) dware dekhil tayar kele jaau shakate. yakrut aanee mootrapind yasarkhya kahee peshinchya prakaranmadhye heey ghadate. collin-phosphet cytidyliltranspheress (see. pii. tii.) cytidine triphosphate (see. tii. pii.) saha pii. kolche see. dii. pii.-koleenmadhye (see. dii. pii.-cole) rupantar karatat. diacylglycerol collinfosfotrancepherage (see. pii. tii.) dware see. dii. pii.-collin aanee diaglyceride sangankat rupantar hote. manavanmadhye, kahee pemt-enzyme utparivartan aanee istrogenchi kamatarata (anekada rajonivruttimule) koleenchi aaharatil garaj vadhavtat. kruntakanmadhye, 70 takke phosphatidilcoline pemt margadvare aanee keval 30 takke see. dii. pii.-collin margadvare tayar hotat. baad jhalelya undaranmadhye, pemt nishkriyatemule teey purnapane aaharatil kolinavar avalambun asatat. shoshan. manavanmadhye, collin ekagrata pravanata aanee enterocyte patalavaril vidyut kshamatedvare niyantrit sulabh prasaradvare ess. ell. see. 44aii. 1 (see. tii. ell. 1) puttle prathinandware collin aatadyanmadhun shoshale jaate. ess. ell. see. 44aii. 1 madhye koleenchi vahtook karanyachi maryadit kshamata aaheh uchch sandratemadhye tyacha kahee bhag shoshun naan gheta sodala jaato. shoshalele collin praveshdvaratil shiretoon enterocytes sodate, yakrutatoon jaate aanee pranaligat parisancharanat pravesh karate. aatadyatil sukshmajiv shoshit naan jhalelya koleenche trimethylaminemadhye vighatan karatat, jeey yakrutat trimethylamine "aine"-oxidemadhye auxidise hote. phosphocolin aanee glycerophosphocoline heey phospholipesesdware koleenmadhye hydrolyse kele jaatat, jeey portal venmadhye pravesh karatat. tyanchya panyat vidravyatemule, tyapaiki kahee portal nasela badalat naheet. charbimadhye virghalanari kolinyukt sanyuge (phosphatidilcolins aanee sphingomyelenes) ektar phospholipesesdware hydrolyse kelee jaatat kinwa kylomicronmadhye samavisht kelelya lasika madhye pravesh karatat. vahtook. manavanmadhye, collin raktatil mukt renu mhanoon vahoon nele jaate. kolinyukt phospholipids aanee glycerophosphocolinsars itar padarth raktatil lipoproteinsmadhye vahoon nele jaatat. upvas karananya nirogi praudhanmadhye raktatil plazma koleenchi patali 7-20 micromols prati litter (micromol/ell) aanee sarasari 10 micromol/ell asate. patali niyantrit kelee jaate, parantu koleenche sevan aanee kamatarata yaa patalyanmadhye badal karate. koleenchya sevananantar sumare 3 taas patali vadhavali jaate. upvas karananya praudhanchya plazmamadhil phosphetidilakolinchi patali 1.5-2.5 emm. emm. oo. ell./ell. asate. tyachya sevanane sumare 8-12 tasansathi mukt koleenchi patali vadhate, parantu phosphetidilakolinchya patalivar lakshaniy parinam hott nahee. collin haah panyat virghalanara aayan aahe aanee tyamule vahakanna charbimadhye virghalananya peshi patalatoon jaane aavashyak aahe. teen prakarche collin vahatookdar dnyat aaheth slc5aii7 heey soodiyam-(naa +) aanee aii. tii. pii.-aadharit vahak aahet. tyanna kolinashi uchch bandhan sambandh aahe, teey pramukhyane neuronsmadhye vahoon netat aanee apratyakshapane acetylcholine utpadanashi sambandhit asatat. tyanchya kamkajachya kamataratemule acetylcholine kamataratemule manavanmadhil fuffus aanee itar snayunmadhye aanuvanshik kamjori yete. baad jhalelya undaranmadhye, tyanchya nishkriyatemule cyanosis aanee ardhangvayu houn sahaj mrutyu hoto. ctl1 madhye kolinashi madhyam sambandh asato aanee teey aatade, yakrut, mootrapind, naal aanee mitochondrias jawaljawal serve uutinmadhye vahoon netat. see. tii. ell. 1. phosphatidilcoline aanee trimethylglycin utpadanasathi koleencha puravatha karatat. see. tii. ell. 2 visheshtah jeebh, mootrapind, snayu aanee hrudayatil mitochondriamadhye aadhaltat. teey koleenchya trimethylglycinemadh honanya mitochondrial auxidationshi sambandhit aahet. ctl1aiisha aanee ctl2aiisha heey acetylcholine utpadanashi sambandhit naheet, parantu rakt-menduchya adthalyandvare koleenchi vahtook karatat. keval ctl2 heey adthalyachya menduchya bajula udbhavtat. teey neuronsmadhun atirikt collin dekhil raktat parat kadhoon taktat. see. tii. ell. 1ess. heey keval adthalyachya raktachya bajula, parantu khagolkoshika aanee neuronschya patalavar dekhil aadhaltat. aukt 1 aanee aukt 2 heey acetylcholine utpadanashi sambandhit naheet. teey qamee aakarshanasah koleenchi vahtook karatat. aukt1 heey pramukhyane yakrut aanee mutrapindanmadhye koleenche parivahan karatat; aukt2 heey mootrapind aanee mendumadhye. sathavan. collin peshi puttle aanee avayavanmadhye phospholipids mhanoon aanee peshinchya aat phosphatidilcolins aanee glycerophosphocolins mhanoon sathavale jaate. visarjan. 2 teey 8 gramchya koleenchya matranmadhyehi, manavanmadhye laghvimadhye thode collin utsarjit hote. mutrapindanmadhye honanya vahakadvare visarjan hote (vahtook pahaa). trimethylglycine yakrut aanee mutrapindanmadhye diamethylglycinemadhe demethylated kele jaate (tetrahydropholatela methyl gatanpaiki eka prapt hoto). methylglycine tayar hote, mutrat utsarjit hote kinwa glycinemadhye demythylated hote. karya. collin aanee tyache vyutpann manavanmadhye aanee itar jivanmadhye anek karye karatat. sarvat ullekhaneey karya mhanje collin heey itar aavashyak peshi ghatak aanee sanket renunsathi krutrim purvavarti mhanoon karya karate, jase qee peshi puttle tayar karnare phospholipids, neurotransmitter acetylcoline aanee ausmoregulator trimethylglycin (btine). trimethylglycine heey 'ess'-adenosylmethioninchya jaivasanshleshanat sahbhagi houn methyl gatancha srot mhanoon kaam karate. phospholipid purvavarti. koleenche phosphatidilcolins aanee sphingomyelinsasarkhya vegvegalya phospholipidsmadhye rupantar hote. heey serve peshi patalanmadhye aanee bahutek peshi avyavanchya patalanmadhye aadhaltat. phosphatidilcoline haah peshi patalancha sanrachanatmakdrushtya mahattvacha bhag aahe. manavanmadhye tyanchya phospholipidspaiki 40-50% phosphatidilcoline asatat. collin phospholipids collesterols peshi patalanmadhye lipid raft dekhil tayar karatat. raft hii kendre aahet, udaharanarth receptors aanee receptor signal transduction enzymesasathi. vhee. ell. dii. ell. chya sanshleshanasathi phosphatidilcolineschi aavashyakta asateh tyanchya phospholipidspaiki 70-95% manavanmadhye phosphatidilcolines asatat. fuffusiy surfactantchya sanshleshanasathi dekhil koleenchi aavashyakta asate, jeey bahutek phosphatidilcolinsche mishran asate. fuffusachya uutinchya aakunchan aanee vistar karnyachya kshamatesathi, mhanje fuffusachya lavchikatesathi, surfactant jababdar aahe. udaharanarth, fuffusachya uutinmadhye phosphatidilcoline kamatarata tivra shwasan vikar syndromeshy jodali gelee aahe. phosphatidilcolins pittamadhye utsarjit hotat aanee tyat pitt aaml ksharansah surfactants mhanoon ekatra kaam karatat, asha prakare lipidschya aatadyansambandhi shoshanas madat hote. acetylcholine sanshleshan. acetylcholine tayar karnyasathi koleenchi aavashyakta asate. udaharanarth, haah eka neurotransmitter aahe joou snayunche aakunchan, smaranshakti aanee majjatantuchya vikasat aavashyak bhoomika bajavato. tathapi, koleenchya itar prakaranchya tulanet manvi sharirat acetylcholine qamee asate. neurons dekhil acetylcholine nirmitisathi tyanchya peshi patalat phospholipidschya swarupat collin sathavatat. trimethylglycine srot. manavanmadhye, collin auxidesesdware yakrutatil mitochondriamadhye koleenche aparivartaniyapane auksidikaran karoon glycine beatine aldehyde kele jaate. heey mitochondrial kinwa cytosolic btine-eldehyde dehydrogenesesdware trimethylglycinemadh auxidise kele jaate. trimethylglycine heey eka aavashyak ausmoregulator aahe. heey bii. etch. emm. tii.-enzymesathi eka thurr mhanoon dekhil kaam karate, jeey homocysteinla methioninemadhye methylate karate. haah eka 'ess'-adenosylmethionine (samm) purvavarti aahe. jaivik methylation pratikriyanmadhye samm haah eka samanya abhikarmak aahe. udaharanarth, teey dii. aine. aii. chey gwanidine aanee histoneche kahee lycine methylate karate. tyamule too januk abhivyakti aanee epigenetic niyantranacha eka bhag aahe. asha prakare koleenchya kamataratemule homocysteinchi patali vadhate aanee raktatil samchi patali qamee hote. annamadhye samagri. collin heey annapadarthanmadhye mukt renu mhanoon aanee phospholipidschya swarupat, visheshtah phosphetidilcoline swarupat aadhalate. collin heey avayavanche maans aanee andyachya pivalsar madhye sarvadhik pramanat aadhalate, jaree teey avayavantar maans, dhanye, bhajya, fale aanee dugdhajanya padarthanmadhye qamee pramanat aadhalate. svayampakasathichya telanmadhye aanee itar khadyapadarthanmadhye ekoon koleenche praman sumare 5 mii. gra./100 gramm asate. united statesmadhye, annapadarthanchya labelver darroj 550 mii. gra. chya puresha sevanachya aadhare dainandin mulyachya (% dii. vhee.) takkevarichya rupat koleenche praman vyakt kele jaate. dainandin mulyachya 100% chaa arth assa aahe qee eka khadyapadarthat 550 mii. gra. collin asate. "ekoon collin" hii mukt collin aanee kolinyukt phospholipidschi berries mhanoon paribhashit kelee jaate, jyat vastuman apurnank samavisht nasato. manvi aaichya dudhat collin bharpur pramanat asate. vishesh stanpan heey balasathi darroj sumare 120 mii. gra. kolinashi sambandhit aahe. aaichya koleenchya sevanatil vadhalyane aaichya dudhatil koleenche praman vadhate aanee qamee sevan kelyane teey qamee hote. arbhakanchya sutranmadhye puresha pramanat collin asoo shakate kinwa nasavi. european union aanee americet, pratyek arbhakachya sutramadhye prati 100 kilocallery (keey. see. ell.) kiman 7 mii. gra. collin jodane anivarya aahe. eae. yuu. madhye, 50 mii. gra./100 kilocalaripeksha jaast patalila parvanagi nahee. trimethylglycine heey koleenche karyatmak chayapachay aahe. heey poshandrushtya koleenchi jaaga ghete, parantu keval anshatah. udaharanarth, gavhachi kond (1,339 mii. gra./100 gramm), bhajalele gavhache jantu (1,240 mii. gra./100 gramm) aanee palak (600-645 mii. gra./100 gramm) yamadhye trimethylglycine uchch praman aadhalate. dainandin moolye. khaleel taktyat naveen dainandin moolya aanee naveen poshan tathye aanee purak tathye pratibimbit karnyasathi koleenche adyayavat srot aahet. teey yuu madheel deta pratibimbit karate.ess. krishi vibhag, krishi sanshodhan seva. foodadeta central, 2019. aaharvishayak shifarasi. kolinsathi andaje sarasari aavashyakta (qaan) sthapit karnyasathi apuri mahitee upalabdh aahe, mhanoon ann aanee poshan mandalane (eff. aine. bii.) purese sevan (aii. aay. ess.) sthapit kele. praudhansathi, kolinsathi aay. purushansathi 550 mii. gra./divas aanee mahilansathi 425 mii. gra./divas nishchit karnyat aale hote. hii moolye purushanmadhye yakrutacha badal rokhanyasathi darshavili gelee aahet. tathapi, hii moolye midvinyasathi vaparlya jaanarya abhyasat qamee collin prabhavi tharel qee nahee yache moolyankan kele gele nahee, kaaran sanshodhakanni collin-mukt aaharachi tulana darroj 550 mii. gra. collin asalelya aaharashi kelee aahe. yatoon, mule aanee paugandavasthetil mulansathichya aayasche bahyalekhan karnyat aale. shifarasi darroj milligrammadhe (migra/divas) asatat. european ann suraksha pradhikaran (eae. eff. ess. aii.) chya shifarashi yaa european union deshansathichya samanya shifarasi aahet. eae. eff. ess. aii. neey sevan karnyasathi konatihi kamal maryada nishchit keleli nahee. vaiyaktik eae. yuu. deshanmadhye adhik vishisht shifarasi asoo shakatat. national academy auph medicinechya (naam) shifarashi united states, austreliya aanee newzealandmadhye lagoo hotat. loksankhyemadhye sevan. 2000 teey 2011 yaa kalat 9 europeey mahasangh deshanmadhye kelelya baaraa sarvekshananmadhye yaa deshantil praudhanche koleenche sevan darroj 269-468 milligram asalyacha andaj vartavanyat aala aahe. praudh mahilanmadhye 269-444 migra/divas aanee praudh purushanmadhye 332-468 migra/divas asey sevan hote. arbhakanmadhye 75-127 migra/divas, 1 teey 3 varshanchya mulanmadhye 151-210 migra/divas, 3 teey 10 varshanchya mulanmadhye 177-304 migra/divas aanee 10 teey 18 varshanchya mulanmadhye 244-373 migra/divas asey sevan hote. garbhavati paugandavasthetil ekoon koleenche sevan sarasari 336 mii. gra./divas aanee garbhavati mahilanmadhye 356 mii. gra./divas assa andaj hota. nance 2009-2012 sarvekshanavar aadharit abhyasat kahee yuu. ess. up-loksankhyanmadhye koleenche sevan khoop qamee asalyacha andaj vartavanyat aala aahe. yaa kalavadhidarmyan 2 + varshanchya mulanmadhye 315.2-318.8 migra/dii sevan hote. 2 + varshe vayachya mulanpaiki keval% purush aanee% mahilanni purese sevan (aii. aay.) olandale. 2 teey 3 varshanchya mulanpaiki%, 4 teey 8 varshanchya mulanpaiki%, 9 teey 13 varshanchya mulanpaiki%, 14-18 chya% aanee 19 + varshanchya mulanpaiki% yanni aii. aay. chee sankhya olandali. konatyahi up-loksankhyemadhye uchch sevan patali olandali gelee nahee. amerikechya loksankhyechya 2013-2014 nance abhyasat 20 aanee tyahoon adhik vayachya praudhanmadhye 2 teey 19 varshanchya mulanche koleenche sevan migra/divas aanee migra/divas asalyache aadhalun aale. 20 aanee tyahoon adhik vayachya purushanmadhye migra/dii aanee 20 aanee tyahoon adhik vayachya mahilanmadhye 278 migra/dii asey sevan hote. kamatarata. chinhe aanee lakshane. koleenchi lakshane asaleli kamatarata manavanmadhye durmil aahe. bahutekanna aaharatoon purese praman milate aanee teey maryadit pramanat tyache jaivasanshleshan karnyas saksham asatat. lakshananchi kamatarata anekada vishisht aajaranmule kinwa itar apratyaksh karananmule hote. tivra kamataratemule snayu kharab hotat aanee alcoholic nasalelya charbiyukt yakrutacha rog hoto, joou sirosismadhye vikasit houu shakato. manavanvyatirikt, charbiyukt yakrut heey dekhil itar pranyanmadhye koleenchya kamatarateche eka vaishishtyapurn lakshan aahe. mutrapindanmadhye raktastrav kahee prajatinmadhye dekhil houu shakato. ausmoregulator mhanoon kaam karananya kolinpasoon tayar jhalelya trimethylglycine kamataratemule heey jhalyacha sanshay aahe. karane aanee yantrana. istrogenche utpadan haah eka sambandhit ghatak aahe joou qamee aaharatil koleenchya sevanasah vyaktinna kamtaratecha dhoka nirman karato. astrogen phosphatidilcoline tayar karnare pemt enzymes sakriy karatat. mahilanchya istrogenchya uchch utpadanamule rajonivruttipurvichya mahilanna purushanpeksha koleenchi aaharatil garaj qamee asate. istrogen upcharpaddhatishivay, rajonivruttinantarchya mahilanchya koleenchya garja purushansarkhyach asatat. collin aanee follet chayapachayavar parinam karnare kahee ekal-nucleotide bahurupata (anuvanshik ghatak) dekhil sambandhit aahet. aatadyatil kahee sukshmajiv dekhil itaranpeksha adhik karyakshamatene koleenche apghatan karatat, tyamule teey dekhil sambandhit aahet. kamataratemadhye, yakrutatil phosphatidilcoline upalabdhata qamee hote-heey vhee. ell. dii. ell. tayar karnyasathi aavashyak asatat. asha prakare yakrutatoon baher padnare vhee. ell. dii. ell.-madhyasthiche meed aaml qamee hote jyamule yakrutat charbi jamaa hote. yakrutala jhalelya haniche spashtikaran denanya itar ekach velee ghadananya yantrana dekhil suchavanyat aalya aahet. udaharanarth, mitochondrial membrainmadhye collin phospholipidschi dekhil aavashyakta asate. tyanchya anupalabdhatemule mitochondrial patalanna yogya vidyutarasayanik pravanata rakhanyat asamarthata yete, jee itar goshtimbarobarach, beeta-oxidationdware medyukt aamlanche avmoolyan karnyasathi aavashyak aahe. tyamule yakrutatil charbi chayapachay qamee hote. atee sevan. koleenchya atee matreche pratikool parinam houu shakatat. udaharanarth, koleenchya darrojchya 8-20 jee matra qamee raktadab, malmal, atisar aanee mashasarkhya shariracha gandh nirman karatat asey aadhalun aale aahe. gandh haah aatadyatil sukshmajivandvare shoshalya gelelya kolinpasoon tayar jhalelya trimethylaminemule (tii. emm. aii.) hoto (trimethylaminuria pahaa). yakrut tii. emm. aii. chey auksidikaran karoon trimethylamine "aine"-auxide (tii. emm. aii. oo.) karate. shariratil tii. emm. aii. aanee tii. emm. aii. oo. chya vadhalelya patalicha sambandh atherosclerosis aanee mrutyuchya vadhiv jokhamishi jodala gela aahe. asha prakare, koleenche jaast sevan heey carnitine vyatirikt heey dhoke vadhavanyasathi kele gele aahe, jeey aatadyatil jivanundware tii. emm. aii. aanee tii. emm. aii. oo. madhye dekhil tayar hote. tathapi, koleenche sevan hriday v raktavahinyasambandhi aajaranmule mrutyucha dhoka vadhavate asey disun aalele nahee. heey vajvi aahe qee tii. emm. aii. aanee tii. emm. aii. oo. chee vadhaleli patali heey itar antarnihit aajaranche kinwa janukeey ghatakanche keval eka lakshan aahe jeey vyaktinchya vadhiv mrutyudarasathi purvanirdharit karatat. tii. emm. aii. aanee tii. emm. aii. oo. patalishi sambandhit mrutyudar nirikshan karananya kahee abhyasanmadhye asha ghatakancha yogya prakare hishob keela gela nasata. karanatmakata ulat kinwa gondhalat taknari asoo shakate aanee mothya pramanat koleenche sevan kelyane manavanmadhye mrutyudar vadhu shakat nahee. udaharanarth, mutrapindatil bighadamule hriday v raktavahinyasambandhi rog honyachi shakyata asate, parantu tii. emm. aii. aanee tii. emm. aii. oo. utsarjanamadhye dekhil ghat houu shakate. aarogyavar honare parinam. neural tube bund karane. matechya koleenche qamee sevan heey neural tube doshanchya vadhiv jokhamishi sambandhit aahe. matene jaast pramanat koleenche sevan karane heey mulanmadhye changlya majjatantusanvedan/majjatantu vikasashi sambandhit asanyachi shakyata aahe. collin aanee follet, jivansatva buub 12 shhee parasparsanvad sadhat, homocysteinla methyl daata mhanoon karya karatat aanee methionine tayar karatat, jeey nantar samm ("ess"-adenosylmethionine) tayar karoo shakatat. sastan pranyanmadhil jawaljawal serve methylation pratikriyansathi samm haah thurr aahe. asey suchavale gele aahe qee samdware vighatit methylation heey follet aanee aine. tii. dii. ess. madheel sambandhasathi jababdar asoo shakate. heey koleenla dekhil lagoo houu shakate. collin chayapachayala adthala aananari kahee utparivartane navjat mulanmadhye aine. tii. dii. ess. chaa prasar vadhavtat, parantu aaharatil koleenchya kamataratechi bhoomika aspasht rahate. hriday v raktavahinyasambandhi rog aanee karkarog. koleenchya kamataratemule charbiyukt yakrut houu shakate, jyamule karkarog aanee hriday v raktavahinyasambandhi rogancha dhoka vadhato. koleenchya kamataratemule samche utpadan dekhil qamee hote, jeey dii. aine. aii. methylationmadhye bhag ghete-hii ghat carcinogenesismadhye dekhil yogdan deu shakate. asha prakare, kamatarata aanee asha roganshi tyacha sambandh yancha abhyas keela gela aahe. tathapi, mukt loksankhyechya nirikshanatmak abhyasanmadhye qamee koleenche sevan aanee hriday v raktavahinyasambandhi rog kinwa bahutek karkarog yanchyatil sambandh khatrishirpane darshavila gela nahee. prostate karkarogavaril abhyas parasparvirodhi aahet. jaaniv. koleenche jaast sevan aanee aaklan yanchyatil parinam nirikshan karnare abhyas manvi praudhanmadhye parasparvirodhi parinamansah aayojit kele gele aahet. manvi arbhake aanee mulanvaril ashach prakarche abhyas parasparvirodhi aanee maryadit dekhil aahet. prasavkalin vikas. garbhadharana aanee stanpan yaa donhimule koleenchi magani lakshaniyaritya vadhate. adhik collin "dii novo" tayar karnyasathi istrogenchi patali vadhavun pemtchya niyamanadvare hii magani purn kelee jaau shakate, parantu pemt kriyakalap vadhalyanantarhi, koleenchi magani itaki jaast aahe qee samanyatah sharirik sathyanchi sankhya qamee hote. yache udaharan asey aahe qee purak collin khalle nahee tarr "pemt-/-" under (karyatmak pemt nasalele under) 9-10 divasat garbhpat kartil. garodarpanat aanee stanpanadarmyan matechya koleenche bhandar qamee hott asatana, naal uutinmadhye collinchya ekagratechya pravahachya viruddha pump karoon collin jamaa karate, jithe nantar tee vividh swarupat sathavali jaate, mukhytah acetylcholine mhanoon. amneotic dravpadarthatil koleenchi sandrata aaichya raktapeksha dahapat jaast asoo shakate. garbhatil karye. koshikeey puttle tayar karnyasathi (garbh aanee matechya uutincha jalad vistar), eka-carbon moitieschi (dii. aine. aii. aanee itar karyanchya methylationsathi eka thurr) vadhaleli garaj, garbh aanee garbhasth uutinmadhye koleenche bhandar vadhavane aanee lipoproteinsche (charbiche bhag asaleli prathine) utpadan vadhavanyasathi, koleenla garodarpanat uchch magani asate. visheshtah, koleenchya sevanamule menduvar honanya parinamanmadhye rus aahe. heey koleenchya cellular membrain tayar karnyasathi (visheshtah phosphatidilcoline tayar karnyasathi) samagri mhanoon vaparamule udbhavate. garbhadharanechya tisya timahit manvi menduchi vaadh sarvat jalad asate aanee sumare paach varshe vayaparyant tee vegwan rahate. yaa kalat, sphingomelinchi magani jaast asate, jee phosphetidilcolinpasoon (aanee asha prakare kolinpasoon) tayar kelee jaate, kaaran yaa samagricha vapar majjatantu tantunna myelinate (insulate) karnyasathi keela jaato. neurotransmitter acetylcholine nirmitisathi dekhil koleenla magani aahe, jee menduchya pradeshanchi rachana aanee sanghatana, neurogenesis, myelination aanee synapse nirmitivar prabhav takoo shakate. acetylcholine heey nalamadhye dekhil asate aanee peshincha prasar aanee farak (peshinchya sankhyet vaadh aanee bahu-vapar peshinche samarpit cellular karyanmadhye badal) aanee prasooti niyantrit karnyat madat karoo shakate. mendumadhye koleenche sevan heey rakt-menduchya adthalyavar asalelya qamee-aakarshan asalelya vahakadvare niyantrit kele jaate. jevha dhamnitil rakt plazma koleenchi sandrata 14 micronol/litarpeksha jaast vadhate, tevha vahtook hote, jee kolinyukt padarth khallyanantar koleenchi sandrata vadhatana houu shakate. yaulat, neurons uchch aanee qamee-aakarshan asalelya donhi vahakandvare collin prapt karatat. collin heey puttle-baddh phosphatidilcoline mhanoon sathavale jaate, jeey nantar acetylcholine neurotransmitter sanshleshanasathi vaparale jaau shakate. aavashyakatenusar acetylcholine tayar hote, cinepschya palikade pravas karate aanee pudhil neuronmadhye sanket prasarit karate. tyanantar, acetylcholinesteres tyache avmoolyan karate aanee mukt collin uchch-aakarshan vahakadvare punha neuronmadhye ghetale jaate. vapar. aaharatil purak aaharanmadhye collin chloride aanee collin bitartretcha vapar keela jaato. bitartretcha vapar tyachya qamee hygroscopicitymule adhik vela keela jaato. kombadi, turkey aanee itar kahee pranyanchya aaharasathi kahee collin kshar vaparale jaatat. kahee kshar audhyogik rasayne mhanoon dekhil vaparale jaatatah udaharanarth, prakashpradarshak kadhoon taknyasathi prakashshilalekhat. collin theophilinate aanee collin salicillate heey aushadh mhanoon tasech methacolin aanee carbachol sarkhya sanrachanatmak pratirup mhanoon vaparale jaatat. 11 see-kolinsarkhya radiolable kelelya koleencha vapar vaidyakeey pratimemadhe keela jaato. vyavsayikdrushtya vaparlya jaanarya itar ksharanmadhye tricholin citrate aanee collin bicarbonate yancha samavesh hoto. virodhi aanee avarodhak. sanshodhanachya uddeshane shekado collin virodhi aanee enzyme avarodhak vikasit kele gele aahet. aminomethylpropanol heey sanshodhan sadhan mhanoon vaparale jaanare pahile sadhan aahe. heey collin aanee trimethylglycine sanshleshan rokhate. heey koleenchi kamatarata nirman karnyas saksham aahe jyamule kruntakanmadhye charbiyukt yakrut tayar hote. diethanolamine heey asech aanakhi eka sanyug aahe, parantu teey paryavaraniy pradushak dekhil aahe. "aine"-cyclohexylcoline pramukhyane mendumadhye koleenche sevan rokhate. hemicolinium-3 haah eka adhik samanya avarodhak aahe, parantu collin kinesesana dekhil madhyam pramanat pratibandhit karato. adhik vishisht collin kinez avarodhak dekhil vikasit kele gele aahet. trimethylglycin sanshleshan avarodhak dekhil astitvat aaheth carboxybutilehomotes heey vishisht bii. etch. emm. tii. avarodhakche udaharan aahe. smrutibhransh yaa collinergic gruhitkamule keval aushadhi acetylcholinesteres avarodhakach navhe tarr vividh prakarchya acetylcholine avarodhakahi tayar hotat. asha pratibandhatmak sanshodhan rasayananchya udaharananmadhye triethylcholine, homocolin aanee koleenche itar anek "aine"-ethyl vyutpann samavisht aahet, jeey acetylcoline khote neurotransmitter analogue aahet. collin acetyltransferase avarodhak dekhil vikasit kele gele aahet. itihas. shodh. 1849 madhye, dukkar pittapasoon collin vegale karnare edolph strekker heey pahile hote. 1852 madhye, ell. baboo aanee emm. hirshbrunne pandhya moharichya biyanyanmadhun collin kadhale aanee tyala 'syncaline' asey naav dile. 1862 madhye, strekkerne dukkar aanee bail pittavaril aaplya prayogachi punaravrutti kelee, pittasathi greek shabd 'chola' nantar prathamach padarthala 'collin' mhatale aanee tyala rasayanik sootra c5h13no neey olakhale. 1850 madhye, theodor nicolas goblene mendu aanee carpschya romadhun eka padarth kadhala jyala tyane andyachya pivalya pivalya pivalya andyasathi greek shabdavarun "lecithin" asey naav dile, 1874 madhye heey darshavile qee teey phosphatidilcolinsche mishran hote. 1865 madhye auskar libreikne pranyanchya mendupasoon 'neurine' vegale kele. 1867 madhye acetylcholine aanee librachya "neurine" chee sanrachanatmak sutre edolph vonn beyarne sodavali. tyaa varshachya uttaradhat "neurine" aanee syncaline heey strekkerchya kolinsarkhech padarth asalyache darshavile gele. asha prakare, koleenchi rachana sodavnara bayer haah pahila hota. aata neurine mhanoon olakhale jaanare sanyug kolinashi sambandhit nahee. eka poshak mhanoon shodh. 1930 chya dashakachya suruvatila, charles best aanee tyanchya sahakanyanni nondavale qee vishesh aaharavar asalelya undaranmadhil charbiyukt yakrut aanee madhumehi kutryanna lecithin pajoon tyanna rokhale jaau shakate, 1932 madhye heey siddha jhaale qee lesithinmadhil collin yaa pratibandhatmak prabhavasathi purnapane jababdar aahe. 1998 madhye, us national academy auph medicine manvi aaharat kolinsathi tyanchya pahilya shifarshinchi nond kelee.

collin collin () rasayanik sutra bhaeko catyon how. kolinle vibhinna lawanharu banaunchha, udaharanka lagi collin chloride rar collin bitartrate. rasayan. collin ek chaturthak ammonium catayan how. kolinharu panima ghulanshil chaturthak ammonium yaugikharuko pariwar how. collin collin wargako muel yaugik how, jasma ethanolamine awasheshharu hunchhan jasma eutai nitrogen paramanuma jodieka tean methyl samuhaharu hunchhan. collin hydroxidelai collin bases bhaninchha. yo hygroscopic how rar yasaile prayaha ranghin chipchipa hydrated sirapko rupma samana garinchha june trimethylamine (tma) ko gandha hunchha. kolinko jaliya ghol sthira hunchha, tara yaugik bistarai ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycoles rar tmama wighatit hunchha. collin chloridelai 2-chloroethanolko sath tmako upchar garera banauna sakinchhah ethylene oxidebata 2-chloroethanol utpadan garna sakinchha. collin aitihasik rupma prakritik srotaharubata utpadan garieko chha, jastai lesithinko hydrolysis marfat. prakritima collin. collin prakritiko rupma jiwit praniharuma wyapak chha. dheraijaso janawarharuma, collin phospholipids cell jhilliharuma, cell arganelharuko jhilliharuma, rar dherai cum ghanatwako lipoprotinharuma awashyak ghatakharu hun. poshak tatwako rupma collin. collin manis rar anya dherai janawarharuka lagi awashyak poshak tatwa how. manisharuma kolainako kehi "day nobho" sanshleshan garna saksham chhan tara swasthya kayam rakhnaka lagi aharma atirikta coline chahinchha. ahar awashyaktaharu kolindwara afaile wa collin phaspholipidsko rupma pura garna sakinchha, jastai phosphatidylcoline. emino acid-jasto sanrachana rar metabolismko sath awashyak poshak tatwa bhae tapani kolinlai aupacharik rupma bhitaminko rupma wargikrit garieko chhaina. acetylcholine-ek neurotransmitter-rar "ess"-adenocylmethionine (saam), ek vishwawyapi methyl data utpadan garna collin awashyak chha. methylationma saam ess-adenocyl homocystinema rupantaran hunchha. lakshanatmak kolinko kamile gaira-alcoholic fatty libhar rog rar mansapeshi kshati nimtyaunchha. kolinko atyadhik sevan (prati dina 7.5 gramm bhanda badhi) ley trimethylamineko karan cum raktachap, pasina, dasta rar machha jasto sharirko gandha nimtyauna sakchha, june kolinko metabolismma banaunchha. collin rar collin phaspholipidko samridha ahar srotharuma anga masu, anda, dugdha utpadanharu, badam, kehi sem, badam rar biuharu samawesh chhan. pasta rar chamal bhaeka tarkariharule pani americi aharma kolinko sewanma yogdan puryaunchhan. metabolism. jaiva sanshleshan. botabiruwaharuma, kolinko "day nobho" jaiva sanshleshanko pahilo charan ethanolaminema serinko decarboxylation how, june serine decarboxylasedwara utprerit hunchha. ethanolaminebata kolinko sanshleshan tean samanantar margharuma huna sakchha, jahaan methyl sthanantarandwara utprerit lagatar tean "enn"-methylation charanharu yaa tata mukta-adhar, fasfo-adhar, wa phosphatidil-adharharuma garinchha. methyl samuhako srota "s"-adenocyl-- methionine how rar "s"-adenocyl-- homocystine ek side utpadanko rupma utpanna hunchha. manav rar anya dheraijaso janawarharuma, kolinko nobho sanshleshan phosphatidelathenolyne enn-methyltransferase (pemt) marga marfat hunchha, tara manav awashyaktaharu pura garna biosynthesis paryapta chhaina. hepatic pemt margama, 3-fasfoglisaret (3piji) ley acile-koabata 2 acile samuhaharu prapta gardacha jasle phosphatidic acid banaunchha. yasale cytidine trifesfatesanga pratikriya garera cytidine diafsfet-diacylglycerol banaunchha. yasako hydroxyl samuhale serinsanga pratikriya garera phosphatidylserine banaunchha jasle ethanolamine rar phosphatidelathenolyne (pie) rupharuma decarboxylates gardacha. pemt angimele tinwata methyl samuhaharulai tinwata-adenocyl methionins (saam) dataharubata phosphatidylethanolamineco ethanolamine samuhama phasphetidilkolineko rupma collin banauna sarchha. three "ess"-adenosylhomocystinharu (sahsa) upautpadko rupma baninchhan. adhik jatil collin yukta anuharubata pani collin chhodna sakinchha. udaharanka lagi, phosphatidylcoline (pc) lai dheraijaso koshikaka prakarharuma collin (cole) maa hydrolyse garna sakinchha. kolinlai cdp-collin marga, cytosolic collin keynez (sike) fasforilet kolinbata ae. tii. pie. dekhi phosphocolin (pakol) samma utpadan garna sakinchha. yo kalejo rar mrigaula jasta kehi prakarka koshikaharuma hunchha. collin-fasfet cytidelil transfereses (cipicity) ley cytidine trifesfate (citype) sanga pakollai cdp-collin (cdp-cole) maa rupantaran gardacha. cdp-collin rar disliceridelai diacylglycerol colinfosfotrancepherage (sipiti) dwara pisima rupantaran garinchha. manisharuma, kehi pemt-angime utpariwartan rar astrogenko kami (prayaha rajoniwrittika karan) kolinko aharko awashyakta badhaunchha. krintakharuma, 70 pratishat phasphetidilkolineharu pemt margabata rar kewal 30 pratishat cdp-collin margabata baninchhan. nockout chuhonma, pemt nishkriyatale tiniharulai purna rupma ahar kolinma nirbhar banaunchha. awashoshan. manisharuma, kolinlai andraharubata slc44ae1 (citiel1) jhilli proteinko madhyambata awashoshit garinchha, collin ekagrata prawanta rar enterocyte jhilliharuma vidyutiya kshamata dwara shasit sahaj prasarko madhyambata. slc44ae1 sanga collin dhuwani garne simit kshamata chhah uccha sandratama yasako bhag awashoshit hundaina. awashoshit kolinle portal shira marfat enterocytes chhodchha, kalejo parr gardacha rar pranaligat parisancharanma prawesh gardacha. andraka sukshmajiwharule awashoshit nabhaeko kolinlai trimethylaminema wighatit garchhan, june kalejoma trimethylamine "enn"-oxidema aksikrit hunchha. phosphocoline rar glycerofsfocolineharu phaspholipezharu marfat kolinma hydrolyse hunchhan, june portal nasama prawesh gardacha. tiniharuko panima ghulanshiltako karan, tiniharu madhye kehi portal nasama apariwartit rupma bhagchhan. boso ghulanshil collin yukta yaugikharu (phosphatidylcoline rar sphingomyeline) yaa tata phaspholipejharudwara hydrolyse hunchhan wa kylomycronharuma samawesh lymphma prawesh garchhan. yatayat. manisharuma, collin ragatma mukta anuko rupma dhuwani garinchha. collin yukta phospholipids rar anya padarthaharu, jastai glycerofsfocolinharu, ragatko lipoprotinharuma dhuwani garinchha. swastha upawas garne wayaskaharuma ragat plazma kolinko star 7-20 micromol prati litter (micromol/ell) rar ausatma 10 micromol/ell hunchha. starharu winiyamit hunchhan, tara kolinko sevan rar kamile yee starharulai pariwartan gardacha. kolinko sewanpachhi lagbhag 3 ghantasamma star badhcha. upawas garne wayaskaharuko plasmama phasphetidilkolineko star 1.5-2.5 mmol/l hunchha. yasako sewanle lagbhag 8-12 ghantaka lagi mukta kolinko star badhaunchha, tara phasphetidilkolineko starlai ullekhaniya rupma asar gardaina. collin panima ghulanshil ayan how rar yasaile transporterharulai boso ghulanshil cell jhilliharubata zahn awashyak pardachha. tinn prakarka collin transporterharu gyat chhanh slc5ae7ess sodium-(naa +) rar atp-nirbhar transporterharu hun. tiniharusanga kolinka lagi uccha binding atmiyata chha, yasalai mukhyataya neuronharuma dhuwani gardacha rar apratyaksha rupma acetylcholine utpadansanga sambandhit chha. tiniharuko abhawale acetylecolineko kamiko madhyambata manisharuma fuffusiya rar anya mansapeshiharuma wanshanugat kamajori nimtyaunchha. nockout chuhonma, tiniharuko karyahinta sinosis rar pakshaghatko sath sajilaisanga mrityu hunchha. ctl1esko kolinsanga madhyam sambandha chha rar yasalai andraharu, kalejo, mrigaula, placenta rar mitochondriasahit lagbhag sabai utakharuma dhuwani gardacha. citiel1esle phosphatidylcoline rar trimethylglycin utpadanka lagi collin apurti gardacha. ctl 2 vishesh gari jibro, mrigaula, mansapeshi rar mutuma mitochondriama hunchha. tiniharu trimethylglycinema kolinko mitochondrial aksikaransanga sambandhit chhan. citiel1ess rar citiel2ess acetylcholine utpadansanga sambandhit chhainan, tara ragat-mastishka awarodh marfat kolinlai sangai dhuwani garchhan. badhako mastishkako chheuma matra citiel 2 hunchha. tiniharule neuronharubata atirikta kolinlai ragatma firta pani hataunchhan. ctl1ess awarodhko ragatko chheuma matra hunchha, tara astrocytes rar neuronharuko jhillima pani hunchha. akta1ess rar akta2ess acetylcholine utpadansanga sambandhit chhainan. tiniharule cum atmiyataka sath collin dhuwani garchhan. akta1esle mukhya rupma kalejo rar mrigaulama kolinko yatayat gardacha; akta2esle mrigaula rar mastishkama. bhandaran. kolinlai koshikako jhilli rar angakoshma phaspholipidko rupma rar koshikaharubhitra phosphatidylcoline rar glycerofsfocolineko rupma bhandaran garinchha. visarjan. 2-8 gramko collin khurakma pani, thorai collin manisharuma pisabma utsarjit hunchha. mrigaulabhitra hune transporterharu marfat utsarjan hunchha (yatayat hernuhos). trimethylglycin kalejo rar mrigaulama dimethylglycinema demythylated hunchha (tetrahydropholatele methyl samuhaharu madhye euta prapta gardacha). mithailglycineko roop, mutrama utsarjit hunchha, wa glycinema demythylted hunchha. karya. collin rar yasaka wyutpanaharuko manis rar anya jiwaharuma dherai karyaharu chhan. sabaibhanda ullekhaniya karya yo how kii kolinle anya awashyak cell componentharu rar signaling anuharuka lagi synthetic agradutko rupma kaam gardacha, jastai phospholipids jasle cell jhilliharu, neurotransmitter acetylcoline, rar osmoregulator trimethylglycin (bitaina) banaundachha. trimethylglycinle "ess"-adenocylmethioninko jaiva sanshleshanma bhag liera methyl samuhaharuko srotko rupma kaam gardacha. phospholipid agradut. collin vibhinna phaspholipidharuma rupantaran hunchha, jastai phosphatidylcoline rar sphingomyeline. yee sabai koshikako jhilli rar adhikansh koshikako angako jhillima painchha. phosphetidilkolineharu sanrachanatmak rupma cell jhilliko mahatwapurna bhag hun. manisharuma tiniharuko phaspholipidharu madhye 40-50% phasphetidilkolineharu hun. collin phaspholipidharule kolestrolsangai cell membrainma lipid raftharu pani banaunchhan. raftharu kendraharu hun, udaharanka lagi receptorharu rar receptor signal transdoxen enjaimharuka lagi. bhldilko sanshleshanka lagi phasphetidilkolineharu awashyak chhanh tiniharuko phaspholipidharu madhye 70-95% manisharuma phasphetidilkolineharu hun. fuffusiya sarfektantako sanshleshanka lagi pani collin awashyak chha, june prayaha phasphetidilkolineharu milera baneko mishran how. cerfactant foksoko lochka lagi jimmewar chha, june foksoko utakko sankuchit rar wistar garne kshamatako lagi how. udaharanka lagi, foksoko utakharuma phasphetidilkolineko kami tiwra shwasan sankat sindromsanga jodieko chha. phasphetidilkolineharu pittama utsarjit hunchhan rar yasama sarfyaktantaharuko rupma pitta acid lawanharusanga milera kaam garchhan, yasari lipidko andrako awashoshanma maddat gardacha. acetylcholine sanshleshan. acetylcholine utpadan garna collin awashyak chha. yo ek neurotransmitter how jasle mansapeshi sankuchan, memori rar neural vikasma awashyak bhumika khelchha, udaharanka lagi. yadyapi, manav sharirma anya prakarka kolinko tulanama thorai acetylcholine hunchha. neuronharule acetylecolineko utpadanka lagi kolinlai phospholipidko rupma tiniharuko cell jhillima bhandaran garchhan. trimethylglycineko srota. manisharuma, kolinlai collin oxidaceharudwara kalejo mitochondriama glycine bitten aldehydema apariwartaniya rupma aksikaran garinchha. yo mitochondrial wa cytosolic bitten-aldehyde dehydrogenesharudwara trimethylglycinema aksikrit hunchha. trimethylglycin euta awashyak osmoregulator how. yasale bhmt-angimeka lagi substrateko rupma pani kaam gardacha, jasle homocystinlai methioninma methylate gardacha. yo ek "s"-adenocylmethionine (saam) agradut how. jaivik methylation pratikriyaharuma saam euta samanya abhikarmak how. udaharanka lagi, yasale dieneko guanidine rar histonko kehi laisinharulai methylate gardacha. yasari yo zin abhiwyakti rar epigenetic niyamanko hissa how. kolinko kamile homocysteenko star badhaunchha rar ragatma samko star ghatcha. khanama samagri. collin khanaharuma mukta anu rar phaspholipidko rupma, vishesh gari phasphetidilkolineko rupma hunchha. angako masu rar andako jardima collin sabaibhanda badhi hunchha yadyapi yo gaira-angako masu, anna, tarkari, falful rar dugdha utpadanharuma cum matrama painchha. khana pakaune tel rar anya khadya bosoma kull kolinko lagbhag 5 milligram/100 gramm hunchha. sanyukta rajya americama, khadya lebelharule 550 milligram/dinko paryapta sewanko adharma dainik mulya (% dibhi) ko pratishatko rupma kolinko matra wyakta gardacha. dainik mulyako 100% ko artha bhaneko khanako ek sarbhingma 550 milligram collin hunchha. "kull collin" lai mukta collin rar collin yukta phaspholipidharuko yogko rupma paribhashit garieko chha, mass anshako hisab nagari. manav stanko dudhama kolinko matra dherai hunchha. vishesh stanpan bachchaka lagi prati dina lagbhag 120 milligram kolinsanga mail khanchha. amako collin sewanma bhaeko wriddhile amako dudhama kolinko matra badhaunchha rar cum sewanle yasalai ghataunchha. shishu sutraharuma paryapta collin huna sakchha wa nahun pani sakchha. europeli sangha rar americama, pratyek shishu sutrama kamtima 7 milligram collin prati 100 kilokyalari (kilokyalari) thapnu aniwarya chha. europeli sanghama, 50 milligram/100 kilokyalaribhanda mathiko starlai anumati chhaina. trimethylglycin kolinko ek karyatmak metabolite how. yasale poshanko rupma kolinko vikalpa dinchha, tara anshik rupma matra. udaharanka lagi gahunko bhuin (1,339 milligram/100 gramm), bhuneko gahunko roganu (1,240 milligram/100 gramm) rar palakh (600-645 milligram/100 gramm) maa trimethylglycineko uccha matra painchha. dainik mulyaharu. nimna talikama nayan dainik mulya rar nayan poshan tathyaharu rar purak tathya lebelharu pratibimbit garna kolinko adyawadhik srotharu samawesh chhan. yasale yubata deta pratibimbit gardacha.ess. krishi vibhag, krishi anusandhan sewa. fudadata central, 2019. ahar sifarisharu. kolinka lagi anumanit ausat awashyakta (caan) sthapit garna aparyapta deta upalabdha chha, tyasaile khadya rar poshan board (fnb) ley paryapta sevan (ais) sthapit garyo. wayaskaharuka lagi, kolinka lagi ai purushharuka lagi 550 milligram/dina rar mahilaharuka lagi 425 milligram/dina sett garieko thiyo. yee manharule purushharuma yakrit pariwartanlai rokna dekhaieko chha. yadyapi, yee manharu prapta garna prayog garieko adhyayanle cum collin prabhawkari hunechha kii bhanera mulyankan garena, kinki shodhkartaharule kewal collin-mukta aharlai prati dina 550 milligram collin bhaeko aharsanga tulana gare. yasabata balbalika rar kishorkishorika lagi aisalai bahishkrit garieko thiyo. sifarisharu prati dina milligram (milligram/dina) maa hunchhan. europeli khadya suraksha pradhikaran (efsa) kaa sifarisharu europeli sanghaka deshharuka lagi samanya sifarisharu hun. efsale sewanka lagi kunai uccha sima taya gareko chhaina. wyaktigat eu deshharusanga thap wishishta sifarisharu huna sakchhan. national ekedemy aff medicine (naam) sifarisharu sanyukta rajya america, astrelia rar newzealandma lagu hunchhan. janasankhyama grahan. sann 2000 rar 2011 ko bichma 9 europeli sanghaka deshharuma garieko bahra sarwekshanharule yee deshharuma wayaskaharuko collin sevan prati dina 269-468 milligram hune anuman gareko chha. wayaska mahilaharuma 269-444 milligram/dina rar wayaska purushharuma 332-468 milligram/dina sevan thiyo. sisuharuma 75-127 milligram/dina, 1 dekhi 3 warshaka bachchaharuma 151-210 milligram/dina, 3 dekhi 10 warshaka bachchaharuma 177-304 milligram/dina rar 10 dekhi 18 warshaka bachchaharuma 244-373 milligram/dina thiyo. kull collin sewanko ausat anuman garbhawati kishorkishorima 336 milligram/dina rar garbhawati mahilaharuma 356 milligram/dina thiyo. nenes 2009-2012 sarwekshanma adharit ek adhyayanle kehi americi upa-janasankhyaharuma kolinko sevan dherai cum hune anuman gareko chha. yass samaya awadhiko bichma 2 + warsha umerka manisharuma sevan 315.2-318.8 mg/d thiyo. 2 + warsha umerka madhye,%% purush rar%% mahilaharule matra paryapta sevan (ai) nagheka chhan. ai 2 dekhi 3 warshaka bachchaharuko%, 4 dekhi 8 warshaka bachchaharuko%, 9 dekhi 13 warshaka bachchaharuko%, 14-18 ko% rar 19 + warshaka bachchaharuko% ley nagheko thiyo. kunai pani upa-janasankhyama uccha sevan star nagheko thiyo. americi janasankhyako ek 2013-2014 nenes adhyayanle 20 rar sobhanda mathika wayaskaharuma 2 dekhi 19 warshaka bachchaharuko collin sevan milligram/dina rar milligram/dina bhaeko patta lagayo. 20 warsha rar sobhanda mathika purushharuma migra/dee rar 20 warsha rar sobhanda mathika mahilaharuma 278 migra/dee sevan garieko thiyo. abhawa chha. sanket rar lakshanharu. lakshanatmak kolinko kami manisma durlabh chha. dheraijasole yasako paryapta matra aharbata prapta garchhan rar yasako simit matrama jaiva sanshleshan garna saksham hunchhan. lakshanatmak kami prayaha kehi rogharu wa anya apratyaksha karanharule garda hunchha. gambhir kamile mansapeshi kshati rar gaira-madak fatty kalejo rog nimtyaunchha, june sirosisma parinat huna sakchha. manisbahek, fatty libhar pani anya janawarharuma kolinko kamiko euta wishishta sanket how. mrigaulama ragat bagne kehi prajatiharuma pani huna sakchha. yo kolinbata wyutpanna trimethylglycineko kamiko karan bhaeko shanka garieko chha, jasle osmoregulatorko rupma kaam gardacha. karan rar sanyantraharu. astrogen utpadan euta sandarbhik karak how jasle wyaktiharulai cum aharko collin sewanko sath-sath kamiko lagi purwanirdharit gardacha. astrogenharule pemt enjaimharu utpadan garne phasphetidilkolinelai sakriya gardacha. mahilaharuma astrogenko uccha utpadanka karan rajoniwrittiaghi mahilaharulai purushharuko tulanama cum aharko awashyakta hunchha. astrogen therapy bina, rajoniwritti pachhika mahilaharuko collin awashyaktaharu purushharuko jastai hunchhan. collin rar folate metabolismlai asar garne kehi ekal-nucleotide bahurupta (anuwanshik karakharu) pani sandarbhik chhan. kehi andraka sukshmajiwharule pani anyako tulanama adhik kushalatapurwak kolinlai hrass garchhan, tyasaile tiniharu pani sandarbhik chhan. cum hunda kalejoma phasphetidilkolineko upalabdhata ghatcha-yee bhldilko gathanka lagi awashyak hunchhan. yasari kalejobata bahira niskane bhieldiel-madhyastha fatty acidko yatayat ghatcha jasle kalejoma fatt jamma hunchha. awalokan garieko kalejoko kshatiko wyakhya garne anya ekaisath hune sanyantraharu pani sujhau diieko chha. udaharanka lagi, mitochondrial jhilliharuma pani collin phaspholipidharu awashyak pardachha. tiniharuko anupalabdhatale mitochondrial jhilliharuko uchit electrochemical gradient kayam rakhna asamarthata nimtyaunchha, june anya chijharuko bichma, aaa-aksikaranko madhyambata fatty esidharuko awakramanka lagi awashyak chha. tyasaile kalejobhitra fatt metabolism ghatcha. atyadhik sevan. kolinko atyadhik khurakle pratikul prabhawa parne sakchha. udaharanka lagi, dainik 8-20 g kolinko khurakle nimna raktachap, matali, dasta rar machha jasto sharirko gandha nimtyaunchha. gandha awashoshit kolinbata andrama sukshmajiwharudwara baneko trimethylamine (tma) ko karanle hunchha (trimethylaminuria hernuhos). kalejole tmalai trimethylamine "enn"-oxide (tmao) maa aksikaran gardacha. sharirma tma rar tmaoko uccha star atherosclerosis rar mrityuko badhdo jokhimsanga jodieko chha. yasari, atyadhik collin sewanlai carnitineko atirikta yee jokhimharu badhaunaka lagi parikalpana garieko chha, june petko bacteriadwara tma rar tmaoma pani baneko chha. yadyapi, kolinko sewanle hridaya rogbata marne jokhim badhaune dekhaeko chhaina. yo prashansaniya chha kii uccha tma rar tmao starharu anya antarnihit rogharu wa anuwanshik karakharuko lakshan matra hun jasle wyaktiharulai badhdo mrityuko lagi purwanirdharit gardacha. tma rar tmao star sambandhit mrityudar awalokan garne kehi adhyayanharuma tyasta karakharu uchit rupma ganana garieko nahun sakchha. karan viparit wa bhramit huna sakchha rar thulo collin sewanle manisharuma mrityudar badhauna sakdaina. udaharanka lagi, mrigaula akshamta hridaya rogharuka lagi purwanirdharit hunchha, tara tma rar tmao utsarjan pani cum garna sakchha. swasthya prabhawa. neural tube banda. kolinko cum matri sevan neural tube doshaharuko badhdo jokhimsanga sambandhit chha. kolinko uccha matri sevan sambhawatah bachchaharuma ramro neurocognison/neurodevelopmentsang sambandhit chha. collin rar folate, bhitamin bee 12 sanga antarkriya gardai, homocystinlai methyl datako rupma karya gardacha jasle methionine banaunchha, june tyasapachhi saam ("s"-adenocylmethionine) banauna sakchha. stanapayiharuma lagbhag sabai methylation pratikriyaharuka lagi saam substrate how. yo sujhawa diieko chha kii saam marfat wichlit methylation folate rar ntds bichko sambandhaka lagi jimmewar huna sakchha. yo kolinma pani lagu huna sakchha. collin metabolismma khalal parney kehi utpariwartanharule navjat sisuharuma ntdko prasar badhaunchha, tara ahar kolinko kamiko bhumika aspashta rahanchha. hridaya rog rar cancer. kolinko kamile fatty libhar nimtyauna sakchha, jasle cancer rar hridaya rogko jokhim badhaunchha. kolinko kamile saam utpadan pani ghataunchha, jasle diene methylationma bhag linchha-yo kamile carcinogenesisma pani yogdan dina sakchha. yasari, kami rar tyasta rogharusanga yasako sambandhako adhyayan garieko chha. yadyapi, swatantra janasankhyako awalokan adhyayanle cum collin sevan rar hridaya rog wa adhikansh cancerharu bichko sambandhalai wishwasta rupma dekhaena. prostate cancerko adhyayan virodhabhasi raheko chha. anubhuti. uccha collin sevan rar anubhuti bichko prabhawa awalokan garne adhyayanharu manav wayaskaharuma paraspar virodhi parinamharuko sath sanchalan garieko chha. manav shishu rar bachchaharuma yastai adhyayanharu virodhabhasi rar simit pani chhan. prasavakalin vikas. garbhawastha rar stanpan duwaile kolinko mag natakiya rupma badhaunchha. yo mag thap collin "day nobho" utpadan garna astrogenko star badhaera pemtko niyamandwara pura garna sakinchha, tara badheko pemt gatiwidhiko sath pani, kolinko mag ajhai pani yati uccha chha kii sharirik storeharu samanyataya samapta hunchhan. yasako udaharan yo awalokandwara painchha kii "pemt-/-" chuhon (karyatmak pemtko abhawa bhaeka chuhon) purak collin khuwaieko nabhaesamma 9-10 dinma vichchhed hunechha. garbhawastha rar stanapanko samayama kolinko matri bhandarharu samapta hunchhan, placentale koshikama ekagrata gradientko viruddhama collin pampa garera collin jamma gardacha, jahaan yasalai vibhinna rupharuma bhandaran garinchha, prayaha acetylecolineko rupma. amneotic taral padarthama kolinko sandrata amako ragatko tulanama das guna badhi huna sakchha. bhrunma karyaharu. cellular jhilliharu (druta bhrun rar amah utak wistar) nirman garna substrateko rupma garbhawasthama kolinko uccha mag hunchha, ek-carbon moity (dna rar anya karyaharuko methylationka lagi substrate) ko awashyakta badhcha, bhrun rar placental tissueharuma collin bhandarharu badhaunchha, rar lipoprotein ("fatt" bhagharu bhaeko protinharu) ko utpadan badhaunaka lagi. vishesh gari, mastishkama kolinko sewanko prabhawama chaso chha. yo cellular jhilliharu (vishesh gari phosphatidylcoline banaunama) banauna samagriko rupma kolinko prayogbata utpanna hunchha. manav mastishkako wriddhi garbhawasthako tesro traimasikma sabaibhanda chhito hunchha rar lagbhag paanch warshako umersamma chhito rahanchha. yass samayama, sphingomyelinko mag uccha chha, june phosphatidylcoline (rar yasari kolinbata) batt baneko chha, kinbhane yo samagri myelinet (insulate) snayu fibreharu prayog garna prayog garinchha. kolinlai neurotransmitter acetylecolineko utpadanko mag pani chha, jasle mastishka khetra, neurogenesis, milination, rar cineps gathanko sanrachana rar sangathanlai prabhawa parne sakchha. acetylcholine placentama pani upasthit hunchha rar yasale koshikako prasar rar bhinnata (koshikako sankhyama wriddhi rar bahuupayog koshikaharuko samarpit koshikako prakaryaharuma pariwartan) rar prasava niyantran garna maddat garna sakchha. mastishkama collin grahan ragat-mastishka awarodhma awasthit cum-akarshan transporterdwara niyantrit hunchha. dhamani rakta plazma kolinko sandrata 14 micronol/ell bhanda mathi badhdai jaanda yatayat hunchha, june collin-yukta khadya padarthaharu sevan garepachhi kolinko sandratama spikeko samayama huna sakchha. neuronharule, yasako viparit, uccha rar cum-akarshan transporterharu duwaidwara collin prapta garchhan. collin jhilli-abadha phasphetidilkolineko rupma bhandaran garinchha, june pachhi acetylcholine neurotransmitter sanshleshanka lagi prayog garna sakinchha. acetylcholine awashyakta anusar baninchha, sinapsama yatra gardacha, rar nimna neuronma sanket prasarit gardacha. pachhi, acetylcholinesteresle yasalai bigarchha, rar mukta kolinlai uccha-akarshan transporterdwara neuronma feri liinchha. prayog garnuhos. collin chloride rar collin bitartrate ahar purakharuma prayog garinchha. bitartrate yasako cum hygroscopicityko karan dherai patak prayog garinchha. nishchit collin lawanharu kukhura, turkey rar kehi anya pashu aharko purakka rupma prayog garinchha. kehi lawanharu audyogik rasayanka rupma pani prayog garinchhah udaharanka lagi, photorhagist hatauna photolithographyma. collin theophilinate rar collin salicylatelai aushadhiko rupma prayog garinchha, sathai sanrachanatmak enalagharu, jastai methacholin rar carbacol. 11see-collin jasta radiolabeld kolinharu medical imagingma prayog garinchha. anya wyawasayik rupma prayog garine lawanharuma tricholine citrate rar collin bicarbonate samawesh chhan. virodhi rar awarodhakharu. anusandhan uddeshyaka lagi sayaun collin antagonist rar angime inhibiterharu wiksit garieko chha. aminomethylpropanol anusandhan upkaranko rupma prayog hune pahilo madhye ek how. yasale collin rar trimethylglycin sanshleshanlai rokchha. yasale kolinko kamilai prerit garna saksham chha jasle garda krintakharuma fatty kalejo hunchha. diethanolamine arko yasto yaugik how, tara watawarniya pradushak pani how. "enn"-cyclohexylkolinle mukhyataya mastishkama kolinko sewanlai rokchha. hemicolinium-3 ek adhik samanya awarodhak how, tara madhyam rupma collin kinejharulai pani rokchha. thap wishishta collin keynez awarodhkartaharu pani wiksit garieko chha. trimethylglycin sanshleshan awarodhakharu pani awasthit chhanh carboxybutylhomosite ek wishishta bhmt awarodhakko udaharan how. demenciaco collinergic parikalpanale aushadhiya acetylcholinesteres awarodhkartaharulai matra hoina, tara vibhinna prakarka acetylcholine awarodhkartaharulai pani nimtyaeko chha. tyasta awarodhkari anusandhan rasayanharuka udaharanharuma triathylcholine, homocolin rar kolinka anya dherai "enn"-ethyl wyutpannaharu samawesh chhan, june acetylcholineka galat neurotransmitter enalagharu hun. collin acetyltrancepherase awarodhkartaharu pani wiksit garieko chha. itihas. khoj. sann 1849 maa, adolf streker sungurko pittabata kolinlai alag garne pahilo wyakti thie. sann 1852 maa, ell. babu rar emm. hirschbrunle seto sarasonko biubata collin nikale rar yasalai "singkalin" naam die. sann 1862 maa, strekerle sungur rar goruko pittako sath afno prayog dohouyae, padarthalai pahilo patak pittako lagi grick shabda, "chole" pachhi "collin" bhandai, rar yasalai rasayanik sutra c5h13no sanga pahichan gare. sann 1850 maa, theodor nikolas goblile carpsko mastishka rar robata euta padartha nikale jaslai unle anda jardika lagi grick shabdako nambata "lesithin" naam die, jasle sann 1874 maa yo phasphetidilkolineko mishran thiyo bhanera dekhaunchha. sann 1865 maa, oskar libreichle janawarko mastishkabata "neurine" alag गऱ्यो।. acetylcholine rar libreichko "neurine" ko sanrachanatmak sutraharu sann 1867 maa adolf bhon beyardwara samadhan garieko thiyo. tyas warsha pachhi "neurine" rar singkalin strekerko collin jastai padarthaharu dekhaieko thiyo. yasari, beyar kolinko sanrachana samadhan garne pahilo wyakti thie. ahile neurine bhanera chinine yaugikko kolinsanga kunai sambandha chhaina. poshak tatwako rupma khoj. sann 1930 ko dashakko prarambhama, charles best rar sahakarmiharule vishesh aharma chuhonma fatty kalejo rar madhumeha bhaeka kukurharulai lesithin khuwera rokna sakinchha bhanera ullekha gare, jasle 1932 maa lesithinma raheko collin yass rokatham prabhawka lagi matra jimmewar thiyo bhanera pramanit गऱ्यो।. sann 1998 maa, yues national ekedemy aff medicinle manav aharma kolinka lagi uniharuko pahilo sifarisharu report garyo.

collin collin () heuchhi rasajanika sutra sahita eka catian . collin bibhinna labana srusti kare, udaharana swaroopa collin chloride ebong collin bitartrate . rasayan bigyana. collin heuchhi eka quaternary ammonium cattain . collin heuchhi jalare drabaniah quaternary ammonium jougikagudikara eka paribara. collin heuchhi coline shrenira moola jougika, jaahaa ethanolamine abasistangshaku nei gathita, jeunthire tinoti methyl group samaana nitrogen paramanu sahita sanjukta . collin hydroxide collin khyara bhabare janashuna . ehaa hygroscopic ebong tenu prajatah eka rangaheena sandra hydrated sirap bhabare sammukheen hue jaahaa trimethylamine (tma) rahr gandha thaae . colliner jaleeja drabana sthira, kintu jougika dheere dheere ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol ebong tii. emm. aii. ray bhangijae . tii. emm. aii. ku 2-chloroethanol sahita bisodhana curry collin chloride tiari karajaiparibaha ethylene oxide ru 2-chloroethanol utpanna hoipariba . aitihasika drustiru collin prakrutika utsaru utpadita hoichhi, jepariki lesithin jalabichhedana madhyamare. prakrutire collin. collin prakrutire jibanta pranimananka madhyare byapaka. adhikansha praneenka khetrare, collin phospholipid kosh jhillire, kosh angakoshara jhillire ebong ati comm ghanatwa bisista lipoprotinre aabasyaka upadan. eka pustikar padartha bhabe collin. collin heuchhi manish ebong anyanya aneka praneenka paain eka atyabashyaka poshaka tatwa. manishamane colliner kichhi "dii nobho" sanshleshana karibaku sakhyama kintu swasthya bajaiah rakhiba paain khadyare atirikta collin aabasyaka kare . khadya abashyakata collin dwara nije kimba collin phospholipid aakarare purana karajaipariba, jepariki phosphatidylcoline . amino acid bhali sanrachana ebong metabolism sahita eka atyabashyaka poshaka tatwa heba satwe kolinku aanusthanika bhabare vitamin bhabare bargeekruta karajainahni. acetylcholine-eka neurotransmitter-ebong "ess"-adenocylmethionine (saama), eka sarbajaneena methyl daataa utpadana kariba paain collin aabasyaka . methylation parey saamaku ess-adenocil homocystinre rupantarita karajae. lakhyanatmaka collin abhaba anah-madyapanakari charbijukta jakruta roga ebong mansapeshi khyati srusti kare . adhika matrare collin (dainika 7.5 gramaru adhika) khaiba dwara trimethylamine karanaru nimna raktachapa, jhaala, tarala jhaala ebong maacha bhali shareeraru durgandha asipare, jaahaa collin bipaka prakrijare srusti hoithae. collin ebong collin phospholipidra samruddha khadya utsa madhyare anga maansa, anda haladia, dugdha utpada, chinabadam, nirdista binn, badam ebong manji antarbhukta . pasta ebong chaula thiba panipariba madhya americae khadyare collin grahanare yogdan kare . metabolism. jaiba sanshleshana. udbhidare, collin rahr "dii nobho" jaiba sanshleshanara pratham padakhyepa heuchhi seriner ethanolaminere decarboxylation, jaahaa eka serin decarboxylase dwara utprerita hue . ethanolamineru collin sanshleshana tinoti samantarala pathare hoipare, jeunthare methyl transferes dwara utprerita tinoti kramagata "enn"-methylson padakhyepa free-bases, phospho-bases, kimba phosphatidyl-bases upare karajae . methyl gosthira utsa heuchhi "s"-adenocil-- methionine ebong "s"-adenocil-- homocystine eka parswa utpada bhabare utpanna hue . manish ebong anya adhikansha praneenka khetrare, colliner nobho sanshleshana phosphatidylethanolamine enn-methyltransferase (pemt) path madhyamare hoithae, kintu manab aabashyakataaku purana kariba paain jaiba sanshleshana yathesta nuhen. hepatic paymot maargare, 3-phosphoglycerate (3piji) acl-koaru 2tii esile group grahan curry eka phosphatidic acid gathan kare . ehaa cytidine trifesfate sahita pratikrija curry cytidine diafsfet-dicylglyceral gathan kare . ehara hydroxyl group serin sahita pratikrija curry phosphatidilserine gathan kare jaahaa ethanolamine ebong phosphatidylethanolamine (pie) pharmare decarboxylate kare . eka paymot enzyme tinoti methyl grupaku tinoti 'ess'-adenocil methionins (saama) datankatharu phosphatidylthenolaminer ethanolamine grupaku sthanantarita curry eka phosphatidylcoline aakarare collin gathan kare . tini "ess"-adenocylhomosistine (sahas) eka upa-utpada bhabare gathita . adhika jatila collin dharanakaree anuru madhya collin mukta hoipare . udaharana swaroopa, adhikansha kosh prakarare phosphatidylcoline (pisi) ku hydrolyse curry collin (cole) karajaipariba. sii. dii. pii.-collin marga, cytosolic collin kinnes (sii. kee.) phosphorylate collin sahita atp ru phosphocolin (pii. sii. oh. ell.) dwara madhya collin utpadana karajaipariba. jakruta ebong brukak bhali keteka kosh prakarare ehaa hoithae. collin-fosfet cytedylile transferes (sii. pii. tii.) cytidine trifesfate (sii. tii. pii.) sahita pakolku sii. dii. pii-collin (sii. dii. pii-cole) ray rupantarita kare. sii. dii. pii.-collin ebong deglyceride diacylglycerol colinfsfotrancepheress (sii. pii. tii.) dwara pii. sii. ray rupantarita hue. manishamananka khetrare, keteka paymot-enzyme mutation ebong istrogen abhaba (prajatah menopaus karanaru) collin paain khadya abashyakata brudhi kare . moosha pranimananka khetrare, 70 pratishata phosphatidylcoline paymot maargare ebong maatra 30 pratishata cdp-collin maargare srusti hoithae. nockout mushanka khetrare, paymot nishkriya heba semananku sampurna bhabe khadya collin upare nirbharashila karithae. abasoshana. manishamananka khetrare, collin sandrata dhala ebong enterocyte jhilli madhyare bidyuta khyamata dwara parichalita sugama bistara madhyamare, collin antararu ess. ell. sii. 44aii1 (ctl1) jhilli protein madhyamare soshita hoithae. ess. ell. sii. 44aii1ray collin paribahana karibara seemita khyamata rahichhih adhika sandratare ehara kichhi ansha abasoshita hoi rahithae. soshita collin portal shira madhyamare enterocyte chadithae, jakrutaku atikrama kare ebong byabasthita sanchalanare prabesha kare . antra jeebaanu abasoshita collin ku trimethylaminere abnamit karanti, jaahaa jakrutare trimethylamine "enn"-oxideray jaarana hue . phosphocolin ebong glycerophosphocolingudic phospholipace madhyamare hydrolysed hoi kolinku jaithae, jaahaa portal shira bhitaraku prabesha karithae. jala drabaneejata karanaru, semananka madhyaru keteka portal shira parjyanta aparibartita bhabe palajana karithanti. charbire drabaniah collin jukta jougika (phosphatidylcoline ebong sphingomailin) gudika phospholipace dwara hydrolysed hoithae kimba kailomaikronre mishithiba lymphrey prabesha karithae. paribahana. manishamananka madhyare, collin raktare eka mukta anu bhabare paribahana hue . collin jukta phospholipid ebong glycerophosphocolin pari anyanya padartha rakta lipoprotein ray paribahana hue . sustha upabasa bajaskamananka raktare plasma collin stara prati litarare <aai. dii. 1> micromol (micromol/ly) ebong harahari 10 micromol/ly. staragudika nijantrita hoithae, kintu collin grahan ebong abhaba ehi staragudiku badalai deithae. collin khaiba parey praiah 3 ghanta parjyanta stara brudhi paithae . upabasa karuthiba bajaskamananka plajamare phosphatidylcoline stara 1.5-2.5 mmol/l atte. ehara byabahara praiah 8-12 ghanta paain mukta collin staraku brudhi kare, kintu phosphatidylcoline staraku gurutwapurna bhabare prabhabita kare naahin . collin heuchhi eka jala-drabaniah ayon ebong tenu paribahakamane charbire drabaniah kosh jhilli dei jiba aabasyaka kare . tini prakarara collin paribahanakaree janashuna . ess. ell. sii. 5aii. 7 gudika heuchhi sodium-(naa +) ebong atp-nirbharashila paribahanakaree. collin prati semanankara uccha bandhan sambandha rahichhi, ehaa mukhyatah nyuronaku paribahana karithae ebong parokhya bhabe acetylcholine utpadana sahita jadita. acetylcholine abhaba jogun manishar fusfus ebong anyanya mansapeshire banshagata durbalata srusti karithae. nockout mushanka khetrare, semanankara karjyaheenata phalare sayanosis ebong pakhyaghatare sahajare mrutyu hoithae. ctl1esra collin prati madhyama dharanara sambandha rahichhi ebong ehaa antra, jakruta, kidney, placenta ebong mitochondria sameth praiah samasta tisyuku paribahana karithae. sii. tii. ell. 1. ess. phosphatidylcoline ebong trimethylglycin utpadana paain collin jogaithae. sii. tii. ell. 2. bisesh curry jibha, kidney, mansapeshi ebong hrudayara mitochondriare hoithae. segudika colliner trimethylglycinere mitochondrial jaarana sahita jadita . sii. tii. ell. 1 ebong sii. tii. ell. 2. acetylcholine utpadana sahita jadita nuhen, barang rakta-mastishka pratibandhaka madhyamare kolinku ekathi paribahana kare . pratibandhakatira mastishka parsware kebala sii. tii. ell. 2. hoithae. semane madhya atirikta collin ku nyuronaru raktaku ferai dianti . sii. tii. ell. 1. kebala pratibandhakatira rakta parsware, kintu astrocyte ebong neuronra jhillire madhya ghatithae. acta1 ebong acta2 acetylcholine utpadana sahita jadita nuhen . semane comm akarshana sahita collin paribahana karanti . octa1s mukhyatah jakruta ebong kidaneere collin paribahana kare; octa2s kidney ebong mastishkare . storage. collin kosh jhilli ebong angakoshare phospholipid bhabare ebong kosh bhitare phosphatidylcoline ebong glycerophosphocolin bhabare gachhita hue . nirgamana. epariki 2ru 8 gramm collin matrare madhya, alpa collin manishamananka mootrare nishkasita hue . kidney bhitare ghatuthiba paribahanakareemananka madhyamare nirgamana hoithae (paribahana dekhantu). trimethylglycin jakruta ebong kidaneere dimethylglycin (tetrahydropholate methyl group madhyaru gotie grahan kare) ray demethyloted hue . methylglycin gathan hue, parisrare nishkasita hue, kimba glycine ray demethylated hue . karjya. collin ebong ehara utpanna padarthara manish ebong anya jeebamananka madhyare aneka karjya rahichhi. sabutharu ullekhaneeah karjya heuchhi je collin anya atyabashyaka kosh upadan ebong siganaling anu paain eka synthetic agradoota bhabare karjya kare, jepariki phospholipid jaahaa kosh jhilli, neurotransmitter acetylcholine, ebong osmorgulator trimethylglycin (bitten) gathan kare . trimethylglycin pratibadalare "s"-adenocylmethioninara jaiba sanshleshanare anshagrahana curry methyl gosthira eka utsa bhabare karjya kare . phospholipid agradoota. collin bibhinna phospholipidre rupantarita hue, jepariki phosphatidylcoline ebong sphingomailin . egudika samasta kosh jhilli ebong adhikansha kosh angakoshara jhillire dekhajae. phosphatidylcholingudic kosh jhillira gathangat drustiru gurutwapurna ansha. manishamanankathare semanankara phospholipid madhyaru 40-50% phosphatidylcoline . collin phospholipid colestrol sahita kosh jhillire lipid raft madhya gathan kare . raftgudika heuchhi kendra, udaharana swaroopa receptor ebong receptor signal transdoxon enzyme paain. bhi. ell. dii. ell. rahr sanshleshana paain phosphatidylcoline aabasyaka hueh semanankara phospholipid madhyaru <aai. dii. 1> manishare phosphatidylcoline . palmonary surfactanter sanshleshana paain madhya collin aabasyaka hue, jaahaa mukhyatah phosphatidylcoline ray gathita eka mishran . surfactant fushfusher sthitisthapakata paain daie, jaahaa fushfush tissure sankuchita ebong bistara karibara khyamata paain daie . udaharana swaroopa, fushfush tanture phosphatidylcoline abhaba tibra swasakrija janita samasya cindrome sahita jadita . phosphatidylcoline pittare nishkasita hue ebong ethire pitta amlara labana sahita surfactant bhabare karjya kare, ehipari lipidra antra shoshanare sahajya kare . acetylcholine sanshleshana. acetylcholine utpadana paain collin aabasyaka hue . udaharana swaroopa, ehaa eka neurotransmitter jaahaa mansapeshi sankuchana, smrutishakti ebong snajabika bikashare eka aabasyaka bhumika grahan karithae. tathapi, anya prakarara collin tulanare manab shareerare acetylcholine comm thaae . neuronagudika madhya acetylcholine utpadana paain semananka kosh jhillire phospholipid aakarare collin sanchai karanti . trimethylglyciner utsa. manishamananka khetrare, collin oxidase dwara collin jakruta mitochondriare aparibartaneeja bhabare glycine bitten aldehyderay jaarana hue . ehaa mitochondrial kimba cytosolic bitten-aldehyde dehydrogenesus dwara trimethylglycin ray jaarana hue . trimethylglycin eka aabasyaka osmorgulator . ehaa bii. etch. emm. tii.-enzyme paain eka stara bhabe madhya karjya karithae, jaahaa homocystineku methionine ray methylate karithae. ehaa eka "s"-adenocylmethionine (saam) agradoota. jaibika methylation pratikrijare saama heuchhi eka sadharana bikaraka. udaharana swaroopa, ehaa dii. enn. aii. rahr guanidine ebong histonra keteka laisinaku methylate karithae. tenu ehaa zin abhibyakti ebong epigenetic niamer anshabisesha. collin abhaba jogun homocystein stara brudhi paithae ebong raktare saama stara hrass paithae. khadyare thiba samagri. collin khadyare eka mukta anu bhabare ebong phospholipid aakarare, bisesh curry phosphatidylcoline bhabare dekhajae . anga maansa ebong andara kusumare collin sarbadhika thaae jadio ehaa anah-anga maansa, shasya, panipariba, phala ebong dugdhajata drabyare comm matrare dekhajae . roshei tell ebong anyanya khadya charbire mote collin praiah 5 mea. gra./100 gramm thaae . juktarastrare, khadya lebalagudika dainika 550 migra/dinara parjyapta grahan upare aadharita dainika mulya (% dibhi) rahr pratishata bhabare collin parimanaku prakash kare . dainika mulyara 100% rahr artha heuchhi je gotie khadyare 550 migra collin thaae . "mote collin" ku mukta collin ebong collin dharanakaree phospholipid rahr yogafala bhabare byakhya karajaichi, jaahaa bastutwa bhagnansha paain hisab nakari . manish stanyapanare collin prachur matrare thaae. swatantra stanyapana sisura paain pratidina praiah 120 mea. gra. collin sahita samaana. maa 'nka collin grahan brudhi stanyapanare collin parimanaku brudhi kare ebong comm grahan ehaaku hrass kare . shishu sootrare parjyapta collin thaipare kimba nathaipare. europeah sangha ebong aamerikare, pratyeka shishu sootrare prati 100 kilocalory (kilocalory) ray ati kamare 7 milligram collin joga kariba badhyatamoolaka . europeah sanghare, 50 mea. gra./100 kilokyaloriru adhika staraku anumathi naahin. trimethylglycin heuchhi colliner eka karjyakhyama metabolite . ehaa pustikar bhabare collin paain bikalpa, kintu kebala aanshika bhabare . udaharana swaroopa, gaham bran (1,339 mea. gra./100 gramm), toast hoithiba gaham jeebaanu (1,240 mea. gra./100 gramm) ebong palanga (<aai. dii. 1> mea. gra./100 gramm) ray adhika parimanara trimethylglycin dekhajae. dainika mulya. nimnare diajaithiba saaraneere colliner sadyatama utsa rahichhi, jaahaa nutan dainandina mulya ebong nutan pustisadhana tathya ebong paripuraka tathya lebalaku pratiphalita karithae. ehaa jayu ru tathya pratiphalita kare .ess. krushi bibhaga, krushi gabeshana seba. khadya tathya kendriah, 2019. khadya paramarsha. collin paain aanumanika harahari abashyakata (kaana) pratistha kariba paain aparjapta tathya upalabdha, tenu khadya ebong pustisadhana board (aif. enn. bii.) parjyapta grahan (aii. aai. ess.) pratistha karithila. bajaskamananka paain, collin paain ai purushanka paain 550 migra/deane ebong mahilanka paain 425 migra/deane sthira karajaithila . ehi mulyamana purushamananka jakruta paribartanaku rokiba paain darshajaichhi . tebe, ehi mulyagudika hassel kariba paain byabahruta adhyajanare comm collin prabhabasali heba kii naahin tahar mulyankana karajai nathila, kaaran gabeshakamane kebala collin-mukta khadyaku dainika 550 milligram collin thiba khadya sahita tulana karithile. ethiru, shishu ebong kishoramananka paain ice extrapolate karajaithila . suparishagudika dainika milligram (mea. gra./deane) ray thaae. europeah khadya surakhya pradhikarana (ee. aif. ess. aii.) rahr suparishagudika europeah sangha rastragudika paain sadharana suparish. ee. aif. ess. aii. grahan paain kaunasi uccha seema nirdharana karinahin. europeah sanghabhukta desagudikara adhika nirdista suparish thaipare. national ekademy off medicine (naama) suparish america, astrelia ebong nyujilyandare laagu hue . janasankhyare grahan. 2000 ru 2011 madhyare 9 tii europeah sangha deshare karajaithiba barati sarbekhyana akalana karichhi je ehi deshagudikare bajaskamananka collin grahan dainika 269-468 milligram heba. bayaska mahilamananka khetrare ehaa 269-444 mg/deane ebong bayaska purushamananka khetrare 332-468 mg/deane thila. sisunka khetrare ehaa 75-127 mg/deane, 1ru 3 barsha baisar pilamananka khetrare 151-210 mg/deane, 3ru 10 barsha baisar pilamananka khetrare 177-304 mg/deane ebong 10ru 18 barsha baisar pilamananka khetrare 244-373 mg/deane thila. garbhabati kishoramananka khetrare mote collin grahan harahari akalana 336 mea. gra./deane ebong garbhabati mahilamananka khetrare 356 mea. gra./deane thila. nains <aai. dii. 1> sarbekhyana upare aadharita eka adhyajana akalana karichhi je americara keteka upa-janasankhyare collin grahan bahuta comm . ehi samai madhyare 2 + barsha baisar pilamananka paain 315.2-318.8 mg/d thila. 2 + barsha baisar pilamananka madhyaru, kebala% purush ebong% mahila parjyapta matra (aii. aai.) atikrama karichanti. 2ru 3 barsha baisar%, 4ru 8 barsha baisar%, 9ru 13 barsha baisar%, 14-18 rahr% ebong 19 + barsha baisar% dwara AI atikrama karithila . kaunasi upa-janasankhyare uccha grahan stara atikrama karinathila. americara janasankhyara eka 2013-2014 nains adhyajanaru janapadichhi je 20 ebong taa 'thaaru adhika bajaskanka khetrare 2 ru 19 barsha baisar pilamanankara collin grahan mea. gra./deane ebong mea. gra./deane atte. 20 ebong taa 'thaaru adhika baisar purushanka khetrare mea. gra./dii. ebong 20 ebong taa' thaaru adhika baisar mahilamananka khetrare 278 mea. gra./dii. thila. abhaba. lakhyan oh sanketa. lakhyanatmaka collin abhaba manishamananka madhyare birala . adhikansha khadyaru ehara parjyapta parimana paithanti ebong ehara seemita parimanara jaiba sanshleshana karibare sakhyama hoithanti. lakhyangata abhaba prajatah keteka roga kimba anya parokhya karanaru hoithae. gurutara abhaba mansapeshi khyati ebong anah-madyapanakari charbijukta jakruta roga srusti kare, jaahaa serosis ray bikashita hoipare . manish byatita, fatty libhar madhya anya pashumanankathare collin abhabara eka sadharana sanketa . keteka prajatira kidaneere raktasraba madhya hoipare. ehaa collin dwara utpanna trimethylglycin abhabaru hoithiba sandeha karajauchhi, jaahaa eka osmorgulator bhabare karjya kare . kaaran ebong pranali. estrogen utpadana eka prasangika kaaran jaahaa comm khadya collin grahan sahita byaktibisheshanku abhaba hebara sambhabana srusti kare . estrogengudic phosphatidylcoline utpadana karuthiba paymot enajaimku sakriya karithae. mahilamananka adhika istrogen utpadana hetu menopaus purbaru mahilamanankare purushanka tulanare collin paain comm khadya abashyakata thaae . estrogen therapy bina, rajonibrutti parabarti mahilamananka collin abashyakata purushanka sahita samaana . collin ebong folate metabolismku prabhabita karuthiba keteka ekaka-nucleotide bahurupata (aanubanshika karaka) madhya prasangika . keteka antra jeebaanu madhya anyamananka tulanare adhika dakhyatara saha collin ku hrass karanti, tenu segudika madhya prasangika . abhabare, jakrutare phosphatidylcolingudicre upalabdhata hrass paae-egudika bhi. ell. dii. ell. gathan paain aabasyaka . ehipari, jakrutaru baharaku bhi. ell. dii. ell.-madhyasta fatty acid paribahana hrass paithae, jaahaa phalare jakrutare charbi jamaa hoithae. ekakaleena ghatuthiba anyanya prakriya madhya parjyabekhyana karajaithiba jakruta khyatira byakhya kariba paain paramarsha diajaichhi. udaharana swaroopa, mitochondrial jhillire madhya collin phospholipid aabasyaka hue . semanankara anupalabdhata mitochondrial jhillira upajukta electrochemical gradient bajaiah rakhibare akhyamata srusti kare, jaahaa anya jinish madhyare, β-oxidation madhyamare fatty acid abakhyai paain aabasyaka . tenu jakruta madhyare charbi metabolism hrass paae . atyadhika khaiba. adhika matrare collin khaiba dwara pratikula prabhaba padipare. udaharana swaroopa, dainika 8-20 g collin matra nimna raktachapa, banti, tarala jhaala ebong maacha bhali sharira gandha srusti karuthiba dekhibaku milichi. ehi gandhati trimethylamine (tii. emm. aii.) karanaru asithae, jaahaa antrare anah-soshita collin jeebaanu dwara srusti hoithae (trimethylaminuria dekhantu). jakruta tii. emm. aii. ku trimethylamine "enn"-oxide (tii. emm. aii. oh.) ray jaarana karithae. shareerare tii. emm. aii. ebong tii. emm. aii. oh. rahr uccha stara atherosclerosis ebong mrutyuharara bipada brudhi sahita jadita . tenu, carnitine byatita ehi bipadaku brudhi kariba paain atyadhika collin grahanaku kalpana karajaichi, jaahaa antra bacteria dwara tii. emm. aii. ebong tii. emm. aii. oh. ray madhya srusti hue . tebe, collin grahan hrudarogare mrutyu aashanka brudhi kare naahin bolly darshajaichhi. ehaa sambhaba je uccha tii. emm. aii. ebong tii. emm. aii. oh. stara anya antarnihita roga kimba aanubanshika karanagudikara eka lakhyan jaahaa byaktibisheshanka mrutyu haara brudhi paain purbanumana karithae. tii. emm. aii. ebong tii. emm. aii. oh. stara sambandheeah mrutyuharaku anudhyana karuthiba keteka adhyajanare ebhali karanagudika sathik bhabare hisab karajai nathaipare. kaaran bipareet kimba bibhrantikara hoipare ebong adhika collin grahan manishanka mrutyuhara brudhi karinapare . udaharana swaroopa, kidney disafankasana hrudrog paain purbanumana kare, kintu tii. emm. aii. ebong tii. emm. aii. oh. nirgamanaku madhya hrass karipare. swasthya upare prabhaba. neural tube banda. maa 'nka dwara comm matrare collin grahan kariba sahita neural tube truti hebara aashanka brudhi paithae. matrutware adhika matrare collin grahan kariba sambhabatah pilamananka madhyare unnat snajukosh gyaana/snajukosh bikash sahita jadita. collin ebong folate, vitamin bii12 sahita parasparika kriya curry, homocystein paain methyl daataa bhabare karjya curry methionine gathan karanti, jaahaa parey saam ("s"-adenocylmethionine) gathan karipare . stanyapajee pranimananka madhyare praiah samasta methylation pratikrija paain saama heuchhi stara. ehaa paramarsha diajaichhi je saama madhyamare bishrunkhalita methylation folate ebong enn. tii. dii. ess. madhyare samparka paain daie hoipare. ehaa collin khetrare madhya laagu hoipare. collin metabolismku byahata karuthiba keteka mutation nabajata sisunka madhyare enn. tii. dii. ess. rahr prasaraku brudhi kare, kintu khadya collin abhabara bhumika aspasta rahichhi. hrudrog ebong karkata roga. collin abhabaru fatty libhar srusti hoipare, jaahaa karkata ebong hrudrogar aashanka badhaithae. collin abhaba madhya saam utpadanaku hrass kare, jaahaa dii. enn. aii. methylation ray anshagrahana kare-ehi hrass madhya carcinogenesis ray yogdan karipare . tenu, abhaba ebong ehipari roga sahita ehara samparka adhyajana karajaichi . tebe, mukta janasankhyara parjyabekhyana adhyajana comm collin grahan ebong hrudrog kimba adhikansha karkata madhyare eka samparkaku biswasajogya bhabare darshai naahin . prostate karkata upare adhyajana paraspara birodhi hoichhi. gyaana. adhika collin grahan ebong gyaana madhyare prabhabaku parjyabekhyana karuthiba adhyajana manab bajaskamananka upare paraspara birodhi phalaphal sahita parichalita hoichhi . manab shishu ebong pilamananka upare samaana adhyajana paraspara birodhi ebong seemita madhya rahichhi. prasabapurba bikash. ubhaja garbhabastha ebong stanyapana dwara collin rahr chahida natakiah bhabare brudhi paithae . adhika collin "dii nobho" utpadana kariba paain istrogen stara brudhi madhyamare pemtra nijantrana dwara ehi chahida purana karajaipare, kintu paymot karjyakalapa brudhi satwe, collin paain chahida ete adhika je sadharanatah sharirika store hrass paithae . ehara udaharana heuchhi ehi parjyabekhyana je "paymot-/-" moosha (karjyakhyama pemtra abhaba thiba moosha) 9-10 dinare abasoshana karibe jadi anupuraka collin khuai nathaae . garbhabastha ebong stanyapana samajare maatru bhandarare thiba collin hrass pauthiba bele, garbhanal koshare thiba sandrata dhala biruddhare collin pump curry collin jamaa karithae, jeunthare ehaa parey bibhinna roopare, mukhyatah acetylcholine bhabare, gachhita rahe. amniyotika taralare collin sandrata maatru rakta tulanare dasha guna adhika hoipare . bhrunare karjya kare . koshiah jhilli (druta bhruna ebong maatru tantu samprasarana), eka-carbon maitira bardhita abashyakata (dii. enn. aii. ebong anyanya karjyara methylation paain eka stara), bhruna ebong plachental tisyumanare collin store brudhi, ebong lipoprotein ("charbijukta" ansha dhaaran karuthiba protein) rahr utpadana brudhi paain eka stara bhabare garbhabastha samajare collin rahr adhika chahida rahichhi. bisesh curry, mastishka upare collin byabaharara prabhaba prati agraha rahichhi. ehaa koshiah jhilli (bisesh curry phosphatidylcoline) tiari kariba paain eka padartha bhabare collin byabahararu utpanna hue . garbhabasthara truteeja traimasikare manishar mastishkara brudhi sabutharu druta hoithae ebong praiah pancha barsha bayasa parjyanta druta gatire hoithae. ehi samajare, sphingomailin paain chahida adhika, jaahaa phosphatidylcoline (ebong ehipari collin ru) tiari hue, kaaran ehi padartha myelinet (insulate) snaju tantu paain byabahruta hue . neurotransmitter acetylcholine utpadana paain madhya collin chahida rahichhi, jaahaa mastishka anchalara gathan ebong sangathana, neurogenesis, myelination ebong synaps gathanaku prabhabita karipare . acetylcholine epariki garbhanalare upasthita thaae ebong koshar prasara ebong prabhed (kosh sankhyare brudhi ebong bahubyabahara kosagudikara utsargeekruta koshiah karjyare paribartana) ebong prasabaku nijantrana karibare sahajya karipare . mastishkare collin grahan rakta-mastishka pratibandhakare abasthita eka comm-akarshana paribahanakaree dwara nijantrita hue . paribahana setebele hoithae jetebele dhamani rakta plasma collin sandrata 14 micronol/ly thaaru adhika hoithae, jaahaa collin-samruddha khadya khaiba parey collin sandratare brudhi samajare ghatipare . aparapakhyare, neuronagudika ubhaja uccha ebong nimna-akarshana paribahanakareemananka dwara collin hassel karithanti. collin jhilli-aabadha phosphatidylcoline bhabare gachhita hue, jaahaa parey acetylcholine neurotransmitter sanshleshana paain byabahruta hoipariba . acetylcholine abashyakata anujai gathita hue, sinapsare jatra kare, ebong nimnalikhita nyuranku sanketa prerana kare . parey, acetylcholinesteres ehaaku abakhyai kare, ebong mukta kolinku eka uccha-akarshana paribahanakaree dwara punithare neuron bhitaraku niajaithae . byabahara karantu. collin chloride ebong collin bitartrate khadya paripoorakare byabahruta hue . ehara nimna hygroscopicity hetu bitartrate adhika thara byabahruta hue . keteka collin labana kukuda, turkey ebong anya keteka pashu khadyara paripuraka bhabe byabahara karajaithae. keteka labana shilpa rasajanika padartha bhabe madhya byabahruta hoithaeh udaharana swaroopa, photolithographyre photorosistaku hataiba paain. collin theophilinate ebong collin salicillate oushadha bhabare byabahruta hue, ebong methacholin ebong carbachol pari sanrachanatmaka unlag . 11sii-collin bhali radiolable hoithiba coline, daktari chitrakala paain byabahruta hue . anya byabasajika bhabe byabahruta labana madhyare tricholin citrate ebong collin bicarbonate antarbhukta . birodhi ebong pratirodhaka. gabeshana uddeshyare shaha shaha collin antagonist ebong enzyme inhibitor bikashita karajaichi . aminomethylpropanol heuchhi eka gabeshana upakarana bhabare byabahruta prathamgudika madhyaru. ehaa collin ebong trimethylglycin sanshleshanaku rokithae. ehaa collin abhabaku prabartaibare sakhyama jaahaa phalare mushamanankare fatty libhar srusti hoithae. diethanolamine heuchhi epari anya eka jougika, kintu ehaa eka paribesha pradooshaka madhya. "enn"-cyclohexylcoline mukhyatah mastishkare collin grahanaku pratirodha kare . hemicolinium-3 eka adhika sadharana pratirodhaka, kintu madhya madhyama bhabare collin kainesku pratirodha kare . adhika nirdista collin keynage inhibitor madhya bikashita hoichhi . trimethylglycin sanshleshana pratirodhaka madhya rahichhih carboxybutisonheme eka nirdista bii. etch. emm. tii. pratirodhaka eka udaharana. demencier collinergic anumana kebala oushadheeja acetylcholinesteres inhibitor nuhen, barang bibhinna prakarara acetylcholine inhibitor madhya srusti karichhi . ebhali pratirodhakaree gabeshana rasajanika padarthara udaharana madhyare triethylcholine, homocolin ebong colliner anyanya aneka "enn"-ethyl derivet antarbhukta, jaahaa acetylcholine rahr mithya neurotransmitter unlag . collin acetyltransferase inhibitor madhya bikashita hoichhi . itihas. abishkara. 1849 masihare, adolph strekker pratham byakti thile jie pig pittaru collin pruthaka karithile. 1852 masihare, ell. baabu ebong emm. hirschbrun dhalaa sorish manjiru collin bahara curry ehaaku "sinkalin" naama deithile. 1862 masihare, strekker ghushuri ebong shanda pitta sahita nijara parikhyanaku doharaithile, ebong pratham thara paain padarthatiku "collin" bolly kahithile, jaahaa pitta paain greek sabda "chole" parey, ebong ehaaku rasajanika sutra c5h13no sahita chinhat karithile. 1850 masihare, theodor nicolas gwale carpsra mastishka ebong roru eka padartha bahara karithile, jahara naama shay andara kusum paain greek sabda "lesithin" naamare namit karithile, jaahaa 1874 masihare darshaithila je ehaa phosphatidylcoline rahr mishran thila . 1865 masihare, askara libraich pranimananka mastishkaru "neurine" ku pruthaka karithile. acetylcholine ebong libraich rahr "neurine" rahr gathanamulaka sutra 1867 ray adolph bhann bejaranka dwara samadhan karajaithila. sehi barsha parey "neurine" ebong sinkalin streaker rahr collin pari samaana padartha bolly darshajaithila . tenu, collin rahr gathanaku samadhan karibare beair pratham thile . bartamana neurine naamare janashuna jougikati collin sahita jadita nuhen . eka pustikar padartha bhabe abishkara. 1930 dashkar prarambhare, charles best ebong sahakarmeemane ullekha karithile je eka swatantra khadyare moosha ebong madhumeh roggy kukuramananka madhyare thiba charbijukta jakrutaku lesithin khuaiba dwara rokajaipariba, jaahaa 1932 ray pramanita karithila je lesithin ray thiba collin ehi pratishedhaka prabhaba paain ekamatra daie . 1998 masihare, jayu. ess. national ekademy off medicine manab khadyare collin paain semanankara pratham suparish bishajare suchana deithila.

collin collin () rasayanak farmule vaala ikk catian haii. collin vakkh-vakkh loonn banaunda haii, udaharan vajon collin chloride atey collin bitartrait. rasayan. collin ikk quaternary amonium catian haii. collin paanee witch ghulansheel quaternary amonium mishritan daa ikk parivaar haii. collin collin varag daa mool mishrit haii, jiss witch ethanolamine rahind-khunhad hundi haii jiss witch tinn methyl samooh ikko nitrogen parmanu naal jude hunde hunn. collin hydroxide noon collin bases vajon janhiaa jaanda haii. ih hygroscopic haii atey iss tarahan aksar ikk rangheen wisks hydrated sharbat dey roop witch sahmane aaundi haii joe trimethylamine (tii. aimm. aii.) dee badbu aaundi haii. collin dey jangli ghol sathir hunde hunn, parr ih mishrit hauli-hauli ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol atey tii. aimm. aii. witch tutt jaanda haii. collin chloride noon 2-chloroethanol naal tii. aimm. aii. daa ilaaj karke banaiaa jaa sakda haiyav 2-chloroethanol ethylene oxide toon paida keeta jaa sakda haii. collin itihasak taur utte kudrati sarotan toon paida keeti gaee haii, jiven kii lesithin dey hydrolysis duaara. kudrat witch collin. collin kudrat witch jeevat jeevan witch viaapak haii. ziaadaatar janwaran witch, collin phospholipid saill jhilli witch, saill organellan dee jhilli witch atey bahut ghatt ghanta vaale lipoprotein witch zaruri hisse hunn. ikk paushtik tatt dey roop witch collin. collin manukkhan atey horr bahut saare janwaran laee ikk zaruri paushtik tatt haii. manukh collin dey kujh "dee novo" sanshleshan dey samrath hunn parr sihat noon banayi rakkhan laee khurak witch vadhu collin dee zaroorat hundi haii. khurak deeaan zaruratan noon collin duaara aapne aap jaan collin phospholypid dey roop witch poora keeta jaa sakda haii, jiven kii phosphatidylcoline. collin noon rasmi taur utte ikk vitamin dey roop witch shrenibadh naheen keeta giaa haii, bhaven kii ih ikk zaruri paushtik tatt haii jiss witch amino acid vargi banatar atey paachak kiriaa haii. collin dee zaroorat acetylcholine-ikk neurotransmitter-atey "aiss"-adenosylmethionine (saim), ikk sarav viaapak methyl daani dey utpadan laee hundi haii. methylation utte saimm noon aiss-adenosyl homocystein witch badal ditta jaanda haii. lachhan vaali collin dee ghaat gair-alcoholic faeti jigar dee bimari atey maspeshiaan noon nuksan pahunchaundi haii. collin dee bahut ziaada khapat (pratee dinn 7.5 graam toon vaddh) trimethylamine dey caarn ghatt blood pressure, pasina, dasat atey machhi vargi sareer dee badbu daa caarn bann sakadi haii, joe collin dey paachak witch banadi haii. collin atey collin phospholipid dey ameer khurak sarotan witch anga daa meat, andey dee zardi, dayeri utpaad, moongfali, kujh beans, giridar atey beej shamal hunn. pasta atey chawal valiaan sabziaan vee amriki khurak witch collin dey sevan witch yogdan paundiaan hunn. paachak. biosynthesis. paudiaan witch, collin dey "dee novo" biosynthesis witch pahila kadam athenolamine witch serin daa decarboxylation haii, joe ikk serin decarboxylase duaara utprerit keeta jaanda haii. ethanolamine toon collin daa sanshleshan tinn samanantar maargan witch hoow sakda haii, jitthe ikk methyl transfer duaara utprerit tinn lagatar "ainn"-methylation kadam jaan taan free-bases, phospho-bases, jaan phosphatidyl-bases utte keete jaande hunn. methyl group daa sarot "s"-adenosyl-- methionine haii atey "s"-adenosyl-- homocystein ikk side utpaad dey roop witch tiaar keeti jaandi haii. manukkhan atey ziaadaatar horr janwaran witch, collin daa dee novo sanshleshan phosphatidylathnolymine ainn-methyl transferess (paimat) maarag raahin hunda haii, parr biosynthesis manukkhi zaruratan noon poora curran laee kaafi naheen haii. hapetic paimat ruut witch, 3-phosphoglycerate (3 pee. jee.) ikk phosphatidic acid banaun vaale aiseel-coa toon 2 aiseel samooh prapat karda haii. ih cytidine trifasfet naal pratikriaa karda haii atey cytidine difasfate-dicylglycerol banaunda haii. iss daa hydroxyl group phosphatidilsarin banaun laee serine naal pratikriaa karda haii joe ethanolamine atey phosphatidylathanolymine (pee. ee.) roopan witch decarboxylate karda haii. ikk paimat anzime tinn methyl samoohan noon tinn-adenosyl methionine (saim) daniaan toon phosphatidylathanolynamine dey ethanolamine samooh witch phosphatidylcoline dey roop witch collin banaun laee lae jaanda haii. three "z-adenocylhomosistine (saahas) ikk upp-utpaad dey roop witch banade hunn. collin noon vadhere gunjhaldar collin vaale anuaan toon vee jaari keeta jaa sakda haii. udaharan dey laee, phosphatidylcoline (pee. see.) noon ziaadaatar saillan deeaan kisman witch collin (cole) witch hydrolyse keeta jaa sakda haii. collin noon see. dee. pee.-collin ruut, cytosolic collin kinez (see. keey.) phosphorillate collin duaara atp toon phosphocolin (pee. cole) dey naal vee paida keeta jaa sakda haii. ih jigar atey gurde varge kujh saillan deeaan kisman witch hunda haii. collin-fasfet cytidile transferase (see. pee. tii.) cytidine trifasfet (see. tii. pee.) naal pee. cole noon see. dee. pee.-collin (see. dee. pee.-cole) witch badal dinda haii. see. dee. pee.-collin atey deglyceride noon dicylglycerol colinfosfotrancephress (see. pee. tii.) duaara pee. see. witch badliaa jaanda haii. manukkhan witch, kujh paimat-anzime parivartan atey astrogen dee ghaat (aksar minopause dey caarn) collin dee khurak dee zaroorat noon vadhaundi haii. chuhe witch, 70 pratishat phosphatidilcolines paimat maarag raahin atey siraf 30 pratishat cdp-collin maarag raahin banade hunn. nockout chuhiaan witch, paimat ayogta uhanan noon puurii tarahan khurak collin utte nirbhar banaundi haii. jazab karna. manukkhan witch, collin noon aiss. aill. see. 44aii1 44aii1 jhilli protein raahin antadiaan toon leane keeta jaanda haii, joe kii collin dee gadahapan gradient atey entrocyte jhilli witch bijli dee samratha duaara niyantrit keeta jaanda haii. aiss. aill. see. 44aii. 1 witch collin noon lijaan dee seemat samratha haiyav ucch gadahapan utte iss daa hissa binan sokhe chhadd ditta jaanda haii. leane collin portal nus raahin entrocytes noon chaddadi haii, jigar noon langhdi haii atey pranaligat sanchar witch dakhal hundi haii. antadiaan dey roganu ann-sokhe hoye collin noon trimethylamine witch ghataunde hunn, joe jigar witch trimethylamine "ainn"-oxide witch aaa jaanda haii. phosphocolin atey glycerophosphocoline noon phospholypaces raahin collin witch hydrolyse keeta jaanda haii, joe portal nus witch dakhal hunda haii. unhan dee paanee witch ghulansheelta dey caarn, unhan vicchon kujh portal nus witch badalde naheen rahinde. charbi witch ghulansheel collin vaale mishran (phosphatidilcoline atey spingomyelin) jaan taan phospholypaces duaara hydrolyse keete jaande hunn jaan kylomicrone witch shamal lasika witch dakhal hunde hunn. aavajai. manukkhan witch, collin noon khoon witch ikk mukat anoo dey roop witch lijaiaa jaanda haii. collin vaale phospholipid atey horr padarath, jiven kii glycerophosphocoline, khoon dey lipoprotein witch lijaiaa jaanda haii. tandrust varat rakkhan vaale balgan witch khoon dey plazma collin daa paddhar 7-20 micromol pratee leater (μmol/l) atey austan 10 μmol/l hunda haii. paddhar niyantrit hunde hunn, parr collin daa sevan atey ghaat inhan padhran noon badal dindi haii. collin dee khapat toon baad lagbhag 3 ghantiaan laee paddhar uccha hunda haii. varat rakkhan vaale balgan dey plazma witch phosphatidylcoline daa paddhar 1.5-2.5 mmol/l haii. iss dee khapat lagbhag 8-12 ghantiaan laee mufat collin dey paddhar noon vadhaundi haii, parr phosphatidilcoline dey paddhar noon mahattavpuran taur 'teey prabhavat naheen kardi. collin ikk paanee witch ghulansheel aain haii atey iss laee transporteran noon charbi witch ghulansheel saill jhilli vicchon langhan dee zaroorat hundi haii. tinn kisman dey collin transporter jaane jaande hann aiss. aill. see. 5aii. 5aii. sodium-(ainn. aii. +) atey aii. tii. pee.-nirbhar transporter hunn. uhanan daa collin laee ucch bandhan sabndh haii, iss noon mukkh taur 'teey neurons takk pahunchaunde hunn atey asidhe taur' teey acetylcholine dey utpadan naal jude hunde hunn. uhanan dey kaaraj dee ghaat acetylcholine dee ghaat caarn manukkhan witch pulmonary atey horr maspeshiaan witch vanshvadi kamzori daa caarn banadi haii. nockout chuhiaan witch, uhanan dee napunsakta dey natije vajon sinosis atey adhrang naal asani naal maut hoow jaandi haii. hunn। daa collin naal madham sabndh haii atey ih lagbhag saare tissues witch pahunchada haii, jiss witch antadiaan, jigar, gurde, placenta atey mitochondria shamal hunn. hunn.aaiaaash phosphatidylcoline atey trimythylglycin utpadan laee collin dee saplai karda haii. haii। vishesh taur utte jeebh, gurdiaan, maspeshiaan atey dill witch mitochondria witch hunde hunn. uh collin dey trimythylglycin dey mitochondrial aaksikaran naal jude hoye hunn. hunn.aaiaaash atey atey acetylcholine dey utpadan naal jude naheen hunn, parr khoon-dimag dee rukawat raahin collin noon ikkathe lijaan laee hunn. rukawat dey dimag vaale paase siraf ctl 2 hunde hunn. uh vadhu collin noon neuron toon khoon witch waps lae jaande hunn. hunn। siraf rukawat dey khoon vaale paase 'teey hunda haii, parr astrocytes atey neurons dee jhilli' teey vee hunda haii. aakat 1 atey aakat 2 aiss acetylcholine dey utpadan naal jude naheen hunn. uh ghatt nedta dey naal collin noon lijaan laee jaande hunn. okto 1 aiss collin noon mukkh taur 'teey jigar atey gurdiaan witch; octo 2 aiss gurdiaan atey dimag witch lijanda haii. bhandaran. collin noon saill jhilli atey organellan witch phospholipid dey roop witch atey saillan dey ander phosphatidilcoline atey glycerophosphocoline dey roop witch store keeta jaanda haii. mull-nikas. 2 toon 8 graam dee collin khurakan 'teey vee, manukkhan witch pishab witch thoda collin bahr kaddhiaa jaanda haii. gurdiaan dey ander honn vaale transporteran raahin nikas hunda haii (aavajai dekho). trimythylglycin noon jigar atey gurdiaan witch dimythylglycin witch demethylate keeta jaanda haii (tetrahydropholate methyl samoohan vicchon ikk prapat karda haii). methylglycin daa roop, pishab witch bahr kaddhiaa jaanda haii, jaan glycine witch demethalated hunda haii. function. collin atey iss dey derivatives dey manukkhan atey horr jeevan witch bahut saare kaaraj hunn. sabh toon mahattavpuran kaaraj ih haii kii collin horr zaruri saill hissiaan atey signalling anuaan laee ikk synthetic puravgami vajon kamm karda haii, jiven kii phospholipid joe saill jhilli banaunde hunn, neurotransmitter acetylcholine, atey osmorgulator trimythylglycin (beaten). trimythylglycin badle witch "s"-adenocylmethionine dey biosynthesis witch hissa lae keey methyl samoohan dey sarot vajon kamm kardi haii. phospholipid puravgami. collin noon vakkh-vakkh phospholypids witch badliaa jaanda haii, jiven kii phosphatidilcoline atey spingomyelin. ih saare saill jhilli atey ziaadaatar saill organellan dee jhilli witch paae jaande hunn. phosphatidylcoline saill jhilli daa dhanchagat taur utte mahattavpuran hissa hunn. manukkhan witch uhanan dey phospholypid vicchon 40-50% phosphatidylcoline hunn. collin phospholipids colestrol dey naal saill jhilli witch lipid raft vee banaunde hunn. raft kendra hunn, udaharan vajon receptor atey receptor signal transduction paachak laee. phosphatidylcolines dee load vee. ail. dee. ail. dey sanshleshan laee hundi haiyav uhanan dey phospholipids vicchon 70-95% manukkhan witch phosphatidylcolines hunde hunn. pulmonary surfectant dey sanshleshan laee vee collin dee zaroorat hundi haii, joe kii ikk mishran haii jiss witch ziaadaatar phosphatidilcoline hunde hunn. surfectant fefdiaan dee lachkilepan laee zimmevar haii, joe kii fefdiaan dey tissue dee sankuchit honn atey failaun dee yogta laee haii. udaharan dey laee, fefdiaan dey tissues witch phosphatidylcoline dee ghaat noon teebar saah sambandhi sankat syndrome naal jodiaa giaa haii. phosphatidylcolines noon pishab witch kaddhiaa jaanda haii atey iss witch pishab dey tezab dey loonn naal surfectant vajon kamm keeta jaanda haii, iss tarahan lipid dey antadiaan dey jazab curran witch madad mildi haii. acetylcholine sanshleshan. acetylcholine dey utpadan laee collin dee zaroorat hundi haii. ih ikk neurotransmitter haii joe maspeshi dey sankuchan, yadadashat atey tantu vikas witch zaruri bhumika nibhaunda haii, udaharan vajon. firr vee, collin dey horr roopan dey mukabale manukkhi sareer witch bahut ghatt acetylcholine hundi haii. neurons acetylcholine dey utpadan laee collin noon phospholipid dey roop witch uhanan dey saill jhilli witch vee store karde hunn. trimythylglycin daa sarot. manukkhan witch, collin noon collin oxidases duaara jigar dey mitochondria witch glycine beaten aldehyde witch aparivart roop witch aaksikaran keeta jaanda haii. ih mitochondrial jaan cytosolic beatine-aldehyde dehydrogenase duaara trimythalglycin witch oxidise keeta jaanda haii. trimythylglycin ikk zaruri osmorgulator haii. ih bee. aich. aimm. tii.-anzime laee ikk ghataona vajon vee kamm karda haii, joe homocystein noon methionine witch methylate karda haii. ih ikk "s"-adenocylmethionine (saim) puravgami haii. jaivik methylation pratikriaavan witch saim ikk aam reagent haii. udaharan dey laee, ih dee. ainn. aii. dey guanidines atey histones dey kujh licins noon methylate karda haii. iss tarahan ih jeane samikaran atey epigenetic regulation daa hissa haii. collin dee ghaat iss tarahan homocystein dey paddhar noon vadhaundi haii atey khoon witch saim dey paddhar noon ghataundi haii. bhojan witch samaggari. collin bhojan witch ikk mukat anoo dey roop witch atey phospholipid dey roop witch hunda haii, khaas karke phosphatidilcoline dey roop witch. anga dey meat atey andey dee zardi witch collin sabh toon vaddh hundi haii, halanki ih gair-anga dey meat, anaaj, sabziaan, fall atey dayeri utpadan witch ghatt matra witch paaee jaandi haii. khaana pakaun dey tail atey horr bhojan charbi witch kull collin daa lagbhag 5 milligram/100 graam hunda haii. sanyukat raaj witch, bhojan dey label 550 milligram/dinn dey dhukven sevan dey adhaar teey rozana mull (% dv) dee pratishatata dey roop witch collin dee matra noon darsaunde hunn. rozana mull dey 100% daa arth haii kii bhojan dee ikk seva witch 550 milligram collin hundi haii. "kull collin" noon punj ansh dey hisab toon binan, mukat collin atey collin vaale phospholipid dey jode vajon paribhashit keeta giaa haii. manukkhi maan daa dudh collin naal bharpur hunda haii. vishesh chhaati daa dudh chunghauna bacche laee pratee dinn lagbhag 120 milligram collin dey barabar hunda haii. maan dey collin dey sevan witch vaadha maan dey dudh witch collin dee matra noon vadhaunda haii atey ghatt sevan iss noon ghataunda haii. bacchiaan dey farmulian witch kaafi collin hoow sakadi haii jaan naheen vee hoow sakadi. european union atey amrica witch, harek bacche dey farmule witch ghatto ghatt 7 milligram collin pratee 100 kilocalary (keey. see. ail.) jodna lazmi haii. european union witch, 50 milligram/100 kilogram toon uppar dey paddhar dee aagiaa naheen haii. trimythylglycin collin daa ikk karajsheel paachak haii. ih paushtik taur utte collin dee thaan lainda haii, parr siraf anshak taur utte. udaharan laee, kanak dee bhunni (1,339 milligram/100 graam), toasted kanak dey roganu (1,240 milligram/100 graam) atey paalak (600-645 milligram/100 graam) witch trimythalglycin dee ucch matra paaee jaandi haii. rozana mull. heth ditti saarnee witch navein rozana mull atey navein poshan tatthan atey poorak tatthan dey label noon darsaun laee collin dey update keete sarot shamal hunn. ih yuu toon detta noon darsaunda haii.aiss. khetibadi vibhag, khetibadi khoj seva. foodeta central, 2019. khurak deeaan sifarshan. collin laee ikk anumanat ausat zaroorat (qann) sathapat curran laee nakafi ankade upalbadh hunn, iss laee food aind nutrition board (eff. ainn. bee.) neey dhukvin matra witch sevan (aii. aaee. aiss.) sathapat keeta. balgan laee, collin laee aii. aaee. purshan laee 550 milligram/dinn atey aurtan laee 425 milligram/dinn nirdharat keeta giaa see. ih mull mardan witch jigar dee tabdili noon rokann laee darsaae gaye hunn. halanki, inhan mullan noon prapat curran laee varte gaye adhiaen neey ih mulankan naheen keeta kii qee ghatt collin prabhavshali hovegi, kiunki khojkartavan neey siraf collin-mukat khurak dee tulna pratee dinn 550 milligram collin vaali khurak naal keeti. iss toon, bacchiaan atey kishoran laee aiss noon bahr kaddhiaa giaa see. sifarshan milligram pratee dinn (milligram/dinn) witch hunn. european food safety atharty (ee. eff. aiss. aii.) deeaan sifarshan european union dey deshan laee aam sifarshan hunn. ee. eff. aiss. aii. neey sevan laee koee ucch seema nirdharat naheen keeti haii. viaktigat yurapi sangh dey deshan cole vadhere vishesh sifarshan hoow sakdiaan hunn. national academy aaf maddison (naam) deeaan sifarshan sanyukat raaj amrica, australia atey newzealand witch lagu hundiaan hunn. aabadi witch sevan. 2000 atey 2011 dey vichkaar 9 yurapi sangh dey deshan witch keete gaye baaran sarvekhanan neey inhan deshan witch balgan dee collin dee matra pratee dinn 269-468 milligram honn daa anuman lagaiaa haii. baalag aurtan witch 269-444 milligram/dinn atey baalag mardan witch 332-468 milligram/dinn see. bacchiaan witch 75-127 milligram/dinn, 1 toon 3 saal dey bacchiaan witch 151-210 milligram/dinn, 3 toon 10 saal dey bacchiaan witch 177-304 milligram/dinn atey 10 toon 18 saal dey bacchiaan witch 244-373 milligram/dinn see. collin dee kull matra daa ausat anuman garbhavati kishoran witch 336 milligram/dinn atey garbhavati aurtan witch 356 milligram/dinn see. nanes 2009-2012 sarvekhan dey adhaar utte ikk adhiaen neey anuman lagaiaa kii kujh yuu. aiss. upp-aabadiaan witch collin daa sevan bahut ghatt haii. iss samein dey vichkaar 2 + saal dey bacchiaan witch 315.2-318.8 mg/d daa sevan keeta giaa see. 2 + saal dey bacchiaan vicchon, siraf% marad atey% aurtan neey dhukvin matra (aii. aaee.) toon vaddh sevan keeta. aii. aaee. 2 toon 3 saal dey bacchiaan dey%, 4 toon 8 saal dey bacchiaan dey%, 9 toon 13 saal dey bacchiaan dey%, 14-18 dey% atey 19 + saal dey bacchiaan dey% toon vaddh giaa see. kise vee upp-aabadi witch ucch sevan paddhar toon vaddh naheen see. amriki aabadi dey ikk 2013-2014 nainas adhiaen witch 20 saal atey iss toon vaddh umar dey balgan witch 2 toon 19 saal dey bacchiaan daa collin daa sevan milligram/dinn atey milligram/dinn paaiaa giaa. 20 saal atey iss toon vaddh umar dey mardan witch mg/d atey 20 saal atey iss toon vaddh umar deeaan aurtan witch 278 mg/d daa sevan keeta giaa see. ghaat. chinnh atey lachhan lachhan vaali collin dee ghaat manukkhan witch bahut ghatt hundi haii. ziaadaatar iss noon khurak toon lodindi matra witch prapat karde hunn atey iss dee seemat matra witch biosynthesis curran dey yog hunde hunn. lachhan dee ghaat aksar kujh bimariaan jaan horr asidhe kaarnan karke hundi haii. gambhir ghaat maspeshi noon nuksan pahunchaundi haii atey gair-alcoholic faeti jigar dee bimari daa caarn banadi haii, joe sirosis witch vikast hoow sakadi haii. manukkhan toon ilava, charbi vaala jigar vee horr janwaran witch collin dee ghaat daa ikk aam sanket haii. gurdiaan witch khoon vagan dee ghatna vee kujh prajatiaan witch hoow sakadi haii. ih shakk haii kii collin toon prapat trimythylglycin dee ghaat caarn haii, joe kii ikk osmorgulator vajon kamm kardi haii. caarn atey vidhi. astrogen daa utpadan ikk dhukvan kaarak haii joe viaktiaan noon ghatt khurak vaale collin dey sevan dey naal-naal ghaat daa caarn banada haii. astrogens phosphatidylcoline noon sargaram karde hunn joe paimat paachak paida karde hunn. aurtan dey ucch astrogen utpadan dey caarn minopause toon pahilan aurtan noon mardan dey mukabale collin dee ghatt khurak dee zaroorat hundi haii. istrojan therapy toon binan, minopausal toon baad deeaan aurtan deeaan collin deeaan zaruratan mardan dey samaan hundiaan hunn. collin atey folate paachak kiriaa noon prabhavit curran vaale kujh single-nucleotide polymorphism (genetic kaarak) vee prasangik hunn. kujh antadiaan dey roganu vee collin noon doojiaan naalon vadhere kushalta naal ghataunde hunn, iss laee uh vee dhukven hunn. iss dee ghaat witch, jigar witch phosphatidylcoline dee uplabbadhta ghatt hoow jaandi haii-ih vee. ail. dee. ail. dey gathan laee zaruri hunn. iss tarahan jigar vicchon bahr jaanh vaale vee. ail. dee. ail.-vichole faeti acid dee aavajai ghatt jaandi haii jiss naal jigar witch charbi ikkathi hoow jaandi haii. nirikhat jigar dey nuksan dee viaakhiaa curran vaale horr iko samein vaparan vaale dhangan daa vee sujhaa ditta giaa haii. udaharan dey laee, mitochondrial jhilli witch collin phospholipid dee vee zaroorat hundi haii. uhanan dee anupalbadhta mitochondrial jhilli dee sahee electro chemical gradient noon banayi rakkhan witch asamratha vall lae jaandi haii, joe kii horr cheezan dey naal, β-aaksikaran duaara faeti aisidan noon ghataun laee zaruri haii. iss laee jigar dey ander charbi daa paachak kiriaa ghatt hoow jaandi haii. ziaada matra witch sevan. collin dee bahut ziaada khurak dey ulat prabhav hoow sakde hunn. udaharan vajon, collin deeaan rozana 8-20 g khurakan ghatt blood pressure, matli, dasat atey machhi vargi sareer dee badbu daa caarn bandiaan hunn. badbu trimethylamine (tii. aimm. aii.) dey caarn hundi haii joe ann-sokhe hoye collin toon antadiaan dey jivanuyan duaara banayi jaandi haii (trimethylaminuria dekho). jigar tii. aimm. aii. noon trimethylamine "ainn"-oxide (tii. aimm. aii. ou.) witch badalda haii. sareer witch tii. aimm. aii. atey tii. aimm. aii. ou. dey ucche padhran noon aetheroschlerosis atey maut darr dey vadhe hoye jokham naal jodiaa giaa haii. iss tarahan, carnitine toon ilava inhan jokhman noon vadhaun laee bahut ziaada collin dey sevan dee kalpana keeti gaee haii, joe antadiaan dey bacteria duaara tii. aimm. aii. atey tii. aimm. aii. ou. witch vee banada haii. halanki, collin daa sevan dill deeaan bimariaan toon meron dey jokham noon vadhaun laee naheen dikhaiaa giaa haii. ih sambhav haii kii uccha tii. aimm. aii. atey tii. aimm. aii. ou. daa paddhar siraf horr underlying bimariaan jaan genetic karkan daa ikk lachhan haii joe viaktiaan noon vadh rahee maut darr laee pesh karde hunn. hoow sakda haii kii tii. aimm. aii. atey tii. aimm. aii. ou. paddhar naal sabandhat maut darr noon dekhan vaale kujh adhiaenan witch ajihe karkan daa sahee dhang naal lekha-jokha naa keeta giaa howay. caarn ulat jaan ulajhan vaala hoow sakda haii atey vadde collin daa sevan manukkhan witch maut darr noon naheen vadha sakda. udaharan dey laee, gurde dee napunsakta cardiovascular bimariaan laee sambhavit haii, parr ih tii. aimm. aii. atey tii. aimm. aii. ou. dey nikas noon vee ghataa sakadi haii. sihat prabhav. neural tioob bnd karna. collin daa ghatt maavan daa sevan neural tioob nuksan dey vadhe hoye jokham naal judiaa hoiaa haii. collin daa ucch maavan daa sevan sambhavat taur utte bacchiaan witch bihtar neuro cognition/neuro development naal judiaa hoiaa haii. collin atey folate, vitamin bee 12 naal persper kriaa karde hoye, homocystein noon methyl daani vajon kamm karde hunn taan joe mathionine bann sake, joe firr saim ("s"-adenocylmethionine) bnaa sakda haii. saimm thandhari jeevan witch lagbhag saariaan methylation pratikriaavan laee ghataona haii. ih sujhaa ditta giaa haii kii saim raahin vighan paunh vaala methylation folate atey ainn. tii. dee. aiss. dey vichkaar sabndh laee zimmevar hoow sakda haii. ih collin utte vee lagu hoow sakda haii. kujh parivartan joe collin paachak kiriaa noon vigadade hunn, navjame bacchiaan witch ainn. tii. dee. aiss. dey prasaar noon vadhaunde hunn, parr khurak collin dee ghaat dee bhumika aspasht rahindi haii. dill deeaan bimariaan atey cancer. collin dee ghaat faeti jigar daa caarn bann sakadi haii, jiss naal cancer atey cardiovascular bimari daa khatra vadh jaanda haii. collin dee ghaat naal saimm daa utpadan vee ghatt hunda haii, joe dee. ainn. aii. methylation witch hissa lainda haii-ih qamee carcinogenesis witch vee yogdan paa sakadi haii. iss tarahan, qamee atey ajihiaan bimariaan naal iss dey sabndh daa adhiaen keeta giaa haii. halanki, mufat aabadi dey nirikhan adhiaenan neey yakinan taur 'teey ghatt collin dey sevan atey cardiovascular bimariaan jaan ziaadaatar canceran dey vichkaar sabndh naheen dikhaiaa haii. prostate cancer baare adhiaen virodhabhasi rahey hunn. giaan. manukkhi balgan witch ucch collin dey sevan atey bodh dey vichkaar prabhav daa nirikhan curran vaale adhiaen virodhabhasi natijiaan dey naal keete gaye hunn. manukkhi bacchiaan atey bacchiaan utte isey tarahan dey adhiaen virodhabhasi atey seemat vee rahey hunn. janam toon baad daa vikas. garabh avastha atey dudh chunghaun doven hii collin dee mung noon nataki dhang naal vadhaunde hunn. iss mung noon vadhere collin "dee novo" paida curran laee astrogen dey paddhar noon vadha keey paimat dey niyantran duaara poora keeta jaa sakda haii, parr paimat gatividhi witch vaadhe dey naal, collin dee mung ajey vee inni ziaada haii kii aam taur 'teey sarirak store khatam hoow jaande hunn. iss dee udaharan iss nirikhan duaara ditti gaee haii kii "paimat-/-" chuhe (kammkaji paimat dee ghaat vaale chuhe) 9-10 dinan witch khatam hoow jaange jadon takk poorak collin naheen khuaundi. jadon kii garabh avastha atey dudh chunghaun dauran collin dey jaccha bhandar khatam hoow jaande hunn, placenta tissue witch ikagarta gradient dey virudh collin noon pump karke collin noon ikkatha karda haii, jitthe iss noon firr vakkh-vakkh roopan witch store keeta jaanda haii, ziaadaatar acetylcholine dey roop witch. amneotic taral witch collin dee matra maavan dey khoon naalon dass gunna vaddh hoow sakadi haii. garabhsath shishu witch kaaraj karda haii. garabh avastha dauran collin dee cellular jhilli (tezi naal garabhsath shishu atey maan dey tissue daa vistaar), ikk carbon moities (dee. ainn. aii. atey horr kaarjan dey methylation laee ikk ghataona), garabhsath shishu atey placental tissues witch collin storan noon vadhaun atey lipoprotein ("charbi" hissiaan vaale protein) dey utpadan witch vaadha curran laee ikk ghataona dey roop witch ucch mung haii. vishesh taur utte, dimag utte collin dee khapat dey prabhav witch dilchaspi haii. ih cellular jhilli banaun laee ikk samaggari dey roop witch collin dee varton (khaas karke phosphatidilcoline banaun witch) toon paida hunda haii. garabh avastha dee tiji timahi dauran manukkhi dimag daa vikas sabh toon tezi naal hunda haii atey lagbhag panj saal dee umar takk tezi naal jaari rahinda haii. iss samein dauran, spingomyelin dee mung bahut ziaada haii, joe kii phosphatidylcoline (atey iss tarahan collin toon) toon banayi gaee haii, kiunki iss samaggari dee varton myelinet (insulate) nasaan dey reshiaan laee keeti jaandi haii. collin neurotransmitter acetylcholine dey utpadan dee vee mung witch haii, joe dimag dey khetran, neurogenesis, myelination atey cineps dey gathan dee banatar atey sangathan noon prabhavat qarr sakda haii. acetylcholine placenta witch vee maujood hundi haii atey saill dey prasaar atey bhinntavan (saill dee ginti witch vaadha atey multiews saillan noon samarpit cellular functionan witch badlan) atey janam noon niyantrit curran witch sahaita qarr sakadi haii. dimag witch collin daa sevan khoon-dimag dee rukawat utte sathit ikk ghatt-lagaav transporter duaara niyantrit keeta jaanda haii. aavajai udon hundi haii jadon dhamniaan dey khoon plazma collin dee gadahapan 14 micro moll/leater toon uppar vaddh jaandi haii, joe collin naal bharpur bhojan khaann toon baad collin dee gadahapan witch vaadhe dauran hoow sakadi haii. iss dey ulat, neuron ucch atey ghatt-ruchi vaale transporteran duaara collin prapat karde hunn. collin noon jhilli-bnnhe phosphatidilcoline dey roop witch store keeta jaanda haii, jiss dee varton baad witch acetylcholine neurotransmitter sanshleshan laee keeti jaa sakadi haii. acetylcholine load anusar banadi haii, cineps dey paar yaatra kardi haii, atey sanket noon heth likhe neuran witch sancharit kardi haii. baad witch, acetylcholinesterase iss noon kharaab qarr dinda haii, atey ikk ucch-nedta transporter duaara faree collin noon firr toon neuran witch liaa jaanda haii. varton. khurak purkan witch collin chloride atey collin bitartrait dee varton keeti jaandi haii. bitartrait dee varton iss dee ghatt hygroscopicity dey caarn vadhere keeti jaandi haii. kujh collin loonn dee varton chikan, turkey atey kujh horr janwaran dey feed dee purti laee keeti jaandi haii. kujh loonn noon udyogik rasainan vajon vee vartiaa jaanda haiyav udaharan vajon, photoresist noon hataun laee photolithography witch. collin theophilinate atey collin celecylate dee varton davaiaan dey naal-naal dhanchagat analogue jiven kii methacolin atey carbachol vajon keeti jaandi haii. haii। varge radiolabled collin dee varton medical imaging witch keeti jaandi haii. horr vaparak taur utte varte jaanh vaale loonn witch tricholine citrate atey collin bicarbonate shamal hunn. virodhi atey roku. khoj dey udeshan laee sainkade collin virodhi atey anzime inhibters vikast keete gaye hunn. aminomethylpropanal ikk khoj saadhan vajon varte jaanh vaale pahile sadhanan vicchon ikk haii. ih collin atey trimythalglycin sanshleshan noon rokada haii. ih collin dee ghaat noon prerit curran dey yog haii jiss dey natije vajon chuhe witch charbi vaala jigar paida hunda haii. diethanolamine ikk horr ajiha hii mishrit haii, parr ikk vatavaran pardushak vee haii. "n"-cyclohexylcoline mukkh taur utte dimag witch collin dey sevan noon rokada haii. hemicolinium-3 ikk vadhere aam inhibter haii, parr collin kiness noon vee madham taur teey rokada haii. vadhere vishesh collin kinez inhibters vee vikast keete gaye hunn. trimythylglycin sanshleshan inhibters vee maujood hann carboxybutylhomositine ikk vishesh bee. aich. aimm. tii. inhibter dee ikk udaharan haii. dementia dee collinergic kalpana neey naa siraf aushadhi acetylcholinesterase inhibters noon janam ditta haii, balki kaee tarahan dey acetylcholine inhibters noon vee janam ditta haii. ajihe roku khoj rasainan deeaan udaharnan witch triethylcholine, homocolin atey collin dey kaee horr "ainn"-ethyl derivative shamal hunn, joe kii acetylcholine dey jhoothe neurotransmitter analogue hunn. collin acetyltransferess inhibters vee vikast keete gaye hunn. itihaas. khoj. sann 1849 witch, adolf stracker suur dey pishab toon collin noon alagg curran vaala pahila viakati see. 1852 witch, aill. babu atey aim. hirshbroon neey chitte sarhon dey beejan toon collin kaddhi atey iss noon "sinkleen" naam ditta. sann 1862 witch, stracker neey suur atey balad dey pishab naal aapne prayog noon duhraiaa, jiss witch pahili vaar padarath noon "collin" kiha giaa, jiss toon baad yunani shabad "chol", atey iss dee pachanh rasayanak farmula c5h13no naal keeti gaee. 1850 witch, theodor nicholls goble neey corps dey dimag atey roow toon ikk padarath kaddhiaa jiss daa naam usne andey dee jardi laee yunani shabad dey naam utte "lesithin" rakkhiaa, jiss toon pataa chalda haii kii ih 1874 witch phosphatidilcoline daa mishran see. 1865 witch, aaskar librach neey janwaran dey dimag toon "neurine" noon alagg qarr ditta. acetylcholine atey libreak dey "neurine" dey dhanchagat farmulian noon 1867 witch adolf vaan bayer duaara hall keeta giaa see. uss saal baad witch "neurine" atey sinkleen noon stracker dey collin dey samaan padarath dikhaiaa giaa see. iss tarahan, bayer collin dee banatar noon hall curran vaala pahila viakati see. hunn neurine vajon janhiaa jaanh vaala mishran collin naal sabandhat naheen haii. ikk paushtik tatt dey roop witch khoj. 1930 dey dahake dey arambh witch, charles baist atey sahikarmiaan neey nott keeta kii chuhiaan witch ikk vishesh khurak atey shugar dey kuttiaan witch charbi vaale jigar noon lesithin khua keey rokiaa jaa sakda haii, jiss neey 1932 witch saabat keeta kii lesithin witch collin iss roktham prabhav laee puurii tarahan zimmevar see. sann 1998 witch, us national academy aaf maddison neey manukkhi khurak witch collin laee aapniaan pahiliaan sifarshan dee report keeti.

coleen collin () iti rasayanikasutrayuktaha ketayan asti. collin-lavanaani vividhaani lavanaani nirmeeyante, yathaa collin-chlorad, collin-bitartrate cha. rasayanashastram. collin iti chaturdhaatuka-amonium-ketayan asti. collins iti jala-draavakam chaturtha-amonium-yaugikanam kulah asti. collin iti collin-vargasya mool-yaugikam asti, yatra ethanolman-avashishtaani bhavanti, yatra samanena natrogen-paramanuna saha yukttaah trayah mithail-samoohaah santi. collin-hadroxad iti collin-bess iti namna prasidhah asti. etat hagroscopic asti, ataha praayah varnarahitam snigdha-jalayukta-sirap iti drushyate, yasya gandhah tramethailamain (tii. emm. e.) ityasya bhavati. collin ityasya jaliya-draavanam sthiram asti, parantu yaugikah kramena ethylene-glacal, polyethylene-glacal, tea. emm. e. cha iti vighatate. tea. emm. e. ityasya 2-chloroathenol ityanena saha upacharam krutvaa collin chlorad ityasya nirmanam kartum shakyate. 2-chloroathenol itileen-oxad ityatah utpaadyate. aitihaasikaroopena collin-ityasya utpaadanam praakrutika-srotaamtah bhavati, yathaa lesithin ityasya jalavishleshanam. collin-prakrutihi. collin-rogah jeevaneshu prakrutau vyaapakah asti. adhikaamsheshu pashunam coleen-phospholipids iti jeevakosh-patalanam, jeevakosh-angakoshaanaam patalanam, atyalpa-ghanatva-lipoproteins-madhye cha aavashyakaani ghatakaani santi. collin iti poshakam bhavati. collin iti maanavasya anyeshaam anekanam pashunam cha krute aavashyakam poshakam vartate. maanavaah collin ityasya "dee novo" samshleshanam kartum samarthaah santi, parantu swaasthyam rakshayitum aahaarasy atirikta-collin ityasya aavashyakataa bhavati. aahaarasy aavashyakataah collin ityanena svayameva vaa collin-phospholipids-rupena vaa poorayitum shakyante, yathaa phosphatidilcolin. amino-amlam sadrusham samrachanaa, chayaapachay-kriyaawidhih cha yuktah aavashyakah poshakah satsu api collin-ityasya vargeekaranam aupachaarikaroopena whitmin iti naa bhavati. acetalcolin-neurotransmitter-tathaa "ess"-adenosylmethionin (syaam), saarwatrik-mithail-daatru-utpaadanaay collin-ityasya aavashyakataa bhavati. methalation-param syaam ityasya esa-adenosyl homocystein iti parivartanam bhavati. collin ityasya lakshanaatmak-nyunatayaha karanat madyarahita-medayukta-yakruta-rogah, snayunam kshatihi cha bhavati. collin ityasya atyadhikam sevanena (pratidinam 7.5 graam-taha adhikam) collin ityasya chayaapachayasy krute tramethailamain ityasya karanena nyonaraktachaapah, pasina, atisaarah, matsyasadrushah sharirasya gandhah cha bhavet. collin tathaa collin phospholipids ityetayoho samruddha-aahaarasroteshu anga-maamsam, andasya yolks, dugdhotpaadaani, chinabadamani, katipayaani beans, nuts, beejaani cha santi. pasta, tandulayuktaah shaakaani api american-aahaarasy collin-grahanasya krute yogadam kurvanti. chayapachayam. jaivasamshleshanam. sasyeshu, collin ityasya "dee novo" jaivikasamshleshanasya prathamam sopanam sereen ityasya ethanolman madhye decarboxylation asti, yat sereen decarboxylase ityanena utpreritam asti. ethanolman-ityasya collin-ityasya samshleshanam trayeshu samaantar-maargeshu bhavitum arhati, yatra mithail-sthanantaranena utpreritaani kramashah treeni "enn"-methalation-charanaani mukta-kshar-, phaaspho-kshar-, athavaa phosphatidil-kshar-madhyeshu eva nishpaadyante. mithail-samuhasya srotah "ess"-adenosyl-methionin asti, api cha "ess"-adenosyl-homocystein iti paarshva-utpaadaroopen utpaadyate. maanaveshu, anyeshu cha pashunam cha collin ityasya dee novo samshleshanam phosphetidilethenolamain enn-mithail-transferes (pemt) margasya madhyamena bhavati, parantu maanavasya aavashyakataani poorayitum jaivasamshleshanam paryaaptam naasti. hepatic-pemt-maarge, 3-phosphoglycerate (3piji) asi-ko-ityasya 2 esail-samuhan sveekrutya phosphatidic-amlam nirmeeyate. etat satidine-traphosphate ityanena saha abhikriyaa krutvaa satidine-daphosphate-dassalglycerol iteedam nirmeeyate. asya hadroxyl-samoohah sereen ityanena saha pratikriyam krutvaa phosphatidilserin iteedam nirmeeya, yah decarboxylate krutvaa ethanolman tathaa phosphetidilethenolamain (pee. ee.) ityetaani roopaani karoti. pemt-enzaim iteedam tribhihi mithail-samuhan-adenosyl-methionins (syaam) daatrubhyah, phosphetidilethenolamain ityasya ethanolman-samoohaay, phosphatidilcolin-rupena collin-nirmanam kartum, sthaanaantarayati. tri "ess"-adenocylhomosistines (ess. e. ech. ess) upotpaadaroopen nirmeeyante. collin-ityasya anubhihi yuktaat jatilaat collin-ityasya api nirgamanam shakyate. yathaa, adhikaamsheshu koshikaprakareshu phosphatidilcolins (pee. see.) jalavishleshanam krutvaa collin (cole) iti kartum shakyate. collin ityasya utpaadanam see. dee. pee-collin-margena api kartum shakyate, satosolic collin-kinnes (see. key.) phosphorylate-collin iti e. tea. pee. taha phosphocolin (pee. cole) paryantam. yakruta-vrukkayoho keshuchit koshikaprakareshu etat bhavati. collin-faasfet-satidilil-sthanantaranani (see. pee. tea. tea.), satidine-traphosphate ityanena (see. tea. pee.) saha peekol-ityasya see. dee. pee-collin (see. dee. pee-cole) iti parivartanam kurvanti. see. dee. pee.-collin tathaa deglycerad ityetaani diasailglycerol colinfosphotraansfer (see. pee. tea.) dwara pee. see. iti parivartyante. maanaveshu, keshaanchan pemt-enzaim-utparivartanam, eestrojan-abhaawah (praayah rajonivruttyaa) cha collin ityasya aahaarasy aavashyakataam vardhayanti. kruntukeshu 70 pratishatam phosphatidilcolin-jeevah pemt-margena, kevalam 30 pratishatam jeevah sii. dii. pi-collin-margena cha bhavati. naakaut-maus-madhye, pemt-nishkriyataa taan aahar-collin-ityasya upari purnataya avalambayati. shoshanam. maanaveshu collin-ityasya sandrata-pravanatayaa tathaa antosat-patalasy vidyutprabhaava-kshamatayaa niyantrite sulabha-prasarasya madhyamena, collin-ityasya sraavah, ess. ell. sii. 44e1 (see. tea. ell. 1) iti puttle-proteinen antraat shoshyate. ess. ell. sii. 44e1 ityasya collin-parivahanasya simitakshamata asti-uccha-sandratayam tasya bhaagah shoshitam naa bhavati. shoshitam collin-raktavaahinyaam dwara entrosats-ityetaan nishkaasayati, yakrut-param krutvaa systemic-parisancharanam pravishati. antrasya sookshmajeevinah shoshitam collin-padartham tramethailamain iti rupena kshayishyate, yat yakrute tramethailamain "enn"-oxad iti rupena aaksikaranam bhavati. phosphocolin, glycerophosphocolin cha phospholipace-dwara jalavishleshanam krutvaa collin-madhye pravishanti, ye portal-ven madhye pravishanti. jala-draavaneeyataayaah karanat teshu kechan dwaara-shirayaha prati aparivartitaah bhavanti. charbya-draavya-collin-yukta-yaugikaani (phosphatidilcolins tathaa sphingomailins) phospholipace-dwara jalavishleshanam kurvanti athavaa chilomaikraan-madhye nigruheetaah lymph-madhye pravishanti. parivahanam. maanaveshu collin-ityasya raktasya mukta-anuroopen parivahanam bhavati. collin yukttaah phospholipids tathaa glycerophosphocolin ityadini anyaani padaarthani raktasya lipoproteins madhye sanchaaryante. swastha-upawaas-vayaskeshu raktasya plajma-collin-starah 7-20 macromols prati leater (macrow-moll/lee), tathaa cha 10 macrow-moll/lee iti bhavati. staraani niyantreetaani bhavanti, parantu collin-ityasya sevanam, nyunatayaha cha karanat ete staraah parivartyante. collin-ityasya sevanaanantaram praayah 3 ghantaah yaavat starah vardhate. upavaasam kurvataam vayaskaanaam plajma-madhye phosphatidilcolin-starah 1.5-2.5 mmol/l bhavati. asya sevanena praayah 8-12 ghantaah yaavat muktakolin-starah vardhate, parantu phosphatidailkolin-staram mahatee prabhaawen naa prabhaavayati. collin iti jale draavyah ayaan asti, ataha cha chalena dravanayuktasya koshikaapatalasy madhyamena gantum parivahanakartrunaam aavashyakataa bhavati. collin-parivahanakaarinah trayah prakaraha dnyaataah santi. ess. ell. sii. 5e7 iti sodiyam-(naa +) tathaa e. tea. pee.-ashrita-parivahana-yantraani santi. teshaam collin-prati ucchabandhanam bhavati, mukhyataya neuron-prati chaalayati, acetalcolin-utpaadanam apratyakshataya cha sambaddham bhavati. teshaam karyakshamatayaha abhaawah acetalcolin-nyunatayaha karanat manavanam fuffuseshu anyeshu cha snaayushu vamshaanugata-durbalataam janayati. naakaut-mooteshu teshaam nishkriyataayaah parinaamen sayanosis-pakshaghatena cha sahajalabhyah mrutyuhu bhavati. see. tea. ell. 1. ess.-ityasya collin-prati madhyam-sambandhah asti, tathaa cha antraani, yakrut, vrukkaani, placenta, matochondria ityadini praayah sarveshu koshikasu cha tasya parivahanam karoti. see. tea. ell. 1 ess. iti phosphetidilcolin tathaa tramathail-glacin utpadanartham collin ityasya aapoortim karoti. sii. tii. ell. 2 visheshatayaa jibhe, vrukkaasu, snaayushu, hrudaye cha mitochondria-madhye bhavati. te collin ityasya tramathail-glacin ityasya metochondrial-aaksikaranena saha sambadhaah santi. see. tea. ell. 1 ess. tathaa see. tea. ell. 2 ess. cha acetalcolin-utpadanena saha naa sambadhaah santi, parantu rakta-mastishka-avarodhasya madhyamena collin-ityasya parivahanam kurvanti. avarodhasya mastishke kevalam see. tea. ell. 2-ess. eva bhavati. te neuron-ityetaat atiriktam collin-neuron-neuron-neuron-neuron-neuron-neuron-neuron-neuron-neuron-neuron-neuron-neuron-neuron-neuron-neuron-neuron-neuron-neuron-neuron-neuron-neuron-neuron-neuron-neuron-neuron-neuron-neuron-neuron-neuron-neuron-neuron-neuron-neuron-neuron-neuron-neuron-neuron-neuron-neuron-neuron-neuron-neuron-neuron-neuron-neuron-neuron-neuron-neuron-neuron-neuron-neuron-neuron-neuron-neuron-neuron-neuron-neuron-neuron-neuron-neuron-neuron see. tea. ell. 1 ess. rogah kevalam avarodhasya raktapaate eva bhavati, api cha astrocats tathaa neurance ityasya cha patalayoho api bhavati. actil-collin-utpaadanam actil-collin-utpaadanam naa sambaddham. te collin-ityasya parivahanam nyoon-aatmiyatayaa kurvanti. aakt-1-ess mukhyataya yakrute vrukkayoho collin-ityasya parivahanam karoti; aakt-2-ess vrukkaasu mastishke cha. sanchayah. collin iti koshikaapatalayoh angakoshayoho cha phospholipids iti rupena, koshikanam antah phosphatidilcolins tathaa glycerophosphocolin iti rupena cha sanchitam bhavati. utsargah. 2-8 graam-collin-maatraasu api, alpakolin-matra manavanam mootre utsarjyate. vrukkaanaam antah ghatitebhyah parivahanakaarakaih utsargah bhavati (parivahanam pashyatu). tramythail-glacin iti yakrute vrukkayoho cha damithail-glacin iti nirmeeyate (tetrahydropholate iti mithail-samoohah praaptam bhavati). mithail-glacin ityasya nirmanam, mootram prati utsarjitam bhavati, athavaa glacin-prati demethalated bhavati. kaaryam. collin ityasya, tasya vyutpannanam cha, maanaveshu, anyeshu jeeveshu cha anekaani karyani santi. collin iti anyaanaam avashyakanam koshikanam ghatakam tathaa sanketa-anunaam krute cha krutrima-poorvavarteeroopen karyam karoti, yathaa kosha-patalam nirmaatruh phospholipids, neurotransmitter acetalcolin, osmore-regulator tramathail-glacin (beetain) cha. tramythail-glacin, "ess"-adenosylmethionin ityasya jaivasamshleshanasya sahabhaagitvam krutvaa mithail-samuhanam srotatvena karyam karoti. phospholipid poorvavartee. collin-ityasya roopaantaram vividheshu phospholipids-madhye bhavati, yathaa phosphatidilcolins, sphingomailins cha. etaaha sarwaah koshikaapatalaasu, adhikaamshaah koshikapakanam cha patalayoho drushyante. phosphatidilcolin iti samrachanaatmakaroopena koshikaapatalasy mahattwapoornah bhaagah asti. maanaveshu teshaam phospholipids madhye 40-50% phosphatidilcolins iti bhavati. collin-phospholipids iti collestral-yuktena koshikaapatalasy lipid-raft-ityetaani api nirmaati. rafts kendraani santi, yathaa receptors tathaa receptors-signals-transduction-enzams ityetayoho. vee. ell. dee. ell.-ityasya samshleshanaartham phosphatidilcolin-ityetaani aavashyakaani santi-teshaam phospholipid-madhye maanaveshu phosphatidilcolin-ityetaani santi. pulmanary cerfactant ityasya samshleshanaartham api collin ityasya aavashyakataa bhavati, yat praayah phosphatidilcolin ityetaih yukttam mishranm bhavati. cerfactant-aushadhah fuffusasya sthitisthapakatayaha krute uttaradaayi asti, arthaat fuffus-ootakasya sankochanasya vistaarasya cha kshamataayaah krute. yathaa, fuffus-koshikasu phosphatidilcolin-ityasya abhaawah teevra-shvasana-kashta-laxan-sankramanena saha sambadhah asti. phosphatidilcolins ityetaani pitte utsarjyante tathaa cha pitta-amla-lavanaihi saha cerfactants rupena karyam kurvanti, yena lipids ityasya antra-avashoshane sahayyam bhavati. acetalcolin samshleshanam. acetalcolin ityasya utpadanartham collin ityasya aavashyakataa bhavati. etat neurotransmitter asti yat snayunam sankochane, smaranashaktau, tantrikaa-vikaase cha aavashyakam paatram nirvahati, udaharanartham. tathaapi, collin ityasya anyarupanam apekshayaa maanavashareerasy acetalcolin ityasya matra alpaa bhavati. neurons api collin-ityetam phospholipids-rupena teshaam koshikapatalanam krute acetalcolin-utpadanartham sanchaalayanti. tramythail-glacin ityasya srotah. maanaveshu collin-oxidase-dwara collin-yakrute maitokondriyayam aparivartaneeyaroopen glacin-beata-aldehead-rupena aaksidikaranam bhavati. etat matochondrial athavaa satosolic beetain-aldehead dehydrogeness ityetaih tramathail-glacin iti krute aaksidikaranam bhavati. tramythail-glacin iti aavashyakam osmore-regulator asti. etat bee. ech. emm. tea-enzaim ityasya substrate-rupena api karyam karoti, yat homocystein-ityenam methionin-prati methallet karoti. etat "ess"-adenosylmethionin (syaam) poorvagaami asti. jaivika-mithaileshan-pratikriyaasu saamah samanyaha abhikarmakah asti. yathaa, dii. enn. e. ityasya gwanidance, histones ityasya keshaanchan lassance cha methalates karoti. evam etat vamshavaahi-abhivyaktihi tathaa epigenetic-viniyamanasya bhaagah asti. collin ityasya abhaawah homocystein ityasya staram vardhayati, raktte syaam ityasya staram cha nyooneebhavati. khadyapadartheshu saamagri. collin-padarthah khadyapadartheshu mukta-anuroopen, phospholipids-rupena, visheshatah phosphatidilcolins-rupena cha bhavati. anga-maamse andasya yolk-madhye cha collin-aushadham sarvaadhikam bhavati, yadyapi anga-maamsa-madhye, dhaanyeshu, shaak-shaak-shaak-shaak-shaak-shaak-shaak-shaak-shaak-shaak-shaak-shaak-shaak-padaartheshu cha etat nyoonatararoopen drushyate. paaka-tailaani tathaa anyeshu khaadya-charbyah cha kulakolin ityasya praayah 5 mii. graa./100 graam bhavati. samyuktarajyamerikadesha, khaadya-label-visheshaah pratidinam 550 mii. graa. paryaaptam sevanena pratidinam pratidinam sevane collin ityasya parimanam pratidinam mulyasya (% dee. vee.) pratishataroopen prakatayanti. pratidinasya mulyasya 100% ityasya arthah yat ekam bhojanam sevane 550 mii. graa. collin bhavati iti. "total collin" iti dravyamaan-amshasya gananavina muktakolin tathaa collin yuktaanaam phospholipids ityetayoho yogah iti paribhaashitam asti. maanavasya stanadudhe collin-lavanam samruddham asti. vishesha-stanyapanam shishoho krute pratidinam praayah 120 mii. graa. collin-ityasya anuroopam asti. matayaha collin-grahanasya vruddhihi stanadugdhasya collin-amsham vardhayati, nyoon-sevanam api nyooneebhavati. shishu-sootreshu paryaaptam collin-tattvam bhavet vaa naa bhavet. europiya-sanghe tathaa samyuktaraajye, pratyekam shishu-sootre nyunatinyoonam 7 mii. graa. collin prati 100 kilocalleries (key. see. ell.) yojayitum anivaaryam asti. ee. yoo. madhye 50 mii. graa./100 key. see. ell. taha adhikasya starasya anumatihi naasti. tramythail-glacin iti collin ityasya kriyaatmak-metabolate asti. etat poshanadrushtyaa collin ityasya sthaane bhavati, parantu aamshikaroopena eva. udaharanartham godhoom-shakhayam (1,339 mii. graa./100 graam), bhaajite godhoom-rogaanuh (1,240 mii. graa./100 graam), paalak-sasye (600-645 mii. graa./100 graam) tramythail-glacin ityasya matra adhikaa bhavati. dainikamoolyah. adhah dattaam saranishu collin ityasya adyataneekrutaani mulani santi yena nootanam dainikam moolyam, nootanam poshanam tathyam, poorakam tathyam cha pratiphalishyate. etat yoo-taha dattaamsham pratiphalishyati.ess. krushi vibhaagah krushi anusandhaana sevaa. khaadya-dattaamsha-kendram, 2019. aahaarasy anushamsaam. collin ityasya krute anumaanita-madhya-aavashyakataa (karnah) sthaapayitum aparyaapt-dattaamshah upalabhyte, ataha aahar-poshana-mandalam (ef. enn. bee.) paryaaptam grahanam (e. aii. ess.) sthaapitam. vayaskaanaam krute, collin ityasya e. aii.-matra purushaanaam krute 550 mii. graa./dinam, mahilanam krute 425 mii. graa./dinam iti nirdharita aasit. ete moolyaani purusheshu yakrut-parivartanam nivaarayitum praadarshitaah santi. parantu eteshaam mulyanam nishpadanartham prayukte adhyaayen nunecolin ityasya prabhaawah bhavishyati vaa iti naa mulyankanam krutam, yatah samshodhakaah pratidinam 550 mii. graa. collin yuktena aahaaren saha collin-mukta-aahaarasy eva tulanam krutavantah. etena balanam kishoranam cha ais-visheshaah bahirwibhaajitaah. anushamsaani pratidinam miligraam-madhye (mii. graa./pratidinam) bhavanti. europiya-khaadya-surakshaa-praadhikaranasy (ee. ef. ess. e.) anushamsaani europiya-sangha-deshanam krute samanya-anushamsaani santi. ee. ef. ess. e. ityanena aharanartham kimapi ucchaseemaa naa nirdharita asti. vyaktigata-europiya-sangha-deshanam krute adhikaani vishishtaani anushamsaani bhaveyuhu. nyaashanal-akadami-aaf-medisinah (naam) ityasya anushamsaanaam prayogah samyuktarajyamerika, australia, newjeelyaand ityeteshu kshetreshu bhavati. janasankhyayam grahanam. 2000 taha 2011 paryantam 9 europiya-sangha-desheshu krutaani dvaadasha-sarvekshanaani etaasu desheshu vayaskaanaam collin-grahanam pratidinam 269-468 miligram iti anumanyanta. vayaskeshu mahilaasu 269-444 mg/dinam, vayaskeshu purusheshu 332-468 mg/dinam iti cha sevitam aasit. shishunam krute 75-127 mg/dinam, 1 taha 3 varshaanaam balakeshu 151-210 mg/dinam, 3 taha 10 varshaanaam balakeshu 177-304 mg/dinam, 10 taha 18 varshaanaam balakeshu 244-373 mg/dinam iti sevanam bhavati sma. garbhineeshu kishoreshu 336 mii. graa./dinam, garbhineeshu mahilaasu 356 mii. graa./dinam iti kula-collin-grahanasya madhya-anumanam aasit. nance-ityasya <aii. dii. 1> sarvekshanasya aadhaaren ekena adhyayanasya anumananusaram keshuchit yoo. ess. upajanasankhyaasu collin ityasya sevanam atyalpam asti iti. asya kaalakhande 2 + varshaanaam balakeshu 315.2-318.8 mg/d iti grahanam aasit. 2 + varshaanaam vruddheshu kevalam% purushaah% mahilaah cha paryaaptam bhojanam (e. aii.) atikramayanti. 2 taha 3 varshaani yaavat balanam%, 4 taha 8 varshaani yaavat balanam%, 9 taha 13 varshaani yaavat balanam%, 14-18 ityasya%, 19 + varshaani yaavat balanam% cha e. aii. iti sankhyayaa atikramitam. kasyaapi upajanasankhyayam uccha-grahana-starah naa atikramitah aasit. amerikaadeshasy janasankhyaayaah vishaye ekam aii. dii. 1. nens-adhyayanm anvakshyat yat 20 taha adhikanam vayaskaanaam 2 taha 19 varshaanaam balakanam collin-grahanam pratidinam mii. graa., pratidinam mii. graa. cha bhavati iti. 20 varshaat adhikeshu purusheshu mii. graa./dee., 20 varshaat adhikeshu streeshu 278 mii. graa./dee. cha sevaneeyam jaatam. abhaawah. chihnam lakshanam. lakshanayuktah collin-nyunata maanaveshu viralaah eva bhavati. adhikaamshaah aharat paryaaptam parimanam praapayanti, tasya parimita-maatraam jaivikasamshleshanam kartum cha shaknuvanti. lakshanaatmak-abhaawah praayah katipaya-rogaihi athavaa anyaih apratyaksha-kaaranaih bhavati. teevra-abhaavaat snayunam kshatihi, madyarahita-medayukta-yakruta-rogah cha bhavati, yah serosis iti rupena vikasate. maanavebhyah atirichya, medayuktah yakrut api anyeshu pashunam collin-nyunatayaha vishishtam lakshanam asti. vrukkaasu raktasraavam keshuchit prajaatau api bhavitum arhati. osmore-regulator-rupena karyam kurvataam collin-vyutpannasya tramathail-glacin ityasya nyunatayaha karanat etat bhavati iti sandehah asti. kaaranaani tathaa tantraani. astrogen-utpaadanam ekam praasangikam kaarakam vartate yat vyaktibhyah alpa-aahar-collin-grahanam api cha nyunatayaha pravanataam janayati. astrogence ityete pemt-enzams-utpadakam phosphatidailkolin-ityetam sakriyam kurvanti. mahilanam adhika-eestrojan-utpadanasya karanat rajonivruttehe poorvam mahilanam aahaarasy collin-ityasya aavashyakataa purushaanaam apekshayaa nyunee bhavati. astrogen-chikitsavina rajonivruttipashchaat mahilanam collin-aavashyakataah purushaanaam samaanah bhavati. collin tathaa folate chayaapachayasy prabhaavam janayantah kechan eka-nucleotaid-bahuroopataah (aanuvamshika-kaarakaah) api prasangikani santi. antrasya kechan sookshmajeevinah api collin-rogam anyaih apekshayaa adhika-dakshataya kshayishyate, ataha te api prasangikani santi. aparyaptatayam yakrute phosphatidailkolin ityasya upalabdhata nyooneebhavati-etaaha vee. ell. dee. ell. ityasya nirmanartham aavashyakaani bhavanti. evam yakrutaat bahihi vee. ell. dee. ell.-madhyasth-meda-amlasya parivahanam nyooneebhavati yena yakrutasya meda-sanchayah bhavati. avalokitam yakruta-kshatam vyaakhyaay anyaani ekakaalikaani karyavidhanani api soochitaani santi. yathaa, metochondrial-membranes madhye collin-phospholipids ityasya api aavashyakataa bhavati. teshaam anupalabdhataayaah karanat metochondrial-patalanam uchitam vidyudraasaayanik-pravanataam anurakshayitum akshamata bhavati, yat anyaih vishayaihi saha, beata-aakseekaranasy madhyamena meda-amlanam ksharanaay aavashyakam asti. ataha yakrut-madhye meda-chayaapachay-kriyaawidhih nyooneebhavati. ati-grahanam. collin ityasya atyadhika-matra pratikool-prabhavan janayitum shaknoti. udaharanartham, pratidinam 8-20 g collin ityasya matra nyunaraktachapam, vikaaram, atisaaram, matsyasadrushasya sharirasya gandham cha janayati iti dnyaayate. gandhah tramethailamain (tii. emm. e) ityanena bhavati, yat antrasya sookshmajeevaanubhih shoshitam collin-rogaat bhavati (tramethylaminuria pashyatu). yakrutam tii. emm. e. ityasya aaksikaranam tramethailamain "enn"-oxad (tii. emm. e. o.) iti karoti. shareere tea. emm. e. tathaa tea. emm. e. o. ityetayoho ucchastarah autherosclerosis-rogasya, mrutyoho cha vardhamaan-apaayen saha sambadhah asti. evam atyadhikam collin-grahanam carnitain-ityasya atiriktam eteshaam apayan vardhayitum kalpitam asti, yat antrasya jeevaanuvyaabhyaam tii. emm. e. tathaa tii. emm. e. o. iti cha bhavati. parantu collin ityasya sevanena hrudaya-rogaihi mriyamanasya ashanka naa vardhate iti dnyaayate. etat prashamsaneeyam asti yat uccha-tea. emm. e. tathaa tea. emm. e. o. starah anyaanaam antarnihitarogaanaam athavaa aanuvamshikakaarakaanam lakshanam eva asti, ye cha vyaktishu vruddhimaranasya poorvasoochanaah kalpayanti. tii. emm. e. tathaa tii. emm. e. o. starasambaddhamaranasy nirikshanam kurwantah katipaya-adhyayaneshu etaadrushaani kaarakaah samyak naa ankitaah bhaveyuhu. kaaranatvam vipareetam athavaa bhramanam bhavet, tathaa cha collin ityasya adhika-sevanena manavanam mrutyuhu naa vardhate. yathaa, vrukka-doshah hrudaya-roganam pravanataam janayati, parantu tii. emm. e. tathaa tii. emm. e. o. ityasya visarjanam api nyooneekartum shaknoti. swaasthyasya prabhaawah. neural-tube-bandhanam. maatrutve collin ityasya nyoon-grahanam neural-tube-doshanam vardhamaan-apaayen saha sambaddham asti. maatru-collin ityasya adhika-grahanam balakeshu uttama-nyooro-cognition/nyooro-development ityanena saha sambadhaah bhavitum arhati. collin tathaa folate ityetaani, whitmin-bii12 ityanena saha parasparakriya kurwantah, homocystein ityasya mithail daatruroopen karyam krutvaa methionin ityetam nirmeeyante, yat tatah syaam ("ess"-adenosylmethionin) iti nirmaatum shaknoti. sastanajeeveshu praayah sarvaani methalation-pratikriyanam krute syaam iti adhahstarah asti. syaam-dwara vikshiptam mithaileshan-prakriyayaha karanena folate-enn. tii. dii. ess-ityetayoho madhye sambandhah bhavitum arhati iti soochitam asti. etat collin ityasya vishaye api prayujyate. collin-chayaapachayasy vikshepam kurwantah kechan utparivartanaah navajaataanaam madhye enn. tii. dii. ess. ityasya vyaapakataam vardhayanti, parantu aahar-collin-nyunatayaha bhumika aspashtah eva asti. hrudaya-rogaah tathaa karkarogah. collin ityasya nyunatayaha karanat medayukta-yakrut-rogah bhavet, yena karkarogasya, hrudaya-rogasya cha ashanka vardhate. collin ityasya abhaawah syaam ityasya utpaadanam api nyooneekaroti, yat dii. enn. e.-methalation-madhye bhaagam vahati-etat nyunatam carcinogenesis-krute api yogadam daatum shaknoti. evam, abhaawah, etaadrusheshu rogaihi saha tasya sambandhah cha adhyayanam krutam asti. parantu, muktajanasankhyaayaah nireekshan-adhyayanaani, collin ityasya nyoon-sevanasya, hrudaya-rogasya vaa adhikaamsha-karkarogasya vaa madhye sambandham naa drudatayaa darshayanti. prostate-karkarogasya vishaye adhyayanaani parasparaviruddhaani santi. gyaanam. adhikakolin-grahanasya gyaanasya cha prabhaavasya avalokanam kurwantah adhyayanaani maanav-vayaskeshu parasparm viruddha-parinaamaih saha acharitaha santi. maanav-shishunam balanam cha vishaye etaadrushaah adhyayanaani parasparaviruddhaani api cha seemitaani cha santi. prasavottaravikaasah. garbhavati tathaa cha dugdhadaanam ityetaah cha collin ityasya aavashyakataam naatakeeyaroopen vardhayanti. adhikatayaa collin "dii novo" ityasya utpadanartham eestrojan-starasya vardhanayaa pemt ityasya niyamanena eshaa apekshaa pooryate, parantu pemt-kriyayaha vardhanayaa api collin ityasya chahida etaavat adhikaa bhavati yena shaareerik-bhandaarah samanyataya ksheenitaah bhavanti. asya udaharanam yat "pemt-/-" iti choohah (kriyaatmak-pemt ityasya abhaawah choohah) 9-10 dineshu, yadi anupoorak-collin naa khaadati tarhi, vikshaasyante iti. yadaa garbhaavasthaayaam dugdhadanakale cha collin ityasya maatru-bhandaarah ksheenah bhavati, tadaa placenta collin ityasya ekaagrataayaah pravanataayaah viruddham collin-ityasya ootake pamp krutvaa collin-ityasya sanchayah karoti, yatra tatah saha vividharoopen sanchitah bhavati, praayah acetalcolin-rupena. amnotic-drave collin-sandrata matrutrena raktasya apekshayaa dashagunita adhikam bhavitum arhati. bhrunasya kaarye. kolinasya aawasyah garbhaavasthaayaam koshikapatalanam nirmanartham (bhrunasya tathaa maatru-ootakasya druta-vistaarah), eka-carbon-moities ityasya (dii. enn. e. ityasya mithaileshan tathaa anyaanaam karyanam krute substrate), bhrunasya tathaa placental-ootakaanaam collin-bhandaranam vruddhihi, tathaa lipoproteins ("charbayuktaah proteins" bhagaha) ityasya utpadanasya cha krute adhikah aavashakataa bhavati. visheshatah collin ityasya sevanasya mastishke prabhaavasya vishaye ruchihi asti. cellular-membranes ityasya nirmaane (visheshatah phosphatidilcolin ityasya nirmaane) collin ityasya padaartharoopen upayogaat etat udbhootam. garbhaawasthaayaah truteeya-traimasikasya kaale maanav-mastishka-vruddhihi drutagatyaa bhavati, praayah panchavarshaparyantam cha drutagatyaa bhavati. asmin samaye, sphingomailin ityasya krute adhikam apekshate, yat phosphatidailkolin ityanena (tathaa cha collin ityanena) nirmitam asti, yatah eshaa saamagri majjaatantu-tantu-nirmeekartum (nirodhayitum) upayujyate. neurotransmitter-acetalcolin ityasya utpadanartham api collin ityasya aagrah asti, yat mastishkakshetranam samrachanaa, sangathanam, neurogenesis, malination, synaps-nirmanam cha prabhaavayitum shaknoti. acetalcolin iti garbhasth-garbhasth-garbhasth-garbhasth-garbhasth-garbhasth-garbhasth-garbhasth-rakta-garbhasth-rakta-garbhasth-rakta-garbhasth-rakta-garbhasth-rakta-garbhasth-rakta-garbhasth-rakta-garbhasth-rakta-koshasya prasaranam, vibhedanam cha niyantrayitum sahayyam karoti. mastishke collin ityasya grahanam rakta-mastishka-avarodhasya sameepe sthitena nyoon-aakarshan-vaahakadvaaraa niyantryate. yadaa dhamanee-raktasya plajma-collin-sandrata 14 macrow-moll/lee-taha adhikam vardhate tadaa parivahanam bhavati, yat collin-yukta-khadyapadarthanam sevanaanantaram collin-saandrataayaah spack-samaye bhavitum arhati. neurance, vipareetam, uccha-nyoon-aakarshan-parivahanakaarakaih collin-grahanam kurvanti. collin iti zilli-baddharupena phosphatidilcolin iti rupena sanchitam asti, yasya upayogah pashchat acetalcolin neurotransmitter samshleshanaartham kartum shakyate. acetalcolin aavashyakataanusaaram nirmitam bhavati, synaps-madhye sanchaalayati, nimnoktam neuron prati sanketam preshayati. tadanantaram acetalcolinesteress iti asya avakshayam karoti, muktakolin iti uccha-aakarshan-vaahakadvaaraa neuron-madhye punah gruheetam. upayoge. collin chlorad, collin bitartrate cha aahaaraporakaanaam krute upayujyate. bitartrate ityasya alpa-jaladarshakataayaah karanat adhikatayaa upayujyate. kukkutasya, turkey-pakshyaah, anyeshaam pashubhakshanartham cha katipayanam collin lavananam upayogah bhavati. kechan lavanaani audyogika-rasayanarupena api upayujyante-yathaa, photolithography ityasmin photorosist ityasya nishkasanartham. collin theophilinate tathaa collin salicillate ityetaani aushadharoopena upayujyante, tathaiva methacholin tathaa carbachol ityadini samrachanaatmak-anuroopaani cha upayujyante. 11see-collin ityaadayah radiolabel-yukttaah collin-aushadha-imaging-madhye upayujyante. anyeshu vanijyadrushtya prayukteshu lavaneshu tracholin-citrate, collin-backarbonet cha santi. pratigaamee tathaa avarodhakah. samshodhanaaya shatashah collin-virodhee-enzaim-inhibitors cha vikasitaah santi. aminomethailpropaanol iti prathameshu samshodhanaatmak-sadhananam rupena prayukteshu madhye asti. etat collin tathaa tramathail-glacin samshleshanam nirodhayati. etat collin-ityasya nyunatam prerepayitum shaknoti, yasya parinaamen kruntukeshu medayukta-yakrut bhavati. diethonolman iti anyat api ekam yaugikam asti, parantu paryaavaranapradooshakam api asti. "enn"-saiklohexilkolin mukhyataya mastishke collin-grahanam nirodhayati. hemicolinium-3 adhika-samanya-avarodhakah asti, parantu collin-kinnes ityetaan madhyamaroopen api nirodhayati. adhika-vishishta-collin-kinnes-inhibitors api vikasitaani santi. tramythail-glacin samshleshana-avarodhakaani api santi-carboxybutail-homocystein iti vishishtasya bee. ech. emm. tea.-avarodhakasya udaaharanam asti. dementia ityasya collinergic-parikalpanaa naa kevalam aushadheeya-acetalcolinesteres-inhibitors ityetaan janayati, apitu vividha-acetalcolin-inhibitors ityetaan api janayati. etadrushanam avarodhakaarinaam shodha-rasayananam udaaharaneshu traithailkolin, homocolin, collin ityasya anye bahooni "enn"-ithail-vyutpannaani cha santi, ye acetalcolin ityasya faals neurotransmitter unlogs santi. collin-acetail-transferes-inhibitors api vikasitaani santi. itihaasah. aavishkaarah. 1849 tame varshe, adalf-strekker ityayam prathamah, yah pig-pittaat collin-ityetam pruthak krutavaan. 1852 tame varshe, ell. baabu tathaa emm. hirshbran shveta-sarasom-vittebhyah collin-ityasya nishkarshanam krutvaa "cinclain" iti namakaranam krutavaan. 1862 tame varshe, strekker-varyaha shukarasya, bailasya cha pittasya vishaye swasya prayogam punaravartitavan, pittasya greek-shabdasya "kole" ityasya anantaram prathamavaaram padartham "collin" iti aahvayata, tathaa cha tatt c5h13no iti rasayanika-sootrena abhijnaapitavaan. 1850 tame varshe theodor nicolas gobley ityayam carps-ityasya mastishkaat row-ityetaat cha nishkarshitavaan, andasya yolk ityasya greek-shabdasya naamnah aadhaaren "lesithin" iti namakam padarthah, 1874 tame varshe saha phosphatidilcolin-ityasya mishranm aasit iti darshayat. 1865 tame varshe, oscar-labrech ityanena pashunam mastishkaat "neurin" iti pruthak krutam. acetalcolin ityasya tathaa labrech ityasya "neurin" ityasya samrachanaatmakasutraani 1867 tame varshe adalf vaan beyar ityanena nivaaritaah. tadanantaram tasmin varshe "neurin" tathaa sinkalin ityetaani strekker-collin ityetasya samaanaani padaarthani iti darshitam. evam, beyar ityayam prathamah vyaktihi aasit yah collin ityasya samrachanaam parishkarot. adhunaa neurain iti namna prasidhah yaugikah collin ityanena saha asamparkitah asti. poshakabhyam aavishkrutam. 1930 tame dashakasy aarambhe, charles-best-varyaha, sahakarminah cha avadat yat vishesha-aahaarasy cha cha cha cha cha cha cha cha cha, madhumeha-roginah shvaanoho lesithin-aaharam upadayitva, teshaam medayukta-yakrut-rogah nivaarayitum shakyate iti, 1932 tame varshe, lesithin-madhye collin-rogasya eva asya nivaarak-prabhaavasya kaaranah iti siddham. 1998 tame varshe, yoo. ess. national-akadami-aaf-medicine ityeshaa maanav-aahaarasy collin ityasya krute prathama-anushamsaam preshitavatee.

koolin koolin () enbathu vaethiyiyal sooththiraththudan koodiya oru keshan aagum. koolin chloride mattrum koolin pedartrate poantra palvaeru uppugalai koolin uruvaakkukirathu. vaethiyiyal. koolin enbathu oru gwaternary ammonium keshan aagum. koolingal enbathu neeril karaiyakoodiya gwaternary ammonium sermangalin kudumbamaagum. oray naitrajan anuvudan moontru methyl kuzhukkalaik konda ethanolamine echchangkalaik konda koolin vaguppin thaai saermam koolin aagum. koolin hydroxide koolin kaaram endru azhaikkappadukirathu. idhu hygroscopic aagum, enavae perumpaalum trimethylamine (dii. emm. aee) vaasanai konda niramattra pisubisuppu hydrated sirappaaga kaanappadugiradhu. koolin neeriya karaisalgal nilaiyaanavai, aanaal inththa kalavai methuvaaka ethylene clycol, polyethylene clycols mattrum dii. emm. aee aaga udaikirathu. 2-chloroethanol kondu dii. emm. aee. vaich saerththuch serppathan moolam koolin chloride thayaarikkappadalaam 2-chloroethanol ethylene oxidelirunthu uruvaakkappadalaam. varalaattru reethiyaaga, lesithinin neeraarpakuppu poantra iyarkai moolangkalilirunthu koolin urpaththi seiyappadugirathu. iyarkaiyil koolin. uyirulla uyirinangkalil koolin iyarkaiyil paravalaaka ullathu. perumpaalaana vilangkugalil, koolin phospholipitkal chell savvugalilum, chell uruppugalin savvugalilum, migak kuraindha adarththi konda lipoproteingalilum thevaiyaana koorugalaagum. oru uuttachchaththaaka koolin. manitharkalukkum pala vilangkugalukkum koolin oru aththiyaavasiya uuttachchaththu aagum. manitharkal koolin sila "dii novo" thoguppaich seiya mudiyum, aanaal aaroakkiyaththai paraamarikka unavil koodudhal koolin thaevaippadukirathu. unavuth thevaikalai koolin moolamaagavoa allathu phosphotytylcoline poantra koolin phospholipitkal vadiviloa poorthi seiyalaam. amino amilam poantra amaippu mattrum valarsithai maattraththudan koodiya aththiyaavasiya uuttachchaththaaka irunththapoathilum koolin oru vaittaminaaga muraiyaaga vagaippaduththappadavillai. acetylcholine-oru narambiyakkadatthi-mattrum "ess"-adenosylmethione (saam), oru ulagalaaviya methyl thaanam seiya koolin thaevaippadukirathu. methylation seiyappattavudan saam ess-adenosyl homocysteenaaga maattrappadukirathu. arikuri konda koolin kuraipaadu madhu allaatha koluppu kalleeral noai mattrum thasai sethaththai aerpaduththukirathu. athigappadiyaana koolin nugarvu (oru naalaikku 7.5 gramukku mael) kuraindha iraththa azhuththam, viyarvai, vayittruppoakku mattrum trimethylamine kaaranamaaga meane poantra udal vaasanaiyai aerpaduththum, idhu koolin valarsithai maattraththil uruvaagirathu. koolin mattrum koolin phospholipitkalin valamaana unavu aathaarangkalil uruppu iraichchi, muttaiyin manjal karuu, paal porutkal, vaerkkadalai, sila beans, kottaikal mattrum vithaigal aagiyavai adangkum. bastha mattrum arisi konda kaaikarigalum america unavil koolin utkollalukku pankalikkindrana. valarsithai maattra. uyiriyakkaviyal. thaavarangalil, koolin "dii novo" uyiriyakkakkalvi muthal puddy serin ethanoalamainaaga sidhaivu, idhu oru serin sidhaivu ookkiyaal ookkuvikkappadukirathu. ethanolamynil irunthu koolin thoguppu moontru inaiyaana paathaikalil nadakkalaam, angku methyl parimaatraththaal vinaiyookkappadum moontru thodarchchiyaana "n"-methylation padigal free-bases, baspo-bases allathu phosphodityl-bases aagiyavattril maerkollappadugindrana. methyl kuzhuvin aathaaram "s"-adenosil-methione mattrum "s"-adenosil-homocystine oru pakka thayaarippaaga uruvaakkappadugirathu. manitharkal mattrum perumpaalaana pira vilangkugalil, koolin dii novo thoguppu phosphotylethanolamine enn-methyl transferrase (bemt) paathai vazhiyaaga ullathu, aanaal manitha thevaikalaip poorthi seiya uyirchchaerkkai poathaathu. kalleeral bemt paathaiyil, 3-phosphoclyseret 3-phosphoclyseret asil-koovilirunthu 2 asil kuzhukkalaip pettru phosphotitic amilatthai uruvaakkukirathu. idhu cydidine triphospatedon vinaipurinthu cydidine diabospate-disile clycerolai uruvaakkukirathu. adhan hydroxyl kuzhu serinudan vinaipurinthu phosphotytylserine uruvaakkukirathu, idhu ethanolamine mattrum phosphotylethanolamine (pee) vadivangkalaaka maarukirathu. oru bemt nothi moontru methyl kuzhukkalai moontru adenosil methionaingal (saam) nankodaiyaalargalidamirunthu phosphotylethanolamine ethanolamine kuzhuvirku nagarththukirathu, idhu phosphotytylcoline vadivaththil koolainai uruvaakkukirathu. moontru 'sh'-adenosylhomosistinegal (chaas) oru thunai thayaarippaaga uruvaagintrana. migavum sikkalaana koolin konda moolakkoorugalilirunthum koolin veliyidappadalaam. eduththukkaattaaga, perumpaalaana uyiranu vagaikalil phosphodylcholingalai (pisi) hydrolyse seithu koolin (cole) aaga maatralaam. chii. dii. pii-koolin paathai, cytosolic koolin kainaeskal (chii. kae) phosphorylate koolin moolam aedipi muthal phosphocolin (pii. cole) varai koolin urpaththi seiyappadalaam. idhu kalleeral mattrum siruneeragam poantra sila uyiranu vagaikalil nigazhkirathu. koolin-baspate cyditylile traansparaeskal (cpcd) cydidine triphospate (cdb) udan bisolai cdb-koolin (cdb-cole) aaga maattrukintrana. chii. dii. pii-koolin mattrum digiliseride aagiyavai diasylcliserol colinfaspo transferrase (chii. pii. dii) moolam kaneneyaaga maattrappadugindrana. manitharkalil, sila bemt-ensime pirazhvugal mattrum eastrojan kuraipaadu (perumpaalum maathavidaai niruththam kaaranamaaga) koolin unavukkaana thevaiyai athikarikkirathu. koriththunnigalil, 70 sathaveetham phosphotylcholingal bemt paathai vazhiyaagavum, 30 sathaveetham mattumae cdb-koolin paathai vazhiyaagavum uruvaagintrana. naak awood eligalil, bemt seyalizhappu avattrai muttrilum unavu koolainai saarnthirukkach seikirathu. urinchuthal. manitharkalil, koolin serivu saaivu mattrum enterosite savvugal muzhuvathum minn aattral aagiyavattraal nirvagikkappadum elithaana paraval moolam ess. ell. chii. 44aee1 (chii. dii. dii savvu puratham vazhiyaaga koolin kudalil irunthu urinchappadukirathu. urinchappadukirathu koolainai kondu sellum mattuppaduthappatta thiranaik kondullathuh adhiga serivugalil adhan oru pakuthi urinchappadaamal vidappadugirathu. urinchappatta koolin nuzhaivaayil narambu vazhiyaaga enterocytegalai vittu veliyaeri, kalleeralaik kadanthu muraiyaana suzharchiyil nuzhaigirathu. kudal nunnuyirigal urinchappadaatha koolainai trimethylamynaaga seerazhikkindrana, idhu kalleeralil trimethylamine "enn"-aaksaidaaka aaksijanaettrappadukirathu. phosphocolin mattrum clyserophosphocoline aagiyavai phospholiphasegal vazhiyaaga hydrolyse seiyappattu koolin aagum, idhu nuzhaivaayil narambukkul nuzhaigirathu. avattril neeril karaiyakoodiya thanmai kaaranamaaga, avattril sila portal narambukku maaramal thappikkindrana. kozhuppil karaiyakoodiya koolin konda saermangkal (phosphotylcholingal mattrum sphingomyelingal) phospholiphaeskalaal neeraarpakuppu seiyappadugindrana allathu cylomicraangalil inaikappatta ninaneerchchaththil nuzhaigindrana. poakkuvaraththu. manitharkalil, koolin iraththaththil oru ilavasa moolakkooraaga kondu sellappadugirathu. koolin konda phospholipitkal mattrum clyserophosphocoline poantra pira porutkal iraththa lipoproteingalil kondu sellappadugindrana. aaroakkiyamaana unnaaviratha periyavarkalil iraththa plasma koolin alavu littarukku 7-20 micromolgal (micromol/ell) mattrum saraasariyaaga 10 micromol/ell aagum. alavugal kattuppaduththappadugindra, aanaal koolin utkollal mattrum kuraipaadu inththa nilaigalai maattrukintrana. koolin udkonda piragu sumar 3 manii neram alavu athikarikkirathu. unnaaviratha vayathu vanththavargalin plaasmaavil ulla phosphotytylcoline alavu 1.5-2.5 mmol/l aagum. adhan nugarvu sumar 8-12 maninerangkalukku ilavasa koolin alavai uyarththukirathu, aanaal phosphotytylcoline alavai kanisamaaga paathikkaathu. koolin enbathu neeril karaiyakoodiya ayani, enavae transportergal kozhuppil karaiyakoodiya chell savvugal vazhiyaaga sella vaendum. moontru vagaiyaana koolin transportergal ariyappadugindrana ariyappadugindrana soadiyam-(naa +) mattrum aedipi-saarntha poakkuvaraththu nilaiyangkal aagum. avai koolin meethu adhiga pinaippu uravaik kondullana, adhai muthanmaiyaaga neuraangalukku kondu selkindrana mattrum acetylcholine urpaththiyudan maraimugamaaga thodarpudaiyavai. avattrin seyalpaattin kuraipaadu acetylcholine kuraipaadu moolam manitharkalil nuraiyeeral mattrum pira thasaikalil parambarai palaveenaththai aerpaduththukirathu. naak awood eligalil, avattrin seyalizhappu cyanosis mattrum pakkavaatham aagiyavattrudan elithil maranatthai aerpaduththukirathu. chii. dii. ell. acto koolin meethu mithamaana thodarbaik kondullana, maelum kudal, kalleeral, siruneeragangkal, nanjukkodi mattrum mitochontria ullitta kittatthatta anaitthu thisukkalilum adhai kondu selkindrana. chii. dii. ell. acto phosphotytylcoline mattrum trimethyl clycine urpathtikku koolin vazhangkukintrana. chii. dii. ell. 2 kall kurippaaga naakku, siruneeragangkal, thasaikal mattrum idhayaththil ulla mitochondriavil nigazhkindrana. avai koolin trimethyl clycine aaga mitochontrial aaksijanaettraththudan thodarpudaiyavai. thodarpudaiyavai mattrum mattrum acetylcholine urpaththiyudan thodarpudaiyavai alla, aanaal iraththa-moolaith thadai vazhiyaaga koolainai ontraaka kondu selkindrana. thaduppin moolaip pakkaththil cdl 2 kall mattumae nigazhkindrana. avai neuraangalil irunthu athigappadiyaana koolainai meendum iraththaththirku agattrukintrana. agattrukintrana thadaiyin iraththap pakkaththil mattumae nigazhkindrana, aanaal vaaniyarpakuppugal mattrum neuraangalin savvugalilum nigazhkindrana. octylcholine urpaththiyudan octylcholine mattrum octylcholine urpaththi thodarpupaduththappadavillai. avai kuraindha thodarpudan koolainai kondu selkindrana. acto acto muthanmaiyaaga kalleeral mattrum siruneeragangalil koolainai kondu selkindrana; acto acto siruneeragangkal mattrum moolaiyil kondu selkindrana. saemippu. koolin uyiranu savvugal mattrum uruppugalil phospholipitkalaakavum, uyiranukkalukkul phosphotylcholingal mattrum clisaropaspogolingala saemikkappadukirathu. malam kazhiththal. 2 muthal 8 kiram kolin alavugalil kooda, siriya kolin manitharkalil siruneeril veliyaettrappadukirathu. siruneerk kuzhaaigalukkul aerpadum transportergal moolam veliyaettram nigazhkirathu (transportype paarkkavum). trimethyl clycine kalleeral mattrum siruneeragangalil dimethyl clycinaaga (tetrahytropholate methyl kuzhukkalil ontraip perukirathu) demethyl seiyappadugirathu. methyl clycine vadivangkal, siruneeril veliyaettrappadugindrana, allathu clycinaaga demethyl seiyappadugindrana. seyalpaadu. koolin mattrum adhan vazhiththoantralgal manitharkalilum pira uyirinangkalilum pala seyalpaadugalaik kondullana. migavum kurippidatthakka seyalpaadu ennaventraal, koolin mattra aththiyaavasiya chell koorugal mattrum chell savvugalai uruvaakkum phospholipitkal, narambiyakkadatthi acetylcholine mattrum osmorculator trimethyl clycine (peedain) poantra samignai moolakkoorugalukku seyarkai munnoadiyaaga seyalpadugirathu. trimethyl clycine methyl kuzhukkalin aathaaramaaka seyalpadugirathu, idhu "s"-adenosylmethione uyiriyakkak kalavaiyil pankeerkirathu. phospholipit munnoadigal. koolin vevvaeru phospholippidugalaaka maattrappadukirathu, athaavathu phosphotylcholingal mattrum sphingomyelingal. ivai anaitthu uyiranu savvugalilum perumpaalaana uyiranu uruppugalin savvugalilum kaanappadugindrana. phosphotylcholingal chell savvugalin kattamaippu reethiyaaga mukkiyamaana paguthiyaagum. manitharkalil avattrin phospholipitkalil 40-50% phosphotylcholingal aagum. koolin phospholipitkal collustraludon uyiranu savvugalil koluppu theppangalaiyum uruvaakkukintrana. thattukal maiyangkal, eduththukkaattaaga aerpikal mattrum aerpi samignai kadaththal nodhigalukku. vldl-kalin thoguppukku phosphotylcholingal thevaippadugindrana avattrin phospholipitkalil 70-95% manitharkalil phosphotylcholingal aagum. nuraiyeeral surfactant thoguppukkum koolin thaevaippadukirathu, idhu perumpaalum phosphotylcholingalaik konda kalavaiyaagum. nuraiyeeral negizhvuththanmaikku surfactant kaaranamaagum, idhu nuraiyeeral thisukkalin surungi virivadaiyum tiranukku kaaranamaagum. eduththukkaattaaga, nuraiyeeral thisukkalil ulla phosphotylcholingalin kuraipaadu kadumaiyaana suvaasak koolaaru noaikkuriyudan inaikkappattullathu. phosphotylcholingal piththaththil veliyaettrappattu, piththa amila uppugaludan saernthu sarfaaktanttukalaaka seyalpadugindrana, ithanaal kozhuppugalin kudal urinchuthalukku uthavukintrana. acetylcholine thoguppu. acetylcholine urpathtikku koolin thaevaippadukirathu. idhu oru narambiyakkadatthi aagum, idhu thasaich surukkam, ninaivaattral mattrum narambiyal valarchchiyil thevaiyaana pangaik kondullathu. iruppinum, mattra vagaiyaana koolin vagaikaludan oppidugaiyil manitha udalil acetylcholine kuraivaagavae ullathu. acetylcholine urpaththikkaaga neuraangal thangal chell savvugalil phospholipitkal vadivil koolainai semiththu vaikkirathu. trimethyl clycine moolamaagum. manitharkalil, koolin aaksidaeskalaal kalleeral mitochondriavil clycine peedain aaldihaidaaga koolin maattra mudiyaatha vagaiyil aaksijanaettrappadukirathu. idhu mitochontrial allathu cytosolic peedain-altihite dehytrageneskalaal trimethyl clycine aaga aaksijanaettrappadukirathu. trimethyl clycine oru thevaiyaana osmorculator aagum. idhu bihechmdi-ensimine addii moolakkooraagavum seyalpadugirathu, idhu homosysteinai methiyoanainaaga methylate seikirathu. idhu oru "s"-adenosylmethione (saam) munnoadiyaagum. uyiriyal methylation ethirvinaikalil saam oru podhuvaana vinaiporul aagum. eduththukkaattaaga, idhu dnavn kuvaanaidingal mattrum histonkalin sila laisingalai methylate seikirathu. enavae idhu marabanu velippaadu mattrum epigenetic ozhungkumuraiyin oru paguthiyaagum. ithanaal koolin kuraipaadu homocystine alavai uyarththuvatharkum, iraththaththil saam alavaik kuraippatharkum vazhivagukkirathu. unavil ulla ulladakkam. koolin oru ilavasa moolakkooraagavum, phospholipitkal vadivilum, kurippaaga phosphotylcholingal vadivilum unavil aerpadukirathu. koolin uruppu iraichchigal mattrum muttaiyin manjal karuvil athigamaaga ullathu, iruppinum idhu uruppu allaatha iraichchigal, thaaniyangkal, kaaikarigal, pazhangkal mattrum paal porutkalil kuraivaaga kaanappadugiradhu. samaiyal enneigal mattrum pira unavu kozhuppugalil moththa koolin sumar 5 mii. kii/100 kiram ullathu. americavil, unavu lablegal oru naalaikku 550 mii. kii. endra poathumaana utkollalin adippadaiyil thinasari mathippin (% dii. vii) sathaveethamaaga oru sevaiyil koolin alavai velippaduththukintrana. thinasari mathippil ulla 100% endraal oru unavu parimaaruvathil 550 mii. kii. koolin ullathu. "moththa koolin" enbathu nirai pinnatthaik kanakkidaamal, ilavasa koolin mattrum koolin konda phospholipitkalin koottuththogaiyaaga varaiyarukkappadukirathu. manitha thaaippaalil koolin saththu nirainthullathu. pirathyaeka thaaippaal koduppadhu kuzhandhaikku oru naalaikku sumar 120 mii. kii. koolin aagum. oru thaayin koolin utkollal athikarippathu thaaippaalil koolin ulladakkaththai athikarikkirathu mattrum kuraindha utkollal athaik kuraikkirathu. kuzhandhai sooththirangalil poathumaana koolin irukkalaam allathu illaamalum irukkalaam. iroappiya ontriyam mattrum americavil, ovvoru kuzhandhai sooththiraththirkum 100 kilogaloarigalukku (kilogalori) kurainthathu 7 mii. kii. koolin serppathu kattaayamaagum. iroappiya ontriyaththil, 50 mii. kii/100 kilogaloricu mael alavugal anumathikkappaduvathillai. trimethyl clycine enbathu koolin seyalpaattu valarsithai maattramaakum. idhu uuttachchaththu reethiyaaga koolin-kku maattraaka ullathu, aanaal oralavu mattumae. uthaaranamaaga, koathumai thavidu (1,339 mii. kii/100 kiram), varuththa koathumai kirumi (1,240 mii. kii/100 kiram) mattrum keerai (600-645 mii. kii/100 kiram) aagiyavattril adhiga alavu trimethyl clycine aerpadukirathu. thinasari mathippukal. pinvarum attavanaiyil puthiya thinasari mathippu mattrum puthiya uuttachchaththu unmaigal mattrum koodudhal unmaigal lablegalai pirathipalikkum vagaiyil pudhuppikkappatta koolin aathaarangkal ullana. idhu yuu-ilirunththu tharavaip pirathipalikkirathu.ess. vaelaanmaith thurai, vaelaan aaraaichi saevai. unavuth tharavu matthiya, 2019. unavu parinthuraikal. koolin noikkaana sarasari thevaiyai (kaathu) niruva poathumaana tharavu illai, enavae unavu mattrum uuttachchaththu vaariyam (efnp) poathumaana utkollal (ais) aii niruviyathu. periyavarkalukku, koolinkkaana aee. aii. aangalukku 550 mii. kii/naalaagavum, penkalukku 425 mii. kii/naalaagavum amaikkappattathu. inththa mathippukal aangalil kalleeral maattraththaith thadukkum endru niroopikkappattullathu. iruppinum, inththa mathippukalaip pera payanpaduththappadum aaivu kuraindha koolin payanullathaaka irukkum enbathai mathippidavillai, aenenil aaraaychchiyaalarkal oru naalaikku 550 mii. kii. koolin konda unavudan mattumae koolin illaatha unavai oppittanar. idhilirunththu, kuzhandhaigal mattrum ilam paruvaththinarukaana eyes purakkanikkappattathu. parinthuraikal oru naalaikku milligraamgalil (mii. kii/naall) ullana. iroappiya unavu paathukaappu aanaiyam (efsa) parinthuraikal iroappiya ontriya naadugalukku podhuvaana parinthuraigalaagum. efsa utkolvatharkaana endha uyar varambugalaiyum amaikkavillai. thanipatta iroappiya ontriya naadugal innum kuripitta parinthuraigalaik kondirukkalaam. thaesiya maruththuva akaadami (naam) parinthuraikal america, australia mattrum newzealaandhil porunthum. makkal thogaiyil utkollal. 2000 mattrum 2011 kku idaiyil 9 iroappiya ontriya naadugalil merkollappatta pannirandu aaivugal inththa naadugalil periyavarkalin koolin utkollal oru naalaikku 269-468 milligram endru mathippittana. muthirntha penkalil 269-444 mg/naall mattrum vayathu vantha aangalil 332-468 mg/naall yena utkollappattathu. kuzhandhaigalil 75-127 mg/naall, 1 muthal 3 vayathudaiya kuzhandhaigalil 151-210 mg/naall, 3 muthal 10 vayathudaiya kuzhandhaigalil 177-304 mg/naall mattrum 10 muthal 18 vayathudaiyavarkalil 244-373 mg/naall yena utkollappattathu. moththa koolin utkollal sarasari mathippeedu karppini ilam paruvatthinarukku 336 mii. kii/naalaagavum, karppini penkalukku 356 mii. kii/naalaagavum irunththathu. nanez 2009-2012 kanakkeduppai adippadaiyaagak konda oru aaivu, sila america thunai makkalthogaiyil koolin utkollal migak kuraivaaga iruppathaaka mathippittathu. inththa kaalaththirku idaiyil 2 + vayathudaiyavarkalukku 315.2-318.8 mg/d endra alavil utkollappattathu. 2 + vayathudaiyavarkalil, aangalil% mattrum penkalil% mattumae poathumaana alavai (aee. aii) thaandiyullanar. 2 muthal 3 vayathu varayilaana kuzhandhaigalil%, 4 muthal 8 vayathu varayilaana kuzhandhaigalil%, 9 muthal 13 vayathu varayilaana kuzhandhaigalil%, 14-18% mattrum 19 + vayathudaiyavarkalil% aagiyavai AI aii vida athigamaaga irunththana. endhavoru thunai makkalthogaiyilum adhiga alavu utkollum alavu thaandappadavillai. america makkalthogaiyaip pattriya oru 2013-2014 enhanes aaivil, 20 mattrum adharku maerpatta periyavarkalil 2 muthal 19 vayathudaiyavarkalin koolin utkollal mii. kii/naall mattrum mii. kii/naall endru kandariyappattathu. 20 vayathu mattrum adharku maerpatta aangalil mii. kii./dii. aagavum, 20 vayathu mattrum adharku maerpatta penkalil 278 mii. kii./dii aagavum irunththathu. kuraipaadu. arikurigal mattrum arikurigal. arikuri konda koolin kuraipaadu manitharkalil arithaanathu. perumbaalaanavargal unavilirunththu poathumaana alavu athaip perukiraarkal, maelum adhan kuripitta alavu uyiriyakkaviyal seiya mudigirathu. arikuri kuraipaadu perumpaalum sila noigalaal allathu pira maraimuga kaaranangalaal aerpadukirathu. kadumaiyaana kuraipaadu thasai setham mattrum madhu allaatha koluppu kalleeral noayai aerpaduththukirathu, idhu eeral azharchiyaaga maarakkoodum. manitharkalaith thavira, koluppu kalleeralum mattra vilangkugalil koolin kuraipaattin podhuvaana arikuriyaagum. sila inangkalil, siruneerppai iraththappoakku aerpadalaam. idhu oru oosmoarkulaettaraaka seyalpadum koolin perappatta trimethyl clycine kuraipaattaal aerpattirukkalaam endru santhekikkappadukirathu. kaaranangal mattrum vazhimuraigal. eastrojan urpaththi enbathu oru porutthamaana kaaraniyaagum, idhu kuraindha unavu koolin utkollaludan thaninaparkalukku kuraipaattirku vazhivagukkirathu. eestroajangal bemt ensaimkalai urpaththi seiyum phosphotytylkolainai seyalpaduththugindrana. penkalin adhiga eastrojan urpaththi kaaranamaaga maathavidaai niruththaththirku munththaiya penkalukku aangalai vida kuraindha unavuth thaevai ullathu. eastrojan sigichchai illaamal, maathavidaai nindra penkalin koolin thaevaigal aangalin thevaikalaip poalavae irukkum. koolin mattrum pholate valarsithai maattraththai paathikkum sila ottrai-nucleodite paalimaarpisamgalum (marabanu kaaranigal) porutthamaanavai. sila kudal nunnuyirigalum mattravargalai vida koolainai migavum thiramaiyaaga seerazhikkindrana, enavae avai porutthamaanavai. kuraipaattil, kalleeralil phosphotylcholingal kidaippadhu kuraikirathu-ivai vii. ell. dii. ell uruvaakkaththirku thaevaippadugindrana. ithanaal kalleeralil irunthu vii. ell. dii. ell-madhyastham seiyappatta koluppu amilam kadaththappaduvathu kuraikirathu, idhu kalleeralil koluppu kuvipukku vazhivagukkirathu. kavanikappatta kalleeral sethaththai vilakkum pira oray neraththil nigazhum vazhimuraigalum parinthuraikkappattullana. eduththukkaattaaga, mitochontrial savvugalil koolin phospholipitkalum thaevaippadugindrana. avattrin pattraakkurai mitochontrial savvugalin sariyaana minn vaethiyiyal saaivai paraamarikka iyalaamaikku vazhivagukkirathu, idhu mattravattrudan, β-aaksijanaettram moolam koluppu amilangkalai seerazhikka thaevaippadukirathu. enavae kalleeralukkul ulla koluppu valarsithai maattram kuraikirathu. athigappadiyaana utkollal. athigappadiyaana koolin alavugal paathakamaana vilaivugalai aerpaduththum. uthaaranamaaga, thinasari 8-20 g koolin alavugal kuraindha iraththa azhuththam, kumattal, vayittruppoakku mattrum meane poantra udal naatraththai aerpaduththuvathu kandariyappattullathu. urinchappadaatha koolin moolam kudal nunnuyirigalaal uruvaagum trimethylamine (dii. emm. aee) kaaranamaaga inththa vaasanai aerpadukirathu (trimethylaminooriyavaippa paarkkavum). kalleeral dii. emm. aee-vaii trimethylamine "enn"-accide (dii. emm. aee. ooo) aaga aaksijanaettrukirathu. udalil dii. emm. aee mattrum dii. emm. aee. oovin uyarnththa alavugal perunthamani thadippu mattrum irappu abaayatthai athikarippathoadu inaikkappattullana. ithanaal, athigappadiyaana koolin utkollal carnidinukku koodudhalaaga inththa abaayangkalai athikarikka karpanai seiyappattullathu, idhu kudal bacteriawal dii. emm. aee mattrum dii. emm. aee. ooo aaga uruvaagirathu. iruppinum, koolin utkollal iruthaya noigalaal irakkum abaayatthai athikarippathaaga kaattappadavillai. uyarnththa dii. emm. aee mattrum dii. emm. aee. ooo alavugal mattra adippadai noaikal allathu marabanu kaaranigalin arikuriyaagum, idhu thaninaparkalukku adhigariththa irappukku munkoottiyae kaaranamaagum. dii. emm. aee mattrum dii. emm. aee. ooo nilai thodarpaana irappukalaik kankaanikkum sila aaivugalil iththagaiya kaaranigal sariyaaga kanakkidappadavillai. kaaranamaanathu thalaikeezhaagavoo allathu kuzhappamaagavoo irukkalaam, maelum adhiga koolin utkollal manitharkalil irappai athikarikkaathu. eduththukkaattaaga, siruneeraga seyalizhappu iruthaya noigalukku munkoottiyae nigazhkirathu, aanaal dii. emm. aee mattrum dii. emm. aee. ooo veliyaettraththaiyum kuraikalaam. aarokkiya vilaivugal. narambiyal kuzhaai moodal. thaaivazhi koolin kuraivaaga utkolvathu narambiyal kuzhaai kuraipaadugalin adhiga aapaththudan thodarpudaiyathu. thaaivazhi koolin adhiga alavil utkolvathu kuzhandhaigalil sirantha narambiyal arivaattral/narambiyal valarchchiyudan thodarpudaiyathu. koolin mattrum pholate, vitamine pii 12 udan thodarbu kondu, homosysteinukku methyl nankodaiyaalargalaaga seyalpadugindrana, idhu methionine uruvaakkukirathu, pinnar idhu saam ("ess"-adenosylmethionine) uruvakkalaam. paaloottikalil kittatthatta anaitthu methylation ethirvinaigalukkum saam addii moolakkooru aagum. saam vazhiyaaga thontharavu seiyappatta methylation pholate mattrum enn. dii. dii. ess idaiyaeyaana uravukku kaaranamaaga irukkalaam endru parinthuraikkappadukirathu. idhu koolin noaikkum porunthum. kolin valarsithai maattraththaith thontharavu seiyum sila pirazhvugal puthithaagap pirantha kuzhandhaigalil enn. dii. dii. kalin paravalai athikarikkintrana, aanaal unavu kolin kuraipaattin pangku thelivaaga illai. iruthaya noaikal mattrum puttrunoai. koolin kuraipaadu koluppu kalleeralai aerpaduththum, idhu puttrunoai mattrum iruthaya noai abaayatthai athikarikkirathu. koolin kuraipaadu saam urpathtiyaik kuraikkirathu, idhu dna methylationil pankeerkirathu-inththa kuraippu puttrunoai thoattruvikkum. enavae, kuraipaadu mattrum aththagaiya noigaludan adhan thodarbu kuritthu aaivu seiyappattullathu. iruppinum, ilavasa makkal pattriya avathaanippu aaivugal kuraindha koolin utkollal mattrum iruthaya noaikal allathu perumpaalaana puttrunoaikalukku idaiyilaana thodarbai nambaththaguntha vagaiyil kaattavillai. prostate puttrunoai kuriththa aaivugal muranpattavai. arivaattral. adhiga koolin utkollal mattrum arivaattral aagiyavattrukku idaiyilaana vilaivaik kankaanikkum aaivugal manitha periyavarkalil nadaththappattullana, muranpatta mudivugaludan. manithak kuzhandhaigal mattrum kuzhandhaigal pattriya idhae poantra aaivugal muranpattavai mattrum mattuppaduthappattavai. pirappu valarchi. karppam mattrum paaloottuthal irandum koolin thevaiyai viyaththagu muraiyil athikarikkintrana. inththa thevaiyai eastrojan alavai athikarippathan moolam bemtin maelaanmaiyin moolam poorthi seithu adhiga koolin "dii novo" urpaththi seiyalaam, aanaal adhigariththa bemt seyalpaattudan kooda, koolin thaevai innum athigamaaga iruppathaal udal kadaigal podhuvaaga kuraindhu vidugindrana. idharku eduththukkaattaaga, "bemt-/-" eligal (seyalpaattu bemt illaatha eligal) koodudhal koolin uuttappadaavittaal 9-10 naatkalil karukkalaippu seiyum endra avathaanippu ullathu. karppam mattrum paaloottum poathu thaaivazhi koolin saemippugal kuraindhu varum athae neraththil, nanjukkodi thisukkalil serivu saaivukku ethiraaga koolainai unththuvathan moolam koolainai kuvikkirathu, angku adhu palvaeru vadivangkalil saemikkappadukirathu, perumpaalum acetylcholine. ammoniotic thiravaththil ulla koolin serivugal thaaivazhi raththaththai vida paththu madangku athigamaaga irukkalaam. karuvil seyalpaadugal. sellulaar savvugalai uruvaakkuvatharkaana addii moolakkooraaga (viraivaana karuvu mattrum thaai thisu virivaakkam), oru corbon moaydigalin (dii. enn. aee mattrum pira seyalpaadugalai methylation seivatharkaana addii moolakkooru) thaevai adhigariththal, karuvu mattrum siruneerkkuzhaai thisukkalil koolin semippugalai uyarththuthal mattrum lipoproteingalin (koluppu pakuthikalaik konda purathangkal) urpaththiyai athikarippatharkaana thaevai karppa kaalaththil adhiga alavil ullathu. kurippaaga, moolaiyil koolin nugarvu aerpaduththum thaakkaththil aarvam ullathu. idhu sellulaar savvugalai (kurippaaga phosphotytylcoline thayaarippathil) thayaarippatharkaana oru porulaaka koolin payanpaduththappaduvathilirunthu uruvaagirathu. karppaththin moontraavathu moontru maathangkalil manitha moolaiyin valarchi migavum viraivaaga ullathu mattrum sumar ainthu vayathu varai vaekamaagath thodarkirathu. inththa neraththil, sphingomylinukku thaevai athigamaaga ullathu, idhu phosphotytylcoline (ithanaal koolin) moolam thayaarikkappadukirathu, aenenil inththa porul narambu izhaigalai myelinate (insulate) seiya payanpaduththappadukirathu. narambiyakkadatthi acetylcholine urpaththikkum koolin thaevaippadukirathu, idhu moolai pakuthikalin amaippu mattrum amaippu, narambiyal thoattram, myelination mattrum synabs uruvaakkam aagiyavattrai paathikkalaam. acetylcholine nanjukkodiyil kooda ullathu, maelum idhu uyiranu perukkam mattrum vaerupaadu (uyiranu ennikkaiyil athikarippu mattrum pala payanpaattu uyiranukkalai arppanikappatta sellulaar seyalpaadugalaaga maattruvathu) mattrum prasavaththaik kattuppaduttha udhavum. moolaikkul koolin urinchuthal iraththa-moolaith thadaiyil amainthulla kuraindha-eedupaadu konda transporterol kattuppaduththappadugiradhu. tamani iraththa plasma koolin serivugal 14 micro moalukku mael athikarikkum poathu poakkuvaraththu aerpadukirathu, idhu koolin niraintha unavugalai udkonda piragu koolin serivu athikarikkum poathu aerpadalaam. neuraangal, maaraaga, uyar mattrum kuraindha-inaippu transportergal koolin perugindrana. koolin savvaal pinaikappatta phosphotytylcoline aaga saemikkappadukirathu, pinnar acetylcholine narambiyakkadatthi thoguppukku payanpaduththappadalaam. acetylcholine thevaikkaerpa uruvaagirathu, synabs muzhuvathum payanikkirathu, maelum pinvarum narambanukkalukku samignaiyai anuppukirathu. pinnar, acetylcholinesterase adhai seerazhikkirathu, maelum ilavasa koolin oru uyar-inaippu transporterol meendum narambanukkalukkul edukkappadukirathu. payanpaduththukirathu. koolin chloride mattrum koolin pitardrade aagiyavai unavuch supplementsil payanpaduththappadugindrana. kuraindha hycroscopicity kaaranamaaga pedartrate adikkadi payanpaduththappadukirathu. koazhi, vaankozhi mattrum pira vilangkugalukku unavalikka sila koolin uppugal payanpaduththappadugindrana. sila uppugal thozhilthurai irasaayanangkalaakavum payanpaduththappadugindrana eduththukkaattaaga, oliminnaluththaviyalil oliminnaluththaththai agattra. koolin theophilinate mattrum koolin solicylate marunththugalaagavum, methacolin mattrum carbacol poantra kattamaippu oppumaigalaagavum payanpaduththappadugindrana. payanpaduththappadugindrana poantra kathiriyakka peyaridappatta koolingal maruththuvap padamaakkalil payanpaduththappadugindrana. vaniga reethiyaagap payanpaduththappadum pira uppugalil tricholin citrate mattrum koolin bicarbonate aagiyavai adangkum. ethirigal mattrum thaduppaankal. noottrukkanakkaana koolin ethirppaalargal mattrum nothi thaduppaankal aaraaichi nokkangkalukkaaga uruvaakkappattullana. aminomethyl propanol oru aaraaichi karuviyaaga payanpaduththappadum muthal karuvigalil ontraakum. idhu koolin mattrum trimethyl clycine thoguppaith thadukkirathu. idhu koolin kuraipaattaith thoonda mudiyum, ithanaal koriththunnigalil koluppu kalleeral uruvaagirathu. diethanolamine aththagaiya mattroru kalavai, aanaal oru suttruchchoozhal maasupaduththiyaagum. "n"-cyclohexylcoline muthanmaiyaaga moolaiyil koolin urinchappaduvathaith thadukkirathu. hemicolinium-3 migavum podhuvaana thaduppaanaaga ullathu, aanaal koolin kainaeskalaiyum mithamaaga thadukkirathu. maelum kuripitta koolin kinace thaduppaankal uruvaakkappattullana. trimethyl clycine thoguppu thaduppaankal ullanah carboxyphoodylhomosine oru kuripitta phmt thaduppanukku oru eduththukkaattu. demensiavin golinergic karudhugoal maruththuva acetylcholinesterase thaduppaankal mattumallaamal, palvaeru acetylcholine thaduppaankalukkum vazhivagukkirathu. iththagaiya thaduppu aaraaichi irasaayanangkalin eduththukkaattukalil triethylcoline, homocolin mattrum koolin pala "enn"-eththil vazhiththoantralgal adangkum, avai acetylcholine thavaraana narambiyakkadatthi oppumaigalaagum. koolin acetyl transferrase thaduppaankal uruvaakkappattullana. varalaaru. kandupidippu. 1849 aam aandil, adolph strecker pandri piththaththilirunthu koolainai muthanmuthalil thanimaippaduththiyathu. 1852 ill, ell. babo mattrum emm. hirshpran vellai kadugu vithaikalilirunthu koolin piriththeduththu adharku "chinkalin" endru peyarittaar. 1862 aam aandil, strecker pandri mattrum maadu piththaththudan thanathu parisoathanaiyai meendum nigazhththinaar, piththathirkaana kiraekka vaarthaiyaana "cole" kkup piragu muthal muraiyaaga inththa porulai "koolin" endru alaiththaar, maelum adhai adhai ech 13 noow endra irasaayana sooththiraththudan adaiyaalam kandaar. 1850 aam aandil, theodaar nicolaus koopli corpsin moolai mattrum roavilirunthu priththeduththaar, idhu muttaiyin manjal karuvukkaana kiraekka vaarthaiyin peyaraal "lesithin" endru peyaridappattathu, idhu 1874 aam aandil phosphotylcholingalin kalavai enbathaik kaattukirathu. 1865 aam aandil, askar librache vilangkugalin moolaiyilirunthu "neurinai" thanimaippaduththiyathu. acetylcholine mattrum libratune "neurin" aagiyavattrin kattamaippu sooththirangkal 1867 aam aandil adolph vaan paeyar enbavaraal theerkkappattana. antha aandin pirpaguthiyil "neurin" mattrum chinkalin aagiyavai streckerin koolin poantra oray porutkalaaka kaattappattana. ithanaal, paeyar thaan muthalil koolin kattamaippaith theerththaar. ippoathu neurin endru azhaikkappadum kalavaiyaanathu koolin udan thodarpillaathathu. oru uuttachchaththaaka kandupidippu. kandupidippu murpaguthiyil, charles best mattrum avarathu sagaakkal eligalil ulla koluppu kalleeralai oru sirappu unavil mattrum neerizhivu naaikalukku lesithin unavalikka vaippathan moolam thaduka mudiyum endru kurippittanar, idhu idhu lesithinil ulla koolin mattumae inththa thaduppu vilaivukku kaaranam enbathai niroopiththathu. 1998 aam aandil, america thaesiya maruththuva akaadami manitha unavil koolinkkaana muthal parinthuraikalai ariviththathu.

collin collin () anedi rasayana suutramtoe kuudina katayan. collin vividha lavanaalanu yerparustundi, udaaharanaku collin chloride mariyu collin bitartrate. rasayana shaastram. collin anedi oka chaturdhaatuka ammonium katayan. kolinlu neetilo karige quaterinary ammonium sammelanaala kutumbam. collin anedi collin taragati yokka maatru sammelanam, idhi oke natrajani anuvutho jatacheyabadina moodu methyl samuuhaalanu kaligi unna ethanolamine avasheshaalanu kaligi untundi. collin hydroxidenu collin bays antaaru. idhi hygroscopic, anduvalla tarachugaa trimethylamine (tma) vaasana kaligina ranguleni jigata hydrated sirapga kanipistundi. collin yokka jaleeya draavanaalu sthiramgaa untaayi, conny sammelanam nemmadigaa ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycoles mariyu tmaga vichchinnamavutundi. tmnu 2-chloroeethaanaaltho chikitsa cheyadam dwara collin chloridenu tayaaru cheyavachuhu 2-chloroeethaanaalnu ethylene oxide nundi utpatti cheyavachu. chaaritraatmakamgaa lesithin jalavisleshana vanti sahaja vanarula nundi collin utpatti cheyabadindi. prakrutilo collin. collin prakrutilo jeevulalo vistrutamgaa vyaapinchindi. chaalaa jantuvulalo, collin phospholipids kana porallo, kana kanajaalaala porallo mariyu chaalaa takkuva saandrata kaligina lipoproteinlalo avasaramaina bhagalu. pooshakamgaa collin. manavulaku mariyu aneka itara jantuvulaku collin oka mukhyamaina poeshakam. maanavulu collin yokka kontha "dii novo" samslaeshanha cheyagala saamarthyam kaligi untaaru, conny aarogyaanni kaapaadukoovadaaniki aahaaramlo adanapu collin avasaram. aahara avasaralanu collin dwara ledhaa phosphatidilcoline vanti collin phospholipids roopamlo teerchavachhu. amaino aamlam lanty nirmaanam mariyu jeevakriyatho avasaramaina pooshakamgaa unnappatikee collin adhikarikamga vitaminga vargeekarinchabadaledu. acetylcholine-oka neurotransmitter-mariyu "s"-adenosylmethionine (saam), oka saarvatrika methyl daatanu utpatti cheyadaaniki collin avasaram. methylation tarvaata shaam ess-adenosyl homosysteinga maarchabadutundi. rogalakshana collin lopam madyapaanam kaani kovvu kaaleya vyaadhi mariyu kandaraala nashtaniki kaaranamavutundi. collin yokka adhika viniyogam (rojuku 7.5 graamula kante ekkuva) takkuva raktapotu, chemata, virechanaalu mariyu trimethylamine kaaranamgaa chepalu vanti shareera vasanaku kaaranamavutundi, idhi collin yokka gvakriyalo erpadutundi. collin mariyu collin phospholipids yokka goppa aahara vanarulalo avayava mamsalu, guddu pacchasona, paala utpattulu, verusenagalu, konni beans, kayalu mariyu vittanaalu unnaayi. pasta mariyu biyyam kaligina kuuragaayalu kooda american aahaaramlo collin teesukoovadaaniki dohadam chestaayi. jeevakriya. jeevasansleshanha. mokkalalo, collin yokka "dii novo" jeevasamshleshanhalo modati dasha serinnu ithanolamynga decorboxylation cheyadam, idhi serin decarboxylase dwara utprerakam cheyabadutundi. ethanolamine nundi collin samslaeshanha moodu samaantara margallo jaragavacchu, ikkada methyl badilee dwara utprerakam cheyabadina moodu varusa "enn"-methylation dasalu free-bays, phospho-bays ledhaa phosphatidil-bays laloe nirvahinchabadataayi. methyl samuuham yokka muulam "s"-adenosyl-methionin mariyu "s"-adenosyl-homocystein oka side productga utpatti avutundi. maanavulalo mariyu chaalaa itara jantuvulalo, collin yokka novo samslaeshanha phosphatidilethanolamine enn-methyl transferes (pemt) maargam dwara jarugutundi, conny maanava avasaralanu teerchadaaniki jeevasansleshanha saripodu. hepatic pemt maargamlo, 3-phosphoglyzerate (3piji) acl-koo nundi 2 acl samuuhaalanu pondhi phosphatidic aamlanni yerparustundi. idhi cytidine triphosphate pratispandinchi cytidine diphosphate-disileglycerolnu yerparustundi. daani hydroxyl samuuham serintho pratispandinchi phosphatidilserine nuu yerparustundi, idhi decarboxylate chesi ethanolamine mariyu phosphatidilethanolamine (peeee) roopaalaku maarutundi. pemt enjaim moodu methyl samuuhaalanu moodu adenosyl methionins (saam) daatala nundi phosphatidilethanolamine yokka ethanolamine samuuhaaniki phosphatidilcoline roopamlo collin erpadataaniki taralistundi. three "s"-adenosylhomosistinlu (saahs) oka upa utpattigaa erpadataayi. marinta sanklishtamaina collin kaligi unna anuvula nundi kooda collin vidudala cheyabadutundi. udaaharanaku, chaalaa kana rakaalalo phosphatidilcolinlanu (pisi) hydrolyse chesi collin (cole) gaa maarchavacchu. sidipi-collin maargam, cytosolic collin kineslu (sike) phosphorylate collin, etipi nundi phosphocolin (pkol) dwara kooda collin utpatti cheyavachu. idhi kaaleyam mariyu moothrapindaalu vanti konni kana rakaalalo jarugutundi. collin-fasfate cytidilile transferes (sipisiti) cytidine trifasphate (sitipi) thoo picholnu sidipi-collin (sidipi-cole) gaa maarustundi. diasylglycerol colinfasfotransfre (sii. pii. tii) dwara sii. dii. pii-collin mariyu diaglyzaride computerga maarchabadataayi. maanavulalo, konni pemt-enjaim utparivartanalu mariyu eastrogen lopam (tarachugaa rutuvirati kaaranamgaa) collin yokka aahara avasaranni penchutaayi. elukalalo, 70 saatam phosphatidilcolinlu pemt maargam dwara mariyu 30 saatam matrame sidipi-collin maargam dwara erpadataayi. nakout elukalalo, pemt nishkriyaatmakata vaatini puurtigaa dietary kolinpai adharapadela chestundi. shoshana. maanavulalo, collin saandrata pravanata mariyu enterocyte pora antataa vidyut saamarthyam dwara niyantrinchabade sulabhataram vyaapti dwara collin pregula nundi slc44eah1 (ctl1) pora protein dwara grahinchabadutundi. slc44eah1 collin nuu ravana cheyagala parimita saamarthyaanni kaligi undih adhika saandratala vadda daanilo kontha bhaagam grahinchabadakundaa vadiliveyabadutundi. soshinchabadina collin portal sira dwara enterocytelanu vadili, kaaleyaanni daati, daihika prasaranaloki pravesistundi. pegullo unde suukshmajeevulu soshinchabadani collin nuu trimethylamine gaa ksheenimpajestaayi, idhi kaaleyamlo trimethylamine "enn"-oxide gaa aakseekarana chendutundi. phosphocolin mariyu glycerophosphocoline phospholipasela dwara kolinku jalavisleshanam cheyabadataayi, ivi portal siraloki pravesistaayi. vaatilo neetilo karige saamarthyam kaaranamgaa, vaatilo konni portal siraku marakunda tappinchukuntaayi. kovvulo karige collin kaligina sammelanaalu (phosphatidilcolins mariyu sphingomyelines) phospholipasela dwara jalavisleshanam cheyabadataayi ledhaa chailomicranlalo vileenam cheyabadina shosharasamlo pravesistaayi. ravana. maanavulalo, collin raktamlo uchita anuvugaa ravana cheyabadutundi. collin kaligina phospholipids mariyu glycerophosphocolins vanti itara padaarthaalu raktamlooni lipoproteinlalo ravana cheyabadataayi. aarogyakaramaina upavaasam unna peddalalo rakta plasma collin sthaayilu leetaruku (micromol/lii) micromols 7-20 mariyu sagatuna 10 micromol/lii. sthaayilu niyantrinchabadataayi, conny collin teesukovadam mariyu lopam eee sthaayilanu maarustaayi. collin viniyogam tarvaata sumaru 3 gantala paatu sthaayilu perugutaayi. upavaasam unna peddala plasmalo phosphatidylcoline sthaayilu 1.5-2.5 mmol/l. dheeni viniyogam uchita collin sthaayilanu sumaru 8-12 gantala paatu penchutundi, conny phosphatidilcoline sthaayilanu gananeeyamgaa prabhaavitam cheyadu. collin anedi neetilo karige ayan, anduvalla ravaanaadaarulu kovvulo karige kana pora gundaa vellaali. moodu rakaala collin ravaanaadaarulu telisinavaaruh slc5eah7luu sodiyam-(naa +) mariyu etipi-aadhaarita ravana yantraalu. avi kolinku adhika bandham kaligi untaayi, daanini pradhanamgaa neuronlaku ravana chestaayi mariyu acetylcholine utpattitoe parokshamgaa sambandham kaligi untaayi. vaati paniteeru lopam acetylcholine lopam dwara maanavulalo pulmonary mariyu itara kandaraalalo vamsapaaramparya balaheenataku kaaranamavutundi. nakout elukalalo, vaati panicheyakapovadam valana sinosis mariyu pakshavaatamto sulabhamgaa maranam sambhavistundi. ctl1luu kolinku mitamaina anubandhaanni kaligi untaayi mariyu pregulu, kaaleyam, moothrapindaalu, maavi mariyu mitochondriatho sahaa daadaapu anni kanajaalaalo ravana chestaayi. ctl1s phosphatidylcoline mariyu trimethyl glycine utpattiki collin sarafara chestundi. mukhyamgaa naaluka, moothrapindaalu, kandaraalu mariyu gundeloni mitochondrialo ctl2luu sambhavistaayi. avi collin yokka trimethyl glycineku mitochondrial aakseekaranhatho sambandham kaligi untaayi. ctl1luu mariyu ctl2luu acetylcholine utpattitoe sambandham kaligi undavu, conny rakta-medadu avarodham dwara kalisi collin nuu ravana chestaayi. addanki yokka medadu vaipu matrame ctl2luu sambhavistaayi. avi neuronla nundi adanapu collin nuu tirigi raktamloki tolagistaayi. ctl1luu avarodham yokka rakta vaipuna matrame sambhavistaayi, conny austrocytelu mariyu neuronla porapai kooda sambhavistaayi. aakt1luu mariyu aakt2luu acetylcholine utpattitoe sambandham kaligi undavu. avi takkuva anubandhamtho collin nuu ravana chestaayi. aakt1luu pradhanamgaa kaaleyam mariyu moothrapindaalalo collin nuu ravana chestaayi; aakt2luu moothrapindaalu mariyu medadulo. nilva. collin kana poralu mariyu kanajaalaalo phospholipidluga, mariyu kanaala lopala phosphatidilcolinlu mariyu glycerophosphocolinluga nilva cheyabadutundi. visarjinchadam. 2 nundi 8 graamula collin motaadulalo kooda, maanavulalo chinna collin moothramloki visarjinchabadutundi. moothrapindaala lopala sambhavinche ravana yantraala dwara visarjana jarugutundi (ravana chudandi). trimethyl glycine kaaleyam mariyu moothrapindaalalo dimethyl glycinga demethylated cheyabadutundi (tetrahydropholate methyl samoohaalalo okadaanni pondutundi). methyl glycine roopaalu, moothramloki visarjinchabadutundi ledhaa glycinga demethylated avutundi. function. collin mariyu daani utpannaalu maanavulalo mariyu itara jeevulalo aneka vidhulanu kaligi untaayi. atyanta mukhyamaina pani emitante, collin itara mukhyamaina kana bhagalu mariyu sanketha anuvulaku synthetic purvagaamigaa panichestundi, sell membranelu, neurotransmitter acetylcholine mariyu osmorgulator trimethyl glycine (beatain) vanti phospholipids vantivi. trimethyl glycine anedi "s"-adenosylmethionine yokka jeevasamshleshanhalo palgonadam dwara methyl samuuhaalaku muulamgaa panichestundi. phospholipid puurvagaami. collin phosphatidilcolins mariyu sphingomyelines vanti vividha phospholipidsga roopaantaram chendutundi. ivi anni kana poralu mariyu chaalaa kana kanajaalaala porallo kanipistaayi. phosphatidilcolinlu kana poralo nirmanatmakamga mukhyamaina bhaagam. maanavulalo vaari phospholipidlalo 40-50% phosphatidilcolinlu. colean phospholipids collustraltho paatu kana porallo lipid teppalanu kooda yerparustaayi. teppalu kendraalu, udaaharanaku grahakaalu mariyu grahaka sanketha prasarana enjaimlaku. vldl samshlaeshanhaku phosphatidilcolinlu avasaramh vaati phospholipidlalo 70-95% maanavulalo phosphatidilcolinlu. ekkuvagaa phosphatidilcolinlatho kuudina misramam ayina pulmonary surfuctant samshlaeshanhaku kooda collin avasaram. oopiritittula sthithisthaapakathaku surfuctant baadhyata vahistundi, antey oopiritittula kanajaalam yokka sankochinchi vistarinche saamardhyaaniki. udaaharanaku, oopiritittula kanajaalaalo phosphatidilcolins lopam teevramaina swaasakosha baadha syndromtho mudipadi undhi. phosphatidilcolinlu pittamloki visarjinchabadataayi mariyu pitta aamla lavanaalatoe kalisi sarfaktaantlugaa panicheestaayi, tadwara lipidla pregula shoshanaku sahaayapadataayi. acetylcholine samslaeshanha. acetylcholine utpatti cheyadaaniki collin avasaram. idhi kandaraala sankocham, ghnaapakasakti mariyu naadii abhivruddhilo avasaramaina paatra poeshinchae neurotransmitter. edemaina, itara rakaala kolinlatho poliste maanava sareeramlo acetylcholine takkuvagaa untundi. acetylcholine utpatti kosam neuronlu tama kana porallo phospholipids roopamlo collin nuu nilva chestaayi. trimethyl glycine yokka muulam. maanavulalo, collin accidasela dwara kaaleya mitochondrialo glycine beatain aldehydeku coline tirigi maarchaleni vidhamgaa aakseekarana chendutundi. idhi mitochondrial ledhaa cytosolic beatain-aldehyde dehydrogenesses dwara trimethyl glycinga aakseekarana chendutundi. trimethyl glycine anedi avasaramaina osmorgulator. idhi homosysteinnu methylate chesi methioninga marche bihechamti-enjaimku uparitalamgaa kooda panichestundi. idhi "s"-adenosylmethionine (saam) puurvagaami. jeevasambandha methylation praticharyalalo saam oka saadhaarana karakamu. udaaharanaku, idhi dna yokka gwanidines mariyu histonela yokka konni liceinsnu methylate chestundi. anduvalla idhi janyu vyakteekarana mariyu epigenetic niyantranalo bhaagam. collin lopam valla homocystein sthaayilu perugutaayi mariyu raktamlo shaam sthaayilu taggutaayi. aahaaramlo padaarthaalu. collin anedi aaharalalo uchita anuvugaa mariyu phospholipids roopamlo, mukhyamgaa phosphatidilcolinluga sambhavistundi. collin anedi avayavetara mamsalu, dhanyalu, kuuragaayalu, pandlu mariyu paala utpattulalo takkuva sthaayilo kanipinchinappatikii, avayava mamsalu mariyu guddu pacchasonalo ekkuvagaa untundi. vanta noonelu mariyu itara aahara kovvulalo mottam 5 mg/100 g collin untundi. united stateslo, aahara labels rojuku 550 mii. graa. taginanta teesukovadam aadhaaramgaa rojuvaaree viluva (% divi) saatamgaa collin mottaanni vyaktaparustaayi. rojuvaaree viluvalo 100% antey oka aahaaramlo 550 mg collin untundi. "mottam collin" anedi dravyarashi bhinnanni lekkinchakundaa, uchita collin mariyu collin kaligina phospholipidla mottamgaa nirvachinchabadindi. maanava rommu paalalo collin samruddhiga untundi. pratyaekamaina tallipaalu sisuvuku rojuku sumaru 120 milligramula kolinku anugunamgaa untundi. talli collin teesukovadam peragadam valla talli paalalo collin content perugutundi mariyu takkuva teesukovadam valla adhi taggutundi. shishu suutraalaloo taginanta collin undavacchu ledhaa undakapovachhu. european union mariyu uslalo, prati sisuvu suutraaniki 100 kilokalareela (kcl) kii kaneesam 7 mii. graa. collin jodinchadam tappanisari. european unionlo, 50 mg/100 kcal kante ekkuva sthaayilu anumatinchabadavu. trimethyl glycine anedi collin yokka kriyaatmaka jeevakriya. idhi pooshakamgaa kolinku pratyamnaayamgaa untundi, conny paakshikamgaa matrame. udaaharanaku, godhuma ooka (1,339 mg/100 g), kaalchina godhuma suukshmakrimulu (1,240 mg/100 g) mariyu bachalikura (600-645 mg/100 g) loe adhika mottamlo trimethyl glycine sambhavistundi. rojuvaaree viluvalu. eee krindi pattikalo kotta rojuvaaree viluvanu mariyu kotta poeshakaahaara vaastavaalanu mariyu anubandha vaastavaala lebullanu pratibimbimchaelaa naveekarinchabadina collin muulaalu unnaayi. idhi yuu nundi daetaanu pratibimbistumdi.ess. vyavasaya vibhagam, vyavasaya parisoedhana seva. phud dayta central, 2019. aahara sifaarsulu. collin kosam anchanaa vesina sagatu avasaranni (chevi) sthaapinchadaaniki taginanta samacharam andubaatulo ledhu, kabatti phud und nutrition board (fnb) taginanta teesukovadam (ais) nuu erpaatu chesindi. peddavaariki, collin kosam eyi purushulaku 550 mii. graa./roeju mariyu mahilalaku 425 mii. graa./rojugaa nirnayinchabadindi. eee viluvalu purushulalo hepatic maarpunu nivaaristaayani choopabadindi. ayithe, eee viluvalanu pondadaaniki upayoginchina adhyayanam takkuva collin prabhaavavantamgaa untundaa anie anchanaa veyaledu, endukante parisoedhakulu collin rahita aaharaanni rojuku 550 milligramula collin kaligina aahaaramto matrame poolchaaru. dheeni nundi, pillalu mariyu koumaaradasalo unnavaari kosam eysnu bahirgatam chesaaru. sifaarsulu rojuku milligramulalo (mg/roeju) untaayi. european phud safety authority (efsa) sifaarsulu european union deshaalaku saadhaarana sifaarsulu. efsa teesukoovadaaniki etuvanti garishta parimitulanu nirnayinchaledu. vyaktigata EU deshaalu marinta nirdishta sifaarsulanu kaligi undavacchu. national academy off medicine (naam) sifaarsulu united states, australia mariyu nyoojilaandlalo vartistaayi. janabhalo teesukovadam. 2000 mariyu 2011 madhya 9 european union deshaalalo nirvahinchina pannendu sarvelu eee deshaalalo peddavaallaloo rojuku 269-468 milligramula collin teesukovadam untundani anchanaa vaesaayi. vayojana mahilallo 269-444 mg/roeju mariyu vayojana purushulalo 332-468 mg/roeju teesukovadam jarigindi. sisuvulalo 75-127 mg/roeju, 1 nundi 3 samvatsaraala pillalalo 151-210 mg/roeju, 3 nundi 10 samvatsaraala pillalalo 177-304 mg/roeju mariyu 10 nundi 18 samvatsaraala pillalalo 244-373 mg/roeju. garbhinii koumaaradasalo mottam collin teesukovadam sagatu anchanaa 336 mii. graa./roeju mariyu garbhinii streelalo 356 mii. graa./roeju. nons 2009-2012 survey aadhaaramgaa chesina oka adhyayanam konni US upa janabhalo collin teesukovadam chaalaa takkuvagaa undani anchanaa vesindi. eee vyavadhi madhya 2 + samvatsaraala pillalalo teesukovadam 315.2-318.8 mg/d. 2 + samvatsaraala vayassu gala vaarilo, kevalam% purushulu mariyu% streelu matrame taginanta motaadunu (aii) minchipoyaaru. 2 nundi 3 samvatsaraala vayassu gala vaarilo%, 4 nundi 8 samvatsaraala vayassu gala vaarilo%, 9 nundi 13 samvatsaraala vayassu gala vaarilo%, 14-18 loe% mariyu 19 + samvatsaraala vayassu gala vaarilo% daatindi. yea upa janabhalo adhika motaadu sthaayini minchaledu. america janabhapai nirvahinchina oka 2013-2014 adhyayanamlo 20 mariyu anthakante ekkuva vayassu unnavaarilo 2 nundi 19 samvatsaraala vayassu gala vaari collin teesukovadam mg/roeju mariyu mg/roeju anie kanugonnaru. 20 mariyu anthakante ekkuva vayassu unna purushulalo mg/d mariyu 20 mariyu anthakante ekkuva vayassu unna mahilalalo 278 mg/d teesukovadam jarigindi. lopam. sankethaalu mariyu lakshanaalu. rogalakshana collin lopam maanavulalo chaalaa arudu. chaalaa mandhi aaharam nundi taginanta mottamlo pondutaaru mariyu parimita mottamlo jeevasansleshanha cheyagalugutaru. rogalakshana lopam tarachugaa konni vyaadhula valla ledhaa itara paroksha kaaranaala valla sambhavistundi. teevramaina lopam kandaraala debbatinadaaniki mariyu alcoholic kaani kovvu kaaleya vyaadhiki kaaranamavutundi, idhi sirrosisga abhivruddhi chendavacchu. maanavulato paatu, kovvu kaaleyam kooda itara jantuvulalo collin lopaniki oka saadhaarana sanketam. moothrapindaalalo raktasraavam kooda konni jaatulalo sambhavinchavachhu. osmorgulatorga panichese collin nundi utpannamaina trimethyl glycine lopam kaaranamgaa idhi jarigindani anumaanistunnaaru. kaaranaalu mariyu yantraamgaalu. eastrogen utpatti anedi oka sambandhita amsam, idhi takkuva aahara collin teesukovadamto paatu vyaktulanu lopam baarina padee avakaasam kalpistundi. eestrojenlu pemt enjaimlanu utpatti chese phosphatidilecolinnu sakriyam chestaayi. ruthuvirathiki mundu mahilalaku eastrogen utpatti ekkuvagaa undatam valla purushula kante takkuva aahara avasaram untundi. eastrogen chikitsa lekunda, rutukramam aagipoyina tarvaata mahilala collin avasaralu purushula maadirigaane untaayi. collin mariyu folate jeevakriyanu prabhaavitam chese konni single-nucleotide polymorphisms (janyu karakalu) kooda sambandhitamainavi. konni pregu suukshmajeevulu kooda itarulakanna collin nuu marinta samarthavantamgaa ksheenimpajestaayi, kabatti avi kooda sambandhitamainavi. lopam kaaranamgaa, kaaleyamlo phosphatidylcoline labhyata taggutundi-ivi vldl erpadataaniki avasaram. anduvalla kaaleyam nundi vldl-madhyavartitva kovvu aamlam ravana taggutundi, idhi kaaleyamlo kovvu perukupovadaniki daariteestundi. gamaninchina kaaleya nashtanni vivarinche itara ekakaalamlo sambhavinche yantraamgaalu kooda suuchimchabaddaayi. udaaharanaku, mitochondrial porallo kooda collin phospholipids avasaram. vaati labhyata lekapovadam valla saraina electrochemical pravanatanu nirvahinchadamlo mitochondrial poralu asamarthataku daariteestundi, idhi itara vishayaalatoepaatu, β-aakseekarana dwara kovvu aamlaala ksheenataku avasaram. anduvalla kaaleyamlo kovvu jeevakriya taggutundi. adhika viniyogam. adhika motaadulo collin teesukovadam valla pratikuula prabhavalu untaayi. udaaharanaku, rojuvaaree 8-20 g collin motaadulu, takkuva raktapotu, vikaram, virechanaalu mariyu chepalu lanty shareera vasanaku kaaranamavutaayani kanugonabadindi. eee vaasana anedi grahinche collin nundi gut suukshmajeevulu erpade trimethylamine (tii. emm. yea) kaaranamgaa vastundi (trimethylaminuria chudandi). kaaleyam tmnu trimethylamine "enn"-oxide (tmao) gaa aakseekaristundi. sareeramlo tma mariyu tmo sthaayilu peragadam valla atherosclerosis mariyu maranaala pramaadaanni penchutundi. anduvalla, carnitinetho paatu eee pramaadaalanu penchadaaniki adhika collin teesukovadam oohinchabadindi, idhi gut bacteria dwara tma mariyu tmoga kooda erpadutundi. ayithe, collin teesukovadam valla hridaya sambandha vyaadhula valla maraninche pramaadam ekkuvagaa unnatlu choopabadaledu. perigina tma mariyu tmao sthaayilu itara antarleena anaarogyaalu ledhaa janyu kaarakaala lakshanam matrame anie nammavacchu, ivi vyaktulanu maranaala perugudalaku gurichestaayi. tma mariyu tmao sthaayi sambandhita maranaalanu pariseelinchae konni adhyayanaalalo ituvanti karakalu sarigga lekkinchabadakapovachhu. kaaranamu anedi riverse ledhaa gandaragolamgaa undavacchu mariyu pedda collin teesukovadam maanavulalo maranaalanu penchakapovacchu. udaaharanaku, moothrapindaala panicheyakapovadam valla hridaya sambandha vyaadhulu vachhe avakaasam undhi, conny idhi tii. emm. yea. mariyu tii. emm. yea. oo. visarjanan kooda taggistundi. aarogya prabhavalu. neural tube moosiveta. talli collin takkuva teesukovadam valla neural tube lopaalu vachhe pramaadam perugutundi. talli collin ekkuvagaa teesukovadam anedi pillalalo merugaina neuro cognition/neuro developmenttho mudipadi untundi. collin mariyu folate, vitamin bii12 thoo sankarshana chendutaayi, homosysteinku methyl daatalugaa panichesi methioninnu yerparustaayi, idhi taruvaata saam ("s"-adenosylmethionine) nuu yerparustundi. ksheeradaalalo daadaapu anni methylation praticharyalaku saam uparitalam. folate mariyu enn. tii. dii. ess madhya sambandhaaniki shaam dwara chedirina methylation kaaranamani soochinchabadindi. idhi kolinku kooda vartinchavachhu. collin jeevakriyaku aatamkam kaliginche konni utparivartanalu navjata sisuvulalo enn. tii. dii. la prabalyanni penchutaayi, ayithe aahara collin lopam yokka paatra aspashtamgaa undhi. hridaya sambandha vyaadhulu mariyu cancer. collin lopam kovvu kaaleyaaniki kaaranamavutundi, idhi cancer mariyu hridaya sambandha vyaadhula pramaadaanni penchutundi. collin lopam kooda shaam utpattini taggistundi, idhi dna methylationlo paalgontundi-eee taggudala kooda carcinogenesisku dohadam cheyavachu. anduvalla, lopam mariyu atuvanti vyaadhulatoe daani sambandham adhyayanam cheyabadindi. ayithe, uchita janabha yokka pariseelana adhyayanalu takkuva collin teesukovadam mariyu hridaya sambandha vyaadhulu ledhaa chaalaa cancerla madhya sambandhaanni nammadagina vidhamgaa choopinchaledu. prostate cancerpy adhyayanalu viruddhamgaa unnaayi. ghnaanam. adhika collin teesukovadam mariyu ghnaanam madhya prabhavanni pariseelinchae adhyayanalu maanava peddalalo paraspara viruddhamaina phalitaalato nirvahinchabaddaayi. maanava sisuvulu mariyu pillalapai ilanti adhyayanalu viruddhamgaa mariyu parimitam kooda. prasavaanantara abhivruddhi. garbham mariyu chanubalivvadam rendoo kolinku demandnu natakeeyamgaa penchutaayi. marinta collin "dii novo" nuu utpatti cheyadaaniki eastrogen sthaayilanu penchadam dwara pemt yokka niyantrana dwara eee demandnu teerchavachhu, conny pemt karyakalapalu periginappatikee, collin kosam demand ippatikee chaalaa ekkuvagaa undhi, shareera nilvalu saadhaaranamgaa ksheenistaayi. pemt-/-" elukalu (functional pemt laeni elukalu) anubandha collin tinipinchakapothe 9-10 rojulalo garbhasravam avtayani pariseelana dheeniki udaaharana. garbham mariyu chanubalivvadam samayamlo talli nilvalu ksheeninchinappatikii, maavi kanajaalamloki ekagrata pravanataku vyatiraekamgaa collin nuu pump cheyadam dwara collin nuu perukupotundi, akkada adhi vividha roopaallo nilva cheyabadutundi, ekkuvagaa acetylcholine gaa. amneotic dravam loe collin saandratalu talli raktamtho poliste padhi retlu ekkuvagaa untaayi. pindam loe vidhulu. cellular poralu (vegavantamaina pindam mariyu talli kanajaala vistarana), oka carbon moities (dna mariyu itara vidhula methylation kosam oka uparitalam), pindam mariyu placental kanajaalaalo collin nilvalanu penchadam mariyu lipoproteinla (kovvu bhaagaalanu kaligi unna proteins) utpattini penchadaaniki oka uparitalamgaa garbhadhaarana samayamlo kolinku adhika demand undhi. mukhyamgaa, medadupai collin viniyogam yokka prabhaavampai aasakti undhi. idhi cellular membranelanu tayaaru cheyadaaniki (mukhyamgaa phosphatidylcoline tayaareeloo) padaarthamgaa collin vadakam nundi vastundi. garbham yokka moodava traimaasikamlo maanava medadu perugudala chaalaa vaegamgaa untundi mariyu sumaru aidu samvatsaraala vayassu varaku vaegamgaa konasaagutundi. eee samayamlo, phosphatidylcoline (mariyu collin nundi) nundi tayarayye sphingomailinku demand ekkuvagaa untundi, endukante eee padaartham naraala fiberlanu myelinate (insulate) cheyadaaniki upayoginchabadutundi. neurotransmitter acetylcholine utpattiki kooda koleenku demand undhi, idhi medadu praantaala nirmaanam mariyu vyavasthanu, neurogenesis, myelination mariyu synaps erpaatunu prabhaavitam chestundi. acetylcholine maavilo kooda untundi mariyu kanaala vistarana mariyu bhedaanni (kanaala sankhyalo perugudala mariyu bahula viniyoga kanaalanu pratyeka cellular vidhulugaa marchadam) mariyu prasarananu niyantrinchadamlo sahaayapadavachhu. medaduloki collin teesukovadam anedi rakta-medadu avarodham vadda unna takkuva-anubandha ravana yantram dwara niyantrinchabadutundi. dhamanula rakta plasma collin saandratalu 14 micromol/lii kante ekkuvagaa periginappudu ravana jarugutundi, idhi collin adhikamgaa unde aaharalanu teesukunna tarvaata collin saandrata peragadam samayamlo sambhavinchavachhu. dheeniki viruddhamgaa, neuronlu adhika mariyu takkuva-anubandha ravaanaadaarula dwara collin nuu pondutaayi. collin pora-kattubadi unde phosphatidilcoline gaa nilva cheyabadutundi, taruvaata dheenini acetylcholine neurotransmitter samslaeshanha kosam upayoginchavacchu. acetylcholine avasaramaite erpadutundi, synaps antataa prayaanistundi mariyu eee krindi neuronku signalnu prasaram chestundi. aaa taruvaata, acetylcholinesterase daanini ksheenimpajestundi, mariyu adhika-anubandha ravana yantram dwara uchita collin nuu mallii neuranloki teesukuntaaru. upayoginchandi. aahara padaardhaalalo collin chloride mariyu collin bitartrate upayoginchabadataayi. bitartrate daani takkuva hygroscopicity kaaranamgaa tarachugaa upayoginchabadutundi. konni collin lavanaalanu chiken, turkey mariyu konni itara janthu aahaaraalaku anubandhamgaa upayogistaaru. konni lavanaalanu paarisraamika rasayanaluga kooda upayogistaaruh udaaharanaku, photorosistnu tolaginchadaaniki photolithography. collin theophilinate mariyu collin solicilate mandulugaa, alaage methacolin mariyu carbachol vanti nirmaanaparamaina saaruupyaalugaa upayoginchabadataayi. 11sii-collin vanti radiolabel cheyabadina kolinlanu vaidya imaginglo upayogistaaru. vaanijyaparamgaa upayoginche itara lavanaalalo tricholin citrate mariyu collin bicarbonate unnaayi. vyatiraekulu mariyu nirodhakaalu. parisoedhana prayojanaala kosam vandalaadi collin antagonistlu mariyu enjaim inhibitors abhivruddhi cheyabaddaayi. parisoedhana saadhanamgaa upayoginche modati vaatilo aminomethylpropanol okati. idhi collin mariyu trimethyl glycine samshlaeshanhanu nirodhistundi. idhi collin lopaanni prerepinchagaladu, idhi elukalalo kovvu kaaleyaaniki daariteestundi. diethanolamine atuvanti maroka sammelanam, conny paryaavarana kalushya karakam kooda. "enn"-cyclohexylcoline pradhanamgaa medadullo collin teesukoovadaanni nirodhistundi. hemicolinium-3 anedi marinta saadhaarana nirodhakam, conny idhi collin kineslanu kooda madhyastamgaa nirodhistundi. marinta nirdishtamaina collin kines inhibitors kooda abhivruddhi cheyabaddaayi. trimethyl glycine samslaeshanha nirodhakaalu kooda unnaih carboxybutainlhomosite anedi oka nirdishta bihechamti nirodhakam yokka udaaharana. chittavaikalyam yokka colinergic parikalpana aushadha acetylcholinesterase inhibitarlaku matrame kakunda, vividha rakaala acetylcholine inhibitarlaku kooda daariteestundi. ituvanti nirodhaka parisoedhanaa rasaayanaalaku udaaharanalalo triathylcholine, homocolin mariyu collin yokka aneka itara "enn"-ethyl utpannaalu unnaayi, ivi acetylcholine yokka tappudu neurotransmitter analogues. collin acetyl transferes inhibitors kooda abhivruddhi cheyabaddaayi. charitra. aavishkarana. 1849loe, adolph streaker pandhi pittam nundi collin nuu vaeru chesina modati vyakti. 1852loe, ell. baabu mariyu emm. hirsh brun tella aavalu vittanaala nundi collin nuu sekarinchi daaniki "sinkalin" anie paeru pettadu. 1862loe, streaker pandhi mariyu aux pittamtho thana prayogaanni punaraavrutam chesaadu, pittaaniki greeku padam, "cole" tarvaata modatisaarigaa padaarthaanni "collin" anie pilichi, daanini c5h13no anae rasayana suutramtoe gurtinchaadu. 1850loe, theodor nicolus gobley corps medadu mariyu roow nundi guddu pacchasona kosam greeku padam nundi "lesithin" anie paeru pettina padaardhaanni velikiteesaaru, idhi 1874loe phosphatidilcolinla misramam anie choopinchindi. 1865loe, askar libratch jantuvula medadula nundi "neurain" nuu veruchesindi. acetylcholine mariyu libraich yokka "neurain" yokka nirmaana suutraalanu 1867loe adolph vaan bayer parishkarinchaaru. aaa samvatsaram taruvaata "neurain" mariyu sinkalin streaker yokka collin maadirigaane padaarthaalugaa chuupabaddaayi. anduvalla, colean nirmaanaanni parishkarinchina modati vyakti bayer. ippudu neurain anie piluvabade sammelanam koleentho sambandham ledhu. oka pooshakamgaa aavishkarana. 1930la praarambhamlo, charless best mariyu sahacharulu elukalalo kovvu kaaleyam pratyeka aaharam mariyu diabetic kukkalaku lesithin tinipinchadam dwara nivaarinchavacchani paerkonnaaru, 1932loe lesithinloni collin matrame eee nivaarana prabhaavaaniki kaaranamani rujuvu chesindi. 1998loe, yuu. ess. national academy off medicine maanava aahaaramlo collin kosam vaari modati sifaarsulanu nivedinchindi.

colin colin () kimiyayi farmola waala eek cashion hay. colin mukhtalif namkiyaat banaati hay misaal kay toor parr colin chloride aur colin batartrait. chemistry. colin eek chothayi amonium cashion hay. coline paani mein ghalanshel kawatarneri amonium markabaat kaa eek khaandaan hay. colin coline klaas kaa bunyadi markab hay juu aithnolamin kay baqiyat parr mushtamil hotaa hay jiss mein teen methyl grop hotay haine juu eek hyee nitrojan attom say jaday hotay haine. colin hydro oxide kuu colin bees kahaa jaataa hay. yaha hygroscopic hay aur iss tarah aksar eek bay rung chapchapa hydrated sharbat kay toor parr saamney aataa hay jiss mein trimethylamine (tye ayem aey) kii bow aatee hay. colin kay aabi mahlul mustahkam hotay haine leakin markab aahista aahista atheline glycoal pouli theleen glycoal aur tye ayem aey mein toot jaataa hay. colin chloride kuu tye ayem aey kuu 2-chloro aithanol kay saath trait karkay banaya jaa saktaa hay: 2-chloro aithanol atheline oxide say paida kiyaa jaa saktaa hay. colin tarikhi toor parr qadarti zaraye say tayaar kii gayee hay jeesay kahh lestheen kay hydrolisis kay zariye. fitrat mein colin. colin fitrat mein zindah makhluqat mein wasee paimanay parr payee jaati hay. ziyadah tarr janwaron mein colin phospholipaids khaliyon kii jhalee mein khaliyon kay aizaa kii jhalee mein aur behat kumm kasafat waalay leepo protein mein zaruri ajzaa haine. colin batoor ghazaiyat. colin insaanon aur behat say dosray janwaron kay liye eek zaruri ghazaiyat hay. ansaan colin kii kachh "ddee noow" tarkib karnay kay qaabil hotay haine leakin sehat kuu barqarar rakhnay kay liye ghazaa mein izaafi colin kii zarurat hoti hay. ghazayi zaruriyat kuu colin khood yaa colin phospholipaids kii shakal mein poraa kiyaa jaa saktaa hay jeesay kahh phosphatidalcolin. ameno assed jaisi saakhat aur metabolism kay saath eek zaruri ghazaiyat honay kay bawajood colin kuu bazabtah toor parr vitamin kay toor parr darjah bund nahein kiyaa gayaa hay. colin kii zarurat acetylcholin-eek neuro transmitter-aur "aiss"-adenocelmathionine (seem)yee eek aalamgir methyl donor tayaar karnay kay liye hoti hay. methylation parr seem kuu aiss-adenosyl homo systeine mein tabdil kirr diyaa jaataa hay. alamati colin kii kamee ghair alkahal faiti jigar kii bemari aur pathon kuu nqsan pahunchati hay. colin kii zarurat say ziyadah khipat (rozanah 7.5 graam say ziyadah) trimethylamine kii wajah say kumm build presher pasinah aanaa ishaal aur machli jaisi jasm kii bow kaa sabab bunn sakti hay juu colin kay metabolism mein banti hay. colin aur colin phospholipaids kay bharpur ghazayi zaraye mein aizaa kaa gosht anday kii zardi dodh kii masnuaat mong phalee baaz phaliyan garee daar mewe aur beej shaamil haine. paasta aur chawal waali sabziyan bhee americi ghazaa mein colin kii maqdar mein hasah daalti haine. metabolism. baiyo santhesis. podon mein colin kii "ddee novo" baiyo santhesis kaa pehla qadm sirayan kuu aithnolamin mein decarboxylization hay juu sirayan decarboxylus kay zariye atprerik hotaa hay. aithnolamin say colin kii tarkib teen matwazi raaston mein how sakti hay jehaan methyl transfer kay zariye atprerik honay waalay lagatar teen "aine"-methalation iqdamat free bees phospho bees yaa phosphatidal bees parr kiye jaatay haine. methyl grop kaa maakhiz "s"-adenocel-methionain hay aur "s"-adenocel-homo systeine eek zamni masnuaat kay toor parr tayaar hotaa hay. insaanon aur ziyadah tarr dosray janwaron mein colin kii noow tarkib phosphatidylthenolamine aine-methyl transfers (payment) raastay kay zariye hoti hay leakin baiyo santhesas insani zaruriyat kuu poraa karnay kay liye kaafi nahein hay. hapatic paimat roat mein 3-phosphoglycert (3 pee jee) aisaail-kawaa say 2 aisaail grop haasil kartaa hay juu eek phosphatic assed banata hay. yaha cytedine trayee faasfet kay saath taamil kartay hoay cytedine daayee faasfet-dicelglycerol banata hay. iss kaa hydroxyl grop sirayan kay saath taamil kartay hoay phosphatydalcerine banata hay juu decarbuxelts kuu aithnolamin aur phosphatydylthenolamine (pee ayee) kii shaklon mein badal deeta hay. eek paimat inzaem teen methyl gropon kuu teen "aiss"-adenosyl methionines (seem) atiyah dehandgan say phosphatidylthenolamine kay aithnolamin grop mein muntaqil kartaa hay taakah phosphatidalcolin kii shakal mein colin bunn sakay. tharee "aiss"-adenosyl homo systeine (saahis) eek zamni masnuaat kay toor parr banti haine. colin kuu ziyadah paichidah colin parr mushtamil molecules say bhee khaarij kiyaa jaa saktaa hay. misaal kay toor parr ziyadah tarr khaliyon kii aqsaam mein phosphatidalcolins (pee see) kuu hydrolyse kirr kay colin (cole) kiyaa jaa saktaa hay. colin kuu see ddee pee-colin roat cytosolic colin canaces (see kay) phosphorlet colin kay saath aey tye pee say phosphocolin (pee cole) kay zariye bhee tayaar kiyaa jaa saktaa hay. yaha kachh khaliyon kii aqsaam jeesay jigar aur garday mein hotaa hay. colin-faasfet cytedile transfers (see pee see tye) cytedine trayee faasfet (see tye pee) kay saath paichol kuu see ddee pee-colin (see ddee pee-cole) mein tabdil kirr deeta hay. see ddee pee-colin aur diaglyceroid kuu dicelglycerol colin phosphot transfers (see pee tye) kay zariye pee see mein tabdil kiyaa jaataa hay. insaanon mein baaz payment-inzaem taghiraat aur estrojan kii kamee (aksar rajunurti kii wajah say) colin kii ghazayi zarurat kuu badhaa deeti hay. choohon mein 70 faisad phosphatydalcoline payment roat kay zariye aur sarf 30 faisad see ddee pee-colin roat kay zariye banti haine. naak aaot choohon mein paimat kii ghair faaliyat inhein makmal toor parr ghazayi colin parr munhasir kirr deeti hay. jazb. insaanon mein colin kuu aanton say aiss eel see 44 aey 1 (see tye eel 1) jhalee protein kay zariye jazb kiyaa jaataa hay juu colin kay artakaz kay melaan aur entrocet jhalee kay paar barqi salahiyat kay zeer intezam aasaan phailao kay zariye hotaa hay. aiss eel see 44 aey 1 mein colin kii nql woo hamal kii mahdud salahiyat hay: ziyadah artakaz parr iss kaa kachh hasah ghair jazb shadah chhod diyaa jaataa hay. jazb shadah colin entro sights kuu portal rugg kay zariye chhodta hay jigar say guzarta hay aur nizami gardash mein daakhil hotaa hay. aanton kay jarsumah ghair jazb shadah colin kuu trimethylamine mein tabdil kirr deetay haine juu jigar mein trimethylamine "aine"-oxide mein oxide hojata hay. phosphocolin aur gulserophosphocolanz kuu phospholipaces kay zariye colin mein hydrolyse kiyaa jaataa hay juu portal rugg mein daakhil hotaa hay. paani mein ghalanshel honay kii wajah say inn mein say kachh portal rugg mein tabdil nahein hotay haine. charbi mein ghalanshel colin parr mushtamil markabaat (phosphatidalcolins aur asphangomelin) yaa tuu phospholipaces kay zariye hydrolyse hotay haine yaa chelomakeron mein shaamil lamaf mein daakhil hotay haine. nql woo hamal. insaanon mein colin kuu khoon mein eek aazaad molecule kay toor parr muntaqil kiyaa jaataa hay. colin parr mushtamil phospholipaids aur deegar maaday jeesay gulcerophosphocolin khoon kay leepo protein mein muntaqil hotay haine. sehat mund rozah rakhnay waalay balighon mein khoon kay plazma colin kii satah 7-20 micro moul phee latter (μmol/l) aur austa 10 μmol/l hay. sathon kuu manzam kiyaa jaataa hay leakin colin kii maqdar aur kamee inn sathon kuu badal deeti hay. colin kay istemaal kay baad taqriba 3 ghantay takk satah buland hoti hay. rozah rakhnay waalay balighon kay plazma mein phosphatidalcolin kii satah 1.5-2.5 mmol/l hay. iss kii khipat taqriba 8-12 ghanton takk mufta colin kii satah kuu badhati hay leakin phosphatidalcoline kii satah kuu numayan toor parr mutasir nahein karti hay. colin paani mein ghalanshel aayin hay aur iss tarah transporters kuu charbi mein ghalanshel khalyaat kii jhalee say guzarnay kii zarurat hoti hay. teen qasm kay colin transporters malum haine: aiss eel see 5 aey 7 aiss sodeem-(aine aey +) aur aey tye pee parr munhasir transporter haine. inn mein colin kay liye ziyadah binding waabistagi hoti hay yaha bunyadi toor parr neoran takk pahunchati hay aur balwasta toor parr acetylcholin kii paidawar say waabistah hoti hay. inn kii kamee kii wajah say insaanon mein palmonary aur deegar pathon mein jinyati kamzori hoti hay. naak aaot choohon mein inn kii bemari kay natijay mein aasani say scienosis aur faalij kay saath moth waaqa how jaati hay. see tye eel 1 aiss mein colin kay liye aitedal pasand waabistagi hoti hay aur asay taqriba tamaam baafaton mein muntaqil karti hay bashmol aanton jigar girdon naal aur mitochondria. see tye eel 1 aiss phosphatydalcoline aur trimethylgalycin kii paidawar kay liye colin kii farahami kartaa hay. see tye eel 2 aiss khaas toor parr zabaan garday pathon aur dall mein mitochondria mein paaye jaatay haine. wah colin kay mitocondrail oxykaran say trimethylgalycin mein mansalk haine. see tye eel 1 aiss aur see tye eel 2 aiss kaa taaluq acetylcholin kii paidawar say nahein hay balkah khoon kay dimagh kii rukawat kay zariye colin kuu eek saath muntaqil kartay haine. sarf see tye eel 2 aiss rukawat kay dimagh kii taraf hotay haine. wah izaafi colin kuu bhee neoran say khoon mein waps lay jaatay haine. see tye eel 1 aiss sarf rukawat kay khoon kii taraf hotaa hay balkah estro sights aur neoran kii jhalee parr bhee hotaa hay. aakat 1 aur aakat 2 aiss kaa taaluq acetylcholin kii paidawar say nahein hay. wah kumm waabistagi kay saath colin muntaqil kartay haine. aakat 1 aiss bunyadi toor parr jigar aur girdon mein colin muntaqil kartaa hay vovo aakat 2 aiss girdon aur dimagh mein. zakhirah karnaa. colin kuu khaliyon kii jhalee aur organels mein phospholappeds kay toor parr aur khaliyon kay andar phosphatidalcolins aur gulserophosphocolanz kay toor parr zakhirah kiyaa jaataa hay. akhraaj. yahaan takk kahh 2 say 8 graam kii colin kii khurakon parr bhee insaanon mein thodi see colin peshaab mein khaarij hoti hay. akhraaj transporters kay zariye hotaa hay juu garday kay andar hotaa hay (transport dekhein). trimethylgalycin kuu jigar aur girdon mein diamethylgalycin mein demethlet kiyaa jaataa hay (tetra hydropholite methyl gropon mein say eek haasil kartaa hay). methylglycin kii shaklein peshaab mein khaarij hoti haine yaa glycine mein demethlet hoti haine. function. colin aur iss kay mushtaqat insaanon aur deegar hayatiyat mein behat say afaal rakhtay haine. sabb say qaabil zakar kaam yaha hay kahh colin deegar zaruri khaliyon kay ajzaa aur segnaling molecules kay liye masnuyi paish khaimah kay toor parr kaam kartaa hay jeesay kahh phospholipaids juu khaliyon kii jhalee banatay haine neuro transmitter acetalcolin aur osmorgulator trimethylgalycin (beteen). trimethylgalycin badlay mein "aiss"-adenocelmathionine kii hayatiyati tarkib mein hasah lay kirr methyl gropon kay zariah kay toor parr kaam kartaa hay. phospholipaid kaa paish khaimah. colin mukhtalif phospholappeds mein tabdil how jaataa hay jeesay phosphatidalcolins aur asphangomelin. yaha tamaam khaliyon kii jhalee aur ziyadah tarr khaliyon kay aizaa kii jhalee mein paaye jaatay haine. phosphatidalcolin khalyaat kii jhalee kaa saakhti toor parr aham hasah haine. insaanon mein inn kay phospholappeds mein say 40-50% phosphatydalcoline haine. colin phospholipaids colestrol kay saath sail membrain mein lipped raaft bhee banatay haine. raaft marakaz haine misaal kay toor parr receptors aur receptor segnal transdiction enzymes kay liye. wee eel ddee eel kii tarkib kay liye phosphatidalcolin kii zarurat hoti hay: inn kay phospholappeds mein say 70-95% insaanon mein phosphatidalcolin haine. colin kii zarurat palmonary cerfectant kii tarkib kay liye bhee hoti hay juu kahh ziyadah tarr phosphatydalcoline parr mushtamil markab hay. cerfectant phephadon kii lachak kay liye zamah daar hay juu kahh phephadon kay baafaton kii sukadnay aur tausia karnay kii salahiyat kay liye hay. misaal kay toor parr phephadon kay baafaton mein phosphatidalcolin kii kamee kuu shadeed tanfas kii preshani kay cendrome say jodaa gayaa hay. phosphatidalcolin putt mein khaarij hotay haine aur iss mein cerfectants kay toor parr putt assed namkiyaat kay saath mill kirr kaam kartay haine iss tarah lipdz kay aanton kay jazb mein madad milti hay. acetylcholin kii tarkib. acetylcholin paida karnay kay liye colin kii zarurat hoti hay. yaha eek neuro transmitter hay juu pathon kay sukadnay yaaddasht aur aisaabi nashonuma mein zaruri kirdaar adaa kartaa hay misaal kay toor parr. iss kay bawajood colin kii deegar shaklon kay muqabilay mein insani jasm mein acetylcholin behat kumm hoti hay. neoran acetylcholin kii paidawar kay liye colin kuu phospholappeds kii shakal mein apnay sail membrain mein bhee zakhirah kartay haine. trimethylgalycin kaa zariah. insaanon mein colin kuu colin oxidaces kay zariye jigar kay mitochondria mein glycine beteen eldi hyde mein naqabil wapsi toor parr oxidise kiyaa jaataa hay. yaha mitocondrail yaa cytosolic beteen-aldee hyde ddee hydrogenesis kay zariye trimethylgalycin mein oxidise hotaa hay. trimethylgalycin eek zaruri osmorgulator hay. yaha bee aich ayem tye-inzaem kay liye eek substrait kay toor parr bhee kaam kartaa hay juu homo systeine kuu methionain mein methylot kartaa hay. yaha eek "s"-adenocelmathionine (saam) paish khaimah hay. seem hayatiyati methylation radh amal mein eek aam regent hay. misaal kay toor parr yaha ddee aine aey kay goanedines aur histones kay kachh lycenes kuu methylate kartaa hay. iss tarah yaha jaine kay izhaar aur appagentic zabtay kaa hasah hay. colin kii kamee iss tarah homo systeine kii satah kuu buland karti hay aur khoon mein seem kii satah kuu kumm karti hay. khaaney mein mawaad. colin khaaney kii ashyaa mein eek aazaad molecule kay toor parr aur phospholappeds kii shakal mein khaas toor parr phosphatidalcolin kay toor parr paaya jaataa hay. colin aizaa kay gosht aur anday kii zardi mein sabb say ziyadah hoti hay halankah yaha ghair aizaa kay gosht anaaj sabziyon phalon aur dodh kii masnuaat mein kumm hadd takk payee jaati hay. khaana pakanay kay teel aur deegar khaaney kii charbi mein kill colin kaa taqriba 5 milly graam/100 graam hotaa hay. riyasathaye muthadah mein khaaney kay leebal 550 milly graam/dunn kii munasib maqdar kii bunyaad parr rozanah kii qeemat (% ddee wee) kay faisad kay toor parr khadmat mein colin kii maqdar kuu zahir kartay haine. rozanah kii qeemat kay 100% kaa matlab hay kahh khaaney kii eek khadmat mein 550 milly graam colin hoti hay. "kill colin" kii tareef baday paimanay parr frection kay hasaab say baghair free colin aur colin parr mushtamil phospholipaids kay majmuay kay toor parr kii gayee hay. insani maan kaa dodh colin say bharpur hotaa hay. khususi dodh plana bachay kay liye rozanah taqriba 120 milly graam colin say mutabiqat rakhta hay. maan kay colin kii maqdar mein izafah maan kay dodh mein colin kii maqdar kuu badhata hay aur iss kii kumm maqdar asay kumm kirr deeti hay. nauzaidah farmolon mein kaafi colin how sakti hay yaa nahein bhee. europi union aur america mein harr nauzaidah farmolay mein kumm az kumm 7 milly graam colin phee 100 clow calori (kay kii eel) shaamil karnaa lazmi hay. europi union mein 50 milly graam/100 calori say oopar kii satah kii ajazat nahein hay. trimethylgalycin colin kaa eek faal metabulite hay. yaha ghazaiyat kay lahaaz say colin kaa muthbadil hay leakin sarf jazwi toor parr. misaal kay toor parr trimethylgalycin kii ziyadah maqdar gandam kii chakan (1,339 milly graam/100 graam)yee toasted gandam kay jaraseem (1,240 milly graam/100 graam) aur paalak (600-645 milly graam/100 graam) mein payee jaati hay. rozanah kii aqdaar. mandarjah zeel jadool mein colin kay taazah tareen zaraye shaamil haine juu nayee rozmarah kii qeemat aur nayey ghazaiyat kay hqaiq aur zamimah hqaiq kay leebal kii akaasi kartay haine. yaha yuu say ddita kii akaasi kartaa hay.aiss. mohkamah zaraat zarayi tehqiqi khidmaat. foud ddita central 2019. ghazayi sfarshaat. colin kay liye eek andazay kay mutabiq ausat zarurat (kaan) qayem karnay kay liye nakafi ddita dastiyaab hay iss liye foud aind nutration board (aif aine bee) nay munasib maqdar mein intech (aey aayee aiss) qayem kiyaa. balighon kay liyay colin kay liye aey aayee mardon kay liye 550 milly graam/dunn aur khwatin kay liye 425 milly graam/dunn muqarar kiyaa gayaa thaa. yaha aqdaar mardon mein jigar kii tabdili kuu roknay kay liye dikhayi gayee haine. tahim inn aqdaar kuu haasil karnay kay liye istemaal honay waali tehqeeq mein iss baath kaa andazah nahein lagaya gayaa kahh aayaa kumm colin moasir saabat hogi keunkah mohqaqeen nay sarf colin say paak ghazaa kaa mawaznah rozanah 550 milly graam colin parr mushtamil ghazaa say kiyaa. iss say bachon aur noamron kay liye aaiz kuu alg kiyaa gayaa. sfarshaat milligram phee dunn (milly graam/dunn) mein haine. europi foud seifty atharti (ayee aif aiss aey) kii sfarshaat europi union kay mamalik kay liye aam sfarshaat haine. ayee aif aiss aey nay intech kay liye koyee opri hadood muqarar nahein kii haine. infiradi europi union kay mamalik mein mazeed makhsus sfarshaat how sakti haine. national academy aaf medison (naam) kii sfarshaat riyasathaye muthadah australia aur newzi lend mein laago hoti haine. aabadi mein intech. 2000 aur 2011 kay darmiyan 9 europi union kay mamalik mein kiye gayey baarah sarway mein inn mamalik mein balighon kii colin kii maqdar kaa takhmina 269-468 milligram yumiah lagaya gayaa hay. baaligh khwatin mein 269-444 mg/dunn aur baaligh mardon mein 332-468 mg/dunn thaa. bachon mein 75-127 mg/dunn 1 say 3 saal kay bachon mein 151-210 mg/dunn 3 say 10 saal kay bachon mein 177-304 mg/dunn aur 10 say 18 saal kay bachon mein 244-373 mg/dunn thaa. kill colin kii maqdar kaa ausat takhmina haamilah noamron mein 336 milly graam/dunn aur haamilah khwatin mein 356 milly graam/dunn thaa. nahanas 2009-2012 sarway parr mubni eek mutalah nay andazah lagaya hay kahh kachh americi zeeli aabadi mein colin kii maqdar behat kumm hay. iss madat kay darmiyan 2 + saal kay bachon mein intech 315.2-318.8 mg/d thaa. 2 + saal kii amar kay bachon mein say sarf% mard aur% khwatin nay munasib maqdar (aey aayee) say tajawaz kiyaa. aey aayee say 2 say 3 saal kay bachon kaa faisad 4 say 8 saal kay bachon kaa faisad 9 say 13 saal kay bachon kaa faisad 14-18 kaa faisad aur 19 + saal kay bachon kaa faisad tajawaz kirr gayaa. kasee bhee zeeli aabadi mein ziyadah maqdar say tajawaz nahein kiyaa gayaa. americi aabadi kay eek 2013-2014 neenz kay mutalay say patah chalaa hay kahh 20 aur iss say ziyadah amar kay balighon mein 2 say 19 saal kay bachon kii colin kii maqdar milly graam/dunn aur milly graam/dunn hay. 20 aur iss say ziyadah amar kay mardon mein milly graam/ddee aur 20 aur iss say ziyadah amar kii khwatin mein 278 milly graam/ddee kii maqdar thee. kamee. elamaat aur elamaat. insaanon mein alamati colin kii kamee shaaz woo naadir hyee hoti hay. ziyadah tarr loag iss kii kaafi maqdar ghazaa say haasil kartay haine aur iss kii mahdud maqdar mein baiyo santhees karnay kay qaabil hotay haine. alamati kamee aksar baaz beemariyon yaa deegar balwasta wajuhaat kii wajah say hoti hay. shadeed kamee pathon kuu nqsan aur ghair alkahal faiti jigar kii bemari kaa sabab banti hay juu sarsos mein tabdil how sakti hay. insaanon kay alawah charbi waala jigar bhee dosray janwaron mein colin kii kamee kii eek aam alaamat hay. garday mein khoon behna kachh anwaa mein bhee how saktaa hay. iss kaa shabah colin say makhuz trimethylgalycin kii kamee kii wajah say hay juu eek osmorgulator kay toor parr kaam kartaa hay. wajuhaat aur tariqah kaar. estrojan kii paidawar eek mutaliqah ansar hay juu afraad kuu kumm ghazayi colin kii maqdar kay saath kamee kaa shikaar banata hay. estrojan phosphatydalcoline kuu faal kartay haine juu paimat inzaem tayaar kartay haine. khwatin mein estrojan kii ziyadah paidawar kii wajah say rajunurti say pehley khwatin kuu mardon kay muqabilay mein colin kii kumm ghazayi zarurat hoti hay. estrojan tharaapi kay baghair rajunurti kay baad khwatin kii colin kii zaruriyat mardon kii zaruriyat say milti jalti haine. colin aur folate metabolism kuu mutasir karnay waalay kachh sangal nucleutide pouli morphism (jinyati awamil) bhee mutaliqah haine. aanton kay baaz jaraabi maaday bhee dosron kay muqabilay mein colin kuu ziyadah moasir tareeqe say kharaab kartay haine iss liye wah bhee mutaliqah haine. kamee mein jigar mein phosphatydalcoline kii dastiyabi kumm how jaati hay-yaha wee eel ddee eel kii tashkil kay liye zaruri haine. iss tarah jigar say baahir wee eel ddee eel-saalisi faiti assed kii nql woo hamal kumm how jaati hay jiss kii wajah say jigar mein charbi jamaa how jaati hay. mashahidah shadah jigar kay nqsan kii wazahat karnay waalay beek waqat honay waalay deegar tariqah kaar bhee tajweez kiye gayey haine. misaal kay toor parr mitocondrail jhalee mein colin phospholappeds kii bhee zarurat hoti hay. inn kii adam dastiyabi mitocondrail jhalee kii munasib electro chemical gradent kuu barqarar rakhnay mein nakami kaa baais banti hay juu deegar cheezon kay alawah β-oxykaran kay zariye faiti assed kuu kharaab karnay kay liye zaruri hay. iss liye jigar kay andar charbi kii metabolism kumm how jaati hay. izaafi maqdar. colin kii zarurat say ziyadah khuraak kay manfi asraat how saktay haine. misaal kay toor parr colin kii rozanah 8-20 G khuraakein kumm build presher mutli ishaal aur machli jaisi jasm kii bow kaa sabab banti haine. yaha bow ghair jazb shadah colin say gutt microbus kay zariah bannay waali trimethylamine (tye ayem aey) kii wajah say hoti hay (trimethylamenorhea dekhein). jigar tye ayem aey kuu trimethylamine "aine"-oxide (tye ayem aey awo) mein oxcidise kartaa hay. jasm mein tye ayem aey aur tye ayem aey awo kii buland satah kuu athroschlerosis aur amwaat kay badhtay hoay khatray say jodaa gayaa hay. iss tarah carnitin kay elawah inn khatraat kuu badhanay kay liye ziyadah colin kii maqdar kuu qayaas kiyaa gayaa hay juu aanton kay bacteria kay zariye tye ayem aey aur tye ayem aey awo mein bhee tashkil paataa hay. tahim colin kii maqdar say dall kii beemariyon say marnay kaa khatrah nahein badhta hay. yaha qaabil fehm hay kahh tye ayem aey aur tye ayem aey awo kii buland satah sarf deegar bunyadi beemariyon yaa jinyati awamil kii eek alaamat hay juu afraad kuu amwaat mein izaafe kaa paish goyee karti hay. how saktaa hay kahh tye ayem aey aur tye ayem aey awo kii satah say mutaliq amwaat kaa mashahidah karnay waalay baaz mutaliat mein iss tarah kay awamil kaa munasib hasaab naha diyaa gayaa how. wajah altaa yaa aljhan kaa baais bunn saktaa hay aur bury maqdar mein colin kii maqdar insaanon mein amwaat mein izafah nahein kirr sakti. misaal kay toor parr garday kii kharaabi qalbi beemariyon kaa sabab banti hay leakin yaha tye ayem aey aur tye ayem aey awo kay akhraaj kuu bhee kumm kirr sakti hay. sehat kay asraat. neural tube kii bandash. colin kii kumm maan kii maqdar neural tube kay nqayes kay badhtay hoay khatray say waabistah hay. zachgi mein colin kii ziyadah maqdar mamkanah toor parr bachon mein behatar neurocognation/neuro development say waabistah hay. colin aur folate vitamin bee 12 kay saath taamil kartay huay methionain bananay kay liye homo systeine kay liye methyl atiyah dehandgan kay toor parr kaam kartay haine juu phir seem ("s"-adenocelmathionine) banaa saktay haine. seem mamaliyah janwaron mein taqriba tamaam methylation radh amal kay liye substrait hay. yaha tajweez kiyaa gayaa hay kahh saam kay zariye preshan methylation folate aur aine tye ddee aiss kay darmiyan taaluq kaa zamah daar how saktaa hay. yaha colin parr bhee laago how saktaa hay. baaz taghiraat juu colin metabolism kuu preshan kartay haine nauzaidah bachon mein aine tye ddee kay phailao mein izafah kartay haine leakin ghazayi colin kii kamee kaa kirdaar waazah nahein hay. qalbi amraz aur cancer. colin kii kamee charbi waalay jigar kaa sabab bunn sakti hay jiss say cancer aur qalbi amraz kaa khatrah badh jaataa hay. colin kii kamee say seem kii paidawar bhee kumm how jaati hay juu ddee aine aey methylation mein hasah leeti hay-yaha kamee carsonogensis mein bhee maawan saabat how sakti hay. iss tarah kamee aur iss tarah kii beemariyon kay saath iss kay taaluq kaa mutalah kiyaa gayaa hay. tahim aazaad aabadiyon kay mashahidati mutaliat nay kumm colin kii maqdar aur qalbi amraz yaa ziyadah tarr cancer kay darmiyan koyee taaluq saabat nahein kiyaa hay. prostate cancer parr mutaliat mutzad rahay haine. adraak. insani balighon mein ziyadah colin kii maqdar aur adraak kay darmiyan asraat kaa mashahidah karnay waalay mutaliat mutzad nataij kay saath kiye gayey haine. insani nauzaidah bachon aur bachon parr asee tarah kay mutalay mutzad aur mahdud bhee rahay haine. peeri neetal development. hamal aur dodh plana donon hyee colin kii maang mein dramayi toor parr izafah kartay haine. iss maang kuu estrojan kii satah mein izaafe kay zariye payment kay regulation kay zariye poraa kiyaa jaa saktaa hay taakah ziyadah colin "ddee noow" paida kiyaa jaa sakay leakin payment kii badhti hoyee srgarmi kay bawajood colin kii maang abb bhee atnee ziyadah hay kahh jasmani stores aam toor parr khatam how jaatay haine. iss kii misaal iss mashahide say milti hay kahh "paimat-/-" choohay (faal paimat kii kamee waalay choohay) 9-10 dunon mein asqaat hamal kirr dain gay jabb takk kahh izaafi colin naha khilaya jaaye. jabb kahh hamal aur dodh planay kay doraan colin kay zachgi kay zakhayer khatam how jaatay haine naal tisho mein artakaz kay melaan kay khalaaf colin kuu pump karkay colin jamaa kartaa hay jehaan asay phir mukhtalif shaklon mein zakhirah kiyaa jaataa hay ziyadah tarr acetylcholin kay toor parr. amnetik seeyal mein colin kii maqdar zachgi kay khoon say duss ganaa ziyadah how sakti hay. janeen mein afaal. hamal kay doraan cellolar jhalee (janeen aur maan kay baafaton kii teezi say tausia) kii tameer kay liye eek substrait kay toor parr colin kii ziyadah maang hoti hay eek carbon moities (ddee aine aey aur deegar afaal kay methylation kay liye eek substrait) kii badhti hoyee zarurat janeen aur placental baafaton mein colin stores kuu badhana aur leepo proteins ("charbi" hasoon parr mushtamil protein) kii paidawar mein izafah karnaa. khaas toor parr dimagh parr colin kay istemaal kay asraat mein dilchaspi hay. yaha cellolar jhalee bananay kay liye batoor mawaad colin kay istemaal say paida hotaa hay (khaas toor parr phosphatidalcoline bananay mein). hamal kii teesri sah maahi kay doraan insani dimagh kii nashonuma sabb say teez hoti hay aur taqriba paanch saal kii amar takk teez hoti rehti hay. iss doraan asphangomelin kii maang ziyadah hoti hay juu phosphatydalcoline (aur iss tarah colin say) say bunny hay keunkah yaha mawaad aisaabi reshon kuu myelinate (mosliyat) karnay kay liye istemaal hotaa hay. colin neuro transmitter acetylcholin kii paidawar kii bhee maang mein hay juu dimagh kay elaqon kii saakhat aur tanzeem neurogenesis mayili nation aur snaayaps kii tashkil kuu mutasir kirr sakti hay. acetylcholin naal mein bhee mojud hoti hay aur khaliyon kay phailao aur tafriq (khaliyon kii taadad mein izafah aur kaseer istemaal khaliyon kii makhsus cellolar afaal mein tabdiliyan) aur paidaish kuu control karnay mein madad kirr sakti hay. dimagh mein colin kaa istemaal khoon kay dimagh kii rukawat parr waaqa kumm waabistagi waalay transporter kay zariye control kiyaa jaataa hay. nql woo hamal iss waqat hotaa hay jabb sharyani khoon kay plazma colin kii maqdar 14 ayem awo eel/eel say ziyadah how jaati hay juu colin say bharpur khaaney pinay kay baad colin kii maqdar mein izaafe kay doraan how sakti hay. neuran iss kay barakas aalee aur kumm waabistagi waalay transporters donon kay zariah colin haasil kartay haine. colin kuu jhalee say mansalk phosphatydalcoline kay toor parr zakhirah kiyaa jaataa hay jasay baad mein acetylcholin neuro transmitter kii tarkib kay liye istemaal kiyaa jaa saktaa hay. zarurat kay mutabiq acetylcholin bunn jaati hay snaayaps kay paar safar karti hay aur segnal kuu mandarjah zeel neoran takk muntaqil karti hay. iss kay baad acetalcholenisters asay kharaab kirr deeta hay aur free colin kuu eek aalee waabistagi waalay transporter kay zariye dobarah neoran mein lay liyaa jaataa hay. istemaal karein. colin chloride aur colin batartrait ghazayi supplements mein istemaal hotay haine. batartrait kuu iss kii kumm hygroscopacity kii wajah say ziyadah kasrat say istemaal kiyaa jaataa hay. baaz colin namkiyaat kuu marghi tarki aur kachh deegar janwaron kay khaaney kay liye istemaal kiyaa jaataa hay. kachh namkiyaat sanaati chemical kay toor parr bhee istemaal hotay haine: misaal kay toor parr photolathgraphy mein photorest kuu hatanay kay liye. colin theophilant aur colin celeslate kuu adviyaat kay saath saath saakhti analogs, jeesay methacolin aur karbakol kay toor parr istemaal kiyaa jaataa hay. redio leebal waali colines jeesay 11 see-colin tabee amaging mein istemaal hoti haine. tajarti toor parr istemaal honay waalay deegar namkiyaat mein tricholin citrate aur colin bayee carbonate shaamil haine. mukhalif aur rook thaam. sainkadon colin mukhalif aur inzaem infector tehqiqi maqasid kay liye tayaar kiye gayey haine. amenomathylpropinol inn sabb say pehley logon mein say hay juu tehqiqi aalay kay toor parr istemaal hotay haine. yaha colin aur trimethylgalycin kii tarkib kuu rokta hay. yaha colin kii kamee kuu janam deenay kay qaabil hay jiss kay natijay mein choohon mein charbi waala jigar paida hotaa hay. dietinolamine eek aur aisa markab hay leakin eek mahuliyati aaludgi bhee hay. "aine"-cyclo hexelcolin bunyadi toor parr dimagh mein colin kay istemaal kuu rokta hay. haemicholinium-3 eek ziyadah aam rook thaam hay leakin yaha colin canaces kuu bhee aitedal say rokta hay. mazeed makhsus colin canies infectors bhee tayaar kiye gayey haine. trimethylgalycin kii tarkib kay rook thaam bhee mojud haine: carboxy beautile homo systeine eek makhsus bee aich ayem tye rook thaam kii eek misaal hay. dementia kay collengic mafruzay nay naha sarf adviyati acetalcholenisters infectors kaa baais banaa hay balkah mukhtalif qasm kay acetylcholin infectors kaa bhee baais banaa hay. iss tarah kay rook thaam karnay waalay tehqiqi chemicals kii misalon mein trithylcholin homocolin aur colin kay behat say dosray "aine"-ethyl mushtaq shaamil haine juu acetylcholin kay ghalat neuro transmitter analogs haine. colin acetial transfers infectors bhee tayaar kiye gayey haine. tareekh. driyafat. 1849 mein adolf stracker suur kay putt say colin kuu alg karnay waala pehla shaqs thaa. 1852 mein eel. baabo aur ayem. harshabron nay safed sarson kay bejon say colin nikali aur asay "sinkline" kaa naam diyaa. 1862 mein stracker nay suur aur bail kay putt kay saath apnay tajarbay kuu dohraya pehli baar iss maadah kuu yunani lafz putt kay baad "colin" kahaa "chool"yee aur asay kimiyayi farmola c5h13no say shanakhat kiyaa. 1850 mein theodor necolas gobli nay corps kay dimagh aur ruu say eek maadah nikala jasay iss nay anday kii zardi kay yunani lafz kay naam parr "lestheen" kaa naam diyaa jiss say 1874 mein patah chalta hay kahh yaha phosphatydalcoline kaa markab thaa. 1865 mein aaskar labrache nay janwaron kay damaghon say "neurain" kuu alg kiyaa. acetylcholin aur labrache kay "neurain" kay saakhti farmolon kuu 1867 mein adolf waan bayer nay hall kiyaa thaa. iss saal kay aakhir mein "neurain" aur sinkline kuu stracker kay colin kay jeesay hyee maaday dikhaya gayaa thaa. iss tarah baayar colin kii saakhat kuu hall karnay waala pehla shaqs thaa. juu markab abb neurain kay naam say jaana jaataa hay iss kaa colin say koyee taaluq nahein hay. batoor ghazaiyat driyafat karnaa. 1930 kii dahayi kay awail mein charlis best aur inn kay saathiyon nay nott kiyaa kahh choohon mein faiti leaver kuu khususi ghazaa parr aur ziyabetas kay shikaar katoon kuu lestheen khilaa kirr rooka jaa saktaa hay jiss say 1932 mein saabat hawaa kahh lestheen mein mojud colin iss hifazati asar kay liye makmal toor parr zamah daar hay. 1998 mein yuu aiss national academy aaf medison nay insani ghazaa mein colin kay liye apnee pehli sfarshaat kii atlaa dee.

00002e9331b9d7dca078c30f6dedebf6797950eef4953d1e3ea192f6f45669fe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3610337

Out of Myself

Out of Myself Out of Myself is the debut studio album by Polish progressive rock band Riverside, released on 21 September 2004. It was first released under The Laser's Edge and is the first album in the boxed set "Reality Dream Trilogy" which includes "Out of Myself", "Second Life Syndrome" and "Rapid Eye Movement". Acclaim and reviews. Riverside's debut full album "Out of Myself" was met with critical acclaim among progressive rock and metal reviewers. The album was described as "a rare thing of beauty" by MetalCrypt reviewer Bruce Dragonchaser. Boris at Metal Reviews stated that he was "lucky" to have "stumbled" on the album. "...one of the most treasured pieces in my collection", noted Ivor at Metal Storm. Album style. "Out of Myself" has been described as an "emotional musical journey", "powerful in a subtle way", with "slight elements of metal, arena rock, grunge, and even dub." At the same time, the album has been termed "the band's gentle first outing." Built on the strength of Mariusz Duda's bass guitar, the music also relies on a soaring atmosphere of Jacek Melnicki's keyboards and "long, weeping, long stretched high guitar notes" of Piotr Grudziński's lead guitar. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

nijor poraa out off maai hoise 2004 sonor 21 septemborot mukti puwa poo 'loswo progotixil rok bendo reversider prothom studio' elbam. ee prothombaror baabe lejaror kaxot mukti laabh korisil aaru boxed set "reality dream triay" lojir prothom elbam zo "too" out off maai "," sekendo life chindrom "aaru" rapied aai movement "ontorbhukto aase. proxongxa aaru xomaluchona. reversider prothom xompurno elbam "out off maai" progotixil rok aaru metal porzaluchonakarixokolor maajot xomalusokor proxongxa laabh korisil. elbamtuk metalcryptor porzaluchonakari bruch dragonsagere "ek birol xoundorjyor bostu" buli bornona korisil. metal ribhiut borise koichil je elbamtut "huraa-zura" koriboloi paai teu "bhagyowan" aasil. "...mur xongrohor ataitkoi omulyo bostuburor bhitorot etaa ", dhaatur dhumuhar xomoyot hatidantor kotha ullekh korisil. elbam xoili. "mur poraa baahir huwa" koo "ek" abegik xongitor jatra "," xukhmobhabe xoktixali "," dhaatu, erena rok, gronj, aanoki daabor xamanyo upadanor xoite bornona koraa hoise."eke xomoyote, elbamtuk" bendor kumol prothom outing "buli obhihito koraa hoise."marias duder bes gitter xoktir uporot nirmito, xongittu jesek melnikir kibo" rdor urbor poriwex aaru pio "tro groodjinskir mukhyo gitter" dighol, kandi thoka, dighol bistarito uscho gitter noot "ror uporotu nirbhor kore.

nijer theke out off maai holl polisha progotishil rock banned reversider prothom studio album, jaa 21shhey septembara 2004 saale mukti paay. etty prothom lezarer prante mukti paay ebong boxed seeta "reality drima trilogy"-rawr prothom album jaar modhye "out off maai", "second life syndrome" ebong "rapid aaee movement" antarbhukta. proshongsha ebong porjalochona. reversider prothom purno album 'out off maai' progotishil rock ebong metal porjalochokder modhye somalochokder proshongsha peyechilo. albumtike metalcrypt porjalochok bruce dragonchaser "soundorjer ekti biral jinis" hisabe bornona korechen. metal reviewte boris bolechilen jey tini albume "honcht kheye" "bhagyoban" chhilen. "...amar sangraher sabcheye mulyaban jinisgulir modhye ekti, "dhatob jhorer somoy hatir daant ullekh koreche. album shaili. "amar theke" "ekti" "abeggoto sangeet jatra" "hisabe bornona koraa hoyeche," "sukkho upaye shaktishali", "" "dhatu, erina rock, gronz ebong emonki daaber samanno upadan soho."ekoi somoye, albumtike" "bander mridu prothom jatra" "bolla hoyeche."marius dooder bases gitter shaktir upor nirmito, sangitti jessec melnikir keyboarder ekti urdhomukhi poribesh ebong peotor grudzinskyr prodhan gitter" "deergho, kandte kandte, deergho prosarito uchcho gitter note" "-err uporo nirbhar korey.

maaree jatmathi 21 september september roj prakashit thayel, 'out off maay' aee polisha progressive roqa benned riversidenu pratham studiyo album chhe. teey pratham vakhat lesarnee dhaar hethal rajoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo aneey bokswala seeta 'reality dream triology' maan pratham album chhe jemaa 'out off maay', 'second life syndrome' aneey 'rapid aaee movement' noow samaavesh thaay chhe. prashansa aneey sameekshao. riversidena pratham sampoorn album 'out off maay' neey pragatisheel roqa aneey metal samikshakoma vivechakoni prashansa malee hatee. metalcript samikshak bruce dragonchaser dwara aaa aalbamnu varnan "sundartani aek durlabh vastu" tareeke karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. dhaatuni samikshaoma borise janaavyu hatoo keey teey aalbamma "thokar" maarvaa maate "naseebdar" hato. "...maaraa sangrahma sauthee mulyavaan tukadaomathi aek, "dhaatuna tofaanmaa hathidant nondhyu. album shailee. "maaree jatmathi" neey "bhavnatmak sangeet yaatra" tareeke varnavama aavee chhe, "sookshm reete shaktishaali", "dhaatu, erena roqa, grunge aneey dabnaa sahej tatvo saathe"."teey jaj samaye, aaa aalbamne" "bendnee saumya pratham outing" "tareeke odakhvaamaa aavyu chhe"."marius dudana baas gitaarnee taakaat parr banelu, sangeet jessec melaneekeena keyboardna udataa vatavaran aneey piotara grudzinskina mukhya gitaarnaa" "laambaa, radataa, laambaa khenchayela uchch gitaar notes" "parr pann aadhaar raakhe chhe".

apane seey baahar out off meenish pragatisheel rock baind riverside kaa pahala studio album haye, joe 21 sitambar 2004 koo jaari kiya gayaa thaa. yeh pahali baar lazer key kinare key neeche jaari kiya gayaa thaa aur boxes sett "reality dream triology" mein pahala album haye jisamen "out off mee", "sekand life syndrome" aur "rapid aaee movement" shamil hain. prashansa aur sameekshaaen. riverside key pahale poorna album 'out off mean' koo pragatisheel rock aur metal sameekshakon key beach aalochanatmak prashansa millie. metalcrypt sameekshak broose dragonchaser dwara album koo "sundarta kii ack durlabh cheej" key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa thaa. metal reviews mein boris ney kahaa kii vaha "bhagyashali" they kii album mein "thokar" luggy. "...merey sangrah mein sabse keemati tukadon mein seey ack, "dhaatu key toofaan mein hathidant ney nott kiya. album shally. "apane aap seey baahar" koo ack "bhaavnaatmak sangeet yatra" key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye, "sookshm tareeke seey shaktishali", "dhaatu, akhaade kii chattan, grunge aur yahaan taka kii dub key mamuli tatvon key saath."saath hii, album koo" "baind kii komal pahali outing" "kahaa gayaa haye."marius duda key baas gitar kii taakat parr nirmit, sangeet jessec melaniki key keyboard key badhate vatavaran aur pioter grudzinsky key pramukh gitar key" "lambe, rote hue, lambe faile hue uchch gitar notes" "parr bhee nirbhar kartaa haye.

nannolaginda nannade aada out embudu palish pragatipara rock byaand riversiden modala studio album aagiddu, idu 21 september 2004 randu bidugadeyaayitu. idu modala baarige laser anchinalli bidugadeyaayitu mattu boxed sett "reality dream trilogy" yaya modala album aagiddu, idaralli "out off mye", "second life syndrome" mattu "rapid aii movement" serive. mechchuge mattu vimarshegalu. riversiden modala purna album "out off maine" pragatipara rock mattu metal vimarshakaralli vimarshaatmaka mecchugeyannu padeyitu. ee album annu metalcrypt vimarshaka broose dragonchasor "soundaryada aparoopada vishaya" endu vivarisiddaare. lohada vimarsegalalli boris avaru albamnalli "edavi" beelalu "adrushtashaali" endu helidaru. "...nanna sangrahadalli atyanta amoolyavaada tunukugalalli ondaagide, "lohada chandamarutadalli dantavannu gamanisi. album shaili. "nannolaginda" "ondu bhavanatmaka sangeetada prayana", "sukshma reetiyalli shaktiyuta", "lohada, arena rock, grunge mattu dabgala swalpa amshagalondige" endu vivarisalaagide."adhe samayadalli, ee album annu" "bandna soumyavaada modala pradarshana" "endu kareyalaaguttade"."marius dudaada baas guitarna balada mele nirmisalaada ee sangeetavu jaysec melnikkiya keybordgala meleruva vatavaranavannu mattu piotar grudgincy pramukha guitarna" "udda, aluvudu, uddavaada ettarada guitar tippanigalannu" "avalambiside".

ennilninnu thanne 2004 septambar 21nuu purathirangiya poolish purogamana roock baand rivarsaidinte aadya studiyo aalbamaan outtu oof mye. ithu aadyamaayi laserinte arikilaanu purathirangiyathu, koodaathe boxed settu "reality dream thrayam" ennathil "outtu oof mye", "second life syndrome", "rapid aii movement" enniva ulppedunna aadya aalbamaanith. prasamsayum avalokanangalum. rivarsaidinte aadya poornna aalbam 'outtu oof mye' purogamana roock, mettal niroopakarkkidayil niroopaka prashamsa nedi. metalkript niroopakanaaya broose dragonchasor eee albathe "soundaryathinte apoorva kaaryam" ennu visheshippichu. aalbathil "idari" veezhunnathil thaan bhaagyavaanaanennu mettal reviewukalile boris paranju. "...ente shekharathile ettavum amoolyamaaya kashanangalilonn ", loha kodunkaattile anakkombu kurichu. aalbam shaili. "mettal, arina roock, grunch, dub ennivayude cheria gadakangalulla" "ente thanne" "oru vaikaarika sangeetha yaatra" "," sookshumamaaya reethiyil saktham "" ennu visheshippikkappettindu "."athesamayam, albathe" "baandinte soumyamaaya aadya yaatra" "ennu visheshippichu"."marius dudayude baas gittaarinte shakthiyil nirmmicha eee samgeetham jassec melnikkiyude keyboardukalude uyarnna anthareekshatheyum piottar grudsinsky leed gittaarinte" "neelamulla, karayunna, neelamulla uyarnna gitaar kurippukaleyum" "aasrayikkunnu".

majhyapasunach 21 september 2004 roji pradarshit jhalela 'out auph maay' haah polish progressive rock band riversidecha pahila studio album aahe. too pahilyanda lesarchya kathakhali pradarshit jhaala hota aanee boxes kelelya sanchatil 'reality dream triology' madheel pahila album aahe jyamadhye 'out auph maay', 'sekand life syndrome' aanee 'rapid aay movement' yancha samavesh aahe. prashansa aanee punaravalokne. reversidechya 'aaoot auph maay' yaa pahilya purn albamla purogami rock aanee metal samikshakanni samikshakanchi prashansa midavali. metalcript samikshak broos dragonchaser yanni yaa albumche varnan 'saundaryachi eka durmil gosht' asey kele aahe. metal reviewsmadhye borisne sangitale qee too 'bhagyavan' hota qee tyala albammadhye 'adkhal' padali. "...majhya sangrahatil sarvat maulyavan vastunpaiki eka, "dhatuchya vadalat hastidantane nondavale. album shaili. "out auph maay' chey varnan 'bhavnik sangeet pravas', 'sookshm paddhatine shaktishali', 'dhatoo, arena rock, granj aanee agadi dub' chya chhotya ghatkansah kele gele aahe."tyach velee, yaa dhwanimudrikela" "bandchi saumya pahili sahal" "asey sambodhale gele aahe"."marius dudachya baas gitarchya takdivar bandhalele sangeet, jessec melanikichya keyboardchya unchavananya vatavaranavar aanee piotar grudzinskichya mukhya gitarchya" "lamb, radnanya, lamb pasarlelya uchch gitar notes" "varr dekhil avalambun aahe".

moe niz thaaru out off mine heuchhi 21 september 2004 ray muktilabha karithiba polish pragatiseela rock banned reversider pratham studio album, ehaa prathame lazer dhaarare muktilabha karithila ebong boxed sett "reality dream trajira" pratham album jeunthire "out off mine", "dwiteeja zeeban cindrome" ebong "druta chakhyu gati" antarbhukta . prashansa ebong samikhya. reversider pratham purna album "out off mine" pragatiseela rock ebong metal sameekhyakanka madhyare samalochakanka prashansa paithila . metalcrypt samikhyaka bruce draganachejaranka dwara ehi alabamku "soundarjyara eka birala jinish" bhabare barnana karajaithila. metal ribhyure boris kahithile je shay "bhagyasali" je shay alabamare "horana" hoithile. "......moe sangrahara sabutharu mulyabana jinish madhyaru gotie, "dhaatu jhadare hatidant ullekha karithile . album sailee "moe 'thaaru" ku eka "aabegika sangeeta jatra", "sukshma upaajare shaktishali", "dhaatu, erina rock, grunge ebong epariki doub rahr samanya upadan sahita barnana karajaichi ."ethi sahita, alabamku" bander mrudu pratham jatra "bolly abhihita karajaichi."marias dudanka baas guitarra shakti upare nirmita, sangeetati jesak melnikinka keyboard ebong piotar grudjinskinka mukhya guitarra" "lamba, kanduthiba, lamba prasarita uccha gitara note" "rahr eka urdhwagamee paribesha upare madhya nirbhara kare .

aapne aap toon bahr aapne aap vicchon 21 satambar 2004 noon jaari keeti gaee polish pragtishil raak baind reverside dee pahili studio album haii, ih pahili vaar lazer dey kinare heth jaari keeti gaee see atey boxed sett "reality dream triolegy" dee pahili album haii jiss witch "aaoot aaf mine", "saikand life syndrome" atey "rapid aaee movement" shamal hunn. parshansa atey samikhiaavan. reverside dee pahili puurii album "aaoot aaf mine" noon pragtishil raak atey maital samikhiakan witch aalochnatmak parshansa millie. metalcript samikhiak broos dragonchaser duaara album noon "sundarta dee ikk durlabh cheez" vajon darsaiaa giaa see. maital samikhiaavan witch boris neey kiha kii uh "khushkismat" see kii album witch "khadot" aaee. "...merey sangrah witch sabh toon keemati tukdiaan vicchon ikk, "dhatu dey toofan witch hathidant neey nott keeta. album shaili "aapne aap vicchon" noon ikk "bhavnatmak sangeetak yaatra", "ikk sookham tarike naal shaktishali", "dhaat, akhade dey chattan, granj atey ithon takk kii dabb dey mamuli tattan dey naal darsaiaa giaa haii."iss dey naal hii, album noon" baind dee komal pahili outing "kiha giaa haii."marius duda dey baas gitar dee taakat utte baniaa, sangeet jaisek melniki dey keyboardan dey ubbharde mahaul atey piotar grudzinsky dey mukkh gitar dey" lambe, ronde hoye, lambe khiche ucche gitar notes "utte vee nirbhar karda haii.

swayam bahihi out aaf mai iti polish-progressive-raak-byaand-riversaid-ityasya prathama-studio-aalbam asti, yat 2004 september 21 dinaanke pradarshitam. etat prathamam lazer-prantasya adhah pradarshitam aasit, tathaa cha baaksd-sett "reality-dream-trayam" ityasya prathamam aalbam asti yasmin "aut aaf mai", "second-laif-cindrome", "rapid-aii-movement" cha antarbhavanti. prashamsaam cha samiksham cha. riversaid ityasya prathama-poorna-aalbam "aut-aaf-main" pragatisheel-raak-metal-samikshakanam madhye vimarshaatmak-prashamsaam praapnot. metal-crypt-sameekshakah broos dragon-chesar ityanena asya aalbam "saundaryasya durlabham vastu" iti varnitam. metal reviews ityatra boris ityeshah uktavaan yat saha "bhagyavan" aasit yat aalbam madhye "vikshiptah" abhavat iti. "...mama sangrahasya atyantam amoolyaasu vastushu anyatamah "dhaatu-vaatalane hastidantuh ullekhah. aalbam-shailee. "swayam bahihi" iti "bhaavanaatmak-sangeeta-yatra" iti varnitam asti, "sookshmaroopen shaktishaalee" iti, "dhaatuh, arenaa-raak, granj, doub ityadinam laghu-tattwaih saha."tasmin eva samaye, etat aalbam" bend ityasya saumyam prathamayatram "iti namna khyaatam asti."marius duda ityasya baas gitaar ityasya balaat nirmitam, sangeetam, jessec melniki ityasya keyboard-ityasya udiyamana-vaataavaranam api cha piotar grudginsky ityasya pramukha-gitaar-ityasya" deergham, rodanam, deergham, uccha-gitaar-swaram "api aashritam asti.

ennai vittu 21 septumber 2004 andru veliyidappatta balish murpoakkaana raak isaikkuzhu reversidene muthal studio aalbam idhu. idhu muthanmuthalil lazerine vilimbil veliyidappattathu mattrum backs chett "reality tream trioli" yinn muthal aalbamaagum, idhil "awood off maii", "irandaavathu vaazhkkai noaikkuri" mattrum "viraivaana kann iyakkam" aagiyavai adangkum. parattu mattrum vimarsanangkal. reversidene muthal muzhu aalbamaana "awood off maii" murpoakkaana raak mattrum metal vimarsagargalidaiyae vimarsana reethiyaana paaraattaip pettrathu. inththa aalpaththai metal crypt vimarsagar broose tragonsasor "azhagin ariya vishayam" endru vivaritthaar. metal vimarsanangkalil poaris, aalpaththil "thadumari" varuvatharku avar "athirshtachali" endru koorinaar. "...enathu sekarippil migavum pokkishamaana thundugalil ondru, "uloaga puyalil thantham kurippidappattathu. aalbam paani. "uloagam, arangka paarai, kiranjch mattrum tuup poantra siriya koorugaludan" oru "unarchchipoorvamaana isaip payanam", "nutpamaana vazhiyil sakthivaaintha" endru vivarikkappattullathu."athae neraththil, inththa aalbam" "isaikkuzhuvin menmaiyaana muthal payanam" "endru azhaikkappadukirathu"."marius dudavin baas kittaarin valimaiyin adippadaiyil kattapatta inththa isai, jaysek melnikkiyin visaippalakaikal mattrum beauter kritzinskyin munnani kittaarin" "neenda, azhugai, neenda neettapatta uyar kittar kurippugal" "aagiyavattrin uyarum valimandalaththaiyum nambiyullathu".

naa nundi naa nundi bayataku ravadam anedi palish progressive rock byaand reverside yokka toli studio album, idhi 21 september 2004naa vidudalaindi. idhi modata lazer anchuna vidudalaindi mariyu baxed sett "reality dream trayam" loe modati album, indulo "avt off mye", "second life syndrome" mariyu "rapid ii movement" unnaayi. prasamsalu mariyu sameekshalu. reverside yokka toli puurti album "avt off mye" pragatiseela rock mariyu metal sameekshakulalo vimarsakula prasamsalanu andukundi. eee albumnu metal crypt sameekshakudu broose dragonchaser "arudaina andam" gaa abhivarninchaaru. metal reviews vadda boris albumlo "porapaatlu" cheyadam thana adrushtam anie paerkonnaadu. "...naa sekaranalo atyanta viluvaina mukkalalo okati, "lohapu tuphaanu vadda dantam gurtinchabadindi. album shaili. "naa nundi" "oka" "bhavodvega sangeeta prayaanam" "gaa varninchabadindi," "suukshmamaina maargamlo saktivantamainadi", "" metal, arena rock, grunge mariyu dub yokka swalpa amsaalatoe kooda "."adhe samayamlo, eee albumnu" "byaand yokka sunnitamaina modati vihaarayaatra" "gaa paerkonnaaru"."marius duda yokka baas guitar balam meeda nirminchina eee sangeetam, jassec melnikki yokka keyboardula yokka egurutunna vaataavaranam mariyu piotar grudzinsky yokka pradhana guitar yokka" "podavaina, edupu, podavaina ettaina guitar notes" "paie kooda aadhaarapadutundi".

apnay aap say baahir aaot aaf mayee paalish progresso raak bend rever side kaa pehla studio album hay juu 21 satambar 2004 kuu release hawaa. yaha pehli baar leaser kay kinaray kay neechey release hawaa thaa aur boxed seet "realty dream trialgy" kaa pehla album hay jiss mein "aaot aaf mayee"yee "second life cendrome" aur "rapped aayee movment" shaamil haine. tareef aur jaizay. rever side kay pehley makmal album "aaot aaf mayee" kuu tarqi pasand raak aur mettle kay mubsareen mein tanqidi tareef haasil hoyee. mettle cript kay jaizah leenay waalay brose dragon sheezar nay album kuu "khubsurati kii eek nayaab cheez" kay toor parr biyaan kiyaa thaa. mettle reviews mein bors nay kahaa kahh wah "khush qasmat" thay kahh album mein "thokar khayee". "...miray majmuah kay sabb say qeemati takadon mein say aike "dhaat kay toofan mein haathi daanat nay nott kiyaa. album kaa andaaz. "apnay aap say baahir" kuu eek "jazbati mausiqi kay safar" kay toor parr biyaan kiyaa gayaa hay "lateef andaaz mein taqatwar"yee "dhaat airina raak grange aur yahaan takk kahh dub kay mamuli anaasir kay saath."asee kay saath album kuu" "bend kii naram pehli aamad" "qaraar diyaa gayaa hay."maarees dodda kay baas gataar kii taaqat parr bunny mausiqi jaisak milanki kay kii boards kay buland woo baala maahul aur puter girdzensky kay leed gataar kay" "lambay rotay huay lambay phailay hoay oonche gataar noton" "parr bhee inhasaar karti hay.

000036fced8ec2ff4c7c4a85ce217111d868a38e10cc71af1c77ce3c5b99e417

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27969216

Monastir offensive

Monastir offensive World War I offensive in the Macedonian front The Monastir offensive was an Allied military operation against the forces of the Central Powers during World War I, intended to break the deadlock on the Macedonian front by forcing the capitulation of Bulgaria and relieving the pressure on Romania. The offensive took the shape of a large battle and lasted for three months and ended with the capture of the town of Monastir. On an average depth of 50km, the Bulgarian First Army (from the end of September German Eleventh Army) gave battle on six occasions, being forced to retreat five times. Background. In August 1916, Romania chose to join the war effort on the side of the Entente and concentrated most of its forces for an invasion of Transylvania, leaving its 3rd army to guard the border with Bulgaria. The Russian and French proposals for a joint attack of the Romanian Army and the Allied Salonika Army against Bulgaria were no longer realistic. The Allies, however, still planned a large offensive in the Macedonian front for the middle of August to support Romania's entry into the war and pin down as many Bulgarian forces as possible. The Bulgarian High Command suspected an impending offensive, and the fighting around Doiran that erupted on 9 August only confirmed these suspicions. On their part, the Bulgarians had urged for an offensive in Macedonia since the beginning of the year, now planning to strike with the First Army and Second Army on both Allied flanks. The Germans also gave their sanction for the plan as the former army was part of Army Group Mackensen. On 17 August, the Chegan and Struma offensives began. On the left flank, the Bulgarian Second Army, meeting little resistance on its way, seized all the Greek territory up to the Struma river. On the right flank, the Bulgarian First Army captured Lerin and continued advancing in the face of stiffening Allied resistance. The advance soon bogged down, the offensive was called off on 27 August, and the Bulgarian forces were ordered to dig in. This pre-emptive strike, however, thwarted general Sarrail's plans and forced him to postpone his offensive. The need for an Allied attack against Bulgaria became even more urgent in early September 1916, as the Bulgarian Third Army under general Stefan Toshev and field marshal Mackensen achieved decisive victories against the Romanian and Russians in the battles of Tutrakan and Dobrich. Opposing forces. By September 1916, the Allies had gathered a substantial force of 6 Serbian, 5 British, 4 French, 1 Italian infantry division and 1 Russian infantry brigade for operations on the Macedonian front. The ratio strength of this army reached between 369,000 and 400,000 men. The battle strength was deployed in 201 infantry battalions with 1,025 artillery pieces and 1,300 machine guns. The Central Powers could initially oppose these forces with the Bulgarian First Army, German Eleventh Army and Bulgarian Second Army in total 172 infantry battalions, c. 900 artillery pieces. In addition, there was also the 10th Bulgarian Infantry Division and the forces protecting the Aegean coast from the river Struma to the border with the Ottoman Empire – 25 infantry battalions, 31 artillery batteries and 24 machine guns. General Sarrail planned to strike at the right wing and center of the overextended First Army with his Serbian, French, Russian and Italian forces and content himself with only demonstrative attacks against the Vardar valley and the Struma, that were to be conducted by the British to pin down as many Bulgarian and German troops as possible. The offensive. Opening phase. On 12 September, the Allies opened their offensive with a powerful two-day artillery barrage and an attack by the Serbian Third Army and the French Army of the Orient against the Bulgarian 8th Tundzha Infantry Division and colonel Tasev's reinforced brigade. The situation soon deteriorated for the Bulgarians, and on 14 September, they were forced to retreat towards Lerin, leaving behind some of their artillery guns and abandoning Gornichevo to the Serbians. On 12 September, the Serbians also began their first attack on the Kaimakchalan ridge. The British also became active on the Struma front and tried to expand their footholds on its right bank. The Bulgarian First Army's western flank now managed to hold the Allies on the Lerin – Kajmakcalan line. The Allies, however, continued their attacks, and on 23 September, after heavy fighting, the French entered Lerin. The Bulgarians were still holding on Kajmakcalan, where the 1st Infantry Brigade of the 3rd Balkan Infantry Division was attacked by a superior number of Serbian troops supported by heavy French artillery. The fighting was very costly for the attackers and the defenders, as the bare, rocky ridge provided almost no cover from the Bulgarian machine gun fire or the Allied artillery. The Bulgarian setbacks attracted greater attention from both the Bulgarian and German high commands, and soon, several vital changes in the command structure were made. On 27 September, General Kliment Boyadzhiev was replaced as commander of the First Army by General Dimitar Geshov. The army itself exchanged headquarters with the Eleventh Army of General Arnold von Winkler. This was followed by the arrival on the front of General Otto von Below and the establishment of Army Group Below on 16 October, which included both the Eleventh and First Armies. On 30 September, after 18 days of heavy fighting, the Serbian Drina Division finally captured Kajmakcalan from the exhausted 1st infantry brigade of the 3rd Balkan Infantry Division, achieving a breakthrough in the Bulgarian defensive line. The German and Bulgarian commands regarded the loss of the position and seven artillery guns as irreversible due to the lack of a capable artillery reserve. General Winkler ordered the 8th Tundzha Divisions, the 1st and 3rd brigades of the 6th Bdin Division and the 2nd Brigade of the 9 Pleven Division to withdraw to a new defensive position. The 1st Brigade of the 3rd Balkan Division was reorganized, and its depleted nine battalions were scaled down to five, with four mixed companies with seven mountain guns and a pioneer company. The new Kenali defensive line was occupied from Lake Prespa to Kenali by the three independent infantry brigades(9/2 IB, 2/6 IB and 1/6 IB), from Kenali to the heights east of the Cherna river by the 8th division and from there to the Mala Rupa peak by the 1/3 Infantry Brigade. Further to the east were the remaining forces of the Eleventh Army – the rest of the 3rd Balkan Infantry Division, whose positions remained unchanged since they were occupied on 25 July 1916. Secondary operations. Around that time, when it became clear that the Allies were pulling troops from the eastern flank and were concentrating them against Monastir, the commander of the Bulgarian Second Army General Todorov ordered the 7th Rila Division to take positions for an attack over the Struma river, to assist the hard pressed Bulgarians and Germans west of the Vardar. The Bulgarian high command, however, refused to permit the attack. This hesitation allowed the British to consolidate their positions on the left bank of the Struma around the village of Karacaköy on 30 September. On 3 October, the 10th (Irish) Division attacked the Bulgarian positions in the village of Yenikoy that were defended by the 13th Rila Regiment of the 7th Division. The battle lasted for the entire day, and the Bulgarians, reinforced by the 14th Macedonian Regiment and 17th Artillery Regiment, retook the village twice after a fierce bayonet struggle. During the night after a third and final attack, the Irish division occupied it. Casualties on both sides were heavy due to the accurate artillery and machine gun fire. After the battle, the Bulgarian 13th Regiment was reorganized to a three-battalion strength instead of the usual four battalions. After 4 October, the Bulgarians set up positions on the nearby heights to the east while the right flank of the 7th Rila division remained in the valley to protect the Rupel Pass. From this point on, no large operations were conducted on the Struma front until the end of the offensive. Prelude to decisive battle. A prime problem for the Bulgarians was that their army and resources were stretched to the limits from Dobruja to Macedonia and Albania. The Bulgarian high command turned to its German allies. The Germans themselves had few reinforcements to offer as the Brusilov offensive had taken its toll, and the Battle of the Somme was still raging. They turned to the Ottoman Empire and convinced Enver Pasha to send the 11,979 men of the 50th Division to Macedonia. In October, these forces took up position on the Struma and, a month later, were joined by the 12,609 men of the 46th Ottoman Division. The two divisions formed the XX Corps and remained in the region until May 1917, when they were recalled to Mesopotamia. This freed some Bulgarian forces that could now be directed to reinforce the Eleventh Army. In addition, the Ottoman Rumeli Detachment (177th Regiment) of 3,598 men was also attached to General Winkler's forces. On 30 September, General Joffre informed General Sarrail of the impending great offensive of the Romanian and Russian forces under General Averescu against the Bulgarian Third Army in Dobrudja and their expected crossing of the Danube between Ruse and Tutrakan. The Allied Army of the East commander planned to now use this by coordinating it with a renewed push against the Eleventh Army's Kenali line and eventually knocking Bulgaria out of the war. On 4 October, the Allies attacked the French and Russians in the direction of Monastir – Kenali, the Serbian First and Third Army along the Kenali – Cherna Loop line, the Serbian Second Army against the Third Balkan Division – in the direction of Dobro Pole. The Allies had 103 battalions and 80 batteries against the 65 battalions and 57 batteries of the Central Powers in the area. Fall of Monastir and end of the offensive. The Battle of the River Cherna opened with the Serbians trying to gain a foothold on its northern bank. Their progress was slow, and further west, the initial French and Russian attacks were repulsed. During the following weeks, the battle developed into a series of attacks and counter-attacks in which the Allies gradually gained ground, owing to their artillery superiority. The Bulgarian and German commands also tried to stabilize the situation by reinforcing the Eleventh Army with troops transferred from the First and even the Second Army. For the duration of the battle at the Cherna Loop, some 14 Bulgarian and 4 German infantry regiments participated actively in the fighting. The French and Russians achieved a breakthrough around Kenali by the end of October but were soon halted by the Bulgarians and Germans. The Italian division was also brought to the front and supported the attacks around Monastir. By this time, however, General Below had decided to abandon Monastir, and on 18 November, while the heavy fighting was still going on, General der Infanterie Winckler ordered the Eleventh Army to retreat to new positions to the north of Monastir. The Bulgarian commander in chief, General Nikola Zhekov, protested this decision, but in the end, he couldn't stop its execution. On 19 November, French and Russian soldiers entered the town. The Bulgarians established a new position on the Chervena Stena – height 1248 – height 1050 – Makovo – Gradešnica defensive line. It came under attack almost immediately, but this time the new position held firm because the Allies were exhausted, having reached the limits of their logistical capacity. Thus all French and Serbian attempts to break through the line were defeated, and with the onset of winter, the front stabilized along its entire length. On 11 December, General Joffre called off the offensive. Aftermath. For the duration of the offensive, the Allies suffered around 50,000 battle casualties, the bulk of them Serbians. In addition, some 80,000 Allied troops died or had to be evacuated due to sickness and disease. This brought the total casualties to as high as 130,000 men, or a third of all Entente forces in the theatre. The front was moved by only about 50km at a heavy price, and in the end, the offensive did not prevent the defeat of Romania or knock Bulgaria out of the war. The Bulgarians and German casualties totalled around 61,000 men, and even though Monastir had to be abandoned, the new positions a few kilometres to the north provided excellent conditions for defence, assuring the dominance of the Bulgarian artillery over the town. The line here remained intact until the end of the war in Macedonia when the forces occupying it had to retreat due to the breakthrough at Dobro Pole. However, the offensive also provided some satisfaction as the Serbian troops managed to return to their country's border. The Bulgarians and Germans alike were also satisfied with their resistance to the superior numbers of the Entente. General Nikola Zhekov went as far as to describe the Battle of the River Cherna as "legendary" in terms of the tenacity of the Bulgarian defence – "conducted without regard of casualties." Notes. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> References. <templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />

monastiror aakromonatmok munastir aakromon aasil prothom biswojudhor xomoyot kendriyo xoktir bahinir biruddhe ek mitro xamorik obhijan, jaar uddesyo aasil bulgariyar aatmoxomorpon koriboloi badhyo kori aaru rumaniyar uporot saap hraax kori macedonian frontot osolabostha bhongo koraa. aakromontuwe ek brihot juddhor rup loisil aaru tini maah dhori solisil aaru munastir sohor dokhol korar xoite xomapto hoisil. gorh 50 kilometer gobhirotat bulgarian prothom xenai (septemboror xexor poraa german ekadox xenabahini) soibar juddho korisil, pasbar pisuwai jaboloi badhyo hoisil. potobhumi. 1916 sonor aagosto maahot rumaniai prowexor faale juddho prochestat jugdan koriboloi baasi loisil aaru iyar besibhag bahineek trensylvania aakromonor baabe kendribhut korisil, iyar tritiyo xoinyobahini bulgariyar xoite ximanto rokhya koriboloi eri disil. bulgariyar biruddhe rumaniyo xena aaru mitroxoktir celonica xenar jutiya aakromonor baabe rasiya aaru forasir prostawxomuh etiya bastobik nasil. obosye mitroxoktixokole etiyau aagostor majbhagot macedonian frontot ek brihot aakromonor porikolpona korisil jaate juddhot rumaniyar prowexok xomorthon koraa hoy aaru jiman paari ximan bulgarian xoktik domon koraa hoy. bulgarian haai commande ek aaxonno aakromonor xondeh korisil, aaru 9 aagostot duiranor sariufale huwa jujoi kewol ei xondehbur nischito korisil. teulukor faalor poraa, bulgarianxokole bosoror aarombhonire poraa macedoniat aakromonor baabe aahban jonaisil, etiya mitroxoktir duyufale prothom xena aaru dwitiyo xenar xoite aakromon korar porikolpona korisil. germanxokoleu ei porikolponar baabe teulukor onumudon disil kiyonu purbor xenabahini xena gutt mackensionor ongxo aasil. 17 aagostot segan aaru struma aakromon aarombho hoisil. baufale bulgarian dwitiyo xenai baatot xamanyo protirudhor xonmukhin hoi struma nodiloike xokolu greek bhukhondo dokhol korisil. xufale bulgarian prothom xenai lerin dokhol korisil aaru mitroxoktir kothur protirudhor xonmukhin hoi aagbarhi goisil. aagmon xunkalei thomoki ror 'lo, 27 aagostot aakromon bondho koraa hoisil, aaru bulgarian bahineek khonon koriboloi nirdex diya hoisil. obosye ei aagotiya aakromone general sarelor porikolpona bifol korisil aaru teuk teur aakromon sthogito rakhiboloi badhyo korisil. 1916 sonor septemboror aarombhonite bulgariyar biruddhe mitroxoktir aakromonor proyujoniyota aaru odhik joruri hoi porisil, kiyonu general stephan tusev aaru field marshwel mackencenor netritwot bulgarian tritiyo xenai tutrakan aaru dobrisor juddhot rumanian aaru rasiyanxokolor biruddhe nirnayok bijoy orjon korisil. birudhi xokti. 1916 sonor septembor maholoike mitroxoktixokole 6taa charbian, 5taa britis, 4taa forasi, 1taa italy podatik dibhijon aaru 1taa rasian podatik brigedor ek brihot bahini ekotrito korisil. ei xenar onupat xokti 369,000-ror poraa 4,00,000 puruxor maajot uponeet hoisil. juddhor xokti 201 podatik bahinir 1,025taa kamanor tukura aaru 1,300taa machinganor xoite niyujit koraa hoisil. kendriyo xoktixomuhe prothomote bulgarian prothom xena, german ekadox xena aaru bulgarian dwitiyo xenar xoite muth 172 podatik bahinire ei bahinir birudhita koribo parisil. 900taa kamanor tukura. iyar uporiu, 10moo bulgarian podatik bahini aaru automan xamrajyor ximantoloike nodir stroomer poraa aziane upokul xurokhito koraa bahini aasil-25taa podatik bahinir betalion, 31taa kamanor betari aaru 24taa machingan. general sarele teur charbian, forasi, rasian aaru italy bahinir xoite oti xomproxarito prothom xenar xuponthi aaru kendrot aakromon korar porikolpona korisil aaru britisxokole jiman paare bulgarian aaru german xoinyok domon koriboloi soluwa birder upotyoka aaru stroomer biruddhe kewol prodorxonatmok aakromonor xoite nijoke xontusto korisil. aakromonatmok. mukoli porzay. 12 septemborot, mitroxoktixokole dudiniya xoktixali kamanor berez aaru charbian tritiyo xena aaru prasyor forasi xenar dwara bulgarian 8moo tundojha podatik bahini aaru cornell tasevor xoktixali brigedor biruddhe aakromonor joriyote teulukor aakromon aarombho korisil. bulgarianxokolor baabe poristhiti xunkalei beyaa hoi porisil, aaru 14 septemborot, teulukor kisuman kamanor bonduk eri aaru gornisevu charbiyanxokolor haatot eri loi lerinor faale pisuwai jaboloi badhyo hoisil. 12 septemborot charbiyanxokoleu kaimakkolan xoiloxirar uporot teulukor prothom aakromon aarombho korisil. britisxokoleu struma frontot xokriyo hoi porisil aaru iyar xu paarot nijor bhori bistar koriboloi chesta korisil. bulgarian prothom xenar poschim faltuwe etiya lerin-kajmakkalan rekhar mitroxoktiburok dhori rakhiboloi xokhyom hoisil. obosye, mitroxoktixokole teulukor aakromon obyahot rakhisil, aaru 23 septemborot, prosondo jujor pisot, forasixokole lerinot prowex korisil. bulgariyaxokole tetiyau kajmakkalan dhori aasil, zo 'too tritiyo balkan podatik dibhijonor prothom podatik brigedok godhur forasi kamanor xomorthonot odhik xongkhyok charbian xoinyoi aakromon korisil. aakromonkari aaru rokhyokxokolor baabe ei jujkhon oti byoybohul aasil, kiyonu khaali, xilamoy xoiloxiratuwe bulgarian machinganor guliborxon baa mitroxoktir kamanor poraa pray kunu aaworon prodan koraa nasil. bulgarian bipothgamiye bulgarian aaru german uscho command duyutar poraa odhik monujug aakorxon korisil, aaru oti xunkalei, command gathonir keibatau guruttopurno poriworton koraa hoisil. 27 septemborot general clement boyadjhibhor thait general demeter gesobh prothom xenar commander hisape nijukti laabh kore. xenabahiniye nijei general arnold bhon winkloror ekadox xenar xoite mukhyo karzaloy binimoy korisil. iyar pisot tolot general oh 'tu bhonor xonmukhbhagoloi aagmon hoisil aaru 16 octoborot tolot xena gutt sthapon koraa hoisil, zo' too ekadox aaru prothom duyuta xoinyoi ontorbhukto aasil. 30 septemborot, 18 dinor tibro jujor pisot, charbian drina bibhage owoxexot 3yoy balkan podatik dibhijonor klanto prothom podatik brigedor poraa kajmakkalanok dokhol kori bulgarian protirokhyamulok rekhar ek xofolota orjon kore. german aaru bulgarian commandxomuhe xokhyom kaaman xongrokhyonor obhawor baabe sthan heruwa aaru xatota kamanor bonduk oporibortonjugyo buli gonyo korisil. general winklere 8moo tundojha bibhag, 6stho bidin bibhagor 1moo aaru 3yoy brigade aaru 9moo plaven bibhagor 2yoy brigedok notun protirokhyamulok owosthanoloi ubhoti jaboloi nirdex disil. tritiyo balkan bibhagor prothom brigedok punor xongothito koraa hoisil, aaru iyar obokhyoyito notaa betalion pasoloi hraax koraa hoisil, xatota porbotiyo bondukor xoite sarita misrito company aaru etaa pothoprodorxok companyr xoite. notun kenali protirokhyamulok rekhatu lek presper poraa kenaliloi tinita swotontro podatik brigade (2/2 aaibi, 2/6 aaibi aaru 1/6 aaibi), kenalir poraa cherna nodir pubor uschotaloike 8moo bibhage aaru taar poraa 1/3 podatik brigade maala rupa xikhoroloike dokhol korisil. pube ekadox xenar baaki thoka bahini aasil-tritiyo balkan podatik dibhijonor baaki ongxo, jaar sthan 1916 sonor 25 julyte dokhol korar pisot xoloni huwa nasil. gouno karjyokolap. xei xomoyot jetiya eitu sposto hoisil je mitroxoktixokole pubo faalor poraa xoinyo tunny onaar logote teulukok monastiror biruddhe monuniwex kori aase, tetiya bulgarian dwitiyo xenar general tudurovor xenapotiye 7moo rilaa dibhijonok struma nodir uporot aakromonor baabe sthan lo 'boloi nirdex disil, jaate birder poschime kothur sapjukto bulgarian aaru germanxokolok xohay koribo paari. bulgarian hikemande obosye aakromonor onumoti diboloi oswikar korisil. ei dwidhai britisxokolok 30 septemborot karakakuy gaonr sariufale stroomer baau paarot teulukor sthiti ekotrito koriboloi onumoti disil. 3 octoborot, doxom (aairis) bibhage iyenikoy gaonr bulgarian sthanxomuhot aakromon korisil jiburok 7moo bibhagor 13tomo rilaa rejimente rokhya korisil. ei juddho gutei dintu solisil, aaru 14tomo macedonian rejiment aaru 17tomo kaaman rejimente xoktixali koraa bulgarianxokole ek tibro beynet xonggramor pisot dubarkoi gaukhon punor dokhol korisil. tritiyo aaru ontim aakromonor pisot nixar xomoyot aairis bibhage iyak dokhol korisil. xothik kaaman aaru machinganor gulisalonar folot duyu pokhyore lukor mrityu hoisil. juddhor pisot bulgarian 13tomo rejimentok xadharon sarita betalionor xoloni tini-betalionor xoktiloi punor xongothito koraa hoisil. 4 octoboror pisot, bulgarianxokole pubo dixot usoror uschotat sthan sthapon korisil aanhate rupel paach xurokhito koriboloi 7moo rilaa bibhagor xufal upotyokatut aasil. ei porzayor poraa aakromonor xexoloike struma frontot kunu dangor obhijan soluwa huwa nasil. nirnayok juddhor baabe aagotiyakoi prostut houk. bulgariyaxokolor baabe etaa prodhan xomosya aasil je teulukor xena aaru xompodxomuh dobrujar poraa macedonia aaru albanialoike bistrito aasil. bulgarian haai command iyar german mitroxoktir faale ghuri aahisil. bruchilovor aakromonor folot iyar khyoti huwar baabe germanxokolor haatot komm xongkhyok xoinyo aasil, aaru xumer juddho etiyau tibro hoi aasil. teuluke automan xamrajyor faale ghuri aahisil aaru 50tomo bibhagor 11,979 john lukok macedonialoi pothiyaboloi enver paxak protisruti disil. octobor maahot ei bahiniye strumat sthan loisil aaru maahor pisot 46tomo automan bibhagor 12,609 john luke jugdan korisil. duyuta bibhage XX korpos gothon korisil aaru 1917 sonor mey "maholoike oncholtut aasil, jetiya teulukok mexuptemiyaloi ghurai onaa hoisil. iyar folot kisuman bulgarian bahini mukto hoisil jaak etiya ekadoxotom xenak xoktixali koriboloi nirdex diya hoh 'bob paare. iyar uporiu, 3,598 john puruxor automan rumeli detusement (177tomo rejiment)-u general winklor bahinir xoite xongzukto aasil. 30 septemborot general jofre general sarelok general ebharesokur odhinot bulgarian tritiyo xenar biruddhe dobrujjat rumanian aaru rasian bahinir aaxonno brihot aakromon aaru ruj aaru tutorakanor maajot denyubo paar huwar xombhawonar bixoye obogoto kore. pubo commanderor mitro xenai etiya ekadox xenar kenali rekhar biruddhe ek nobikoron koraa prochestar xoite xomonwoy kori iyak byobohar korar porikolpona korisil aaru owoxexot bulgariak juddhor poraa baahir kori pelaisil. 4 octoborot, mitroxoktixokole forasi aaru rasiyanxokolok munastir-kenalir dixot aakromon korisil, kenali-cherna lup lineor kaxot thoka charbian prothom aaru tritiyo xenabahini, tritiyo balkan bibhagor biruddhe charbian dwitiyo xenabahini-dobro 'pulor dixot. oncholtut thoka kendriyo xoktir 65taa batalion aaru 57taa betarir biporite mitroxoktir 103taa batalion aaru 80taa betari aasil. munastiror poton aaru aakromonor xomapti. cherna nodir juddho aarombho hoisil aaru charbiyanxokole iyar uttor paarot nijor sthan dokhol koriboloi chesta korisil. teulukor progoti monthor aasil, aaru odhik poschime, prarombhik forasi aaru rasian aakromonxomuh protihot koraa hoisil. poroborti xoptahburot, juddhokhon keibatau aakromon aaru proti-aakromonot porinot hoisil zo 'too mitroxoktixokole teulukor kamanor shresthotwor baabe kromanwoye sthan laabh korisil. bulgarian aaru german commandxomuheu ekadoxotom xenak xoktixali kori prothom aaru aanoki dwitiyo xenar poraa xoinyo sthanantor kori poristhiti sthir koriboloi chesta korisil. cherna lupot juddhor xomoisuwat pray 14taa bulgarian aaru 4taa german podatik rejimente juddhot xokriyobhabe ongxogrohon korisil. octoboror xexor faale forasi aaru rasiyanxokole kenalir aaxe-paxe ek xofolota orjon korisil kintu oti xunkalei bulgarian aaru germanxokole iyak bondho kori disil. italy bibhagoku xonmukholoi onaa hoisil aaru munastiror sariufale huwa aakromonxomuhok xomorthon koraa hoisil. obosye, ei xomoyoloike, tolor generale monastir tyag korar xiddhanto loisil, aaru 18 novemborot, jetiya prosondo juj soli aasil, general der infantery winklore ekadoxotom xoinyok monastiror uttore thoka notun sthanoloi pisuwai jaboloi nirdex disil. bulgariyar commander inn sif general nikula jhekubhe ei xiddhantor protibad korisil, kintu xexot teu iyar mrityudondo bondho koribo nuwarile. 19 novemborot forasi aaru rasian xoinyoxokole sohorkhonot prowex korisil. bulgariyaxokole cherbhena stena-uschota 1248-uschota 1050-makubhu-gradsonika protirokhyamulok rekhar uporot ek notun sthan sthapon korisil. ee pray loge loge aakromonor xonmukhin hoisil, kintu eibar notun sthiti drirho hoi aasil kaaron mitroxoktibur teulukor logistic khyomotar ximat uponeet hoi klanto hoi porisil. eidore rekhatu otikrom korar xokolu forasi aaru charbian prochesta porajito hoisil, aaru xitkal aarombho huwar loge loge, xonmukhkhon iyar xomogro doirghyor xoite sthir hoi porisil. 11 disemborot general jufre aakromon bondho kore. porinoti. aakromonor xomoisuwat, mitroxoktixokole pray 50,000 juddhor hotahotor xonmukhin hoisil, jaar odhikangxoi aasil charbian. iyar uporiu, rug aaru rugor baabe pray 80,000 mitroxoktir xoinyor mrityu hoisil baa teulukok sthanantor koribo logaa hoisil. iyar folot muth hotahotor xongkhya 130,000 purux, baa theaterot thoka xokolu prowex xoktir ek tritiyangxoloi loi aahisil. prodhan ongxotu prosur mulyot maatro 50 kilumeteroloi sthanantorito koraa hoisil, aaru xexot, aakromontuwe rumaniyar porajoy baa bulgariyar juddhor poraa baahir huwat baadha diya nasil. bulgarian aaru german hotahotor xongkhya aasil muth 61,000 john, aaru jodiu munastirok porityag koribologiya hoisil, uttore kei kilometerman durot thoka notun owosthanxomuhe protirokhyar baabe utkristo poristhiti prodan korisil, ji sohorkhonor uporot bulgarian kamanor aadhipotyo nischito korisil. macedoniat juddhor xexoloike iyar rekha okhyot aasil jetiya dobro 'pulot xofolotar baabe iyak dokhol koraa bahiniye pisuwai jaabo logaa hoisil. obosye, aakromontuwe kichu xontusti prodan korisil kiyonu charbian xoinyoi teulukor dexor ximantoloi ubhoti jaboloi xokhyom hoisil. bulgarian aaru germanxokoleu ekedhorone odhik xongkhyok protirudhor proti xontusto aasil. general nikula jhekubhe cherna nodir juddhok bulgarian protirokhyar drirhotar khetrot "kingbodonti" buli bornona koriboloi jiman dur goisil-"hotahotor proti gurutwo nidii onusthito koraa hoisil."

manastir akromonattok prothom bishwojuddher somoy kendriya shaktir bahinir biruddhe monastyr akraman chhilo ekti mitro samrik abhijan, jaar uddeshya chhilo bulgaria atmosomorpon korte badhyo korey ebong romanier upor chup theke mukti diye macedonian fronte acholabostha venge deoa. akramanti ekti borh juddher akaar dharon korey ebong tinn maas dhorey choley ebong monastir shohor dokholer saathe shesh hoy. bulgaria prothom senabahini (september shesh theke german ekadosh senabahini) gadey 50 kilometres gobhirotai chhoybar juddho korey, panchbar pichu hotote badhyo hoy. patabhumi. 1916 saaler auguste romania juddher prochestai ongsho neoar siddhanta neyo ebong transylvania akromoner jonno taar beshirbhag bahinike kendribhuto korey, bulgaria seemanto rakkhar jonno taar tritiya senabahinike chhede deyo. bulgaria biruddhe romanian senabahini ebong mitrobahinir salonica senabahinir joutho akromoner jonno russian oo farasi prostabguli arr bastobsommoto chhilo naa. mitrora abashya, juddhe romanier probeshke samarthan korte ebong jotota sombhob bulgarian bahinike domon korte auguster majhamajhi macedonian fronte ekti borh akromoner parikalpana korechilo. bulgaria hikemund ekti asonno akromoner sandeha korechilo ebong 9ee august doiraner charpashe jey ladai shuru hoyechilo taa cable eyi sondehogulike nischito korechilo. taader pokkho theke, bulgarianra bochorer shuru thekei macedonia akromoner ahoban janiyechilo, ekhon prothom senabahini ebong dwitiya senabahinike ubhoy mitroshoktir paashe aghat korar parikalpana korche. germanrao eyi porikolponar jonno taader anumodan diyechilo kaaron praktan senabahini mckensen senabahinir ongsho chhilo. 17ee august, chegan ebong stroomer akraman shuru hoy. baam dike, bulgaria dwitiya senabahini, pothe samanno protirodher mukhomukhi hoye, struma nodee porjonto samasta greek anchal dokhol korey. dandike, bulgaria prothom senabahini lerinke dokhol korey ebong mitroshoktir kathor protirodher mukhe egiye jete thaake. agrasarata shighroi atke yaay, 27shhey august akraman bondho korey deoa hoy ebong bulgarian bahinike khonon korar nirdesh deoa hoy. eyi purbo-karjokor dharmaghata abashya general sorreler porikolponake byartho korey ebong taake taar akraman sthogito korte badhyo korey. 1916 saaler september godar dike bulgaria biruddhe mitrobahinir akromoner prayojaniyata arow joruri hoye othe, kaaron general stephan toshev ebong field marshala mckensener netritte bulgaria tritiya senabahini tutrakan oo dobriker juddhe romanian oo rashiander biruddhe siddhantamulak bijoy orjon korey. birodhi shakti. 1916 saaler september modhye, mitrora macedonian fronte abhijaner jonno 6 john sarbian, 5 john british, 4 john farasi, 1 john italiya podatik dibhishana ebong 1 john russian podatik brigader ekti ullekhjoggo bahini ekotrito korechilo. eyi senabahinir anupat shakti 369,000 theke 4,00,000 joner modhye pouchechilo. 1, 025tii kaman ebong 1,300tii meshingan soho 201tii podatik battellione juddher shakti motayen koraa hoyechilo. kendriya shaktiguli prathomikbhabe bulgaria prothom senabahini, german ekadosh senabahini ebong bulgaria dwitiya senabahinike niye moat 172tii podatik battellioner madhyome eyi bahinigulir birodhita korte paroto. 900tii kamaner tukro. echhadao, 10maum bulgarian podatik bibhag ebong automan samrajyer seemanto porjonto agean upokulke rakkha koraa bahini chhilo-25tii podatik batalion, 31tii kaman battery ebong 24tii meshingan. general sarrail taar sarbian, farasi, russian ebong italiya bahini niye danponthi ebong atirikto prosarito prothom senabahinir kendre aghat hunner parikalpana korechilen ebong bhardar upottoka ebong stroomer biruddhe kebolmatro prodorshonattok akromone santushta chhilen, jaa britishder dwara jotota sombhob bulgarian ebong german sainyader domon korar jonno porichalito howar kotha chhilo. akromonattok. kholar porjai. 12ee septembara, mitrora ekti shaktishali dui diner kaman barrage ebong sarbian tritiya senabahini ebong prachyer farasi senabahinir dwara bulgaria 8maum tundojha podatik bibhag ebong cornell tasever shaktishali brigader biruddhe akraman korey. bulgariander jonno poristhiti shighroi kharap hoye yaay ebong 14ee septembara taaraa taader kichhu kaman banduk rekhe ebong sarbiander kachhe gornichevo tyag korey leriner dike pichu hotote badhyo hoy. 12ee septembara sarbianrao kaimakkalan shailashira taader prothom akraman shuru korey. britishrao stroomer saamone sakriya hoye othe ebong err dunn teere taader paa bistar korar chesta korey. bulgaria prothom senabahinir poschim ongsho ekhon mitroder lerry-kajmakkalan liney dhorey rakhte sokkhom hoy. mitrora abashya taader akraman abyahoto rakhe ebong 23shhey septembara, bharee ladaiyer porr farasira lerine probesh korey. bulgarianra tokhono kajmakkalan dhorey rekhechilo, jekhane 3yoy balkan podatik dibhishaner 1maum podatik brigade bharee farasi kaman dwara somorthito uchchotoro sankhyak sarbian sainya dwara akranto hoyechilo. akramankari ebong rakkhakarider jonno ladaiti khub byabahul chhilo, kaaron khaali, pathure shailashira bulgarian meshinganer gully baa mitro kaman theke pray konao achchadon sarbaraha koreni. bulgaria biporjoguli bulgarian ebong german hikemund ubhoyeri arow beshi monojog akarshan korechilo ebong shighroi, command kathamote besh koyekti guruttopurno poriborton koraa hoyechilo. 27shhey septembara, general clemant boyadjiyevke prothom senabahinir commander hisabe general dimitar geshov dwara protisthapito koraa hoy. senabahini nijei general arnold vone winkler ekadosh senabahinir saathe sodor daftar binimoy korey. err porey neeche general otto vone-err saamone agmon ebong 16 octobor neeche senabahinir doll protistha koraa hoy, jaar modhye ekadosh oo prothom ubhoy senabahini antarbhukta chhilo. 30 septembara, 18 diner bharee ladaiyer porr, sarbian drina bibhag abosheshe 3yoy balkan podatik bibhager klanto 1maum podatik brigader kachh theke kajmakkalan dokhol korey, bulgarian protirokkhamulok liney ekti aggrogoti orjon korey. german ebong bulgarian commandguli ekti sokkhom artillery reserve naa thucker karone abosthan ebong satti artillery bonduker khoti aporibortoniyo boley money korechilo. general winkler 8maum tundojha bibhag, 6stho deane bibhager 1maum oo 3yoy brigade ebong 9maum plaven bibhager 2yoy brigadeke ekti notun protirokkhamulok abosthane sorey yawar nirdesh deena. tritiya balkan bibhager 1maum brigade punargathan koraa hoy ebong err abakkhayita noyti batalionke panchtite namiye aanaa hoy, satti pahadi banduk ebong ekti aggragami company soho charti mishra company. notun kenali protirokkhamulok linety lake prespa theke kenali porjonto tinti swadhin podatik brigade (9/2 aibi, 2/6 aibi ebong 1/6 aibi), kenali theke cherna nadeer purber uchchota porjonto 8maum bibhag ebong sekhan theke 1/3 podatik brigade dwara maalaa rupa shringo porjonto dokhol koraa hoyechilo. arow purbe ekadosh senabahinir aboshishto bahini chhilo-tritiya balkan podatik bibhager bucky ongsho, jaar abosthan 1916 saaler 25shhey julai dokhol korar porr theke oporibortito chhilo. sekendari apareshana. seii somoye, jokhon etaa sposhto hoye othe jey mitrora purbo dick theke sainya tanche ebong taader monastirer biruddhe mononibesh korche, tokhon bulgaria dwitiya senabahinir senapati todorov 7maum rila divisionke struma nadeer upor akromoner jonno abosthan neoar nirdesh deena, jaate verder poschime shokto chaaper bulgarian ebong germander sahayata koraa yaay. bulgaria hikemund abashya akromoner anumati ditey aswikar korey. eyi dwidhadwando britishder 30shhey septembara karakaki gramer charpashe stroomer baam teere taader abosthanke susonghoto korar sujog korey deyo. 3raa octobor, 10maum (airish) bibhag ienicoy gramer bulgarian abosthangulite akraman korey jaa 7maum bibhager 13tomo rila rejimenta dwara surokkhito chhilo. juddhoti saaraa deane dhorey choley ebong 14tomo macedonian rejimenta ebong 17tomo artillery rejimenta dwara shaktishali bulgarianra ekti bhayankar beynet sangramer porey doo 'barr gramti punoruddhar korey. tritiya ebong chudanta akromoner porer raate, airish bibhag etty dokhol korey. sothik kaman oo meshinganer golagulir karone ubhoy pokkher hotahoter sankhya chhilo byapok. juddher porr bulgaria 13tomo regimentke sadharan charti battellioner poriborte tinn-batellion shoktite punargathan koraa hoy. 4 octoborer porr, bulgarianra purbo dike nikatbarti uchchotai abosthan sthapon korey ebong rupel pusses rakkhar jonno 7maum rila bibhager dunn dikti upottokai theke yaay. eyi somoy theke akromoner shesh porjonto stroomer saamone konao borh abhijan porichalito hoyney. siddhantamulak juddher jonno prostuto thakun. bulgariander jonno ekti prodhan samasya chhilo jey taader senabahini ebong sompod dobruzza theke macedonia ebong albenia porjonto prosarito chhilo. bulgaria hikemund taar german mitroder dike firey yaay. germander kachhe nijeder kachhe kichhu shaktibriddhi chhilo kaaron brucilov akromoner foley taader khoti hoyechilo ebong some-err juddho tokhono teebro chhilo. taaraa automan samrajyer dike firey 50tomo bibhager 11,979 john purushke macedonia pathanor jonno enver pashake raji koriyechilo. octobore, eyi bahiniguli struma abosthan neyo ebong eka maas porey, 46tomo automan bibhager 12,609 john purusher saathe jog deyo. duti bibhagi exxx corps gathon korey ebong 1917 saaler meey maas porjonto eyi anchale theke yaay, jokhon taader mesoptemia firiye aanaa hoy. etty kichhu bulgarian bahinike mukto korey, jaader ekhon ekadosh senabahinike shaktishali korar jonno nirdesh deoa jete paare. echhadao, 3,598 john purusher automan rumeli bichchinnota (177tomo rejimenta) general winkler bahinir saathe jukto chhilo. 30shhey septembara, general jofrey general sarrailke zanan jey, general everescure adhine romanian oo russian bahini dobruzza bulgarian tritiya senabahinir biruddhe asonno borh akraman ebong taader porikolpitobhabe ruz oo tutrokaner modhye danub paar howar sombhabona royeche. purbo commander mitrobahini ekadosh senabahinir kenali liner biruddhe notun korey dhakka diye ebong abosheshe bulgariake juddho theke berr korey diye etike samanwaya korey ekhon etty byabohar korar parikalpana korechilo. 4 octobor mitrora monastir-kenali, kenali-cherna lupe line borabor sarbian prothom oo tritiya senabahini, tritiya balkan bibhager biruddhe sarbian dwitiya senabahini-dobo merur dike farasi oo rashiander akraman korey. eyi anchale kendriya shaktir 65tii batalion ebong 57tii battery chhilo mitroder 103tii batalion ebong 80tii battery chhilo. monastir poton ebong akromoner samapti. cherna nadeer juddho shuru hoy jokhon sarbianra err uttor teere paa rakhar chesta korey. taader aggrogoti dheer chhilo ebong arow poschime, prathomik farasi oo russian akraman protihoto koraa hoyechilo. poroborti saptahogulite, juddhoti ekadhik akraman oo palta akromone porinoto hoy, jekhane mitrora taader golandaj bahinir shresthotter karone dheere dheere sthol laav korey. bulgarian ebong german commandgulio prothom ebong emonki dwitiya senabahini theke sainyader sthanantar korey ekadosh senabahinike shaktishali korey poristhiti sthitishil korar chesta korechilo. cherna lupe juddher samaykale, pray 14tii bulgarian ebong 4tii german podatik rejimenta sokriyobhabe juddhe ongshogrohon korechilo. octoborer shesher dike farasi oo rashianra kenalike ghire ekti aggrogoti orjon korey kintu shighroi bulgarian oo germanra taader thamiye deyo. italiya bibhagkeo saamone aanaa hoyechilo ebong monastir charpasher akromongulike samarthan korechilo. eyi somoyer modhye, tobey, neecher general monastir porityag korar siddhanta niyechilen ebong 18 navembar, jokhon bharee ladai cholchilo, tokhon general daar infantery winkler ekadosh senabahinike monastir uttore notun abosthane firey yawar nirdesh diyechilen. bulgaria prodhan senapati general nicola jhekov eyi siddhanter protibad korechilen, kintu shesh porjonto tini err mrityudanda karjokor koraa bondho korte parenni. 19shhey navembar farasi oo russian sainyara shohore probesh korey. bulgarianra chervena stena-uchchota 1248-uchchota 1050-makovo-gradesnica protirokkhamulok liney ekti notun abosthan sthapon korey. etty pray sange sangei akromoner mukhe porey, kintu ebar notun abosthan dridha chhilo kaaron mitrora taader logistical khomotar seamer modhye pouche giye klanto hoye porechilo. eibhabe farasi ebong sarbianra eyi rekhati venge feller samasta prochesta porajito hoy ebong sheeter suchonar saathe saathe samoner ongshoti taar puro doirgho judey sthitishil hoy. 11ee december, general jofrey akromonattok abhijan bondho korey deena. err porr. akromoner samaykale, mitrora pray 50,000 juddher hotahoter shicker hoyechilo, jaader beshirbhagi sarbian chhilo. echhadao, pray 80,000 mitro sainya maaraa yaay baa oshusthota oo roger karone taader sariye nitey hoy. err foley moat hotahoter sankhya 130,000 john, baa theatrey samasta sakriya bahinir eka tritiyangsher soman hoye yaay. samneti bharee mulye matro 50 kilometres sorano hoyechilo ebong shesh porjonto, akromonattok romanier porajoy baa juddho theke bulgariake chhitke jete badha deyoni. bulgarian ebong german hotahoter sankhya chhilo pray 61,000 john, ebong jodio monastirke porityag korte hoyechilo, tobuo koyek kilometres uttore notun abosthanguli protirokkhar jonno durdanto poristhiti sarbaraha korechilo, jaa shohorer upor bulgarian kamaner adhipotter nischayata diyechilo. macedonia juddher shesh porjonto ekhankar rekhati okkhoto chhilo jokhon dobro merute aggrogotir karone etty dokhol koraa bahinike pichu hotote hoyechilo. tobey, sarbian sainyara taader desher seemante firey aste sokkhom howa akraman kichuta santushtio pradan korey. bulgarian ebong germanra ekibhabe uchchotoro sankhyar protirodhe santushta chhilo. general nicola jhekov cherna nadeer juddhoke bulgarian protirokkhar dridhota-"hotahoter vishayti bibechona naa korey porichalito" hisabe bornona korechen."

monasteer aakramak monasteer aakraman aee pratham vishvyuddh darmiyan kendreey shaktiona dado saame aek sahyogi lashkari operation hatoo, jeno hetu bulgariana aatmasamarpan maate dabaan kareene aneey romeniya parnaa dabaanne door kareene mesedoniyana morchaanaa madaganthne todvaano hato. aaa aakramane aek vishaal yuddhnu swaroop dhaaran karyoo aneey trana maheena sudhee chaalyu aneey monastir nagar parr kabajo kareene anta aavyo. sarerash 50 keemeeni undaai parr bulgarian pratham senaa (septembernaa antathi german ageeyarmi senaa) aee chh vakhat yuddh karyoo hatoo, jene paanch vakhat pichhehath karvaanee faraj puddy hatee. prushthbhumi. august 1916maan, romania sainyani bajuae yuddhnaa prayasoma jodavanu pasand karyoo aneey tenaa motabhagna dalone transylvania parr aakraman karvaa maate kendrit karyaa, aneey tenee triji senaane bulgaria saatheni sarhadni raksha karvaa maate chhodi deedhi. bulgaria saame romanian senaa aneey saathee salonika senaani sanyukt humla maateni russian aneey french darkhaasto havey vaastavik rahee naa hatee. joke, saathioae haju pann augustna madhyamaa macedonian morchaamaa motaa aakramanni yojnaa banaavi hatee jethee romania yuddhmaa praveshne teko aapee shakaay aneey shakya tetalaa bulgarian dalone neeche laavee shakaay. bulgarian haai commandne sambhaveet humalani shankaa hatee, aneey 9 augustna roj faatee nikaleli doiranni aaspasni ladaiae aaa shankani pushti curry hatee. temnaa tarafthi, bulgarianoae varshnee sharuaatthi jaj mesedoniyama aakraman karvaa vinanti curry hatee, havey teo pratham senaa aneey beejee senaa saathe banne sahyogi baajuo parr humalo karvaanee yojnaa banaavi rahyaa chhe. germanoae pann aaa yojnaa maate temnee manjuri aapee hatee kaaran keey bhutpurv senaa sainya jooth mckensenno bhaag hatee. 17 augustna roj, chegan aneey struma humalaao sharoo thayaa. daabi bajuae, bulgarian beejee senaae, tenaa maargmaa thodo pratikaar kareene, struma nadee sudheeno tamaam grick pradesh kabaje karyo. jamani bajuae, bulgarian pratham senaae larynne kabaje karyoo aneey saathionaa sakhat pratikaarne pagale aagad vadhvaanu chaalu raakhyu. aagad vadhavu toonk samayma jaj atakee gayoo, 27 augustna roj aakraman bundh karvaamaa aavyu aneey bulgarian dalone andar javaano aadesh aapvama aavyo. joke, aaa purv-aakramak hadtaalae general sarrelnee yojnaaone nishfal banaavi aneey tene tenaa aakramanne mulatvi rakhvani faraj paadee. september 1916nee sharuaatmaa bulgaria saame saathee humalani jaruriyaat vadhu taakidni bunny hatee, kaaran keey general stephen toshev aneey filled marshel mckensenni aagevani hethal bulgarian triji senaae tutrakan aneey dobrichni ladaioma romanian aneey rasheeyno saame nirnayak jeet melvee hatee. veerodhi dado. september 1916 sudhimaa, saathioae macedonian morchaani kamgiri maate 6 serbian, 5 british, 4 french, 1 italian paaydal vibhag aneey 1 russian paaydal brigadeni nondhpaatra tukadi aektra curry hatee. aaa senaani gunottar taakaat 369,000 aneey 400,000 saineekoni vachche pahonchi hatee. yuddhni taakaat 201 paaydal bataliyanma 1,025 topkhaanaa tukadao aneey 1,300 machinegan saathe tainaat karvaamaa aavee hatee. kendreey sattao sharuaatmaa bulgarian pratham senaa, german ageeyarmi senaa aneey bulgarian beejee senaa saathe coole 172 paaydal bataliyanma aaa dalono veerodh curry shakee hatee. 900 topkhaanaa. vadhumaa, tyaan 10moow bulgarian paaydal vibhag pann hato aneey ottoman saamrajyni sarhad sudhee nadeena strumathi aegean dariyakinaranu rakshan kartaa dado-25 paaydal batalian, 31 artillery battery aneey 24 machine gunn. general sarrele tenaa serbian, french, russian aneey italian dado saathe jamneri paankh aneey vadhu padatee vistrut pratham senaana kendra parr humalo karvaanee yojnaa banaavi hatee aneey vardaar kheen aneey struma saame maatra nidarshankari humalaaothi potaane santusht karyaa hataa, jeey britisharo dwara shakya tetalaa bulgarian aneey german saineekone nishan banaavvaa maate haath dharvaamaa aavtaa hataa. aakramak. sharuaatno tabakko. 12 septembernaa roj, saathioae shaktishaali beey divaseey topkhaanaa barrage aneey bulgarian 8maa tundza paaydal vibhag aneey curnell tasevni prabaleet brigade saame serbian triji senaa aneey purveey french senaa dwara humalo kareene temnaa aakramanni sharuaat curry. bulgariano maate paristhiti toonk samayma jaj bagadati gaee, aneey 14 septembernaa roj, temne temnee ketalik topkhaanaani banduko chhodine aneey sarbiyanone gornichevo chhodi, lerine taraf paachha farvani faraj puddy. 12 septembernaa roj sarbiyanoae pann kaimakkalan parvatmala parr temno pratham humalo sharoo karyo hato. angrejo pann strumana morche sakreey banyaa aneey tenaa jamnaa keenare temnaa pug vistaarvaano prayaas karyo. bulgarian pratham senaani pashchimi baaju havey saathione lerine-kajmakkalan rekhaa parr rakhvama safal rahee hatee. joke, saathioae temnaa humla chaalu rakhyaa aneey 23 septembernaa roj bhaare ladaai pachhi french larynma praveshyaa. bulgariano haju pann kajmakkalan parr kabajo jamaavi rahyaa hataa, jyaan trija balkan paaydal vibhagna pratham paaydal brigade parr bhaare french topkhaanaa dwara samartheet vadhu sankhyama serbian sainiko dwara humalo karvaamaa aavyo hato. humalaakhoro aneey bachavkartao maate ladaai khoob jaj monghi hatee, kaaran keey khulli, khadkaal parvatmala bulgarian machinegan fayara athavaa sahyogi topkhanamathi lagbhag koee aavaran purun paadati naa hatee. bulgarian aanchkaoae bulgarian aneey german uchch commando bannenu vadhu dhyaan khenchyu aneey toonk samayma, command malkhama ghanaa mahatvapurn ferfaro karvaamaa aavyaa. 27 septembernaa roj, general clement boyadzivne general dimitar geshov dwara pratham senaana commander tareeke badalvama aavyaa hataa. senaae pote general arnold voona winklerni ageeyarmi senaa saathe mukhya mathaknee aap-leey curry hatee. aaa pachhi neeche general otto vonanaa aagalnaa bhagma aagman thayu aneey 16 octobernaa roj neeche sainya juthnee sthaapnaa thaee, jemaa ageeyarmi aneey pratham senaa banneno samaavesh thato hato. 30 septembernaa roj, 18 divasni bhaare ladaai pachhi, serbian drina divisione aakhare bulgarian rakshanatmak rekhaamaa safalataa haansal kareene, trija balkan paaydal divisionni thaaki gayelee pratham paaydal brigedmanthi kajmakalanne kabaje karyoo. german aneey bulgarian commandoae saksham topkhaanaa bhandarna abhavne kaarane sthitee aneey saat topkhaanaani bandukoni khotne badalee naa shakaay tevee ganaavi hatee. general winklere 8maa tundza vibhago, 6thaa deane vibhagni pratham aneey triji brigade aneey 9 plaven vibhagni beejee brigadene navee rakshanatmak sthitee parr paachha farvaano aadesh aapyo. trija balkan divisionni pratham brigadene punargathan karvaamaa aavyu hatoo, aneey tenee khaalee thayelee nava bataliyanne ghataadine paanch karvaamaa aavee hatee, jemaa saat parvateey banduko aneey aek agranee kampani saathe chaar mishra companyo hatee. navee kenali sanraxan rekhaa parr leeka prespathi kenali sudhee trana swatantra paaydal brigade (9/2 ib, 2/6 ib aneey 1/6 ib), kenalithi chernaa nadeeni purvamaa unchaio sudhee 8maa vibhag dwara aneey tyaanthi 1/3 paaydal brigade dwara maalaa rupaanaa shikhar sudhee kabajo karvaamaa aavyo hato. aagad purvamaa ageeyarmi senaana baakinaa dado hataa-baakinaa trija balkan paaydal vibhag, jaimnee sthitee 25 julai 1916naa roj kabaje karvaamaa aavee tyaarthi yathaavat rahee hatee. gaun kamgiri. teey samaynee aaspaas, jyaare teey spasht thayu keey saatheeo purveey bajuthi sainiko khenchee rahyaa hataa aneey temne monastir saame kendrit curry rahyaa hataa, tyaare bulgarian second armie general todorovna commandere 7maa reela divisionne struma nadee parr humla maate sthitee levaano aadesh aapyo, jethee vardaarni pashchimma sakhat dabanwala bulgariano aneey germanone madad curry shakaay. joke bulgarian hikemande humalani manjuri aapvaano incar karyo hato. aaa khachkaatne kaarane angrejone 30 septembernaa roj karakakoy gaamnee aaspaas strumana daaba kaanthe temnee sthitee majboot karvaanee manjuri malee hatee. 3 octobernaa roj, 10maa (irish) divisione yenikoy gaammaan bulgarian sthaano parr humalo karyo, jeno bachaav 7maa divisionni 13mee reela regiment dwara karvaamaa aavyo hato. aaa yuddh aakho divas chaalyu aneey 14mee mesedoniyana regiment aneey 17mee artillery regiment dwara majboot karaayela bulgarianoae bhayankar bayonet sangharsh pachhi beey vaar gaam parr fareethi kabajo jamaavyo. trija aneey anteem humla pachhini raat darmiyan, irish divisione tenaa parr kabajo karyo. chokkas topkhaanaa aneey machineganna golibaarne kaarane banne bajuae bhaare janhani thaee hatee. yuddh pachhi bulgarian 13mee regimentne saamanya chaar bataliyanne badale trana bataliyanni takatma punahsangathit karvaamaa aavee hatee. 4 october pachhi, bulgarianoae purvamaa najikni unchaio parr sthaano sthaapit karyaa jyaare 7maa reela divisionni jamani baaju rupel paasnee suraksha maate kheenma rahee. aaa tabakkaathi, aakramakna anta sudhee struma front parr koee motee kamgiri haath dharvaamaa aavee naa hatee. nirnayak ladaaini sharuaat karoo. bulgariano maate aek mukhya samasya aee hatee keey temnee senaa aneey sansadhno dobrujathi laeene mesedoniya aneey albania sudhini maryada sudhee vistarelaa hataa. bulgarian uchch command tenaa german saatheeo taraf valyun. german loko paase pote aapvaa maate thodaa sainyabalo hataa kaaran keey brucilov aakramanthi teno bhog banyo hato aneey someni ladaai haju pann ugra hatee. teo ottoman saamrajya taraf valyaa aneey 50maa vibhagna 11,979 maanasone mesedoniya mokalvaa maate irshaalu paashaane sahmat karyaa. octoberma, aaa daloae struma parr sthitee sambhaali aneey aek maheena pachhi, 46maa ottoman vibhagna 12,609 maanso saathe jodaya. banne vibhagoae XX corpsnee rachnaa curry aneey meey 1917 sudhee aaa pradeshmaa rahyaa, jyaare temne mesopotemiyama paachha bolavvama aavyaa. aanaathi ketlaak bulgarian dalone mukt karvaamaa aavyaa hataa, jaimne havey ageeyarmi senaane majboot karvaa maate nirdeshit curry shakaay chhe. vadhumaa, 3,598 maanasoni ottoman rumeli tukadi (177mee regiment) pann general vinkalarnaa dado saathe jodaayelee hatee. 30 septembernaa roj, general jophre general sarrelne dobrudjama bulgarian triji senaa saame general everescu hethal romanian aneey russian dalonaa tolaai rahela mahaan humla aneey ryusa aneey tutrakan vachche denubene paar karvaanee temnee apekshit shakyata vishe maahitee aapee hatee. purv commanderni saathee senaae havey ageeyarmi senaani kenali rekhaa saame navesarthi dabaan saathe sankalan kareene aneey aakhare bulgariane yuddhmathi bahaar kaadhine aano upyog karvaanee yojnaa banaavi hatee. 4 octobernaa roj, saathioae french aneey rasheeyno parr monastir-kenalini dishaamaa humalo karyo, kenali-chernaa loop line saathe serbian pratham aneey triji senaa, trija balkan vibhag saame serbian beejee senaa-dobro polnee dishaamaa. aaa vistaarmaa 65 batalian aneey kendreey sattaaoni 57 batalian saame saatheeo paase 103 batalian aneey 80 batteryo hatee. monasteernu patan aneey aakramanno anta. chernaa nadeenu yuddh sarbiyano dwara tenaa uttareey keenare pug mukvaanaa prayaas saathe sharoo thayu. temnee pragatee dheemee hatee, aneey vadhu pashchimma, praarambhik french aneey russian humalaaone khadedi nakhvama aavyaa hataa. pachhinaa athvaadiyaao darmiyan, yuddh shrenibaddh humalaao aneey pratee-humalaoma vikasyu jemaa saathioae temnee topkhaanaani shreshthataane kaarane dheeme dheeme jameen melvee. bulgarian aneey german commandoae pann ageeyarmi senaane majboot kareene paristhitine stheer karvaano prayaas karyo hato, jemaa pratham aneey beejee senamathi pann saineekoni badalee karvaamaa aavee hatee. chernaa loop khaate yuddhnaa samaygaalaa darmiyan, lagbhag 14 bulgarian aneey 4 german paaydal regimentoae ladaima sakreey reete bhaag leedho hato. french aneey rasheeynoae octobernaa anta sudhimaa kenalini aaspaas safalataa haansal curry hatee parantu toonk samayma bulgariano aneey germano dwara temne atkavi devaamaa aavyaa hataa. italian vibhagne pann aagad lavvama aavyo hato aneey tene monastirni aaspasna humalaaone teko aapyo hato. jooe keey, aaa samay sudhimaa, neeche aapela generale monasteerne chhodi devaano nirnay leedho hato, aneey 18 novembernaa roj, jyaare bhaare ladaai haju chaali rahee hatee, tyaare general dair infuntary winklere ageeyarmi senaane monasteerni uttare navee jagyaao parr paachha farvaano aadesh aapyo hato. bulgariana mukhya senapati, general nikola zekove aaa nirnayno veerodh karyo hato, parantu ante, teey tenee faansine roqee shakyo nahee. 19 novembernaa roj french aneey russian sainiko shaherma praveshyaa. bulgarianoae chervenaa stenaa-unchai 1248-unchai 1050-makovo-gradsnica rakshanatmak rekhaa parr navee sthitee sthaapit curry. teey lagbhag tarat jaj humla hethal aavee gayoo, parantu aaa vakhate navee sthitee majboot rahee kaaran keey saatheeo temnee logistical kshamataani maryada sudhee pahonchi gayaa hataa. aama, aaa rekhaa paar karvaanaa tamaam french aneey serbian prayaaso nishfal gayaa hataa aneey shiyaalaani sharuaat saathe, tenee samagr lambai saathe aagalno bhaag stheer thayo hato. 11 decembernaa roj, general jophre aakramak kaaryvaahi bundh curry deedhi. tenaa parinam. aakramanna samaygaalaa darmiyan, saathioae lagbhag 50,000 yuddh janhani sahan curry hatee, jemathi motaa bhaagnaa serbian hataa. vadhumaa, lagbhag 80,000 saathee sainiko mrutyu pamya hataa athavaa beemari aneey rogchaalaane kaarane temne bahaar kaadhvaa padyaa hataa. aanaathi coole janhani 130,000 jetla maanso athavaa theatrema tamaam pravesh dalonaa trija bhaag sudhee pahonchi gaee. bhaare kimmate maatra 50 kimee aagalno bhaag khasedvama aavyo hato aneey ante, aaa humalaathi romania haar athavaa bulgariane yuddhmathi bahaar nikalvathi atkavi shakaayu naa hatoo. bulgariano aneey german janhanima coole 61,000 sainiko hataa, aneey monasteerne tyajee devani faraj puddy hovaa chhataa, uttarmaa thodaa kilometres navee jagyaoae sanraxan maate uttam paristhitio puurii paadee hatee, jenaathi shaher parr bulgarian topkhaanaanu varchsva sunishchit thayu hatoo. aheeni rekhaa mesedoniyama yuddhnaa anta sudhee akbandh rahee hatee jyaare dobro poola parnee safalataane kaarane tenaa parr kabajo dharaavtaa daloae pichhehath karvee puddy hatee. jooe keey, aakramanthi thodo santosh pann malyo kaaran keey serbian sainiko temnaa deshnee sarhad parr paachha farvaamaa safal rahyaa hataa. bulgariano aneey germano pann uchch sankhyama praveshnaa temnaa pratikaarthi santusht hataa. general nikola zekove bulgarian sanrakshanni dradhtaanaa sandarbhma chernaa nadeeni ladaaine "suprasiddh" tareeke varnavi hatee-"janhani dhyanma leedha vinaa haath dharvaamaa aavee hatee."

monastir aakramak pratham vishva yuddh key dauran kendriya shaktiyon key balon key khilaf ack sahayogi sainya abhiyaan monastir aakraman thaa, jiska uddeshya bulgaria key aatmasamarpan koo majboor karke aur romania parr dabaav koo cumm karke macedonian morche parr gatirodh koo todana thaa. aakraman ney ack badee ladaai kaa aakar leey liya aur teen maheene taka chalaa aur monastir shahar parr kabja karane key saath samaapt huaa. 50 kimmy kii ausat gaharaai parr, bulgarian pahali senaa (sitambar key anta seey german gyaarahavin senaa) ney chhah avsaron parr yuddh kiya, jise paanch baar peechhe hatane key liye majboor kiya gayaa. prishthabhoomi. agast 1916 mein, romenia ney yuddh key prayaas mein shamil honey key liye pravesh key paksh mein jaanaa chunaa aur transylvania parr aakraman key liye apani adhikansh senaaon koo kendrit kiya, apani teesari senaa koo bulgaria key saath seema kii raksha key liye chhod diyaa. bulgaria key khilaf roman senaa aur sahayogi salonica senaa key sanyukt hamale key liye russie aur francisi prastaav abb yathaarthvaadi naheen they. haalaanki, sahyogiyon ney yuddh mein romenia key pravesh kaa samarthan karane aur adhik seey adhik bulgarian balon koo cumm karane key liye agast key madhya mein macedonian morche parr ack badey aakraman kii yojana banaai. bulgarian uchch kamaan koo ack aasann aakraman kaa sandeh thaa, aur 9 agast koo doiran key aspas hui ladaai ney inn sandehon kii pushti kii. apani or seey, bulgarian logon ney varsh kii shuruat seey hii macedonia mein ack aakraman kaa aagrah kiya thaa, abb donon sahayogi pakshon parr pahali senaa aur doosari senaa key saath hamla karane kii yojana banaa rahey they. germans ney bhee yojana key liye apani manjuri dey dee kyonki poorv senaa senaa samooh mckenson kaa hissa thee. 17 agast koo, chegan aur struma aakraman shuru hue. baain or, bulgarian doosari senaa ney apane raaste mein thodaa pratirodh kiya aur struma nadee taka key sabhi yunani kshetra parr kabja curr liya. daahine kinare parr, bulgarian pahali senaa ney lerine parr kabja curr liya aur gathbandhan key pratirodh key sakht honey key bavjood aage badhana jaari rakhaa. agrim jald hii funce gayaa, 27 agast koo aakraman koo bund curr diyaa gayaa, aur bulgarian balon koo khudai karane kaa adesh diyaa gayaa. haalaanki, iss poorv-kaarravaai ney general sarail kii yojanaon koo whiffle curr diyaa aur unhein apane aakraman koo sthagit karane key liye majboor curr diyaa. sitambar 1916 kii shuruat mein bulgaria key khilaf ack sahayogi hamale kii aavashyakta aur bhee adhik aavashyak hoe gaee, kyonki general stephen toshev aur feeled marshel mckenson key tahat bulgarian teesari senaa ney tutrakan aur dobrich kii ladaai mein roman aur rusiyon key khilaf nirnaayak jeet hassil kii. virodhi taakaten. sitambar 1916 taka, sahyogiyon ney macedonian morche parr sanchaalan key liye 6 serbian, 5 british, 4 francisi, 1 italvi paidal senaa division aur 1 russie paidal senaa brigade kaa ack badaa bull ikattha kiya thaa. iss senaa kii taakat kaa anupaat 369,000 aur 400,000 purushon key beach pahunch gayaa. yuddh kii taakat koo 201 paidal senaa bataliyanon mein 1,025 topkhaane key tukadon aur 1,300 machineganon key saath tainaat kiya gayaa thaa. kendriya shaktiyaan shuru mein inn balon kaa virodh bulgarian pahali senaa, german gyaarahavin senaa aur bulgarian doosari senaa key saath kull 172 paidal senaa bataliyanon mein curr sakati theen. 900 topkhaane. isake alawa, 10vaan bulgarian paidal senaa prabhaag aur ottoman samrajya key saath seema taka nadee key struma seey agean tata kii raksha karane vaale bull bhee they-25 paidal senaa batalian, 31 topkhaane kii battery aur 24 machine gunn. general sarrail ney apani serbian, francisi, russie aur italvi senaaon key saath dakshinpanthi aur atee vistaarit pahali senaa key kendra mein hamla karane kii yojana banaai aur kewal vardaar ghaati aur struma key khilaf pradarshanatmak hamalon seey khud koo santusht kiya, joe kii angrejon dwara adhik seey adhik bulgarian aur german sainikon koo cumm karane key liye kiye jaane they. aakramak. udghaatan charan. 12 sitambar koo, sahyogiyon ney ack shaktishali dou divasiya topkhaane key bairaj aur serbian teesari senaa aur mool kii francisi senaa dwara bulgarian 8 veen tundjha paidal senaa division aur curnell tasev kii prabalit brigade key khilaf ack hamale key saath apana aakraman shuru kiya. bulgarian logon key liye sthiti jald hii bigad gaee, aur 14 sitambar koo, unhein apani kuchh topon koo peechhe chhodkar aur serbian logon key liye gornichevo koo chhodane key liye majboor hocker lerine kii or peechhe hatna padaa. 12 sitambar koo serbian logon ney bhee kaimakalan parvat shrinkhala parr apana pahala hamla shuru kiya. british bhee struma morche parr sakriya hoe gaye aur apane daahine kinare parr apane pair jamaane kii koshish kii. bulgarian pahali senaa kaa paschimi bhaag abb sahyogiyon koo lerine-kajamkalan rekha parr rakhane mein kamyab rhaa. halanki, sahyogiyon ney apane hamale jaari rakhe, aur 23 sitambar koo, bhaari ladaai key baad, francisi lerine mein pravesh curr gaye. bulgarian abhee bhee kajamkalan parr pakad banaae hue they, jahan teesare balcon paidal senaa division kii pahali paidal senaa brigade parr bhaari francisi topkhaane dwara samarthit serbian sainikon kii ack badee sankhya dwara hamla kiya gayaa thaa. hamlaavaron aur rakshakon key liye ladaai bahut mahangi thee, kyonki nange, chattani riz ney bulgarian machine gunn fayer yaa sambaddh topkhaane seey lagbhag koee aavaran pradaan naheen kiya thaa. bulgarian asafalataon ney bulgarian aur german uchch kamanon donon kaa adhik dhyaan aakarshit kiya, aur jald hii, kamaan sanrachana mein kaee mahatvapurna badalaav kiye gaye. 27 sitambar koo, general clement boidzive koo general demeter geshov dwara pahali senaa key commander key roop mein pratisthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. senaa ney khud general arnold wonn winkler kii gyaarahavin senaa key saath mukhyalaya kaa adaan-pradaan kiya. isake baad 16 octuber koo general otto wonn key saamane aur neeche senaa samooh kii sthaapana hui, jisamen gyaarahavin aur pahali senaa donon shamil theen. 30 sitambar koo, 18 dinon kii bhaari ladaai key baad, serbian drina division ney aakhirkaar bulgarian rakshaatmak rekha mein ack safalata praapt karate hue, teesare balcon paidal senaa division kii thuck chuki pahali paidal senaa brigade seey kajamkalan parr kabja curr liya. german aur bulgarian kamanon ney ack saksham topkhaane key bhandar kii kamee key kaaran sthiti key nuksan aur saat topkhaane koo aparivartaniya maanaa. general winkler ney 8vein tundjha division, 6vein dinn division kii pahali aur teesari brigade aur 9 pleeven division kii doosari brigade koo ack naee rakshaatmak sthiti mein vaapas jaane kaa adesh diyaa. teesare balcon division kii pahali brigade koo punargathit kiya gayaa thaa, aur isaki nau bataliyanon koo saat pahaadi bandookon aur ack agrani company key saath chaar mishrit companiyon key saath paanch taka cumm curr diyaa gayaa thaa. naee kenali rakshaatmak rekha parr teen swatantra paidal senaa brigedon (9/2ib, 2/6ib aur 1/6ib) dwara lake prespa seey kenali taka, 8vein division dwara kenali seey cherna nadee key poorv kii unchaaiyon taka aur vahaan seey 1/3 paidal senaa brigade dwara maalaa roop choti taka kabja curr liya gayaa thaa. aage poorv mein gyaarahavin senaa key shesh bull they-teesare balcon paidal senaa prabhaag key baaki, jinaki sthiti 25 julaai 1916 koo kabja karane key baad seey aparivartit rahee. dwiteeyak sanchaalan. usa samay key aspas, jaba yeh spasht hoe gayaa kii sahayogi purvi paarshv seey sainikon koo kheench rahey they aur unhein monastir key khilaf kendrit curr rahey they, tou bulgarian dwiteeya senaa key commander general todorov ney 7vein rilaa division koo struma nadee parr hamale key liye sthiti lene kaa adesh diyaa, taaki kathor dabaav vaale bulgarian aur germans koo vaardaar key paschim mein sahaayata mill sakey. bulgarian uchch kamaan ney halanki hamale kii anumati dene seey incar curr diyaa. iss hichkichaahat ney angrejon koo 30 sitambar koo karakaki gaanv key aspas struma key baaen kinare parr apani sthiti koo majboot karane kii anumati dee. 3 octuber koo, 10vein (ayrish) division ney yenikoy gaanv mein bulgarian padon parr hamla kiya, jinka bachaav 7vein division kii 13veen rilaa resiment dwara kiya gayaa thaa. ladaai poore dinn chully, aur 14veen macedonian resiment aur 17veen topkhaane resiment dwara prabalit bulgarian, ack bhayankar beyonet sangharsh key baad dou baar gaanv parr phir seey kabja curr liya. teesare aur antim hamale key baad raat key dauran, ayrish division ney ise apane kabje mein leey liya. sateek topkhaane aur machine gunn kii golibari key kaaran donon taraf bhaari hataahat hue. yuddh key baad, bulgarian 13veen resiment koo samanya chaar bataliyanon key bajaay teen-batalian taakat mein punargathit kiya gayaa thaa. 4 octuber key baad, bulgarian logon ney poorv mein paas kii unchaaiyon parr sthaan sthaapit kiye, jabaki 7vein kilaa division kaa dahina hissa rupel darre kii raksha key liye ghaati mein banaa rhaa. iss bindu seey, aakraman key anta taka struma front parr koee badaa operation naheen kiya gayaa thaa. nirnaayak ladaai kii shuruat karein. bulgarian logon key liye ack pramukh samasya yeh thee kii unaki senaa aur sansaadhan dobruza seey laker macedonia aur albania taka kii seema taka faile hue they. bulgarian uchch kamaan apane german sahyogiyon kii or muda gaee. germans key paas khud kuchh atirikt bull they joe brusilov aakraman key kaaran they aur some kii ladaai abhee bhee ugra thee. way ottoman samrajya kii or muda gaye aur 50vein division key 11,979 purushon koo macedonia bhejane key liye aashvast kiya. octuber mein, inn balon ney struma parr sthiti grahan kii aur ack maheene baad, 46vein ottoman division key 12,609 purushon dwara shamil kiya gayaa. donon prabhagon ney xxx core kaa gathan kiya aur maee 1917 taka iss kshetra mein rahey, jaba unhein mesopotamia mein vaapas bulaa liya gayaa. isane kuchh bulgarian balon koo mukt curr diyaa jinhen abb gyaarahavin senaa koo majboot karane key liye nirdeshit kiya jaa sakata thaa. isake alawa, 3,598 purushon kii ottoman rumeli tukadi (177 veen resiment) koo bhee general winkler kii senaa seey jodaa gayaa thaa. 30 sitambar koo, general joffrey ney general sarrel koo dobrudza mein bulgarian teesari senaa key khilaf general everescu key tahat roman aur russie balon key aasann mahaan aakraman aur russ aur tutrakan key beach denube key unake apekshit paar key baare mein soochit kiya. purvi commander kii sahayogi senaa ney abb gyaarahavin senaa kii kenali rekha key khilaf ack nae sire seey dhakka dekar aur antatah bulgaria koo yuddh seey baahar nikalkar iska upayog karane kii yojana banaai. 4 octuber koo, sahyogiyon ney francisi aur rusiyon parr monastir-kenali kii disha mein hamla kiya, serbian pahali aur teesari senaa, kenali-cherna loop line key saath, serbian doosari senaa ney teesare balcon division key khilaf-dobro poul kii disha mein. iss kshetra mein 65 bataliyanon aur kendriya shaktiyon kii 57 baitariyon key khilaf sahyogiyon key paas 103 batalian aur 80 baitariyan theen. monastir kaa patan aur aakraman kaa anta. cherna nadee kii ladaai serbian logon key saath isake uttari tata parr pair jamaane kii koshish key saath shuru hui. unaki pragati dheemi thee, aur aage paschim mein, praarambhik francisi aur russie hamalon koo peechhe hataaya gayaa. agale hafton key dauran, yuddh hamalon aur jawabi hamalon kii ack shrinkhala mein vikasit huaa, jisamen sahyogiyon ney apani topkhaane kii shreshthata key kaaran dheere-dheere jameen hassil kii. bulgarian aur german kamanon ney bhee pahali aur yahaan taka kii doosari senaa seey sthanantarit sainikon key saath gyaarahavin senaa koo majboot karke sthiti koo sthir karane kii koshish kii. cherna loop mein ladaai kii avadhi key liye, kuchh 14 bulgarian aur 4 german paidal senaa resiments ney ladaai mein sakriya roop seey bhaag liya. francisi aur russie logon ney octuber key anta taka kenali key aspas ack safalata hassil kii, lekin jald hii bulgarian aur germans dwara unhein roque diyaa gayaa. italvi vibhajan koo bhee saamane laaya gayaa aur usane monastir key aspas key hamalon kaa samarthan kiya. haalaanki, iss samay taka, neeche key general ney monastir koo chhodane kaa faisala kiya thaa, aur 18 navambar koo, jaba bhaari ladaai abhee bhee chala rahee thee, general dair infantary winkler ney gyaarahavin senaa koo monastir key uttar mein nae padon parr peechhe hatane kaa adesh diyaa. bulgarian commander inn cheef, general nikola jhekov ney iss nirnay kaa virodh kiya, lekin anta mein, vaha isake nishpaadan koo roque naheen sakey. 19 navambar koo francisi aur russie sainikon ney shahar mein pravesh kiya. bulgarian logon ney chervena stena parr ack naee sthiti sthaapit kii-oonchaai 1248-oonchaai 1050-makovo-gradesnica rakshaatmak rekha. yeh lagbhag turant hamale key dayare mein aaa gayaa, lekin iss baar naee sthiti dridh rahee kyonki sahayogi apani rasad kshamata kii seema taka pahunch curr thuck gaye they. iss prakaar rekha koo todane key sabhi francisi aur serbian prayason koo haraaya gayaa, aur sardiyon kii shuruat key saath, saamane kii poori lambai sthir hoe gaee. 11 disambar koo, general joffrey ney aakramak pradarshan koo bund curr diyaa. isake baad. aakraman kii avadhi key liye, sahyogiyon koo lagbhag 50,000 yuddh hatahaton kaa saamana karna padaa, jinamen seey adhikansh serbian they. isake alawa, lagbhag 80,000 sahayogi sainikon kii maut hoe gaee yaa bimari aur bimari key kaaran unhein baahar nikaalana padaa. isase kull hatahaton kii sankhya 130,000 purushon taka yaa theatre mein sabhi sakriya balon kaa ack tihai hoe gaee. saamane kii or bhaari keemat parr kewal 50 kimmy kii doori taya kii gaee thee, aur anta mein, aakramak ney romenia kii haar yaa yuddh seey baahar nikalane vaale bulgaria koo naheen rokaa. bulgarian aur german hatahaton kii kull sankhya lagbhag 61,000 thee, aur bhale hii monastir koo chhodana padaa, uttar mein kuchh kilometres kii naee sthitiyon ney raksha key liye utkrisht paristhitiyaan pradaan keen, jisase shahar parr bulgarian topkhaane kaa prabhutva sunishchit huaa. yahaan kii rekha macedonia mein yuddh key anta taka barkarar rahee jaba dobro poul parr safalata key kaaran usa parr kabja karane vaali senaaon koo peechhe hatna padaa. haalaanki, aakraman ney kuchh santushti bhee pradaan kii kyonki serbian sanic apane desh kii seema parr lautane mein kamyab rahey. bulgarian aur german bhee uchch sankhya mein pravesh key prati apane pratirodh seey santusht they. general nikola jhekov ney cherna nadee kii ladaai koo bulgarian raksha kii dridhata key sandarbh mein "pauranik" key roop mein varnit kiya-"hatahaton kii parwah kiye binaa aayojit kiya gayaa."

monastyr akramanakari monastyr akramanavu modalane mahayuddhada samayadalli kendra shaktigala padegala viruddha mitrapakshagala military karyacharaneyagiddu, balgeriyavannu sharanaguvante ottaayisuva moolaka mattu romeniyaada melina ottadavannu nivaarisuva moolaka macedonian mumbhagada bikkattannu muriyuva uddeshavannu hondittu. ee akramanavu dodda yuddhada aakaaravannu padedukonditu mattu mooru tingalugala kaala nadeyitu mattu monasteer pattanavannu vashapadisikolluva moolaka konegonditu. sarasari 50 kii. mea. aaladalli, balgeriyaada modala seeneyu (september germany hannondane seeneya antyadinda) aaru sandarbhagalalli yuddhavannu nadesi, aidu baari himmettabekaayitu. hinnele. 1916rahra augustinalli, romania, aaa seeneya badiyalli yuddhada prayatnadalli seralu nirdharisitu mattu transylvaniada mele akramana maadalu tanna hecchina padegalannu kendrikarisitu, balgeriyaada gadiya kaavalugaagi tanna 3neey sainyavannu bittitu. balgeriyaada viruddha romanian sene mattu mitraraashtragala salonica seeneya junty daaliya rashyaada mattu french prastapagalu innu munde vaastavikavaagiralilla. aadaagyoo, mitraraashtragalu august madhyabhaagadalli romeniyaada yuddha praveshavannu bembalisalu mattu saadhyavaadashtu bulgarian padegalannu nigrahisalu dodda akramanavannu yojisidavu. bulgarian hye command mumbaruva akramanavannu shankisitu, mattu august 9 randu bhugiledda doiran suttalina horaatavu ee anumaanagalannu maatra drudhapadisitu. tamma kadeyinda, balgeriyannaru varshada aarambhadindalu macedoniadalli akramana maadalu ottayisiddaru, eega modala sene mattu eradane seeneyondige eradoo mitraraashtragala badigalli daali maadalu yojisiddaare. hindina seeneyu seenaa gumpina mckenson bhagavagidda kaarana germannaru saha ee yojanege tamma anumodaneyannu niididaru. august august, chegan mattu strumagala daaligalu praarambhavaadavu. eda paarshvadalli, balgeriyaada eradane seeneyu, daariyalli swalpa pratirodhavannu edurisi, struma nadiyavaregina ellah greek pradeshavannu vashapadisikonditu. bala paarshvadalli, balgeriyaada modala seeneyu lerine nannu vashapadisikonditu mattu mitrapakshagala pratirodhavannu kathinagolisutta munnadeyuvudannu munduvarisitu. mungadavu shighradalle sthagitagonditu, august 27 randu akramanavannu nillisalaayitu mattu bulgarian padegalige ageyalu aadeshisalaayitu. aadaagyoo, ee purvabhavi mushkaravu general sarrel avara yojanegalannu viphalagolisitu mattu avara akramanavannu munduduvante maaditu. general stephan toshev mattu feeled marshel mckenson avara netrutvadalli balgeriyaada moorane seeneyu, tutracan mattu dobrich kadanagalalli romanian mattu rashyaada viruddha nirnayaka vijayagalannu saadhisiddarinda, 1916rahra september aarambhadalli balgeriyaada viruddha mitrapakshagala daaliya agatyavu innashtu turtu aayitu. virodhi shaktigalu. 1916rahra september velege, mitraraashtragalu macedonian mumbhagadalli karyacharanegagi 6 serbian, 5 british, 4 french, 1 italian padaatidala vibhaga mattu 1 rashyaada padaatidala brigadene gananeeya padegalannu ottugudisidavu. ee seeneya anupaatada balavu 369,000 mattu 4,00,000 janara naduve talupitu. yuddhada balavannu 1,025 phirangigalu mattu 1,300 meshin gangalondige 201 padaatidala betaliyangalalli niyojisalaayitu. kendra shaktigalu aarambhadalli bulgarian modala sene, germany hannondane sene mattu bulgarian eradane seeneyondige ottu 172 padaatidala betaliyangalalli ee padegalannu virodhisabahudaagittu. 900 phirangigalu. idallade, 10neey bulgarian padaatidala vibhaagavoo ittu mattu 25 padaatidala betaliyangalu, 31 firangi byatarigalu mattu 24 meshin gangalu seridante, nadhi strumaadinda ottoman saamraajyada gadiyavarege agean karaavaliyannu rakshisuva padegaloo iddavu. general sarrail tanna serbian, french, russian mattu italian padegalondige balapanthiya mattu atiyaada vistarisida modala seeneya madhyabhaagadalli daali maadalu yojisidanu mattu saadhyavaadashtu bulgarian mattu german padegalannu nigrahisalu britisharu nadesabekidda vardar kanive mattu strumaada viruddha kevala pradarshanada daaligalinda truptanaadanu. akramanakari. arambhika hanta. september september, mitraraashtragalu eradu dinagala prabala firangi dandeya moolaka tamma akramanavannu praarambhisidavu mattu balgeriyaada 8neey tundjhaa padaatidala vibhaga mattu curnell tasev avara balavardhita brigade viruddha cerbian moorane sene mattu purvada french seeneyu daali nadesitu. balgeriyannarige paristhiti shighradalle hadagettitu, mattu september 14 randu, avaru tamma kelavu firangi bandookugalannu bittu, lerine kadege himmettabekaayitu mattu gornichevovannu serbiyannarige bittaru. september september, serbiyannaru kaimakkalan parvatashreniya mele tamma modala daaliyannu praarambhisidaru. britisharu saha strumaada mumbhagadalli sakriyaraadaru mattu adara bala dandeyalli tamma neleyannu vistarisalu prayatnisidaru. balgeriyaada modala seeneya paschima bhagavu eega lerine-kajmakkalan rekheya mele mitraraashtragalannu hididittukolluvalli yashasviyaayitu. aadaagyoo, mitraraashtragalu tamma daaliyannu munduvaresidavu mattu september september, bhaaree horaatada nantara, frencharu lerine annu praveshisidaru. balgeriyannaru innoo kaajmakkalanannu hididittukondiddaru, allie 3neey balkan padaatidala vibhagada 1neey padaatidala brigade mele bhaaree french phirangigala bembaladondige hecchina sankhyeya cerbian padegalu daali nadesidavu. aakramanakaararu mattu rakshakarige ee horaatavu bahala dubaariyaagittu, ekendare burry, kallina parvatashreniyu bulgarian meshin gunn fire athawa mitra phirangigalinda bahuteka yaavude raksaneyannu odagisalilla. balgeriyaada hinnadegalu bulgarian mattu german hye kamandgaleradarindaloo hecchina gamanavannu seledavu mattu shighradalle, command rachaneyalli halavaaru pramukha badalaavanegalannu maadalaayitu. september september, general clement boyadjhiv avarannu modala seeneya commander aagi general demetar geshov avaru badalaayisidaru. seeneyu swatah general arnald vaan winklern hannondane sainyadondige pradhana kacheriyannu vinimaya maadikonditu. idara nantara kelagiruva general otto vaanna mumbhagakke aagamisalaayitu mattu october october kelagiruva seenaa gumpannu sthaapisalaayitu, idaralli hannondane mattu modala sainyagaleradoo seriddavu. september september, 18 dinagala bhaaree horaatada nantara, serbian drina vibhagavu antimavagi 3neey balkan padaatidala vibhagada danida 1neey padaatidala brigedninda kaajmakkalanannu vashapadisikonditu, bulgarian rakshanaatmaka rekheyalli ondu pragatiyannu saadhisitu. german mattu bulgarian kamandgalu samarth firangi meesalu korateyindagi sthaanada nashta mattu elu firangi bandookugalannu badalayisalaguvudilla endu pariganisidavu. general winkler 8neey tundjhaa vibhagagalu, 6neey bidin vibhagada 1neey mattu 3neey brigedgalu mattu 9neey pleven vibhagada 2neey brigedge hosa rakshanaatmaka sthanakke hintegedukolluvante aadeshisidaru. 3neey balkan vibhagada 1neey brigade annu marusanghatisalaayitu, mattu adara khaaliyaada ombattu betaliyangalannu aidakke ilisalaayitu, elu parvata bandookugalu mattu ondu pravartaka kampaniyondige naalku mishra kampanigalu iddavu. hosa kenali rakshanaatmaka rekheyannu mooru swatantra padaatidala padegalu padegalu, (9/2aibi mattu mattu, kenali yinda cherna nadiya purvada ettaradavarege 8neey vibhagavu mattu allinda 1/3 padaatidala dalavu maalaa roopa shikharadavarege aakramisikonditu. munde purvakke hannondane seeneya ulida padegalu iddavu-ulida 3neey balkan padaatidala vibhaga, 1916rahra julai julai aakramisikondaagininda avara sthanagalu badalaagade ulidavu. dvitiya karyacharanegalu. aaa samayadalli, mitraraashtragalu purva paarshvadinda padegalannu eleyuttive mattu monasteer viruddha avarannu kendrikarisuttive embudu spashtavadaga, balgeriyaada eradane seenaa mukhyastha general todorov 7neey rila vibhagakke struma nadiya mele daali maadalu, vardaarina paschimakke kathina ottadakkolagaada balgeriyannaru mattu germannarige sahaaya maadalu aadeshisidaru. aadaagyoo, balgeriyaada hye command ee daalige avakasha needalu nirakarisitu. ee hinjarikeyu britisharige september september karakaki graamada suttaloo strumaada eda dandeyalli tamma sthaanagalannu balapadisalu avakasha maadikottitu. october october, 10neey (airish) vibhagavu 7neey vibhagada 13neey rila regimentninda rakshisalpatta yenikoy graamada bulgarian sthaanagala mele daali maaditu. yuddhavu idee dina nadeyitu, mattu 14neey macedonian regiment mattu 17neey firangi regimentninda balapadisalpatta balgeriyannaru, tivravaada bionet horaatada nantara eradu baari graamavannu vashapadisikondaru. moorane mattu antima daaliya nantarada ratriyalli, airish vibhagavu adannu aakramisikonditu. nikharavaada firangi mattu meshin gunn gundina daaliyindaagi eradoo kadegalli bhaaree savunovugalu sambhavisive. yuddhada nantara, balgeriyaada 13neey regiment annu saamaanya naalku betaliyangala badalige mooru-betaliyangala balakke marusanghatisalaayitu. october 4rahra nantara, balgeriyannaru purvakke hattirada ettaragalalli nelegalannu sthaapisidaru, aadare rupel kaniveyannu rakshisalu 7neey rila vibhagada bala paarshvavu kaniveyalliye uliyitu. ee hantadinda, aakramanada antyadavarege strumaada mumbhagadalli yaavude dodda karyacharanegalannu nadesalagalilla. nirnayaka yuddakke munnudi. balgeriyannarige ondu pramukha samasyeyendare avara sainya mattu sampanmoolagalannu dobrujadinda macedonia mattu albeniyaadavarege vistarisalaagittu. bulgarian hye command tanna german mitraraashtragala kadege tirugitu. brucilov akramanavu tanna haaniyannu tegedukondiddarinda mattu soam yuddhavu innoo ulbanagolluttidda kaarana germannaru swatah needalu kelavu balavardhanegalannu hondiddaru. avaru ottoman saamraajyada kadege tirugi, 50neey vibhagada 11,979 janarannu mesedoniyage kaluhisuvante enver pasha avarige manavarike maadidaru. octobernalli, ee padegalu strumaadalli sthaanavannu padedukondavu mattu ondu tingala nantara, 46neey ottoman vibhagada 12,609 purusharu serikondaru. ee eradu vibhagagalu XX corps annu rachisidavu mattu 1917rahra mayee tingalavarege ee pradeshadalli ulidavu, nantara avugalannu mesopatamyage himpadeyalaayitu. idu eega hannondane sainyavannu balapadisalu nirdeshisabahudaada kelavu bulgarian padegalannu bidugade maaditu. idara jotege, 3,598 purushara ottoman rumeli berpaduvikeyannu (177neey regiment) saha general winklern padegalondige jodisalagittu. september september, general jofrey, dobrudjadalli bulgarian moorane sainyada viruddha general averskuvina netrutvadalli romanian mattu rashyaada padegalu dodda akramanavannu maaduttive mattu avaru druce mattu tutrakan naduve danube annu daatuva niriksheyide endu general sarrailge tilisidaru. purva commandern mitrapakshada seeneyu eega hannondane seeneya kenali rekheya viruddha hosa talluvikeyondige samanvayagolisuva moolaka idannu balasalu yojisitu mattu antimavagi balgeriyavannu yuddhadinda horahaakitu. october october, mitraraashtragalu monastyr-kenali, cerbian modala mattu moorane sainyavu kenali-cherna loop rekheya uddakkoo, cerbian eradane sainyavu moorane balkan vibhagada viruddha-dobro pole dikkinalli french mattu rashyaada mele daali maadidavu. ee pradeshadalli kendra shaktigala 65 betaliyangalu mattu 57 byatarigala viruddha mitraraashtragalu 103 betaliyangalu mattu 80 byaatarigalannu hondiddavu. monastia patana mattu aakramanada antya. serbiyannaru adara uttara dandeyalli neleyooralu prayatnisuvudarondige cherna nadiya yuddhavu praarambhavaayitu. avara pragatiyu nidhaanavaagittu, mattu mattashtu paschimakke, arambhika french mattu rashyaada daaligalannu himmettisalaayitu. mundina vaaragalalli, yuddhavu daaligalu mattu pratidaaligala saraniyagi beleyitu, idaralli mitraraashtragalu tamma phirangigala shreshthateyindaagi kramena nelavannu galisidavu. bulgarian mattu german kamandgalu modala mattu eradane sainyadinda vargavaneyada padegalondige hannondane sainyavannu balapadisuva moolaka paristhitiyannu sthiragolisalu prayatnisidavu. cherna loop nalli nadeda yuddhada avadhiyalli, sumaru 14 bulgarian mattu 4 german padaatidala regimentgalu horaatadalli sakriyavagi bhagavahisidavu. october antyada velege french mattu rashyannaru kenalia suttaloo ondu pragatiyannu saadhisidaru aadare shighradalle balgeriyannaru mattu germannaru avarannu tadedaru. italian vibhagavannu saha mumbhagakke taralaayitu mattu monastyr suttalina daaligalannu bembalisalaayitu. aadaagyoo, ee hottige, kelagiruva general monastyr annu tyajisalu nirdharisiddaru, mattu november 18 randu, bhaaree horata innoo nadeyuttiddaaga, general derr infantery wickler hannondane sainyavannu monastyrne uttaradalliruva hosa sthaanagalige himmettisalu aadeshisidaru. balgeriyaada mukhya commander general nikola jhekov ee nirdhaaravannu pratibhatisidaru, aadare koneyalli, avaru adara maranadandaneyannu tadeyalu sadhyavagalilla. november november french mattu rashyaada sainikaru pattanavannu praveshisidaru. balgeriyannaru chervena stena-ettara 1248-ettara 1050-makovo-gradesnica rakshanaatmaka rekheyalli hosa sthaanavannu sthaapisidaru. idu takshanave daalige olagaayitu, aadare ee baari hosa sthaanavu drudhavaagittu ekendare mitraraashtragalu tamma sagane saamarthyada mitiyannu talupida nantara danididdavu. heegaagi rekheyannu bhedisuva ellah french mattu serbian prayatnagalu viphalavaadavu mattu chaligaalada aarambhadondige, mumbhagavu adara sampoorna uddakkoo sthiravaayitu. december december, general jofrey akramanavannu nillisidaru. parinamagalu. aakramanada avadhiyalli, mitraraashtragalu sumaru 50,000 yuddhada savunovugalannu anubhavisidavu, avaralli hechchinavaru serbiyannaru. idallade, sumaru 80,000 mitra padegalu anarogya mattu rogadindagi saavannappidavu athawa sthalaantarisabekaayitu. idu ottu savunovugalannu 130,000 purusharige athawa rangabhoomiyallina ellah olagolluva padegala moorane ondu bhagakke tanditu. mumbhagavannu bhaaree belege kevala 50 kii. mea. nashtu maatra chalisalaayitu, mattu koneyalli, akramanavu romeniyaada solannu athawa balgeriyavannu yuddhadinda horahaakuvudannu tadeyalilla. balgeriyannaru mattu germany savunovugalu ottu sumaru 61,000 janarannu hondiddavu, mattu monastyr annu tyajisabekagiddaroo, uttarakke kelavu kilometergalashtu hosa sthanagalu rakshanege atyuttama paristhitigalannu odagisidavu, idu pattanada mele bulgarian phirangidalada praabalyavannu khatripadisitu. dobro polnalli pragatiya kaaranadindaagi adannu akramisikonda padegalu himmettabekaagi bandaaga macedoniadalli yuddhada antyadavarege illina rekheyu haage uliyitu. aadaagyoo, cerbian padegalu tamma deshada gadige maraluvalli yashasviyaada kaarana ee akramanavu swalpa truptiyannu needitu. balgeriyannaru mattu germannaru saha hecchina sankhyeya ententege tamma pratirodhadinda truptaraagiddaru. general nikola jhekov avaru bulgarian raksaneya drudhateya drashtiyinda cherna nadiya yuddhavannu "pouraanika" endu vivarisuvashtu doora hodaru-"savunovugalannu pariganisade nadesalaayitu."

monastir akramanam onnaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu kendrashakthikalude shakthikalkkethiraaya oru sakhyasenayude sainika nadapadiyaayirunnu monastir akramanam, bulgaria keezhadangan nirbandhithanaakkukayum romaniayude melulla sammarddam laghookarikkukayum cheythukondu macedonian munnaniyile stambhanam takarkkaan uddeshichullathaayirunnu ithu. akramanam oru valia yudhathinte roopamedukkukayum moonnu maasam neendunilkkukayum monastir pattanam pidichadakkiyathode avasaanikkukayum cheythu. sharashari 50 kilometer aazhathil, bulgarian phastt armi (septambar avasaanam muthal jarmman pathinonnam sainyam) aarr thavana yuddham cheyyukayum anchu thavana pinmaran nirbandhitharaakukayum cheythu. pashchaathalam. 1916 augustil, romania sainyathinte bhagamaayulla yudhashramathil cheraan theerumaanikkukayum athinte bhooribhaagam sainyatheyum transylvania adhiniveshathinaayi kendreekarikkukayum bulgariayumaayulla athirthi samrakshikkaan athinte moonnaamathe sainyathe vittukodukkukayum cheythu. bulgariaykkethire roman sainyavum sakhyakakshikalaya salonica sainyavum samyukthamaayi akramikkunnathinulla russian, franch nirddeshangal yaadhaarthyamaayirunnilla. ennirunnaalum, august pakuthiyode romaniayude yudhathilekkulla praveshanathe pinthunaykkunnathinum kazhiyunnathra bulgarian sainyathe adichamarthunnathinumaayi sakhyakakshikal macedonian frondil oru valia akramanam aasoothranam cheythu. bulgarian hikemand oru asannamaaya akramanam samshayichu, august 9 nuu pottippurapetta doiranu chuttumulla poraattam eee samshayangal sthireekarichu. thangalude bhaagathuninnu, bulgariakkaar varshathinte thudakkam muthal maasidoniyayil oru aakramanathinu ahvaanam cheythirunnu, ippol aadya sainyavum randaam sainyavum chernnu sakhyakakshikalude iruvashathum akramikkaan padhathiyidunnu. muun sainyam armi group mckensante bhagamaayathinaal jarmmankaarum padhathikku anumathi nalki. august 17nuu chegan, strooma akramanangal aarambhichu. idathu vashath, bulgarian randaam sainyam, vazhiyil cheria prathirodham nerittu, strooma nadhi vare ellah greak pradeshangalum pidichedutthu. valathuvashath, bulgarian aadya sainyam lerin pidichedukkukayum sakhyakakshikalude sakthamaaya prathirodhatthe abhimukheekarichu munnerukayum cheythu. munnettam taamasiyaathe thadassappedukayum august 27nuu akramanam nirthalaakkukayum bulgarian senaye kuzhikkaan utharavidukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, eee munkoor panimudakku general sarreyilinte padhathikal paraajayappedutthukayum thante akramanam maattivaykkaan nirbandhithanaakkukayum cheythu. general stephaan thoshevinteyum feeld marshell mckensanteyum keezhilulla bulgarian moonnaam sainyam tutrakan, dobrich yudhangalil roman, rashyakkaarkkethire nirnaayaka vijayangal nediyathinaal 1916 septambar aadyam bulgariaykkethiraaya sakhyasenayude aakramanathinte aavasyakatha kooduthal adiyanthiramaayi. ethir sakthikal. 1916 septambarode, sakhyakakshikal macedonian munnaniyile pravarthanangalkkaayi 6 serbian, 5 britiish, 4 franch, 1 itaaliyan infentry division, 1 russian infentry brigade ennivayude ganyamaaya senaye shekharichu. eee sainyathinte anupatha shakti 369,000 muthal 400,000 vare purushanmaraayi. 1, 025 peerankikalum 1,300 mesheen gannukalumulla 201 kaalaalppada battaaliyanukalilaan yudhashakthi vinyasichathu. bulgarian phastt armi, jarmman pathinonnam armi, bulgarian second armi ennivayumaayi motham 172 kaalaalppada battaaliyanukal, sii. enniva upayogichu kendra shakthikalkk thudakkathil eee senaye ethirkkaan kazhinju. 900 peerankikal. koodaathe, pathaamatthe bulgarian kaalaalppada division 25 kaalaalppada battaaliyanukalum 31 peeranki baattarikalum 24 mesheen gannukalum ulppede automan saamraajyathinte athirthi vare ejiyan theerathe samrakshikkunna sena undaayirunnu. general sareyil thante serbian, franch, russian, itaaliyan senakalumaayi chernnu valathupakshatheyum athinte vipuleekritha aadya sainyathinte kendratheyum akramikkaan padhathiyidukayum vardar thaazhvaraykkum stroomaykkum nere britishukaar nadathunna prakadanaparamaaya akramanangalil maathram samthrupthanaakukayum cheythu. akramanam. thurakkal ghattam. septambar 12 nuu, sakhyakakshikal sakthamaaya rund divasathe peeranki nirathukalum serbian moonnaam sainyavum ooriyantile franch sainyavum bulgarian ettaam thundsha kaalaalppada vibhaagathinum kenal thasevinte shakthippeduthiya brigedinumethire akramanam nadatthi. bulgariakkaarude sthithi taamasiyaathe vashalaavukayum septambar 14 nuu avarude peeranki thokkukalil chilath upekshichu serbiacarc gornichevo upekshikkukayum cheythukondu avar lerinilekku pinwangan nirbandhitharaakukayum cheythu. septambar 12nuu serbiakkaarum kaimakkalan malanirakalil avarude aadya akramanam aarambhichu. briteeshukaarum strooma frondil sajeevamaakukayum athinte valathu theerathu thangalude kaalukal virichedukkaan sramikkukayum cheythu. bulgarian aadya sainyathinte padinjaaran bhagam ippol lerin-kajmakkalan rekhayil sakhyakakshikale pidichedukkaan kazhinju. ennirunnaalum, sakhyakakshikal avarude akramanam thudarukayum septambar 23 nuu kanatha poraattatthinu sesham franchukaar lerinilekku praveshikkukayum cheythu. bulgariakkaar appozhum kajmakkalan pidichukondirikkukayu, avide moonnaam balcan kaalaalppada divisionile onnaam kaalaalppada brigade kanatha franch peerankikalude pinthunayode kooduthal serbian sainikar aakramichu. akramanakaarikalkkum prathirodhakkarkkum poraattam valare chelaveriyathaayirunnu, kaaranam nagnavum paarakkettukalullathumaaya ridge bulgarian mesheen gann fayaril ninno sakhyasenayude peerankikalil ninno eathaandu oru parirakshayum nalkiyilla. bulgarian thirichadikal bulgarian, jarmman hikemandukalil ninnu kooduthal shradha aakarshikkukayum taamasiyaathe command ghadanayil niravadhi supradhana mattangal varuthukayum cheythu. septambar 27nuu general kliment boyadshiyevine onnaam sainyathinte kamaandaraayi general dimittaar geshov niyamichu. general arnold voonn winklerude pathinonnaamatthe sainyavumayi sainyam thanne aasthaanam kaimari. ithinethudarnnu general oottoo voninte munvashathe varavum pathinonnaamatheyum onnaam sthaanatheyum sainyangal ulppedunna sainikasamghathe october 16nuu thaazhe sthaapikkukayum cheythu. septambar 30 nuu, 18 divasathe kanatha poraattatthinu sesham, serbian drina division oduvil bulgarian prathirodha lainil oru munnettam nedikkondu, 3rd balcan infentry divishante thalarnnupoya 1st infentry brigadil ninnu kajmakkalan pidichedutthu. jarmman, bulgarian commandukal sthaananashtavum ezhu peeranki thokkukalum kazhivulla peeranki samrakshanathinte abhavam kaaranam thirichedukkaan kazhiyathathaayi kanakkakki. general winkler ettaamathe thundsha divisionukalodum aaraamathe bidin divisionile onnum moonnum brigedukalodum 9 pleven divisionile randaam brigadinode oru puthiya prathirodha sthaanathekku pinmaran utharavittu. moonnaam balcan divisionile onnaam brigade punasamghadippikkukayum athinte onpathu battaaliyanukal anjaayi kuraykkukayum cheythu, ezhu parvatha thokkukalulla naalu mixed kambanikalum oru pioneer kambaniyum undaayirunnu. puthiya kenali prathirodharekhayil prispa thadaakam muthal kenali vare moonnu swatantra kaalaalppada brigedukalum (9/2aibi, 2/6aibi, 1/6aibi) kenali muthal cherna nadiyude kizhakkulla uyarangal vare ettaam division avide ninnu maala roopa kodumudiyilekku 1/3 infentry brigade chernnu. kizhakode pathinonnam sainyathinte sheshikkunna senakal-1916 juulai 25 nuu adhinivesham cheythathumuthal maattamillathe thudarnna moonnaamathe balcan kaalaalppada divishante backie senakal. dvitheeya pravartthanangal. akkaalat, sakhyakakshikal kizhakkan bhaagath ninnu sainyathe valichedukkukayum monastirinethire avare kendreekarikkukayum cheiyunnuvennu vyakthamaayappol, bulgarian randaamathe armi general todorovinte commander 7-aamm rila divisionode strooma nadikku mukaliloode akramanam nadatthaan utharavittu, kadinamaayi sammarddam cheluthunna bulgariakkaareyum jarmmankareyum vardaarinu padinjaaru sahayikkaan. ennaal, akramanam anuvadikkaan bulgarian hikemand visammathichu. eee maduppu septambar 30 nuu karakkay graamathinu chuttumulla strumayude idathu karayil thangalude sthaanangal shakthippeduthaan britteeshukaare anuvadichu. october 3 nuu, patthaam (airish) division ezhaam divisionile 13-aamm rila rejiment prathirodhicha yenicoy graamatthile bulgarian sthaanangal aakramichu. yuddham divasam muzhuvan neenduninnu, 14-aamm macedonian rejimentum 17-aamm peeranki rejimentum shakthippeduthiya bulgariakkaar, kadutha bionet poraattatthinu sesham rund thavana graamam thirichupidichu. moonnaamatheyum avasaanatheyum aakramanathinu sheshamulla raathriyil airish division athu kaivashappedutthi. krithyamaaya peerankikalum mesheen gann vedivayppum moolam iruvashathum kanatha naashanashtangal undaayi. yudhathinushesham, bulgarian 13-aamm rejiment saadhaarana naalu battaaliyanukalkk pakaram moonnu bataaliyan shakthiyaayi punasamghadippichu. october 4 nuu sesham, bulgariakkaar kizhakk aduthulla uyarangalil sthaanangal sthaapichu, athesamayam ezhaam rila divishante valath vasham rupal churam samrakshikkunnathinaayi thaazhvarayil thudarnnu. eee ghattam muthal, aakramanathinte avasaanam vare struma frondil valia ooppareshanukalonnum nadannilla. nirnnayakamaaya yudhathinu munkaiyedukkuka. avarude sainyavum vibhavangalum dobruja muthal macedonia, albania vareyulla paridhi vare vyaapippichathaayirunnu bulgariakkaarude pradhana prashnam. bulgarian hikemand athinte jarmman sakhyakakshikalilekku thirinju. bruzilov akramanam athinte aaghaatham varuthiyathinaal jarmmankaarkk thanne kurachu shakthippeduthalukal undaayirunnu, soomi yuddham appozhum ugramaayirunnu. avar automan saamraajyathilekku thiriyukayum 50-aamm divisionile 11,979 pere macedoniayilekku ayaykkaan enver pashaye bodhyappeduthukayum cheythu. octoberil eee senakal stroomayil sthaanam pidikkukayum oru maasathinu sesham 46-aamm automan divisionile 12,609 purushanmaar avarodoppam cherukayum cheythu. rund divisionukalum XX corps roopeekarikkukayum 1917 meyy vare eee mekhalayil thudarukayum mesopotemiyayilekku thirichuvilikkukayum cheythu. pathinonnaamatthe sainyathe shakthippeduthaan ippol nirddeshikkaavunna chila bulgarian sainyathe ithu mochippichu. koodaathe, 3,598 purushanmaarude automan rumeli dittaachmentum (177-aamath rejiment) general winklerude senayumaayi cherkkapettu. septambar 30nuu, dobrudjayile bulgarian moonnaam sainyathinethire general averskuvinte keezhil roman, russian senakal varaanirikkunna valia aakramanathekkurichum avar thanthrathinum thuthrakanum idayil danube kadakkumennu pratheekshikkunnathinekkum general joffrey general sareline ariyichu. pathinonnam sainyathinte kenali laininethire oru puthukkiya thallalumayi ekopippichu bulgaria yudhathil ninnu purathaakki kizhakkan commanderude sakhyasena ippol ithu upayogikkaan padhathiyittu. october 4nuu, sakhyakakshikal monastir-kenaliyude dishayilum, serbian onnum moonnum sainyathe kenali-cherna lupe lineilum, serbian randaamathe sainyathe moonnaamathe balcan divisionethire-dobro polinte dishayilum aakramichu. eee pradeshathe 65 battaliyanukalkkum 57 kendrashakthikalude battarikalkkum ethire sakhyakakshikalkk 103 battaaliyanukalum 80 baattarikalum undaayirunnu. monastirinte pathanavum aakramanathinte avasaanavum. serbiakkaar athinte vadakkan theerathu kaalukuthaan shramichathode cherna nadiyude yuddham aarambhichu. avarude purogathi mandagathiyilaayirunnu, kooduthal padinjaaru, prarambha franch, russian akramanangal thirichadichu. thudarnnulla aazhchakalil, yuddham aakramanangaludeyum ethir aakramanangaludeyum oru parambarayaayi vikasichu, athil sakhyakakshikal avarude peeranki medhaavithvam kaaranam kramena nilampathichu. onnaamatheyum randaamatheyum sainyathil ninnu polum sainikare maattikkond pathinonnaamatthe sainyathe shakthippeduthi sthithigathikal sthirappeduthaan bulgarian, jarmman commandukal shramichu. cherna looppile yudhathinte kaalayalavil 14 bulgarian, 4 jarmman kaalaalppada rejimentukal pooraattatthil sajeevamaayi pankedutthu. october avasaanathode franchukaarum russiakkaarum kenali chuttipattiyulla oru munnettam kaivarichenkilum taamasiyaathe bulgariakkaarum jarmmankaarum avare thadanju. itaaliyan division munnilethikkukayum monastirinu chuttumulla aakramanangale pinthunaykkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, eee samayamaayappozhekkum, thaazhe koduthirikkunna general monastir upekshikkaan theerumaanichirunnu, november 18 nuu, kanatha poraattam nadakkumbol, general derr infanteri winkler pathinonnaamatthe sainyathodu monastirinu vadakkulla puthiya sthaanangalilekku pinwangan utharavittu. bulgarian commander inn cheef general nikkola sekov eee theerumaanatthil prathishedhichenkilum oduvil athinte vadhasiksha nirthaan addehathinu kazhinjilla. november 19nuu franch, russian sainikar pattanatthil praveshichu. bulgariakkaar chervena stenayil oru puthiya sthaanam sthaapichu-uyaram 1248-uyaram 1050-makovo-gradesnica prathirodha rekha. athu eathaandu udan thanne aakramanathinu vidheyamaayi, ennaal ithavana sakhyakakshikal avarude logistic sheshiyude paridhiyil athiyathinaal puthiya sthaanam urachuninnu. angane eee rekha marikadakkaanulla ellah franch, serbian sramangalum paraajayappedukayum shaithyakaalam aarambhichathode munbhagam athinte muzhuvan neelatthilum sthiratha kaivarikkukayum cheythu. desember 11nuu general joffrey akramanam nirtthi. anantharafalangal. aakramana kaalayalavil, sakhyakakshikalkk ekadesham 50,000 yudhanaashanashtangal sambhavichu, avaril bhooribhaagavum serbiyakkaaraayirunnu. koodaathe, ekadesham 80,000 sakhyasenaamgangal rogavum rogavum kaaranam marikkukayo avare ozhippikkukayo cheythu. ithu motham maranasamkhya 130,000 aayi uyarthi, allengil thiyettarile ellah sannadhasenakaludeyum moonnilonnu. kanatha vilaykk ekadesham 50 kilometer maathramaan munbhagam neekkiyathu, oduvil, akramanam romaniayude paraajayatheyo yudhathil ninnu bulgaria puratthaakkunnathino thadassamaayilla. bulgariakkaarum jarmmankaarum kollappettath ekadesham 61,000 peraayirunnu, monastir upekshikkendivannuvel, vadakku eathaanum kilometerukal akaleyulla puthiya sthaanangal prathirodhatthinu mikacha saahacharyangal nalki, pattanatthil bulgarian peerankikalude aadhipathyam urappakki. mckesoniayile yudhathinte avasaanam vare ividathe rekha kedukoodaathe thudarnnu, dobro poolile munnettam kaaranam athu kaivashappedutthiya shakthikalkk pinvaangendi vannu. ennirunnaalum, serbian sainikarkk avarude raajyathinte athirthiyilekku madangaan kazhinjathinaal akramanam kurachu samthrupthi nalki. bulgariakkaarum jarmmankaarum orupole enttenteyude uyarnna samkhyakalodu avarude cheruthunilppil samthruptharaayirunnu. general nikkola sekov cherna nadiyile yudhathe bulgarian prathirodhatthinte sthirathayude adisthaanathil "ithihaasam" ennu visheshippichu-"maranangal pariganikkathe"."

monastir aakramak pahilya mahayuddhadarmyan, bulgariachya sharanagatila bhag padoon aanee romaniyavarcha dabav qamee karoon macedonian aaghadivaril gatirodh todanyacha hetu asaleli, monastir aakraman hii kendriya shaktinchya sainyaviruddhachi eka sahyogi lashkari karvai hotee. yaa aakramanane eka mothya ladhaicha aakar ghetala aanee teen mahine chalale aanee monastir shahar tabyat gheuun sampale. sarasari 50 kiimii kholivar, bulgarian pahilya sainyane (septemberchya akheris german akaravya sainyane) sahaa vela ladhai kelee, paach vela maghar ghenyas bhag padale gele. parshvabhoomi. august 1916 madhye, romania yuddh prayatnanmadhye sahbhagi honyacha nirnay ghetala aanee transylvania aakramanasathi aaplya bahutansh sainyavar laksh kendrit kele, aanee bulgariachya simeche rakshan karnyasathi aapale tisare sainya sodale. balgeriyaviruddha roman sainya aanee mitrarashtranchya salonika sainyachya sanyukt hallyache russian aanee french prastav aata vastavadi rahile naheet. tathapi, mitrarashtranni ajunahi augustchya madhyat macedonian aaghadivar mothya aakramanachi yojana aakhali, jenekarun romaniyachya yuddhat praveshala pathimba milel aanee shakya titkya bulgarian sainyala khalee khechale jaeel. bulgarian hayakmandla aasann aakraman asalyacha sanshay hota aanee 9 august roji doiranchya aaspas suru jhalelya ladhaine yaa shankanna pushti dilee. tyanchya bajoone, bulgarian lokanni varshachya suruvatipasunach macedoniamadhye aakraman karnyache aavahan kele hote, aata pahilya sainyasah aanee agadi sainyane donhi mitrapakshanvar hallah karanyachi yojana aakhali aahe. purviche sainya mckensen yaa lashkari gatacha bhag asalyane germanannihi yaa yojnesathi tyanchi manjuri dilee. 17 august roji, chegan aanee struma halle suru jhaale. davya bajula, bulgarian agadi sainyane, vatet thodasa pratikar karoon, struma nadiparyantcha serve greek pradesh tabyat ghetala. ujavya bajula bulgarian pahilya sainyane lerine tabyat ghetale aanee mitrapakshanchya tivra pratikarala tond dett pudhe jaat rahile. pudhe jaane lavkarach bund jhaale, 27 august roji aakraman thambavanyat aale aanee bulgarian sainyala ghusanyache aadesh denyat aale. matra, yaa purvaniyojit sampamule general sarrelchya yojana ayashasvi tharalya aanee tyala tyacha hallah pudhe dhakalanyas bhag padale. september 1916 chya suruvatila balgeriyaviruddha mitrapakshanchya hallyachi garaj aanakhi tatadichi jhaali, kaaran general stephen toshev aanee feeled marshal mckensen yanchya netrutvakhalil bulgarian sainya sainyane tutrakan aanee dobrichya ladhait roman aanee russian lokanviruddha nirnayak vijay midavala. virodhi shakti. september 1916 paryant, mitrarashtranni macedonian aaghadivaril mohimansathi 6 serbian, 5 british, 4 french, 1 italian payadal vibhag aanee 1 russian payadal brigedche lakshaniy sainya gola kele hote. yaa sainyachi sankhya 369,000 teey 4,00,000 sainikanchya darmyan pohochali. 1, 025 tofkhana aanee 1,300 machinegans 201 payadal tukadyanmadhye yuddh shakti tainat karnyat aalee hotee. kendriya shakti suruvatila bulgarian pratham sainya, german akarave sainya aanee bulgarian dviteey sainya miloon ekoon 172 payadal tukdyansah yaa dalanna virodh karoo shakalya. 900 tofkhana. yavyatirikt, yavyatirikt bulgarian payadal vibhag aanee automan samrajyachya simeparyantchya nadichya strumapasoon aegean kinarpattiche sanrakshn karnare sainya-25 payadal tukadya, 31 tofkhana 57 aanee 24 machinegan dekhil hote. general sarrelane aaplya serbian, french, russian aanee italian sainyasah ujavya bajoone aanee atee vistarlelya pahilya sainyachya madhyabhagi hallah karanyachi yojana aakhali aanee vardar vardar aanee strumavar keval pratyakshikatmak hallyansah swatahla samadhani kele, jeey shakya titke bulgarian aanee german sainikanna khalee khechanyasathi britishanni kele hote. aakramak. prarambh tappa. 12 september roji, mitrarashtranni done divasanchya shaktishali tofkhanyachya barrages aanee bulgarian 8 vya tundza payadal vibhag aanee curnell tasevhchya prabalit brigedviruddha serbian third armi aanee purvela asalelya french sainyane kelelya hallyane tyanche aakraman suru kele. bulgariatil lokanchi paristhiti lavkarach bighadali aanee 14 september roji tyanna tyanchya tofkhanyanchya kahee banduka mage sodoon aanee gornichevo serbian lokansathi sodoon, lerinkade maghar ghenyas bhag padale gele. 12 september roji serbian lokanni dekhil kaimakkalan parvataranganvar tyancha pahila hallah suru keela. britishahi struma aaghadivar sakriy jhaale aanee tyanni tyachya ujavya kathavar aapale paay vadhavanyacha prayatna keela. bulgarian pahilya sainyachya paschim bajus aata mitrarashtranna lerine-kajmakkalan reshevar rokhanyat yash aale. mitrarashtranni matra tyanche halle suruch thewale aanee 23 september roji, jordar ladhainantar frenchanni lerinmadhye pravesh keela. bulgarian ajunahi kajmakkalanavar kabja karat hote, jithe sainya balkan payadal vibhagachya pahilya payadal brigedvar mothya sankhyene serbian sainikanni hallah keela hota, jyala judd french tofkhana pathimba dett hota. aakramankarte aanee bachavkartyansathi hii ladhai khoop mahag hotee, kaaran ughadya, khadkal parvataranganni bulgarian machinegan golibar kinwa sanlagn tofkhanyapasun jawaljawal konatehi aavaran dile nahee. bulgarian adthalyanni bulgarian aanee german donhi uchch kamandache adhik laksh vedhale aanee lavkarach, kamand sanrachanet anek mahattvapoorn badal karnyat aale. 27 september roji general clement boyadziv yanchya jaagi general dimitar geshov yanna pahilya sainyache commander mhanoon niyukt karnyat aale. lashkarane swatah general arnold wonn winklerchya akaravya sainyashi mukhyalayanchi devanghevan kelee. tyanantar khalee general oto wanchya samore aagman jhaale aanee 16 aktoobar roji khalee lashkari gatachi sthapana jhaali, jyat akaravya aanee pahilya donhi sainyancha samavesh hota. 30 september roji, 18 divasanchya jordar ladhainantar, serbian drina vibhagane shevati sainya balkan payadal vibhagachya thakalelya pahilya payadal brigedkadoon kajmakkalan tabyat ghetale, jyane bulgarian sanrakshanatmak reshet eka pragati sadhya kelee. german aanee bulgarian kamandani saksham tofkhana rakheev naslyamule sthan gamavane aanee saat tofkhana banduka aparivartaniy manale. general winklerne winklerne tundza vibhag, vibhag deane vibhagachi pahili aanee tisari brigade aanee 9 plaven vibhagachi dusari brigade yanna naveen bachavatmak sthiteet mage hatanyache aadesh dile. sainya balkan vibhagachya pahilya tukadichi punarrachana karnyat aalee aanee saat parvatiy bandukansah chaar mishra kampanya aanee eka agraganya companysah, tyachya sampushtat aalelya nauu tukadyanchi sankhya qamee karoon paach karnyat aalee. naveen kenali sanrakshn reshevar lake prespapasoon kenaliparyant teen swatantra payadal tukadya (9/2 aay. bii., 2/6 aay. bii. aanee 1/6 aay. bii.), kenalipasoon cherna nadichya purvekadil unchiparyant 8 vya vibhagane aanee tethoon 1/3 payadal tukadine maalaa rupachya shikharaparyant kabja keela hota. pudhe purvekade akaravya sainyache urvarit sainya hote-urvarit hote-urvarit balkan payadal vibhag, jyanche sthan 25 julai 1916 roji tabyat ghetalyapasun badallele navhate. duyyam operations. tyaa sumaras, jevha heey spasht jhaale qee mitrapaksh purvekadil bajoone sainya khechat aahet aanee tyanna monastirviruddha kendrit karat aahet, tevha bulgarian agadi sainyachya general todorovchya senapatine 7 vya rila vibhagala struma nadivar hallah karnyasathi sthan ghenyache aadesh dile, jenekarun vardarchya paschimes katheen dabavakhalil bulgarian aanee german lokanna madat hoil. bulgarian hayakmandne matra hallyala parvanagi denyas nakar deela. yaa sankochamule britishanna 30 september roji karakakoy gavachya bhovati strumachya davya kathavar tyanchi sthitee majboot karata aalee. 3 aktoobar roji, roji (ayrish) vibhagane vibhagane vibhagachya bulgarian rila regimentne sanrakshit kelelya yenikoy gavatil bulgarian sthananvar hallah keela. hii ladhai sampoorn divas chalali aanee 14 vya macedonian regiment aanee 17 vya artillery regimentne balkat kelelya bulgarian lokanni, eka bhishan beyonet sangharshanantar donada gaav punha tabyat ghetale. sainya aanee shevatchya hallyanantarchya ratri, ayrish vibhagane tyavar kabja keela. achook tofkhana aanee machineganchya golibaramule donhi bajunche mothe nuksan jhaale. yuddhanantar bulgarian bulgarian regimentchi punarrachana nehamichya chaar tukadyanaivaji teen tukadyanchya tukadit karnyat aalee. 4 octobernantar bulgarian lokanni purvekadil jawalchya unchivar jaaga ubharalya, tarr rupel khindiche sanrakshn karnyasathi 7 vya rila vibhagacha ujava bhag bhag rahila. yaa tappyapasoon, aakramak khelichya shevataparyant struma aaghadivar konatihi mothee karvai karnyat aalee nahee. nirnayak ladhaichi tayari qaraa. bulgarianansathi eka pramukh samasya hii hotee qee tyanche sainya aanee sansadhane dobrujapasun macedonia aanee albeniyaparyant vistarli gelee hotee. bulgarian hayakmandne aaplya german mitrankade valale. german lokankade swatah kahee atirikt sainya hote, kaaran brucillovchya aakramanane tyacha fatka basala hota aanee somechi ladhai ajunahi ugra hotee. tyanni ottoman samrajyakade valale aanee 50 vya vibhagatil 11,979 purushanna macedoniala pathvanyasathi ever pashala patvoon dile. octobermadhye, yaa sainyane strumavar sthan midavale aanee eka mahinyanantar, 46 vya ottoman vibhagatil 12,609 purush sameel jhaale. donhi vibhaganni XX corpschee sthapana kelee aanee meey 1917 paryant yaa pradeshat rahile, jevha tyanna mesopotemiyamadhye parat bolavale gele. yamule kahee bulgarian sainya mukt jhaale jyanna aata akaravya sainyala balkat karnyasathi nirdeshit kele jaau shakate. yavyatirikt, 3,598 purushanchi ottoman rumeli tukadi (177 vee regiment) dekhil general winklerchya sainyashi jodali gelee hotee. 30 september roji, general joffrene general sarrelala general everescoochya netrutvakhalil roman aanee russian sainyachya dobrudjamadhil bulgarian sainya sainyachya virodhat aanee tyanni davpech aanee tutrakan darmyan danube olandanyachi apeksha asalelya mothya aakramanachi mahitee dilee. purvekadil senapatichya mitrapakshanchya sainyane aata akaravya sainyachya kenali resheviruddha navyane prayatna karoon aanee akheris bulgariala yuddhatoon baher kadhoon samanvay sadhun yacha vapar karanyachi yojana aakhali. 4 aktoobar roji mitrarashtranni french aanee rashiyananvar monastir-kenali, kenali-cherna loop reshevaril serbian pahile aanee tisare sainya, sainya balkan vibhagaviruddha serbian dusare sainya-dobro polchya dishene hallah keela. mitrapakshankade 103 batalian aanee 80 57 hotya, tyaa viruddha yaa bhagatil 65 batalian aanee kendriya shaktinchya 57 57 hotya. monastircha padav aanee aakramanacha shevat. serbian lock tyachya uttar uttar paay rovanyachya prayatnat asatana cherna nadichya ladhaichi suruvat jhaali. tyanchi pragati mand hotee aanee aanakhi paschimekade, suruvatiche french aanee russian halle mage ghenyat aale. pudhil aathvadyanmadhye, hii ladhai halle aanee prati-hallyanchya malikanmadhye vikasit jhaali, jyamadhye mitrapakshanni tyanchya tofkhana shreshthatemule haloohaloo varchasva midavale. bulgarian aanee german kamandani dekhil pahilya aanee agadi agadi sainyakadunhi sainyachi badali karoon akaravya sainyala balkat karoon paristhiti sthir karnyacha prayatna keela. cherna loopmadhil ladhaichya kalavadhit, sumare 14 bulgarian aanee 4 german payadal regiment yaa ladhait sakriyapane sahbhagi jhalya. octoberchya akheris french aanee russiananni kenalichya aaspas eka pragati sadhya kelee parantu bulgarian aanee german lokanni lavkarach tyanna thambavale. italian vibhagahi samore aanala gela aanee tyane monasteerchya aaspaschya hallyanna pathimba deela. tathapi, yaa veleparyant, khalee asalelya generalne monasteer sodanyacha nirnay ghetala hota aanee 18 november roji, jordar ladhai suru asatana, general dair infantary winklerne akaravya sainyala monasteerchya uttares naveen sthananvar maghar ghenyache aadesh dile. bulgarian commander inn chief, general nikola zekovne yaa nirnayala virodh keela, parantu shevati too tyachi amalbajavani thambavu shakala nahee. 19 november roji french aanee russian sainikanni shaharat pravesh keela. bulgarian lokanni cheravena stena-unchi 1248-unchi 1050-makovo-gradesnica sanrakshn reshevar eka naveen sthan sthapit kele. tyavar jawaljawal lagechach hallah jhaala, parantu yaveli naveen sthitee thaam rahili kaaran mitrapaksh tyanchya vahtook kshamatechya maryadeparyant pohochalele hote. asha prakare resha olandanyache serve french aanee serbian prayatna parabhoot jhaale aanee hivalyachya prarambhasah, samoril bhag tyachya sampoorn lambisah sthir jhaala. 11 december roji general joffrene aakramak khelee thambavali. parinam. yaa hallyachya kalavadhit, mitrapakshanna sumare 50,000 yuddhatil jivitahani sahan karavi lagali, tyapaiki bahutansh serbian hote. yavyatirikt, sumare 80,000 sahyogi sainikancha mrutyu jhaala kinwa aajarpan aanee aajarpanamule tyanna baher kadhave lagale. yamule ekoon mrutanchi sankhya 130,000 paryant kinwa natyagruhatil serve sahbhagi sainyachya eka trutiyansh itaki jhaali. mothya kimmatit keval 50 kimeene aaghadi halavanyat aalee aanee shevati, aakramanamule romaniyacha parabhav kinwa bulgariacha yuddhatoon baher padane rokhata aale nahee. bulgarian aanee german sainikanchi ekoon sankhya sumare 61,000 hotee aanee jaree monasteerla sodoon dyave lagale, taree uttarekade kahee kilometervar asalelya naveen sthananni sanrakshanasathi utkrusht paristhiti pradan kelee, jyamule shaharavar bulgarian tofkhanyanche varchasva sunishchit jhaale. macedoniatil yuddhachya shevataparyant ithali resha abadhit rahili, jevha dobro polvaril pragatimule tyavar kabja kelelya sainyala maghar ghyavi lagali. tathapi, serbian sainya tyanchya deshachya simevar paratanyat yashasvi jhalyane yaa hallyane kahee pramanat samadhan dekhil dile. bulgarian aanee german dekhil uchch sankhyechya praveshala virodh kelyane samadhani hote. general nikola zekovne bulgarian sanrakshanachya drudhatechya drushtine cherna nadichya ladhaiche varnan 'pauranik' asey kele-'jivitahanicha vichar naan karata aayojit."

monastira akramak monastira akraman pahilo wishwayuddhako samayama kendriya shaktiharuko senaharu viruddha ek sahayogi sainya abhiyan thiyo, jasko uddeshya bulgariako atmasamarpanlai badhya pardai rar romaniama dabab cum garera macedonian morchama gatirodh todne thiyo. akramanle thulo yuddhako akar leo rar tinn mahinasamma chalyo rar monastira sahar kabja garera samapta bhayo. 50 kilometerko ausat gahiraima, bulgariali pahilo senale (september german egharaun senako antyadekhi) chha patak yuddha garyo, paanch patak pachhi hutna badhya bhayo. prishthabhumi. august 1916 maa, romaniale antentko pakshama yuddha prayasma samel huna chhanauta garyo rar transylvaniako akramanka lagi afno adhikansh sena kendrit garyo, bulgariyasangko simanako raksha garna afno tesro sena chhodeko thiyo. bulgaria viruddha romaniali sena rar sahayogi salonika senako sanyukta akramanka lagi rusi rar francelli prastawharu ab yatharthawadi thienan. tathapi, sahayogiharule ajhai pani augustko madhyama macedonian morchama romaniako yudhama praweshlai samarthan garna rar sakesamma dherai bulgariali senaharulai pinn garna thulo akramanko yojana banae. bulgariali uccha commandle asanna akramanko shanka gareko thiyo, rar 9 augustma doiran warpar bhaeko ladainle yee shankaharulai matra pushti गऱ्यो।. afno tarfabata, bulgarialiharule warshako surudekhi nai macedoniama akraman garna agraha gareka thie, ab duwai sahayogi pakshama pahilo sena rar dosro senasanga akraman garne yojana banaeka thie. purva sena sainya samuha mcensenko hissa bhaekale germanharule pani yass yojanaka lagi afno swikriti die. 17 augustma, chegan rar strumako akraman suru bhayo. bayan chheuma, bulgariali dosro senale afno batoma thorai pratirodhko samana gardai, struma nadisammako sabai grick khetra kabja गऱ्यो।. dayan chheuma, bulgariali pahilo senale lerinlai kabja गऱ्यो। rar kada mitra rashtra pratirodhko samana garna agadi badhdai gayo. agrim chaandai awaruddha bhayo, 27 augustma akraman banda gariyo, rar bulgariali senaharulai bhitra khanne adesh diieko thiyo. yadyapi, yo purva-akramanle general sarrelko yojanaharulai whiffle banayo rar unlai afno akraman sthagit garna badhya banayo. september 1916 ko suruma bulgaria viruddha sahayogi akramanko awashyakta ajha jaruri bhayo, kinki general stefan tosebh rar field marcel mcensenko netritwama bulgariali tesro senale tutrakan rar dobrichko yudhama romaniali rar rusiharu viruddha nirnayak vijaya hasil गऱ्यो।. vipakshi shaktiharu. september 1916 samma, sahayogiharule macedonian morchama aparesanka lagi 6 cerbian, 5 britis, 4 francelli, 1 italian paidal sena division rar 1 rusi paidal sena brigedko paryapta sena bhela gareka thie. yass senako anupata shakti 369,000 dekhi 4,00,000 zana sainikharu bitch pugyo. yuddhako shakti 201 paidal sena batalianharuma 1,025 topkhana tukraharu rar 1,300 messin ganharu tainath garieko thiyo. kendriya shaktiharule suruma bulgariako pahilo sena, german egharaun sena rar bulgariako dosro senaka sath kull 172 paidal sena batalianharuma yee senaharuko virodh garna sakthe. 900 topkhanaka tukra. yasabahek, tyahan 10 aun bulgariali paidal sena division rar ottoman samrajyako simanasammako nadi strumabata aziane tatako raksha garne senaharu pani thie-25 paidal sena batalianharu, 31 topkhana batryharu rar 24 messin ganharu. general sarrelle afno cerbian, francelli, rusi rar italian senaharusanga dakshinpanthi rar ati wistarit pahilo senako kendrama akraman garne yojana banae rar wardar upatyaka rar strumako viruddhama matra pradarshanatmak akramanharu garera afulai santushta parchhan, june britisharule sakesamma dherai bulgarian rar german senaharulai pinn garna sanchalan garne thie. akramankari. udghatan charan. september 12 maa, sahayogiharule shaktishali dui-diwasiya topkhana barrage rar bulgariali 8 aun tundajha paidal sena division rar kernel tasebhko prabalit brigade viruddha cerbian tesro sena rar purvonmukh francelli senale akraman garera afno akraman suru gare. bulgarialiharuka lagi sthiti chaandai bigrio, rar 14 septemberma, tiniharu afno kehi topkhanaharu chhodera rar gornichebholai sarbiyaliharulai chhodera, lerintira farkan badhya bhae. september 12 maa, serbialiharule pani kaimakkalan rizma afno pahilo akraman suru gare. britisharu pani strumako morchama sakriya bhae rar yasako dahine kinarma afno khutta wistar garne prayas gare. bulgariali pahilo senako paschimi parshwale ab sahayogiharulai lerine-kazmaklan rekhama samatna safal bhayo. tathapi, sahayogiharule afno akraman jaari rakhe, rar september 23 maa, bhari ladainpachhi, franceliharu lerinma prawesh gare. bulgarialiharu ajhai pani kajmakkalanma samatieka thie, jahaan tesro balcon paidal sena divisionko pahilo paidal sena brigedlai bhari francelli topkhanako samarthanma uccha sankhyama cerbian sainikharule akraman gareka thie. akramankariharu rar rakshakharuka lagi ladain dherai mahango thiyo, kinki khali, chattani rijle bulgariali messin gunn fire wa sahayogi topkhanako lagbhag kunai awaran pradan garena. bulgariali asafalata duwai bulgariali rar german uccha commandharubata badhi dhyan akarshit bhayo, rar chaandai, command sanrachanama dherai mahatwapurna pariwartanharu gariyo. september 27 maa, general clemont boyadjiebhlai general dimitar gesobhdwara pahilo senako commanderko rupma pratisthapan gariyo. senale nai general arnold bhon winklerko egharaun senasanga mukhyalaya adanpradan गऱ्यो।. yasapachhi talka general oto bhonko agadi agaman bhayo rar 16 octoberma talko sena samuhako sthapana bhayo, jasma egharaun rar pahilo sena duwai samawesh thie. september 30 maa, 18 dinko bhari ladainpachhi, cerbian drina divisionle antatah bulgarian rakshatmak rekhama safalta hasil gardai tesro balcon paidal sena divisionko thakit pahilo paidal sena brigedbata kazmaklan kabja गऱ्यो।. german rar bulgariali commandharule saksham topkhana bhandarko abhawaka karan sthiti rar saat topkhanako bandukko hanilai apariwartaniya mane. general winklerle 8 aun tundajha division, 6 aun dina divisionko 1 aun rar 3 aun brigade rar 9 pleebhen divisionko 2 aun brigedlai nayan rakshatmak sthitima farkan adesh die. tesro balkan divisionko pahilo brigedlai punargathan gariyo, rar yasako nau batalianharu ghatera panchma jhareko thiyo, jasma satawata pahadi bandukharu rar ek agragami companysahit charawata mishrit companyharu thie. nayan kenali rakshatmak rekhalai lake prespadekhi kenalisamma tinn swatantra paidal sena brigedharu (9/2ib, 2/6ib rar 1/6ib), kenalidekhi cherana nadiko purvama uchaisamma 8 aun dibhijandwara rar tyahanbata 1/3 paidal sena brigedwara malah rupako shikharsamma kabja garieko thiyo. purvama egharaun senako baanki senaharu thie-baanki tesro balkan paidal sena division, jasko sthiti 25 july 1916 maa kabja bhaedekhi apariwartit rahyo. madhyamik sanchalanharu. tyas samaya, jab yo spashta bhayo kii sahayogiharule purvi bhagbata senaharu tandai thie rar uniharulai monastirko viruddhama kendrit gariraheka thie, bulgariali dosro senaka senapati general todorobhle 7 aun rila divisionlai struma nadima akramanka lagi sthiti lyne adesh die, kada dababma raheka bulgarialiharu rar germanharulai wardarko paschimma sahayog garna. bulgariako highcomandle akramanko anumati dina aswikar gareko chha. yass hichkichahatle britisharulai 30 septemberma karakakoya gaaun warpar strumako bayan kinarma afno sthiti sudridha garna anumati diyo. 3 octoberma, 10 aun (iris) divisionle 7 aun divisionko 13 aun rila regimentdwara surakshit garieko yenikoya gaunma bulgariali sthanharuma akraman गऱ्यो।. yo yuddha dinbhari chaleko thiyo, rar 14 aun macedonian regiment rar 17 aun artillery regimentdwara sudridha bulgarialiharule ek bhishan beyonet sangharshapachhi dui patak gaaun punah kabja gare. tesro rar antim akramanpachi ratko samayama, iris divisionle yasalai kabja गऱ्यो।. sahi topkhana rar messin ganko goli hanika karan duwai pakshako jyan gaeko thiyo. yuddhapachhi bulgariali 13 aun regimentlai samanya chaar batalianko satta tinn batalianko shaktima punargathan garieko thiyo. october 4 pachhi, bulgarialiharule purvama najikaiko uchaima sthanharu sthapana gare jabki rupel pasko raksha garna 7 aun rila divisionko dayan bhag upatyakama rahyo. yass bindudekhi, akramanko antyasamma struma frontma kunai thulo aparesanharu sanchalan garieko thiena. nirnayak yuddhako lagi purva prastuti linuhos. bulgarialiharuka lagi euta pramukh samasya yo thiyo kii tiniharuko sena rar srotharu dobrujadekhi macedonia rar albaniasammako simama failieko thiyo. bulgariali uccha kaman afna german sahayogiharutira farkie. germanharusanga aafaisanga prastawa garna thorai sudridhikaranharu thie kinbhane brusilov akramanle yasako kshati lieko thiyo, rar someko yuddha ajhai ugra thiyo. tiniharu ottoman samrajyatira farkie rar 50 aun divisionka 11,979 zana purushharulai macedoniama pathaunaka lagi enbhar pasalai wishwasta garae. octoberma, yee senaharule strumama sthiti lie rar ek mahina pachhi, 46 aun ottoman divisionka 12,609 zana manisharu samel bhae. yee dui divisionle xxx corps gathan gare rar mey 1917 samma yass kshetrama rahe, jab tiniharulai mesopotamiama firta bolaiyo. yasale kehi bulgariali senaharulai mukta गऱ्यो। jaslai ab egharaun senalai baliyo banauna nirdeshit garna sakinchha. thap rupma, 3,598 zana purushharuko ottoman rumeli tukadi (177 aun regiment) pani general winklerko senasanga jodieko thiyo. september 30 maa, general jofrele general sarrellai dobrudjama bulgariali tesro sena viruddha general ebhareskuko netritwama romanian rar rusi senako asanna thulo akraman rar uniharuko anumanit denube parr garne bare suchit gare. purvi commanderko sahayogi senale ab egharaun senako kenali lineko viruddhama nayan dhakka diera samanwaya garera yasalai prayog garne yojana banayo rar antatah bulgarialai yuddhabata bahira nikalchha. october 4 maa, sahayogiharule francelli rar rusiharulai monastira-kenali, kenali-cherana loop linema cerbian pahilo rar tesro sena, tesro balcon divisionko viruddhama cerbian dosro sena-dobro polko dishama akraman gare. yass kshetrama kendriya shaktiharuko 65 wata batalian rar 57 wata batryharu viruddha sahayogiharusanga 103 wata batalian rar 80 wata batryharu thie. monastirko patan rar akramanko antya. cherana nadiko yuddha serbialiharule yasako uttari kinarma paila tekne prayas garda suru bhayo. tiniharuko pragati dhilo thiyo, rar ajha paschimma, prarambhik francelli rar rusi akramanharu pachhyaieko thiyo. pachhilla haptaharuma, yuddha akraman rar prati-akramanko shringkhalama wiksit bhayo jasma sahayogiharule afno topkhanako shreshthataka karan bistarai bhumi prapta gare. bulgariali rar german commandharule pani pahilo rar dosro senabata pani sena sthanantaran garera egharaun senalai baliyo banaera sthiti sthira garne prayas gare. cherana lupma bhaeko yuddhako awadhima, lagbhag 14 bulgariali rar 4 german paidal sena regimentharule ladainma sakriya rupma bhag lie. octoberko antyasammama francelli rar rusiharule kenaliko waripari safalta hasil gare tara chaandai bulgariali rar germanharule rokie. italian divisionlai pani agadi lyaieko thiyo rar monastira warparka akramanharulai samarthan gareko thiyo. yass samayasamma, tathapi, talka generalle monastira tyagne nirnaya gareka thie, rar november 18 maa, jab bhari ladain chaliraheko thiyo, general derr infantery winklerle egharaun senalai monastirko uttarma nayan sthanma farkane adesh die. bulgariaca commander inn chief, general nikola jhekobhle yass nirnayako virodh gare, tara antyama, unle yasako karyanwayan rokna sakenan. november 19 maa francelli rar rusi sainikharu saharma prawesh gare. bulgarialiharule cherbhana stena-uchai 1248-uchai 1050-makobho-gradesnicako rakshatmak rekhama nayan sthiti sthapit gare. yo lagbhag turuntai akramanko chapetama ayo, tara yass patak nayan sthiti dridha rahyo kinbhane sahayogiharu thakit thie, uniharuko rasad kshamatako simama pugeka thie. yasari rekha todne sabai francelli rar cerbian prayasharu parajit bhae, rar jadoko suruwatsangai, yasako sampurna lambaima agadi sthira bhayo. 11 decemberma, general jofrele akramankarilai banda gare. parinam. akramanko awadhima, sahayogiharule lagbhag 50,000 yuddha hatahatko samana gare, jasmadhye adhikansh cerbian thie. yasabahek, lagbhag 80,000 sahayogi sainikharu mrityu bhae wa rog rar rogka karan khali garnuparyo. yasale kull hatahatko sankhya 130,000 janasamma athawa thieterma raheka sabai sahabhagi balharuko ek tihaisamma puyaeko thiyo. agadiko bhag bhari mulyama lagbhag 50 kilometer matra sario, rar antyama, akramanle romaniako haar wa bulgarialai yuddhabata bahira nikalnabata rokeko thiena. bulgariali rar german hatahatharuko kull sankhya lagbhag 61,000 thiyo, rar monastirlai tyagnupareko bhae tapani, uttarma kehi kilometerko nayan sthanharule rakshaka lagi utkrishta paristhitiharu pradan गऱ्यो।, jasle saharma bulgariali topkhanako prabhutwa sunishchit गऱ्यो।. yahan rekha macedoniama yuddhako antyasamma akshunn rahyo jab dobro polma bhaeko safaltaka karan yasalai kabja gareka senaharu pachhi hatnupareko thiyo. yadyapi, akramanle kehi santushti pani pradan garyo kinki serbiali senaharu afno deshko simama farkan safal bhae. bulgariali rar germanharu pani antentko uccha sankhyama uniharuko pratirodhbata santushta thie. general nikola jhekobhle bulgariali rakshako dridhatako sandarbhama cherana nadiko yuddhalai "pauranik" bhanera warnan gare-"hatahatko vichar nagari ayojit."

monastyra aakramanatmaka monastyra aakraman pratham biswajudha samajare kendriah shaktira bahini biruddhare eka sahajogee samarika operation thila, jahara uddeshya bulgariar aatmasamarpanaku badhya curry ebong romania upare chapaku upasham curry macedonian frontre achalabastha bhangiba . ehi aakraman eka budd juddha aakaar neithila ebong tini maasa dhari chalithila ebong monastyra sahara dakhal kariba sahita shesh hoithila. bulgariar pratham sena (september shesharu german ekadash sena) harahari 50 kilometer gabheerataare chhaa thara juddha karithila, ebong pancha thara pachaku hatibaku badhya hoithila. prusthabhumi. 1916 augustre, romania juddha prajasare samil heba paain prastaba pakhyaku bachithila ebong ehara adhikansha bahineeku transilvania aakraman paain kendribhuta karithila, ebong ehara truteeja senaku bulgaria sahita seema surakhya paain chhadi deithila. bulgaria biruddhare romanian sena ebong sahajogee celonica senara milita aakraman paain rushiah ebong farasi prastaba aau bastababadi nathila . tathapi, mitramane august masser madhyabhagare macedonia sammukhabhagare eka budd aakraman yojana karithile, jaahaa dwara romania juddhare prabesha kariba ebong jete sambhaba bulgaria sainyanku daman kariba paain sahajata milipariba. bulgarian hikemand eka asanna aakraman sandeha karithile, ebong august 9 ray doiran charipakhare ghatithiba ladhei kebala ehi sandehaku nischita karithila . semananka tarapharu, balgeriabaseemane barshar aarambharu macedoniare aakraman karibaku anurodha karithile, bartamana ubhaja sahajogee parsware pratham sena ebong dwiteeja sena sahita aakraman karibaku yojana karithile. germanmane madhya ehi yojana paain semanankara manjuri deithile kaaran purbatana sena sena gosthi mckensionera ansha thila . august 17 tarikhare, chegan ebong struma aakraman arambha hoithila. baama parsware, bulgariar dwiteeja sena, rastare alpa pratirodhara sammukheen hoi, struma nadee parjyanta samasta greek anchala dakhal karithila . dahana parsware, bulgaria pratham sena lerinnku kaabu karithila ebong mitrashaktira kathore pratirodhara sammukheen hoi aagaku badhuthila. shighra agragati atakigala, august 27 ray aakraman banda karajaithila, ebong bulgarian bahineeku khanan karibaku nirdesh diajaithila . tebe, ehi purba-aakraman general sarrelnka jojanaku biphal karithila ebong tanku taanka aakramanaku sthagita rakhibaku badhya karithila. september 1916 prarambhare bulgaria biruddhare eka sahajogee akramanara abashyakata ahuri jaruri hoigala, kaaran general stephan toshev ebong field marshal makenasenanka netrutware bulgariar truteeja sena tutrakan ebong dobrich juddhare romanian ebong rusheejamananka biruddhare nirnajaka bijai hassel karithila. birodhi shakti. 1916 masiha september maasa suddha, mitra rastragudika 6 john cerbian, 5 john british, 4 john farasi, 1 john italiah padatika divijana ebong 1 john rushiah padatika brigedara eka budd bahineeku macedonian frontre operation paain ekatrita karithile. ehi senara anupata shakti 369,000 ru 400,000 purushanka madhyare pahanchithila. juddha shakti 1,025 topakhana ebong 1,300 messin gunn sahita 201 padatika batalion ray nijojita hoithila . kendriah shaktigudika prathame bulgariar pratham sena, germaner ekadash sena ebong bulgariar dwiteeja sena sahita mote 172 padatika batalijanare ehi bahineeku birodha kariparile. 900 topakhana khanda. ehaa byatita, 10maha bulgarian padatika divijan madhya thila ebong automan samrajya sahita seema parjyanta nadee strumaru agian upakoolaku surakhya deuthiba bahini-25 padatika batalion, 31 artillery battery ebong 24 messin gunn . general sarrel taanka cerbian, french, rushian ebong italiah bahini sahita dakhinapanthi ebong atyadhika samprasarita pratham senara kendrare aakraman karibaku yojana karithile ebong bardara upatyaka ebong struma biruddhare kebala pradarshanatmaka aakramanare santusta hoithile, jaahaa britishmananka dwara jathaa sambhaba bulgarian ebong german sainyamananku daman kariba paain parichalita hebaku thila . aakramanatmaka. udaghatani parjyaja. september 12 tarikhare, mitrapakhyamane eka shaktishali dui dinia topakhana barrage ebong cerbiar truteeja sena ebong prachyara farasi sena dwara bulgariar 8maha tundajha padatika divijana ebong cornell tasebhnka reinforced brigade biruddhare aakraman curry semanankara aakraman arambha karithile. bulgeriamananka paain paristhiti shighra kharap hoijaithila, ebong september 14 ray, semane semananka kichhi topakhana bandhuka chhadi ebong sarbianmananka paain gornichevo parityaga curry, lerin aadaku pachaku hatibaku badhya hoithile. september 12 tarikhare sarbeejamane madhya kaimakkalan parbatasrenee upare semanankara pratham aakraman arambha karithile. britishamane madhya strumare sakriya hoithile ebong ehara dahana koolare niz paada bistara karibaku chesta karithile. bulgariar pratham senara paschima parswa ebe mitramananku lerin-kazmakkalan rekhare dharibare saphala hoithila. tebe, mitramane semananka aakraman jaari rakhithile, ebong september 23 tarikhare, prabala ladhei parey, faraseemane lerin ray prabesha karithile. bulgereejamane setebele madhya kajamakkalanaku dhari rahithile, jeunthare thila-abasista balcan padatika divijanara 1maha padatika brigade upare adhika sankhyaka cerbian sainya aakraman karithile, jahanku bhaari farasi topakhana samarthan karithila. aakramanakaree ebong rakhyakamananka paain ehi ladhei atyanta byajabahula thila, kaaran khaali, pathara parbatasrenee bulgarian messin gunn fire kimba sahajogee topakhanaru praiah kaunasi aachadana pradan karinathila . bulgaria back ubhaja bulgaria ebong german haai kamandanka thaaru adhika dhyana akarshana karithila ebong shighra, command dhanchare aneka gurutwapurna paribartana karajaithila . september 27 ray, general clement bojadjievnku pratham senara commander bhabare general dimitara gesobh dwara pratisthapita karajaithila. sena nije general arnold bhann winkalaranka ekadash sena sahita mukhyalaja binimai karithila. ehaa parey taliaa general otto bhanara sammukhabhagare agman hoithila ebong october 16 ray taliaa sena gosthi pratistha karajaithila, jeunthire ubhaja ekadash ebong pratham sena antarbhukta thila . september 30 ray, 18 dinara prabala ladhei parey, cerbian drina divijana sheshare thila-abasista balcan padatika divijanara klanta pratham padatika brigedra kazmakkalan dakhal curry bulgarian pratirakhya linere eka saphalata hassel karithila. german ebong bulgaria kamandamane eka sakhyama artilary rijarbha abhabaru sthiti ebong satati artilary bandhuka haraiba aparibartaneeja bolly bibechana karithile. general winkalara 8maha tundajha divijana, divijana bidin divijanara 1maha ebong thila-abasista brigade ebong 9maha plebhena divijanara divijanara brigedaku eka nutan pratirakhyatmaka sthitiku pratyahara karibaku nirdesh deithile. truteeja balcan divijanara pratham brigade punargathana karajaithila, ebong ehara abakhyai hoithiba nauty batalijanaku panchaku hrass karajaithila, jeunthire satati mountain gunn ebong eka agrani company sahita charoti mishrit company thila . nutan kenali pratirakhya lineku lake presparu kenali parjyanta tinoti swadheena padatika brigade (9/2 aibi, 2/6 aibi ebong 1/6 aibi), 8maha divijana dwara kenaliru cherna nadira purba uchchata parjyanta ebong setharu 1/3 padatika brigade dwara maalaa rupa shikhar parjyanta dakhal karajaithila. ahuri purba digare ekadash senara abasista bahini thila-abasista thila-abasista balcan padatika divijana, jahara abasthana 25 july july adhikruta heba paratharu aparibartita rahithila. gauna operation. sehi samajare, jetebele ehaa spust helah je mitramane purba parswaru sainya pratyahara karuchanti ebong semananku monastyra biruddhare dhyana kendrit karuchanti, bulgariar dwiteeja sena general todorovnka commander 7maha rila divijanaku struma nadee upare aakraman paain abasthana nebaku nirdesh deithile, jaahaa bardarar paschimare kathore chapagrasta bulgarian ebong germanamananku sahajya kariba . bulgaria hikemand kintu aakramanaku anumathi debaku manah karideithile. ehi dwandwa britishamananku 30 septembarare caracacoa gaanra charipakhare strumar baama koolare semanankara sthitiku sudrudha karibaku anumathi deithila. october 3 tarikhare, 10maha (airish) divijana yenikai graamare bulgaria sthiti upare aakraman karithila, jaahaaku 7maha divijanara bulgariar rila regiment dwara rakhya karajaithila. ehi juddha dinasara chalithila, ebong bulgeriamane, 14 tama macedonian regiment ebong 17 tama artilary regiment dwara shaktishali hoi, eka bhajankara baynet sangharsha parey duithara gramaku punarbara dakhal karithile. truteeja ebong antim aakraman parey raatire, iris divijana ehaaku dakhal karithila. sathika topakhana ebong messin gunn guli binimai jogun ubhaja parsware byapaka khyajakhyati hoithila. juddha parey, bulgariar bulgariar rejimentaku sadharana charoti batalion paribarte tini-batalion shaktire punargathana karajaithila. october 4 parey, balgereejamane purba digare nikatasta uchchatare abasthana sthapana karithile, jetebele kii rupel passes rakhya kariba paain 7maha rila divijanara dahana parswa upatyakare rahithila. ehi samajatharu, akramanara shesh parjyanta struma frontre kaunasi budd operation karajaithila naahin. nirnajaka juddha paain prastuta huantu. bulgeriamananka paain eka pramukh samasya thila je semanankara sena ebong sambala dabrujaru macedonia ebong albania parjyanta seemita thila . bulgaria haai command ehara german sahajogeemananka aadaku pherithila. germanamananka pakhare nije kichhi atirikta shakti thila kaaran brusilabh aakraman ehara khyati karithila, ebong some juddha tathapi ugra thila . semane automan samrajya aadaku pherithile ebong ebong divijanara 11,979 john purushanku macedonia pathaiba paain enbhara pashanku raaji karaithile. octoberre, ehi bahinimane strumare abasthiti grahan karithile ebong eka maasa parey, parey automan divijanara 12,609 john purushanka dwara joga deithile. ehi duiti bibhaga 'xxx corps' gathan karithile ebong 1917 masiha meey maasa parjyanta ehi anchalare rahithile, jetebele semananku mesopotamiaaku ferai anajaithila. ehaa keteka bulgaria bahineeku mukta karithila, jeunmananku bartamana ekadash senaku sudrudha kariba paain nirdesh diajaipariba. ehaa byatita, 3,598 john purushanka automan rumeli detachment detachment regiment) madhya general winkalaranka bahini sahita sanjukta hoithila. september 30 tarikhare, general jophre general sarrelnku dobrudjare bulgaria truteeja sena biruddhare general eversakunka adheenare romanian ebong rushian bahineera asanna mahan aakraman ebong semane rus ebong tutrakan madhyare danub atikrama karibara aasha bishajare suchana deithile. purba kamandaranka sahajogee sena bartamana ekadash senara kenali line biruddhare eka nutan dhakka sahita samanwaja sthapana curry ehaaku byabahara karibaku yojana karithila ebong sheshare bulgariaaku juddharu bahara curry deithila. october 4 tarikhare, mitramane monastyra-kenali, kenali-cherna lupe lineray cerbian pratham ebong truteeja sena, truteeja balcan divijana biruddhare cerbian dwiteeja sena-dobro pole digare farasi ebong rusheejamananka upare aakraman karithile. ehi anchalare kendriah shaktira shaktira batalion ebong ebong battery bipakhyare mitra rastragudika pakhare pakhare batalion ebong ebong battery thila. monastirara patana ebong akramanara samapti. cherna nadira juddha sarbeejamane ehara uttara koolare paada rakhibaku chesta kariba sahita arambha hoithila . semanankara agragati manthara thila, ebong ahuri paschimare, prarambhika farasi ebong rushiah aakramanaku pratihata karajaithila. parabarti saptahagudikare, judhati aneka aakraman ebong prati-aakramanare parinata hoithila, jeunthire mitramane semananka topakhana shresthata karanaru dheere dheere saphalata hassel karithile. bulgarian ebong german command madhya pratham ebong epariki dwiteeja senabahiniru sthanantarita sainyanka sahita ekadash senaku majboot curry paristhitiku sthira karibaku chesta karithile. cherna lupe ray juddhara abadhi paain, praiah 14 bulgarian ebong 4 german padatika regiment ladheire sakriya bhabare anshagrahana karithile . october shesh suddha farasi ebong rushijamane kenali charipakhare eka saphalata hassel karithile kintu shighra bulgarian ebong germanamananka dwara ataki jaithile. italiah divijanaku madhya sammukhaku anajaithila ebong monastyra charipakhare aakramanaku samarthan karajaithila. tebe, ehi samai suddha, nimnasta general monastiraku parityaga karibaku nishpatti neithile, ebong navember 18 tarikhare, jetebele prabala ladhei chalithila, general derr infantery winkalara ekadash senaku monastirara uttarare nutan abasthaku pachaku hatibaku nirdesh deithile. bulgariar commander inn chief, general nicola jhekov ehi nishpattiku birodha karithile, kintu sheshare, shay ehara phashiku atakai parinathile. navember 19 tarikhare, farasi ebong rushiah sainikamane saharare prabesha karithile. balgereejamane cherabhena stena upare eka nutan abasthana pratistha karithile-uchchata 1248-uchchata 1050-makovo-gradesnick pratirakhya rekha . ehaa praiah turanta akramanara shikara hoithila, kintu ether nutan sthiti drudha rahithila kaaran sahajogeemane semananka logistics khyamata seemaare pahanchi thaki jaithile. ehipari ehi seemarekha atikrama kariba paain samasta farasi ebong cerbian prayasa parasta hoithila, ebong sheeta arambha heba sahita, ehara sampurna dairghya sahita sammukh sthira hoithila . december 11 tarikhare, general jophre aakramanaku banda karideithile. ehara parinam. aakraman samajare, mitrapakyagudika praiah 50,000 juddha hatahata hoithile, semananka madhyaru adhikansha sarbiah thile. ehaa byatita, praiah 80,000 sahajogee sainya mrutyu barana karithile kimba asusthata ebong roga karanaru semananku sthanantara karibaku padithila. ehaa mote mrutahatanku 130,000 purush, kimba thietarare thiba samasta sakriya bahineera eka truteejangshaku aanithila . sammukhabhagaku bhaari moolyare maatra 50 kilometreku ghunchai diajaithila, ebong sheshare, aakramanatmaka romaniar parajaya kimba balgariaaku juddharu bahara karibare atakai parinathila. bulgaria ebong germanyra mote mrutyu sankhya praiah 61,000 thila, ebong jadio monastiraku parityaga karibaku padithila, uttarare kichhi kilometer doorare thiba nutan abasthana pratirakhya paain utkrusta paristhiti pradan karithila, jaahaa sahara upare bulgarian topakhanara pradhanyaku sunishchita karithila . ethaare rekha macedoniare juddhara shesh parjyanta akshunna rahithila jetebele dobro polare saphalata hetu ehaaku dakhal karithiba bahineeku pachaku hatibaku padithila . tebe, ehi aakraman madhya kichhita santosh pradan karithila kaaran cerbian sainyamane semananka deshar seemaaku pheribare saphala hoithile. bulgaria ebong germanmane madhya adhika sankhyaka ententanka prati semanankara pratirodhare santusta thile. general nicola jhekov cherna nadira judhaku bulgarian pratirakhyara drudhata drustiru "kimbadanti" bhabare barnana karithile-"hatahatanka bishajare chinta nakari parichalita ."

monastir hamlawar monastir hamla pahile vishav yuddh dauran kendri shaktiaan deeaan taktan dey virudh ikk sehyogi fauji karvai see, jisda udesh balgeria dey samarpan noon majbur karke atey romania utte dabaa noon door karke macedonian front utte deadcal noon todna see. hamle neey ikk vaddi ladai daa roop lae liaa atey tinn mahiniaan takk challiaa atey monastir shehar utte kabza curran naal khatam hoiaa. 50 kilometer dee ausat dunghai utte, bulgarian pahili fauj (satambar german giaarvin fauj dey ant toon) neey chhe maukiaan utte ladai luddy, jiss noon panj vaar pichhe hutton laee majbur keeta giaa. pichokad. agast 1916 witch, romania neey sangh dey naal jangi yatan witch shamal honn dee chonh keeti atey aapni ziaadaatar faujan noon transylvania dey hamle laee kendrit keeta, aapni tiji fauj noon bulgaria naal laggdi sarhadd dee raakhi laee chhadd ditta. bulgaria dey virudh romania dee fauj atey sehyogi salonica fauj dey sanjhe hamle laee russie atey franch prastav hunn yatharathvadi naheen sunn. halanki, sahiyogiaan neey ajey vee agast dey maddh witch macedonian front witch ikk vadde hamle dee yojna banayi taan joe romania dey yuddh witch dakhle daa samarthan keeta jaa sake atey vaddh toon vaddh bulgarian faujan noon hethan kaddhiaa jaa sake. bulgarian hyee command noon ikk aaunn vaale hamle daa shakk see, atey 9 agast noon doiran dey aale-duaale hoee ladai neey inhan shankiaan dee pushti keeti. aapne vallon, bulgarianan neey saal dee shuruat toon hii macedonia witch hamle dee apeel keeti see, hunn doven sehyogi deshan utte pahili fauj atey duji fauj naal hamla curran dee yojna bnaa rahey hunn. germanan neey vee iss yojna laee aapni manzuri dey ditti kiunki sabka fauj fauj samooh mckenson daa hissa see. 17 agast noon, chegan atey struma hamle shuru hoye. khabbe paase, bulgarian duji fauj neey aapne raste witch bahut ghatt virodh daa sahmana keeta, struma nadee takk dey saare yunani khetar utte kabza qarr liaa. sajje paase, bulgaria dee pahili fauj neey lerin noon fadd liaa atey sehyogi virodh dey sakhat honn dey bavjood agge vadhna jaari rakkhiaa. agge vadhna jaldi hii ulajh giaa, 27 agast noon hamla bnd qarr ditta giaa atey bulgarian faujan noon ander jaanh daa adesh ditta giaa. halanki, iss agaoon hadtal neey general sarel deeaan yojnavan noon nakam qarr ditta atey uss noon aapne hamle noon multavi curran laee majbur qarr ditta. satambar 1916 dey shuru witch bulgaria dey virudh sehyogi hamle dee zaroorat horr vee zaruri hoow gaee, kiunki general stephen toshev atey feeled marshel mckenson dee agvai witch bulgarian tiji fauj neey tutrakan atey dobrich deeaan ladaiaan witch romaniaai atey rusiaan dey virudh nirnayak jittan haasal keetiaan. virodhi taktan. satambar 1916 takk, sahiyogiaan neey macedonian front utte karvaiaan laee 6 cerbian, 5 british, 4 franch, 1 italvi paidal saina division atey 1 russie paidal saina brigade dee ikk vaddi fauj ikkathi keeti see. iss saina dee anupat shakti 369,000 atey 400,000 aadmiaan dey vichkaar pahunch gaee. ladai dee taakat noon 201 paidal saina batalianan witch 1,025 topkhane dey tukdiaan atey 1,300 machineganan naal tayinat keeta giaa see. kendri shaktiaan shuru witch inhan taktan daa virodh qarr sakdiaan sunn, jinhan witch bulgarian pahili fauj, german giaarvin fauj atey bulgarian duji fauj kull 172 paidal saina batalian, c. topkhane dey 900 tukde. iss toon ilava, noon bulgarian paidal saina division atey ottoman samraj dee sarhadd takk nadee dey tatt dee rakkhiaa curran valiaan faujan-25 paidal saina batalian, 31 topkhane deeaan baitariaan atey 24 machinegan vee sunn. general sarel neey aapni cerbian, franch, russie atey italvi faujan naal sajje wing atey sanghani pahili fauj dey kendra witch hamla curran dee yojna banayi atey vardar ghaati atey struma dey virudh siraf pardarshankari hamliaan naal aapne aap noon santusht keeta, joe british duaara vaddh toon vaddh bulgarian atey german sainikan noon khatam curran laee keete jaane sunn. hamlawar. khulhan daa padaa. 12 satambar noon, sahiyogiaan neey ikk shaktishali doou dinan topkhane dey bairaj atey cerbian tiji fauj atey purbi dee franch fauj duaara bulgarian 8 veen tundza paidal saina division atey karnal tasev dee prablit brigade dey virudh hamla karke aapna hamla shuru keeta. bulgarianan laee sathiti jaldi hii vigad gaee, atey 14 satambar noon, unhan noon aapniaan kujh topkhane deeaan bandukan noon pichhe chhadd keey atey gornichovo noon sarbianan noon chhadd keey, larine vall pichhe hutton laee majbur honaa piaa. 12 satambar noon sarbianan neey vee chemaclan rij utte aapna pahila hamla shuru keeta. angrez vee struma morche utte sargaram hoow gaye atey iss dey sajje kinare utte aapne pair pasaran dee koshish keeti. bulgarian pahili fauj daa pachmi hissa hunn sahiyogiaan noon lerine-kajamkalan line utte rakkhan witch kamyab riha. halanki, sahiyogiaan neey aapne hamle jaari rakkhe atey 23 satambar noon bhaari ladai toon baad, francisi lerine witch dakhal hoow gaye. bulgarian ajey vee kajamkalan noon fadd rahey sunn, jitthe tiji balkan paidal saina division dee pahili paidal saina brigade utte bhaari franch topkhane duaara sahaita prapat cerbian sainikan dee ikk ucch ginti duaara hamla keeta giaa see. hamlavaran atey bachaa curran valiaan laee ladai bahut mahingi see, kiunki nangi, pathrili rij neey bulgarian masheen gunn dee golibari jaan sehyogi topkhane toon lagbhag koee cover pardan naheen keeta. bulgarian rukawatan neey bulgarian atey german hyee kamandan dovan daa vadhere dhiaan khichiaa, atey jaldi hii, command dhanche witch kaee mahattavpuran tabdiliaan keetiaan gaeeaan. 27 satambar noon general clement boadziev noon pahili fauj dey commander vajon general dimitar geshov duaara badliaa giaa see. fauj neey khud general arnold vaan winkler dee giaarvin fauj naal mukkh daftar daa adaan-pardan keeta. iss toon baad general otto vaan dey sahmane pahunch keey 16 aktubar noon fauj samooh dee sathapana keeti gaee, jiss witch giaarvin atey pahili faujan doven shamal sunn. 30 satambar noon, 18 dinan dee bhaari ladai toon baad, cerbian drina division neey aakharkar tiji balkan paidal saina division dee thakki hoee pahili paidal saina brigade toon kajamkalan noon fadd liaa, jiss neey bulgarian rakkhiaa rekha witch ikk safalta prapat keeti. german atey bulgarian kamandan neey ikk samrath topkhane dey bhandar dee ghaat caarn sathiti dey nuksan atey satt topkhane deeaan bandukan noon vapsiyog manniaa. general winkler neey keey tundza division, division bidin division dee pahili atey tiji brigade atey 9 playwan division dee duji brigade noon ikk naveen rakhiaatmak sathiti witch waps jaanh daa adesh ditta. tiji balkan division dee pahili brigade daa punargathan keeta giaa see, atey iss deeaan khatam hoiaan naun batalianan noon ghataa keey panj qarr ditta giaa see, jiss witch satt pahadi bandukan atey ikk pioneer company naal chaar mishrat companyan sunn. naveen kenali rakkhiaa rekha utte lake prespa toon kenali takk tinn sutantar paidal saina brigade (9/2 aaee. bee., 2/6 aaee. bee. atey 1/6 aaee. bee.), kenali toon lae keey keey division duaara cherna nadee dey purab witch uchaiaan takk atey utthon 1/3 paidal saina brigade duaara maala rupa choti takk kabza qarr liaa giaa see. purab vall giaarvin fauj deeaan baaki faujan sunn-baaki tiji balkan paidal saina division, jinhan deeaan sathitiaan 25 julai 1916 noon kabza curran toon baad vee badaldiaan rahiaan. secondary operation. uss samein dey aas paas, jadon ih spasht hoow giaa kii sehyogi purbi paase toon faujan noon khich rahey sunn atey uhanan noon monastir dey virudh kendrat qarr rahey sunn, taan bulgarian dooje saina general todorov dey commander neey 7 veen reela division noon struma nadee utte hamle laee sathiti lainn daa adesh ditta, taan joe vardaar dey pachham witch sakhat dabaa vaale bulgarianan atey germanan dee sahaita keeti jaa sake. bulgaria dee hyee command neey halanki hamle dee aagiaa denh toon inkaar qarr ditta. iss chijak neey british noon 30 satambar noon karakakoi pind dey aale-duaale struma dey khabbe kandhe 'teey aapni sathiti noon mazboot curran daa mauka ditta. 3 aktubar noon, noon (irish) division neey yenikoye pind witch bulgarian sathitiaan utte hamla keeta, jinhan dee rakkhiaa rakkhiaa division dee bulgarian reela regiment duaara keeti gaee see. ladai saara dinn challi atey atey macedonian regiment atey atey topkhane dee regiment duaara mazboot keete gaye bulgarianan neey ikk bhiaanak beonut sanghrash toon baad doou vaar pind utte kabza qarr liaa. teeje atey aakhri hamle toon baad raat noon, irish division neey iss utte kabza qarr liaa. sahee topkhane atey machinegan dee golibari caarn doven pasiaan dey jaani nuksan bahut ziaada sunn. ladai toon baad, bulgarian bulgarian regiment noon aam chaar batalian dee bajaae tinn-batalian dee taakat witch punargathit keeta giaa see. 4 aktubar toon baad, bulgarianan neey purab vall nedley uchaiaan 'teey sathitiaan sathapat keetiaan jadon kii 7 veen reela division daa sajja hissa rupel darre dee rakkhiaa laee ghaati witch riha. iss bindu toon lae keey, hamlawar dey ant takk struma front utte koee vaddi karvai naheen keeti gaee see. nirnayak ladai dee shuruat crow. bulgarianan laee ikk pramukh samassiaa ih see kii unhan dee fauj atey sarot dobruja toon lae keey macedonia atey albania takk deeaan seemavan takk faile hoye sunn. bulgaria dee hyee command aapne german sahiyogiaan vall mudd gaee. germanan cole khud peshkash curran laee bahut ghatt taakat see kiunki brucilov hamle neey aapna nuksan chukkiaa see, atey some dee ladai ajey vee tez see. uh ottoman samraj vall mudd gaye atey 50 veen division dey 11,979 aadmiaan noon macedonia bhejan laee irkha pashaa noon yakeen diwa ditta. aktubar witch, inhan faujan neey struma utte sathiti banayi atey ikk maheene baad, 46 veen ottoman division dey 12,609 aadmiaan naal shamal hoow gaye. dovan divisionan neey XX coor daa gathan keeta atey maee 1917 takk iss khetar witch rahey, jadon unhan noon mesopotemia waps bulla liaa giaa. iss neey kujh bulgarian faujan noon aazaad qarr ditta jinhan noon hunn giaarvin fauj noon mazboot curran laee nirdeshit keeta jaa sakda see. iss toon ilava, 3,598 aadmiaan dee ottoman rumeli tukdi (177 veen regiment) vee general winkler deeaan faujan naal judee hoee see. 30 satambar noon, general jofrey neey general sarel noon dobruja witch bulgarian tiji fauj dey virudh general averescu dee agvai heth romaniaai atey russie faujan dey aaunn vaale mahaan hamle atey roos atey tutrakan dey vichkaar dainioob noon paar curran dee umeed baare soochit keeta. purbi commander dee sehyogi fauj neey hunn iss dee varton curran dee yojna banayi jiss witch giaarvin fauj dee kenali line dey virudh ikk navein dhakke naal talmel keeta giaa atey aakharkar bulgaria noon yuddh toon bahr qarr ditta giaa. 4 aktubar noon, sahiyogiaan neey monastir-kenali dee disha witch franch atey rusiaan utte hamla keeta, kenali-cherna loop line dey naal cerbian pahili atey tiji fauj, cerbian duji fauj neey tiji balkan division dey virudh-dobro pole dee disha witch. sahiyogiaan cole khetar witch kendri shaktiaan deeaan 65 batalianan atey 57 baitariaan dey virudh 103 batalianan atey 80 baitariaan sunn. monastir daa patan atey hamle daa ant. cerbian iss dey uttri kandhe 'teey pair rakkhan dee koshish qarr rahey sunn, jiss naal cherna nadee dee ladai shuru hoee. unhan dee pragati hauli see, atey horr pachham witch, shuruati franch atey russie hamliaan noon waps liaa giaa. agle haftiaan dauran, ladai hamliaan atey jawabi hamliaan dee ikk luddy witch vikast hoee jiss witch sahiyogiaan neey aapni topkhane dee uttmata dey caarn hauli-hauli zameen haasal keeti. bulgarian atey german kamandan neey vee pahili atey ithon takk kii duji fauj toon tabdil keete gaye sainikan naal giaarvin fauj noon mazboot karke sathiti noon sathir curran dee koshish keeti. cherna loop vikhe ladai dee miaad laee, lagbhag 14 bulgarian atey 4 german paidal saina regimentan neey ladai witch sargarmi naal hissa liaa. francisi atey rusiaan neey aktubar dey ant takk kenali dey aale-duaale ikk safalta prapat keeti parr jaldi hii bulgarianan atey germanan duaara roque ditti gaee. italian division noon vee sahmane lianda giaa atey monastir dey aale duaale dey hamliaan daa samarthan keeta giaa. iss samein takk, halanki, hethan ditte general neey monastir noon chaddan daa faisla keeta see, atey 18 navambar noon, jadon bhaari ladai ajey vee chall rahee see, general dair infantory winkler neey giaarvin fauj noon monastir dey uttar witch naviaan sathitiaan witch pichhe hattan daa adesh ditta. bulgarian commander inn cheef, general nikola zekov neey iss faisle daa virodh keeta, parr ant witch, uh iss dee fansi noon roque naheen sakiaa. 19 navambar noon, francisi atey russie sipahi shehar witch dakhal hoye. bulgarianan neey chervena stena-uchaee 1248-uchaee 1050-macovo-gradesnica rakkhiaa rekha utte ikk naveen sathiti sathapat keeti. ih lagbhag turant hamle dey ghere witch aaa giaa, parr iss vaar naveen sathiti mazboot rahee kiunki sehyogi aapni logistical samratha deeaan seemavan takk pahunch gaye sunn. iss tarahan francisi atey cerbian neey line noon todan deeaan saariaan koshishan noon haraa ditta atey sardiaan dee shuruat dey naal, front aapni puurii lambai dey naal sathir hoow giaa. 11 dasambar noon general jofrey neey hamla bnd qarr ditta. iss dey baad. hamle dee miaad dauran, sahiyogiaan noon lagbhag 50,000 ladaiaan witch jaani nuksan jhallna piaa, jinhan vicchon ziaadaatar cerbian sunn. iss toon ilava, lagbhag 80,000 sehyogi sainikan dee maut hoow gaee jaan bimari atey bimari caarn unhan noon bahr kaddhana piaa. iss naal kull mautan 130,000 aadmiaan jaan theatre witch saariaan sangat balaan daa ikk tihai hoow gaeeaan. front noon bhaari keemat 'teey siraf 50 kilometer takk hii agge vadhaiaa giaa see, atey ant witch, hamlawar neey romania dee haar jaan bulgaria noon yuddh toon bahr naheen rokiaa. bulgarian atey german mautan dee kull ginti lagbhag 61,000 aadmiaan dee see, atey bhaven kii monastir noon chaddna piaa, uttar vall kujh kilometer dee naveen sathiti neey rakkhiaa laee shandar sathitiaan pardan keetiaan, jiss naal shehar utte bulgarian topkhane dey dabdabe daa bharosa ditta giaa. macedonia witch yuddh dey ant takk itthe rekha barkarar rahee jadon iss utte kabza curran valiaan faujan noon dobro pole utte safalta dey caarn pichhe hatna piaa. halanki, hamle neey kujh santushti vee pardan keeti kiunki cerbian faujan aapne desh dee sarhadd 'teey waps aaunn witch kamyab rahiaan. bulgarian atey german vee ucch ginti dey virodh toon santusht sunn. general nikola zekov neey balgarian rakkhiaa dee dridhta dey sandrabh witch cherna nadee dee ladai noon "prasidh" dassiaa-"jaani nuksan dee parwah keete binan aayojit keeta giaa."

monasteer akramanatmakam monasteer-akramanam prathamavishvayuddhe kendriyashaktinaam sainyanam viruddham mitrarashtranam sainya-abhiyanam aasit, yasya uddeshyam bulgaria-deshasya sharanaagatim balaat krutvaa romania-deshasya upari peedaam nivaarya macedonian-prantasya gatirodham vighatayitum aasit. akramanam vishaalayuddhasya akaram praapnot, maasatrayam yaavat praavartat, tathaa cha monasteer-nagarasya adhigrahanena samaapyat. 50 kii. mee. yaavat madhyat gabhiratayam bulgarian-prathamasenaa (september-masasya ante german-ekadashasena) shut sandarbheshu yuddham krutavatee, panchavaaram pashchaadapasaranaay baadhyah abhavat. prushtabhoomau. 1916 august-maase romania-deshah, sainyasya paarshve yuddhaprayase bhaagam graheetum chitavaan, tathaa cha transylvania-akramanartham swasya adhikaamsham sainyam kendreekrutavaan, bulgaria-deshasya simayam rakshayitum truteeyasenaam cha nishkaasayat. bulgaria-deshasya viruddham romanian-senayaha, mitraraashtrasya salonikaa-senayaha cha samyukta-aakramanasy krute russian-french-prastaawah adhunaa yathaarthavaadee naa abhavat. tathaapi mitraraashtraih august-masasya madhyabhaage macedonian-praante yuddhe romania-deshasya praveshasya samarthanam kartum, yathaasambhavam bulgarian-sainyaan unmoolayitum cha bruhad-aakramanasy yojanaa krutaa. bulgarian-uccha-command-pakshah asannasya aakramanasy shankaam krutavaan, august-masasya 9 dinaanke doyiraan-nagarasya paritah udbhootasy yuddhen eva eteshaam shankanam pushtihi abhavat. bulgarian-janaah swapakshatah varshasya arambhat eva macedonia-deshe akramanartham aagraham akurvan, adhunaa prathamena senayaha dwiteeyena senayaha cha saha mitrapakshayoho paarshve praharam kartum yojanam kurvanti sma. poorvasenaa senaasamoohasy makenson ityasya bhaagah aasit iti karanat german-janaah api asya yojanaa krute swapramanikaranam dattavantah. august 17 dinaanke chegan tathaa struma ityeteshu aakramanaani aarabdhaani. vaamabhaage bulgarian-dwiteeyasenaa, maarge alpam pratirodham sammukheekrutya, struma-nadeeparyantam sarvam greek-pradesham gruheetavatee. dakshinabhaage bulgarian-prathamasenaa lerin-ityetam gruheetvaa, mitrarashtranam pratirodhasya drudhataayaah sammukhe agre gacchat. agrimam sheeghramev baadhitam, august 27 dinaanke akramanam nirastam, bulgarian-sainikaah cha khananm kartum aadeshitaah. parantu, etat poorva-akramanam, general sarrail ityasya yojanam nishphalam krutvaa, swasya akramanam sthagayitum cha baadhyam akarot. bulgaria-deshasya viruddham mitrarashtranam aakramanasy aavashyakataa 1916 september-masasya aarambhe itoapi adhikam aavashyakam abhavat, yatah general stephen toshev tathaa feeled maarshal mckenson ityetayoho netrutve bulgarian-truteeyasenaa, tutrakaan-dobrich-yuddheshu romanian-rasyiyan-jananam viruddham nirnayakavijayan praapnot. virodha-shaktayah. 1916 september-maasaparyantam mitraraashtraih 6 cerbian, 5 british, 4 french, 1 italian padaatidalavibhaagah, 1 rush-padaatidalavibhaagah cha militvaa macedonian-praante kaaryam akarot. asya senayaha anupaatashaktih 369,000 taha 400,000 yaavat purushaanaam madhye aasit. 201 padatisainya-batalian-madhye 1,025 topa-khandaih, 1,300 yantra-topobhihi cha yuddha-balam niyojitam aasit. kendreeyashaktayah praarambhe bulgarian-prathamasenaayaah, german-ekadashasenayaha, bulgarian-dwiteeyasenaayaah cha kulaihi 172 padatisainyasya batalians-dwara etaan senaam pratirodhayitum shaknuvanti sma. 900 topakhaanaani. tadatiriktam, 10 tamah bulgarian padaatidalavibhaagah api aasit, tathaa cha 25 padaatidala-dalaani, 31 topakhaanaani, 24 yantra-topaah cha iti ottoman-samrajyasya simaparyantam struma-nadyaah tataat aegean-tatasya rakshanm kurwantah sainikaah cha aasan. general sarrail ityeshah swasya cerbian, french, rashyan, italian cha sainyaih saha ativyaaptasya prathamasenaayaah dakshinapakshasy kendre cha praharam kartum yojanam krutavaan, tathaa cha kevalam vardaar-upatyakayaha, stromaayaah cha viruddham pradarshanaatmak-aakramaneshu santushtah abhavat, ye british-dwara yathaashakti bulgarian-german-sainikaan nyooneekartum sanchaalitaah aasan. akramanam. udghatana charanam. 12 september dinaanke mitraraashtraih, shaktishaalee dvidina-topakhaanaayukten prahaarena, cerbian-truteeyasenaayaah, poorvonmukhasya french-senayaha cha aakramanen bulgarian-8 tundza-padaatidalavibhaagasy, carnell taasev-ityasya prabalita-brigade ityasya cha viruddham akramanam aarabdham. bulgarian-jananam sthitihi sheeghramev kshinita abhavat, tathaa cha september 14 dinaanke te lerin-nagaram prati pashchadagamanam kartum baadhyaah abhavan, teshaam keshaanchan topakhanam parityajy gornichovo-ityetam cerbian-janaan prati parityajyant. september 12 dinaanke cerbian-janaah api kaimakkalan-parvatashrenyaam prathamam akramanam praarabhant. anglaha api stramaa-kshetre sakriyaah abhavan, tasya dakshinatate swapadaarthaah vistaarayitum cha prayatanta. bulgarian-prathamasenaayaah pashchimabhaagah adhunaa lerin-kaajmakkalan-rekhaayaam mitraan dhaarayitum samarthah abhavat. mitraraashtraih tathaapi swaprahaarah nirantaram krutah, tathaa 23 september dinaanke, prachandayuddhanantaram, french-janaah lerin-deshe pravishtavantah. bulgarian-janaah adyaapi kajmakkalan-nagaram dharanti sma, yatra truteeyasya balcon-padaatidalavibhaagasy prathamasya padaatidala-brigade-dalam, bhaaree-french-topakhaanaih samarthitaah adhikasankhyakaah cerbian-sainikaah akramitaha aasan. akramanakarinam rakshakanam cha krute yuddham atyantam vyayah aasit, yatah nagnah shilaayuktah shikharh bulgarian-yantra-banduka-agnihi athavaa sambaddh-topakhanayaha praayah naa aacchaadayat. bulgarian-vipadayah bulgarian-german-uccha-senapadanam cha adhikam avadhaanam aakarshyant, sheeghramev, kamaand-samrachanaayaam aneke mahattvapoornaani parivartanaani krutaani. 27 september dinaanke, general clement boyaadzeev ityasya sthaane prathamasenaayaah senaapatih general demetar geshov ityanena niyuktah. senaa eva mukhyaalayasy adanapradanam general arnold vaan winkler ityasya ekadashasena saha akarot. tadanantaram adhah general oto vaan ityasya agrabhaage agamanam, october 16 dinaanke adhah senaasamoohasy sthapana cha abhavat, yasmin ekaadasha-prathama-senaah cha aasan. 30 september dinaanke, 18 divasaanaam bhaaree-yuddhanantaram, cerbian-drina-vibhaagah ante bulgarian-rakshaatmak-rekhaayaam pragatim praapya, truteeya-balcon-padaatidala-vibhaagasya ksheen-prathama-padaatidala-brigade-taha kajmakkalan-vibhaagam gruheetavaan. german-bulgarian-kamaand-ityete, saksham-artillery-reserve ityasya abhaavaat, sthanasya, sapta artillery-gun-ityasya cha kshayah aparivartaneeyah iti manyante sma. general vinkalar ityeshah 8 tamam tundazaa-vibhagan, 6 tamam bidin-vibhaagasya prathamam truteeyam brigade ityetaan, 9 plaven-vibhaagasya dwiteeyam brigade ityetaan nootanam rakshatmakasthanam prati vyatigatum adishtavan. truteeya-balcon-vibhaagasya prathama-brigade-ityasya punargatanam krutam, tasya kshiptaani nava-batalians-dalaani panchaani yaavat nyunikrutaha, sapta parvata-bandookayuktaah chatwaarah mishra-kampaneeh, agragaami kampanee cha aasan. nootanam kenali-rakshaatmak-rekhaam prespaa-sarovaraat kenali-paryantam tribhihi swatantraih padaatidala-brigade-dwara (9/2 IB, 2/6 IB, 1/6 IB), kenali-taha cheranaa-nadyaah poorvadishi unnatyaah paryantam 8-vibhagena, tatah 1/3 padaatidala-brigade-dwara maalaa-roopa-shikharam yaavat aakramitam aasit. poorvadishi agrime sthaane ekadashasenayaha sheshasainikaah aasan-truteeyasya balcon-padaatidalavibhaagasy sheshaah, yasya sthanani 1916 julai 25 dinaanke adhikrutaat aarabhy aparivartitaani aasan. dwiteeyak-kriyaam. tasmin eva kaale, yadaa mitraraashtraani poorvatah sainyaan taan monasteer viruddham ekagrataya sankochishyanti iti spashtam abhavat, bulgarian-dwiteeyasenaa-senaapatih todorov ityeshah 7 tamam rilaa-vibhaagam, vardaarasya paschimadishi sthitanam bulgarian-german-jananam cha sahayyam kartum, struma-nadyaah upari akramanartham sthaanam graheetum adishtavan. bulgaria-deshasya ucchasenaa tathaapi aakramanasy anumatim daatum niraakrutavatee. anena sankochaat british-janaah 30 september dinaanke karakakoy-gramasya paritah stromaayaah vaamatate swasthaanaani sudrudum samarthitaah. october 3 dinaanke 10 tamah (airish) vibhaagah yenikaay-graame bulgarian-sthanani aakramayat, ye 7 tama-vibhaagasya 13 tamah rilaa-regiment ityanena rakshitaah aasan. sampoornadinam yaavat yuddham anwawartat, 14 tamena macedonian-regiment tathaa 17 tamena artillery-regiment ityanena balavardhitaih bulgarian-janaah, prachandasy beyonet-sangharshasya anantaram graamam punah dvivaaram gruheetavantah. truteeyasya antimasya cha aakramanasy anantaram raatrau airish-vibhaagah tatt aakramayat. yathaarthasy topakhanayaha, yantra-bandookasy cha agniprahaarasy karanat ubhayoho pakshayoho janahanih ateeva aasit. yuddhanantaram bulgarian-deshasya 13 tama-regiment-ityasya punargatanam krutvaa samanya-chaturnam batalians-ityasya sthaane tri-batalians-balam abhavat. october-masasya 4 dinankanantaram bulgarian-janaah poorvadishi sameepastheshu uccheshu sthanani sthaapayan, yadaa cha 7 tamasya rilaa-vibhaagasya dakshinabhagah rupel-paas ityasya rakshanarthm upatyakayam eva aasit. tatah param aakramanasy antaparyantam struma-kshetre naa bruhad-karyani krutaani. nirnaayakayuddhasy poorvam. bulgarian-jananam krute pramukhah samasyaa aasit yat teshaam senaa, samsaadhanaani cha dobruza-taha macedonia-albania-paryantam parimitiparyantam vistaaritaah aasan iti. bulgarian-uccha-senaadhyakshah swa-german-mitraraashtraan prati pratyaawartat. german-janaah svayameva alpan balavardhanaani pradaasyanta, yatah brusilov-aakramanasy prabhaawah abhavat, somme-yuddham api ugram aasit. te ottoman-samrajyam prati nivartya 50 tamavibhaagasya 11,979 purushaan macedonia-nagaram preshayitum enver-pasha-varyam pratyayojayan. october-maase ete sainikaah strumaayaam sthaanam gruheetavantah, ekamasanantaram 46 tamasya ottoman-vibhaagasya 12,609 purushaah cha militavantah. vibhaagadvayam XX corps iteedam nirmitam, 1917 mey-maasaparyantam asmin pradeshe eva aasit, yadaa te mesopotamia-deshe punah aagacchan. anena kechan bulgarian-sainikaah mukttaah, ye adhunaa ekadashasenayaha sudrudeekaranaartham nirdeshitaah bhavitum arhanti sma. tadatiriktam, 3,598 purushaanaam ottoman-rumeli-sainyadalasya (177 tama-regiment) sainyadalam api general-winkler ityasya senayam sanlagnam aasit. 30 september dinaanke, general joffrey, dobrudja-nagare bulgarian-truteeyasenaayaah viruddham, tathaa cha teshaam rus-tutrakaan-madhye denube-parasya pratyaashitasy viruddham, general evarsku ityasya adheenam romanian-rush-sainyanam asannasya mahattar-aakramanasy vishaye general sarrail-ityasmai soochitavaan. poorvasenaapateh mitrasenaa adhunaa ekadashasenayaha kenali-rekheeyaayaah viruddham nutanena pranodanayaa samanvayena, antatah bulgaria-nagaram yuddhaat nishkaasy, asya upayogasya yojanaa akarot. october 4 dinaanke mitraraashtraih monasteer-kenali ityasya dishayam, kenali-chernaa-loop-rekhayaha paarshve cerbian-prathama-truteeya-senaa, cerbian-dwiteeya-senaa, truteeya-balcon-vibhaagasya viruddham-dobro-pole ityasya dishayam, french-rassian-sainyaan akramitaha. asmin kshetre 65 batalians-viruddham, kendriyashaktinaam 57 batteries-viruddham, mitrarashtranam 103 batalians, 80 batteries cha aasan. monasteer ityasya patanam, aakramanasy antah cha. chernaa-nadyaah yuddhasya aarambhah cerbian-janaah tasya uttaratate paadasthapanam kartum prayatante sma. teshaam pragatihi mandah aasit, paschimadishi api, praarambhikaani french-russian-aakramanaani pratihataani. agrimeshu saptaaheshu, yuddham akramananam prati-akramananam cha shrunkhalaaroopena vikasitam, yasmin mitraraashtraani kramena, teshaam topakhananam shreshtataayaah karanat, bhoomim praaptavantah. bulgarian-german-senaa-senaa-dalaani api prathamaat dwiteeyaat api senaa-dalaat sthaanaantaritaih sainikaabhih saha ekaadasha-senaa-dalaan sudrudham krutvaa sthitim sthireekartum prayatanta. chernaa-loop-madhye yuddhasya kaalakhande, praayah 14 bulgarian-german-padaatidal-regiment ityete yuddhe sakriyaroopen bhaagam agruhnan. october-masasya ante french-rasyiya-janaah kenali-pradeshasya paritah pragatim akurvan, parantu sheeghramev bulgarian-german-janaah cha sthagitaah. italian-vibhaagah api agrabhaage aanitah, monasteer-ityasya paritah akramanan samarthayat. etaavat, tathaapi, adhah sthitah senaapatih monasteer-nagaram parityaagam akarot, tathaa cha 18 november dinaanke, yadaa prachandayudham prachalati sma, tadaa senaapatih derr infantory vinkalar, ekadashasenayaha monasteer-nagarasya uttardishi nutanasthanani prati pashchadagamanam kartum adishtavan. bulgarian-senaadhyakshah, general nikolaa zekov ityeshah asya nirnayasya virodham krutavaan, parantu ante tasya nishpaadanam naa sthagayitum shaktavaan. 19 november dinaanke french-russian-sainikaah nagaram pravishtavantah. bulgarian-janaah chervenaa-stenaa-ucche 1248-ucche 1050-maakovo-gradesnick-rakshaatmakarekhe nootanam sthaanam sthaapitavantah. tatt tatkshanameva aakramitam, parantu asmin samaye nootanam sthaanam drudham aasit yatah mitraraashtraani swasamagrikakshamatayaha simam avahan, ksheenaah aasan. evam french-cerbian-deshayoho rekhaaroopen atikramasya sarve prayatnaah parajitaha, sheetakaalasy aarambhen, sampoorn-dirghatayam sammukhabhagah sthirah abhavat. december 11 dinaanke, general joffrey ityeshah akramanam niraakrutavaan. parinamam. akramanakale mitraraashtraani praayah 50,000 yuddha-mrutaan praapnot, teshu adhikaamshaah cerbian-janaah aasan. tadatiriktam, praayah 80,000 sambaddhasainikaah rogena rogena cha mrutaah athavaa nishkaasitaah abhavan. anena kula-mrutaanaam sankhyaa 130,000 yaavat purushaani, athavaa naatyakshetre sthitanam sarvanam pravesha-balanam truteeyaamshah abhavat. prachandamoolyen kevalam 50 kii. mee. yaavat agrabhaagah eva neetah, ante akramanam romania-deshasya paraajayam vaa bulgaria-deshasya paraajayam vaa naa rodhat. bulgarian-german-sainikanam cha mrutaanaam sankhyaa praayah 61,000 aasit, yadyapi monasteer-nagaram parityajyat, tathaapi uttardishi katipayeshu kilometer-doore sthitaani nutanasthanani rakshartham utkrushtaani sthitayah pradadat, yena nagare bulgarian-topakhananam adhipatyam sunishchitam jaatam. macedonia-deshe yuddhasya antaparyantam atra rekhaa akshunnam aasit, yadaa dobro-pole-ityatra safalataayaah karanat tatra sthitaani sainikaah pashchaadweerneetaah abhavan. parantu, akramanam api kinchitkalam santruptim pradat yatah cerbian-sainikaah swadeshasya seemaam prati pratyaagantum samarthah abhavan. bulgarian-german-janaah cha samanataya adhikasankhyaayaah antent-ityasya pratirodhena santushtau aasan. senaapatih nikolaa zekov, bulgarian-deshasya rakshanasy drudhataayaah drushtyaa chernaa-nadyaah yuddham "pauraanikam" iti varnayitum yaavat agacchat-"hatahatanam vishaye vichaaram vinaa sanchaalitam."

monaster thaakkuthal monaster thaakkuthal enbathu muthalaam ulagap poarin poathu matthiya sakthigalin padaikalukku ethiraana oru natpu iraanuva nadavadikkaiyaagum, idhu balgaeriyaavai saranadaiyach seivathan moolamum, romania meethaana aluththaththai neekkuvathan moolamum mesitonian munnaniyil aerpatta muttukkattaiyai udaikkum noakkil nadaththappattathu. inththa thaakkuthal oru periya poarin vadivaththai eduththu moontru maathangkal neediththathu mattrum monaster nagaraththaik kaippattriyathil mudivadainthathu. saraasariyaaga 50 kii. mee. aalaththil, palkeriya muthal iraanuvam (septumber jerman pathinoaraavathu iraanuvaththin mudivil irunthu) aaru santharppangalil poarittathu, ainthu murai pinvaanga vaendiya kattaayam aerpattathu. pinnani. august 1916 ill, romania poar muyarchiyil saerath thaerntheduththu, adhan perumpaalaana padaikalai transylvania padaiyeduppukku kuviththathu, adhan 3 vadhu iraanuvaththai palkaeriyaavudanaana ellaiyaip paathukaakka vittuch sentrathu. palkeriyaavukku ethiraaga romanian iraanuvam mattrum natpu salonica iraanuvaththin koottuth thaakkuthalukkaana russia mattrum pirenchu munmozhivugal inii yadhaarththamaanavai alla. iruppinum, august maatha naduppaguthiyil mesitonian munnaniyil oru periya thaakkuthalai natpu naadugal thittamittana, romania poaril nuzhaivathai aatharippatharkum, mudinthavarai pala palkeriya padaikalai vettuvatharkum. palkeriya uyar kattalai varavirukkum thaakkuthalai santhegiththathu, august 9 andru vediththa doiranaich suttriyulla sandai inththa santhegangalai mattumae uruthippaduththiyathu. thangal pankirku, palkaeriyarkal aandin thodakkaththil irunththae macetoniavil oru thaakkuthalukku valiyuruththiyirunthanar, ippoathu muthal iraanuvaththudanum irandaavathu iraanuvaththudanum natpu naadugalin irupuramum thaakka thittamittanar. munnaal iraanuvam iraanuvak kuzhuvaana mackenson oru paguthiyaaga irunthathaal jaermaniyargalum inththa thittaththirku thangal opputhalai vazhangkinar. august 17 andru, segan mattrum struma thaakkuthalkal thodangkina. idathu puraththil, palkeriya irandaavathu iraanuvam, vazhiyil siriya ethirppaich santhiththu, struma nadhi varai anaitthu kiraekka piraanthiyaththaiyum kaippattriyathu. valathu puraththil, palkeriya muthal iraanuvam lerinaik kaippattri, koottaniyin kadumaiyaana ethirppai ethirkondu thodarnthu munnaeriyathu. munkoottiyae sikkiyathu, august 27 andru thaakkuthal niruththappattathu, maelum palkeriya padaikal thoanduvatharku uththaravidappattana. iruppinum, inththa munkoottiya vaelainiruththam general surrailin thittangalai muriyadiththu, thanathu thaakkuthalai othivaikka avarai kattaayappaduththiyathu. 1916 septumber thodakkaththil palkeriyaavukku ethiraana oru koottani thaakkuthalin thaevai maelum avasaramaanathu, aenenil general stefan doshev mattrum field marshell mackension aagiyoarin keezh bulgarian moontraam iraanuvam dudrakhan mattrum dobrich poarkalil romanian mattrum rashyarkalukku ethiraaga theerkkamaana vetrtrikalai adainthathu. ethirppup padaikal. 1916 septambaril, natpu naadugal 6 serbiya, 5 british, 4 pirenchu, 1 itaaliya kaalaatpadai pirivu mattrum 1 russia kaalaatpadai padai aagiyavattraik konda kanisamaana padaiyai mesitonian munnaniyil seyalpaattirkaaga thirattiyathu. inththa iraanuvaththin valimai vigitham 369,000 muthal 400,000 veerargalai ettiyathu. 1,025 peerangkith thundugal mattrum 1,300 iyanththirath thuppaakkigaludan 201 kaalaatpadaip padaippirivugalil poar valimai niruththappattathu. matthiya sakthigal aarambaththil inththa padaikalai palkeriya muthal iraanuvam, jerman pathinoaraavathu iraanuvam mattrum palkeriya irandaavathu iraanuvam aagiyavattrudan moththam 172 kaalaatpadai pattaaliyangaludan ethirkka mudiyum. 900 peerangkith thundugal. koodudhalaaga, 10 vadhu palkeriya kaalaatpadai pirivu mattrum 25 kaalaatpadai pattaaliyangal, 31 beerangi minkalangal mattrum 24 iyanththira thuppaakkikal konda oottoamaan paerarasin ellai varai agean kadarkaraiyaip paathukaakkum padaikalum irunththana. general sarrel thanathu serbiya, pirenchu, russia mattrum itaaliya padaikaludan valathusari mattrum miga virivaakkappatta muthal iraanuvaththin maiyaththil thaakath thittamittaar, maelum wardhar pallatthaakku mattrum strumavukku ethiraaga mattumae aarppaatta thaakkuthalkalil tirupthi adainthaar, avai mudinthavarai pala palkeriya mattrum jerman thurupukkalaik kattuppaduttha britishaaraal nadaththappadavirunthana. thaakkuthal. tirappu kattam. septumber 12 andru, natpu naadugal irandu naall sakthivaaintha beerangi anivaguppu mattrum serbiya moontraam iraanuvam mattrum ooriyanttin pirenchu iraanuvam aagiyoarin thaakkuthaludan palkeriya 8 vadhu tundza kaalaatpadai pirivu mattrum curnell dasevin valuvoottappatta padaippirivukku ethiraaga thangal thaakkuthalaith thodangkina. palkaeriyarkalukku nilaimai viraivil moasamadainthathu, septumber 14 andru, avarkal lerinai noakki pinvaanga vaendiya kattaayam aerpattathu, thangal beerangi thuppaakkikalil silavattrai vittuch sendru, karnichevovai serbiyarkalidam kaivittanar. septumber 12 andru, serbiyargal kaimakkalaan malaiththodarin meethu thangal muthal thaakkuthalaith thodangkinar. aangkilaeyargalum struma munnaniyil theeviramaaga seyalpattanar, adhan valathu karaiyil thangal kaaladi vaika muyantranar. palkeriya muthal iraanuvaththin merkaththiya pakkavaattu ippoathu lerin-kajmakkalan koattirkul natpu naadugalai vaiththiruka mudinthathu. iruppinum, natpu naadugal thangal thaakkuthalkalaith thodarnthana, septumber 23 andru, kadumaiyaana sandaikkup piragu, pirenchukkaararkal lerinukkul nuzhainththanar. palkaeriyarkal innum kajmakkalanai pidiththuk kondirunthanar, angku 3 vadhu balcon kaalaatpadai pirivin 1 vadhu kaalaatpadai padaippirivu kanaraga pirenchu peerangkikalin aatharavudan adhiga ennikkaiyilaana serbiya thurupukkalaal thaakkappattathu. vetrtru, paarai malaiththodargal palkeriya iyanththirath thuppakki thuppaakkich soodu allathu athanudan inaintha peerangkikalilirunthu kittatthatta endha maraippaiyum valangkaathathaal, thaakkuthal nadaththiyavarkalukkum paathukaavalarkalukkum sandai migavum vilai uyarnththathaaka irunththathu. palkeriya pinnadaivugal palkeriya mattrum jerman uyar kattalaigalidamirunthu adhiga kavanaththai eerththana, viraivil, kattalai kattamaippil pala mukiya maattrangkal seiyappattana. septumber 27 andru, general clement poidjeev muthal iraanuvaththin thalapathiyaaga general dimidar kesov enbavaraal maattrappattaar. iraanuvamae general arnault vaan winklerin pathinoaraavathu iraanuvaththudan thalaimaiyagaththai parimaarik kondadhu. idhaith thodarnthu general oottoa vaanin muun pakkam vanthathu mattrum october 16 andru keezhae ulla iraanuvak kuzhu niruvappattathu, idhil pathinoaraavathu mattrum muthal padaikal irandum adangkum. septumber 30 andru, 18 naatkal kadumaiyaana sandaikkup piragu, serbiya trina pirivu iruthiyaaka 3 vadhu balcon kaalaatpadai pirivin soarvadaintha 1 vadhu kaalaatpadai padaippirivilirunthu kajmakkalanaik kaippattri, bulgarian tharkaappu varisaiyil oru thiruppumunaiyai adainthathu. jerman mattrum palkeriya kattalaigal, tiramaiyaana beerangi iruppu illaathathaal nilai mattrum aezhu beerangi thuppaakkikalin izhappai maattra mudiyaathathu endru karuthina. general winkler 8 vadhu tundza pirivugal, 6 vadhu pidin pirivin 1 vadhu mattrum 3 vadhu pirikaedugal mattrum 9 blaven pirivin 2 vadhu brigade oru puthiya tharkaappu nilaikku thirumbap perumaaru uttaravittaar. 3vadhu balcon pirivin 1vadhu padaippirivu maruseeramaikkappattathu, adhan onbathu padaippirivugal ainthu padaippirivugalaagak kuraikkappattana, aezhu malaith thuppaakkigaludan naanku kalappu niruvanangal mattrum oru munnoadi niruvanam irunththana. puthiya kenali tharkaappu koadu brezba aeriyilirunththu kenali varai moontru suyaatheena kaalaatpadai pirikaedugalaal (9/2aipi, 2/6aipi mattrum 1/6aipi), kenaaliyilirunthu serna aattrin kizhakkae ulla uyarangkal varai 8 vadhu privaal, angkirunthu maalaa ruba sigaram varai 1/3 kaalaatpadai padaippirivaal aakkiramikkappattathu. maelum kizhakkae pathinoaraavathu iraanuvaththin meethamulla padaikal irunththana-meethamulla 3 vadhu balcon kaalaatpadai pirivu, avattrin nilaigal juulai 25,1916 andru aakkiramikkappattathilaru maaramal irunththana. irandaam nilai seyalpaadugal. antha neraththil, natpu naadugal kilakku pakkaththilirunthu thuruppukkalai izhuththu monastrukku ethiraaga avarkalai kuvikkindrana enbathu thelivaagath therinthapoathu, bulgariavin irandaavathu iraanuvath thalapathi todorovin thalapathi 7 vadhu rila privai struma aattrin meethu thaakkuthal nadaththa uttaravittaar, idhu vardaarukku maerkae ulla kadumaiyaana aluththappatta palkaeriyarkalukkum jermaniyargalukkum uthavuvatharkaaka. eninum, palkeriya uyar kattalaith thalapathi thaakkuthalai anumathikka marutthuvittaar. inththa thayakkam septumber 30 andru karagagoi kiraamatthaich suttriyulla stroomavin idathu karaiyil aangkilaeyargal thangal nilaigalai orunginaikka anumathiththathu. october 3 andru, 10 vadhu (airish) pirivu yenikoy kiraamaththil ulla palkeriya nilaikalaith thaakkiyathu, avai 7 vadhu pirivin 13 vadhu rila regimentol paathukaakkappattana. inthap poar naall muzhuvathum neediththathu, 14vadhu mesitonian padaippirivu mattrum 17vadhu beerangi padaippirivu aagiyavattraal valuppaduthappatta palkaeriyarkal, kadumaiyaana bionet poaraattaththirkup piragu irandu murai kiraamatthai meendum kaippattrinar. moontraavathu mattrum iruthi thaakkuthalukkup piragu eravil, airish pirivu adhai aakiramiththathu. thulliyamaana beerangi mattrum iyanththirath thuppaakkich soodu kaaranamaaga iru tharappilum uyirizhappugal athigamaaga irunththana. poarukkup piragu, palkeriya 13 vadhu padaippirivu valakkamaana naanku pattaaliyangalukku pathilaaka moontru pattaaliyanaaga maruseeramaikkappattathu. october 4 aam thaethikkup piragu, palkaeriyarkal kizhakkae arugilulla uyarangkalil nilaigalai amaiththanar, athae neraththil 7 vadhu rila pirivin valathu puram rubel kanavaayaip paathukaakka pallaththaakkil irunththathu. inththa kattaththil irunthu, thaakkuthal mudiyum varai struma munnaniyil periya nadavadikkaikal ethuvum nadathappadavillai. theerkkamaana poarukku munnurimai kodungal. palkaeriyarkalukku oru mukiya prachchanai ennaventraal, avarkalin iraanuvamum valangkalum dobruja muthal macetonia mattrum albania varayilaana varambugal varai virivupaduththappattana. palkeriya uyar kattalai adhan jerman natpu naadugalai noakki thirumbiyathu. prusilov thaakkuthal adhan paathippai aerpaduththiyirunthathaal, germaniyarkalidam vazhangka sila valuvoottalgal irunththana, maelum soam poar innum theeviramadainthu kondirundhadhu. avarkal oottoamaan paerarasai noakki thirumbi, 50 vadhu pirivin 11,979 veerargalai macetoniavukku anuppa envar paashaavai samaathaanappaduththinar. octoberil, inthap padaikal stroomaavil nilaipaattai eduththana, oru maathaththirkup piragu, 46 vadhu oottoamaan pirivin 12,609 veerargalum saernthanar. inththa irandu pirivugalum XX corpsai uruvaakki, 1917 mae maatham varai ippaguthiyil irunththana, pinnar avai mesoppothaemiyaavukku thirumba azhaikkappattana. idhu pathinoaraavathu iraanuvaththai valuppaduththa ippoathu iyakkakkoodiya sila palkeriya padaikalai viduviththathu. koodudhalaaga, 3,598 veerargalaik konda oottoamaan rumeli padaippirivum (177vadhu padaippirivu) general winklerin padaikaludan inaikkappattathu. septumber 30 andru, general jofrey, dobrudjavil ulla palkeriya moontraam iraanuvaththirku ethiraaga general averskuvin keezh romanian mattrum russiab padaikal varavirukkum periya thaakkuthal mattrum avarkal soozhchchikkum tutrakanukkum idaiyil danubike kadakka vaendum endru ethirpaarkkappaduvathaip pattri general sarelukkuth therivitthaar. kilakkuth thalapathiyin natpu iraanuvam ippoathu pathinoaraavathu iraanuvaththin kenali koattaikku ethiraaga oru pudhuppikkappatta unththuthaludan orunginaiththu, iruthiyil balgaeriyaavai poarilirunthu veliyaettruvathan moolam idhaip payanpaduththath thittamittathu. october 4 andru, natpu naadugal monaster-kenali thisaiyil pirenchu mattrum rashyargalaith thaakkina, serbiya muthal mattrum moontraavathu iraanuvam kenali-serna luup koadu vazhiyaaga, serbiya irandaavathu iraanuvam moontraavathu balcon privukku ethiraaga-tobro thuruvaththin thisaiyil. ippaguthiyil irunththa 65 pattaaliyangal mattrum 57 matthiya sakthigalin pattiyangalukku ethiraaga 103 pattaaliyangal mattrum 80 pattiyangal natpu naadugalidam irunththana. monastrine veelchchi mattrum thaakkuthalin mudivu. serbiyargal adhan vadakkuk karaiyil kaaladi vaika muyarchithathaal serna aattrin poar thodangiyathu. avarkalin munnaettram methuvaaka irunththathu, maelum maerkae, aaramba pirenchu mattrum russia thaakkuthalkal muriyadikkappattana. aduthaduththa vaarangkalil, poar thodarchchiyaana thaakkuthalkal mattrum ethir thaakkuthalkalaaka valarnthathu, idhil natpu naadugal padippadiyaaga thangal beerangi maenmai kaaranamaaga tharaiyirangkina. palkeriya mattrum jerman kattalaigalum muthal mattrum irandaavathu iraanuvaththilirunthu kooda thuruppukkal maattrappattu pathinoaraavathu iraanuvaththai valuppaduththuvathan moolam nilaimaiyai uruthippaduththa muyantrana. serna valaiyaththil nadantha poarin poathu, sumar 14 palkeriya mattrum 4 jerman kaalaatpadai padaippirivugal poaril theeviramaaga pankettrana. october maatha iruthikkul pirenchu mattrum rashyargal kenaliyaich suttri oru munnaettraththai adainthanar, aanaal viraivil palkaeriyarkal mattrum jermaniyargalaal thadutthu nirutthappattanar. itaaliyap pirivum munnukuk kondu varappattu monastriche suttriyulla thaakkuthalkalai aathariththathu. iruppinum, inththa neraththil, keezh ulla general monasterike kaivida mudivu seithaar, navambar 18 andru, kadumaiyaana sandai nadanthu kondirunthapoathu, general terr infanderry wickler pathinoaraavathu iraanuvaththai monasteerukku vadakkae ulla puthiya nilaigalukku pinvaanga uttaravittaar. palkeriya thalaimaith thalapathi general nikola jagov inththa mudivai ethirththaar, aanaal iruthiyil, avaraal adhan maranathandanaiyai niruththa mudiyavillai. navambar 19 andru, pirenchu mattrum russia veerargal nagaraththirkul nuzhainththanar. palkaeriyarkal servena stenavil oru puthiya nilaiyai niruvinar-uyaram 1248-uyaram 1050-magovo-gradusnica tharkaappu koadu. adhu kittatthatta udanadiyaaga thaakkuthalukku ullaanathu, aanaal inththa murai puthiya nilaippaadu uruthiyaaka irunththathu, aenenil natpu naadugal thangal thalavaada tiranin varambugalai ettiyullana. ivvaaru koattai udaippatharkaana anaitthu pirenchu mattrum serbiya muyarchigalum thoarkadikkappattana, maelum kulirkaalam thodangiyathum, adhan muzhu neelaththilum munnani urudhippaduththappattathu. disambar 11 andru, general jofrey thaakkuthalai nirutthinaar. adhan pinn vilaivugal. thaakkuthalin poathu, natpu naadugal sumar 50,000 poar uyirizhappugalai santhiththana, avarkalil perumpaaloar serbiyargal. koodudhalaaga, sumar 80,000 natpu thuruppukkal noaikal mattrum noaikal kaaranamaaga iranththanar allathu veliyaettrappada vaendiyirunththathu. idhu moththa uyirizhappugalai 130,000 aangal allathu thiraiyarangkil ulla anaitthu thunaivup padaikalil moontril oru bangaaga kondu vanthathu. munpuram oru kanamaana vilaiyil sumar 50 kimee mattumae nagarththappattathu, iruthiyil, thaakkuthal romania thoalviyadaivathaiyoa allathu balgaeriyaavai poaril irunthu veliyaettruvathaiyoa thadukkavillai. palkaeriyarkalum jaermaniyargalum moththam 61,000 paer uyirizhanththanar, monaster kaividappada vaendiyirunththaalum, vadakkae sila kilometer tholaivil ulla puthiya nilaigal paathukaappirkaana sirantha nilaimaigalai vazhangki, nagaraththin meethu palkeriya peerangkikalin maelaathikkaththai uruthi seithana. macetoniavil poar mudiyum varai ingkulla koadu appadiyae irunththathu, appoathu adhai aakkiramiththiruntha padaikal tobro thuruvaththil aerpatta munnaettram kaaranamaaga pinvaanga vaendiyirunththathu. iruppinum, serbiya thuruppukkal thangal naattin ellaikkuth thirumba mudinthathaal inththa thaakkuthal sila thirupthiyaiyum aliththathu. palkaeriyarkalum jermaniyargalum oray maathiriyaaga adhiga ennikkaiyilaana nuzhaivaayilgalukku thangal ethirppil tirupthi adainthanar. general nikola jagov, serna aattrin poarai palkeriya paathukaappin nilaiththanmaiyin adippadaiyil "puraanakkathai" endru vivarikkum alavirku sentraar-"uyirizhappugalaip porutpaduththaamal nadaththappattathu."

monasteer daadi monastir daadi anedi modati prapancha yuddham samayamlo kendra saktula dalaalaku vyatiraekamgaa mitraraajyaala sainika charya, bulgarianu balavantamgaa longadeesukovadam dwara mariyu romaniapai ottidini tagginchadam dwara macedonian frontlo pratishtambhananu vichchinnam cheyadaaniki uddesinchabadindi. eee daadi oka pedda yuddham aakaraanni santarinchukundi mariyu moodu nelala paatu konasaagindi mariyu monasteer pattanaanni swaadheenam chesukovadamto mugisindi. sagatuna 50 kimmy lothulo, bulgarian modati sainyam (septembaru chivari nundi german padakondava sainyam) aaru sandarbhaallo yuddham chesi, aidusarlu venakki taggavalasi vachindi. nepathyam. 1916 augustulo, romenia sainika dalaala vaipu yuddha prayatnamlo cheraalani enchukundi mariyu transylvania dandayaatra kosam daani dalaalalo ekkuva bhaganni kendrikarinchindi, bulgariatho sarihaddunu kaapaadataaniki daani 3va sainyanni vadilivesindi. bulgariaku vyatiraekamgaa romanian sainyam mariyu mitraraajyaala salonica sainyam samyukta daadi kosam russian mariyu french pratipaadanalu ikapai vaastavikamgaa laevu. ayithe, mitraraajyaalu ippatikee augustu madhyalo macedonian frontlo pedda daadini pranaalika chesaayi, romania yuddhamloki pravesinchadaaniki mariyu veelainanta ekkuva bulgarian dalaalanu anichiveyadaaniki maddatugaa. bulgarian adhishtanam raboye daadini anumaaninchindi, augustu 9naa doiran chuttoo jarigina poraatam eee anumanalanu dhruveekarinchindi. tama vantugaa, bulgarianlu samvatsaram prarambham nundi macedonialo daadi cheyaalani koraru, ippudu modati sainyam mariyu rendava sainyamtho rendu mitraraajyaala vaipula daadi cheyaalani yochistunnaru. maajee sainyam sainika samuuham mackensenlo bhaagamgaa unnanduna germanlu kooda eee pranaalikaku tama anumati icchaaru. augustu 17naa, chegan mariyu struma daadulu prarambhamayyayi. edama vaipuna, bulgarian rendava sainyam, thana maargamlo takkuva pratighatananu edurkuntu, struma nadhi varaku mottam greeku bhoobhaganni swaadheenam chesukundi. kudi vaipuna, bulgarian modati sainyam lerinnu swaadheenam chesukuni, mitraraajyaala pratighatananu kathinataram chestu munduku saagutuu undindi. mundujaagratta ventane aagipoyindi, augustu 27naa daadi nilipiveyabadindi, bulgarian dalaalanu lopaliki travvamani aadesinchaaru. ayithe, eee mundastu samme general sarrel pranaalikalanu addukundi mariyu athani daadini vaida veyavalasi vachindi. general stephan toshev mariyu feeled marshal mackensen netrutvamloni bulgarian moodava sainyam tutracon mariyu dobrich yuddhaalalo romanian mariyu rashyanlapai nirnayaatmaka vijayalu saadhinchadamtho 1916 september praarambhamlo bulgariapai mitraraajyaala daadi avasaram marinta atyavasaramaindi. vyatiraeka saktulu. 1916 septembaru natiki, mitraraajyaalu macedonian frontlo karyakalapala kosam 6 cerbian, 5 british, 4 french, 1 italian padaatidala vibhagam mariyu 1 russian padaatidala brigade thoo kuudina gananeeyamaina balaganni sameekarinchaayi. eee sainyam yokka nishpatti balam 369,000 mariyu 4,00,000 mandhi sainikula madhyaku cherukundi. 1,025 phirangi dalaalu mariyu 1,300 meshin ganlatho 201 padaatidala betalianlalo yuddha balagalanu moharinchaaru. kendra saktulu praarambhamlo bulgarian modati sainyam, german padakondava sainyam mariyu bulgarian rendava sainyam mottam 172 padaatidala betalianlatho eee dalaalanu vyatirekinchagaligaayi. 900 phirangi dalaalu. adanamgaa, 10va bulgarian padaatidala vibhagam mariyu 25 padaatidala betalianlu, 31 phirangi byaatariilu mariyu 24 meshin ganlu-ottoman saamrajyam sarihaddu varaku aegean tiiraanni rakshinche dalaalu kooda unnaayi. general surrail thana cerbian, french, russian mariyu italian dalaalatoe mitavaada mariyu atigaa vistarinchina modati sainyam yokka kendram meeda daadi cheyaalani pranaalika vaesaadu mariyu saadhyamainanta ekkuva bulgarian mariyu german dalaalanu anichivesenduku british vaaru nirvahinchaboye vardar loya mariyu strumacu vyatiraekamgaa pradarsanaatmaka daadulatoe matrame santrupti chendaadu. daadi. prarambha dasha. septembaru 12naa, mitraraajyaalu rendu rojula saktivantamaina phirangi byaarejeetho, cerbian moodava sainyam, oriyantloni french sainyam bulgarian 8va tundja padaatidala vibhagam, kalnal tasev yokka reinforced brigedpy daadi chesaayi. bulgarianlaku paristhiti twaralone ksheeninchindi, september 14naa, vaaru tama phirangi tupaakulanu vidichipetti, gornichevonu serbianlaku vidichipetti, lerine vaipu tirogaminchavalasi vachindi. september 12naa serbianlu kooda kaimakkalan parvata shrenipai tama modati daadini praarambhinchaaru. british vaaru kooda struma frontlo churukuga maari, daani kudi odduna tama pattu vistarinchadaaniki prayatninchaaru. bulgarian modati sainyam yokka paschima paarsvam ippudu lerine-kajmakkalan rekhapai mitraraajyaalanu pattukogaligindi. ayithe, mitraraajyaalu tama daadulanu konasaginchayi, september 23naa, bhaarii poraatam taruvaata, french vaaru lerinloki pravesinchaaru. bulgarianlu ippatikee kajmakkalannu pattukunnaru, akkada 3va balcon padaatidala vibhaagaaniki chendina 1va padaatidala brigade bhaarii french phirangula maddatutoe unnatamaina sankhyalo cerbian dalaalache daadi cheyabadindi. daadi chesinavaariki mariyu rakshakulaku poraatam chaalaa khareedainadi, endukante khaalii, raathi sikharam bulgarian meshin gunn kaalpulu ledhaa anubandha phirangula nundi daadaapu etuvanti rakshananu andinchaledu. bulgarian edurudebbalu bulgarian mariyu german hye commands nundi ekkuva drushtini aakarshinchayi, tvaralo, command nirmaanamloo aneka mukhyamaina maarpulu cheyabaddaayi. septembaru 27naa, general clement boyadjiv sthaanamlo modati sainyaniki commanderga general demetar geshov niyaminchabaddaadu. sainyam swayamgaa general arnald vaan winkler yokka padakondava sainyamtho pradhana karyalayalanu maarchukundi. dheeni taruvaata diguva general oto vaan mundu bhaagamlo raaka mariyu october 16naa diguva sainika samuuhaanni erpaatu cheyadam jarigindi, indulo padakondava mariyu modati sainyalu rendoo unnaayi. september 30naa, 18 rojula bhaarii poraatam taruvaata, cerbian drina division chivaraku 3va balcon padaatidala vibhaagaaniki chendina alasipoyina 1va padaatidala brigade nundi kajmakkalannu swaadheenam chesukuni, bulgarian rakshana rekhalo purogatini saadhinchindi. samarthavanthamaina phirangi nilva lekapovadam valla sthaanam kolpovadam mariyu edu phirangi tupaakulu tirigi pondalenivigaa german mariyu bulgarian kamaandlu bhaavinchaayi. general winkler 8va tundjhaa divisionlu, 6va bidin division yokka 1va mariyu 3va brigedlu mariyu 9 pleven division yokka 2va brigedlanu kotta rakshana sthaanaaniki upasamharinchukovaalani aadesinchaadu. 3va balcon division yokka 1va brigade punarvyavastheekarinchabadindi, daani ksheeninchina tommidi betalianlanu aiduga tagginchaaru, edu parvata tupaakulu mariyu oka maargadarsaka samsthatho naalugu mishrama companylu unnaayi. kotta kenali rakshana rekhanu moodu swatantra padaatidala brigedlu (9/2aibi, 2/6aibi mariyu 1/6aibi), kenali nundi cherna nadiki thoorpuna unna ettula varaku 8va division mariyu akkada nundi moodinta oka vanthu padaatidala brigade dwara maalaroopa sikharam varaku aakramincharu. thoorpuna padakondava sainyam yokka migilina dalaalu unnaayi-migilina 3va balcon padaatidala vibhagam, 1916 juulai 25naa aakraminchabadinappati nundi vaari sthaanaalu maaraledu. dviteeya karyakalapalu. aaa samayamlo, mitraraajyaalu thoorpu paarsvam nundi dalaalanu laagutunnaayani mariyu monasteerku vyatiraekamgaa vaarini kendrikaristunnayani spashtamainappudu, bulgarian rendava armi general todorov yokka commander 7va rila division nuu struma nadipai daadi cheyadaaniki sthaanaalanu teesukoovaalani aadesinchaadu, vardaarku paschimaana kathinamgaa ottidi chesina bulgarianlu mariyu germanlaku sahayam cheyadaaniki. ayithe bulgarian adhishtanam daadini anumatinchadaaniki niraakarinchindi. eee sankocham british vaaru september 30naa karakakoy graamam chuttoo struma yokka edama odduna tama sthaanaalanu balopetam chesukovadaniki veelu kalpinchindi. aktobaru 3naa, 10va (airish) vibhagam 7va vibhaagaaniki chendina 13va rila regiment rakshinchina yenikoy graamamlooni bulgarian sthaanaalapai daadi chesindi. yuddham rojanta konasaagindi, 14va macedonian regiment mariyu 17va phirangi regiment dwara balopetam cheyabadina bulgarianlu, teevramaina bionet poraatam tarvaata rendusaarlu gramanni tirigi swaadheenam chesukunnaru. moodava mariyu chivari daadi taruvaata raatri samayamlo, airish vibhagam daanini aakraminchindi. khachitamaina firangulu mariyu meshin gunn kaalpula kaaranamgaa iruvaipula bhaarii praananashtam jarigindi. yuddham taruvaata, bulgarian 13va regiment saadhaarana naalugu betalianlaku badulugaa moodu-betalian balagamgaa punarvyavastheekarinchabadindi. october 4 taruvaata, bulgarianlu thoorpuna sameepamloni ettaina pradaesaalaloo sthaanaalanu erpaatu chesaaru, ayithe rupel kanumanu rakshinchadaaniki 7va rila division yokka kudi paarsvam loyalo undipoyindi. eee samayam nundi, daadi mugise varaku struma frontlo pedda operations nirvahinchabadaledu. nirnayaatmaka yuddhaaniki mundugaane. bulgarianlaku pradhana samasya emitante, vaari sainyam mariyu vanarulu dobruza nundi macedonia mariyu albania varaku vistarinchabaddaayi. bulgarian hye command thana german mitraraajyaala vaipu tirigindi. brusilov daadi daani nashtanni santarinchukunnanduna, soam yuddham inca ugramgaa unnanduna germanlu tamaku andinchadaaniki konni balagalu matrame undevi. vaaru ottoman saamrajyam vaipu tirigi, 50va vibhaagaaniki chendina 11,979 mandhi purushulanu macedoniaku pampamani enar pashanu oppinchaaru. octoberulo, eee dalaalu stroomaalo sthaanaanni akraminchayi, oka nela taruvaata, 46va ottoman vibhaagaaniki chendina 12,609 mandhi purushulu cheraaru. eee rendu vibhagalu XX corpsnu yerparuchukunnayi mariyu 1917 mae varaku eee praantamloonae undipoyaayi, appudu vaatini mesopotamiaku tirigi pilipinchaaru. idhi padakondava sainyanni balopetam cheyadaaniki ippudu nirdesinchagala konni bulgarian dalaalanu vidudala chesindi. adanamgaa, 3,598 mandhi purushulatho kuudina ottoman rumeli detachment (177va regiment) kooda general winkler dalaalatoe jatacheyabadindi. septembaru 30naa, dobrudjalo bulgarian moodava sainyaniki vyatiraekamgaa general aversku aadhvaryamlo romanian mariyu russian dalaalu raboye goppa daadi gurinchi mariyu vaaru suut mariyu tutrakan madhya danubnu daataalani bhaavistunnatlu general joffrey general sarreyilku teliyajesaaru. thoorpu commander yokka mitraraajyaala sainyam padakondava sainyam yokka kenali lineku vyatiraekamgaa punaruddharinchina push thoo samanvayam cheyadam dwara mariyu chivariki bulgarianu yuddham nundi tarimikottadam dwara dheenini upayoginchaalani yochinchindi. aktobaru 4naa, mitraraajyaalu french mariyu rashyanla meeda monastir-kenali, cerbian modati mariyu moodava sainyam kenali-cherna loop line venta, cerbian rendava sainyam moodava balcon vibhaagaaniki vyatiraekamgaa-dobro pole disalo daadi chesaayi. eee praantamlooni 65 betalianlu mariyu kendra saktula 57 byaatareelaku vyatiraekamgaa mitraraajyaalu 103 betalianlu mariyu 80 byaatareelanu kaligi unnaayi. monasteer patanam mariyu daadi mugimpu. serbianlu daani uttara odduna pattu saadhinchadaaniki prayatninchadamtho cherna nadhi yuddham praarambhamaindi. vaari purogati nemmadigaa undhi, inca paschimaana, prarambha french mariyu russian daadulu tippikottabaddaayi. taruvaati varallo, yuddham varusa daadulu mariyu prati-daadulugaa abhivruddhi chendindi, dheenilo mitraraajyaalu tama phirangi aadhipatyam kaaranamgaa kramamga punjukunnayi. bulgarian mariyu german kamaandlu kooda modati mariyu rendava sainyam nundi badilee cheyabadina dalaalatoe padakondava sainyanni balopetam cheyadam dwara paristhitini sthireekarinchadaaniki prayatninchaaru. cherna loop vadda jarigina yuddham samayamlo, sumaru 14 bulgarian mariyu 4 german padaatidala regimentlu eee poraatamlo churukuga palgonnayi. french mariyu rashyanlu october chivari natiki kenali chuttoo purogatini saadhinchaaru, kaani tvaralo bulgarianlu mariyu germanlu vaarini nilipivesaaru. italian vibhaganni kooda munduki teesukuvacchi, monasteer chuttoo jarigina daadulaku maddatu icchaaru. ayithe, eee samayaniki, diguva general monasteernu vidichipettaalani nirnayinchukunnadu, mariyu november 18naa, bhaarii poraatam inca konasagutunnappudu, general derr infantary wickler padakondava sainyanni monasteerku uttaraana unna kotta sthaanaalaku tirigi vellamani aadesinchaadu. bulgarian commander inn cheef general nikola jakov eee nirnayaanni vyatiraekimchaaru, conny chivariki, athanu daani amalunu aapalekapoyadu. november 19naa french, russian sainikulu pattanamloki pravesinchaaru. bulgarianlu chervena stena-etthu 1248-etthu 1050-makovo-gradesnica rakshana rekhapai kotta sthaanaanni sthaapinchaaru. idhi daadaapu ventane daadiki guraindi, conny esaari kotta sthaanam sthiramgaa undindi, endukante mitraraajyaalu alasipoyi, vaari ravana saamarthyam yokka parimitulanu cherukunnayi. aaa vidhamgaa rekhanu daatadaaniki french mariyu cerbian chesina anni prayatnaalu odipoyaayi, mariyu sheethaakaalam praarambhamtho, daani mottam podavutho mundu bhaagam sthireekarinchabadindi. december 11naa, general joffrey daadini nilipivesaadu. paryavasanalu. daadi samayamlo, mitraraajyaalu daadaapu 50,000 mandhi yuddha praananastaanni chavichusai, vaarilo ekkuva mandhi serbianlu. adanamgaa, anaaroogyam mariyu vyaadhi kaaranamgaa daadaapu 80,000 mandhi mitraraajyaala dalaalu chanipoyayi ledhaa vaarini khaalii cheyavalasi vachindi. idhi mottam praananashtam 130,000 mandhi purushulaku ledhaa rangasthalamloni anni sahayaka dalaalalo moodinta oka vanthu varaku teesukuvacchindi. bhaarii dharaku kevalam 50 kimmy matrame munduku kadilindi, chivariki, daadi romenia otamini ledhaa yuddham nundi bulgarianu tarimikottadaanni nirodhinchaledu. bulgarianlu mariyu german sainikula mottam maranaalu sumaru 61,000 mandhi, mariyu monasteernu vidichipettavalasi vachinappatikee, uttaraana konni kilometres dhooramlo unna kotta sthaanaalu rakshana kosam adbhutamaina paristhitulanu andinchaayi, pattanampai bulgarian phirangula aadhipatyaaniki haamii icchaayi. dobro pole vadda purogati kaaranamgaa daanini aakraminchina dalaalu venakki taggalsi vachinappudu macedonialo yuddham mugise varaku ikkada rekha chekkuchedarakunda undipoyindi. ayithe, cerbian dalaalu tama dhesha sarihadduku tirigi raagaliginanduna eee daadi kontha santruptini kooda andinchindi. bulgarianlu mariyu germanlu kooda adhika sankhyalo unnavaariki vaari pratighatanatho santrupti chendaaru. general nikola jakov cherna nadhi yuddhanni bulgarian rakshana yokka pattudala paramgaa "puraana" gaa varninche varaku vellaadu-"praananashtam gurinchi pattinchukoonidigaa nirvahinchabadindi."

monaster hamlah aawar monaster hamlah pehli jung azeem kay doraan markazi taaqaton kii afwaj kay khalaaf eek itehadi foji operation thaa jiss kaa maqsad balgharbi kuu hathiyar daalnay parr majbur karkay aur romaniah parr dabao kuu door karkay mesidoniyayi muhaz parr taatal kuu todna thaa. iss hamlay nay eek bury jung kii shakal akhtiyar kirr lee aur teen maah takk jaari rahee aur monaster kay qasbey parr qabzah karnay kay saath khatam hoyee. 50 chlometer kii ausat gahrayi parr balghari frust aarmi (satambar german gayarahwein foj kay ikhtatam say) nay chh mawaqa parr jung kii jasay paanch baar peeche hatnay parr majbur kiyaa gayaa. piss manzar. agast 1916 mein romaniah nay muhasire kii taraf say jangi koshishon mein shaamil honay kaa intekhaab kiyaa aur apnee ziyadah tarr afwaj kuu translovenia parr hamlay kay liye markoz kiyaa aur apnee teesri foj kuu balgharia kay saath sarhad kii hifazat kay liye chhod diyaa. balgharia kay khalaaf romaniah kii foj aur itehadi silonka foj kay mushtarkah hamlay kii rosee aur francisi tajaweez abb haqeeqat pasandanah nahein thein. tahim itehadiyon nay agast kay wast mein mesidoniyayi muhaz parr eek baday hamlay kaa mansubah banaya taakah romaniah kay jung mein daakhley kii himayat kii jaa sakay aur ziyadah say ziyadah balghariyayi afwaj kuu kumm kiyaa jaa sakay. balgharia kii hayee kamaan kuu eek aaney waalay hamlay kaa shabah thaa aur 9 agast kuu dawairan kay ard gird honay waali ladayi nay sarf inn shakok woo shabhaat kii tasdiq kii. apnee taraf say balghariyon nay saal kay aaghaz say hyee mesidonia mein hamlah karnay kii taakid kii thee abb wah pehli foj aur dosri foj kay saath donon itehadi pahluwon parr hamlah karnay kaa aradah rakhtay haine. germanon nay bhee iss mansubay kay liye apnee manzori day dee keunkah sabqah foj aarmi grop mackenson kaa hasah thee. 17 agast cow cheegan aur sterma hamlay sharoo hoay. bayein jaanib balghariyayi dosri foj ney apnay raastay mein behat kumm mazahimat kaa saamna kartay huay sterma nadee takk kay tamaam yunani elaqay parr qabzah kirr liyaa. daayein jaanib balgharia kii pehli foj nay learan parr qabzah kirr liyaa aur itehadi mazahimat kay sakht honay kay bawajood aagay badhti rahee. paish qadmi jald hyee rakk gayee 27 agast kuu hamlah bund kirr diyaa gayaa aur balghariyayi afwaj kuu khidayi karnay kaa hakam diyaa gayaa. tahim iss paishgi hadtaal nay general sarreel kay mansubon kuu nakaam banaa diyaa aur asay apnaa hamlah maltawi karnay parr majbur kirr diyaa. satambar 1916 kay awail mein balgharia kay khalaaf itehadi hamlay kii zarurat aur bhee ziyadah fouri how gayee keunkah general stephan tosheef aur feld maarshil mackenson kii qayadat mein balghariyayi teesri foj nay tatarkaan aur dobarch kii ladaiyon mein romaniah aur rosiyon kay khalaaf faislah kunn fatohaat haasil kein. mukhalif quwatein. satambar 1916 takk itehadiyon nay mesidonin muhaz parr karwaiyon kay liye 6 sarbiyayi 5 bartanvi 4 francisi 1 atalvi infintry devision aur 1 rosee infintry brigade kii kaafi foj jamaa kirr lee thee. iss foj kii tanasib taaqat 369,000 aur 400,000 jawanon kay darmiyan pahunch gayee. jangi taaqat 201 pyadah foj kii batalinon mein 1,025 toop khaaney kay takadon aur 1,300 masheen gunon kay saath tayinaat kii gayee thee. markazi taqatein ibtadayi toor parr bulgayayi pehli fouj german gayarahwein foj aur bulgayayi dosri foj kay saath kill 172 infintry batalinon mein inn afwaj kii mukhalifat kirr sakti thein c. 900 toop khaaney kay takday. iss kay alawah 10 waan balghariyayi infintry devision aur daryaae sterma say sultanat usmaniah kii sarhad takk aijeen saahil kii hifazat karnay waali afwaj bhee thein-25 infintry batalin 31 toop khaaney kii batteriyan aur 24 masheen gunn. general sarreel nay apnee sarbiyayi francisi rosee aur atalvi afwaj kay saath daayein baazo aur hadd say ziyadah tausia shadah pehli foj kay markaz parr hamlah karnay kaa mansubah banaya aur waadi wardaar aur sterma kay khalaaf sarf mazahire kay hamlon say khood kuu mutmain kiyaa juu angrezon kay zariah ziyadah say ziyadah balghari aur german fojiyon kuu khatam karnay kay liye kiye jaanay thay. hamlah aawar. iftatahi marhalah. 12 satambar cow itehadiyon nay duu rozah taqatwar toop khaaney kay beraj aur sarbiya kii teesri foj aur mashriqi francisi foj kay hamlay kay saath balgharia kay 8 wein tandza infintry devision aur karnal taseef kii mazboot brigade kay khalaaf apnaa hamlah sharoo kiyaa. balghariyon kay liye surathaal jald hyee kharaab how gayee aur 14 satambar cow wah apnee kachh toop khaaney kii bandoqein peeche chhod kirr aur governichov kuu sarbiyon kay hawalay kirr kay lareen kii taraf peeche hatnay parr majbur how gayey. 12 satambar kuu sarbiyon nay bhee kimakchalan pahaadi parr apnaa pehla hamlah sharoo kiyaa. angrez bhee sterma muhaz parr srgarm how gayey aur iss kay daayein kinaray parr apnay qadm badhanay kii koshish kii. balgharia kii pehli foj kaa maghrabi hasah abb itehadiyon kuu lareen-kajmaklan line parr rakhnay mein kamiyab rehaa. tahim itehadiyon nay apnay hamlay jaari rakhay aur 23 satambar cow shadeed ladayi kay baad francisi learan mein daakhil hoay. balghari ubhee bhee kajmaklan parr qaabiz thay jehaan teesre balkin infintry devision kii pehli infintry brigade parr bhaari francisi toop khaaney kii madad say sarbiyayi fojiyon kii eek bury taadad nay hamlah kiyaa thaa. hamlah aawaron aur muhafizon kay liye ladayi behat mahungi thee keunkah nangay chatani pahaadi kinaray nay balghariyayi masheen gunn fayer yaa itehadi toop khaaney say taqriba koyee ahatah farahim nahein kiyaa thaa. balghariyayi dhachakon nay balghariyayi aur german hayee commandon donon kii taraf say ziyadah taujah mabzool karayee aur jald hyee command kay dahanchay mein kayee aham tabdiliyan kii gayein. 27 satambar cow general clement boyadziof kii jagah general dimtar gishof nay pehli foj kay commander kay toor parr lay lee. foj nay khood general arnold waan winkler kii gayarahwein foj kay saath head kwarter kaa tabadlah kiyaa. iss kay baad neechey general oto waan kay saamney kii taraf aamad hoyee aur 16 aktobar kuu neechey aarmi grop kaa qayaam amal mein aayaa jiss mein gayarahwein aur pehli donon faujein shaamil thein. 30 satambar cow 18 dunn kii shadeed ladayi kay baad sarbiyayi drina devision nay balaakhir bulgayayi dafayi line mein paishraft haasil kartay huay teesre balkin infintry devision kii thakk chaki pehli infintry brigade say kajmakiklan parr qabzah kirr liyaa. german aur balghari commandon nay toop khaaney kay qaabil zakhayer kii kamee kii wajah say position aur saat toop khaaney kii bandoqon kay nqsan kuu naqabil wapsi samjha. general winkler nay 8 wein tandza devision 6 wein bunden devision kii pehli aur teesri brigade aur 9 pleon devision kii dosri brigade kuu eek nayee dafayi position say dastbardar honay kaa hakam diyaa. teesre balkan devision kii pehli brigade kuu dobarah manzam kiyaa gayaa aur iss kii khatam honay waali noow batalinon kuu kumm kirr kay paanch kirr diyaa gayaa jiss mein saat pahaadi bandoqon waali chaar makhlut companiyan aur eek aham company thee. nayee kinali dafayi line parr jheel prespa say kinali takk teen aazaad infintry brigade (9/2 aayee bii 2/6 aayee bee aur 1/6 aayee bee)yee kinali say daryaae charna kay mashriq mein oonchayi takk 8 wein devision aur wahaan say 1/3 infintry brigade kay zariye maalaa rupa chooti takk qabzah kirr liyaa gayaa thaa. mashriq kii taraf gayarahwein foj kii baqiyah afwaj thein-baaqi 3rd balkin infintry devision jinn kii position 25 jolayi 1916 kuu qabze mein aaney kay baad say tabdil nahein hoyee. saanvi operation. iss waqat kay aas paas jabb yaha waazah how gayaa kahh itehadi mashriqi pehlu say faujein khainch rahay haine aur inhein monaster kay khalaaf markoz kirr rahay haine tuu balgharia kay dosray aarmi general tauduroof kay commander nay saatwein reela devision kuu hakam diyaa kahh wah daryaae sterma parr hamlay kay liye position lay taakah waardaar kay maghrab mein sakht dabao waalay balghariyon aur germanon kii madad kii jaa sakay. tahim balgharia kii hayee kamaan nay hamlay kii ajazat deenay say ankaar kirr diyaa. iss hichkichahat nay angrezon kuu 30 satambar kuu karakaki gaaon kay ard gird sterma kay bayein kinaray parr apnee position mustahkam karnay kaa moqaa farahim kiyaa. 3 aktobar cow 10 wein (aairish) devision nay yainikoye gaaon mein balghariyayi maqamat parr hamlah kiyaa jinn kaa dafaa 7 wein devision kii 13 wein reela regment nay kiyaa thaa. yaha jung saara dunn jaari rahee aur 14 wein mesidonin regment aur 17 wein artlery regment kay zariye taqwiyat yaaftah balghariyon nay eek shadeed khaleej kii jadujahad kay baad duu baar gaaon parr dobarah qabzah kirr liyaa. teesre aur aakhri hamlay kay baad raat kay waqat aairish devision nay iss parr qabzah kirr liyaa. toop khaaney aur masheen gunn kii darsat firing kii wajah say donon taraf say jaanee nqsan behat ziyadah hawaa. jung kay baad balghariyayi 13 wein regment kuu mamul kii chaar batalinon kay bajaye teen batalin kii taaqat mein dobarah manzam kiyaa gayaa. 4 aktobar kay baad balghariyon nay mashriq kii qareebi bulandiyon parr maqamat qayem kiye jabkah 7 wein reela devision kaa dayaan hasah rupal daray kii hifazat kay liye waadi mein hyee rehaa. iss maqaam say jarhana kay ikhtatam takk sterma frunt parr koyee bury karwaiyan nahein kii gayein. faislah kunn jung kii paish goyee karein. balghariyon kay liye eek aham masilah yaha thaa kahh inn kii foj aur wasail kuu dobroja say lay kirr mesidonia aur albaniah takk phaila diyaa gayaa thaa. balgharia kii hayee kamaan nay apnay german itehadiyon kii taraf rakh kiyaa. germanon kay paas khood paish karnay kay liye kumm kamak mojud thee keunkah brosilof kay hamlay nay apnaa nqsan uthaya thaa aur soam kii jung ubhee bhee bhadak rahee thee. inhon nay sultanat usmaniah kii taraf rakh kiyaa aur annor paasha kuu 50 wein devision kay 11,979 aadmiyon kuu mesidonia bhejnay parr raazi kiyaa. aktobar mein inn afwaj nay sterma parr position akhtiyar kii aur eek maah baad 46 wein usmani devision kay 12,609 afraad inn kay saath shaamil how gayey. donon devisions nay XX coor tashkil diyaa aur mayee 1917 takk iss khatay mein rahay jabb inhein mesopotimia waps blaya gayaa. iss nay kachh balghariyayi afwaj kuu aazaad kiyaa jinhein abb gayarahwein foj kuu mazboot karnay kii hidayat dee jaa sakti thee. iss kay alawah 3,598 mardon kii usmani romili dastah (177 wein regment) bhee general winkler kii afwaj say mansalk thee. 30 satambar cow general jofri nay general sarreel kuu dobardja mein balghariyayi teesri foj kay khalaaf general aversco kay tahat romaniah aur rosee afwaj kay aaney waalay baday hamlay aur inn kay zariye tarkiah aur tatarkaan kay darmiyan deneob kuu abur karnay kii toqaa say aagah kiyaa. mashriqi commander kii itehadi foj nay abb asay gayarahwein foj kii kinali line kay khalaaf eek nayey dhakay kay saath marbut karkay aur balaakhir balgharia kuu jung say baahir nikaal kirr istemaal karnay kaa mansubah banaya. 4 aktobar kuu itehadiyon nay monaster-kinali kii samat mein francisi aur rosiyon parr hamlah kiyaa kinali-charna loap line kay saath sarbiyayi pehli aur teesri fouj teesri balkin devision kay khalaaf sarbiyayi dosri foj-dobro poul kii samat. itehadiyon kay paas elaqay mein markazi taaqaton kii 65 batalinon aur 57 batterion kay khalaaf 103 batalin aur 80 batteriyan thein. monaster kaa zawal aur hamlah kaa ikhtatam. daryaae charna kii jung kaa aaghaz sarbiyon kay saath hawaa juu iss kay shamali kinaray parr qadm rakhnay kii koshish kirr rahay thay. inn kii paish raft sast thee aur mazeed maghrab mein ibtadayi francisi aur rosee hamlon kuu paspa kirr diyaa gayaa. aglay hafton kay doraan yaha jung hamlon aur jawabi hamlon kay eek silsilay mein tabdil how gayee jiss mein itehadiyon nay apnee toop khaaney kii bartari kii wajah say aahista aahista kamiyabi haasil kii. balgharia aur german commandon nay bhee pehli aur yahaan takk kahh dosri foj say bhee muntaqil kiye gayey fojiyon kay saath gayarahwein foj kuu mazboot karkay surathaal kuu mustahkam karnay kii koshish kii. charna loap mein ladayi kii madat kay doraan taqriba 14 balghariyayi aur 4 german paidal foj kay daston nay ladayi mein faal toor parr hasah liyaa. francisi aur rosee aktobar kay aakhir takk kinali kay ard gird eek paish raft haasil kirr chakay thay leakin jald hyee balghariyon aur germanon nay inhein rook diyaa. atalvi devision kuu bhee muhaz parr laaya gayaa aur monaster kay ard gird hamlon kii himayat kii. tahim iss waqat takk neechey kay general nay monaster kuu turk karnay kaa faislah kirr liyaa thaa aur 18 nomber cow jabb shadeed ladayi jaari thee general dair infentry winkler nay gayarahwein foj kuu monaster kay shamaal mein nayee positionon parr peeche hatnay kaa hakam diyaa. balgharia kay commander inn cheef general nakola zeekof nay iss faislay parr ahtajaj kiyaa leakin aakhir kaar wah iss kii phansi kuu rook nahein sakay. 19 nomber kuu francisi aur rosee foji shehar mein daakhil hoay. balghariyon nay charivina steena-oonchayi 1248-oonchayi 1050-makwo-gradinica dafayi line parr eek nayee position qayem kii. yaha taqriba foraa hamlay kii zad mein aaa gayaa leakin iss baar nayee position mazboot rahee keunkah itehadi apnee logistic salahiyat kii hadood takk pahunch kirr thakk chakay thay. iss tarah line kuu todnay kii tamaam francisi aur sarbiyayi koshishein shakast khaa gayein aur sardiyon kay aaghaz kay saath hyee muhaz apnee poori lambayi kay saath mustahkam how gayaa. 11 dasambar cow general jofri nay hamlah bund kirr diyaa. iss kay baad kay nataij. hamlay kii madat kay doraan itehadiyon kuu taqriba 50,000 jangi halakaton kaa saamna karnaa padaa jinn mein say ziyadah tarr sarbiyayi thay. iss kay alawah taqriba 80,000 itehadi foji halaak how gayey yaa bemari aur bemari kii wajah say inhein nikalna padaa. iss say halakaton kii kill taadad 130,000 takk pahunch gayee yaa theater mein mojud tamaam daston kaa eek tahayi. muhaz kuu bhaari qeemat parr sarf 50 chlometer takk muntaqil kiyaa gayaa aur aakhir mein hamlah romaniah kii shakast yaa balghariya kuu jung say baahir honay say nahein rook sakaa. balghari aur german halakaton kii kill taadad taqriba 61,000 thee aur agarcha monaster kuu turk karnaa padaa leakin shamaal mein chand chlometer kay fasilay parr nayee positionon nay dafaa kay liye behtareen halaat farahim kiyay jiss say shehar parr balghari toop khaaney kay taslat kii yaqeen dehani karayee gayee. yahaan kii lakeer mesidonia mein jung kay ikhtatam takk barqarar rahee jabb dobro poul parr paishraft kii wajah say iss parr qaabiz afwaj kuu peeche hatna padaa. tahim iss hamlay nay kachh atminan bhee farahim kiyaa keunkah sarbiyayi foji apnay milk kii sarhad parr waps aaney mein kamiyab how gayey. balghari aur german bhee yaksaan toor parr intent kii aalee taadad kay khalaaf apnee mazahimat say mutmain thay. general nakola zeekof nay daryaae charna kii jung kuu balghariyayi dafaa kii isteqamat kay lahaaz say "afsanvi" qaraar diyaa-"halakaton kii parwah kiye baghair munaqid kiyaa gayaa."

0000379f92e38c8a5bdf2c404d5d52da8b87e0615f9266baf495952adb4d6b87

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=69740807

Janet Adam

Janet Adam Scottish potter and sculptor (1940–2021) Janet Adam (14 January 1940 – 1 September 2021) was a Scottish potter and sculptor. She was a founding member of the Scottish Potters Association and active in it for 47 years. Biography. Adam was born in Edinburgh on 14th January 1940, to Barbara Eunice Marindin and Captain Charles Adam, as one of four siblings. Adam attended West Heath Girls' School. After working as a secretary, she learned pottery on the Isle of Mull in the late 1960s. She moved to Edinburgh in the 1970s and was instructed in pottery through independent learning and a part-time course at Edinburgh College of Art. Adam first founded the Cannonmills Pottery in the 1970s on Warriston Road in Edinburgh. In 1983 the workshop moved to Henderson Row where it was named Adams Pottery. It served her and five other potters as a studio and workshop space. Adam's work was primarily based around making functional individual pieces of pottery. She was a founding member of the Scottish Potters Association and contributed to it for 47 years.

jenet edaam jenet edaam (14 january 1940-1 septembor 2021) ejon scotlandor kumbhokar aaru bhaskorjoxilpi aasil. teu scots kumbhokar xongsthar protisthapok xodosyo aasil aaru 47 bosor dhori iyat xokriyo aasil. jiwani. 1940 sonor 14 januaryt edinbergot barbara unice marindine aaru captain charls edamor ghorot sarijon bhatri-bhognir bhitorot ejon hisape edamor jonmo hoisil. aadame west heath suwalir bidyaloyot porhisil. xosibo hisape kaam korar pisot, teu 1960-ror doxokor xexor faale mull aailot mritxilpo xikichil. 1970-ror doxokot teu edinbergoloi yaay aaru edinberg kolej owo artot swadhin xikhya aaru ek ongxokalin pathyokromor joriyote mritxilpor xikhya laabh kore. edame prothombaror baabe 1970-ror doxokot edinbergor warriston pothot kamanmilor mritxilpo protistha korisil. 1983 sonot kormoxalatu handerson ror 'loi sthanantorito koraa hoisil zo' too iyak edamor mritxilpo buli naamkoron koraa hoisil. ee teuk aaru aan pasjon kumbhokarok studio 'aaru kormoxalar sthan hisape xewa aagborhaisil. aadomor kaam mulotoh karjyokori prithok prithok mritxilpor tukura toiyar korar uporot aadharito aasil. teu scots kumbhokar xongsthar protisthapok xodosyo aasil aaru 47 bosor dhori iyat orihona aagborhaisil.

gennet adam janette adam (14 januari 1940-1 septembara 2021) chhilen ekjon scottish kumbhakar ebong bhaskar. tini scottish kumbhakar samitir protisthata sadasya chhilen ebong 47 bochor dhorey etey sakriya chhilen. jeeboni. adam 1940 saaler 14ee januari edinberge barbara unis merindine ebong captain charles adamer chaar viboner modhye ekjon hisebe jonmogrohon corren. adam oyesta heath garles schoole padashona corren. sachib hisabe kaaj korar porr, tini 1960-err doshoker shesher dike aail off mull-ayee mritshilpo shikhechilen. tini 1970-err doshke edinberge choley zaan ebong edinberg college off arte swadhin shikkha ebong ekti khandakalin courser madhyome mritshilper shikkha laav corren. adam prothom 1970-err doshke edinberger oyaristana roade kamanmil mritshilpo protistha corren. 1983 saale kormoshalati henderson sarite sthanantorito hoy jekhane etir naam deoa hoy adams mritshilpo. etty taake ebong arow panchjon kumbhokarke studio ebong kormoshalar sthan hisabe kaaj korechilo. adomer kaaj mulat karjokori prithak mritshilpo toirir upor vitti korey chhilo. tini scottish kumbhakar samitir protisthata sadasya chhilen ebong 47 bochor dhorey etey abodan rekhechilen.

genet aadam genet aadam (14 january 1940-1 september 2021) aek skotisha kumbhaar aneey shilpkar hataa. teo skotisha potter association sthaapak sabhy hataa aneey 47 varsh sudhee temaa sakreey rahyaa hataa. jivancharitra. aedamno janm 14mee january, 1940naa roj edinberghma barbara unis marindine aneey capton charles aedamnaa ghare chaar bhaai-bahenomathi aek tareeke thayo hato. adame vesta heath gearls schoolma abhyaas karyo hato. sacheev tareeke kaama karyaa pachhi, temane 1960naa daykana antamaa moll taapu parr matikam sheekhya hataa. teo 1970naa daykama edinberg gayaa aneey temne swatantra shikshan aneey edinberg college off artmaan paart-time abhyaskram dwara matikamni taaleem aapvama aavee hatee. aedame saupratham 1970naa daykama edinberghma warriston rooad parr topnee meelo matikamni sthaapnaa curry hatee. 1983maan aaa workshop handerson harolmaan khasedvama aavee hatee jyaan tene addams pottery naam aapvama aavyu hatoo. teey tenee aneey anya paanch kumbhaarone studiyo aneey workshop jagya tareeke sevaa aaptu hatoo. aadamnu kaama mukhyatve matikamna kaaryatmak vyaktigat tukadao banaavvaani aaspaas aadharit hatoo. teo skotisha potter association sthaapak sabhy hataa aneey 47 varsh sudhee temaa yogdaan aapyu hatoo.

genet aadam genet aadam (14 janwari 1940-1 sitambar 2021) ack scotish kumhar aur moortikaar they. vaha scotish potters association kii sansthaapak sadasya theen aur 47 varshon taka isamen sakriya raheen. jeevani. addam kaa janm 14 janwari 1940 koo edinberg mein barbara unice marindine aur kaptan charles addam key ghar chaar bhaai-bahanon mein seey ack key roop mein huaa thaa. aadam ney west heath girls school mein padhaai kii. sachiv key roop mein kaam karane key baad, unhone 1960 key dashak key anta mein mull dweep parr mitty key bartan seekh liye. vaha 1970 key dashak mein edinberg chully gaeen aur unhein swatantra shiksha aur edinberg college off art mein anshakaalik pathyakram key madhyam seey mitty key bartanon mein nirdesh diyaa gayaa. addam ney pahali baar 1970 key dashak mein edinberg mein warriston road parr topon key mitty key bartanon kii sthaapana kii. 1983 mein karyashala koo henderson pankti mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa jahan iska naam addam pottery rakhaa gayaa. yeh unhein aur paanch anya kumharon koo ack studio aur karyashala sthaan key roop mein seva pradaan kartaa thaa. aadam kaa kaam mukhya roop seey mitty key bartanon key karyatmak vyaktigat tukadon koo banaane parr adharit thaa. vaha scotish potters association kii sansthaapak sadasya theen aur unhone 47 varshon taka isamen yogdan diyaa.

johnet aadam johnet aadam (14 janavari 1940-1 september 2021) scottish kumbara mattu shilpiyagiddaru. aake scottish kumbarara sanghada sthapaka sadasyaraagiddaru mattu 47 varshagala kaala adaralli sakriyaraagiddaru. jivanacharitre. aadam avaru 1940rahra janavari 14randu edinburghnalli barbara unis marindine mattu capton charles aadam avarige naalku odahuttidavaralli obbaraagi janisidaru. aadam west heath balakiyara shaleyalli vyasanga maadidaru. karyadarshiyagi kelasa maadida nantara, avaru 1960 rahra dashakada koneyalli mull dweepadalli kumbarike kalitiddaru. avaru 1970rahra dasakadalli edinbergge teralidaru mattu swatantra kalikeya moolaka kumbarike mattu edinberg college off artnalli arekaalika course moolaka kalisidaru. aadam modala baarige 1970rahra dasakadalli edinbargnalliruva warriston rasteyalli firangi giranigala kumbaarikegalannu sthaapisidaru. 1983ralli kaaryaagaaravu henderson saalige sthalaantaragonditu, allie adakke audums kumbarike endu hesarisalaayitu. idu aakege mattu itara aidu kumbararige studio mattu kaaryaagaarada sthalavagi seve sallisitu. aadam avara kelasavu prathamikavagi karyasadhyavada pratyeka kumbaarikegala tayaarikeyannu aadharisittu. avaru scottish kumbarara sanghada sthapaka sadasyaraagiddaru mattu 47 varshagala kaala adakke koduge niididaru.

jaanett aadam oru scotish kummavum shilpiyumaayirunnu jaanett aadam (14 januvari 1940-1 septambar 2021). scotish pottezhs associationte sthaapaka amgamaayirunna avar 47 varshatholam athil sajeevamaayirunnu. jeevacharitram. 1940 januvari 14 nuu edinbergil barbera unis marindine, kyapttan chaals aadam ennivarude makanayi naalu sahodarangalil oralaayi aadam janichu. vestt heath gales skoolilaanu aadam padichathu. sekrattariyaayi jolie cheytha sesham sesham avasaanathil avar mull dveepil manpathrangal padichu. 1970-kalil edinbergilekku thamasam marria avar swatantra padanathiloodeyum eddinberg koleju oof artle oru part time kozhsiloodeyum manpathrangalil padippikkappettu. padippikkappettu edinburghile vaaristtan roadle aanu aadam aadyamaayi peeranki millukal sthaapichathu. 1983ll workshop hendezhson variyilekku maatti, avide athinu adams manpathrangal ennu perittu. avarkkum mattu anchu kushavanmarkkum oru studiyo, workshop sthalamaayi ithu upayogichu. aadaminte pravartthanangal praadhamikamaayi pravarthanakshamamaaya vyakthigatha manpathrangal nirmmikkunnathine adisthaanamaakkiyullathaayinu. scotish pottezhs associationte sthaapaka amgamaayirunna avar 47 varshatholam athil sambhavana nalki.

genette aadam genette aadam (14 janewari 1940-1 september 2021) haah eka scottish kumbhar aanee shilpkar hota. tyaa scottish kumbhar sanghatanechya sansthapak sadasya hotya aanee 47 varshe tyat sakriy hotya. charitra. edamcha janm 14 janewari 1940 roji edinberg yethe barbara unis marindine aanee capton charles edam yanchya potee chaar bhavandanpaiki eka mhanoon jhaala. aadamane west heath mulinchya shalet shikshan ghetale. sachiv mhanoon kaam kelyanantar, 1960 chya dashakachya uttaradhat tine moll betavar matichi bhandi shikali. 1970 chya dashakat tee edinbergla gelee aanee teela swatantra shikshan aanee edinberg qalaa mahavidhyalayat ardhvel abhyaskramachya madhyamatoon matichya bhandyanche shikshan denyat aale. edam yanni 1970 chya dashakat edinbergmadhil warriston rodvar tofanchya matichya giranyanchi sthapana kelee. 1983 madhye karyashala henderson romadhye halavanyat aalee jithe tyala edams pottery asey naav denyat aale. yamule teela aanee itar paach kumbharanna studio aanee karyashalechi jaaga mhanoon seva midali. aadamche kaam pramukhyane matichya bhandyanche karyatmak vaiyaktik tukade tayar karnyavar aadharit hote. tyaa scottish kumbhar sanghatanechya sansthapak sadasya hotya aanee tyanni 47 varshe tyat yogdan dile.

genet adam genet adam (14 janawari 1940-1 september 2021) ek scottish kumhar rar murtikar thie. uni scottish kumhar sanghaki sansthapak sadasya thiin rar 47 warshasamma yasama sakriya thiin. jiwani. edamko janma 14 janawari 1940 maa edinbergma barbara unice marindine rar kaptan charles edamko gharma chaar bhaibahinimadhye ekko rupma bhaeko thiyo. adamle west heath gearls schoolma padheka thie. sachibko rupma kaam garepachhi, unle sann 1960 ko dashakko antyama ail aff mulma mrigaula sikeki thiin. uni sann 1970 ko dashakma edinberg gain rar swatantra sikai rar edinberg college aff artma anshakalik pathyakramko madhyambata matoka bhanda banaune kamma nirdeshan diin. adamle pahilo patak sann 1970 ko dashakma edinbergko warriston roadma topko bhanda nirman garne karkhanako sthapana gareka thie. sann 1983 maa karyashalalai henderson panktima sario jahaan yasalai edamko bhaandaako bhaando naam diieko thiyo. yasale unlai rar anya paanch kumharharulai studio rar karyashalako thaaunko rupma sewa diyo. adamko kaam mukhyataya kaam garne wyaktigat bhaando banaune kamma adharit thiyo. uni scottish kumhar sanghaki sansthapak sadasya thiin rar 47 warshasamma yasama yogdan garin.

janeth adam janette adam (14 januari 1940-1 september 2021) jane scottish kumbhir ebong shilpi thile. shay scottish kumbhar sanghara pratisthata sadasya thile ebong 47 barsha dhari ethire sakriya thile. jeebani. adam 14 januari 1940 ray edinbargare barbara unice marindine ebong captain charles aadamanka ghare chaari bhaivauneenka madhyaru jane bhabare janmagrahana karithile. adam westa heath balika bidyalajare adhyajana karithile. sachiba bhabe karjya kariba parey, shay 1960 dashkar shesh bhagare ile off mulare mrushilpa shikhuthile. shay 1970 dashakare edinabargaku chalijaithile ebong edinberg college off artre swadheena sikhya ebong eka part-time pathyakrama madhyamare mruva nirmanare talim paithile. adam prathame 1970 dashakare edinberger warriston roadre tope karkhana mrupatra pratistha karithile. 1983 masihare ehi karmasalaku henderson roku sthanantara karajaithila jeunthare ehara naama adams mrupatra rakhajaithila. ehaa tanku ebong anya pancha john kumbharanku eka studio ebong karmasala sthana bhabare seba pradan karithila . aadamnka karjya mukhyatah karjyakhyama byaktigata mrupatra tiari upare aadharita thila . shay scottish kumbhar sanghara pratisthata sadasya thile ebong 47 barsha dhari ethire yogdan karithile.

genette aadam genette aadam (14 janwari 1940-1 satambar 2021) ikk scottish ghumiaar atey murtikar see. uh scottish potters association dee sansthapak member see atey 47 saalan takk iss witch sargaram rahee. jeevani. aadam daa janam 14 janwari 1940 noon edinberg witch barbara unice marindine atey kaptan charles aadam dey gharr chaar bhainn-bharavan vicchon ikk vajon hoiaa see. aadam neey pachmi heath ladkiaan dey school witch padahi keeti. ikk sakattar vajon kamm curran toon baad, usne 1960 dey dahake dey akheer witch mall tapu utte mitty dey bartan sikkhe. uh 1970 dey dahake witch edinberg chalee gaee atey sutantar sikkhiaa atey edinberg kaalaj aaf aart witch ikk paart-time course raahin mitty dey bartanan witch sikkhiaa ditti gaee. aadam neey pahili vaar 1970 dey dahake witch edinberg witch warriston road utte tope millan dey mitty dey bartanan dee sathapana keeti see. 1983 witch workshop noon handerson roow witch tabdil qarr ditta giaa jitthe iss noon addams pottery naam ditta giaa. iss neey uss noon atey panj horr ghumiaaran noon ikk studio atey workshop sathaan vajon seva ditti. aadam daa kamm mukkh taur utte mitty dey bartanan dey karajsheel viaktigat tukde banaun dey duaale adharat see. uh scottish potters association dee sansthapak member see atey 47 saalan takk iss witch yogdan paaiaa.

jenet aadam janet aadam (14 janavaree 1940-1 september 2021) skaatish-deshasya kumbhakaarah shilpakaarah cha aasit. saa skaatish-kumhaar-sanghasya samsthaapak-sadasyaa aasit, 47 varshaani yaavat tasmin sakriyaa cha aasit. jeevanacharitram. edam ityasya janma 1940 janavaree 14 dinaanke edinberg-nagare barbera-unis-marindin-ityasya, capton charles-aadam-ityasya cha krute, chaturshu bhraatrubhihi madhye anyatamah abhavat. aadam-varyaha vest heet-balika-vidyaalaye abhyanayt. sachivaroopena karyam krutvaa saa 1960 tamasya dashakasy ante mull-dweepe mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya - saa 1970 tame dashake edinberg-nagaram gatavatee, api cha swatantrashikshaayaah madhyamena, edinberg-kalaa-mahaavidyaalaye amshakaalika-paathyakramasy cha madhyamena mrunmaya-nirmanasya shikshaam praapnot. aadam ityayam prathamavaaram 1970 tame dashake edinberg-nagarasya warriston-maarge topa-yantranam mrunmaya-upakaranani asthaapayat. 1983 tame varshe karyashalam henderson-row-ityatra sthanantaritam, yatra tasya naam aadams-mrunmaya-paatram iti abhavat. tatt tasyaah, anyeshaam pancha kumbhakaranam cha krute studio-karyashalayaha cha sthanarupena sevaam akarot. aadam ityasya kaaryam mukhyataya karyatmakanam vyaktigataanaam mrunmayaanaam nirmanasya upari aadhaaritam aasit. saa skaatish-kumhaar-sanghasya samsthaapak-sadasyaa aasit, 47 varshaani yaavat tasmin yogadam cha dattavatee.

johnet aadam johnet aadam (14 janavari 1940-1 septumber 2021) oru skaatlaanthu manpaandak kalaignar mattrum sirpi aavaar. avar scottish kuyavan sangaththin niruvana uruppinaraaga irunthaar mattrum 47 aandugalaaka athil theeviramaaga irunthaar. vaazhkkai varalaaru. aathaam 1940 janavari 14 andru edinbarkkil barbara unis marindin mattrum capton charles aadam aakiyoarukku naanku udanpirappugalil oruvaraagap piranthaar. aadam maerku heeth penkal pallyil payintraar. seyalaalaraaga paniyaattriya piragu, 1960 kalin pirpaguthiyil muul theevil matpaandangkalaik karrukkondaar. 1970 kazhil edinparkkirku kudipeyarntha avar, suyaatheena karral mattrum edinburgh kalaik kallooriyil pakuthi naera padippu moolam matpaandangkalil payittruvikkappattaar. aathaam muthanmuthalil 1970 kazhil edinbarkkil ulla warriston saalaiyil beerangi aalaikalai matpaandangkalai niruvinaar. 1983 aam aandil inththa pattarai henderson varisaikku maattrappattathu, angku adharku audums matpaandangkal endru peyaridappattathu. idhu avarukkum mattra ainthu manpaandath thozhilaazhargalukkum oru studio mattrum panimanai idamaaga saevai seithathu. adhamin panii muthanmaiyaaga seyalpaattu thanipatta matpaandangkalai thayaarippathai adippadaiyaagak kondadhu. avar scottish kuyavan sangaththin niruvana uruppinaraaga irunthaar, maelum 47 aandugalaaka adharku bangaliththaar.

johnet aadam johnet aadam (14 janavari 1940-1 september 2021) oka scottish kummarivadu mariyu shilpi. aame scottish kummarula sanghamlo vyavasthaapaka sabhyuraligaa 47 samvatsaraalu churukuga unnaaru. jeevita charitra. aadam 1940 janavari 14naa edinberglo barbara unis marindine mariyu kepten charless aadam dampatulaku naluguru thobuttuvulalo okarigaa janminchaaru. aadam west heath baalikala paatasaalalo chadivaadu. kaaryadarsigaa panichesina taruvaata, aame 1960la chivaralo mull dveepamlo kundalanu neerchukundi. aame 1970laloe edinbergku velli, swatantra abhyasam dwara kundalalo bodhana pondhi, edinberg college off artlo paart time course chesindi. aadam mottamodata 1970laloe edinbergloni warriston roodduloo phirangi millula kundalanu sthaapinchaaru. 1983loe eee workshop henderson varusaku maarchabadindi, akkada dheeniki audums kundalu anie paeru pettaru. idhi aameku mariyu maroe aiduguru kummarulaku studio mariyu workshop sthalamgaa upayogapadindi. aadam yokka pani pradhanamgaa kriyaatmakamaina vyaktigata kundala tayaareepai aadharapadi undedi. aame scottish kummarula sanghamlo vyavasthaapaka sabhyuraligaa 47 samvatsaraalu daaniki sahakarinchaaru.

jineet aadam genate aadam (14 januri 1940-1 satambar 2021) eek scotsh kumhaar aur mujasmah saaz thay. wah scotsh potters aisosi aishan kii baanee rakan thein aur 47 saal takk iss mein srgarm rahein. sawanah umri. addam 14 januri 1940 kuu edinberg mein barbra younis marendan aur kaptaan charlis addam kay haan chaar behan bhayiyon mein say eek kay toor parr paida hoay. aadam nay vest haith garlaz school mein taleem haasil kii. secertry kay toor parr kaam karnay kay baad inhon nay 1960 kii dahayi kay aakhir mein jazeeray moul parr mutty kay bartan seekhay. wah 1970 kii dahayi mein edinberg chalee gayein aur inhein aazadana taleem aur edinberg college aaf aart mein jazz waqti kors kay zariye mutty kay bartanon kii taleem dee gayee. addam nay sabb say pehley 1970 kii dahayi mein edinberg mein warsten road parr toop khaanon kay mutty kay bartanon kii bunyaad rakhee. 1983 mein workshop handerson qataar mein muntaqil how gayee jehaan asay addam kay mutty kay bartan kaa naam diyaa gayaa. iss nay asay aur paanch deegar kumharon kuu studio aur workshop kii jagah kay toor parr khidmaat farahim kein. aadam kaa kaam bunyadi toor parr mutty kay bartanon kay faal infiradi takday bananay parr mubni thaa. wah scotsh potters aisosi aishan kii baanee rakan thein aur inhon nay 47 saal takk iss mein hasah daala.

00003be7df4d484df070738312fa9f69ca3816576a760cc4df6bf5f3209f4748

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=71423001

Billy Harris (tennis)

Billy Harris (tennis) British tennis player Billy Harris (born 25 January 1995) is a British tennis player. Harris has a career high ATP singles ranking of No. 200 achieved on 20 December 2023. He also has a career high doubles ranking of No. 274 achieved on 10 April 2023. Harris has won one ATP Challenger doubles title at the 2022 Winnipeg National Bank Challenger with Kelsey Stevenson. Career. He reached his first singles Challenger final at the inaugural edition of the 2023 Challenger Club Els Gorchs in Las Franquesas del Valles, Spain as a qualifier where he lost to second seed Hugo Grenier. He made his ATP debut at the 2023 Sofia Open where as a qualifier he reached the main draw and defeated defending champion Marc-Andrea Huesler in the first round. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

billy heris (tenis) billy heris (jonmo 25 january 1995) ejon britis tenis kheluwoi. herisor karrier uscho e. ti. pi. ekok ranking nong. 2022 sonor 3 octoborot 290 nombor laabh korisil. logote teur karrier uscho doubles ranking nong. 2023 sonor 17 aprilot 274 nombor laabh korisil. herise kelsi stevensonor xoite 2022 sonor winnipig nesnel benk celengerot etaa atp celenger doubles khitap laabh korise. spainor laas frankuwes dell valesot 2023 sonor celenger club els gorsosor udwudhoni xongoskoronot teu teur prothom ekok proityahbanor finalot uponeet hoisil zo 'too teu jugyota orjonkari hisape dwitiyo basair hiugu granieror haatot porasto hoisil.

billy harris (tennis) billy harris (jonmo 25 januari 1995) ekjon british tennis kheload. carriere shirshosthaniyo ayee. tii. pii ekok rankingye harriser sthan nong. 2022 saaler 3raa octobor 290 raan corren. taanr carrier sheersho double rankingo royeche nong. 2023 saaler 17ee april 274 orjon koraa hoy. harris kelsey stevensoner saathe 2022 saaler winnipeg national bank chyalenjare ekti atp challenger doubles shiropa jitechen. tini spener laas francasus dell valsey 2023 saaler challenger club ells gorcher udwodhoni sangaskarane jogyata arjankari hisabe taar prothom ekok challenger finale pouchechilen jekhane tini dwitiya bachhai hugo grenier kachhe herey zaan.

biilii harris (tennis) biilii harris (janm 25 january 1995) aek british tennis khelaadi chhe. harris kaarkirdimaa uchch atp singles ranking dharaave chhe. 3 october october roj 290 haansal karyaa. tenee kaarkirdimaa doublesma pann number vanani sarvoch ranking chhe. 17 april april roj 274 haansal karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. herrise calcy stevenson saathe 2022 winnipeg national benk challengermaa aek atp challenger doubles khitaab jeetyo chhe. teo spainnaa laas frankesas dail valesmaan 2023 challenger club aela gorchnee udghaatan aavruttima qualifier tareeke temnee pratham singles challenger finalmaan pahonchya hataa, jyaan teo beeja kramaankit hyugo grenair saame haaree gayaa hataa.

billy harris (tennis) billy harris (janm 25 janwari 1995) ack british tennis khilaadi hain. harris key paas currier kii uchch aeye. tii. pee. ekal ranking haye. 3 octuber 2022 koo 290 hassil kiya. unake currier kii sheersh yugal ranking bhee number ack haye. 17 aprail 2023 koo 274 hassil kiya gayaa. harris ney 2022 key winnipeg rashtriya baink challenger mein kelsey stevenson key saath ack aeye. tii. pee. challenger yugal khitaab jeetaa haye. vaha 2023 key challenger club allus gorch key udghaatan sanskaran mein laas frankesas dell wells, spen mein ack qualifier key roop mein apane pahale ekal challenger final mein pahunche, jahan way dusare vareeya hyugo grenaire seey haar gaye.

billi harris (tennis) billi harris (janana 25 janavari 1995) obba british tennis atagara. harris vrattijeevanada unnata aa. tii. pii singles shreyankavannu namm. 2022rahra october october 290neey sthaanavannu galisidaru. avaru vrattijeevanada unnata doubles shreyankavannu namm. 2023rahra april april 274 saadhisalaayitu. kelse stevenson avarondige 2022rahra winnipeg national bank challengernalli harris ondu atp challenger doubles prashastiyannu geddiddaare. spaine laas frankwesas dell valesnalli nadeda 2023rahra challenger club els gorchsna udghatana aavruttiyalli avaru tamma modala singles challenger final talupidaru, allie avaru arhata pandyaavaliyalli eradane shreyankada hugo grenier viruddha sotaru.

billie harris (tennies) oru britiish tennies kalikkaranaanu billie harris (jananam 25 januvari 1995). kariyarile uyarnna eiii. tii. pii singles rankingle harris onnaam sthaanathaanu. 2022 october 3nuu 290 runs nedi. kariyarile ettavum uyarnna doubles ranking addehathinundu. 2023 epril 17nuu 274 nedi. kelsey steevansaninoppam 2022 leeii winnipeg naashanal baank chalancharil harris oru eiii. tii. pii chalanchar doubles kireedam nediyittundu. speyinile laas francuses dell valesil nadanna 2023 leeii chalanchar club else gorchinte udghaadana pathippil yogyathaa malsarathile randaam seedaaya hugo granierode parajayappetta addeham thante aadya singles chalanchar finalil ethi.

billy harris (tennis) billy harris (janma 25 janawari 1995) ek britis tennis kheladi hun. harrisko currier uccha ae. tii. pie. ekal shreni nan. 3 october 2022 maa 290 hasil gare. unisanga kariyarko uccha doubles shreni pani chha. 274 ley 17 april 2023 maa hasil garyo. harrisle kelsey stivensionsanga 2022 winnippig national bank challengerma ek atp challenger doubles upadhi jiteka chhan. uni spainko lass frankesas dayle bhalesma 2023 challenger club els gorchako udghatan sanskaranma afno pahilo ekal challenger finalma puge jahaan uni dosro wariyata prapta hyugo greneyarsanga haare.

billy harris (tennis) billy harris (janma 25 januari 1995) jane british tennis khelali. harris carriara uccha atp singalsa rankingare nong. 3 october 2022 ray 290 hassel karithile. tankara carriara uccha doubles rankinga madhya nong. 2023 masiha april 17 tarikhare 274 hassel karajaithila. 2022 winnipig national byanka chyalenjarare kelsey stivensanka saha mishi harris gotie atp challenger doubles title jitichanti. spainer lasses frankesasa dayle bhalesare 2023 challenger club els gorchsara udaghatani sanskaranare shay tankara pratham ekaka challenger phainalare pahanchithile, jeunthare shay dwiteeja manyata prapta hugo grenejarankatharu harithile.

billie harris (tennis) billie harris (janam 25 janwari 1995) ikk british tennis khidari haii. harris daa crear ucch atp singles ranking number ikk haii. 3 aktubar 2022 noon 290 daa teecha haasal keeta. uss neey aapne crear dee ucch doubles ranking witch vee nann. 17 aprail 2023 noon 274 prapat keete gaye. harris neey calcy stevenson naal 2022 winnipeg national baink challenger witch ikk atp challenger doubles khitaab jittiaa haii. uh laas franks dell valace, spain witch 2023 dey challenger club ells gorch dey udghatni edition witch ikk qualifier vajon aapne pahile singles challenger final witch pahunche jitthe uh dooje darja prapat hugo granier toon haar gaye.

bilee harris (tennis) bilee harris (janma 25 janavaree 1995) ekaha british-tennis-kreedakah asti. harris ityasya vruttijeevanasya ucchah e. tea. pee. singles-shrenee nam asti. 2022 october 3 dinaanke 290 saadhitam. tasya vruttijeevanasya uccha-yugal-shrenee api nam asti. 2023 april 17 dinaanke 274 saadhitam. harris ityeshah 2022 tame varshe winnipeg-rashtriya-byaank-chyaalenjar ityasmin kelsey stevenson ityanena saha ekam e. tii. pi. chyaalenjar-doubles iti upaadhim praapnot. spen-deshasya laas frankesus-dell-wallace-nagare 2023 tame varshe chaalanchar-club els-gorchs ityasya udghaatanee-samskarane, yogyata-rupena saha swasya prathama-singles-chaalanchar-antimam sthaanam praapnot, yatra saha dwiteeya-shreniyuktena hyoogo-grenier ityanena parajitah.

billie haaris (dennis) billie haaris (prappu janavari 25,1995) oru british dennis veerar aavaar. haaris thanathu thozhil vaazhkkaiyil uyar aedipi ottraiyar tharavarisaiyil nambar onn idaththaip pidiththullaar. october 3,2022 andru 290 saathanaigalai avar nigazhththinaar. maelum avar thanathu irattaiyar tharavarisaiyil muthalidaththil ullaar. 274 aepral 17,2023 andru adaiyappattathu. 2022 winnibeck thaesiya vangki savaalil kelsey stevensonudon inainthu haaris oru aedipi sawal irattaiyar pattatthai ventrullaar. spainin losses francusas dell vallsil nadantha 2023 sawal kilap else courchin thodakka pathippil avar thanathu muthal ottraiyar sawal iruthip poattiyai adainthaar, angku avar irandaavathu nilai hugo greniyaridam thoalviyadainthaar.

billie haaris (tennis) billie haaris (jananam 25 janavari 1995) oka british tennis kreedaakaarini. haaris kereer loe atyadhika eah. tii. pii singles ranking loe nem. 2022 aktobaru 3naa 290 parugulu saadhinchaadu. athanu kereerlo atyadhika doubles rankinglo nem. 2023 april 17naa 274 saadhinchaaru. kelsey stevensontho kalisi 2022 winnipeg national byaank chaalenjarlo haaris oka etipi challenger doubles titlenu geluchukunnadu. athanu speyinlooni laas frankwesas dell valeslo 2023 challenger club els gorchs prarambha editionloo thana modati singles challenger finalku cherukunnadu, akkada athanu qualifierga rendava seed hugo grenier chetilo odipoyaadu.

bully hairs (tense) bully hairs (paidaish 25 januri 1995) eek bartanvi tense khilaadi hay. hairs kay carrier kii aalee aey tye pee singles renking number parr hay. 3 aktobar 2022 kuu 290 haasil kiyaa. iss kay carrier kii aalee doubles renking bhee number 1 hay. 17 apreel 2023 kuu 274 haasil kiyaa gayaa. hairs nay calcy stevenson kay saath 2022 kay veneepeg national benak challenger mein eek aey tye pee challenger doubles tytle jeeta hay. wah laas frankesis dail wells speen mein 2023 kay challenger kalb ails gorch kay iftatahi edition mein apnay pehley singles challenger final mein pahunch gayey jehaan wah qualifier kay toor parr dosray darjay kay heogo grenier say haar gayey.

00003c06083deca842d9e595a8da46face20ebfbe28db20bc10f4c1d2b523653

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56716185

Sonia Bunting

Sonia Bunting Sonia Bunting, OLS (9 December 1922 – 24 March 2001) was a South African journalist, and a political and anti-apartheid activist. After being charged with treason and imprisoned, being detained a second time, and barred from publishing, she and her husband went into exile in London, where she joined the Anti-Apartheid Movement (AAM) and organised the World Campaign for the Release of South African Political Prisoners. When the African National Congress (ANC) ban was lifted in 1991, she returned to South Africa where she was involved in political activism until her death in 2001. She was posthumously honored by the government of South Africa with the Order of Luthuli in Silver in 2010. Early life. Sonia Beryl Isaacman was born on 9 December 1922 in Johannesburg, South Africa to Dora and David Isaacman. Her parents were Jewish exiles, who had fled from Eastern Europe to escape anti-Semitic pogroms. After her matriculation from her secondary education, Isaacman enrolled at the University of the Witwatersrand to pursue medical studies. In 1942, while studying at university, she joined the Communist Party of South Africa (CPSA), the only multiracial political party in the country at that time. She began campaigning for universal suffrage and subsequently terminated her medical studies after completing one year of schooling. Career. Isaacman went to work in the offices of the SACP, where she met Brian Bunting, a young World War II veteran and fellow communist. In 1946, the couple married and they relocated to Cape Town, where their three children, Peter, Margaret and Stephen were born. Bunting continued working for the SACP there, and also began working at the Cape Town Peace Council as its secretary. When in 1950, Communism and the party were banned in South Africa, she began working at "The Guardian", a newspaper with communist ties. When it was banned and renamed "The Spark", and then subsequently banned and renamed "New Age", she continued working for the paper. Appointed as a member of the delegation led by Ahmed Kathrada to represent South Africa, at the 3rd World Festival of Youth and Students, she traveled to East Berlin in 1951. In 1953, the party reorganized under the name of the South African Communist Party (SACP), and Bunting was one of its founding members. In reaction to increased restrictive legislation passed by the pro-Apartheid government, she focused on political activity. As a white woman, she was in a unique position to speak out against racial oppression. She was invited as one of the platform speakers at the 1955 Congress of the People held in Kliptown, where the Freedom Charter was adopted. In 1956, Bunting, Kathrada, and 154 other activists were arrested and charged with high treason. The trial lasted until 29 March 1961, but Bunting was acquitted along with 91 others and returned to her home and children in October 1958. The year following her release, she was barred from attendance at meetings and forced to withdraw from twenty-six organizations with which she was affiliated. In March 1960 when the Sharpeville massacre occurred, Bunting was arrested again and held in the Pretoria Central Prison for more than three months. "New Age" was banned and closed in 1962, and all the journalists working there, which included Bunting, her husband, Ruth First and Govan Mbeki among others, were barred from publishing. She and her husband were placed under 24-hour house arrest for a five year period, making political activity impossible. The situation led the Buntings into deciding to leave South Africa for London in 1963. The exit visas for their exile stated that they could never return to South Africa. Upon arrival in London, Bunting joined the Anti-Apartheid Movement (AAM) and continued her political work with the SACP. When Nelson Mandela was arrested, the World Campaign for the Release of South African Political Prisoners was established with Bunting as its organizer. She mobilized efforts to place economic sanctions on South Africa and isolate the country from the world economy, as well as headed up the efforts to publicize the situation in South Africa and the plight of Mandela and other political prisoners. She has been widely credited and is most remembered for her role in organizing the campaign to save Mandela from the gallows when the Rivonia Trial took place. When the trial ended and the defendants were sentenced to prison, she continued to work for their release, through the only "operating office of the SACP in the world", which was headquartered at 39 Goodge Street, London. Simultaneously, in 1968, she began coordinating the publishing efforts of the "African Communist", the quarterly journal of the SACP, while working full time at the "Inkululeko Publications". For almost two decades, she engaged in all of these activities as well as speaking engagements aimed at a free South Africa and a world which recognized the human rights of people throughout the world. In 1991, after twenty-eight years in exile, the couple returned to Cape Town, when the bans against the SACP and the African National Congress (ANC) were lifted. Bunting served for the ANC in the campaigns of the 1994 and 1999 elections and was one of the founders of the Cape Town Friends of Cuba, continuing her political activities until her death. Death and legacy. Bunting died on 24 March 2001 in Cape Town. In 2010 she was honored by President Jacob Zuma with the Silver Order of Luthuli for her commitment to racial equality, human rights and nation-building efforts in South Africa. References. Citations. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> Bibliography. <templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />

suniya bunting suniya bunting, ulos (9 disembor 1922-24 march 2001) dokhyin africar egoraki xangbadik, aaru egoraki rajnoitik aaru bornoboixomyo birudhi kormi aasil. rastruhor obhijug aaru karagarot bondi huwar pisot, dwitiyobaror baabe aatok koraa aaru prokax korat baadha diyar pisot, teu aaru teur swami londonot nirbaxonoloi goisil, zo 'too teu bornoboixomyo birudhi andulonot (aam) jugdan korisil aaru muktir baabe biswo obhijanor aayujon korisil. 1991 sonot jetiya african nesnel congress (e. eno. chi.) ror nixedhagya uthai luwa hoisil, tetiya teu dokhyin africaloi ubhoti aahisil zo 'too teu 2001 sonot mrityu porjonto rajnoitik xokriyotat jorito aasil. 2010 sonot dokhyin africa sorkare teuk moronuttorbhabe rupali orderot luthulire xonmanito korisil. prarombhik jiwan. 1922 sonor 9 disemborot dokhyin africar juhanesbargot dura aaru david isakmenor ghorot suniya beryl isakmenor jonmo hoisil. tekhetor pitri-maatri ihudi nirbaxi aasil, jigorakiye ihudi bidruhi hotyakandor poraa haat xariboloi pubo europor poraa polayon korisil. madhyomik xikhyar poraa metrik degree laabh korar pisot, isakmene sikitsa odhyoyon koriboloi witwatersorend biswobidyaloyot naambhorti korisil. 1942 sonot biswobidyaloyot porhar xomoyot teu xei xomoyot dexkhonor ekmatro bohujatik rajnoitik doll communist party owo sauth africat (chi. pi. ess. e) jugdan korisil. teu xarbojonin bhutadhikaror baabe prosar aarombho korisil aaru poroborti xomoyot ebosoror schoolia xikhya xompurno korar pisot teur sikitsa odhyoyon xomapto korisil. keriyar. aaisekmene sekor karzaloyot kaam koriboloi goisil, zo 'too teu dwitiyo biswojudhor probin juwok aaru xotirtho communist briyan buntink log paisil. 1946 sonot dompotihale bibahpaxot aabodho hoy aaru kep townoloi sthanantorito hoy, zo 'too teulukor tinijon xontan, pitter, margaret aaru stephenor jonmo hoy. buntingye taat sekor baabe kaam kori thakil, aaru kep taaun xanti porixodotu iyar xosibo hisape kaam koriboloi aarombho korisil. 1950 sonot jetiya dokhyin africat xamyobad aaru doltu nixidho koraa hoisil, tetiya teu communist xomporko thoka ekhon baatori kakot "dyo guardian" too kaam koriboloi aarombho korisil. jetiya iyak nixidho koraa hoisil aaru "sporko" buli punor naamkoron koraa hoisil, aaru taar pisot nixidho koraa hoisil aaru "notun jug" buli punor naamkoron koraa hoisil, tetiya teu baatori kakotkhonor baabe kaam kori thakil. dokhyin africak protinidhitwo koriboloi aahmed kathradar netritwot protinidhi dolor xodosyo hisape nijukto hoi, juwo aaru saatro-satrixokolor tritiyo biswo utxowot, teu 1951 sonot pubo barlin bhromon korisil. 1953 sonot, doltu dokhyin african communist party (sekop) naamere punor xongothito hoisil, aaru bunting iyar onyotomo protisthapok xodosyo aasil. bornoboixomyoponthi sorkare grihit koraa bordhito nixedhagya aainor protikriyat teu rajnoitik karzokolapor uporot gurutwo aarup korisil. egoraki swetango mohila hisape, teu bornogoto nirzatonor biruddhe kotha patiboloi ek ononyo poristhitit aasil. 1955 sonot cliptownot onusthito jonoxadharonor congressot teuk ejon moncho bokta hisape aamontron jonuwa hoisil, zo 'too swadhinota sonod grohon koraa hoisil. 1956 sonot, bunting, kathroda aaru 154 john aan kormik greptar koraa hoisil aaru uscho rastrodruhor obhijugot obhijukto koraa hoisil. bisarkhon 1961 sonor 29 marcholoike solisil, kintu aan 91 jonor xoite bunting-koo duxmukto koraa hoisil aaru 1958 sonor octoborot teur ghor aaru xontanoloi ubhoti aahisil. mukti puwar pisor bosorot, teuk xobhat uposthito thakiboloi baadha diya hoisil aaru teur xoite jorito sabbixta xongsthar poraa aatori jaboloi badhyo koraa hoisil. 1960 sonor march maahot jetiya swarpobhil gonohoitya xonghotit hoisil, tetiya bunting punor greptar koraa hoisil aaru tini mahotkoi odhik xomoy pritt "riya kendriyo karagarot rokha hoisil. "1962 sonot "notun jug" nixidho aaru bondho koraa hoisil, aaru taat kaam koraa xokolu xangbadik, jaar bhitorot aasil bunting, teur swami, ruth farst aaru guwan mobeki aadi, prokax korat baadha diya hoisil. teuk aaru teur swamik paas bosoror baabe 24 ghonta grihobondi kori rokha hoisil, jaar folot rajnoitik karzokolap oxombhob hoi porisil. ei poristhitiye 1963 sonot bondhokxokolok dokhyin africa eri londonoloi juwar xiddhanto lo "boloi badhyo korisil. teulukor nirbaxonor baabe prosthan bhisat kuwa hoisil je teuluke ketiyau dokhyin africaloi ghuri ahibo nuwaribo. londonot uposthito huwar pisot, buntinge bornoboixomyo birudhi andulonot (aam) jugdan korisil aaru sekor xoite teur rajnoitik kaam obyahot rakhisil. jetiya nelson mondelak greptar koraa hoisil, tetiya dokhyin africar rajnoitik bondixokolok mukoli korar baabe biswo obhijan protistha koraa hoisil aaru iyar aayujok hisape bunting koraa hoisil. teu dokhyin africar uporot orthonoitik nixedhagya aarup koraa aaru dexok biswo orthonitir poraa bischinno korar prochesta solaisil, logote dokhyin africar poristhiti aaru mondela aaru onyanyo rajnoitik bondir durdoxa prosaror prochestar netritwo disil. teuk byapokbhabe krititwo diya hoise aaru rivonia bisar onusthito huwar xomoyot mondelak fasir poraa rokhya korar obhijan xongothito korat teur bhumikar baabe ataitkoi besi smoroniyo. jetiya bisar xex hoisil aaru birudhixokolok karagaror xasti diya hoisil, tetiya teu londonor 39 goodz streetot mukhyo karzaloy thoka ekmatro "biswor sekor operating ofis" ror joriyote teulukor muktir baabe kaam kori thakil. eke xomoyote, 1968 sonot, teu "inkululeku prokaxonxomuhot" xompurno xomoy kaam kori thokar xomoyote "african communist", sekor troimaxik journalor prokaxor prochestar xomonwoy xadhon koriboloi aarombho korisil. pray dutaa doxok dhori, teu ei xokolubur karzokolapor logote ek mukto dokhyin africa aaru xomogro biswor manuhor manob odhikarok swikriti diya biswor lokhyore boktritar xoite jorito aasil. 1991 sonot, otthaix bosor nirbaxonor pisot, dompotihal kep townoloi ubhoti aahisil, jetiya sekop aaru african nesnel congress (e. eno. chi.) ror biruddhe nixedhagya uthai luwa hoisil. 1994 aaru 1999 sonor nirbasonor obhijanot buntinge e. eno. chi.-ror baabe xewa aagborhaisil aaru mrityur aagoloike teur rajnoitik karzokolap obyahot raakhi cuber kep taaun bondhuxokolor onyotomo protisthapok aasil. mrityu aaru uttoradhikar. 2001 sonor 24 marchot kep townot buntingor mrityu hoy. 2010 sonot dokhyin africat jatigoto xomota, manob odhikar aaru rastro nirmanor prochestar proti teur protisrutir baabe rastropoti jacob jumai teuk rupali order owo luthulire xonmanito korisil.

sonia bunting sonia bunting, olls (9 december 1922-24 march 2001) chhilen ekjon dakkhin african sangbadik ebong ekjon rajnaitik oo bornobad birodhi karmi. rashtrodroher abhijoge abhijukto hoye kararuddho howar porr, dwitiyobar atok hoye ebong prokashona theke nishiddho howar porr, tini ebong taanr swami londone nirbasone zaan, jekhane tini bornobadbirodhi andolone (aam) jog deena ebong dakkhin africar rajnaitik bondider muktir jonno bishwa procharona sangathito corren. 1991 saale african national congresser (ayee. enn. shee) nishedhagga prottahar koraa holey tini dakkhin africa firey asen jekhane tini 2001 saale taanr mrityur agey porjonto rajnaitik sakriyatai jorito chhilen. 2010 saale dakkhin africa sarkar taanke maranottar roupyer luthuli diye sommanito korey. prathomik jeebon. sonia beryl isakman 1922 saaler 9ee december dakkhin africar johannesburge dora ebong david isakmyaner ghore jonmogrohon corren. taar baba-maa chhilen ihudi nirbasito, jaaraa ihudi-birodhi ganahatya theke banchte purbo europe theke paliye esechilen. madhyomik shikkha theke matriculation shesh korar porr, isakman chikitsa bishoye padashona korar jonno witwatersrand bishwobidyaloye bhorti hohn. 1942 saale bishwobidyaloye adhyayanrata abosthai tini seii somoyer desher ekmatro bohujatik rajnaitik doll communist party off south africa (cpsa) jog deena. tini sorbojonin bhotadhikarer jonno prochar shuru corren ebong porobortikale eka bochorer school shikkha shesh korar porr taanr chikitsa shikkha shesh corren. pesha. isakman syaker office kaaj korte giechilen, jekhane tini dwitiya bishwojuddher ekjon torun probin ebong sahakarmi communist bryan buntinger saathe dekha korechilen. 1946 saale, eyi dampati biye corren ebong taaraa cape taaune sthanantorito hohn, jekhane taader tinn santan, pitter, margareta ebong stephen jonmogrohon corren. bunting sekhane sackoper jonno kaaj chaliye zaan ebong cape town shanti porishode err sachib hisabe kaaj shuru corren. 1950 saale jokhon dakkhin africa communism ebong dolti nishiddho koraa hoy, tokhon tini communist somporkojukto ekti sangbadpatra "dya guardian"-ayee kaaj shuru corren. jokhon etty nishiddho koraa hoy ebong "spark" namkaran koraa hoy, ebong porey nishiddho koraa hoy ebong "notun jug" namkaran koraa hoy, tokhon tini kagojer jonno kaaj chaliye zaan. dakkhin africar protinidhitto korar jonno ahmed kathradar netritte protinidhidoler sadasya hisabe nijukto hoye, 1951 saale jubo oo shikkharthider tritiya bishwa utsabe, tini purbo barline bhromon corren. 1953 saale, dolti dakkhin african communist party (sack) naame punargathan korey ebong bunting err onnotomo protisthata sadasya chhilen. bornobadponthi sarkar kortrik grihito bordhito bidhinishedhmulok aainer protikriyay, tini rajnaitik karjokolaper dike mononibesh korechilen. ekjon shwetango mohila hisabe, tini jatigoto nipidaner biruddhe kotha bolar jonno ekti ananya abosthane chhilen. 1955 saale cliptowne onusthito jonogoner congresse taanke ekjon moncho bokta hisabe amantran janano hoyechilo, jekhane swadhinota sonod grihito hoyechilo. 1956 saale, bunting, katroda ebong 154 john anyanno karmike greptar koraa hoy ebong uchcho rashtrodroher abhijoge abhijukto koraa hoy. bicharti 1961 saaler 29shhey march porjonto sthayi hoy, kintu bantingke 91 john soho khalas deoa hoy ebong 1958 saaler octobore taar baadi oo santander kachhe firey aase. taar muktir porer bochor, taake sabhay uposthito thakte nishedh koraa hoy ebong chhabbishti sangostha theke sorey jete badhyo koraa hoy jaar saathe tini jukto chhilen. 1960 saaler march maase jokhon sharpville ganahatya ghote, tokhon bantke abar greptar koraa hoy ebong tinn masero beshi somoy dhorey pretoria kendriya karagare rakha hoy. "1962 saale "notun jug" nishiddho oo bondho korey deoa hoy ebong sekhane karmarata samasta sangbadik, jaar modhye chhilen bunting, taanr swami, rooth first ebong govyan mobeki, taader prokashona theke nishiddho koraa hoy. taake ebong taar swamike panch bochorer jonno 24 ghanta grihobondi korey rakha hoyechilo, jaar foley rajnaitik karjokolap asambhab hoye porechilo. poristhititi 1963 saale dakkhin africa chhede londoner uddeshye prosthaner siddhanta neyo. taader nirbasoner jonno prosthan visa bolechilo jey taaraa kokhonyi dakkhin africa firey aste parbe naa. londone pouchonor porr, bunting bornobad birodhi andolone (aam) jog deena ebong sackop niye taanr rajnaitik kaaj chaliye zaan. jokhon nelson mandelake greptar koraa hoy, tokhon dakkhin africar rajnaitik bondider muktir jonno bishwa procharona protisthito hoy ebong err sangathak hisebe bunting koraa hoy. tini dakkhin africar upor orthonoitik nishedhagga arop ebong bishwa arthaniti theke deshke bichchinno korar prochesta sangathito corren, pashapashi dakkhin africar poristhiti ebong mandela oo anyanno rajnaitik bondider durdoshar kotha procharer prochestake netritto deena. tini byapokbhabe krititto peyechen ebong rivonia bicharer somoy mondelake fansi theke banchanor abhijaner sangathito korar jonno taanr bhumikar jonno sabcheye beshi smaraniya hoye achhen. jokhon bitcher shesh hoy ebong asamider karadonde dandito koraa hoy, tokhon tini taader muktir jonno kaaj chaliye zaan, "bishwer ekmatro operating offices off dya sack"-err madhyome, jaar sodor daftar londoner 39 guz streete chhilo. ekoi sange, 1968 saale, tini "incululeco prokashonagulite" purnakalin kaaj korar somoy "african communist", syaper troimasik journaler prokashonar prochestar samanwaya shuru corren. pray dui doshok dhorey, tini eyi samasta karjokromer pashapashi ekti mukto dakkhin africa ebong emon ekti bishwer lakkhye boktrita deoar kaaje nijukto chhilen jaa saaraa bishwer manusher manobadhikarke swikriti deyo. 1991 saale, atchallish bochor nirbasoner porr, eyi dampati cape taaune firey asen, jokhon sack ebong african jatiya congresser (ayee. enn. shee) biruddhe nishedhagga prottahar koraa hoy. 1994 ebong 1999 saaler nirbachoner prochare bunting ayee. enn. shee-rawr hoye kaaj korechilen ebong cuber cape town bondhuder onnotomo protisthata chhilen, taanr mrityur agey porjonto taanr rajnaitik karjokrom abyahoto rekhechilen. mrityu oo uttoradhikar. bunting 2001 saaler 24shhey march cape taaune maaraa zaan. 2010 saale rashtrapati jacob juma dakkhin africa jatigoto somota, manobadhikar ebong jaati gathoner prochestar proti taanr protishrutir jonno taanke luthulir roupyo orderey sommanito corren.

soneeya bunting soneeya bunting, ols (9 december 1922-24 march 2001) dakshin africani patrakaar aneey raajkeey aneey rangbhed veerodhi kaarykar hatee. rajdrohno aarop aneey jailma dhakeli devaaya pachhi, beejee vakhat atkayatma leedha pachhi, aneey prakaashan parr pratibandh mookyaa pachhi, tenee aneey temnaa patee londonma deshnikaalmaa gayaa, jyaan teo rangbhed veerodhi chalval (aama) maan jodaya aneey dakshin africana raajkeey kedeeoni muktee maate vishva abhiyaannu aayojan karyoo. jyaare hataa african national congress (aee. aena. see.) noow pratibandh hatavvama aavyo, tyaare teo dakshin africa parat faryaa, jyaan teo teo temnaa mrutyu sudhee raajkeey sakriyatama saamel rahyaa. temne dakshin africani sarkaar dwara maranoparant hatoo silverma luthulinaa kramthee sanmanit karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. praarambhik jeevan. soneeya baryl isakmenno janm 9 december december roj dakshin africana johannesburgma doraa aneey david isakmenna ghare thayo hato. tenaa matapita yahudi deshnikaalnaa hataa, jeo yahudi veerodhi narsamhaarthi bachvaa maate purveey europemathi bhaagi gayaa hataa. tenaa maadhyameek shikshanmathi metrika thayaa pachhi, isakmene tabibi abhyaas karvaa maate university off dhaa witwatersrandma pravesh melvyo. melvyo, universityma abhyaas karatee vakhate, teo dakshin africana saamyavaadi paksh (see. pii. aesa. aee.) maan jodaya, jeey teey samaye deshnaa ekmatra bahujateey raajkeey paksh hataa. temane saarvtrik matadhikar maate zumbesh sharoo curry aneey tyarbad shaalaakiy shikshannu aek varsh purn karyaa pachhi temno tabibi abhyaas samaapt karyo. karkirdi. isakmen sepnee kachereeomaa kaama karvaa gayaa hataa, jyaan teo beeja vishvyudhnaa yuvan peedhh aneey saathee saamyavaadi bryan buntingne malyaa hataa. hataa, aaa dampatiae lagna karyaa aneey teo cape townma sthalaantarit thayaa, jyaan temnaa trana baadako, pieter, margareta aneey stephenno janm thayo. buntinge tyaan sekap maate kaama karvaanu chaalu raakhyu, aneey cape taaun shaanti parishadma tenaa sacheev tareeke pann kaama karvaanu sharoo karyoo. jyaare jyaare dakshin africama saamyvaad aneey paksh parr pratibandh mukvaamaa aavyo tyaare temane saamyavaadi sambandho dharaavtaa akhbaar 'dhaa guardian' maan kaama karvaanu sharoo karyoo hatoo. jyaare tenaa parr pratibandh mukvaamaa aavyo aneey tenu naam badaline "dhaa spark" rakhvama aavyu aneey tyarbad tenaa parr pratibandh mukvaamaa aavyo aneey tenu naam badaline "nyu aej" rakhvama aavyu, tyaare tene akhbaar maate kaama karvaanu chaalu raakhyu. dakshin africanu pratinidhitva karvaa maate ahmed katharadana netrutvamaa pratinidhimandalna sabhy tareeke nimanook pamela, yuvaa aneey vidhyarthiona trija vishva mahotsavma, temane temane purv barlinni yaatra curry. curry, pakshnu dakshin african saamyavaadi paksh (sekap) naa naam hethal punargathan thayu aneey bunting tenaa sthaapak sabhyomathi aek hataa. rangbhed tarafee sarkaar dwara pasaar karaayela vadhata pratibandhaatmak kayadana javabma, temane raajkeey pravrutee parr dhyaan kendrit karyoo. aek shvet maheela tareeke, teey vansheey daman saame bolvani ananya sthitima hatee. temne cliptownmaa yojaayeli yojaayeli lokonee kongresamaa munch vaktaomana aek tareeke aamantrit karvaamaa aavyaa hataa, jyaan svatantrataa sanad apnavvama aavee hatee. hatee bunting, kathrada aneey 154 anya karykartaoni dharapkad karvaamaa aavee hatee aneey temnaa parr rajdrohno aarop mukvaamaa aavyo hato. aaa cases 29 march 1961 sudhee chaalyo hato, parantu buntingne anya 91 loko saathe nirdosh jaaher karvaamaa aavyo hato aneey october october teneena ghare aneey baadako parat faryaa hataa. teneeni muktee pachhinaa varshe, teneene bethakomaa haajari aapvaa parr pratibandh mukvaamaa aavyo hato aneey chhavis sansthaomathi paachha farvani faraj puddy hatee, jenee saathe tenee sankalaayelee hatee. march march jyaare sharpville hatyakand thayo, tyaare buntingni fareethi dharapkad karvaamaa aavee hatee aneey trana maheenathi vadhu samay sudhee pretoria central jailma rakhvama aavee hatee. hatee 'navaa yug' parr pratibandh mukvaamaa aavyo hato aneey tene bundh curry devaamaa aavyo hato, aneey tyaan kaama kartaa tamaam patrakaaro, jemaa bunting, temnaa patee, rooth first aneey anya loko saheet, temnaa prakaashan parr pratibandh mukvaamaa aavyo hato. tenee aneey tenaa pateene paanch varshnaa samaygaalaa maate 24 kalaak najarked hethal rakhvama aavyaa hataa, jenaathi raajkeey pravrutee ashaky bunny gaee hatee. aaa paristhitine kaarane bantoae bantoae dakshin africa chhodine london javaano nirnay leedho hato. temnaa deshnikaal maate bahaar nikalvaanaa vizaamaa janavama aavyu hatoo keey teo kyaarey dakshin africa parat pharii shakshe nahee. london pahonchya pachhi, bunting rangbhed veerodhi chalval (aama) maan jodai aneey sekap saathe potaanu raajkeey kaary chaalu raakhyu. jyaare nelson mandelani dharapkad karvaamaa aavee tyaare dakshin africana raajkeey kedeeone mukt karvaa maatenu vishva abhiyaan tenaa aayojak tareeke bunting saathe sthaapit karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. temane dakshin africa parr aarthik pratibandho mukavaa aneey deshne vishva arthtantrathi alag padvana prayaaso haath dharya, temaj dakshin africani paristhiti aneey mandela aneey anya raajkeey kedeeoni durdashaane jaaher karvaanaa prayaasonu netrutva karyoo. teneene vyaapakpane shrey aapvama aave chhe aneey jyaare rivoniya trial thaee tyaare mandelaane faansithi bachavva maatena abheeyanna aayojanma teneeni bhoomika maate sauthee vadhu yaad karvaamaa aave chhe. jyaare sunavani puurii thaee aneey prativadione jailni sajaa fatkarvama aavee, tyaare temane temnee muktee maate kaama karvaanu chaalu raakhyu, "vishvamaa sepnee ekmatra operating offices" dwara, jenu mukhya mathak londonni 39 guj street khaate hatoo. saathe saathe, saathe, temane "incululeco prakashno" maan sampoorn samay kaama karatee vakhate "african saamyavaadi", sekapnaa trimasik journalna prakaashan prayaasonu sankalan karvaanu sharoo karyoo. lagbhag beey daaykaa sudhee, teo aaa tamaam pravruttiomaa temaj mukt dakshin africa aneey samagr vishvamaa lokonaa manvadhikarne maanyata aapnaar vishvane dhyanma rakheene bolvani pravruttiomaa rokaayela hataa. hataa, aththaavis varshnaa deshnikaal pachhi, aaa dampati cape taaun parat faryaa, jyaare sepa aneey african national congress (aee. aena. see.) saamena pratibandho hataavi levaamaa aavyaa hataa. buntinge 1994 aneey aneey chuntaniona abhiyaanomaa aee. aena. see. maate sevaa aapee hatee aneey teey cubana cape taaun meetrona sthapakomana aek hataa, jemane temnaa mrutyu sudhee temnee raajkeey pravruttio chaalu raakhi hatee. mrutyu aneey vaarso. buntingnu 24 march march roj cape townma avsaan thayu hatoo. hatoo rashtrapati jacob zuma dwara dakshin africama vansheey samaantaa, manvadhikar aneey raashtra nirmanna prayaaso pratyeni temnee pratibaddhtaa maate temne silver order off luthulithi sanmanit karvaamaa aavyaa hataa.

sonia bunting sonia bunting, ols (9 disambar 1922-24 march 2001) ack dakshin african patrakaar aur ack raajneetik aur rangbhed virodhi karyakarta theen. rajdroh key aarop mein kaid honey, doosari baar hirasat mein liye jaane aur prakaashan seey pratibandhit honey key baad, vaha aur unake pati landan mein nirvaasan mein chaley gaye, jahan way rangbhed virodhi andolan (aam) mein shamil hoe gaeen aur dakshin african raajneetik kaidiyon kii rihaai key liye vishva abhiyaan kaa ayojan kiya. jaba 1991 mein african rashtriya congress (aeye. aine. see.) pratibandh hataa liya gayaa, tou vaha dakshin africa laut aaeen, jahan way 2001 mein apani mrityu taka raajneetik sakriyata mein shamil raheen. unhein dakshin africa kii sarkaar dwara maranoparant 2010 mein rajat mein luthuli key crum seey sammaanit kiya gayaa thaa. praarambhik jeevan. sonia beryl isakman kaa janm 9 disambar 1922 koo dakshin africa key johannesburg mein dora aur david isakman key ghar huaa thaa. usake maataa-pitaa yahudi nirvaasit they, joe yahudi virodhi narsamhar seey bachane key liye purvi europe seey bhaag gaye they. apani maadhyamik shiksha seey matrick key baad, isakman ney chikitsa adhyayan karane key liye vishvavidyalaya off dha whitwatersand mein dakhila liya. 1942 mein, vishvavidyalaya mein adhyayan karate hue, vaha dakshin africa kii communist party (see. pee. aiss. aeye.) mein shamil hoe gaeen, joe usa samay desh kii ekmatra bahujaatiya raajneetik party thee. unhone saarvbhaumik matadhikar key liye abhiyaan shuru kiya aur baad mein ack saal kii schooly shiksha poori karane key baad apani chikitsa kii padhaai samaapt curr dee. carrier. isakman thaile key karyalayon mein kaam karane gaee, jahan unaki mulakat dwiteeya vishva yuddh key ack yuva anubhavi aur saathi communist bryan bunting seey hui. 1946 mein, dampati ney shaadi kii aur way cape town mein sthanantarit hoe gaye, jahan unake teen bachchon, peater, margaret aur stephen kaa janm huaa. bunting ney vahaan thaile key liye kaam karna jaari rakhaa, aur cape town shaanti parishad mein isake sachiv key roop mein bhee kaam karna shuru curr diyaa. jaba 1950 mein dakshin africa mein saamyvaad aur party parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa gayaa, tou unhone saamyavaadi sambandhon vaale ack samachar patra "dha guardian" mein kaam karna shuru curr diyaa. jaba ise pratibandhit curr diyaa gayaa aur iska naam badalkar "dha spark" curr diyaa gayaa, aur phir baad mein ise pratibandhit curr diyaa gayaa aur "nyu aij" kaa naam badal diyaa gayaa, tou unhone akhbar key liye kaam karna jaari rakhaa. dakshin africa kaa pratinidhitva karane key liye ahmed kathrada key netritva mein pratinidhimandal key sadasya key roop mein niyukt, yuvaaon aur chhatron key teesare vishva mahotsav mein, unhone 1951 mein purvi berlin kii yatra kii. 1953 mein, party kaa dakshin african communist party (sapp) key naam seey punargathan kiya gayaa, aur bunting isake sansthaapak sadasyon mein seey ack they. rangbhed samarthak sarkaar dwara paarit pratibandhaatmak kaanoon mein vriddhi kii pratikriya mein, unhone raajneetik gatividhi parr dhyaan kendrit kiya. ack shwet mahila key roop mein, vaha nasleeya utpeedan key khilaf bolane kii ack anoothi sthiti mein thee. unhein clipttown mein aayojit 1955 kii congress off dha peepal mein munch vaktaaon mein seey ack key roop mein aamantrit kiya gayaa thaa, jahaan swatantrata charter koo apanaaya gayaa thaa. 1956 mein bunting, kathrada aur 154 anya kaaryakartaon koo giraftar kiya gayaa aur una parr uchch rajdroh kaa aarop lagaaya gayaa. mukadama 29 march 1961 taka chalaa, lekin bunting koo 91 anya logon key saath burry curr diyaa gayaa aur octuber 1958 mein apane ghar aur bachchon koo laut aaya. unaki rihaai key baad key varsh mein, unhein baithakon mein upasthit honey seey roque diyaa gayaa aur una chhattis sangathanon seey peechhe hatane key liye majboor kiya gayaa jinase way sambaddh theen. march 1960 mein jaba sharpville narsamhar huaa, tou bunting koo phir seey giraftar curr liya gayaa aur teen maheene seey adhik samay taka pretoria kendriya jail mein rakhaa gayaa. "1962 mein "nae yug" parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa gayaa aur bund curr diyaa gayaa, aur vahaan kaam karane vaale sabhi patrakaron, jinamen bunting, unake pati, rooth first aur anya logon key saath-saath govan mabeki shamil they, koo prakaashit karane seey roque diyaa gayaa. unhein aur unake pati koo paanch saal kii avadhi key liye 24 ghante nazarband curr diyaa gayaa, jisase raajneetik gatividhi asambhav hoe gaee. iss sthiti key kaaran 1963 mein buntings ney dakshin africa chhodane kaa faisala kiya aur landan key liye ravaana honey key liye veeja mein kahaa gayaa kii way kabhi bhee dakshin africa naheen laut sakate. landan pahunchane parr, bunting rangbhed virodhi andolan (aam) mein shamil hoe gaeen aur sapp key saath apana raajneetik kaam jaari rakhaa. jaba nelson mandela koo giraftar kiya gayaa thaa, tou dakshin african raajneetik kaidiyon kii rihaai key liye vishva abhiyaan sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa, jisake aayojak key roop mein bunting kiya gayaa thaa. unhone dakshin africa parr aarthik pratibandh lagaane aur desh koo vishva arthavyavastha seey alag karane key prayason koo aage badhaaya, saath hii dakshin africa kii sthiti aur mandela aur anya raajneetik kaidiyon kii durdasha koo prachaarit karane key prayason kaa netritva kiya. unhein vyaapak roop seey shreya diyaa jaataa haye aur jaba rivonia mukadama huaa thaa tou mandela koo fansi seey bachaane key abhiyaan key ayojan mein unaki bhoomika key liye unhein sabse adhik yaad kiya jaataa haye. jaba mukadama samaapt huaa aur prativaadiyon koo jail kii sajaa sunai gaee, tou unhone "duniya mein sapp key ekmatra sanchaalan karyalaya" key madhyam seey unaki rihaai key liye kaam karna jaari rakhaa, jiska mukhyalaya 39 guj street, landan mein thaa. saath hii, 1968 mein, unhone "incululeco prakashanon" mein purnakaalik kaam karate hue "african communist", sapp kii traimasik patrika key prakaashan prayason kaa samanvaya karna shuru kiya. lagbhag dou dashakon taka, vaha inn sabhi gatividhiyon key saath-saath ack swatantra dakshin africa aur ack aisee duniya key uddeshya seey bolane mein luggy raheen jisane duniya bhar key logon key manvadhikaron koo maanyata dee. 1991 mein, atthais saal key nirvaasan key baad, dampati cape town laut aae, jaba sapp aur african rashtriya congress (aeye. aine. see.) key khilaf pratibandh hataa liya gayaa. bunting ney 1994 aur 1999 key chunaavon key abhiyaanon mein aeye. aine. see. key liye seva kii aur cuba key cape town doston key sansthapakon mein seey ack theen, jinhone apani mrityu taka apani raajneetik gatividhiyon koo jaari rakhaa. mrityu aur viraasat. bunting kii mrityu 24 march 2001 koo cape town mein hui. 2010 mein unhein dakshin africa mein nasleeya samaantaa, manvadhikaron aur rashtra nirmaan key prayason key prati unaki pratibaddhata key liye rashtrapati jacob juma dwara luthuli key rajat crum seey sammaanit kiya gayaa thaa.

sonia bunting sonia bunting, ols (9 december 1922-24 march 2001) daksina aafrikaada patrakarte mattu rajakiya mattu varnabheda neeti virodhi kaaryakarte. deshadrohada aaropada mele mattu jailinalli, eradane baarige bandhanakkolagaada nantara, mattu prakataneyinda nishedhisalpatta nantara, aake mattu aakeya pathi landannalli deshabhrashtaraadaru, allie avaru varnabheda neeti virodhi chalavaliyannu (aum) seridaru mattu daksina aafrikaada rajakiya kaidigala bidugadegaagi vishwa abhiyaanavannu ayojisidaru. 1991ralli african national congress (ency) nishedhavannu tegeduhaakidaaga, avaru daksina africakke maralidaru, allie avaru 2001ralli tamma maranadavaregu rajakiya kriyavadadalli todagisikondaru. 2010ralli daksina africa sarkaaravu avarannu maranottaravagi belli bannada luthulia aadeshadondige gouravisitu. arambhika jeevana. sonia beryl isakman avaru 1922rahra december 9randu daksina aafrikaada johannesburgnalli dora mattu david isakman dampatige janisidaru. aakeya poshakaru yahoodigala gadipaaraagiddaru, avaru yehoodi virodhi hatyakandagalinda tappisikollalu purva europininda palayana maadiddaru. tanna madhyamika shikshanadinda metriculation padeda nantara, isakman vaidyakeeya adhyayanavannu munduvarisalu whit watersrand vishvavidyaalayakke serikondaru. 1942ralli, vishvavidyaalayadalli oduttiddaaga, avaru aaa samayadalli deshada ekaika bahu janangiya rajakiya pakshavaada communist party off south africa (sii. pii. ess. aa) ge seridaru. aake saarvatrika matadaanada hakkugaagi prachaaravannu praarambhisidaru mattu taruvaaya ondu varshada shaala shikshanavannu poornagolisida nantara tamma vaidyakeeya adhyayanavannu konegolisidaru. vrattijeevana. isakman avaru sapna kacherigalalli kelasa maadalu hodaru, allie avaru eradane mahayuddhada anubhavi mattu saha communist yuva brian bunting avarannu bhetiyaadaru. 1946ralli, dampatigalu vivaahavaadaru mattu avaru cape townge sthalaantaragondaru, allie avara moovaru makkalaada peater, margarate mattu stephen janisidaru. bunting allie chilakkagi kelasa maaduvudannu munduvaresidaru, mattu cape town shanti mandaliyalli adara karyadarshiyagi kelasa maadalu praarambhisidaru. 1950ralli, daksina aafrikaadalli communism mattu pakshavannu nishedhisidaaga, avaru communist sambandhagalannu hondiruva "dhii guardian" patrikeyalli kelasa maadalu praarambhisidaru. idannu nishedhisi "spark" endu marunamakarana madidaga, tadanantara adannu nishedhisi "hosa yuga" endu marunamakarana madidaga, avaru patrikeyalli kelasa maaduvudannu munduvaresidaru. daksina africavannu pratinidhisalu ahmed katrada netrutvada niyogada sadasyaraagi nemakagonda avaru, yuvajanate mattu vidyarthigala 3neey vishwa utsavadalli, 1951ralli purva burlinge prayanisidaru. 1953ralli, pakshavu daksina aafrikaada communist party (sack) hesarinalli marusanghatisalpattitu mattu bunting adara sthapaka sadasyaralli obbaraagiddaru. varnabheda neetiya paravaada sarkaaravu angeekarisida nirbandhita shaasanada hecchalakke pratikriyeyagi, avaru rajakiya chatuvatikeya mele gamana kendrikarisidaru. obba biliya mahileyaagi, janangiya dabbaalikeya viruddha maatanaaduva vishishta sthitiyalliddaru. cliptownalli nadeda 1955rahra janara kangresnalli vedikeya bhashanakararalli obbaraagi avarannu aahvaanisalaayitu, allie swatantrya sannadannu angeekarisalaayitu. 1956ralli bunting, katrada mattu 154 itara kaaryakartarannu bandhisalaayitu mattu avara mele hecchina deshadrohada aaropa horisalaayitu. ee vichaaraneyu 1961rahra march 29ravarege nadeyitu, aadare bunting avarannu itara 91 janarondige khulaasegolisalaayitu mattu october 1958ralli aakeya maney mattu makkalige maralidaru. aakeya bidugadeya nantarada varshadalli, aakeyannu sabhegalalli haajaraagadante nirbandhisalaayitu mattu aake angasamsthe hondidda ippattaaru samsthegalinda hinde sariyuvante ottaayisalaayitu. 1960rahra marchnalli sharpville hatyakanda sambhavisidaaga, bunting annu matte bandhisalaayitu mattu mooru tingaliginta hecchu kaala pretoria kendra karagruhadalli irisalaayitu. "1962ralli "hosa yuga" vannu nisheedhisalaayitu mattu muchchalaayitu, mattu allie kelasa maaduttidda ellah patrakartaru, idaralli bunting, aakeya pathi, ruth fust mattu govan mbeki seridante itararu seriddaru, avarannu prakatisadante nirbandhisalaayitu. aakeyannu mattu aakeya gandanannu aidu varshagala kaala 24 gantegala kaala gruhabandhanadallidalaayitu, idarindaagi rajakiya chatuvatike asaadhyavaayitu. ee paristhitiyu 1963ralli daksina africadinda londonge teralalu nirdhara maadalu bantinggalige kaaranavaayitu. avara deshabhrashtateya nirgamana visagalu avaru endigoo daksina africakke maralalu sadhyavilla endu helitu. londonge agamisida nantara, bunting varnabheda neeti virodhi chalavaliyannu (aum) seridaru mattu syaapnondige tamma rajakiya kelasavannu munduvaresidaru. nelson mandelaarannu bandhisidaaga, daksina aafrikaada rajakiya kaidigala bidugadegaagi vishwa abhiyaanavannu adara sanghatakaragi bunting annu sthaapisalaayitu. avaru daksina aafrikaada mele arthika nirbandhagalannu vidhisalu mattu deshavannu vishwa aarthikateyinda pratyekisalu prayatnagalannu sanghatisidaru, jotege daksina aafrikaadallina paristhiti mattu mandela mattu itara rajakiya kaidigala durdasheyannu prachara maaduva prayatnagalannu munnadesidaru. aake vyaapakavaagi mannane padediddaare mattu rivonia vichaarane nadedaaga mandelaanannu gallu shiksheyinda rakshisuva abhiyaanavannu ayojisuvalli avara patrakkagi hecchu nenapisikolluttaare. vichaarane konegondaga mattu prativaadigalige jailu shikshe vidhisidaaga, avaru london 39 goodge streetnalliruva pradhana kacheriyannu hondidda "vishvada ekaika operating offices off dhii sapp" moolaka avara bidugadegaagi kelasa maaduvudannu munduvaresidaru. ekakaaladalli, 1968ralli, avaru "inkululeko prakatanegalalli" purna samaya kelasa maduvaga, "african communist", sackna traimasika journaln prakataneya prayatnagalannu sanghatisalu praarambhisidaru. sumaru eradu dasakagala kaala, avaru ee ellah chatuvatikegalalli todagisikondaru mattu mukta daksina africa mattu vishvadaadyanta janara manava hakkugalannu gurutisuva jagattannu guriyagirisikondu bhashanadalli todagisikondaru. 1991ralli, ippattentu varshagala vanavaasada nantara, dampatigalu cape townge maralidaru, aaga sapp mattu african national congress (ency) viruddhada nishedhavannu tegeduhaakalaayitu. 1994 mattu 1999rahra chunavanegala pracharagalalli bunting avaru ensigaagi seve sallisidaru mattu cubada cape town sneehitara samsthaapakaralli obbaraagiddaru, avaru tamma rajakiya chatuvatikegalannu tamma maranadavaregu munduvaresidaru. saavu mattu parampare. bunting 2001rahra march 24randu cape tounnalli nidhanaraadaru. 2010ralli daksina aafrikaadalli janangiya samanate, manava hakkugalu mattu rashtra nirmaanada prayatnagalige baddhategaagi adhyaksha jacob juma avaru luthulia belli shreniyannu needi gouravisidaru.

sooniya bunding sooniya bunding, ools (9 desember 1922-24 march 2001) oru dakshinaafrikkan pathrapravartthakayum raashtreeyavum varnnavivechana virudhavumaaya pravartthakayaayirunnu. raajyadrohakkuttam chumatthi jayililadaykkappedukayum randaam thavana thadavilaakkappedukayum prasidheekaranathil ninnu vilakkappedukayum cheytha sesham, avalum bharthaavum landanil naadukadatthappedukayum avide varnnavivechana virudha prasthaanatthil (aam) cherukayum dakshinaafrikkan rashtreeya thadavukaare mochippikkunathinulla loka pracharanam samghadippikkukayum cheythu. 1991ll aafrikkan naashanal kongras (enn. sii.) nirodhanam neekkiyappol, avar dakshinaafrikkayilekku madangi, avide 2001ll marikkunnathuvare rashtreeya pravarthanangalil earppettirunnu. 2010ll dakshinaafrikkan sarkkar maranananthara bahumaanaartham lutuli velliyil nalki aadarichu. aadyakaala jeevitam. 1922 desember 9nuu dakshinaafrikkayile johannasburgil dorayudeyum david isaakkmaanteyum makalaayi sooniya beryl isakman janichu. avarude maathaapithaakkal yooda virudha vamshahathyakalil ninnu rakshappedaan kizhakkan europil ninnu palayanam cheytha jootha naadukadatthappettavaraayinu. secondary vidyaabhyaasathil ninnu metrikkuleshan poortthiyaakkiya sesham isakman medical padanathinaayi vitt watersand sarvakalashaalayil chernnu. 1942-ll sarvakalashaalayil padikkumbol, akkaalat raajyathe eaka bahujaatheeya rashtreeya partiyaayirunna communist party oof southu aafrikkayil (sii. pii. ezz. eiii) chernnu. saarvathrika vottavakaashathinaayi pracharanam aarambhicha avar pinneedu oru varshathe school vidyaabhyaasam poortthiyaakkiya sesham medical patanam avasaanippichu. currier. isakman saakkinte offeesukalil jolic pooyi, avide avar randaam lokamahaayudhathil pankeduttha yuvavum saha kammyoonistumaaya bryan bundingine kandumutty. 1946-ll, dambathikal vivaahitharaakukayum avar cape tounilekku thamasam maarukayum avide avarude moonnu makkalaya peettar, maargarat, steefan ennivar janikkukayum cheythu. bunding avide saakkappinaayi pravartthikkunnathu thudarnnu, koodaathe keppu taunn pease kaunsilil athinte sekrattariyaayi pravartthikkaan thudangi. 1950ll dakshinaafrikkayil kammyoonisavum party nirodhichappol avar communist bandhamullah pathramaya "dhaa guardian" ll pravartthikkaan thudangi. athu nirodhikkukayum "theeppori" ennu punarnaamakaranam cheyyukayum pinneedu nirodhikkukayum "puthiya yugam" ennu punarnaamakaranam cheyyukayum cheythappol avar pathratthinaayi pravartthikkunnathu thudarnnu. dakshinaafrikkaye prathinideekarikkaan ahamed kathraadayude neethrthwathilulla prathinidhi samghathil amgamaayi niyamithayaaya avar 1951-ll yoothu aandu studantsinte moonnaam loka utsavathil eest berlinilekk pooyi. 1953-ll southu aafrikkan communist party (sack) enna peril party punasamghadippikkukayum bunding athinte sthaapaka amgangalil oralaayi maarukayum cheythu. varnnavivechana anukoola sarkkar pasakia vardhicha niyanthrana niyamanirmmaanathodulla prathikaranamaayi avar rashtreeya pravarthanangalil shradha kendreekarichu. oru vellakkariyaaya sthree enna nilayil, vamseeya adichamarthalinethire samsaarikkanulla savisheshamaaya sthaanathaayirunnu avar. 1955ll klipttaunil nadanna janakeeya kongrasil swaathanthrya charter amgeekaricha plaattphom speakerumaaril oralaayi avar shanikkappettu. 1956ll bunding, kathrada, mattu 154 pravartthakar ennivare arast cheyyukayum valia raajyadrohakkuttam chumathukayum cheythu. 1961 march 29 vare vichaarana neenduninnengilum 91 perkkoppam bundingineyum veruthe vidukayum 1958 octoberil avarude veettilekkum kuttikalilekkum madangukayum cheythu. mochithayaayathin sheshamulla varsham, yogangalil pankedukkunnathil ninnu avare vilakkukayum avar affiliate cheytha irupathiyaaru samghadanakalil ninnu pinmaran nirbandhikkukayum cheythu. 1960 maarchil sharpville koottakkola nadannappol, bunding veendum arast cheyyappedukayum moonnu maasathiladhikam pretoria central jayilil paarppikkukayum cheythu. "1962ll 'nyoo eaju' nirodhikkukayum adachupoottukayum cheythu, avide jolie cheiyunna ellah pathrapravartthakareyum, athil bunding, avarude bharthaav, rooth phastt, govan mbeki ennivar ulppedunnu, prasidheekarikkunnathil ninnu vilakki. rashtreeya pravartthanangal asaadhyamaakkunna vidhathil avalum bharthaavum anchu varshathekku 24 manikkoor veettuthadankalilaakkappedu. eee sahacharyam 1963ll dakshinaafrikka vittu landanilekku pookaan theerumaanikkaan avare prerippichu. avarude pravaasathinulla eksitt visayil avarkk orikkalum dakshinaafrikkayilekku madangaan kazhiyillennu prasthaavichu. landanil ethiya sesham, bunding varnnavivechana virudha prasthaanatthil (aam) cherukayum sakkappinoppam thante rashtreeya pravartthanam thudarukayum cheythu. nelson mandela arastilaayathinushesham, dakshinaafrikkan rashtreeya thadavukaare mochippikkunathinulla loka pracharanam athinte samghaadakanaayi bunding sthaapichu. dakshinaafrikkaykku mail saambathika uparodham earppeduthunnathinum lokathe loka sambadvyavasthayil ninnu ottappeduthunnathinumalu sramangal avar samghadippikkukayum dakshinaafrikkayile sahacharyavum mandelayudeyum mattu rashtreeya thadavukaarudeyum duravasthayum pracharippikkanulla shramangalkk neethrthwam nalkukayum cheythu. rivonia vichaarana nadannappol mandela thookkikkollunnathil ninnu rakshikkanulla pracharanam samghadippikkunnathil avar vahicha pankinaalaanu avar parakke ormmikkappedunnathu. vichaarana avasaanikkukayum prathikalkk jayil shiksha vidhikkappedukayum cheythappol, landanile 39 gudj street aasthaanamaayulla "lokathile saakinte eaka operating oafees" vazhi avarude mochanathinaayi avar pravartthikkunnathu thudarnnu. oresamayam, 1968-ll, "incululeco prasidheekaranangalil" muzhuvan samayavum pravartthikkumbol saakkinte traimasa jenalaaya "aafrikkan kammyoonisttinte" prasidheekarana sramangal avar ekopippikkaan thudangi. ekadesham rund pathittaandolam, oru swatantra dakshinaafrikkayum lokamembaadumulla aalukalude manushyaavakaashangale amgeekarikkunna oru lokavum lakshyamitulla eee pravarthanangalilum samsara paripaadikalilum avar earppettu. 1991-ll, irupathiyettu varshathe pravaasathinu sesham, sackin aafrikkan naashanal kongrasinum (enn. sii.) ethiraaya nirodhanam neekkiyappol dambathikal cape tounilekku madangi. 1994, 1999 thiranjeduppukalile pracharanangalil bunding ansic vendi sevanamanushtikkukayum cubayile keppu taunn frondsinte sthaapakaril oralaayi marikkunnathuvare thante rashtreeya pravartthanangal thudarukayum cheythu. maranavum paarambaryavum. 2001 march 24nuu cape tounil vachu bunding marichu. 2010ll dakshinaafrikkayile vamseeya samathvam, manushyavakaasham, rashtranirmmaana sramangal ennivaykkulla prathibaddhathaykku president jacob suma avarkk lutuli velli oordar nalki aadarichu.

sooniya bunting sooniya bunting, ols (9 december 1922-24 march 2001) hii dakshin aafrikechi patrakar aanee rajkiy aanee varnabhedavirodhi karyakartya hotee. deshdrohacha aarop aanee turungwas jhalyanantar, dusyanda tabyat ghetalyanantar aanee prakashit karnyapasoon pratibandhit jhalyanantar, tee aanee tiche patee londonmadhye haddapar jhaale, jithe tee varnabhedavirodhi chalvalit (aam) sameel jhaali aanee dakshin aafriketil rajkiy kaidyanchya sutkesathi jaagtik moheem aayojit kelee. 1991 madhye african national congress (aii. aine. see.) chee bandee uthavali gelee tevha tyaa dakshin africela paratalya, jithe 2001 madhye tyanchya mrutyuparyant tyaa rajkiy sakriyatet sahbhagi hotya. dakshin africa sarkarne tyanna maranottar 2010 madhye raupyamadhye luthulichya kramane sanmanit kele. prarambhik jeevan. sooniya beryl isakamanacha janm 9 december 1922 roji dakshin aafriketil johannesburg yethe dora aanee david isakaman yanchya potee jhaala. tiche ivadil nirvasit jyoo hote, jeey yahudivirodhi narasamharanpasun vachanyasathi purv europemadhun paloon gele hote. tichya madhyamik shikshanatun matrick purn kelyanantar, isakamanane vaidyakeey shikshanasathi whitwatersrand vidyapithat pravesh ghetala. 1942 madhye, vidyapithat shikat asatana, tyaa dakshin aafrikechya communist pakshat (see. pii. ess. aii.) sameel jhalya, joou tyaa kalatil deshatil ekmev bahujatiy rajkiy paksh hota. tine sarvatrik matadhikarasathi moheem suru kelee aanee tyanantar shaley shikshan eka varsh purn kelyanantar tiche vaidyakeey shikshan sampavale. karkird. isakaman sapchya karyalayanmadhye kaam karayala gelee, jithe tichi bhet dusya mahayuddhacha eka tarun anubhavi aanee sahkari communist bryan buntingshee jhaali. 1946 madhye, yaa jodpyane lagn kele aanee teey cape townmadhye sthalantarit jhaale, jithe tyanchi pieter, margaret aanee stephen yaa teen mulancha janm jhaala. buntingne tethe sapsathi kaam karane suru thewale aanee cape tauun shantata parishadet tyache sachiv mhanoon kaam karnyas suruvat kelee. 1950 madhye jevha dakshin aafriket samyavad aanee pakshavar bandee ghalanyat aalee, tevha tyanni samyavadi sambandh asalelya 'daad guardian' yaa vruttapatrat kaam karnyas suruvat kelee. jevha tyavar bandee ghalanyat aalee aanee tyache naav badaloon 'daad spark' asey karnyat aale aanee nantar tyavar bandee ghatali aanee 'nyu aij' asey naav badalanyat aale, tevha tine vruttapatrasathi kaam karane suru thewale. dakshin aafrikeche pratinidhitva karnyasathi ahmed katharadachya netrutvakhalil shishtamandalache sadasya mhanoon niyukt jhalelya, yuva aanee vidyarthyanchya tisya jaagtik mahotsavat, tyaa 1951 madhye purv berlinla gelya. 1953 madhye, dakshin africi communist party (sack) chya navane pakshachi punarrachana jhaali aanee bunting haah tyacha sansthapak sadasya hota. varnabhed samarthak sarkarne manjur kelelya vadhatya pratibandhatmak kayadyala pratisad mhanoon, tine rajkiy kriyakalapanvar laksh kendrit kele. eka pandhari stree mhanoon, tee vanshik dadapshahiviruddha bolanyachya adviteey sthiteet hotee. clitown yethe jhalelya 1955 chya loksabhechya vyaspeeth vaktyanpaiki eka mhanoon tyanna aamantrit karnyat aale hote, jithe swatantrya sanad sweekarli gelee hotee. 1956 madhye bunting, kathrada aanee 154 itar karyakartyanna atak karnyat aalee aanee tyanchyavar mothya deshdrohacha aarop thevanyat aala. khatala 29 march 1961 paryant chalala, parantu buntingchi itar 91 janansah nirdosh muktata jhaali aanee aktoobar 1958 madhye tee tichya gharee aanee mulankade paratali. tichya sutkenantarchya varshi teela sabhanna upasthit rahnyas manai karnyat aalee aanee teela jyaa sansthanshi tee sanlagn hotee tyaa chhattis sansthanmadhun maghar ghenyas bhag padale gele. march 1960 madhye jevha sharpville hatyakand ghadale, tevha buntingla punha atak karnyat aalee aanee teen mahinyanhun adhik kaal pretoria madhyavarti karagruhat thevanyat aale. "1962 madhye 'nyu aij' varr bandee ghalanyat aalee aanee bund karnyat aale aanee tithe kaam karananya serve patrakaranna, jyat bunting, tiche patee, rooth first aanee govan mabeki yancha samavesh hota, prakashit karnyavar bandee ghalanyat aalee. teela aanee tichya patila paach varshanchya kalavadhisathi 24 taas najarkaidet thevanyat aale, jyamule rajkiy kriyakalap ashakya jhaale. yaa paristhitimule 1963 madhye bandkhoranni dakshin africa sodoon londonla jaanyacha nirnay ghetala. tyanchya haddapar honyachya baher padnyachya vhisamadhye asey mhatale hote qee teey kadhihi dakshin africela parat yeu shakanar naheet. londonmadhye aalyanantar bunting rangbhedvirodhi chalvalit (aam) sameel jhaali aanee tine saps tiche rajkiy karya suru thewale. jevha nelson mandelala atak karnyat aalee, tevha dakshin aafriketil rajkiy kaidyanchya sutkesathi jaagtik moheem sthapan karnyat aalee aanee tyache aayojak mhanoon bunting hote. tine dakshin aafrikevar aarthik nirbandh ghalanyache aanee deshala jaagtik arthvyavasthepasun vegale karnyache prayatna kele, tasech dakshin aafriketil paristhiti aanee mandela aanee itar rajkiy kaidyanchya durdashechi prasiddhi karnyachya prayatnanche netrutva kele. teela mothya pramanavar shrey dile gele aahe aanee jevha rivonia khatala jhaala tevha mandelala fashipasoon vachavanyachya mohimeche aayojan karnyatil tichya bhoomikesathi teela sarvat jaast aathvan kelee jaate. jevha khatala sampala aanee prativadinna turungvasachi shiksha sunavanyat aalee, tevha tine tyanchya sutkesathi kaam karane suru thewale, jagatil ekmev 'sapche sanchalan karyalay', jyache mukhyalay londonmadhil 39 guj street yethe hote. tyach velee, 1968 madhye, tine "inkululeko prakashananmadhye" purnavel kaam karat asatana, sapche traimasik journal, "african communist" chya prakashan prayatnanche samanvay karnyas suruvat kelee. jawaljawal done dashake, tee yaa serve upkramanmadhye tasech mukt dakshin africa aanee jagbharatil lokanchya manavadhikaranna manyata denanya jagachya uddeshane bolanyachya kamat guntaleli hotee. 1991 madhye aththavis varshanchya vanvasanantar, heey jodape cape townmadhye paratale, jevha sapp aanee african national congress (aii. aine. see.) vareel bandee uthavanyat aalee. buntingne 1994 aanee 1999 chya nivadanukanchya mohimanmadhye aii. aine. see. sathee kaam kele aanee kyubachya cape tauun mitranchya sansthapakanpaiki eka hotee, tine tichya mrutyuparyant tiche rajkiy karya suru thewale. mrutyu aanee varsa. buntingcha 24 march 2001 roji cape townmadhye mrutyu jhaala. 2010 madhye dakshin aafriketil vanshik samanata, manavadhikar aanee rashtra ubharanichya prayatnanprati asalelya tichya vachanbaddhatebaddal adhyaksh jacob zuma yanni teela 'sylver aurder auph luthuli' deuun sanmanit kele.

sonia bunting sonia bunting, ols (9 december 1922-24 march 2001) ek dakshin africi patrakar, rar ek rajnitik rar rangabhed virodhi karyakarta thiin. deshdrohko arop lagaiepachhi rar jailma parepachhi, dosro patak hirasatma liepachhi, rar prakashan garnabata pratibandha lagaepachhi, uni rar unka pati londonma nirvasanma gae, jahaan uni rangabhed virodhi andolan (aam) maa samel bhain rar dakshin africi rajnitik bandiharuko rihaika lagi vishwa abhiyan ayojana garin. sann 1991 maa africi rashtriya congress (ae. enn. sii.) ko pratibandha hataieko bela uni dakshin africa farkiin jahaan uni sann 2001 maa afno mrityu nabhaesamma rajnitik sakriyatama sanlagna thiin. unlai dakshin africa sarkarle maranoparanta sann 2010 maa chandima luthuliko arderle sammanit gareko thiyo. prarambhik jiwan. sonia beryl isakamyanko janma 9 december 1922 maa dakshin africako johannesburgma dora rar devid isakamyanko gharma bhaeko thiyo. unka amababu yahudi nirwasit thie, jo yahudi virodhi narasanharbata bachna purvi yuropbata bhageka thie. madhyamik shikshabata matrick garepachhi, isakmanle medical adhyayan garna vishwavidyalaya aff da whitwatersrandma bharna garin. sann 1942 maa, vishwavidyalayama adhyayan garda, uni dakshin africako communist party (cpsa) maa samel bhain, june tyas samaya deshko ek matra bahujatiya rajnitik party thiyo. unle vishwawyapi matadhikarka lagi abhiyan suru garin rar pachhi ek warshako vidyalaya shiksha pura garepachhi afno medical adhyayan samapta garin. currier. isakman sacko karyalayama kaam garna gain, jahaan unle dosro vishwayuddhaka yuwa diggaj rar sathi communist bryan buntinglai bhete. sann 1946 maa, dampatile vivaha gare rar tiniharu cape taunama sare, jahaan uniharuka tinn santanharu, pieter, margaret rar stephenko janma bhayo. buntingle tyahan sacka lagi kaam garna jaari rakhe, rar cape tauna shanti parishadma yasako sachibko rupma pani kaam garna thale. sann 1950 maa dakshin africama samyawad rar partymathi pratibandha lagaiepachhi unle communist sambandha bhaeko samacharpatra 'da guardian' maa kaam garna thalin. jab yasalai pratibandha lagaieko thiyo rar "da spark" naam pariwartan gariyo, rar tyasapachhi pratibandha lagaieko thiyo rar "nayan yug" naam pariwartan gariyo, unle patrikaka lagi kaam garna jaari rakhe. dakshin africako pratinidhitwa garna ahmed katharadako netritwama pratinidhimandalko sadasyako rupma niyukta, yuwa rar vidyarthiharuko tesro vishwa mahotsavma, uni 1951 maa purvi berlin gain. 1953 maa, party dakshin africi communist party (sack) ko namama punargathit bhayo, rar bunting yasako sansthapak sadasyaharu madhye ek thiyo. rangabhed samarthak sarkarle parit gareko badhdo pratibandhatmak kanunko pratikriyama, unle rajnitik gatiwidhima dhyan kendrit garin. ek seto mahilako rupma, uni jatiya utpidanko viruddhama bolnako lagi ek adwitiya sthitima thiin. unlai clitaunama ayojit sann 1955 ko janatako sammelanma manch waktaharu madhye ekko rupma amantrit garieko thiyo, jahaan swatantrata charter apanaieko thiyo. sann 1956 maa, bunting, katharada, rar 154 anya karyakartaharulai giraftar gariyo rar uccha deshdrohko arop lagaieko thiyo. yo mudda 29 march 1961 samma chalyo, tara buntinglai anya 91 janasahit nirdosh mukta gariyo rar october 1958 maa unko ghar rar bachchaharu farkie. unko rihaiko arko warsha, unlai sabhaharuma upasthit huna pratibandha lagaieko thiyo rar uni sambadha thie bhanne chhawisawata sangathanharubata pachhi hutna badhya parieko thiyo. march 1960 maa jab sharpabhil narasanhar bhayo, buntinglai feri pakrau gariyo rar tinn mahinabhanda badhi samaya pretoria kendriya karagarma rakhieko thiyo. "sann 1962 maa "nayan yug" lai pratibandha lagaieko thiyo rar banda garieko thiyo, rar tyahan kaam garne sabai patrakarharu, jasma bunting, unka pati, rooth first rar gowan mbeki lagayat anyalai prakashan garnabata pratibandha lagaieko thiyo. uni rar unka patilai paanch warshaka lagi 24 ghantako najarbandama rakhieko thiyo, jasle garda rajnitik gatiwidhi asambhawa bhayo. yass paristhitile sann 1963 maa dakshin africa chhodera london jaane nirnaya garna badhya banayo. nirvasanka lagi nicas bhisale uniharu kahilyai dakshin africa farkan sakdainan bhani bataeko thiyo. london aipugepachhi, bunting rangabhed virodhi andolan (aam) maa samel bhain rar syakapsanga afno rajnitik kaam jaari rakhe. jab nelson mandelalai pakrau gariyo, dakshin africi rajnitik bandiharuko rihaika lagi vishwa abhiyan yasako ayojakko rupma bunting garera sthapit bhayo. unle dakshin africama arthik pratibandha lagaune rar deshlai vishwa arthatantrabata alag rakhne prayasharu parichalan garin, sathai dakshin africako awastha rar mandela rar anya rajnitik bandiharuko durdashalai sarvajanik garne prayasharuko netritwa garin. unlai wyapak rupma shreya diieko chha rar ribhonia trial hunda mandelalai fansibata bachaune abhiyan ayojana garna unko bhumikaka lagi sabaibhanda badhi samjhainchha. jab mudda samapta bhayo rar pratiwadiharulai zell sajaya sunaiyo, unle uniharuko rihaika lagi kaam jaari rakhe, "sansarma sacko sanchalan karyalaya" marfat, jasko mukhyalaya 39 guj street, londonma thiyo. ekaisath, sann 1968 maa, unle "inkululeko prakashanharuma" purna samaya kaam gardai "africi communist", sacko traimasik journalko prakashan prayasharuko samanwaya garna thalin. lagbhag dui dashaksamma, uni yee sabai gatiwidhiharuma sanlagna thiin sathai swatantra dakshin africa rar vishwabharka manisharuko manav adhikarlai manyata dine sansarko uddeshyale bolne wyastatama sanlagna thiin. sann 1991 maa, athaisa warshako nirwasanpachi, dampati cape taunama farkie, jab sack rar africi rashtriya congress (ae. enn. sii.) wiruddhako pratibandha hataiyo. buntingle sann 1994 rar 1999 ko chunawako abhiyanma ancko lagi sewa gare rar kyubako cape taunaka sansthapakharu madhye ek thiin, unle afno mrityusamma afno rajnitik gatiwidhiharu jaari rakheki thiin. mrityu rar virasata. buntingko 24 march 2001 maa cape taunama mrityu bhayo. sann 2010 maa unlai rashtrapati jacob jumale dakshin africama jatiya samanta, manav adhikar rar rashtra nirman prayasprati unko pratibadhataka lagi luthuliko silver arderle sammanit gareka thie.

sonia bantinga sonia bantinga, ols (9 december 1922-24 march 2001) jane dakhina african sambadika ebong jane rajanaitika tatha barnabada birodhi karjyakarta thile. deshdroha ebong kararuddha heba, dwiteeja thara ataka rahiba ebong prakashanaru barana heba parey, shay ebong taanka swamee landanare nirbasanare jaithile, jeunthare shay barnabada birodhi andolana (aam) ray joga deithile ebong dakhina africar rajanaitika bandeemananka mukti paain biswa abhijana ayojan karithile. 1991 masihare african jatiah congress (aii. enn. sii.) rahr pratibandhaka uthiba parey shay dakhina africa pherithile, jeunthare shay 2001 masihare taanka mrutyu parjyanta rajanaitika sakrijatare jadita thile. 2010 masihare dakhina africa sarkar tanku maranottar roupyare luthuli ardarare sammanita karithile. prarambhika zeeban. sonia beryl isakman 1922 masiha december 9 tarikhare dakhina africar johannesburgre dora ebong devida isakmanka ghare janmagrahana karithile. taanka pitamata ihudi nirbasita thile, jeunmane semitic birodhi narasanghararu rakhya paiba paain purba juroparu palajana karithile. madhyamika sikhyaru matrick sikhya samapta kariba parey, isakman daktari adhyajana kariba paain witwatersrand biswabidyalajare naama lekhaithile. 1942 masihare, biswabidyalajare adhyajana karuthiba samajare, shay dakhina africar communist party (sii. pii. ess. aii.) ray joga deithile, jaahaa sehi samajare deshar ekamatra bahu-jatigata rajanaitika dala thila. shay sarbajaneena matadhikara paain prachara arambha karithile ebong parabarti samajare eka barshar bidyalaja sikhya samapta kariba parey tankara daktari adhyajana samapta karithile. kyariyara. isakman saknka karjyalajare kaama karibaku jaithile, jeunthare shay dwiteeja biswajudhara jane juba bheteran ebong saathee communist brian bantinganku bhetithile. 1946 masihare, ehi dampati bibaha karithile ebong semane cape taunku sthanantarita hoithile, jeunthare semanankara tini santan, pieter, margaret ebong stephen janmagrahana karithile. banting sethare sack paain kaama jaari rakhithile, ebong cape tauna shanti parishadare ehara sachiba bhabare madhya karjya arambha karithile. 1950 masihare jetebele dakhina africare communism ebong dala upare pratibandhaka lagajaithila, setebele shay communist samparka thiba eka sambadapatra 'daa guardian' ray kaama kariba arambha karithile. jetebele ehaaku nishidha karajaithila ebong "spark" naamare namit karajaithila, ebong parey nishidha karajaithila ebong "nutan juga" bhabare punahnamakarana karajaithila, shay kagaja paain karjya jaari rakhithile. dakhina africaku pratinidhitwa kariba paain ahammed katharadanka netrutware pratinidhi dalara sadasya bhabe nijukta hoi, jubaka ebong chatramananka truteeja biswa mahostabare, shay 1951 masihare purba berlin jatra karithile. 1953 masihare, dala dakhina african communist party (sack) naamare punargathita hoithila, ebong banting ehara anyatama pratisthata sadasya thile. barnabaishamya samarthaka sarakaranka dwara parita bardhita pratibandhaka ine pratikrijare, shay rajanaitika karjyakalapa upare dhyana kendrit karithile. jane sweta mahila bhabe shay jatigata atyachara birodhare kahiba paain eka ananya sthitire thile. cliptownre anusthita 1955 masihar congress off daa pipulare tanku jane mancha bakta bhabe nimantran karajaithila, jeunthare swadheenata charter gruheeta hoithila. 1956 masihare, bantinga, katrada ebong 154 john anya karjyakartanku girapha karajaithila ebong uccha deshdroha abhijogare abhijukta karajaithila. ehi bichara 29 march 1961 parjyanta chalithila, kintu bantinganku anya 91 jananka sahita nirdoshare khalas karajaithila ebong october 1958 ray taanka gharaku ebong pilamananku pherithile. taanka mukta hebara barsha parey, tanku baithakare jogadebaku barana karajaithila ebong 26 tii sangathanaru pratyahara karibaku badhya karajaithila jaahaa sahita shay jadita thile . march 1960 ray jetebele sharpabhil ganahatya ghatithila, bantingaku puni girapha karajaithila ebong tini masaru adhika samai paain pretoria kendriah karagarare rakhajaithila . "1962 masihare 'nutan juga' ku nishidha ebong banda karidiajaithila, ebong sethare karjya karuthiba samasta sambadika, jeunthire bantinga, taanka swamee, rooth forst ebong gabhan mbeki aadi samil thile, semananku prakashanaru barana karajaithila. tanku ebong taanka swameenku pancha barsha paain 24 ghanta gruhabandi curry rakhajaithila, jahaphalare rajanaitika karjyakalapa asambhaba hoijaithila. ehi paristhiti jogun 1963 masihare semane dakhina africa chhadi london jibaku nishpatti neithile. semananka nirbasana paain nirgamana bhisa anujai semane kebe hele dakhina africa pheriparibe naahin. landanare pahanchiba parey, bantinga barnabada birodhi andolana (aam) ray joga deithile ebong sack sahita tankara rajanaitika karjya jaari rakhithile. jetebele nelson mandelanku girapha karajaithila, setebele dakhina africar rajanaitika bandeemananku mukta kariba paain biswa abhijana ehara aajojaka bhabare bantinga sahita sthapita hoithila . shay dakhina africa upare arthika pratibandhaka lagaiba ebong deshaku biswa arthabyabastharu alga kariba paain prayasa karithile, ebong dakhina africar paristhiti ebong mandela ebong anyanya rajanaitika bandeenka durdasha bishajare prachara kariba paain prajasara netrutwa neithile. tanku byapaka bhabare shreya diajaichhi ebong rivonia bichara heba samajare mandelanku phashiru banchaiba abhijana ayojan karibare tankara bhumika paain sabutharu adhika smarana karajae . jetebele bichara shesh helah ebong abhijuktamananku jail dandadesh diajaithila, shay semanankara mukti paain karjya jaari rakhithile, biswara ekamatra "syapra apareting offices" madhyamare, jahara mukhyalaja londner 39 guj street ray thila . ekasangare, 1968 masihare, shay "inkululeko prakashan" ray purnakalina karjya kariba samajare, "african communist", syapra traimasika patrika prakashan prajasara samanwaja arambha karithile. praiah dui dashandhi dhari, shay ehi samasta karjyakalapa sahita eka mukta dakhina africa ebong eka biswa jaahaa saaraa bisware lokanka manabika adhikaraku swekruti deichi, sehi lakhya nei kathabartta karjyare nijojita hoithile. 1991 masihare, athaish barsha nirbasana parey, ehi dampati cape taunaku pherithile, jetebele sack ebong african jatiah congress (ency) biruddhare pratibandhaka uthai niajaithila. bantinga 1994 ebong 1999 nirbachana abhijanare ency paain karjya karithile ebong kyubara cape taun friends rahr pratisthatanka madhyaru jane thile, taanka mrutyu parjyanta tankara rajanaitika karjyakalapa jaari rakhithile . mrutyu ebong uttaradhikara. bantinga 24 march 2001 ray cape taaunare mrutyubarana karithile. 2010 masihare dakhina africare jatigata samanata, manabadhikara ebong rastra nirmana prayasa prati tankara pratibaddhata paain rastrapati jacob juma tanku 'silvar order off luthuli' ray sammanita karithile.

sonia bunting sonia bunting, ols (9 dasambar 1922-24 march 2001) ikk dakkhni african pattarkar atey ikk rajneetak atey nasalvad virodhi karkun see. deshdhroh dey dosh witch qaid honn, duji vaar hirasat witch lae jaanh atey prakashat curran toon roke jaanh toon baad, uh atey uss dey patee london witch jalawatni witch chaley gaye, jitthe uh nasalvad virodhi lahir (aam) witch shamal hoow gaee atey dakkhni african rajneetik kaidiaan dee rihayi laee vishav muhim daa ayojan keeta. jadon 1991 witch african national congress (aii. ainn. see.) dee pabandi hataa laee gaee see, taan uh dakkhni africa waps aaa gaee jitthe uh 2001 witch aapni maut takk rajneetik sargarmi witch shamal rahee see. uss noon dakkhni africa dee sarkaar duaara meron uprant 2010 witch chaandi witch luthuli dey adesh naal sanmanit keeta giaa see. mudhla jeevan. sonia beryl isakman daa janam 9 dasambar 1922 noon dakkhni africa dey johannesburg witch dora atey david isakman dey gharr hoiaa see. uss dey maape yahudi jalawatni sunn, joe yahudi virodhi katlan toon bachann laee purbi yoorap toon bhajj gaye sunn. aapni secondary sikkhiaa toon metrik curran toon baad, isakman neey medical padahi curran laee university aaf dha whitwatersand witch dakhla liaa. 1942 witch, university witch padahde hoye, uh dakkhni africa dee communist party (see. pee. aiss. aii.) witch shamal hoow gaee, joe uss samein desh dee iklauti bahu-nasli rajneetik party see. uss neey sarabviaapi vott adhikar laee muhim shuru keeti atey baad witch school daa ikk saal poora curran toon baad aapni medical padahi khatam qarr ditti. carrier. isakman sepp dey daftaran witch kamm curran gaee, jitthe uh dooje vishav yuddh dey ikk naujwan anubhavi atey saathi communist bryne bunting noon millie. sann 1946 witch, iss jode neey viaah karwa liaa atey uh cape taoon chaley gaye, jitthe unhan dey tinn bacche, pieter, margaret atey stephen daa janam hoiaa. bunting neey utthe sepp laee kamm karna jaari rakkhiaa, atey cape taoon shanti consul witch iss dey sakattar vajon vee kamm karna shuru qarr ditta. jadon 1950 witch, dakkhni africa witch communism atey party utte pabandi lagaa ditti gaee see, taan uss neey communist sabandhan vaale ikk akhbar "guardian" witch kamm karna shuru qarr ditta. jadon iss utte pabandi lagaai gaee atey iss daa naam badal keey "dha spark" rakkhiaa giaa, atey firr baad witch iss utte pabandi lagaa ditti gaee atey iss daa naam badal keey "nioo aij" rakkhiaa giaa, taan usne akhbar laee kamm karna jaari rakkhiaa. dakkhni africa dee numaindagi curran laee ahmed kathrada dee agvai vaale vafad dey member vajon niyukat, naujwanan atey vidiaarthiaan dey teeje vishav utsav witch, usne 1951 witch purbi barlin dee yaatra keeti. 1953 witch, party daa dakkhni african communist party (saikk) dey naam heth punargathan keeta giaa, atey bunting iss dey sansthapak memberan vicchon ikk see. nasalvad pakkhi sarkaar duaara paas keete gaye vaddh rahey pabandishuda kanoonan dey pratikaram witch, usne rajneetik gatividhiaan utte dhiaan kendrat keeta. ikk chitty aurat dey roop witch, uh nasli zulam dey virudh bolann dee vilakkhan sathiti witch see. uss noon cliptown witch aayojit 1955 dee congress witch ikk platform bulariaan vicchon ikk vajon sadda ditta giaa see, jitthe sutantarta charter noon apnaiaa giaa see. sann 1956 witch, bunting, kathrada atey 154 horr karkunan noon griftar keeta giaa atey unhan utte deshdhroh daa dosh lagaiaa giaa. mukaddama 29 march 1961 takk challiaa, parr bunting noon 91 horaan naal burry qarr ditta giaa atey aktubar 1958 witch uss dey gharr atey bacchiaan noon waps bhej ditta giaa. uss dee rihayi toon baad dey saal, uss noon meetingan witch shamal honn toon roque ditta giaa atey 26 sangathanan toon pichhe hutton laee majbur keeta giaa jiss naal uh judee hoee see. march 1960 witch jadon sharpville daa katal hoiaa, taan bunting noon dubara griftar qarr liaa giaa atey tinn mahiniaan toon vaddh samein laee pretoria kendri jailh witch rakkhiaa giaa. "navein yugg" utte 1962 witch pabandi lagaa ditti gaee see atey bnd qarr ditta giaa see, atey utthe kamm curran vaale saare pattarkaran, jinhan witch bunting, uss dey patee, rooth fust atey govern mabeki shamal sunn, noon prakashit curran toon roque ditta giaa see. uss noon atey uss dey patee noon panj saal dee miaad laee 24 ghante gharr witch nazarband qarr ditta giaa see, jiss naal rajneetik gatividhiaan asambhav hoow gaeeaan sunn. sathiti neey buntingan noon 1963 witch dakkhni africa chhadd keey london jaanh daa faisla curran laee prerit keeta. unhan dee jalawatni laee nikas veeza witch kiha giaa see kii uh kadey vee dakkhni africa waps naheen aaa sakde. london pahunchan 'teey, bunting nasalvad virodhi lahir (aam) witch shamal hoow gaee atey sepp naal aapna rajneetik kamm jaari rakkhiaa. jadon nelson mandela noon griftar keeta giaa see, taan dakkhni african rajneetik kaidiaan dee rihayi laee vishav muhim sathapat keeti gaee see jiss dey parbandhak vajon bunting keeti gaee see. uss neey dakkhni africa utte aarthik pabandiaan lagaun atey desh noon vishav arthvivastha toon alagg curran dey naal-naal dakkhni africa dee sathiti atey mandela atey horr rajneetik kaidiaan dee durdasha noon jantak curran dey yatnan dee agvai keeti. uss noon viaapak taur utte sihra ditta giaa haii atey jadon rivonia mukaddama hoiaa see taan mandela noon fansi toon bachaun dee muhim dey ayojan witch uss dee bhumika laee sabh toon vaddh yaad keeta jaanda haii. jadon mukaddama khatam hoiaa atey bachaa pakkhan noon jailh dee sazaa sunayi gaee, taan uss neey unhan dee rihayi laee kamm karna jaari rakkhiaa, dunia witch "sepp dey iklaute sanchalan daftar" raahin, jisda mukkh daftar 39 gujj street, london witch see. iss dey naal hii, 1968 witch, usne "incululeco parkashanan" witch poore samein laee kamm karde hoye, "african communist", saikap dey timahi journal dey parkashan dey yatnan daa talmel karna shuru keeta. lagbhag doou dahakiaan takk, uh inhan saariaan gatividhiaan dey naal-naal ikk sutantar dakkhni africa atey ikk ajihi dunia dey udesh naal bolann witch rujhi rahee jiss neey dunia bharr dey lokan dey manukkhi adhikaran noon maanta ditti. sann 1991 witch, athayi saalan dee jalawatni toon baad, ih jodda cape taoon waps aaa giaa, jadon sapp atey african national congress (aii. ainn. see.) virudh pabandiaan hataa dittiaan gaeeaan sunn. bunting neey 1994 atey 1999 deeaan chonhan deeaan muhimman witch aii. ainn. see. laee seva nibhai atey uh kiooba dey cape taoon dostan dey sansthapkan vicchon ikk see, jiss neey aapni maut takk aapniaan rajneetik gatividhiaan jaari rakkhiaan. maut atey virasat. bunting dee maut 24 march 2001 noon cape taoon witch hoee. sann 2010 witch rashtarpati jacob zooma neey uss noon dakkhni africa witch nasli samanta, manukkhi adhikaran atey rashter nirman dey yatnan pratee uss dee vachanbadhta laee luthuli dey silver arder naal sanmanit keeta see.

sonia bunting sonia bunting, ols (9 december 1922-24 maarch 2001) dakshina-aafrikaadeshasy patrakara, raajanaitik-varnabheda-virodhee-kaaryakartri cha aasit. deshadrohasya aropat, kaaraavaase cha, dviteeyavaaram nirodhitah, prakashanat nishedhitah cha, saa swapatnah cha landan-nagare nirvaasitaam jaatau, yatra saa varnabheda-virodhee-aandolane (aam) sammilitaa, dakshina-aafrikaadeshasy raajanaitik-bandinam vimochanaartham vishva-abhiyanam aayojayat. 1991 tame varshe yadaa aafrikan-rashtriya-kaangres (e. enn. sii.) ityasya pratibandhah nirastah tadaa saa dakshina-africa-desham pratyaagatavatee, yatra saa 2001 tame varshe mrutyuparyantam raajanaitik-sakriyatayam samlagnaa aasit. 2010 tame varshe dakshina-africa-sarvakaarena maranottarm rajat-luthuli-kramena saa sammanita. praarambhikajeevanam. sonia beryl isaakman ityeshaa 1922 december 9 dinaanke dakshina-aafrikaadeshasy johannesburg-nagare dora-david-isaakman-dampatyoho janma praapnot. tasyaah maataapitarau yooda-nirwaasitaah aasan, ye poorva-europe-deshaat yahoodee-virodhee-narasamharat palaayanam krutavantah. madhyamikashikshayaha matrick-adhyayananantaram, isaakman ityeshaa vaidyashaastrasya adhyayanartham witt-watersrend-vishvavidyaalaye namankanam krutavatee. 1942 tame varshe vishvavidyaalaye adhyayanakaale saa dakshina-africa-deshasya communist-pakshasya (see. pee. ess. e.) sadasyaa abhavat, yat tasmin samaye deshasya ekamaatrah bahujatiyaha raajanaitik-dalah aasit. saa saarwatrik-matadhikarasya krute pracharam aarabdhavatee, tadanantaram ekavarshasya vidyaalayashikshanam samapya swachikitsaayaah adhyayanm samaaptavatee. vruttihi. isaakman saak ityasya karyalayaha karyartham agacchat, yatra saa dviteeyavishvayuddhasya vayovruddhah saha-saamyavaadinah cha yuwah brian bunting ityanena saha militavatee. 1946 tame varshe dampatee vivaahitaa, tathaa cha te kep-nagare sthityanta, yatra teshaam trayah putraah, peater, margaret, stephen cha janma praapnot. bunting ityeshah tatra syaakap ityasya krute karyam nirantaram kurvan aasit, tathaa cha kep-nagar-shaanti-parishade tasya sachivaroopena karyam kartum aarabdhavaan. 1950 tame varshe yadaa dakshina-africa-deshe saamyavaadah, pakshah cha nishedhitah, tadaa saa samyavada-sambandhayukte "da guardian" iti patrikaayaam karyam aarabdhavatee. yadaa tatt nishedhitam, "da-spark" iti namakaranam cha krutam, tatah param pratibandhitam, "nyoo-ez" iti namakaranam cha krutam, tadaa saa patrikaayaah krute karyam nirantareet. dakshina-africa-deshasya pratinidhitvaartham ahmed-kathrada ityasya netrutve pratinidhimandalasya sadasyatvena niyuktaa saa 1951 tame varshe truteeyavishvasya yuva-chaatra-utsave poorva-berlin-nagaram gatavatee. 1953 tame varshe dakshina-aafrikan-communist-party (saakp) iti namna dalasya punargatanam jaatam, bunting iti tasya samsthaapak-sadasyeshu anyatamah aasit. varnabheda-samarthak-sarvakaarena paritasya vardhitasya pratibandhaatmak-vidhaanasya pratikriyaaroopen saa raajanaitik-kaaryeshu dhyanam dattavatee. shveta-strirupena saa jaateey-utpeedanam viruddhya vakttum vishishta-sthitau aasit. 1955 tame varshe cliptown-nagare aayojitasy jananam kaangres-madhye, yatra swaatantryaadhikaarapatram sweekrutam aasit, saa mancha-vaktrushu anyatama iti aamantritaa aasit. 1956 tame varshe bunting, kathrada, 154 anye cha karyakartaraha gruheetaah, uccha-deshadrohasya aaropah cha krutah. 1961 maarch 29 paryantam vichaaranam anwawartat, parantu bunting anyaih 91 janebhyah saha nirdoshaa bhutva 1958 october-maase swagruham tathaa balan prati pratyaagatavatee. tasyaah vimochanasya anantaram varshe saa sabhaasu upasthitim naa vilambitaa, tathaa cha shut-samsthaasu, yaihi saha saa sambadhah aasit, tatt prati nivartayitum baadhyah abhavat. 1960 maarch-maase yadaa shaarpville-narasamhaarah abhavat, tadaa bunting punah gruheetah, tathaa cha pretoria-kendriya-karagare maasatrayebhyah adhikakalam yaavat rakshita. "1962 tame varshe "nyoo ez" iti padam nishedham krutvaa, samaapitam, tatra karyam kurwantah sarve patrakaraha, yeshu bunting, tasyaah patihi, ruth first, govan mbeki cha aasan, prakashanat varjitau. saa swapatnah cha panchavarshaparyantam 24 ghantaah gruhabandeeroopen sthaapitaah, yena raajanaitik-kaaryam asambhavam abhavat. paristhitihi 1963 tame varshe dakshina-africa-deshaat landan-nagaram gantum nirnayam akurvan. teshaam nirvaasanasya nirgamana-veesaa-madhye te kadaapi dakshina-africa-desham pratyaagantum naa shaknuvanti iti avadat. landan-nagaram aagaty, bunting-varyaha varnabheda-virodhee-aandolane (aam) sammilitah, saak-ityanena saha swasya rajanaitikam karyam cha niranta. yadaa nelson mandelaa gruheetah tadaa dakshina-aafrikaadeshasy raajanaitik-kaidyaanaam vimochanaartham vishva-abhiyanam samsthaapakaroopena bunting ityanena saha sthaapitam. saa dakshina-africa-deshasya upari aarthik-pratibandhaan sthaapayitum, desham vishva-arthavyavasthaayaah viruddham vilagayitum cha prayataan sanghatitavatee, tathaiva dakshina-africa-deshasya sthitim, mandelaa-anyaanaam raajanaitik-bandinam cha durdashaam cha prachaarayitum prayataan agruhnaat. saa vyaapakaroopen shreyah prapta asti, tathaa cha mandelam phaansi-dandaat rakshayitum abhiyanasya aayojane tasyaah bhumikayaha krute sarvaadhikam smrutaa asti, yadaa rivonia-parikshanam jaatam. yadaa vichaaranah samaaptah, prativadinam karagarasya dandah cha abhavat, tadaa saa landan-nagarasya 39 goods-street-ityatra mukhyaalayah aasit, "vishvasya ekamaatrasya saakep-ityasya karyadhikarinaha karyalayasya" madhyamena teshaam vimochanaartham karyam nirantaram krutavatee. samayochitaroopen, 1968 tame varshe saa "aafrikan-communist" ityasya prakashanaprayasanam samanvayam aarabdhavatee, saak ityasya traimasika-patrikaa, "inkululeko-prakashanani" madhye purnakaalikam karyam kurvantee. praayah dashakadwayam yaavat saa eteshaam sarvaasu kaaryeshu tathaa cha mukta-dakshina-africa-deshaay, sampoorne vishve jananam maanav-adhikaran manyatam dattam vishvaaya cha lakshyeekruty bhaashan-karyakrameshu samlagnaa aasit. 1991 tame varshe, ashtaavimshat varshaanaam vanavaasaanantaram, dampatee kep-nagaram pratyaagatavantah, yadaa saak-ityasya, aafrikan-rashtriya-kaangres (e. enn. sii.) ityasya cha viruddham pratibandhah apasaaritah. bunting ityeshaa 1994 tathaa 1999 tame varshe nirvaachaneshu e. enn. sii. krute sevaam akarot, tathaa cha kyuba-deshasya kep-town-mitranam samsthaapakeshu anyatama aasit, tasyaah mrutyuparyantam raajanaitik-karyani nirantavatee. mrutyuhu tathaa uttaradhikaraha. bunting ityeshah 24 maarch 2001 dinaanke kep-nagare amriyata. 2010 tame varshe dakshina-africa-deshe jaateey-samanatayaha, maanav-adhikarasya, rashtranirmanasya cha prayasanam prati tasyaah pratibaddhataayaah krute rashtrapatina jacob zumaa ityanena rajat-arder-aaf-luthuli ityanena saa sammanita.

sonia bunding sonia bunding, ools (9 disambar 1922-24 maarch 2001) oru thennaapirikka paththirigaiyaalar mattrum oru arasiyal mattrum niraverikku ethiraana aarvalar aavaar. thaesaththuroagak kuttram saattappattu siraiyil adaikappatta pinnar, irandaavathu muraiyaaga thadutthu vaikkapattu, veliyida thadai vithikkappatta pinnar, avarum avarathu kanavarum landanil naadukadaththappattanar, angku avar niraverikku ethiraana iyakkaththil (aam) saernthaar mattrum viduvikka ulaga prachchaaraththai aerpaadu seithaar thennaapirikka arasiyal kaithigal. 1991 aam aandil aaprikka thaesiya congress (anc) thadai neekkappattapoathu, avar thennaappirikkaavukkathku thirumbinaar, angku avar 2001 aam aandil irakkum varai arasiyal seyalpaattil eedupattaar. 2010 aam aandil velliyil luduli varisaiyudan thennaapirikka arasaangkaththaal maranaththirkup piragu gowravikkappattaar. aarambagaala vaazhkkai. sonia peril aisakmaen disambar 9,1922 andru thennaapirikkaavin johannesburkil dora mattrum davit aisakmaenukku piranthaar. yootharkalukku ethiraana padukolaikalaith thavirkka kilakku iroappaavilirunthu thappiyoodiya yootha naadukadaththappattavargal avarathu pettroar aavar. thanathu idainilaik kalviyil irunthu matriculation mudiththa piragu, aisakmaen maruththuva padippaith thodara viid watersrand palkalaikkazhagaththil saernthaar. 1942 aam aandil, palkalaikkazhagaththil padikkumpoathu, avar thennaapirikkaavin communist katchiyil (cpsa) saernthaar, antha neraththil naattin oray panmuga arasiyal katchiyaaga irunththathu. avar ulagalaaviya vaakkurimaikkaaga prachaaram seiyath thodangkinaar, pinnar oru aandu pallippadippai mudiththa piragu thanathu maruththuva padippai nirutthinaar. thozhil. aisakmaen saak aluvalagangkalil vaelai seiyach sentraar, angku avar irandaam ulagap poarin ilam veerarum saga communistumaana praiyan pandingai sandhiththaar. 1946 aam aandil, inththa jody tirumanam seithu kondu cape downuku kudipeyarndhadhu, angku avarkalin moontru kuzhandhaigal, piittar, margared mattrum stephen piranthanar. bunding angku saakkirkaaga thodarnthu paniyaattrinaar, maelum cape down amaithik kuzhuvil adhan seyalaalaraagavum paniyaattrath thodangkinaar. 1950 aam aandil, thennaapirikkaavil communism katchiyum thadaiseiyappattapoathu, avar communist uravugalaik konda seithiththaalaana "thii cardian" ill paniyaattrath thodangkinaar. adhu thadaiseiyappattu "theeppori" endru marupeyaridappattapoathu, pinnar thadaiseiyappattu "puthiya yugam" endru marupeyaridappattapoathu, avar seithiththaalil thodarnthu paniyaattrinaar. thennaapirikkaavaip pirathinithiththuvappaduththa ahmat katrada thalaimaiyilaana kuzhuvil uruppinaraaga niyamikkapatta avar, 1951 aam aandil kilakku perlinukkuch sentraar. 1953 aam aandil, katchi thennaapirikka communist katchi (saak) endra peyaril maruseeramaikkappattathu, maelum bunding adhan niruvana uruppinargalil oruvaraaga irunthaar. niraveri saarbu arasaangkaththaal niraivettrappatta adhigariththa kattupaattu sattaththirku pathilalikkum vagaiyil, avar arasiyal nadavadikkaigalil kavanam seluththinaar. oru vellai pennaaga, ina odukumuraikku ethiraagap paesum thaniththuvamaana nilaiyil irunthaar. sudhanthira saasanam aetrtrukkollappatta cliptownil nadaipettra 1955 makkal maanaatil maedaiyil paechchaalarkalil oruvaraaga avar alaikkappattaar. 1956 aam aandil, bunding, kathrada mattrum 154 pira aarvalargal kaithu seiyappattu adhiga thaesaththuroagak kuttrachchaattil kuttram saattappattanar. inththa vazhakku visaaranai 1961 maarch 29 varai neediththathu, aanaal bunding 91 paerudan viduvikappattu, october 1958 ill thanathu veettirku mattrum kuzhandhaigalukkuth thirumbinaar. avar viduvikkapatta aduththa aandu, avar koottangalil kalandhu kolla thadai vithikkappattathu mattrum avar inainthirunththa irupaththi aaru amaippugalil irunthu vilaga vaendiya kattaayam aerpattathu. maarch 1960 ill sharbville padukolai nadanthapoathu, bunding meendum kaithu seiyappattu moontru maathangkalukkum maelaaga bridoria matthiya siraiyil adaikkappattathu. "puthiya yugam" 1962 ill thadai seiyappattu moodappattathu, maelum angku panipuriyum anaitthu paththirikaiyaalarkalum, idhil bunding, avarathu kanavar, rooth furst mattrum govan mebegi ullittavargal udpada, veliyida thadai vithikkappattanar. avarum avarathu kanavarum ainthu aandu kaalaththirku 24 manii naera veettuk kavalil vaikappattanar, ithanaal arasiyal nadavadikkaikal saaththiyamattrathaaga maariyathu. inththa nilaimai 1963 aam aandil thennaapirikkaavai vittu landanukkuch sella mudivu seiya vazhivaguththathu. avarkal naadukadaththappattatharkaana veliyaerum visaakkal avarkal orupoathum thennaappirikkaavukkathku thirumba mudiyaathu endru kooriyadhu. landanukku vantha piragu, bunding niraverikku ethiraana iyakkaththil (aam) saernthaar, maelum saak udan thanathu arasiyal paniyaith thodarnthaar. nelson mandela kaithu seiyappattapoathu, thennaapirikka arasiyal kaithigalai viduvikka ulaga prachaaram adhan amaippaalaraaga bunding moolam niruvappattathu. thennaprika meethu porulaathaarath thadaikalai vithikkavum, ulagap porulaathaaraththilirunthu naattai thanimaippaduththavum avar muyarchigalaith thirattinaar, athae poal thennaapirikkaavin nilaimai mattrum mandela mattrum pira arasiyal kaithigalin avalanilaiyai vilambarappaduththuvatharkaana muyarchigalukku thalaimai thaangkinaar. avar paravalaaka paaraattappattullaar, maelum rivonia visaaranai nadanthapoathu mandelaavai thookkil thongavidaamal kaappaattruvatharkaana prachchaaraththai aerpaadu seithathil avarathu pankirkaaka migavum ninaivukoorappadugiraar. visaaranai mudivadainthu pirathivaathikalukku siraiththandanai vithikkappattapoathu, landanil ulla 39 goodj streettai thalaimaiyidamaagak konda "ulagin saakkin oray iyakka aluvalagam" moolam avarkalin viduthalaikkaaga avar thodarnthu paniyaattrinaar. athae neraththil, 1968 aam aandil, "incululego veliyeedugalil" muzhunaeramaaga panipuriyum poathu, saakkin kaalandu idhazhaana "aaprikka communist" inn veliyeettu muyarchigalai avar orunginaikkath thodangkinaar. aeraththaazha irandu thasaapthankalaaka, avar inththa nadavadikkaikal anaiththilum eedupattaar, athae poal sudhanthira thennaappirikkaavaiyum, ulagengkilum ulla makkalin manitha urimaigalai angkeekariththa ulagaiyum nokkamaagak konda paechchu eedupaattilum eedupattaar. 1991 aam aandil, irupaththi ettu aandugal naadukadaththappatta piragu, thambathiyinar cape downukuth thirumbinar, appoathu saak mattrum aaprikka thaesiya congressukku (anc) ethiraana thadaigal neekkapattana. 1994 mattrum 1999 thaerthalkalin pirachchaarangkalil bunding anc-kku paniyaattrinaar, maelum cubavin cape down nanbarkalin niruvanarkalil oruvaraaga irunthaar, avar irakkum varai thanathu arasiyal nadavadikkaigalaith thodarnthaar. maranam mattrum marabu. bunding 24 maarch 2001 andru cape downill iranthaar. 2010 aam aandil thennaapirikkaavil ina samathuvam, manitha urimaigal mattrum thaesaththaik kattiyeluppum muyarchigalukkaana avarathu arppanippirkaaga janathipathi jacob jumawal luduli velli varisaiyil gowravikkappattaar.

sonia bunting sonia bunting, ols (9 december 1922-24 marchi 2001) oka dakshinaafrikaa paatrikeyudu, mariyu raajakeeya mariyu varnavivaksha vyatiraeka kaaryakarta. rajadroham abhiyogaalu mopi, khaidu cheyabadina taruvaata, rendavasari nirbandhinchabadi, prachurana nundi nishedhinchabadina taruvaata, aame mariyu aame bhartha londonlo bahishkarinchabaddaaru, akkada aame varnavivaksha vyatiraeka udyamamlo (aam) chaeri, dakshinaafrikaa raajakeeya khaideela vidudala kosam prapancha pracharanni nirvahinchaaru. 1991loe african national congress (yea. enn. sii) nishedham ettiveyabadinappudu, aame dakshinaafrikaaku tirigi vachindi, akkada aame 2001loe maraninche varaku raajakeeya kriyaaseelataloo paalgondi. 2010loe dakshinaafrikaa prabhutvam aamenu maranaanantaram rajatamlo luthuli ordertho satkarinchindi. prarambha jeevitam. sonia beryl isakman 1922 december 9naa dakshinaafrikaalooni johannesburglo dora mariyu david isakman dampatulaku janminchaaru. aame tallidandrulu yoodula bahishkrutulu, veeru yoodula vyatiraeka maranahomam nundi tappinchukovadaaniki thoorpu airopa nundi paaripoyaaru. thana madhyamika vidya nundi matriculation taruvaata, isakman vaidya vidyanu abhyasinchadaaniki whit watersrand vishwavidhyaalayamlo cheraadu. 1942loe, vishwavidhyaalayamlo chaduvutunnappudu, aame aaa samayamlo desamlo unna ekaika bahulajaati raajakeeya party ayina communist party off south africa (cpsa) loe cheraaru. aame saarvatrika ootu hakku kosam pracharam praarambhinchindi, aaa taruvaata oka samvatsaram paatasaala vidyanu puurti chesina taruvaata thana vaidya vidyanu muginchindi. vrutti. isakman saak karyalayalalo panicheyadaaniki vellaadu, akkada aame rendava prapancha yuddham anubhavagnudaina mariyu thoti communistu ayina yuva brian buntingnu kalusukunnaru. 1946loe, eee janta vivaham chesukuni cape townku makaam marcharu, akkada vaari mugguru pillalu peater, margaret mariyu stephen janminchaaru. bunting akkada saak kosam panini konasaginchadu, mariyu cape town shanti mandalilo daani kaaryadarsigaa kooda panicheyadam praarambhinchaadu. 1950loe dakshinaafrikaalo communism, party nishedhinchabadinappudu, aame communistu sambandhaalato kuudina vaartaapatrika "dhi guardian" loe panicheyadam praarambhinchindi. dheenini nishedhinchi, "dhi spark" gaa paeru marchinappudu, taruvaata nishedhinchi, "nyuu age" gaa paeru marchinappudu, aame patrika kosam panini konasaaginchindi. dakshinaafrikaaku praatinidhyam vahinchadaaniki ahmed katrada netrutvamloni pratinidhi brundamlo sabhyuraligaa niyamitulaina aame 1951loe 3va prapancha yuvata mariyu vidyaarthula utsavamlo thoorpu berlinku vellaaru. 1953loe, party dakshinaafrikaa communist party (saak) paerutoe punarvyavastheekarinchabadindi, mariyu bunting daani vyavasthaapaka sabhyulalo okaru. varnavivaksha anukuula prabhutvam aamodinchina nirbandha chattaniki pratispandanagaa, aame raajakeeya karyakalapalapai drushti pettindi. tellajati mahilagaa, jaathi anachivetaku vyatiraekamgaa matlade pratyaekamaina sthithilo aame undedi. 1955loe cliptownloo jarigina peepul congresslo vedika vaktalalo okarigaa aamenu aahvaninchaaru, akkada friedam charter aamodinchabadindi. 1956loe bunting, katrada mariyu 154 mandhi itara kaaryakartalanu arrestu chesi, adhika rajadroham abhiyogaalu moparu. eee vichaarana 1961 marchi 29 varaku konasaagindi, conny bunting 91 mandhi itarulatoe paatu nirdoshigaa prakatinchabadi, 1958 octoberulo aame intiki mariyu pillalaku tirigi vachindi. aame vidudalaina samvatsaram, aame samavesalaku hajarukakunda nishedhinchabadindi mariyu aame anubandhamgaa unna iravai aaru samsthala nundi upasamharinchukovalasi vachindi. 1960 maarchilo sharpville oochakotha jariginappudu, buntingnu mallee arrestu chesi moodu nelalaku paiga pretoria central jailulo unchaaru. "kotta yugam" 1962loe nishedhinchabadindi mariyu moosiveyabadindi, mariyu akkada panichestunna jarnalistulandaruu, indulo bunting, aame bhartha, rooth fust mariyu govan mbeki itarulu unnaaru, prachurinchakundaa nishedhinchabaddaaru. aamenu, aame bhartanu aidella paatu 24 gantala gruha nirbandhamlo unchadamtho raajakeeya karyakalapalu asadhyamayyayi. eee paristhiti 1963loe dakshinaafrikaanu vidichipetti london vellaalani nirnayinchukovadaaniki buntingsku daariteesindi. vaari bahishkarana kosam nishkramana veesaalu vaaru eppatikee dakshinaafrikaaku tirigi raalerani perkonnaayi. london cherukunna taruvaata, bunting varnavivaksha vyatiraeka udyamamlo (aam) chaeri, saak thoo thana raajakeeya panini konasaaginchindi. nelson mandeelaanu arrestu chesinappudu, dakshinaafrikaa raajakeeya khaideela vidudala kosam prapancha pracharam daani nirvahakudiga buntingtho sthaapinchabadindi. dakshinaafrikaapai aardhika aankshalu vidhinchadaaniki, deshaanni prapancha aardhika vyavastha nundi vaeruchaeyadaaniki aame prayatnaalanu sameekarinchindi, alaage dakshinaafrikaalooni paristhitini, mandela, itara raajakeeya khaideela dusthitini pracharam chese prayatnaalaku naayakatvam vahinchindi. aame vistrutamgaa ghanata pondindi mariyu rivonia vichaarana jariginappudu mandeelaanu uri nundi rakshinche pracharanni nirvahinchadamlo aame paatraku aame baga gurthundipoyindi. vichaarana mugisinappudu mariyu prativaadulaku jailu siksha vidhinchabadinappudu, aame vaari vidudala kosam panini konasaaginchindi, landanlooni 39 goodge streat pradhana karyalayam unna "prapanchamlooni saake yokka ekaika operating office" dwara. adhe samayamlo, 1968loe, aame "inkululeko prachuranalalo" puurti samayam panichestunnappudu, saak yokka traimaasika patrika ayina "african communist" prachurana prayatnaalanu samanvayam cheyadam praarambhinchindi. daadaapu rendu dasabdaluga, aame eee karyakalapalannintilo nimagnamai, alaage swechchaayuta dakshinaafrikaa mariyu prapanchavyaaptamgaa prajala maanava hakkulanu gurtinche prapanchaanni lakshyamgaa chesukuni prasanga karyakramalalo nimagnamai undhi. 1991loe, iravai enimidi samvatsaraala pravasam taruvaata, eee janta cape townku tirigi vacchaaru, appudu saak mariyu african national congress (ensi) paie nishedhaalu ettiveyabaddaayi. bunting 1994 mariyu 1999 ennikala pracharalalo anc kosam panicheesaaru mariyu cuba cape town snehitula vyavasthaapakulalo okaru, aame maranam varaku thana raajakeeya karyakalapalanu konasaaginchaaru. maranam mariyu vaarasatvam. bunting 24 marchi 2001naa cape townloo maraninchaadu. 2010loe dakshinaafrikaalo jaathi samaanatvam, maanava hakkulu mariyu dhesha nirmaana prayatnaalaku aame nibaddhataku gaanu adhyakshudu jacob juma aamenu sylver arder off luthuli thoo satkarinchaaru.

soniya bunting soniya bunting auls (9 dasambar 1922-24 maarch 2001) eek janubi afriqi sahafi aur eek seyasi aur nasal parasti kay khalaaf srgarm kaarkan thein. ghadari kay alzaam mein qaid honay dosri baar haraasat mein leenay aur ashaat say rook diye jaanay kay baad wah aur inn kay shohar landan mein jalawatni akhtiyar kirr gayey jehaan inhon nay nasal parasti kay khalaaf tehreek (aey aey ayem) mein shamoliyat akhtiyar kii aur janubi afriqah kay seyasi qaidiyon kii rehayi kay liye aalimi muham kaa ahtamam kiyaa. jabb 1991 mein afriqi national congress (aey aine see) kii pabandi khatam kii gayee tuu wah janubi afriqah waps aaa gayein jehaan wah 2001 mein apnee moth takk seyasi srgarmi mein shaamil rahein. inhein janubi afriqah kii hukumat nay baad az merg 2010 mein chaandi mein lotholi kay arder say nawaza. ibtadayi zindagi. soniya biral izacomen 9 dasambar 1922 kuu janubi afriqah kay shehar johannesburg mein doraa aur dude isacomen kay haan paida hoyein. iss kay waldeen yahudi jalawatan thay juu saam mukhalif qatal aam say bachnay kay liye mashriqi europ say bhaag gayey thay. apnee saanvi taleem say metrik kay baad izecomen nay tabee taleem haasil karnay kay liye university aaf dee vitt watersrend mein daakhlah liyaa. 1942 mein university mein taleem haasil kartay huay inhon nay communist paarti aaf saoth afriqah (see pee aiss aey) mein shamoliyat akhtiyar kii juu iss waqat milk kii waahid kaseer nasli seyasi jamaat thee. iss nay aalamgir haqh raaye dahee kay liye muham sharoo kii aur baad mein eek saal kii scholing makmal karnay kay baad apnee tabee taleem khatam kirr dee. carrier. izecomen saak kay dafatir mein kaam karnay gayee jehaan iss kii mulaqat dosri jung azeem kay tajarbah kaar naujawan aur saathi communist brine bunting say hoyee. 1946 mein iss joday nay shaadi kii aur wah cape town muntaqil how gayey jehaan inn kay teen bachay petter margaret aur stephan paida hoay. bunting nay wahaan saak kay liye kaam jaari rakhaa aur cape town pais konsal mein iss kay secertry kay toor parr bhee kaam karnaa sharoo kiyaa. jabb 1950 mein janubi afriqah mein communism aur paarti parr pabandi aayed kii gayee tuu inhon nay communist taluqat waalay akhbaar "dee guardine" mein kaam karnaa sharoo kiyaa. jabb iss parr pabandi lagaa dee gayee aur iss kaa naam badal kirr "dee spark" rakh diyaa gayaa aur phir baad mein iss parr pabandi lagaa dee gayee aur iss kaa naam badal kirr "neo aij" rakh diyaa gayaa tuu iss nay akhbaar kay liye kaam jaari rakhaa. ahmad kathrada kii qayadat mein janubi afriqah kii numaindagi karnay waalay wafad kay rakan kay toor parr muqarar naujawanon aur talbaa kay teesre aalimi melay mein inhon nay 1951 mein mashriqi barlan kaa safar kiyaa. 1953 mein paarti nay janubi afriqi communist paarti (see aey see pee) kay naam say tanzim noow kii aur bunting iss kay baanee arkaan mein say eek thaa. nasal parasti kii haami hukumat kii taraf say manzoor kardah pabandiyon mein izaafe kay radamil mein inhon nay seyasi sargarmiyon parr taujah markoz kii. eek safed faam aurat kay toor parr wah nasli jabar kay khalaaf baath karnay kii eek manfard position mein thee. inhein clip town mein munaqidah 1955 kii congress aaf dee papples mein plait faarm speckers mein say eek kay toor parr madau kiyaa gayaa thaa jehaan fredam charter kuu apnaya gayaa thaa. 1956 mein bunting kathrada aur 154 deegar karkanon kuu giraftar kiyaa gayaa aur inn parr sangeen ghadari kaa alzaam lagaya gayaa. moqhadhime kii samaat 29 maarch 1961 takk jaari rahee leakin bunting kuu 91 deegar afraad kay saath bury kirr diyaa gayaa aur aktobar 1958 mein wah apnay gahar aur bachon kuu waps loat gayee. iss kii rehayi kay baad kay saal asay ajlason mein sharkat say rook diyaa gayaa aur chhabis tanzimon say dastbardar honay parr majbur kiyaa gayaa jinn say wah waabistah thein. maarch 1960 mein jabb shaarp weel qatal aam hawaa tuu bunting kuu dobarah giraftar kirr kay teen maah say ziyadah arsey takk pretoria central jail mein rakhaa gayaa. "nayey door" parr 1962 mein pabandi lagaa dee gayee aur asay bund kirr diyaa gayaa aur wahaan kaam karnay waalay tamaam sahafiyon jinn mein bunting inn kay shohar roth frust aur gowan mebiki shaamil thay kuu shaye karnay say rook diyaa gayaa. inhein aur inn kay shohar kuu paanch saal kii madat kay liye 24 ghantay nazar bund rakhaa gayaa jiss say seyasi sargarmiyan namumkin how gayein. iss surathaal kii wajah say 1963 mein buntings nay janubi afriqah chhod kirr landan jaanay kaa faislah kiyaa. inn kii jalawatni kay liye ext wezon mein kahaa gayaa kahh wah kabhi bhee janubi afriqah waps nahein aasakte. landan pahunchnay parr bunting nay nasal parasti kay khalaaf tehreek (aey aey ayem) mein shamoliyat akhtiyar kii aur saak kay saath apnaa seyasi kaam jaari rakhaa. jabb neelson mandila kuu giraftar kiyaa gayaa tuu janubi afriqah kay seyasi qaidiyon kii rehayi kay liye aalimi muham qayem kii gayee jiss kay muntazim bunting thay. inhon nay janubi afriqah parr maashi pabandiyan laganay aur milk kuu aalimi maeshat say alg thalag karnay kii koshishein mutharik kein saath hyee janubi afriqah kii surathaal aur mandila aur deegar seyasi qaidiyon kii haalat zaar kuu aam karnay kii koshishon kii qayadat kii. asay baday paimanay parr creadt diyaa jaataa hay aur asay sabb say ziyadah yaad kiyaa jaataa hay kahh jabb revonia kaa moqhadhima hawaa tuu mandila kuu phansi say bachanay kii muham kuu manzam karnay mein iss kay kirdaar kay liye. jabb moqhadhima khatam hawaa aur madaa alaihan kuu jail kii sazaa sanayi gayee tuu iss nay "duniya mein seek kay waahid operating aafs" kay zariye inn kii rehayi kay liye kaam jaari rakhaa jiss kaa sadr daftar 39 gudd strait landan mein thaa. beek waqat 1968 mein inhon nay "incololeco ashaaton" mein kill waqti kaam kartay huay "afriqi communist"yee juu kahh saak kaa sah maahi jaridah hay kii ashaat kii koshishon kuu marbut karnaa sharoo kiyaa. taqriba duu dahayiyon takk wah inn tamaam sargarmiyon kay saath saath taqrir kii masrufiyat mein masruf rahein jiss kaa maqsad eek aazaad janubi afriqah aur eek aisi duniya hay jiss nay duniya bhar kay logon kay insani haqoq kuu tasleem kiyaa how. 1991 mein athayees saal jalawatni kay baad yaha jodaa cape town waps aayaa jabb saak aur afriqi national congress (aey aine see) kay khalaaf pabandiyan uthaa lee gayein. bunting nay 1994 aur 1999 kay intekhabat kii mahmaat mein aine see kay liye khidmaat anjaam dain aur cuba kay cape town friends kay baaniyon mein say eek thein jinhon nay apnee moth takk apnee seyasi sargarmiyan jaari rakhee. moth aur miraas. bunting kaa inteqal 24 maarch 2001 kuu cape town mein hawaa. 2010 mein inhein sadr jacob zoma nay janubi afriqah mein nasli masawaat insani haqoq aur qoom kii tameer kii koshishon kay liye inn kay azam kay liye salor arder aaf lotholi say nawaza.

00003ebae4ec7ba39d1fca408259f7b1eb2c39e2e39c3ed372644cb3947e8cb8

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18087410

50th Birthday Celebration Volume 1

50th Birthday Celebration Volume 1 50th Birthday Celebration Volume 1 is a live album by the Masada String Trio documenting their performance at Tonic in September 2003 as part of John Zorn's month-long 50th Birthday Celebration concert series. Reception. The Allmusic review by Sean Westergaard awarded the album 4.5 stars stating "From soloing to comping, bowing to pizzicato techniques, the set is dazzling from start to finish. Only "Malkut" and "Karet" are anything but beautiful, sounding like pieces left more open to free improvisation than the others, and allowing other facets of the players' abilities to come out. The Masada songbook has elicited a rather large number of truly excellent recordings from its various ensembles. Add this one to the list. Recommended." References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

mahjura jonmodin udjapon khondo 1 mahjura jonmodin udjapon volume 1 hoise 2003 sonor septembor maahot john jornor mahjura mahjura jonmodin udjapon xongitanusthan sringkholar ongxo hisape tonikot teulukor prodorxon nothibhukto koraa masada string triyajonor ek live elbam. obhyorthona. cn westergardor ol music ribhiuye elbamtuk 4.5 staar prodan kori koy je "xuluingor poraa compingloi, pijjikatu kouxololoi bob 'noo koraa, settu aarombhonir poraa xexoloike somotkar. kewol "malkut" aaru "keret" hoise xundor, aanburor tulnat mukto tatkhyonik koronor baabe odhik mukoli hoi thoka tukurar dore xobdo koraa, aaru kheluoixokolor xamorthyor onyanyo dixburok ulai aahiboloi onumoti diya. mosada gitor kitapkhone iyar bibhinno xongitor gutor poraa jothesto xongkhyok prokrito utkristo recording laabh korise. ei talikakhonot jug korok. poramorxo diya hoise."

masbyapi jonmodin udjapon volume 1 masbyapi jonmodin udjaponer volume 1 holl masada string troyer ekti live album jaa john jorner masbyapi masbyapi jonmodin udjaponer concert sirijer ongsho hisabe 2003 saaler septembore tonnic-ayee taader performance nothibhukto korey. abhyarthana. shaan westergarder oll music review albumtike 4.5 stara pradan korey jey "ekok theke comping, matha noto koraa theke pitzikato kaushal, setti shuru theke shesh porjonto chamakprada. shudhumatra "malkut" ebong "corrett" sundar chhada arr kichui noy, jaa onnoder tulna binamulye tatkhonikkoroner jonno arow unmukto tukrogulir moto shonache ebong kheloader dokkhotar anyanno dikgulike beriye aste deyo. masada gaaner boiti taar bivinno gaan theke prachur sankhyak satyikarer durdanto recording peyeche. eyi talika etty jog korun. superish koraa hoy."

laambi janmadivasni ujavani volume 1 laambi janmadivasni ujavaninu volume 1 aee masada string traneynu jivant album chhe, jeey john zornni maheena laambi laambi janmadivasni ujavanini concert shreneena bhaag rupe september september tonic khaate temnaa pradarshannu dastavejikaran karey chhe. swaagat. siina westergardnee ola music samikshaamaa aalbamne 4.5 staar enayat karvaamaa aavyaa hataa jemaa janaavyu hatoo keey "soloingthi comping, bovingthi pizikato takneeko, seeta sharuaatthi anta sudhee chamakato hoya chhe. maatra "malkut" aneey "curret" kaneepan chhe parantu sunder chhe, jeey anya kartaa mukt improvisation maate vadhu khulla tukadao jevaa avaaj karey chhe, aneey khelaadioni kshamataona anya pasaone bahaar aavvaa deey chhe. masada gitpustake tenaa viveedh sangeetnaa melamathi kharekhar uttam recordingsnee motee sankhyaane bahaar paadee chhe. aaa yaadimaa umero. bhalaaman karvaamaa aave chhe."

50vaan janmadin samaroh khand 1 50vaan janmadin samaroh khand 1, masada string tikadi kaa ack live album haye joe sitambar 2003 mein johnn jorn key maheene bhar chalane vaale 50vein janmadin samaroh sangeet karyakram key hisse key roop mein tonic mein apane pradarshan kaa dastavejikaran kartaa haye. swaagat. seane westergard dwara olmusic review ney album koo 4.5 sitaaron seey sammaanit kiya, jisamen kahaa gayaa thaa kii "ekal seey laker comping, jhukane seey laker pizzicato takneekon taka, sett shuru seey anta taka chamakdaar haye. kewal "malkut" aur "currett" kuchh bhee hain lekin sunder hain, joe dusaron kii tulanaa mein muft ashurachana key liye adhik khule tukadon kii tarah lagate hain, aur khilaadiyon kii kshamataon key anya pahaluon koo baahar aaney dete hain. masada geet pustika ney apane vibhinn gaanon seey vaastav mein utkrisht recording kii ack badee sankhya praapt kii haye. ise soochi mein jodein. anushansit."

50neey huttuhabbada sambhramacharane samputa 1 50neey huttuhabbada sambhramacharaneya samputa 1 embudu masada string moovara live album aagiddu, idu zaan jorn avara tingala 50neey huttuhabbada sambhramacharaneya sangeeta kacheriya bhagavagi september 2003ralli tonnic nalli tamma pradarshanavannu daakhalisuttade. svaagata. seane westergardne almusic vimarseyu albumge 4.5 stargalannu needi "soloingninda compiting, bouing tuu pizzicato tantragalu, sett aarambhadinda koneyavarege beragugolisuttade" endu helide. malkut" mattu "currate" maatra sundaravagive, itarariginta mukta sudhaaranege hecchu muktavaada tunukugalante dhwanisuttade mattu atagarara saamarthyagala itara amshagalannu horabaralu anuvu maadikoduttade. ee masala haadina pustakavu adara vividha sangeeta samyojanegalinda saakashtu dodda sankhyeya atyuttama dhwanimudranagalannu padedukondide. idannu pattige serisi. shipharasu maadalaagide."

50 vaa vadhadivas sajra khand 1 50vaa vadhadivas sajra khand 1 haah masada string trikutane tayar kelela eka thet sangrah aahe, joou johnn zornchya 50vya vadhadivsachya utsavachya maifilichya malikecha eka mahinabhar chalana bhag mhanoon september 2003 madhye tonicmadhye tyanchya kamgiriche dastaivajikaran karato. swagat. seane westergardchya almusic reviewne yaa albamla 4.5 taare deuun sanmanit kele, jyat mhatale aahe qee, "ekal sangitapasun teey sangananaparyant, pizikato tantranna jhukane, haah sanch suruvatipasun shevatparyant chamakdar aahe. keval 'malkut' aanee 'curret' heey sunder aahet, itaranpeksha mukt sudharanansathi adhik khule thevalele tukade aanee kheladunchya kshamatechya itar pailunna baher yeu denyasarkhe dhwani aahet. masada ganyachya pustakane tyachya vividh samoohanmadhun kharokharach utkrusht dhvanimudrananchi eka mothee sankhya midavali aahe. heey yadeet joda. shifaras kelee aahe."

50 aun janmadin samaroha khanda 1 50 aun janmadin utsava khanda 1 masada string trayiko ek pratyaksha album how jasle september 2003 maa john jornako mahina-lamo 50 aun janmadin utsava concert shrinkhalako bhagko rupma tanikma uniharuko pradarshanlai dastawej gardacha. swagat. sayne westergardko almusic samikshale albumlai 4.5 starr pradan gardai "soloingdekhi comping, pizzikato prawidhiharuma jhukera, sett surudekhi antyasamma chamkilo chha. kewal "malkut" rar "corrett" sunder bahek aru kehi pani hun, anya bhanda nihshulk sudharka lagi khula chhodeka tukraharu jasto dhwaniko, rar kheladiharuko kshamataka anya pakshaharulai bahira auna anumati dinchha. masada geet pustakle yasaka vibhinna samuhaharubata sanchchai utkrishta recordingharuko thulo sankhyalai prapta gareko chha. yo suchima thapnuhos. sifaris garieko chha."

masbapy janmadina utsaba khanda 1 masbapy janmadina utsaba khanda 1 heuchhi masada string trajira eka live album jaahaa september 2003 ray zohn jornka masbapy masbapy janmadina utsaba concert sirijara ansha bhabare tanikare semanankara pradarshan document kare . swagata. sinh westergardnka almusic ribhyu alabamku 4.5 starr pradan curry kahichhi je "soloing thaaru comping parjyanta, pigicato kaushalaku munda nuani, sett aarambharu shesh parjyanta chamaki uthuchhi . kebala "malkut" ebong "corrett" sunder, jaahaa anyagudika tulanare mukta improvisation paain adhika khola chadithiba khanda pari shunae, ebong khelalinka dakhyatara anya digaku baharaku asibaku anumathi die . masada geeta pustaka ehara bibhinna sangeeta sangruharu prakrutare aneka utkrusta recording paichi . ehaaku talikare samil karantu. suparish karajaichi."

1 janam dinn samaroh valiam 1 1 janam dinn samaroh valiam 1, masda satar tikdi duaara ikk live album haii joe satambar 2003 witch jauhan zoran dee maheene bharr challan vaali vaali janam dinn samaroh sangeet luddy dey hisse vajon tonic witch unhan dey pardarshan daa dastavezikaran kardi haii. suagat. seen westergard duaara aal music samikhiaa neey album noon 4.5 staran naal sanmanit keeta jiss witch kiha giaa see kii "soloing toon lae keey comping takk, pizicato taknikan vall jhukna, sett shuru toon ant takk chamakdar haii. siraf "malkut" atey "crate" kujh vee hunn parr sunder, ajihe tukde hunn joe doojiaan naalon mufat sudhar laee vadhere khulleh rahinde hunn, atey khidariaan deeaan yogtavan dey horr pahiluaan noon bahr aaunn dinde hunn. masada geet pustak neey aapne vakkh-vakkh samoohan toon vaddi ginti witch sachmuch shandar recordingan prapat keetiaan hunn. iss noon suchi witch shamal crow. sifarash keeti gaee haii."

50 tamam janmadinam utsavam khandah 1 50 tamam janmadina-utsava-khandah 1, masada string-trayam dwara ekam pratyaksha-sangraham asti, yat jaan zorn ityasya masabharitasya 50 tamam janmadina-utsava-sangeeta-shrunkhalaayaah bhagarupena 2003 september-maase taanik-kridaayaam teshaam pradarshanasy dastaavejeekaranam karoti. sweekaranam. seen westergaard ityasya aal-music-samikshaya, aalbam-ityasmai 4.5 starr-iti puraskaarah pradatta, "soloying-taha kampaing-paryantam, pizikaato-tantram prati namitah, sett-ityasya aarambhah samaaptah yaavat chashchit asti iti. kevalam "malkut" tathaa "currett" ityetaani eva sundaraani kaanichan santi, anyaih apekshayaa mukta-ashurachanartham adhikatayaa muktaani khandaani iva dhvanyante, tathaa cha kridapatunam kshamatanam anyaan pakshan bahihi aagantum anumanyante. masada-geetapustakam swasya vividhaihi sangeetasamoohaih yatharthataya utkrushtaanaam dhvanimudrananam sankhyaadhikyam praaptavatee. etat suchyam yojayatu. anushamsitam."

50vadhu pirantha naall kondaattam thoguthi 1 50 vadhu piranthanaal kondaatta thoguthi 1 enbathu john jornin oru maatha kaala 50 vadhu piranthanaal kondaatta kacherith thodarin oru paguthiyaaga septumber 2003 ill danikkil thangal seyalthiranai aavanappaduththum masada string moovarin neradi aalbamaagum. varavaerpu. chiin westercardin anaitthu isai mathippaaivum aalpaththirku 4.5 natchaththiranggalai valangkiyathu, "thanippaadal muthal thoguppu varai, bijjikatto nutpangalukku thalaivananguvathu varai, chett thodakkaththilirunthu iruthi varai thigaikkirathu. malkud" mattrum "currate" mattumae azhagaaga ullana, mattravargalai vida ilavasa maempaadugalukku migavum thiranthirukkum thundugal poal olikkindrana, maelum veerargalin thirankalin pira amsangkalai veliyae vara anumathikkintrana. masada paadal puththagam adhan palvaeru kuzhukkalilirundhu aeraalamaana unmaiyana sirantha pathivukalai velippaduththiyullathu. idhaip pattiyalil saerkkavum. parinthuraikkappadukirathu."

50va puttinaroju veduka valume 1 50va puttinaroju veduka valume 1 anedi masada string trayam yokka live album, idhi zaan jorne yokka nela rojula 50va puttinaroju veduka kacheri siriisloo bhaagamgaa september 2003loe tannic vadda vaari pradarsananu document chestundi. reception. seen westergard almusic review albumku 4.5 nakshatraalanu pradaanam chesindi, "soloing nundi comping varaku, vangi, pizzicato techniclaku, sett prarambham nundi mugimpu varaku merisedigaa undhi. malkut" mariyu "currate" matrame andamainavi, itarula kante uchita merugudalaku marinta terichi unchina mukkalu laaga dhwaninchevi, mariyu aatagaalla saamardhyaala yokka itara koonaalanu bayataku raavadaaniki anumatistaayi. masala paatala pustakam daani vividha samuuhaala nundi pedda sankhyalo nijamaina adbhutamaina recordinglanu veliki teesindi. eee jaabitaaku deenni jodinchandi. sifaarsu cheyabadindi."

50 wein salgrah kii taqrib jald 1 50 wein salgrah kii taqrib kaa hajm 1 masada string teenon kaa eek braah raast album hay juu satambar 2003 mein taank mein jaan zoran kii maah bhar chalnay waali 50 wein salgrah kii taqrib concert seerez kay hasay kay toor parr inn kii karkardgi kuu dastawezi shakal deeta hay. isteqbaliya. seen westergard kay aal music review nay album kuu 4.5 sataron say nawaza jiss mein kahaa gayaa kahh "solving say lay kirr comping takk pezicato taknik kii taraf jhakna seet sharoo say aakhir takk chamakdar hay. sarf "maal cutt" aur "carriot" kachh bhee nahein balkah khubsurat haine aisi aawaz aatee hay jeesay dosray kay muqabilay mein mufta aslaah kay liye ziyadah khalay hoay takday aur khiladiyon kii salahiyaton kay deegar pahluwon kuu baahir aaney deetay haine. masada gaaney kii kitaab nay apnay mukhtalif majmuon say waaqee behtareen recording kii eek bury taadad haasil kii hay. asay fehrist mein shaamil karein. tajweez kardah."

00004312abcdcd6a4aaeb108dfaa7bbe4b6eab37484cfe46a3a4e4a5b5822bb7

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki?curid=9685868

アネクドート

アネクドート

e. eno. ee. key. di. e.

ainn. aii. aimm. aii.

0000434a8b4e946cefd4e9a3544bfa70ee91b1a20b879e98cf65ef324ce74df8

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72670589

International Council on Social Welfare

International Council on Social Welfare Social welfare organization The International Council on Social Welfare (ICSW) is a non-governmental organization whose activity is focused on undertaking research and organizing consultations for technical assistance and policy development aimed at improving social welfare, social justice and social development at the country and international levels.. History. The ICSW has its origins in 1928 when the International Conference on Social Work, its immediate predecessor, was born in Paris, with the aim of strengthening cooperation between various countries in promoting human welfare. The first Conference had a high proportion of women participating in its preparation and discussions, with nearly two-thirds of the attendees being women. Alice Masarykova, the President of the Czechoslovakian Red Cross, was elected as the first President of the International Conference on Social Work and René Sand became the first Secretary General. The International Association of Schools of Social Work (IASSW) and the International Federation of Social Workers (IFSW) also have their origins in the International Conference on Social Work. Moreover, the three participate in the publication of the journal "International Social Work" with SAGE Publications. Since its founding in 1928, ICSW has focused its activity on promoting social welfare, technical assistance and knowledge creation, both locally and globally. ICSW actively contributes to international debates and meetings on social welfare, such as the World Summit for Social Development held in Copenhagen in 1995, where strong leadership was proven; the United Nations Commission for Social Development (CSocD), which has among its main purposes the development and implementation of the Copenhagen Declaration and Programme of Action, with ICSW having consultative status with the CSocD; The Global Agenda for Social Work and Social Development (2010); or the 2022 Global People's Summit ICSW organisational structure. The main organs of the organization are the General Assembly, the Supervisory and Advisory Board, and the Management Committee. The General Assembly is responsible for adopting the four-year global program and the biennial budgetary framework, as well as electing the President, Vice President, Treasurer and two other members of the Management Committee. The term is for approximately four years. The current president (2020-2024) is Dr. Sang-Mok Suh, past president of the Korea National Council on Social Welfare and Minister of Health and Welfare in the Korean Government in 1993-95. The ICSW Executive Director position is currently occupied by Dr. Antonio López Peláez, Professor of Social Work and Social Services at the National Distance Education University (UNED), Spain. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

xomaj kolyanor antohrastriyo porixod antohrastriyo xomaj kolyan porixod (aai. chi. ess. dobliu.) hoise ek besorkari xongstha jaar karzokolap dex aaru antohrastriyo porzayot xamajik kolyan, xamajik nyay aaru xamajik unnoyon unnot korar lokhyore karikori xohay aaru niti bikaxor baabe gowexona aaru poramorxo aayujon korar uporot gurutwo aarup kore.. itihax. manob kolyanor prosarot bibhinno dexor maajot xohojugita xoktixali korar lokhyore 1928 sonot perisot iyar tatkhyonik purboxuri xamajik kaamor uporot antohrastriyo xonmilonor jonmo huwar xomoyot aai. chi. ess. dobliu.-ror utpotti hoisil. prothom xonmilonot iyar prostuti aaru alusonat ongxogrohon koraa mohilar ek uscho onupat aasil, ongxogrohonkarixokolor pray dui tritiyangxo mohila aasil. sekuslubhakian redd krosor xobhapoti elis masarikubha xamajik kaamor uporot onusthito antohrastriyo xonmilonor prothom xobhapoti hisape nirbasito hoisil aaru rene chand prothom mohaxosibo hoisil. antohrastriyo xomaj kormor bidyaloyor xongstha (aai. e. ess. dobliu.) aaru antohrastriyo xomaj kormir federation (aai. ef. ess. dobliu.) ru utpotti xamajik kormor uporot onusthito antohrastriyo xonmilonot hoise. iyar uporiu, tiniujone rixi prokaxonor xoite "antohrastriyo xamajik kaam" alusonikhonor prokasyot ongxogrohon kore. 1928 sonot iyar protisthar pisore poraa, aai. chi. ess. dobliu.-e sthaniyo aaru biswobyapi xamajik kolyan, karikori xohay aaru gyan sristir prosaror uporot iyar karzokolapor uporot gurutwo aarup korise. 1995 sonot kuponhegonot onusthito xamajik unnoyonor baabe biswo xonmilon, zo 'too xoktixali netritwo promanito hoisil, rastroxonghor xamajik unnoyon aayug (chi. ess. oh'. chi. di.), jaar mool uddesyoxomuhor bhitorot aase coponhagon ghuxona aaru karjyokromor bikax aaru rupayan, chi. ess. oh '. chi. di.-ror xoite aai. chi. ess. dobliu.-ror poramorxomulok morzada thoka; xamajik kaam aaru xamajik unnoyonor baabe biswobyapi agenda (2010); baa 2022 sonor biswo jonoxadharonor xonmilon aadir dore xomaj kolyanor uporot antohrastriyo bitorko aaru xobhat aai. chi. ess. dobliu.-ye xokriyobhabe obodan aagborhai. icsw xangothonik gathoni. xongothonor mukhyo ongoxomuh hoh "lo xadharon xobha, totwawodhan aaru poramorxodata porixod, aaru byowosthapona xomiti. xadharon xobhatuwe chaari bosoriya biswojonin karzoxusi aaru dibarxik bajetor porikathamu grohon korar logote xobhapoti, upo-xobhapoti, khojanosi aaru byowosthapona xomitir aan dujon xodosyok nirbason korar dayitwo bohon kore. ei karjokal pray chaari bosoror. bortomanor xobhapoti (2020-2024) hoise dodd. sango-muk suh, xomaj kolyanor kuria rastriyo porixodor purbor xobhapoti aaru 1993-95 too kuria sorkaror swasthyo aaru kolyan montri. aai. chi. ess. dobliu.-ror karzobahi xonsalokor podtu bortoman dodd. antonio 'lupez pelez, spainor rastriyo durotwo xikhya biswobidyaloyor (unid) xomaj xewa aaru xomaj xewar odhyapok.

samaj kalyan vishayak antorjatik porishod international council ono soshyala welfare (aaee. shee. esha. dobleeu) ekti besarkari sangostha jaar karjokolap desh oo antorjatik porjaye samajkalyan, samajik nyaybichar ebong samajik unnoyoner unnotir lakkhye projuktigoto sahayata oo neeti unnoyoner jonno gobeshona ebong poramorsher ayojan korar upor drishti niboddho korey.. itihas. 1928 saale jokhon err purbosuri, samajik kaaj somporkito antorjatik sommeloner jonmo hoy, tokhon aaee. shee. esha. dobleeu-err utpotti hoy, jaar lakkhya chhilo manob kalyaner prosare bivinno desher modhye sahojogita zordar koraa. prothom sommelone prostuti oo alochonai ongshogrohonkari mohilader ekti uchcho anupat chhilo, jekhane ongshogrohonkarider pray dui-tritiyangsho chhilen mohila. chekoslovakian reeda crosser sabhapati allis masarikova samaj kaaj somporkito antorjatik sommeloner prothom sabhapati nirbachito hohn ebong rene sanned prothom mahasachib hohn. international association off schools off soshyala work (aaee. ayee. esha. dobleeu) ebong international phedareshana off soshyala workers (aaee. eff. esha. dobleeu)-ero utpotti samajik kaajer antorjatik sommelone. uporontu, tinjonyi rishi prokashonar saathe "antorjatik samajik kaaj" journaler prokashonai ongsho neyo. 1928 saale protisthar porr theke, aaee. shee. esha. dobleeu sthaniya ebong bishwobyapi samajkalyan, projuktigoto sahayata ebong gyan srishtir procharer upor taar karjokolapke mononibesh koreche. aaee. shee. esha. dobleeu. sokriyobhabe samaj kalyaner upor antorjatik bitorko ebong boithoke abodan rakhe, jemon 1995 saale koponhegane onusthito samajik unnoyoner jonno bishwa sheersho sommelon, jekhane shaktishali netritto promanito hoyechilo; united nations kamishana phara soshyala development (shee. esha. oo. shee. dii), jaar prodhan uddeshyogulir modhye royeche koponhegan ghoshana ebong karmasuchir unnayan oo bastobayon, shee. esha. oo. shee. dii-rawr saathe aaee. shee. esha. dobleeu-err poramorshomulok morjada royeche; samajik kaaj ebong samajik unnoyoner jonno bishwobyapi agenda (2010); baa 2022 saaler bishwa jonogoner sheersho sommelon. aaee. shee. esha. dobleeu sangathanik kathamo. sangosthar prodhan angaguli holl sadharan porishod, tottabodhayok oo upodeshta board ebong porichalona committy. sadharan porishod chaar bochorer baishwik karmasuchi ebong dwibarshik budget kathamo grohoner pashapashi sabhapati, soho-sabhapati, treasurer ebong porichalona komitir arow dui sadasyake nirbachito korar jonno dayabaddha. eyi meyad pray chaar bochor. bortoman sabhapati (2020-2024) hollen daw. shang-moke suho, koria jatiya samajkalyan counciler praktan sabhapati ebong 1993-95-ayee corian sarkarer swastho oo kalyan montri. aaee. shee. esha. dobleeu-err nirbahi porichaloker podti bortomane doh dwara adhikrito. antonio lopez peleza, spener jatiya durotto shikkha bishwobidyaloyer (eu. enn. ee. dii) samaj kaaj oo samajsebar adhyapak.

saamaajik kalyan parr aantarrashtriy parishad saamaajik kalyan parnee aantarrashtriy parishad (aaee. see. aesa. doubleu.) aek biin-sarkari sanstha chhe, jenee pravrutee desh aneey aantarrashtriy stare saamaajik kalyan, saamaajik nyaay aneey saamaajik vikasma sudhaaro karvaanaa hetuthi takneeki sahaay aneey neetee vikaas maate sanshodhan haath dharvaa aneey paraamarshnu aayojan karvaa parr kendrit chhe.. itihas. aaee. see. aesa. doubleu. nee utpatti 1928 maan thaee hatee jyaare saamaajik kaary parr aantarrashtriy parishad, tenaa taatkaalik purogami, manav kalyanne protsaahan aapvaa maate viveedh desho vachche sahkaarne majboot karvaanaa hetuthi pereesmaa janmya hataa. pratham parishadma tenee taiyari aneey charchaoma bhaag lenar mahilaaonu pramaan unchu hatoo, jemaa lagbhag beey trutiyaansh haajari aapnarao maheelao hatee. chekoslovakian reeda krosnaa pramukh ellis masarikovane saamaajik kaary parr aantarrashtriy parishadna pratham pramukh tareeke chuntavama aavyaa hataa aneey rene sanned pratham mahasachiv banyaa hataa. international association off schools off soshiyal varqa (iasw) aneey international federation off soshiyal workers (ifsw) nee utpatti pann saamaajik kaary parr aantarrashtriy parishadma thaay chhe. vadhumaa, traney rushee prakashno saathe "aantarrashtriy saamaajik kaary" saamyikna prakashanma bhaag leey chhe. 1928maan tenee sthaapnaa thaee tyaarthi, aaee. see. aesa. doubleu. aee sthaaneek aneey vaishvik stare saamaajik kalyan, takneeki sahaay aneey gyaan sarjanne protsaahan aapvaa parr tenee pravrutee parr dhyaan kendrit karyoo chhe. aaee. see. aesa. doubleu. saamaajik kalyan parr aantarrashtriy charchaao aneey bethakomaa sakriyapane yogdaan aape chhe, jaim keey 1995maan kopanheganmaa yojaayeli saamaajik vikaas maateni vishva shikhar parishad, jyaan majboot netrutva saabit thayu hatoo; united nations commission phora soshiyal development (see. aesa. oo. see. dii.), jeno mukhya hetuo paiki coppenhagen ghoshana aneey kaary kaarykramno vikaas aneey amalikaran chhe, jemaa aaee. see. aesa. doubleu. neey see. aesa. oo. see. dii. saathe salaahkaar darajjo chhe; saamaajik kaary aneey saamaajik vikaas maateno vaishvik agenda (2010); athavaa 2022 vaishvik lokonee shikhar parishad aaee. see. aesa. doubleu. sansthakeey maalakhu. sansthaana mukhya ango saamanya sabhaa, dekhrekh aneey salaahkaar mandal aneey vyavsthaapan sameeti chhe. saamanya sabhaa chaar varshnaa vaishvik kaarykram aneey dhvivarshik andajpatriy maalkhaane apnaavvaa maate jawabdar chhe, temaj pramukh, upadhyaksh, khajanchi aneey vyavsthaapan sameetina anya beey sabhyoni pasandagi karey chhe. aaa kaarykaad lagbhag chaar varshno chhe. vartmaan pramukh (2020-2024) doow. sung-moqa suh, saamaajik kalyan parr koreeya raashtriy parishadna bhutpurv pramukh aneey 1993-95 maan corian sarkarma aarogya aneey kalyan mantree. aaee. see. aesa. doubleu. naa kaarykaari nirdeshaknu pada haalmaa doow. antonio lopez paylays, raashtriy antar shikshan university (yuu. aena. ee. dii.), spainma saamaajik kaary aneey saamaajik sevaona prophesara chhe.

samajik kalyan parr antarrashtriya parishad samajik kalyan parr antarrashtriya parishad (aaee. see. aiss. doubleu.) ack gair-sarkari sangathan haye jisaki gatividhi desh aur antarrashtriya staron parr samajik kalyan, samajik nyaay aur samajik vikas mein sudhaar key uddeshya seey takniki sahaayata aur neeti vikas key liye anusandhaan aur paramarsh aayojit karane parr kendrit haye.. itihas. aaee. see. aiss. doubleu. kii utpatti 1928 mein hui thee jaba samajik kaary parr antarrashtriya sammelan, isake tatkaal poorvavarti, peris mein paida huaa thaa, jiska uddeshya maanav kalyan koo badhaava dene mein vibhinn deshon key beach sahyog koo majboot karna thaa. pahale sammelan mein isaki taiyari aur charchaon mein bhaag lene vaali mahilaaon kaa ack uchch anupaat thaa, jisamen lagbhag dou-tihai upasthit mahilaaen theen. chekoslovakian redd cross kii adhyaksh ellis masarikova koo samajik kaary parr antarrashtriya sammelan key pahale adhyaksh key roop mein chunaa gayaa aur rene saind pahale mahasachiv baney. samajik kaary key schools key antarrashtriya sangh (aaee. aeye. aiss. doubleu.) aur samajik kaaryakartaon key antarrashtriya mahasangh (aaee. aff. aiss. doubleu.) kii bhee samajik kaary parr antarrashtriya sammelan mein utpatti hui haye. isake alawa, teenon rishi prakashanon key saath "antarrashtriya samajik kaary" patrika key prakaashan mein bhaag lete hain. 1928 mein apani sthaapana key baad seey, aaee. see. aiss. doubleu. ney sthaaniya aur vaishvik star parr samajik kalyan, takniki sahaayata aur gyaan srijan koo badhaava dene parr apani gatividhi parr dhyaan kendrit kiya haye. aaee. see. aiss. doubleu. samajik kalyan parr antarrashtriya bahason aur baithakon mein sakriya roop seey yogdan detaa haye, jaise kii 1995 mein coppenhagen mein aayojit samajik vikas key liye vishva shikhar sammelan, jahaan majboot netritva saabit huaa thaa; sanyukt rashtra samajik vikas aayog (see. aiss. oh. see. dee.), jiska mukhya uddeshyon mein coppenhagen ghoshana aur kaary karyakram kaa vikas aur karyanvayan haye, jisamen aaee. see. aiss. doubleu. koo see. aiss. oh. see. dee. key saath paramarshatmak sthiti haye; samajik kaary aur samajik vikas key liye vaishvik agenda (2010); yaa 2022 vaishvik logon kaa shikhar sammelan. aaee. see. aiss. doubleu. sangathanaatmak sanrachana. sangathan key mukhya anga aam sabhaa, paryavekshi aur salaahkaar board aur prabandhan samiti hain. aam sabhaa chaar saal key vaishvik karyakram aur dvivaarshik bajatiya dhaanche koo apanaane key saath-saath adhyaksh, upaadhyaksh, khajanedar aur prabandhan samiti key dou anya sadasyon kaa chunaav karane key liye jimmedaar haye. yeh avadhi lagbhag chaar saal kii haye. vartamaan adhyaksh (2020-2024) dow. sanga-moke suh, samajik kalyan parr koria rashtriya parishad key poorv adhyaksh aur 1993-95 mein koriyai sarkaar mein swaasthya aur kalyan mantri. aaee. see. aiss. doubleu. key karyakari nideshak kaa pada vartamaan mein dow. antonio lopez pelez, rashtriya doori shiksha vishvavidyalaya (yuu. aine. ee. dee.), spen mein samajik kaary aur samajik sevaaon key professor.

samajika kalyanada antaaraashtriya mandali samajika kalyanada antaaraashtriya mandaliyu (aii. sii. ess. doubleu) ondu sarkaaretara samstheyaagiddu, adara chatuvatikeyu desha mattu antaaraashtriya mattadalli samajika kalyana, samajika nyaya mattu samajika abhivraddhiyannu sudhaarisuva guriyannu hondiruva taantrika neravu mattu neeti abhivraddhigaagi samshoodhane mattu samalochanegalannu ayojisuvudara mele kendrikariside.. itihaasa. manava kalyanavannu uttejisuvalli vividha deshagala naduvina sahakaaravannu balapadisuva uddeshadinda, adara takshanada poorvavartiyaada samajika kaaryada kuritaada antararashtriya sammelanavu parisonalli 1928ralli janisidaaga aii. sii. ess. doubleu. tanna moolavannu hondide. modala sammelanadalli hecchina sankhyeya mahileyaru adara siddhate mattu charchegalalli bhagavahisidaru, sumaru moorane eradarashtu mahileyaru bhagavahisiddaru. chekoslovakian redd crossna adhyaksharaada alis masarikova avaru samajika kaaryada kuritaada antararashtriya sammelanada modala adhyaksharaagi aaykeyaadaru mattu rene sand modala pradhana kaaryadarshiyaadaru. international association off schools off soshiyal work (iasdablue) mattu international federation off soshiyal workers (ifsdablue) saha samajika kaaryada antararashtriya sammelanadalli tamma moolavannu hondive. idallade, moovaroo rshi prakatanegalondige "antararashtriya samajika kaarya" niyatakaalikada prakataneyalli bhagavahisuttare. 1928ralli sthaapaneyaadaagininda, aii. sii. ess. doubleu. tanna chatuvatikeyannu sthaliyavaagi mattu jagatikavagi samajika kalyana, taantrika neravu mattu gnaana srushtige uttejana niiduvatta kendrikariside. 1995ralli kopan haggen nalli nadeda samajika abhivraddhigaagi nadeda vishwa shrungasabhe, allie balavaada naayakatvavu saabitaayitu, united nations commission phaar soshiyal development (csocd), adara mukhya uddesagalalli kopan haggen ghoshane mattu kaaryasuchiya abhivruddhi mattu anushthaanavannu hondide, ics doubleu csocdondige salaha sthaanamaanavannu hondide; samajika kaarya mattu samajika abhivruddhiya jagatika kaaryasuchi (2010); athawa 2022rahra jagatika janara shrungasabhe muntaada samajika kalyanada kuritaada antararashtriya charchegalu mattu sabhegalige ics doubleu sakriyavagi koduge niiduttade. aii. sii. ess. doubleu. samsthika rachane. saamaanya sabhe, melvicharana mattu salaha mandali mattu nirvahanaa samitigalu samstheya mukhya angagalaagive. naalku varshagala jagatika karyakrama mattu dwaivaarshika ayavyaya chaukattannu alavadisikolluva javaabdaariyannu saamaanya sabeyu hondide, jotege adhyaksha, upadhyaksha, khajanchi mattu nirvahanaa samitiya itara ibbaru sadasyarannu ayke maaduttade. ee awadiyu sumaru naalku varshagaladdaagiruttade. prastuta adhyaksharu (2020-2024) daa. sang-moke suh, samajika kalyanada kuritaada koria rashtriya mandaliya maaji adhyaksharu mattu 1993-95 nalli corian sarkaarada aarogya mattu kalyana sachivaru. aii. sii. ess. doubleu. karyanirvahaka nirdesakara sthaanavannu prastuta daa. antonio lopez pelage, spaine rashtriya doora sikshana vishvavidyaalayadalli (yuu. enn. ii. dii) samajika kaarya mattu samajika sevegala pradhyapakaru.

samajik kalyanavaril aantarrashtriy parishad samajik kalyanavaril aantarrashtriy parishad (aay. see. ess. doubleu.) hii eka ashasakeey sanstha aahe, jicha upkram desh aanee aantarrashtriy staravar samajik kalyan, samajik nyay aanee samajik vikas sudharnyachya uddeshane tantrik sahayya aanee dhoran vikasasathi sanshodhan aanee sallamasalat aayojit karnyavar kendrit aahe.. itihas. aay. see. ess. doubleu. chee utpatti 1928 madhye jhaali, jevha tyache tatkal purvavarti asalelya samajik karyavaril aantarrashtriy parishadecha janm parismadhye jhaala, jyacha uddesh manvi kalyanala chalana denyasathi vividh deshanmadhil sahkarya balkat karane haah hota. pahilya parishadet tayari aanee charchet mahilanche praman jaast hote, jyat upasthitanpaiki jawaljawal done trutiyansh mahila hotya. chekoslovakian reed crosschya adhyaksh ellis masarikova yanchi samajik karyavaril aantarrashtriy parishadeche pahile adhyaksh mhanoon nivad jhaali aanee rene sand heey pahile sarchitanis banale. international association auph schools auph soshal vark (aay. aii. ess. doubleu.) aanee international federation auph soshal workers (aay. eff. ess. doubleu.) hyanche mool dekhil samajik karyavaril aantarrashtriy parishadet aahe. shivay, heey tighehi 'aantarrashtriy samajik karya' yaa niyatkalikachya prakashanat hrishee prakashanansah sahbhagi hotat. 1928 madhye sthapana jhalyapasun, aay. see. ess. doubleu. neey sthanik aanee jaagtik staravar samajik kalyan, tantrik sahayya aanee dnyan nirmitila protsahan denyavar aapale laksh kendrit kele aahe. aay. see. ess. doubleu. samajik kalyanavaril aantarrashtriy vadavivad aanee baithakanmadhye sakriyapane yogdan dete, jase qee 1995 madhye copenhagen yethe jhalelya samajik vikasasathi jaagtik shikhar parishad, jithe majboot netrutva siddha jhaale; united nations commission phaur soshal development (see. ess. oo. see. dii.), jyacha mukhya uddesh copenhagen ghoshana aanee krutee karyakramacha vikas aanee amalbajavani aahe, aay. see. ess. doubleu. laa see. ess. oo. see. dii. saha sallamasalaticha darja aahe; samajik karya aanee samajik vikasasathi jaagtik ajenda (2010); kinwa 2022 jaagtik lock shikhar parishad aay. see. ess. doubleu. sanghatanatmak rachana. sarvasadharan sabha, paryavekshi aanee sallagar mandal aanee vyavasthapan samitee heey sanstheche mukhya avyav aahet. chaar varshancha jaagtik karyakram aanee dvivarshik arthsankalpiy aarakhada swikaranyasathi, tasech adhyaksh, upadhyaksh, khajindar aanee vyavasthapan samitichya itar done sadasyanchi nivad karnyasathi sarvasadharan sabha jababdar asate. haah karyakal sumare chaar varshancha aahe. sadhyache adhyaksh (2020-2024) dow. sing-moke suh, koriyachya samajik kalyanavaril rashtriy parishadeche majee adhyaksh aanee 1993-95 madheel koriyachya sarkarmadhil aarogya aanee kalyan mantri. aay. see. ess. doubleu. chey karyakari sanchalak sadhya dow. antonio lopez pelez, spainchya rashtriy durastha shikshan vidyapithatil (yu. aine. eae. dii.) samajik karya aanee samajik sevanche pradhyapak.

samajik kalyansambandhi antarrashtriya parishad samajik kalyansambandhi antarrashtriya parishad (icisdablu) euta gairasarkari sanstha how jasko gatiwidhi desh rar antarrashtriya starma samajik kalyan, samajik nyaya rar samajik vikasma sudhar garne uddeshyale prawidhik sahayata rar niti vikaska lagi anusandhan rar paramarsha ayojana garna kendrit chha.. itihas. icisdabluko utpatti sann 1928 maa bhaeko thiyo jab samajik karyasambandhi antarrashtriya sammelan, yasako tatkal purwawarti, perisma manav kalyan prawardhanma vibhinna deshharu bichko sahayoglai baliyo banaune uddeshyaka sath janmieko thiyo. pahilo sammelanma tayari rar chhalfalharuma bhag line mahilaharuko uccha anupata thiyo, jasma lagbhag dui tihai sahabhagi mahila thie. chekoslovakian redd krasaki adhyaksha alys masarikobha samajik karyasambandhi antarrashtriya sammelanko pahilo adhyakshaka rupma nirvachit bhain rar rene sanned pahilo mahasachiva bane. samajik karyaka vidyalayaharuko antarrashtriya sangha (iasw) rar samajik karyakartaharuko antarrashtriya sangha (ifsw) ko pani samajik karyako antarrashtriya sammelanma utpatti bhaeko chha. yasabahek, yee tinle rishi prakashanharusita "antarrashtriya samajik karya" patrikako prakashanma bhag linchhan. sann 1928 maa yasako sthapana bhaedekhi, icisdablule sthaniya rar vishwawyapi rupma samajik kalyan, prawidhik sahayata rar gyan sirjanalai badhawa dina afno gatiwidhi kendrit gareko chha. icisdablu-ley samajik kalyanka lagi antarrashtriya bahas rar baithakharuma sakriya rupma yogdan puryaunchha, jastai sann 1995 maa kopanheganma ayojit samajik vikaska lagi vishwa shikhar sammelan, jahaan baliyo netritwa pramanit bhaeko thiyo; sanyukta rashtrasanghiya samajik vikas ayog (csocd), jasko mukhya uddeshyaharu madhye kopanhegan ghoshana rar karya karyakramko vikas rar karyanwayan chha, icisdablu-lai siesocdsanga paramarshamulak sthiti chha; samajik karya rar samajik vikaska lagi vishwawyapi agenda (2010); wa 2022 ko vishwawyapi zohn shikhar sammelan. icisdablu sangathanatmak sanrachana. sangathanka mukhya angaharu sadharan sabha, paryawekshi tatha sallahakar board rar wyawasthapan samiti hun. chaar warshe vishwawyapi karyakram rar dwiwarshik budget dhancha apanaunaka sathai adhyaksha, upadhyaksha, khajanedar rar wyawasthapan samitika anya dui sadasyaharu chayan garna aam sabha jimmewar chha. yo karyakal lagbhag chaar warshaka lagi hunchha. wartaman adhyaksha (2020-2024) dah. sang-moke suha, samajik kalyanma korea rashtriya parishadka purva adhyaksha rar 1993-95 maa koreali sarkarma swasthya tatha kalyan mantri. icw karyakari nirdeshakko pada hall dah. antonio lopage pelez, rashtriya duri shiksha vishwavidyalaya (uned), spenma samajik karya rar samajik sewaka pradhyapak.

samajika kalyana upare antarjatija parishad samajika kalyana upare antarjatija parishad (aai. sii. ess. dablyu.) heuchhi eka besarakaree sangathana jahara karjyakalapa desh tatha antarjatija starare samajika kalyana, samajika nyaaja ebong samajika bikashare unnati aaniba uddeshyare baishajika sahajata ebong neeti bikash paain gabeshana ebong paramarsha ayojan upare dhyana deithae... itihas. aai. sii. ess. wa. rahr utpatti 1928 masihare hoithila, jetebele ehara purbabarti samajika karjya upare antarjatija sammilani pyarisare janma neithila, jahara uddeshya thila manab kalyanaku prostahita karibare bibhinna desh madhyare sahajogaku sudrudha kariba. pratham sammilaneere ehara prastuti ebong alochanare anshagrahana karuthiba mahilamananka eka uccha anupata thila, jeunthire praiah dui trutijansha anshagrahanakaree mahila thile . chekoslovakian redd krasra sabhapati alice masarikova samajika karjya upare antarjatija sammilanira pratham sabhapati bhabare nirbachita hoithile ebong rene sand pratham secretary general hoithile. samajika karjya upare antarjatija sammilaneere antarjatija bidyalaja sangathana (iasw) ebong antarjatija samajika karmi federation (ifsw) rahr madhya utpatti hoichhi . ehaa byatita, ehi tinijana 'sez prakashan' sahita 'antarjatija samajika karjya' patrikara prakashanare anshagrahana karanti. 1928 masihare ehara pratistha paratharu, aai. sii. ess. wa. ubhaja sthaniah ebong biswa starare samajika kalyana, baishajika sahajata ebong gyaana srusti upare ehara karjyakalapaku dhyana deichi. aai. sii. ess. wa. samajika kalyana upare antarjatija bitarka ebong baithakare sakriya bhabare yogdan kare, jepariki 1995 ray kopenahagenare anusthita samajika bikash paain biswa sammilani, jeunthare drudha netrutwa pramanita hoithila; milita jatisanghara samajika bikash aajoga (sii. ess. oh. sii. dii.), jahara mukhya uddeshya madhyare kopenhagen ghoshana ebong karjya karjyakramara bikash ebong karjyakarita achhi, aai. sii. ess. we. rahr sii. ess. oh. sii. dii. sahita paramarshamulaka sthiti achhi; samajika karjya ebong samajika bikash paain biswa agenda (2010); kimba 2022 biswa pipuls sammilani aai. sii. ess. wa. sangathanika dhancha. ehi sangathanara mukhya angagudika heuchhi sadharana sabha, tatwabadhanare ebong paramarshadata board ebong parichalana kamiti. chaari barshar baiswika karjyakram ebong dwibarshika budget dhanchaku grahan kariba sahita sabhapati, upadhyakhya, khajanadhikari ebong parichalana kamitira anya dui john sadasyanku nirbachita kariba paain sadharana sabha daie . ehi karjyakala pakhapakhi chaari barsha paain hoithae. barttamanara sabhapati (2020-2024) heuchhanti dodd. saanga-moke suh, korea jatiah samajika kalyana parisadara purbatana sabhapati ebong korea sarakaranka swasthya ebong kalyana mantri 1993-95 aai. sii. ess. wa. rahr karjyanirbahee nirdeshaka padabeere bartamana dodd. antonio lopage paylays, jatiah doora sikhya biswabidyalaja (jayu. enn. ee. dii.), spenare samajika karjya ebong samajika sebara professor.

smajik bhalai baare antarashtari consul smajik bhalai baare antarashtari parishad (aaee. see. aiss. dablioo.) ikk gair-sarkari sangathan haii jiss dee gatividhi desh atey antarashtari paddhar 'teey smajik bhalai, smajik niaan atey smajik vikas witch sudhar dey udesh naal takniki sahaita atey neeti vikas laee khoj atey salaah-mashware aayojit curran' teey kendrit haii.. itihaas. aaee. see. aiss. dablioo. dee shuruat 1928 witch hoee see jadon smajik kamm baare antarashtari sammelan, iss daa turant puravgami, paris witch paida hoiaa see, jiss daa udesh manukkhi bhalai noon utshahit curran witch vakkh-vakkh deshan darmiaan sahiyog noon mazboot karna see. pahili conferences witch iss dee tiaari atey vichaar vatandre witch hissa lainn valiaan aurtan daa ikk vadda anupat see, jiss witch lagbhag doou-tihai hazri aurtan sunn. checoslovakian redd karaas dee pardhan ellis masrikova noon smajik kamm baare antarashtari sammelan dee pahili pardhan chunhiaa giaa atey rene saind pahili sakattar general bnee. smajik kamm dey schoolan dee antarashtari association (aaee. aii. aiss. dablioo.) atey smajik karamchariaan dee antarashtari federation (aaee. eff. aiss. dablioo.) dee shuruat vee smajik kamm baare antarashtari sammelan witch hoee haii. iss toon ilava, ih tinnon 'antarashtari smajik kaaraj' rasala dey parkashan witch rishi parkashanan naal hissa lainde hunn. 1928 witch aapni sathapana toon baad, aaee. see. aiss. dablioo. neey sathanak atey vishav paddhar 'teey smajik bhalai, takniki sahaita atey giaan sirjan noon utshahit curran' teey aapni gatividhi noon kendrit keeta haii. aaee. see. aiss. dablioo. smajik bhalai baare antarashtari bahisan atey meetingan witch sargarmi naal yogdan paunda haii, jiven kii 1995 witch copenhagen witch aayojit smajik vikas laee vishav sammelan, jitthe mazboot agvai saabat hoee see; sanyukat rashter smajik vikas commission (see. aiss. ou. see. dee.), jiss dey mukkh udeshan vicchon ikk haii copenhagen ghoshna pattar atey kaaraj program daa vikas atey lagu karna, jiss witch aaee. see. aiss. dablioo. noon see. aiss. ou. see. dee. naal salahkari darja haii; smajik kamm atey smajik vikas laee vishav ejanda (2010); jaan 2022 vishav lock sammelan. aaee. see. aiss. dablioo. sangathnatmak dhancha. sangathan dey mukkh anga general assembly, supervisory atey salahkar board atey parbandhan kameti hunn. general assembly chaar saala vishwaviaapi program atey doou saala buzzet dhanche noon apnaun dey naal-naal pardhan, upp pardhan, khazanchi atey parbandhan kameti dey doou horr memberan dee chonh curran laee zimmevar haii. ih miaad lagbhag chaar saal dee haii. maujuda pardhan (2020-2024) daa. sung-moke suh, koriaai smajik bhalai baare rashtari consul dey sabka pardhan atey koriaai sarkaar witch sihat atey bhalai mantri 1993-95. aaee. see. aiss. dablioo. dey karajkari nirdeshak daa ahuda iss vele daa. antonio lopage pelez, national distance aijukeshan university (yuu. ainn. ee. dee.), spain witch smajik kaaraj atey smajik sevavan dey professor hunn.

samaaj kalyaanavishaye antarashtriya-parishad antarashtriya-samaaj-kalyaana-parishad (aii. sii. ess. doubleu.) ekaa sarvakaareey-samsthaa asti, yasya kaaryam deshe tathaa antarashtriya-stare samajika-kalyanasya, samajika-nyayasya, samajika-vikaasasya cha unnatehe laxyaa praawidhik-sahaayya-neeti-vikaasasya cha krute anusandhaanam, paraamarsh-ayojanam cha kartum kendritam asti.. itihaasah. aii. sii. ess. doubleu. ityasya utpattih 1928 tame varshe abhavat, yadaa tasya poorvavartee saamaajikakaaryasy antarashtriya-sammelanasy janma pyaris-nagare abhavat, yasya uddeshyam maanav-kalyanasya pracharartham vividhadeshaanaam madhye sahayogam sudrudham karaneeyam aasit. prathama-sammelane tasya tayaaree-charchaasu cha mahilanam bhagasya anupaatah ucchah aasit, upasthitanam praayah truteeyaamshah mahilaah aasan. chekoslovaakiyan-redd-cross-ityasya adhyakshaa elis masarikova saamaajikakaaryasy antarashtriya-sammelanasy prathama-adhyakshaa nirvachita, rene-syaand prathama-mahaasachivah abhavat. saamaajikakaaryasy vidyaalayaanaam antarashtriyasanghasya (aii. e. ess. doubleu.) tathaa antaaraashtriyasaamaajikar (aii. e. ess. doubleu.) api saamaajikakaaryasy antarashtriya-sammelane utpattih asti. api cha, tau tribhihi "antarashtriyasamajikara" iti patrikaayaah prakaashane rushi-prakaashanaih saha bhaagam graheetah. 1928 tame varshe sthapitat aarabhy, aii. sii. ess. doubleu. samsthayaa sthaniyarupena vaishvikaroopena cha samajika-kalyanasya, takaniki-saahaayyasy, gyaana-nirmanasya cha pracharartham swakaaryam kendreekrutam asti. 1995 tame varshe kopanahegan-nagare aayojitasy saamaajikavikaasasy vishva-shikharasamelane, yatra drudah netrutwah siddhah abhavat, samyuktaraashtrasanghasya saamaajikavikaas-ayogah (see. ess. o. see. dee.), yasya mukhyalaxyeshu kopanahegan-ghoshanaayaah karyasuchyaha cha vikaasah kaaryaanvayanah cha asti, see. ess. o. see. dee. ityanena saha paramarshatmaka-sthitihi asti, saamaajikakaaryasy saamaajikavikaasasy cha vaishvika-karyasuchyam (2010); athavaa 2022 tame varshe vaishvika-jaann-shikharasamelane cha aaee. ess. doubleu. sakriyaroopen yogadam karoti. ICSW sangathanaatmak samrachanaa. samanyasabha, paryavekshakaa-paraamarsh-mandalam, vyavasthaapan-samitihi cha samsthaayaah mukhya-angaani santi. chaturwaarshik-vaishvika-karyakraman dvivaarshika-aayavyayik-samrachanaam cha sveekrutya, adhyakshasy, upaadhyakshasy, khajanadarasya, vyavasthaapan-samityaah anyadwayasya sadasyanam cha nirvaachanaay samanyasabhayaha daayitvam asti. asya karyakalaha praayah chaturvarshaani yaavat bhavati. vartamaanah adhyakshah (2020-2024) daa. saang-moke-suh, samajika-kalyaanavishaye korea-rashtriya-parishadasya poorwah adhyakshah tathaa cha 1993-95 madhye korea-sarvakaare swaasthya-kalyaana-mantree. aii. sii. ess. doubleu. ityasya karyakari-nirdeshakapadam samprati daa. antonio lopage pelez, spen-deshasya rashtriya-durastha-shiksha-vishvavidyaalaye (yu. enn. ee. dee.) samajika-karyasya tathaa samajika-sewaayaah pradhyapakaha.

samooga nalanukkaana sarvadesa council samooga nalaththirkaana sarvadesa council (icsv) enbathu oru arasu saaraa amaippaagum, idhan seyalpaadu naadu mattrum sarvadesa mattangkalil samooga nalan, samooga neethi mattrum samooga valarchchiyai maempaduththuvathai nokkamaagak konda thozhilnutpa udhavi mattrum kolgai maempaattirkaana aaraaichi mattrum aaloasanaikalai aerpaadu seivathil kavanam seluththukirathu.. varalaaru. manitha nalanai maempaduththuvathil palvaeru naadugalukku idaiyilaana oththulaippai valuppaduththum nokkaththudan, samoogap panii kuriththa sarvadesa maanaadu, adhan udanadi munnoadiyaana paarisil 1928 ill piranthapoathu aii. chii. ess. doublue adhan thoattraththaik kondullathu. muthal maanaatil adhan thayaarippu mattrum vivaathangkalil adhiga vigitha penkal pankettranar, pankerpaalarkalil kittatthatta moontril irandu pangku penkal. secoslovakian senchiluvaich siluvaiyin thalaivaraana alis mazarikova, samoogap panii kuriththa sarvadesa maanattin muthal thalaivaraagath thernthedukkappattaar, maelum rene saand muthal podhuchcheyalaaraanaar. samoogap panikkaana pallikalin sarvadesa sangam (iasv) mattrum samoogap paniyaalarkalin sarvadesa koottamaippu (ifsv) aagiyavaiyum samoogap panii kuriththa sarvadesa maanaatil thangal thoattraththaik kondullana. maelum, moovarum munivar veliyeedugaludan inainthu "sarvadesa samoogap panii" endra idhazhin veliyeettil pankerkiraarkal. 1928 aam aandil niruvappattathilirunthu, ICSW samooga nalan, thozhilnutpa udhavi mattrum arivu uruvaakkam aagiyavattrai ookkuvippathil thanathu seyalpaattai ulloor mattrum ulagalavil kavanam seluththiyullathu. 1995 aam aandil gobanheganil nadaipettra samooga maempaattukkaana ulaga uchi maanaadu, valuvaana thalaimai niroopikkappattathu, aii. ess. ess. doublue samooga nalam kuriththa sarvadesa vivaathangkal mattrum koottangalukku theeviramaaga pankalikkirathu; aikkiya naadugalin samooga maempaattu aanaiyam (csocd), adhan mukiya nokkangkalil gobanhegan pirakadanam mattrum seyal thittatthai maempaduththuthal mattrum seyalpaduththuthal, aii. ess. ess. doublue csocdudon aaloasanai anthasthu kondullathu; samoogap panii mattrum samooga maempaattukkaana ulagalaaviya nigazhchchi niral (2010); allathu 2022 ulagalaaviya makkal uchi maanaadu ICSW niruvana amaippu. podhukkoottam, maerpaarvai mattrum aaloasanaik kuzhu mattrum nirvaagak kuzhu aagiyavai amaippin mukiya uruppugal aagum. naanku aandu ulagalaaviya thittam mattrum iru varuda varavuselavuth thitta kattamaippai aetrtrukkolvatharkum, thalaivar, thunaith thalaivar, porulaalar mattrum nirvaagak kuzhuvin irandu uruppinargalaith thaerntheduppatharkum podhuchchabai poruppaagum. idhan kaalam sumar naanku aandugal aagum. tharpoothaiya thalaivar (2020-2024) doctor. saang-moak suh, samooga nalanukkaana koria thaesiya councilin munnaal thalaivarum, 1993-95 ill koriya arasaangkaththil sugaathaaram mattrum nalatthurai amaichcharum aavaar. icsv nirvaaga iyakkunar padhaviyai tharpoothu doctor vagikkiraar. antonio lobus belas, spainin thaesiya tholaithoora kalvi palkalaikkazhagaththil (yuu. enn. ii. dii) samoogap panii mattrum samooga sevaigal paeraasiriyar.

saanghika sankshemampai antarjaateeya mandali saanghika sankshemampai antarjaateeya mandali (ii. sii. ess. doubleu) anedi oka prabhutvetara samstha, dheeni karyakalapalu dhesha mariyu antarjaateeya sthaayilalo saamaajika sankshemam, saamaajika nyayam mariyu saamaajika abhivruddhini meruguparachadam lakshyamgaa saanketika sahayam mariyu vidhana abhivruddhi kosam parisoedhanalu mariyu sampradimpulanu nirvahinchadam paie drushti saarinchaayi.. charitra. maanava sankshemaanni prothsahinchadamlo vividha deshaala madhya sahakaranni balopetam chese lakshyamtho, daani takshana puurvagaami ayina saamaajika panulapai antarjaateeya samavesam paarislo 1928loe janminchinappudu ii. sii. ess. doubleu. daani muulaalanu kaligi undhi. modati sadassulo daani tayari mariyu charchalalo palgonna mahilala nishpatti ekkuvagaa undhi, haajaraina vaarilo daadaapu moodinta rendu vantula mandhi mahilalu unnaaru. chekoslovakian redd cross adhyakshuralu alis masarikkova saamaajika panulapai jarigina antarjaateeya samavesaniki modati adhyakshuraligaa ennikayyaaru mariyu rene shand modati secretory general ayyaru. international association off schools off soshal work (iasw) mariyu international federation off soshal workers (ifsw) kooda saamaajika panulapai antarjaateeya sadassulo vaati muulaalanu kaligi unnaayi. antekakunda, eee mugguru sage prachuranalatho "international soshal work" journal prachuranalo palgontaru. 1928loe sthaapinchabadinappati nundi, ii. sii. ess. doubleu. sthaanikamgaa mariyu prapanchavyaaptamgaa saamaajika sankshemam, saanketika sahayam mariyu ghnaana srushtini prothsahinchadampai thana karyakalapalanu kendrikarinchindi. 1995loe copenhagenlo jarigina saamaajika abhivruddhi kosam jarigina prapancha sikharagra samavesam, balamaina naayakatvam niroopinchabadinadi, united nations commission pharr soshal development (csocd), daani pradhana prayojanaallo copenhagen declaration mariyu programme off action abhivruddhi mariyu amalu, csocdto sampradimpula hodaanu kaligi undatam, saamaajika pani mariyu saamaajika abhivruddhi kosam prapancha agenda (2010); ledhaa 2022 prapancha prajala sikharagra samavesam vanti saamaajika sankshemampai antarjaateeya charchalu mariyu samavesalaku icsdableu churukuga dohadam chestundi. ICSW samsthaagata nirmaanam. samstha yokka pradhana avayavalu general assembly, paryaveekshaka mariyu salaha boardu mariyu nirvahana kamitee. naalugu samvatsaraala prapancha karyakramam mariyu dwaivaarshika budget frameworknu sweekarinchadaaniki, alaage adhyakshudu, upaadhyakshudu, koshadhikari mariyu nirvahana kamiteelooni maroe iddaru sabhyulanu ennukoovadaaniki general assembly baadhyata vahistundi. eee padaveekaalam sumaru naalugu samvatsaraalu untundi. prastuta adhyakshudu (2020-2024) daa. saam-moke suh, saamaajika sankshemampai korea jaateeya mandali maajee adhyakshudu mariyu 1993-95 loe korea prabhutvamlo aarogya mariyu sankshema mantri. prastutam ii. sii. ess. doubleu. executive director padavini daa. antonio lopez pelaj, speyinlooni national distains education university (uned) loe saamaajika seva mariyu saamaajika sevala professor.

samaji behbood kii beenn alaqwami konsal samaji behbood kii beenn alaqwami konsal (aayee see aiss dabliyo) eek ghair sarkaari tanzim hay jiss kii srgarmi takniki madad aur palisi kii tarqi kay liye tehqeeq aur mashawarat kay anaqad parr markoz hay jiss kaa maqsad milk aur beenn alaqwami satah parr samaji behbood samaji insaaf aur samaji tarqi kuu behatar banana hay.. tareekh. aayee see aiss dabliyo kii ibtada 1928 mein hoyee jabb samaji kaam say mutaliq beenn alaqwami conference juu iss kaa fouri paishro thaa peers mein paida hoyee jiss kaa maqsad insani falaah woo behbood kuu farogh deenay mein mukhtalif mamalik kay darmiyan taawan kuu mazboot karnaa thaa. pehli conference mein khwatin kaa eek badaa tanasib thaa juu iss kii tayari aur mubahison mein hasah lay rahee thein jiss mein taqriba duu tahayi hazireen khwatin thein. checosalovakia reed karaas kii sadr ails masarikova kuu samaji kaam say mutaliq beenn alaqwami conference kii pehli sadr muntakhib kiyaa gayaa aur renay send pehli secertry general bunain. international aisosi aishan aaf schools aaf soshal wark (aayee aey aiss dabliyo) aur international federation aaf soshal workers (aayee aif aiss dabliyo) kii ibtada bhee samaji kaam say mutaliq beenn alaqwami conference mein hoyee hay. iss kay alawah yaha teenon seej kii ashaaton kay saath "international soshal wark" jareede kii ashaat mein hasah leetay haine. 1928 mein apnay qayaam kay baad say aayee see aiss dabliyo nay apnee srgarmi kuu maqami aur aalimi satah parr samaji behbood takniki madad aur alam kii takhliq kuu farogh deenay parr markoz kiyaa hay. aayee see aiss dabliyo samaji behbood say mutaliq beenn alaqwami mubahison aur ajlason mein faal toor parr hasah daalta hay jeesay kahh 1995 mein kopan haggen mein munaqidah samaji tarqi kay liye aalimi sarbarahi ajlaas jehaan mazboot qayadat saabat hoyee thee vovo aqwam muthadah kaa commission baraye samaji tarqi (see aiss awo see ddee)yee jiss kay bunyadi maqasid mein kopan haggen ailamiyah aur prograam aaf action kii tarqi aur nafaz shaamil hay jiss mein aayee see aiss dabliyo kuu see aiss awo see ddee kay saath mashawarti haisiyat haasil hay vovo samaji kaam aur samaji tarqi kay liye aalimi agenda (2010) vovo yaa 2022 kaa aalimi awami sarbarahi ajlaas. aayee see aiss dabliyo tanzimi dahancha. tanzim kay aham aizaa general assembly supervisory aur advisory board aur mangement committy haine. general assembly chaar saalah aalimi prograam aur duu saalah bujjet kay freem wark kuu apnanay kay saath saath sadr naib sadr khazanchi aur intezami committy kay duu deegar arkaan kaa intekhaab karnay kii zamah daar hay. yaha madat taqriba chaar saal kay liye hay. maujudah sadr (2020-2024) doctor haine. sing makk sue koriyayi qomi konsal baraye samaji behbood kay saabiq sadr aur 1993-95 mein koriyayi hukumat mein wazeer sehat woo behbood. aayee see aiss dabliyo kay execto director kaa ahdah phee alhaal doctor kay paas hay. antonio lopeez pellies national distins ajucation university (yuu aine ayee ddee)yee speen mein samaji kaam aur samaji khidmaat kay professor.

000047546fb1f0cb8895298e8486e9c3ac0183ecd0390129695d878f2a94c3a5

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16679931

Maksim Kabanov

Maksim Kabanov Russian footballer Maksim Borisovich Kabanov (; born 30 December 1982) is a Russian former footballer. Club career. A youth product of FC Spartak Moscow, he joined FC Fakel Voronezh on loan in February 2002. In December 2003, he signed a 5-year contract with FC Torpedo Moscow. He played 2 games in the UEFA Champions League 2001–02 for FC Spartak Moscow. Personal life. He is the older brother of Sergei Kabanov. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

makchim kabanov makchim borisubhis kabanov (; jonmo 30 disembor 1982) ejon rasian prakton football kheluwoi. clubber keriyar. efsi spartak mosko 'ror ek juwo xamogri hisape teu 2002 sonor februaryt rino loi efsi facal bhorunejot jugdan korisil. 2003 sonor disembor maahot teu efsi torpido mosko 'ror xoite 5 bosoriya sukti swakhyor kore. teu efsi spartak mosko 'ror hoi uefa champions leeg 2001-02 too 2khon khel khelisil. byoktigoto jiwan. teu sargei kabanovor jyestho bhatri.

maksim kabanov maksim borisovic kabanov (; jonmo 30 december 1982) ekjon russian praktan football kheload. club carrier. fc spartaka moscore ekti jubo ponno, tini 2002 saaler februaryte rino niye fc feckel voroneze jog deena. 2003 saaler decembere tini moscore fc torpedor sange 5 bochorer chukti swakkhar corren. tini uefa champions ligg 2001-02-ayee fc spartaka moscore hoye 2tii match khelechen. byaktigato jeebon. tini sargei kabanover borh bhai.

maxim kabanov maxim borisovic kabanov (; janm 30 december 1982) aek russian bhutpurv footballer chhe. club karkirdi. aef. see. spartaka moskonaa yuvaa utpaadan, teo februari februari loona parr aef. see. facale voronishmaa jodaya hataa. december december, temane aef. see. torpido mosko saathe 5 varshnaa karaar parr hastakshar karyaa. temane uefa champions leegma aefsee spartaka mosko maate 2 ramato ramee hatee. angat jeevan. teey sergei kabanovna motaa bhaai chhe.

maxim kabanov maxim borisovic kabanov (; janm 30 disambar 1982) ack russie poorv footballer hain. club carrier. aff. see. spartak mosco key ack yuva utpaad, vaha farwari 2002 mein rinn parr aff. see. facale voronish mein shamil hue. disambar 2003 mein, unhone aff. see. tarpedo mosco key saath 5 saal key anubandh parr hastakshar kiye. unhone aff. see. spartak mosco key liye yuu. ee. aff. aeye. champions leag 2001-02 mein 2 match khele. vyaktigat jeevan. vaha sergei kabanov kaa badaa bhaai haye.

maxim kabanov maxim borisovic kabanov (janana 30 december 1982) obba rashyaada maaji football atagara. club vrattijeevana. eff. sii. spartak maskoda yuva utpannavaada avaru phebravari 2002 ralli saalada mele eff. sii. fakel voronezge seridaru. 2003rahra decembernalli, avaru eff. sii. torpido maskodondige 5 varshagala oppandakke sahi haakidaru. avaru eff. sii. spartak maskokkagi uefa champions leigh 2001-02 nalli 2 pandyagalannu aadidaru. vaiyaktika jeevana. aata serge kabanov avara hiriya sahodara.

maxim kabanov oru russian muun football kalikkaranaanu maxim borisovic kabanov (jananam desember 30,1982). club currier. eph. sii. spartak moscoyude yuvajana ulppannamaaya addeham 2002 februvariyil vaaypayeduthu eph. sii. fakkal voroneshil chernnu. 2003 desemberil addeham eph. sii. torpido moscoyumaayi 5 varshathe karar oppittu. eph. sii. spartak moscoic vendi uefa chaambyans leag 2001-02 ll addeham 2 malsarangal kalichu. vyakthiparamaaya jeevitam. serge kabaanovinte mootha sahodaranaanu addeham.

maxim kabanov maxim borisovic kabanov (; janm 30 december 1982) haah eka russian majee footballpatu aahe. club karkird. eff. see. spartak moscoche yuva utpadan asalele teey februwari 2002 madhye karjavar eff. see. fakel voronishmadhye sameel jhaale. december 2003 madhye tyane eff. see. torpedo moscosobat 5 varshanchya kararavar swakshya kelya. too yuu. eae. eff. aii. champions leegmadhye eff. see. spartak moscosathi 2 samne khelala. vaiyaktik jeevan. too sergei kabanovcha motha bhau aahe.

maxim kabanobh maxim borisobhich kabanobh (; janma 30 december 1982) ek rusi purva footballer hun. club currier. fc spartok maskoko yuwa utpadan, uni february 2002 maa rinama fc fackel bhoronishma samel bhae. december 2003 maa, unle fc torpido maskosanga 5 warshako samjhautama hastakshar gare. unle uefa champions ligg 2001-02 maa fc spartok maskoka lagi 2 khel khele. wyaktigat jiwan. uni sergei kabanobhka jetha bhai hun.

maksim kabanov maxim borisobhicha kabanov (; janma 30 december 1982) jane rushiah purbatana football khelali. club kyariyara. aif. sii. spartack muscore juba utpada bhabe shay februari 2002ray runare aif. sii. fackel bhoronejare joga deithile. december 2003 ray, shay aif. sii. torpedo musco sahita 5 barshar chukti swakhyara karithile. shay uefa champions ligg 2001-02 ray effsy spartack musco paain 2 tii match khelithile. byaktigata zeeban. shay sargei kabanovanka budd bhai.

maxim kabanov maksim borisovic kabanov (janam 30 dasambar 1982) ikk russie sabka footballer haii. club carrier. eff. see. spartak masco daa ikk yuva utpaad, uh farvari 2002 witch loane utte eff. see. fakel voronez witch shamal hoiaa. dasambar 2003 witch, usne eff. see. tarpedo masco naal 5 saal daa ikrarnama keeta. uss neey yuu. ee. eff. aii. champions leeg 2001-02 witch eff. see. spartak masco laee 2 match khede. nijji jeevan. uh sargei kabanov daa vadda bharaa haii.

maksim kabanov maxim borisovich kabaanov (; janma 30 december 1982) ekaha russian-deshasya poorva-football-kreedakah asti. club-vruttihi. ef. see. spartak maasko ityasya yuva-utpaadah, saha 2002 februvari-maase runasya aadhaaren ef. see. fekel voronage-samsthaayaam sammilitah. 2003 december-maase saha ef. sii. tarpido maasko ityanena saha 5 varshaanaam anubandhe hastaaksharam krutavaan. saha yoo. ee. e. ef. e. champions leag-madhye, ef. see. spartak maasko-krute, 2 kreedaah akreedat. vyaktigatajeevanam. saha sergei kabanov ityasya jyeshtah bhrata asti.

maxim kabanov maxim porizovich kabanov (prappu disambar 30,1982) oru russia munnaal kaalpandhu veerar aavaar. kilap vaazhkkai. maskovin oru ilaignar thayaarippu, avar pipravari 2002 ill kadanil eff. chii fagel voronasil saernthaar. disambar 2003 ill, avar masco eff. chii. darbidovudan 5 aandu oppanthaththil kaiyeluththittaar. avar uefa sampions leak 2001-02 ill eff. chii spartak maaskoavirkaaga 2 aattangkalil vilaiyaadinaar. thanipatta vaazhkkai. avar serge kabanoavin mooththa cakootharar aavaar.

maxim kabanov maxim borisovic kabanov (jananam 30 december 1982) oka russian maajee football kreedaakaarudu. club kereer. effsy spartak masco yokka yuva utpatti ayina athanu fibravari fibravari runampai effsy fakel voronezlo cheraadu. december december, athanu effsy torpedo mascoku 5 samvatsaraala oppandampai santakam chesaadu. athanu effsy spartak masco kosam uefa champions leag 2001-02 loe 2 atalu aadadu. vyaktigata jeevitam. athanu sergey kabanov yokka annaiah.

maksam kabanof maksam borisovich kabanof (vovo paidaish 30 dasambar 1982) eek rosee saabiq fitt baalar hay. kalb carrier. aif see spartak maasko kii eek youth product iss nay faroori 2002 mein qarz parr aif see fakal waroneez mein shamoliyat akhtiyar kii. dasambar 2003 mein iss nay aif see tarpedo maasko kay saath 5 saalah muahide parr dastakhat kiye. inhon nay aif see spartik maasko kay liye yuu ayee aif aey champines leeg 2001-02 mein 2 kheel khelay. zaati zindagi. wah sargi kabanof kaa badaa bhayee hay.

0000487edd422db9b8791dcd30f7d4c4b3b637a23ebc1d28bb6533a7502aeb4c

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41903986

Edward H. Ripley

Edward H. Ripley American Civil War officer and Vermont businessman (1839–1915) Edward Hastings Ripley (November 11, 1839 – September 14, 1915) was a Vermont businessman and Union Army officer in the American Civil War. He attained the rank of brevet brigadier general while commanding brigades in the XVIII and XXIV Corps, and led the first troops to enter Richmond after its surrender. Early life. Edward H. Ripley was born in Rutland, Vermont on November 11, 1839. He was educated locally and at Troy Conference Academy in Poultney (later called Green Mountain College). He attended Union College from 1858 to 1862, and was a member of the Psi Upsilon fraternity. Civil War. Ripley left college near the end of his senior year to join the Army, enlisting as a private in the 9th Vermont Infantry in May 1862. Union College continued him on its student rolls and awarded him a Bachelor of Arts degree as a member of the Class of 1862. He attained the rank of sergeant, and then was commissioned as a captain and appointed to command the regiment's Company B, which he led during action in the Shenandoah Valley Campaign in the summer of 1862, including the Siege of Suffolk, Virginia. He received promotion to major that summer. In September 1862 Ripley was among those taken prisoner at the Battle of Harpers Ferry. After he was exchanged in January 1863 he continued to serve with the 9th Vermont during action in Virginia and North Carolina throughout 1863. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel in May 1863, and received promotion to colonel and command of the regiment a week later. He was subsequently appointed to command a military district in the area of Beaufort and New Bern, North Carolina. In August 1864 Ripley was promoted to brevet brigadier general and assigned to command 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, XVIII Corps, Army of the James. He later commanded the 2nd Brigade, including action at the Battle of Chaffin's Farm and the Second Battle of Fair Oaks. Ripley was wounded twice, and was later assigned to command 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, XXIV Corps, which was assigned to lead the Union troops into Richmond after the Confederate surrender, with orders to extinguish fires, prevent looting and maintain order. Ripley commanded the military district which included Richmond until the city's civilian government was restored at the end of the war. When Abraham Lincoln visited Richmond from April 4 to 7, 1865, Ripley became aware of an assassination plot and met with Lincoln to urge him to take increased precautions for his safety. Lincoln declined, stating that it was more important that he be seen among the people as a sign that hostilities were over, and that if someone was determined to assassinate him, increased security would not prevent it. Ripley mustered out of the service in June 1865. Post-Civil War. After the war Ripley returned to Vermont, also maintaining a residence in New York City. In partnership with his brother William he operated the Ripley Sons marble business until selling it to the Vermont Marble Company, which was operated by fellow Civil War veteran Redfield Proctor. Ripley built the Holland House Hotel in New York City, which was owned by members of his wife's Van Doren family, and was responsible for the construction and operation of New Jersey’s Raritan River Railroad. He was a founder of the United States and Brazil Steamship Line and served on its board of directors. In addition, he served as President of the Rutland Marble Savings Bank, and Vice President of the Rutland County National Bank. He also operated a successful horse breeding farm, with many of his animals being purchased for use in South America. The location of Ripley's farm is now the site of the Sugar & Spice restaurant and gift shop, a business which specializes in maple products. The burial site of the horse Ripley rode for most of the Civil War, "Old John", is preserved at the location. A Republican, Ripley held local offices for the town of Rutland. He served in the Vermont House of Representatives from 1886 to 1887, representing the town of Mendon. Ripley was active in the Reunion Society of Vermont Officers, and elected President in 1887 and 1904. He was also an active member of the Grand Army of the Republic and the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States. Ripley's awards included an honorary master's degree from Norwich University (1910) and one from Union College (1915). Edward Ripley spoke and wrote about his Civil War experiences, and his works included a speech which was subsequently printed in book form, "The Capture and Occupation of Richmond, April 3, 1865" (1907). In addition, his diary was published in 1960 as "Vermont General, The Unusual War Experiences of Edward Hastings Ripley", edited by Otto Eisenschiml. Death and burial. Ripley died in Rutland on September 14, 1915. He is buried in Rutland's Evergreen Cemetery. Family. In 1878 Edward H. Ripley married Amelia Dyckman Van Doren (1845–1931). They had two daughters: Alice Van Doren Ripley (1881–1948), the wife of Alexander deTrofimoff Ogden Jones (1878–1943), and Amelia Sybil Huntington (1882–1963), the wife of Raphael Welles Pumpelly. The Ripley daughters were married in a double ceremony in 1909. Edward H. Ripley was the son of William Young Ripley, a prominent Vermont businessman and banker, and Jane Warren Ripley. Edward H. Ripley's siblings included: brother William Y. W. Ripley, a Civil War officer who received the Medal of Honor; and half-sister Julia Caroline Dorr, a famous poet and the wife of Seneca M. Dorr. His sister Helen was the mother of John Ripley Myers. The writer Clements Ripley was the grandson of William Y. W. Ripley and the grand-nephew of Edward H. Ripley. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

edward eis. ripley edward hestings ripoli (11 novembor, 1839-14 septembor, 1915) aamerikar grihojudhor ejon vermont byowoxayi aaru union xenar bixoya aasil. teu xviii aaru xviv korposot brigedor commanding kori bravet brigediyar generalor podd laabh korisil, aaru aatmoxomorponor pisot prothom xoinyoxokolok rismondot prowex koriboloi netritwo disil. prarombhik jiwan. edward eis. 1839 sonor 11 novemborot vermontor rutlandot ripolir jonmo hoisil. teu sthaniyobhabe aaru poltonir troy conferences academyt (pisoloi green mountain kolej buli kuwa hoisil) xikhya laabh korisil. 1858 sonor poraa 1862 sonoloike teu union collegeot porhisil aaru pi. ess. aai. aapsilon bhatritwobudhor xodosyo aasil. grihojudho. 1862 sonor mey "maahot 9moo vermont podatik bahineet byoktigoto hisape talikabhukto hoi ripole teur jyestho borxor xexor faale collegeot jugdan koriboloi kolej eri goisil. union college teuk iyar saatro rulot obyahot rakhisil aaru 1862 sonor shrenir xodosyo hisape teuk kolaa snatok degree prodan korisil. teu chargentor podd laabh korisil, aaru taar pisot captain hisape nijukti laabh korisil aaru rejimentor company bi-ror netritwo diboloi nijukto hoisil, jaak teu 1862 sonor grishmokalot swenandua upotyoka obhijanot netritwo disil, jaar bhitorot aasil safolok, bharjiniyar oworudh. xei grishmokalot teu mejor podoloi podunnoti laabh korisil. 1862 sonor septembor maahot harpers ferir juddhot bondi koraa lukoxokolor bhitorot ripoli aasil. 1863 sonor januaryt teur binimoy huwar pisot teu 1863 sonor gutei xomoisuwat virginia aaru northo kerulinat karjyokolapor xomoyot 9moo vermontor xoite xewa aagborhaisil. 1863 sonor mey "maahot teuk leftenent cornell hisape podunnoti diya hoisil, aaru exoptahor pisot cornell aaru rejimentor command hisape podunnoti laabh korisil. poroborti xomoyot teuk uttor kerulinar beaufort aaru niu barno oncholot ekhon xamorik jilaar netritwo diboloi nijukti diya hoisil. 1864 sonor aagosto maahot ripolik bravet brigediyar general hisape podunnoti diya hoisil aaru 1moo brigade, brigade dibhijon, xviii korpos, jamesor xenar command koriboloi nijukto koraa hoisil. pisot teu dwitiyo brigedok netritwo disil, jaar bhitorot aasil safinor firmor juddho aaru feyar ukor dwitiyo juddho. ripoli dubarkoi aahot hoisil, aaru pisot teuk 1moo brigade, brigade bibhag, xiv korposor command hisape nijukto koraa hoisil. jaak xonghor dwara aatmoxomorpon korar pisot xonghor xoinyoxokolok rismondoloi netritwo diboloi nirdex diya hoisil, jui jwolai diya, lutpat protirudh koraa aaru sringkhola bojai rokhar nirdex diya hoisil. ripoliye juddhor xexot sohorkhonor oxamorik sorkar punoruddhar nuhuwaloike xamorik jilaar netritwo disil zo 'too rismond ontorbhukto aasil. 1865 sonor 4 aprilor poraa 7 apriloloike jetiya abraham linkon rismondoloi goisil, tetiya ripoliye hotyar xorojontror bixoye obogoto hoisil aaru linkonor xoite xakhyat kori teuk nijor xurokhyar baabe odhik xabodhanota owolombon koriboloi aahban jonaisil. linkone oswikar kori koy je jonoxadharonor maajot teuk xotrutar onto porar lokhyon hisape dekhatu odhik guruttopurno aasil, aaru jodi kunubai teuk hotya koriboloi drirhoprotigyo hoy, tente nirapotta briddhi korile iyak baadha dibo nuwaribo. ripoliye 1865 sonor june maahot xewar poraa aatori aahisil. grihojudhor pisor xomoy. juddhor pisot ripoli bharmontoloi ubhoti aahisil, logote nework sohorotu etaa baxosthan bojai rakhisil. teur bhatri uiliamor xoite ongxidaritwot teu ripoli sons marble byowoxaytu vermont marble companyloi bikri nokoraloike porisalona korisil, jitu xotirtho grihojudhor probin redfield proctoror dwara porisalito hoisil. ripoliye nework sohorot hoh 'lend house hotel nirman korisil, jitu teur potnir bhen dodd' renn poriyalor xodosyoxokolor malikanadhin aasil, aaru niu jarseer raritan nodee railpoth nirman aaru porisalonar baabe daybodho aasil. teu aamerika juktorastro aaru brajil steamswip lineor protisthapok aasil aaru iyar porisalok porixodot xewa aagborhaisil. iyar uporiu, teu rutland marble xonchoy bankor xobhapoti aaru rutland county rastriyo bankor upo-xobhapoti hisape karzonirbah korisil. teu etaa xofol ghura projonon farmou porisalona korisil, zo "too teur bohutu jontu dokhyin aamerikat byoboharor baabe kroy koraa hoisil. ripolir firmor owosthan etiya cheni aaru mosola resturent aaru upoharor dukanor sthan, jitu maple xamogrir bixexogyo ek byoboxai. grihojudhor besibhag xomoyor baabe ghura ripolir xomadhisthol "oh 'ld john" ei sthanot xongrokhyon koraa hoise. republican, ripoliye rutland sohoror baabe sthaniyo karzaloixomuh rakhisil. 1886 sonor poraa 1887 sonoloike teu mendon sohorok protinidhitwo kori vermont house owo protinidhir podot karzonirbah korisil. ripoli vermont bixoyar punor millon xomajot xokriyo aasil, aaru 1887 aaru 1904 sonot rastropoti nirbasito hoisil. teu gonorajyor grand aarmi aaru aamerika juktorastror onugoto xoinyobahinir xamorik aadexoru xokriyo xodosyo aasil. ripolir botar bhitorot noruis biswobidyaloyor poraa xonmaniyo snatokuttor degree (1910) aaru union collegeor poraa etaa (1915) aasil. edward ripoliye teur grihojudhor obhigyotar bixoye koichil aaru likhisil, aaru teur kamburor bhitorot etaa bhaxon ontorbhukto aasil jitu poroborti xomoyot kitapor rupot sopa hoisil, "dyo capser endo occupation owo rismond, april 3,1865" (1907). iyar uporiu, teur diary 1960 sonot ottu icencimolor dwara xompadito "vermont general, edward hestings riplir oswabhabik juddhor obhigyota" hisape prokax paisil. mrityu aaru xomadhisthol. 1915 sonor 14 septemborot rutlandot ripolir mrityu hoy. teuk rutlandor sirxeuj koborsthanot xomadhistho koraa hoy. poriyal. 1878 sonot edward eis. ripoliye emelia dickman bhen durenok (1845-1931) biyaa koraisil. teulukor dugoraki konya aasiloh alekjendar detor 'fimof ugden jonsor (1878-1943) potni elix bhen doren ripoli (1881-1948), aaru rafel wels pumpelyr potni emelia sibil huntington (1882-1963). 1909 sonot ek dwoito onusthanot ei ripley konyaxokolor biyaa hoisil. edward eis. ripoli aasil uilium iyong ripoli, egoraki bixisto vermont byowoxayi aaru bengkar, aaru zen waaren ripolir putro. edward eis. ripolir bhai-bhonixokolor bhitorot aasiloh bhai uilium waai. dobliu. ripoli, xonmanor podok laabh koraa grihojudhor bixoya; aaru xot bhogni julia kerulin dor, egoraki bikhyat kobi aaru xeneka em-ror potni. dur. teur bhogni helen john ripoli miyarsor maatri aasil. lekhok clements ripoli aasil uilium waai-ror naati. dobliu. ripoli aaru edward eis-ror naati-bhotija. ripley.

edward eich. ripley edward hastings ripley (11 navembar, 1839-14 septembara, 1915) chhilen markin grihojuddher ekjon vermont byabasayi ebong union armi officer. tini xviii ebong xviv corpsey brigedgulir commanding korar somoy brevet brigadier generaler podomorjada orjon korechilen ebong atmosomorponer porey prothom sainyader richmonde probesher netritto diyechilen. prathomik jeebon. edward eich. ripley 1839 saaler 11ee navembar vermonter rutlande jonmogrohon corren. tini sthaniyobhabe ebong poltonir troy conferences academyte (porey grin mountain college naame porichito) padashona corren. tini 1858 theke 1862 saal porjonto union college padashona corren ebong saai upsilon bhratritter sadasya chhilen. grihojuddho. ripley taanr senior bochorer shesher dike senabahinite jog deoar jonno college chhede deena, 1862 saaler meey maase 9maum vermont podatik bahinite besarkari hisabe talikabhukto hohn. union college taanke taar chhatro talika abyahoto rakhe ebong 1862 saaler classer sadasya hisabe taanke bachelor off artasa degree pradan korey. tini surgenter podomorjada orjon corren ebong tarpor captain hisabe nijukto hohn ebong regimenter company bii-err netritto deoar jonno nijukto hohn, jaa tini 1862 saaler grisse virgineer soflock aborodh soho shenandoa upottoka abhijane netritto diyechilen. seii grisse tini mejor podey padonnati paan. 1862 saaler septembore herpers ferir juddhe bondider modhye ripley chhilen. 1863 saaler januaryte taanr binimoyer porr tini 1863 saal judey virginia ebong uttor carolina abhijaner somoy 9maum vermonte kaaj chaliye zaan. 1863 saaler meey maase tini leftenant cornell podey unnito hohn ebong eka saptaha porey cornell ebong regimenter command podey padonnati paan. porobortikale tini uttor caroliner beaufort ebong neu burn elaka ekti samrik jelara netritto deoar jonno nijukto hohn. 1864 saaler auguste riplike brevet brigadier general podey padonnati deoa hoy ebong jameser senabahini 1maum brigade, tini bibhag, xviii corps command korar jonno nijukto koraa hoy. porey tini tini brigader netritto deena, jaar modhye chhilo chafiner khamarer juddho ebong feyara oker dwitiya juddho. ripley doo 'barr ahoto hohn ebong porey taanke 1maum brigade, brigade dibhishana, XXIV corps-err command deoar dayitto deoa hoy. jaa confederate atmosomorponer porey union sainyader richmonde netritto deoar jonno nijukto koraa hoyechilo, agun nevanor, lutpat protirodh ebong srinkhala bojay rakhar adesh soho. juddher sheshe shohorer besamoric sarkar punoruddhar naa haoya porjonto ripley samrik jelara netritto diyechilen jaar modhye richmondo chhilo. abraham linkon jokhon 4 theke 7ee april, 1865 saal porjonto richmonder sange dekha korte zaan, tokhon ripley ekti hotyar shadayantra somporke sachetan hohn ebong linkoner sange dekha korey taanr nirapottar jonno arow beshi satarkata abalamban korar ahoban zanan. linkon prottakhyan korey bolechilen jey, jonogoner modhye taanke shatruta shesh howar lakkhan hisabe dekha arow guruttopurno chhilo ebong jodi keu taanke hotya korte dridhapratigya hoy, tobey bordhito nirapatta etike badha debe naa. 1865 saaler june maase ripley chakri theke beriye zaan. grihojuddher poroborti. juddher porr ripley vermonte firey asen, neu eork shohore ekti basosthano bojay rakhen. bhai uiliamer sange angshidaritte tini paka chheler marble byabosa porichalona korechilen, jotokkhon naa etty vermont marble companyr kachhe bikri koraa hoy, jaa sahakarmi grihojuddher probin redfield proctor dwara porichalito hoto. ripley neu eork shohore holland house hotel nirman korechilen, jaa taanr strir vyana dorren poribarer sadasyader malikanadhin chhilo ebong neu jarsir raritan river railpoth nirman oo porichalonar jonno dayabaddha chhilo. tini markin juktorashtro ebong braziler steamship liner protisthata chhilen ebong err porichalona porshode dayitto palon korechilen. echhadao, tini rutland marble savings byanker sabhapati ebong rutland county national byanker soho-sabhapati hisabe dayitto palon corren. tini ekti sofol ghoda prajanan khamaro porichalona korechilen, jaar modhye taanr onek prani dakkhin america byaboharer jonno kenaa hoyechilo. riplir khamarer abosthan ekhon chinny oo moshla restoran ebong upoharer dokaner sthan, ekti byabosa jaa mappel ponnogulite biseshoggo. grihojuddher beshirbhag somoy dhorey ghodar samadhisthal, "old john", eyi sthane sanrakkhito royeche. ekjon republican, ripley rutland shohorer jonno sthaniya offices porichalona korten. tini 1886 theke 1887 saal porjonto mendon shohorer protinidhitto korey vermont house off representativese dayitto palon corren. ripley vermont officerder punarmilan somaje sakriya chhilen ebong 1887 oo 1904 saale rashtrapati nirbachito hohn. tini projatontrer granned armi ebong markin juktorashtrer onugoto sainyabahinir samrik adesher ekjon sakriya sadasyao chhilen. riplir puroskarer modhye noruich vishwavidyalaya theke sommansuchok snatakottar degree (1910) ebong union college theke ekti (1915) antarbhukta chhilo. edward ripley taanr grihojuddher obhiggota somporke kotha bolechilen ebong likhechilen ebong taanr kajgulir modhye ekti boktrita antarbhukta chhilo jaa porobortikale boi akare mudrito hoyechilo, "dya capture anned akupeshana off richmond, 3 april, 1865" (1907). echhadao, taanr diarry 1960 saale otto icensimal dwara sampadito "vermont general, edward hastings riplir aswabhabik juddher obhiggota" hisabe prokashito hoyechilo. mrityu oo dafon. ripley 1915 saaler 14ee septembara rutlande maaraa zaan. taanke rutlander chirsabuj koborsthane somahito koraa hoy. poribar. 1878 saale edward eich. ripley amelia dickman vyana dorrenke biye corren (1845-1931). taader dui konna chhiloh alexander detrophimph ogden jonser (1878-1943) stree allis vyana dorren ripley (1881-1948) ebong rafael oyelasa pampelir stree amelia sibil huntington (1882-1963). 1909 saale ekti dwaito anusthane eyi meyera biye corren. edward eich. ripley chhilen uilium eong ripley, ekjon bishishto vermont byabasayi ebong banker ebong zena oyarena riplir putro. edward eich. riplir vaibonder modhye chhilenh bhai uilium oyai. dobleeu. ripley, ekjon grihojuddher officer jini sommansuchok podok peyechilen; ebong sott boone julia caroline dorr, ekjon bikhyato cobby ebong seneka emm-err stree. doora. taanr boone helen chhilen john ripley myerser maa. lekhok clements ripley chhilen uilium oyai-err naati. dobleeu. ripley ebong edward eich-err naati-bhagne. ripley.

edward aech. reply edward hestings ripley (11 november, 1839-14 september, 1915) american gruh yuddhmaa vermont udhyogpati aneey union armie adheekari hataa. temane xviii aneey xviv corpsmaa brigadesnu netrutva karatee vakhate brewett brigadier generalno darajjo praapt karyo, aneey tenaa aatmasamarpan pachhi pratham saineekone richmandma praveshvaa maate doree gayaa. praarambhik jeevan. edward aech. replino janm 11 november, 1839naa roj rutland, vermontma thayo hato. temane sthaaneek stare aneey poltneyma troy conferences academy (jeey paachhalthi green mountain college tareeke odakhaati hatee) maan shikshan melavyu hatoo. temane 1858 thee 1862 sudhee union collegemaa abhyaas karyo hato aneey teo psi upsilon bandhutvanaa sabhy hataa. nagrik yuddh. reply temnaa varishth varshnaa antanee najik senaama jodava maate college chhodi deedhi, meey 1862maan 9mee vermont paydalma khangi tareeke nondhani karaavi. union college temne tenaa vidhyarthi roll parr chaalu rakhyaa aneey temne 1862naa vargnaa sabhy tareeke batchler off artsnee degree aapee. temane sargentno darajjo praapt karyo, aneey pachhi temne capton tareeke niyukt karvaamaa aavyaa aneey regimentnee kampani beaney kamaan sambhaalvaa maate nimanook karvaamaa aavee, jenu temane 1862naa unalama shenandoh kheen abhiyaanmaa kaaryvaahi darmiyan netrutva karyoo hatoo, jemaa safolk, virginia gherabandhino samaavesh thaay chhe. teey unalama temne mejar tareeke badhatee malee hatee. september 1862maan harper fereeni ladaima kedeeoma ripley pann saamel hataa. january 1863maan temnee badalee thayaa pachhi temane 1863 darmiyan virginia aneey uttar keroleenama kaaryvaahi darmiyan 9maa vermont saathe sevaa aapvaanu chaalu raakhyu. temne meey 1863maan leftnent curnell tareeke badhatee aapvama aavee hatee aneey aek athvadiya pachhi temne curnell aneey regimentnaa command tareeke badhatee malee hatee. tyarbad temne beaufort aneey nyu burn, uttar kerolina vistaarmaa lashkari jillaanu netrutva karvaa maate niyukt karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. august 1864maan reepleene brewett brigadier general tareeke badhatee aapvama aavee hatee aneey temne jamesnee senaani pratham brigade, beejee division, xviii corpsnee kamaan sonpavama aavee hatee. baadmaa temane beejee brigadeni kamaan sambhaali hatee, jemaa chafinna khetarni ladaai aneey phera oknee beejee ladaaino samaavesh thaay chhe. ripley beey vaar ghaayal thayo hato, aneey baadmaa tene pratham brigade, trija vibhag, XXIV corpsnee kamaan sonpavama aavee hatee. jene sanghnaa aatmasamarpan pachhi union saineekone richmandma laee javaa maate sonpavama aavyu hatoo, jemaa aag olavvaa, luntfat atkavva aneey vyavastha jalavana aadesho aapvama aavyaa hataa. yuddhnaa ante shahernee nagrik sarkaar punsthapit naa thaay tyaan sudhee reply lashkari jillaanu netrutva karyoo hatoo, jemaa richmondno samaavesh thato hato. jyaare abraham linken 4 thee 7 april, 1865 darmiyan richmondnee mulakat leto tyaare reepleene hatyaana kavtarani jaana thaee aneey linkanne tenee salaamati maate vadhu savcheti raakhvaa vinanti karvaa maate malyaa. linkanae naa paadee hatee aneey kahyoo hatoo keey teey vadhu mahatvapurn chhe keey temne lokomaa dushmanavat samaapt thavaana sanket tareeke jovama aave aneey jooe koee temnee hatyaa karvaa maate makkam hoya, too suraksha vadhaarvaathi teey atkashe nahee. juuna 1865maan reepleene sevamathi bahaar curry devaamaa aavee hatee. gruh yuddh pachhi. yuddh pachhi ripley vermont parat faryaa aneey newyork shaherma potaanu nivassthan pann jaalvi raakhyu. temnaa bhaai veeliyam saathe bhagidarima temane pakela putronaa aaraspahanno vyavsaay chalaavyo hato, jyaan sudhee tene vermont aaraspahan companyne vechvaamaa naa aavyo, jeey saathee gruh yuddhnaa anoobhavi redfield proqtara dwara chalavvama aavtee hatee. reply newyork shaherma holland house hotelnun nirmaan karyoo hatoo, jeey temnee patneena veena dorren parivaarnaa sabhyoni malikini hatee aneey teey nyu jarsinaa rariton rivara railroadna nirmaan aneey sanchalan maate jawabdar hatee. teo united states aneey brazil steamship line sthaapak hataa aneey tenaa booard off directorsmaa sevaa aapee hatee. vadhumaa, temane rutland aaraspahan bachat banknaa pramukh aneey rutland kaauntii national banknaa upadhyaksh tareeke sevaa aapee hatee. temane aek safal ghodaana samvardhannu khetar pann chalaavyu hatoo, jemaa temnaa ghanaa praaneeo dakshin americama upyog maate khareedvama aavyaa hataa. reeplina khetarnu sthaan havey khaand aneey masala restaurant aneey bhetnee dukaannu sthal chhe, jeey maple utpadanoma nishnaat vyavsaay chhe. motabhagna gruh yuddh maate savaar ghodaani dafanvidhi sthal, "old john", aaa sthale sachavvama aavyu chhe. aek prajasattak, ripley rutland nagar maate sthaaneek kachereeo dharaavto hato. temane 1886 thee 1887 sudhee pratinidhiona vermont housema sevaa aapee hatee, jeey mendon nagarnu pratinidhitva kartaa hataa. ripley vermont adheekariona punahmilan samajma sakreey hataa aneey 1887 aneey 1904maan pramukh tareeke chuntaya hataa. teo prajasattakni bhavya senaa aneey united statesnaa vafaadaar sainyana lashkari kramnaa sakreey sabhy pann hataa. reeplina puraskaroma norwich university (1910) maanthi maanad master degree aneey union college (1915) maanthi aekno samaavesh thaay chhe. edward ripli temnaa gruh yuddhnaa anoobhavo vishe vaat curry aneey lakhyu, aneey temnee kruteeoma aek bhashanno samaavesh thato hato jeey pachhithi pustak swarupma chhapavama aavyu hatoo, "dhaa capture anned okwesh off richmond, april 3,1865" (1907). vadhumaa, temnee diary 1960maan otto issentiomal dwara sampadit "vermont general, edward hestings replina asamanya yuddhnaa anoobhavo" tareeke prakashit karvaamaa aavee hatee. mrutyu aneey dafanvidhi. 14 september, 1915naa roj repleenu rutlandma avsaan thayu. temne rutlandnaa sadabahar kabrastaanmaa dafnavvama aavyaa chhe. parivaar. 1878maan edward aech. reply emelia dikeman veena dorren (1845-1931) saathe lagna karyaa. temne beey dikareeo hateeh alexander detrophimoph ogden johns (1878-1943) nee patnee ellis veena dorren ripley (1881-1948) aneey rafael wells pampelini patnee emelia sibil huntington (1882-1963). aaa paripakva dikarionaa lagna 1909maan bevada samarohma thayaa hataa. edward aech. ripley veeliyam young ripley, aek agranee vermont udhyogpati aneey banker aneey jaine warren reeplina putra hataa. edward aech. reeplina bhaai-bahenomaa bhaai veeliyam vaayno samaavesh thaay chhe. doubleu. ripley, aek nagrik yuddh adheekari keey jene sanmaannu chandrak malyun; aneey savki bahen julia kerolin doora, aek prakhyaat kavee aneey seneka aema. nee patnee. dorrey. temnee bahen haylan john ripley myersnee maataa hatee. lekhak clements ripley veeliyam vaaynaa pautra hataa. doubleu. ripley aneey edward aech. naa pautra. reply.

edward aich. replay edward hastings ripli (11 navambar, 1839-14 sitambar, 1915) americi grihyuddh mein ack vermont vyavasaayi aur sangh senaa adhikaari they. unhone xviii aur xiv core mein brigedon kii kamaan sambhaalate hue brewett brigadier general kaa pada praapt kiya, aur isake aatmasamarpan key baad pahale sainikon koo richmond mein pravesh karane key liye netritva kiya. praarambhik jeevan. edward aich. ripli kaa janm 11 navambar, 1839 koo rutland, vermont mein huaa thaa. unhone sthaaniya roop seey aur poltney (baad mein green mountain college kahaa jaane vaalaa) mein troy conference akadami mein shiksha praapt kii thee. unhone 1858 seey 1862 taka union college mein padhaai kii aur way saai upsillon biradari key sadasya they. grih yuddh. ripli ney apane varishth varsh key anta mein senaa mein shamil honey key liye college chhod diyaa, maee 1862 mein 9 veen vermont paidal senaa mein ack niji key roop mein soochibaddh hue. union college ney unhein apane chhaatr roll parr jaari rakhaa aur unhein 1862 kii kaksha key sadasya key roop mein kalaa snaatak kii degree seey sammaanit kiya. unhone sargent kaa pada praapt kiya, aur phir ack kaptan key roop mein niyukt kiya gayaa aur resiment kii company bee kii kamaan sambhaalane key liye niyukt kiya gayaa, jiska unhone 1862 kii garmiyon mein shanandoh ghaati abhiyaan mein kaarravaai key dauran netritva kiya, jisamen suffock, virginia kii gherabandi bhee shamil thee. usa garmi mein unhein mejar key liye padonnati millie. sitambar 1862 mein ripli harper ferry kii ladaai mein kaid kiye gaye logon mein seey ack thaa. janwari 1863 mein unake adaan-pradaan key baad unhone poore 1863 mein virginia aur uttari carolina mein kaarravaai key dauran 9vein vermont key saath seva karna jaari rakhaa. unhein maee 1863 mein leftinent curnell key roop mein padonnat kiya gayaa, aur ack saptah baad unhein curnell aur resiment kii kamaan key liye padonnati millie. baad mein unhein beaufort aur nyu burn, uttari carolina key kshetra mein ack sainya jile kii kamaan sambhaalane key liye niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. agast 1864 mein ripli koo brewett brigadier general key roop mein padonnat kiya gayaa aur james kii senaa, 1st brigade, 2nd division, xviii core kii kamaan saunpi gaee. baad mein unhone doosari brigade kii kamaan sambhali, jisamen chaffin key khet kii ladaai aur fair oak kii doosari ladaai shamil thee. ripli dou baar ghayal hoe gayaa thaa, aur baad mein usey 1st brigade, 3rd division, xiv core kii kamaan saunpi gaee thee. jise sangh key aatmasamarpan key baad sangh key sainikon kaa netritva karane key liye saunpa gayaa thaa, jisamen aag bujhaane, loot koo rokane aur vyavastha banaae rakhane key adesh they. ripli ney sainya jile kii kamaan sambhali jisamen richmond shamil thaa jaba taka kii yuddh key anta mein shahar kii nagrik sarkaar koo bahaal naheen kiya gayaa. jaba abraham linken 4 seey 7 aprail, 1865 taka richmond gaye, tou ripli koo hatyaa kii sajish key baare mein pataa chalaa aur linken seey mulakat kii aur unase apani suraksha key liye adhik savdhani baratane kaa aagrah kiya. linken ney yeh kahate hue incar curr diyaa kii yeh adhik mahatvapurna thaa kii unhein logon key beach ack sanket key roop mein dekhaa jaae kii shatruta samaapt hoe gaee thee, aur yadi koee unaki hatyaa karane key liye dridh thaa, tou suraksha mein vriddhi ise naheen rokegi. juuna 1865 mein ripli koo seva seey baahar curr diyaa gayaa. grih yuddh key baad. yuddh key baad ripli vermont laut aaya, newyork shahar mein bhee apana nivaas banaae rakhaa. apane bhaai villium key saath saajhedaari mein unhone ripli batus sangamarmar kaa vyavasaay taba taka chalaaya jaba taka kii ise vermont sangamarmar company koo naheen betch diyaa gayaa, joe saathi grih yuddh key anubhavi redfield proctor dwara sanchaalit thaa. ripli ney newyork shahar mein holland house hotal kaa nirmaan kiya, joe unaki patni key vaine dorren parivaar key sadasyon key swaamitva mein thaa, aur nyu jersey key rariton nadee railmarg key nirmaan aur sanchaalan key liye jimmedaar thaa. way sanyukt raajya america aur brazil steamship line key sansthaapak they aur isake nideshak mandal mein kaaryarat they. isake alawa, unhone rutland sangamarmar bachat baink key adhyaksh aur rutland county rashtriya baink key upaadhyaksh key roop mein kaary kiya. unhone ack safal ghode key prajanan farm kaa bhee sanchaalan kiya, jisamen unake kaee jaanvaron koo dakshin america mein upayog key liye kharida gayaa thaa. ripli key khet kaa sthaan abb cheeni aur masaale vaale bhojanalaya aur upahaar kii dukaan kaa sthaan haye, ack vyavasaay joe maple utpaadon mein visheshagyata rakhta haye. grihyuddh key adhikansh samay key liye ghode kii sawari kii kabr sthal, "old johnn", usa sthaan parr sanrakshit haye. ack ganarajya, joe rutland shahar key liye sthaaniya karyalayon kaa ayojan kartaa thaa. unhone 1886 seey 1887 taka pratinidhi mandal mein mendon shahar kaa pratinidhitva kiya. ripli vermont adhikaariyon key punarmilan samaaj mein sakriya they, aur 1887 aur 1904 mein rashtrapati chune gaye. way ganarajya kii bhavya senaa aur sanyukt raajya key wafadar sainya dall key sainya adesh key bhee sakriya sadasya they. ripli key puraskaron mein norwich vishvavidyalaya (1910) seey maanad master degree aur union college (1915) seey ack degree shamil thee. edward ripli ney apane grihyuddh key anubhavon key baare mein baat kii aur likhaa, aur unake karyon mein ack bhaashan shamil thaa jise baad mein pustak key roop mein mudrit kiya gayaa thaa, "richmond kaa kabja aur kabja, 3 aprail 1865" (1907). isake alawa, unaki diarry 1960 mein otto isensimal dwara sampaadit "vermont general, edward hastings ripli key asamanya yuddh anubhav" key roop mein prakaashit hui thee. mrityu aur dafan. ripli kii mrityu 14 sitambar, 1915 koo rutland mein hui. unhein rutland key sadabahar kabristan mein dafnaya gayaa. parivaar. 1878 mein edward aich. vivaahit amelia dackman vaine dorren (1845-1931). unaki dou betiyaan theenh ellis vaine dorren ripli (1881-1948), alekjendar detrophimoph ogden johns (1878-1943) kii patni, aur amelia sibil huntington (1882-1963), raffle wells pampeli kii patni. inn donon kii shaadi 1909 mein ack dohare samaroh mein hui thee. edward aich. ripli villium young ripli, ack pramukh vermont vyavasaayi aur banker, aur jaine vaaran ripli kaa betaa thaa. edward aich. ripli key bhaai-bahan mein shamil theh bhaai villium vaaee. doubleu. ripli, ack grih yuddh adhikaari jise sammaan kaa padak milaa; aur sauteli bahan julia carolin door, ack prasiddh kavi aur seneka aim kii patni. dorre. unaki bahan helen johnn ripli myers kii maan theen. lekhak clements ripli villium vaaee kaa potaa thaa. doubleu. ripli aur edward aich kaa potaa. replay.

edward etch. ripley edward hastings ripley (november 11,1839-september 14,1915) americada antaryuddhadalli vermont udyami mattu union armi adhikaariyaagiddaru. avanu XVIII mattu XXIV corpsonalli brigedgalannu munnadesuvaga brewett brigadier general shreniyannu saadhisidanu mattu adara sharanagatiya nantara modala padegalannu richmandge praveshisalu munnadesidanu. arambhika jeevana. edward etch. replue 1839rahra november 11randu vermontna ratlyandnalli janisidanu. aata sthaliyavaagi mattu poultniyalliruva troy conferences academiyalli (nantara green mountain college endu kareyalpattitu) sikshana padedaru. avaru 1858rinda 1862ravarege union colleginalli vyasanga maadidaru mattu isi apsilan bhratrutvada sadasyaraagiddaru. antaryuddha. ripley tanna hiriya varshada koneyalli sainyakke seralu kaalejannu toredu, mayee 1862 ralli 9 neey vermont padaatidaladalli khasagi huddege serikondanu. union kaaleju avanannu tanna vidyarthi pattiyalli munduvarisitu mattu 1862 rahra taragatiya sadasyanagi avarige batchular off arts padaviyannu needitu. aata sargent huddeyannu padedaru, mattu nantara capton aagi nemakagondaru mattu regimentna kampani bii ge aagnaapisalu nemakagondaru, idannu avaru 1862 rahra besigeyalli shenandoh kanive karyacharaneyalli munnadesidaru, idaralli varjiniyaada safolkna muttigeyoo serittu. aaa besigeyalli aata majer huddege badti padedaru. 1862rahra septembernalli harpers dooni kadanadalli serehidiyalaadavaralli replue obbanaagiddanu. 1863rahra janavariyalli avara vinimayavaada nantara avaru 1863rahra uddakkoo virginia mattu uttara kerolinada karyacharaneya samayadalli 9neey varmantnondige seve sallisuvudannu munduvaresidaru. avaru 1863rahra mayee tingalalli leftinent curnell aagi badti padedaru mattu ondu vaarada nantara curnell mattu regimentna command aagi badti padedaru. taruvaaya, uttara kerolinada beaufort mattu nyoo burn pradeshadalli military jilleyondannu munnadesalu avarannu nemisalaayitu. 1864rahra augustinalli repliyannu brewett brigadier general aagi badti nidalaayitu mattu 1neey brigade, 2neey vibhaga, xviii corps, james sainyakke command maadalu nemisalaayitu. nantara aata 2neey brigedge netrutva vahisidaru, idaralli chaffin form kadana mattu fair oksna eradane kadanavoo serittu. replue eradu baari gayagondanu, mattu nantara 1neey brigade, 3neey vibhaga, XXIV corpsge command maadalu niyojisalaayitu. benkiyannu nandisalu, looty maaduvudannu tadeyalu mattu suvyavastheyannu kapadikollalu okkootada sharanagatiya nantara okkootada padegalannu richmandge munnadesalu idannu niyojisalaayitu. yuddhada koneyalli nagarada nagarika sarkaaravannu punahsthaapisuvavarege replue richmandannu olagonda military jilleyannu munnadesidanu. 1865rahra april 4rinda 7ravarege abraham linken avaru richmandge bheti niididaaga, ripley avarige hatyeya sanchina bagge arivaayitu mattu linken avarannu bhetiyagi avara surakshategaagi hecchina munneccharikegalannu tegedukolluvante ottayisidaru. linken nirakarisidaru, janara naduve tannannu shatruta konegonda sanketavagi noduvudu hecchu mukhyavaagide mattu yaaraadaru avanannu hatye maadalu nirdharisidare, hecchina bhadrateyu adannu tadeyuvudilla endu helidaru. 1865rahra joonnalli replue seveyinda horabandanu. antaryuddhada nantarada. yuddhada nantara ripley varmantge maralidaru, newyork nagaradalli nivaasavannu saha nirvahisidaru. tanna sahodara viliyamna sahabhagitvadalli aata tanna maganige amrutashileya vevahaaravannu nadesuttiddanu, adannu sahavarti antaryuddhada anubhavi redfield praaktar nirvahisuttidda vermont amrutashileya kampanige marata maadidanu. replue newyork nagaradalli hallend house hotel annu nirmisidanu, idu avana hendatiya wyaan dorren kutumbada sadasyara odetanadallittu mattu newjersey raritan river railroadna nirmaana mattu karyacharaneya javaabdaariyannu hondittu. avaru united states mattu brazil steamship line sthaapakaraagiddaru mattu adara nirdesakara mandaliyalli seve sallisidaru. idara jotege, avaru rutland amrutashileya ulitaaya bankina adhyaksharaagi mattu rutland kaunti national bankina upadhyaksharagi seve sallisidaru. aata kudure tali belesuva yashasvi totavannoo saha nadesuttiddaru, aatana aneka pranigalannu daksina americadalli balakegagi khareedisalaayitu. reply totada sthalavu eega sakkare mattu masale padaarthagala restaurant mattu udugore angadia taanavaagide, idu maypal utpannagalalli parinati hondiruva vyavahaaravaagide. antaryuddhada bahupalu kaala sawari maadida "old zaan" emba kudureya samadhi sthalavannu ee sthaladalli samrakshisalaagide. republican, ripley rutland pattanakke sthaliya kacherigalannu hondiddaru. avaru 1886rinda 1887ravarege vermont house off representativesnalli seve sallisidaru, mendon pattanavannu pratinidhisidaru. replue vermont adhikaarigala punarmilana samajadalli sakriyaraagiddaru mattu 1887 mattu 1904ralli adhyaksharaagi aaykeyaadaru. avaru ganarajyada mahaa sene mattu united statesna nishtaavanta sainyada military vevastheya sakriya sadasyaroo aagiddaru. repliyavara prashastigalalli norwich vishvavidyaalayadinda (1910) gaurava snatakottara padavi mattu union kaalejininda (1915) ondu padavi serive. edward replue tanna antaryuddhada anubhavagala bagge matanadidaru mattu baredaru, mattu avara krutigalalli ondu bhashanavu serittu, adannu taruvaaya pustaka roopadalli mudrisalaayitu, "dhii capture und aakveshan off richmond, april 3,1865" (1907). idara jotege, avara dinachariyannu 1960ralli "vermont general, edward hastings reply asaamaanya yuddhada anubhavagalu" endu prakatisalaayitu, idannu otto aisenshiml sampaadisidaru. saavu mattu samadhi. replue 1915rahra september 14randu ratlyandnalli nidhanaraadaru. avarannu rutlandna nityaharidvarnada smashaanadalli samadhi maadalaagide. kutumba. 1878ralli edward etch. ripley amelia dikeman wyaan dorren (1845-1931) avarannu vivaahavaadaru. avarige ibbaru putriyariddaruh alexander detrophymoph ogden johns (1878-1943) avara patni alis wyaan dorren ripley (1881-1948) mattu rafale wells pampelli patni amelia sibil huntington (1882-1963). ee maagida hennumakkalige 1909ralli eradu samarambhagalalli maduveyaayitu. edward etch. replue pramukha vermont udyami mattu banker aagidda vilium young reply maganagiddanu mattu jaine warren reply maganagiddanu. edward etch. reply odahuttidavarallih sahodara vilium vaii. doubleu. gaurava padakavannu padeda antaryuddhada adhikari ripley mattu prasiddha kavi mattu seneka emm avara patni malasahodari julia caroline daar. door. avana sahodari helen zaan ripley myersna taayiyaagiddaru. clements replue vilium vaii avara mommaga. doubleu. ripley mattu edward etch avara mommaga. ripley.

edward echu. ripley edward haastings ripley (november 11,1839-septambar 14,1915) american aabhyantharayudhathile oru vermont bisinasukaaranum union armi offeesarumaayirunnu. XVII, XXIV corpsukalil brigedukalkku commanding nalkumbol addeham brevett brigadier general padavi nedukayum keezhadangiyathinushesham richmandilekku praveshikkaan aadya sainikare nayikkukayum cheythu. aadyakaala jeevitam. edward echu. 1839 november 11nuu vermontile rutlandilaanu ripley janichathu. praadesikamaayum poltneyile troy konfarans academyilum (pinneedu green moundan koleju ennu vilikkapettu) addeham vidyaabhyaasam nedi. 1858 muthal 1862 vare union collegil chernna addeham saii apsiloon saahodaryathil amgamaayirunnu. aabhyantharayudham. 1862 meyy maasathil onpathaam vermont infantriyil svakaaryamaayi chernnukondu ripley thante seeniyar varshathinte avasaanathode koleju upekshichu. union koleju addehathe vidyaarthi rolukalil thudarnnu, 1862 leeii classil amgamenna nilayil addehathinu baachilar oof arts birudam nalki. addeham sarjant padavi nedukayum thudarnnu captanaayi niyamikkappedukayum 1862-leeii venalkkaalath virjeeniyayile safok uparodham ulppede shenando thaazhvarayile prachaaranatthil addeham nayicha rejimentinte kambani bii-kku neethrthwam nalkaan niyamikkappedukayum cheythu. aaa venalkkaalath addehathinu mejarilekku sthaanakkayattam labhichu. 1862 septambaril haarpezhs ferry yudhathil thadavilaakkappettavaril reply ulppedunnu. 1863 januvariyil kaimaattam cheyyappettathinusesham 1863 ll virjeeniyayilum vadakkan carolinayilum nadanna pravartthanatthinide addeham onpathaam vermontinoppam sevanamanushtichu. 1863 meyy maasathil lefttanant kenalaayi sthaanakkayattam nedukayum oraazhchaykk sesham kenal sthaanathekkum rejimentinte kamaandilekkum sthaanakkayattam labikkukayum cheythu. pinneedu beaufort, north karolinayile nyoo bernn pradeshangalile oru sainika jillayude kamaandaraayi addehathe niyamichu. 1864 augustil reply brevett brigadier generalayi sthaanakkayattam nalkukayum jayimsinte sainyamaaya onnaam brigade, randaam division, xviii corpsinu command cheyyaan niyogikkukayum cheythu. chaafinte krishiyidathile yudhavum fair ooksinte randaam yudhavum ulppede randaam brigadine addeham pinneedu neethrthwam nalki. replic rund thavana parikkettu, pinneedu onnaam brigade, moonnaam division, XXIV corpsinte kamaandaraayi niyamikkapettu. thee anaykkaanum kolla thadayaanum kramam nilanirthaanum utharavukalode konfedarettu keezhadangiya sesham union sainyathe richmandilekku nayikkaan niyogichathaanu ithu. yudhathinte avasaanam nagaratthile sivilian sarkkar punasthaapikkunnathuvare richmond ulppedunna sainika jillaykku ripley neethrthwam nalki. 1865 epril 4 muthal 7 vare ebraham linkon richmond sandarshichappol, oru kolapathaka goodaalochanayekkurichu ripley manassilakkukayum linkanumaayi koodikkaazhcha nadathukayum thante surakshaykkaayi kooduthal munkaruthalukal edukkaan aavasyappedukayum cheythu. sathrutha avasaanichathinte adayaalamaayi janangalkkidayil thanne kaanunnath kooduthal pradhaanamaanennum aarenkilum thanne vadhikkan theerumaanichaal vardhicha suraksha athu thadayillennum paranjukondu linkon nirasichu. 1865 juunil ripley sarveesil ninnu pinmari. aabhyantharayudhathinu sheshamulla kaalam. yudhaanantharam rippy vermontilekku madangukayum newyork nagaratthil oru thaamasavum nilanirthukayum cheythu. sahodaran vilyamumaayi sahakarichu addeham rippy sansu marble bisinesses nadatthi, athu saha aabhyanthara yudhathil pankeduttha redfield proctor nadathiyirunna vermont marble kambanikku vilkkunnathuvare. rippili newyork nagaratthil holland house hotel nirmmichu, athu bhaaryayude vaan dorren kudumbatthile amgangalude udamasthathayilaayirunnu, koodaathe nyoojezhsiyude raarittan rivar reyilrodinte nirmmaanathinum pravartthanatthinum utharavaadiyaayirunnu. americayudeyum brazilinteyum steamship laininte sthaapakanaaya addeham athinte director boardil sevanamanushtichu. koodaathe, addeham rutland marble savings baankinte presidentaayum rutland kaundi naashanal baankinte vais presidentaayum sevanamanushtichu. addeham oru vijayakaramaya kuthira prajnana famum nadatthi, addehathinte pala mrugangalum thekke amerikkayil upayogathinaayi vaangi. repleyude faamile sthalam ippol panchasaara & sugandhavyanjana restorantinteyum giftt shoppinteyum sthalamaanu, ithu maple uthppannangalil vaidagdhyamulla oru bisinessaanu. aabhyantharayudhathinte bhooribhaagavum kuthiraye valarthiyedutha "ooldu joonn" enna kuthirayude shavakudeeram eee sthalathu samrakshichirikkunnu. oru republican, ripley rutland pattanatthinu praadeshika offeesukal nadathiyirunnu. 1886 muthal 1887 vare addeham mendon pattanatthe prathinidheekarichu vermont house oof representativesilaanu sevanamanushtichathu. vermont offeesarmaarude punarekeekarana samoohathil sajeevamaayirunna ripley 1887lum 1904lum presidentaayi thiranjedukkappettu. republicinte grand aarmiyilum american aikyanaadukalude vishwastha sainyathinte sainika kramatthilum sajeeva amgamaayirunnu. norvichu sarvakalashaalayil ninnulla oonarari birudaananthara birudavum (1910) union collegil ninnulla (1915) birudavum repleyude avaardukalil ulppedunnu. edward ripley thante aabhyantharayudhaanubhavangale samsaarikkukayum ezhuthukayum cheythu, addehathinte kruthikalil oru prasangam ulppedunnu, athu pinneedu pusthaka roopathil achadichu, "richmandinte pidichedukkalum adhinivesavum, 1865 epril 3" (1907). koodaathe, 1960-ll ottoo isenshiml edittu cheytha "vermont general, edward haastings repliyude asaadhaarana yudhaanubhavangal" enna peril addehathinte dayari prasidheekarichu. maranavum shavasamskaaravum. 1915 septambar 14nuu reepley rutlandil vachu marichu. addehathe rutlandile nithyaharitha semitheriyil samskarichu. kudumbam. 1878ll edward echu. ripley amelia dikeman vaan dorane (1845-1931) vivaham kazhichu. avarkk rund penmakkalundaayirunnu alexander detrophymoph oogdan jonsinte (1878-1943) bhaarya alis vaan dorren ripley (1881-1948), rafale wells pambelliyude bhaarya amelia sibil huntington (1882-1963). 1909ll oru eratta chadangilaanu eee penmakkal vivaahitharaayath. edward echu. pramukha vermont bisinasukaaranum baankarumaaya vilyam yang repleyudeyum jaine vaaran repleyudeyum makanaayirunnu ripley. edward echu. repleyude sahodaranmaaril ulppedunnu sahodaran vilyam vaii. dablyu. medel oof oonar labhicha aabhyantharayudha udyogasthayaaya reply prashastha kavayitriyum seneca emm.-nte bharyayumaaya ardhasahodariyaaya juuliya carolin dorum. doorr. joonn ripley maiyarsinte ammayaayirunnu addehathinte sahodari helen. ezhuthukaaranaaya clements ripley vilyam vaiyude kochumakanaayirunnu. dablyu. reply edward echu-nte perakutty. ripley.

edward etch. rappili edward hastings ripley (11 november 1839-14 september 1915) haah american yadavi yuddhatil eka vermont vyapari aanee union armi adhikari hota. tyane XVII aanee XXIV corpsmadhil brigedche netrutva kartana brewett brigadier generalche padd prapt kele aanee tyachya aatmasamarpanantar pahilya sainyache netrutva karoon richmandmadhye pravesh keela. prarambhik jeevan. edward etch. ripalicha janm 11 november 1839 roji rutland, vermont yethe jhaala. tyache shikshan sthanik patalivar aanee poltney yetheel trie conferences akadamimadhye (nantar green mountain college mhanoon olakhale gele) jhaale. 1858 teey 1862 yaa kalat tyanni union mahavidhyalayat shikshan ghetale aanee teey pii. ess. aay. upsilon bandhutvache sadasya hote. nagri yuddh. meey 1862 madhye 9 vya vermont payadalat khajgi mhanoon nondani karoon, lashkarat sameel honyasathi tyachya varishtha varshachya akheris replinay mahavidhyalay sodale. union collegene tyala tyachya vidyarthi yadeet kayam thewale aanee 1862 chya vargacha sadasya mhanoon tyala qalaa padvi pradan kelee. tyane sargentcha darja prapt keela aanee nantar capton mhanoon niyukt karnyat aala aanee regimentchya company beeche netrutva karnyasathi niyukt karnyat aala, jyache netrutva tyane 1862 chya unhalyat shanandoh khoyatil mohimedarmyan kele, jyat virginiachya safaukchya vedhyacha samavesh hota. tyaa unhalyat tyanna mejar mhanoon padonnati midali. september 1862 madhye harpers ferichya ladhait kaidyanmadhye ghenyat aalelya lokanmadhye ripley haah hota. janewari 1863 madhye tyanchi badali jhalyanantar tyanni sampoorn 1863 madhye virginia aanee uttar carolinamadhye karvaidarmyan 9 vya vermontsobat seva suru thewali. meey 1863 madhye tyanna leftnunt curnell mhanoon badhati denyat aalee aanee eka aathvadyanantar tyanna curnell aanee regimentchya kamandmadhye badhati midali. tyanantar tyala beaufort aanee nyu burn, uttar carolina yaa bhagatil lashkari jilhyache netrutva karnyasathi niyukt karnyat aale. august 1864 madhye ripalila brewett brigadier general mhanoon padonnati denyat aalee aanee jameschya sainyachya pahilya brigade, dusya vibhag, xviii corpschya kamandasathi niyukt karnyat aale. nantar tyane dusya brigedche netrutva kele, jyat chafinchya shetachi ladhai aanee phair okchya dusya ladhaicha samavesh hota. ripley donada jakhami jhaala aanee nantar tyala first brigade, third division, XXIV corpsche netrutva sopavanyat aale. jyala sangharajyachya aatmasamarpanantar, aag vizavanyache, lootmar rokhanyache aanee suvyavastha rakhanyache aadesh deuun, unionchya sainyache netrutva richmandmadhye karnyasathi niyukt karnyat aale hote. yuddh sampalyanantar shaharache nagri sarkar punarsanchayit hoiparyant replinay lashkari jilhyache netrutva kele, jyat richmondcha samavesh hota. 4 teey 7 april 1865 darmyan jevha abraham linkanane richmandla bhet dilee, tevha ripalila hatyechya katabaddal jaaniv jhaali aanee linkenla bhetun tyachya surakshesathi adhik khabardari ghenyache aavahan kele. linkanane nakar deela, qee lokanmadhye shatrutva sampale aahe yache lakshan mhanoon tyachyakade pahane adhik mahattvache aahe aanee jarr konee tyachi hatya karnyacha nirdhar keela tarr vadhaleli suraksha tyala rokhanar nahee. juuna 1865 madhye ripalila sevetoon baher kadhanyat aale. gruhyuddhanantar. yuddhanantar ripley vermontla paratali aanee newyork shaharatahi rahnyasathi rahayala gelee. tyacha bhau william yachya bhagidarit tyane rickley suns sangamarvari vyavasay chalavala joou too vermont sangamarvari companyla vikala jaiparyant, joou sahkari nagri yuddhatil anubhavi redfield proctordware chalavala jaat hota. replinay newyork shaharat holland haus hottel bandhale, jeey tyachya patnichya vanne dorren kutumbatil sadasyanchya malakiche hote aanee nyu jarsichya raritan nadee railwaychya bandhkam aanee sanchalanasathi jababdar hote. teey america aanee brazilchya vafechya jahajanche sansthapak hote aanee tyanni tyachya sanchalak mandalavar kaam kele. yavyatirikt, tyanni rutland sangamarvari bachat bankeche adhyaksh aanee rutland county national bankeche upadhyaksh mhanoon kaam kele. tyane eka yashasvi ghodyanchya prajnan kshetrache sanchalanahi kele, jyat tyache anek prani dakshin americet vaparasathi kharedi kele gele. ripalichya shetache sthan aata sakhar aanee masale upahargruh aanee bhetvastunchya dukanache thikan aahe, joou maple utpadananmadhye tadnya asalela vyavasay aahe. bahutansh yadavi yuddhasathi ghodyavar swar jhalelya 'old johnn' yaa ghodyache daphan sthal yaa thikani jatan kele aahe. eka prajasattak, rutland shaharasathi sthanik karyalaye hotee. tyanni 1886 teey 1887 paryant vermont haus auph representativesmadhye mendon shaharache pratinidhitva kele. ripley vermont adhikadhyanchya punarmilan samajat sakriy hota aanee 1887 aanee 1904 madhye adhyaksh mhanoon nivadoon aala. too prajasattakchya bhavya sainyacha aanee amerikechya nishthavan sainyachya lashkari vyavasthecha sakriy sadasya dekhil hota. ripalichya puraskaranmadhye norwich vidyapithatun (1910) aanee union collegemadhun (1915) eka manad padvyuttar padvi samavisht hotee. edward ripaline tyachya yadavi yuddhachya anubhavambaddal bhashya kele aanee lihile aanee tyachya kamanmadhye eka bhashan samavisht hote jeey nantar pustakachya swarupat chhapale gele, 'daad capture andd aucupation auph richmond, april 3,1865' (1907). yavyatirikt, 1960 madhye oto isensimal yanni sampadit keleli tyanchi diary 'vermont general, daad anatural warr experience auph edward hastings ripley' mhanoon prakashit jhaali. mrutyu aanee daphan. 14 september 1915 roji rapalinche rutlandmadhye nidhan jhaale. tyanna rutlandchya sadaharit smashanbhumit daphan karnyat aale aahe. kutumb. 1878 madhye edward etch. replinay amelia diacommon vanne dorrenshee (1845-1931) vivah keela. tyanna done mulee hotyah alekzandar detrophimoph ogden johns (1878-1943) yanchi patni ellis vanne dorren ripley (1881-1948) aanee raffale wells pampeli yanchi patni amelia sibil huntington (1882-1963). 1909 madhye yaa paripakv mulinche duheri samarambhat lagn jhaale. edward etch. ripley haah eka pramukh vermont vyapari aanee banker william young ripley aanee jaine warren ripley yancha mulga hota. edward etch. ripalichya bhavandanmadhyeh bhau william vaay. doubleu. ripley, sanmanchinh prapt karnari nagri yuddh adhikari; aanee eka prasiddha kavee aanee seneka emm. chee patni, savatra baheen julia carolin dorr. dooar. tyachi baheen hellen hii johnn ripley myerschee aaee hotee. lekhak clements ripley haah william vayacha natoo hota. doubleu. ripley aanee edward etch. chaa natoo. ripley.

edward etch. ripley edward hastings ripley (november 11,1839-september 14,1915) americi grihayudhama ek vermont wyapari rar union armi officer thie. unle xviii rar xviv korma brigedharuko command garda brebhet brigadier generalko pada prapta gare, rar yasako atmasamarpan pachhi richmondma prawesh garne pahilo senako netritwa gare. prarambhik jiwan. edward etch. ripliko janma 11 november 1839 maa rutland, vermontma bhaeko thiyo. uni sthaniya rupma rar poltonyko troya sammelan ekedemy (pachhi yasalai green mountain college bhaninchha) maa shikshit thie. unle 1858 dekhi 1862 samma union kalejma padhe, rar sai upsillan bhratritwaka sadasya thie. grihayudha. replylay afno warishtha warshako antyatira senama samel huna college chhode, maee 1862 maa 9 aun vermont infentryma niji rupma bharna bhae. union collegele unlai afno vidyarthi rolma jaari rakhyo rar 1862 ko kakshako sadasyako rupma kala snatak degree pradan garyo. unle sargentko pada prapta gare, rar tyasapachhi kaptanko rupma niyukta bhae rar regimentko company bee ko command garna niyukta bhae, jasko unle sann 1862 ko garmima senando ghati abhiyanma karyako kramama netritwa gare, jasma safolk, bharjiniyako gherabandi pani samawesh thiyo. unle tyas garmima mejarma padonnati prapta gare. september 1862 maa ripley harper feriko yudhama bandi banaieka wyaktiharu madhye ek thie. janawari 1863 maa unko adanpradan bhaepachi unle sann 1863 maa bharjinia rar uttari carolinama karbahiko kramama 9 aun warmontasanga sewa jaari rakhe. unlai mey 1863 maa leftinent karnalma padonnati gariyo, rar ek hapta pachhi kernel rar regimentko commandma padonnati prapta bhayo. pachhi unlai beaufort rar nyu bern, uttari carolinako kshetrama sainya jillako command garna niyukta gariyo. august 1864 maa riplilai brebhet brigadier generalma padonnati gariyo rar jamesko senako pahilo brigade, dosro division, xviii korko command garna niyukta gariyo. unle pachhi dosro brigedko netritwa gare, jasma chafinko farmako yuddha rar fair okako dosro yuddha samawesh thiyo. ripley dui patak ghaite bhae, rar pachhi unlai pahilo brigade, tesro division, XXIV korko command garna niyukta gariyo. jaslai confederatele atmasamarpan garepachhi union senaharulai richmondma netritwa garna tokieko thiyo, ago nibhaune, lutpata rokna rar wyawastha kayam rakhne adeshko sath. yuddhako antyama saharko nagarik sarkar punarsthapit nabhaesamma replylay sainya jillako netritwa gare jasma richmond pani samawesh thiyo. jab abraham linkenle april 4 dekhi 7,1865 samma richmandko bhraman gare, ripalilai hatyako shadyantrako barema thaha bhayo rar linkanlai afno surakshaka lagi thap sawadhani apanauna agraha garna bhet gare. linkenle aswikar gardai, unlai janata bitch shatruta samapta bhaeko sanketko rupma hernu badhi mahatwapurna thiyo, rar yadi kasaile unko hatya garna dridha sankalpa gare bhane, suraksha badhaunda yasalai rokna sakindaina bhani bhane. ripley june 1865 maa sewabata bahira niskie. grihayuddhapachhiko. yuddhapachhi ripley vermont farkie, newyork saharma pani niwas kayam rakhe. afno bhai wiliyamsangko sajhedarima unle pakwa chhoraharuko sangamarmarko wyawasayalai vermont sangamarmar companylai bechnusamma sanchalan gare, june sathi grihayuddhaka anubhavi redfield proctordwara sanchalit thiyo. replylay newyork saharma halyand house hotel nirman gare, june unaki shrimatiko bhyan dorren pariwarka sadasyaharuko swamitwama thiyo, rar nyu georcyko rariton nadi railmargko nirman rar sanchalanka lagi jimmewar thiyo. uni sanyukta rajya america rar brazil steamship lineka sansthapak thie rar yasako nirdeshak boardma sewa gare. yasabahek, unle rutland marble sebhing bankko adhyaksha rar rutland county national bankko upadhyakshako rupma sewa gare. unle euta safal ghoda prajanan farm pani sanchalan gare, unka dherai janawarharu dakshin americama prayogka lagi kharid garieka thie. ripliko farmako sthan ab chiny rar masala resturant rar upahar pasalko sthan how, ek wyawasaya june maple utpadanharuma visheshagya chha. grihayudhako adhikansh samaya sawari gareko ghodako chihan sthal, "old john", yass sthanma sanrakshit chha. ek republican, replylay rutland saharka lagi sthaniya karyalayaharu rakheka thie. unle 1886 dekhi 1887 samma mendon saharko pratinidhitwa gardai pratinidhiharuko wormont housema sewa gare. ripley vermont adhikariharuko punarmilan samajma sakriya thie, rar sann 1887 rar 1904 maa rashtrapati nirvachit bhae. uni ganatantrako bhawya sena rar sanyukta rajya americako wafadar senako sainya wyawasthaka sakriya sadasya pani thie. ripliko puraskarharuma naurawich vishwavidyalaya (1910) batt manartha master degree rar union college (1915) batt euta degree samawesh thiyo. edward riplile afno grihayuddhaka anubhawharuko barema bole rar lekhe, rar unka karyaharuma euta bhashan samawesh thiyo june pachhi pustakko rupma chhapieko thiyo, "richmandko kabja rar kabja, april 3,1865" (1907). yasabahek, unko diary sann 1960 maa oto aisenschimaldwara sampadit "vermont general, edward hastings ripliko asamanya yuddha anubhawharu" ko rupma prakashit bhaeko thiyo. mrityu rar dafan. ripliko september 14,1915 maa rutlandma mrityu bhayo. unlai rutlandko sadabahar kabristanma gadiyo. pariwar. sann 1878 maa edward etch. replylay amelia dikeman bhyan dorren (1845-1931) sanga vivaha garin. uniharuka dui chhoriharu thieh alys bhyan dorren ripley (1881-1948), alekjander detrofimof ogden johns (1878-1943) key patni, rar amelia sibil huntington (1882-1963), rafael wells pampeliki patni. yee pakwa chhoriharuko vivaha sann 1909 maa dohoro samarohma bhaeko thiyo. edward etch. ripley william young ripley, ek pramukh vermont wyapari rar banker, rar zen warren replica chhora thie. edward etch. replica bhaibahiniharu samawesh thieh bhai william wai. w. ripley, ek grihayudha adhikari jasle sammanko padak prapta gare; rar sauteni bahini julia caroline door, ek prasidha kawi rar seneka mk patni. dor. unaki bahini heylen john ripley myersky amah thiin. lekhak clements ripley william waika naati thie. w. ripley rar edward echko hajurbuwa. ripley.

edward etch. rippili edward hyasting ripley (navember 11,1839-september 14,1915) americara gruhajudhare jane vermont byabasajee ebong union armi adhikari thile. shay xviii ebong xviv korare brigedgudikara kamanding kariba samajare brebhet brigediar general padabee hassel karithile, ebong atmasamarpana parey pratham sainyamananku richmondre prabesha karibaku netrutwa neithile. prarambhika zeeban. edward etch. replay 1839 masiha navember 11 tarikhare vermonter rutalandare janmagrahana karithile. shay sthaniah starare ebong poltney (parey green mountain college naamare parichita) rahr troy sammilani ekademire sikhya laabh karithile. shay 1858 ru 1862 parjyanta union kalejare adhyajana karithile, ebong saai upsilon bhratrutwara sadasya thile. gruhajudha. ripley taanka baristha barshar shesh aadaku senare jogadeba paain college chadithile, meey 1862 ray 9maha vermont padatika baahineere eka gharoi bhabare talikabhukta hoithile. union college tanku ehara chhatra rolare jaari rakhithila ebong 1862 rahr shrenira sadasya bhabare tanku snataka kalaa degree pradan karithila . shay sargent padabee hassel karithile, ebong taa 'parey captain bhabare nijukta hoithile ebong regimenter company bii ku nirdesh deba paain nijukta hoithile, jahara shay 1862 rahr grishma ruture shenandoh upatyaka abhijanare karjyanusthana samajare netrutwa neithile, jeunthire sapholk, bharjinia abarodh antarbhukta . sehi grishma ruture shay mejara padabeere padonnati paithile. september 1862 ray harpers ferry juddhare bandi hoithiba lokanka madhyare ripley thile. januari 1863 ray tankara binimai heba parey shay bharjinia ebong uttara karolinare karjyanusthana samajare 1863 ray 9maha vermont sahita seba jaari rakhithile. tanku meey 1863 ray leftnant cornell bhabare padonnati diajaithila, ebong eka saptaha parey cornell ebong regimenter command bhabare padonnati paithile . parabarti samajare shay uttara carolina antargata beaufort ebong nyu burn anchalare eka samarika jillara netrutwa neba paain nijukta hoithile. 1864 masiha august maasare ripaleenku brebhet brigediar general bhabe padonnati diajaithila ebong tanku 1maha brigade, oksara divijana, xviii corps, jemsanka senara command dajitwa diajaithila. parey shay oksara brigedara netrutwa neithile, jeunthire chafinnka farm juddha ebong fair oksara oksara juddha antarbhukta thila. ripley duithara ahata hoithile, ebong parey tanku 1maha brigade, brigade divijana, XXIV corps, jaahaaku sangheeah atmasamarpana parey union sainyamananku richamandaku netrutwa deba paain nijukta karajaithila, niaan libhaiba, lute rokiba ebong shrunkhala bajaiah rakhiba paain adesh diajaithila . juddha sheshare saharar besamarika sarkar punaruddhara naheba parjyanta ripley samarika jillara netrutwa neithile jeunthire richmond antarbhukta thile. jetebele abraham linkana april 4 ru 7,1865 parjyanta richmond paridarshan karithile, ripley eka hatya sadajantra bishajare abgat hoithile ebong linkananku bheti taanka surakhya paain adhika satarkata ablamban karibaku anurodha karithile. linkana manah curry deithile, ehaa kahithile je ehaa adhika gurutwapurna je tanku lokamananka madhyare shatruta samapta hebara sanketa bhabe dekhibaku heba, ebong jadi kehi tanku hatya karibaku sankalpabaddha huanti, tebe surakhya brudhi ehaaku rokipariba naahin. 1865 masiha juna maasare ripley chakiriru bahari jaithile. gruhajudha parabarti. juddha parey ripley bharmantaku pherithile, ebong nyujarka saharare eka basasthana madhya bajaiah rakhithile. taanka bhai wilijamnka saha bhagidarire shay paripakwa pua marble byabasai parichalana karithile, jaahaa tanku vermont marble companyku bikri kariba parjyanta chalithila, jaahaa sahakarmee gruhajudhara bheteran redfield praktaranka dwara parichalita hoithila. ripley nyujarka saharare holland houses hotel nirmana karithile, jaahaa taanka patneenka bhaan dorren paribarara sadasyanka malikanare thila ebong nyu jarsira raritan rivar railway nirmana ebong parichalana paain daie thila . shay america ebong brazil steamship liner pratisthata thile ebong ehara nirdeshaka mandaleere karjya karithile. ehaa byatita, shay rutland marble sebhing byankara adhyakhya ebong rutland county national byankara upadhyakhya bhabare karjya karithile. shay eka saphala ghoda prajnan farm madhya parichalana karithile, jeunthire tankara aneka pashu dakhina aamerikare byabahara paain kinajaithila . ripalinka farmra sthana bartamana chini ebong masala resturant ebong upahara dokanara sthana, eka byabasai jaahaa mapal utpadare bisheshagya . gruhajudhara adhikansha samai paain ghodare basithiba 'old zohn' nka samadhi sthana ehi sthanare sanrakhita achhi . jane republican, ripley rutland sahara paain sthaniah karjyalaja rakhithile . shay 1886 ru 1887 parjyanta mendon saharar pratinidhitwa curry vermont houses off reprejentetivsare karjya karithile. ripley vermont officermananka punarmilana samajare sakriya thile, ebong 1887 ebong 1904 ray rastrapati nirbachita hoithile. shay ganatantrar grand armi ebong americara biswasta lijianara samarika adeshar jane sakriya sadasya madhya thile . riplinka puraskara madhyare narawich biswabidyalajaru (1910) ebong union kalejaru (1915) eka sammanajanaka snatakottara degree antarbhukta thila. edward ripley taanka gruhajudha abhigyata bishajare kahithile ebong lekhithile, ebong taanka rachanare eka bhashana antarbhukta thila jaahaa parabarti samajare pustaka aakarare mudrita hoithila, "richamandanka capture ebong dakhal, april 3,1865" (1907). ehaa byatita, taanka diary 1960 ray "vermont general, edward hastings replyra aswabhabika juddha abhigyata" bhabare prakashita hoithila, jaahaa otto icencimalanka dwara sampadita hoithila . mrutyu ebong samadhi. ripley 1915 masiha september 14 tarikhare ratalyandare mrutyubarana karithile. tanku rutlander chirharita kabarasthanare kabara diajaichhi. paribara. 1878 masihare edward etch. ripley amelia dicoman bhaan dorren (1845-1931) nku bibaha karithile. semanankara duiti jhia thileh alekjandar detrofimf ogden johnes (1878-1943) nka patni alice bhaan dorren ripley (1881-1948), ebong rafale wels pampelinka patni amelia sibil hantington (1882-1963). 1909 masihare eka dwita samarohare ehi paripakwa jhiamanankara bibaha hoithila. edward etch. ripley jane bisista vermont byabasajee ebong byankara william jang ripley ebong zen warren ripalinka pua thile. edward etch. ripalinka bhaivauneenka madhyare thileh bhai william wai. wa. ripley, jane gruhajudha adhikari jie sammana padaka paithile; ebong jane janashuna kabi tatha seneka emnka patni, sabata bhaunee julia carolin darr. door. taanka bhaunee hellen zohn ripley majarsanka maaa thile. lekhaka clements ripley william wainka naati thile. wa. ripley ebong edward echnka naati-bhatija. ripi.

edward aich. ripli edward hestsings ripli (11 navambar, 1839-14 satambar, 1915) amriki gharelu yuddh witch ikk vermont vapari atey union aarmi adhikari see. uss neey xviii atey xviv coor witch brigade dee command karde hoye brevet brigedier general daa darja prapat keeta, atey iss dey samarpan toon baad richmond witch dakhal honn laee pahili fauj dee agvai keeti. mudhla jeevan. edward aich. ripli daa janam 11 navambar, 1839 noon rutland, vermont witch hoiaa see. uss neey sathanak taur 'teey atey poltney (baad witch green mountain kaalaj kiha jaanda haii) witch trie conferences academy witch sikkhiaa prapat keeti see. uh 1858 toon 1862 takk union kaalaj witch padhiaa atey saaee upsilon bhaichare daa member see. sival yuddh. ripli neey aapne senior saal dey ant witch fauj witch shamal honn laee kaalaj chhadd ditta, maee 1862 witch 9 veen vermont paidal saina witch ikk private vajon shamal hoiaa. union kaalaj neey uss noon aapne vidiaarthi roll witch jaari rakkhiaa atey uss noon 1862 dee class dey member vajon bachelor aaf arts dee digri naal sanmanit keeta. uss neey sargent daa darja prapat keeta, atey firr ikk kaptan vajon niyukat keeta giaa atey regiment dee company bee dee command laee niyukat keeta giaa, jiss dee agvai usne 1862 deeaan garmiaan witch shenandoh ghaati muhim witch keeti see, jiss witch safok, virginia dee gherabandi vee shamal see. uss garmiaan witch uss noon mejar vajon tarakki millie. satambar 1862 witch ripli harpers ferry dee ladai witch kaidi banaae gaye lokan vicchon ikk see. janwari 1863 witch uss dey tabadale toon baad usne 1863 dauran virginia atey uttri carolina witch karvai dauran 9ven vermont naal seva karna jaari rakkhiaa. uss noon maee 1863 witch leftinent karnal vajon tarakki ditti gaee, atey ikk hafte baad uss noon karnal atey regiment dee command laee tarakki millie. baad witch uss noon beofort atey nioo burn, uttri carolina dey khetar witch ikk fauji zilhe dee command laee niyukat keeta giaa see. agast 1864 witch ripli noon bravet brigedier general vajon tarakki ditti gaee atey uss noon pahili brigade, duji division, xviii coor, james dee fauj dee command saunpi gaee. baad witch uss neey duji brigade dee command sambhali, jiss witch chaffin dey farm dee ladai atey fair oak dee duji ladai shamal see. ripli doou vaar zakhmi hoow giaa see, atey baad witch uss noon pahili brigade, tiji division, XXIV coor dee command saunpi gaee see. jiss noon sangh dey samarpan toon baad union faujan dee agvai curran laee niyukat keeta giaa see, jiss witch agg bujhaun, lutt noon rokann atey vivastha banayi rakkhan dey adesh ditte gaye sunn. ripli neey fauji zilhe dee command sambhali jiss witch richmond vee shamal see jadon takk yuddh dey ant witch shehar dee nagrik sarkaar noon bahaal naheen keeta giaa see. jadon abraham linken 4 toon 7 aprail, 1865 takk richmond giaa, taan ripli noon ikk hattiaa dee sajish baare pataa lagg giaa atey linken naal mulakat karke uss noon aapni surakhiaa laee savdhani vartan dee apeel keeti. linken neey inkaar karde hoye kiha kii ih vadhere mahattavpuran haii kii uss noon lokan witch iss sanket vajon dekhiaa jaave kii vair khatam hoow giaa haii, atey jey koee uss dee hattiaa curran laee dridh see, taan surakhiaa witch vaadha iss noon naheen rokega. ripli noon juun 1865 witch seva toon bahr qarr ditta giaa. gharelu yuddh toon baad. yuddh toon baad ripli vermont waps aaa gaee, atey newyork shehar witch aapni rihaish vee banayi rakkhi. aapne bharaa viliam naal bhaiwali witch usne pakke puttran daa sangamarmar daa carobar udon takk chalaiaa jadon takk iss noon vermont sangamarmar company noon naheen wetch ditta giaa, joe kii gharelu yuddh dey tajarbekar redfield proctor duaara chalaiaa jaanda see. ripli neey newyork shehar witch halland haaoos hotel banaiaa, joe uss dee patni dey vain dorren parivaar dey memberan dee malkiat see, atey nioo jarsi dey rariton river railmarg dey nirman atey sanchalan laee zimmevar see. uh sanyukat raaj atey braazeel steamship line dey sansthapak sunn atey iss dey nirdeshak mandal witch seva nibhai. iss toon ilava, usne rutland sangamarmar bacchat baink dey pardhan atey rutland county national baink dey upp pardhan vajon seva nibhai. uss neey ikk safal ghode prajanan farm vee chalaiaa, jiss witch uss dey bahut saare janwar dakkhni amrica witch varton laee kharide gaye sunn. ripli dey farm dee jagha hunn khand atey masale restaurant atey tohfe dee dukan dee jagha haii, ikk carobar joe maple utpadan witch muharat rakkhda haii. ziaadaatar gharelu yuddh laee ghode dee swari keeti gaee, "old john" dee dafnaun vaali jagha, iss sathaan 'teey surakhiat haii. ikk gantantarvadi, ripli neey rutland shehar laee sathanak daftar rakkhe sunn. unhan neey 1886 toon 1887 takk mandon shehar dee numaindagi karde hoye vermont haaoos aaf representatives witch seva nibhai. ripli vermont adhikariaan dey punargathan samaaj witch sargaram see, atey 1887 atey 1904 witch rashtarpati chunhiaa giaa see. uh ganraj dee mahaan saina atey sanyukat raaj dee vafadar fauj dey fauji adesh daa ikk sargaram member vee see. ripli dey puraskaran witch norwich university (1910) toon aanreri maastar dee digri atey union kaalaj (1915) toon ikk digri shamal see. edward ripli neey aapne gharelu yuddh dey tazarbiaan baare gall keeti atey likhiaa, atey uss deeaan rachnavan witch ikk bhashan shamal see joe baad witch pustak dey roop witch chhapiaa giaa see, "richmond daa kabza atey kabza, 3 aprail 1865" (1907). iss toon ilava, uss dee diari 1960 witch otto isensimal duaara sampadit "vermont general, edward hestsings ripli dey asadharan yuddh dey tazarbe" vajon prakashit keeti gaee see. maut atey dafnaun. ripli dee maut 14 satambar, 1915 noon rutland witch hoee see. uss noon rutland dey sadabahar kabarstan witch dafnaiaa giaa see. parivaar. 1878 witch edward aich. ripli neey amilia dikeman vain dorren (1845-1931) naal viaah karvaiaa. uhanan deeaan doou dhiaan sanauu ellis vain dorren ripli (1881-1948), alegzander detrofimof ogden jonas (1878-1943) dee patni, atey amilia sibil huntington (1882-1963), raifel wells pampeli dee patni. pakkiaan dhiaan daa viaah sann 1909 witch ikk dohre samaroh witch keeta giaa see. edward aich. ripli viliam young ripli, ikk pramukh vermont vapari atey banker atey jaine vaaran ripli daa puttar see. edward aich. ripli dey bhainn-bharaa witch shamal sanauu bharaa viliam vaaee. w. ripli, ikk sival vaar adhikari jiss neey sanman daa tamga prapat keeta; atey matrei bhainn julia caroline door, ikk prasidh kavee atey seneka aim dee patni. doer. uss dee bhainn hallen john ripli myrus dee maan see. lekhak clements ripli viliam vaaee daa pota see. w. ripli atey edward aich daa padpota. ripli.

edward ech. ripley edward hastings ripley (11 november 1839-14 september 1915) amerikaadeshasy gruhayuddhasya ekaha vermant-vyaapaari, union-senaa-adhikaari cha aasit. saha xviii tathaa xviv corps madhye brigade-ityeteshaam commanding kurvan brewett brigadier-general-padakam praptavan, tasya atmasamarpanantaram richmond-madhye praveshtum prathamasainikanam netrutvam krutavaan. praarambhikajeevanam. edward ech. ripley ityasya janma 1839 tame varshe november-masasya 11 dinaanke ratlyaand-vermant-nagare abhavat. saha sthaniyarupena, poltney-nagarasya troy-sammelan-akademi-madhye (pashchat green-maunten-college iti namna prasidhah) cha shikshitah. saha 1858 taha 1862 paryantam union-mahaavidyaalaye abhyanayt, sai-apsilaan-bhraatrutvasya sadasyah cha aasit. naagarikayuddham. ripley swasya varishtavarshasya ante sainyasya sadasyatvam praaptum mahaavidyaalayam parityajy mey 1862 tame varshe 9 tame vermont padaatidale nijirupena panjeekrutavaan. union-mahaavidyaalayaha tam chaatra-padayatrayam anuvartayat, 1862 tame varshe vargasya sadasyatvena snaatak-kalaa-upaadhim cha pradadat. saha saarjant-padaveem praptavan, tatah capton-rupena niyuktah, regiment-kampanee-bee ityasya aadnyaapayitum niyuktah, yasya netrutvam saha 1862 tame varshe grishmakaale shenandoh-upatyakaa-abhiyaane karyakale krutavaan, yasmin safolk, virginia-nagaram pariveshtitam aasit. tasmin grishmakaale saha measure padasya padonnatim avaapnot. 1862 september-maase harpers-ferry-yuddhe bandishu ripley iti aasit. 1863 janavaree-maase tasya vinimayaroopen saha 1863 tame varshe virginia-nagare, uttar-carolina-pradeshe cha 9 tama-vermant-sainyena saha sevaam anwawartat. 1863 tame varshe mey-maase leftinent-carnell-rupena padonnatim avaapnot, ekasaptahabhyantare carnell-rupena, regiment-ityasya command-rupena cha padonnatim avaapnot. tadanantaram saha beaufort tathaa nyoo burn, naarth carolina ityasmin kshetre sainyamandalasya netrutvaartham niyuktah. 1864 tame varshe august-maase ripley ityayam brewett brigadier-general iti padonnatah abhavat, tathaa cha prathama-brigade, dwiteeya-vibhaagah, xviii-carps, james-sainyasya aadnyaapayitum niyuktah. pashchat saha dwiteeya-brigade ityasya netrutvam krutavaan, yasmin chaafin ityasya krushikshetre yuddhe, ferr-oaks ityasya dwiteeya-yuddhe cha kriya abhavat. ripley dvivaaram vranitah, anantaram prathama-brigade, truteeya-vibhaagah, XXIV-corps ityasya kamaand kartum niyuktah. yasyaah krute sanghasya sainikanam netrutvaartham, sanghasya atmasamarpanantaram, agninirodhayitum, luntanam nivaarayitum, vyavasthaa cha sthaapayitum cha adeshah dattah aasit. yuddhasya ante nagarasya nagarikasarvakarasya punahsthaapanam yaavat naa abhavat, taavat ripley sainyamandalasya netrutvam krutavaan, yasmin richmond-varyaha api aasit. yadaa abraaham-linkan-varyaha april 4 taha 7,1865 paryantam richmond-nagaram gatavaan, tadaa ripley-varyaha hatyaa-shadayantrasya vishaye dnyaatavaan, tathaa cha linkan-ityanena saha militvaa swasya surakshayaha krute adhikaani savadhanani sweekartum prerepitavaan. linkan ityanena niraakrutah, saha janaanaam madhye shatrutvam samaaptam iti sanketaroopen drushtah iti, tathaa yadi kashchid tasya vadhaay drudanishchayah bhavati tarhi surakshayaha vardhanayaa tatt naa nivaaryate iti cha, adhikam mahattvapoornam iti avadat. 1865 joon-maase ripley sewaayaah bahihi sangruheeta. gruhayuddhaanantaram. yuddhanantaram ripley vermant-nagaram pratyaagatavatee, nyuyaark-nagare api nivaasam nirvahantee. svabhratuna vilium ityanena saha sahabhagitvena saha pakwaan putranam marble-vyavasaayam akarot yaavat tatt warmont marble-kampanee-samsthaayai vikreeyat, yat saha-gruhayuddhasya vayovruddhena redfield-praaktar-ityanena sanchaalitam aasit. ripley nyuyaark-nagare halyand-house-hotel-iteedam niramaat, yat tasya patnee vyaan dorren-parivaarasya sadasyanam svaamitvam aasit, nyoo jersey-nagarasya rariton-nadee-rail-maargadrushteh nirmanasya sanchaalanasya cha daayitvam cha aasit. saha samyuktarajyamerika-deshasya tathaa brazil-deshasya steam-ship-lans ityasya samsthaapakah aasit, tasya nirdeshaka-mandale cha karyam krutavaan. tadatiriktam, saha ratlyaand-marble-sevings-byaank ityasya adhyakshah, ratlyaand-kaunti-nyaashanal-byaank ityasya upadhyakshah cha aasit. saha safalam ashva-prajanan-kshetram api sanchalayat, tasya aneke pashavah dakshina-america-deshe upayogartham kreenitaah aasan. ripley ityasya krushikshetrasya sthaanam adhunaa shakkar-masala-bhojanaalayasy upahaar-shaap ityasya cha sthalam vartate, yat maple-utpaadane visheshadnyah vyavasaayah asti. gruhayuddhasya adhikaamsham kaalam yaavat savaarim akarot, "old jaan" iti ashvasya samaadhih asmin sthaane samrakshitah asti. republican, ripley ityeshah ratlyaand-nagarasya krute sthaniyakaryalayan niravahat. saha 1886 taha 1887 paryantam vermant-house-aaf-representatives ityatra mendon-nagarasya pratinidhitvam krutavaan. ripley vermant-adhikarinam punarmilan-samaaje sakriyah aasit, 1887 tathaa 1904 tame varshe cha raashtrapatim nirwaachitah cha aasit. saha ganarajyasya bhavyasenaayaah, samyuktarajyamerikadesha nishtaavaan sainyadalasya cha sakriyah sadasyah aasit. ripley ityasya puraskaareshu naarvich-vishvavidyaalayaat (1910) maanad-snaatakottar-upadhi, union-mahaavidyaalayaat (1915) ekaha cha aasit. edward ripley ityayam swa-gruhayuddhasya anubhavaan kathayitvaa likhitavaan, tasya rachanaasu bhashanam api aasit yat anantaram pustakaroopen mudritam, "da capture end aakveshan aaf richmond, april 3,1865" (1907) iti. tadatiriktam, tasya dinacharyam 1960 tame varshe oto eesenshiml ityanena sampaaditam "vermant-general, da aswaabhaawik-yuddhaanubhavaah aaf edward-hastings-ripley" iti namna prakaashitam. mrutyuhu, samaadhih cha. ripley 1915 september 14 dinaanke ratlyaand-nagare mrutah. saha ratlyaand-nagarasya sadaharita-shmashaane samaadhitah. parivaarah. 1878 tame varshe edward ech. ripley amelia dackman vyaan dorren (1845-1931) ityetam parineetavatee. teshaam dwau putraah aasanh alexander detrofimof ogden johns (1878-1943) ityasya patnee elis vyaan dorren ripley (1881-1948), tathaa cha amelia sibil huntington (1882-1963), raafel wells pampeli ityasya patnee. 1909 tame varshe dvivaaram vidhim krutvaa, pakvatitrinam vivaahah abhavat. edward ech. ripley, vilium-yang-ripley ityasya, pramukhasya vermant-vyaapaarinah, byaank-adhikaarinah cha, zen-vaaran-ripley ityasya cha putrah aasit. edward ech. ripley ityasya bhraatrubhihi sahah aasith bhrata vilium vai. doubleu. ripley, sammanapadakam praaptavatee gruhayuddha-adhikaarinee; tathaa cha ardha-bhaginee julia carolin dorr, prasiddha kavayitree tathaa senekaa emm ityasya patnee. dorr. tasya bhaginee hellen, jaan ripley mairs ityasya maataa aasit. clements ripley iti lekhakah vilium vai ityasya pautrah aasit. doubleu. ripley tathaa edward ech ityasya pautrah. ripley.

edward ech. reply edward haastings ribley (navambar 11,1839-septumber 14,1915) oru vermont thozhilathibar mattrum america ullnaattup poaril union iraanuva adhigaari aavaar. avar xviii mattrum xviv padaippirivugalil pirikaedugalukku thalaimai thaangkum poathu brevet brigadier general padhaviyai adainthaar, maelum richmandirkul saranadaintha piragu muthal thuruppukkalai vazhinadaththinaar. aarambagaala vaazhkkai. edward ech. ribley navambar 11,1839 andru vermaandil ulla rudlandle piranthaar. avar ullooril kalvi payintraar mattrum poltneyil ulla troy maanattu akaadamiyil (pinnar green mavundan kalluri endru alaikkappattaar) kalvi payintraar. 1858 muthal 1862 varai union kallooriyil payintra avar saii apsilone sagoatharaththuvaththin uruppinaraaga irunthaar. ullnaattup poar. thanathu mooththa aandin iruthiyil kallooriyil irunthu oaivu pettra ribley, mae 1862 ill 9 vadhu vermont kaalaatpadaikku oru thaniyar paniyaalaraaga saernthaar. union kalluri avarai adhan maanavar pattiyalil thodarnthu 1862 aam aandin vaguppil uruppinaraaga ilangkalai kalai pattam valangkiyathu. avar sargent padhaviyai adainthaar, pinnar oru kaeptanaaga niyamikkappattaar, maelum padaippirivin niruvanaththirku kattalaiyida niyamikkappattaar, idhu 1862 koadaiyil senanto pallatthaakku prachchaaraththin poathu avar vazhinadaththiyathu, idhil varjeeniyaavin safolk muttrukaiyum adangkum. antha koadaiyil avar mejar pathavikku padhavi uyarvu pettraar. septumber 1862 ill harbers padagu poaril kaithiyaaga alaiththuch sellappattavargalil ribleyum oruvar. 1863 janavariyil avar parimaarapatta piragu, avar 1863 muzhuvathum virginia mattrum vadakku carolinavil nadantha nadavadikkaiyin poathu 9 vadhu vermaanttudan thodarnthu paniyaattrinaar. avar mae 1863 ill leptinent karnalaaga padhavi uyarvu pettraar, maelum oru vaaraththirkup piragu curnell mattrum padaippirivin kattalaiyaaga padhavi uyarvu pettraar. pinnar avar vadakku carolinavin beauford mattrum neu bern paguthiyil oru iraanuva maavattaththirku thalaimai thaanga niyamikkappattaar. august 1864 ill ribley brevet brigadier jenaralaaka padhavi uyarvu pettraar mattrum 1 vadhu padaippirivu, 2 vadhu pirivu, xviii corps, james iraanuvaththirku kattalaiyida niyamikkappattaar. pinnar avar 2 vadhu padaippirivukku thalaimai thaangkinaar, idhil saffin pannai poar mattrum irandaavathu niyayamaana oaks poar aagiyavai adangkum. ribley irandu murai kaayamadaindhaar, pinnar 1 vadhu padaippirivu, 3 vadhu pirivu, XXIV corps, theeyai anaikkavum, kollaiyadippadhaith thadukkavum, ozhungkai paraamarikkavum kattalaigaludan, koottamaippu saranadaintha piragu thozhirchanga thuruppukkalai richmandirkul vazhinadaththa idhu niyamikkappattathu. poarin mudivil nagarin sivil arasaangkam meettedukkappadum varai richmond udpada iraanuva mavattaththai ribley kattalaiyittaar. aepral 4 muthal 7,1865 varai aapirakaam lingan richmandirkuch sendrapoathu, oru padukolai sathiththittatthai arintha ribley, linganai santhiththu thanathu paathukaappirkaaka adhiga munnecharikkai nadavadikkaigalai edukkumaaru valiyurutthinaar. lingan marutthaar, poar mudivukku vanthatharkaana arikuriyaaga makkal matthiyil thannaik kaanpathu migavum mukkiyam endrum, yaravathu avaraik kolla uruthiyaaka irunthaal, adhigariththa paathukaappu adhaith thadukkaathu endrum koorinaar. juun 1865 ill ribley sevaiyilirunthu veliyaeriyathu. ullnaattup poarukkup pinththaiya kaalam. poarukkup piragu ribley vermaandirkuth thirumbinaar, newyorg nagaraththil oru illaththaiyum paraamarittaar. thanathu cakootharar villiyaththudan inainthu, saga ullnaattup poarin mooththa redfield bractorol nadatthappadum vermont palingku niruvanaththirku virpanai seiyum varai avar pazhuththa magangalin palingku vanigaththai nadaththinaar. ribley newyorg nagaril haaland havus hootalaik kattinaar, idhu avarathu manaiviyin vaan dorren kudumba uruppinarkalukkuch sonthamaanathu, maelum neu jersiyin rauriton nadhi irayil paathaiyin kattumanam mattrum seyalpaattirku poruppaagum. avar america mattrum brazil neeraavik kappal varisaiyin niruvanar mattrum adhan iyakkunarkal kuzhuvil paniyaattrinaar. koodudhalaaga, avar rutland palingku saemippu vangkiyin thalaivaraagavum, rutland kavundi thaesiya vangkiyin thunaith thalaivaraagavum paniyaattrinaar. avar oru vetrtrikaramaana kudhirai inapperukka pannaiyaiyum nadaththinaar, avarathu pala vilangkugal thenn americavil payanpaduththuvatharkaaka vaangkappattana. ribleyin pannaiyin iruppidam ippoathu sarkkarai mattrum masala unavagam mattrum parisuk kadaiyin thalamaaga ullathu, idhu maple thayaarippukalil nibunaththuvam pettra oru vanigamaagum. ullnaattup poarin perumbaguthiyil sawari seitha kuthiraiyin adakkam seiyappatta idam, "oolt john", antha idaththil paathukaakkappadukirathu. oru kudiyarasuk katchikkarar, rutland nagaraththirkaana ulloor aluvalagangkalai nadaththinaar. 1886 muthal 1887 varai menton nagaraththai pirathinithiththuvappaduththum vermont pirathinithikal sabaiyil paniyaattrinaar. vermont athikaarigalin maruu orunginaippu samoogaththil ribley theeviramaaga irunthaar, maelum 1887 mattrum 1904 aam aandugalil janaathipathiyaaga thernthedukkappattaar. avar kudiyarasin maaperum iraanuvaththilum, americavin visuvaasamaana padaiyin iraanuva ozhungkilum seyalil uruppinaraaga irunthaar. ribleyin viruthugalil norwich palkalaikkazhagaththin kavurava muthukalaip pattamum (1910) union kallooriyin (1915) oru pattamum adangkum. edward ribley thanathu ullnaattup poar anubavangkalaip pattri paesinaar mattrum ezhuthinaar, maelum avarathu padaippugalil oru urai irunththathu, idhu pinnar puththaga vadivaththil achchidappattathu, "richmond pidippu mattrum aakiramippu, aepral 3,1865" (1907). koodudhalaaga, avarathu naatkurippu 1960 aam aandil "vermont general, edward hastingsin asaathaarana poar anubavangkal" endru veliyidappattathu, idhu oottoa eesenshimlaal thiruththappattathu. maranam mattrum adakkam. septumber 14,1915 andru ratlaandhil ribley iranthaar. avar ratlaanthin pasumaiyaana kallaraiyil adakkam seiyappattaar. kudumbam. 1878 ill edward ech. ribley amelia digman vaan doranai (1845-1931) mananthaar. avarkalukku irandu magalgal irunthanar alexander tetrophymophe ooktan johns (1878-1943) inn manaivi alis vaan dorren ribley (1881-1948), mattrum rabel wells pambelliyin manaivi amelia sibil hundington (1882-1963). pazhuththa magalgal 1909 ill irattai vizhaavil tirumanam seithu kondanar. edward ech. villiyam young ribley, oru mukiya vermont thozhilathibar mattrum vangkiyaalar mattrum jaine vaaran ribley aagiyoarin magan ribley aavaar. edward ech. ribleyin udanpirappugalil cakootharar villiyam oy adangkuvar. doublue. kavuravap pathakkam pettra ullnaattup poar adhigaari ribley, mattrum pugazhpettra kavignarum senaka emm. inn manaiviyumaana arai chakoothari juulia caroline doorr. doorr. avarathu chakoothari helen john ribley myers-inn taayaar aavaar. ezhuththaalar clements ribley villiyam oy-inn paeran aavaar. doublue. ribley mattrum edward ech-inn paeran-marumagan. reply.

edward hetch. ripley edward hustings ripley (november 11,1839-september 14,1915) american antaryuddhamlo vermont vyaapaaravaetta mariyu union armi adhikari. athanu xviii mariyu xviv corps loe brigedlaku naayakatvam vahistuu brevet brigadier general hodaanu pondaadu mariyu daani longipoyina taruvaata modati dalaalanu richmandloki pravesinchadaaniki nadipinchaadu. prarambha jeevitam. edward hetch. ripley november 11,1839naa vermontloni rutlyandlo janminchaadu. athanu sthaanikamgaa mariyu poultaneelooni troy conferences academylo (taruvaata green mountain college anie piluvabadindi) chaduvukunnadu. athanu 1858 nundi 1862 varaku union kalasalalo chadivaadu mariyu saie upsilan sodarabhaavamlo sabhyudiga unnadu. poura yuddham. ripley thana senior samvatsaram mugimpulo sainyamlo chaeradaaniki kalaasaalanu vidichipettadu, mae mae 9va vermont padaatidalamloo praivetgaa cheraadu. union kalaasaala atanini thana vidyaarthi jaabitaalo konasaaginchindi mariyu 1862 taragatilo sabhyudiga bachelor off arts degreeni pradaanam chesindi. athanu sargent hodaanu pondaadu, aapai keptenga niyaminchabaddaadu mariyu regiment yokka company bii kii naayakatvam vahinchadaaniki niyaminchabaddaadu, 1862 vesavilo shenandoh loya dandayaatralo charya samayamlo athanu naayakatvam vahinchaadu, indulo varjiniyaaloni safolk muttadi kooda undhi. aaa vesavilo athanu majer gaa padoonnati pondaadu. 1862 septembarulo harpers ferrie yuddhamlo khaideelugaa teesukunna vaarilo ripley kooda unnadu. 1863 janavarilo marpidi ayina taruvaata athanu 1863 antataa virginia mariyu uttara karolinalo jarigina charya samayamlo 9va vermontto kalisi panicheestuunee unnadu. athanu 1863 maeloe leftinent kalnalga padoonnati pondaadu, oka vaaram taruvaata kalnalga mariyu regiment kamandga padoonnati pondaadu. aaa taruvaata athanu uttara karolinaloni beaufort mariyu nyuu bern praantamloo sainika jillaaku naayakatvam vahinchadaaniki niyaminchabaddaadu. 1864 augustulo repleany brevet brigadier generalga padoonnati icchi, 1va brigade, 2va division, xviii corps, james sainyaniki naayakatvam vahinchadaaniki niyaminchaaru. taruvaata athanu 2va brigedku naayakatvam vahinchaadu, indulo chaffin polamlo yuddham mariyu rendava fair oaks yuddham unnaayi. ripley rendusaarlu gayapaddadu, taruvaata 1va brigade, 3va division, XXIV corps kuu command gaa niyaminchabaddaadu. mantalanu aarpadam, dopideeni nivaarinchadam mariyu kramaanni konasaginchadam vanti aadeshaalatho samakhya longipoyina taruvaata union dalaalanu richmandloki nadipinchadaaniki idhi niyaminchabadindi. yuddham mugise samayaniki nagara poura prabhutvam punaruddharinchabade varaku richmond thoo sahaa sainika jillaaku ripley naayakatvam vahinchaadu. april 4 nundi 7,1865 varaku abraham linkan richmandnu sandarsinchinappudu, repleaki oka hatya kutra gurinchi telisindi mariyu linkannu kalusukuni thana bhadrata kosam ekkuva jaagrattalu teesukoovaalani koraadu. linkan niraakarinchaadu, satrutvaalu mugisayani, evarainaa tananu hatya cheyaalani nischayinchukunte, perigina bhadrata daanini nirodhinchadani, prajala madhya tananu chudatam marinta mukhyamani paerkonnaadu. 1865 juunloo ripley seva nundi bayataku vacchaadu. poura yuddham taruvaata. yuddham taruvaata ripley vermontku tirigi vacchi, newyork nagaramlo nivaasam kooda nirvahinchindi. thana sodarudu vilium bhaagaswaamyamto athanu pandina kumaarula palarayi vyapaaraanni thoti poura yuddham anubhavagnudaina redfield praaktar nirvahinche vermont palarayi companyki vikrayinche varaku nirvahinchevaadu. ripley newyork nagaramlo halland house hotelnu nirminchaadu, idhi athani bhaarya vaan dorren kutumba sabhyula yajamanyamlo undhi mariyu newjersey yokka rariton river railroad nirmaanam mariyu nirvahanaku baadhyata vahinchindi. athanu united states mariyu brazil steam ship line vyavasthaapakudu mariyu daani directorla bordulo panicheesaadu. adanamgaa, athanu rutland palarayi podupu byaanku adhyakshudiga mariyu rutland county national byaanku upadhyakshudiga panicheesaaru. athanu vijayavantamaina gurrapu pempakam vyavasaya kshetraanni kooda nirvahinchaadu, athani aneka jantuvulanu dakshina americalo upayogam kosam konugolu chesaaru. ripley polamlo ippudu chakkera & masala dinusula restaurant mariyu gift shop undhi, idhi mapul utpattulalo pratyekata kaligina vyaparam. poura yuddhamlo ekkuva bhaagam raid chesina gurram yokka khananam pradaesam, "old zaan", eee pradaesamloe bhadraparachabadindi. republican ayina ripley, rutland pattanaaniki sthaanika karyalayalanu kaligi unnadu. athanu 1886 nundi 1887 varaku vermont house off representatives loe mendon pattanaaniki praatinidhyam vahinchaadu. ripley vermont adhikaarula puna un kalayika samaajamlo churukuga unnadu mariyu 1887 mariyu 1904 loe adhyakshudiga ennikayyaadu. athanu republic yokka grand armylo mariyu united states yokka viswasaneeya sainyam yokka sainika kramamlo kooda churukaina sabhyudiga unnadu. ripley puraskaralalo norwich vishwavidyaalayam (1910) nundi gourava masters degree mariyu union kalaasaala (1915) nundi okati unnaayi. edward ripley thana antaryuddha anubhavaala gurinchi matladi, vrasadu, mariyu athani rachanalalo oka prasangam undhi, idhi taruvaata pustaka roopamlo mudrinchabadindi, "dhi capture und occupation off richmond, april 3,1865" (1907). adanamgaa, athani diary diary "vermont general, edward hustings ripley yokka asaadhaarana yuddha anubhavalu" gaa prachurinchabadindi, dheenini oto isensimal savarinchaaru. maranam mariyu khananam. ripley 1915 septembaru 14naa ratlyandlo maraninchaadu. athanu ratlyaandlooni satataharita smasaanavaatikalo khananam cheyabaddaadu. kutumbam. kutumbam edward hetch. ripley amelia dikeman vaan dorren (1845-1931) nuu vivaham chesukundi. vaariki iddaru kumartelu unnaru alegzander detrophymoph ogden johns (1878-1943) bhaarya alis vaan dorren ripley (1881-1948), mariyu rafale wells pampelli bhaarya amelia sibil huntington (1882-1963). pandina kumartelaku kumartelaku oka janta vedukalo vivaham jarigindi. edward hetch. pramukha vermont vyaapaaravaetta mariyu banker ayina vilium young ripley mariyu jaine warren ripley kumarudu ripley. edward hetch. ripley tobuttuvulalo sodarudu vilium vai. doubleu. medal off hohner andukunna poura yuddha adhikari ripley, mariyu prasiddha kavi mariyu seneca emm bhaarya savati sodari julia carolin door. door. athani sodari helen zaan ripley myers talli. rachayita clements ripley vilium vai manavadu. doubleu. ripley mariyu edward hetch yokka manumadu. ripley.

edward aich. repal edward hestings reply (11 nomber 1839-14 satambar 1915) americi khaanah jangi mein eek warmont taajir aur union aarmi officer thay. inhon nay xviii aur xiv coor mein brigade kii kamaan kartay hoay brewait brigadier general kaa ahdah haasil kiyaa aur iss kay hathiyar daalnay kay baad pehli faujon kuu richmond mein daakhil honay kii qayadat kii. ibtadayi zindagi. edward aich. reply 11 nomber 1839 kuu rutt lend warmont mein paida hoay. inhon nay maqami toor parr aur poltni mein troey conference academy (jasay baad mein grain mountain college kahaa gayaa) mein taleem haasil kii. inhon nay 1858 say 1862 takk union college mein taleem haasil kii aur wah pee aiss aayee apsalon baradari kay rakan thay. khaanah jangi. reply nay apnay seniyar saal kay ikhtatam kay qareeb foj mein shaamil honay kay liye college chhod diyaa mayee 1862 mein 9 wein warmont infintry mein najee kay toor parr shaamil hoay. union college nay inhein apnay studant roll parr jaari rakhaa aur inhein 1862 kii klaas kay rakan kay toor parr bachelor aaf arts kii digri say nawaza. inhon nay sargent kaa ahdah haasil kiyaa aur phir inhein kaptaan kay toor parr commission kiyaa gayaa aur regment kii company bee kii kamaan sanbhalne kay liye muqarar kiyaa gayaa jiss kii qayadat inhon nay 1862 kay mosam garma mein waadi shinandwah kii muham mein kararwai kay doraan kii jiss mein warjaniya kay safolak kaa muhasirah bhee shaamil thaa. iss mosam garma mein inhein meejar kay ahday parr tarqi milly. satambar 1862 mein reply harpers feeri kii jung mein qaid kiye gayey logon mein shaamil thaa. januri 1863 mein inn kay tabadle kay baad inhon nay 1863 kay doraan warjiniya aur shamali carolina mein kararwai kay doraan 9 wein warmont kay saath khidmaat anjaam deena jaari rakhee. inhein mayee 1863 mein leftinent karnal kay ahday parr tarqi dee gayee aur eek haftay baad inhein karnal aur regment kii kamaan mein tarqi milly. baad mein asay beaufort aur neo burn shamali carolina kay elaqay mein eek foji zalaa kii kamaan karnay kay liye muqarar kiyaa gayaa. agast 1864 mein reply kuu brewait brigadier general kay ahday parr tarqi dee gayee aur asay jaims kii fouj frust brigade second devision xviii coor kii kamaan sonpi gayee. baad mein iss nay dosri brigade kii kamaan sanbhali jiss mein chafeen kay faarm kii jung aur fair oaks kii dosri jung shaamil hay. reply duu baar zakhmi hawaa aur baad mein asay frust brigade thard devision XXIV coor kii kamaan sonpi gayee. jasay confeedrate kay hathiyar daalnay kay baad union kay fojiyon kii qayadat karnay kay liye tafviz kiyaa gayaa thaa jiss mein aag bajhanay loat maar kuu roknay aur nazam woo zabt barqarar rakhnay kay ahkamat thay. reply nay foji zalaa kii kamaan sanbhali jiss mein richmond bhee shaamil thaa jabb takk kahh jung kay ikhtatam parr shehar kii shehri hukumat bahaal nahein how gayee. jabb ibrahim lankan nay 4 say 7 apreel 1865 takk richmond kaa dorah kiyaa tuu reply kuu qatal kii sazish kaa alam hawaa aur lankan say mulaqat kii taakah wah apnee hifazat kay liye mazeed ahtiyati tadabir akhtiyar karnay parr zoor day. lankan nay ankaar kartay hoay kahaa kahh yaha ziyadah zaruri hay kahh inhein logon kay darmiyan iss alaamat kay toor parr dekha jaaye kahh dushmani khatam how gayee hay aur yaha kahh agar koyee asay qatal karnay kaa azam kartaa hay tuu security mein izafah asay nahein rook sakay gaa. reply kuu joone 1865 mein saros say nikaal diyaa gayaa. khaanah jangi kay baad. jung kay baad reply warmont waps aagiya neoyork shehar mein bhee rehaish gaah barqarar rakhee. apnay bhayee waleem kay saath sharakat mein iss nay pakay beton kaa sing marmar kaa karobar chalaya yahaan takk kahh asay warmont sing marmar kii company kuu farokhat kirr diyaa juu khaanah jangi kay tajarbah kaar saathi reed feld proctor kay zariye chalayi jaati thee. reply nay neoyork shehar mein holland house hotal banaya juu inn kii ahliyah kay ween dorn khaandaan kay afraad kii malkiyat thaa aur neo jarsi kay reriton rever railway kii tameer aur operation kaa zamah daar thaa. wah riyasathaye muthadah aur brazeel kay steam ship line kay baanee thay aur iss kay board aaf directors mein khidmaat anjaam day chakay thay. iss kay alawah inhon nay rutt lend maarbal seeving benak kay sadr aur rutt lend county national benak kay naib sadr kay toor parr khidmaat anjaam dain. iss nay ghoday kii afzaish kaa eek kamiyab faarm bhee chalaya jiss mein iss kay behat say janwar janubi america mein istemaal kay liye khareede gayey thay. reply kay faarm kaa maqaam abb shogar aind spice reestoran aur guft shaap kaa maqaam hay eek aisa karobar juu mepal kii masnuaat mein maharat rakhta hay. ziyadah tarr khaanah jangi kay liye sawaar ghoday kay reply kii tadfin kii jagah "old jaan"yee iss maqaam parr mahfuz hay. eek republican reply nay rutt lend kay qasbey kay liye maqami dafatir rakhay thay. inhon nay 1886 say 1887 takk warmont house aaf representitose mein khidmaat anjaam dain aur mendan qasbey kii numaindagi kii. reply warmont afsaran kii ree union society mein srgarm thay aur 1887 aur 1904 mein sadr muntakhib hoay. wah jamhuria kii azeem alshaan foj aur riyasathaye muthadah kii wafadar foj kay foji nazaam kay bhee srgarm rakan thay. reply kay ewards mein naroch university (1910) say aizazi maaster digri aur union college (1915) say eek digri shaamil thee. edward reply nay apnay khaanah jangi kay tajarbaat kay baaray mein baath kii aur likhaa aur inn kay kaamon mein eek taqrir shaamil thee juu baad mein kitaabi shakal mein chhapi thee "dee capture aind occuption aaf richmond 3 apreel 1865" (1907). iss kay alawah inn kii diary 1960 mein "warmont general edward hestings reply kay ghair mamuli jangi tajarbaat" kay toor parr shaye hoyee thee jiss kii tarmim oto icensiomal nay kii thee. moth aur tadfin. reply kaa inteqal 14 satambar 1915 kuu rutt lend mein hawaa. asay rutt lend kay sadaa bahaar qabristan mein dafan kiyaa gayaa. khaandaan. 1878 mein edward aich. reply nay ameliya ddaik meen ween dorn (1845-1931) say shaadi kii. inn kii duu betiyan thein: alegzender detrofmof ogan jonaz (1878-1943) kii bewi ails ween dorn reply (1881-1948)yee aur rafeel wells pamply kii bewi ameliya seebal huntington (1882-1963). inn pakhtah betiyon kii shaadi 1909 mein eek dohri taqrib mein hoyee. edward aich. reply waleem yang reply eek mamtaz warmont taajir aur banker aur jaine waarin reply kaa betaa thaa. edward aich. reply kay behan bhayiyon mein shaamil thay: bhayee waleem waayi. dabliyo. reply eek khaanah jangi afsar jiss nay aizaz kaa tamgha haasil kiyaa vovo aur sauteli behan joliya carolin door eek mashhur shayer aur senika ayem kii bewi. door. iss kii behan healen jaan reply mires kii maan thee. masnaf clements reply waleem waayi kaa potaa thaa. dabliyo. reply aur edward aich kaa potaa. repal.

000049a492d9975515a704c67e9ddb2e75fd7d4f9202ab53abe7231b9585dc06

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=353206

Benjamin Graham

Benjamin Graham American financial analyst, investor, and professor Benjamin Graham (; né Grossbaum; May 9, 1894 – September 21, 1976) was a British-born American financial analyst, investor and professor. He is widely known as the "father of value investing", and wrote two of the discipline's founding texts: "Security Analysis" (1934) with David Dodd, and "The Intelligent Investor" (1949). His investment philosophy stressed independent thinking, emotional detachment, and careful security analysis, emphasizing the importance of distinguishing the price of a stock from the value of its underlying business. After graduating from Columbia University at age 20, Graham started his career on Wall Street, eventually founding Graham–Newman Corp., a successful mutual fund. He also taught investing for many years at Columbia Business School, where one of his students was Warren Buffett. Graham later taught at UCLA Anderson School of Management at the University of California, Los Angeles. Graham laid the groundwork for value investing at mutual funds, hedge funds, diversified holding companies, and other investment vehicles. He was the driving force behind the establishment of the profession of security analysis and the Chartered Financial Analyst designation. He also advocated the creation of index funds decades before they were introduced. Throughout his career, Graham had many notable disciples who went on to earn substantial success as investors, including Irving Kahn and Warren Buffett, who described Graham as the second most influential person in his life after his own father. Among other well-known investors influenced by Graham were Charles D. Ellis, John Neff and Sir John Templeton. Early life. Graham was born Benjamin Grossbaum in London, England, to Jewish parents. On his mother's side, he was the great-grandson of Rabbi Yaakov Gesundheit and a cousin of neuroscientist Ralph Waldo Gerard. He moved to New York City with his family when he was one year old. The family changed its name from Grossbaum to Graham to assimilate into American society and avoid anti-Semitic and anti-German sentiments. After the death of his father, who owned a successful porcelain shop, and the Panic of 1907, the family fell into poverty. That experience helped shape Graham's lifelong quest for investment values. Graham excelled as a student, graduating as salutatorian of his class at Columbia, finishing his studies in three-and-a-half years after entering at age 16. Before the end of his senior year, the college offered him teaching positions in three different departments: mathematics, English and philosophy. Graham chose instead to help support his widowed mother by taking a job on Wall Street, where he later ran private partnerships and, starting in 1936, the Graham-Newman fund. Early on, Graham made a name for himself with "The Northern Pipeline Affair", an early case of shareholder activism involving John D. Rockefeller. Graham's research indicated Northern Pipeline Co. held vast cash and bond assets that he believed were not being put to good use, and bought enough shares to force a proxy vote to distribute these assets to shareholders. Later, Graham patented two innovative hand-held calculators, wrote a Broadway play called "Baby Pompadour", and taught himself Spanish so he could translate a major Uruguayan novel, Mario Benedetti’s The Truce, into English. (By the end of his life, Graham knew at least seven languages.) Investment and academic career. His first book, "Security Analysis" with David Dodd, was published in 1934. In "Security Analysis", he proposed a clear definition of investment that was distinguished from what he deemed speculation. It read, "An investment operation is one which, upon thorough analysis, promises safety of principal and a satisfactory return. Operations not meeting these requirements are speculative." Warren Buffett describes "The Intelligent Investor" (1949) as "the best book about investing ever written." Graham exhorted the stock market participant to first draw a fundamental distinction between investment and speculation. Graham wrote that the owner of stocks should regard them first and foremost as conferring part ownership in a business. With that perspective in mind, the stock owner should be unconcerned with erratic fluctuations in stock prices, since in the short term the stock market behaves like a voting machine, but in the long term it acts like a weighing machine (i.e. its true value will be reflected in its stock price in the long run). Graham distinguished between defensive and enterprising investors. The defensive investor seeks to minimize the time and effort -- and, above all, the worry -- of investing. So the defensive investor seldom trades, renouncing the attempt to forecast market behavior and security prices, instead holding for the long term. The active investor, in contrast, is one who has more time, interest, and can devote the effort to original analysis seeking exceptional buys in the market. Graham recommended that enterprising investors devote substantial time and effort to analyze the financial state of companies. When a company is available at a discount to its intrinsic value, a "margin of safety" exists, which makes it suitable for investment. Graham wrote that "investment is most intelligent when it is most businesslike." By that he meant that investing, like running a business, is a systematic effort to maximize the likelihood of earning a reasonable return and to minimize the probability of suffering a severe loss. Thinking for yourself is vital: "You are neither right nor wrong because the crowd disagrees with you," Graham wrote. "You are right because your data and reasoning are right." Graham's favorite metaphor is that of Mr. Market, a fellow who turns up every day at the investor's door offering to buy or sell his shares at a different price. Usually, the price quoted by Mr. Market seems plausible, but occasionally it is ridiculous. The investor is free either to agree with his quoted price and trade with him, or to ignore him completely. Mr. Market doesn't mind this, and will be back the following day to quote another price. The investor should not regard the whims of Mr. Market as determining the value of the shares that the investor owns. The investor should profit from market folly rather than participate in it. The investor is best off concentrating on how the underlying businesses perform, not on how Mr. Market behaves. Graham was critical of the corporations of his day for obfuscated and irregular financial reporting that made it difficult for investors to discern the true state of the business's finances. He was an advocate of dividend payments to shareholders rather than businesses hoarding all of their profits as retained earnings. He also criticized those who advised that some types of stocks were a good buy at any price, because of the prospect of potentially unlimited earnings growth, without a thorough analysis of the business's actual financial condition. These observations remain relevant today. Graham's investment performance was approximately a ~20% annualized return over 1936 to 1956. The overall market performance for the same time period was 12.2% annually on average. Even so, both Buffett and Berkshire Hathaway vice chairman Charlie Munger have said they consider Graham's methods necessary but not sufficient for success in contemporary investing, because Graham placed too little emphasis on the potential for future growth. As Buffett told journalist Carol Loomis in 1988 for Fortune, "Boy, if I had listened only to Ben [and not also to Charlie Munger], would I ever be a lot poorer." Graham's largest gain was from GEICO, in which his Graham-Newman purchased a 50% interest in 1948 for $712,500. To comply with a regulatory limitation, Graham-Newman was ordered by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission to distribute its GEICO stock to the fund's investors. An investor who owned 100 shares of the Graham-Newman fund in 1948 (worth $11,413) and who held on to the GEICO distribution would have had $1.66 million by 1972. Graham-Newman Corp. closed in 1956 when Graham retired from active investing. GEICO was eventually acquired in whole by Berkshire Hathaway in 1996, having previously been saved by Buffett and John J. Byrne in 1976. Personal life. Graham married three times and had four children. On September 21, 1976, Graham died in Aix-en-Provence, France, at the age of 82. Legacy. His contributions spanned numerous fields, primarily fundamental value investing. Graham is considered the "father of value investing," and his two books, "Security Analysis" and "The Intelligent Investor," defined his investment philosophy, especially what it means to be a value investor. His most famous student is Warren Buffett, who is consistently ranked among the wealthiest persons in the world. According to Buffett, Graham used to say that he wished every day to do something foolish, something creative, and something generous. And Buffett noted, Graham excelled most at the last. While many value investors have been influenced by Graham, his most notable investing disciples include Charles Brandes, William J. Ruane, Irving Kahn and Walter J. Schloss. In addition, Graham's thoughts on investing have influenced the likes of Seth Klarman and Bill Ackman. While some of Graham's investing concepts are now regarded as superseded or outdated, most are still recognized as important, and "Security Analysis" or "The Intelligent Investor" are required reading for new hires at many investment firms around the world. Graham also made contributions to economic theory. Most notably, he proposed a new basis for both U.S. and global currency as an alternative to the gold standard. Graham regarded this currency theory as his most important professional work; it gained renewed attention decades after his death in the aftermath of the 2007–2008 financial crisis. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

benjamin graham benjamin graham (; né grossbaum; 9 mey ', 1894-21 septembor, 1976) ejon britis-jonmogrohon koraa aamerikan orthonitibid, odhyapok aaru biniyugkari aasil. teu "mulyo biniyugor pitri" hisape bohulbhabe porisito, aaru nobyo-classical biniyugor dutaa protisthapok grontho likhisiloh david dodor xoite "xurokhya bislexon" (1934), aaru "buddhiman biniyugkari" (1949). teur biniyug dorxonot biniyugkarir monubigyan, nyuntomo rino, kroy-aaru-dhoronor biniyug, moulik bislexon, kendribhut boisitryo, xurokhyar ximar bhitorot kroy, xokriyo biniyug, aaru biporit monubhawot gurutwo aarup koraa hoisil. 20 bosor boyoxot kolombiya biswobidyaloyor poraa snatok degree laabh korar pisot, teu waal streetot teur keriyar aarombho korisil, owoxexot graham-newman ongxidaritwo protistha korisil. teur prakton saatro waaren bufetok nijukti diyar pisot, teu teur "aalma metar" too xikhyokor podd grohon korisil, aaru pisot los angelesor california biswobidyaloyor eu. chi. el. e. enderson skool owo managementot xikhyokor podd grohon korisil. porisalona orthoniti aaru biniyugor khetrot teur kaamor folot miusuwel fund, hez fund, boisitryomoy holding company aaru onyanyo biniyug baahonor bhitorot mulyo biniyugor ek aadhunik dhour sristi hoise. teur xomogro keriyarot grahamor bohutu ullekhjugyo xisyo aasil jiye biniyugor jogotot jothesto xofolota laabh korisil, jaar bhitorot aasil irving kaan aaru waaren bufe, jijone teuk nijor pitrir pisot jiwanor dwitiyo ataitkoi probhawxali byokti hisape bornona korisil. grahamor aan ejon bikhyat saatro aasil chaar john templeton. prarombhik jiwan. grahamor jonmo hoisil englandor londonot ihudi pitri-matrir ghorot. teur matrir faalor poraa teu robbi iyakov gesundeitor propoutro aaru snayubigyani ralof waldo gerardor khurotutu bhai aasil. ebosor boyoxot teu poriyalor xoite nework sohoroloi sthanantorito hoisil. poriyaltuwe aamerikan xomajot aatmoproxarito huwar aaru ihudi-birudhi aaru german-birudhi bhawonar poraa aatori thokar issat teulukor naam grochbamor poraa grahamoloi xoloni korisil. etaa xofol aasbabor dukanor maalik aaru porisalona koraa teur pitrir mrityur pisot poriyaltuwe doridrotar xonmukhin hoisil jituwe pisot grohame koichil je komm mulyor dordam kroy korar prarombhik proxongxa prerito kori teur biniyug totwoxomuhok probhabito korisil. graham ejon bhaal saatro hoi porisil, kolombiyat teur shrenir chelutot 'rian hisape snatok hoisil. teu ingraji, gonito aaru dorxon xikuwar prostab oswikar korisil, iyar poriworte well streetot sakori luwar xiddhanto loisil, zo 'too owoxexot teu graham-newman ongxidaritwo aarombho korisil. prarombhik owosthat grohame "nordan pipeline efayar" ror joriyote nijor naam sristi korisil, jitu john di-ror xoite jorito sweyardhari xokriyotar ek prarombhik ghotona aasil. rockfelor. grahamor gowexonai nordan pipeline companyr kotha xusaisil. teur haatot bixal nogod dhon aaru bondor xompoti aasil jibur teu biswax korisil je bhaldore byobohar koraa huwa naai, aaru ei xompotibur ongxidarxokolok bitoron koriboloi proxi bhut badhyo koriboloi porzapto sweyar kroy korisil. biniyug aaru xoikhyik jiwan. 1934 sonot david dodor xoite teur prothom grontho "nirapotta bislexon" prokax paisil. "nirapotta bislexon" too teu biniyugor ek sposto xongyar prostab disil jitu teu onuman korar poraa prithok aasil. iyat kuwa hoisil, "biniyug karjyokolap hoise ene ek karjyo ji xompurno bislexonor pisot muldhonor xurokhya aaru porzapto laabhor protisruti diye. ei proyujoniyota puron nokora karjyokolapbur onumanmulok." waaren bufete "buddhiman biniyugkari" (1949) koo "biniyugor bixoye etiyaloike likha shrestho grontho" buli bornona korise."grohame sweyar bojaror ongxogrohonkarixokolok prothome biniyug aaru onumanor maajot ek moulik parthokyo dekhuwaboloi aahban jonay. grohame likhisil je equity stokor malike prothome aaru xorboprothome xeiburok byowoxayor aangxik malikana prodan koraa hisape gonyo koraa usit. xei dristibhongi monot raakhi, stokor malike stokor mulyor oniyomito uthanamar bixoye besi sintit hoh 'bob nalage, kiyonu hroswomyadi xomoyot stock bojare bhutdan jontror dore aasoron kore, kintu dirghomyadi owosthat ee ujon jontror dore kaam kore (orthat.ee. iyar prokrito mulyo dirghomyadibhabe iyar stock mulyot protipholito hoh 'bob). grohame niskriyo aaru xokriyo biniyugkarir maajot parthokyo dekhuwaisil. praye protirokhyamulok biniyugkari buli kuwa niskriyo biniyugkariye xabodhane biniyug kore, mulyor stock bisare aaru dirghomyadir baabe kroy kore. iyar biporite xokriyo biniyugkari hoise teu jaar bojarot byotikromi kroy bisariboloi odhik xomoy, aagroh aaru xombhobotoh odhik bixex gyan aase. grohame biniyugkarixokolok companyxomuhor bittiyo owostha bislexon koriboloi xomoy aaru prochesta byoy koriboloi poramorxo disil. jetiya etaa company bojarot iyar ontornihito mulyor poraa rehai mulyot upolobdho hoy, tetiya "xurokhyar xeema" thaake, jiye iyak biniyugor baabe upojukto kori tule. grohame likhisil je biniyug ataitkoi buddhiman hoy jetiya ee besibhag byowoxayor dore hoy. iyar dwara teu koichil je stock biniyugkari xothik baa bhul nohoy kaaron aanxokole teur xoite ekmot baa dwimot puxon kore; teu xothik kaaron teur tothyo aaru bislexon xothik. grahamor priyo upakhyantu hoh "lo srijutor. bojar, ejon bondhu ji protidine stock holder duwarot aahi nijor sweyarbur beleg mulyot kinibo baa bikri koribor baabe prostab diye. xadharonote, srijutor dwara uddhrito mulyo. bojartu juktixongot zen laage, kintu maaje maaje ee haisyorxatmok hoy. biniyugkariye hoy teur uddhrito mulyor xoite ekmot hoh 'bob paare aaru teur xoite byoboxai koribo paare, baa teuk xompurnorupe upekhya koribo paare. mii. bojare ei kothar uporot gurutwo nidiye, aaru pisdina aan etaa mulyo ullekh koriboloi ubhoti ahibo. mool kotha hoh "lo biniyugkariye srijutor issak bibesona koraa usit nohoy. biniyugkarir malikanadhin swearor mulyo nirdharon koraa hisape bojar. teu bojaror bukamir poraa labhanwito huwar poriworte iyat ongxogrohon koraa usit. biniyugkariye srijutor xoite otyadhik sintit huwar poriworte nijor companyxomuhor bastob jiwanor prodorxon aaru lobhyangxo laabh korat monuniwex koratu uttom. bojaror praye ojouktik aasoron. grohame teur xomoyor nigomxomuhor xomaluchona korisil osposto aaru oniyomito bittiyo protibedonor baabe jaar folot biniyugkarixokolor baabe byowoxayor bittiyo owosthar prokrito owostha sinakto koratu kothin hoi porisil. teu byowoxayxomuhe teulukor xokolu laabh rokha uparjon hisape rokhar poriworte ongxidarxokolok lobhyangxo porixudhor xomorthok aasil. teu logote byowoxayor prokrito bittiyo owosthar bhaal bislexon obihone, stokor mulyo briddhir xombhawonar baabe kisuman prokaror stock jikunu mulyot bhaal kroy korar poramorxo diya lukoxokolok xomaluchona korisil. ei porzobekhyonxomuh aajiu praxongik hoi aase. 1936 sonor poraa 1956 sonoloike grahamor gorh biniyugor prodorxon aasil ~20% barxik laabh. eke xomoyor baabe xamogrik bojaror prodorxon aasil gorh hisapot bosori 12.2%. tothapiu, buffet aaru barkswayar hethober upo-odhyokhyo charley mungar duyujone grahamor poddhoti onuxoron koratu kothurbhabe puroni buli bibesona kore, bafete 1988 sonot forsunor baabe xangbadik kerol lumisor xoite huwa xakhyatkarot koichil, "lo" raa, jodi moi kewol benor kotha xunisilu, tente moi ketiyaba bohut doridro hoh "moheten." grahamor xorbobrihot laabh aasil jikur poraa, jitu teur graham-newman ongxidaritwe 1948 sonot 712,000 dolarot 50 xotangxo kroy korisil. 1972 sonor bhitorot ei owostha 40 kuti dolaroloi briddhi paisil, jiye graham-newmanor onyanyo xokolu biniyugor tulnat portof 'lio' too odhik orihona jugaisil. owoxexot 1996 sonot barkswayar hethweye xompurnorupe jiku odhigrohon korisil, purbe buffet aaru john je-ror dwara rokhya koraa hoisil. 1976 sonot bairne. mrityu. 1976 sonor 21 septemborot francer ikes-eno-pro "venceot 82 bosor boyoxot grahamor mrityu hoy. uttoradhikari. teur obodan oxongkhyo khetrot bistrito aasil, jaar bhitorot etaa aasil moulik mulyo biniyug. grahamok "mulyo biniyugor pitri" buli gonyo koraa hoy aaru teur dukhon grontho, "nirapotta bislexon" aaru "buddhiman biniyugkari"-e teur biniyug dorxon, bixexkoi mulyo biniyugkari huwar ortho ki, xei bixoye xongyayito korisil. juktixongotobhabe, teur ataitkoi bikhyat saatro aasil waaren bufe, ji nirontorbhabe biswor ataitkoi dhoni byoktir bhitorot sthan laabh korise. baafer mote, grohame koichil je teu protidine kiba etaa murkho, kiba etaa sristixil, aaru kiba etaa udaar kaam koribo bisare. aaru bufe ullekh korisil je grohame xexot ataitkoi utkristota orjon korisil. jodiu bohutu mulyo biniyugkari grahamor dwara probhabito hoise, teur ataitkoi ullekhjugyo biniyug xisyoxokolor bhitorot aase charls brend, logote uilium je. ruwen, bart oh 'lden, irving kaan aaru walter je. sclass. iyar uporiu, biniyugor uporot grahamor chintai seth clerman aaru bill ekmenor dore lukoxokolok probhabito korise. grahamor kisuman biniyug dharonak etiya baatil baa puroni buli gonyo koraa hoy jodiu aan bohutu etiyau guruttopurno hisape swikriti laabh korise aaru "xurokhya bislexon" baa "buddhiman biniyugkari" xomogro biswor bohutu biniyug protisthanot notun nijuktir baabe porhar proyujon. biniyug bittor khetrot teur kaamor logote grohame orthonoitik totwotu obodan aagborhaisil. ataitkoi ullekhjugyobhabe, teu eu duyure baabe ek notun bhitti prostut korisil.ess. aaru xunor mandondor bikolpo hisape biswor mudra. grohame ei mudra totwok teur ataitkoi guruttopurno pesadari kaam hisape gonyo korisil; iyak teur jiwankalot bohulangxe upekhya koraa hoisil kintu 2007-2008 ror bittiyo xongkotor pisot teur mrityur keiba doxok pisot gurutor monujug laabh korisil.

benjamin graham benzamin graham (; né grossbaum; 9 meey, 1894-21 septembara, 1976) chhilen ekjon british bongshodbhuto markin orthonitibid, adhyapak ebong biniyogkari. tini "mulya biniyoger jonok" hisabe byapokbhabe porichito, ebong nobbo-dhrupadi biniyoger duti protisthata grontho likhechenoh david doder saathe "nirapatta bishleshan" (1934), ebong "buddhiman biniyogkari" (1949). taanr biniyog darshan biniyogkarider manobigyan, nyuntama rino, croy-oo-hold biniyog, moulik bishleshan, kendribhuto boichitro, nirapottar seamer modhye kenakata, sakriya biniyog ebong biporito mansikotar upor jore diyechilo. 20 bochor boyse kalambia vishwavidyalaya theke snatok howar porr, tini oyala streete taanr karmajiban shuru corren, abosheshe graham-neuman angshidaritto protistha corren. taanr praktan chhatro oyarena buffetke niyog korar porr, tini taanr "alma matter"-ayee ebong porey loss angeleser california bishwobidyaloyer ucla anderson school off management-ayee shikkhokotar dayitto grohon corren. porichalon arthaniti ebong biniyoge taanr kaaj mutual funned, haze funned, boichitromoy holding company ebong anyanno biniyoger janbahoner modhye mulya biniyoger ekti adhunik toronger dike porichalito koreche. taanr karmajiban judey, grahamer onek ullekhjoggo shishyo chhilen jaaraa biniyoger jogote jotheshto safalya peyechilen, jaar modhye irving qaana ebong oyarena buffet chhilen, jini taanke taanr nijer babar porey taanr jeeboner dwitiya prabhabshali byakti hisabe bornona korechilen. grahamer arekjon bikhyato chhatro chhilen syara john templeton. prathomik jeebon. graham englander londone ihudi pitamatar ghore benzamin grossbumer jonmogrohon corren. taanr mayer dick theke, tini chhilen rubby iakov gesundeiter propoutro ebong snayubigyani ralf waldo gerarder chachat bhai. eka bochor boyse tini taanr poribarer sange neu eork shohore choley asen. american somaje ekibhuto howar ebong ihudi-birodhi oo german-birodhi anubhuti edanor ichchai poribarti taader naam grossbum theke grahame poriborton korey. taanr babar mrityur porr, jini ekti sofol asbabpotrer dokaner malik ebong porichalona korten, poribarti daridrer sammukhin hoyechilo jaa graham porey bolechilen jey qama daame dorr kashakashir prathomik proshongsha anupranito korey taanr biniyog tottogulike probhabito korechilo. graham ekjon vall chhatro hoye othen, columbia taanr classer salutatorian hisabe snatok hohn. tini ingrezi, gonito ebong darshan shekhanor prostab prottakhyan corren, poriborte oyala streete chakri beche nene, jekhane tini shesh porjonto taanr graham-neuman angshidaritto shuru corren. prothom dike, graham "dya northern pipeline affair" diye nijer jonno ekti naam toiri korechilen, jaa john dii-err saathe jorito shareholder sakriyatar ekti prathomik mamla. rockfeller. grahamer gobeshona uttor pipeline koo-err ingito deyo. taanr kachhe bishal nagad ebong bonned sompod chhilo jaa tini biswas korten jey bhalbhabe byabohar koraa hachche naa ebong eyi sampadguli shareholderder modhye bitoron korar jonno proxy bhotke badhyo korar jonno jotheshto sheyara kinechilen. biniyog ebong academic karmajiban. 1934 saale david doder sange taanr prothom boi 'security analysis' prokashito hoy. 'security analysis'-ayee tini biniyoger ekti sposhto sangya prostab corren jaa tini jaa anuman korechilen taar theke alada chhilo. etey bolla hoyeche, "ekti biniyog apareshana holl emon ekti jaa punkhanupunkha bishleshoner porey muldhan ebong porjapto returner surakkhar protishruti deyo. eyi prayojaniyataguli puron naa koraa operationguli onumanmulok." oyarena buffet "dya intelligent investor" (1949) keey "biniyog somporke sorbokaler sera boi" hisabe bornona korechen."grahom sheyara bajarer ongshogrohonkarider prothome biniyog ebong onumaner modhye ekti moulik parthokyo aankar ahoban zanan. graham likhechen jey, equity stocker malikder uchito taader prothom ebong sorbagre ekti byabosar angshik malikana prodankari hisabe bibechona koraa. eyi drishtibhongi mathay rekhe, share maliker share daamer aniyamita othanama niye khub beshi chintito haoya uchito noy, kaaron swalpomeyade sheyara bazar voating meshiner moto acharan korey, tobey dirghameyade etty ozon meshiner moto kaaj korey (arthat.ee. err prokrito mulya dirghameyade err share daame protifolito hobey). grahom nishkriya ebong sakriya biniyogkarir modhye parthokyo korey. nishkriya biniyogkari, jaake prayashai ekjon protirokkhamulok biniyogkari hisabe ullekh koraa hoy, sotorkotar saathe biniyog korey, mulyer stockguli sandhan korey ebong dirghameyadi jonno croy korey. onnodike, sakriya biniyogkari hollen emon ekjon jaar bajare byatikrami kenakata korar jonno arow beshi somoy, agroho ebong sombhoboto arow bishesh gyan royeche. graham superish corren jey biniyogkarira companyr arthik abostha bishleshan korte somoy ebong prochesta byoy korun. jokhon konao sangostha bajare taar abhyantarin mulyer tulna qama daame pawa yaay, tokhon ekti "surakkhar margin" vidyaman thaake, jaa etike biniyoger jonno upojukto korey toley. graham likhechen jey biniyog sabcheye buddhiman hoy jokhon etty beshirbhag byabasayik hoy. err ortho tini bojhate cheyechilen jey, sheyara biniyogkari sothik baa bhul noy kaaron onnora taar saathe ekmat baa dwimoto poshan korey; tini sothik kaaron taar tothyo ebong bishleshan sothik. grahomer priya roopok holl mih. bazar, emon ekjon byakti jini protidin sheyardharker dorjai eshe vinno daame taar sheyara kinte baa bikri korar prostab deena. sadharonoto, mih dwara uddhrito mulya. bajarti juktisangato boley money holeo majhe majhe etty hasyokor. biniyogkari taar uddhrito mulyer saathe ekmat hotey ebong taar saathe banijya korte baa taake sampurnarupe upekkha korte swadhin. mii. bazar etey kichhu money korey naa ebong porer deane abar firey eshe onno daam ullekh korbe. asol kotha holl, biniyogkarider mih-err ichchake bibechona koraa uchito noy. biniyogkarir malikanadhin share mulya nirdharan hisabe bazar. bajarer bokami theke lavban haoya uchito taar, etey ongshogrohon korar poriborte. biniyogkari taar kompanigulir bastob jeeboner performance mononibesh koraa ebong mihke niye khub beshi chintito howar poriborte labhyangsho pawar dike mononibesh koraa vall. bajarer prayashai ajouktik acharan. graham taanr somoyer corporationgulir samalochana korechilen bibhrantikar ebong aniyamita arthik protibedoner jonno jaa biniyogkarider pokkhe byabosar arthik abosthar prokrito abostha bojha kathin korey tulechilo. tini shareholderder labhyangsho prodaner pokkhe chhilen, naa jey byabasayik protisthanguli taader samasta munafa dhorey rekhechilo. tini taader samalochanao korechilen jaaraa poramorsho diyechilen jey kichhu dharaner stock jey konao daame vall croy, kaaron teksoi stock mulya briddhir sombhabona, byabosar prokrito arthik abosthar vall bishleshan chharai. eyi porjobekkhonguli aajo prasongik. 1936 theke 1956 saal porjonto grahamer garh biniyoger poriman chhilo barshik aay. ekoi somoyer jonno bajarer samogrik kormokhomota chhilo barshik garh aay. taa sotteo, buffet ebong barkshire hathway ubhoyer vice chairman charley mungar grahamer poddhoti onusoronke kathorbhabe purano boley bibechona corren, 1988 saale sangbadik caroll lumiser saathe ekti sakkhatkarer somoy buffet fortuneke bolechilen, "chhele, aami jodi cable benke shuntam tobey aami kii kokhono onek daridra hotam." grahamer sabcheye borh laav chhilo jiko theke, jaa taanr graham-neuman angshidaritto 1948 saale 712,000 markin dollare 50 shotangsho kinechilo. 1972 saaler modhye abosthanti 40 kotee markin dollare unnito hoy, jaa graham-newmaner anyanno biniyoger tulna portfoliote beshi abodan rakhe. geiko abosheshe 1996 saale barkshire hathaoye dwara sampurnarupe adhigrahan koraa hoyechilo, jaa agey buffet ebong john jeey dwara sanrakkhito hoyechilo. 1976 saale buyern. mrityu. 1976 saaler 21shhey septembara, graham 82 bochor boyse francer ikes-enn-provence maaraa zaan. uttoradhikar. taanr abodan asankhya khettre bistrito chhilo, jaar modhye ekti chhilo moulik mulya biniyog. grahomke "mulya biniyoger jonok" hisabe bibechona koraa hoy ebong taanr duti boi, "nirapatta bishleshan" ebong "buddhiman biniyogkari", taanr biniyog dorshoner sangya diyeche, bishesh korey mulya biniyogkari howar ortho qee. juktijuktobhabe, taanr sabcheye bikhyato chhatro chhilen oyarena buffet, jini dharabahikbhabe bishwer dhonee byaktider modhye sthan peyechen. boofe onusare, graham bolten jey tini protidin kichhu bokami, kichhu srijanshil ebong kichhu udar kaaj korte chaan. ebong buffet ullekh corren, graham shesh porjonto sabcheye beshi valo koreche. jodio onek mulya biniyogkari graham dwara probhabito hoyechen, taanr sabcheye ullekhjoggo biniyogkari shishyoder modhye charles brands, pashapashi uilium jeey. ruan, bart olden, irving qaana ebong walter jeey. sloss. echhadao, biniyoger bishoye grahamer chintadhara sheth clerman ebong bill akmyaner moto byaktider probhabito koreche. jodio grahamer kichhu biniyog dharonake ekhon batil baa purano hisabe bibechona koraa hoy, onno anekguli ekhono guruttopurno hisabe swikrito ebong vishwajude onek biniyog sangosthai notun niyoger jonno "nirapatta bishleshan" baa "buddhiman biniyogkari" padaa prayojan. biniyog orthayone taanr kaajer pashapashi graham orthonoitik totteo abodan rekhechilen. sabcheye ullekhjoggobhabe, tini eu ubhoyer jonno ekti notun vitti toiri korechilen.esha. ebong swarnamaner bikalpa hisabe baishwik mudra. graham eyi mudra tottoke taanr sabcheye guruttopurno peshadar kaaj hisabe bibechona korechilen; etty taanr jeeboddoshai mulat upekkha koraa hoyechilo kintu taanr mrityur koyek doshok porey 2007-2008-err arthik sankater porey gurutoro monojog akarshan korechilo.

benjamin graaham benjamin graaham (; né grossbaum; 9 meey, 1894-21 september, 1976) british mulnaa american arthshashtri, prophesara aneey rokaankaar hataa. teo "moolya rokaanaa pitaa" tareeke vyaapakpane jaanita chhe, aneey neoclassical rokaanmaa beey sthaapak grantho lakhyaa chheh "suraksha vishleshan" (1934) david dooad saathe, aneey "buddhishali rokaankaar" (1949). temnee rokaan filosoofima rokankarona manovigyaan, laghutam devu, khareedi aneey holding rokaan, mulbhoot vishleshan, kendrit vaividhyakaran, salaamatinaa marginni andar khareedi, sakreey rokaan aneey virodhabhasi mansikta parr bhaar mukvaamaa aavyo hato. 20 varshnee ummare kolambiya universitymathi snaatak thayaa pachhi, temane wall street parr potaani karkidrini sharuaat curry, aakhare graaham-neuman bhagidarini sthaapnaa curry. temnaa bhutpurv vidhyarthi warren buffetne nokri parr rakhyaa pachhi, temane temnaa "alma matter" maan aneey pachhithi university off california, losa angels khaate yuu. see. aela. aee. enderson school off managementmaa shikshanni jagyaao sambhaali. vyavsthaapkeey arthshaastra aneey rokaanmaa temnaa kaarythi mutual funds, hej funds, vaividhyasabhar holding companyo aneey anya rokaan vaahanoma moolya rokaannee aadhunik laher taraf doree gayoo chhe. temnee samagr karkirdi darmiyan, graahamnaa ghanaa nondhpaatra shishyo hataa jaimne rokaannee duniyama nondhpaatra safalataa malee hatee, jemaa iravinga kaahn aneey warren buffetno samaavesh thaay chhe, jeey pachhithi temne temnaa potaana pitaa pachhi temnaa jeevannaa beeja sauthee prabhavshali vyaktee tareeke varnavtaa hataa. graahamnaa anya aek prakhyaat vidhyarthi surr john templeton hataa. praarambhik jeevan. graahamno janm englandnaa londonma yahudi matapitane tyaan thayo hato. temnee maataani bajuae, teo rabbi yakov gesundhaitnaa prapautra aneey neuroscientist ralf waldo gerardnaa pitarai hataa. jyaare teo aek varshnaa hataa tyaare temnaa parivaar saathe newyork shaherma rahevaa gayaa hataa. american samajma aatmasaat thavaani aneey yahudi veerodhi aneey german veerodhi laganione taalvaani ichchhama parivaare temnu naam grossbamthi badaline graaham karyoo. furnitureni safal dukanna maaleek aneey sanchalan kartaa temnaa pitana mrutyu pachhi, parivaare gareebeeno anoobhav karyo hato, jeey graahame paachhalthi kahyoo hatoo keey ochhi keematnaa sodabajini khareedini praarambhik prashansa maate prereet kareene temnaa rokaanaa siddhaantone prabhaavit karyaa hataa. graaham aek saaro vidhyarthi banyo, kolambiya khaate tenaa vargnaa cellutorian tareeke snaatak thayo. temane angreji, ganeet aneey filosoofi shikhvvaanaa prastaavne nakaari kaadhyo, tenaa badale wall street parr nokri karvaanu pasand karyoo, jyaan temane aakhare temnee graaham-neuman bhagidari sharoo curry. sharuaatmaa, graahame "dhaa nordhan pipeline afair" saathe potaanu naam banaavyu, jeey john dii. saathe sankalaayela shareholder sakriyataano praarambhik cases hato. rockfeller. graahamnaa sanshodhnoae uttari pipeline kampani soochavi hatee. teo vishaal rokad aneey bonned askayamato dharaavtaa hataa jeno teo maantaa hataa keey saaro upyog karvaamaa aavee rahyo nathee, aneey aaa askayaamatone sherdhaarakone vahenchavaa maate proxy voota aapvaa maate purtaa shhare khareedhya hataa. rokaan aneey shaikshanik karkirdi. temnu pratham pustak, "suraksha vishleshan" david dodd saathe 1934maan prakashit thayu hatoo. "suraksha vishleshan" maan, temane rokaannee spasht vyakhyani darkhaast curry hatee jeey temne atkalothi alag hatee. temaa lakhvaamaa aavyu hatoo keey, "rokaan kamgiri aee chhe keey jeey sampoorn vishleshan parr muddalni salaamati aneey paryaapt valtarnu vachan aape chhe. aaa jaruriyaatone purn naa karatee kaamgireeo atkal chhe." warren bafete "buddhishali rokaankaar" (1949) neey "rokaan vishe atyaar sudhee lakhaayel shreshth pustak" tareeke varnavyu chhe."graahame sherbazaarnaa sahbhagione rokaan aneey atkalo vachche mulbhoot tafaavat karvaa maate protsaahit karyaa. graahame lakhyu hatoo keey equity sheronaa malike temne pratham aneey agranee reete vyavsayni aansheek maliki pradaan karatee ganvee joiae. teey pariprekshyane dhyanma rakheene, shernaa malike shernaa bhaavmaa aneeyameet vadhghatthi vadhu chintit naa thavu joiae, kaaran keey tunkaa gaadaama shhare bajaar matdaan machine jaim varte chhe, parantu laambaa gaade teey vajan machine jaim kaama karey chhe (etale keey.ee. tenu saachu moolya laambaa gaade tenaa shernee keematma pratibimbit thashe). graahame nishkreey aneey sakreey rokaankaar vachcheno tafaavat darshaavyo. nishkreey rokaankaar, jene ghanivaar rakshanatmak rokaankaar tareeke odakhvaamaa aave chhe, teey savdhanipurvak rokaan karey chhe, mulyanaa shero shodhe chhe aneey laambaa gaadaa maate khareedi karey chhe. tenaathi vipareet, sakreey rokaankaar aee chhe keey jenee paase bajaarmaa asadharan khareedeeo karvaa maate vadhu samay, rus aneey sambhavatah vadhu vishisht gyaan hoya. graahame bhalaaman curry hatee keey rokaankaaro companyoni nanakiy sthitinu vishleshan karvaa maate samay aneey prayaas karey. jyaare koee kampani tenaa aantarik mulyanaa discountmaa bajaarmaa uplabdh hoya, tyaare "salaamatinu margine" astitvamaa hoya chhe, jeey tene rokaan maate yogya banaave chhe. graahame lakhyu hatoo keey rokaan sauthee vadhu buddhishali hoya chhe jyaare teey sauthee vadhu vyavsaay jevu hoya chhe. teno arth aee hato keey shhare rokaankaar naa too saacho chhe aneey naa too khoto kaaran keey anya loko tenee saathe sammat thayaa athavaa asammat thayaa; teey saacho chhe kaaran keey tenee hakeekato aneey vishleshan saachu chhe. graahamnu preey roopak shrinu chhe. bajaar, aek aevo saathee jeey darroj shhare dhaaraknaa darvaja parr tenaa sherne alag bhaave khareedava athavaa vechavaani rajuaat karey chhe. saamanya reete, shree dwara tankvama aaveli keemat. bajaar vaajbi laage chhe, parantu kyarek teey hasyaspad hoya chhe. rokaankaar kaan too tenee taankeli keemat saathe sammat thavaa aneey tenee saathe vepaar karvaa athavaa tenee sampoorn avgannaa karvaa maate swatantra chhe. shree. bajaarne aano vaandho nathee, aneey beeja divase beejee keematno ullekh karvaa maate paachha aavashe. muddo aee chhe keey rokankarae shrini ichchhaaone dhyanma levee joiae nahee. rokaankaarni malikina shernu moolya nakki karvaa maate bajaar. tene temaa bhaag levaane badale bajaarni murkhtaathi nafo karvo joiae. shree saathe vadhu padatee chinta karvaane badale, rokaankaar tenee companyona vaastavik jeevannaa pradarshan parr dhyaan kendrit karey aneey dividend melve teey shreshth chhe. bajaarnu ghanivaar ataarkik vartan. graaham aspasht aneey aneeyameet nanakiy ahewal maate temnaa samaynaa corporationoni teeka kartaa hataa, jenaa kaarane rokaankaaro maate vyavsayni nanakiy sthitini saachee sthitee samjavi mushkel bunny hatee. teo vyavasaayone temnaa tamaam nafaane jaalvi rakhelee kamaani tareeke raakhvaane badale sherdhaarakone dividandani chukavaninaa himayati hataa. temane aevaa lokonee pann teeka curry jemane vyavsayni vaastavik nanakiy sthitinu saaru vishleshan karyaa vinaa, shernaa bhaavmaa satat vrudhdhini sambhaavnaane kaarane, amuk prakaarnaa shero koipan kimmate saaree khareedi hovaanu soochan karyoo hatoo. aaa avalokno aaje pann susangat chhe. 1936 thee 1956 darmiyan graahamnu sarerash rokaan pradarshan ~20% vaarshik valtar hatoo. teey jaj samaygaalaa maate ekandar bajaar pradarshan sarerash vaarshik 12.2% hatoo. aama chhataa, buffet aneey berkshire heathwayna wies chairman charley munger banne graahamnee paddhatine sakhat reete juunii ganaave chhe, jemaa bafete 1988maan patrakaar kerol lumis saatheni mulakat darmiyan janaavyu hatoo keey, "chhokaro, jooe meyn maatra benane saambhalyu hota, too shun huun kyaarey ghano garib bunny shakyo hota." graahamno sauthee moto laabh gikomathi thayo hato, jene temnee graaham-neuman bhagidariae 1948maan $712,000maan 50 takaa hisso khareedhyo hato. 1972 sudhimaa aaa sthitee vadheene $40 carode thaee gaee, jeey graaham-newmannaa anya tamaam sanyukt rokaano karataa portfoliyomaa vadhu yogdaan aape chhe. jiyakone aakhare 1996maan berkshire heathway dwara sampoorn reete hastgat karvaamaa aavee hatee, jeey agau buffet aneey john jeey. dwara sachavvama aavee hatee. 1976maan byrn. mrutyu. 21 september, 1976naa roj, graahamnu 82 varshnee vaye francenaa ex-aena-provencemaa avsaan thayu hatoo. vaarso. temnu yogdaan sankhyaabandh kshetroma felaayelu hatoo, jemathi aek mulbhoot moolya rokaan hatoo. graahamne "moolya rokaanaa pitaa" tareeke ganvaamaa aave chhe, aneey temnaa beey pustako, "suraksha vishleshan" aneey "buddhishali rokaankaar", temnaa rokaan filosoofine vyakhyayit karey chhe, khaas kareene moolya rokaankaar hovaano arth shun chhe. dalilpurvak, temno sauthee prakhyaat vidhyarthi warren buffet hato, jeey satat vishvanaa sauthee dhaneek vyaktioma sthaan dharaave chhe. buffet anusaar, graaham kaheta hataa keey teo darroj kaneek moorkh, kaneek sarjanatmak aneey kaneek udaar karvaanee ichcha raakhe chhe. aneey bafeae nondhyu hatoo keey, graahame ante sauthee vadhu utkrusht pradarshan karyoo hatoo. jyaare ghanaa moolya rokaankaaro graahamthee prabhaavit thayaa chhe, tyaare temnaa sauthee nondhpaatra rokaanaa shishyoma charles brands temaj veeliyam jeey. noow samaavesh thaay chhe. ruen, bert olden, iravinga kaahn aneey voltara jeey. scloss. vadhumaa, rokaan ange graahamnaa vichaaroae sheth clarman aneey bill aekmenne prabhaavit karyaa chhe. jyaare graahamnee ketalik rokaan vibhavnaone havey rada karvaamaa aavee chhe athavaa juunii ganvaamaa aave chhe, tyaare anya ghanee haju pann mahatvapurn tareeke odakhaay chhe aneey vishvbharni ghanee rokaan pedhhiomaa navee bhartee maate "suraksha vishleshan" athavaa "buddhishali rokaankaar" vaanchvu jaroori chhe. rokaanaa nanama temnaa kaarynee saathe, graahame aarthik siddhaantmaa pann yogdaan aapyu hatoo. sauthee nondhpaatra reete, temane yuu banne maate aek navo aadhaar taiyar karyo.aesa. aneey gold standardnaa vikalp tareeke vaishvik chalan. graahame aaa chalan siddhaantne potaanu sauthee mahatvapurn vyaavsaayik kaary ganaavyu hatoo; temnaa jivankalma tenee motaabhaage avgannaa karvaamaa aavee hatee parantu 2007-2008 nee nanakiy katokati pachhi temnaa mrutyu pachhinaa daykaoma gambhir dhyaan khenchyu hatoo.

benjamin graham benjamin graham (; né grossbaum; 9 maee, 1894-21 sitambar, 1976) ack british mool key americi arthashastri, professor aur niveshak they. unhein vyaapak roop seey "moolya nivesh key pitaa" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, aur unhone neoclassical nivesh mein dou sansthaapak granth likheh "suraksha vishleshan" (1934) david dodd key saath, aur "buddhiman niveshak" (1949). unake nivesh darshan ney niveshak manovigyaan, nyuntam rinn, khareed-aur-pakad nivesh, maulik vishleshan, kendrit vividhikaran, suraksha key dayare mein kharidari, sakriya nivesh aur vipareet mansikta parr jore diyaa. 20 saal kii umr mein kolambiya vishvavidyalaya seey snaatak honey key baad, unhone wall street parr apana currier shuru kiya, antatah graham-neuman saajhedaari kii sthaapana kii. apane poorv chhaatr vaaran buffet koo niyukt karane key baad, unhone apane "alma matter" mein shikshan padon koo sambhala, aur baad mein california vishvavidyalaya, loss angils mein yuu. see. ell. aeye. anderson school off management mein. prabandhakiya arthshastra aur nivesh mein unake kaam ney mutual fund, haze fund, vividh holding companiyon aur anya nivesh vaahanon key bheetar moolya nivesh kii ack aadhunik lahar koo janm diyaa haye. apane poore currier key dauran, graham key kaee ullekhaniya shishya they jinhen nivesh kii duniya mein paryaapt safalata millie, jisamen irving kaana aur vaaran buffet shamil they, joe baad mein unhein apane pitaa key baad apane jeevan mein dusare sabse prabhaavshaali vyakti key roop mein varnit karate they. graham key ack aur prasiddh chhaatr surr johnn templeton they. praarambhik jeevan. graham kaa janm landan, ingland mein yahudi maataa-pitaa key ghar benjamin grossbaum key roop mein huaa thaa. apani maan key paksh mein, vaha rabbi yakov gasundhite key parpote aur tantrika vigyaani ralf valdo gerard key chachere bhaai they. jaba vaha ack saal key they taba way apane parivaar key saath newyork shahar chaley gaye they. parivaar ney americi samaaj mein aatmasaat honey aur yahudi-virodhi aur yahudi-virodhi bhaavanaon seey bachane kii ichcha mein apana naam grossbum seey graham mein badal diyaa. apane pitaa kii mrityu key baad, joe ack safal furniture store key malik they aur unakaa prabandhan karate they, parivaar ney garibi kaa anubhav kiya, joe baad mein graham ney kahaa kii cumm keemat vaale saudebaji kii shuruati sarahana koo prerit karke unake nivesh siddhanton koo prabhaavit kiya. graham ack achche chhaatr bunn gaye, columbia mein apani kaksha key salami dene vaale key roop mein snaatak hue. unhone angreji, ganit aur darshan padhaane key prastaav koo aswikar curr diyaa, isake bajaay wall street parr naukari karna chunaa, jahan unhone antatah apani graham-neuman saajhedaari shuru kii. shuruat mein, graham ney "uttari pipeline mamle" key saath apana naam banaaya, joe johnn dee seey judey sharedharak sakriyata kaa ack praarambhik mamla thaa. rockfeller. graham key shodh ney uttari pipeline koo ingit kiya. unake paas vishal nakadi aur baand parisampattiyaan theen jinka unakaa maanana thaa kii achchha upayog naheen kiya jaa rhaa thaa, aur unhone inn parisampattiyon koo sharedharakon koo vitarit karane key liye ack proxy vote koo majboor karane key liye paryaapt share khareede. nivesh aur shaikshanik carrier. unaki pahali pustak, "suraksha vishleshan" david dodd key saath 1934 mein prakaashit hui thee. "suraksha vishleshan" mein, unhone nivesh kii ack spasht paribhasha kaa prastaav rakhaa joe unhone joe atkalen maani theen, usase alag thee. isamen kahaa gayaa haye, "ack nivesh sanchaalan vaha haye joe, gahan vishleshan parr, mooldhan kii suraksha aur paryaapt laabh kaa vaadaa kartaa haye. inn aavashyaktaon koo puuraa naheen karane vaale sanchaalan atkalbaji hain." warren buffet ney "buddhiman niveshak" (1949) koo "nivesh key baare mein likhi gaee abb taka kii sabse achchi pustak" key roop mein varnit kiya haye."graham ney share bajar key pratibhaagi koo pahale nivesh aur atkalon key beach ack maulik antar karane key liye protsaahit kiya. graham ney likhaa kii equity sheyaron key malik koo unhein sabse pahale aur sabse mahatvapurna roop seey ack vyavasaay key aanshik swaamitva key roop mein maanana chaahiye. usa drishtikon koo dhyaan mein rakhate hue, stock malik koo stock kii kimaton mein aniyamit utaar-chadhaav key baare mein bahut adhik chintit naheen honah chaahiye, kyonki alpaavadhi mein stock bajar ack matdan machine kii tarah vyavhaar kartaa haye, lekin lambi avadhi mein yeh ack vajan machine kii tarah kaam kartaa haye (i.ee. iska vaastavik moolya lambe samay mein isake stock moolya mein parilakshit hoga). graham ney nishkriya aur sakriya niveshak key beach antar kiya. nishkriya niveshak, jise aksar ack rakshaatmak niveshak key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye, saavdhaanipoorvak nivesh kartaa haye, moolya sheyaron kii talash kartaa haye, aur lambi avadhi key liye khareedata haye. isake vipareet, sakriya niveshak vaha hotaa haye jisake paas bajar mein asadharan kharidari karane key liye adhik samay, ruchi aur sambhavatah adhik vishesh gyaan hotaa haye. graham ney sifarish kii kii niveshak companiyon kii vittiya sthiti kaa vishleshan karane key liye samay aur prayaas karein. jaba koee company bajar mein apane aantarik moolya parr chhoot parr upalabdh hoti haye, tou ack "suraksha kaa antar" maujood hotaa haye, joe ise nivesh key liye upayukt banaata haye. graham ney likhaa kii nivesh sabse buddhiman hotaa haye jaba yeh sabse adhik vyavasaay jaisa hotaa haye. iska matlab yeh thaa kii stock niveshak naa tou sahee haye aur naa hii galat kyonki anya loga usase sahmat yaa asahmat hain; vaha sahee haye kyonki usake tathya aur vishleshan sahee hain. graham kaa pasandida roopak shree kaa haye. bajar, ack aisaa saathi joe harr dinn stock dhaarak key darwaaje parr apane sheyaron koo alag keemat parr khareedane yaa bechane kii peshkash kartaa haye. aamtaur parr, shree dwara uddhrit moolya. bajar prashansaniya lagata haye, lekin kabhi-kabhi yeh hasyaspad hotaa haye. niveshak yaa tou apane uddhrit moolya seey sahmat honey aur usake saath vyaapaar karane key liye swatantra haye, yaa usey poori tarah seey nazarandaj karane key liye swatantra haye. shree. bajar koo isase koee fark naheen padata, aur agale dinn ack aur keemat dene key liye vaapas aaa jaayega. mudda yeh haye kii niveshak koo shree kii sanak koo naheen maanana chaahiye. niveshak key swaamitva vaale sheyaron key moolya kaa nirdhaaran karane key liye bajar. usey isamen bhaag lene key bajaay bajar kii moorkhata seey laabh uthaana chaahiye. niveshak shree key saath bahut adhik chintit honey key bajaay apani companiyon key vaastavik jeevan key pradarshan parr dhyaan kendrit karna aur labhansh praapt karna sabse achchha haye. bajar kaa aksar tarkaheen vyavhaar. graham ney aspasht aur aniyamit vittiya reporting key liye apane samay key nigamon kii aalochana kii, jisase niveshakon key liye vyavasaay key vitt kii vaastavik sthiti koo samajhana mushkil hoe gayaa. way apane sabhi munafe koo barkarar aaya key roop mein rakhane key bajaay sharedharakon koo labhansh bhugtan key samarthak they. unhone una logon kii bhee aalochana kii jinhone salah dee kii kuchh prakaar key stock kissy bhee keemat parr achchi khareed they, kyonki nirantar stock moolya vriddhi kii sambhavana key kaaran, vyavasaay kii vaastavik vittiya sthiti kaa achchha vishleshan kiye binaa. yeye avalokan aaj bhee praasangik hain. graham kaa ausat nivesh pradarshan 1936 seey 1956 taka vaarshik roop seey ~20% thaa. usee samay avadhi key liye samagr bajar pradarshan ausatan vaarshik roop seey 12.2% thaa. isake bavjood, buffet aur berkshire hathway key upaadhyaksh charley munger donon hii graham key tareeke kaa paalan karane koo sakhti seey purana maanate hain, buffet ney 1988 mein patrakaar caroll lumis key saath ack sakshatkar key dauran kahaa thaa, "ladka, aggar maine kewal bayne koo sunaa hotaa, tou main kabhi bahut garib hotaa." graham kaa sabse badaa laabh geeko seey thaa, jise unaki graham-neuman saajhedaari ney 1948 mein $712,000 mein 50 pratishat kharida thaa. 1972 taka yeh sthiti badhkar $400 million hoe gaee, joe graham-neuman key anya niveshon kii tulanaa mein portfolio mein adhik yogdan detaa haye. jiko koo antatah 1996 mein berkshire hathway dwara poori tarah seey adhigrahit kiya gayaa thaa, jise pahale buffet aur johnn jey dwara bachaaya gayaa thaa. 1976 mein byrn. mrityu. 21 sitambar, 1976 koo graham kaa 82 varsh kii ayu mein france key aiks-aine-provence mein nidhan hoe gayaa. viraasat. unakaa yogdan kaee kshetron mein faila huaa thaa, jinamen seey ack maulik moolya nivesh thaa. graham koo "moolya nivesh kaa janak" maanaa jaataa haye, aur unaki dou pustaken, "suraksha vishleshan" aur "buddhiman niveshak", ney unake nivesh darshan koo paribhaashit kiya, vishesh roop seey ack moolya niveshak honey kaa kyaa arth haye. yakinan, unakaa sabse prasiddh chhaatr vaaran buffet thaa, joe lagaatar duniya key sabse dhanee vyaktiyon mein seey ack haye. buffet key anusaar, graham kahate they kii vaha harr dinn kuchh murkhtapurna, kuchh rachanaatmak aur kuchh udaartaa seey karane kii ichcha rakhate they. aur buffet ney nott kiya, graham ney anta mein sabse adhik utkrishtata praapt kii. jabaki kaee moolya niveshak graham seey prabhaavit hue hain, unake sabse ullekhaniya nivesh shishyon mein charles brand key saath-saath villium jey shamil hain. ruen, bert olden, irving kaana aur walter jey. scloss. isake alawa, nivesh parr graham key vichaaron ney sett clerman aur bill ackman kii pasand koo prabhaavit kiya haye. jabaki graham kii kuchh nivesh avadhaaranaon koo abb pratisthaapit yaa purani maanaa jaataa haye, kaee anya abhee bhee mahatvapurna key roop mein maanyata praapt hain aur duniya bhar mein kaee nivesh farmon mein naee niyuktiyon key liye "suraksha vishleshan" yaa "buddhiman niveshak" koo padhane kii aavashyakta haye. nivesh vitt mein apane kaam key saath-saath graham ney aarthik siddhant mein bhee yogdan diyaa. vishesh roop seey, unhone donon yuu key liye ack nayaa aadhar taiyar kiya.aiss. aur swarn maanak key vikalp key roop mein vaishvik mudra. graham ney iss mudra siddhant koo apana sabse mahatvapurna peshevar kaam maanaa; ise unake jivankal mein kaafee hudd taka nazarandaj curr diyaa gayaa thaa, lekin aaee. dee. 1 key vittiya sankat key baad unaki mrityu key dashakon baad gambhir dhyaan aakarshit kiya.

benjamin graham benjamin graham (; neey grossbaum; mayee 9,1894-september 21,1976) british moolada american arthashaastragna, pradhyapaka mattu hoodikedaararaagiddaru. avaru "moulya hoodikeya pitamaha" endu vyaapakavaagi kareyalpaduttaare mattu neoclassical hoodikeyalli eradu sthapaka pathyagalannu barediddaareh david dodd avarondige "bhadrata vishleshane" (1934), mattu "buddhivanta hudikedaara" (1949). avara hoodike tatvashaastravu hoodikedaarara manovignaana, kanishta saala, khareedi mattu hidita hoodike, moolabhoota vishleshane, kendrikruta vaividhyate, surakshateya mitiyolage khareedi, sakriya hoodike mattu viruddha manasthitigalannu ottihelitu. columbia vishvavidyaalayadinda 20neey vayassinalli padavi padeda nantara, avaru wall streetnalli tamma vrattijeevanavannu praarambhisidaru, antimavagi graham-neuman paaludaarikeyannu sthaapisidaru. tamma maaji vidyarthi warren buffet avarannu nemisikonda nantara, avaru tamma "alma matter" nalli bodhana sthaanagalannu vahisikondaru mattu nantara laas angeliesna california vishvavidyaalayada ucla anderson school off managementnalli bodhana sthaanagalannu vahisikondaru. nirvahanaa arthashaastra mattu hoodikeyalli avara kelasavu mutual fandgalu, headge fandgalu, vaividhyamaya hiduvali kampanigalu mattu itara hoodike vahanagalalli moulyada hoodikeya aadhunika alege kaaranavaagide. tamma vrattijeevanaduddakku, graham avaru aneka gamanarha sisyarannu hondiddaru, avaru hoodikeya jagattinalli gananeeya yashassannu padedaru, idaralli irving qaan mattu warren buffet seriddaru, eradaneyavaru avarannu tamma swanta tandeya nantara tamma jeevanadalli eradane atyanta prabhavashali vyakti endu bannisidaru. grahamna mattobba prasiddha vidyaarthiyaagiddanu surr zaan templeton. arambhika jeevana. graham inglendna landannalli, yahoodi poshakarige benjamin grossbaum embaatanaagi janisidanu. tanna taayiya kadeyinda, avanu rabbi yakov gesundheyitna marimomaga mattu naravijnaani ralf waldo gerardna sodarasambandhiyagiddanu. avaru ondu varshadavaragiddaga tamma kutumbadondige newyork nagarakke teralidaru. american samajadalli vileenagolluva mattu yehudya virodhi mattu german virodhi bhavanegalannu tappisuva bayakeyalli kutumbavu tamma hesarannu grasbamninda graham endu badalaayisitu. yashasvi pithopakarana angadia maaleeka mattu nirvahisuva avara tandeya maranada nantara, kutumbavu badatanavannu anubhavisitu, idu nantara kadime beleya chaukaashigalannu khareedisuva arambhika mecchugeyannu prerepisuva moolaka avara hoodike siddhaantagala mele prabhaava beeritu endu graham helidaru. kolambiyaadalli tanna taragatiya solutatorian aagi padavi padeda graham obba uttama vidyaarthiyaadanu. avaru inglish, ganita mattu tatvashaastravannu kalisuva prastapavannu nirakarisidaru, badalige wall streetnalli kelasa maadalu ayke maadidaru, allie avaru antimavagi tamma graham-neuman paaludaarikeyannu praarambhisidaru. aarambhadalli, graham "uttara pipeline vevahaara" dondige tannade aada hesarannu galisidanu, idu zaan dii. avarannu olagonda sherudaarara kriyavadada arambhika prakaranavagide. rockfeller. grahamna samshoodhaneyu uttara pipeline kampaniyannu soochiside. avaru apaara nagadu mattu baand svattugalannu hondiddaru, avugalannu uttama balakege balasalaaguttilla endu avaru nambiddaru, mattu ee svattugalannu sherudaararige vitarisalu paroksa matavannu ottaayisalu saakashtu sherugalannu khareedisidaru. hoodike mattu shaikshanika vrutti. david dodd avarondigina avara modala pustakavaada "bhadrata vishleshane" 1934ralli prakatavaayitu. "bhadrata vishleshane" yalli, avaru uhapohagalinda bhinnavaada hoodikeya spashta vyaakhyaanavannu prastapisidaru. hoodikeya karyacharaneyu, sampoorna vishleshaneya nantara, mooladhanada surakshate mattu saakashtu laabhavannu bharavase niiduttade. ee avashyakategalannu pooraisada karyacharanegalu uhatmakavagive." warren buffet avaru "dhii intelligent investor" (1949) annu "hoodike bagge iduvarege bareda atyuttama pustaka" endu vivarisiddaare."hoodike mattu uhapohagala naduvina moolabhoota vyatyaasavannu modalu torisuvante graham sheru marukatteyalli bhagavahisuvavarige soochisidaru. eekviti staakgala malikaru avugalannu modala mattu agraganyavagi vyavahaarada bhagashah malikatvavannu niiduttiddaare endu pariganisabeku endu graham barediddaare. aaa drashtikonavannu gamanadallittukondu, sheru malikaru sheru belegalallina aniyamita airilitagala bagge hecchu chintisabaradu, ekendare alpaavadhiyalli sheru marukatteyu matadaana yantradante vartisuttade, aadare deerghaavadhiyalli idu tooka yantradante kaaryanirvahisuttade (andare.ii. adara nijavaada moulyavu deerghaavadhiyalli adara sheru beleyalli pratiphalisuttade). graham avaru nishkriya mattu sakriya hoodikedaarara naduvina vyatyaasavannu gurutisuttaare. samanyavagi rakshanaatmaka hudikedaara endu kareyalpaduva nishkriya hoodikedaararu echcharikeyinda hoodike maaduttaare, moulyada sherugalannu hudukuttaare mattu deerghaavadhige khareedisuttaare. idakke viruddhavaagi, sakriya hoodikedaaranu marukatteyalli asadharana khareedigalannu hudukalu hecchu samaya, asakti mattu bahushah hecchu vishesha gnaanavannu hondiruvavanu. kampanigala arthika sthitiyannu vishleshisalu hoodikedaararu samaya mattu shramavannu vyayisabekendu graham shipharasu maadidaru. ondu kampaniyu tanna aantarika moulyakke riyayitiyalli marukatteyalli labhyaviddaaga, "bhadrateya anchu" astitvadalliruttade, idu adannu hoodikege suktavagisuttade. hoodike atyanta vyaapaarada ritiyaddaga atyanta buddhivantikeyinda koodiruttade endu graham barediddaare. adara moolaka avaru stock hoodikedaararu surry athawa tappu alla endu arthaisidaru ekendare itararu avarondige wappikondaru athawa oppalilla; avaru surry ekendare avara sangatigalu mattu vishleshane sariyagive. graham avara necchina roopakavendare shree. marukatte, pratidina sherudaarara bagilalli bandu tanna sherugalannu bere belege khareedisalu athawa marata maadalu prastapisuva obba vyakti. samanyavagi, shree avaru ullekhisida bele. marukatte samarthaneeyavendu toruttade, aadare kelavomme idu haasyaaspadavaagide. hoodikedaararu tamma ullekhisida beleyannu oppikollalu mattu avarondige vyapara maadalu athawa avarannu sampoornavaagi nirlakshisalu svatantraraagiruttaare. shree. marukatte idakke talekedisikolluvudilla, mattu marudina mattondu beleyannu ullekhisalu hintiruguttade. mukhya vishayavendare hoodikedaararu shree avara ichcheyannu pariganisabaaradu. hoodikedaararu hondiruva sherugala moulyavannu nirdharisuva marukatte. avanu marukatteya moorkhatanadalli bhagavahisuva badalu adarinda labha galisabeku. hoodikedaararu srigala bagge hecchu kalaji vahisuva badalu tamma kampanigala nija jeevanada kaaryakshamateya mele gamana kendrikarisuvudu mattu laabhaamshavannu padeyuvudu uttama. marukatteya avivekada nadavalike. graham avaru tamma kaalada nigamagala bagge aspashta mattu aniyamita hanakasu varadigaagi tikisidaru, idu hoodikedaararige vyavahaarada hanakasina nijavaada sthitiyannu grahisalu kashtavagisitu. avaru tamma ellah laabhagalannu ulisikonda galikeyante ittukolluva vyavahaaragaliginta sherudaararige labhamsha pavatigalannu maaduva vakilaraagiddaru. vyavahaarada nijavaada arthika sthitiya bagge uttama vishleshane maadadeye, sthiravaada sheru bele belavanigeya niriksheyindaagi, kelavu reetiya sherugalu yaavude belege uttama khareedi endu salahe nididavarannu avaru tikisidaru. ee avalokanagalu indigoo prastutavagive. 1936rinda 1956rahra avadhiyalli grahamna sarasari hoodike kaaryakshamateyu varshika aadaayavaagittu. adhe avadhiyalli ottare marukatte kaaryakshamateyu vaarshikavaagi sarasari 12.2% aagittu. idara horataagiyoo, buffet mattu berkshire hathway upadhyaksha charley mungar ibbaroo grahamna vidhaanavannu kattunittaagi halataagide endu pariganisuttaare, 1988 ralli fortunegaagi patrakarta caroll loomisge needida sandarshanadalli buffet, "huduga, naanu benn avara matannu maatra aalisiddare, naanu endaadaroo tumba badavanaguttidde." graham avara atidodda laabhavendare geeko, idannu avara graham-neuman paaludaarikeyu 1948ralli $712,000kke shekada 50rashtu khareedisitu. 1972rahra velege ee sthaanavu $400 dasalakshakke airitu, idu graham-neuman ellah itara hoodikegaliginta bandavaalakke hecchina koduge needitu. ee hinde buffet mattu zaan zhe. avarinda rakshisalpatta geekovannu antimavagi 1996ralli berkshire hathway swadhinapadisikonditu. 1976ralli byrne. saavu. 1976rahra september 21randu, graham tamma 82neey vayassinalli fransna aiks-enn-provensionalli nidhanaraadaru. parampare. avara kodugegalu halavaaru kshetragalannu vyaapisive, avugalalli ondu moolabhoota moulya hoodike aagittu. graham avarannu "moulya hoodikeya pitamaha" endu pariganisalaagide mattu avara eradu pustakagalaada "bhadrata vishleshane" mattu "buddhivanta hudikedaara", avara hoodike tatvashaastravannu, visheshavaagi moulya hoodikedaaranaagiruvudu endare enu embudannu vyaakhyaanisive. vaadayogyavaagi, avara atyanta prasiddha vidyaarthiyaagidda warren buffet, avaru vishvada srimanta vyaktigalalli sthiravaagi sthana padediddaare. buffet prakara, graham avaru pratidina moorkhatana, srujanasheela mattu udaaravaadaddannu maadalu bayasuttaare endu heluttiddaru. mattu buffet gamanisidante, graham koneyadaagi atyuttama pradarshana niididaru. aneka moulya hoodikedaararu grahamninda prabhaavitaraagiddaru, avara atyanta gamanarha hoodike sisyaralli charles brands mattu vilium zhe. ruen, burt olden, irving qaan mattu walter zhe. scloss. idallade, hoodikeya bagge graham avara aalochanegalu seth clarman mattu bill akman avara mele prabhaava beerive. grahamna kelavu hoodike parikalpanegalannu eega raddugolisalaagide athawa halataagide endu pariganisalaagiddaru, innoo anekavugalannu pramukhavendu gurutisalaagide mattu vishvadaadyantada aneka hoodike samsthegalalli hosa nemakaatigalige "bhadrata vishleshane" athawa "buddhivanta hudikedaara" oduva agatyavide. hoodike hanakasu kshetradalli tamma kelasada jotege, graham avaru arthika siddhaantakku kodugegalannu niididaru. mukhyavaagi, aata yuu ibbarigoo hosa aadhaaravannu roopisidaru.ess. mattu chinnada manadandakke paryayavagi jagatika currency. graham ee currency siddhaantavannu tamma pramukha vruttipara kelasavendu pariganisidaru; idannu avara jeevitaavadhiyalli hechchaagi nirlakshisalaayitu aadare avara maranada dasakagala nantara 2007-2008 naa arthika bikkattina nantara gambhira gamanavannu seledaru.

benchamin graham benchamin graham (; neey grossbam; meyy 9,1894-septambar 21,1976) oru britiish vamshajanaaya american saambathika shaasthranjanum professor nikshepakanum aayirunnu. moolyanikshepathinte pithaav" ennu parakke ariyappedunna addeham neoclassical nikshepathinte rund sthaapaka grandhangal ezhuthiyittundu "security analysis" (1934) david dodsinoppam, "intalijant invester" (1949). nikshepakarude manahshaasthram, kuranja kadam, vaangukayum kaivasham vaykkukayum cheiyunna nikshepam, adisthaana vishakalanam, kendreekritha vaividyavalkkaranam, surakshayude paridhikkullil vaangal, sajeevamaaya nikshepam, virudhamaaya maanasikavastha enniva addehathinte nikshepa thathwachintha oonnipparanju. 20-aamm vayassil columbia sarvakalashaalayil ninnu birudam nediya sesham, vaal streettil thante currier aarambhicha addeham oduvil graham-neuman pankaalittham sthaapichu. thante muun vidyaarthi vaaran bafattine niyamicha sesham addeham thante "alma mettaril" adthyaapaka sthaanangalum pinneedu loss enjalsile california sarvakalaashaalayile ucla aandezhsan school oof maanejmentilum chumathalayettu. maanejmental economicsilum nikshepathilum addeham nadatthiya pravartthanangal myoochwal fandukal, hedge fandukal, vaividhyamaarnna holding kambanikal, mattu nikshepa vahanangal ennivaykkullil moolyanikshepathinte aadhunika tharamgatthilekku nayichu. thante kariyariludaneelam, irving qaan, vaaran buffet ennivarulppede nikshepa lokath ganyamaaya vijayam nediya niravadhi sradheyamaaya shishyanmar graahathinu undaayirunnu, randaamathethu swantham pithaavin sesham thante jeevithathile ettavum swaadheenamulla randaamathe vyakthiyayi addehathe visheshippichu. graahatthinte mattoru prashastha vidyaarthi sarr joonn templeton aayirunnu. aadyakaala jeevitam. englandile landanil jootha maathaapithaakkalkk benchamin grossbam enna peril graham janichu. ammayude bhaagathuninnu addeham raabi yakov gesundhaittinte cherumakanum neuro sayantist ralph valdo jeraardinte cussin aayirunnu. oru vayassullappol addeham kudumbathodoppam newyork nagaratthilekku thamasam maari. american samoohavumaayi swaamsheekarikkaanum yahooda virudhavum jarmman virudhavumaaya vikarangal ozhivakkaanumulla aagrahathil kudumbam avarude peru grossbamil ninnu graham ennu maatti. vijayakaramaya oru furniture store swanthamaakki kaikaaryam cheythirunna pithaavinte maranashesham, kudumbam daaridryam anubhavichu, ithu kuranja vilayulla vilapeshalukal vaangunnathinulla aadyakaala prasamsaye prachodippichukondu thante nikshepa sidhaanthangale swaadheenichuvennu graham pinneedu paranju. kolambiyayile thante classil saloottettoriyanaayi birudam nediya graham oru nalla vidyaarthiyaayi. engleesh, kanakk, thathwachintha enniva padippikkaanulla vaagdaanam addeham nirasikkukayum pakaram vaal streettil jolie thiranjedukkukayum avide oduvil thante graham-neuman pankaalittham aarambikkukayum cheythu. thudakkathil, joonn dii ulppetta ohari udamakalude pravartthanatthinte aadyakaala kesaaya "northen pipeline affair" ennathiloode graham svanthamaayi oru peru nedi. rockfeller. graaminte gaveshanam northen pipeline kambaniye soochippichu. valia panavum boond aasthikalum kaivasham vachirunna addeham avaa nannayi upayogikkunnillenn vishwasikkukayum eee asthikal ohari udamakalkku vitharanam cheyyaan proxy vottu nirbandhikkaan mathiyaya oharikal vaangukayum cheythu. nikshepavum academic currier. david dodinoppam addehathinte aadya pusthakamaaya "security analysis" 1934-ll prasidheekarichu. "security analysis" ennathil addeham oohaapohangalil ninnu vyathyasthamaaya nikshepathekkurichulla vyakthamaaya nirvachanam nirddeshichu. samagramaya vishakalanathiloode mooladhanathinte surakshyum mathiyaya varumaanavum vaagdaanam cheiyunna onnaanu nikshepa pravartthanam. eee aavasyakathakal niravettaattha pravartthanangal oohaapohangalaanu." vaaran buffet "dhii intalijant invester" (1949) neey "ekkaalatheyum mikacha nikshepathekkurichulla pusthakam" ennu visheshippikkunnu."nikshepavum oohaapohangalum thammil adisthaanaparamaaya vyathyasam aadyam varaykkaan graham ohari vipaniyil pankedukkunnavarodu ahvaanam cheythu. ohari oharikalude udama avaye oru bisinasinte bhagika udamasthaavakaasham nalkunnathaayi kanakkaakkanamenn graham ezhuthi. aaa kaazhchappaad manassil vechukondu, stokku udama stokku vilayile kramarahithamaya ettakkurachilukalekkuri valareyadhikam aashankappedendathilla, kaaranam hraswakaalathekku stokku maarkkat oru votting mesheen pole perumaarunnu, ennaal deerghakaalaadisthaanathil ithu oru thookkamulla mesheen pole pravartthikkunnu (athaayath.iii. athinte yadhaartha moolyam deerghakaalaadisthaanathil athinte stokku vilayil prathifalikkum). nishkriyan sajeevavumaaya nikshepakane graham verthirichu. palappozhum prathirodha nikshepakan ennu vilikkappedunna nishkriya nikshepakan, jaagrathayode nikshepikkukayum moolyamulla oharikal tirayukayum deerghakaalaadisthaanathil vaangukayum cheiyunnu. neremarichu, vipaniyil asaadhaaranamaaya vaangalukalkkayi kooduthal samayavum thaalpparyavum kooduthal prathyeka arivum ulla oraalaan sajeeva nikshepakan. kambanikalude saambathika sthithi vishakalanam cheyyaan nikshepakar samayavum parisramavum chelavazhikkanamenn graham shupaarsha cheythu. oru kambani athinte aantharika moolyathinu kizhivulla vilaykk vipaniyil labhyamaakumbol, oru "marjin oof sephtti" nilanilkkunnu, ithu athine nikshepathinu anuyojyamaakkunnu. nikshepam ettavum budhiparamaayirikkumbol athu mikkavarum bisinesses poleyaanennu graham ezhuthi. mattullavar thannodu yojikkukayo viyojikkukayo cheythathinaal ohari nikshepakan shario thetto allennu addeham ardhamaakki; addehathinte vasthuthakalum vishakalanavum sariyaayathinaal addeham sariyaanu. graahaminte priyappetta upamayaan shree. maarkkat, oro divasavum stokku holderude vaathilkkal thante oharikal vyathyastha vilaykk vangano vilcano vaagdaanam cheiyunna oru sahasthaayi. saadhaaranayaayi, misttar udharicha vila. vipani vishwasaneeyamaanennu thonnumenkilum chilappozhokke athu parihasyamaanu. nikshepakanu onnukil thante udharicha vilayodu yojikkanum avanumaayi vyapaaram nadatthaanum allengil avane poornnamaayum avaganikkaanum swaathanthryamundu. emm. vipani ithu kaaryamakkunnilla, mattoru vila udharikkaan adutha divasam thirike varum. misttar misttarinte agrahangal nikshepakan pariganikkaruth ennathaanu kaaryam. nikshepakante udamasthathayilulla oharikalude moolyam nirnnayikkunna maarkkat. avan athil pankedukkunnathinuparam vipaniyile viddithathil ninnu labham nedanam. misttar mistarinekkurichu valareyadhikam aashankappedunnathinuparam, nikshepakan thante kambanikalude yadhaartha jeevita prakadanatthil shradha kendreekarikkukayum labhavihitam nedukayum cheiyunnathaanu nallath. vipaniyude yukthirahithamaya perumaattam palappozhum. bisinasinte saambathika sthithiyude yadhaartha avastha thirichariyaan nikshepakarkku budhimuttundaakkiya avyakthavum kramarahithavumaaya saambathika reportinginaayi graham thante kaalathe korppareshanukale vimarshichu. bisinasukal avarude ellah laabhavum nilanirtthiya varumaanamaayi sookshikkunnathinupakaram ohari udamakalkku labhavihitam nalkunnathine addeham pinthunachu. bisinasinte yadhaartha saambathika sthithiyekkurichu nalla vishakalanam nadathaathe, sthiramaaya ohari vila valarchayude saadhyatha kaaranam, chila tharatthilulla oharikal eathu vilaykkum nalla vaangalaanennu upadeshichavareyum addeham vimarshichu. eee nireekshanangal innum prasakthamaanu. 1936 muthal 1956 vareyulla kaalayalavil graahatthinte sharashari nikshepa prakadanam ~20% vaarshika varumaanamayirunnu. athe kaalayalavile mothatthilulla vipani prakadanam prathivarsham sharashari 12.2% aayirunnu. ithokkeyaanengilum, bafattum berkshare hathway vais chairman charley mungar graahaminte reethi karsanamaayi kaalaharanappettathaanennu karuthunnu, 1988 ll pathrapravartthakanaaya karol lumisinu nalkia abhimukhathil buffet paranju, "booy, njaan bennine maathram kettirunnengil, njaan eppozhengilum valare daridranaakumaayirunnu." 1948ll addehathinte graham-neuman pankaalittham 712,000 dollarinu 50 sathamaanam vangiya geekoyil ninnaan graahaminte ettavum valia nettam. 1972 aayappozhekkum eee sthaanam 400 dasalaksham dollarayi uyarnnu, ithu graham-newmante mattu nikshepangalekkaal kooduthal portfolioykku sambhavana cheythu. munbu bafattum joonn jeey. yum rakshichirunna jeeko oduvil 1996-ll berkshare hathway poornnamaayum swanthamaakki. 1976ll bairne. maranam. 1976 septambar 21nuu fraansile ikes-enn-provencil 82-aamm vayassil graham antharichu. paarambaryamaayi. addehathinte sambhavanakal niravadhi mekhalakalil vyaapichukidakkunnu, athilonnu adisthaana moolyanikshepamaayirunnu. graahathe "moolyanikshepathinte pithaav" aayi kanakkaakkukayum addehathinte "security analysis", "intalijant invester" ennee rund pusthakangal addehathinte nikshepa thathwashaasthrathe, prathyekichu oru moolyanikshepakan ennathinte ardhathe, nirvachikkukayum cheythu. addehathinte ettavum prashasthanaaya vidyaarthi vaaran buffet aayirunnu, addeham sthiramaayi lokathile ettavum sambannaraaya vyakthikalil oraalaan. buffet parayunnathanusarichu, ellah divasavum viddithavum sargaathmakavum udaaravumaaya enthengilum cheyyaan aagrahikkunnuvennu graham parayaarundaayirunnu. oduvil graham ettavum mikavu pulartthiyennu buffet abhiprayappettu. niravadhi moolyanikshepakare graham swaadheenichittundengil, addehathinte ettavum sradheyamaaya nikshepa shishyanmaril chaals braandukalum vilyam jeey. ruwan, bert ooldan, irving qaan, walter jeey. shloss. koodaathe, nikshepathekkurichulla graahatthinte chinthakal sethu clarman, bill akman ennivare swaadheenichittundu. grahaaminte chila nikshepa ashayangal ippol asaadhuvaakkiyatho kaalaharanappettatho aayi kanakkaakkappedunnundu, mattu palathum ippozhum pradhaanappettathaayi amgeekarikkappedukayum lokamembaadumulla pala nikshepa sthaapanangalilum puthiya niyamanangalkkayi "suraksha vishakalanam" allengil "budhiyulla nikshepakan" vaayikkendathumaanu. nikshepa dhanakaaryathile pravarthanatthinoppam, saambathika sidhaanthathilum graham sambhavanakal nalki. ettavum shradheyamaayi, addeham iruvarkkum oru puthiya adisthaanam aavishkarichu.ezz. koodaathe swarnna nilavaarathinu pakaramaayi aagola currency. eee currency sidhaanthathe graham thante ettavum pradhanappetta professional kruthiyaayi kanakkakki; ithu thante jeevithakaalathu valia thothil avaganikkappettuvenkilum maranashesham pathittaandukalkk sesham aii. dii. 1-nte saambathika prathisandhiyethudarnnu gurutharamaaya shradha nedi.

benjamin graham benjamin graham (; né grossbaum; 9 meey 1894-21 september 1976) heey british vanshache american arthshastradnya, pradhyapak aanee guntavanukdar hote. tyanna 'moolya guntavanukiche janak' mhanoon olakhale jaate aanee tyanni neoclassical guntavanukitil done sansthapak grunth lihileh 'suraksha vishleshan' (1934) david dods aanee 'buddhiman guntavanukdar' (1949). tyanchya guntavanuk tattvadnyanat guntavanukdaranche manasshastra, kiman karj, kharedi aanee dharan guntavanuk, moolbhut vishleshan, kendrit vaividhya, surakshitatechya maryadet kharedi, sakriy guntavanuk aanee viruddha mansikta yavar bharr denyat aala. vayachya 20 vya varshi kolambiya vidyapithatun padvi ghetalyanantar, tyanni wall streetwar aaplya karkirdila suruvat kelee aanee akheris graham-neuman bhagidarichi sthapana kelee. tyanche majee vidyarthi warren buffey yanna nokarivar thevalyanantar, tyanni tyanchya 'alma metter' madhye aanee nantar losses angelischya california vidyapithatil yuu. see. ell. aii. anderson school auph managementmadhye adhyapanachi padey sweekarli. vyavasthapakiy arthshastra aanee guntavanukitil tyanchya karyamule mutual fund, hays fund, vaividhyapurn holding kampanya aanee itar guntavanuk vahinyanmadhye moolya guntavanukichi aadhunik laat aalee aahe. tyanchya sampoorn karkirdit, grahamche anek ullekhaneey shishya hote jyanna guntavanukichya jagaat lakshaniy yash midale, jyat iraving qaan aanee warren buffey yancha samavesh hota, jyanni pudhe jaaun tyanche varnan tyanchya swatachya vadilannantar tyanchya aayushyatil dusari sarvat prabhavshali vyakti mhanoon kele. surr johnn templeton heey grahamche aanakhi eka prasiddha vidyarthi hote. prarambhik jeevan. grahamcha janm benjamin grossbaum yaa navane london, ingland yethe jyoo palakanchya potee jhaala. tyachya aaichya bajoone, too rabbi yakov gesundhaitcha panjoba aanee madjatantushastradnya ralf valdo gerardcha chulat bhau hota. too eka varshancha asatana tyachya kutumbasah newyork shaharat sthayik jhaala. american samajat villin honyachya aanee yahudivirodhi aanee germanvirodhi bhavna talhanyachya ichchhene kutumbane tyanche naav grossbomwaroon graham asey badalale. furnitureche yashasvi dukan chalavanaya aanee chalavanaya tyachya vadilanchya mrutyunantar, kutumbane garibeecha anubhav ghetala, jyane nantar graham yanni qamee kimatichya saudebajichya suruvatichya kautukala prerana deuun tyanchya guntavanukichya siddhantanvar prabhav padala asey mhatale. graham eka changla vidyarthi banala, tyane kolambiyatil tyachya vargatil salutatorian mhanoon padvi prapt kelee. tyane ingraji, ganeet aanee tattvadnyan shikavanyacha prastav nakarla, tyaeivaji wall streetwar nokri karnyacha nirnay ghetala, jithe tyane akheris tyachi graham-neuman bhagidari suru kelee. suruvatilach, grahamane 'daad northern pipeline affair' neey swatache naav kamavale, jeey johnn dii. yancha samavesh asalelya bhagdharkanchya sakriyateche prarambhik prakaran hote. rockfeller. grahamchya sanshodhanane northern pipeline companyche sanket dile. tyanchyakade prachand rokh aanee rokhe malmatta hotee, jyacha tyanna vishvas hota qee tyancha changla vapar keela jaat nahee aanee tyanni hii malmatta bhagdharkanna vitarit karnyasathi proxy vote karnyas bhag padnyasathi purese sambhag kharedi kele. guntavanuk aanee shaikshanik karkird. suraksha vishleshan' heey tyanche pahile pustak, 'suraksha vishleshan' heey david dodd yanchyasobat 1934 madhye prakashit jhaale. 'suraksha vishleshan' madhye tyanni guntavanukichi eka spasht vyakhya prastavit kelee jee tyanna andajapeksha vegali vatali. tyat asey lihile aahe qee, "guntavanuk prakriya mhanje tee prakriya jee sakhol vishleshan kelyavar muddal surakshit thevanyache aanee puresa paratava denyache aashvasan dete. yaa garja purn naan karnari karye hii anumanatmak aahet." warren buffey yanni 'daad intelligent investor' (1949) heey 'guntavanukibaddal aataparyant lihilele sarvottam pustak' asey varnan kele aahe."graham yanni share bajaratil sahbhaginna guntavanuk aanee andaj yanchyatil moolbhut farak pratham kadhanyache aavahan kele. graham yanni lihile qee sambhaganchya malkane tyanna vyavasayachi aanshik malki pradan karnare mhanoon pratham aanee sarvat mahattvache manale pahije. haah drushtikon lakshat gheuun, share malkane sharechya kimmatinmadhil aniyamit chadhautarambaddal jaast kalji karoo naye, kaaran alpavadhit share bajar matdan yantrasarkhe vagato, parantu dirghkalasathi teey vajan yantrasarkhe karya karate (mhanje.eae. tyache kharey moolya dirghkalat tyachya sambhagachya kimmatit pratibimbit hoil). graham yanni nishkriy aanee sakriy guntavanukdaranmadhye farak keela. nishkriy guntavanukdar, jyala anekada bachavatmak guntavanukdar mhanoon sambodhale jaate, too savadhgirine guntavanuk karato, moolya sambhag shodhato aanee dirghakalin kharedi karato. yaulat, sakriy guntavanukdar mhanje, jyanchyakade bajarat apavadatmak kharedi shodhanyasathi adhik vel, vyaj aanee kadachit adhik vishesh dnyan aahe. graham yanni shifaras kelee qee guntavanukdaranni companyanchya aarthik sthitiche vishleshan karnyasathi vel aanee prayatna kharch karavet. jevha ekhadi company tyachya aantarik mulyapeksha savalatichya darat bajarat upalabdh asate, tevha 'margine auph sefty' astitvat asate, jyamule tee guntavanukisathi yogya tharate. graham yanni lihile qee, jevha guntavanuk sarvat jaast vyavsayasarkhi asate tevha tee sarvat buddhiman asate. yacha arth assa hota qee, share guntavanukdar barobar kinwa chukicha nahee kaaran itar lock tyachyashi sahmat kinwa asahmat aahet; too barobar aahe kaaran tyachi tathye aanee vishleshan barobar aahe. shree. graham yanche aavadate roopak shree. bajar, eka assa sahkari joou darroj sheardharkachya darajaval yeuun tyache sambhag vegalya kimmatila kharedi kinwa vikri karnyacha prastav deto. sahasa, shree. yanni uddhrut keleli kimmat. bajar vajvi vatato, parantu kadhikadhi too hasyaspad asato. guntavanukdar ektar tyachya uddhrut kimmatishi sahmat honyasathi aanee tyachyashi vyapar karnyasathi kinwa tyachyakade purnapane durlaksh karnyasathi swatantra aahe. shree. bajarala yachee parva nahee aanee dusya divashi aanakhi eka kimmat uddhrut karnyasathi too parat yeil. muddah assa aahe qee guntavanukdarane shree. yanchya ichchecha vichar karoo naye. guntavanukdarakade asalelya sambhaganche moolya tharvanyasathi bajar. tyala tyat sahbhagi honyaeivaji bajarachya murkhpanacha fayda jhaala pahije. shree. yanchi jaast kalji ghenyaivaji guntavanukdar tyachya companyanchya vastavik kamgirivar laksh kendrit karane aanee labhansh prapt karane sarvottam aahe. bajarpetheche anekada tarkaheen vartan. graham yanni tyanchya kalatil mahamandalanvar aspasht aanee aniyamit aarthik ahavalasathi teeka kelee hotee, jyamule guntavanukdaranna vyavasayachya aarthik sthitichi kharee sthitee olakhane katheen jhaale hote. vyavasayanni tyancha serve napha kayamswarupi milakat mhanoon thevanyaivaji teey bhagdharkanna labhansh denyababatche vakeel hote. vyavasayachya vastavik aarthik sthitiche changle vishleshan naan karata, sthir sambhagachya kimmatit vaadh honyachi shakyata asalyamule, kahee prakarche sambhag konatyahi kimmatit kharedi karane changle aahe assa sallah denanyanvarhi tyanni teeka kelee. hii nirikshane aajahi prasangik aahet. 1936 teey 1956 yaa kalavadhit grahamchi sarasari guntavanuk kamgiri ~20% varshik paratava hotee. tyach kalavadhisathi bajarpethechi ekoon kamgiri sarasari 12.2% varshik hotee. asey asoonahi, buffey aanee berkshire hathwayche upadhyaksh charley munger heey doghehi grahamchi paddhat katekorpane kalbahya asalyache manatat, 1988 madhye patrakar caroll lumis phaur fortunela dilelya mulakhatit bafene mhatale hote, "mulga, jarr mea fakt benche aikale asate tarr mea kadhihi khoop garib jhaale asate." grahamcha sarvat motha fayda jikomadhun jhaala, jyachi tyachya graham-neuman bhagidarine 1948 madhye $712,000 madhye 50 takke kharedi kelee. 1972 paryant hii sthitee $40 kotiparyant vadhali, jyamule graham-newmanchya itar serve guntavanukinpeksha portfoliomadhye adhik yogdan midale. buffet aanee johnn jeey. yanni vachavalyanantar, 1996 madhye berkshire hathwayne akheris jikoche sampoorn adhigrahan kele. 1976 madhye byrn. mrutyu. 21 september 1976 roji grahm yanche vayachya 82 vya varshi francemadhil ex-aine-provence yethe nidhan jhaale. varsa. tyanche yogdan anek kshetranmadhye pasarale hote, jyapaiki eka moolbhut moolya guntavanuk hotee. graham yanna 'moolya guntavanukiche janak' manale jaate aanee 'suraksha vishleshan' aanee 'buddhiman guntavanukdar' yaa tyanchya done pustakanmadhye tyanche guntavanuk tattvadnyan, visheshtah moolya guntavanukdar asanyacha arth kaay aahe, heey spasht kele aahe. tyacha sarvat prasiddha vidyarthi warren buffey hota, joou satatyane jagatil sarvat shrimant vyaktinmadhye sthan midvat aala aahe. bufechya matey, graham mhanat asey qee tyala darroj kahitari murkhpanache, kahitari sarjansheel aanee kahitari udarpane karanyachi ichcha asate. aanee bufene nondavale qee, grahamane shevati sarvat utkrusht kamgiri kelee. anek moolya guntavanukdar grahamchya prabhavakhali asale taree, tyachya sarvat ullekhaneey guntavanuk shishyanmadhye charles brands tasech william jeey. yancha samavesh aahe. ruen, bert olden, iraving qaan aanee walter jeey. scloss. yavyatirikt, guntavanukibaddal graham yanchya vicharancha seth clerman aanee biil akman yansarkhya lokanvar prabhav padala aahe. grahamchya kahee guntavanuk sankalpana aata radd kinwa kalbahya manalya jaat asalya taree, itar anek ajunahi mahattvachya mhanoon olakhalya jaatat aanee jagbharatil anek guntavanuk sansthanmadhye naveen bharatisathi "suraksha vishleshan" kinwa "buddhiman guntavanukdar" vachane aavashyak aahe. guntavanuk vitt kshetratil tyanchya karyabarobarach graham yanni aarthik siddhantatahi yogdan dile. sarvat vishesh mhanje, tyane yuu doghansathi eka naveen aadhar tayar keela.ess. aanee suvarn manakacha paryay mhanoon jaagtik chalan. graham yanni yaa chalan siddhantala tyanche sarvat mahattvache vyavsayik karya manale; tyanchya aayushyat tyakade mothya pramanat durlaksh kele gele, parantu tyanchya mrutyunantar anek dashkant, aay. dii. 1 chya aarthik sankatanantar, gambhir laksh vedhale gele.

benjamin graham benjamin graham (; né grossbaum; maee 9,1894-september 21,1976) ek britis-janmeka americi arthashastri, pradhyapak rar laganikarta thie. unlai wyapak rupma "mulya laganiko pita" bhanera chininchha, rar neoclassical laganima dui sansthapak pathharu lekheh devid dadsanga "suraksha vishleshan" (1934), rar "buddhiman laganikarta" (1949). unko lagani darshanle laganikartako manovigyan, nyunatam rina, kharid rar hold lagani, maulik vishleshan, kendrit vividhikaran, surakshako simabhitra kharid, sakriya lagani, rar viparit manasiktamathi jode diyo. 20 warshako umerma columbia vishwavidyalayabata snatak garepachhi, unle wall stritma afno currier suru gare, antatah graham-neuman sajhedariko sthapana gare. afno purva vidyarthi warren buffetlai rojgar diepachhi, unle afno "alma matter" maa rar pachhi university aff california, lus angelsko yukla anderson schol aff managementma adhyapanko pada lie. prabandhakiya arthashastra rar laganima unko kamle mutual fund, haze fund, vividh holding companyharu, rar anya lagani sawari sadhanharubhitra mulya laganiko adhunik lahar nimtyaeko chha. afno kariyarbhari, grahamka dherai ullekhaniya shishyaharu thie jasle laganiko sansarma paryapta safalta prapta gare, jasma irving caan rar warren buffet samawesh thie, pachhillole unlai afnai buba pachhi afno jiwanma dosro sabaibhanda prabhawashali wyaktiko rupma warnan gare. grahamka arka prasidha vidyarthiharu madhye ek sear john templeton thie. prarambhik jiwan. grahamko janma benjamin grasbam, london, englandma, yahudi amababuma bhaeko thiyo. afnie amako pakshama, uni rabbi yakobh gesundeitka prapautra rar neuroscientist ralf waldo gerardka chachera bhai thie. uni ek warshako hunda afno pariwarsanga newyork saharma sareka thie. americi samajma atmasata hune rar yahudi virodhi rar german virodhi bhawanaharubata bachnako lagi pariwarle afno naam grasabambata grahamma pariwartan gyoa. ek safal furniture storeko swamitwa rar wyawasthapan garne unka bubako mrityupachhi, pariwarle garibiko anubhav gyoa june grahamle pachhi cum mulyako moltol kharid garne prarambhik prashansalai prerit garera unko lagani siddhantaharulai prabhawit gareko batae. graham columbiama afno kakshako salutatoriyanko rupma snatak gardai ek asal vidyarthi bane. unle angreji, ganit rar darshan sikaune prastawalai aswikar gare, yasako satta wall stritma kaam garna roje, jahaan unle antatah afno graham-neuman sajhedari suru gare. suruma, grahamle "uttari pipeline mamila" kaa sath afno lagi naam banae, john dee sanlagna seyardharak sakriyatako prarambhik mamla. rockfeller. grahamko anusandhanle uttari pipeline company sanket garyo. unle thulo nagad rar bund sampattiharu rakheka thie june unle ramro prayogma naparos bhanne vishwas gare, rar yee sampattiharu seyardharakharulai witaran garna proxy bhotlai badhya parne paryapta seyarharu kine. lagani rar shaikshik currier. unko pahilo pustak, devid dadasangko "suraksha vishleshan", sann 1934 maa prakashit bhaeko thiyo. "suraksha vishleshan" maa, unle laganiko spashta paribhasha prastawa gare june unle anuman gare bhanda farak thiyo. yasama lekhieko chha, "lagani sanchalan tyo how jasle purna vishleshanma muldhanko suraksha rar paryapta pratifalko wacha gardacha. yee awashyaktaharu pura nagarne sanchalanharu anumanatmak chhan." warren buffetle "da intelligent investor" (1949) lai "laganibare ahilesamma lekhieko sabaibhanda ramro pustak" bhanera warnan gareka chhan."grahamle seyar bazar sahbhagilai pahile lagani rar anumanbichko adharbhut bhinnata rekhangkit garna protsahit gare. grahamle lekhe kii equity stocka malikle tiniharulai pahilo rar sabaibhanda mahatwapurna rupma wyawasayako anshik swamitwa pradan garne rupma mannuparchha. tyo pariprekshyalai dhyanma rakhdai, stock malikle stock mulyaharuma aniyamit utarachadhaosanga dherai chintit hunu hundaina, kinki chhoto awadhima stock bazar matadan messin jastai wyawahar gardacha, tara lamo awadhima yasale taul messin jastai kaam gardacha (arthat.ei. yasako wastawik mulya lamo samayasamma yasako stock mulyama pratibimbit hunechha). grahamle nishkriya rar sakriya laganikartabich bhinnata dekhaunchha. nishkriya laganikarta, jaslai prayaha rakshatmak laganikarta bhaninchha, sawadhanipurwak lagani gardacha, mulya stockharu khojchha, rar lamo awadhika lagi kharid gardacha. yasako viparit, sakriya laganikarta tyo how jassanga bajarma asadharan kharidharu khojnaka lagi badhi samaya, ruchi rar sambhawatah adhik vishesh gyan hunchha. grahamle laganikartaharulai companyharuko wittiya awastha vishleshan garna samaya rar prayas kharcha garna sifaris gare. jab kunai company bajarma yasako antarik mulyako chhutma upalabdha hunchha, "surakshako margin" awasthit hunchha, jasle yasalai laganika lagi upayukta banaunchha. grahamle lekheka chhan kii lagani sabaibhanda buddhiman hunchha jab yo dherai wyapar jastai hunchha. yasako artha unle stock laganikarta naha tata sahi chha naha tata galat kinbhane aruharu unisanga sahamat wa asahamat chhan; uni sahi chhan kinbhane unko tathya rar vishleshan sahi chha. grahamko manaparne rupak shriko how. bazar, ek sathi jo harek dina stock holderko dhokama afno seyar farak mulyama kinna wa bechna prastawa gardacha. samanyataya, shridwara uddhrit mulya. bazar prashansaniya dekhinchha, tara kahilekaahin yo hasyaspad hunchha. laganikarta yaa tata afno uddhrit mulyasanga sahamat huna rar unisanga wyapar garna wa usalai purna rupma bewasta garna swatantra chha. shree. bajarle yasalai munn paraundaina, rar arko dina arko mulya uddhrit garna farkanechha. kura key how bhane laganikartale shriko manasayalai dhyanma rakhnu hundaina. laganikartako swamitwama raheko seyarko mulya nirdharan garne rupma bazar. usale yasama bhag linuko satta bazar murkhatabata labh uthaunuparchha. laganikartale shrisanga dherai chintit hunuko satta afno companyko wastawik jiwan pradarshanma dhyan kendrit garnu rar labhansh prapta garnu uttam hunchha. bajarko prayaha tarkahin wyawahar. grahamle afno samayaka nigamharuko aspashta rar aniyamit wittiya reportingka lagi alochana gare jasle laganikartaharulai wyawasayako wittako wastawik awastha bujhna gahro banayo. uni wyawasayharule afno sabai nafa kayam rakheko ayako rupma rakhnuko satta seyardharakharulai labhansh bhuktaniko wakalat garne wyakti thie. unle wyawasayako wastawik wittiya awasthako ramro vishleshan nagari, nirantar stock mulya wridhiko sambhawanaka karan, kehi prakarka stockharu kunai pani mulyama ramro kharid hune sallaha dineharuko pani alochana gare. yee awalokanharu az pani sandarbhik chhan. grahamko ausat lagani pradarshan sann 1936 dekhi 1956 samma warshik return ~20% thiyo. uhi awadhika lagi samagra bazar pradarshan ausatma warshik 12.2% thiyo. yasaka bawajud, buffet rar berksire hathway upadhyaksha charley mungar duwaile grahamko vidhi kadaika sath pachhyaune vichar garchhan, buffetle sann 1988 maa patrakar caroll lumisasangko antarwartama bhaneka thie, "keta, yadi maile benlai matra suneko bhae, mahm kahilyai dherai garib hunechhu." grahamko sabaibhanda thulo labh gikobata thiyo, june unko graham-neuman sajhedarile sann 1948 maa $712,000 maa 50 pratishat kineko thiyo. sann 1972 sammama yo sthiti badhera $40 karod pugyo, jasle graham-neumanko anya sabai sanyukta laganiharu bhanda portfolioma badhi yogdan diyo. giko antatah sann 1996 maa berksire hathwedwara sampurna rupma adhigrahan garieko thiyo, pahile buffet rar john jey dwara bachat garieko thiyo. sann 1976 maa byrne. mrityu. september 21,1976 maa, grahamko 82 warshako umerma franceko ex-enn-probhensma mrityu bhayo. virasata. unko yogdan dherai kshetraharuma failieko thiyo, jasmadhye euta maulik mulya lagani thiyo. grahamlai "mulya laganiko pita" manincha, rar unka dui pustakharu, "suraksha vishleshan" rar "buddhiman laganikarta" ley unko lagani darshanlai paribhashit gare, vishesh gari mulya laganikarta hunuko artha key how. tarkayogya rupma, unko sabaibhanda prasidha vidyarthi warren buffet thie, jo lagatar sansarka dhani wyaktiharu madhye ek hun. buffetka anusar grahamle harek dina kehi murkhatapurna, kehi rachanatmak rar kehi udar kaam garne iccha rakhthe bhani bhanne garthe. rar buffetle ullekha gare, grahamle antyama sabaibhanda utkrishta pradarshan gare. dherai mulya laganikartaharu grahambata prabhawit bhaeka chhan, unka sabaibhanda ullekhaniya lagani garne chelaharuma charles brands, sathai william jey samawesh chhan. ruena, bert olden, irving caan rar walter jey. scloss. yasaka atirikta, laganibare grahamko vicharle seth clarman rar bill akmyanlai prabhawit gareko chha. jabki grahamka kehi lagani awadharanaharu ahile adhisthagan wa purano maninchhan, anya dherailai ajhai pani mahatwapurna rupma manyata diinchha rar "suraksha vishleshan" wa "buddhiman laganikarta" lai vishwabharka dherai lagani farmaharuma nayan bhartika lagi padhna awashyak chha. lagani wittama afno kaamasangai grahamle arthik siddhantama pani yogdan die. vishesh gari, unle duwaika lagi nayan adhar tayar parey.ess. rar suna manakko wikalpako rupma vishwawyapi mudra. grahamle yass mudra siddhantalai afno sabaibhanda mahatwapurna wyawasayik kamko rupma mane; yasalai unko jiwankalma dherai hadasamma bewasta garieko thiyo tara 2007-2008 ko wittiya sankatpachhi unko mrityuko dashakaunpachhi gambhir dhyan prapta bhayo.

benjamin graham benjamin graham (; né grossbaum; meey 9,1894-september 21,1976) jane british-janmita americae arthaneetigya, professor ebong nibeshaka thile. shay "mulya nibeshar janaka" bhabare janashuna, ebong neoclassical nibeshare duiti pratisthata pathya lekhithileh devida dadanka saha "surakhya bisleshana" (1934), ebong "buddhimana nibeshaka" (1949) . tankara nibesh darshan nibeshaka manobigyana, sarbanimna runa, kraiah-ebong-dhaaran nibesh, moulika bisleshana, kendribhuta bibidhata, surakhyara seema madhyare kraiah, sakriya nibesh ebong bipareet manasikata upare gurutwaropa karithila. 20 barsha bajasare kalambia biswabidyalajaru snataka heba parey, shay waal street ray nijara kyariyara arambha karithile, sheshare graham-neuman bhagidari pratistha karithile. tankara purbatana chhatra warren buphenku nijukta kariba parey, shay taanka "alma matter" ray sikhyaka padabee grahan karithile, ebong parey california biswabidyalaja, lus angelsra jayu. sii. ell. aii anderson skul off myanejamentare. parichalanagata arthaneeti ebong nibesh khetrare tankara karjya mutual fund, haze fund, bibidha holding company ebong anyanya nibesh bahn madhyare mulya nibeshar eka adhunika taranga srusti karichhi. taanka kyarijarare, grahamankara aneka ullekhaneeah sishya thile jeunmane nibesh duniaare yathesta saphalata paithile, jeunthire irabhinga kaana ebong warren buphe antarbhukta, parabarteeti tanku niz pitanka parey taanka jeebner dwiteeja prabhabasali byakti bhabare barnana karithila . grahamanka anya jane prasidha chhatra thile saar zohn templeton. prarambhika zeeban. graham englandara landanare ihudi pitamatanka ghare benjamin grasabam bhabare janmagrahana karithile. taanka maa 'nka pakhyare, shay raabi jakbh gesundeitnka ananatuni ebong snaju bigyani ralf waldo jerardnka samparkeeah thile. shay eka barsha bajasare taanka paribara sahita nyujarka saharaku chalijaithile. americae samajare mishiba ebong ihudi-birodhi ebong german-birodhi bhabanaku edaiba paain paribarati semanankara naama grasabam ru graham ku paribartana karithila. eka saphala asababapatra dokanara malika ebong parichalana karuthiba taanka pitanka mrutyu parey, paribara daridrya anubhaba karithila jaahaa parey graham kahithile je taanka nibesh siddhantaku prabhabita curry comm mulyara darr kashakashi kinibara prarambhika prashansa prerana deithila . graham jane bhal chhatra hoithile, kalambiaare taanka shrenira salutatorian bhabare snataka hoithile . shay ingraji, ganita ebong darshan sikhya debara prastabaku pratyakhyana curry, barang waal street ray chakiri karibaku bachithile, jeunthare shay sheshare tankara graham-neuman bhagidari arambha karithile. prarambhare, graham "uttara pipeline byapara" sahita niz paain eka naama srusti karithile, jaahaa zohn dii. nka sahita jadita anshidara karjyakalapara eka prarambhika mamla . rockfeller. grahamanka gabeshana uttara pipeline companyku suchita karithila. bipula parimanara nagad ebong bund sampatti thila jaahaa shay biswasa karuthile je bhal byabahara karajaunahni, ebong ehi sampattigudiku anshidaramananku bunton kariba paain eka proxy bhotku badhya kariba paain parjyapta seyara kinithile. nibesh ebong academic kyariyara. tankara pratham pustaka, 'security analysis' with devida dodd 1934 masihare prakashita hoithila. 'security analysis' ray shay nibeshar eka spust sangya prastaba deithile jaahaa shay kalpanajalpanaru bhinna bolly bibechana karuthile. ethire kuhajaichhi, "eka nibesh parichalana heuchhi taaha, jaahaa punkhanupunkha bisleshana parey, muladhanara surakhya ebong parjyapta returner pratishruti deithae. ehi aabashyakataaku purana nakariba aparesanagudika kalpanajalpana." warren buffet "daa intelligent investor" (1949) ku "nibesh bishajare eparjyanta likhita sarbottama pustaka" bhabare barnana karichanti."graham seyara bajaara anshagrahanakareenku prathame nibesh ebong kalpana madhyare eka moulika parthakya karibaku aahwana karithile. graham lekhichhanti je equity stockra malika prathame ebong sarbagre semananku eka byabasajara aanshika malikana pradan karuthiba bhabare bibechana kariba uchit . sehi drustikonaku dhyanare rakhi, stock malika stock moolyare aniyamita otha chadheiku nei adhika chintita heba uchit nuhen, kaaran swalpakaleena stock bajaara eka bhoting messin pari byabahara kare, kintu deerghakaleena ehaa eka ojana messin pari karjya kare (i.ee. ehara prakruta mulya deerghakaleena sthitire ehara stock moolyare pratiphalita heba). graham nishkriya ebong sakriya nibeshakanka madhyare parthakya darshaithile. nishkriya nibeshaka, jaahaaku prajatah eka pratirakhya nibeshaka bhabare ullekha karajae, satarkatara saha nibesh kare, mulya stock khojuchhi, ebong deerghakaleena paain kraiah kare . aparapakhyare, sakriya nibeshaka heuchhanti sehi byakti, jahanka pakhare bajaarare asadharana kraiah kariba paain adhika samai, agraha ebong sambhabatah adhika swatantra gyaana rahichhi. graham paramarsha deithile je nibeshakamane companygudikara arthika sthitiku bisleshana kariba paain samai ebong prayasa karantu. jetebele kaunasi company bajaarare eka moolyare upalabdha hue jaahaa ehara aabhyantareen mulya thaaru rihatire thaae, eka "margine off sephti" bidyamana thaae, jaahaa ehaaku nibesh paain upajukta kare . graham lekhichhanti je nibesh sabutharu buddhimana hoithae jetebele ehaa adhikansha byabasai bhali hoithae. ehara artha thila je stock nibeshaka thick kimba bhul nuhanti kaaran anyamane taanka saha sahmat kimba asahamati prakash karithile; shay thick kaaran tankara tathya ebong bisleshana sathik . grahamanka priya rupaka heuchhi mea. bajaara, jane saathee jie pratidina stock holdernka dwaradeshare aasi bhinna moolyare nijara seyara kiniba kimba bikri kariba paain prastaba dianti . sadharanatah, shreenka dwara uddhruta mulya. bajarati juktijukta maneheuchhi, kintu belebele ehaa hasyaspada. nibeshaka taanka uddhruta mulya sahita sahmat heba ebong taanka sahita banijya kariba paain kimba tanku sampurna bhabare anadekha kariba paain swadheena . mea. bajaara ethire kichhi aapatti kare naahin, ebong anya mulya ullekha karibaku pardin feriba . kathati heuchhi je nibeshaka shreenka ichhaku dhyana deba uchita nuhen. nibeshakanka malikanare thiba sejarara mulya nirdharana kariba paain bajaara. shay bajaarare bhaga neba paribarte murkhata dwara labhabana heba uchita. shreejuktanka bishajare adhika chinta kariba paribarte, nibeshaka niz companygudikara bastaba jeebner pradarshan upare dhyana deba ebong labhansha grahan kariba sarbottama. bazarara ajauktika acharan. graham taanka samaira karporesangudiku aspasta ebong aniyamita arthika reporting paain samalochana karithile jaahaa nibeshakamananka paain byabasajara arthika sthitiku bujhiba kastakara karideithila . shay anshidaramananku labhansha pradanara okil thile, barang byabasajagudika semanankara samasta labhaku bajaiah rakhithiba aaja bhabare rakhithile . shay sehimananku madhya samalochana karithile jeunmane paramarsha deithile je kichhi prakarara stock jekaunasi moolyare eka bhal kraiah, kaaran stock mulyara nirantara brudhira sambhabana, byabasajara prakruta arthika sthitiku bhal bisleshana nakari . ehi parjyabekhyanagudika aaji madhya prasangika rahichhi. 1936 ru 1956 madhyare grahamanka harahari nibesh pradarshan thila barshika aaja ~20%. samaana samai paain samagrika bajaara pradarshan harahari barshika 12.2% thila. ehaa satwe, ubhaja buffet ebong barkashajara hathawe upadhyakhya charley mungara grahamanka paddhati anusarana kariba kathore bhabare puruna bolly bibechana karanti, 1988 ray fortune paain sambadika caroll lumisnka saha eka sakhyatakara samajare buffet kahichanti, "pua, jadi mun kebala bayne sunithanti, mun kebe bahuta gariba hebi." grahamanka sabutharu budd laabh jikoru hoithila, jaahaaku taanka graham-neuman bhagidari bhagidari 1948ray 50 pratishata kinithila. 1972 suddha ehi sthiti $400 nijutaku brudhi paithila, jaahaa graham-nyumyananka anya samasta nibesh tulanare portapholiore adhika yogdan karithila. sheshare 1996 masihare barkashajara hathawe dwara jiko sampurna bhabe adhigrahan karajaithila, jaahaa purbaru baphe ebong zohn jay. nka dwara sanrakhita hoithila. hoithila। byrne. mrutyu. september 21,1976 ray, graham 82 barsha bajasare francer ikes-enn-probhensare mrutyubarana karithile. uttaradhikara. tankara abdan aneka khetrare byapta thila, jeunthiru gotie thila moulika mulya nibesh. grahamanku "mulya nibeshar janaka" bhabe bibechana karajae, ebong tankara duiti pustaka, "surakhya bisleshana" ebong "buddhimana nibeshaka", tankara nibesh darshanaku, bisesh curry jane mulya nibeshaka hebara arthaku, byakhya karithile. juktijukta bhabare, tankara sabutharu prasidha chhatra thile warren buphe, jie kramagata bhabare biswara sabutharu dhani byaktinka madhyare sthana paichanti . bafenka kahiba anujai, graham kahuthile je shay pratidina kichhi murkhatapurna, kichhi srujanashila ebong kichhi udaara karibaku chahanti. ebong buphe ullekha karithile, graham sheshare sabutharu adhika utkarsha hassel karithile. aneka mulya nibeshaka grahamanka dwara prabhabita hoithiba bele, taanka sabutharu ullekhaneeah nibesh shishyamananka madhyare charles brands, tatha william jay. ruen, bert olden, irbhing caan ebong walter jay. schools. ehaa byatita, nibesh upare grahamanka chintadhara seth clarman ebong bill akmyanka bhali lokanku prabhabita karichhi. jadio grahamanka keteka nibesh dharanaku bartamana agrahya kimba puruna bolly bibechana karajae, anya aneka ebe madhya gurutwapurna bhabare sweekrutiprapta ebong biswara aneka nibesh sansthare nutan nijukti paain "surakhya bisleshana" kimba "buddhimana nibeshaka" padhiba aabasyaka . nibesh arthabyabasthare tankara karjya sahita, graham arthika siddhantare madhya yogdan karithile. sabutharu ullekhaneeah kathaa heuchhi, shay ubhaja jayu paain eka nutan aadhara prastuta karithile.ess. ebong swarna manara bikalpa bhabe baiswika mudra. graham ehi mudra siddhantaku tankara sabutharu gurutwapurna bruttigata karjya bhabare bibechana karithile; ehaa taanka jeebanakaalare mukhyatah anadekha karajaithila kintu 2007-2008 rahr arthika sankata parey taanka mrutyura dashandhi parey gambhira dhyana akarshana karithila .

benjamin graham benjamin graham (9 maee, 1894-21 satambar, 1976) ikk british mool daa amriki arthshastri, professor atey niveshak see. uss noon viaapak taur utte "mull nivesh dey pitaa" vajon janhiaa jaanda haii, atey uss neey neoclassical nivesh witch doou sansthapak granth likhea david dodd naal "surakhiaa vishleshan" (1934), atey "budhiman niveshak" (1949). uss dey nivesh falsafe neey niveshak manovigiaan, ghatto ghatt curses, khareed-atey-rakkhan daa nivesh, buniaadi vishleshan, kendrit vibhinnta, surakhiaa dey antral witch khareed, karkunn nivesh atey ulat mansikta utte zor ditta. 20 saal dee umar witch columbia university toon graduate honn toon baad, usne vaal street utte aapna carrier shuru keeta, akheer witch graham-neuman bhaiwali dee sathapana keeti. aapne sabka vidiaarthi vaaran buffet noon naukari 'teey rakkhan toon baad, usne aapne "alma metter" witch adhiaapan dey ahude sambhale, atey baad witch california university, laas angels witch yuu. see. aill. aii. anderson school aaf management witch. parbandhaki arth shastar atey nivesh witch unhan dey kamm neey mioochal fandan, heij fandan, vibhinn holding companyan atey horr nivesh vaahanan dey ander mull nivesh dee ikk aadhunik lahir noon janam ditta haii. aapne poore carrier dauran, graham dey bahut saare mahattavpuran chele sunn jinhan neey nivesh dee dunia witch kaafi safalta prapat keeti, jinhan witch irving qaan atey vaaran buffet shamal sunn, jinhan neey baad witch unhan noon aapne pitaa toon baad aapne jeevan witch dooja sabh toon prabhavshali viakati dassiaa. graham dey ikk horr prasidh vidiaarthi sarr jauhan templeton sunn. mudhla jeevan. graham daa janam london, england witch yahudi maapiaan dey gharr hoiaa see. aapni maan dey pakkh witch, uh rabbi yakov gesundheet daa padpota atey neuroscientist ralf valdo gerard daa chachera bharaa see. uh ikk saal dee umar witch aapne parivaar naal newyork shehar chaley gaye sunn. parivaar neey amriki samaaj witch shamal honn atey yahudi virodhi atey german virodhi bhavnavan toon bachann dee ichha witch aapna naam grossbaum toon graham witch badal ditta. aapne pitaa dee maut toon baad, joe ikk safal furniture dee dukan dey maalak atey parbandhak sunn, parivaar neey garibi daa anubhav keeta jiss baare graham neey baad witch kiha kii ghatt keemat vaale saudebazi kharidan dee shuruati parshansa noon prerit karke unhan dey nivesh dey sidhantan noon prabhavit keeta. graham ikk changa vidiaarthi bann giaa, columbia witch aapni class dey celutatorian vajon graduate hoiaa. uss neey angrezi, ganit atey falsafe padhaun dee peshkash noon thukra ditta, iss dee bajaae vaal street witch naukari curran dee chonh keeti, jitthe uss neey aakharkar aapni graham-neuman bhaiwali shuru keeti. shuru witch, graham neey "uttri pipeline mamle" naal aapna naam banaiaa, joe kii jauhan dee. naal jude sharedharak sargarmi daa ikk shuruati mamla see. rockifeller. graham dee khoj neey uttri pipeline company daa sanket ditta. uss cole vishal nakdi atey baand sampatiaan sunn jinhan dee uss daa mannana see kii changi varton naheen keeti jaa rahee see, atey usne sharedharkan noon inhan sampatiaan noon vandann laee ikk proxy vott noon majbur curran laee kaafi share kharide. nivesh atey akadamik carrier. unhan dee pahili kitaab, "surakhiaa vishleshan" david dodd naal 1934 witch prakashit hoee see. "surakhiaa vishleshan" witch, unhan neey nivesh dee ikk sapshat paribhasha daa prastav ditta joe unhan dey anuman toon vakkhari see. iss witch likhiaa giaa haii, "ikk nivesh sanchalan uh haii joe, puurii tarahan vishleshan curran 'teey, mudra dee surakhiaa atey ikk dhukvin vaapsee daa vaada karda haii. ihanan zaruratan noon poora naa curran vaale appression sattebazi hunn." vaaran buffet neey "budhiman niveshak" (1949) noon "nivesh baare hunn takk likhi gaee sabh toon vadhiaa kitaab" dassiaa haii."graham neey share baazaar dey bhagidaran noon pahilan nivesh atey atkalan dey vichkaar ikk buniaadi antar curran laee prerit keeta. graham neey likhiaa kii equity stockan dey maalak noon sabh toon pahilan uhanan noon carobar dee anshak malkiat pardan curran vajon mannana chahida haii. iss drishtikon noon dhiaan witch rakkhde hoye, stock maalak noon stock deeaan keematan witch aniyamit utraa-chadhaa naal bahut ziaada chintat naheen honaa chahida, kiunki thodeh samein witch stock markeet ikk voting masheen dee tarahan vivhaar karda haii, parr lambe samein witch ih ikk vazan masheen dee tarahan kamm karda haii (i.ee. iss daa asal mull lambe samein witch iss dey stock dee keemat witch pratibimbat hovega). graham neey paisiv atey active niveshak witch farak keeta. paisiv niveshak, jiss noon aksar ikk rakhiaatmak niveshak kiha jaanda haii, savdhani naal nivesh karda haii, mull dey stock dee bhaal karda haii, atey lambe samein laee kharidada haii. iss dey ulat, sargaram niveshak uh hunda haii jiss cole baazaar witch asadharan khareed dee bhaal curran laee vadhere samaan, dilchaspi atey sambhav taur 'teey vadhere vishesh giaan hunda haii. graham neey sifarash keeti kii niveshak companyan dee vitti sathiti daa vishleshan curran laee samaan atey koshish curran. jadon koee company markeet witch uss keemat 'teey upalbadh hundi haii joe uss dey andruni mull toon chhot' teey hundi haii, taan ikk "surakhiaa daa antar" maujood hunda haii, joe iss noon nivesh laee dhukvan banaunda haii. graham neey likhiaa kii nivesh sabh toon vaddh budhiman hunda haii jadon ih sabh toon vaddh carobar varga hunda haii. iss daa matlab ih see kii stock niveshak naa taan sahee haii atey naa hii galat kiunki doosre uss naal sehmat jaan asehmat hunn; uh sahee haii kiunki uss dey tatth atey vishleshan sahee hunn. graham daa pasandida roopak shriman daa haii. markeet, ikk saathi joe harr rose stock dhaarak dey darwaze 'teey aapne shares noon vakkhari keemat' teey kharidan jaan vechan dee peshkash karda haii. aam taur utte, shriman duaara havala ditti gaee keemat. baazaar vajab laggda haii, parr kadey-kadey ih hasohina hunda haii. niveshak jaan taan aapni havala ditti keemat naal sehmat honn atey uss naal vapaar curran laee sutantar haii, jaan uss noon puurii tarahan nazarandaz curran laee sutantar haii. sriman jee. baazaar noon iss naal koee farak naheen painda, atey uh agle dinn ikk horr keemat denh laee waps aaa javega. mudda ih haii kii niveshak noon shriman dee ichha noon naheen mannana chahida. niveshak dey shares dee keemat nirdharat curran laee markeet. uss noon baazaar dee murakhta toon laabh uthauna chahida haii naa kii iss witch hissa laina chahida haii. niveshak aapne companyan dey asal jeevan dey pardarshan atey labhansh prapat curran 'teey dhiaan kendrat karna sabh toon vadhiaa haii, naa kii shriman naal bahut ziaada chintat honaa. baazaar daa aksar tarakheen vivhaar. graham aapne samein dey corporationan dee alochna curran vaale sunn kiunki unhan neey galat atey aniyamit vitti reporting keeti see jiss naal niveshakan laee carobar dee vitti sathiti noon pachanna mushkal hoow giaa see. uh aapne saare munafiaan noon barkarar rakkhan dee bajaae sharedharkan noon labhansh bhugtan daa vakeel see. unhan neey unhan lokan dee vee alochna keeti jinhan neey salaah ditti kii carobar dee asal vitti sathiti dey change vishleshan toon binan, stock deeaan keematan witch nirantar vaadhe dee sambhavna dey caarn, kujh kisman dey stock kise vee keemat 'teey changi khareed sunn. ih tippniaan ajj vee prasangik hunn. graham dee ausat nivesh karguzari 1936 toon 1956 takk salana return ~20% see. isey samein laee samucchi markeet karguzari austan salana 12.2% see. iss dey bavjood, buffet atey berkshire hathway dey upp chairman charley mungar doven graham dey dhang dee palna noon sakhti naal purana mannade hunn, buffet neey 1988 witch pattarkar caroll lumis naal ikk interview dauran kiha see, "munde, jey main siraf baine noon sunada, taan qee main kadey bahut garib hunda." graham daa sabh toon vadda laabh giko toon hoiaa, jiss noon uss dee graham-neuman bhaiwali neey 1948 witch $712,000 witch 50 pratishat kharidiaa see. 1972 takk ih sathiti 40 croad dallar takk vadh gaee, jiss neey graham-neuman dey horr saare niveshan dee tulna witch portfolio witch vadhere yogdan paaiaa. jiko noon aakharkar 1996 witch berkshire hathway duaara puurii tarahan haasal keeta giaa see, jiss noon pahilan buffet atey john jey duaara bachaiaa giaa see. 1976 witch byron. maut. 21 satambar, 1976 noon, graham dee 82 saal dee umar witch france dey aiks-ainn-provence witch maut hoow gaee. virasat. unhan daa yogdan kaee khetran witch failiaa hoiaa see, jinhan vicchon ikk buniaadi mull nivesh see. graham noon "mull nivesh daa pitaa" manniaa jaanda haii, atey unhan deeaan doou kitaban, "surakhiaa vishleshan" atey "budhiman niveshak", neey unhan dey nivesh falsafe noon paribhashit keeta, khaas karke ikk mull niveshak honn daa qee arth haii. yakinan, uss daa sabh toon mashur vidiaarthi vaaran buffet see, joe lagatar dunia dey sabh toon ameer viaktiaan witch shamal haii. buffet dey anusar, graham kahinda see kii uh harr rose kujh murakhtapuran, kujh rachnatmak atey kujh udarta naal karna chahunda see. atey buffet neey nott keeta, graham neey ant witch sabh toon vadhiaa pardarshan keeta. jadon kii bahut saare mull niveshak graham toon prabhavit hoye hunn, uss dey sabh toon mahattavpuran nivesh cheliaan witch charles brands dey naal-naal viliam jey. shamal hunn. ruen, bert olden, irving qaan atey walter jey. shlos. iss toon ilava, nivesh baare graham dey vicharan neey seth clerman atey bill ackman noon prabhavit keeta haii. jadon kii graham deeaan kujh nivesh dharnavan noon hunn hataa ditta giaa haii jaan purana manniaa jaanda haii, bahut saare horr ajey vee mahattavpuran manne jaande hunn atey dunia bharr deeaan bahut saariaan nivesh farman witch naviaan bhartiaan laee "surakhiaa vishleshan" jaan "budhiman niveshak" noon padhan dee zaroorat hundi haii. nivesh vitt witch aapne kamm dey naal-naal, graham neey aarthik sidhant witch vee yogdan paaiaa. sabh toon khaas gall ih haii kii unhan neey dovan laee ikk navaan adhaar tiaar keeta.aiss. atey sone dey miaar dey badal vajon vishav mudra. graham neey iss mudra sidhant noon aapna sabh toon mahattavpuran peshevar kamm manniaa; iss noon uss dey jeevan qaal witch bahut hadd takk nazarandaz qarr ditta giaa see parr aaee. dee. 1 dey vitti sankat toon baad uss dee maut toon dahakiaan baad iss vall gambhir dhiaan ditta giaa.

benjamin graham benjamin graham (; né grossbaum; mey 9,1894-september 21,1976) ekaha british-american-arthashaastradnyah, pradhyapakaha, niveshakah cha aasit. saha "mulyanikshepasya pitaa" iti vyaapakaroopen prasidhah asti, tathaa cha neoclassical-niveshasya samsthaapakagranthadvayam likhitavaan-"surakshaa-vishleshanam" (1934) david-dodd ityanena saha, tathaa "di intelligent investor" (1949). tasya nivesha-tattvajnaanam niveshaka-manovidnyaanam, nyoonatam-runam, kray-dhaaran-niveshah, moolabhoot-vishleshanam, kendreekruta-vividheekaranam, surakshayaha parimitau krayanm, sakriya-niveshah, viruddha-manovruttayah cha ityetaan adhomukhikrutavan. 20 vayasi columbia-vishvavidyaalayaat snaatakapadaveem praapya, saha wall-street ityatra swasya vruttijeevanam aarabdhavaan, ante graham-neumen-sahabhagitam samsthaapayat. swasya poorvachaatram vaaran buffet ityetam niyuktvaa saha swasya "almaa metter" ityasmin, anantaram laas-angelies-nagarasya california-vishvavidyaalayasya yoo. see. ell. e. enderson-school aaf-management ityatra cha adhyaapanapadaveem sveekrutavaan. prabandhakeey-arthashaastrasya, niveshasya cha karyena mutual-fund, hez-fund, vividhaah holding-kampanee, anye cha nivesha-vaahakeshu mulya-niveshasya aadhunik-tarangah abhavat. swasya sampoorne vruttijeevanakaale graham ityasya bahavah ullekhaneeyaah shishyaah aasan ye nivesha-jagate paryaaptam saafalyam praaptavantah, yeshu irving kaan tathaa vaaran buffet cha aasan, pashchat saha swapituh anantaram swasya jeevanasya dwiteeyam prabhaavashaali-vyaktihi iti varnayat. graham ityasya anyah ekaha prasidhah chhaatrah surr jaan templeton aasit. praarambhikajeevanam. graham ityayam england-deshasya landan-nagare, yahoodee-matapitrubhyaha benjamin grosbaam iti namna ajayata. matayaha paarshve saha rabbi yaakov gesundet ityasya prapautrah, neurosantist ralf valdo gerard ityasya bhraatruvyah cha aasit. saha ekavarshasya vayasi svaparivaarena saha nyuyaark-nagaram gatavaan. american-samaaje sammilayitum, semitic-virodhee-german-virodhee-bhaavanaah nivaarayitum cha parivaarah swasya naam grass-baam ityatah graham iti parivartayat. swasya pituhu mrutyoho anantaram, yah safalasya peetopakarana-bhandarasya swami, vyavasthaapakah cha aasit, tasya parivaarah daridryam anubhavat, yat pashchat graham ityanena alpamulyasya krayanasya prarambhikaprashamsam prerayitvaa tasya niveshasiddhaantaan prabhaavitam iti avadat. graham ekaha uttamah chhaatrah abhavat, columbia-nagare svavargasya salootatoriyan iti rupena snaatakapadaveem praptavan. saha anglabhasham, ganitam, tatvadnyaanam cha shikshayitum prastaavam niraakrutavaan, tasya sthaane wall-street ityatra karyam kartum cha cheshte, yatra saha ante swasya graham-neumen-sahabhaagitvam prarabhata. praarambhe, graham "da naardarn-pipeline-afer" ityanena swakeeyam namakaranam krutavaan, yat jaan dee ityanena saha sambaddhasy amshadharakanam sakriyatayaha praarambhikah prakaranah aasit. rockfeller. graham ityasya samshodhanena uttar-pipeline-kampanee iti soochitam. tasya vishaalam dhanadhanm, bandhapatrasampattih cha aasan, ye cha samyak upayoge naa bhavanti iti saha manyamaanah aasit, tathaa cha eteshaam sampatteem bhagadharakebhyaha vitaranaartham paroksh-matasya balaprayogaay paryaaptaani amshaani krinaat. niveshah tathaa shaikshanikam vruttihi. tasya prathamam pustakam, "surakshaa vishleshanam" iti david daad ityanena saha 1934 tame varshe prakaashitam. "surakshaa vishleshanam" ityasmin saha niveshasya spashtam paribhasham prastuvitavaan yat saha yat oohaapoham iti manyate tatt taha bhinnam aasit. nivesha-kaaryam eva tatt bhavati yat, poornavishleshanaat param, muladhanasya surakshayaha paryaaptasya pratiphalasya cha pratijnaam karoti. etaani aavashyakataah naa poorayanti iti karyani uhaatmakaani santi." vaaran buffet ityanena "da intelligent investor" (1949) iti "niveshavishaye adyaparyantam likhitam sarvottamam pustakam" iti varnitam."graham ityeshah stack-markett-sahabhagim prathame niveshasya oohaayaah cha madhye mulabhutam bhedam kartum udbuddhavaan. graham varyaha likhati yat equity-stack-ityasya swami, prathamam cha taan vyavasaayasya aamshika-svaamitvam pradadaati iti manyante iti. tasmin drushtikonam manasi krutvaa, stack-swami stack-moolyeshu aniyamita-utaara-chadaavaan vishaye adhikam chintayitum naa shaknoti, yatah alpakaale stack-vipanihi matadaan-yantram iva vartate, parantu dirghakale tatt bhaar-yantram iva karyam karoti (i.ee. tasya vaastavikam moolyam deerghaavadhou tasya stack-moolye pratiphalayishyati). graham-varyaha nishkriyasya sakriyasya cha niveshakasya madhye bhedam krutavaan. nishkriya-niveshakah, yah praayah rakshaatmak-niveshakah iti nirdishyate, saha savadhanataya nivesham karoti, mulya-stack-ityetaan anvishyati, dirghakalam yaavat kreenaati cha. tadviruddham, sakriyah niveshakah eva asti yasya sameepe vipanyaam asadharanani krayanaani anveshtum adhikam samayam, ruchihi, sambhawatah adhikam visheshadnyaanam cha asti. graham ityanena niveshakaan kampanee-visheshaanaam vitteeyasthitim vishleshayitum samayasya prayasasya cha krute vihitam. yadaa kampanee vipanyaam tasya aantarikamulyaat nyoonamoolye upalabhyte tadaa "margin aaf sefty" ityasya astitvam bhavati, yena tatt niveshaay upayuktam bhavati. graham varyaha likhati yat niveshah yadaa adhikatayaa vyaapaaraabhimukhe bhavati tadaa saha ati buddhimaanah bhavati iti. tasya arthah aasit yat stack-niveshakah naa samyak, naa doshapooritam cha bhavati yatah anye tasyaam saha sahamatau vaa asahamatau vaa santi; saha yatharthah asti yatah tasya tathyaani vishleshanam cha yathaartham asti. graham ityasya priyam roopakam shree. vipanah, yah pratidinam stack-holder ityasya dwaaram aagacchati, bhinnamoolye swa-amshaan kretum vaa vikrayayitum vaa prastooyati. samanyataya, shridwara uddhrutam moolyam. vipanah prashamsaneeyah drushyate, parantu kadaachit haasyam bhavati. niveshakah swasya uddhrutamulyat saha sahamatum, tena saha vyaapaaram kartum vaa, athavaa tam purnataya avagantum cha swatantrah asti. shree. vipanyaam etat naa chintyate, aparam moolyam uddhartum cha aparadine punah aagamishyati. vishayah asti yat niveshakah shree-varyasya icchaam naa chintayet. vipanyatah niveshakasya svaamitvasya amshaanaam moolyam nirdhaarayati. saha vipanya-moorkhataabhih laabham prapnuyat, tasyaam sahabhaagitvam naa bhavet. shree-varyena saha atishraddhaa naa bhutva, niveshakah swasamsthanam vaastavikajeevanasya karyakshamatayam dhyanam kendreekarotu, labhamsham cha prapnuyat. vipanyaah bahudhaa avivekee vartanam bhavati. graham ityeshah swasya kaalasy nigamanam vishaye asammanitanam aniyamitaanaam cha vitteey-vivarananam krute vimarshakah aasit, yena niveshakaanaam krute vyavasaayasya vittasya vaastavika-avasthaam dnyaatum kathinam jaatam. saha vyavasaayaanaam krute laabhaamshadaanasy samarthakah aasit, naa tu teshaam sarvaani labhani rakshit-aayarupena sthaapayati sma. saha tebhyah api vimarshakah, ye vyavasaayasya vaastavika-vitteey-sthityaah uttama-vishleshanam vinaa, sthira-stack-moolyavruddhehe sambhavanayaha karanat, kasyaapi moolye keshaanchan prakarasya stack-visheshaah uttama-krayanm iti upadesham adadat. etaani nireekshanaani adyatve prasangikani santi. 1936 taha 1956 paryantam graham ityasya ausata-nivesha-pradarshanm vaarshik-pratiphalah ~20% aasit. tasmin eva kaale samagra-vipana-pradarshanm vaarshikam 12.2% aasit. etadatirichya, buffet tathaa barkshair-hyaathve ityetayoho upadhyakshah charley mungar ityetaah cha graham ityasya paddhatya katoratayaa anusaran kaalaharanam iti manyante, 1988 tame varshe patrakaaren caroll-lumis ityanena saha bhavishyasya krute dattaam saakshaatkaarasy samaye buffet ityanena avadat, "baalakah, yadi aham kevalam benn ityasya shravanam akarot tarhi kim kadaapi bahu daridrah bhavitum shaknomi?" graham ityasya bruhattamah labha geeko ityatah abhavat, yasya 50 pratishatam tasya graham-neuman-sahabhagitvena 1948 tame varshe $712,000 krute kreenitam aasit. 1972 tame varshe etat sthaanam $400 dashalaxam abhavat, yat graham-neuman ityasya anyeshu niveshaanaam samyuktasya apekshayaa portfolio-krute adhikam yogadam dattavaan. antatah 1996 tame varshe barkshair-hyaathve ityanena geeko-nagaram purnataya adhigrahitam, yat poorvam bafe tathaa jaan jey ityanena rakshitam aasit. 1976 tame varshe bairn iti. mrutyuhu. 1976 tame varshe september-masasya 21 dinaanke, graham ityayam 82 varsheeyah, france-deshasya aiks-enn-provence-nagare mrutah. uttaradhikaraha. tasya yogadam anekakhetreshu vyaaptam aasit, yeshu ekaha moolabhoot-mulya-niveshah aasit. graham ityeshah "mulyanikshepasya pitaa" iti manyate, tasya "surakshaa-vishleshanam" tathaa "buddhimaan-niveshakah" iti pustakadwayam, tasya nivesha-tattvajnaanam, visheshatah mulya-niveshakasya arthah iti, vyaakhyaayate. tasya sarwaadhikah prasidhah chhaatrah vaaran bafe aasit, yah nirantaram vishvasya dhanikatamaasu vyaktishu sthaanam avaapnot. bafe ityasya matena graham ityayam avadat yat saha pratidinam kimapi moorkhatvam, kimapi rachanatmakam, kimapi udaram cha kartum icchati iti. tathaa bafe ityanena suchitam yat, graham ityeshah ante atyantam uttamarupena abhyanayt. yadyapi bahavah moolyaniveshakah graham ityanena prabhaawitaah santi, tathaapi tasya atyantam ullekhaneeyah nivesha-shishyaah charles-brands, tathaa vilium jey cha santi. ruyen, bert olden, irving kaan tathaa valter jey. schloss. etadatirichya, niveshavishaye graham ityasya vichaarah seth clarman, bill akman ityaadishu prabhaavam avaapnot. yadyapi graham ityasya kaanichan niveshakalpanaah adhunaa adhirohishtaah vaa aprachalitaah vaa iti manyante, tathaapi anye bahavah mahattvapoornaroopena maanyante, tathaa cha "surakshaa-vishleshanam" athavaa "buddhimaan-niveshakah" iti vishvasya anekeshu nivesha-samsthaasu nootan-niyukti-krute pathanam aavashyakam bhavati. nivesha-vitte swasya karyena saha graham ityeshah arthikasiddhante api yogadam dattavaan. visheshatayaa saha ubhayoho yoo-ityasya krute nootanam aadharam parikalpitavaan.ess. tathaa swarnamaanasya vikalparupena vaishvika-mudraa. graham ityeshah asya mudraa-siddhaantam swasya mahattvapoornam vyavasayikam karyam iti manyamaanah aasit; tasya jeevanakaale etat bahudhaa upekshitam aasit, parantu tasya mrutyoho dashakaani yaavat anantaram, 2007-2008 ityasya vitteey-sankatakaalasy anantaram gambheeram avadhaanam praapnot.

benjamin kiraham benjamin kiraham (; né Grossbaum; mae 9,1894-septumber 21,1976) oru british-pirantha america porulaathaara nipunar, paeraasiriyar mattrum muthaleettaalar aavaar. mathippu muthaleettin thanthai" endru paravalaaka ariyappadum avar, neoclassical muthaleettil irandu niruvana noolgalai ezhuthinaar davit tott udan "paathukaappu pakuppaaivu" (1934), mattrum "puththisaalithanamaana muthaleettaalar" (1949). muthaleettaalar ulaviyal, kurainthapatcha cuddon, vaangka mattrum vaiththirupu muthaleedu, adippadai pakuppaaivu, serivoottappatta panmugaththanmai, paathukaappin vilimbirkul vaangkuthal, aarvamulla muthaleedu mattrum muranpatta mananilaikalai avarathu muthaleettu thathuvam valiyuruththiyathu. thanathu 20vadhu vayathil kolambiya palkalaikkazhagaththil pattam pettra piragu, avar voal streetle thanathu vaazhkkaiyaith thodangkinaar, iruthiyil kiraham-neuman koottaanmaiyai niruvinaar. thanathu munnaal maanavar vaaran puffettipe paniyamarthiya piragu, avar thanathu "alma matter" ill karpikkum padhavigalai aetrtraar, pinnar losses aenchalsil ulla california palkalaikkazhagaththil yuu. chii. ell. aee anderson maelaanmaip pallyil payintraar. nirvaagap porulaathaaram mattrum muthaleettil avarathu panii paraspara nidhigal, hedge fandugal, panmugappaduththappatta holding niruvanangal mattrum pira muthaleettu vaaganangkalukkul mathippu muthaleettin naveena alaikku vazhivaguththullathu. avarathu vaazhkkai muzhuvathum, kiraham pala kurippidatthakka seedargalaik kondirundhaar, avarkal muthaleettu ulagil kanisamaana vetrtriyaip pettranar, idhil irving qaan mattrum vaaran buffet udpada, pinthaiyavar thanathu sontha thanthaikkup piragu thanathu vaazhkkaiyil irandaavathu migavum selvaakku mikka nabar endru vivaritthaar. kirahamin mattroru pugazhpettra maanavar charr john dembleton aavaar. aarambagaala vaazhkkai. kiraham englaandhin landanil yootha pettroarukku benjamin grossbaum endra peyaril piranthaar. avarathu thaayin pakkaththil, avar rabbi yakov kesandeettin kollup paeranum, narambiyal vinjnaani raalp valto jerardine uravinarum aavaar. avar oru vayathaaka irunththapoathu thanathu kudumbaththudan newyorg nagaraththirku kudipeyarnthaar. america samoogaththil ontrinainthu yootha ethirppu mattrum jerman ethirppu unarvugalaith thavirkkum viruppaththil kudumbam thangal peyarai grospomil irunthu kiraham endru maattriyathu. oru vetrtrikaramaana thalapaadak kadaiyai nadaththi vantha avarathu thanthaiyin maranaththirkup piragu, kudumbam varumaiyai anubaviththathu, idhu pinnar kuraindha vilai paeram paesuvathai vaangkuvatharkaana aarambagaala parattai ookkuvippathan moolam avarathu muthaleettu koatpaadugalai paathiththathu endru kiraham koorinaar. kiraham oru nalla maanavaraaga maari, kolambiyaavil thanathu vaguppil varavaerpaalaraaka pattam pettraar. aangkilam, kanitham mattrum thathuvam karpikkum vaaippai avar marutthaar, adharku pathilaaka voal streetle oru vaelaiyaith therntheduththaar, angku avar iruthiyil thanathu kiraham-neuman koottaanmaiyaith thodangkinaar. aarambaththil, kiraham "vadakku kuzhaai vivagaaraththudan" thanakkena oru peyarai uruvaakkik kondaar, idhu john dii sambanthappatta pangkuthaararkalin seyalpaattin aaramba vazhakku. rockbeller. kirahamin aaraaichi vadakku kuzhaai inaippai suttikkaattiyathu. avar nambiyiruntha parantha pana mattrum paththira sothukkal nalla payanpaattirku payanpaduththappadavillai, maelum inththa sothukkalai pangkuthaararkalukku viniyoagikka oru maraimuga vaakkai kattaayappadutha poathumaana pankukalai vaankinaar. muthaleedu mattrum kalvit thozhil. davit tott udan avarathu muthal puththagamaana "paathukaappu pakuppaaivu" 1934 aam aandil veliyidappattathu. "paathukaappu pakuppaaivu" endra puththagaththil, avar uukangkalilirunththu vaerupatta muthaleettaip pattriya thelivaana varaiyaraiyai munmozhinthaar. athil, "oru muthaleettu seyalpaadu enbathu, muzhumaiyaana paguppaaivin moolam, asal paathukaappirkum poathumaana varuvaayukkum uruthiyalikkirathu. inththa thevaikalai poorthi seiyaatha seyalpaadugal uukangkal aagum." vaaran buffet "puththisaalithanamaana muthaleettaalar" (1949) "idhuvarai ezhuthappatta muthaleedu pattriya sirantha puththagam" endru vivarikkiraar."muthaleedu mattrum uukangkalukku idaiyae oru adippadai vaerupaattai muthalil varaiya vaendum endru pankuch santhaiyil pankerpaalarkalai kiraham arivurutthinaar. pangku pankukalin urimaiyaalar avattrai muthanmaiyaaga oru vanigaththin pakuthi urimaiyai vazhangkuvathaagak karudha vaendum endru kiraham ezhuthinaar. antha kannoattaththai manathil kondu, pangku urimaiyaalar pangku vilaigalil ozhungkattra aetrtra irakkangkal kuritthu adhigam kavalaippadakkoodaathu, aenenil kurugiya kaalaththil pankuch santhai oru vaakku iyanththiraththaip poala seyalpadugirathu, aanaal neenda kaalaththirku adhu oru edai iyanththiram poala seyalpadugirathu (athaavathu.ii. adhan unmaiyana mathippu neenda kaalaththirku adhan pangku vilaiyil pirathipalikkum). kiraham seyalattra mattrum seyalil ulla muthaleettaalarukku idaiyae vaerupadukirathu. perumpaalum tharkaappu muthaleettaalar endru kuripidappadum seyalattra muthaleettaalar, echcharikkaiyudan muthaleedu seikiraar, mathippu pankukalaith thaedugiraar, neenda kaalaththirku vaangkukiraar. idharku maaraaga, santhaiyil vithivilakkaana kolmudhal seivatharkaana adhiga neram, aarvam mattrum adhiga sirappu arivu kondavar seyalil ulla muthaleettaalar aavaar. niruvanangalin nidhi nilaiyai pakuppaaivu seiya muthaleettaalargal neeraththaiyum muyarchiyaiyum selavida vaendum endru kiraham parinthuraiththaar. oru niruvanam adhan ullaarntha mathippukku kuraivaana vilaiyil santhaiyil kidaikkumpoathu, oru "paathukaappin vilimbu" ullathu, idhu muthaleettirku aetrtrathaaka irukkum. muthaleedu migavum vaniga reethiyaaga irukkumpoathu migavum puththisaaliththanamaaga irukkum endru kiraham ezhuthinaar. idhan moolam avar pangku muthaleettaalar sariyaanavar allathu thavaraanavar alla endru arthappaduththinaar, aenenil mattravargal avarudan udanpadugiraargal allathu udanpadavillai; avarathu unmaigalum paguppaaivum sariyanavai enbathaal avar sariyaanavar. kirahamin viruppamaana uruvagam thiru. santhai, ovvoru naalum bangkuthaararin veettu vaasalil vandhu thanathu pankukalai vaeru vilaikku vangavo virkavoa munvarum oru saga. podhuvaaga, thiru maerkoal kaatiya vilai. santhai nambaththagunthathaagath therikirathu, aanaal sila nerangalil adhu abaththamaanathu. muthaleettaalar thanathu maerkoal kaattapatta vilaiyudan udanpadavum avarudan varththagam seiyavum allathu avarai muzhumaiyaaga purakkanikkavum suthanthiramaaga irukkiraar. thiru. santhai idhaip porutpaduththaathu, aduththa naall mattroru vilaiyai maerkoal kaattath thirumbum. vishayam ennaventraal, thiru. vinn viruppangkalai muthaleettaalar karuththil kollakkoodaathu. muthaleettaalar vaiththirukkum pankukalin mathippai theermaanikkum santhai. avar santhai muttaalthanaththilirunthu laapam eetta vaendum, athil pankerpathai vida. thiru. pattri adhiga akkarai kolvathai vida, muthaleettaalar thanathu niruvanangalin nija vaazhkkai seyalthiranil kavanam seluththuvathum, eevuththogaiyaip peruvathum siranthathu. santhaiyin paguththarivattra nadaththai perumpaalum. kiraham thanathu naalin peruniruvanangkalai murattutthanamaana mattrum ozhungkattra nidhi arikkaiyidalukkaaga vimarsiththaar, idhu muthaleettaalargalukku vanigaththin nidhigalin unmaiyana nilaiyai kandarivathu kadinam. vanigangkal thangal ilaapangkal anaiththaiyum thakkavaiththa varumaanamaaga vaiththiruppathai vida pangkuthaararkalukku eevuththogai seluththuvathai avar aathariththaar. vanigaththin unmaiyana nidhi nilai kuritthu nalla pakuppaaivu illaamal, nilaiyaana pangku vilai valarchchiyin vaaippu iruppathaal, sila vagaiyaana pankukal endha vilaiyilum nalla kolmudhal endru parinthuraiththavargalaiyum avar vimarsiththaar. inththa avathaanippukal intrum poruththamaanavaiyaaga ullana. 1936 muthal 1956 varai kirahamin sarasari muthaleettu seyalthiran aandukku ~20% varuvaayaaga irunththathu. athae kaalakattathil ottumoththa santhai seyalthiran aandukku saraasariyaaga 12.2% aaga irunththathu. iruppinum, buffet mattrum perkshire hadhway thunaith thalaivar chaarli mungar iruvarum kirahamin muraiyai kandippaaga kaalaavathiyaanathu endru karudhugindranar, 1988 aam aandu paththirigaiyaalar caroll mumisku aliththa paettiyil buffet koorinaar, "baiyan, naan pennaik kaettirunthaal, naan eppoathaavathu migavum aezhaiyaaka irunththiruppaen." kirahamin migapperiya aathaayam keekoavilirunthu vanthathu, idhu avarathu kiraham-neuman koottaanmai 1948 ill $712,000 kku 50 sathaveethaththai vaangkiyathu. 1972 kkul inththa nilai $400 milliyanaaga uyarnthathu, idhu kiraham-neuman mattra muthaleedugalai vida portfoliovukku adhiga pankalippai valangkiyathu. keeko iruthiyil 1996 aam aandil perkshire hadhway aall muzhumaiyaaga vaangkappattathu, munbu buffet mattrum john jay. 1976 ill biren. maranam. septumber 21,1976 andru, kiraham thanathu 82 vayathil brancin ikes-enn-provencil iranthaar. marabu. avarathu pankalippukal pala thuraikalil paraviyirunthana, avattril ondru adippadai mathippu muthaleedu. kiraham "mathippu muthaleettin thanthai" endru karudhappadugiraar, maelum avarathu irandu puththagangkalaana "paathukaappu pakuppaaivu" mattrum "puththisaalithanamaana muthaleettaalar" aagiyavai avarathu muthaleettu thaththuvatthai varaiyarukkintrana, kurippaaga oru mathippu muthaleettaalaraaka iruppathan arththam enna. avarathu migavum pirabalamaana maanavar vaaran buffet aavaar, avar thodarnthu ulagin panakkaararkalil oruvaraaga ullaar. buffetin koottruppadi, kiraham ovvoru naalum muttaalthanamaana, aakkapoorvamaana mattrum thaaraalamaana ontraich seiya virumbuvathaagak kooruvaar. kiraham kadaisiyil migavum siranthu vilangkinaar endru buffet kuripittaar. pala mathippu muthaleettaalargal kiraham thaakkaththirku aalaakiyirunththaalum, avarathu migavum kurippidatthakka muthaleettu seedargalil charles piraandugal mattrum villiyam jay. aagiyoar adangkuvar. ruwan, bert ooltan, irving qaan mattrum walder jay. shlos. koodudhalaaga, muthaleedu kuriththa kirahamin ennangkal saeth clarman mattrum pill agman poantravargalai paathiththullana. kirahamin sila muthaleettu karuththukkal ippoathu meerapatta allathu kaalavathiyaanavai endru karudhappattaalum, mattravai innum mukkiyamaanavai endru angkeekarikkappattullana, maelum ulagengkilum ulla pala muthaleettu niruvanangalil puthiya paniyamarththalkalukku "paathukaappu pakuppaaivu" allathu "puththisaalithanamaana muthaleettaalar" padikkappada vaendum. muthaleettu nidhith thuraiyil thanathu paniyaith thavira, kiraham porulaathaarak koatpaattilum bangaliththaar. kurippaaga, avar iruvarukkum oru puthiya adippadaiyai uruvaakkinaar.ess. mattrum thangath tharaththirku maattraaka ulagalaaviya naanayam. kiraham inththa naanayak kootpaattai thanathu miga mukkiyamaana thozhilmurai paniyaagak karuthinaar; idhu avarathu vaazhnaalil perumpaalum purakkanikkappattathu, aanaal avar iranththa pala thasaapthankalukkup piragu 2007-2008 inn nidhi nerukkadikkup piragu theevira kavanaththai eerththathu.

benzin graham benzin graham (; neey grossbaum; mae 9,1894-september 21,1976) british-janminchina american aardhikavetta, professor mariyu pettubadidaaru. viluva pettubadula pitamahudu" gaa vistrutamgaa prasiddhi chendina ayana neoclassical pettubadiloo rendu vyavasthaapaka grandhaalanu rasaru "security analysis" (1934) david dodd thoo, mariyu "dhi intelligent investor" (1949). ayana pettubadi tatvasaastram pettubadidaarula manastatvasaastram, kaneesa runam, konugolu mariyu holdu pettubadi, praathamika vislaeshanha, kendrikruta vaividhyam, bhadrata anchuna konugolu, kriyaaseela pettubadi mariyu viruddhamaina manastatvaalanu nokki cheppindi. 20 samvatsaraala vayassulo columbia vishwavidyaalayam nundi pattabhadrudaina taruvaata, athanu wall streetlo thana vruttini praarambhinchaadu, chivariki graham-neuman bhagaswamyanni sthaapinchaadu. thana maajee vidyaarthi warren buffetnu niyaminchina taruvaata, athanu thana "alma matter" loe bodhanaa padavulanu chepattadu, taruvaata laas angelsloni california vishwavidhyaalayamloni ucla anderson school off managementlo bodhanaa padavulanu chepattadu. nirvaahaka aardhikasaastram mariyu pettubadulalo ayana chesina krushi mutual funds, headge funds, vaividhyabharitamaina holding companylu mariyu itara pettubadi vahanalalo viluva pettubadi yokka aadhunika taramgaaniki daariteesindi. thana kereer mottamlo, graahamku chaalaa mandhi pramukha shishyulu unnaaru, veeru pettubadi prapanchamlo gananeeyamaina vijayanni saadhinchaaru, veerilo irving cohn mariyu warren buffay unnaaru, taruvaati vaaru atanini thana sonta tandri tarvaata thana jeevitamlo rendava atyanta prabhaavavantamaina vyaktigaa abhivarninchaaru. graham yokka prasiddha vidyaarthulaloo marokaru surr zaan templeton. prarambha jeevitam. graham inglaandlooni londonlo yoodu tallidandrulaku benjamin grassbamga janminchaadu. thana talli vaipu, athanu rabbi yakov gesundheet yokka muni manavadu mariyu naadii shaastravetta ralf valdo gerard yokka bandhuvu. athanu oka samvatsaram vayassulo thana kutumbamtho kalisi newyork nagaraniki vellaadu. american samaajamlo kalisipovalane korikatho mariyu yoodula vyatiraeka mariyu german vyatiraeka bhavalanu nivaarinchaalane korikatho kutumbam vaari paerunu grossbaum nundi grahamga maarchukundi. vijayavantamaina furniture dukaanaanni kaligi undi, nirvahinche thana tandri maranam taruvaata, kutumbam paedarikaanni anubhavinchindi, idhi takkuva dhara berasaaraalanu konugolu cheyadaanni prarambha prasamsalanu prerepinchadam dwara thana pettubadi siddhaantaalanu prabhaavitam chesindani graham taruvaata chepparu. columbialo thana taragatiki salutatorianga pattabhadrudaina graham manchi vidyaarthi ayyadu. athanu inglish, ganitam mariyu tatvasaastram bodhinche pratipaadananu tiraskarinchaadu, badulugaa wall streetlo udyogam enchukunnadu, akkada athanu chivariki thana graham-neuman bhagaswamyanni praarambhinchaadu. praarambhamlo, graham "dhi northern pipeline afair" thoo tanakantu oka paeru tecchukunnadu, idhi zaan dii thoo kuudina vaataadaarula kriyaaseelata yokka prarambha kesu. rockfeller. graham yokka parisoedhana uttara pipeline koo. nii suuchimchimdi. athanu manchi upayogam kosam upayoginchabadatam ledani bhaavinchina vistaaramaina nagadu mariyu baand aastulanu kaligi unnadu mariyu eee aastulanu vaataadaarulaku pampinhee cheyadaaniki proxy otunu balavantam cheyadaaniki taginanta sherlanu konugolu chesaadu. pettubadi mariyu vidya vrutti. david dadtho ayana raasina modati pustakam "security analysis" 1934loe prachurinchabadindi. "security analysis" loe, ayana oohaagaanaalaku bhinnamgaa pettubadi yokka spashtamaina nirvachananni pratipaadinchaaru. pettubadi karyakalapalu anedi samagra vislaeshanhapai, asalu bhadrata mariyu taginanta raabadini vaagdaanam chesevi. eee avasaralanu teerchani karyakalapalu oohaajanitamainavi." warren buffay "dhi intelligent investor" (1949) nuu "pettubadi gurinchi ippativaraku vraayabadina uttama pustakam" gaa abhivarninchaaru."pettubadi mariyu oohagaanaala madhya praathamika vyatyaasaanni modata geeyaalani graham stock marketlo paalgonevaarini prothsahinchaaru. equity stackla yajamani vaatini modatagaa vyaparamlo kontha yajamanyanni andinchevigaa pariganinchaalani graham raasaaru. aaa drukpathaanni drushtilo unchukuni, stock dharalalo asthira hecchutaggula gurinchi stock yajamani ekkuvagaa aandolana chendakudadu, endukante swalpakaalikamgaa stock market oating yantramlaa pravartistundi, conny deerghakaalamlo idhi baruvu yantramlaa panichestundi (antey.ii. daani nijamaina viluva deerghakaalamlo daani stock dharalo pratibimbistumdi). graham nishkriyaatmaka mariyu kriyaaseela pettubadidaarula madhya thedaanu gurtistundi. tarachugaa rakshanaatmaka pettubadidaarugaa suchinchabade nishkriyaatmaka pettubadidaarudu, jagrattagaa pettubadi pedataaru, viluvagala stackla kosam chuustaaru mariyu deerghakaalikamgaa konugolu chestaaru. dheeniki viruddhamgaa, kriyaaseela pettubadidaarudu, marketlo asaadhaaranamaina konugollanu vetakadaaniki ekkuva samayam, aasakti mariyu bahusha marinta pratyaekamaina ghnaanam kaligi untaadu. companyla aardhika sthithini vislaeshimchadaaniki pettubadidaarulu samayam mariyu krushini vecchinchaalani graham sifaarsu chesaaru. oka company daani antargata viluvaku taggimpu dharaku marketlo andubaatulo unnappudu, "margine off safety" untundi, idhi daanini pettubadiki anukuulamgaa chestundi. pettubadi chaalaa varaku vyapaaramgaa unnappudu chaalaa telivainadani graham raasaaru. daani dwara athanu stock pettubadidaarudu sarainavadu ledhaa tappu kaadu anie ardham, endukante itarulu athanitho ekibhavincharu ledhaa vibhedinchaaru; athanu sarainavadu endukante athani vaastavaalu mariyu vislaeshanha sarainavi. graham yokka ishtamaina upamaanam mister yokkadi. market, pratiroojuu stock holder talupu vaddaku vacchi thana sherlanu vaerae dharaku konugolu cheyadaaniki ledhaa vikrayinchadaaniki vachhe vyakti. saadhaaranamgaa, dharanu mister coat chestaaru. market aamodayogyamgaa anipistundi, conny appudappudu idhi hasyaspadamga untundi. pettubadidaarudu thana perkonna dharatho ekibhavinchi, athanitho vyaparam cheyadaaniki ledhaa atanni puurtigaa vismarinchadaaniki swechcha kaligi untaadu. mister. market dheenini pattinchukodu, mariyu maroka dharanu coat cheyadaaniki marusati roeju tirigi vastundi. vishayam emitante, pettubadidaarudu mister yokka korikalanu parigananaloki teesukokudadu. pettubadidaarudu kaligi unna vaataala viluvanu nirnayinche market. athanu market moorkhatvam nundi labham pondaali, daanilo palgonadam kante. pettubadidaarudu thana companyla nija jeevita paniteerupai drushti pettadam mariyu dividendlanu pondadam manchidi, mister gurinchi ekkuvagaa aandolana chendadam kante. market yokka tarachugaa ahetuka pravartana. vyapara aardhika paristhitula nijamaina sthithini gurtinchadam pettubadidaarulaku kashtataram chesina aspashtamaina mariyu kramarahita aardhika nivedikala kosam graham thana kaalamlooni kaarporeshanlanu vimarsinchaaru. vyaparalu tama labhalannintini nilupukunna aadayaalugaa unchukune badulu vaataadaarulaku dividend chellimpulaku ayana nyaayavaadi. vyaparam yokka vaastava aardhika paristhitipai manchi vislaeshanha lekunda, sthiramaina stock dharala perugudala avakaasam unnanduna, konni rakaala stacklanu yea dharakaina konugolu cheyadam manchidani salaha icchina vaarini kooda ayana vimarsinchaaru. eee pariseelanalu netikee sambandhitamgaa unnaayi. 1936 nundi 1956 varaku graham yokka sagatu pettubadi paniteeru vaarshika rabadi ~20% gaa undhi. adhe kaalaaniki mottam market paniteeru sagatuna samvatsaraaniki 12.2% gaa undhi. ayinappatikee, buffay mariyu berkshire haathe vais chairman charley munger iddaroo graham paddhatini khachitamgaa paatadani bhaavistaaru, 1988loe fortune kosam journalist karol maggamtho icchina interviewlo buffay ilaa paerkonnaadu, "abbai, neenu benn maata matrame vinte, neenu eppuduu chaalaa paedavaadini avutaanu." graham yokka atipedda labham geeko nundi vachindi, dheenini athani graham-neuman bhagaswamyam 1948loe $712,000kuu 50 saatam konugolu chesindi. 1972 natiki eee sthaanam $400 millionlaku perigindi, idhi graham-neuman yokka itara pettubadulanninti kante portfolioku ekkuva dohadapadindi. gatamlo buffay mariyu zaan zhe chetha rakshinchabadina geeko chivariki 1996loe berkshire hathway chetha puurtigaa konugolu cheyabadindi. 1976loe byrne. maranam. 1976 septembaru 21naa, graham 82 samvatsaraala vayasulo fraanslooni ikes-enn-provencelo maraninchaadu. vaarasatvam. ayana chesina krushi aneka rangaalalo vistarinchi undhi, vaatilo okati praathamika viluva pettubadi. graahamnu "viluva pettubadula pitamahudu" gaa pariganistaaru, mariyu athani rendu pustakaalu, "bhadrata vislaeshanha" mariyu "telivaina pettubadidaaru", athani pettubadi tatvaanni, mukhyamgaa viluva pettubadidaarugaa undatam antey emito nirvachinchaayi. nissandehamgaa, athani atyanta prasiddha vidyaarthi warren buffay, athanu prapanchamlooni atyanta dhanavantulalo sthiramgaa sthaanam pondaadu. buffay prakaram, graham pratiroojuu edainaa moorkhatvam, srujanaatmakata mariyu udaaramgaa cheyaalani korukuntanani cheppevaadu. mariyu buffay gamaninchinatlugaa, graham chivarilo chaalaa raninchadu. chaalaa mandhi viluva pettubadidaarulu graham dwara prabhaavitamainappatikii, athani atyanta mukhyamaina pettubadi shishyulalo charless brandlu, alaage vilium zhe. ruyen, bert olden, irving cohn mariyu walter zhe. scloss. adanamgaa, pettubadulapai graham aalochanalu seth clarman mariyu bill akman vanti vaarini prabhaavitam chesaayi. graham yokka konni pettubadi bhavanalu ippudu adhigaminchabadinavi ledhaa paatavigaa pariganhinchabadutunnaayi, inca chaalaa mukhyamainaviga gurtinchabaddaayi mariyu prapanchavyaaptamgaa aneka pettubadi samsthalalo kotta niyaamakaala kosam "bhadrata vislaeshanha" ledhaa "telivaina pettubadidaaru" chadavaalsina avasaram undhi. pettubadi aardhika rangamlo thana krushitho paatu, graham aardhika siddhaantaaniki kooda krushi chesaaru. mukhyamgaa, athanu mea iddarikee kotta punaadini roopondinchaadu.ess. mariyu bangaaru pramaanaaniki pratyamnaayamgaa prapancha currency. graham eee currency siddhaantaanni thana atyanta mukhyamaina vruttiparamaina panigaa bhaavinchaadu; idhi athani jeevitakaalamlo ekkuvagaa vismarinchabadindi, conny 2007-2008 aardhika sankshobham taruvaata athani maranam taruvaata dasaabdaala tarvaata teevramaina drushtini aakarshinchindi.

benjaman graham benjaman graham (angrezi: Benjamin Gram) (9 mayee 1894-21 satambar 1976) eek bartanvi nazaad americi maahir muashiyat professor aur sarmayah kaar thay. wah baday paimanay parr "qadr kii sarmayah kaaree kay baap" kay toor parr jaanay jaatay haine aur inhon nay neo classici sarmayah kaaree mein duu bunyadi tehreerein likhein: dude dodd kay saath "security tajziya" (1934)yee aur "zaheen sarmayah kaar" (1949). inn kay sarmayah kaaree kay falsafe mein sarmayah kaaron kii nafsiyaat kumm say kumm qarz khareed woo hold sarmayah kaaree bunyadi tajziya matnua tanoa hifazat kay maarjan kay andar kharidari faal sarmayah kaaree aur mutzad zahniyat parr zoor diyaa gayaa. 20 saal kii amar mein columbia university say graduation karnay kay baad inhon nay waal strait parr apnay carrier kaa aaghaz kiyaa balaakhir graham-neo meen partnership kii bunyaad rakhee. apnay saabiq taalib alam waarin buffet kuu mulazimat parr rakhnay kay baad inhon nay apnay "almaa metter" mein tadrisi ahadon kuu sanbhala aur baad mein university aaf california laas angeles mein yuu see eel aey anderson school aaf mangement mein. intezami muashiyat aur sarmayah kaaree mein inn kay kaam nay meuchal funds heej funds matnua holding companiyon aur deegar sarmayah kaaree kii gaadiyon kay andar velio investment kii jadeed lehar kaa baais banaa hay. apnay puray carrier mein graham kay behat say qaabil zakar shagird thay jinhon nay sarmayah kaaree kii duniya mein khaatir khwah kamiyabi haasil kii jinn mein airong kaan aur waarin buffet shaamil thay moakhar alzikar nay inhein apnay waalid kay baad apnee zindagi kaa dosra sabb say baasir shaqs qaraar diyaa. graham kay mashhur shagirdon mein say eek sarr jaan templeton thay. ibtadayi zindagi. graham landan england mein yahudi waldeen kay haan banjman gross boam kay toor parr paida hoay. apnee maan kii taraf say wah rabee yakof gisandhet kaa parpota aur neuro sciencedan raalif waldo jairard kaa kazan thaa. wah eek saal kii amar mein apnay khaandaan kay saath neoyork shehar chalay gayey. khaandaan nay americi muashiray mein zam honay aur saam mukhalif aur german mukhalif jazbaat say bachnay kii khwahish mein apnaa naam gross boam say graham mein tabdil kirr diyaa. apnay waalid kii moth kay baad juu eek kamiyab furniture store kay maalik aur intezam kartay thay khaandaan kuu gharbat kaa saamna karnaa padaa jiss kay baaray mein graham nay baad mein kahaa kahh iss nay kumm qeemat waalay sooday baazi kii ibtadayi tareef kuu mutasir karkay inn kay sarmayah kaaree kay nazaryaat kuu mutasir kiyaa. graham columbia mein apnee klaas kay slotitorian kay toor parr graduation kartay hoay eek achhaa taalib alam bunn gayaa. iss nay angrezi riyaazi aur falsafah padhanay kii paishkash kuu mustarid kirr diyaa iss kay bajaye waal strait parr nokari karnay kaa intekhaab kiyaa jehaan iss nay balaakhir apnee graham-neo meen sharakat daari kaa aaghaz kiyaa. ibtadayi toor parr graham nay "naardarn pipe line afiyar" kay saath apnaa naam banaya juu jaan ddee say waabistah shayer holders kii srgarmi kaa eek ibtadayi muamilah thaa. rockfeeler. graham kii tehqeeq nay naardarn pipe line company kii taraf asharah kiyaa. inn kay paas wasee nqd aur baand kay asaase thay jinn kay baaray mein inn kaa khayaal thaa kahh inn kaa achhaa istemaal nahein kiyaa jaa rehaa thaa aur inhon nay kaafi hassas khareede taakah inn asaason kuu shayer holders mein taqsim karnay kay liye proxy woat parr majbur kiyaa jaa sakay. sarmayah kaaree aur taleemi carrier. inn kii pehli kitaab "security analysis" dude dodd kay saath 1934 mein shaye hoyee. "security analysis" mein inhon nay sarmayah kaaree kii eek waazah tareef tajweez kii juu inn kay qayaas aaraiyon say alg thee. iss mein likhaa gayaa hay "sarmayah kaaree kaa amal wah hay juu makmal tajziya parr asl kii hifazat aur munasib munafa kaa waadah kartaa hay. inn zaruriyat kuu poraa naha karnay waali karwaiyan qayaas aarayi parr mubni haine." waarin buffet nay "dee entelligent investor" (1949) kuu "sarmayah kaaree kay baaray mein abb takk likhee gayee behtareen kitaab" qaraar diyaa hay."graham nay stock market kay shareek kuu pehley sarmayah kaaree aur qayaas aaraiyon kay darmiyan bunyadi farq karnay kii targhib dee. graham nay likhaa kahh acvity stock kay maalik kuu inhein sabb say pehley aur sabb say aham toor parr karobar kii jazwi malkiyat deenay kay toor parr samajhna chahiye. iss naqtah nazar kuu zahan mein rakhtay huay stock kay maalik kuu stock kii qeematon mein bay tartib ataar chadhao say ziyadah fakar mund nahein honaa chahiye keunkah qaleel madat mein stock market voting masheen kii tarah bartao karti hay leakin taweel madat mein yaha wazan karnay waali masheen kii tarah kaam karti hay (yauni.ayee. iss kii asl qeemat taweel arsey mein iss kay stock kii qeemat mein zahir hogi). graham nay ghair faal aur faal sarmayah kaar kay darmiyan farq kiyaa. ghair faal sarmayah kaar jasay aksar dafayi sarmayah kaar kahaa jaataa hay ahtiyaat say sarmayah kaaree kartaa hay velio stock kii talaash kartaa hay aur taweel madat kay liye kharidta hay. iss kay barakas faal sarmayah kaar wah hotaa hay jiss kay paas bazaar mein ghair mamuli kharidariyon kii talaash kay liye ziyadah waqat dilchaspi aur mamkanah toor parr ziyadah khususi alam hotaa hay. graham nay sfarish kii kahh sarmayah kaar companiyon kii maali haalat kaa tajziya karnay kay liye waqat aur koshish karein. jabb koyee company market mein iss qeemat parr dastiyaab hoti hay juu iss kii androni qeemat say riayat parr hoti hay tuu "maarjan aaf seifty" mojud hotaa hay juu asay sarmayah kaaree kay liye mozon banata hay. graham nay likhaa hay kahh sarmayah kaaree sabb say ziyadah zaheen hoti hay jabb yaha ziyadah tarr karobar jaisi hoti hay. iss kaa matlab yaha thaa kahh stock investor naha tuu saheeh hay aur naha hyee ghalat keunkah dosray iss say mutafiq yaa mutafiq nahein haine. wah darsat hay keunkah iss kay hqaiq aur tajziya darsat haine. graham kaa pasandidah isteyarah mister kaa hay. bazaar eek aisa saathi juu harr roz stock holder kay darwazay parr apnay hassas kuu mukhtalif qeemat parr khareedne yaa farokhat karnay kii paishkash kartaa hay. aam toor parr mister kay zariah hawalah dee gayee qeemat. bazaar qaabil fehm lagtaa hay leakin kabhi kabhaar yaha mazhakah khaiz hotaa hay. sarmayah kaar yaa tuu apnee hawalah shadah qeemat say ittefaq karnay aur iss kay saath tajarat karnay yaa asay makmal toor parr nazar andaaz karnay kay liye aazaad hay. mister. bazaar kuu iss say koyee aiteraz nahein hay aur wah aglay dunn eek aur qeemat kaa hawalah deenay kay liye waps aayey gaa. baath yaha hay kahh sarmayah kaar kuu mister kii khwahishaat kaa khayaal nahein rakhna chahiye. sarmayah kaar kay hassas kii qeemat kaa tayeen karnay kay toor parr bazaar. asay bazaar kii himaqat say fayedah uthana chahiye bajaye iss kay kahh wah iss mein hasah lay. sarmayah kaar mister kay baaray mein ziyadah fakar mund honay kay bajaye apnee companiyon kii haqeeqi zindagi kii karkardgi aur munafa haasil karnay parr taujah markoz karnaa behatar hay. bazaar kaa aksar ghair maqool royah. graham nay apnay door kii corporations parr mubham aur bay qayedah maaliyaati reporting kay liye tanqeed kii jiss kii wajah say sarmayah kaaron kay liye karobar kii maali surathaal kaa andazah lagaana mashkal how gayaa. wah hassas yafatgan kuu munafa kii adayegiyon kay haami thay bajaye iss kay kahh karobar apnay tamaam munafa kuu barqarar rakhee hoyee aamadni kay toor parr rakhein. inhon nay inn logon parr bhee tanqeed kii jinhon nay mashurah diyaa kahh kachh qasm kay stock kasee bhee qeemat parr achhi kharidari haine keunkah stock kii qeemat mein muslisil izaafe kay amkaan kii wajah say karobar kii asl maali haalat kaa achhaa tajziya kiye baghair. yaha mashahidat aaj bhee mutaliqah haine. graham kii ausat sarmayah kaaree kii karkardgi 1936 say 1956 kay doraan salanah munafa ~20% thee. asee madat kay liye market kii majmuyi karkardgi austa salanah 12.2% thee. iss kay bawajood buffet aur bark shayer haith way kay naib chairmeen chaarli mangar donon graham kay tariqah kaar parr sakhti say amal karnaa farsudah samajhte haine buffet nay 1988 mein sahafi kirol lomas faar fortune kay saath eek intervieve kay doraan kahaa "ladkay agar mein sarf beenn kuu santaa tuu kiyaa mein kabhi behat gharib hotaa." graham kaa sabb say badaa fayedah jeeko say hawaa jasay inn kii graham-neomen sharakat daari nay 1948 mein 50 faisad 712,000 ddaalar mein kharida. 1972 takk yaha position badh kirr 40 karod ddaalar how gayee jiss nay graham-neomen kii deegar tamaam mushtarkah sarmayah kaariyon kay muqabilay port folio mein ziyadah hasah daala. jeeko kuu balaakhir 1996 mein bark shayer haith way nay makmal toor parr haasil kirr liyaa thaa juu pehley buffet aur jaan jay kay zariye bachaya gayaa thaa. 1976 mein biran. moth. 21 satambar 1976 kuu graham kaa inteqal 82 saal kii amar mein france kay aiks-aine-provence mein hawaa. miraas. inn kii sharakat mutadid shoabon parr maheet thee jinn mein say eek bunyadi qadr kii sarmayah kaaree thee. graham kuu "qadr kii sarmayah kaaree kaa baap" samjha jaataa hay aur inn kii duu kitaabon "security tajziya" aur "zaheen sarmayah kaar" nay inn kay sarmayah kaaree kay falsafe kii wazahat kii khaas toor parr qadr kay sarmayah kaar honay kaa kiyaa matlab hay. blashbah inn kaa sabb say mashhur taalib alam waarin buffet thaa juu muslisil duniya kay ameer tareen afraad mein shamaar hotaa hay. buffet kay mutabiq graham kehtay thay kahh wah harr roz kachh ahmaqana kachh takhliqi aur kachh farakhadli say kaam leenay kii khwahish rakhtay haine. aur buffet nay nott kiyaa graham nay aakhir mein sabb say ziyadah behtareen karkardgi kaa mazahirah kiyaa. agarcha behat say velio investor graham say mutasir rahay haine leakin inn kay sabb say qaabil zakar sarmayah kaaree kay shagirdon mein charlis brandz kay saath saath waleem jay bhee shaamil haine. royeen bert olden airong kaan aur walter jay. siklos. iss kay alawah sarmayah kaaree kay baaray mein graham kay khayalat nay seeth clerman aur bull acmen kii pasand kuu mutasir kiyaa hay. agarcha graham kay kachh sarmayah kaaree kay tasvaraat kuu abb khatam yaa farsudah samjha jaataa hay leakin behat say dosray abb bhee aham kay toor parr tasleem kiye jaatay haine aur duniya bhar kii behat see sarmayah kaaree farmon mein nayee khidmaat kay liye "security tajziya" yaa "zaheen sarmayah kaar" kuu padhnay kii zarurat hoti hay. investment fanans mein apnay kaam kay saath saath graham nay iqtesadi nazariyah mein bhee taawan kiyaa. khaas toor parr iss nay aap donon kay liye eek nayee bunyaad wazaa kii.aiss. aur gold standard kay muthbadil kay toor parr aalimi karansi. graham nay iss karansi theori kuu apnaa sabb say aham paishah waranah kaam samjha. asay inn kii zindagi mein bury hadd takk nazar andaaz kiyaa gayaa leakin 2007-2008 kay maali behraan kay natijay mein inn kii moth kay kayee dahayiyon baad iss nay sanjeedgi say taujah haasil kii.

000049b1a06625174001537c832ec262316fa2dad9733e4472e5c6e872293fb9

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=967892

Seosan

Seosan Seosan () is a city in South Chungcheong Province, South Korea, with a population of roughly 175,000 according to the 2017 census. Located at the northwestern end of South Chungcheong Province, it is bounded by Dangjin City, Naepo New Town, Yesan-gun and Hongseong-gun on the east, Taean-gun and the Yellow Sea on the west, south of Seoul, northwest of Daejeon and northwest of Naepo New Town. Seosan is the hub of transportation of the west coast where the Seohaean Expressway, Daejeon-Dangjin Expressway, National Highways No. 29, 32, 38 and 45 intersect. Culture and tourism. Although Seosan itself is fairly quiet and attracts relatively few tourists, there are a number of minor attractions in the rural areas outside of Seosan, most of which can be accessed within twenty minutes by car, or in an hour by bicycle. Many of these historic sites are well-known only among the locals and often have few visitors, which can make them appealing to those wishing to escape the crowded palaces and temples of Korea's major cities. For an exhaustive list of tourist attractions in the Seosan-Haemi area, detailed English-language maps are available at the Seosan Intercity Bus Terminal. Haemieupseong Fortress (해미읍성). Located in Haemi-eup, approximately from Seosan (15 minutes by car or local bus; 45 minutes by bike), Haemieupseong Fortress is among the best preserved examples of Korea's Joseon-era fortress architecture, and unlike most Joseon-era fortifications, it was built on a flat plain rather than on a hill or mountain. Haemieupseong Fortress was completed in 1491 (22nd year of King Seongjong's reign), and surrounded the entirety of Haemi-eup at the time of its completion. The fortress was used as a military command post controlling the Chuncheong-do region, and provided defense against Japanese pirates along Korea's western coast. As the town of Haemi expanded in the early 20th century, much of the fortress was torn down to allow additional urban development, but a major restoration work was undertaken in 1973. Today, the South Gate of Haemieupseong Fortress is original, along with certain parts of the walls, while the other gates are reconstructions. Along with Yeosutgol, Haemieupseong Fortress is considered to be a Holy Ground among Korean Catholics due to the Byeongin Persecutions of 1866, during which many Catholics living in the Chuncheong area were killed at the fortress. Yeosutgol Holy Ground (해미순교성지). Approximately 200 meters from Haemieupseong Fortress is the Yeosutgol Holy Ground, where Korean Catholics were buried alive, drowned and otherwise killed en masse during the Byeongin Persecutions. Although most of the site's remains were washed away by flooding, some of them were rediscovered in 1935. The site now contains a large memorial hall devoted to those who were martyred for their faith, and is now a major Catholic pilgrimage site. Yeonghyeon-ri Rock-carved Buddha Triad (용현리 마애여래삼존상). During the Three Kingdoms Period (~ 57 BCE - 668 CE), the Seosan-Haemi area was under the control of the Kingdom of Baekje (백제), and although there are very few ruins from this period in the Seosan-Haemi area, the Yeonghyeon-ri Rock-carved Buddha triad is a phenomenal exception. Carved in either the late 6th or early 7th century CE, the carving consists of a Buddha standing on a lotus leaf, flanked by two Bodhisattva. Although this carving has been designated a National Treasure of Korea, it receives relatively few visitors due to its isolation. The carving is best viewed in the morning, when the entirety of the triad is illuminated by the rising sun, and is accessible by local buses from Seosan and Unsan-ri, or by a half-hour drive or ninety-minute bike ride directly from Seosan. Bowonsa (보원사지). Built during the Unified Silla Period (668 - 935 CE), this small temple contains an iconic Baekje-style Pagoda, as well as a number of monuments which were added when the temple was expanded during the Goryeo Dynasty (918 - 1392 CE), and is considered to be a National Treasure of Korea. Bowonsa is about 500 meters from the Yeonghyeon-ri Rock-carved Buddha Triad, and is a quiet place for relaxation and meditation. Gaesimsa (개심사). Built in 1484 (15th year of King Seongjong's reign), Gaesimsa is one of only a handful of wooden buildings in Korea which date past the 17th century. The temple houses an Amitabha Buddha statue carved in the 14th century, as well as a hanging mural painted in the 15th century, both of which have won Gaesimsa the title of National Treasure of Korea. At the temple's rear is a mountain path which links to the Aramegil Hiking Trails, and can be used to reach Bowonsa and Yeonghyeon-ri on foot within a 90-120 minute hike. Climate. As with most of South Korea, Seosan has a humid subtropical climate/humid continental climate ("Cfa"/"Dfa"). In spring, mild temperatures are accompanied by strong winds bearing dust from the Chinese mainland. This unpleasant dust is named Hwangsa (황사) or Asian Dust, and prompts many Seosanites to wear face masks when walking or cycling. Seosan and the surrounding area are quite beautiful in Spring, however, particularly in the mountains and in Seosan's Lake Park. In summer, the monsoon season lasts about three weeks in June or July, and is characterised by very strong winds and heavy rainfall, although the severity of both of these phenomena have been decreasing in recent years. Seosan may be affected by mild typhoons during the summer season, as was the case in 2010, when Seosan was damaged by typhoon 'Kompasu'. Fall typically begins in mid-September and temperatures begin to drop rapidly by November. Snow generally appears in late November or early December, and continues until late February or early March. With the exception of occasionally snow storms, snowfall is generally very mild and rarely causes inconveniences for local traffic. The average temperature in Seosan is 11.8 degrees Celsius. Education. Hanseo University, a private university established in 1992, has 8,500 students and 50 departments that are staffed by 250 full-time faculty members. It is located about south-east of Haemi-eup and can be reached in 15 minutes by a local bus from Haemi. The university provides courses in Chiropractic, a wide range of liberal arts, design, and engineering disciplines, and hosts aviation and flight-training schools. Transportation. Seosan is served by Express and Intercity buses. Under optimal conditions, Express buses can reach Seoul's Gangnam Terminal in approximately 90 minutes, but can take up to 2.5 hours in the event of heavy traffic. Express buses to Seoul's Gangnam Terminal depart every half-hour, while intercity buses to other locations depart every hour. Seosan does not have a railway station; the nearest station is Hongseong Station, on the Janghang Line, approximately south of Seosan. A number of local buses serve the Seosan-Haemi area, with a fare between 960 and 1450 won. Local Specialties. Seosan is renowned for its locally farmed oysters and garlic, as well as a number of specialty dishes including "gegukji" () and marinated blue crab with soybean sauce (). References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

siuchan seusan () hoise dokhyin kuriyar dokhyin sungseyong prodexor ekhon sohor, jaar jonoxongkhya 2017 sonor lukpiyol onuxori pray 175,000. dokhyin sungseyong prodexor uttor-poschim prantot owosthito, ee dongjin sohor, nepu niu taaun, pubo dixot yesan-gaan aaru hongseyong-gaan aaru poschim dixot tayan-gaan aaru halodhiya xagoror dwara aawori aase, aaru siulor dokhyine, dejiunor uttor-poschime aaru nepu niu townor uttor-poschime owosthito. chio "chaan hoise poschim upokulor poribohonor kendro zo" too chio "hian expressway, dejiun-dangjin expressway, rastriyo ghaipoth nong. 29, 32, 38 aaru 45 ye ched kore. ei sohorkhonot mohanogori onchol aaru prodhan sohorxomuhor faale jothesto zaan-jotor poristhiti aase. xongoskriti aaru porjoton. jodiu chio "chaan nijei ek jothesto xanto aaru porjotonor khetrot guruttopurno sohor, chio" saanor baahiror gramyo oncholot keibatau xoru aakorxon aase, jaar besibhagei garir dwara bix minutor bhitorot baa saikelor dwara eghontar bhitorot prowex koribo paari. ei oitihaxik sthanxomuhor bohutbur kewol sthaniyo lukoxokolor maajot xuporisito aaru praye iyat komm xongkhyok dorxonarthi thaake, jaar folot kuriyar prodhan sohoror bhir thoka rajpraxad aaru mondiror poraa polayon koribo bisoraxokolor baabe aakorxoniyo hoi poribo paare. chio "chaan-hemi oncholor porjotokor aakorxonor ek bistrito talikar baabe chio" chaan aantoh nogor baach terminalot bixod ingraji bhaxar manchitro upolobdho. hemiyupsiang durgo (aamerika). hemi-eupot owosthito, chio "saanor poraa pray 15 minute (gaari baa sthaniyo basot; baikot 45 minute), hemio" psiyong durgo kuriyar jo "chenn-jugor durgo sthapotyor xorbosrestho xongrokhito udahoronxomuhor bhitorot onyotomo, aaru besibhag jo" chenn-jugor durgor biporite, iyak paahar baa porbotor poriworte xomotol xomobhumit nirman koraa hoisil. hemiupsiong durgotu 1491 sonot (roja siungjongor rajotwor rajotwor bosor) xompurno hoisil, aaru xompurno huwar xomoyot xomogro hemi-eupok aaguri aasil. ei durgotu suncheng-du oncholtu niyontron koraa xamorik command post hisape byobohar koraa hoisil, aaru kuriyar poschim upokulot japani jolodosyuxokolor biruddhe protirokya prodan korisil. bingxo xotikar aarombhonite hemi sohorkhon xomproxarito huwar loge loge otirikto nogor unnoyonor onumoti diboloi durgotur besibhag ongxo bhangi peluwa hoisil, kintu 1973 sonot ek guruttopurno punoruddharor kaam haatot luwa hoisil. aaji, dewalor kisuman ongxor logote hemiupsiang durgor dokhyin duwartu mool, aanhate aan duwarbur punor nirman koraa hoise. iyusutgulor logote 1866 sonor baiyongin nirzatonor baabe kurian ketholikxokolor maajot hemiyupsiang durgok ek pobitro sthan hisape gonyo koraa hoy, jaar xomoyot suncheng oncholot baax koraa bohutu ketholikok durgotut hotya koraa hoisil. iyusutgul pobitro bhumi (aamerika). hemiyupsiang durgor poraa pray 200 mitter durotwot iyusutgul pobitro bhumi aase, zo 'too kurian ketholikxokolok jiwitbhabe xomadhistho koraa hoisil, dubo diya hoisil aaru onyotha baiyongin nirzatonor xomoyot xamuhikbhabe hotya koraa hoisil. jodiu ei sthanor besibhag owoxisto banpanit dhui goisil, kintu 1935 sonot iyare kisuman punor abiskar koraa hoisil. ei sthantut etiya teulukor biswaxor baabe swohid huwa lukoxokolor baabe utxorgito ek brihot smarok holl aase, aaru etiya ee ek prodhan ketholik tirthosthan. yunghiyon-ri xilot khudit buddho troyad (<unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> Â tinita rajyor xomoisuwat (~ 57 khristopurbo-668 khristopurbo), chio "chaan-hemi onchol bekoje rajyor niyontronot aasil, aaru jodiu chio" chaan-hemi oncholot ei xomoyor poraa bohut komm dhongxawoxex aase, iyonghiyon-ri xilot khudit buddho troyad ek obhutpurbo byotikrom. xostho xotikar xexor faale baa xoptom xotikar aarombhonite khudit ei khudit karjyot dutaa budhixotwore bestit etaa podmo paator uporot thiyo hoi thoka etaa buddho aase. jodiu ei khudaikormok kuriyar rastriyo xompod hisape monunit koraa hoise, iyar bischinnotar baabe iyat tulonamulokbhabe komm dorxonarthi aahe. ratipuwa jetiya gutei trixoti xurjyor puhorot alukito hoy, aaru siuchan aaru unsan-rir poraa sthaniyo basor dwara, baa aadha ghontar drive baa nobboi minutor saikelor jatrar dwara proityokhyobhabe siuchanor poraa prowex koribo paari, tetiya khudai koratu ataitkoi bhalbhabe dekha yaay. buwonxa (<unk>). ekotrito chila jugot (668-935 khristabdo) nirmito ei xoru mondirtut ek protisthito bekoje-xoilir peguda aase, logote keibatau smritixoudho aase jibur guriyo "rajbonxor (918-1392 khristabdo) xomoyot mondirtu xomproxarito huwar xomoyot jug koraa hoisil, aaru iyak kuriyar ek rastriyo xompod buli gonyo koraa hoy. buwonxa iyonghiyon-ri xilot khudit buddho troyador poraa pray 500 mitter durot owosthito, aaru ee bisram aaru dhyanor baabe ek xanto sthan. gasimsa (<unk>). 1484 sonot (roja seungjongor rajotwor rajotwor bosor) nirmito gasimsa kuriyar maatro keitaman kaathor ottalikar bhitorot etaa ji 17xo xotikar pisor. mondirtut 14 xotikat khudit etaa omitabh buddhor murti aase, logote 15 xotikat rong koraa etaa jhulonto bhittisitro aase, ji duyutai gesimxak kuriyar rastriyo xompodor upadhi laabh korise. mondiror pisfale etaa porbot poth aase ji aramegil hiking trailor xoite xongzug kore, aaru 90-120 minutor haikor bhitorot khujkarhi buwunxa aaru yunghiyon-reet uposthito hoh 'boloi byobohar koribo paari. jolobayu. dokhyin kuriyar besibhag oncholor dore chio "saanor jolobayu aardro upo-krantiyo/aardro mohadexiyo jolobayu (" cfa "/" dfa "). boxontokalot, mridu taapmatrar xoite seenor mool bhukhondor poraa dhuli korhiyai onaa tibro botah thaake. ei opritikor dhulir naam diya hoise huangsa baa asean dhuli, aaru bohutu seusanaitok khuj kaarhi juwa baa saikel soluwar xomoyot mukhot maask pindhiboloi preron kore. chio "chaan aaru iyar aaxe-paxe thoka onchol boxontokalot jothesto xundor hoy, obosye bixexkoi porbot aaru chio" saanor lek parkot. grishmokalot, barixar botor june baa julyte pray tini xoptah thaake, aaru iyar boixistyo hoise oti tibro botah aaru prosondo borxun, jodiu xehotiya bosorburot ei duyuta porighotonar tibrota hraax paise. 2010 sonot typhoon 'compaxu' ror folot chio "chaan khyotigrosto huwar dore grishmokalot chio" chaan mridu typhoonor dwara probhabito hoh "bob paare. xadharonote septemboror majbhagot hraax aarombho hoy aaru novemboror bhitorot tapmatra drutogotit hraax paboloi aarombho kore. xadharonote novemboror xexor faale baa disemboror aarombhonite borof pore, aaru februaryr xexoloike baa marchor aarombhoniloike obyahot thaake. maaje maaje borphor dhumuhar baahire, tuxarpat xadharonote oti mridu hoy aaru sthaniyo zaan-baahonor baabe khubo komhe oxubidhar sristi kore. chio "saanor gorh tapmatra 11.8 degree celsius. xikhya. 1992 sonot sthapito ekhon byoktigoto biswobidyaloy hancheu biswobidyaloy hoise ek xoikhyik xomproday zo 'too 8500 goraki xikhyarthiye iyar 50taa bibhagor bhitorot etat teulukor xoikhyik lokhyo onuxoron kore zo' too too purnokalin xikhyok xodosyor kormosari aase. hemi-aapor pray dokhyin-pubo dixot owosthito aaru hemir poraa sthaniyo baach ekhonor dwara 15 minutet uposthito hoh 'bob paari. biswobidyaloykhone kaair "practic, udaar kolaa, design aaru obhijantrik xakhar ek bistrito porixorot pathyokrom prodan kore, aaru biman poribohon aaru biman-proxikhyon bidyaloixomuh aayujon kore. poribohon. seo "sanot express aaru aantoh nogoriyo basor dwara xewa aagborhuwa hoy. onukul poristhitit, express basbure pray 90 minutor bhitorot siulor gengnam terminalot uposthito hoh 'bob paare, kintu otyadhik zaan-jotor khetrot 2.5 ghontaloike xomoy lagibo paare. siulor gengnam terminaloloi express baach proti aadha ghontat eri yaay, aanhate aantoh nogor basxomuh aan sthanoloi proti ghontat eri yaay. seusanor kunu rey "lo steson naai; nikototom stationtu hoise honsiong steson, janghang lineor, seusanor pray dokhyine. 960-ror poraa 1450 sonor bhitorot bhaara bijoyi huwar xoite keibatau sthaniyo baach chio "chaan-hemi oncholot xewa aagborhai. sthaniyo bixexotwo. seo "chaan iyar sthaniyobhabe kheti koraa sistar aaru nohorur logote" gegukji "() aaru soyabin sosor xoite marinated neela khekur () xoho keibatau bixex byonjonor baabe bikhyat.

siosan seosan () dakkhin corrier dakkhin chungcheng prodesher ekti shohor, jaar jonosongkha 2017 saaler jonogonona onusare pray 175,000. dakkhin chungcheng prodesher uttor-poschim prante abosthito, etty dangjin shohor, naipo neu town, purbe iessan-gaan ebong hongseong-gaan ebong poschime tayean-gaan ebong holud sagor dwara beshtito, ebong siuler dakkhine, degioner uttor-poschime ebong naipo neu shohorer uttor-poschime abosthito. seosan holl poschim upokuler poribohoner kendra jekhane seohian expressway, degion-dangjin expressway, jatiya mahasadak nong. 29, 32, 38 ebong 45 chhed korey. eyi shohore mahanagar elaka ebong prodhan shahargulir dike prachur janjoter poristhiti royeche. sangaskriti oo porjoton. jodio seosan nijei ekti motamuti shanto ebong porjotongotobhabe guruttohin shohor, seosaner baire gramanchale besh koyekti chhotokhato akarshan royeche, jaar beshirbhagi gadite korey kudi minuter modhye baa saikele korey eka ghantar modhye axes koraa yaay. eyi oitihasik sthangulir modhye onekgulii shudhumatra sthanioder modhye suporichito ebong prayashai khub qama dorsonarthi thaake, jaa corrier prodhan shahargulir jonakirno prasad ebong mandirguli theke palate ichchukder kachhe akarshaniya korey tulte paare. seosan-hemmy anchaler porjotok akarshangulir ekti sampurna talikar jonno, seosan antahnagar baas terminale bistarito ingrezi bhasar manchitro pawa yaay. hemiupseong durgo (markin juktorashtro). hemmy-eupe abosthito, pray seosan theke (gaadi baa sthaniya baase 15 minit; saikele 45 minit), hemupsiang durgo corrier joson-juger durgo sthapotter sera sanrakkhito udahorongulir modhye ekti ebong beshirbhag joson-juger durgogulir biporite, etty pahad baa pahader poriborte samtal somobhumite nirmito hoyechilo. hemiupseong durgoti 1491 saale (raja seongjongyer rajotter 22tomo bochor) somponno hoy ebong samaptir somoy hemmy-euper puro ongshoke ghire feley. eyi durgoti chuncheng-doo anchal niyantrankari ekti samrik command poosta hisabe byabohrito hoto ebong corrier poschim upokul borabor japani jolodossuder biruddhe protirokkha pradan koroto. 20 shotoker godar dike hemmy shaharti prosarito howar saathe saathe atirikto nogor unnoyoner jonno durger beshirbhag ongsho venge fela hoyechilo, tobey 1973 saale ekti borh punoruddharer kaaj koraa hoyechilo. aaz, hemupsiang durger dakkhin getti prachirer kichhu ongsho soho asol, ebong anyanno getguli punarnirman koraa hoyeche. 1866 saaler baiyongner nipidaner karone iyesutagoler pashapashi hemiupseong durgoke corian kyatholikder modhye ekti pobitro sthan hisabe bibechona koraa hoy, jey somoy chuncheng anchale bosobaskari onek catholicke durge hotya koraa hoyechilo. eosutgol pobitro sthol (usa). hemiupseong durgo theke pray 200 mitter doore eosutgol pobitro sthan, jekhane corian kyatholikder jeebonto kobor deoa hoyechilo, dubiye deoa hoyechilo ebong onnothai baiongin nipidaner somoy ganohare hotya koraa hoyechilo. jodio eyi sthantir beshirbhag dhongshaboshesh bonnai vese giechilo, tobey 1935 saale taader modhye koyekti punra abishkrito hoyechilo. eyi sthane ekhon taader dhormer jonno shohidder jonno nibedito ekti borh smarok holl royeche ebong etty ekhon ekti prodhan catholic tirthosthan. eonghion-rii sheela-khodai buddho trayi. tinti rajyer samaykale (57 khristopurbabdo-668 khristabdo), siosan-hemmy anchal bekje rajyer niyantrane chhilo ebong jodio siosan-hemmy anchale eyi somoyer khub qama dhongshaboshesh royeche, eonghion-rii sheela-khodai buddho trayi ekti abhutopurbo byatikram. 6stho shatabdir shesher dike baa 7maum shatabdir godar dike khodai koraa eyi khodaiye duti bodhisotto dwara beshtito ekti buddho podmo patar upor dandiye achhen. jodio eyi khodai corrier jatiya sompod hisabe manoneet hoyeche, tobey bichchinnotar karone etty tulonamulokbhabe qama dorsonarthi paay. khodaiti sokale sabcheye vall dekha yaay, jokhon trayitir puro ongsho udiyaman soorjo dwara alokito hoy ebong seosan ebong unsan-rii theke sthaniya baas dwara baa adha ghantar drive baa nobboi minuter baiker madhyome sarasari seosan theke accessogyo hoy. bounsa. oikyoboddho silla juge (668-935 khristabdo) nirmito eyi chhoto mondire ekti iconic bekje-shailir pagoda royeche, pashapashi besh koyekti smritistambha royeche jaa gorio rajbongsher (918-1392 khristabdo) somoy mandirti prosarito howar somoy jog koraa hoyechilo ebong etty corrier jatiya sompod hisabe bibechito hoy. bounsa eonghion-rii sheela-khodai buddho trayi theke pray 500 mitter doore abosthito ebong etty vishram oo dhyaner jonno ekti shanto jaiga. gesimsa. 1484 saale (raja seongjong-err rajotter 15tomo bochor) nirmito gesimsa corrier matro 17shha shatabdir haate gona koyekti kaather buildinger modhye ekti. mondirtite 14shha shotabdite khodai koraa ekti amitav buddher murti royeche, pashapashi 15shha shotabdite aanka ekti jhulonto mural royeche, jaa ubhayi gesimoshke corrier jatiya sompoder upadhi diyeche. mondirer pichoner dike ekti porboto poth royeche jaa aramegil hiking trailer saathe sangjukto ebong 90-120 minuter hikinger modhye paye hente bounsa ebong eonghion-rii pouchate byabohar koraa jete paare. jalbayu. dakkhin corrier beshirbhag anchaler moto, siosaner ardro upokrantiyo jalbayu/ardro mahadeshiya jalbayu ("cfa"/"dfa") royeche. bosonte, halka tapmatrar saathe cheener mool bhukhanda theke dhulo bohonkari probol batas thaake. eyi apritikar dhuloke hoangsa baa eshiya dhulo bolla hoy ebong onek seosaniteke haanta baa saikela chaalaanor somoy phesa mask porte prorochito korey. seosan ebong ashepasher elaka bosonte besh sundar, tobey bishesh korey pahade ebong seosaner lake parke. grissokale, borsha ritu june baa julai maase pray tinn saptaha sthayi hoy ebong khub probol batas ebong bharee brishtipat dwara chinnito koraa hoy, jodio samprotik bochorgulite eyi duti ghotonar tibrota hrass pachche. grisser morsume siosan halka typhooner dwara probhabito hotey paare, jemonti 2010 saale hoyechilo, jokhon siosan typhoon 'kompasu' dwara khotigrosto hoyechilo. sadharonoto september majhamajhi theke tapmatra komte shuru korey ebong novemborer modhye tapmatra druto komte shuru korey. tusharpat sadharonoto novemborer shesher dike baa december shurute dekha yaay ebong february shesh baa marcher prothom dick porjonto abyahoto thaake. majhe majhe tushar jhor chhada, tusharpat sadharonoto khub halka hoy ebong khub komoi sthaniya janbahoner jonno asubidha srishti korey. siosaner garh tapmatra 11.8 degree celsius. shikkha. 1992 saale protisthito ekti besarkari vishwavidyalaya hansio vishwavidyalaya ekti academic sampradai jekhane 8500 shikkharthi taader 50tii bibhager ektite taader academic lakkhyaguli anusaran korey jaa 250 john purno-somoyer anushad sadasya dwara nijukto. etty hemmy-aper pray dakkhin-purbe abosthito ebong hemmy theke ekti sthaniya baase 15 minuter modhye pouchano yaay. vishwavidyalayati chiropractic, udar shilpokola, naksha ebong prakaushal bibhager bistrito course pradan korey ebong biman chalachal oo biman-proshikkhon vidyalaygulir ayojan korey. poribohon. seosan eksapresa ebong antahnagar baas dwara poribeshon koraa hoy. sarbottama poristhitite, eksapresa basguli pray 90 minuter modhye siuler gangnum terminale pouchte paare, tobey bharee janjoter khettre 2.5 ghanta porjonto somoy nitey paare. siuler gangnum terminale eksapresa basguli proti aadh ghanta ontor chhede yaay, ebong anyanno sthane intercity basguli proti ghontai chhede yaay. seosaner konao rail steshana nei; nikatatama steshana holl hongseong steshana, jaa seosaner pray dakkhine janghang liney abosthito. besh koyekti sthaniya baas seosan-hemmy elaka porisheba deyo, jaar bhada 960 theke 1450 err modhye. sthaniya biseshotto. seosan sthaniyobhabe chaash koraa jhinuk ebong rasuner pashapashi "gegukji" () ebong soybean soser saathe marinated neel kankda soho besh koyekti bishesh khabarer jonno bikhyato.

seosan seosan () aee dakshin koreeyana dakshin chungcheong praantnu aek shaher chhe, jenee vastee vastee vastee ganatari anusaar aashre 175,000 chhe. dakshin chungcheong praantnaa uttarpashchim chhede stheet, teey dangjin shaher, nepo navoo shaher, purvamaa haa-bandook aneey hongseong-bandook aneey pashchimma taain-bandook aneey pilaa samudrathi gheraayelu chhe, aneey seulnee dakshine, deyjonni uttarpashchimma aneey nepo navaa shahernee uttarpashchimma aavelu chhe. seosan aee pashchim dariyakanthana parivahannu kendra chhe jyaan seohine expressway, diazon-dangjin expressway, raashtriy dhorimargo nann. 29, 32, 38 aneey 45 aekbeejaane chhede chhe. aaa shaherma metropolitana vistaar aneey mukhya shahero taraf trafficni saaree sthitee chhe. sanskruti aneey pravaasan. joke siosana pote ekdam shaant aneey pravasanni drashtiae binmahatvapurn shaher chhe, siosannee bahaar graameen vistaroma sankhyaabandh naana aakarshano chhe, jemathi motabhagna kaar dwara vees minuteni andar athavaa cycle dwara aek kalaakmaa pahonchi shakaay chhe. aamaana ghanaa aitihasik sthalo maatra sthaaneek lokomaa jaj jaanita chhe aneey ghanivaar thodaa mulaakaatio hoya chhe, jeey temne koreeyana mukhya shaherona geach mahelo aneey mandiromathi chhataki javaa maangtaa lokone aakarshit curry shake chhe. siosana-hemee vistaarmaa pravasi aakarshanoni sampoorn yaadee maate, siosana intercity bus terminal parr vigatvaar angreji bhashana naksha uplabdh chhe. hamiupsayong killo (yuu. aesa. aee.). hemee-aepmaa stheet, lagbhag seosanthi (kaar athavaa sthaaneek bus dwara 15 minut; bike dwara 45 minut), hamiupsayong killo koreeyana josan-yugnaa keellana sthaapatyana shreshth sanrakshit udaaharanomaano aek chhe, aneey motabhagna josan-yugnaa keellaothi vipareet, teey tekri athavaa parvat parr nahee pann sapaat medaan parr bandhvama aavyo hato. hamiupsayong killo killo (raajaa seongjongna shaasannaa shaasannaa varsh) purn thayo hato aneey tenee purntaanaa samaye tene hemee-apnee sampurntaane gheree leedhi hatee. aaa keellano upyog chunchong-doow pradeshne niyantrit karatee lashkari command poosta tareeke thato hato aneey koreeyana pashchimi dariyakanthe japanese chaanchiyaao saame sanraxan purun paadatu hatoo. hatoo sadeeni sharuaatmaa hemee nagarnu vistaran thayu hovathi, vadharana shaheri vikasne manjuri aapvaa maate keellano motaabhaagno bhaag todee padvama aavyo hato, parantu parantu motaa punsthaapannu kaama haath dharvaamaa aavyu hatoo. aaje, hamiupsayong keellano dakshin darvaajo diwalona amuk bhaago saathe mool chhe, jyaare anya darvajaonu punnirman karvaamaa aavyu chhe. yasutgol saathe, hamiupsayong keellane keellane bayongin sataamaneene kaarane corian ketholikomaa pavitra sthal manvama aave chhe, jeey darmiyan chunchong vistaarmaa raheta ghanaa ketholikone keellama maaree nakhvama aavyaa hataa. yosutgol pavitra medaan (yuu. aesa. aee.). hamiupsayong keellathi aashre 200 meater door yosutgol pavitra medaan chhe, jyaan corian ketholikone jivant dafnavvama aavyaa hataa, dooby gayaa hataa aneey anyatha bayongin satamani darmiyan saamuhik reete maaree nakhvama aavyaa hataa. joke aaa sthalnaa motabhagna avshesho purmaa dhovai gayaa hataa, temaanna ketalaakne ketalaakne fareethi shodhvaamaa aavyaa hataa. aaa sthal parr havey jeo temnaa dharm maate shaheed thayaa hataa temne samarpeet aek vishaal smaarak khand chhe, aneey havey teey aek mukhya ketholik tirthsthaan chhe. yonghyon-rii roqa-kotarani buddh triputi (yuen). trana rajvaadaao (~ 57 bii. see. ee.-668 see. ee.) darmiyan, siosana-hemee vistaar bekje (<unk>) naa samrajyna niyantran hethal hato, aneey jooe keey siosana-hemee vistaarmaa aaa samaygaalaathi khoob ochha khandero chhe, tema chhataa yongyon-rii roqa-kotarani buddh triputi aek asadharan apvaad chhe. chhaththi sadeena antamaa athavaa saatmee sadeeni sharuaatmaa kotarvaamaa aaveli kotaranimaa kamalnaa pandada parr ubhelaa buddhno samaavesh thaay chhe, jenee bajuma beey bodhisatva chhe. aaa kotaraneene koreeyano raashtriy khajaano jaaher karvaamaa aavyo hovaa chhataa, tenaa alag thalag padvaane kaarane tene pramanma ochha mulaakaatio maley chhe. savaare kotarani shreshth reete jovama aave chhe, jyaare trikoniyani sampurnataa ugataa soorya dwara prakashit thaay chhe, aneey sthaaneek baso dwara seosan aneey ansaan-reethi athavaa adadhaa kalaaknee drive athavaa nevu-minuteni bike savaari dwara seedha seosanthi sulabh chhe. bovonsa (bovonsa). aekeekrut silla samaygaalaa (668-935 see. ee.) darmiyan bandhvama aavelu aaa naanu mandeer aek pratishthit bekje-shaileeno pegoda dharaave chhe, temaj sankhyaabandh smaarako pann dharaave chhe, jeey goriyo rajvansh (918-1392 see. ee.) darmiyan jyaare mandeernu vistaran karvaamaa aavyu tyaare umervaamaa aavyaa hataa, aneey tene koreeyano raashtriy khajaano manvama aave chhe. bovonsa yonghyon-rii khadak-kotarani buddh triputithi lagbhag 500 meater door chhe, aneey aaraam aneey dhyaan maate aek shaant sthal chhe. gassimsa (<unk>). (<unk>) (raajaa seongjongna shaasannaa shaasannaa varsh) bandhvama aavel gassimsa koreeyama maatra muththibhar lakadani imaratomathi aek chhe, jeey jeey sadeeni chhe. aaa mandeerma mandeerma sadimaa kotarvaamaa aaveli amitabh buddhni pratimaa temaj temaj sadimaa dorvaamaa aaveli lataktee bhintchitra chhe, jeey banneae gassimsane koreeyana raashtriy khajaananu birud aapyu chhe. mandeerna paachhalna bhagma aek parvat maarg chhe jeey aramegil hiking trails saathe jodaay chhe, aneey 90-120 minutena vadhaara darmiyan pagpala bovonsa aneey yonghyon-rii sudhee pahonchvaa maate teno upyog curry shakaay chhe. aabohva. dakshin koreeyana motabhagna vistaaroni jaim, siosanma bhejwali uposhnkatibandhiy aabohva/bhejwali khandeey aabohva ("cfa"/"dfa") chhe. vasantrutumaa, hadvaa taapmaan saathe cheennee mukhya bhoomimathi dhool saathe bhaare pawan aave chhe. aaa apreey dhulne hwangsa (<unk>) athavaa aeshiyan dhool naam aapvama aavyu chhe, aneey teey ghanaa siosanitesne chaalvaa athavaa cycle chalaavati vakhate chaherana maask pahervaa maate prereet karey chhe. seosan aneey aaspasna vistaar vasantrutumaa khoob jaj sunder hoya chhe, jooe keey, khaas kareene parvatomaa aneey seeosanna leeka parkma. unalama, chomasani mosam juuna athavaa julyma lagbhag trana athvadiya sudhee chaale chhe, aneey teey khoob jaj majboot pawan aneey bhaare varsaad dwara vargikrut thayel chhe, jooe keey taajetarnaa varshomaa aaa banne ghatanaaoni tivrataa ghatee rahee chhe. unaalaani mosam darmiyan hadvaa vavazodani assar siosana parr thaee shake chhe, jaim keey keey thayu hatoo, jyaare siosanane 'kompasu' vavazodu dwara nuksan thayu hatoo. saamanya reete septembernaa madhyamaa dhodhmaar varsaad sharoo thaay chhe aneey november sudhimaa taapmaan zadapthi ghatvaanu sharoo thaay chhe. baraf saamanya reete novembernaa antamaa athavaa decemberni sharuaatmaa dekhaay chhe, aneey februarina anta sudhee athavaa maarchnee sharuaat sudhee chaalu rahe chhe. prasangopaat barafnaa tofanona apvaad saathe, barafvarsha saamanya reete khoob jaj hadvee hoya chhe aneey bhagye jaj sthaaneek traphiqa maate asuvidhaaonu kaaran baney chhe. siosanma sarerash taapmaan 11.8 degree celsius chhe. shikshan. shikshan sthapaayeli khangi university, hanso university, aek shaikshanik samudaay chhe jyaan 8,500 vidhyarthio tenaa 50 vibhagomathi aekmaa temnaa shaikshanik lakshyankone anusare chhe, jemaa 250 purn-samaynaa faculty sabhyo dwara staff chhe. teey hemee-apnee dakshin-purvamaa stheet chhe aneey hemeethi sthaaneek bus dwara 15 minutema pahonchi shakaay chhe. university chiroprecticma abhyaskramo pradaan karey chhe, udaar kalaa, design aneey ijneri shaakhaaoni vishaal shrenee, aneey uddayan aneey flight-taaleem shaalaaonu aayojan karey chhe. parivahan. seosan express aneey intercity baso dwara sevaa aape chhe. shreshth paristhitiomaa, express baso lagbhag 90 minutema siolnaa gangname terminal sudhee pahonchi shake chhe, parantu bhaare trafficni sthitima 2.5 kalaak sudheeno samay laagee shake chhe. siolnaa gangam terminal maate express baso darr adadhaa kalaake ravaana thaay chhe, jyaare anya sthalo maate intercity baso darr kalaake ravaana thaay chhe. seosanma railway station nathee; sauthee najiknu station hongseong station chhe, jeey lagbhag seosanni dakshine janghang line parr aavelu chhe. sankhyaabandh sthaaneek baso seosan-hemee vistaarmaa sevaa aape chhe, jemaa 960 aneey 1450 nee vachchenu bhaadu jitvama aavyu chhe. sthaaneek visheshtao. seosan tenaa sthaaneek reete ugadvama aavtaa oisters aneey lasan maate prakhyaat chhe, temaj "gegukji" () aneey soyabean chutney () saathe marinated vaadadi karchalaa saheet sankhyaabandh vishesh vaangeeo maate jaanitu chhe.

seosan seosan () dakshin koria key dakshin chungcheong praant kaa ack shahar haye, jisaki jansankhya 2017 kii janganana key anusaar lagbhag 175,000 haye. dakshin chungcheong praant key uttar-paschimi chhor parr sthit, yeh dangjin shahar, nepo nyu town, poorv mein yaan-gunn aur hangseong-gunn aur paschim mein taaeen-gunn aur peele samudra seey ghiraa huaa haye, aur seol key dakshin mein, dejiyon key uttar-paschim mein aur nepo nyu shahar key uttar-paschim mein haye. seosan paschimi tata kaa parivahan kaa kendra haye jahan seohai expressway, dejiyon-dangjin expressway, rashtriya rajmarg nam. 29, 32, 38 aur 45 pratichhed karate hain. iss shahar mein mahanagariya kshetra aur pramukh shaharon kii or yatayat kii bahut achchi sthiti haye. sanskriti aur paryatan. halanki seosan apane aap mein ack kaafee shaant aur paryatan kii drishti seey mahatvaheen shahar haye, lekin seosan key baahar graameen kshetron mein kaee chhote aakarshan hain, jinamen seey adhikansh taka kaar seey bees minut key bheetar yaa saikil seey ack ghante mein pahuncha jaa sakata haye. inmein seey kaee aitihaasik sthal kewal sthaaniya logon key beach prasiddh hain aur aksar cumm agantuk hotey hain, joe unhein koria key pramukh shaharon key bheedbhaad vaale mahalon aur mandiron seey bachane key ichchuk logon key liye aakarshak banaa sakate hain. seosan-hemmy kshetra mein paryatak akarshanon kii ack vistrit soochi key liye, seosan intercity buss terminal parr vistrit angreji bhasha key nakshe upalabdh hain. hemiupsiang kilaa (america). hemmy-upp mein sthit, lagbhag seosan seey (kaar yaa sthaaniya buss seey 15 minut; bike seey 45 minut), hemiupseong kilaa koria key josian-yug key kille kii vastukala key sabse achche sanrakshit udaharanon mein seey ack haye, aur adhikansh josian-yug key kilebandi key vipareet, yeh ack pahaadi yaa pahaad key bajaay ack sapaat maidan parr banaaya gayaa thaa. hemiupseong kilaa 1491 (raajaa seongjong key shasankal key 22vein varsh) mein puuraa huaa thaa, aur isake puuraa honey key samay hemmy-upp kii poori tarah seey gher liya gayaa thaa. kille kaa upayog chunchong-doo kshetra koo niyantrit karane vaali ack sainya kamaan chauki key roop mein kiya jaataa thaa, aur koria key paschimi tata parr japani samudri dakuon key khilaf raksha pradaan kartaa thaa. jaise-jaise 20veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein hemmy shahar kaa vistaar huaa, atirikt shahari vikas kii anumati dene key liye kille key adhikansh hisse koo toda diyaa gayaa thaa, lekin 1973 mein ack badaa jeernoddhar kaary kiya gayaa thaa. aaj, hemiupseong kille kaa dakshin dwaar mool haye, saath hii divaaron key kuchh hisse hain, jabaki anya dwaar punarnirmaan hain. yeosutgol key saath, hemiapseong kille koo 1866 key bayongin utpeedan key kaaran koriyai catholics key beach ack pavitra sthal maanaa jaataa haye, jisake dauran chunchong kshetra mein rahane vaale kaee catholic kille mein maare gaye they. yosutgol pavitra sthal (yuu. aiss. aeye.). hemiupsiang kille seey lagbhag 200 meater kii doori parr yosutgol pavitra sthal haye, jahan koriyai catholics koo bayongin utpeedan key dauran jeevit dafnaya gayaa thaa, duba diyaa gayaa thaa aur anyatha saamoohik roop seey maar diyaa gayaa thaa. haalaanki site key adhikansh avashesh baadh mein beh gaye they, unamen seey kuchh koo 1935 mein phir seey khoja gayaa thaa. site mein abb una logon key liye samarpit ack badaa smaarak holl haye joe apane dharm key liye shaheed hue they, aur abb yeh ack pramukh catholic teerth sthal haye. yonghyon-ree chattan-nakkashidar buddh trayi. teen raajyon kii avadhi (57 eesaa poorv-668 esvi) key dauran, seosan-hemmy kshetra bekje (<unk>) key raajya key niyantran mein thaa, aur haalaanki seosan-hemmy kshetra mein iss avadhi key bahut cumm khandahar hain, lekin yonghion-ree chattan-nakkashidar buddh trayi ack abhootpoorv apavaad haye. chhathi shatabdi key anta yaa 7veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein nakkashi mein ack buddh kamal key patte parr khadaa haye, jisake buggle mein dou bodhisatva hain. haalaanki iss nakkashi koo koria kaa rashtriya khajaana naamit kiya gayaa haye, lekin isake algaav key kaaran isamen apekshaakrit cumm agantuk aatey hain. nakkashi koo subah sabse achchi tarah seey dekhaa jaataa haye, jaba trikoniya kaa puuraa hissa ugate suraj seey rotion hotaa haye, aur seosan aur unson-ree seey sthaaniya bason dwara yaa aadhe ghante kii drive yaa seedhe seosan seey nabbe minut kii bike sawari dwara pahuncha jaa sakata haye. bovonsa (bovonsa). ekikrit silla kaal (668-935 esvi) key dauran nirmit, iss chhote seey mandir mein ack pratishthit bekje-shally kaa pagoda haye, saath hii kaee smaarak bhee hain jinhen gorio rajvansh (918-1392 esvi) key dauran mandir kaa vistaar karane key baad jodaa gayaa thaa, aur ise koria kaa rashtriya khajaana maanaa jaataa haye. bovonsa yonghyon-ree chattan-nakkashidar buddh trayi seey lagbhag 500 meater kii doori parr haye, aur aaraam aur dhyaan key liye ack shaant sthaan haye. gassimsa (<unk>). 1484 (raajaa seongjong key shasankal key 15vein varsh) mein nirmit, gassimsa koria mein kewal mutthi bhar lakadi kii imaraton mein seey ack haye joe 17veen shatabdi seey pahale kii haye. mandir mein 14veen shatabdi mein nakkashidar amitabh buddh kii moorti key saath-saath 15veen shatabdi mein chitrit ack latakati bhitti chitra haye, donon ney gassimsa koo koria key rashtriya khajaane kaa khitaab dilaaya haye. mandir key peechhe ack pahaadi maarg haye joe aramegil lambi paidal yatra key raaston seey judataa haye, aur iska upayog ack 90-120 minut kii chadhaai key bheetar paidal bovonsa aur yonghyon-ree taka pahunchane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye. jalavaayu. dakshin koria key adhikansh hisson kii tarah, seosan mein aardr uposhnakatibandhiya jalavaayu/aardr mahadvipiya jalavaayu ("see. aff. aeye"/"dee. aff. aeye") haye. vasant mein, halke tapman key saath cheeni mukhya bhoomi seey dhool leey jaane vaali tej havaayen chalati hain. iss apriya dhool koo hwangsa yaa asiai dhool kahaa jaataa haye, aur kaee seosanites koo chalane yaa saikil chalaate samay chehare parr mask pahanane key liye prerit kartaa haye. ceosan aur aspas kaa kshetra vasant mein kaafee sunder hotaa haye, halanki, vishesh roop seey pahaadon aur ceosan key jheel udyaan mein. garmiyon mein, mansoon kaa mausam juuna yaa julaai mein lagbhag teen saptah taka rahata haye, aur isaki visheshta bahut tej havaayen aur bhaari varsha haye, haalaanki haal key varshon mein inn donon ghatnaaon kii gambhirta cumm hoe rahee haye. garmiyon key mausam mein ceosan halke toofaan seey prabhaavit hoe sakata haye, jaisa kii 2010 mein huaa thaa, jaba ceosan toofaan 'kompasu' seey kshatigrast hoe gayaa thaa. girawat aamtaur parr sitambar key madhya mein shuru hoti haye aur navambar taka tapman teji seey girna shuru hoe jaataa haye. burf aam taur parr navambar key anta yaa disambar kii shuruat mein dikhaai detee haye, aur farwari key anta yaa march kii shuruat taka jaari rahati haye. kabhi-kabhi burf key toofaanon koo chhodkar, barfbari aam taur parr bahut halki hoti haye aur shayed hii kabhi sthaaniya yatayat key liye asuvidha kaa kaaran banati haye. seosan mein ausat tapman 11.8 degree celsius haye. shiksha. 1992 mein sthaapit ack niji vishvavidyalaya, hansiyo vishvavidyalaya, ack shaikshanik samudaay haye jahan 8500 chhaatr apane 50 vibhagon mein seey ack mein apane shaikshanik lakshyon koo puuraa karate hain, jisamen 250 purnakaalik sankaay sadasya kaaryarat hain. yeh hemmy-upp key lagbhag dakshin-poorv mein sthit haye aur hemmy seey sthaaniya buss dwara 15 minut mein pahuncha jaa sakata haye. vishvavidyalaya chiroprectic mein pathyakram pradaan kartaa haye, joe udaar kalaa, design aur engineering vishayon kii ack vistrit shrinkhala haye, aur vimanan aur udaan-prashikshan schools kii mejbani kartaa haye. parivahan. seosan mein express aur intercity basein chalati hain. ishtatam paristhitiyon mein, express basein lagbhag 90 minut mein seol key ganganam terminal taka pahunch sakati hain, lekin bhaari yatayat kii sthiti mein dhaaee ghante taka kaa samay lugg sakata haye. seol key ganganam terminal key liye express basein harr aadhe ghante mein nikalati hain, jabaki anya sthaanon key liye intercity basein harr ghante nikalati hain. seosan mein koee railway station naheen haye; nikatatam station hangseong station haye, joe seosan key lagbhag dakshin mein jangang line parr haye. kaee sthaaniya basein seosan-hemmy kshetra mein seva detee hain, jinka kiraya 960 aur 1450 key beach hotaa haye. sthaaniya visheshataaen. seosan apane sthaaniya roop seey kheti kiye jaane vaale seep aur lahsun key saath-saath "gegukji" () aur soyabean saus () key saath marinated blue kekade sahit kaee vishesh vyanjanon key liye prasiddh haye.

seosan seosan () daksina koriyaada daksina chungchiang praantyada ondu nagaravagiddu, 2017rahra janaganatiya prakara sumaru 175,000 janasankhyeyannu hondide. daksina chungchiang praantyada vayuvya tudiyalli nelegondiruva idu, poorvadalli dongzin nagara, naipo nyoo town, yess-gunn mattu hangsiang-gunn mattu pashchimadalli teyon-gunn mattu haladi samudradinda suttuvaridide mattu seol naa dakshinakke, dagion vaayuvyakke mattu naipo nyoo towne vaayuvyakke ide. seosan paschima karavaliya saarige kendravagide, allie seohian expressway, dagion-dongzin expressway, rashtriya heddaari sankhye. 29, 32, 38 mattu 45 chedisuttave. ee nagaravu mahanagar pradesha mattu pramukha nagargala kadege uttama sanchaarada paristhitiyannu hondide. samskruti mattu pravasodyama. seosan swatah saakashtu shaanta mattu pravasigara drashtiyinda mukhyavallada nagaravagiddaroo, seosan horagina grameena pradeshagalalli halavaaru sanna aakarshanegalive, avugalalli heccinavugalannu ippattu nimishagalalli kaarina moolaka athawa ondu ganteyalli bicycle moolaka praveshisabahudu. ee aitihaasika taanagalalli halavu sthaliyaralli maatra prasiddhavaagive mattu aagaagge kelave sandarshakarannu hondiruttave, idu koriyaada pramukha nagargala jananibida aramanegalu mattu devalayagalinda tappisikollalu bayasuvavarige aakarshaneeyavaagisuttade. seosan-hemi pradeshada pravasi akarshanegala samagra pattigaagi, seosan intercity bus terminalnalli vivaravaada inglish bhasheya nakshegalu labhyavive. hamiupsiang kote (yuu. ess. aa.). hemi-yapnalli, sarisumaaru seosanninda (kaaru athawa sthaliya basnalli 15 nimishagalu; baikinalli 45 nimishagalu), hamiupsiang koteyu koriyaada josen-yugada koteya vaastushilpada atyuttama samrakshita udaaharanegalalli ondaagide, mattu hecchina josen-yugada kotegaliginta bhinnavagi, idannu betta athawa parvatada mele nirmisalaagilla. hamiupsiang koteyu koteyu (raaja seongjangna aalvikeya 22neey varsha) poornagonditu mattu purnagonda samayadalli sampoorna hemiyoopna suttaloo suttuvariyalpattitu. ee kooteyannu chunchiong-doow pradeshavannu niyantrisuva military command post aagi balasalaaguttittu mattu koriyaada paschima karaavaliyalli japanina kadalgallara viruddha raksaneyannu odagisalaaguttittu. 20neey shatamaanada aarambhadalli hemi pattanavu vistarisuttiddante, hechchuvari nagara abhivruddhige avakasha maadikodalu koteya hecchina bhagavannu kedavalaayitu, aadare aadare ondu pramukha punahsthapaneya kelasavannu kaigollalaayitu. indu, hamiupsiang koteya daksina dwaarawu moolavaagide, jotege kelavu godegala bhagagalu, itara dwaaragalu punarnirmaanagalaagive. yosutgolnondige, 1866rahra bangin kirukulagalindaagi corian catholicaralli hamiupsiang kooteyannu pavitra nelavendu pariganisalaagide, ee samayadalli chanchiang pradeshadalli vasisuttidda aneka catholicaru koteyalli kollalpattaru. yosutgol pavitra maidaana (yuu. ess. aa.). hamiupsiang kooteyinda sumaru 200 meater dooradalli yosutgol pavitra maidaanavide, allie corian catholicaru jivantavagi samadhi madalpattaru, mulugihodaru mattu biongine kirukulagala samayadalli saamuhikavaagi kollalpattaru. ee sthalada hecchina avasheshagalu pravaahadinda kochchihodaru, avugalalli kelavannu kelavannu marushoodhisalaayitu. ee taanavu eega tamma nambikegaagi hutaatmaraadavarige misalaagiruva dodda smaaraka sabhaanganavannu hondide mattu eega idu pramukha catholic yatra sthalavagide. yongyon-rii rock-kettida buddha trayam (yuu. yuu. ell. aa. yuu. sii). mooru rajyagala avadhiyalli (cree. poo. 57-cree. poo. 668), seosan-hemi pradeshavu bekje saamraajyada niyantranadallittu, mattu seosan-hemi pradeshadalli ee avadhiya kelave kelavu avasheshagaliddaroo, yongyon-rii bande-kettida buddha trikonavu ondu asadharana apavaadavaagide. saa. shaa. 6neey shatamaanada koneyalli athawa 7neey shatamaanada aarambhadalli kettalaada ee kettaneyu kamalada eleya mele nintiruva buddhanannu hondiddu, eradu bodhisatvagalinda suttuvaredide. ee kettaneyannu koriyaada rashtriya nidhiyendu hesarisalaagiddaroo, adara pratyekateya kaaranadindaagi idu tulanaatmakavaagi kadime sandarshakarannu padeyuttade. belagina jaava, trikonada sampoorna bhagavu udayisuttiruva suryaninda belagidaaga, mattu sthaliya bassugalu seosan mattu ansan-rigalinda athawa ardha ghanteya drive athawa tombattu nimishagala bike savaariyinda neravagi seosanninda praveshisidaaga kettaneyannu uttamavaagi nodalaguttade. bovonsa (bovonsa). ekikruta silla avadhiyalli (saa. shaa. 668-saa. shaa. 935) nirmisalaada ee sanna devaalayavu bekje sailiya pagodavannu hondide, jotege gorio rajavamshada (saa. shaa. 918-1392) avadhiyalli devaalayavannu vistarisidaaga serisalaada halavaaru smaarakagalannu hondide mattu idannu koriyaada rashtriya nidhi endu pariganisalaagide. yongyon-rii bande-kettida buddha trikonadinda sumaru 500 meater dooradalliruva bovonsa vishraanti mattu dhyanakke shaanta sthalavagide. gasimsa (<unk>). (<unk>) (raaja seongjangna aalvikeya 15neey varsha) nirmisalaada gasimsa, 17neey shatamanavannu daatida koriyaada beralenikeyashtu marada kattadagalli ondaagide. ee devaalayavu 14neey shatamaanadalli kettalaada amitabha buddana pratimeyannu hondide, jotege 15neey shatamaanadalli chithrisalaada netuhaakida bhitticitravannu hondide, iveradoo koriyaada rashtriya nidhiya birudannu geddive. devaalayada himbhagadalli aramejil hiking haadigalige samparkisuva parvata maargavide, mattu 90-120 nimishada chaaranadalli bovonsa mattu yongyon-rii annu kaalnadigeyalli talupalu balasabahudu. havamana. daksina koriyaada bahuteka bhagagalanteye, seosan ardra upaushnavalayada havamana/ardra bhookhandada havaamaanavannu hondide ("cfa"/"dfa"). vasanta rtuvinalli, soumya taapamaanavu cheenaada mukhya bhoobhaagadinda dhulannu hotta balavaada gaaliyinda koodiruttade. ee ahitakara dhulannu hwangsa (<unk>) athawa asean dhulu endu kareyalaaguttade, mattu aneka seosanitegalu nadeyuvaga athawa saikling maduvaga mukhada mukhavaadagalannu dharisalu prerepisuttade. season mattu suttamuttalina pradeshavu vasanta rtuvinalli saakashtu sundaravagiruttade, aadaagyoo, visheshavaagi parvatagalalli mattu season sarovara udyaanavanadalli. besigeyalli, zoon athawa julainalli sumaru mooru vaaragala kaala mungaaru iruttade, mattu ittichina varsagalalli ee eradoo vidyamaanagala tivrate kadimeyaguttiddaroo, idu atyanta balavaada gaali mattu bhaaree maleyinda niroopitavaagide. niroopitavaagide 'kompasu' chandamarutadinda seosan haanigolagaadante, besigeyalli soumyavaada chandamarutagalinda seosan baadhitavaagabahudu. samanyavagi september madhyadalli patana praarambhavaaguttade mattu november velege taapamaanavu vegavagi kusiyalu praarambhisuttade. samanyavagi november antyadalli athawa december aarambhadalli himavu kaanisikolluttade mattu phebravari antyadavarege athawa march aarambhadavarege munduvariyuttade. sandarbhikavagi hima birugaaligalannu horatupadisi, himapaatavu samanyavagi bahala soumyavaagiruttade mattu sthaliya sanchaarakke viralavaagi anaanukoolategalannu untumaaduttade. seosannalli sarasari taapamaana 11.8 degree celsius aagide. sikshana. sikshana sthaapaneyaada khasagi vishvavidyaanilayavaada hansio vishvavidyaanilayavu ondu shaikshanika samudaayavaagiddu, allie 8,500 vidyaarthigalu 250 purnakaalika bodhana vibhagada sadasyariruva 50 vibhagagalalli wandaralli tamma shaikshanika gurigalannu sadhisuttare. idu hemi-eepna agneya bhagadallide mattu hemininda sthaliya bus moolaka 15 nimishagalalli talupabahudu. vishvavidyaanilayavu chiropractic, vyapaka shreniya udaara kalegalu, vinyasa mattu engineering vibhagagalalli korsgalannu odagisuttade mattu vayuyana mattu vimaana-tarabeti shaalegalannu ayojisuttade. saarige. seosange express mattu intercity bassugalu seve sallisuttave. atyuttama paristhitigalalli, express bassugalu sumaru 90 nimishagalalli seol naa gangnum terminal annu talupabahudu, aadare bhaaree sanchara dattaneya sandarbhadalli 2.5 gantegalavarege tegedukollabahudu. seol naa gangnum terminalge express bassugalu prati ardha gantegomme nirgamisuttave, aadare itara sthalagalige intercity bassugalu prati gantege nirgamisuttave. seosange railway nildaanavilla; hattirada nildaanavendare, sumaru seosange dakshinadalliruva janghang maargadalliruva hangsiang nildaana. 960 mattu 1450 rahra naduvina shulkadondige halavaaru sthaliya bassugalu seosan-hemi pradeshakke seve sallisuttave. sthaliya visheshategalu. sthaliyavaagi krishi maadalaada simpigalu mattu bellulli, jotege "gegukji" () mattu soyabean saas () nondige marinated neeli aidi seridante halavaaru vishesha bhakshyagalige seosan hesaruvaasiyaagide.

siosan 2017 leeii sensus prakaram ekadesham 175,000 janasamkhyayulla dakshina koriyayile thekkan chungchiong pravishyayile oru nagaramaan siosan. thekkan chungchiong pravishyayude vadakkupadinjaaran attathu sthithi cheiyunna ithinu kizhakk dangjin nagaram, neppo nyoo taunn, yessan-gann, hongsiong-gann, padinjaaru tayaan-gann, manja kadal ennivayaal chuttappettirikkunnu, koodaathe seolinu thekk, dagioninu vadakkupadinjaaru, neppo nyoo touninu vadakkupadinjaaru. padinjaaran theerathe gathagatha kendramaanu siosan, avide siohan express way, dejiyon-dangjin express way, deseeya paatha nambar. 29, 32, 38, 45 enniva parasparam murichukadakkunnu. metropolittan pradeshathekkum pradhana nagarangalilekkum valia gathagathakkurukku eee nagarathilundu. samskaaravum vinodasanchaaravum. siosan thanne valare shaanthavum vinodasanchaaraparamaayi praadhaanyamillaathathumaaya oru nagaramaanengilum, siosan purathu graamapradesangalil niravadhi cheria aakarshanangalund, avayil bhooribhaagavum irupathu minittinullil carillo oru manikorinullil cyclilo athicheraam. eee charitraparamaaya saittukalil palathum pradeshavaasikalkkidayil maathrame ariyappedunnulloo, palappozhum sandarshakar kuravaanu, ithu koriyayile pradhana nagarangalile tirakkeriya kottarangalil ninnum shethrangalil ninnum rakshappedaan aagrahikkunnavarkk aakarshakamakkum. siosan-hemi pradeshathe vinodasanjaara aakarshanangalude samagramaya pattikaykkaayi, vishadamaaya engleesh bhasha bhoopadangal siosan intersity buzz terminalil labhyamaan. hemiopsiong kotta (yuu. ezz. eiii.). hemiopil sthithicheyyunna, ekadesham siosaanil ninnu (kaaril allengil local basil 15 minitt; bikkil 45 minitt), koriyayude josiyon kaalaghattatthile kotta vaasthuvidyayude ettavum mikacha samrakshitha udaaharanangalil onnaanu haemiopsiong kotta, mikka josiyon kaalaghattatthile kottakalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, ithu oru kunnin mukaliloo parvathatthilo allathe paranna samathalathilaan nirmmichathu. 1491ll (seongjong raajaavinte bharanathinte 22-aamm varsham) poortthiyaaya hemiupsiong kotta, poortthiyaakumbol hemiap muzhuvan chuttikkarangi. chunchiong-doow mekhalaye niyanthrikkunna oru sainika command posttaayi eee kotta upayogikkukayum koriyayude padinjaaran theerathu japanese kadalkkollakkarkkethire prathirodham nalkukayum cheythu. irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil hemi pattanam vikasichathode, adhika nagaravikasana anuvadikkunnathinaayi kottayude bhooribhaagavum thakarkkapettu, ennaal 1973 ll oru pradhana punarudhaarana pravartthanangal nadatthi. innu, hemiupsiong kottayude thekkan kavaadam yadhaarthamaanu, mathilukalude chila bhagangalkkoppam, mattu kavaadangal punarnirmmaanangalaan. 1866 leeii bionchin peedanangal kaaranam, chunchiong pradeshathu thamasikkunna niravadhi catholicar kottayil kollappettathinal, yosutgolinoppam, corian katholikkarkkidayil hemiupsiong kotta oru vishudha sthalamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. yosutgol vishudhabhoomi (yuu. ezz. eiii.). hemiupsiong kottayil ninnu ekadesham 200 meter akale yosutgol vishudha sthalamundu, avide corian katholikkare jeevanode kuzhichumoodukayum mungimarikkukayum bionchin peedanangalil koottamaayi kollukayum cheythu. eee sthalathinte avashishtangalil bhooribhaagavum vellappokkathil olichupoyittundenkum avayil chilath 1935-ll veendum kandethi. eee sthalathu ippol avarude vishwaasathinaayi rakthasaakshithvam varichavarkkayi samarppichirikkunna oru valia smaaraka haal undu, ippol ithu oru pradhana catholica theerthaadana kendramaanu. yongyon-rii paarayil kothivacha buddha thrayam. moonnu raajyangalude kaalaghattatthil (bisi 57-668 ce), siosan-hemi pradesham bekje (rha) raajyathinte niyanthranathilaayirunnu, eee kaalaghattatthil siosan-hemi pradeshathu valare kurachu avashishtangal maathrame ulloovenkilum, yongyon-rii paarayil kothivacha buddha thrayam oru asaadhaarana apavaadamaanu. aaram noottaandinte avasaanathilo ezhaam noottaandinte thudakkathilo kothiyeduttha eee kothupaniyil thaamarayude ilayil rund bodhisathvanmaar chernnu nilkkunna oru buddhan adangiyirikkunnu. eee kothupani koriyayude deseeya nidhiyayi prakhyaapichittundel, ottappedal kaaranam thaarathamyena kurachu sandarshakare maathrame ivide sweekarikkaanaakoo. udayikkunna suuryan thrayam muzhuvan prakashippikkukayum siosaanil ninnum unsan-riyil ninnum praadeshika basukalilo allengil araa manikkoor drive allengil thonnooru minitt saikkil sawari vazhiyo siosaanil ninnu nerittu athicherukayum cheyyumbol raavile kothupani ettavum nannayi kaanapedunnu. bovonsa (bovonsa). ekeekritha silla kaalaghattatthil (668-935 sii. iii) nirmmicha eee cheria kshethrathil oru pratheekathmakamaaya bekje shailiyilulla pagoda goriyio raajavamshathinte (918-1392 sii. iii) kaalath kshethram vipuleekarichappol cherttha niravadhi smaarakangalum ulppedunnu, ithu koriyayude deseeya nidhiyayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. yongyon-rii paarayil kothivacha buddha thrayam muthal ekadesham 500 meter akaleyulla bovonsa vishramathinum dhyaanathinumulla shaanthamaaya sthalamaanu. gaisimsa (<unk>). 1484ll (seongjong raajaavinte bharanathinte pathinanjaam varsham) nirmmicha gaisimsa pathinezhaam noottaandinu sheshamulla koriyayile churukkam chila thadi kettidangalil onnaanu. pathinalam noottaandil kothiyeduttha amitabha budhaprathimayum pathinanjaam noottaandil varacha thoongikkidakkunna chuvarchithravum eee kshethrathil undu, iva randum koriyayude deseeya nidhi enna padavi geyasimsaykk nedikkodutthu. kshethrathinte pinbhaagathu aramegil kaalnadayaathra paathakalumayi bandhippikkunna oru parvathapaathayund, koodaathe 90-120 minittinullil kaalnadayaayi bovonsa, yongyon-riyil ethaan ithu upayogikkaam. kaalavastha. dakshina koriyayude bhooribhaagatheyum pole, siosanilum eerppamulla uposhnamekhalaa kaalavastha/eerppamulla bhookhanda kaalavastha ("sii. eph. eiii"/"dii. eph. eiii") undu. vasanthakaalath, neriya thaapanilaykkoppam chainees pradhana bhoopradeshathu ninnulla podipadalangal vahikkunna sakthamaaya kaattum veeshunnu. eee asukhakaramaaya podiye hwangsa (<unk>) allengil eshyan podi ennu vilikkunnu, ithu nadattham allengil saikkil chavittumbol niravadhi siyosaanaittukale mukhammoodikal dharikkan prerippikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, vasanthakaalath, prathyekichu parvathangalilum siyosaante thadaaka paarkkilum siosan chuttumulla pradeshangalum valare manoharamaanu. venalkkaalath, juuniloo joolaiyilo ekadesham moonnaazhcha neendunilkkunna kaalavarshakkalam valare sakthamaaya kaattum kanatha mazhayum ullathaanu, ennirunnaalum eee rund prathibhaasangaludeyum theevratha sameepa varshangalil kurayunnu. 2010ll kompasu chuzhalikkattil siosanu kedupaadukal sambhavichathupole venalkkaalath neriya kodunkaattu siosane baadhichekkaam. saadhaaranayaayi septambar pakuthiyode veezhcha aarambikkukayum navambarode thaapanila athivegam kurayaan thudangukayum cheiyunnu. manju saadhaaranayaayi november avasaanathilo desember thudakkathilo prathyakshappedunnu, februvari avasaanam allengil march aadyakaalam vare thudarunnu. idaykkide varunna manjuveezhcha ozhike, manjuveezhcha saadhaaranayaayi valare soumyavum praadeshika gathaagathathinu apoorvvamaayi maathrame asoukaryamundaakkunnul. siosanile sharashari thaapanila 11.8 digri selshyas aanu. vidyaabhyaasam. 1992ll sthaapithamaaya swakaarya sarvakalashaalayaaya hansio sarvakalashaala 250 muzhuvan samaya faakkaltti amgangalaal pravartthikkunna 50 vakuppukalilonnil 8,500 vidyaarthikal avarude academic lakshyangal pinthudarunna oru academic samoohamaanu. hemiyil ninnu 15 minittinullil oru praadeshika buzz vazhi athicheraavunna hemiyude thekk-kizhakk bhagathaanu ithu sthithi cheiyunnathu. sarvakalashaala kairopraaktik kozhsukal nalkunnu, udara kala, design, enchiniyaring vishayangalude vishalamaaya shreni, koodaathe vyomayaana, flaitt training skoolukalkku aathidheyathvam vahikkunnu. gathagatham. express, intersity basukal siosanilekku sarvees nadathunnu. opttimal saahacharyangalil, express basukalkku ekadesham 90 minittinullil siyolinte gaangnam terminalil ethaan kazhiyum, ennaal kanatha gathaagathakkurukkinte saahacharyathil randara manikkoor vare edukkum. siyolinte gaangnam terminalilekkulla express basukal oro araa manikkoorilum purappedunnu, athesamayam mattu sthalangalilekkulla intersity basukal oro manikkoorilum purappedunnu. siosaninu railway steshan illa; siosaninu ekadesham thekk jangang lainilulla hongsiong steshanaanu ettavum aduthulla steshan. 960 num 1450 num idayil nirakkukalulla niravadhi praadeshika basukal siosan-hemi pradeshathu sarvees nadathunnu. praadeshika prathyekathakal. praadeshikamaayi krishi cheiyunna sippakalkkum veluthullikkum "gegukji" (), soyabean sosinoppam maarinetted blue crab () ennivayulppede niravadhi prathyeka vibhavangalkkum siosan prashasthamaan.

seosan seosan () heey dakshin koriyachya dakshin chungcheong prantatil eka shahar aahe, jyachi loksankhya 2017 chya jangananenusar andaje 175,000 aahe. dakshin chungcheong prantachya vayavya tokala vasalele heey shahar poorves dangjin shahar, nepo nyu tauun, yessan-gunn aanee hongseong-gunn aanee paschimes taeen-gunn aanee pivalya samudrane vedhalele aahe aanee seulchya dakshines, degionchya vayvyes aanee nepo nyu shaharachya vayvyes aahe. seosan heey paschim kinarpattichya vahatukiche kendra aahe jithe seohaiyan drutagati marg, degion-dangjin drutagati marg, rashtriy mahamarg kra. 29, 32, 38 aanee 45 ekmekanna chhedatat. yaa shaharat mahanagar kshetra aanee pramukh shaharankade jaanyasathi mothya pramanat rahdarichi paristhiti aahe. sanskruti aanee paryatan. seosan heey jaree jaree shant aanee paryatandrushtya mahattvache nasale taree seosanchya baher grameen bhagat anek chhoti aakarshane aahet, jyapaiki bahutek kardware vees minitant kinwa saykaldware eka tasamadhye pohochata yetat. yapaiki anek aitihasik sthale keval sthanikanmadhyech prasiddha aahet aanee anekada yethe kahee paryatak asatat, jyamule koriyachya pramukh shaharanmadhil gardichya rajwade aanee mandiranpasun sutka karoon gheu gheu tee aakarshit karoo shakatat. seosan-hemmy bhagatil paryatak aakarshanachya sampoorn yadisathi, seosan aantarnagar bus sthankavar tapshilvar ingraji bhashetil nakashe upalabdh aahet. hemiapseong killa (america). hemmy-apmadhye sthit, andaje seosanpasoon (qaar kinwa sthanik basane 15 minite; cyclene 45 minite), hemiupseong killa haah koriyachya josan-kalatil killyachya vastukalechya sarvottam sanrakshit udaharananpaiki eka aahe aanee josan-kalatil bahutek killyanpeksha vegala, too tekadi kinwa dongravar nasoon sapat maidanavar bandhala gela hota. hemiupseong killa 1491 madhye (raja seongjongchya rajvatiche 22 weey varsh) purn jhaala aanee purn honyachya velee tyane sampoorn hemmy-apala vedhale. yaa killyacha vapar chunchong-doow pradeshavar niyantran thevanari lashkari kamand poost mhanoon keela jaat asey aanee koriyachya paschim paschim japani samudri chachyanpasun sanrakshn puravale jaat asey. asey shatkachya suruvatila hemmy shaharacha vistar hott asatana, atirikt shahari vikasasathi killyacha barachsa bhag padnyat aala, parantu 1973 madhye eka mothe jirnoddhar karya haatee ghenyat aale. aaj, hemiupseong killyache dakshin praveshdwar mool aahe, tasech bhintinche kahee bhag aahet, tarr itar darvaje punarbandhani aahet. 1866 chya biongine chhalamule, jyaa darmyan chunchong bhagat bhagat anek kaithalikanna killyat thaar maranyat aale hote, haemoupseong killa, yeosutgols, corian catholicanmadhye eka pavitra maidan manla jaato. yosutgol pavitra maidan (america). hemiupsiang killyapasoon andaje 200 meater antaravar yosutgol pavitra maidan aahe, jithe biongine chhaladarmyan corian kaithalikanna jiwant purale gele, budavale gele aanee anyatha samuhikpane thaar marle gele. jaree yaa jaageche bahutansh avashesh puramule vahoon gele asale taree tyapaiki kahee 1935 madhye punha shodhanyat aale. yaa thikani aata tyanchya shraddhesathi shaheed jhalelyansathi samarpit eka mothe smarak sabhagruh aahe aanee aata teey eka pramukh catholic tirthkshetra aahe. yonghyon-rii khadak-koreev buddh trayi. teen rajyanchya kalat (ii. sha. puu. 57-ii. sha. 668), seosan-hemmy kshetra bekje rajyachya niyantranakhali hote aanee jaree seosan-hemmy bhagat yaa kalatil farach qamee avashesh asale taree, yonghion-rii khadak-koreev buddh trikut haah eka abhootpurv apavad aahe. ii. sha. sha shatkachya uttaradhat kinwa kinwa shatkachya suruvatila koralelya yaa korivkamat kamalachya panavar ubha asalela buddh aahe, jyachya bajula done bodhisatva aahet. jaree yaa korivkamala koriyacha rashtriy khajina mhanoon sambodhale gele asale, taree tyachya vilgikaranamule tyala tulanene qamee abhyagat yetat. jevha sampoorn trikoni ugavatya suryane prakashit hote aanee seosan aanee unson-rii yethoon sthanik basdware kinwa ardhya tasachya pravasadvare kinwa thet seosanpasoon navvad minitanchya cyclechya pravasadvare pohochata yete, tevha sakali korivkam sarvat changle disate. bovonsa (bovonsa). ekikrut sillah kalat (ii. sha. 668-935) bandhanyat aalelya yaa chhotya mandirat bekje-shailitil eka pratishthit pagoda aahe, tasech gorio rajvanshachya (ii. sha. 918-1392) kalat mandiracha vistar jhaala tevha jodanyat aalelya anek smarakancha samavesh aahe aanee too koriyacha rashtriy khajina manla jaato. bovonsa heey yonghyon-rii khadkavar koralelya buddh trikonipasun sumare 500 meater antaravar aahe aanee vishranti aanee dhyandharanesathi eka shant thikan aahe. gesimsa (<unk>). 1484 madhye (raja seongjongchya karkirdiche 15 weey varsh) bandhalele gesimsa heey koriyatil mojkya lakadi imaratinpaiki eka aahe, jyaa 17 vya shatkapurvichya aahet. yaa mandirat 14 vya shatkat koraleli amitabh buddh moorti aahe, tasech 15 vya shatkat rangavaleli latkanari bhittichitre aahet, yaa donhi chitranni gesimsa haah koriyacha rashtriy khajina mhanoon gaurav midavala aahe. mandirachya mageel bajus eka parvat marg aahe joou aramegil hiking trailshee jodala gela aahe aanee 90-120 minitanchya chadhait bovonsa aanee yonghyon-riparyant payee pohochanyasathi vaparla jaau shakato. hawaman. dakshin koriyachya bahutansh bhagapramane, seosanmadhye damat uposhnakatibandhiy hawaman/damat khandiy hawaman (see. eff. aii./dii. eff. aii.) aahe. vasant rutumadhye, saumya tapmanabarobar chinchya mukhya bhubhagatoon dhool vahoon nenare jordar vaare yetat. yaa apriy dhoolala hwangsa (<unk>) kinwa ashiyai dhool asey naav dile jaate aanee chalatana kinwa cycle chalavatana anek seosanitesna faces mask ghalanyas pravrutt karate. tathapi, visheshtah parvatanmadhye aanee seosanchya lake parkmadhye, seosan aanee aaspascha parisar vasant rutumadhye khoop sunder asato. unhalyat, mansooncha hangam juuna kinwa julaimadhye sumare teen aathvade chalato aanee alikadchya varshant yaa donhi ghatananchi tivrata qamee hott asali taree, tyache vaishishtya mhanje atishay jordar vaare aanee musaldhar paus. 2010 saalee 'kompasu' chakrivadalane siosanche nuksan jhaale hote, tasech unhalyachya hangamat saumya chakrivadalanmule siosan prabhavit houu shakate. samanyatah septemberchya madhyat ghasaran suru hote aanee novembarparyant tapman zapatyane qamee houu lagate. burf samanyatah novemberchya akheris kinwa decemberchya suruvatila disato aanee februvarichya akheris kinwa marchchya suruvatiparyant suru rahato. adhunmadhun adhunmadhun himvrushticha apavad vagalata, barfavrushti samanyatah atishay saumya asate aanee sthanik vahatukisathi kvachitach gairsoy hote. seosanmadhil sarasari tapman 11.8 ansh celsius aahe. shikshan. 1992 saalee sthapan jhalele khajgi vidyapith asalele hansio vidyapith haah eka shaikshanik samuday aahe, jithe 8500 vidyarthi tyanchya 50 vibhaganpaiki eka vibhagat tyanchya shaikshanik uddishtancha pathpurava karatat, jyat 250 purnavel pradhyapak sadasya aahet. hemmy-apchya aagneyela sthit aahe aanee hemipasoon sthanik basane 15 minitant pohochata yete. vidyapith chiroprectic, udarmatvadi qalaa, rachana aanee abhiyantriki shakhanchi vistrut shreni, abhyaskram pradan karate aanee vimanchalan aanee uddan-prashikshan shalanche aayojan karate. vahtook. seosanla drutagati aanee aantarnagar basesdware seva dilee jaate. ishtatam paristhitit, drutagati buses sumare 90 minitant siolchya ganganam terminalvar pohochu shakatat, parantu jaast rahdarichya babatit adich tasanparyant lagoo shakatat. siolchya ganganam terminalla terminalla drutagati buses darr ardhya tasala sutatat, tarr itar thikanansathichya aantarshahari buses darr tasala sutatat. seosanla railway sthanak nahee; sarvat jawalche sthanak hongseong sthanak aahe, jeey seosanchya andaje dakshines, janghang margavar aahe. 960 teey teey darmyanchya bhadyasah anek sthanik buses seosan-hemmy bhagat seva detat. sthanik vaishishtye. seosan heey sthanik patalivar shetee kelelya oyster aanee lasanisathi tasech 'gegukji' () aanee soyabean sosberober marinated nila khekada () yasah anek vishesh padarthansathi prasiddha aahe.

seosan seosan () dakshin koreako dakshin chungcheong prantako euta sahar how, jasko janasankhya sann 2017 ko janaganaanusar lagbhag 175,000 chha. dakshin chungcheong prantako uttarpashchimi chheuma awasthit, yo dangjin sahar, nepo nayan sahar, purvama yassan-gunn rar hongseong-gunn rar paschimma tyan-gunn rar pahenlo samudrale gherieko chha, rar siyolko dakshinma, degionko uttarapashchimma rar nepo nayan saharko uttarapashchimma chha. seosan paschimi tatako yatayatko kendra how jahaan seohai expressway, dazian-dangjin expressway, rashtriya rajmarg nan. 29, 32, 38 rar 45 ek arkalai chhedchhan. yass saharma mahanagariya khetra rar pramukh saharharutarfa thulo trafic awastha chha. sanskriti rar paryatan. yadyapi seosan afaima ekdam shanta rar paryatakko hisable mahatwahin sahar how, seosan bahira gramin kshetraharuma dherai sanah akarshanharu chhan, jasmadhye adhikansh kardwara beas minet bhitra wa saikaldwara ek ghantama pugna sakinchha. yee madhye dherai aitihasik sthalharu sthaniyaharu bitch matra prasidha chhan rar prayaha thorai agantukharu hunchhan, jasle tiniharulai koreaka pramukh saharharuko bhidbhad darbar rar mandirharubata bachna chahaneharulai akarshak banauna sakchha. seosan-hemi kshetraka paryatak akarshanharuko wistrit suchika lagi, wistrit angreji bhashaka naksa seosan intercity bus terminalma upalabdha chhan. hemiyupsong killa (america). hemi-apama awasthit, lagbhag seosanbata (carr wa sthaniya basabata 15 minet; bikebata 45 minet), hemiapsong killa koreako joson-yugko killa wastuklako uttam sanrakshit udaharanharu madhye ek how, rar dherai jaso joson-yugko killaharuko viparit, yo pahad wa pahadma nabhai samatal maidanma banaieko thiyo. hemiapsong killa sann 1491 (raja seongjongko shasankalko 22aun warsha) maa sampanna bhaeko thiyo, rar yasako nirman pura bhaeko samayama hemi-apko sampurna kshetralai gherieko thiyo. killalai chunchong-do kshetralai niyantran garne sainya command postko rupma prayog garieko thiyo, rar koreako paschimi tatama japani samudri dakuharu viruddha raksha pradan garieko thiyo. 20 aun shatabdiko prarambhama hemi sahar wistar bhaepachi, thap sahari vikaslai anumati dina killako dherai bhag dhwasta parieko thiyo, tara 1973 maa euta pramukh punarsthapana karya garieko thiyo. az, hemiapsong killako dakshini gett muel chha, sathai parkhalka kehi bhagharu chhan, jabki anya getharu punarnirman hun. yosutgolsangai, hemiyupsong killalai sann 1866 ko biongine utpidanka karan koreali catholickharu bichko pawitra maidan manincha, jasko samayama chuncheng kshetrama basne dherai catholickharu killama marieka thie. yosutgol pawitra maidan (america). hemiyupsong killabata lagbhag 200 mitter tadha yosutgol pawitra maidan chha, jahaan koreali catholickharulai jiwit gadiyo, dubaio rar anyatha biongine satawatko samayama samuhik rupma marieko thiyo. yadyapi siteko adhikansh awasheshharu badhile bagaeko thiyo, tiniharu madhye kehi sann 1935 maa punah patta lagaiyo. cytema ab afno asthaka lagi shaheed bhaeka manisharulai samarpit euta thulo smarak hull chha, rar ahile yo ek pramukh catholic tirthasthal how. yonghyon-ree chattan-nakkasi buddha trayi (<unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> tinn rajyaharuko awadhima (~ 57 isa purva-668 iswi), seosan-hemi khetra bekje rajyako niyantranma thiyo, rar yadyapi seosan-hemi kshetrama yass awadhika dherai thorai bhagnawasheshharu chhan, yonghyon-ree chattan-nakkasi buddha trayi ek abhutpurva apawad how. chhaitaun shatabdiko uttarardha wa sataun shatabdiko prarambhama kundieko, nakkashima kamalko patma ubhiraheko buddha raheko chha, jasko chheuma dui bodhisatwa chhan. yadyapi yo nakkashilai koreako rashtriya khajana namit garieko chha, yasako algaonka karan yasale apekshakrit thorai agantukharu prapta gardacha. nakkashi bihanma sabaibhanda ramro dekhinchha, jab tribhujko sampurna bhag badhdo suryale ujyalo parchha, rar seosan rar unsan-ribata sthaniya basharudwara pahunchayogya chha, wa adha-ghanta drive wa nabbe-minetko bike sawaridwara sidhai seosanbata. bovonsa (bovonsa). ekikrit silla awadhi (668-935 iswi) maa nirmit, yo sano mandirma ek pratishthit bekje-shailiko pagoda chha, sathai dherai smarakharu chhan june goriyo rajwansh (918-1392 iswi) ko samayama mandira wistar garda thapieka thie, rar koreako rashtriya khajana manincha. bovonsa yonghyon-ree chattanma kundieko buddha trayibata lagbhag 500 mitter tadha chha, rar vishram rar dhyanka lagi shanta thaaun how. gesimsa (<unk>). sann 1484 (raja seongjongko shasankalko 15aun warsha) maa nirman garieko gesimsa koreama 17aun shatabdiko kehi kathka bhawanharu madhye euta how. mandirma 14 aun shatabdima kundieko amitabh buddhako murti chha, sathai 15 aun shatabdima chitrit jhundyaieko bhittichitra chha, jasle duwaile gaisimsalai koreako rashtriya khajanako upadhi jiteko chha. mandirko pachhadi euta pahadi marga chha june aramegil paidal yatrako margasanga jodinchha, rar 90-120 minetko padayatrabhitra bovonsa rar yonghyon-ree paidal pugna prayog garna sakinchha. mausam. dakshin koreako adhikansh bhag jastai, seosanma ardra uposhnakatibandhiya jalawayu/ardra mahadwipiya jalawayu ("cfa"/"dfa") chha. wasantama, halka tapkramko sathama chiniyan mukhya bhumibata dhulo bokne tiwra hawa hunchha. yass apriya dhulolai whansa (â) wa asealy dhulo bhaninchha, rar dherai seosanaitharulai hindda wa cycle chalaunda anuharko mask lagauna prerit gardacha. seosan rar warparko khetra wasantama dherai sunder hunchha, yadyapi, vishesh gari pahadharuma rar seosanko taal parkma. garmima, manasunko mausam june wa julyma lagbhag tean hapta rahanchha, rar dherai tiwra hawa rar bhari warsha bhaeko chha, yadyapi yee duwai ghatanaharuko gambhirta halka warshaharuma ghatdai gaeko chha. siosan garmiko mausamma halka typhunbata prabhawit huna sakchha, jastai 2010 maa thiyo, jab siosan typhune 'kompasu' batt kshatigrasta bhaeko thiyo. girawat samanyataya septemberko madhyama suru hunchha rar novemberma tapakram druta rupma ghatna thalcha. hiun samanyataya novemberko antyama wa decemberko suruma dekhinchha, rar februaryko antya wa marchko surusamma jaari rahanchha. kahilekaahin hiunko aandhi bahek, hiun samanyataya dherai halka hunchha rar sthaniya yatayatka lagi wirlai asuwidhako karan hunchha. seosanma ausat tapakram 11.8 degree celcius chha. shiksha. sann 1992 maa sthapit niji vishwavidyalaya hancio vishwavidyalaya euta shaikshik samudaya how jahaan 8500 vidyarthiharule 250 purna-samaya sankaya sadasyaharudwara karyarat 50 wata vibhagharu madhye ekma afno shaikshik lakshyaharu pachhyaunchan. yo hemi-apko dakshin-purvama awasthit chha rar hemibata sthaniya basadwara 15 minetma pugna sakinchha. vishwavidyalayale chiroprectic, liberal arts, design, rar engineering wishayaharuko ek wistrit shringkhala, rar uddayan rar udan-prashikshan vidyalayaharu host gardacha. yatayat. seosan express rar intercity basharudwara sewa pradan garinchha. istatam awasthama, express basharu lagbhag 90 minetma siulako gangnam terminalma pugna sakchhan, tara bhari traficko ghatanama 2.5 ghantasamma lagna sakchha. siulako gangnam terminalka lagi express basharu pratyek adha ghantama prasthan hunchhan, jabki anya sthanharuka lagi intercity basharu pratyek ghantama prasthan hunchhan. seosanma railway station chhaina; nikatatam station hongseng station how, janghang linema, seosanko lagbhag dakshinma. dherai sthaniya basharule seosan-hemi kshetrama sewa dinchhan, 960 rar 1450 ko bichma bhada jiteka chhan. sthaniya wisheshtaharu. seosan yasako sthaniya rupma kheti garieko seep rar lasunka sathai "gegukji" () rar soyabin sus () sanga marinated nilo kryab sahit dherai vishesh parikarharuka lagi prasidha chha.

siosan seosan () heuchhi dakhina koriara dakhina chungacheonga pradeshar eka sahara, jahara janasankhya 2017 janganana anujai praiah 175,000. dakhina chungacheonga pradeshar uttara-paschima prantare abasthita, ehaa dangajin sahara, nepo nyu tauna, purbare yesson-gunn ebong hangaseonga-gunn ebong paschimare tian-gunn ebong haladia samudra dwara seemabaddha, ebong siulra dakhinare, degionara uttara-paschimare ebong nepo nyu saharar uttara-paschimare abasthita. siosan heuchhi paschima upakulara paribahana kendra jeunthare siohian expressway, degion-dangajina expressway, jatiah rajpath nong. 29, 32, 38 ebong 45 parasparaku chheda karanti. ehi saharare mahanagar anchala ebong pramukh saharagudika aadaku bahuta traphik paristhiti achhi . sanskruti ebong parjyatan. jadio siosan nije eka shant ebong parjyatan drustiru gurutwaheena sahara, siosan bahare gramanchalare aneka chhot chhot akarshana achhi, jeunthiru adhikangshaku kodie minute madhyare karare kimba saikelare eka ghanta madhyare prabesha karajaipariba . ehi aitihasika sthanagudika madhyaru aneka kebala sthaniah lokanka madhyare suparichita ebong prajatah comm parjyataka achanti, jaahaa koriara pramukh sahargudikar janagahalipurna prasad ebong mandiraru rakhya paibaku chahunthiba lokanku akarshita karipare . siosan-hemi anchalare parjyatan akarshanara eka bistruta talika paain, siosan intercity bus tarminalare bistruta ingraji bhasara manachitra upalabdha . hemiapaseonga durga (<unk>ÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂ). hemi-jupare abasthita, praiah siosanaru (kaara kimba sthaniah basare 15 minute; bike dwara 45 minute), hemiapasenga durga koriara josan-jugara durga sthapatyara sarbottama sanrakhita udaharana madhyaru anyatama, ebong adhikansha josan-jugara durga tulanare, ehaa eka pahad kimba parbata upare nuhen barang eka samtal samatala bhumire nirmita hoithila . hemiapaseonga durga 1491 masihare (raja seongajonganka shasner shasner barsha) sampurna hoithila, ebong sampurna heba samajare hemi-yupra sampurna anchalaku gheri rahithila. ehi durgaku chunchonga-doo anchalaku nijantrana karuthiba eka samarika command post bhabare byabahara karajaithila ebong koriara paschima upakoolare japani jaladasyunka biruddhare pratirakhya pradan karajaithila . binsha shatabdir prarambhare hemi saharar samprasarana heba sahita, atirikta saharanchal bikash paain durgara adhikansha ansha bhangi diajaithila, kintu 1973 ray eka pramukh punaruddhara karjya karajaithila. aaji, hemiapaseng durgara dakhina fataka prachirara kichhi ansha sahita moola, ebong anya phatakagudika punahnirmana . yosutgol sahita, 1866 masihar baiongina nirjyatana karanaru korea catholicmananka madhyare hemiapaseonga durgaku eka pabitra sthala bolly bibechana karajae, jeun samajare chunchonga anchalare rahuthiba aneka kyatholikanku ehi durgare hatya karajaithila. yosutgol pabitra bhumi bhumi hemiopseonga durgatharu praiah 200 mitter doorare yosutgol pabitra sthala rahichhi, jeunthare korea kyatholikamananku jibanta kabara diajaithila, budajaithila ebong anyatha baiongina nirjyatana samajare samuhika bhabare hatya karajaithila. jadio ehi sthanara adhikansha abashesh banya dwara dhoijaithila, segudika madhyaru keteka 1935 ray punarbara aabiskruta hoithila. ehi sthanare bartamana eka budd smaraki hull achhi jaahaa semananka biswasa paain saheed hoithiba lokanka paain utsargeekruta, ebong bartamana eka pramukh catholic tirthasthana . jongyona-rii pathara khodita buddha trayodasha (<unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> Â tinoti rajya samajare (~ 57 khreestapoorba-668 khristabda), siosan-hemi anchala bekaje (ÂÂ) rajyara nijantranare thila, ebong jadio siosan-hemi anchalare ehi samaira bahuta comm bhagnabasesha achhi, jongijona-rii pathara-khodita buddha trayodasha eka abhutapurba byatikrama . shastha shatabdir shesh kimba saptama shatabdir prarambhare khodita hoithiba ehi khodita chitrare eka buddha padma patra upare thia hoi achanti, jahara parsware duiti bodhisatwa achanti. jadio ehi khodita karjyaku koriara eka jatiah sampada bhabe namit karajaichi, tathapi ehara bichinnata karanaru ehaa apekhyakruta comm parjyatakanku grahan karithae. ehi khodita chitrati sakale sabutharu bhal bhabe dekhajaithae, jetebele samagra trajira aloka surya udai heba dwara alokita hoithae, ebong siosan ebong unsan-rii thaaru sthaniah bus dwara, kimba siosanaru sidhasalakha adha ghanta drive kimba nabbai minitor bike jatra dwara ehaa upalabdha hoithae. boensa (<unk>). ekeekruta silla (668-935 khristabda) samajare nirmita ehi chhot mandirare eka iconic bekaje saileera pagoda rahichhi, ebong aneka smaraki madhya rahichhi, jaahaa gorio rajabansha (918-1392 khristabda) samajare mandirar samprasarana samajare jodajaithila, ebong ehaa koriara eka jatiah sampada bolly bibechana karajae. boensa jongyona-rii pathara khodita buddha trajira praiah 500 mitter doorare abasthita, ebong bishram ebong dhyana paain eka shant sthana . gesimsa (<unk>). 1484 masihare (raja seongajonganka shasanakalara shasanakalara barsha) nirmita gesimsa koriara kebala eka mustimeya kaath kotha madhyaru gotie jaahaa 17shaa shatabdi ateetare nirmita hoithila. ehi mandirare 14shaa shatabdire khodita eka amitabha budhanka pratimurti rahichhi, ebong 15shaa shatabdire ankita eka jhulanta bhitti chitra rahichhi, jaahaa ubhaja koriara jatiah sampadara upadhi gesimsa jitichanti. mandirar pachapate eka parbata path achhi jaahaa aramegil haiking trails sahita sanjoga kare, ebong eka 90-120 minute haiking madhyare boensa ebong jongijona-rii paadare pahanchiba paain byabahruta hoipariba . jalabaju. dakhina koriara adhikansha anchala bhali, siosanare eka ardra upakranteeja jalabaju/ardra mahadeshiah jalabaju ("sii. aif. aii"/"dii. aif. aii") rahichhi. basanta ruture, mrudu tapmatra sahita cheenara mukhya bhubhagaru dhuli bahn karuthiba prabala pabana bahithae . ehi apritikara dhuli ku hwangasa (<unk>) kimba asiah dhuli kuhajae, ebong chaliba kimba cycle chalaiba samajare aneka ciosanite nku faces mask pindhibaku prabartaithae . seosan ebong ehara akhpakh anchala basanta ruture besh sunder hoithae, tebe bisesh curry parbata ebong seosanara hrada udyanare. grishma ruture, mausumee rutu june kimba july maasare praiah tini saptaha parjyanta rahithae, ebong ehara biseshatwa heuchhi ati prabala pabana ebong prabala barsha, jadio bigata barshagudikare ehi duiti ghatanara tibrata hrass pauchhi. grishma ruture siosan samanya typhoon dwara prabhabita hoipare, jepari 2010 ray hoithila, jetebele siosan typhoon 'kompasu' dwara khyatigrasta hoithila . sadharanatah september madhyabhagare patana arambha hoithae ebong navember suddha tapmatra druta gatire hrass paiba arambha hoithae. sadharanatah navember shesh kimba december prarambhare tusharpat dekhajae, ebong februari shesh kimba march arambha parjyanta jaari rahe . belebele tushar jhadaku chhadidele, tusharpat sadharanatah bahuta haluka hoithae ebong sthaniah jatajata paain kwachit asubidha srusti karithae. siosanare harahari tapmatra 11.8 degree celsius rahichhi. sikhya. 1992 masihare sthapita eka gharoi biswabidyalaja, hancio biswabidyalaja heuchhi eka academic sampradai jeunthare 8500 chhatrachhatri ehara ehara bibhaga madhyaru gotiere semanankara academic lakhya hassel karanti, jeunthire 250 john purnakalina adhyapaka sadasya achanti. ehaa hemi-juper dakhina-purba digare abasthita ebong hemitharu eka sthaniah bus dwara 15 minitare pahanchiheba. biswabidyalaja chiropractic pathyakrama pradan kare, udaara kalaa, design ebong injinijaring bibhagara eka bistruta parisara, ebong biman chalachala ebong biman-talim bidyalaja ayojan kare . paribahana. siosanare express ebong intercity bus seba pradan karajaithae. sarbottama paristhitire, express bus praiah 90 minitare siulra ganganama tarminalare pahanchipariba, kintu atyadhika traphik khetrare 2.5 ghanta parjyanta samai neipare . siulra ganganama terminalaku express bus prati adhaghantare prasthana karuthibabele anya sthanaku intercity bus prati ghantare prasthana karithae. seosanra kaunasi rela station naahin; nikattam station heuchhi hangaseonga station, jaahaa seosanra praiah dakhinare janganga linere achhi . aneka sthaniah bus siosan-hemi anchalare seba pradan kare, jahara bhada 960 ru 1450 madhyare thila. sthaniah biseshatwa. seosan ehara sthaniah chaash hoithiba sister ebong rasuna, tatha "gegukji" () ebong soabin sus () sahita marinated neela crab sameth aneka swatantra khadya paain prasidha .

siosan seosan () dakkhni koria dey dakkhni chungcheong soobe daa ikk shehar haii, jiss dee aabadi 2017 dee mardamshumari anusar lagbhag 175,000 haii. dakkhni chungcheong soobe dey uttar-pachmi sire 'teey sathit, ih dangjin shehar, nepo nioo taoon, purab witch yasson-banduk atey hangseong-banduk atey pachham witch tayeen-banduk atey peele samunder naal ghiriaa hoiaa haii, atey seol dey dakkhan witch, degion dey uttar-pachham witch atey nepo navein shehar dey uttar-pachham witch haii. siosan pachmi tatt dee aavajai daa kendra haii jitthe seohyan expressway, degion-dangjin expressway, rashtari rajmarg nann. 29, 32, 38 atey 45 ikk dooje noon jodade hunn. iss shehar witch mahanagar khetar atey pramukh shahiran vall aavajai deeaan bahut vadhiaa sathitiaan hunn. sabheyachar atey sair-spata. halanki siosan aapne aap witch ikk kaafi shaant atey sair-spaate dee drishti toon gair-mahattavpuran shehar haii, parr siosan toon bahr pendu khetran witch bahut saare chhote aakarshan hunn, jinhan vicchon ziaadaatar qaar duaara veeh mintan dey ander, jaan cycle duaara ikk ghante witch pahunche jaa sakde hunn. inhan vicchon bahut saariaan itihasak thaavan siraf sathanak lokan witch changi tarahan janhiaan jandiaan hunn atey aksar bahut ghatt sailani hunde hunn, joe unhan noon koria dey pramukh shahiran dey bheed vaale mahilan atey mandran toon bachann dey chahwan lokan laee aakarshak bnaa sakde hunn. siosan-hammy khetar witch sailani aakarshanan dee ikk vistrit suchi laee, siosan intercity buss terminal utte vistrit angrezi bhasha dey nakshe upalbadh hunn. hemiapsiong kilha (amrica). hemmy-upp witch sathit, lagbhag seosan toon (qaar jaan sathanak buss duaara 15 mint; cycle duaara 45 mint), hemiapsong kilha koria dey joson-yugg dey kilhe dey architecture deeaan sabh toon vadhiaa surakhiat udaharnan vicchon ikk haii, atey ziaadaatar joson-yugg dey kilhe dey ulat, ih ikk pahadi jaan pahaad dee bajaae ikk samtal maidaan utte banaiaa giaa see. hemiapsong kilha 1491 (raaja seongjong dey shasan daa 22vaan saal) witch poora hoiaa see, atey iss dey mukammal honn dey samein heemi-upp dey poore hisse noon gher liaa see. iss kilhe noon chunchiong-doow khetar noon niyantrit curran vaali ikk fauji command post vajon vartiaa jaanda see, atey koria dey pachmi tatt dey naal-naal japani samundari dakuyan dey virudh rakkhiaa pardan keeti jaandi see. jiven kii 20veen sadee dey arambh witch hemmy shehar daa vistaar hoiaa, vadhu shahiri vikas dee aagiaa denh laee kilhe dey bahut saare hisse noon dhaah ditta giaa see, parr 1973 witch ikk vadda bahali daa kamm keeta giaa see. ajj, hemiapsiong kille daa dakkhni gett kandhan dey kujh hissiaan dey naal asli haii, jadon kii horr darwaze punar nirman hunn. yosutgol dey naal, hemiapsiong kilhe noon 1866 dey biongine zulam caarn koriaai catholican witch ikk pavittar maidaan manniaa jaanda haii, jiss dauran chuncheong khetar witch rahinn vaale bahut saare catholic kille witch maare gaye sunn. yosutgol pavittar maidaan (yuu. aiss. aii.). hemiapsiong kilhe toon lagbhag 200 meeter dee doori utte yosutgol pavittar maidaan haii, jitthe koriaai catholican noon jiunda dafnaiaa giaa see, dubbaiaa giaa see atey horr tarike naal beongin zulam dauran samoohak taur utte maar ditta giaa see. halanki site dey ziaadaatar avshesh hadahan witch vahi gaye sunn, parr unhan vicchon kujh dee khoj 1935 witch keeti gaee see. site witch hunn ikk vadda smark haal haii joe uhanan lokan noon samarpit haii joe aapni nihcha laee shaheed hoye sunn, atey hunn ikk pramukh catholic tirath sathaan haii. yonghaion-rii chattan utte nakkashi keeti buddh tikdi (<unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> tinn raajan dey samein (57 ee. poo.-668 ee.) dauran, siosan-hammy khetar baikje (ÂÂ) dey raaj dey niyantaran witch see, atey halanki siosan-hammy khetar witch iss samein dey bahut ghatt khandar hunn, yonghaion-rii chattan-nakkashi buddh tikoni ikk shandar apvaad haii. 6veen sadee dey akheer jaan 7veen sadee dey arambh witch ukkari hoee iss nakkashi witch ikk buddh kamal dey patte utte khadah haii, jiss dey naal doou bodhisattav hunn. halanki iss nakkashi noon koria daa rashtari khazana namzad keeta giaa haii, parr iss dey alagg-thalagg honn caarn iss noon mukabaltan ghatt sailani milde hunn. nakkashi noon savere sabh toon vadhiaa dhang naal dekhiaa jaanda haii, jadon samucchi tikdi ubbharde suraj duaara roshan keeti jaandi haii, atey siosan atey unsan-rii toon sathanak bassan duaara pahunchyog hundi haii, jaan siddhe siosan toon addhe ghante dee drive jaan nabbe mint dee cycle dee swari duaara pahunchyog hundi haii. bovonsa (<unk>). ekikrit silla qaal (668-935 eesvi) dauran baney iss chhote mandar witch ikk pratishathit bekje-shaili daa pagoda haii, naal hii kaee smark vee shamal hunn joe gorio rajvansh (918-1392 eesvi) dauran mandar daa vistaar curran vele shamal keete gaye sunn, atey iss noon koria daa rashtari khazana manniaa jaanda haii. bovansa yonghaion-rii chattan utte nakkashi keeti buddh tikdi toon lagbhag 500 meeter dee doori utte haii, atey aaram atey dhiaan laee ikk shaant jagha haii. gesimsa (<unk>). 1484 (raaja seongjong dey shasan daa 15vaan saal) witch banaiaa giaa, gesimsa koria witch siraf mutthi bharr lakkad deeaan imaratan vicchon ikk haii joe 17veen sadee toon baad dee haii. mandar witch 14veen sadee witch ukkari gaee ikk amitabh buddh dee murti dey naal-naal 15veen sadee witch pent keeti gaee ikk latkadi hoee kandh chittar haii, jiss neey gassimsa noon koria dey rashtari khazane daa khitaab ditta haii. mandar dey pichle paase ikk pahadi maarag haii joe aramegal hiking trails naal judada haii, atey iss dee varton ikk 90-120 mint dey vaadhe dey ander paidal bovonsa atey yonghaion-rii takk pahunchan laee keeti jaa sakadi haii. jalvayu. dakkhni koria dey ziaadaatar hissiaan wang, siosan witch ikk namee vaala upp-khandi jalvayu/namee vaala mahandeepi jalvayu ("see. eff. aii"/"dee. eff. aii") haii. basant rutt witch, halke tapman dey naal cheeni mukkh bhumi toon dhood vaali tez havavan vee aaundiaan hunn. iss napsand dhood noon hwangsa jaan aci dhood kiha jaanda haii, atey bahut saare seosanites noon turan jaan cycle chalaun vele chihre dey maask pahinan laee prerit karda haii. siosan atey aale duaale daa khetar basant rutt witch kaafi sunder hunda haii, halanki, khaas karke pahadan witch atey siosan dey jheel park witch. garmiaan witch, monsoon daa mausam juun jaan julai witch lagbhag tinn haftiaan takk chalda haii, atey bahut tez havavan atey bhaari varkha dee visheshta haii, halanki haal hii dey saalan witch inhan dovan ghatnavan dee gambhirta ghatt rahee haii. garmiaan dey mausam dauran siosan halke toofan toon prabhavit hoow sakda haii, jiven kii 2010 witch hoiaa see, jadon siosan noon toofan 'kompasu' naal nuksan pahunchiaa see. aam taur utte satambar dey addh witch girawat shuru hundi haii atey navambar takk tapman tezi naal dhiggna shuru hoow jaanda haii. baraf aam taur utte navambar dey akheer jaan dasambar dey shuru witch dikhai dindi haii, atey farvari dey akheer jaan march dey shuru witch jaari rahindi haii. kadey-kadayin baraf dey toofan noon chhadd keey, barafbari aam taur 'teey bahut halki hundi haii atey sathanak aavajai laee bahut ghatt asuvidha daa caarn banadi haii. siosan witch ausat tapman 11.8 digri celsius haii. sikkhiaa. hansio university, ikk private university haii joe 1992 witch sathapit keeti gaee see, ikk akadamik bhaichara haii jitthe 8500 vidiaarthi aapne 50 vibhagan vicchon ikk witch aapne akadamik teechiaan noon poora karde hunn jiss witch 250 poore samein dey faculty member hunn. ih hammy-upp dey dakkhan-purab witch sathit haii atey hammy toon ikk sathanak buss duaara 15 mintan witch pahunchiaa jaa sakda haii. university chiropractic witch course pardan kardi haii, libral arts, design atey engineering vishiaan dee ikk vishal shreni, atey havabazi atey udaann-sikhlai schoolan dee mezbani kardi haii. aavajai. siosan noon express atey intercity bassan duaara seva ditti jaandi haii. anukool haaltan witch, express bassan lagbhag 90 mintan witch seol dey gangnum terminal takk pahunch sakdiaan hunn, parr bhaari aavajai dee sathiti witch dhaai ghante takk daa samaan lagg sakda haii. seol dey gangam terminal laee express bassan harr addhe ghante baad ravana hundiaan hunn, jadon kii horr sathanan laee intercity bassan harr ghante baad ravana hundiaan hunn. siosan daa koee railway station naheen haii; sabh toon nazdiki station hangsiong station haii, joe kii siosan dey lagbhag dakkhan witch jangang line utte haii. kaee sathanak bassan siosan-hammy khetar witch 960 atey 1450 dey vichkaar kiraae dey naal seva kardiaan hunn. sathanak visheshtavan. siosan aapne sathanak taur utte ugaae gaye seep atey lasann dey naal-naal "gegukji" () atey soyabean saas () dey naal marinated neele kekade samet kaee vishesh pakwanan laee mashur haii.

seosan seosan () dakshinakoriya-deshasya dakshina-chungchiyong-prantasya ekam nagaram asti, yasya janasankhyaa 2017 janaganananusaram praayah 175,000 asti. dakshina-chungchiyong-prantasya vaayavya-praante sthitah ayam pradesha, poorvadishi daangjin-nagaren, nepo-nyoo-nagaren, yesson-gun-hongsong-gun-ityanena, paschimadishi tian-gun-pitasamudrena cha, dakshinadishi siyol-nagaraat, degion-nagarasya vaayavyadishi, naipo-nyoo-nagarasya vaayavyadishi cha asti. seyosan-nagaram pashchimatate parivahanasya kendram asti yatra seyohen-drutamargah, degion-daangjin-drutamargah, rashtriya-rajamargaha nam. 29, 32, 38, 45 cha parasparm praticchedayanti. asmin nagare mahanagarakshetrasya, pramukhanagarenaam cha prati yaataayaatasy sthitihi ateeva uttamah asti. samskrutihi paryatanam cha. yadyapi seosan-nagaram tu atyantam shaantam, paryatanadrushtyaa mahattvaheenam asti, tathaapi seosan-nagaram bahihi graminakshetreshu anekaah laghukarshanaah santi, yeshu adhikaamshaah kaar-margena, dwichakrikaayaah madhyamena vaa ekaghantayam vaa veemshatinimeshaat antare gantum shaknuvanti. eteshu bahavah aitihaasika-sthalaani kevalam sthaniyanam madhye eva prasiddhaani santi, praayah tatra alpaah aagantukaah santi, yena korea-deshasya pramukhanagareshu janasammardayuktaah prasadaha, mandiraani cha nishkaasayitum icchantah te aakarshitaah bhavitum arhanti. seyosan-hemee-kshetre paryatan-akarshananam vistrutasoochyaam krute, seyosan-intercity bus-terminal ityatra vistruta-aangl-bhasha-manachitrani upalabhyante. hemiyupsiyong durgah (america). hemee-yoop-nagare sthitah hemee-yoop-durgah, praayah seyosan-nagaraat (kaar-dwara athavaa sthaniya-bus-dwara 15 nimeshaani; dwichakrikayaa 45 nimeshaani), korea-deshasya joseon-yugasya durga-vaastukalaayaah uttama-samrakshita-udaaharaneshu anyatamah asti, adhikaamshasya joseon-yugasya durganam vipareetam, parvatasya athavaa parvate naa tu samatal-samatal-kshetre eva nirmitah aasit. hemiyupsiyong-durgah 1491 tame varshe (raja seongajong ityasya shasanasya 22 tame varshe) poornah abhavat, tasya nirmaanasamaye hemee-yoop-ityasya sampoornam kshetram aavrutavaan. asya durgasya upayogam chcheong-doo-pradesham niyantrayantah sainya-command-post-rupena krutam, tathaa cha korea-deshasya pashchimatate japani-samudree-samudree-sainikaanaam viruddham rakshanm cha pradadat. 20 shataabdyaah aarambhe hemee-nagarasya vistaarah abhavat, atirikta-nagaravikaasaaya durgasya adhikaamshah bhaagah vicchinnah abhavat, parantu 1973 tame varshe pramukham punarnirmanakaryam krutam. adya hemiyupsiyong-durgasya dakshina-dwaaram prachiranam katipayabhaagaih saha moolam asti, aparam dwaaram punarnirmanam bhavati. yesutgol ityanena saha, hemiyupsiyong-durgah, 1866 tame varshe byungin-utpidanasya karanat, corian-catholic-janeshu pavitrabhoomih iti manyate, yasmin chanchiyong-kshetre nivasantah bahavah catholic-janaah durge maaritaah. yosutgol-pavitrabhoomih (yoo. ess. e.). hemiyupsiyong-durgaat praayah 200 meater doore yosutgol-pavitrabhoomih asti, yatra korea-catholic-janaah jeevantaroopen samaadhisthaah, nimajjitaah, anyathaa baiongin-utpidanasya samaye saamohikaroopen maaritaah cha aasan. yadyapi asya sthalasy adhikaamshaani avasheshaani jalapralayen prasaritaah, tathaapi teshu kechan 1935 tame varshe punah anweshtaah. asmin sthaane adhunaa teshaam krute samarpitam vishaalam smaarak-sabhamandalam vartate, ye svavishvaasasya krute hutatmaha abhavan, adhunaa pramukham catholic-tirthasthanam asti. yonhyaan-ree shilayam nakkashikrutam buddha-trayam (yonhyaan-ree shilayam nakkashikrutam buddha-trayam). trishu raajyeshu (saa. sha. poo. 57-saa. sha. 668), seyosan-hemee-pradesha bekje-rajyasya (saa. sha. poo. 668) niyantrane aasit, yadyapi seyosan-hemee-kshetre asya kaalasy bhagnaavasheshaah atyalpaah santi, tathaapi yonhiyon-ree shilaa-utkeern-buddha-trayam asadharanam apavaadam asti. saa. sha. 6 shataabdyaah ante athavaa 7 shataabdyaah aarambhe utkeerne asmin nakkaashe kamalapate sthite buddhah asti, yasya paarshve bodhisatvadvayam asti. yadyapi etat nakkashiyam korea-deshasya rashtriya-nidhihi iti nirdishtam asti, tathaapi tasya pruthakkaranasya karanat atra apekshaakrutam alpaah aagantukaah eva aagacchanti. praatahkaale utkeernam uttamm drushyate, yadaa tribhujasya sampoornam bhaagam udayamaan-suryena prakaashyate, tathaa cha seyosan tathaa ansaan-ree-nagarayoho sthaniya-bus-yaanaih, athavaa ardhaghantaayaah drave-dwara athavaa nabbe-nimeshasya baik-savaaryaa pratyakshataya seyosan-nagaraat praapyate. bovonsa (bovonsa). ekeekruta-sillaa-kaale (saa. sha. 668-935) nirmitam, asmin laghumandiram bekje-shailyaah pratiki pagodaa asti, tathaiva goriyo-vamshasya (saa. sha. 918-1392) samaye yadaa mandirasya vistaarah abhavat tadaa yojitaah anekaani smaarakaah api santi, tathaa cha korea-deshasya rashtriya-nidhihi iti manyate. yongyon-ree-shilaa-utkirnaat buddha-trayam taha praayah 500 meater doore bovonsa asti, vishraantya dhyanasya cha shaantam sthaanam asti. gesimsa (gesimsa) iti. 1484 tame varshe (seongajong-raajnah shaasanakaalasy 15 tamam varsham) nirmitam gesimsa, korea-deshasya kevalam 17 shataabdyaah purvatananam hastalikhitaanaam kaashta-bhavananam madhye anyatam asti. asmin mandire 14 shataabdyaam utkeernah amitaabha-buddha-pratimaa, 15 shataabdyaam chitritah zulanta-bhittichitrah cha asti, yayoho ubhayoho gassimsa-ityasmai korea-deshasya rashtriya-dhanasya upadhi praaptah asti. mandirasya prushtabhaage parwatamaargah asti yah aramegil-padayatra-maargaih saha sambadhah asti, tathaa cha 90-120 nimesheh aarohanasy antare padacharina bovonsa, yongyon-ree cha praaptum upayujyate. vaayugunah. dakshinakoriyadeshasy adhikaamshabhaageshu iva, seosan-deshe aardr-uposhnakatibandheey-vaayugunah/aardr-mahadvipiya-vaayugunah ("see. e. e"/"dee. ef. e") asti. vasantakaale, mrudu-taapamaanam chinadeshasya mukhyabhoomyaah dhoolam dhaarayantah prabal-vaayavah saha bhavanti. asya apriyasya dhulena hwangsa (<unk>) athavaa asean dhoolih iti namakaranam krutam asti, tathaa cha aneke seasocenates-janaah chaalanasamaye athavaa sackling-samaye cha mukhaavaranam dharitum prerayanti. seeyosan-pradesha, paritah pradesha cha vasantakaale ateeva sundarah bhavati, tathaapi parvateshu, seeyosan-sarovar-udyaane cha. grishmakaale, joon-maase athavaa julai-maase praayah saptaahatrayam yaavat varshaakaalah bhavati, tathaa cha ateeva prabalavrushtyaa, prachandavrushtyaa cha asya lakshanam asti, yadyapi sadyah eva varshau etaaha ghatanaah teevratayaa nyunigataha santi. grishmakaale siosan laghu-tuphunaihi prabhaawitah bhavitum arhati, yathaa 2010 tame varshe aasit, yadaa siosan-tuphunah 'kompaasu' ityanena kshatigrastah aasit. samanyataha september-masasya madhyabhaage patanam arabhyate, tathaa cha november-maase taapamaanam sheeghram nyooneekartum aarabhate. samanyataha navambaramaasasy ante athavaa december-masasya aarambhe himah drushyate, februvari-masasya ante vaa maarch-masasya aarambhe vaa yaavat prachalati. kadaachit himavaataan vihaay, himapaatah samanyataya atyantam mruduhu bhavati, sthaniya-yaataayaatasy krute viralatayaa asuvidhaam cha janayati. seson-deshe samanyam taapamaanam 11.8 degree celsius bhavati. shikshate. 1992 tame varshe sthaapitah swaayattawishwawidyaalayah hansio-vishvavidyaalayaha ekaha shaikshanik-samudayah asti yatra 8500 chhaatraah 250 poornakaalik-adhyaapak-sadasyaih kaaryyakaroti iti 50 vibhaageshu ekasmin vibhaage svavidyaavishayaka-lakshyan anvishyanti. hemee-up ityasya dakshinapoorvadishi sthitah asti, hemee-nagaraat sthaniya-bus-yanadwara 15 nimesheshu eva gantum shakyate. vishvavidyaalayaha chiropractic ityasmin, udaar-kalaa, vinyaasam, abhiyaantriki-vishayanam vistrutaam shreneem, pathyakraman pradadaati, tathaa eva eva vimanayana-prashikshan-vidyaalayaan cha aayojayati. parivahanam. seosan-nagaram express-nagar-bus-yaanaih cha sevate. ishtatam-paristhitishu, express-bus-yaanaani praayah 90 nimesheshu seeol-nagarasya gangnam-terminal-nagaram praaptum shaknuvanti, parantu bhaaree-yaataayaatasy sthitau 2.5 ghantaparyantam samayam yaavat praaptum shaknuvanti. siyol-nagarasya gangnam-terminal-nagaram prati ardhaghantayam express-bus-yaanaani nirgacchati, anyasthaanaani pratighantaam intercity-bus-yaanaani nirgacchati. seyosan-nagare relasthanakam naasti; sameepastham sthanakam hongsong-sthanakam asti, yat seyosan-pradeshasya praayah dakshine jaang -ng-maarge asti. seyosan-hemee-kshetre aneke sthaniya-bus-yaanaani prayujyante, yatra 960 taha 1450 paryantam vyayah vaan iti asti. sthaniyavisheshata. seyosan-pradesha sthaniyarupena krushi-krutaanaam sipanam, lasunasya cha krute, tathaiva "gegukji" (), soyabean-saas () ityanena saha marinated-bloo-creb ityadinam anekanam vishesha-vyanjanaanaam krute prasidhah asti.

season seosan () enbathu therku koreavin therku sungsiang maagaanaththil ulla oru nagaramaagum, idhu 2017 makkal thogai kanakkeduppinpadi sumar 175,000 makkal thogaiyaik kondullathu. therku sungsiang maagaanaththin vadamaerku munaiyil amainthulla idhu, kilakkil tangjin nagaram, nepo puthiya nagaram, yaesan-thuppakki mattrum hangsiang-thuppakki mattrum maerkil dane-thuppakki mattrum manjal kadal aagiyavattraal soozhappattullathu, maelum seolin therkae, dajon vadamaerkilum, nepo puthiya nagaraththin vadamaerkilum ullathu. maerku kadarkaraiyin poakkuvaraththu maiyamaaga seosan ullathu, angku siohan expressway, dajon-tangjin expressway, thaesiya nedunjaalaigal enn. 29, 32, 38 mattrum 45 aagiyavai vettukintrana. inththa nagaram perunagarap pakuthi mattrum mukiya nagarangalai noakki perum poakkuvaraththu nilaimaigalaik kondullathu. kalacharam mattrum suttrulaa. season migavum amaithiyaana mattrum suttrulaathuraikku mukkiyathuvam illaatha nagaramaaga irunththaalum, season nagaraththirku veliyae ulla kiraamappurangalil pala siriya idangkal ullana, avattril perumpaalaanavattrai irupathu nimidangalukkul kaarr allathu oru manii neraththil cycle moolam anugalaam. inththa varalaattruch sirappumikka thazhangalil pala ulloor makkalidaiyae mattumae nanku ariyapattavai mattrum perumpaalum paarvaiyaalarkal kuraivaagavae ullanar, idhu koreavin mukiya nagarangalin nerisalaana aranmanaigal mattrum koayilgalilirunthu thappikka virumbubavargalai eerkkum. seosan-haemi paguthiyil ulla suttrulaa thalangalin muzhumaiyaana pattiyalukkaaga, virivaana aangkila mozhi varaipadangkal seosan intercity paerunthu munaiyaththil kidaikkindrana. haemiyupsiyoang koattai (america). haemi-yooppil amainthulla, thoaraayamaaga seosanil irunthu (kaarr allathu ulloor paerunththil 15 nimidangal; paikkil 45 nimidangal), haemiyuupsiaang koattai koreavin josan-sagaaptha koattai kattidakkalaiyin sirantha paathukaakkappatta eduththukkaattukalil ontraakum, maelum perumpaalaana josan-sagaaptha koattaikalaip poalallaamal, idhu oru malai allathu malaiyil allamal oru thattaiyaana samaveliyil kattappattathu. haemiyupsiyoang koattai 1491 aam aandil (king seongjongin aatchiyin 22 vadhu aandu) mudikkappattathu, maelum adhan niraivin neraththil haemi-eep muzhuvathaiyum soozhnthirunthathu. inththa koattai sunsong-doow piraanthiyaththai kattuppadutthum iraanuva kattalai thalamaaga payanpaduththappattathu, maelum koreavin maerku kadarkaraiyil japanian kadarkollaiyargalukku ethiraaga paathukaappai valangkiyathu. 20 aam noottraandin murpaguthiyil haemi nagaram virivadainthathaal, koodudhal nagarppura valarchchiyai anumathikka koattaiyin perumbaguthi kizhikkappattathu, aanaal 1973 aam aandil oru periya maruseeramaippu panikal maerkollappattana. intru, haemiyupsiyoang koattaiyin therku vaail asal, sila suvarkaludan, mattra vaayilgal punaramaikkappattullana. yosutkoludan, 1866 aam aandin baiyaangkin thunpuruththalkalin kaaranamaaga koriya catholickerkalidaiye haemiyupsiyoang koattai oru punitha maithaanamaaka karudhappadugiradhu, idhan poathu sunsong paguthiyil vasikkum pala catholickergal koattaiyil kollappattanar. yosutkol punitha maithaanam (america). haemiyupsiyoang koattaiyilirunthu sumar 200 meettar tholaivil yosutkol punitha maithaanam ullathu, angku koriya catholickergal uyirudan pudhaikkappattanar, neeril moozhgi iranththanar, illaiyenil baiyaangkin thunpuruththalkalin poathu koottaaga kollappattanar. inththa idaththin perumpaalaana echchangkal vellaththil adiththuch sellappattaalum, avattril sila 1935 aam aandil meendum kandupidikkappattana. inththa idaththil ippoathu thangal nambikkaikkaaga uyirththiyaagam seithavarkalukku arppanikappatta oru periya ninaivu mandapam ullathu, ippoathu idhu oru mukiya catholica yaatthiraith thalamaagum. yongyon-rii paarai-porikkapatta puththa muttharappu (yongyon-rii raak-sethukkappatta puththa muttharappu). moontru iraajjiyangkalin kaalaththil (kimu 57-kimu 668), season-haemi pakuthi bakeje iraajjiyaththin kattuppaattil irunththathu, maelum inththa kaalakattathil season-haemi paguthiyil migak kuraindha idipaadugal irunththaalum, yongyon-rii paarai-porikkapatta puththa mukkoanam oru thaniththuvamaana vithivilakku. kibi kibi noottraandin pirpaguthiyil allathu allathu noottraandin murpaguthiyil sethukkappatta inththa sirpaththil, irandu poathisathvargalaal soolappatta oru putthar thaamarai ilai meethu nirkiraar. inththa sirpam koreavin thaesiya pokkishamaaga arivikkappattirunthalum, adhan thanimaippadutthal kaaranamaaga idhu oppeettalavil sila paarvaiyaalargalaip perukirathu. mukkoanaththin muzhu paguthiyum sooriya udhayaththaal olirum poathu, kaalai neraththil sirpam sirappaagak kaanappadugiradhu, maelum ulloor paerunththugal moolam seosan mattrum ansan-rii allathu arai manii naera oottunar allathu thonnooru nimida paik sawari moolam neradiyaaga seosanil irunthu anugalaam. bonsa (<unk>). orunginaintha silla kaalaththil (kibi 668-kibi 935) kattapatta inththa siriya koavilil oru chinnamaana bakeje paani bagoda ullathu, athae poal pala ninaivuchchinnangalum ullana, avai corio vamsaththin (kibi 918-kibi 1392) poathu koayil virivupaduththappattapoathu serkkappattana, maelum idhu koreavin thaesiya pokkishamaagak karudhappadugiradhu. yongyon-rii paarai-porikkapatta puththa mukkoanaththilirunthu sumar 500 meettar tholaivil ulla bovonsa, oaivedukkavum thiyaanikkavum oru amaithiyaana idamaagum. kaisimsa (<unk>). 1484 aam aandil (mannar seongjongin aatchiyin 15 vadhu aandu) kattapatta keisimsa, 17 aam noottraandukku munththaiya koreavil ulla oru sila maraa kattidangalil ontraakum. inthak koavilil 14 aam noottraandil sethukkappatta oru amithaappa putthar silaiyum, 15 aam noottraandil varaiyapatta oru thongkum suvaroaviyamum ullana, ivai irandum koreavin thaesiya pokkishaththin pattatthai keisimsaavukku ventrullana. koayilin pinpuraththil oru malaip paathai ullathu, idhu aramaejil nadaipayana paathaikaludan inaikkirathu, maelum 90-120 nimida nadaippayanaththirkul bonsa mattrum yongyon-riyai kaalnadaiyaaga adaiya payanpaduththappadalaam. kaalanilai. thenn koreavin perumpaalaana pakuthikalaip poalavae, seosaanum eerappathamaana mithaveppa mandala kaalanilai/eerappathamaana kanda kaalanilaiyaik kondullathu (chii. eff. aee/dii. eff. aee). vasantha kaalaththil, laesaana veppanilaiyudan chinaavin pirathaana nilapparappilirunthu thoosiyaith thaakkum valuvaana kaattrum varukirathu. inththa virumbaththagaatha thoosi hwangsa (<unk>) allathu aasiya thoosi endru azhaikkappadukirathu, maelum pala seasonitegal nadaipayirchi allathu cycle oottumpoathu mugamoodi aniya thoondugirathu. iruppinum, vasantha kaalaththil seosan mattrum athaich suttriyulla pakuthi migavum azhagaaga irukkum, kurippaaga malaikal mattrum seosanin aeri poongaavil. koadaiyil, paruvamazhaik kaalam juun allathu juulai maathangkalil sumar moontru vaarangkal needikkum, maelum idhu miga valuvaana kaattru mattrum kanamazhai aagiyavattraal vagaippaduththappadukirathu, iruppinum inththa irandu nigazhvugalin theeviramum sameepathiya aandugalil kuraindhu varukirathu. 2010 aam aandil 'kombasu' sooraavaliyaal season sethamatainthapothu, koadai kaalaththil laesaana sooraavaligalaal season paathikkappadalaam. veelchchi podhuvaaga septumber naduppaguthiyil thodangukirathu mattrum navambar maathaththirkul veppanilai vaekamaaka kuraiyath thodangukirathu. panii podhuvaaga navambar pirpaguthiyil allathu disambar thodakkaththil thoandrum, maelum pipravari pirpaguthi allathu maarch thodakkam varai thodarkirathu. avvappoathu panippozhivugalaith thavira, panippozhivu podhuvaaga migavum lesaanathu mattrum ulloor poakkuvaratthukku arithaagavae asoukariyangkalai aerpaduththukirathu. seosanil sarasari veppanilai 11.8 digiri celsius aagum. kalvi. 1992 aam aandil niruvapatta oru thaniyar palkalaikkazhagamaana hansio palkalaikkazhagam, 250 mulunaera aasiriya uruppinargalaal paniyaattrum adhan 50 thuraikalil ondril 8,500 maanavargal thangal kalvi ilakkugalaith thodarum oru kalvi samoogamaagum. idhu haemi-eeppin thenkizhakkil amainthullathu mattrum haemiyil irunthu ulloor paerunthu moolam 15 nimidangalil adaiya mudiyum. palkalaikkazhagam seropractic, parantha alavilaana thaaraalavaatha kalaigal, vadivamaippu mattrum poriiyal thuraikalil padippugalai valangkukirathu, maelum vimaanap poakkuvaraththu mattrum vimaanap payirchi palligalai valangkukirathu. poakkuvaraththu. sisosan express mattrum intercity paerunththugal moolam vazhangkappadukirathu. uganththa nilaimaigalin keezh, express paerunththugal sumar 90 nimidangalil seolin kengnaam munaiyatthai adaiya mudiyum, aanaal adhiga poakkuvaraththu aerpattaal 2.5 manii neram varai aagalaam. seolin kengnaam munaiyaththirku viraivu paerunththugal ovvoru arai manii neeraththirkum purappadugindrana, athae neraththil mattra idangkalukku intercity paerunththugal ovvoru manii neeraththirkum purappadugindrana. seosanukku oru rayil nilaiyam illai; arugilulla nilaiyam hangsiong nilaiyam, jangaong paathaiyil, seosanukku therkae ullathu. pala ulloor paerunththugal seosan-haemi pakuthikku saevai seigindrana, 960 muthal 1450 varai kattanam vasoolikkappadukirathu. ulloor sirappu. seosan adhan ullooril payiridappatta sippikal mattrum poondu aagiyavattrirkum, "kegukji" () mattrum soyabean chaas () udan merinate seiyappatta neela nandu ullitta pala sirappu unavugalukkum pugazhpettrathu.

seosan seosan () anedi dakshina korealoni dakshina chungchiang provinceloni oka nagaram, 2017 janabha lekkala prakaram sumaru 175,000 janabha undhi. dakshina chungchiang provins yokka vaayuvya chivaralo unna dheeniki thoorpuna dangzin nagaram, naipo nyuu town, yess-gunn mariyu hangsiang-gunn mariyu paschimaana teyon-gunn mariyu pasupu samudram sarihaddulugaa unnaayi, mariyu seol kuu dakshinaana, dagionku vaayuvya disalo mariyu naipo nyuu townku vaayuvya disalo undhi. seosan paschima teeram yokka ravana kendramgaa undhi, ikkada seohian expressway, dagion-dangzin expressway, jaateeya rahadaarulu namm. 29, 32, 38 mariyu 45 kalustaayi. eee nagaram metropolitan praantam mariyu pradhana nagaraala vaipu goppa traaphik paristhitulanu kaligi undhi. samskruti mariyu paryatakam. seosan chaalaa nissabdamaina mariyu paryataka paramgaa praamukhyata laeni nagaram ayinappatikee, seosan velupala graameena praantaallo aneka chinna aakarshanhalu unnaayi, veetilo chaalaa varaku iravai nimishaallo kaaru dwara ledhaa saikil dwara cherukovacchu. eee chaaritraka pradaesaalaloo chaalaa varaku sthaanikulalo matrame prasiddhi chendaayi mariyu tarachugaa sandarsakulu chaalaa takkuva mandhi untaaru, idhi korea yokka pradhana nagaraalloni raddiigaa unde rajabhavanalu mariyu devalayala nundi tappinchukovaalanukune vaarini aakarshistundi. seosan-hammy praantamlooni paryataka aakarshanhala samagra jabita kosam, seosan intercity bus terminal vadda vivaranaatmaka aangla bhasha pataalu andubaatulo unnaayi. haemiyupsiang koota (america). hammy-yaplo unna, sumaruga seosan nundi (kaaru ledhaa sthaanika bassulo 15 nimishalu; bike dwara 45 nimishalu), haemiyupsiang koota korea yokka josanne-yugam koota nirmaanaaniki uttamamgaa samrakshinchabadina udaaharanalalo okati, mariyu chaalaa josanne-yugam kotala maadirigaa kakunda, idhi konda ledhaa parvatam meeda kakunda chadunaina maidaanamlo nirminchabadindi. haemiyupsiang koota 1491loe (king seongjang paalana 22va samvatsaram) puurtayimdi, mariyu poortayye samayaniki hemi-epp mottaanni chuttumuttindi. eee kotanu chuncheng-doow praantaanni niyantrinche sainika command postga upayoginchaaru, mariyu korea yokka paschima teeram vembadi japanese samudrapu dongala nundi rakshananu andinchaaru. 20va sataabdam praarambhamlo hammy pattanam vistarinchadamto, adanapu pattana abhivruddhini anumatinchadaaniki kotalo ekkuva bhaagam koolchiveyabadindi, conny 1973loe oka pradhana punaruddharana pani chepattabadindi. nedu, haemiyupsiang koota yokka dakshina dwaaram asalu, konni godala bhaagaalato paatu, itara dwaaraalu punarnirmaanaalu. yosutgoltho paatu, 1866 naati biongine himsa kaaranamgaa corian kaathaliklalo haemiyupsiang koota pavitra pradaesamgaa pariganinchabadutundi, eee samayamlo chanchiang praantamloo nivasistunna aneka mandhi kaathalikkulu kotalo champabaddaru. yosutgol pavitra maidaanam (yuu. ess. eah.). haemiyupsiang koota nundi sumaru 200 meterla dhooramlo yosutgol pavitra sthalam undhi, ikkada corian kaathalikkulu sajeevamgaa khananam cheyabaddaaru, munigipooyaaru mariyu biongine himsa samayamlo saamuhikamgaa champabaddaru. eee pradaesamlooni avasheshaalu chaalaa varaku varadala kaaranamgaa kottukupoyinappatiki, vaatilo konni 1935loe tirigi kanugonabaddayi. eee pradaesamloe ippudu vaari vishwaasam kosam amaraveerulaina vaariki ankitam cheyabadina pedda smaaraka mandiram undhi, ippudu idhi oka pradhana catholic teerthayaatra pradaesam. yongyon-rii rock-chekkina buddha trayam (yongyon-rii rock-chekkina buddha trayam). moodu raajyaala kaalamlo (cree. sha. 57-cree. sha. 668), seosan-hammy praantam bekje rajyam niyantranalo undedi, mariyu seosan-hammy praantamloo eee kaalam nundi chaalaa takkuva sidhilaalu unnappatikee, yongyon-rii rock-chekkina buddha trayam oka asaadhaarana minahaayimpu. cree. sha. 6va sataabdam chivaralo ledhaa 7va sataabdam praarambhamlo chekkabadina eee chekkadamlo rendu bodhisatvulatho chuttabadi, taamara aaku meeda nilabadi unna buddhudu untaadu. eee chekkadanni korea jaateeya nidhiga perkonnappatiki, daani ontaritanam kaaranamgaa dheeniki chaalaa takkuva mandhi sandarsakulu vastaaru. tellavaarujaamuna, trayam mottam udayistunna suuryudi dwara prakaasinchinappudu, mariyu seosan mariyu ansan-rii nundi sthaanika bassula dwara ledhaa seosan nundi neerugaa araganta drive ledhaa tombhai nimishala bike raid dwara access cheyabadinappudu chekkadam uttamamgaa kanipistundi. bovonsa (bovonsa). ekikruta silla kaalamlo (cree. sha. 668-935) nirminchina eee chinna aalayamlo oka iconic bekje-shaili pagoda undhi, alaage goreo raajavamsam (cree. sha. 918-1392) samayamlo eee alayanni vistarinchinappudu jodinchina aneka smaaraka chihnalu unnaayi, ivi korea jaateeya nidhiga pariganhinchabadutunnaayi. yongyon-rii rock-chekkina buddha trayam nundi sumaru 500 meterla dhooramlo unna bovonsa, vishraanti mariyu dhyanam kosam oka nissabda pradaesam. gasimsa (<unk>). 1484loe (king seongjang paalanalo 15va samvatsaram) nirminchina gasimsa, 17va sataabdam naati korealoni konni chekka bhavanaalalo okati. eee aalayamlo 14va sataabdamloo chekkina amitabha buddha vigraham, alaage 15va sataabdamloo chithrinchina velaadutunna kudyachitram unnaayi, eee rendoo kooda gasimsa anae jaateeya nidhi birudunu geluchukunnayi. aalayam venuka bhaagamlo aramegil hiking kaalibaatalaku anusandhaaninche parvata maargam undhi, mariyu 90-120 nimisham ekki lopala kaalinadakana bovonsa mariyu yongyon-rii cherukovadaniki upayoginchavacchu. vaataavaranam. dakshina korealo chaalaa varaku maadirigaane, seosan thematho kuudina upaushnamandala vaataavaranam/thematho kuudina khandantara vaataavaranam ("cfa"/"dfa") kaligi undhi. vasantakaalamlo, telikapati ushnogratalato paatu chaina pradhana bhuubhaagam nundi dummu veeche balamaina gaalulu veestaayi. eee asahyakaramaina dhooliki hwangsa (<unk>) ledhaa asean dummu anie paeru pettaru, mariyu chaalaa mandhi seosanitelanu nadaka ledhaa saikling chesetappudu faces masklu dharinchamani prerepistundi. season mariyu chuttupakkala praantam vasantakaalamlo chaalaa andamgaa untaayi, ayithe mukhyamgaa parvathaalalo mariyu season sarassu udyaanavanamlo. vesavilo, ruthupavanaala kaalam juun ledhaa joolailo sumaru moodu vaaraala paatu untundi, mariyu iteevali samvatsaraalalo eee rendu drugvishayaala teevrata taggutunnappatiki, chaalaa balamaina gaalulu mariyu bhaarii varshapaatam kaligi untundi. 2010loe 'kompasu' tuphaanu kaaranamgaa seosan debbatinnappudu maadirigaane, vesavi kaalamlo telikapati tuphaanula valla seosan prabhaavitamavutundi. patanam saadhaaranamgaa september madhyalo praarambhamavutundi mariyu november natiki ushnogratalu vaegamgaa taggadam praarambhistaayi. manchu saadhaaranamgaa november chivaralo ledhaa december praarambhamlo kanipistundi, mariyu fibravari chivari varaku ledhaa marchi praarambhamlo varaku konasaagutundi. appudappudu manchu tuphaanulu minaha, manchu saadhaaranamgaa chaalaa telikapatidi mariyu sthaanika rakapokalaku arudugaa asoukaryaanni kaligistundi. seosan loe sagatu ushnograta 11.8 degreela celsius untundi. vidya. 1992loe sthaapinchabadina private vishwavidhyaalayamaina hansio vishwavidyaalayam, 250 mandhi puurti samayam adhyapaka sabhyulachae sibbandi kaligina daani 50 vibhagalalo okadaanilo 8,500 mandhi vidyaarthulu tama vidya lakshyalanu saadhinche vidya sangham. idhi hammy-eep kuu aagneyamlo undhi mariyu hammy nundi sthaanika bassu dwara 15 nimishaallo cherukovacchu. vishwavidyaalayam chiropractic, vistruta shreni udaara kalalu, design mariyu injaneering vibhagalalo korsulanu andistundi mariyu vimanayana mariyu vimaana sikshana paatasaalalanu nirvahistundi. ravana. seosanku express mariyu intercity bassulu sevalu andistaayi. saraina paristhitulalo, express bassulu sumaru 90 nimishaallo seol yokka gangnum terminal cherukovacchu, conny bhaarii traaphik vishayamlo 2.5 gantala varaku pattavacchu. seol yokka gangnum terminalku express bassulu prati aragantaku bayaludaerutaayi, itara pradaesaalaku intercity bassulu prati gantaku bayaludaerutaayi. seosanku railway station ledhu; sameepa station hangsiang station, idhi janghang linelo, seosanku dakshinaana undhi. aneka sthaanika bassulu siosan-hammy praantaaniki sevalu andistaayi, 960 mariyu 1450 madhya chaarjeelu unnaayi. sthaanika pratyaekatalu. seosan sthaanikamgaa saagu cheyabadina gullalu mariyu vellulli, alaage "gegukji" () mariyu soyabean saas () thoo kuudina marinated blue crabto sahaa aneka pratyeka vantakaalaku prasiddhi chendindi.

seeswan sewsan () janubi koriya kay janubi chong cheeng soobay kaa eek shehar hay jiss kii aabadi 2017 kii mardam shumari kay mutabiq taqriba 175,000 hay. janubi chung cheeng soobay kay shamaal maghrabi saray parr waaqa yaha dangjan shehar neepo neo town mashriq mein yasaan gunn aur haang seeng gunn aur maghrab mein tayaan gunn aur zard samandar say gharaa hawaa hay aur seeval kay janub mein ddijin kay shamaal maghrab mein aur neepo neo town kay shamaal maghrab mein hay. sewsan maghrabi saahil kii nql woo hamal kaa markaz hay jehaan seohiyan express way ddijin-dangjan express way qomi shahrahein number. 29yee 32yee 38 aur 45 eek dosray kuu kaattay haine. iss shehar mein metropolitan elaqay aur baday shehron kii taraf trafic kay behat achhay halaat haine. saqafat aur seyahat. agarcha sewsan khood eek kaafi perscon aur seyahati lahaaz say ghair aham shehar hay leakin sewsan say baahir deehi elaqon mein kayee mamuli parkashish maqamat haine jinn mein say ziyadah tarr takk kaar kay zariye bees mint kay andar yaa cycle kay zariye eek ghantay mein rasayi haasil kii jaa sakti hay. inn mein say behat say tarikhi maqamat sarf maqami logon mein mashhur haine aur aksar wahaan behat kumm zaireen aatay haine jiss kii wajah say wah koriya kay baday shehron kay hujum waalay mahlaat aur mandaron say bachnay kay khwahish mund afraad kay liye parkashish bunn saktay haine. sewsan-hammy kay elaqay mein seyahati maqamat kii eek makmal fehrist kay liyay angrezi zabaan kay tafsili naqshe sewsan interesty buss terminal parr dastiyaab haine. haemupsiyong qalah (<unk> yuu aiss aey). hammy app mein waaqa taqriba sewsan say (kaar yaa maqami buss kay zariye 15 mint vovo bike kay zariye 45 mint)yee hammy upseving qalah koriya kay josan door kay qalye kay funn tameer kii behtareen mahfuz misalon mein say eek hay aur josan door kii ziyadah tarr qalaon kay barakas yaha pahaadi yaa pahaad kay bajaye hamwaar medaan parr banaya gayaa thaa. haemupsiyong qalah 1491 (baadshah sevingjing kay door hukumat kaa 22 waan saal) mein makmal hawaa aur iss kii takmeel kay waqat hammy aps kay puray hasay kuu gahiray mein lay liyaa. iss qalye kuu chanchong duu kay elaqay kuu control karnay waali foji kamaan post kay toor parr istemaal kiyaa jaataa thaa aur koriya kay maghrabi saahil kay saath japani qazaqon kay khalaaf dafaa farahim kiyaa jaataa thaa. jeesay jeesay 20 wein sadee kay awail mein hammy kay qasbey mein tausia hoyee izaafi shehri tarqi kii ajazat deenay kay liye qalye kaa ziyadah tarr hasah giraa diyaa gayaa leakin 1973 mein bahaali kaa eek badaa kaam sharoo kiyaa gayaa. aaj haemupsiyong qalye kaa janubi darwazah dewaron kay kachh hasoon kay saath asl hay jabkah dosray darwazay tameer noow haine. yousotgol kay saath haemupsiyong qalah kuu 1866 kay beungan kay zulam woo satam kii wajah say koriyayi catholic kay darmiyan eek muqadas maqaam samjha jaataa hay jiss kay doraan chanchong kay elaqay mein rehney waalay behat say catholic qalye mein maaray gayey thay. yousotgol muqadas medaan (yuu aiss aey). haemupsiyong qalah say taqriba 200 metter kay fasilay parr yousotgol muqadas maqaam hay jehaan koriyayi catholic kuu beungan kay zulam woo satam kay doraan zindah dafan kiyaa gayaa dob kirr aur basurat deegar ijtemayi toor parr qatal kirr diyaa gayaa. agarcha iss jagah kii ziyadah tarr baqiyat sailaab mein behah gayein leakin inn mein say kachh kuu 1935 mein dobarah driyafat kiyaa gayaa. iss jagah parr abb eek badaa yaadgaar haal hay juu inn logon kay liye waqaf hay juu apnay aqeede kay liye shaheed hoay thay aur abb yaha eek badaa catholic ziyarat gaah hay. young hayon-ree chataan parr tarashay hoay badh kii taslis. teen sultanaton kay door (57 qabal maseeh-668 eiswi) kay doraan sewsan hammy elaqah bekjay kii baadshahi kay zeer taslat thaa aur agarcha sewsan hammy kay elaqay mein iss door kay behat kumm khandraat haine leakin yungheen ree chataan parr tarashay hoay badh kii taslis eek ghair mamuli riayat hay. chhatay sadee eiswi kay aakhir yaa saatwein sadee kay awail mein tarashi gayee yaha nqashi eek badh parr mushtamil hay juu kamal kay patay parr khadaa hay jiss kay itraaf duu bodhi satoo haine. agarcha iss nqashi kuu koriya kaa qomi khazanah qaraar diyaa gayaa hay leakin iss kii tanhayi kii wajah say iss mein nasbata kumm zaireen aatay haine. nqashi kuu sabah kay waqat sabb say behatar dekha jaataa hay jabb taslis kaa poraa hasah taloo aaftaab say roshan hotaa hay aur sewsan aur ansaan ree say maqami basoon kay zariye yaa aadhay ghantay kii drive yaa naway mint kii bike sawari kay zariye braah raast sewsan say qaabil rasayi hotaa hay. bovansa. muthad seela door (668-935 eiswi) kay doraan tameer kiyaa gayaa yaha chhota mandar bekjay tarz kaa eek mashhur pagoda hay saath hyee mutadid yaadgaarein bhee shaamil haine juu iss waqat shaamil kii gayein jabb gorio khaandaan (918-1392 eiswi) kay doraan mandar kii tausia kii gayee thee aur asay koriya kaa qomi khazanah samjha jaataa hay. bovansa young hayon ree chataan parr tarashay hoay badh taslis say taqriba 500 metter kay fasilay parr hay aur aaraam aur maraqabah kay liye eek perscon jagah hay. gisamsa (<unk>). 1484 (baadshah sevingjing kay door hukumat kay 15 wein saal) mein tameer kiyaa gayaa gisamsa koriya mein sarf mithee bhar lakdi kii emaraton mein say eek hay juu 17 wein sadee say guzarti hay. mandar mein 14 wein sadee mein tarasha gayaa eek amitabh badh kaa mujasmah hay saath hyee 15 wein sadee mein paint kii gayee eek latakti hoyee dewaar bhee hay jinn donon nay gisamsa kuu koriya kay qomi khazanay kaa khataab dilaya hay. mandar kay pachlay hasay mein eek pahaadi raastah hay juu aramigal paidal safar kay raaston say mansalk hotaa hay aur asay 90-120 mint kii paidal safar kay andar paidal bovens aur yungheen-ree takk pahunchnay kay liye istemaal kiyaa jaa saktaa hay. aab woo hawaa. janubi koriya kay beshtar hasoon kii tarah sewsan mein bhee martub zeeli madarini aab woo hawaa/martub barazmi aab woo hawaa ("see aif aey"/"ddee aif aey") hay. mosam bahaar mein halkay darjah hararat kay saath teez hawayein chalti haine jinn say cheeni sarzamin say dhol nikalti hay. iss nakhushgawar dhol kuu huwangsa (<unk>) yaa aishiyayi dhol kahaa jaataa hay aur behat say sesosanitis kuu chalnay yaa cycle chalatay waqat chehrey kay maasik pehannay kaa asharah kartaa hay. sewsan aur aas paas kaa elaqah mosam bahaar mein kaafi khubsurat hotaa hay tahim khaas toor parr pahaadon aur sewsan kay leek paark mein. mosam garma mein maanson kaa mosam joone yaa jolayi mein taqriba teen hafton takk rehta hay aur iss kii khususiyat behat teez hawayein aur shadeed baarish hoti hay halankah haaliyah barson mein inn donon mazahir kii shadat kumm how rahee hay. mosam garma kay mosam mein sewsan halkay toofanon say mutasir how saktaa hay jaisa kahh 2010 mein hawaa thaa jabb samandari toofan 'kompaso' say sewsan kuu nqsan pahuncha thaa. aam toor parr satambar kay wast mein zawal sharoo hotaa hay aur nomber takk darjah hararat teezi say kumm honaa sharoo how jaataa hay. barf aam toor parr nomber kay aakhir yaa dasambar kay awail mein zahir hoti hay aur faroori kay aakhir yaa maarch kay awail takk jaari rehti hay. kabhi kabhaar barfani toofanon kay alawah barf baari aam toor parr behat halki hoti hay aur shaaz woo naadir hyee maqami trafic kay liye taklif kaa baais banti hay. sewsan mein ausat darjah hararat 11.8 digri celsis hay. taleem. hansio university juu 1992 mein qayem honay waali eek najee university hay eek taleemi baradari hay jehaan 8500 talbaa apnay 50 mahkamon mein say eek mein apnay taleemi ahdaaf kuu poraa kartay haine jinn mein 250 kill waqti faculty mumbaran kaam kartay haine. yaha hammy app kay janub mashriq mein waaqa hay aur hammy say maqami buss kay zariye 15 mint mein pahuncha jaa saktaa hay. university cheropractic mein courses farahim karti hay libral arts design aur engineering kay shoabon kii eek wasee reenj aur hawaa baazi aur parwaz kii tarbiyat kay schoolon kii mezbani karti hay. nql woo hamal. sewsan kuu express aur interesty basein farahim karti haine. ziyadah say ziyadah halaat mein express basein taqriba 90 mint mein seeval kay ganganam terminal takk pahunch sakti haine leakin bhaari trafic kii soorat mein iss mein dahayee ghantay takk kaa waqat lugg saktaa hay. seeval kay ganganam terminal kay liye express basein harr aadhay ghantay mein rawanah hoti haine jabkah interesty basein dosray maqamat kay liye harr ghantay rawanah hoti haine. sewsan mein koyee railway station nahein hay. qareeb tareen station hangsang station hay juu taqriba sewsan kay janub mein jangang line parr hay. mutadid maqami basein sewsan hammy kay elaqay mein khidmaat anjaam deeti haine jinn kaa karayah 960 aur 1450 kay darmiyan hay. maqami khususiyat. sewsan apnay maqami toor parr kaasht kardah chhiyon aur lehsan kay saath saath "gigokji" () aur soyabeen chutney kay saath mariented blue kekday () sameet mutadid khaas pakwanon kay liye mashhur hay.

00004bac4cbf6304ebf28529e3ff7b9cca22d41dc48417a2f77a987d16782df8

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63636128

Old Town Hall, Swindon

Old Town Hall, Swindon Municipal building in Swindon, Wiltshire, England The Old Town Hall is a former municipal building of 1854 in the High Street, Swindon, Wiltshire, England. It is a Grade II listed building. History. Until the construction of the town hall on the High Street, the town council had met in the "Goddard Arms" on the High Street. This small pub had been owned by the Goddard family since 1621 and was a small cottage alehouse known as the "Crown" until 1820. The "Goddard Arms" was used for public meetings in the early 19th century and was used in this way by Ambrose Goddard to report progress on the Wilts & Berks Canal. The town hall, which was designed by Sampson Sage and E Robertson in the neoclassical style, was completed in 1854. The main frontage has five bays separated by full-height Tuscan order pilasters, with arched windows on the ground floor, casement windows on the first floor and a pediment and roof lantern above. The building was extended to the northeast with a tower, as well as accommodation for a corn exchange at ground floor level, to the designs of Wilson and Willcox of Bath in 1866. A wine store was built on an adjoining site and its upper hall was used as a magistrates' court from 1871 to 1891. After civic functions transferred to the new town hall in 1891, the building became a roller skating rink in 1910, and a cinema known as the Rink in 1919. After the Second World War it was refurbished and re-opened as the Locarno Dance Hall. Performers at the dance hall included the singer, Cilla Black, in April 1964, followed by the rock bands, The Yardbirds in July 1964, The Who in October 1965 and the Small Faces in November 1965. The building subsequently served as a bingo hall but became vacant in the late 1970s. The building was acquired by bar owner, Gael Mackenzie, in 1999. Major fires occurred in the building in May 2003 and again in May 2004. In November 2016, Swindon council entered into a development agreement with Swindon Corn Exchange Limited, a business managed by housebuilder, Steve Rosier, under which Rosier agreed to pursue a development on the site. However, after no progress was made with the development and the building continued to decay, the Victorian Society added the structure to its list of most endangered buildings in September 2019. The council also threatened to use a compulsory purchase order to re-acquire the property in January 2020. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

puroni taaun holl, swindon oh 'ld taaun holl hoise englandor wiltswire swindonor haai streetot 1854 sonor ekhon purbor pour bhowon. eitu etaa dwitiyo shrenir talikabhukto ottalika. itihax. haai ridot taaun holl nirman nuhuwaloike taaun council haai ridot "godard aarmos" too milito hoisil. ei xoru pabtu 1621 sonor poraa go 'dard poriyalor malikanadhin aasil aaru 1820 sonoloike "krauno" naamere jonajat etaa xoru kutir alehaus aasil. 19 xotikar aarombhonite rajohuwa xobhar baabe "go' dard aarmos" byobohar koraa hoisil aaru wilts endo barks khaalor ogrogotir protibedon diboloi embruz go 'darde enedore byobohar korisil. nobyo-classical xoilit champson chaze aaru ee robertsonor dwara design koraa taaun holtu 1854 sonot xompurno hoisil. mool prantotut pasta bey aase ji xompurno uschotar tasken order pilastare prithok koraa hoise, tolor moholat khilanjukto khiriki, prothom moholat kesement khiriki aaru uporot etaa pediment aaru sador lalten aase. 1866 sonot wilson aaru uilcoxor designor dore etaa tawaror xoite ei ottalikatu uttor-puboloi xomproxarito koraa hoisil, logote nisotolat etaa makoi binimoyor baabe baxosthanor byowostha koraa hoisil. usoror etaa sthanot etaa xurar dukan nirman koraa hoisil aaru iyar uporor holtu 1871 sonor poraa 1891 sonoloike nyayadhixor aadalot hisape byobohar koraa hoisil. 1891 sonot nagorik karjyoxomuh notun taaun hololoi sthanantorito huwar pisot, 1910 sonot ei bhowontu etaa rular skating rink hoi porisil, aaru 1919 sonot rink naamere jonajat ekhon chinema hoisil. dwitiyo biswojudhor pisot iyak nobikoron koraa hoisil aaru locarnu dunce holl hisape punor khula hoisil. nrityo holot obhinoy koraa prodorxokxokolor bhitorot 1964 sonor aprilot gayok chila black, taar pisot 1964 sonor julyte rok bendo, yardbird, 1965 sonor octoborot dyo yardbird aaru 1965 sonor novemborot xoru mukh aasil. poroborti xomoyot ei bhowontu bingu holl hisape xewa aagborhaisil kintu 1970 sonor xexor faale khaali hoi porisil. 1999 sonot baaror goraki gell mackengyr dwara ei ottalikatu odhigrohon koraa hoisil. 2003 sonor mey "maahot aaru punor 2004 sonor mey" maahot ottalikat dangor ognikando xonghotit hoisil. 2016 sonor novembor maahot swindon porixode housebildor steve ror "siyeror dwara porisalito etaa byoboxai swindon korno excenge limitedor xoite ek unnoyon sukti swakhyor korisil, jaar odhinot ror" siyere ei sthanot unnoyonor baabe xonmot hoisil. obosye, unnoyonor xoite kunu ogrogoti nuhuwar pisot aaru ottalikatur khyoy obyahot thokar pisot, vict 'rian cho' saiti-ye 2019 sonor septembor maahot iyar ataitkoi biponno ottalikaxomuhor talikat gathonitu jug disil. porixode 2020 sonor januaryt xompotitu punor aahoron koriboloi badhyotamulok kroy aadex byobohar korar bhabukiu disil.

old town holl, suindon old town holl englander wiltshire suindoner hye streete 1854 saaler ekti praktan pour bhobon. etty dwitiya shrenir talikabhukto ekti bhobon. itihas. hye streete town holl nirmaner agey porjonto, town council hye streete "goddard arms"-ayee milit hoyechilo. eyi chhoto pabti 1621 saal theke goddard poribarer malikanadhin chhilo ebong 1820 saal porjonto etty "krauna" naame porichito ekti chhoto kutir alehouse chhilo. 19 shotoker godar dike jonosobhar jonno "goddard arms" byabohar koraa hoto ebong wilts anned barks khaaler aggrogoti janate ambrose goddard eibhabe byabohar korten. town holl, jaa nobbo-dhrupadi shoilite sampson rishi ebong ee robertson dwara design koraa hoyechilo, 1854 saale somponno hoyechilo. mool sommukhbhage panchti beey royeche jaa purno-uchchotar tuscan order pilaster dwara prithak koraa hoyeche, nichtalai khilanjukto janala, prothom tolay kesmenter janala ebong upore ekti padiment ebong chhader lanthan royeche. 1866 saale willson ebong wilcoxer naksha anujayi bhabanti uttor-purbo dike ekti tower soho prosarito koraa hoyechilo, pashapashi nichtalai ekti bhutta binimoyer jonno thucker byabostha koraa hoyechilo. ekti parshoborti sthane ekti wine store nirmito hoyechilo ebong err uporer holti 1871 theke 1891 saal porjonto magistrater adalat hisabe byabohrito hoyechilo. 1891 saale nagrik karjokrom notun town holey sthanantorito howar porr, bhabanti 1910 saale ekti roller skating rinke porinoto hoy ebong 1919 saale rink naame porichito ekti cinema hoy. dwitiya bishwojuddher porey etty sangoskar koraa hoy ebong locarno dance holl hisabe punra khola hoy. 1964 saaler aprile nrityo holer shilpider modhye chhilen gayak, silla black, tarpore rock banned, 1964 saaler julai maase eardbirds, 1965 saaler octobore dya eardbirds ebong 1965 saaler novembore chhoto mukhguli. porobortikale bhabanti ekti bingo holl hisabe kaaj korechilo kintu 1970-err doshoker shesher dike khaali hoye yaay. 1999 saale baarer malik gail mckenzie bhabanti adhigrahan corren. 2003 saaler meey maase ebong abar 2004 saaler meey maase bhobone borh dharaner agnikanda ghote. 2016 saaler novembore, suindon council suindon corn exchange limiteder saathe ekti unnayan chukti korey, jaa house builder, stibha roseer dwara porichalito ekti byabosa, jaar adhine roseer saite ekti unnayan anusaran korte sommoto hohn. tobey, unnoyoner konao aggrogoti naa howar porey ebong bhabanti kshay hotey thucker porey, victorian society 2019 saaler septembore kathamoti taar sabcheye biponno bhabangulir talika jukto korey. council 2020 saaler januaryte sampattiti punra adhigrahaner jonno badhyotamulok kroyer adesh byabohar korar humkio deyo.

old taaun holl, swindon old taaun holl aee englandnaa willshirena swindonma aaveli haai streetma 1854nee bhutpurv municiple imaarat chhe. teey grade II soochibaddh imaarat chhe. itihas. haai street parr taaun holnaa nirmaan sudhee, taaun council haai street parr "goddard arms" maan malee hatee. aaa naanu pub 1621thee goddard parivaarni malikinu hatoo aneey 1820 sudhee "kraaun" tareeke jaanitu aek naanu kuteer allehouse hatoo. 19mee sadeeni sharuaatmaa jaaher sabhaao maate "goddard arms" noow upyog thato hato aneey aaa reete embrose goddard dwara wilts anned berks naher parr pragatini jaana karvaa maate teno upyog karvaamaa aavto hato. taaun holl, jeey sampson rushee aneey ee roobertsoon dwara neoclassical shailima design karvaamaa aavyo hato, teey 1854maan purn thayo hato. mukhya agrabhagma paanch khaadeeo chhe jeey sampoorn unchaina tuscan order pilasters dwara alag padey chhe, jemaa ground flore parr kamanvali baareeo, pratham maal parr casementnee baareeo aneey upar pediment aneey chhatni fanas chhe. 1866maan willson aneey wilcox off baathnee design pramaane aaa imaaratne tower saathe uttarpurvmaa vistarvama aavee hatee, temaj ground flore leval parr makaaina vineemay maate aavaas pann aapvama aavyo hato. aek najikni jagya parr wine store banavvama aavyo hato aneey tenaa upala holano upyog 1871thee 1891 sudhee magistrateni adalat tareeke karvaamaa aavyo hato. 1891maan nagrik kaaryone navaa taaun holamaa sthaanaantarit karyaa pachhi, aaa imaarat 1910maan roller skating rink bunny hatee aneey 1919maan rink tareeke odakhaatu cinema banyu hatoo. beeja vishva yuddh pachhi tenu navinikaran karvaamaa aavyu hatoo aneey lokaarno dance holl tareeke fareethi kholvaamaa aavyu hatoo. dance holamaa kalakaroma april 1964maan gaayak, silla black, tyarbad roqa benned, julai 1964maan yardbirds, october 1965maan dhaa yardbirds aneey november 1965maan naana chaheraano samaavesh thaay chhe. tyarbad aaa imaarat bingo holl tareeke sevaa aapee hatee parantu 1970naa daykana antamaa khaalee thaee gaee hatee. aaa imaarat baarnaa maaleek geela mackenzie dwara 1999maan hastgat karvaamaa aavee hatee. meey 2003maan aneey fareethi meey 2004maan buildingma motee aag laagee hatee. november 2016maan, swindon councille swindon corn exchange limited saathe vikaas karaar karyo hato, jeey housebuilder, steve rossier dwara sanchaalit vyavsaay chhe, jeey hethal rossier site parr vikaas karvaa maate sammat thayaa hataa. jooe keey, vikaas saathe koee pragatee naa thayaa pachhi aneey imaaratno kshay chaalu rahyaa pachhi, viktoriyana society september 2019 maan tenee sauthee luptpray imaaratoni yaadimaa maalakhu umeryu. councille january 2020 maan meelkat fareethi hastgat karvaa maate farjiyat khareedi orderno upyog karvaanee dhamki pann aapee.

old town holl, swindon old town holl 1854 kii ack poorv nagarpalika imarat haye joe hyee street, swindon, wiltshire, ingland mein haye. yeh ack shreni II soochibaddh imarat haye. itihas. hyee street parr town holl key nirmaan taka, town council hyee street parr "goddard arms" mein millie thee. yeh chhota pub 1621 seey goddard parivaar key swaamitva mein thaa aur 1820 taka "crown" key roop mein jaanaa jaane vaalaa ack chhota saa kuteer allehouse thaa. 19 veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein saarvajanik sabhaon key liye "goddard arms" kaa upayog kiya jaataa thaa aur iss tarah seey ambrose goddard dwara wilts aind berks nahar parr pragati kii soochana dene key liye iska upayog kiya jaataa thaa. town holl, jise neoclassical shally mein sampson rishi aur ee robertson dwara design kiya gayaa thaa, 1854 mein puuraa kiya gayaa thaa. mukhya agrabhag mein paanch khand hain joe poorna oonchaai vaale tuscan order bhittistambhon seey alag hain, jisamen bhootal parr mehrabdar khidakiyan, pahali manjil parr aavaran khidakiyan aur oopar ack pediment aur chhat kii lalten haye. 1866 mein willson aur willcox key design key saath, iss imarat koo ack meenar key saath-saath bhootal star parr makai key adaan-pradaan key liye awas key saath poorvottar mein vistaarit kiya gayaa thaa. ack aas-paas kii site parr ack sharaab kii dukaan banaai gaee thee aur isake oopari holl kaa upayog 1871 seey 1891 taka magistrate kii adalat key roop mein kiya gayaa thaa. 1891 mein nae town holl mein nagrik karyon key sthanantarit honey key baad, imarat 1910 mein ack roller skating rink bunn gaee, aur 1919 mein ack cinema jise rink key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. dwiteeya vishva yuddh key baad ise navinikrit kiya gayaa aur locarno dance holl key roop mein phir seey khola gayaa. nritya kaksh mein kalakaron mein aprail 1964 mein gaayak, silla black, usake baad rock baind, julaai 1964 mein yardbirds, octuber 1965 mein dha yardbirds aur navambar 1965 mein chhote chehare shamil they. baad mein imarat ney ack bingo holl key roop mein kaam kiya lekin 1970 key dashak key anta mein khaali hoe gaee. iss imarat kaa adhigrahan baar key malik, gell mckenzie ney 1999 mein kiya thaa. maee 2003 mein aur phir maee 2004 mein imarat mein badee aag luggy. navambar 2016 mein, swindon council ney swindon corn exchange limitted key saath ack vikas samjhauta kiya, joe house builder, steve rossier dwara prabandhit ack vyavasaay haye, jisake tahat rossier site parr vikas koo aage badhaane key liye sahmat hue. haalaanki, vikas key saath koee pragati naheen honey key baad aur imarat kaa kshay jaari rahane key baad, victorian society ney sitambar 2019 mein sanrachana koo sabse luptapray imaraton kii apani soochi mein jodaa. parishad ney janwari 2020 mein sampatti koo phir seey praapt karane key liye ack anivarya khareed adesh kaa upayog karane kii bhee dhamki dee.

old town haal, swindon old town haal 1854rahra hindina purasabheya kattadavaagiddu, inglendna wiltshiren hye streetnalliruva swindannallide. idu eradane darjeya kattadavaagide. itihaasa. hye streetnalli town haal nirmanavaguvavaregu, town council hye streetnalli "goddard arms" nalli sabhe serittu. ee sanna pub pub goddard kutumbada odetanadallittu mattu mattu "crown" endu kareyalaaguttidda ondu sanna cottage alehouse aagittu. 19neey shatamaanada aarambhadalli saarvajanika sabhegalige "goddard arms" annu balasalaaguttittu mattu wilts & berks kaaluveya pragatiyannu varadi maadalu ambroz goddard idannu ee reetiyalli balasuttiddaru. neoclassical shailiyalli sampson sage mattu ii robertson vinyaasagolisida town haal annu 1854 ralli poornagolisalaayitu. mukhya mumbhagavu purna-ettarada tuscan arder bhittipatragalinda berpatta aidu kolligalannu hondide, nela mahadiyalli kamanina kitakigalu, modala mahadiyalli casement kitakigalu mattu mele pediment mattu chaavaniya lantern ide. ide willson mattu wilcox snaanagruhada vinyaasagalavarege gopuradondige kattadavannu eeshaanyakke vistarisalaayitu, jotege nela mahadia mattadalli corn vinimayakke vasati kalpisalaayitu. pakkada sthaladalli wine angadiyannu nirmisalaayitu mattu adara melina sabhaanganavannu sabhaanganavannu 1871rinda magistrategala nyayalayavagi balasalaayitu. balasalaayitu nagarika kaaryagalannu hosa town haalge vargaayisida nantara, ee kattadavu kattadavu roller scating rink aayitu mattu mattu rink endu kareyalpaduva cinema aayitu. eradane mahayuddhada nantara idannu naveekarisalaayitu mattu locarno dance haal aagi punah tereyalaayitu. nrutya sabhaanganadallina sangeetagaararalli 1964rahra aprilnalli gayaka silla black, nantara rock byandgalu, 1964rahra julainalli yard birds, 1965rahra octobernalli yard birds mattu 1965rahra novembernalli sanna mukhagalu seriddavu. taruvaaya ee kattadavu bingo sabhaanganavaagi kaaryanirvahisitu aadare 1970rahra dashakada koneyalli khaaliyaayitu. khaaliyaayitu baar maalikaraada gayle mackenzie ee kattadavannu swadhinapadisikondaru. mayee mayee mattu matte mayee mayee kattadadalli dodda benki kaanisikonditu. november november, swindon council, house builder steve rossier nirvahisuva swindon corn exchange limitednondige abhivruddhi oppandavannu maadikonditu, adara adiyalli aaa sthaladalli abhivraddhiyannu munduvarisalu rossier wappikondanu. aadaagyoo, abhivraddhiyalli yaavude pragatiyannu saadhisada nantara mattu kattadavu koleyuttale hoda nantara, victorian society 2019rahra septembernalli tanna atyanta alivinanchinalliruva kattadagala pattige ee rachaneyannu serisitu. 2020rahra janavariyalli aastiyannu maru-swadhinapadisikollalu kaddaya khareedi aadeshavannu balasuvudaagi council bedarike haakitu.

pazhaya taunn haal, swindon englandile wiltshireile swindon hye streettil 1854-ll nirmmicha oru muun munisippal kettidamaanu ooldu taunn haal. ithu randaam grade listtucheytha kettidamaanu. charithram. hye streettil taunn haal nirmmikkunnathuvare, taunn kaunsil hye streettil "goddard aayudangalil" yogam chernnirunnu. 1621 muthal goddard kudumbatthinte udamasthathayilulla eee cheria pub 1820 vare "kireedam" ennariyappettirunna oru cheria kottej alahousaayirunnu. pathonpathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil pothuyogangalkkaayi "goddard aayudangal" upayogichirunna eee reethiyil ambrose goddard vilts & berks kanaalinte purogathi report cheyyaan upayogichirunnu. neoclassical shailiyil saampsan rishiyum iii robertson roopakalppana cheytha tounhaal 1854-ll poortthiyaayi. pradhana munvashath anchu bekal undu, poornna uyaramulla tuscan oordar pailastarukalaal verthirikkappettirikku, thaazhathe nilayil kamaanamulla janalakal, onnaam nilayil kesment janalakal, mukalil oru pedimentum melkoora vilakkum undu. 1866ll vilson, wilcox oof baath ennivayude roopakalppanaykku oru gopuravum thaazhathe nilayil oru cholam ekschenjinu thaamasavum ulla kettidam vadakkukizhakkan bhaagathekku vyapippichu. aduthulla oru saittil oru veenju kada nirmmikkukayum 1871 muthal 1891 vare athinte mukalile haal majistrettu kodathiyaayi upayogikkukayum cheythu. 1891-ll puthiya taunn haalilekk sivik pravartthanangal maattiya sesham, 1910-ll eee kettidam oru roller scating rinka 1919-ll rink ennariyappedunna oru sinimayaayum maari. randaam lokamahaayudhathinushesham ithu naveekarikkukayum locarno dance haal aayi veendum thurakkukayum cheythu. 1964 eprilil gayakanaaya sila black, thudarnnu 1964 joolaiyil roock baandukal, yard bareds, 1965 octoberil dhii yard bareds, 1965 novemberil cheria mukhangal enniva dance haalile kalakaaranmaaril ulppedunnu. pinneedu kettidam oru bingo haalayi pravarthichuvenkilum 1970 kalude avasaanathil ozhinjukidannu. 1999ll baar udama gail mccansey eee kettidam ettedukkukayum 2003 meyilum 2004 meyy maasathilum valia theepiduttham sambhavikkukayum cheythu. 2016 novemberil swindon kaunsil house builder steevu rossier niyanthrikkunna bisinus aaya swindon koonn exchange limittadumayi oru vikasana karaaril earppedukayum athinte keezhil saittil oru vikasanam thudaraan rossier sammathikkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, vikasanathil oru purogathiyum sambhavikkathe kettidam shayikkunnathu thudarnnathode, victorian sosaitti 2019 septambaril ettavum vamshanaashabheeshani neridunna kettidangalude pattikayil ghadana chertthu. 2020 januvariyil vasthu veendum ettedukkunnathinu nirbandhitha vaangal oordar upayogikkumennum kaunsil bheeshanippedutthi.

old tauun holl, swindon old tauun holl hii 1854 salchi englandmadhil swindon, wiltshire yetheel hye street yetheel eka purvichi nagarpalika imarat aahe. hii shreni-2 soochibaddha imarat aahe. itihas. unch rastyavar tauun hallchya bandhkamaparyant, nagarparishad unch rastyavar 'goddard arms' madhye bhetali hotee. haah chhota pub 1621 pasoon goddard kutumbachya malkicha hota aanee 1820 paryant 'kraun' mhanoon olakhale jaanare eka chhotese kuteer aalehaus hote. 19 vya shatkachya suruvatila sarvajanik sabhansathi 'goddard arms' chaa vapar keela jaat asey aanee asha prakare embrose goddard yanni wilts andd berks kalvyachya pragaticha ahwal denyasathi vaparla hota. sampson hrishi aanee eae robertson yanni neoclassical shailit rachana kelele tauun holl 1854 madhye purn jhaale. mukhya samoril bhagat paach khadya aahet jyaa purn unchichya tuscan aurder bhittistambhanni vibhakt kelya aahet, talmajalyavar kamandar khidakya, pahilya majalyavar casement khidakya aanee varr eka padiment aanee chhatavaril kandil aahe. 1866 madhye willson aanee willcoxchya snangruhanchya rachanepramane, eka eka, tasech talmajalyavaril makyachya devanghevanisathi nivassthanasaha, yaa imaraticha ishanyekade vistar karnyat aala. shejarchya jagevar eka madya dukan bandhanyat aale aanee 1871 teey 1891 paryant tyacha varcha sabhagruh sabhagruh nyayalay mhanoon vaparla gela. 1891 madhye nagri karye naveen tauun hallmadhye hastantarit jhalyanantar, 1910 madhye hii imarat roller skating rink bunley aanee 1919 madhye rink mhanoon olakhala jaanara chitrapatgruh. chitrapatgruh mahayuddhanantar tyache nutanikaran karnyat aale aanee locarno dance holl mhanoon punha ughadanyat aale. nrutyagruhatil kalakaranmadhye april 1964 madhye gayak, sillah black, tyanantar rock band, julai 1964 madhye yardbirds, aktoobar 1965 madhye daad yardbirds aanee november 1965 madhye lahan chehare yancha samavesh hota. tyanantar hii imarat bingo holl mhanoon kaam karat hotee parantu 1970 chya dashakachya uttaradhat tee rikt jhaali. 1999 madhye baar malak gell mckenzie yanni hii imarat adhigrahit kelee. meey 2003 madhye aanee punha meey 2004 madhye imaratila mothee aag lagali. november 2016 madhye, swindon parishadene swindon corn exchange limitedshee vikas karar keela, joou housebuilder, steve rosierdware vyavasthapit vyavasay aahe, jyaantargat rosierne sitewar vikas karnyas sahmati darshavali. tathapi, vikasat konatihi pragati naan jhalyane aanee imarat satat kharab hott rahilyanantar, victorian societyne september 2019 madhye sarvat dhokyat asalelya imaratinchya yadeet hii rachana samavisht kelee. parishadene janewari 2020 madhye malmatta punha midvinyasathi anivarya kharedi aurder vaparanyachi dhamki dilee.

old tauna hull, swindon purano tauna hull sann 1854 ko hai street, swindon, wiltsire, englandma raheko purva nagarpalika bhawan how. yo grade II suchibadha bhawan how. itihas. hai streetma tauna hull nirman nabhaesamma, tauna council hai streetma "goddard arm" maa bhela bhaeko thiyo. yo sano pub sann 1621 dekhi goddard pariwarko swamitwama thiyo rar sann 1820 samma "croun" bhanera chinine euta sano kutira alehouse thiyo. "goddard arm" 19 aun shatabdiko suruma sarvajanik sabhaharuka lagi prayog garieko thiyo rar ambrose godardle wilts anned berks naharko pragati report garna yass tarikale prayog gareko thiyo. neoclassical shailima sampson sez rar eae robertsondwara design garieko tauna hull sann 1854 maa sampanna bhaeko thiyo. mukhya agrabhagma purna uchai tuscan arder bhittagharharudwara vibhajit panchwata khadalharu chhan, bhutalma kamandar jhyalharu, pahilo talama kesment jhyalharu rar mathiko pediment rar chhatko lalten chha. sann 1866 maa wilson rar wilkoksko snanko designma tawarko sathasathai bhutal starma makai vinimayaka lagi awasko sath bhawanlai uttarpurvama wistar garieko thiyo. najikaiko cytema wine store nirman garieko thiyo rar yasako mathillo hull 1871 dekhi 1891 samma majistretko adalatko rupma prayog garieko thiyo. sann 1891 maa nayan tauna halma nagarik karyaharu sthanantaran bhaepachi, bhawan sann 1910 maa roller skating rink banyo, rar sann 1919 maa rink bhanera chinine cinema banyo. dosro vishwayuddhapachhi yasalai nawikaran gariyo rar locarno dance halko rupma punah kholieko thiyo. nritya halma kalakarharuma gayak, silla black, april 1964 maa, tyasapachhi ruck bandharu, july 1964 maa yardbirds, october 1965 maa jo rar november 1965 maa sanah anuharharu samawesh thie. pachhi bhawanle bingo halko rupma sewa sewa tara 1970 ko dashakko antyama khali bhayo. bhawanlai barr malik, gell mcenziele 1999 maa adhigrahan gareka thie. mey 2003 maa rar feri mey 2004 maa bhawanma thulo agalagi bhayo. november 2016 maa, swindon councille swindon curn exchange limitedsanga vikas samjhauta garyo, housebuilder, steve rojiyardwara wyawasthit wyawasaya, jass antargat rossier cytema vikas garna sahamat bhae. yadyapi, wikassangai kunai pragati bhaena rar bhawanko kshaya jaari rahepachhi, victorian societyle september 2019 maa sabaibhanda luptapraya bhawanharuko suchima sanrachana thapeko thiyo. councille janawari 2020 maa sampatti punah prapta garna aniwarya kharid adesh prayog garne dhamki pani diyo.

puruna tauna hull, suindon old tauna hull heuchhi 1854 masihar eka purbatana pourapalika bhaban, jaahaa englandara wiltsajarara haai street, suindanare abasthita. ehaa eka dwiteeja shreni talikabhukta kotha. itihas. haai street ray tauna hull nirmana heba parjyanta, tauna council haai street ray "goddad arms" ray bhetithila . ehi chhot pub 1621 masiharu goddard paribarara malikanare thila ebong 1820 masiha parjyanta "mukut" bhabare janashuna eka chhot kuteera alehouse thila. 19shaa shatabdir prarambhare sarbasadharana sabha paain "goddard arms" byabahruta hoithila ebong wilts ebong berks kenalara agragati report karibaku ambrose goddard dwara ehipari byabahruta hoithila . nabya-shastriya saileere sampson rushi ebong ee robertsonanka dwara design karajaithiba tauna hull 1854 ray samapta hoithila. mukhya sammukh bhagare panchti bay achhi jaahaa sampurna uchchata tuscan order pilester dwara pruthaka hoichhi, tala mahalare khilan jharaka, pratham mahalare kesment jharaka ebong upare eka pediment ebong chhaata lanthan . 1866 masihare wilson ebong wilcox bathra design anujai, ehi attalikati eka tawara sahita uttara-purbaku samprasarita hoithila, ebong tala mahalare eka makaa binimai paain abas byabastha madhya thila. eka nikatasta sthanare eka mudd dokan nirmana karajaithila ebong ehara upara hull 1871 ru 1891 parjyanta majistretnka adalat bhabare byabahruta hoithila. 1891 masihare nagarika karjyagudika nutan tauna halaku sthanantarita heba parey, 1910 masihare ehi kothati eka roller skating rinkare parinata hoithila, ebong 1919 masihare rink naamare janashuna eka cinema. dwiteeja biswajudha parey ehaaku nabikarana karajaithila ebong locarno dances hull bhabare punarbara kholajaithila. 1964 masiha april maasare nrutya halre gajaka silla black, taa 'parey 1964 masiha july maasare rock banned, yardbird, 1965 masiha october maasare yardbird ebong 1965 masiha navember maasare chhot chhot chehera pradarshan karithile. parey ehi kothati eka bingo hull bhabe karjya karithila, kintu 1970 dashkar shesh bhagare ehaa khaali padithila. 1999 masihare baar malika gell myakenjinka dwara ehi attalika adhigrahan karajaithila. meey meey ebong puni meey meey attalikare budd dharanara agnikanda ghatithila. navember navember, swindon council swindon corn exchanges limited sahita eka bikash chuktinama swakhyara karithila, jaahaa houses builder stibh rojiarnka dwara parichalita eka byabasai, jaahaa adheenare rosier site upare eka bikash karibaku raaji hoithile. tebe, bikashare kaunasi agragati hoinathiba ebong kothati khyaja heba parey, september 2019 ray, victorian society ehara sabutharu bipanna kotha talikare ehi dhanchaku yodila. januari 2020 ray sampatti punah hassel kariba paain eka badhyatamoolaka kraiah order byabahara karibaku madhya parishad dhamaka deithila.

purana taoon haal, swindon old taoon haal 1854 dee ikk sabka mioonspal imaarat haii joe hyee street, swindon, wiltshire, england witch haii. ih grade II suchibadh imaarat haii. itihaas. hyee street utte taoon haal dey nirman takk, taoon consul hyee street utte "goddard arms" witch millie see. ih chhota pabb 1621 toon goddard parivaar dee malkiat witch see atey 1820 takk ikk chhota saa cottage alehouse see jiss noon "taaj" vajon janhiaa jaanda see. "goddard arms" dee varton 19 veen sadee dey arambh witch jantak meetingan laee keeti jaandi see atey iss tarike naal ambrose goddard duaara wilts atey berks nahir dee pragati dee report curran laee varti jaandi see. taoon haal, jiss noon sampson sej atey ee robertson duaara neoclassical shaili witch design keeta giaa see, 1854 witch poora keeta giaa see. mukkh frontage witch panj beey hunn joe puurii uchaee vaale tuscan arder pilasteran duaara vakkh keete gaye hunn, jiss witch hethli manzal utte kamandar khidkiaan, pahili manzal utte casement khidkiaan atey uppar ikk pediment atey chhatt dee lalten haii. iss imaarat noon uttar-purab witch ikk tower dey naal-naal 1866 witch wilson atey wilcox dey design takk zamini manzal dey paddhar 'teey makki dey adaan-pardan laee rihaish dey naal vadhaiaa giaa see. ikk naal laggdi jagha' teey ikk wine store banaiaa giaa see atey iss dey uparle haal noon 1871 toon 1891 takk ikk magistrate dee adalat vajon vartiaa giaa see. 1891 witch navein taoon haal witch nagrik kaarjan dey tabadale toon baad, ih imaarat 1910 witch ikk roller skating rink bann gaee, atey 1919 witch ikk cinema jiss noon rink vajon janhiaa jaanda haii. dooje vishav yuddh toon baad iss noon navaan roop ditta giaa atey locarno dance haal vajon dubara kholhiaa giaa. dance haal witch kalakaran witch aprail 1964 witch gaeek, seela black, iss toon baad julai 1964 witch raak baind, yardbirds, aktubar 1965 witch yardbirds atey navambar 1965 witch chhote chihre shamal sunn. baad witch ih imaarat ikk bingo haal vajon kamm kardi see parr 1970 dey dahake dey akheer witch ih khaali hoow gaee. imaarat noon baar maalak, gell mckenzie duaara 1999 witch haasal keeta giaa see. maee 2003 witch atey firr maee 2004 witch imaarat witch vaddi agg laggi see. navambar 2016 witch, swindon consul neey swindon corn exchange limted naal ikk vikas samjhauta keeta, joe kii haaoos builder, steve rossier duaara parbandhit ikk carobar haii, jiss dey tehat rossier site utte vikas noon agge vadhaun laee sehmat hoiaa. halanki, vikas dey naal koee pragati naa honn atey imaarat dey sdun toon baad, victorian suciety neey satambar 2019 witch iss dhanche noon sabh toon vaddh khatre valiaan imaratan dee suchi witch shamal keeta. consul neey janwari 2020 witch jaidad noon dubara prapat curran laee ikk lazmi khareed arder dee varton curran dee dhamki vee ditti.

old town hall, swindon old-tounhall iti 1854 tame varshe england-deshasya swindon-vilshair-nagarasya hai-street-ityatra sthitam poorva-nagar-bhavanam asti. idam dwiteeyashrenee-suchibaddham bhavanam asti. itihaasah. yaavat ucchamaarge nagar-bhavanasya nirmanam naa jaatam, yaavat nagar-parishad ucchamaarge "godard arms" madhye militavatee. ayam laghu-pub 1621 tamaat varshaat godard-parivaarasya svaamitvam praapnot, 1820 tamam varshaparyantam "kraun" iti namna prasidhah laghu-kuteer-elehouse aasit. 19 tamashataabdyaah aarambhe "godard arms" iti saarwajanik-sabhaasu prayuktam aasit, tathaa cha wilts-berks-naharasya pragatim niveditum embrose godard ityanena evam upayujyate sma. sampson sej tathaa ee robertson ityetabhyam neoclassical shailyaa parikalpitam nagar-sabhamandalam 1854 tame varshe poornam abhavat. mukhyaprantasya pancha bey-khandaah poorna-ucchaihi tuscan-arder-pilaster-dwara vibhaktaani santi, bhutalabhage kamaanayuktaah kitikaah, prathamatalasy aawaran-kitikaah, upari pediment, chhaada-deepah cha santi. 1866 tame varshe willson tathaa wilcox ityasya snaanagruhasya vinyaasaparyantam, gopuren saha, bhootalastare carn-vinimayasya krute aavaasam cha, poorvottaradishi asya bhavanasya vistaarah krutah. sameepasthe sthaane vain-store nirmitaa, tasya uparistha-haal 1871 taha 1891 paryantam nyayadhishanam nyayalayarupena upayujyate sma. 1891 tame varshe nootan-nagar-sabhaagruhe nagarika-karyanam sthanantarananantaram, 1910 tame varshe etat bhavanam roller-skating-rink abhavat, 1919 tame varshe rink iti namna prasidham chalacchitram cha abhavat. dwiteeyawishwayuddhaanar etat naveekrutam lokarno-nrutya-sabhaagruhne punah udghaatitam. nrutya-sabhaagruhe 1964 april-maase gaayakah sillaa-black, tadanantaram raak-vaadyavrundah, 1964 julai-maase yardbirds, 1965 october-maase da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da - 1999 tame varshe baar-swami gell mckenzie ityanena bhavanam adhigrahitam. 2003 tame varshe mey-maase, punah 2004 tame varshe mey-maase cha bhavanasya bruhad agnihi abhavat. 2016 tame varshe november-maase, swindon-council, sweendon-carn-ekchench-limited ityanena saha vikasa-karaaram krutavaan, yah vyavasaayah house-builder steve-rossier ityanena vyavasthaapitah aasit, yasya antargatam rossier-varyaha tatsthaane vikaasam kartum sammatam krutavaan. parantu, vikaasasya pragatihi naa abhavat, bhavanasya kshayah nirantaram abhavat, victorian-samaajah 2019 september-maase sarvaadhika-luptapraya-bhavananam suchyam samrachanaam api yojayat. parishadah 2020 janavaree-maase sampattim punah praaptum anivaarya-kray-aadeshasy upayogam kartum api dhamanyat.

pazhaiya down haal, swindon pazhaiya down haal enbathu englaandhin wildshirein swindon hye streetle 1854 aam aandin munnaal nagaraatchi kattidamaagum. idhu irandaam tharaththil pattiyalidappatta kattidam. varalaaru. hye streetle down haal kattappadum varai, down council hye streetle "codert aayuthangkalil" koodiyadhu. inththa siriya puup 1621 muthal goddard kudumbaththirkuch sonthamaanathu mattrum 1820 varai "kireedam" endru azhaikkappadum oru siriya kudisai alhows aagum. 19 aam noottraandin murpaguthiyil podhuk koottangalukku "goddard aayuthangkal" payanpaduththappattathu, maelum inththa vazhiyil ambrose goddard wilds & berks kaalvaain munnaettraththaip pukaaralikka payanpaduththappattathu. sampson munivar mattrum eee robbertson aakiyoaraal neoclassical paaniyil vadivamaikappatta down haal, 1854 aam aandil mudikkappattathu. pirathaana munpuraththil ainthu virigudaigal ullana, avai muzhu uyara tuscan arder bilustergalaal pirikkappattullana, tharai thalaththil valaintha jannalgal, muthal maadiyil casement jannalgal mattrum maelae oru pediment mattrum koorai vilakku ullana. 1866 aam aandil willson mattrum wilcox kuliyal vadivamaippugal varai, inthak kattidam vadakizhakku noakki oru koopuraththudan virivupaduththappattathu, athae poal tharai thazha mattaththil soalam parimaatraththirkaana thangkumidamum irunththathu. arugilulla idaththil oru madhu kadai kattappattathu, adhan mael mandapam 1871 muthal 1891 varai oru majistrade neethimandramaaga payanpaduththappattathu. 1891 aam aandil kudimai seyalpaadugal puthiya down haalukku maattrappatta piragu, kattidam 1910 aam aandil oru roller scatting valaiyamaagavum, 1919 aam aandil rink endru azhaikkappadum oru chinimaavaagavum maariyathu. irandaam ulagap poarukkup piragu idhu pudhuppikkappattu logarno nadana mandapamaaga meendum thirakkappattathu. nadana mandapaththil kalaignargalil 1964 aepralil paadagar, silla pilaak, adhaith thodarnthu raak isaikkuzhukkal, juulai 1964 ill yartbirds, october 1965 ill yaar mattrum navambar 1965 ill siriya mugangkal adangkum. kattidam pinnar oru bingo haalaaga seyalpattathu, aanaal 1970 kalin pirpaguthiyil kaaliyaaga irunththathu. 1999 aam aandil paarr urimaiyaalar keyl mckensial kattidam kaiyagappaduththappattathu. mae 2003 ill kattidaththil periya thee vibaththu aerpattathu, meendum mae 2004 ill. navambar 2016 ill, swindon council swindon soalam exchaenjch limited udan oru maempaattu oppanthaththil kaiyezhuththittathu, idhu havus builter steve rossierol nirvagikkappadum vanigamaagum, idhan keezh roasiyar antha thalaththil oru valarchchiyaith thodara oppukkondaar. iruppinum, valarchchiyil endha munnaettramum aerpadavillai mattrum kattidam thodarnthu sithainthupoanathu, victorian sangam septumber 2019 ill migavum aabaththaana kattidangalin pattiyalil kattamaippaich saerththathu. janavari 2020 ill soththai meendum vaangka kattaaya kolmudhal aanaiyaip payanpaduththuvathaagavum council achuruththiyathu.

old town haall, swindon old town haall anedi 1854 naati maajee purapalaka bhavanam, idhi inglaandlooni wiltshireloni swindonloni hye streetlo undhi. idhi grade II jabita cheyabadina bhavanam. charitra. hye streetlo town haall nirmaanam varaku, town council hye streetlo "goddard arms" loe samavesamaindi. eee chinna pub 1621 nundi goddard kutumbaaniki chendinadi mariyu 1820 varaku "kireetam" anie piluvabade oka chinna kuteera alehouse. 19va sataabdam praarambhamlo bahiranga samavesalaku "goddard aayudhalu" upayoginchabaddaayi mariyu eee vidhamgaa ambrose goddard dwara wilts & berks kaaluva purogatini nivedinchadaaniki upayoginchabadindi. neoclassical shaililo sampson sage mariyu ii robertson roopondinchina town haall 1854loe puurtayimdi. pradhana mundu bhaagamlo aidu baelu unnaayi, ivi puurti-etthu tuscon arder pailastarlatho vaeru cheyabaddaayi, ground floorloo vampu kitikeelu, modati antastulo casement kitikeelu mariyu paina pediment mariyu roof laantaru unnaayi. 1866loe willson mariyu wilcox snaanaala namuunaala varaku eee bhavananni eshaanya disagaa oka towertho paatu, naela antastulo mokkajonna marpidi kosam vasati kalpinchaaru. pakkane unna pradaesamloe oka wine dukaanam nirminchabadindi mariyu daani eguva haalnu 1871 nundi 1891 varaku nyaayaadhikaarula nyaayasthaanamgaa upayoginchaaru. 1891loe poura karyakalapalu kotta town haalku badilee cheyabadina taruvaata, eee bhavanam 1910loe roller skating rinkga maarindi, 1919loe rink anie piluvabade cinema ayindi. rendava prapancha yuddham taruvaata dheenini punaruddharinchi lokarno dance halga tirigi praarambhinchaaru. dance haallo 1964 eprillo gayakudu silla block, aaa taruvaata rock byaandlu, 1964 joolailo yardbirds, 1965 octoberlo dhi yard birds, 1965 novemberlo chinna mukhalu pradarsinchaaru. aaa taruvaata eee bhavanam bingo halga panichesindi, conny 1970la chivarilo khaliga maarindi. eee bhavananni 1999loe baar yajamani gayle mackenzie swaadheenam chesukunnaru. mae 2003loe mariyu mallee mae 2004loe bhavanamlo pedda mantalu sambhavinchaayi. november 2016loe, swindon council, house builder steve rossier nirvahinche vyaapaaramaina swindon corn exchange limitedtho abhivruddhi oppandam kudurchukundi, dheeni kinda aaa pradaesamloe abhivruddhini konasaaginchadaaniki rossier angeekarinchaadu. edemaina, abhivruddhilo etuvanti purogati laena taruvaata mariyu bhavanam ksheeninchadam konasaaginchina taruvaata, victorian society 2019 septemberlo atyanta antarinchipothunna bhavanala jaabitaalo eee nirmaanaanni cherchindi. 2020 janavarilo aastini tirigi pondadaaniki tappanisari konugolu aardarnu upayogistaamani kooda council bedirinchindi.

old town haall swendan old town haal 1854 kii eek sabqah municiple emarat hay juu hayee strait sodandan wilt shayer england mein hay. yaha grade II kii darj shadah emarat hay. tareekh. hayee strait parr town haal kii tameer takk town konsal hayee strait parr "gadard aarmz" mein mill chaki thee. yaha chhota saa pub 1621 say godard khaandaan kii malkiyat thaa aur 1820 takk "taaj" kay naam say jaana jaanay waala eek chhota saa cottage alee house thaa. "godard aarmz" 19 wein sadee kay awail mein awami jalson kay liye istemaal kiyaa jaataa thaa aur iss tarah ambroz godard nay wilts aind barkaz nehar parr paish raft kii atlaa deenay kay liye istemaal kiyaa thaa. town haall jasay sampson seej aur ayee robertson nay neo classici andaaz mein design kiyaa thaa 1854 mein makmal hawaa. markazi muhaz mein paanch khaleej haine juu makmal oonchayi waalay tiscan arder plaster say alg haine jinn mein nichli manzal parr mehraab daar khadkiyan pehli manzal parr casement kii khidkiyan aur oopar eek pediment aur chhat kii laltin hay. iss emarat kuu shamaal mashriq mein eek tower kay saath badhaya gayaa thaa saath hyee saath nichli manzal parr makayi kay tabadle kay liye rehaish kay saath 1866 mein walasan aur walkakis kay baath kay design takk. eek malhaqah jagah parr sharaab kii dakaan banayi gayee thee aur iss kaa opri haal 1871 say 1891 takk majistrait kii adaalat kay toor parr istemaal hawaa thaa. 1891 mein shehri afaal kuu nayey town haal mein muntaqil karnay kay baad yaha emarat 1910 mein roller scating runk bunn gayee aur 1919 mein runk kay naam say jaana jaanay waala cinema bunn gayaa. dosri jung azeem kay baad asay tajdid kiyaa gayaa aur locarno ddaans haal kay toor parr dobarah khola gayaa. ddaans haal mein funkaron mein gulukarah seela bleek apreel 1964 mein iss kay baad raak baind jolayi 1964 mein yaard birds aktobar 1965 mein dee yaard birds aur nomber 1965 mein chhotay chehrey shaamil thay. iss kay baad yaha emarat bango haal kay toor parr kaam karti thee leakin 1970 kii dahayi kay aakhir mein khaali how gayee. emarat kuu baar kay maalik geel mackenzi nay 1999 mein haasil kiyaa thaa. mayee 2003 mein aur phir mayee 2004 mein emarat mein bury aag lagee. nomber 2016 mein sodandan konsal nay sodandan kaaran exchange lameted kay saath tarqiyati muahidah kiyaa juu house builder steve rozeer kay zeer intezam karobar hay jiss kay tahat rozeer nay saait parr tarqi kuu aagay badhanay parr ittefaq kiyaa. tahim tarqi kay saath koyee paish raft naha honay aur emarat kay sadnay kay baad victoriyayi society nay satambar 2019 mein iss dahanchay kuu sabb say ziyadah khatray say dochaar emaraton kii fehrist mein shaamil kiyaa. konsal nay januri 2020 mein jayedad kuu dobarah haasil karnay kay liye lazmi kharidari arder istemaal karnay kii dhamki bhee dee.

00004deca426f8767e3369bb01f0ccb83faeec6be8fdb010e60581495c9f6bf7

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15189159

Lake Dive

Lake Dive Lake Dive is located in the south east of the Egmont National Park at a height of 907 m above sea level. It was discovered in 1887 by Bradshaw Dive on his descent from the summit when he saw what he believed to be a lake. A party led by Thomas Dawson later confirmed that it was indeed a lake. In April 1964 the Lake Dive Hut was opened a short distance from the lake. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

hrodor dubo xagor pristhor poraa 907 mitter uschotat agmont rastriyo udyanor dokhyin-pubot hrod dive owosthito. 1887 sonot breadswy sringor poraa naami ohaar xomoyot dubo di iyak abiskar korisil jetiya teu iyak etaa hrod buli biswax korisil. thomas dowsonor netritwot etaa dole pisot nischito korisil je ee xosakoiye etaa hrod aasil. 1964 sonor aprilot hrodtur poraa olop durotwot hrodtur dubo diya kuwolikhon mukoli koraa hoisil.

hrod dube hrod daibha samudraprishtha theke 907 mitter uchchotai egmont jatiya uddaner dakkhin-purbe abosthito. 1887 saale bradsh jokhon ekti hrod boley money corren, tokhon tini shikhar theke taanr abotoroner somoy dube diye etty abishkar corren. thomas dosson-err netritte ekti doll porey nischito korey jey etty asle ekti hrod chhilo. 1964 saaler aprile hrod theke alpo doore hrod daibha hatti khola hoy.

talaavmaa doobki leeka dive agmont raashtriy udhyanni dakshin purvamaa dariyani sapatithi 907 meterni unchai parr stheet chhe. tenee shodh 1887maan bradshow dwara shikhar parthee utartaa samaye karvaamaa aavee hatee jyaare temane jeey talaav hovaanu maantaa hataa teey joyu hatoo. thomas dossonni aagevani hethalnaa aek pakshe paachhalthi pushti curry keey teey kharekhar aek talaav hatoo. april 1964maan talaavthi thodaa antare talaavmaa dive karnari zumpadi kholvaamaa aavee hatee.

jheel mein gotaa lagaayen jheel gotakhori agmont rashtriya udyaan key dakshin poorv mein samudra tala seey 907 meater kii oonchaai parr sthit haye. isaki khoj 1887 mein bradshaw dwara shikhar seey utarate samay gotaa lagaakar kii gaee thee jaba unhone dekhaa kii unhein kyaa jheel lagata haye. thomas dosson key netritva mein ack dall ney baad mein pushti kii kii yeh vaastav mein ack jheel thee. aprail 1964 mein jheel seey thodi doori parr jheel kii gotakhor jhopadi kholi gaee thee.

sarovarada dive lake dive samudra mattadinda 907 meater ettaradalli egmont rashtriya udyaanavanada aagneyadallide. aagneyadallide broadsha avaru shikharadinda iliyuvaaga, taavu sarovaravendu nambida sthalavannu nodidaga, adannu kanduhididaru. thamus dasson netrutvada ondu tandavu nantara adhu nijavagiyoo ondu sarovara endu drudhapadisitu. 1964rahra aprilnalli sarovarada dive gudisalannu sarovaradinda swalpa dooradalli tereyalaayitu.

talavat dubki lake dive heey agmont rashtriy udyanachya aagneyela samudraspatipasun 907 meater unchivar aahe. 1887 madhye bradshone shikharavarun utarnyavar dubki maroon tyala talav asalyache vatale tevha tyacha shodh lavala. thomas dosson yanchya netrutvakhalil eka pakshane nantar pushti kelee qee too kharokhar eka talav hota. april 1964 madhye talavapasoon thodya antaravar talavatil dubki marnari zopadi ughadanyat aalee.

taal dive lake dive agmont rashtriya nikunjako dakshin purvama samudra satahabata 907 mitterko uchaima awasthit chha. yo sann 1887 maa bradsale shikharbata afno awataranma gota lagaera patta lagaeka thie jab unle taal how bhanne vishwas gareka thie. thomas dausanko netritwama raheko euta partyle pachhi yo wastawma taal bhaeko pushti pushti. april 1964 maa talbata kehi durima taal dive hutt kholieko thiyo.

hrada dive hrada dive samudra prustharu 907 mitter uchchatare agmont jatiah udyanara dakhina purbare abasthita . 1887 masihare bradsha shikhararu abataran kariba samajare eka hrada bolly biswasa karuthiba sthanatiku dekhi ehaaku abishkara karithile. thomas dausannka netrutware eka dala parey nischita karithile je ehaa prakrutare eka hrada thila. 1964 masiha april maasare hradatharu alpa doorare hrada dive hutt kholajaithila.

jheel dee gotakhori jheel gotakhori samunder tall toon 907 meeter dee uchaee utte agmont national park dey dakkhan-purab witch sathit haii. iss dee khoj 1887 witch bradshaw duaara sikhar toon utarde hoye gota lagaa keey keeti gaee see jadon usne vekhiaa kii uh ikk jheel mannada haii. thoms dosson dee agvai vaali ikk party neey baad witch pushti keeti kii ih asal witch ikk jheel see. aprail 1964 witch jheel toon thodhi doori utte jheel dee gotakhor jhaunpadi kholhi gaee see.

sarovarasya jalagrahanam leck daiv iti ekmaant-rashtriyanikunjasya aagneyadishi samudratalaat 907 meater-oordhvataayaam sthitam asti. 1887 tame varshe bradsha ityanena shikharaat avarohanasamaye duban yadaa saha sarovaram iti vishvasitam tatt drushtavaan tadaa tasya aavishkaranam abhavat. thaamas daaksan ityasya netrutve ekaha dalah pashchat tatt vastutah sarovarah iti drudeekrutavaan. 1964 april-maase sarovaraat alpadooram sarovarasya daiv-kuteeram udghaatitam.

aeri dive aeri dive enbathu kadal mattaththilirunthu 907 meettar uyaraththil ecmand thaesiya poongaavin thenkizhakkil amainthullathu. 1887 aam aandil bradsha thanathu uchchiyil irunthu irangkiyapoathu dive seithapoathu avar oru aeri endru nambiyathaip paarththapoathu idhu kandupidikkappattathu. thamas dassen thalaimaiyilaana oru katchi pinnar adhu unmaiyil oru aeri enbathai uruthippaduththiyathu. aepral 1964 ill aeriyilirunththu sirithu thooraththil aeri dive kudisai thirakkappattathu.

sarassu dive lake dive samudra mattaniki 907 meterla ettulo egmont jaateeya udyaanavanaaniki aagneyamlo undhi. undhi broadshaw sikharam nundi thana avarohanalo munigi, athanu sarassu anie nammedaanni chusinappudu dheenini kanugonnadu. thamus dasson netrutvamloni oka party taruvaata adhi nijamgaa oka sarassu anie dhruveekarinchindi. 1964 eprillo sarassu nundi koddi dhooramlo sarassu dive gudise teravabadindi.

jheel ghotah lagaana jheel ghotah khoor agmont national paark kay janub mashriq mein satah samandar say 907 metter kii bulandi parr waaqa hay. asay 1887 mein breadsha nay chooti say utartay hoay ghotah lagaa kirr driyafat kiyaa thaa jabb iss nay dekha kahh wah eek jheel hay. thamas ddaosan kii qayadat mein eek jamaat nay baad mein tasdiq kii kahh yaha waaqee eek jheel thee. apreel 1964 mein jheel say thodi doori parr jheel ghotah khoor kii jhonpadi kholi gayee.

0000513e47642d7d8fa347731fed12902eb609187453871ff97848c4999433f0

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25246317

The Man I Want to Be (song)

The Man I Want to Be (song) "The Man I Want to Be" is a song written by Brett James and Tim Nichols, and recorded by American country music artist Chris Young. It was released in November 2009 as the third single and title track from his album "The Man I Want to Be" (2009). The song is about the singer wanting to change who he is to make amends to a former lover. The song received positive reviews from critics who praised Young's vocal performance and James Stroud's production for saving the bland lyrics. "The Man I Want to Be" was Young's second of five consecutive number-one hits on the "Billboard" Hot Country Songs chart. It also peaked at numbers 48 and 81 on both the "Billboard" Hot 100 and Canadian Hot 100 respectively. The song was certified Platinum by the RIAA for selling over a million units in the United States. An accompanying music video for the song, directed by Chris Hicky, features Young at a bus stop making a call to God through a phone booth to help him find his former girlfriend. Content. "The Man I Want to Be" is a moderate up-tempo country song. The song's male narrator describes the kind of "man [he] wants to be." The first verse finds him realizing that he hasn't been the man he should ("I've spent my whole life gettin' it all wrong") and describing that he wants God's help to change. In the second verse, he longs to have his old lover back, and for him to be the perfect man for her ("I wanna be the kind of man that she sees in her dreams"). Critical reception. Juli Thanki of Engine 145 gave the song a "thumbs up," saying that while "some lyrics are a little too bland to be particularly moving," that "Young sells it, truly sounding as though he’s at the end of his rope and praying to anyone who’ll listen." Thanki also described Young's vocal performance as "slightly reminiscent" of Keith Whitley and "the best voice to hit commercial country since Josh Turner." Leeann Ward of Country Universe gave the song a B− rating, stating that while he "deserves lots of credit for a stellar vocal performance, solid contemporary country production and for being a generally inoffensive composition," the song itself has "lyrical and melodic weaknesses [that] are still impossible to overlook." In 2017, "Billboard" contributor Chuck Dauphin placed "The Man I Want to Be" at number one on his top 10 list of Young's best songs. Music video. The music video, which was directed by Chris Hicky, premiered on CMT on December 3, 2009. In the video, Young takes a seat next to a man waiting for a bus, who hands Young a quarter and advises him to make a phone call to God (rather than trying to call his girlfriend). Young then goes to a telephone booth, and while he makes his call, scenes of his former love interest lying in her bedroom are shown. A sign from God comes in the form of a large arrow in the bed of a passing pickup truck. He continues to follow signs, which lead him to a downtown coffee shop, where he meets his love interest on the sidewalk. The video ends with him making amends with her, while the man from the bus stop looks through the window of a passing Greyhound and smiles to himself. Chart performance. "The Man I Want to Be" debuted at number 58 on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot Country Songs chart for the week of November 28, 2009, and it debuted at number 98 on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot 100 chart for the week of March 27, 2010. On the chart dated May 22, 2010, "The Man I Want to Be" became Young's second consecutive Number One single. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

moi hoh 'bob bisora manuh (geet) "dyo menn aai want tu bi" hoise brett james aaru team nikulsor dwara likhito aaru aamerikar dex xongit xilpi crich iyongro dwara record koraa etaa geet. 2009 sonor novembor maahot teur elbam "dyo menn aai want tu bi" (2009) ror tritiyo ekok aaru xirxok geet hisape iyak mukoli koraa hoisil. gittu gayokjone teu coon xei bixoye xoloni koribo bisarise jiye ejon prakton premikok xongxudhon koribo bisare. gittuwe xomalusokxokolor poraa itibasok xomaluchona laabh korisil jiye iyongro kontho prodorxon aaru james stroudor projujonak mridu gittu xongrokhyon korar baabe proxongxa korisil. "moi hoh" bob bisora manuh "aasil" bilobo "rd" gorom dexor gitor chartot ekerahe paas nombor ek hitor bhitorot jubokor dwitiyo. ee "billboard" hott 100 aaru kanadian hott 100 duyutate krome 48 aaru 81 nomborot uponeet hoisil. gittu aamerikat ek nijutoru odhik unit bikri korar baabe rear dwara platinum promanpotro laabh korisil. crich hikir dwara porisalito gittur etaa xongit video 'too ekhon baach stopot juwok-jubotiye teur prakton premika bisari puwat xohay koriboloi etaa phone buthor joriyote isworok phone koraa dekha yaay. bixoybostu. "moi hoh 'bob bisora manuh" hoise ek modhyomiya aap-tempu dexor geet. gittur purux bornonakariye "manuh [teu] kenekuwa hoh" bob bisare bornona korise. "prothom sloktut teu upolobdhi korisil je teu usit manuh huwa naai (" "moi mur gutei jiwantu bhul kori kotalu" ") aaru bornona korisil je teu isworor xohay xoloni koribo bisare. dwitiyo sloktut, teu teur puroni premikok ghurai paboloi aaru teur baabe nikhut purux hoh 'boloi bisare ("moi taair xopunot dekha dhoronor purux hoh' bob bisaru"). xomaluchonamulok aadoroni. injin 145-ror julie thankiye gittuk "thumbs aap" di koy je "kisuman geet bixexbhabe aakorxoniyo hoh" boloi olop besi nomoniyo "jodiu" jubokxokole iyak bikri kore, xosakoiye ene lagise zen teu rosir xexot aase aaru jijone xunibo teuk prarthona kore."thankiye iyongro konthoswor prodorxonok keith huitolir" "olop smoroniyo" "aaru" "jos turner pisot banijyik dexot aaghat koraa shrestho konthoswor" "buliu bornona korisil."country brahmandor linn warde gittuk bi-rating disil, jodiu teu" ek naari kontho prodorxon, drirho xomoxamoyik country projujona aaru xadharonote ek oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh -"2017 sonot," "billboard" "ror obodankari chaak dauphine" "dyo menn aai want tu bi" "koo teur juwok-jubotixokolor shrestho gitor xirxo 10 taa talikat ek nombor sthan disil. music video '. crich hikiye porisalona koraa music video "tu 2009 sonor 3 disemborot cmt-too primiyar koraa hoisil. video" tut juwok-jubotiye baach ekhonor baabe opekhya kori thoka ejon manuhor kaxot bohi thaake, ji ek soturthangxo jubokor haat dhore aaru teuk bhogowanok phone koriboloi poramorxo diye (teur premikak phone koriboloi chesta korar poriworte). taar pisot juboke etaa telephon butholoi yaay, aaru teu phone korar xomoyot, teur xuwoni kuthat pori thoka teur prakton premor aagrohor drishyo dekhuuwa hoy. paar hoi juwa ekhon pickup trucker bisonat etaa dangor tiror rupot isworor poraa etaa sinho aahe. teu sinhobur onuxoron kori thaake, jiye teuk downtownor kofi swo 'poloi loi yaay, zo' too teu futpathtut teur premor aagrohok log paay. video 'tu xex hoy teu taair xoite xongxudhon korar xoite, aanhate baach stopor poraa ohaa byoktijonobe paar hoi juwa grehoundor khirikir maajere saai nijoke hahise. chartor prodorxon. "moi hoh 'bob bisora manuh" eu-too 58 nomborot aatmoprokax korisil.ess. "2009 sonor 28 novembor xoptahor baabe "billboard" gorom dexor gitor chart, aaru ee eu. e. too 98 nomborot aatmoprokax korisil.ess. "billboard" "gorom 100 chart 27 march, 2010 xoptahor baabe. 22 mey ', 2010 tarikhor chartot," dyo menn aai want tu bi "jubokor ekerahe dwitiyo nombor ekok hoi porisil.

jey manush aami hotey chaai (gaan) "dya myana aaee want too bii" holl ekti gaan jaa likhechen brett james ebong team nichols ebong record korechen markin country music artiste criss iang. etty 2009 saaler novembore taanr album "dya myana aaee want too bii" (2009)-err tritiya ekok ebong shironam gaan hisabe mukti paay. ganti gayoker somporke jey seey ekjon praktan premiker saathe sangshodhan korte chaay. ganti somalochokder kachh theke itibachak porjalochona peyechilo jaaraa toruner kanthaswarer abhinoy ebong james stroader projojonar proshongsha korechilo norom gaaner kotha sanrakkhan korar jonno. "dya myana aaee want too bii" chhilo "billboard" hott country gaaner charte porpor panchti eka nambar hitt gaaner modhye dwitiya. etty jothakrome "billboard" hott 100 ebong kanadian hott 100 ubhoy khettrei 48 ebong 81 nombore poucheche. ganti markin juktorashtre eka millionero beshi unit bikri korar jonno rhea dwara platinum pratyayita hoyechilo. criss hickie porichalito gantir ekti music videote dekha yaay, ekti baas stoppe tarunra taar praktan bandhobike khunje petey sahajyo korar jonno ekti phone boother madhyome isshorke dakche. visayavastu. "aami jey manush hotey chaai" ekti majhari up-tempo country gaan. gantir purush bornonakari bornona korechen jey, "manush [seey] kemon hotey chaay."prothom ayate taake bujhte dekha yaay jey seey emon manush noy jaa taar haoya uchito chhilo (" "aami amar puro jeebonta bhul korey katiechi" ") ebong bornona korey jey seey issorer sahajyo poriborton chaay. dwitiya ayate, seey taar purano premikke firey petey chaay, ebong taar jonno nikhunt manush hotey chaay ("aami seii dharaner manush hotey chaai jaa seey taar swapne dekhe"). samalochanamulak abhyarthana. injina 145-err julie thanki gantike ekti "thumbs up" diye bolechilen jey "kichhu gaaner kotha biseshbhabe nadachada korar jonno ektu beshi norom" holeo "tarunra etty bikri korey deyo, sottii emon shonache jeno seey taar dadir sheshe royeche ebong jey keu shunbe taar kachhe prarthona korche."thanki eong-err kanthaswarke keith huitley-rawr" "samanno smaran koriye deoa" "ebong" "josha turner porr banijyik deshe aghat hunner jonno sera kanthaswar" "hisabe bornona korechen."country universer lynne oyarda gantike ekti bii-retting diyechen, jekhane tini bolechen jey" "ekti durdanto kanthaswar, dridha somosamoyik country prajojana ebong ekti sadharonbhabe aprotirodhyo rachona howar jonno prachur krititter jogyo", "gantir nijei" "gitattik ebong surela durbolota royeche [jaa] ekhono upekkha koraa asambhab."2017 saale," "billboard" "-err abodankari chaak daufin" "dya myana aaee want too bii" "-keey taar torunder sera gaaner sheersho 10 talika eka nombore rekhechilen. music vdo. criss hickie porichalito music videoti 2009 saaler 3raa december cmt-teey premiere hoy. videote, jubokti baaser jonno apekkha koraa eka byaktir paashe bosey, jey eka choturthangsho jubokke haate tuley deyo ebong taake issorer kachhe phone korar poramorsho deyo (taar bandhobike qala korar chesta korar poriborte). alpavayasi tokhon ekti telephone boothe yaay ebong jokhon seey taar phone korey, tokhon taar shobar ghore taar praktan premer agroher drishya dekhano hoy. issorer kachh theke ekti signboard ekti pussing pickup trucker bichhanai ekti borh teerer akare aase. seey lakkhanguli anusaran korte thaake, jaa taake shohorer kendrosthole ekti coffey shope niye yaay, jekhane seey footpathe taar premer agroher saathe dekha korey. videoti shesh hoy jokhon seey taar saathe sangshodhan korey, jokhon baas stoper lokti ekti paash diye yawa greyhounder janala diye takiye nijer dike hesse othe. churt performance. "jey manushti aami hotey chaai" eu-teey 58 nombore atmoprokash korey.esha. "28shhey navembar, 2009-err saptaher jonno "billboard" hott country gaaner talika, ebong etty markin juktorashtre 98 nombore atmoprokash korey.esha. "billboard" "27shhey march, 2010 saptaher hott 100 churt. 22shhey meey, 2010 tarikher charte," "dya myana aaee want too bii" "torunder dwitiya porpor eka nambar ekok hoye othe.

huun jeey banvaa mangu chhu (geet) "dhaa meena aaee vaant too bii" aee aek geet chhe jeey breta james aneey tima nicholls dwara lakhvaamaa aavyu chhe, aneey american country music artiste criss young dwara reqorda karvaamaa aavyu chhe. teey november 2009maan temnaa album 'dhaa meena aaee vont too bii' (2009) naa trija single aneey title track tareeke rajoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. aaa geet gaayak vishe chhe jeey badalvaa maange chhe keey teey koona chhe jeey bhutpurv premeene sudhaare chhe. aaa geetane vivechako tarafthi hakaaraatmak sameekshao malee hatee, jemane yuvaannaa gaayak pradarshan aneey james stroudnaa nirmanni naram geeto sachavva maate prashansa curry hatee. "huun jeey maanas banvaa mangu chhu" teey "billboard" hooat country songs chaart parr satat paanch number-vana heetmathi beeja krame hatoo. teey "billboard" hooat 100 aneey kenediyan hooat 100 banne parr anukrame 48 aneey 81 number parr pann pahonchyu hatoo. aaa geetane united statesma dass lakhthi vadhu aekamonu vechaan karvaa badal riyaa dwara platinum pramanit karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. criss hikki dwara nirdeshit geet maate aek sangeet videeyo, jemaa bus stopa parr yuvan loko tenee bhutpurv gerlfriendne shodhvaamaa madad karvaa maate phone booth dwara bhagvanne phone kartaa jovaa maley chhe. samagri. "huun jeey maanas banvaa mangu chhu" aee aek madhyam gatee dharaavtu deshee geet chhe. gitanaa purush varnankaar varnave chhe keey "maanas [teey] kevo banvaa maange chhe."pratham shlokma tene khyaal aave chhe keey tene jeey maanas hovo joiae teey teey nathee (" "meyn maarun aakhu jeevan khotu karvaamaa vitaavyu chhe" ") aneey varnan karey chhe keey teey bhagvanni madad badalvaa maange chhe". beeja shlokma, teey tenaa junaa premeene paachho melavaa maange chhe, aneey tenaa maate sampoorn maanas banvaa maange chhe ("huun teey prakaarno maanas banvaa mangu chhu jeey teey tenaa sapnama juae chhe"). vivechanaatmak swaagat. angine 145naa julie thaankiae geetane "anguthaa upar" aaptaa kahyoo keey "ketlaak geeto khaas kareene gatisheel hovaa maate thodaa naram hoya chhe", keey "yuvan tene veche chhe, kharekhar aevu laage chhe keey jaane teey tenaa dordaanaa ante chhe aneey jeey sambhalshe tene praathnaa karey chhe."taankiae yangnaa avaajnaa pradarshanne keith whitleyni" "thodee yaad apaave chhe" "aneey" "josh turner pachhi vyaapaari deshmaa hita karvaa maateno shreshth avaaj" "tareeke pann varnavyu hatoo"."country universena leane warde geetane bii-rating aapyu hatoo, jemaa janaavyu hatoo keey jyaare teey" "aek utkrusht gaayak pradarshan, nakkar samkalin deshee nirmaan aneey saamanya reete apmanjanak rachnaa maate ghanaa shreyne paatra chhe", tyaare gitamaa pote "" bhavatmak aneey madhur nabalaio chhe [jene] avganvi haju pann ashaky chhe "."2017 maan," "billboard" "faalo aapnaar chuck dowfine" "dhaa meena aaee ichchhe chhe" "neey yuvaannaa shreshth geetoni tochnee 10 yaadimaa pratham sthaane mookyo hato". music videeyo. criss hikki dwara nirdeshit music videeyo, jenu premiere 3 december, 2009naa roj cmt parr thayu hatoo. videeyoma, yuvan basnee raah joee rahela aek maanasnee bajuma bese chhe, jeey aek chaturthansh yuvaanne haath aape chhe aneey tene bhagvanne phone karvaanee salah aape chhe (tenee gerlfriendne coll karvaano prayaas karvaane badale). yuvan pachhi telephone booth parr jaay chhe, aneey jyaare teey teno phone karey chhe, tyaare tenaa bedroom padela tenaa bhutpurv premnaa drashyo batavvama aave chhe. bhagvaan tarafthi aek nishani pasaar thatee pickup trucknaa palangma motaa teernaa rupmaan aave chhe. teey sanketone anusarvaanu chaalu raakhe chhe, jeey tene downtown kofee shopa taraf doree jaay chhe, jyaan teey sidewalk parr tenaa premnaa rasne maley chhe. videeyo teno tenee saathe sudhaaro karvaa saathe samaapt thaay chhe, jyaare bus stopno maanas pasaar thataa greyhoundnee barimathi juae chhe aneey potaani jaatne smit karey chhe. chaart pradarshan. "huun jeey maanas banvaa mangu chhu" yuu parr 58 maa krame rajoo thayo.aesa. "28 november, 2009naa saptah maate "billboard" hooat country songs chaart, aneey teey yuu. aesa. parr 98maa krame rajoo thayu.aesa. "27 march, 2010naa athvadiya maate billboard" "hooat 100 chaart". 22 meey, 2010naa chaart parr, "" dhaa meena aaee ind too bii "" yuvaannun satat beeju number vana single banyu hatoo ".

vaha aadami joe main banana chaahata huun (geet) "dha maine aaee want too bee" ack geet haye jise brett james aur tima nicholls ney likhaa haye aur americi deshi sangeet kalakar criss young ney record kiya haye. yeh navambar 2009 mein unake album "dha maine aaee want too bee" (2009) key teesare ekal aur sheershak geet key roop mein jaari kiya gayaa thaa. yeh geet gaayak key baare mein haye joe usey badalana chaahata haye jise vaha ack poorv premi key liye sudhaar karna chaahata haye. geet koo alochakon seey sakaratmak sameeksha millie jinhone yuva key mukhar pradarshan aur james stroud key nirmaan kii prashansa kii. "main joe aadami banana chaahata huun" vaha "billboard" hott country songs chart parr lagaatar paanch number-vann hitt mein seey doosara thaa. yeh kramshah "billboard" hott 100 aur kanadai hott 100 donon parr 48 aur 81 number parr bhee pahunch gayaa. sanyukt raajya america mein duss laakh seey adhik ikaaiyon kii bikri key liye geet koo riya dwara platinum pramaanit kiya gayaa thaa. criss hickie dwara nirdeshit geet key liye ack sangeet video mein ack buss stop parr yuva koo apani poorv premika koo khojane mein madad karane key liye ack phone booth key madhyam seey bhagwan koo coll karate hue dikhaaya gayaa haye. samagri. "main joe aadami banana chaahata huun" ack madhyam gati vaalaa deshi geet haye. geet kaa purush kathakar usa tarah kaa varnan kartaa haye "aadami [vaha] banana chaahata haye."pahali aayat mein usey ehsas hotaa haye kii vaha vaha aadami naheen haye jise usey honah chaahiye thaa (" maine apana puuraa jeevan galat tareeke seey bitaaya haye ") aur varnan kartaa haye kii vaha bhagwan kii madad chaahata haye. doosari aayat mein, vaha apane puraane premi koo vaapas paane key liye utsuk haye, aur usake liye sahee aadami banane key liye ("main usa tarah kaa aadami banana chaahata huun jise vaha apane sapanon mein dekhti haye"). aalochanatmak swaagat. injan 145 kii juulii thanki ney geet koo "thums upp" dete hue kahaa kii "kuchh geet vishesh roop seey gatishil honey key liye thode naram hain", kii "yuva ise bechata haye, vaastav mein aisaa lagata haye jaise vaha apani russie key anta mein haye aur kissy seey bhee prarthana kartaa haye joe sunega."thanki ney yuva key mukhar pradarshan koo keath whiteley kii" "thodi yaad dilaata haye" "aur" "josh turner key baad seey vaanijyik desh mein hitt karane key liye sabse achchi aavaaj" "key roop mein bhee varnit kiya."country universe key leane ward ney geet koo bee-rating dete hue kahaa kii vaha" ack shandar mukhar pradarshan, thhos samkaaleen deshi utpaadan aur aam taur parr ack aprabhaavi rachana honey key liye bahut saare shreya key hakdar hain ", geet mein hii" geetaatmak aur madhur kamjoriyaan hain [jinhen] abhee bhee nazarandaj karna asambhav haye."2017 mein," "billboard" "yogadankarta chuck doufin ney" "dha maine aaee want too bee" "koo yuva key sarvshreshth geeton kii sheersh 10 soochi mein pahale sthaan parr rakhaa. sangeet video. criss hickie dwara nirdeshit sangeet video kaa premiere 3 disambar, 2009 koo see. aim. tii. parr huaa. video mein, yuva ack buss kii prateeksha curr rahey ack aadami key buggle mein baithata haye, joe ack chauthai yuva koo haath mein letaa haye aur usey bhagwan koo phone karane kii salah detaa haye (apani premika koo coll karane kii koshish karane key bajaay). yuva taba ack telephone booth parr jaataa haye, aur jaba vaha apana phone kartaa haye, tou usake bedroom mein usake poorv prem key drishya dikhaae jaate hain. bhagwan kii or seey ack sanket ack gujarate hue pickup truck key bistar mein ack badey teer key roop mein aataa haye. vaha sanketon kaa paalan karna jaari rakhta haye, joe usey shahar key ack coffey kii dukaan mein leey jaataa haye, jahan vaha footpath parr apane pyaar kii ruchi seey milata haye. video usake saath sudhaar karane key saath samaapt hotaa haye, jabaki buss stop seey aadami gujarate hue greyhound kii khidki seey dekhta haye aur khud koo muskurata haye. chart pradarshan. "main jiss aadami koo banana chaahata huun" ney yuu parr 58 number parr shuruat kii.aiss. "28 navambar, 2009 key saptah key liye "billboard" hott country songs chart, aur yeh yuu parr 98 vein number parr shuru huaa.aiss. "billboard" 27 march, 2010 key saptah key liye hott 100 chart. 22 maee, 2010 key chart parr, "main joe banana chaahata huun" yuva kaa lagaatar doosara number ack ekal bunn gayaa.

naanu aagalu bayasuva vyakti (haadu) "dhii myaan aii want tuu bii" embudu brett james mattu tim nicolus bareda haadu mattu idannu americada halligaadina sangeeta kalaavida criss young dhwanimudrisiddaare. idu november 2009 ralli avara album "dhii myaan aii want tuu bii" (2009) naa moorane ekageete mattu shirshike geeteyaagi bidugadeyaayitu. ee haadu gayakanu taanu yaarembudannu badalaayisalu bayasuvudara bagge, maaji premige tiddupadi maadalu. ee haadu vimarshakarinda sakaaraatmaka vimarshegalannu padeyitu, avaru yangna gayana pradarshana mattu james stroudna nirmaanavannu mruduvaada saahityavannu ulisiddakkagi shlaghisidaru. "dhii myaan aii want tuu bii" "emba haadu" billboard "hott kantri haadugala pattiyalli satata aidu number one hitgalalli eradaneyadaagide. idu "billboard" hott 100 mattu kenadian hott 100 eradaralloo kramavagi 48 mattu 81neey sthaanavannu galisitu. ee haadu united statesnalli ondu dashalakshakku hecchu yunitgalannu marata madiddakkagi rhea ninda platinum pramanikarisalpattitu. criss hikki nirdeshisida haadina sangeeta veediyodalli, bus nildaanadalli yuvakaru tamma maaji gelatiyannu hudukalu sahaaya maadalu phone booth moolaka devarannu kareyuvudannu torisalaagide. vishaya. "naanu aagalu bayasuva vyakti" embudu madhyama mattada up-tempo halligaadina haadaagide. haadina purusha niroopakanu "manushya [avanu] yaava ritiyavanagiralu bayasuttaane" embudannu vivarisuttaane."modala padyavu taanu maadabekaada manushyanalla endu aritukondiruvudannu kandukolluttade (" "naanu nanna idee jivanavannu tappagi kalediddene" ") mattu devara sahayavu badalaagabekendu avanu bayasuttaane endu vivarisuttade". eradane padyadalli, avanu tanna haleya premiyannu marali padeyalu mattu avalige paripurna vyaktiyagalu haatoreyuttaane ("avalu tanna kanasinalli noduva reetiya vyaktiyagalu naanu bayasuttene"). vimarshaatmaka svaagata. engine 145rahra joolie tanki ee haadannu "hebberalugalannu" niididaru, "kelavu saahityagalu visheshavaagi chalisuvante swalpa mruduvaagiruttave", "yuva janaru adannu marata maaduttaare, nijavagiyoo avaru tamma haggada koneyalliddaare mattu keluva yaarigaadaru prarthisuttare."tanki, yangna gayana pradarshanavu keeth vitliya" "svalpamattige nenapisuttade" "mattu" "josh turner nantara vanijya deshakke hitt maadida atyuttama dhwani" "endu vivarisiddaare"."kantri universion leane ward ee haadige bii-rating niididaru, avaru" "nakshatrika gayana pradarshana, ghana samakaalina kantri nirmaana mattu samanyavagi aprastuta samyojanegaagi saakashtu mannanegalige arharaagiddaare" "endu helidaru, ee haadu swatah" "bhavagitatmaka mattu sumadhura daurbalyagalannu hondide [avu] innoo kadeganisalu asaadhya"."2017ralli," "jaahiraatu phalaka" "dha kodugedaara chuck doffin avaru" "naanu aagalu bayasuva vyakti" "yannu tamma yuvakara atyuttama haadugala top 10 pattiyalli modala sthaanadalli irisidaru". music video. criss hikki nirdeshisida music video, december 3,2009 randu sii. emm. tii. yalli prathama pradarshanagonditu. veediyodalli, yuvaka basgagi kayuttiruva vyaktiya pakkadalli kulitukolluttaane, avanu kaalu bhagadashtu chikkavanagiddane mattu devarige phone maadalu salahe niiduttaane (tanna gelatiyannu kareyalu prayatnisuva badalu). yuvakanu nantara duravani bootge hoguttaane, mattu avanu karey maduvaga, avala malaguva kooneyalli biddiruva avana hindina preetiya drashyagalannu torisalaaguttade. haaduhoguva pickup truckna haasigeyalli dodda baanada roopadalli devarinda ondu chihne baruttade. avanu chihnegalannu anusarisuvudannu munduvarisuttaane, adhu avanannu downtown kaafhi angadige karedoyyuttade, allie avanu padachari maargadalli tanna preetiya aasaktiyannu bhetiyaguttane. veediyovu konegolluttade, avanu avalondige saridoogisuttaane, bus nildaanada vyaktiyu haaduhoguva grayhoundna kitakia moolaka noduttaane mattu tannashtakke taane naguttaane. chaart kaaryakshamate. "naanu aagalu bayasuva vyakti" yuu nalli 58 neey sthaanadalli paadaarpane maadidaru.ess. "2009rahra november 28rahra vaarada "billboard" hott kantri haadugala chaart, mattu idu yuu. esnalli 98neey sthaanadallittu.ess. "jaahiraatu phalaka" "march 27,2010rahra vaarada hott 100 chaart. mayee 22,2010rahra chartnelli," "dhii myaan aii want tuu bii" "yuvakara satata eradane number one single aayitu".

njaan aakaan aagrahikkunna manushyan (gaanam) "dhii maan aii wand tuu bii" ennathu brait james timm nicolum chernnu rachichathum american kantri music aartist kriss yang record cheythathumaaya oru gaanamaan. 2009 novemberil addehathinte aalbamaaya "dhii maan aii wand tuu bii" (2009)-ll ninnulla moonnaamathe single, taittil trackayi ithu puratthirangi. oru muun kaamukane thiruthikkondu thaan aaraanenn maattaan gaayakan aagrahikkunnathinekkur gaanam. cheruppakkaarante shabda prakadanatheyum soumyamaaya varikal samrakshichathinu jaims stroudinte nirmmaanatheyum prashamsicha niroopakaril ninnu eee gaanathinu nalla avalokanangal labhichu. "billboard" hoott kantri gaanangalude chartle thudarchayaayi anchu onnaam nambar hittukalil randaamanaayirunnu "njaan aakaan aagrahikkunna manushyan". parasyaboard" hoott 100, canadian hoott 100 ennivayil ithu yathaakramam 48,81 ennee sthaanangalil ethi. amerikkayil oru dashalakshathiladhikam unitukal vittathin eee gaanam riyaa plaattinam certificat nedi. kriss hicky samvidaanam cheytha gaanathinoppam oru music veediyoyil, oru buzz stoppil cheruppakkaar thante muun kamukiye kandethaan sahaayikkunnathin oru phoon boothiloode daivathe vilikkunnathu kaanam. ulladakkam. "njaan aakaan aagrahikkunna manushyan" oru mithamaaya up-tempo naadan gaanamaan. aaa gaanatthinte aann aakhyaathaavu, "manushyan [avan] enthutharam" aakaan aagrahikkunnuvennu vivarikkunnu."thaan aagrahicha manushyan thaanallenn (" "njaan ente jeevitam muzhuvan thettayi chelavazhichu" ") manassilakkukayum daivathinte sahayam maaranamenn aagrahikkunnuvennu vivarikkukayum cheiyunna aadya vaakyam kaanunnu". randaamathe vaakyathil, thante pazhaya kaamukane thirike labhikkanamennum avalkk anuyojyanaaya manushyanakaan avan aagrahikkunnu ("aval swapnangalil kaanunna tharatthilulla manushyanakaan njaan aagrahikkunnu"). vimarsanaathmakamaaya sweekaranam. enchin 145-leeii juulii thanki eee gaanathinu "thumbs upp" nalki, "chila varikal prathyekichu chalippikkaan alppam mriduvaayathaanenkilum", "cheruppakkaaran athu vilkkunnu, avan thante kayarinte avasaanathilaanennathupole sarikkum shabdamundaakkukayum kelkkunna aarodum praarthikkukayum cheiyunnu."keytt vaitliye" "alpam anusmarippikkunna" "yanginte shabda prakadanam, josh turnerinu sesham vaanijya raajyathekku vanna ettavum mikacha shabdam ennum thanki visheshippichu"."oru mikacha swara prakadanatthinum, sakthamaaya samakaalika naadan nirmmaanathinum, pothuve apahasyamaaya rachanaykkum dhaaraalam credit arhikkunnu", paattin thanne "gaanaparavum maduravumaaya balaheenathakalund [avaa] ippozhum avaganikkanaavilla."2017-ll," "parasyaboard" "sambhavana nalkia chuck dauphin" "njaan aakaan aagrahikkunna manushyane" "cheruppakkaarude mikacha gaanangalude aadya 10 pattikayil onnaam sthaanathethichu". music viidiyoo. kriss hicky samvidaanam cheytha music viidiyoo 2009 desember 3 nuu sii. emm. tii. yill pradharshippichu. veediyoyil, yuvavu oru buzz kaathirikkunna oraalude arikil irikkunnu, avan naalilonn cheruppakkaarane kaimarukayum daivathodu oru phoon kooll cheyyaan upadeshikkukayum cheiyunnu (kamukiye vilikkaan sramikkunnathinekkaal). cheruppakkaaran oru telephone boothilekku pookunnu, avan vilikkumbol, avalude kidappumuriyil kidakkunna avante muun pranaya thaalpparyatthinte ramgangal kaanikkunnu. kadannupokunna oru pickup trekkinte kidakkayil oru valia ambinte roopathil daivathil ninnulla oru adayaalam varunnu. avan adayaalangal pinthudarunnathu thudarunnu, athu avane oru dauntaun coffey shopilekku nayikkunnu, avide avan thante pranaya thaalparyam nadappaathayil kandumuttunnu. buzz stoppil ninnulla aal kadannupokunna grehoundinte janaalayiloode nokki svayam punchirikkumbol avan avalumayi thiruthal nadathunnathiloodeyaanu viidiyoo avasaanikkunnath. chart prakadanam. "njaan aakaan aagrahikkunna manushyan" yuu. yill 58-aamm nambaril arangettam kurichu.ezz. "2009 november 28-leeii aazhchayile "parasyaboard" hoott kantri gaanangalude chart, yuu. esil 98-aamm sthaanathaanu ithu arangettam kurichathu.ezz. "2010 march 27 aazhchayile hoott 100 chart. 2010 meyy 22-leeii chartle" "dhii maan aii wand tuu bii" "yangsinte thudarchayaaya randaamathe nambar vann single aayi maari".

mallah manus vhayache aahe (gaane) "daad mann aay vaant too bii' heey geet bratt james aanee team nicholls yanni lihile aahe aanee american deshi sangeet kalakar criss young yanni dhwanimudrit kele aahe. november 2009 madhye tyachya 'daad mann aay vaant too bii' (2009) yaa dhvanimudrikatil tisare ekal aanee shirshak gaane mhanoon too pradarshit jhaala. heey gaane gayakala too kona aahe heey badalanyachi ichcha asalelya eka majee preyasichi durusti karnyabaddal aahe. yaa ganyala samikshakankadun sakaratmak pratisad midala jyanni yangchya gayan abhinayache aanee james straudchya nirmitiche saumya geete jatan kelyabaddal kautuk kele. "mallah havah asalela manus' haah 'billboard' chya hott country ganyanchya chartvar salag paach number vann hitpaiki disato" kramankavar hota. too 'billboard' hott 100 aanee canadian hott 100 yaa donhivar anukrame 48 aanee 81 vya kramankavar pohochala. united statesmadhye daha lakhanhun adhik unitschee vikri kelyabaddal yaa ganyala riya yanni platinum pramanit kele. criss hikki digdarshit yaa ganyasathichya sangeet vhidiomadhye, eka bus thambyavaril tarun tyachya majee preyaseela shodhanyat madat karnyasathi phone boothdware dewala phone kartana disatat. samagri. "mallah joou manus vhayacha aahe' heey eka madhyam gatiche deshi gaane aahe. yaa ganyacha purush kathakar, 'manus [tyala] kassa vhayacha aahe' yache varnan karato."pahilya shlokat tyala heey lakshat yete qee tyane pahije assa manus too navhata (" "mea majhe sampoorn ayushya heey serve chukiche karoon ghalavale aahe" ") aanee tyala devachi madat havee aahe asey varnan kartana too disato". disato" shlokat, tyala tyacha juna priyakar parat midava aanee tyachyasathi tichyasathi paripoorn manus vhave ashee tyachi utkat ichcha aahe ("mallah tichya swapnanmadhye disanara manus vhayache aahe"). samikshatmak swagat. engine 145 chya jyuli thankine yaa ganyala 'thumbus up' dile, asey mhanat qee 'kahee geete visheshtah halavanyasathi thodi jaast saumya aahet', qee 'tarun teey vikatat, kharokharach too tyachya dorkhandachya shevati aahe asey dhwani aanee jeey aikatil tyanna prathna karatat."tankine yangchya gayan sadarikaranache varnan 'keith whitley' chee 'thodishi aathvan karoon denara' aanee 'josh turner' nantar vyavsayik deshat jhalakanara sarvottam aavaj 'asey kele."country universchya leane wardney yaa ganyala bii-raiting dile, asey mhanat qee too" eka utkrusht gayan sadarikaran, thos samkalin deshi nirmiti aanee samanyatah aprasangik rachana mhanoon bharpur shreyas patra asala taree ", yaa ganyatach" bhavatmak aanee madhur kamkuvatpana aahet [jyaa] ajunahi durlakshit karane ashakya aahe."2017 madhye," "billboard" "chya yogdankartyane 'daad mann aay vaant too bii' laa tyachya tarunanchya sarvotkrusht ganyanchya pahilya 10 yadeet pratham sthan dile". music video. criss hikkine digdarshit kelela sangeet video, 3 december 2009 roji see. emm. tii. varr pradarshit jhaala. vhidiomadhye, tarun baschi vaat vaat eka mansachya shejari basato, joou eka chaturthansh tarun asato aanee tyala dewala phone karnyacha sallah deto (tyachya preyaseela coll karnyacha prayatna karnyaivaji). tarun nantar eka durdhvani kendravar jaato aanee too phone karato tevha tichya shayankakshat padaleli tyachya purvichya premachi drushye dakhavali jaatat. devakadun eka chinh eka mothya banachya swarupat eka eka pickup truckchya khatavar yete. too chinhe palat rahato, jee tyala shaharachya madhyavarti coffey shopmadhye gheuun jaatat, jithe tyala tyachya premprakaranatil roochi footpathwar bhetate. too tichyashi tadjod karat asatana video sampato, tarr bus thambyavaril manus eka gadad shikarichya khidakitoon pahato aanee swatakadech hasato. chart kamgiri. "mallah havah asalela manus' haah yuu varr 58 vya kramankavar padarpan keela.ess. "28 november 2009 chya aathvadyasathi 'billboard' hott country songs chart aanee too yuu. ess. varr 98 vya kramankavar aala.ess. "27 march meey aathvadyasathicha jahiratpat" hott 100 chart. 22 meey meey taktyavar, "daad mann aay vaant too bii" haah tarunancha salag dusra number vann single tharala.

tyo manis mahm banna chahanchhu (geet) "da myan aie want too bee" ek geet how june brett james rar team nikolsdwara lekhieko chha, rar americi contry music artiste criss yangle record gareko how. yo november 2009 maa unko album "da myan aie want too bee" (2009) ko tesro ekal rar shirshak tracko rupma jaari garieko thiyo. yo geet gayakle afu ko hun bhanera purva premilai sudhar garne bhanera pariwartan garna chaheko barema how. yass gitle samikshakharubata sakaratmak samiksha prapta prapta jasle yuwa swar pradarshan rar james stroudko utpadanko prashansa gare. "mahm banna chaheko manis" "billboard" hutt contry geet chartma lagatar paanch number-ek hitharu madhye yuwa dosro thiyo. yo kramashah "billboard" hutt 100 rar canadali hutt 100 duwaima 48 rar 81 nambarma pugeko thiyo. sanyukta rajya americama das lakhbhanda badhi ekaiharu bikri garekoma yass gitlai riya dwara platinum pramanit garieko thiyo. criss hikkidwara nirdeshit gitko sathama raheko music bhidiyoma bus stopma raheka yuwaharule afno purva premika fela parne maddat garna fone buthmarfat bhagawanlai cull gareko dekhaieko chha. samagri. "mahm banna chahane manis" ek madhyam up-tempo contry geet how. gitko purush kathakarle "manis [uu] kasto huna chahanchha" bhanera warnan gardacha."pahilo shlokle usalai mahasus gareko chha kii uu afule garnu parne manis hoina (" "maile mero sampurna jiwan galat tarikale bitaeko chhu" ") rar warnan gardacha kii uu pariwartan huna bhagawanko maddat chahanchha. dosro shlokma, uu afno purano premilai firta pauna rar usako lagi uttam manis banna chahanchha ("mahm sapanama dekhne prakarko manis banna chahanchhu"). alochanatmak swagat. injin 145 kaa julie thankile gitlai "thums up" dindai bhane kii "kehi githaru vishesh gari sarnaka lagi alie naram chhan", "jawanle yasalai bechcha, sanchchai uu afno doriko antyama chha jasto lagchha rar sunna sakne jo kohilai pani prarthana gardacha."thankile yangko swar pradarshanlai keith whitelyko" "alik samjhana garaune" "rar" "jose turnerpachhi wyawasayik deshma heat garne sabaibhanda ramro awaz" "bhanera pani warnan gare."contry universko lyne wardley gitlai bee-rating dindai bhane kii uni" "ek tarakiya swar pradarshan, thosa samakalin contry prodoxon rar samanyataya aprasangik rachanaka lagi dherai shreyako hakdar chhan", gitma afaima "" bhawatmak rar madhur kamajoriharu chhan [june] ajhai pani bewasta garna asambhawa chha. "sann 2017 maa," "billboard" "kaa yogadankarta chak dafinle" "da myan aie want too bee" "lai yuwaharuko utkrishta githaruko shirsha 10 suchima pahilo sthanma rakhe. music bhidiyo. criss hikkidwara nirdeshit music bhidiyo, december 3,2009 maa siematima premiere bhaeko thiyo. bhidiyoma, jawanle basko pratikshama raheko ek wyaktiko chheuma baschha, jasle ek chauthai jawanlai haat dinchha rar usalai bhagawanlai fone garna sallaha dinchha (afnie premikalai cull garne prayas garnuko satta). tyasapachhi jawan telephone boothma janchha, rar usale afno cull garda, usako purva prem ruchiko drishyaharu unko shayankakshama pareko dekhaieko chha. bhagawanbata aeko euta chinha euta passing pickup trucko ochhyanma thulo banko rupma aunchha. usale sanketharu pachhyauna jaari rakhchha, jasle usalai downtown kafi pasalma laijanchha, jahaan usale footpathma afno prem ruchilai bhetchha. bhidiyoko antyama usale unisanga sodhpuchha gardaicha, jabki bus stopbata aeka wyaktile gujriraheko grehoundko jhyalbata herchhan rar afutira muskuraunchan. chart pradarshan. "mahm banna chahane manis" yu maa number 58 maa debue bhayo.ess. "november 28,2009 ko haptaka lagi "billboard" hutt contry githaruko chart, rar yo yuma 98 nambarma suru bhayo.ess. "billboard" march 27,2010 ko haptako lagi tato 100 chart. maee 22,2010 ko chartma, "mahm banna chahanchhu tyo manis" jawanko lagatar dosro number ek ekal banyo.

mun hebaku chahunthiba byakti (geeta) "daa myan aai want tuu bii" heuchhi brett james ebong team nikolasnka dwara likhita eka geeta, ebong americae desh sangeeta kalakara criss jangnka dwara record karajaichi . ehaa navember 2009 ray taanka album "dee myan aai want tuu bii" (2009) rahr truteeja ekaka ebong title track bhabare muktilabha karithila. ehi geetati gajaka janaka jane purbatana premikanka saha samparka sthapana kariba paain kie taaha badalaibaku chahunthiba bishajare. geetati samalochakamananka thaaru sakaratmaka samikhya paithila jeunmane jangnka kantha pradarshan ebong james stradnka prajojanaku naram geetaku sanrakhyana karithibaru prashansa karithile. "mun jeun manish hebaku chaahen", "billboard" hutt contry geeta chartre kramagata panchti nambara-eka heat madhyaru jubankara dwiteeja thila . ehaa ubhaja "billboard" hutt 100 ebong canadia hutt 100 ray jathakrame 48 ebong 81 nambarare pahanchithila. ehi geetati aamerikare eka nijutaru adhika unit bikri paain rhea dwara platinum certificate paithila . criss hikinka nirdeshita ehi geeta paain eka music bhidio, eka bus stapre jubakamananku eka phone booth madhyamare bhagabananku cull curry taanka purbatana garlaphrendanku khojibare sahajya karuthiba dekhajaichhi . bishajabastu. "mun jeun manish hebaku chaahen" heuchhi eka madhyama dharanara up-tempo deshi geeta . geetara purush barnanakari barnana karanti je "manish [shay] keun prakarara hebaku chahanti ."pratham padare shay anubhaba karanti je shay sehi byakti nuhnti jaahaa tanku heba uchit (" "mun more saaraa zeeban bitaichi 'ehaa sabu bhul curry') ebong barnana kare je shay bhagabananka sahajya badalaibaku chahunchhanti . dwiteeja padare, shay taanka puruna premikanku ferai aanibaku ebong taanka paain upajukta byakti hebaku chahunchhanti ("mun sehi prakarara purush hebaku chaahen jaahaa shay taanka swapnare dekhanti"). samalochanamoolaka swagata. injin 145rahr julie thanki geetatiku eka "thumbs up" dei kahithile je "keteka geeta bisesh bhabe chalachanchal heba paain tike naram", "jubaka ehaaku bikri karanti, prakrutare epari laguchhi je shay taanka dadira sheshare achanti ebong jie shunibe tanku prarthana karuchanti."thanki madhya jangnka kantha pradarshanaku keith whitelyra" "samanya smaraniah" "ebong" "jash turnernka parey banijyika deshaku heat karibaku sarbottama swara" "bhabare barnana karithile."contry junibharsra lyon ward ehi geetaku eka bii-reting pradan curry kahichanti je jadio shay" eka chamatkara kantha pradarshan, drudha samasamajika deshi utpadana ebong eka sadharana bhabare apratyashita rachna paain aneka shreya paibaku jogya ", geetare nije" geetikara ebong surela durbalata [jaahaa] tathapi anadekha kariba asambhaba ."2017 ray," "billboard" "abadanakari chuck daufin" "mun hebaku chahunthiba byakti" "ku jubakara shrestha geeta talikare shirsha 10 ray eka sthanare rakhithile. music bhidio. criss hikinka dwara nirdeshita music bhidio, december 3,2009 ray sii. emm. tii. ray premiyara hoithila. bhidiore, jubaka eka bus paain apekhya karuthiba jane byaktinka pakhare basithae, jie eka chaturthansha jubakaku haata dianti ebong tanku bhagabananku phone karibaku paramarsha dianti (taanka garlaphrendanku cull karibaku chesta kariba paribarte) . jubaka janaka taa 'parey eka telephone buthku jaanti, ebong shay taanka cull karuthibabele, taanka shoiba ghare padithiba tankara purbatana prem agrahara drushya darshajae . bhagabananka thaaru eka sanketa eka budd teera aakarare eka paasing pickup trakra shajyare aase . shay sanketagudiku anusarana kariba jaari rakhichhanti, jaahaa tanku saharar eka kaphi dokanaku neijae, jeunthare shay phutapathare taanka prem aagrahaku bhetithanti . bhidioti shesh hoichhi jetebele shay taanka sahita sanshodhana karuchanti, jetebele bus stopper lokati eka gatishila grehounder jharaka dei dekhuchhi ebong nijaku hasuchhi . chart pradarshan. "mun hebaku chahunthiba byakti" jayu ray 58 nambarare debyu karithile .ess. "navember 28,2009 saptaha paain "billboard" hutt contry geeta chart, ebong ehaa jayu. ess. ray 98 nambarare arambha hoithila .ess. "march 27,2010 saptaha paain billboard" "hutt 100 chart. meey 22,2010 tarikh chartre," "mun hebaku chahunchhi byakti" jubanka kramagata dwiteeja nambara eka ekaka hoigala .

uh aadmi joe main banna chahunda haan (geet) "dha maen aaee vaant too bee" ikk geet haii joe brett james atey timm nichols duaara likhiaa giaa haii, atey amriki desh dey sangeet kalakar criss young duaara ricard keeta giaa haii. ih navambar 2009 witch uss dee album "dha maen aaee vaant too bee" (2009) dey teeje single atey title track vajon jaari keeta giaa see. ih geet gaeek baare haii joe ih badalna chahunda haii kii uh ikk sabka premi noon sudharan laee kaunn haii. iss geet noon aalochakan toon skaratmak samikhiaavan miliaan jinhan neey naujwan dee aavaaz dee karguzari atey james straud dey nirman dee naram bolan noon bachaun laee parshansa keeti. "main joe aadmi banna chahunda haan" billboard dey hott contry geetan dey chaart utte lagatar panj number ikk hittan vicchon dooja see. ih kramvaar "billboard" hott 100 atey canadian hott 100 dovan utte 48 atey 81 nambran utte pahunch giaa. iss geet noon sanyukat raaj amrica witch ikk million toon vaddh ikaiaan vechan laee riaa duaara platinum pramanit keeta giaa see. criss hikki duaara nirdeshit geet laee ikk sangeet vdo witch ikk buss stop utte naujwan noon aapni sabka premika noon labbhan witch madad curran laee ikk phone booth raahin rabb noon qaal karde hoye dikhaiaa giaa haii. samaggari. "main joe aadmi banna chahunda haan" ikk madham upp-tempo desh daa geet haii. geet daa purash birtantkar uss kisam daa "aadmi [uh] banna chahunda haii" daa varnan karda haii."pahili aait uss noon ih ahsas karvaundi haii kii uh uh aadmi naheen haii jiss noon uss noon honaa chahida see (" main aapni saaree zindagi galat tarike naal bitai haii ") atey ih dassdi haii kii uh rabb dee madad badalna chahunda haii. duji aait witch, uh aapne purane premi noon waps prapat curran laee chahunda haii, atey uss laee uss laee sampuran aadmi banna chahunda haii ("main uss kisam daa aadmi banna chahunda haan joe uh aapne supniaan witch vekhadi haii"). aalochnatmak suagat. injan 145 dee juulii thanki neey geet noon "anguthe" dinde hoye kiha kii "kujh boll khaas taur 'teey gatishil honn laee thode naram hunn", kii "naujwan iss noon vechda haii, sachmuch iss tarahan aavaaz karda haii jiven kii uh aapni rassi dey ant witch haii atey kise noon vee prarthna karda haii joe sunada haii."tanki neey naujwan dee aavaaz dee peshkari noon cath whitely dee" "thodhi jihi yaad divaunda haii" "atey" "josh turner toon baad vaparak desh noon maaran laee sabh toon vadhiaa aavaaz" "dassiaa."contry brahmand dey lyon ward neey geet noon bee-rating dinde hoye kiha kii uh" ikk shandar gaiki pardarshan, thos samkali contry production atey aam taur 'teey ikk ashleel rachna honn laee bahut saare credit daa hakkdaar haii ", geet witch aapne aap witch" geetan atey dhun deeaan kamzoriaan hunn [jinhan noon] ajey vee nazarandaz karna asambhav haii."2017 witch," "billboard" "dey yogdan paunh vaale chakk daffin neey" "uh aadmi joe main banna chahunda haan" "noon naujwan dey sarbottam geetan dee aapni choti dey 10 suchi witch pahile number 'teey rakkhiaa. sangeet vdo. sangeet vdo, jiss daa nirdeshan criss hikki neey keeta see, daa premiere 3 dasambar, 2009 noon see. aimm. tii. 'teey keeta giaa see. vdo witch, naujwan ikk buss dee udeek qarr rahey ikk aadmi dey naal baithda haii, joe ikk chauthai jawan haii atey usnoon rabb noon phone curran dee salaah dinda haii (aapni premika noon qaal curran dee koshish curran dee bajaae). naujwan firr ikk telephone booth utte jaanda haii, atey jadon uh aapna phone karda haii, taan uss dey badroom witch paee uss dee sabka piaar dey drish dikhaye jaande hunn. parmeshur vallon ikk nishan ikk langhde hoye pickup truck dey bistre witch ikk vadde teer dey roop witch aaunda haii. uh sanketan daa paalan karna jaari rakkhda haii, joe uss noon shehar dey ikk kaufi shaap vall lae jaande hunn, jitthe uh footpath utte aapni piaar dee dilchaspi noon milda haii. vdo uss naal sudhar curran naal khatam hundi haii, jadon kii buss stop toon aadmi ikk langh rahey grehound dee khidki vicchon vekhda haii atey aapne aap noon muskaraunda haii. chaart pardarshan. "uh aadmi joe main banna chahunda haan" yuu utte number 58 utte shuru hoiaa.aiss. "28 navambar, 2009 dey hafte laee "billboard" hott contry geet chaart, atey ih yuu. aiss. utte 98 ven number utte shuru hoiaa.aiss. "billboard" 27 march, 2010 dey hafte laee hott 100 chaart. 22 maee, 2010 dey chaart utte, "" main joe aadmi banna chahunda haan "naujwan daa lagatar dooja number ikk single bann giaa.

yah purushah aham bhavitum icchaami (geetam) "da myaan aii want too bee" iti geetam brett james tathaa timm nicoles ityetabhyam likhitam, american-deshiyaa sangeetakalaakaaren criss yang ityanena dhwanimudritam cha asti. tasya "da myaan aii want too bee" (2009) iti aalbam ityasya truteeyam ekageetam sheershakam cha geetam cha iti rupena 2009 tame varshe november-maase etat pradarshitam. geetam gayakasya vishaye asti yat saha poorvapremeem prati parivartanam kartum icchati. geetam vimarshakaih sakaaraatmakasameekshah praapnot ye yuvasya gayanasya pradarshanasy, james stroud ityasya nirmanasya cha mruduvaadyam rakshitum prashamsaam akurvan. "da myaan aii want too bee" iti "bill board" haat-contry-gitanam chaart madhye, yuvasya panchashu eka-sankhyaayaam hitt-gitanam madhye dwiteeyam aasit. bilboard" haat 100 tathaa kenadian haat 100 iti dwayoh api kramashah 48 tathaa 81 iti sankhyaasu api etat uttamata abhavat. samyuktarajyamerikadesha dashalakshat adhikaani geetaani vikreeyat iti karanat etat geetam rhea ityanena plaatinam iti pramaanitam praapnot. criss hikki ityanena nirdeshite gitasya sangeetaroopasy, ekam sangeeta-drushyachitram asti, yasmin bus-sthite yuvakaah svapoorva-preyaseem anveshtum sahayartham doorabhaash-kendradvara eeshwaram aahvayanti iti darshitam asti. vishayavastuh. "da myaan aii want too bee" iti madhyam-gati-yukttam deshiyam geetam asti. gitasya purusha-kathakaraha varnayati yat "purushah [saha] katham bhavitum icchati."prathamam shlokam saha pratyabhidnyaat yat saha saha purushah naa aasit iti (" aham sarvam doshapooritam krutvaa sampoornam jeevanam vyatitavaan ") tathaa cha saha eeshvarasya sahayyam parivartayitum icchati iti varnayati. dwiteeyaayaam shlokasya, saha swapuraatanapremeem punah praaptum, tasyaah krute cha paripoornah purushah bhavitum icchati ("aham swapaaneshu yathaa purusham pashyaami tatt bhavitum icchaami"). vimarshaatmak-sweekaranam. angine 145 ityasya joolee thaanki ityeshaa geetam "angushtam" dattavatee, yat "yadyapi kechan geetaani visheshatayaa chalayitum atyalpaani mruduhu santi" iti, tathaapi "yuvakaah tatt vikreyuhu, yathaa saha swaropasya ante asti tathaa cha yah kashchit shrotum shaknoti tasya praarthayanti."tankee" ityeshaa api yang ityasya gayanasya pradarshanm keeth whitley ityasya "alpam smaraniyam" iti varnayat, "josh turner ityasya anantaram vaanijya-deshe hitt kartum sarvottamam swaram" iti cha varnayat."contry-universe ityasya lean-ward ityanena geetam bee-retting dattam, yat saha" yadyapi tarakiya-gaayan-pradarshanasy, drudha-samakaaleen-desheeyotpaadanasy, samanyataya aprabhaava-rachanaah cha iti krute bahu shreyah prapyamanaha asti "iti avadat, tathaapi gitasya cha" geetaatmak-madhura-durbalataam [yaani] adyaapi vismarana-asaadhyaani santi."2017 tame varshe" bilboard "ityasya yogadaanakartuh chak daafin ityeshah" da myaan aii want too bee "iti geetam yuvaanaam shreshtagitanam shirsha-10 suchyam prathamasthaane sthapitavan. sangeeta-veediyo. criss hikki ityanena nirdeshitam music-veediyo, 2009 december 3 dinaanke see. emm. tea. ityatra prathamapradarshitam abhavat. veediyo ityasmin, yuvakah bus-yanasya pratiksham kurwatah purushaah paarshve upavishyati, yah chaturthaamsham yuvakam adadat, tathaa cha tam devaaya doorabhaash-kaal kartum upadeshayati (swamitreem aahvayitum prayatane apekshayaa). tatah yuvakah doorabhaash-kendram uddishya gacchati, yadaa saha aahvayati tadaa tasyaah shayanakakshe tasya poorva-prema-ruchihi drushyante. eeshvarasya sanketah, prasthitasya pickup-trakku-ityasya shayane bruhad baanaroopen aagacchati. saha sanketaan anusaran nirantaram gacchati, ye tam nagaramadhyasthm kaafee-shaap prati netti, yatra saha padachari-maarge swasya prema-ruchim militavaan. veediyo samaaptam bhavati saha tasyaah saha parishkaranam akarot, yadaa bus-sthaanake sthitah purushah gatasya grey-hound ityasya kitakadwara drushtvaa swam apashyat. chart pradarshana. "da myaan aii want too bee" iti yu ityatra 58 tame sankhyayam prathamavaaram abhavat.ess. "2009 tame varshe november-masasya 28 dinaanke saptahasya "bilboard" iti haat-contry-gitanam soocheeh, yoo. e. madhye 98 tame sthaane aarabhyat.ess. "bilboard" iti maarch 27,2010 saptahasya haat 100 chaart iti, mey 22,2010 dinaankasya chaart ityatra "da myaan aii want too bee" iti, yuvasya dwiteeya-krama-prathama-eka-geetam abhavat.

naan irukka virumbum manithar (paadal) "naan irukka virumbum manithar" enbathu brett james mattrum dimm nicholls aakiyoaraal ezhuthappatta oru paadal, maelum america naattuppura isaik kalaignar chriss young enbavaraal pathivu seiyappattathu. idhu navambar 2009 ill avarathu aalbamaana "thii maen aii vaand duu pee" (2009) inn moontraavathu thanippaadal mattrum thalaippup paadalaaga veliyidappattathu. inthap paadal, munnaal kaathalanai maattra paadagi yaarai maattra virumbukiraar enbathaip pattriyathu. inththa paadal vimarsagargalidamirunthu nermaraiyaana vimarsanangkalaip pettrathu, avarkal yangkin kural seyalthiran mattrum james stravuttin thayaarippai menmaiyaana paadalkalaich saemiththatharkaagap paaraattinar. "naan irukka virumbum manithar" "vilambarap palagaiyil" soodaana naattuppura paadalkalin tharavarisaiyil thodarchchiyaaga ainthu muthalidaththil irunththa ilainyargalin irandaavathu vetrtriyaaka irunththathu. idhu muraiyae "vilambarap palagai" hott 100 mattrum kanadiyan hott 100 aagiya irandilum 48 mattrum 81 vadhu idangkalai ettiyathu. americavil oru milliyanukkum athigamaana unitugal vitrtratharkaaka inththa paadal rhea niruvanatthaal platinum saantrithazh pettrathu. chriss hiikii iyakkiya inthap paadalukkaana isai veediyoavil, oru paerunthu niruththaththil ulla ilainyargal thanathu munnaal kaathaliyaik kandupidikka uthavuvatharkaaka oru tholaipaesi saavadi moolam kadavulai azhaippathaik kaattukirathu. ulladakkam. "naan irukka virumbum manithar" enbathu oru mithamaana app-tempo naattuppura paadal. paadalin aann kadhai solbavar "manithan [avar] eppadi irukka virumbukiraar enbathai vivarikkiraar."muthal vasanaththil avar thaan seiya vaendiya manithar alla enbathai unarnthu (" "naan enn vaazhnaal muzhuvathaiyum thavaraagap purinthukondaen" ") kadavulin udhaviyai maattra virumbuvathaaga vivarikkiraar". irandaavathu vasanaththil, avar thanathu pazhaiya kaathalanai meendum peravum, avalukku sariyaana manithanaaga irukkavum ("aval kanavugalil paarkkum vagaiyaana manithanaaga naan irukka virumbukiraen") aengkukiraar. vimarsana reethiyaana varavaerpu. enjin 145 inn juulii thangki paadalukku oru "kattaiviral" kodutthaar, "sila varigal kurippaaga nagarththuvatharku sattru menmaiyaanavai", "ilam adhai virkirathu, avar thanathu kayirin mudivil iruppathaip poala unmaiyilaeyae olikkirathu mattrum ketpavargalai praarththikkirathu."keeth whitely" "sattrae ninaivoottum" "mattrum" "josh turnerukkup piragu vaniga naattirkuth thaakkiya sirantha kural" "endrum thangkiyin kural seyalthiran vivariththathu"."naattuppura pirabanjaththin leane vaardu inththa paadalukku oru pii-mathippeettai valangkinaar, avar" "oru natchatthira kural seyalthiran, thidamaana samagaala naattuppura thayaarippu mattrum podhuvaaga moasamaana isaiyamaippaaga iruppatharkaaga niraiya paaraattukalukku thaguthiyaanavar" "endru koorinaar, inthap paadalil" "paadal mattrum mellisai palaveenangkal ullana [avai] innum kavanikka mudiyaathavai"."2017 aam aandil," "vilambarap palagaiyin" "bangalippaalar sakk duffin," "naan irukka virumbum manithar" "thanathu muthal 10 ilam paadalkalin pattiyalil muthalidaththil irunthaar". music veediyoa. chriss hiikii iyakkiya music veediyoa, disambar 3,2009 andru cmt-yill thiraiyidappattathu. veediyoavil, oru baiyan oru paerunththukkaaga kaatthirukkum oru manithanukku arugil amarnthirukkiraan, avar kaall pakuthiyaik kuzhandhaiyaagak kondu kadavulidam oru tholaipaesi alaippu seiyumaaru arivuruththukiraar (thanathu kaathaliyai alaikka muyarchippathai vida). pinnar oru tholaipaesi saavadikkuch sellum ilaignan, avar thanathu azhaippaich seiyumpoathu, avarathu padukkaiyaraiyil avarathu munnaal kaathal aarvaththin kaatchigal kaattappadugindrana. kadavulidamirundhu oru adaiyaalam kadanthu sellum pickup trekkin padukkaiyil oru periya ambu vadivil varukirathu. avar thodarnthu arikurigalaip pinpattrukiraar, idhu avarai oru nagara kaapi kadaikku alaiththuch selkirathu, angku avar nadaipaathaiyil thanathu kaathal aarvatthai santhikkiraar. veediyoavil avar avaludan samarasam seivathoadu mudivadaigirathu, athae neraththil paerunthu niruththaththilirunthu varum nabar kadanthu sellum grehavundin jannal vazhiyaagap paarththu thannaip paarththu punnagaikkiraar. vilakkappada seyalthiran. "naan irukka virumbum manithar" yuu ill 58 vadhu idaththil arimugamaanaar.ess. "navambar 28,2009 vaarathirkaana "vilambarap palagaiyin" soodaana naattuppura paadalkalin tharavarisai, idhu americavil 98 vadhu idaththil arimugamaanathu.ess. "vilambarap palagaiyil" "maarch 27,2010 vaarathirkaana hott 100 vilakkappadam. mae 22,2010 thethiyitta vilakkappadaththil," "naan irukka virumbum manithar" "ilainyargalin irandaavathu thodarchchiyaana nambar onn single aanaar".

neenu kaavaalanukune vyakti (paata) "dhi myaan ii want tuu bii" anedi brett james mariyu tim nicolus raasina paata, mariyu american country music artiste criss young record chesaaru. idhi november 2009loe athani album "dhi myaan ii want tuu bii" (2009) nundi moodava single mariyu taitil trackga vidudalaindi. eee paata maajee premikudini sarididdadaaniki taanu evaro maarchaalani korukune gayakudi gurinchi. eee paata vimarsakula nundi saanukuula sameekshalanu andukundi, vaaru young yokka gaatra pradarsananu mariyu james stroud yokka nirmaanaanni mruduvaina saahityaanni bhadraparichinanduku prasamsimchaaru. "dhi myaan ii want tuu bii" "billboard hott country sangs chaartlo varusaga aidu number vann hitlalo young rendavadi. idhi "billboard" hott 100 mariyu kenadian hott 100 rendintiloonuu varusaga 48 mariyu 81va sthaanaalaku cherukundi. eee paata united stateslo oka million unitlaku paiga ammudainanduku rhea chetha platinum certificate pondindi. criss hickey darsakatvam vahinchina eee paata kosam oka sangeeta veediyo, oka bus stop vadda unna yuvakulu thana maajee priyuraalini kanugonadamlo sahaayapadataaniki phone booth dwara devuniki coll cheyadam choopistundi. content. "neenu undaalanukuntunna vyakti" anedi mitamaina up-tempo country paata. paata yokka maga kathakudu "manishi [athanu] elaa undalanukuntunnado vivaristaadu."modati padyam athanu taanu cheyalsina vyakti kaadani grahinchi (" "neenu naa jeevitamantaa anthaa tappu chesaanu" ") mariyu devuni sahayam maaraalani korukuntunnanani vivaristundi". rendava padyamloo, athanu thana paatha premikudini tirigi pondaalani, mariyu athanu aameku paripuurna vyakti kaavaalani korukuntadu ("aame thana kalalalo chuse vyaktini neenu kavalanukuntunnanu"). vimarsanaatmaka spandana. injin 145kii chendina juuli taanki eee paataku "brotanavellu" icchaaru, "konni saahityam mukhyamgaa kadilinchadaaniki konchem mruduvugaa unnappatikee", "yuvakudiki adhi ammudavutundi, athanu thana taadu chivara unnatlugaa mariyu vinee evarinainaa praardhistunnatlu anipistundi."taanki young yokka gaatra pradarsananu keeth vitleeni" "konchem gurtuchestundi" "mariyu" "josh turner tarvaata vaanijya deshaanni taakina uttama vois" "gaa abhivarninchaaru"."country universe yokka leane ward eee paataku bii-rating icchaaru, athanu" "oka nakshatra gaatra pradarsana, ghanamaina samakaaleena desheeya nirmaanam mariyu saadhaaranamgaa asabhyakaramaina kuurpuku chaalaa ghanataku arhulu" "anie paerkontuu, eee paatalo" "lyrical mariyu sraavyamaina balaheenatalu [avi] ippatikee vismarinchadam asadhyam"."2017loe," "billboard" "contributor chuck doffin thana yuvakula uttama paatala jaabitaalo modati 10 sthaanaallo" "neenu undaalanukuntunna vyakti" "nii modati sthaanamlo unchaadu". music veediyo. criss hickey darsakatvam vahinchina music veediyo, december 3,2009naa CMTloe pradarsinchabadindi. veediyolo, yuvakudu bassu kosam vechi unna vyakti pakkana kuurchunnaadu, athanu naaluginta oka vanthu chinnavaadini chestaadu mariyu devuniki phone coll cheyamani salaha istaadu (thana priyuraalini pilavadaaniki prayatninchakundaa). aaa taruvaata yuvakudu oka telephone boothku veltaadu, athanu coll chestunnappudu, aame padakagadilo padi unna athani maajee prema aasakti drushyaalu chuupabadataayi. devuni nundi oka gurthu oka pedda baanam roopamlo oka pickup trucku mancham meeda vastundi. athanu sankethaalanu anusaristuunae untaadu, idhi atanni down town coffey shaapuku teesukuvelutundi, akkada athanu kalibatapai thana prema aasaktini kalustaadu. veediyo athanu aametho sarididdukovadamto mugustundi, ayithe bus stop nundi vacchina vyakti oka velutunna grayhound kitikee gundaa chuusi thana vaipu taanu navvukuntaadu. chaart paniteeru. "neenu kavalanukuntunna vyakti" yuu loe 58va sthaanamlo adugupettadu.ess. "november 28,2009 vaaraaniki "billboard" hott country sangs chaart, mariyu idhi U loe 98va sthaanamlo praarambhamaindi.ess. "marchi 27,2010 vaaraaniki billboard" "hott 100 chaart. mae 22,2010 naati chaartulo," "dhi myaan ii want tuu bii" "young yokka varusaga rendava number vann single ayindi".

wah aadmi juu mein bunna chahta hoan (gaana) "dee meen aayee waant tuu bee" eek gaana hay jasay breat jaims aur tumm nakolas nay likhaa hay aur asay americi kantri music artist curse yang nay record kiyaa hay. asay nomber 2009 mein inn kay album "dee meen aayee waant tuu bee" (2009) kay teesre sangal aur tytle track kay toor parr release kiyaa gayaa thaa. yaha gaana iss gulukaar kay baaray mein hay juu yaha tabdil karnaa chahta hay kahh wah eek saabiq premi kuu coone behatar banaa rehaa hay. gaaney kuu naqdin kii taraf say masbat jaizay milay jinhon nay naujawan kii suutee karkardgi aur jaims strowed kii production kuu naram dhann kuu bachanay kay liye saraha. "mein juu aadmi bunna chahta hoan" wah "bull board" hott kantri gaanon kay chaart parr naujawan kii muslisil paanch number eek hutt filmon mein say dosra thaa. yaha baltarteeb "bull board" hott 100 aur canadian hott 100 donon parr 48 aur 81 number parr pahunch gayaa. iss gaaney kuu america mein duss laakh say ziyadah units farokhat karnay parr riyaa nay platinum kii sund dee thee. gaaney kay liye eek music vidio jiss kii hidayat kaaree curse hakee nay kii hay mein eek buss stop parr naujawan kuu apnee sabqah garal friend kuu talaash karnay mein madad kay liye phone booth kay zariye khadaa say kaal kartay hoay dikhaya gayaa hay. mawaad. "mein juu aadmi bunna chahta hoan" eek aitedal pasand app-tempo kantri gaana hay. gaaney kaa mard rawi biyaan kartaa hay kahh "aadmi [wah] kiss tarah kaa bunna chahta hay."pehli aayat mein asay yaha ahsaas hotaa hay kahh wah wah aadmi nahein hay jasay asay honaa chahiye thaa (" "mein nay apnee poori zindagi ghalat tareeqe say guzaari hay" ") aur yaha biyaan kartay hoay kahh wah khadaa kii madad chahta hay kahh wah badal jaaye. dosri aayat mein wah apnay paraaney premi kuu waps laanay aur iss kay liye kaamil aadmi bannay kaa khwahan hay ("mein iss qasm kaa aadmi bunna chahta hoan jasay wah apnay khwabon mein dekhti hay"). tanqidi isteqbaliya. anjan 145 kii jooli thanki nay gaaney kuu "thumbs app" deetay hoay kahaa kahh agarcha "kachh boul khaas toor parr harkat pazeer honay kay liye qadray naram haine"yee leakin "naujawan asay bechta hay waaqee aisa lagtaa hay jeesay wah apnee rasee kay aakhir mein hay aur harr iss say duaa kartaa hay juu sunay gaa."taanki nay yang kii suutee karkardgi kuu keeth whitely kii" "qadray yaad dehani" "aur" "josh turner kay baad tajarti milk kuu maarnay waali behtareen aawaz" "kay toor parr bhee biyaan kiyaa."milki kainaat kay leane waard nay gaaney kuu bee-reting deetay hoay kahaa kahh agarcha wah" "eek shandar suutee karkardagi thoos asree milki production aur aam toor parr ghair jarhana composition honay kay liye behat ziyadah creadt kay hqdar haine"yee iss gaaney mein khood "" geeth kii aur sareeli kamzooriyan haine [jinhein] nazar andaaz karnaa abb bhee namumkin hay. "2017 mein" "bull board" "mein hasah leenay waalay chukk dofen nay" "wah aadmi jasay mein bunna chahta hoan" "kuu naujawan kay behtareen gaanon kii apnee topp 10 fehrist mein pehley number parr rakhaa. music video. music vidio jiss kii hidayat kaaree curse hakee nay kii thee kaa premier 3 dasambar 2009 kuu see ayem tye parr hawaa. video mein naujawan buss kaa intezar karnay waalay eek aadmi kay saath bethta hay juu eek chothayi jawaan hotaa hay aur asay khadaa kuu phone karnay kaa mashurah deeta hay (bajaye iss kay kahh wah apnee garal friend kuu kaal karnay kii koshish karay). naujawan phir eek teeli phone booth parr jaataa hay aur jabb wah apnee kaal kartaa hay tuu iss kay sonay kay kamray mein padee iss kii sabqah mohabat kay munazir dikhaye jaatay haine. khadaa kii taraf say eek nashaan guzartay hoay pukk app trick kay bastar parr eek baday teer kii shakal mein aataa hay. wah ashaaron kii peervi kartaa rehta hay juu asay shehar kay markaz mein kaafi shaap kii taraf lay jaatay haine jehaan wah fitt paath parr apnee mohabat kii dilchaspi say milta hay. video kaa ikhtatam iss kay saath iss kay saath salah karnay kay saath hotaa hay jabkah buss stop say aaney waala aadmi guzartay hoay giray hound kii khidki say dekhta hay aur apnee taraf maskarata hay. chaart kii karkardgi. "wah aadmi juu mein bunna chahta hoan" nay yuu parr 58 number parr debio kiyaa.aiss. "28 nomber 2009 kay haftay kay liye "bull board" hott kantri gaanon kaa chaart aur yaha yuu parr 98 wein number parr sharoo hawaa.aiss. "bull board" 27 maarch 2010 kay haftay kay liye garm 100 chaart. 22 mayee 2010 kay chaart parr "" wah aadmi juu mein bunna chahta hoan "naujawan kaa muslisil dosra number eek sangal bunn gayaa.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32378417

Seat belt legislation in Canada

Seat belt legislation in Canada Seat belt legislation in Canada is left to the provinces. All provinces in Canada have primary enforcement seat belt laws, which allow a police officer to stop and ticket a driver if they observed a violation. Ontario was the first province to pass a law which required vehicle occupants to wear seat belts, a law that came into effect on January 1, 1976. The laws by province. This table contains a brief summary of all seatbelt laws in Canada. This list includes only seatbelt laws, which often do not themselves apply to children; however, all provinces and territories have separate child restraint laws. A subsequent offense may be higher.

kanadat chitt belt aain kanadat chitt belt aain prodexxomuhor uporot eri diya hoise. kanadar xokolu prodexot prathomikbhabe proyug koraa chitt belt aain aase, jiye ejon aarokhyi bixoyajonok jodi kunu ulonghon lokhyo kore tente ejon salokok rakhiboloi aaru tikot diboloi onumoti diye. ontorio "aasil prothom prodex jiye ekhon aain pronoyon korisil zo" too baahonor salokxokole chitt belt pindhar proyujon aasil, jitu aain 1976 sonor 1 januaryr poraa karzokori hoisil. prodex onuxori aain. ei talikat kanadar xokolu sitbelt aainor ek xongkhipto xarangxo aase. ei talikat kewol sitbelt aain ontorbhukto aase, jibur praye xixur khetrot projujyo nohoy; obosye, xokolu prodex aaru oncholore prithok xixu niyontron aain aase. poroborti oporadh odhik hoh "bob paare.

kanada seat belt aain kanada seat belt aain prodeshgulir upor chhede deoa hoyeche. kanadar samasta prodeshe prathomik prayogkari seat belt aain royeche, jaa ekjon pulish officerke konao langghan lakkhya korle ekjon chalokke thamate ebong ticket deoar anumati deyo. ontario prothom pradesh jaa ekti aain pusses korey jaa janbahone thaka byaktider seat belt porar prayojan chhilo, ekti aain jaa 1 januari, 1976 theke karjokor hoyechilo. pradesh anujayi aain. eyi tabile kanadar samasta sitbelt aainer ekti sangkhipto sarsongkhep royeche. eyi talika shudhumatra sitbelt aain antarbhukta royeche, jaa prayashai shishuder khettre prajojya hoy naa; tobey, samasta pradesh ebong anchalgulite prithak shishu niyantran aain royeche. poroborti aporadh arow beshi hotey paare.

kenedama seat belt kaayado kenedama seat belt kaayado praanto parr chhodi devaamaa aavyo chhe. kenedana tamaam praantomaa praathmeek amalikaran seat belt kaayadao chhe, jeey police adheekarine ullanghan jovaa maley too driverne rokvani aneey ticket aapvani manjuri aape chhe. ontario aee kaayado pasaar karnaar pratham praant hato jemaa vaahanmaa bethelaa lokoae seat belt pahervani jaroor hatee, jeey kaayado 1 january, january roj amalmaa aavyo hato. praant dwara kaayada. aaa koshtakma kenedana tamaam seatbelt kaayadaono sankshipt saransh chhe. aaa yaadimaa maatra seatbelt kaayadaono samaavesh thaay chhe, jeey ghanivaar baadakone laagu padata nathee; jooe keey, tamaam praanto aneey pradeshomaa alag baad pratibandh kaayadao chhe. pachhino guno vadhu hoi shake chhe.

kanada mein seat belt kaanoon kanada mein seat belt kaanoon praanton parr chhod diyaa gayaa haye. kanada key sabhi praanton mein praathamik pravartan seat belt kaanoon hain, joe ack pulis adhikaari koo rokane aur ullanghan dekhane parr ack chaalak koo tikat dene kii anumati dete hain. ontario pahala praant thaa jisane ack kaanoon paarit kiya jisamen vaahan mein savaar logon koo seat belt pahanane kii aavashyakta thee, ack kaanoon joe 1 janwari, 1976 koo lagu huaa. praant dwara kaanoon. iss talika mein kanada mein sabhi seatbelt kaanoonon kaa sankshipt saransh haye. iss soochi mein kewal seatbelt kaanoon shamil hain, joe aksar bachchon parr lagu naheen hotey hain; haalaanki, sabhi praanton aur kshetron mein alag-alag baal pratibandh kaanoon hain. baad kaa aparaadh adhik hoe sakata haye.

kenadaadalli seat belt shasana kenadaadalli seat belt shaasanavannu praantyagalige bidalaagide. kenadaada ellah praantyagalu praathamika jaari seat belt kaanunugalannu hondive, idu police adhikaarige ullanghaneyannu gamanisidare chalakanannu nillisalu mattu ticket maadalu avakasha niiduttade. vaahana savaararu seat beltgalannu dharisuva kaanoonannu jaarige tanda modala praantyavendare ontario, idu janavari 1,1976 randu jaarige banda kaanoonu. praantyada kaanunugalu. ee koshtakavu kenadaada ellah seat belt kaanunugala sankshipta saaraamshavannu olagondide. ee pattiyalli seat belt kaanunugalu maatra serive, avu samanyavagi makkalige anvayisuvudilla; aadaagyoo, ellah praantyagalu mattu praantyagalu pratyeka makkala niyantrana kaanunugalannu hondive. nantarada aparaadhavu idakkinta hechchagirabahudu.

kaanadayile seett beltt niyamam kaanadayile seett beltt niyamanirmmanam pravisyakalkku vittukodukkunnu. kaanadayile ellah pravisyakalkkum praadhamika enfozhsment seett beltt niyamangalund, ithu oru police udyogasthane oru lamghanam nireekshikkukayaanenkil oru drivere nirthaanum ticket cheyyaanum anuvadikkunnu. vaahanamodikkunnavar seett beltt dharikkanamenn nirbandhikkunna niyamam pasakia aadyathe pravisyayaanu ontaariyo, 1976 januvari 1 nuu praabalyatthil vanna oru niyamam. pravishya anusarichu niyamangal. kaanadayile ellah seett beltt niyamangaludeyum oru hraswa sangraham eee pattikayil adangiyirikkunnu. eee pattikayil seett beltt niyamangal maathrame ulppedunnulloo, avaa palappozhum kuttikalkk baadhakamalla; ennirunnaalum, ellah pravisyakalkkum pradeshangalkkum prathyeka shisu niyanthrana niyamangalund. thudarnnulla kuttakrithyam ithilum valuthayirikkaam.

canadamadhil seat belt kayade canadatil seat belt kayade prantanvar sodale jaatat. canadatil serve prantanmadhye seat beltchi amalbajavani karnare prathamik kayade aahet, jeey polis adhikaonyala vahanchalkala tyanni ullanghan kelyache pahilyas thambavanyachi aanee tikit denyachi parvanagi detat. vahanchalakanna seat belt ghalane aavashyak asalela kayada sammat karnara auntario haah pahila prant hota, joou kayada 1 janewari 1976 roji lagoo jhaala. prantanusar kayade. yaa taktyat canadatil serve seatbelt kayadyancha sankshipt saransh aahe. yaa yadeet keval seatbelt kayade samavisht aahet, jeey anekada mulanna lagoo hott naheet; tathapi, serve prant aanee pradeshanmadhye swatantra baal pratibandh kayade aahet. tyanantarcha gunha adhik asoo shakato.

canadama seat belt kanuna canadama sitt belt kanuna prantaharuma chhodiyo. canadaka sabai prantaharuma prathamik prawartan sitt belt kanunharu chhan, jasle ek prahari adhikarilai rokna rar ullanghan bhaeko awalokan gare driverlai tikat dina anumati dinchha. ontario pahilo pranta thiyo jasle kanuna parit gareko thiyo jasma sawari sadhanma basneharule sitt belt lagauna awashyak thiyo, june kanuna janawari 1,1976 maa lagu bhayo. prantanusar kanuna. yass talikale canadaka sabai sitbelt kanunharuko sankshipta saransh samawesh gardacha. yass suchima sitbelt kanunharu matra samawesh chhan, june prayaha balbalikaharuma lagu hundaina; yadyapi, sabai pranta rar kshetraharuma chhuttai ball niyantran kanunharu chhan. tyasapachhiko aparadh ajha badhi huna sakchha.

kanadare siit belt ine kanadare siit belt ine pradesh upare chhadi diajaichhi. kanadara samasta pradeshare prathamika prabartana siit belt ine achhi, jaahaa jane police adhikarinku jane draivaranku atakaibaku ebong ticket debaku anumathi die jadi semane eka ullanghana lakhya karanti . ontario pratham pradesh thila jieki eka ine parita karithila jeunthire janabahanare basithiba lokanku siit belt pindhiba aabasyaka thila, eka ine jaahaa januari 1,1976 ray karjyakaree hoithila . pradesh anujai ine. ehi saaraneere kanadara samasta siit belt einer sankhipta saransha rahichhi. ehi talikare kebala siit belt ine antarbhukta, jaahaa prajatah pilamananka paain prajujya nuhen; tathapi, samasta pradesh ebong anchalare pruthaka shishu nijantrana ine achhi . parabarti aparadha adhika hoipare.

canada witch seet bellet kanoon canada witch seet bellet kanoon subiaan utte chhadd ditta giaa haii. canada dey saare subiaan witch seet bellet lagu curran dey mudhle kanoon hunn, joe ikk pulis adhikari noon ikk driver noon rokann atey ticket denh dee aagiaa dinde hunn jey unhan neey ulanghna vekhi haii. ontario pahila sooba see jiss neey ikk kanoon paas keeta jiss witch vaahan swaran noon seet bellet pahinan dee zaroorat see, ikk kanoon joe 1 janwari, 1976 noon lagu hoiaa see. prant anusar kanoon. iss saarnee witch canada dey saare seet bellet kanoonan daa sankhep sankhep haii. iss suchi witch siraf seet bellet kanoon shamal hunn, joe aksar bacchiaan utte lagu naheen hunde hunn; halanki, saare subiaan atey pradeshan witch vakkhre baal sanjam kanoon hunn. iss toon baad daa apradh vadhere hoow sakda haii.

kanadadeshe seat belt adhiniyamah kenada-deshe seat-belt-vidhihi prantanam krute eva vikshiptah asti. kenada-deshasya sarveshu praanteshu praathamikaprawartan-seat-belt-vidhihi santi, ye arakshakadhikarinam, yadi te ullanghanam avadan tarhi chalakasya viraamam kartum, tiket kartum cha anumanyante. ontario-pradesha prathamah praantah aasit yah ekam vidhim paritavan yasmin vaahanachaalakaah seat-belt-dharitum aavashyakam aasit, yah vidhihi 1976 janavaree 1 dinaanke amaleekaranam abhavat. prantanusaram vidhihi. asmin saaranee kenada-deshasya sarvaani seat-belt-niyamaah sankshiptaroopena soochayati. asmin suchyam kevalam seat-belt-vidhihi eva antarbhavanti, yaani praayah balanam krute naa vartante; tathaapi, sarveshu praanteshu, pradesheshu cha pruthak baal-niyantrana-vidhihi santi. tadanantaram aparaadhah adhikah bhavitum arhati.

kanadaavil seed belt sattam kanadaavil irukkai belt sattam maakaanangkalukku vidappadugirathu. kanadaavil ulla anaitthu maakaanangkalilum muthanmai amalakka seed belt sattangal ullana, idhu oru bolees adhigaari oru oottunarai avarkal meeruvathaik kavanitthaal niruththavum dickett edukkavum anumathikkirathu. vaaganaththil iruppavargal seed belt aniya vaendum endra sattaththai iyatrtriya muthal maagaanam onrariyoa aagum, idhu janavari 1,1976 andru nadaimuraikku vanthathu. maagaanaththin adippadaiyil sattangal. inththa attavanaiyil kanadaavil ulla anaitthu seed belt sattangalin surukkamaana surukkam ullathu. inththa pattiyalil seed belt sattangal mattumae ullana, avai perumpaalum kuzhandhaigalukku porunthaathu; iruppinum, anaitthu maakaanangkal mattrum pirathaesangkalil thanithani kuzhandhai kattuppaadu sattangal ullana. aduthaduththa kuttram athigamaaga irukkalaam.

kenadaalo seat belt chattam kenadaalo seat belt chattam praavinsulaku vadiliveyabadindi. kenadaaloni anni provinceulalo praathamika amalu seat belt chattalu unnaayi, ivi oka pooliisu adhikari ullanghananu gamaninchinatlayithe drivernu aapadaniki mariyu ticket ivvadaaniki anumatistaayi. vaahanadaarulu seat beltulu dharinchaalane chattanni aamodinchina modati provins antario, idhi janavari 1,1976 nundi amaluloki vacchina chattam. provins prakaram chattalu. eee pattikalo kenadaaloni anni seat belt chattaala sankshipta saaraamsam undhi. eee jaabitaalo seatbelt chattalu matrame unnaayi, ivi tarachugaa pillalaku vartinchavu; ayithe, anni praavinsulu mariyu bhuubhaagaalaku pratyeka pillala niyantrana chattalu unnaayi. tadupari neram anthakante ekkuvagaa undavacchu.

canada mein seet bellet qanoon saazi canada mein seet bellet qanoon saazi soobon parr chhod dee gayee hay. canada kay tamaam soobon mein seet bellet kay nafaz kay bunyadi qawanin haine juu eek police afsar kuu ajazat deetay haine kahh wah driver kuu rook saktaa hay aur agar iss nay khalaaf warzi kaa mashahidah kiyaa tuu asay ticket day saktaa hay. oontario pehla subah thaa jiss nay eek qanoon manzoor kiyaa jiss mein gaadiyon mein sawaar afraad kuu seet bellet pehannay kii zarurat thee yaha qanoon yakam januri 1976 kuu naafiz hawaa. qanoon balgharz subah. iss jadool mein canada kay tamaam seet bellet qawanin kaa mukhtasir khalasah hay. iss fehrist mein sarf seet bellet kay qawanin shaamil haine juu aksar khood bachon parr laago nahein hotay haine vovo tahim tamaam soobon aur elaqon mein bachon kuu roknay kay alg qawanin haine. iss kay baad kaa jarm iss say ziyadah how saktaa hay.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31438273

"V" Is for Vengeance

"V" Is for Vengeance 2011 novel by Sue Grafton "V" Is for Vengeance is the 22nd novel in Sue Grafton's "Alphabet" series of mystery novels and features Kinsey Millhone, a private eye based in Santa Teresa, California, a fictional version of Santa Barbara, California. The novel, set in 1988, was released in the United States in November 2011. Plot summary. For the fourth straight novel in the Alphabet Mystery series, the viewpoint alternates between Millhone and other characters, principally Nora Vogelsang and Lorenzo Dante. The opening chapter, however, is told from the perspective of a well-to-do young man, Phillip Lanahan, who borrows money from Dante, misses the payback date, and then loses it playing poker in Las Vegas. Dante and his brother Cappi show up, and Dante agrees to take Phillip's Porsche as satisfaction of the debt. However, after Dante sends Phillip and Cappi up to look at the car, Cappi has thugs throw Phillip off the top of the parking garage to his death. In the main storyline, Millhone witnesses a woman shoplifting with a confederate inside the department store Nordstrom's. She tells a nearby clerk, who alerts store security, and they capture and arrest the woman, named Audrey, before she can escape. While this is going on, Millhone follows her confederate and is almost run over by her in the parking garage. Right after her release from jail, Audrey apparently commits suicide. Shortly thereafter, Millhone runs into a former boyfriend in the police department, Cheney Phillips, who is out for the evening with a vice officer, Len Priddy, and his much-younger girlfriend, Abbey. Len Priddy was a friend of Millhone's first husband and is a longtime enemy of hers. Priddy mocks the theory that Audrey was part of a shoplifting ring, but Audrey's boyfriend hires Millhone to investigate that theory. Meanwhile, Dante realizes that the police are closing in on his operation. Audrey had been head of his shoplifting operation, but Cappi murders her upon her release from jail because he believed she was about to turn them in. Dante believes that Cappi has been giving information to Priddy to set up his brother, so that he can take over. Nora, who has been drifting apart from her husband for the last three years (which we later learn began with the death of her son Phillip from her first marriage), learns that her lawyer husband is having an affair with his secretary. She decides to sell some jewelry to provide her with enough money to be able to leave her husband. She is referred to Dante, who is instantly drawn to her and offers her more than fair value for the ring. Against her better judgement she agrees to meet Dante, who becomes fascinated by Nora and all that she represents. Kinsey, still investigating the death of Audrey, has a sudden flash of inspiration from an offhanded comment by her client; she returns to the department store to view the video footage and notices a bumper sticker on the car which had almost run her down. This leads her to the accomplice. She discovers after trailing her for several days that she is the drop off person who deposits stolen goods into a fake charity's drop off box. The bags are then picked up minutes later by a truck that takes them to Dante's warehouse for distribution to various second hand stores around Southern California. When Kinsey gives Cheney a copy of her findings thus far, he tells her to back off as she could be endangering the life of a confidential informant. This causes her to do the exact opposite. She investigates further and slowly peels back the layers of the syndicate. Her old friend Pinky Ford (the man who gave her her first set of lock picks) comes to her office and asks her to hold on to some photos for him. Kinsey refuses. Later Lt. Priddy comes to the office looking for the photos and threatens Kinsey physically. She manages to track down Pinky and find out that the photos are blackmail material that Priddy has been using to get information from Pinky about Dante's operation. Pinky leaves Kinsey's care and returns home. Kinsey tracks Pinky to his home, to find Cappi holding Pinky's wife hostage. Cappi orders Kinsey to burn the photos and the negatives in the fireplace. Cappi leaves without harming anyone further, but an enraged Pinky gets his shotgun from the closet and follows him out to the street and shoots at him, but misses Cappi completely. Cappi fires off a couple of rounds that seem to miss everyone, and he flees the scene. When Kinsey and Pinky go back into the house, they see that his wife has been shot. She is taken to the hospital, where Pinky worries about how they can afford her treatment. Kinsey tracks down Dante at his office, where she tells him what has happened. Dante takes the time to set up an account at the hospital to take care of Pinky's wife, even though he is in the middle of preparing to leave the country. After feeding bad information to his brother Cappi, whom he suspected of leaking information to Priddy, Dante had tried to convince Nora to join him. He confessed that it was because of him that her son had been murdered, but that it was done without his knowledge or consent. He explained his motivation for lending Phillip the money and gave her the details of his trip. He leaves hoping that she will join him. On the day that Dante had told Cappi the computer records would be wiped out, Pinky's wife dies from her gunshot wound. Kinsey goes to Dante's warehouse to try to keep Pinky from killing Cappi, and sees federal authorities preparing to raid the warehouse. Looking for Pinky at the warehouse, she encounters Dante again. When the raid begins, Pinky is wounded in the leg by Cappi, who is eventually shot by police. Dante punches Kinsey in the face, knocking her out and preventing her from getting between Cappi and Pinky and possibly being shot herself. He then disappears into the maze of tunnels under the warehouse. He is picked up by his real secretary and makes it to the airport, where he has chartered a flight out of the country. Just as his plane is taxiing away from the gate, Nora arrives and leaves with him. Weeks later Dante's secretary comes to Kinsey's office to give her an envelope full of cash to make up for Dante punching her in the face, and also as payment for a job he wants her to do for him. Dante had recorded a conversation with Priddy that would implicate him in trying to gain control of Dante's operations, and which would put him in prison. Wary of contacting the proper authorities who might bury the information and never go after Priddy, Kinsey calls a 'gung ho' reporter who she knows will publish the story, after which the authorities will have no choice but to arrest and prosecute Priddy. Title. In late-April 2010, Grafton reported being "around 100 pages into [writing] it [this novel]" and that she "hasn't glommed onto a title yet". The book's title was officially announced on the author's Facebook page on April 8, 2011. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

"v" hoise protixudhor baabe "bhi" hoise protixudhor baabe syu graftonor "" bornomala "sringkholar 22 xongkhyok rohosyo uponyax aaru iyat californier xanta teresat owosthito californier xanta barbarar ek kalponik xongskoron kinse milhun naamor ek byoktigoto sokur kahini aase. 1988 sonor potobhumit nirmito ei uponyaxkhon 2011 sonor novembor maahot aamerikat mukti laabh korisil. plotor xarangxo. bornomalar rohosyo sringkholar soturtho punpotiya uponyaxkhonor baabe, milhon aaru onyanyo soritror maajot dristibhongi xoloni hoy, mukhyotoh noraa bhugelsang aaru lorenzu dante. obosye, prarombhik odhyaytu ejon xu-dhoni juwok phillip lanahanor dristikunor poraa kuwa hoise, ji danter poraa dhon dhaar loy, porixudhor tarikhtu heruway, aaru taar pisot laas bhegasot pukor kheli heruway. dante aaru teur bhatri kepiye uposthito hoy, aaru dante rinor xontusti hisape phillipor porcho lo 'boloi xonmot hoy. obosye, dante phillip aaru kepik garikhon saboloi pothiuwar pisot, kepiye thagere parking gerejor uporor poraa phillip pelai teur mrityur baabe diye. mool kahinitut, milhune department sto 'ror nordstromor bhitorot ekhon confederator xoite egoraki mohilar dukanot suri korar xakhyi hoy. taai usoror ejon clerkok koy, jiye dukanor nirapottar bixoye xotorko kore, aaru teuluke polayon korar aagotei oh 'dree naamor mohilak dhori greptar kore. eitu soli thokar xomoyot, milhune teur confederateok onuxoron kore aaru parking gerejot teur dwara pray khedi yaay. karagaror poraa mukti puwar thik pisote oh 'dreeye atmohoitya kore. taar kichu xomoyor pisote milhune aarokhyi bibhagor ejon prakton premika chenee philipsor xoite log paay, jijon ejon upo bixoya, lena predy aaru teur oti komm boyoxor premika, eber xoite xondhiyar baabe ulai yaay. lena predy milhunor prothom swamir bondhu aasil aaru teur dirghodiniya xotru. pririye ei totwotuk upohax kore je oh 'dree dukanor surir ringor ongxo aasil, kintu oh' dreer premike xei totwotur todonto koriboloi miloh 'noo niyug kore. ifale, dante upolobdhi kore je arokhyiye teur obhijan bondho kori dise. oh 'dree teur dukanor poraa suri koraa obhijanor murobbi aasil, kintu kepiye karagaror poraa mukti puwar pisot taik hotya kore kaaron teu biswax korisil je taai teulukok ghurai aanibo. dante biswax kore je kepiye predic teur bhatri sthapon koriboloi tothyo di aahise, jaate teu dayitwo lo 'bob paare. juwa tini bosor dhori swamir poraa prithok hoi thoka norai (jitu aami pisot janibo paaru je teur prothom bibahor poraa teur putro phillipor mrityur poraa aarombho hoisil) janibo paare je teur odhibokta swamir teur xosibor xoite xomporko aase. taai swamik eri jaboloi xokhyom hoh 'boloi porzapto dhon prodan koriboloi kichu gohona bikri korar xiddhanto loy. taik dante buli kuwa hoy, ji totkhyonat taair proti aakorxito hoy aaru taik ringtur baabe nyajyo mulyotkoi odhik prodan kore. teur unnot bisaror biporite taai dantek log paboloi xonmot hoy, ji nura aaru teu protinidhitwo koraa xokolure dwara aakorxito hoy. oh 'dreer mrityur todonto kori thoka kinchir usorot teur mokkelor etaa oporadhi montobyor poraa hothate ek preronar aabhax puwa yaay; teu video' phutej saboloi department sto "roloi ubhoti aahe aaru garikhonot etaa bumper sticker lokhyo kore ji teuk pray khoros korisil. ee taik xohojugir usoroloi loi yaay. keiba dinn dhori teuk pisuwai juwar pisot taai gom paay je taai hoise suri koraa xamogribur etaa bhuwa datobyo xongsthar drop off bakchot jomaa koraa drop off byokti. taar kichu minutor pisot ekhon trucke begbur tuli dokhyin californier aaxe-paxe thoka bibhinno send hend sto "roloi bitoron koriboloi danter gudamoloi loi yaay. jetiya kinseye senik etiyaloike puwa tothyor etaa protilipi diye, tetiya teu taik pisuwai jaboloi koy kiyonu taai ejon guponiyo tothyodatar jiwan bipodaponno koribo paare. iyar folot taai thik biporit kaamtu kore. taai aaru odhik todonto kore aaru laahe laahe xindicator storbur pisfale khuli diye. taair puroni bondhu pinky ford (jijone taik prothom lok pick disil) taair ofisoloi aahe aaru taik taair baabe kisuman photu dhori rakhiboloi koy. kinchiye oswikar kore. pisot el. ti. predy photubur bisari ofisoloi aahe aaru kinchik xaririkbhabe bhabuki diye. taai pinkyk bisari uliyaboloi byowostha kore aaru janibo paare je photubur blackmail xamogri jitu pririye pinkyr poraa danter ostrupsaror bixoye tothyo paboloi byobohar kori aase. pinkye kinchir jotno eri ghoroloi ubhoti aahe. kinchi pinkyk teur ghoroloi bisari uliyay, kepiye pinkyr potnik bondhok raakhi thoka bisari paay. kepiye kinchik photubur aaru netibasokbur ognikundot jwolai diboloi nirdex diye. kepiye aaru kaaru khyoti nokorakoi guchi yaay, kintu ejon krudho pinkye almarir poraa teur swotgantu paay aaru teuk potholoi onuxoron kore aaru teuk gulee kore, kintu kepik xompurnorupe heruway. kepiye dutaa round gulee soluwa dekha yaay jiye xokoluke heruwai peluwa zen laage, aaru teu drishyotur poraa polayon kore. jetiya kinchi aaru pinky ghoroloi ubhoti yaay, teuluke dekhe je teur potnik guliyai hotya koraa hoise. taik sikitsaloyoloi loi juwa hoy, zo "too pinkye teur sikitsar byoy kenekoi bohon koribo paare xei bixoye sintit hoy. kinseye teur karzaloyot danter xondhan kore, zo 'too taai teuk ki ghotisil koy. pinkyr potnir jotno lo 'boloi sikitsaloyot account etaa khular baabe dante xomoy loy, jodiu teu dex eri juwar prostutir maajot aase. teur bhatri kepik beyaa tothyo diyar pisot, jaak teu pridir usorot tothyo lick korar xondeh korisil, dante norak teur xoite jug diboloi preron koriboloi chesta korisil. teu swikar korisil je teur baabei taair putrok hotya koraa hoisil, kintu teur gyan baa xonmoti obihone ei hotyakando xonghotit hoisil. teu philipok dhon rino diyar baabe teur preronatu byakhya korisil aaru taik teur bhromonor xobixex disil. taai teur logot jug dibo buli aaxa kori teu guchi yaay. jedina dante kepik computeror recordbur mosi peluwa hoh 'bob buli koichil, pinkyr potnir bondukor gulito aahot hoi mrityu hoisil. kinchi pinkyk kepik hotya korar poraa rakhiboloi chesta koriboloi danter gudamoloi yaay, aaru federal kortripokhyoi gudamkhonot obhijan soluwar prostuti solai thoka dekhe. gudamkhonot pinky bisari taai punor dunter xoite mukhamukhi hoy. jetiya obhijan aarombho hoy, pinkyk kepiye bhorit aaghat kore, jaak owoxexot arokhyiye gulee kore. dante kinchir mukhot mustijudho kore, taik bahiroloi theli diye aaru taik kepi aaru pinkyr maajot juwat baadha diye aaru xombhobotoh nijoke guliyai hotya kore. taar pisot teu gudamor tolot xurongor gulokdharat odrishyo hoi yaay. teuk teur prokrito xosibe tuli loi yaay aaru bimanbondoroloi yaay, zo 'too teu dexor bahirot ekhon biman charter kore. teur bimankhon gator poraa duroloi texi solai thokar loge loge noraa aahi teur xoite guchi yaay. xoptahburor pisot danter xosibjone kinchir karzaloyoloi aahe aaru teuk nogod dhonore bhora etaa khaam diye jaate dante taair mukhot ghuri maare, aaru logote taai taair baabe etaa sakori koratu bisare taar baabe porixudh hisape. dante pridir xoite etaa kothupkothon record korisil jiye teuk danter karjyokolap niyontron korar chesta korat probhabito koribo, aaru ji teuk karagarot rakhibo. xothik kortripokhyor xoite jugajug korar poraa xabodhan hoi ji hoyotu tothyobur gusi dibo paare aaru ketiyau pridir pisot nayay, kinseye egoraki 'gong hu' xangbadikok phone kore ji jaane je kahinitu prokax koribo, jaar pisot kortripokhyor haatot predy-koo greptar kori gusor soluwar baahire kunu bikolpo nathakibo. xirunam. 2010 sonor april maahor xexor faale graftone "ei uponyaxkhon likhiboloi pray 100 pristha" buli ullekh korisil aaru teu "etiyau etaa xirunamor uporot soku furai naai" buli ullekh korisil. 2011 sonor 8 aprilot lekhokgorakir fesbuk pristhat kitapkhonor xirunam anusthanikbhabe ghuxona koraa hoisil.

"vee" holl protishodher jonno "vee iza phara vengence" holl syu graftoner "bornomala" sirijer rahasya uponyasher 22tomo uponyas ebong etey californier santa teresa vittik ekti byaktigato chokh, californier santa barbara ekti kalponik sanskaran, kinsey milhoneke dekhano hoyeche. 1988 saaler prekkhapote rachito uponyasti 2011 saaler novembore markin juktorashtre mukti paay. plot sarsongkhep. bornomalar rahasya sirijer choturtho sarasari uponyasher jonno, drishtibhongi milhone ebong anyanno choritrer modhye poribortito hoy, prodhanoto nora bhogelsang ebong lorenzo dante. tobey, udwodhoni adhyayti ekjon dhonee jubok phillip lanahaner drishtikon theke bolla hoyeche, jey dante theke ortho dhaar korey, porishodher tarikhti miss korey ebong tarpor laas vegase juju khele hariye yaay. dante ebong taar bhai cappy aase ebong dante riner santushti hisabe philliper porsha nitey raji hoy. zaihok, dante gaditi dekhar jonno phillip ebong kyapike pathanor porey, kyapike parking garrager upor theke phillip chhunde feley diye taar mrityu hoy. mool kahinite, milhone departmental store nordstromer vitore ekti confederater saathe ekjon mohilar dokan theke churi korar sakkhi. seey kachher ekjon keranike boley, jey dokaner nirapottake sotorko korey deyo ebong taaraa paliye yawar agei audrey naame mohilake dhorey feley ebong greptar korey. jokhon etty cholche, milhone taar confederateke anusaran korey ebong parking garrage pray taar dwara chaalito hoy. karagar theke mukti pawar thhik porei, audrey sposhtotoi atmohotta korey. err porpori, milhone pulish bibhager ekjon praktan premik, chenny phillipser saathe dekha korey, jey ekjon vice officer, leena predy ebong taar onek qama vayasi bandhobi aber saathe sandhyay baire yaay. leena predy milhoner prothom swamir bondhu chhilen ebong taar dirghodiner shatru. predy eyi tottotike upohas korey jey audrey ekti dokan theke churi korar chokrer ongsho chhilo, kintu audry premik seii tottoti todonter jonno milhoneke niyog korey. edike, dante bujhte paare jey pulish taar abhijan bondho korey dichche. audrey taar dokan theke churi korar abhijaner prodhan chhilen, kintu cappy taake hotya korey karagar theke mukti pawar porr kaaron seey biswas koroto jey seey taader firiye ditey choleche. dante biswas corren jey cappy predike taar bhaike bosanor jonno tothyo dichchilen, jaate tini dayitto nitey paren. nora, jey goto tinn bochor dhorey taar swamir theke alada hoye jachche (jaa amra porey jaante paari jey taar prothom bibah theke taar chhele philliper mrityur saathe shuru hoyechilo), jaante paare jey taar aainjibi swamir taar sachiber saathe somporko royeche. seey taar swamike chhede choley jete sokkhom howar jonno taake jotheshto ortho prodaner jonno kichhu goyna bikri korar siddhanta neyo. taake dante bolla hoy, jey totkkhonat taar proti akrishto hoy ebong taake ringyer jonno nyajya mulyer cheye beshi deyo. taar arow vall bicharer biruddhe seey dante-err saathe dekha korte raji hoy, jey nora ebong seey jaa protinidhitto korey taar dwara mugdho hoy. kinsey, ekhono audry mrityur todonto korche, taar mokkeler ekti offhanded montobbo theke hothat anuprerana peyeche; seey vdo footage dekhte departmental storey firey aase ebong gaadir upor ekti bumper sticker lakkhya korey jaa taake pray niche feley diyechilo. etty taake sangir kachhe niye yaay. besh koyek deane dhorey taake anusaran korar porr seey jaante paare jey seey seii drop off byakti jey churi koraa jinisguli ekti jaal datobbo sangosthar drop off baxe jomaa korey. koyek minit porey ekti truck bagguli tuley niye yaay jaa dakkhin californier ashepasher bivinno second hanned storey bitoroner jonno dante-err gudame niye yaay. jokhon kinsey chenir kachhe taar onusondhaner ekti anulipi deyo, tokhon seey taake pichu hotote boley kaaron seey ekjon gopaniya tothyodatar jeebonke biponno korte paare. err foley seey thhik biporito kaajti korey. seey arow todonto korey ebong dheere dheere syndicater storguli khosa chhadiye neyo. taar purno bondhu pinky phorda (jey lokti taake taar prothom lock pick diyechilo) taar office aase ebong taake taar jonno kichhu chhobi dhorey rakhte boley. kinsey aswikar korey. porey elti. predy chhabiguli khunjte office aase ebong kinsike sharirikbhabe humki deyo. seey pinky khunje berr korte sokkhom hoy ebong jaante paare jey chhabiguli blackmail upadan jaa predy pinkyr kachh theke danter apareshana somporke tothyo petey byabohar korche. pinky kinsir jotno chhede baadi firey aase. kinsey pinky taar barite anusaran korey, kyapike pinkyr streeke jimmi korey rakhte dekhe. cappy kinsike agnikunder chhobi ebong netibachakguli podanor nirdesh deyo. cappyr arr carro khoti naa korey choley yaay, kintu ekjon khubdho pinky almari theke taar shotgunti niye rastai taake anusaran korey ebong taake gully korey, kintu cappyr abhab puropuri theke yaay. cappy koyek round gully chaalaay jaa sobaike miss korey boley money hoy ebong seey ghotonasthol theke paliye yaay. kinsey ebong pinky jokhon barite firey yaay, tokhon taaraa dekhe jey taar streeke gully koraa hoyeche. taake hospitale niye yawa hoy, jekhane pinky taar chikitsar kharach taaraa kibhabe bohon korte paare taa niye chintito. kinsey taar office danteke khunje berr korey, jekhane seey taake boley jey qee ghoteche. dante pinkyr strir dekhashona korar jonno hospitale ekti account khulte somoy neyo, jodio seey desh chhadar prostutir majhkhane royeche. taar bhai kyapike kharap tothyo deoar porey, jaake seey predyr kachhe tothyo faans korar sandeha korechilo, dante norake taar saathe jog deoar jonno raji koranor chesta korechilo. tini sweekar korechen jey taanr karonei taanr chheleke hotya koraa hoyeche, tobey etty taanr ajante baa sammati chharai koraa hoyechilo. tini phillipke taaka dhaar deoar jonno taanr anuprerana byakhya korechilen ebong taake taanr bhromoner biboron diyechilen. seey eyi ashay choley yaay jey seey taar saathe jog debe. jedin dante kyapike computer recordguli muche fela hobey boley janiyechilen, sedin pinkyr stree taar gulir aghate maaraa zaan. kinsey pinky kyapike hotya koraa theke biroto rakhar chesta korte dante-rawr gudame yaay ebong federal kortripokkhoke gudame abhijan chaalaanor prostuti nitey dekhe. gudame pinkyr sandhan korte giye seey abar danter mukhomukhi hoy. jokhon abhijan shuru hoy, pinkyr paye cappyr aghat laage, jey shesh porjonto pulish dwara gulibiddho hoy. dante kinsir mukhe ghushi maarey, taake chhitke deyo ebong taake cappy ebong pinkyr modhye jete badha deyo ebong sombhoboto nijeke gully korey. tarpor seey gudamer niche sudanger golakdhandha modhye adrishya hoye yaay. taake taar asol sachib tuley niye bimanbandare pouchai, jekhane seey desher baire ekti biman bhada korey. thhik jokhon taar biman geeta theke doore taxie chalache, nora eshe taake niye choley yaay. koyek saptaha porey dante-rawr sachib kinsir office eshe taake nagad taaka diye bhora ekti khaam deyo jaate dante taar mukhe ghushi maarey ebong ekti kaajer jonno ortho pradan korey jaa seey chaay jey seey taar jonno koruk. dante predyr sange ekti kothopokothon record korechilen jaa taake dante-rawr karjokolap niyantran korar chestai joriye felbe ebong jaa taake karagare pathabe. sothik kortripokkher saathe jogajog korar bishoye sotorko, jaaraa hoyto tothyoti pudiye felte paare ebong kokhono prodityr pichhone jete paare naa, kinsey ekjon 'gung hoe' reporterke phone korey, jey jaane jey golpoti prakash korbe, jaar porey kortripokkher kachhe prody-keey greptar oo bitcher koraa chhada arr konao upay thakbe naa. shironam. 2010 saaler apriler shesher dike, grafton "etty [eyi uponyasti] lekhar jonno pray 100 pristha" boley report korechilen ebong tini "ekhono konao shironame ujjal hononi". 2011 saaler 8ee april lekhoker facebook peje boitir naam anusthanikbhabe ghoshana koraa hoy.

"vee" aee badalo levaa maate chhe "vee" "iz phora vengeons aee syu graftonni" "mulakshar" shreneeni rahasyamay navalkathaaoni navalkathaaoni navalkathaa chhe aneey temaa kinsey millon, california stheet santa terresa stheet aek khangi aankh, santa barbara, california noon kaalpaneek sanskaran darshavvama aavyu chhe ". " banelee aaa navalkathaa november november united statesma rajoo thaee hatee. plooat saransh. mulakshar rahasy shreneeni chothee seedhi navalkathaa maate, drashtikon milhon aneey anya paatro, mukhyatve noraa vogelsang aneey lorenzo daante vachche badalaay chhe. joke, sharuaatno adhyay aek samruddh yuvan phillip lanhanna drashtikonthi kahevama aave chhe, jeey daante pasethi naanaa uchhinaa leey chhe, chukavanini taarikh chooki jaay chhe aneey pachhi laas vegasma pokara rameene tene gumaavee deey chhe. daante aneey teno bhaai keppi dekhaay chhe, aneey daante devani santosh tareeke phillipna porshne levaa maate sammat thaay chhe. jooe keey, daante kaar jovaa maate phillip aneey kepee mokalya pachhi, kepee gundaaone parking gerejnee toach parthee phillip fenki deey chhe jethee temnu mrutyu thaay. mukhya kathaama, milhon department store nordstromnee andar aek sangh saathe aek maheelani dukanmathi choree karatee juae chhe. teey najiknaa kaarkunne kahe chhe, jeey dukanni surakshaane chetvani aape chhe, aneey teo odri naamnee maheelane teey bhaagi jaay teey pahelaa pakadi leey chhe aneey dharapkad karey chhe. jyaare aaa chaali rahyu hoya, tyaare milhon tenaa sanghane anusare chhe aneey parking gerejmaa lagbhag tenaa dwara dodavvama aave chhe. jailmathi chhutya pachhi tarat jaj, odree dekheeti reete aatmahatya karey chhe. tyarbad toonk samayma, milhon police vibhagma bhutpurv boyfriend, chenee phillipsne maley chhe, jeey wies officer, leena predy aneey tenee khoob jaj naanee girlfriend, abby saathe sanje bahaar jaay chhe. leena predy milhonnaa pratham patini mitra hatee aneey laambaa samaythi tenaa dushman chhe. pradee aee siddhantni majaak udaave chhe keey odree dukanmathi choree karatee vinteeno bhaag hato, parantu odreeno boyfriend teey siddhantni tapaas karvaa maate meelonne raakhe chhe. darmiyan, daantene khabar padey chhe keey police tenee kaamgeereene bundh curry rahee chhe. odree tenee dukanmathi choree karvaanaa operationno vadaa hato, parantu keppi jailmathi chhutya pachhi tenee hatyaa karey chhe kaaran keey tene laagtu hatoo keey teey temne andar laee javaani chhe. daante maane chhe keey keppi predine tenaa bhaaini sthaapnaa karvaa maate maahitee aapee rahyo chhe, jethee teey sattaa sambhaali shake. noraa, jeey chhella trana varshthi tenaa pateethi alag thaee rahee chhe (jeey aapane pachhithi tenaa pratham lagnathi tenaa putra phillipna mrutyu saathe sharoo thayu teey sheekhiae chhiae), tene khabar padey chhe keey tenaa vakeel patinaa tenaa sacheev saathe afair chhe. tenee tenaa pateene chhodi javaa maate purtaa paisa aapvaa maate ketlaak gharenaa vechvaanu nakki karey chhe. teneene daante tareeke odakhvaamaa aave chhe, jeey tarat jaj tenee taraf aakarshaay chhe aneey tene vintee maate vaajbi moolya karataa vadhu ofara karey chhe. tenaa vadhu saaraa nirnayni viruddhma teey daantene malvaa sammat thaay chhe, jeey noraa aneey teey jeey pratinidhitva karey chhe tenaathi moheet thaee jaay chhe. kinsey, jeey haju pann odrinaa mrutyuni tapaas curry rahee chhe, tene tenaa clientnee aek apmanjanak tippanithi achaanak prernaa maley chhe; teey videeyo footage jovaa maate department store parr parat farey chhe aneey kaar parr bumper sticker juae chhe jeey tene lagbhag neeche fenki deey chhe. aaa teneene saathee taraf doree jaay chhe. ghanaa divaso sudhee tenee paachhal rahyaa pachhi teneene khabar padey chhe keey teey aek aevee vyaktee chhe jeey choreeno maal nakali charityna drop off boxma jamaa karaave chhe. pachhi thodee minito pachhi aek truck dwara theleeo levaamaa aave chhe jeey temne dakshin keliforniyani aaspasna viveedh second hanned storsemaa vitaran karvaa maate daantena warehousema laee jaay chhe. jyaare kinsey cheneene tenaa atyaar sudhinaa taaranoni nakal aape chhe, tyaare teey tene pichhehath karvaa kahe chhe kaaran keey teey goopt maahitee aapnarna jeevanne jokhamma mookie shake chhe. aaa teneene barabar vipareet karvaa maatenu kaaran baney chhe. teey vadhu tapaas karey chhe aneey dheeme dheeme sindiketnaa starone paachhu chhaal karey chhe. teneeni juunii mitra pinky phorda (jeey vyakteeae teneene taalu lagaavvaano pahelo seeta aapyo hato) teneeni officema aave chhe aneey teneene tenaa maate ketlaak fotaa raakhvaa kahe chhe. kinsey naa paade chhe. baadmaa aela. tii. predy fotaa shodhvaa maate officema aave chhe aneey kinseyne shaaririk dhamki aape chhe. teey pinkyne shodhvaamaa safal thaay chhe aneey shodhe chhe keey fotaa blackmail samagri chhe jeno upyog danteni kamgiri vishe pinky pasethi maahitee melavaa maate predy curry rahee chhe. pinky kinsini sambhaal chhodi deey chhe aneey ghare parat farey chhe. kinsey pinkyne tenaa ghare track karey chhe, kepine pinkini patneene bandhak banaaveene shodhe chhe. keppi kinseyne fireplacemaa fotaa aneey nakaaraatmakne baadee nakhvano aadesh aape chhe. keppi koine vadhu nuksan pahonchadya vinaa neekali jaay chhe, parantu gusse pinky kabatmathi tenee shotgun melve chhe aneey tene shereemaa anusare chhe aneey tenaa parr golibaar karey chhe, parantu kepine sampurnpane chooki jaay chhe. keppi beey round golibaar karey chhe jeey darekne chooki jaay tevu laage chhe, aneey teey drashyamathi bhaagi jaay chhe. jyaare kinsey aneey pinky ghare paachha jaay chhe, tyaare teo juae chhe keey tenee patneene golee maaree devaamaa aavee chhe. teneene hospitalma laee javama aave chhe, jyaan pinkyne chinta thaay chhe keey teo tenee saarvaar kevee reete parvadi shake chhe. kinsey daantene tenee officema shodhee kaadhe chhe, jyaan teey tene kahe chhe keey shun thayu chhe. daante desh chhodvani taiyarima hovaa chhataa, pinkini patneeni sambhaal raakhvaa maate hospitalma khaatu kholvaa maate samay kaadhe chhe. tenaa bhaai keppine khotee maahitee aapyaa pachhi, jene tene predine maahitee leak karvaanee shankaa hatee, daante noraane tenee saathe jodava maate manaavvaano prayaas karyo hato. tene kaboolaat curry keey tenaa kaarane jaj tenaa putrani hatyaa karvaamaa aavee hatee, parantu teey tenee jaana athavaa sammatee vinaa karvaamaa aavee hatee. temane phillipne naanaa uchhinaa aapvaa maatena temnaa prerane samjaavyu aneey temne temnee safarnee vigato aapee. teey tenee saathe jodai jashe tevee aashae teey tyaanthi neekali jaay chhe. jeey divase daante kepine kahyoo hatoo keey computernaa reqorda bhunsi nakhvama aavashe, teey divase pinkini patnee tenaa goleenaa ghaathi mrutyu paame chhe. kinsey pinkyne kepine maarvaathi bachavva maate daantena warehousema jaay chhe, aneey federal sattavalaone warehouse parr daroda paadvaani taiyari kartaa juae chhe. warehousema pinkini shodhamaa, tenee fareethi daanteno saamno karey chhe. jyaare daroda sharoo thaay chhe, tyaare pinkyne kepee dwara pagmaa ijaa thaay chhe, jene aakhare police dwara golee marvama aave chhe. daante kinseyne chahera parr mukko maare chhe, tene bahaar fenki deey chhe aneey tene kepee aneey pinky vachche jataa atkaave chhe aneey kadaach potaane golee maaree leey chhe. teey pachhi teey warehouse hethal tunnelni bhulbhulamanima adrushya thaee jaay chhe. tene tenaa vaastavik sacheev dwara levaamaa aave chhe aneey teey airport parr pahonche chhe, jyaan tene deshmathi bahaar javaa maate vimaan bhaade leedhu chhe. jaim tenu vimaan darvajamathi door jaee rahyu chhe, tema noraa aave chhe aneey tenee saathe neekali jaay chhe. athvaadiyaao pachhi daanteno sacheev kinsini officema aave chhe aneey tene rokadthee bharelu parbidiyu aape chhe jethee daante tenaa chahera parr mukko maare aneey teey nokarini chukavani tareeke pann teey ichchhe chhe keey teey tenaa maate karey. daante predy saatheni vaatchit reqorda curry hatee jeey tene daanteni kamgiri parr niyantran melavaanaa prayasma fasavshe, aneey jeey tene jailma dhakeli deshe. yogya adheekariono sampark karvaathi savchet raho keey jeo maahiteene dafnaavi shake chhe aneey kyaarey pradini paachhal naa jaay, kinsey 'gung hoow' reporterne bolaave chhe, jeey jaane chhe keey vaarta prakashit karashe, tyarbad adheekario paase pradini dharapkad karvaa aneey tenee saame kaaryvaahi karvaa sivaay koee vikalp raheshe nahee. sheershak. april april antamaa, graftne ahewal aapyo keey "[aaa navalkathaa] lakhvaamaa lagbhag 100 paanaa" chhe aneey teneeae "haju sudhee koee sheershak parr chamakyu nathee". pustaknaa shirshakni sattavaar jaaherat lekhaknaa facebook pej parr 8 april, april roj karvaamaa aavee hatee.

"v" pratishodh key liye haye "vee" "pratishodh key liye haye, yeh rahasya upanyason kii suu grafton kii" "varnamala" shrinkhala kaa 22vaan upanyaas haye aur isamen kinsey milhon, saanta terresa, california mein adharit ack niji aankh, saanta barbara, california kaa ack kaalpanik sanskaran haye. 1988 mein sthaapit yeh upanyaas navambar 2011 mein sanyukt raajya america mein jaari kiya gayaa thaa. kathaanak kaa saransh. varnamala rahasya shrinkhala mein chauthe seedhe upanyaas key liye, drishtikon milon aur anya paatron, mukhya roop seey nora vogelsang aur lorenzo dante key beach baari-baari seey aataa haye. halanki, shuruati adhyaay koo ack sampann yuva vyakti, phillip lanahan key drishtikon seey bataaya gayaa haye, joe daante seey paise udhaar letaa haye, bhugtan kii tarikh seey chook jaataa haye, aur phir laas vegas mein pokar khelate hue khou detaa haye. daante aur uska bhaai cappy dikhaai dete hain, aur daante rinn kii santushti key roop mein phillip key porsch koo lene key liye sahmat hoe jaate hain. haalaanki, daante dwara kaar koo dekhane key liye phillip aur cappy bhejane key baad, cappy ney thugs koo parking garrage key sheersh seey phillip fenk diyaa jisase usaki maut hoe gaee. mukhya kahani mein, milhon department store nordstrom key ander ack mahila koo ack sangh key saath dukaan seey chori karate hue dekhta haye. vaha paas key ack clerk koo bataati haye, joe dukaan kii suraksha koo sachet kartaa haye, aur way audry naam kii mahila koo pakad lete hain aur usase pahale kii vaha butch sakey, usey giraftar curr lete hain. jaba yeh chala rhaa haye, milhon apane sangh kaa anusaran karati haye aur parking garrage mein lagbhag usake dwara bhaag jaati haye. jail seey riha honey key turant baad, audry spasht roop seey aatmahatya curr letee haye. isake turant baad, milon pulis vibhaag mein ack poorv premi, chenny phillips seey milata haye, joe shaam koo ack upa adhikaari, laine pridy aur usaki bahut chhoti premika, abby key saath baahar jaataa haye. laine pridy milhon key pahale pati kii dost thee aur lambe samay seey usaki dushman haye. pridy iss siddhant kaa majaak udaataa haye kii audry ack dukaan seey chori karane vaali angoothi kaa hissa thaa, lekin audry kaa premi usa siddhant kii jaanch karane key liye milhon koo kaam parr rakhta haye. iss beach, daante koo pataa chalata haye kii pulis usake operation koo bund curr rahee haye. audry apane dukaan seey chori karane key abhiyaan kaa pramukh thaa, lekin cappy jail seey riha honey parr usaki hatyaa curr detaa haye kyonki usey lagata thaa kii vaha unhein ander karane vaali thee. daante kaa maanana haye kii cappy pridy koo apane bhaai koo sthaapit karane key liye jaankaari dey rhaa haye, taaki vaha padbhar sambhal sakey. nora, joe pichhale teen varshon seey apane pati seey alag hoe rahee haye (joe hamein baad mein pataa chalata haye kii usake bete phillip kii mrityu seey usaki pahali shaadi seey shuru hui), koo pataa chalata haye kii usake vakeel pati kaa usake sachiv key saath sambandh haye. vaha apane pati koo chhodane mein saksham honey key liye usey paryaapt paisa pradaan karane key liye kuchh gahane bechane kaa faisala karati haye. usey daante key paas bheja jaataa haye, joe turant usaki or aakarshit hoe jaataa haye aur usey angoothi key liye uchit moolya seey adhik pradaan kartaa haye. apane behtar nirnay key khilaf vaha daante seey milane key liye sahmat hoe jaati haye, joe nora aur vaha joe kuchh bhee pratinidhitva karati haye usase mohit hoe jaati haye. kinsey, joe abhee bhee audrey kii mrityu kii jaanch curr rahee haye, usake muvakkil kii ack offhanded tippani seey achaanak prerana milati haye; vaha video footage dekhane key liye department store mein lautati haye aur kaar parr ack bumper sticker dekhti haye joe usey lagbhag neeche chalaa gayaa thaa. yeh usey saathi kii or leey jaataa haye. usey kaee dinon taka peechhe rahane key baad pataa chalata haye kii vaha vaha vyakti haye joe chori kaa saman ack nakali daan key drop off boxes mein jamaa kartaa haye. phir kuchh minaton baad ack truck dwara thaile uthaaye jaate hain joe unhein dakshini california key aspas key vibhinn puraane stores mein vitaran key liye daante key godam mein leey jaataa haye. jaba kinsey chenny koo usake nishkarshon kii ack prati detaa haye, tou vaha usey peechhe hatane key liye kahata haye kyonki vaha ack gopaniya soochana dene vaale key jeevan koo khatare mein daal sakati haye. yeh usey bilkul vipareet karane kaa kaaran banata haye. vaha aage kii jaanch karati haye aur dheere-dheere syndicate kii paraton koo peechhe hataa detee haye. usaki purani dost pinky ford (vaha aadami jisane usey taalaa chunane kaa pahala sett diyaa thaa) usake karyalaya mein aatee haye aur usey usake liye kuchh tasveeren rakhane key liye kahati haye. kinsey manaa curr detaa haye. baad mein ell. tii. pridy tasveeron kii talash mein karyalaya mein aataa haye aur rishtedaar koo shaaririk roop seey dhamki detaa haye. vaha gulabi rung kaa pataa lagaane kaa prabandhan karati haye aur pataa lagaati haye kii tasveeren blackmail samagri hain jinka upayog prindy dante key operation key baare mein gulabi seey jaankaari praapt karane key liye curr rahee haye. gulabi rung kii kiranon kii dekhbhal chhod detaa haye aur ghar lautata haye. pinky kii patni koo bandhak banaate hue cappy koo khojane key liye kinsey apane ghar mein gulabi rung kaa peechha kartaa haye. cappy ney kinsey koo aag mein tasveeron aur nakaratmak koo jalaane kaa adesh diyaa. cappy kissy koo aur nuksan pahunchaae binaa chalaa jaataa haye, lekin ack krodhit gulabi almari seey apani shotgun letaa haye aur uska peechha kartaa haye aur sadak parr goli chalaata haye, lekin cappy koo poori tarah seey yaad kartaa haye. cappy kuchh round fayer kartaa haye joe sabhi koo yaad kartaa haye, aur vaha ghatnasthal seey bhaag jaataa haye. jaba kinsey aur pinky ghar mein vaapas jaate hain, tou way dekhate hain kii unaki patni koo goli maar dee gaee haye. usey aspatal leey jaaya jaataa haye, jahan gulabi koo chinta hoti haye kii way uska ilaaj kaise curr sakate hain. kinsey daante koo usake karyalaya mein track kartaa haye, jahan vaha usey bataati haye kii kyaa huaa haye. daante pinky kii patni kii dekhbhal key liye aspatal mein ack khaata sthaapit karane key liye samay nikaalata haye, bhale hii vaha desh chhodane kii taiyari key beach mein hoe. apane bhaai cappy koo galat jaankaari dene key baad, jise usey pridy koo jaankaari leak karane kaa sandeh thaa, daante ney nora koo usake saath shamil honey key liye manaane kii koshish kii thee. usane sweekaar kiya kii usake bete kii hatyaa usake kaaran hui thee, lekin yeh usaki jaankaari yaa sahamati key binaa kiya gayaa thaa. unhone phillip koo paise udhaar dene key liye apani prerana key baare mein bataaya aur unhein apani yatra kaa vivaran diyaa. vaha iss ummeed mein chalaa jaataa haye kii vaha usake saath shamil hoe jaayegi. jiss dinn daante ney cappy koo bataaya thaa kii computer record mitaa diye jaayenge, usa dinn pinky kii patni kii goli lagane seey maut hoe jaati haye. kinsey pinky koo cappy koo maarne seey rokane kii koshish karane key liye daante key godam mein jaataa haye, aur sanghiya adhikaariyon koo godam parr chhaapa maarne kii taiyari karate hue dekhta haye. godam mein gulabi rung kii talash mein, vaha phir seey daante seey milati haye. jaba chhaapa shuru hotaa haye, tou pinky koo cappy dwara pair mein ghayal curr diyaa jaataa haye, jise antatah pulis dwara goli maar dee jaati haye. daante ney kinsey koo chehare parr ghoonsa maaraa, usey baahar fenk diyaa aur usey cappy aur pinky key beach jaane seey rokaa aur sambhavatah khud koo goli maar lii. phir vaha godam key neeche surangon kii bhulbhulaiya mein gayab hoe jaataa haye. usey usake vaastavik sachiv dwara uthaaya jaataa haye aur havaai adde parr pahunch jaataa haye, jahan usane desh seey baahar udaan bharee haye. jaise hii uska vimaan gett seey door taxi curr rhaa haye, nora aatee haye aur usake saath chully jaati haye. hafton baad daante kaa sachiv usey nakadi seey bharaa ack lifafa dene key liye kinsey key karyalaya mein aataa haye taaki daante key chehare parr ghoonsa maarne kii bharpai kii jaa sakey, aur ack naukari key liye bhugtan key roop mein bhee vaha chaahata haye kii vaha usake liye karey. daante ney pridy key saath ack baatchit record kii thee joe usey daante key sanchaalan parr niyantran hassil karane kii koshish mein fansaati thee, aur joe usey jail mein daal detee thee. uchit adhikaariyon seey sampark karane seey savdhan rahein joe jaankaari koo dafan curr sakate hain aur kabhi bhee pruddy key peechhe naheen jaa sakate hain, kinsey ack 'gung hoe' reporter koo phone karati haye jise vaha jaanati haye kii vaha kahani prakaashit karegi, jisake baad adhikaariyon key paas pridy koo giraftar karane aur mukadama chalaane key alawa koee vikalp naheen hoga. sheershak. aprail 2010 key anta mein, grafton ney bataaya kii "ise [iss upanyaas koo] likhane mein lagbhag 100 prishth hain" aur unhone "abhee taka ack sheershak parr prakaash naheen daala haye. pustak key sheershak kii ghoshana aadhikarik taur parr lekhak key facebook pays parr 8 aprail, 2011 koo kii gaee thee.

"vii" endare pratikaarakkaagi "vii" ees phaar vengence embudu syoo grafton "" varnamale "" sarani nigoodha kaadambarigala 22neey kaadambariyaagide mattu californiada saantaa terresa moolada khasagi kannaada kinsey milhone annu olagondide, idu californiada saantaa baarbaraada kaalpanika aavruttiyaagide ". 1988rahra hinneleya ee kadambariyu 2011rahra novembernalli americadalli bidugadeyaayitu. kathaavastuvina saramsha. varnamaleya nigoodha saraniya nalkane nera kaadambariyalli, drashtikonavu milhone mattu itara patragala naduve badalaaguttade, mukhyavaagi nora vogelsang mattu lorenzo dante. aadaagyoo, arambhika adhyayavannu srimanta yuvakanaada phillip lanahan drashtikonadinda helalaaguttade, avanu danteninda hanavannu eravalu padeyuttaane, marupavati dinankavannu tappisikolluttaane mattu nantara laas vegasnalli pokar aaduvudannu kaledukolluttaane. dante mattu avana sahodara cappy kanisikolluttare, mattu dante phillip avara paarsheyannu saalada truptiyagi tegedukollalu opputtaare. aadaagyoo, dante kaarannu nodalu phillip mattu capigalannu kaluhisida nantara, cappy kallarannu parking garragen meelbhaagadinda phillip annu eseyuvante maaduttaane. mukhya kathaahandaradalli, milhone department store nordstramnolage okkootadondige mahileyobbalu angadiyalli kallatana maaduvudannu noduttaane. avalu hattirada gumastanige heluttaale, avaru angadia bhadrateyannu echcharisuttaare, mattu avaru audry emba mahileyannu tappisikolluva modale bandhisuttaare mattu bandhisuttaare. idu nadeyuttiruvaga, milhone tanna okkootavannu himbaalisuttaale mattu parking garragenalli avalannu bahuteka odisuttaale. jailininda bidugadeyaada takshana, audry atmahatye maadikolluttaale. swalpa samayada nantara, milhone police ilaakheya maaji geleya cheni phillips avarannu bhetiyaguttane, avaru upa adhikari lenn pridy mattu avana kiriya gelati abbeyondige sanje horagiruttaare. lenn priddy milhone modala gandana sneehitanaagiddalu mattu avala deerghakaalada shatruvaagiddalu. adriyu angadi kallatanada ungurada bhagavagiddanemba siddhaantavannu priddy apahasya maaduttaane, aadare aaa siddhaantavannu tanikhe maadalu adria geleya milhonnannu nemisikolluttaane. etanmadhye, polisaru tanna karyacharaneyannu muchchuttiddare endu daante aritukolluttaane. adriyu tanna angadia kallatana karyacharaneya mukhyasthanagiddanu, aadare cappy jailininda bidugadeyaada nantara avalannu kolluttaane ekendare avalu avarannu olage tirugisaliddaale endu avanu nambiddanu. priddy tanna sahodaranannu sthapisalu cappy aatanige maahitiyannu niiduttiddaane, idarindaagi aata adhikara vahisikollabahudu endu dante nambuttaare. kaleda mooru varshagalinda tanna patiyinda doora sariyuttiruva nora (idu aakeya modala maduveyinda maga phillip maranadondige praarambhavaayitu endu naavu nantara tilidukollutteve), tanna vakeela pathi tanna kaaryadarshiyondige sambandha hondiddaane endu tiliyuttade. tanna gandanannu bittu hogalu saadhyavaaguvashtu hanavannu odagisalu avalu kelavu aabharanagalannu marata maadalu nirdharisuttaale. aakeyannu dante endu kareyalaaguttade, aake takshana aakeyatta akarshitalaguttale mattu ungurakke nyaayayuta moulyakkinta hechchinadannu niiduttaale. tanna uttama nirnayakke viruddhavaagi, avalu dante avarannu bhetiyagalu opputtaale, avaru nora mattu avalu pratinidhisuva elladara bagge akarshitaraguttare. kinsey, innoo adria saavina bagge tanikhe nadesuttiddu, tanna kakshidarana offhanded kaamentninda hathat sphoortiyannu padeyuttaale; avalu video tunukannu nodalu department storge hintiruguttaale mattu kaarina mele bumper sticker annu gamanisuttaale, adhu avalannu bahuteka kelage odiside. idu avalannu sangaatiya balige karedoyyuttade. kalavu maadida vastugalannu nakali datti samstheya drop off baxnelli thewani maaduva vyakti taanendu halavaaru dinagala kaala tannannu himbaalisida nantara avalu kandukolluttaale. kelavu nimishagala nantara aaa chilagalannu daksina californiada suttamuttalina vividha second hanned maligegalige vitarisalu ondu truck avugalannu dantena ugraanakke karedoyyuttade. kinsiu chenige illiyavaregina tanna samshoodhanegala pratiyannu niididaaga, avalu gaupya maahitidaarana jeevakke apaayavannuntumaadutdirbahu hinde sariyuvante avanu avalige heluttaane. idu aakege nikharavaagi viruddhavaadaddannu maadalu kaaranavaaguttade. avalu mattashtu tanikhe nadesuttaale mattu nidhaanavaagi sindiketna padaragalannu sippesuliyuttaale. avala haleya sneehita pinky ford (avala modala lock picks needida vyakti) avala kacherige bandu avaligaagi kelavu photogalannu hididittukollalu kelikolluttaane. kinsey niraakarisuttaane. nantara ell. priddy photogalannu hudukutta kacherige bandu kinsiyannu daihikavagi bedarisuttaane. avalu pinkiyannu pattehachchalu nirvahisuttaale mattu aaa photogalu blackmail vastugalaagiddu, dante avara karyacharaneya bagge pinkiyavarinda maahitiyannu padeyalu pridy balasuttiddaare endu kandukolluttaale. pinky kinsia aaraikeyannu bittu manege maraluttade. pinkiyannu himbaalisuva kinsiu, pinky hendatiyannu otteyaalaagi hididiruva cappy yannu tanna manege karedoyyuttaane. cappy kinsiyannu chayachitragalannu mattu runatmaka amshagalannu aggistikegalalli sudalu adeshisuttane. cappy yaarigu mattashtu haani maadade horatu hoguttaane, aadare kopagonda pinky tanna shotgun annu kapaatinallinda tegedukondu beediyalli avanannu himbalisuttane mattu avana mele gundu haarisuttaane, aadare cappy sampoornavaagi tappisikolluttaane. ellarannoo miss madikolluvantaha wanderadu suttugalannu cappy haarisuttaane mattu avanu aaa drashyadinda odihoguttaane. kinsey mattu pinky manege hintirugidaaga, avara patniyannu gundikki kollalaagide endu avaru noduttaare. aakeyannu aaspatrege karedoyyalaaguttade, allie pinky tanna chikitseyannu avaru hege bharisabahudu embudara bagge chintisuttaare. kinsiu avana kacheriyallina dantenannu pattehachchuttaale, allie avalu enaayitu endu avanige heluttaale. pinky deshavannu toreyalu tayari nadesuttiddaroo, avana hendatiyannu nodikollalu aaspatreyalli khaateyannu tereyalu dante samaya tegedukolluttaane. tanna sahodara capiyavarige ketta maahitiyannu needida nantara, aata tanna sahodarana bagge maahitiyannu sorike maaduttaane endu shankisidda dante, tannondige seralu norara manavolisalu prayatnisiddanu. tanna maganannu kole maadiddu tanage kaaranavendu aata oppikondiddaane, aadare adannu tanage tiliyade athawa oppigeyillade maadalaagide endu oppikondiddaane. philipge saala needuva tanna preraneyannu aata vivarisidanu mattu tanna pravaasada vivaragalannu avalige niididanu. avalu tannondige seruttaale emba niriksheyalli avanu horatu hoguttaane. computer daakhalegalannu alisihaakalaaguttade endu danteyu capige helida dina, pinky patni tanna gundetinindaada gaayadinda saayuttaale. pinky cappy kolluvudannu tadeyalu kinsey dantena ugraanakke hoguttaane mattu federal adhikaarigalu ugraanada mele daali maadalu tayari nadesuvudannu noduttaane. godamina bully pinkigaagi hudukutta, avalu matte dantenannu edurisuttaale. daali prarambhavadaga, pinky kaalige cappy gaayagolisuttaane, antimavagi aataninda polisaru gundu harisuttare. dante kinsia mukakke guddi, avalannu horage talluttaane mattu avalu cappy mattu pinky naduve hoguvudannu tadeyuttaane mattu bahushah tannannu taanu gundu harisikolluttane. nantara avanu ugraanada kelagiruva surangagala jatiladalli kanmareyaguttade. avana nijavaada karyadarshiyu avanannu ettikondu vimaana nildaanakke taluputtaane, allie avanu deshadinda horage vimaanavannu baadigege padediddaane. avana vimaanavu getninda doora hoguttiruvaga, nora bandu avanondige horatu hoguttaane. vaaragala nantara dante avara karyadarshi kinsia kacherige bandu, dante aakeya mukakke guddidaddannu saridoogisalu mattu avalu tanagaagi maadabekendu avanu bayasuva kelasakke hana pavatisalu nagadu tumbida lakoteyannu avalige niiduttaane. dante avaru pridiyondigina sambhashaneyannu record maadiddaru, adhu dante avara karyacharanegala mele niyantranavannu padeyalu prayatnisuvudaralli avanannu silukisuttade mattu adhu avanannu jailige haakuttade. maahitiyannu muchchihaakuva mattu endigoo predidy hinde beelada sariyaada adhikaarigalannu samparkisuva echcharikeyinda, kinsey 'gung hoow' varadigaaranannu kareyuttaale, avaru katheyannu prakatisuttaare endu tilididdaare, nantara adhikaarigalige predidy avarannu bandhisi kaanoonu krama kaigolluvudannu horatupadisi bere ayke iruvudilla. shirshike. 2010rahra april antyadalli, grafton "idannu [ee kaadambariyannu] bareyalu sumaru 100 putagalu" endu varadi maadidaru mattu avaru "innoo shirshikeya mele holeyalilla". ee pustakada shirshikeyannu lekhakara facebook putadalli april 8,2011 randu adhikrutavaagi ghooshisalaayitu.

"vii" ennathu prathikaarathinullathaanu. "vii" ees phoor venchans syoo graafttante "" aksharamala "parambarayile 22-aamathe novalaanu, koodaathe kaaliforniyayile santa barbarayude saangalppika pathippaya kaaliforniyayile santa terreza aasthaanamaayulla oru swakaarya kannu kinsey milhon avatharippikkunnu". 1988-ll chithreekaricha eee noval 2011 novemberil amerikkayil puratthirangi. plott sangraham. aksharamaalayude misttari seereesile naalaamathe novalil, milhon mattu kathaapaathrangalum, pradhaanamaayum nora vogelsang, lorenzo daante ennivaykkidayil kaazhchappaad marimari varunnu. ennirunnaalum, aadya adhyayam, daanettil ninnu panam kadam vaangukayum thirichadavu theeyathi nashtappedutthukayum laas vegasile pokkar kalikkunnathu nashtappedutthukayum cheiyunna sambannanaaya oru cheruppakkaaranaaya philipp lanahanekkurichulla kazhchappadil ninnaan parayunnath. dantheyum sahodaran kappiyum athukayum kadathinte samthrupthiyaayi philipinte porshe edukkaan daanthe sammathikkukayum cheiyunnu. ennirunnaalum, kaar nokkaan daanthe fillip kappiyum ayachathinushesham, kaappi gundakale parking gaarejinte mukalil ninnu phillip erinjukalayukayum maranam sambhavikkukayum cheiyunnu. pradhana kathayil, department store nordstromsinullil oru konfedarettinoppam oru sthree kadayil ninnu moshtikkunnathine milhon kaanunnu. aval aduthulla oru clerkinode parayunnu, avar store security munnariyipp nalkunnu, avar rakshappedunnathinu munbu oodri enna sthriye pidikoodukayum arast cheyyukayum cheiyunnu. ithu nadakkumbol, milhon avalude konfedarettine pinthudarukayum parking gaarejil aval eathaandu avale idichukalayukayum cheiyunnu. jayilil ninnu mochithayaaya udan thanne, oodri aathmahathya cheiyunnu. taamasiyaathe, milhon police departmentile oru muun kaamukanaaya cheni phillips ennayaale kandumuttunnu, avan oru vais offeesaraaya lenne pridy, thante valare cheruppakkaariyaaya kaamukiyaya abbe ennivarodoppam vaikunneram purathupokunnu. milhoninte aadya bharthaavinte suhruthum deerghakaala sathruvumaaya lenne pridy milhoninte aadya bharthaavaayirunnu. oodre oru kadayil ninnu moshanam nadathunna mothiratthinte bhagamaayirunnuvenna sidhaanthathe pridy parihasikkunnu, ennaal oodriyude kaamukan aaa sidhaantham anweshikkaan milhon niyamikkunnu. athesamayam, police thante ooppareshan avasaanippikkukayaanenna daanthe manassilakkunnu. oodri thante kadayil ninnu moshana pravartthanatthinte thalavanaayirunnu, pakshe avar avare akathekku tirikkaan pookukayaanennu vishwasichathinaal jayilil ninnu mochithayaayappol kaappi avale kolappeduthunnu. predic thante sahodarane sthaapikkaan kaappi vivarangal nalkunnundennu daane vishwasikkunnu, angane addehathinu chumatala ettedukkaan kazhiyum. kazhinja moonnu varshamaayi bharthaavil ninnu akannupookunna nora (aadya vivaahathil ninnu makan philipp marichathodeyaanu ithu aarambhichathenn pinneedu naam manassilakkunnu), thante abhibhaashaka bharthaavinu thante sekrattariyumaayi bandhamundennu manassilakkunnu. bharthaavine upekshikkaan kazhiyunnathra panam nalkunnathinaayi kurachu aabharanangal wilkan aval theerumaanikkunnu. avale daanthe ennu vilikkunnu, aval thalkshanam avalilekku aakarshikkappedukayum mothirathinu nyayamaaya moolyathekkaal kooduthal vaagdaanam cheyyukayum cheiyunnu. avalude mikacha theerumaanathinu virudhamaayi aval danteye kaanaan sammathikkunnu, aval norayilum aval prathinidheekarikkunna ellah kaaryangalilum aakarshikkappedunnu. oodriyude maranam anweshikkunna kinsick avalude kakshiyude oru offhended abhipraayathil ninnu pettennulla prachodanam labhikkunnu; viidiyoo drishyangal kaanaan aval department storilekku madangukayum kaaril oru bumper stikkar shradhikkukayum cheiyunnu, athu avale eathaandu thaazheyirakki. ithu avale koottaaliyilekku nayikkunnu. moshticha saadhanangal oru vyaja chaarittiyude drope oof boxil nikshepikkunna aalaan thaanenn divasangalolam thanne pinthudarnnathinu sesham aval kandethunnu. minittukalkk sesham oru truck baagukal eduthu thekkan kaaliforniyaykku chuttumulla vividha second hand storukalilekku vitharanam cheiyunnathinaayi daantheyude warehouseilekku kondupookunnu. cheniyude ithuvare kandethiya kandethalukalude oru pakarpp kinsey nalkumbol, aval oru rahasya vivaradaathaavinte jeevan apakadathilaakkiyekkaamenathe pinmaran avan avalodu parayunnu. ithu avale nere vipareethamaayi cheyyaan prerippikkunnu. aval kooduthal anweshikkukayum sindikkettinte paalikal pathukke puranthallukayum cheiyunnu. avalude pazhaya suhruthu pinky foord (avalude aadyathe loock pikkukal nalkia manushyan) avalude offeesil vannu avalkkayi chila phottokal edukkaan aavashyappedunnu. kinsey visammathikkunnu. pinneedu ell. pridy phottokal thedi offeesil varikayum kinsi shaareerikamaayi bheeshanippeduthukayum cheiyunnu. pinky kandethaanum phottokal blackmayil metteeriyalaanennu kandethaanum avalkk kazhiyum, athu pinkyil ninnu daantheyude pravarthanathekkurichu vivarangal nedaan pridy upayogikkunnu. pinky kinsiyude paricharanam upekshichu veettilekku madangunnu. pinkiyude bharya bandiakkiya kaappi kinsey thante veettilekku pinky track cheiyunnu. photokalum negatteevum aduppil kathikkaan kaappi kinsiode utharavidunnu. kaappi aareyum upadravikkaathe pookunnu, pakshe prakopithanaaya oru pinky alamarayil ninnu thante shotgan eduthu theruviloode pinthudarukayum vedivaykkukayum cheiyunnu, pakshe kaappi poornnamaayum nashtappedunnu. ellaavareyum nashtappedunnuvennu thonnunna rund roundukal kaappi vedivaykkukayum avan sambhavasthalathu ninnu rakshappedukayum cheiyunnu. kinsey pinky veettilekku madangumbol, bhaaryaykk vediyettathaayi avar kaanunnu. avale ashupathriyil kondupookunnu, avide avarkk engane chikitsa thangaan kazhiyumennu pinky aashankappedunnu. kinsey danteye ayaalude offeesil kandethukayum avide enthaanu sambhavichathenn avalodu parayukayum cheiyunnu. raajyam vidaan thayyaaredukkunnathinide aanenkilum pinkiyude bharya paripalikkaan ashupathriyil oru akkoundu aarambikkaan daanthe samayamedukkunnu. predic vivarangal chorthiyennu samshayicha thante sahodaran kaappiykk thettaaya vivarangal nalkia sesham, thannodoppam cheraan noraye bodhyappedutthaan daanthe shramichu. thante makan kollappettath thaan kaaranamaanennu addeham sammathichu, ennaal athu thante arivo sammathamo illaathe cheythathaanennu addeham sammathichu. philipp panam kadam kodukkanulla thante prachodanam addeham vishadeekarikkukayum thante yaathrayude vishadaamshangal avalkk nalkukayum cheythu. aval thannodoppam cherumenna pratheekshayil avan pookunnu. computer rekhakal thudachuneekkumennu kaappiyumaayi daanthe paranja divasam, pinkiyude bhaarya vediyettu marikkunnu. pinky kappiye kollunnathil ninnu thadayaan kinsey daantheyude warehouseilekku pookukayum federal adhikaarikal warehouseil raid cheyyaan thayyaaredukkunnathu kaanukayum cheiyunnu. warehouseil pinky thirayunna aval veendum daanettine kandumuttunnu. raid aarambhikkumbol, pinkick kaappi kaalinu parikkelppikkukayum oduvil police vedivaykkukayum cheiyunnu. daante kinsiyude mukhathu kuthukayum avale puratthaakkukayum kappikkum pinkick idayil praveshikkunnathil ninnu thadayukayum svayam vedivaykkappedukayum cheiyunnu. thudarnnu addeham warehouseinu keezhilulla thurankangalude koottatthil aprathyakshanaakunnu. addehathinte yadhaartha sekrattari addehathe koottikkondupoyi vimaanathaavalathilethikkum avidevechu raajyathin puratthekku oru vimanam charter cheyyukayum cheiyunnu. thante vimanam gettil ninnu taxi edukkumbol nora vannu avanodoppam pookunnu. aazhchakalkk sesham daantheyude sekrattari kinsiyude offeesil vannu daanthe avalude mukhathu kuthunnathu nikathunnathinaayi panam niranja oru cover nalkaanum aval thanikkayi cheyyanamennu avan aagrahikkunna oru joliyude prathiphalamaayum. daantheyude pravartthanangalude niyanthranam nedaan sramikkunnathil addehathe kudukkunna, jayililadaykkunna, prediyumaayulla oru sambhashanam daanthe record cheythirunnu. vivarangal kuzhichumoodukayum orikkalum pishaachine pinthudarukayum cheyyaatha sariyaaya adhikaarikalumaayi bandhappedunnathil jaagrathayode, kinsey oru 'gung hoow' reportere vilikkunnu, avarkk katha prasidheekarikkumennu ariyamaayirunnu, athinusesham adhikaarikalkk predy arast cheyth prosecute cheiyukayallaathe mattu margamilla. thalakkett. 2010 epril avasaanathil, graafttan "ithu [eee noval] ezhuthunnathinu ekadesham 100 pejukal" undennum aval "ithuvare oru thalakkettil thilangiyittilla" ennum report cheythu. 2011 epril 8nuu rachayithaavinte facebook pejil pusthakatthinte peru audyogikamaayi prakhyaapichu.

"vhee" haah suud ghenyasathi aahe "vhee" hii suu graftonchya "varnamala" maliketil rahasyamay rahasyamay 22 vee kadambari aahe aanee tyat santa teresa, california yetheel eka khajgi dolha, santa barbara, californiachi eka kalpanik aavrutti, kinsey milhone aahe. 1988 madhye ghadanari hii kadambari november 2011 madhye americet prakashit jhaali. plot saransh. varnamaletil goodh maliketil chauthya saral kadambarisathi, milhone aanee itar patranmadhye, pramukhyane nora vogelsang aanee lorenzo dante yanchyat drushtikon badalat rahato. tathapi, suruvaticha adhyay phillip lanhan yaa shrimant tarunachya drushtikonatun sangitala jaato, joou dantekadun paise udhar gheto, paratfedichi tarikh chukavato aanee nantar laas vegasmadhye pokar khelatana gamavato. dante aanee tyacha bhau cappy yetat aanee dante karjache samadhan mhanoon philipacha porsch ghenyas tayar hotat. tathapi, dante gaadee pahanyasathi phillip aanee cappy pathavalyanantar, capine thagsana parking garragechya varchya bhagatoon phillip fekoon deuun tyacha mrutyu keela. mukhya kathet, milhone department stoar nordstromchya aat eka confederates eka mahila dukanatoon choree kartana pahato. tee jawalchya eka karkunala sangate, joou dukanachya surakshela satark karato aanee tee paloon jaanyapurvi teey audry navachya mahilela pakadatat aanee atak karatat. heey chaloo asatana, milhone tichya sangharajyacha pathlag karate aanee parking garragemadhye tichyakadun jawaljawal chiradoon jaate. turungatoon sutka jhalyanantar lagechach audry aatmahatya karate. tyanantar thodyach velat, milhonechi bhet police vibhagatil eka majee priyakar, chenee phillipshee hote, joou sandhyakali up adhikari, laine predy aanee tyachi khoopach lahan preyasi, ebisobat baher jaato. laine predy milhonechya pahilya patichi maitreen hotee aanee tee tichi dirghkal shatru hotee. audry haah dukanatoon choree karnyachya ringcha bhag hota yaa siddhantachi pradi khilli udavate, parantu audricha priyakar tyaa siddhantacha tapas karnyasathi milhonela kamavar thevato. darmyan, dantela kalate qee police tyachya mohimevar bund padat aahet. audry tyachya dukanatoon choree karnyachya karyacha pramukh hota, parantu cappy turungatoon sutalyavar tichi hatya karato kaaran tyala vatat hote qee tee tyanna aat aananar aahe. dantecha assa vishvas aahe qee cappy predila tyachya bhavachi sthapana karnyasathi mahitee dett aahe, jenekarun too padbhar swikaru shakel. gelya teen varshanpasun tichya patipasoon door jaat asaleli nora (jee nantar tichya pahilya lagnapasoon jhalelya tichya mulachya philipachya mrutyunantar suru jhaali heey aaplyala kalate), teela kalate qee tichya vakeel patiche tyachya sachivasobat premsambandh aahet. tichya patila sodoon jaanyasathi teela purese paise denyasathi tee kahee dagine vikanyache tharavate. teela dante asey sambodhale jaate, joou lagech tichyakade aakarshit hoto aanee teela angathisathi yogya mulyapeksha jaast deto. tichya changlya nirnayachya virodhat tee dantela bhetanyas tayar hote, joou nora aanee tee jyache pratinidhitva karate tyaa serve goshtinvar mohit hoto. audrichya mrutyucha tapas karat asalelya kinsila tichya clientchya eka aaksheparh tippanitun achanak prerana milate; tee video footage pahanyasathi department stoarmadhye paratate aanee teela gadivar eka bumper sticker disato joou teela jawaljawal khalee dhaklat hota. heey teela sathidarakade gheuun jaate. anek divas ticha pathlag kelyanantar teela kalate qee tee eka ashee vyakti aahe jee chorila gelela maal banavat dharmaday sansthechya drop auph boxmadhye thevate. tyanantar kahee minitannantar eka trakdware pishavya uchalalya jaatat, jyaa tyanna dakshin californiatil vividh junya dukananmadhye vitaran karnyasathi dantechya godamat gheuun jaatat. jevha kinsey chenila tichya aataparyantchya nishkarshanchi prat deto, tevha too teela mage hatanyas sangato kaaran tee ekhadya gopaneey mahitidarachya jiwala dhoka nirman karoo shakate. yamule tee agadi ulat karate. tee pudhe tapas karate aanee haloohaloo syndicateche thurr solate. tichi junie maitreen pinky phorda (jyane teela lock pikcha pahila sanch deela hota) tichya karyalayat yete aanee teela tyachyasathi kahee photo thevanyasathi sangate. kinsey nakar deto. nantar ell. tii. predy photo shodhat karyalayat yete aanee kinsila sharirik dhamki dete. tee pinkicha shodh ghenyat yashasvi hote aanee tee photo blackmail sahitya aahet jeey pinkikadoon dantechya karyabaddal mahitee midvanyasathi vaparat aahe heey shodhun kadhate. pinky kinsichi kalji sodoon gharee paratate. pinkichya patnila olis thevalelya capila shodhanyasathi kinsey pinkicha tyachya gharee magova gheto. cappy kinsila shekotitil chhayachitre aanee nakaratmak goshti jaalanyache aadesh deto. cappy konalahi aanakhi ija naan karata nighun jaato, parantu santapt pinky kapatatoon tyachi banduki gheuun tyachya mage rastyavar yeto aanee tyachyavar golya zadato, parantu cappy purnapane chukato. cappy done done marto jyaa sarvanna miss karat asalyache disate aanee too ghatanasthalavarun paloon jaato. jevha kinsey aanee pinky gharee parat jaatat, tevha tyanna tyachya patnivar golya zadalyache disate. teela rugnalayat nele jaate, jithe pinkila tichya upcharanna teey kase parvadtil yachee chinta vatate. kinsey tyachya karyalayat dantecha magova gheto, jithe tee tyala kaay ghadale aahe teey sangate. dante jaree desh sodanyachya tayareet asala taree pinkichya patnichi kalji ghenyasathi rugnalayat khaate ughadanyasathi vel kadhato. tyacha bhau cappy yala white mahitee dilyanantar, jyala too mahitee leak karat asalyacha sanshay hota, dante yane norala tyachyabarobar sameel honyasathi patvoon denyacha prayatna keela hota. tyane kabool kele qee tyachyamule tichya mulachi hatya jhaali hotee, parantu teey tyachya nakalat kinwa sammatishivay kele gele. tyane philipala paise udhar denyachya tyachya preraneche spashtikaran dile aanee teela tyachya pravasacha tapasheel deela. tee tyachyasobat yeil yaa aashene too nighun jaato. jyaa divashi dantene capila sanganakachya nondi pusun takalya jaatil asey sangitale hote, tyaa divashi pinkichya patnicha tichya golichya jakhamemule mrutyu hoto. pinkila capila maranyapasun rokhanyacha prayatna karnyasathi kinsey dantechya godamat jaato aanee federal federal godamavar chhapa maranyachi tayari kartana pahato. godamat pinky shodhat asatana teela punha dantecha samna karava lagato. jevha chhapa suru hoto, tevha pinkichya payala capine dukhapat kelee, jyala akheris polisankadun golya zadalya jaatat. dante kinsichya tichya mushtya marto, teela baher kadhato aanee teela cappy aanee pinkichya darmyan jaanyapasun rokhato aanee kadachit teela swatahvar golee marley jaate. tyanantar too godamakhalil bogdyanchya bhoolbhulaiyyat gayab hoto. tyala tyacha kharaa sachiv uchalato aanee vimantalavar pohochavato, jithe tyane deshabaherche viman bhadyane ghetale aahe. tyache viman getpasoon door jaat asatana, nora yete aanee tyachyasobat nighun jaate. kahee aathvadyannantar dantecha sachiv kinsichya karyalayat yeto aanee teela rokh rakmene bharalela lifafa deto, jyamule dantene tichya tichya thosa marla aanee tine tyachyasathi kaam karave ashee tyachi ichcha asalelya nokarichi bharpai hote. dantene predicy jhalelya sambhashanache dhwanimudran kele hote, jeey tyala dantechya karvayanvar niyantran midvanyachya prayatnat adakwell aanee jyamule too turungat jaeel. yogya yogya sampark sadhanyachya savadhgirine, jeey mahitee purtil aanee kadhihi pradichya mage naan basatil, kinsey eka 'gung hoow' patrakarala phone karate, jyala mahit aahe qee tee katha prakashit karel, jyanantar jyanantar pradila atak karoon khatala chalavanyavachun paryay rahnar nahee. shirshak. april 2010 chya uttaradhat, graftonne "hii [kadambari] lihinyasathi sumare 100 paaney" asalyache aanee tine "adyap shirshakavar prakash takala nahee" asey sangitale. 8 april 2011 roji lekhakachya facebook prushthavar pustakache shirshak adhikrutpane jaheer karnyat aale.

"v" pratishodhka lagi how "v" iz ferr bhenjans syu graftonko "warnamala" shringkhalako rahasya upanyasharuko 22 aun upanyas how rar californiako santa teresama adharit niji aankha kinsey milon, santa barbara, californiako kalpanik sanskaran how. sann 1988 maa adharit yo upanyas november 2011 maa sanyukta rajya americama rilij bhaeko thiyo. plut saransh. warnamala rahasya shringkhalako chautho sidha upanyaska lagi, drishtikon milon rar anya patraharu, mukhyataya nora bhogelsang rar lorenzo dante beach vaikalpik hunchha. yadyapi, udghatan adhyayalai ekjana dhani yuwak phillip lanhanko drishtikonbata bhanieko chha, jasle dantebata paisa udharo linchha, bhuktani miti gumaunchha, rar tyasapachhi lass vegasma poker kheldai yasalai gumaunchha. dante rar unka bhai cappy dekha parchhan, rar dante philipko porshalai rinko santushtika rupma lyne sahamat hunchhan. yadyapi, dantele carr hernka lagi phillip rar cappy pathaepachhi, capyle thagsalai parking gyarejko mathillo bhagbata phillip fyaankdachha. mukhya kathama, milhonle department store nordstromko bhitra confederatesanga ek mahilako pasalma chori gareko dekhcha. unle najikaiko clerklai bhanchhin, jasle pasalko surakshalai sachet garaunchha, rar uniharule bhagnuaghi adri namki mahilalai samatchhan rar pakrau garchhan. yo bhairaheko bela, milhonle afno confederatelai pachhyaunchin rar parking gyarejma unidwara lagbhag hirkaunchhin. jailbata riha bhaepachi, odrile atmahatya garchha. tyasko kehi samayapachi, milonle police vibhagma ek purva premi, cheny philipslai bhetchha, jo ek bhaisa officer, leine predy, rar unko dherai kanchhi premika, ebisanga sanjhaka lagi bahira chha. leine predy milonko pahilo patiko sathi thiin rar uni lamo samayadekhi unko shatru hun. predyle adri pasalbata chori garne ringko hissa thiyo bhanne siddhantako majak udaunchha, tara adriko premile tyo siddhantako anusandhan garna milonlai niyukta gardacha. yasaibich, dantele thaha paunchhan kii policele afno operation banda gariraheko chha. adri unko pasalbata chori garne aparesanko pramukh thie, tara capyle jailbata riha bhaepachi unko hatya gardacha kinbhane unle unlai bhitra puyauna gairaheko thiyo bhanne vishwas gare. dante vishwas garchhan kii capyle pridilai afno bhai sthapana garna jankari diiraheko chha, taaki usale padabhar lyne sakos. vigat tean warshadekhi afno patibata alag hundai gairaheko nora (june hamile pachhi thaha paunchhaun unko pahilo vivahabata unko chhora philipko mrityubata suru bhayo), unko wakil patiko afno sachibsanga sambandha raheko thaha paunchha. unle afno patilai chhodna saksham huna paryapta paisa pradan garna kehi gahana bechne nirnaya garchhin. unlai dante bhaninchha, jo turuntai unitira akarshit hunchhan rar unlai ringka lagi uchit mulyabhanda badhi prastawa garchhan. afno ramro nirnayako viruddhama uni dantelai bhetna sahamat chhin, jo nora rar unle pratinidhitwa garne sabai kuraharubata mohit hunchhan. kinsey, ajhai pani adriko mrityuko anusandhan gardai, unko grahakko afhanded tippanibata achanak preranako jhalak chha; uni bhidiyo footage hern department storema farkin rar karma bumper sticker dekhchhin june unlai lagbhag tall khasalieko thiyo. yasale unlai sathima laijanchha. dherai dinasamma pachhyaepachi unle thaha paunchhan kii uni tyo drop aff wyakti hun jasle chori garieka samanharu nakkali paropkarko drop aff buxma jamma garchhin. tyasapachhi kehi minetpachhi euta truckle jholaharu uthaunchha jasle tiniharulai dakshini california warparka vibhinna second hanned storeharuma witaran garna danteko godamma laijanchha. jab kinsyle chenilai ahilesammako unko nishkarshako pratilipi dinchhan, unle unlai pachhi hutna bhanchhan kinbhane unle gopya suchanadatako jiwanlai khatarama parne sakchhan. yasale unlai yasako thik viparit garna badhya parchha. unle thap anusandhan garchhin rar bistarai sindiketko tahaharu pachhadi solchhin. unko purano sathi pinky ford (jasle unlai luck pikako pahilo sett die) unko karyalayama aunchhin rar unlai afna lagi kehi photoharu samatna agraha garchhin. kinsyle aswikar garchha. pachhi lt. predy photoharu khojdai karyalayama aunchha rar kinsilai sharirik rupma dhamki dinchha. unle pinkilai patta lagauna rar photoharu blackmail samagri hun bhanera patta lagauna prabandha garchhin june predyle pinkibata danteko aparesanko barema jankari prapta garna prayog gardai aeko chha. pinkyle kinsiko herchah chhodchha rar ghar farkanchha. kinsyle pinkyko patnilai bandhak banaeko capylai fela parne pinkilai afno gharma track gardacha. capyle kinsilai agoma foto rar nakaratmakharu jalauna adesh dinchha. cappy kasailai thap hani nagari janchha, tara risaeko pinkyle almaradekhi afno sutgun linchha rar usalai sadakma pachhyauncha rar goli hanchha, tara capylai purna rupma yadd gardacha. capyle kehi round fire gardacha june sabailai yadd gareko dekhinchha, rar uu ghatanasthalbata bhagchha. jab kinsey rar pinky gharbhitra farkanchhan, uniharule unaki shrimatilai goli lageko dekhchan. unlai aspatal lagincha, jahaan pinkilai uniharule afno upchar kasari kharcha garna sakchhan bhanne chinta hunchha. kinsyle dantelai usako karyalayama pachhyaunchin, jahaan unle key bhaeko chha bhanera bataaunchhin. dantele pinkyki patniko herchah garna aspatalma khata kholna samaya linchhan, yadyapi uni desh chhodne tayarima chhan. afna bhai capylai naramro jankari diepachhi, jaslai unle pridilai jankari chuhawata gareko shanka gareka thie, dantele noralai aafusanga samel huna raji garaune prayas gareka thie. unle swikar gare kii unko chhorako hatya unko karanle bhaeko thiyo, tara yo unko jankari wa sahamati bina garieko thiyo. unle filiplai paisa udharo dine afno prerana batae rar unlai afno yatrako vivaran die. uni aafusanga samel hune ashama uni janchhan. zyadin dantele capylai computer recordharu metaune bataeka thie, pinkyko shrimatiko goliko chotbata mrityu hunchha. kinsey pinkilai cappy marnbata roknaka lagi danteko godamma janchha, rar sanghiya adhikariharulai godamma chhapa marney tayari gariraheko dekhcha. godamma pinky khojdai, unle feri danteko samana garchhin. jab chhapa suru hunchha, pinkilai capyle khuttama chot puyaunchha, jaslai antatah policele goli hanchha. dantele kinsiko anuharma mukka hanchha, unlai bahira nikalchha rar unlai cappy rar pinkyko bichma janbata rokchha rar sambhawatah afulai goli hanera marchha. tyasapachhi uni godammuni raheko surangako bhulbhulaiyama haraunchhan. usalai usako wastawik sachible uthaunchha rar airportma pugchha, jahaan usale desh bahira udan bhadama lieko chha. unko viman gatebata taxi gardai garda, nora aipugchha rar unisangai janchha. haptapachhi danteka sachiva kinsiko karyalayama aera unlai nagadle bharieko kham dina aunchhan taaki dantele unko anuharma mukka hanne rar unle afule afule garnuparne jagirko bhuktaniko rupma pani. dantele pridisangko kurakani record gareka thie jasle unlai danteko aparesanmathi niyantran prapta garne prayasma fasaidine thiyo, rar jasle unlai jailma rakhne thiyo. jankari gadna sakne rar kahilyai pradiko pachhi napareka uchit adhikariharulai samparka garnabata sawadhan, kinsyle 'gung how' reporterlai bolaunchhin jaslai unlai thaha chha kii unle katha prakashit garnechan, tyasapachhi adhikariharusanga pradilai pakrau garna rar mudda chalauna bahek kunai vikalpa hunechhaina. shirshak. april 2010 ko antyama, graftonle "[yo upanyas] lekhna lagbhag 100 prishthaharu" bhaeko rar unle "ahilesamma shirshakma chamakyo chhaina" bhani report gare. pustakko shirshak adhikarik rupma lekhakko facebook prishthama april 8,2011 maa ghoshana garieko thiyo.

"v" heuchhi pratisodha paain "bhi" heuchhi pratisodha paain, ehaa heuchhi suu graphtanka "barnamala" shrunkhalara rahasya upanyasara upanyasara upenyas ebong ethire kinsey milhone, santa terresa, california, californier eka kalpanika sanskaranare aadharita eka byaktigata aakhi, pradarshita hoichhi. 1988 masihar kahani upare aadharita ehi upanyasati 2011 masiha navember maasare aamerikare muktilabha karithila. plut saransha. barnamala rahasya shrunkhalara chaturtha sidha upenyas paain, drustikona milhone ebong anyanya charitra madhyare bikalpa hoithae, mukhyatah nora bhogelasanga ebong lorenzo dante . tebe, prarambhika adhyajaku jane dhani jubaka, phillip lanahanka drustikonaru kuhajaichhi, jie dantenkatharu tanka dhaar nei, parisodha tarikhaku harai, ebong parey laas bhegas ray pokara kheluthiba harijae . dante ebong taanka bhai kappi asithanti, ebong dante runara santosh paain philipnka porsha nebaku raaji huanti. tebe, dante karku dekhiba paain phillip ebong kappi pathaiba parey, kappi thagmananku parking gyarejara shirsharu phillip phingidei taanka mrutyu parjyanta pahanchaithae. mukhya kahanire, milhone department store nordstrom bhitare eka confederate sahita jane mahila dokanaru chori karuthiba dekhuchhi . shay nikatasta jane kiraneenku kuhanti, jie dokanara surakhyaku satarka karanti, ebong semane odre namaka mahilanku khasiba purbaru dhari girapha karanti . jetebele ehaa chalichi, milhone taanka confederateku anusarana kare ebong parking gyarejare praiah taanka dwara dhakka die . jelaru mukta hebara thick parey, audrey spust bhabare aatmahatya kare . ehara kichhi samai parey, milhone police bibhagara jane purbatana premika, cheny philipsanku bhetithae, jie jane bhais officer, leena predy ebong taanka ati-saana girlfriend, aabenka saha sandhyare bahare achanti. leena predy milahonka pratham swameenka bandhu thile ebong tankara dirgha dinara shatru thile. predy ehi siddhantaku parihas karanti je audrey eka dokan chori ringara ansha thile, kintu adrenka premika sehi siddhantara anusandhana karibaku milhonanku nijukta karanti . iti madhyare, dante anubhaba karanti je police taanka aparesanaku banda karuchhi. audrey taanka dokanaru chori karibara mukhya thile, kintu shay jelaru mukta heba parey kappi tanku hatya karanti kaaran shay biswasa karuthile je shay semananku bhitaraku pheraibaku jauchhanti. dante biswasa karanti je kappi pridinku taanka bhainku sthapana kariba paain suchana deuchhanti, jaahaa dwara shay dajitwa grahan kariparibe. nora, jieki gata tini barsha dhari taanka swameenkatharu alga heuchhanti (jaahaa aame parey janibaku pailu je taanka pratham bibaharu taanka pua philipanka mrutyu sahita arambha hoithila), janibaku paile je taanka okil swameenka taanka sachibanka saha samparka achhi . shay taanka swameenku chhadi jibaku sakhyama heba paain tanku yathesta tanka pradan karibaku kichhi alankara bikri karibaku nishpatti nianti . tanku dantenka nikataku pathajae, jie turanta taanka prati akarshita huanti ebong tanku ringa paain uchita mulyaru adhika pradan karanti . taanka uttam bichara biruddhare shay dantenku bhetibaku raaji huanti, jie nora ebong shay jaahaa pratinidhitwa karanti taaha dwara akarshita huanti . kinsey, jie ebe madhya adrenka mrutyura tadanta karuchanti, taanka grahakanka eka asammanajanaka mantabyaru hathat prerana paichanti; shay bhidio footages dekhiba paain department storaku pheranti ebong karare eka bumper sticker lakhya karanti jaahaa tanku praiah talaku theli deithila . ehaa tanku sathinka pakhaku neijae. aneka deane dhari taa 'rahr pichha kariba parey shay janibaku paile je shay hinn sehi drop off byakti jie chori hoithiba samagreeku eka nakali databya sansthara drop off baxre jamaa karanti . kichhi minute parey eka truck dwara byagagudiku uthajae, jaahaa dakhina californier bibhinna puruna storaku bunton kariba paain segudiku dantenka godamaku neijae. jetebele kinsey cheneenku eparjyanta taanka anusandhanara eka nakal dianti, shay tanku pachaku hatibaku kuhanti kaaran shay jane gopaneeah suchanadatanka jeebanaku bipadare pakaiparanti . ehaa tanku thick bipareet karibaku badhya kare . shay adhika anusandhana karanti ebong dheere dheere syndicator staragudiku chhanidianti . taa 'rahr puruna bandhu pinki ford (jie taaku taa' rahr pratham lock pick deithila) taa 'officeku aase ebong taaku taa' paain kichhi phato dhari rakhibaku kahe . kinsey manah karideichhanti. parey ell. predy phato khojiba paain officeku aase ebong kinsinku sharirika dhamaka die . shay pinkiku thaab karibare saphala huanti ebong janibaku paanti je phatogudika blackmail samagri jaahaa pinkitharu dantenka operation bishajare suchana paiba paain predy byabahara karuchanti . pinki kinsinka jatna chhadi gharaku pherijae . kinsey pinkiku taanka gharaku track kare, pinkira patneenku panabandeere rakhithiba kapinku khojiba paain . kappi kinsinku phato ebong nakaratmakagudiku agnikundare podibaku nirdesh dianti . kappi kahaku adhika khyati nakari chaali jaanti, kintu krodhita pinki kabataru taanka sutgun nei rasta parjyanta taanka anusarana karanti ebong taanka upare guli chalanti, kintu kapinku sampurna miss karanti . kappi duiti round guli chalanti jaahaa samastanku miss karuthiba pari maneh hue, ebong shay ghatanasthalaru palai jaanti . jetebele kinsey ebong pinki gharaku pheranti, semane dekhanti je taanka patneenku guli karidiajaechi. tanku daktarakhanaku niajaithila, jeunthare pinki chinta karuthile je semane kipari taanka chikitsa kharcha bahn kariparibe. kinsey taanka officere dantenku track karanti, jeunthare shay tanku qa 'naa ghatichhi kuhanti . dante pinkinka patneenka jatna neba paain daktarakhanare eka account kholibaku samai nianti, jadio shay desh chhadibaku prastuta heuthiba majhire achanti . taanka bhai kapinku kharap suchana deba parey, jaahaaku shay pridinku suchana lick karithiba sandeha karithile, dante noranku taanka sahita jogadebaku raaji karaibaku chesta karithile. shay sweekara karithile je taanka karanaru taanka puaku hatya karajaithila, kintu ehaa taanka ajanatare kimba sammati bina karajaithila. shay phillip ku runa deba paain tankara prerana bishajare barnana karithile ebong tanku taanka jatrara bibaranee deithile. shay taanka sahita jogadebe bolly aasha curry shay chalijanti . jeundina dante kapinku computer recordgudika pochhi diajiba bolly kahithile, pinkinka patni taanka guli aaghaatare mrutyubarana karithile. kinsey pinkiku kapinku maribaru rokiba paain dantenka godamaku jaanti, ebong federal kartupakhyanku godamare chadhau karibaku prastuta heuthiba dekhanti . godamare pinki khojuthiba bele shay puni dantenku bhetithae. jetebele chadhau arambha hue, pinki kapinka godare ahata hue, jaahaa sheshare police dwara guli chalana hue . dante kinsinka muhanre mustijuddha karanti, tanku dhakka dianti ebong tanku kaapi ebong pinki madhyare prabesharu atakaithanti ebong sambhabatah nijaku guli karanti . ehapare shay godam tale thiba sudangara golakadhadire adrushya hoijae. tanku taanka prakruta sachiba uthai nei biman bandara pahanchanti, jeunthare shay desh baharaku eka biman charter karichanti. taanka biman phatakaru doorare taxie karuthibabele, nora aasi taanka sahita chaali jaanti . kichhi saptaha parey dantenka sachiba kinsinka karjyalajaku aasi tanku nagad tanka bhartti eka kham dianti, jaahaa dwara dante taanka muhanre mustijuddha kariba ebong eka chakiri paain deiah bhabare shay taanka paain karibaku chahanti. dante pridinka saha eka bartalapa record karithile jaahaa tanku dantenka karjyakalapa upare nijantrana hassel karibaku chesta karibare fasaideba, ebong jaahaa tanku jelare rakhiba . upajukta kartupakhyanka saha jogajoga karibare satarka ruhantu jeunmane suchanaku poti deiparanti ebong kadapi pradinka pachare padibe naahin, kinsey jane 'gunga hoe' reportaranku phone karanti jaahaa shay janichanti je kahaniti prakash karibe, jaahaa parey kartupakhyanka pakhare pridinku girapha kariba ebong makaddama chalaiba byatita anya kaunasi bikalpa rahiba naahin. shirshaka. 2010 masiha april maasa sheshabhagare, graphton "ehaaku [ehi upanyasaku] lekhiba paain praiah 100 prustha" thiba ebong shay "eparjyanta kaunasi shirshaka upare chamakanti naahin" bolly suchana deithile. 2011 masiha april 8 tarikhare lekhakanka facebook pejre pustakara shirshaka aanusthanika bhabe ghoshana karajaithila.

"v" badla lainn laee haii. "vee" badla lainn laee haii, ih suu grafton dey rahassmai navlan dee "varanmala" luddy daa daa nawal haii atey iss witch kinsi milhon, centa terresa, california witch adharat ikk nijji akkh, centa barbara, california daa ikk kalpanik sanskaran haii. ih nawal, 1988 witch sett keeta giaa see, sanyukat raaj witch navambar 2011 witch jaari keeta giaa see. plaat daa sankhep. varanmala rahass luddy dey chauthe siddhe nawal laee, drishtikon milon atey horr patran, mukkh taur 'teey nora vogelsang atey lorenzo dante dey vichkaar badalda haii. shuruati adhiaai, halanki, ikk change-ameer naujwan, philip lanahan dey drishtikon toon dassiaa giaa haii, joe daante toon paise udhaar lainda haii, bhugtan dee mitee toon khunjh jaanda haii, atey firr laas vegas witch pokar khed keey iss noon guaa lainda haii. daante atey uss daa bharaa cappy sahmane aaunde hunn, atey daante philip dey porash noon karze dee santushti vajon lainn laee sehmat hoow jaande hunn. halanki, jadon dante qaar noon vekhan laee philip atey cappy bhejda haii, taan cappy neey thaggan noon parking gairaj dey sikhar toon philip sutt ditta taan uh aapni maut dey ghaat utaar dinda haii. mukkh kahani witch, milhon department store nordstrom dey ander ikk confederate naal ikk aurat dee dukan toon chori daa gawah haii. uh ikk nedley clerk noon dassdi haii, joe store dee surakhiaa noon chetavani dinda haii, atey uh audri naam dee aurat noon bhajjan toon pahilan hii fadd lainde hunn atey griftar qarr lainde hunn. jadon ih chall riha haii, milhon aapne sangh daa pichha kardi haii atey parking gairaj witch uss duaara lagbhag kuchal ditti jaandi haii. jailh toon rihaa honn toon turant baad, audri spasht taur utte aatam hattiaa qarr laindi haii. iss toon turant baad, milhon pulis vibhag witch ikk sabka premi, chenny phillips noon milda haii, joe ikk upp adhikari, laine priddy atey aapni bahut chhoti premika, abby naal shaam noon bahr jaanda haii. laine priddy milhon dey pahile patee dee dosat see atey uss dee lambe samein toon dushman haii. priddy iss sidhant daa mazak udaunda haii kii audri ikk dukan toon chori curran vaale ring daa hissa see, parr audri daa premi uss sidhant dee jaanch curran laee milhon noon rakkhda haii. iss dauran, daante noon ahsas hunda haii kii pulis uss dee karvai noon bnd qarr rahee haii. audri uss dee dukan toon chori curran dee karvai daa mukhi see, parr cappy neey jailh toon rihaa honn 'teey uss daa katal qarr ditta kiunki uss noon vishwas see kii uh unhan noon ander jaanh vaali see. dante daa mannana haii kii cappy priddy noon aapne bharaa noon sathapat curran laee jankari dey riha haii, taan joe uh sambhal sake. nora, joe pichle tinn saalan toon aapne patee toon alagg hoow rahee haii (joe saanoon baad witch pataa laggda haii kii uss dey pahile viaah toon uss dey puttar philip dee maut naal shuru hoee), noon pataa chalda haii kii uss dey vakeel patee daa aapne sakattar naal sabndh haii. uh aapne patee noon chaddan dey yog honn laee uss noon kaafi paise pardan curran laee kujh gahine vechan daa faisla kardi haii. uss noon dante kiha jaanda haii, joe turant uss vall khichiaa jaanda haii atey uss noon ring laee uchit mull toon vaddh dee peshkash karda haii. aapne bihtar faisle dey virudh uh dante noon milann laee sehmat hoow jaandi haii, joe nora atey uh sabh kujh joe uh darsaundi haii, toon mohit hoow jaandi haii. kinsi, joe ajey vee audri dee maut dee jaanch qarr rahee haii, noon aapne muwakkil dee ikk aspasht tippni toon achanak prerna mildi haii; uh vdo footage dekhan laee department store 'teey waps aaundi haii atey qaar' teey ikk bumper sticker vekhadi haii joe uss noon lagbhag hethan chalaa giaa see. ih uss noon saathi vall lae jaanda haii. uss noon kaee dinan takk uss daa pichha curran toon baad pataa laggda haii kii uh uh viakati haii joe chori keeta saaman ikk jaali charity dey drop aaf boxes witch jamhan karvaunda haii. firr baig noon mintan baad ikk truck duaara chukkiaa jaanda haii joe uhanan noon dakkhni california dey aale-duaale dey vakkh-vakkh purane storan witch vandann laee dante dey warehouse witch lae jaanda haii. jadon kinsi chenny noon hunn takk deeaan uss deeaan labbhatan dee ikk kaapi dinda haii, taan uh uss noon pichhe hattan laee kahinda haii kiunki uh ikk gupat soochna denh vaale dee zindagi noon khatre witch paa sakadi haii. iss caarn uh bilkul ulat kamm kardi haii. uh agge dee jaanch kardi haii atey hauli-hauli syndicate deeaan partan noon pichhe hataundi haii. uss dee purani dosat pinky ford (uh aadmi jiss neey uss noon laak picks daa pahila sett ditta see) uss dey daftar witch aaundi haii atey uss noon uss laee kujh fotoan rakkhan laee kahindi haii. kinsi neey inkaar qarr ditta. baad witch aill. priddy fotoan dee bhaal witch daftar aaundi haii atey kinsi noon sarirak taur 'teey dhamki dindi haii. uh pinky daa pataa lagaun daa parbandh kardi haii atey ih pataa lagaundi haii kii fotoan blackmail samaggari hunn joe priddy pinky toon dante dey appression baare jankari prapat curran laee varat rahee haii. pinky kinsi dee dekhbhal chhadd keey gharr waps aaa jaandi haii. kinsi pinky noon aapne gharr takk track karda haii, taan joe cappy noon pinky dee patni noon bndhak bnaa keey labbh sake. cappy neey kinsi noon fireplace witch fotoan atey nakaratmak noon saadan daa adesh ditta. cappy kise noon horr nuksan pahunchae binan chaley jaande hunn, parr gusse witch aaa giaa pinky almari vicchon aapni shotgun lae lainda haii atey uss daa pichha karda haii atey glee witch uss utte goli chalaunda haii, parr cappy noon puurii tarahan yaad karda haii. cappy doou raoond firing karda haii joe harr kise noon yaad karda japda haii, atey uh ghatna sathaan toon bhajj jaanda haii. jadon kinsi atey pinky gharr waps jaande hunn, taan uh dekhde hunn kii uss dee patni noon goli maar ditti gaee haii. uss noon hospital lijaiaa jaanda haii, jitthe pinky noon chinta hundi haii kii uh uss daa ilaaj kiven karwa sakde hunn. kinsi uss dey daftar witch dante daa pataa lagaundi haii, jitthe uh uss noon dassdi haii kii qee hoiaa haii. dante pinky dee patni dee dekhbhal laee hospital witch khaata sathapat curran laee samaan kaddhada haii, bhaven kii uh desh chaddan dee tiaari dey vichkaar haii. aapne bharaa cappy noon maadi jankari denh toon baad, jiss utte uss noon priddy noon jankari leak curran daa shakk see, dante neey nora noon uss naal shamal honn laee manaun dee koshish keeti see. uss neey savikar keeta kii uss dey puttar daa katal uss dey caarn keeta giaa see, parr ih uss dee jankari jaan sehmati toon binan keeta giaa see. uss neey philip noon paise udhaar denh laee aapni prerna baare dassiaa atey uss noon aapni yaatra daa verva ditta. uh iss umeed witch chalaa jaanda haii kii uh uss naal shamal hoow javegi. jiss dinn dante neey cappy noon dassiaa see kii computer ricard mitta ditte jaange, uss dinn pinky dee patni dee goli laggan naal maut hoow gaee. kinsi pinky noon cappy noon maaran toon rokann dee koshish curran laee dante dey warehouse witch jaanda haii, atey sanghi adhikariaan noon warehouse utte chhapa maaran dee tiaari karde hoye vekhda haii. warehouse witch pinky dee bhaal witch, uh firr toon dante naal mildi haii. jadon chhapa shuru hunda haii, taan pinky dee latt witch cappy duaara zakhmi hoow jaanda haii, jiss noon aakharkar pulis duaara goli maar ditti jaandi haii. dante kinsi dey chihre utte mukka maarda haii, uss noon bahr kaddhada haii atey uss noon cappy atey pinky dey vichkaar jaanh toon rokada haii atey sambhav taur utte aapne aap noon goli maar lainda haii. firr uh warehouse dey hethan surangan dee bhulekha witch alop hoow jaanda haii. uss noon uss daa asal sakattar chukkda haii atey havaai adde takk pahunchada haii, jitthe uss neey desh toon bahr udaann charter keeti haii. jiven hii uss daa jahaz gett toon door jaa riha haii, nora aaa jaandi haii atey uss naal chalee jaandi haii. haftiaan baad daante daa sakattar uss noon nakdi naal bhariaa ikk lifafa denh laee kinsi dey daftar aaunda haii taan joe dante uss dey chihre utte mukka maaran dee bharpai keeti jaa sake, atey ikk naukari laee bhugtan vajon vee uh chahunda haii kii uh uss laee qarey. dante neey priddy naal ikk gallbat ricard keeti see joe uss noon dante dey apreshnan utte kabu paunh dee koshish witch fasavegi, atey joe uss noon jailh witch paa devega. sahee adhikariaan naal samparak curran toon savdhan raho joe jankari noon dafna sakde hunn atey kadey vee gung hoow dey pichhe naheen jaande, kinsi ikk 'gung hoow' reporter noon bulaundi haii joe uss noon pataa haii kii kahani prakashit karegi, jiss toon baad adhikariaan cole priddy noon griftar curran atey mukaddama chalaun toon ilava koee chaara naheen hovega. sirlekh. aprail 2010 dey akheer witch, grafton neey dassiaa kii "iss nawal noon likhan witch lagbhag 100 panne" hunn atey usne "ajey takk kise sirlekh utte chamak naheen dikhai haii. pustak dey sirlekh daa adhikarat taur utte lekhak dey facebook pej utte 8 aprail, 2011 noon ailaan keeta giaa see.

"vi" iti pratihimsaartham asti. "vi" ees faar vengence iti soo grafton ityasya "varnamaalaayaah" rahasy-upanyaas-shrunkhalaayaah 22 tamam upanyasam asti, yasmin kinsey milhon iti, california-rajyasya santa terresa-nagare sthitam, ekaa nijee-netram, santa barbera, california-nagarasya kaalpanikam samskaranam cha drushyate. 1988 tame varshe nirmitam etat upanyasam 2011 tame varshe november-maase samyuktarajyamerikadesha pradarshitam. plyaat saaraamshaha. varnamaalaayaah rahasy-shrunkhalaayaah chaturthasya saral-upanyaasasy krute milhon tathaa anyapatranam madhye, mukhyataya noraa vogelsaang tathaa lorenzo daante ityetayoho madhye drushtikonah parivartyate. parantu, praarambhikah adhyayah, dhanavaan yuvakah phillip lanahan ityasya drushtyaa kathitah asti, yah daante ityatah dhanam runam sweekaroti, pratidaana-dinaankam naa haarayati, tatah laas vegas-bhashayam pokar-kridaayaam parajitah bhavati. daante, tasya bhrata kaappi cha aagacchanti, tathaa daante, phillip ityasya porsh iteedam runasya truptiroopena sweekartum sammatam karoti. parantu, yadaa daante, kaaram drashtum phillip-cappy ityetaan preshayati, tadaa kaplee-gundaah parking-gyaarej-upari phillip-drap krutvaa tasya mrutyum praavartayanti. mukhyakathayam milhon ityeshaa department-store-nordstram-ityasya antah sanghena saha ekaa mahilaa shoplifting iti drushyate. saa sameepastham gumastam vadati, yah bhandarasya surakshaam chetayati, tathaa cha te odi-namakam mahilaam palayanat poorvam gruheetvaa gruheetavantah. yadaa etat prachalati, milhon swasangham anugacchati, api cha parking-gyaarej madhye saa praayah tasya upari chaalayati. karagarat muktteh anantaram eva, audree atmahatya karoti iti spashtam. tadanantaram sheeghramev milhonah aarakshakavibhaagasy purvapriyoho chenee phillips ityenam prati nivartati, yah sayankale upa-adhikarina lenn pridy ityanaya saha, swasya ati-alpavayaska-preyasee ebe ityanaya saha bahihi gacchati. lenn pridy milhon ityasya prathamapatnyaah mitrah aasit, tasyaah deerghakaalasy shatruhu cha aasit. pridy, adree iti siddhaantam upahaasayati yat adree iti ekaha shoplifting ring ityasya bhaagah aasit, parantu adree ityasya premikah milhon ityenam tasya siddhaantasy anveshanaartham niyoktum shaknoti. etasmin samaye, daante ityayam jaanaati yat aarakshakaah tasya karyasya antaraani santi iti. audrey ityeshah tasya dukaan-apaharana-karyasya pramukhah aasit, parantu cappy karagarat muktteh anantaram tasyaah vadham karoti, yatah saa taan praveshtum eva shaknoti iti saha vishvasitavaan. daante ityasya matam asti yat, kyapee pridy ityasmai swabhraataram sthaapayitum suchanam dadati sma, yena saha adhikaaram graheetum shaknoti iti. noraa, yaa gatatraym varsham yaavat swapatnyaah pruthak bhavati sma (yaa vayam pashchat prathamavivaahaat swaputrasya phillip ityasya mrutyoho aarambhe dnyaatavantah), tasyaah adhivaktaa-patyaah svasachivena saha sambandhah asti iti jaanaati. saa swapatneem parityajy paryaaptam dhanam daatum kechan aabhushanaani vikreeyitum nirdhaarayati. saa daante iti nirdishtaa asti, yah tatkshanameva tasyaah prati aakrushtah bhavati, tathaa cha tringasya krute uchitamulyat adhikam pradaasyati. swasu uttamanirnayasy viruddham saa daante ityanena saha militum sammatam karoti, yah noraa ityanena, saa yat pratinidhitvam karoti tatt sarvasmaat cha mohitah bhavati. kinsey, adyaapi audrey ityasya mrutyoho anveshanam karoti, tasyaah grahakasya paroksh-tippaneetah achiraat preranam prapta asti; saa veediyo-drushyaan drashtum department-store-nagaram prati pratyaagacchati, kaar-madhye bumper-sticker-sanketam cha pashyati, yat praayah tasyaah adhah patitam aasit. etena saa sahakarminee prati netti. anekadinani yaavat taan anucharaat anantaram saa jaanaati yat saa eva eva nishkaasakah vyaktihi asti yaa choritavastoonaam nikshepam nakalee-danasamsthayaha drap-aaf-baaks madhye karoti iti. tatah nimeshaanantaram sanchikaah trakku-dwara aahuya dakshina-california-pradeshasya paritah vividheshu paroksh-bhandaareshu vitaranaartham daante-ityasya verhouse-nagaram prati netum arhanti. yadaa kinsey chenee ityasmai etaavat praptanam nishkarshaanaam pratim adadaati, tadaa saha tam pinvantum vadati yatah saa guptasoochanaadaataarasy jeevanam apayam janayati. anena saa tadviruddham karoti. saa agre anveshanam karoti, kramena syndicate-staraan pichyate. tasyaah puraatanee mitree pinki ford (yah purushah tasyaah prathamam laak-pick-ityetaani dattavaan) tasyaah karyalayam aagaty tasyaah krute kaanichan chaayaachitraani dhaarayitum prucchati. kinsey niraakaroti. pashchat ell. tii. pridy chaayaachitraani anvishya karyalayam aagacchati, kinsey ityenam shaareerikaroopen dhamati. saa pinky ityasya anveshanam kartum vyavasthaapitavatee, tathaa cha chaayaachitraani blackmail-saamagreeh santi iti dnyaatum shaknoti, yaa daante ityasya karyasya vishaye pinky-taha suchana praaptum pridy upayujyate. pinky kinsey ityasya paricharyaam krutvaa gruham pratyaagacchati. kinsey pinki ityasya gruham prati gacchati, pinki ityasya patnee bandhakee iti cappy ityasya vishaye dnyaatum. kyapee kinsey ityenam agnitale chaayaachitraani, nakaratmakani cha prajwaalayitum aadeshayati. cappy, kasyaapi haanim vinaa nirgacchati, parantu kruddhah pinkihi alamaryam swaswarodheenam sveekrutya tam anusaran veethim aagacchati, tam prati shoot karoti, parantu cappy purnataya vismarati. kaappi, dwau cha chakrau agniprahaaram karoti, yena sarwebhyah durlabhaah bhavanti, saha drushyaat palaayanam karoti. yadaa kinsey pinky cha gruham prati gacchanti tadaa te tasya patnee gulmagrastaa iti pashyanti. saa chikitsaalayam nyayantee, yatra pinky tasyaah chikitsayaha kharchah katham bhavet iti chintate. kinsey tasya karyalaye daante ityasya anveshanam karoti, yatra saa kim ghatitam iti tam kathayati. daante ityeshah pinki ityasyaah patnee ityasya paricharyaartham chikitsaalaye lekhaam sthaapayitum samayam sweekaroti, yadyapi saha deshaat bahihi gantum sajjataam kurvan asti. swasya bhraatuh kaappi ityasmai, yah pridy ityasmai suchanam sraavayati iti shankitah aasit, tasya krute ashubhasoochanaah pradadat param daante ityeshah noraam swena saha sammilayitum prayatavaan. saha swakeeyam pratyabhishat yat tasyaah putrasya hatyaa tena eva krutaa, parantu tasya agyaanena vaa sammatikramena vaa etat krutam iti. saha phillip-ityasmai dhanam runam daatum swasya preranam vyaakhyaay, swayaatraayaah vivaranam cha dattavaan. saa tena saha saha militvaa iti ashaya saha nirgacchati. jyaa dine daante, cappy ityasmai soochitavaan yat sanganak-abhilekhaah nishchushtaah bhavishyanti iti, tasmin dine pinky ityasyaah patnee golikayaha aaghaaten mriyate. kinsey, pinki-varyam kyapee-maranat nivaarayitum daante-ityasya verhouse-nagaram gacchati, tathaa cha sangha-adhikaarinah verhouse-ityasya upari aakramanasy tayaareem pashyanti. verhouse madhye pinky anvishya saa punah daante ityetam prati samaagacchati. yadaa akramanam arabhyate tadaa pinki-ityasya padam kyapee ityanena vranitam bhavati, yah ante aarakshakaih gulmagrastaa bhavati. daante kinsey ityasya mukham mushtyaa praharam karoti, tasyaah bahishkaranam karoti, api cha saa cappy-pinki-ityetayoho madhye naa aagantum, sambhawatah swasyaah shoote cha naa aagacchati. tatah saha verhouse ityasya adhah surganam bhulabhulambam madhye adrushyah bhavati. saha tasya vaastavika-sachivena utthaapy vimaanasthaanakam gacchati, yatra saha deshaat bahihi vimanayanasya bhaarah sveekrutavaan. yadaa tasya vimaanam dwarat doore gacchati tadaa noraa aagacchati, tena saha nirgacchati cha. saptahanam anantaram daante ityasya sachivah kinsey ityasya karyalayam aagacchati yena saha dhanapooritam aavaranam dadaatu yena daante tasyaah mukhe mushtyaa praharam karoti, tathaa cha tasya krute saa karyam kartum icchati iti saha icchati. daante ityeshah pridy ityanena saha ekam vaartaalaapam abhilekhitavaan yat daante ityasya karyanam niyantranam praaptum prayatate saha praawartet, yena saha karagare nyastah bhavishyati cha. samyak adhikarinam saha samparkam kartum saavadhaanah yah suchanam puryati, kadaapi praddi ityasya anugunam naa gacchati, kinsey 'gung how' iti vaartaakaaram aahvayati, yaa kathaam prakaashayishyati iti jaanaati, tadanantaram adhikaaribhyah praddi ityasya bandhanam, abhiyogam cha kartum cha vikalpah naa bhavishyati. sheershakam. 2010 april-masasya ante, grafton ityeshaa "asya [upanyaasasy] rachanartham praayah 100 prushtaani" iti soochitavatee, saa "adyaapi sheershake naa prajjwalitawatee" iti cha. pustakasya sheershakam aadhikaarikaroopen lekhakasy facebook-prushthe 2011 april 8 dinaanke ghoshitam.

"vii" enbathu pazhivaangkum noakkil "vii" enbathu pazhivaangkum noakkaakum, idhu suu crafton "" ezhuththukkal "" thodarin marma naavalkalil 22 vadhu naavalaagum, maelum californiavin sanda therasaavai thalamaagak konda kinsey milhon, californiavin sanda paarparaavin karpanaiyaana pathippaakum ". 1988 aam aandu amaikappatta inththa naaval, navambar 2011 ill americavil veliyidappattathu. kadhai surukkam. ezhuththukkal marmath thodarin naankaavathu neraana naavalukku, kannoattam milhon mattrum pira kathaapaaththiranggalukku idaiyil maari maari varukirathu, mukkiyamaaga noaraa vogelsang mattrum lorenzo dante. iruppinum, thodakka aththiyayam, dantidamirunthu cuddon vaangki, thiruppich seluththum thaethiyaith thavaravittu, pinnar losses vaekaasil bokar vilaiyaaduvathai izhakkum oru nalla panakkaara ilainyaraana pilip lanahan kannoattaththil koorappadugiradhu. dante mattrum avarathu cakootharar kaappi aagiyoar vandhu, dante pilip porshai kadanin thirupthiyaaga edukka oppukkolkiraar. iruppinum, dante kaarai paarkka pilip mattrum keppiyai anuppiya piragu, keppi kundarkal barking kerejin maerpuraththilirunthu pilip erinththu avar irakkum varai vaithullanar. mukiya kadhaiyil, norststromine department storkkul oru koottamaippudan oru penn kadaiyil thiruduvathai milhon paarkkiraar. aval arugilulla oru ezhuththaridam solkiraal, avar kadaiyin paathukaappai echcharikkiraar, maelum audry endra pennai avarkal thappikkum muun pidiththu kaithu seikiraargal. idhu nadanthu kondirukkumpoathu, milhon thanathu koottamaippaip pinthodarnthu, barking kerejil avalaal kittatthatta oodikkappadugiraal. siraiyil irunthu viduvikkapatta udanaeyae, audry thartkolai seithu kolgiraar. athanpiragu viraivil, milhon kaaval thuraiyil oru munnaal kaathalan, senii philips, oru thunai adhigaari, lenn piridi mattrum avarathu migavum ilaiya kaathali abae aakiyoarudan malaikku veliyae selkiraar. lenn piridi millhone muthal kanavarin nanbaraagavum, avalukku neendakaala ethiriyaagavum irunthaar. audry oru kadai tiruttu moathiraththin oru paguthiyaaga irunthaar endra kootpaattai piridi kaelii seikiraar, aanaal aadriyin kaathalan antha kootpaattai visaarikka millhonai niyamikiraar. idharkidaiyil, dante thanathu nadavadikkaiyai poleesaar mudiththuk kondiruppathai unarkiraar. audry thanathu kadaiyil irunthu thirudum nadavadikkaiyin thalaivaraaga irunthaar, aanaal kaappi siraiyil irunthu viduvikkapatta piragu avalaik kolgiraar, aenenil aval avarkalai ullae thiruppap poakiraal endru avar nambinaar. kaappi thanathu cakoothararai amaikka piridikku thagavalkalai vazhangki varukiraar, ithanaal avar poruppaerka mudiyum endru dante nambukiraar. kadantha moontru aandugalaaka thanathu kanavaridamirunthu vilagich sendru varum noaraa (idhu avarathu muthal thirumanaththilirunthu avarathu magan pilip iranththathil thodangiyathu enbathai naam pinnar arikiroam), avarathu vazhakkarinyar kanavar thanathu seyalaalarudan uravu vaiththiruppathai arinthukolkiraar. aval kanavanai vittu veliyaera poathumaana panaththai vazhangka sila nagaikalai virka mudivu seikiraal. aval dante endru kurippidapadugiraal, aval udanadiyaaga avalidam eerkkappattu moathiraththirku niyayamaana mathippai vida athigamaaga avalukku valangkukiraal. thanathu sirantha theerppukku ethiraaga, dantai santhikka aval oppukkolkiraal, avar noaraa mattrum aval pirathinithiththuvappaduththum anaivaraalum eerkkappattaar. audry maranatthai innum visaariththu varum kinsey, thanathu vaadikkaiyaalarin oru thavaraana karuththilirunthu thideer uthvaegam perukiraar; veediyoa kaatchigalaip paarkka department storukkuth thirumbukiraar, maelum kaaril oru bumber stickerike kavanikkiraar, adhu kittatthatta avalai keezhae thalliyathu. idhu avalai koottaalikku alaiththuch selkirathu. pala naatkal thannaip pinthodarntha piragu, thirudapatta porutkalai oru poali thondu niruvanaththin trop off baxil deposit seiyum nabar thaanae enbathai aval kandupiditthaal. sila nimidangalukkup piragu oru druck moolam paikal edukkappadugindrana, avai therku californiavaich suttriyulla palvaeru irandaavathu kaii kadaikalukku viniyoagikka dantin kidangirku alaiththuch selkindrana. kinsey senikku idhuvarai kidaittha kandupidippugalin nagalaik kodukkumpoathu, avar oru ragasiya thagavalarinthavarin uyirukku aabaththai aerpaduththakkoodum enbathaal pinvaangkach solkiraar. idhu aval adharku nermaaraaga seiya kaaranamaagiradhu. aval maelum aaraaynthu, cindicatine adukkugalai methuvaaka urikkiraal. avaludaiya pazhaiya nanbar binky fordu (avaludaiya muthal puuttu thaervugalai koduttha nabar) avaludaiya aluvalagaththirku vandhu thanakkaaga sila pugaippadangkalaip pidiththuk kollumaaru ketkiraar. kinsey marukkiraar. pinnar ell. dii. piridi pugaippadangkalaith thaedi aluvalagaththirku vandhu kinsiyai udal reethiyaaga achuruththukiraar. aval pingkiyaik kandupiditthu, pugaippadangkal blackmail porul enbathaik kandupiditthu, dantin seyalpaadu kuritthu pingiyidamirunthu thagavalkalaip pera piridi payanpaduththukiraar. binky kinsiyin kavanippai vittu veliyaeri veettirkuth thirumbukiraar. kinsey thanathu veettirku pingkiyaip pinkiyaip pinkiyin manaiviyai pinaik kaithiyaaga vaiththiruppathaik kaankiraar. pugaippadangkalaiyum ethirmaraigalaiyum neruppil erikka keppi kinsikku utharavidugiraar. kaappi yaarukkum maelum theengku vilaivikaamal veliyaerukiraar, aanaal koopamadaindha binky thanathu shhaat thuppaakkiyai alamariyil irunthu eduththu avaraith thodarnthu theruvirkuch sendru avaraich sudugiraar, aanaal kaappi muttrilum thavaravidugiraar. keppi irandu suttrugalai sudugiraar, adhu anaivaraiyum izhappathaagath therikirathu, maelum avar sambava idaththilirunththu thappi oodugiraar. kinsiyum pinkiyum veettirkul thirumbich sellumpoathu, avarathu manaivi suttuk kollappattiruppathaik kaankiraargal. aval maruthuvamanaikku alaiththuch sellappadugiraal, angku binky thanathu sigichchaiyai avarkal evvaaru vaangka mudiyum endru kavalaippadugiraar. kinsey thanathu aluvalagaththil dantike kandupiditthaar, angku enna nadanthathu endru avaridam koorukiraar. dante naattai vittu veliyaerath thayaaraagik kondirundhaalum, pinkiyin manaiviyai kavanitthukkolla maruthuvamanaiyil oru kanakkai amaikka neram edukkiraar. thanathu cakootharar kaappikku thavaraana thagavalkalai valangkiya piragu, avar thagavalkalai kasindhadhaaga santhegiththapothu, dante noaraavai thannudan saerumaaru samaathaanappaduththa muyantraar. avar thanathu magan kolai seiyappattathu avarukkae kaaranam endru oppukkondaar, aanaal adhu avarukkuth theriyaamal allathu opputhal illaamal seiyappattathu. pilip panatthaik cuddon vazhangkuvatharkaana thanathu unthuthalai avar vilakkinaar, maelum thanathu payanaththin vivarangkalai avalukkuk kodutthaar. aval thannudan seruvaal endra nambikkaiyil avar veliyaerinaar. kanini pathivukal azhikkappadum endru dante kaappiyidam kooriya naalil, pinkiyin manaivi thuppaakkich soottuk kaayatthaal iranthaar. kinsey dantin kidangirkuch sendru pinkiyai kaeppiyaik kollaamal thaduka muyarchikkiraar, maelum koottaatchi athikaarikal kidangkil soathanai seiyath tayaaraagi varuvathaik kaankiraar. kidangkil pingkiyaith thaedi, aval meendum dantai santhikkiraal. thaakkuthal thodangum poathu, binky kappiyaal kaalil kaayamadaindhaar, avar iruthiyil kaavalthuraiyinaraal sudappadugiraar. dante kinsiyin mugaththai kuththikkondu, avalai veliyae thalli, keppi mattrum binky idaiyae selvathaith thadutthu, thannaiththaane suttuk kollakoodum. pinnar avar kidangkin keezh ulla surangappaathaigalin piramaikkul kaanaamal poakiraar. avar thanathu unmaiyana seyalaalaraal alaiththuch sellappattu vimaana nilaiyaththirkuch selkiraar, angku avar naattirku veliyae oru vimanaththai vaadagaikku eduththullaar. avarathu vimaanam vaayililirunthu vilagich sellumpoathu, noaraa vandhu avarudan purappadugiraar. sila vaarangkalukkup piragu dantin seyalaalar kinsiyin aluvalagaththirku vandhu, dante avalai mugaththil kuththuvathai eeduseiya panam niraintha oru uraiyaik kodukkiraar, maelum aval thanakkaaga seiya vaendum endru avar virumbum oru vaelaiyin uuthiyamaakavum. dante piridiyudan oru uraiyaadalai pathivu seithirunthaar, adhu dantyin seyalpaadugalaik kattuppaduttha muyarchikkumpoathu avaraith thoondum, maelum adhu avarai siraiyil adaikkum. thagavalkalai pudhaikkakkoodiya mattrum orupoathum pirettiyaip pidikkaatha sariyaana athikaarigalaith thodarbukolvathil echcharikkaiyaaka, kinsey oru 'kung hoow' nirubar endru alaikkiraar, avar kadhaiyai veliyiduvaar endru avarukkuth theriyum, adhan piragu athikaarigalukku brettiyai kaithu seithu vazhakkuth thoduppathaith thavira vaeru vazhiyillai. thalaippu. aepral 2010 inn pirpaguthiyil, crafton "idhai [inththa naavalai] ezhuthuvathil sumar 100 pakkankal" endrum, avar "innum oru thalaippil oliravillai" endrum therivitthaar. puththagaththin thalaippu aepral 8,2011 andru aasiriyarin muganool pakkaththil athikaarappoorvamaaga arivikkappattathu.

"vii" anedi prateekaaram kosam "vii" anedi suu grafton yokka "" varnamaala "" syries mystery navalalo 22va navala mariyu idhi californialoni shanta terresa, shanta barbara yokka kalpita version ayina kinsey milhone anae private kannu kaligi undhi ". 1988 nepathyamlo roopondinchina eee navala 2011 novemberlo americalo vidudalaindi. katha saaraamsam. varnamaala mystery siriislooni nalgava varusa navala kosam, drukpatham milhone mariyu itara paatrala madhya maarutuu untundi, pradhanamgaa nora vogelsang mariyu lorenzo dante. ayithe, prarambha adhyayam, dante nundi dabbu appuga teesukoni, tirigi chellinche teedeeni kolpoyi, aapai laas vegaslo pokar aadutuu daanini kolpoyina sampanna yuvakudaina phillip lanahan drukpatham nundi cheppabadindi. dante mariyu athani sodarudu coppy vastaaru, mariyu dante runa santruptinigaa phillip yokka porshenu teesukoovadaaniki angeekaristaadu. ayithe, dante kaarunu chuudataaniki phillip mariyu kaappeeni pampina taruvaata, coppy dundagulanu parking garrage paie nundi philipnu visiri thana maranaaniki gurichestaadu. pradhana kathaamsamlo, milhone department store nordstrome lopala oka samaakhyatho oka mahila dukaanamloo dongilinchadaanni chustundi. aame sameepamloni gumastaaku chebutundi, athanu dukaana bhadratanu heccharistaadu, mariyu vaaru audrey anae mahilanu aame tappinchukune mundu bandhinchi arrestu chestaaru. idhi jarugutunnappudu, milhone thana samakhyanu anusaristundi mariyu parking garragelo aame dadapuga aamenu taakindi. jailu nundi vidudalaina ventane, audrey aatmahatya chesukunnatlu telustondi. aaa taruvaata koddikaalaanike, milhone pooliisu vibhaagamlo maajee priyudu chenee philipsnu kalustaadu, athanu vais officer lenn priddy mariyu athani chaalaa chinna snehituraalu abbelatho saayantram bayataku veltaadu. lenn priddy milhone modati bhartaku snehituraalu mariyu aameku deerghakaala satruvu. audrey dukaanam nundi dongilinche ungaramlo bhagamani siddhaantaanni priddy egataali chestaadu, conny audrey priyudu aaa siddhaantaanni parisoedhinchadaaniki millhone niyamistaadu. intalo, pooliisulu thana operationlo nimagnamai unnaarani dante grahistaadu. audrey thana dukaanaala dongatana kaaryakalaapaalaku adhipatigaa unnadu, conny jailu nundi vidudalaina tarvaata coppy aamenu champestaadu, endukante aame vaarini lopaliki pampinchabotondani athanu nammadu. kaappi thana sodarudini erpaatu cheyadaaniki priddiiki samacharam istaadani dante nammutaadu, tadwara athanu baadhyatalu sweekarinchagaladu. gatha moodu samvatsaraalugaa thana bhartha nundi vaerugaa unna nora (idhi aame modati vivaham nundi thana kumarudu phillip maranamtho praarambhamaindani taruvaata manaku telustundi), thana nyaayavaadi bhartha thana kaaryadarsito sambandham kaligi unnaadani telusukuntaadu. aame thana bhartanu vidichipettadaaniki taginanta dabbu andinchadaaniki konni aabharanaalanu vikrayinchaalani nirnayinchukuntundi. aamenu dante anie pilustaaru, aame ventane aame vaipu akarshimpabadi, ungaraaniki sarasamaina viluva kante ekkuva istundi. thana merugaina nirnayaaniki vyatiraekamgaa, aame dantenu kalavadaniki angeekaristundi, aame nora mariyu aame praatinidhyam vahinche anninti patla aakarshituraalavutundi. kinsey, ippatikee audrey maranaanni daryaaptu chestu, thana client chesina offhanded vyakhya nundi akasmaattugaa prerana pondindi; aame veediyo footageni chuudataaniki department storeku tirigi vastundi mariyu kaarupai bumper stickernu gamanistundi, adhi aamenu daadaapu kindaku nettivesindi. idhi aamenu sahacharudi vaddaku teesukuvelutundi. dongilinchina vastuvulanu nakilee swachchanda samstha yokka drop off baxlo jama chese drop off vyakti taanu anie aame chaalaa rojulu tananu vembadinchina taruvaata telusukuntundi. konni nimishala taruvaata oka trucku sanchulanu dakshina california chuttoo unna vividha second hanned storelaku pampinhee cheyadaaniki dante giddangiki teesukelutundi. kinsey cheneeki ippativaraku aame kanugonna phalitaala kaapeeni icchinappudu, aame oka rahasya samaachaaradaarudi praanaaniki muppu kaliginche avakaasam unnanduna aame venakki taggamani chebutaadu. idhi aame sarigga vyatiraekam cheyadaaniki kaaranamavutundi. aame marinta daryaaptu chesi, syndicate poralanu nemmadigaa tokkutundi. aame paatha snehituraalu pinky ford (aameku modati lock picks icchina vyakti) aame kaaryaalayaaniki vacchi thana kosam konni photolanu pattukomani aamenu adugutaadu. kinsey niraakaristaadu. taruvaata elti. priddy photolu vetukutuu kaaryaalayaaniki vacchi kinseeni saareerakamgaa bediristundi. aame pinkeeni gurtinchagalugutundi mariyu aaa photolu dante operation gurinchi pinky nundi samacharam pondadaaniki upayogistunna blockmail material anie telusukuntundi. pinky kinsey samrakshananu vadili intiki tirigi vastundi. pinky bharyanu bandeegaa unchina kaapeeni kanugonadaaniki kinsey pinkeeni thana intiki track chestaadu. poyyilo unna photolu mariyu pratikuulatalanu kalchamani coppy kinseeni aadesistaadu. coppy evarikee haani cheyakunda vellipotundi, conny kopamgaa unna pinky thana shotgunnu almaralo nundi teesukoni veedhiloki vembadinchi atanipai kaalpulu jaruputundi, conny kaapeeni puurtigaa miss avutundi. coppy prati okkarinee miss avutunnatlu anipinche rendu roundlu kaalpulu jaripaadu, mariyu athanu aaa drushyam nundi paaripotaadu. kinsey mariyu pinky intiki tirigi vellinappudu, athani bhaarya kalchi champabadindani vaaru chuustaaru. aamenu aasupatriki teesukuvelataaru, akkada pinky thana chikitsanu elaa bharinchagalaro anie aandolana chendutundi. kinsey athani karyalayamlo dantenu vetiki, akkada emi jarigindo aameku chebutundi. pinky desham vidichi velladaaniki siddhamavutunnappatiki, pinky bharyanu chusukovadaniki aasupatrilo khaataa teravadaaniki dante samayam teesukuntaadu. thana sodarudu kaappeeki chedu samacharam andinchina taruvaata, athanu samacharanni praddeeki leak chestaadani anumaaninchaadu, dante noraanu thanatho cheramani oppinchadaaniki prayatninchaadu. thana kumarudini hatya cheyadam thana vallane jarigindani, conny adhi tanaku teliyakundaane ledhaa sammati lekunda jarigindani athanu angeekarinchaadu. athanu phillip kuu dabbu appu ivvadaaniki thana prerananu vivarinchaadu mariyu thana paryatana vivaraalanu aameku icchaadu. aame thanatho cherutundani aasatoe athanu vellipotaadu. computer recordulu tudichipettukupotamani dante kaapiki cheppina rojuna, pinky bhaarya thana tupaki gaayamtho maranistundi. pinkeeni kaapeeni champakunda unchadaaniki kinsey dante giddangiki veltaadu, mariyu federal adhikarulu giddangipai daadi cheyadaaniki siddhamavutunnatlu chustadu. giddangilo pinky kosam vetukutuu, aame mallee dantenu kalustundi. daadi prarambhamainappudu, pinky kaalini coppy gaayaparustaadu, chivariki athanu pooliisulachae kalchi champabadataadu. dante kinseeni mukham meeda guddutuu, aamenu bayataku nettivesi, coppy mariyu pinky madhya padakunda nirodhinchi, bahusha tananu taanu kalchukokunda nirodhistaadu. aaa taruvaata athanu giddangi kinda unna soramgaala chittadavi loki adrushyam avtadu. atanni athani nijamaina karyadarshi ettukoni vimaanaasrayaaniki cherukuntaadu, akkada athanu desham nundi vimananni addeku teesukunnadu. athani vimanam gate nundi dhooramgaa taxi chestunnappudu, nora vacchi athanitho paatu bayaludaerutumdi. konni vaaraala taruvaata dante karyadarshi kinsey kaaryaalayaaniki vacchi, dante aame mukhampai guddadam bharti cheyadaaniki nagadutho nindina oka kavarunu ivvadaaniki, alaage aame thana kosam cheyaalani athanu korukune udyogaaniki chellimpugaa kooda istaadu. dante thana karyakalapalanu niyantrinchadaaniki prayatnistunnappudu praddiini chikkukupoye oka sambhaashanhanu dante record chesaadu, adhi atanni jailulo padestundi. samacharanni dachipetti, eppuduu picchivaallanu vembadinchani saraina adhikaarulanu sampradinchadamlo jagrattagaa, kinsey oka 'gung hoow' reporternu pilustaadu, aame kathanu prachuristundani aameku telusu, aaa taruvaata adhikaarulaku piddiini arrestu chesi vichaarinchadam tappa vaerae maargam undadu. sheershika. april 2010 chivaralo, grafton "[eee navala] loe sumaru 100 paejeelu [rayadam]" anie nivedinchindi mariyu aame "inca oka sheershikapai prakasinchaledu". eee pustakam yokka sheershikanu rachayita yokka facebook pageelo april 8,2011naa adhikarikamga prakatinchaaru.

"v" inteqam kay liye hay "wee" az faar vengines swee grafton kay "alfabet" seerez kay prasrar naawalon kaa 22 waan naawal hay aur iss mein cancy maloon kuu dikhaya gayaa hay juu saanta treasa california mein maqeem eek najee aankh hay juu saanta barbra california kaa eek afsanvi warzan hay. 1988 mein tartib diyaa gayaa yaha naawal nomber 2011 mein riyasathaye muthadah mein release hawaa thaa. plaat kaa khalasah. haroof tehji kay israar silsilay kay choothay seedhay naawal kay liyay naqtah nazar maloon aur deegar kirdaron khaas toor parr noraa wogglesong aur lorenzo dentay kay darmiyan badalta hay. tahim iftatahi baab kuu eek ameer naujawan flip laana kay naqtah nazar say bataya gayaa hay juu daantay say paisay adhaar leeta hay adayegi kii tareekh say mahroom rehta hay aur phir laas vigas mein pokar kheel kirr asay khoo deeta hay. dentay aur iss kaa bhayee keepi aatay haine aur dentay qarz kii takmeel kay toor parr flip kay porshay kuu leenay parr raazi how jaatay haine. tahim jabb daantay kaar kuu dekhnay kay liye flip aur keepi bhejta hay tuu keepi thagon kuu parking giraj kay opri hasay say flip phaink kirr apnee moth takk pahuncha deeta hay. markazi kahaani mein maloon department store nordstrome kay andar eek confeedrate kay saath eek khaatun kii dakaan say choori kaa mashahidah kartaa hay. wah eek qareebi clerk kuu bataati hay juu store security kuu alrat kartaa hay aur wah faraar honay say pehley audry naami khaatun kuu pakad kirr giraftar kirr leetay haine. jabb yaha chull rehaa hay maloon apnay confeedrate kaa peecha karti hay aur parking giraj mein iss kay qareeb say iss kay paas pahunch jaati hay. jail say rehayi kay foraa baad audry bazahir khudkashi kirr leeti hay. iss kay foraa baad maloon kaa taaluq mohkamah police mein eek saabiq bawaae friend cheeni flips say hotaa hay juu eek naib afsar leane pready aur iss kii behat chhoti garal friend abee kay saath shaam kay liye baahir jaataa hay. leane pready malhun kay pehley shohar kii dost thee aur iss kii derinah dashman hay. pready iss nazariyah kaa mazaaq adaata hay kahh audry dakaan say choori karnay waali angothi kaa hasah thaa leakin audry kaa bawaae friend iss nazariyah kii tehqiqat kay liye maloon kuu mulazimat parr rakhta hay. darein asnaa dentay kuu ahsaas hotaa hay kahh police iss kii kararwai kuu bund kirr rahee hay. audry iss kii dakaan say choori karnay kii kararwai kaa sarbarah thaa leakin keepi jail say rehayi kay baad asay qatal kirr deeta hay keunkah asay yaqeen thaa kahh wah inhein andar laanay waali hay. dentay kaa khayaal hay kahh keepi pready kuu apnay bhayee kuu qayem karnay kay liye malumat day rehaa hay taakah wah iqtedar sanbhaal sakay. noraa juu pachlay teen saalon say apnay shohar say alg how rahee hay (juu hamein baad mein malum hawaa kahh iss kay betay flip kii pehli shaadi say moth kay saath sharoo hoyee)yee kuu malum hotaa hay kahh iss kay wakeel shohar kaa apnay secertry kay saath taaluq hay. wah apnay shohar kuu chhodnay kay qaabil honay kay liye asay kaafi raqam farahim karnay kay liye kachh zewaraat farokhat karnay kaa faislah karti hay. asay daantay kahaa jaataa hay juu fouri toor parr iss kii taraf matujah how jaataa hay aur asay angothi kay liye munasib qeemat say ziyadah paish kartaa hay. apnay behatar faislay kay khalaaf wah daantay say milnay parr raazi how jaati hay juu noraa aur iss kii numaindagi karnay waali harr cheez say mutasir how jaati hay. kansee juu abb bhee audry kii moth kii tehqiqat kirr rahee hay apnay client kay eek ghair mamuli tabsaray say achanak mutasir hoti hay. wah video fotage dekhnay kay liye department store waps aatee hay aur kaar parr eek bumper steaker kuu dekhti hay juu asay taqriba neechey dhakeel chakaa thaa. yaha asay saathi kii taraf lay jaataa hay. asay kayee dunon takk iss kaa peecha karnay kay baad patah chalta hay kahh wah wah drop aaf shaqs hay juu choori shadah saamaan kuu jaali khairati idaarey kay drop aaf baaks mein jamaa karti hay. phir chand mint baad eek trick inn theelon kuu uthaa kirr janubi california kay aas paas kay mukhtalif second hanned stores mein taqsim karnay kay liye dentay kay godaam lay jaataa hay. jabb kansi cheeni kuu abb takk kay nataij kii eek kaapi deeta hay tuu wah asay peeche hatnay kay liye kehta hay keunkah wah kasee khafiya makhbar kii zindagi kuu khatray mein ddaal sakti hay. iss kii wajah say wah balkal barakas karti hay. wah mazeed taftish karti hay aur aahista aahista sandiket kii tehon kuu chheel deeti hay. iss kii praani dost panki ford (wah shaqs jiss nay asay laak pukk kaa pehla seet diyaa thaa) iss kay daftar mein aataa hay aur asay apnay liye kachh tasavir rakhnay kuu kehta hay. keenee ankaar kirr deeta hay. baad mein eel tye. pready tasavir kii talaash mein daftar aataa hay aur kansi kuu jasmani toor parr dhamki deeta hay. wah panki kaa patah laganay mein kamiyab how jaati hay aur patah lagaata hay kahh yaha tasavir bleek meel mawaad haine juu parandi dantay kay operation kay baaray mein panki say malumat haasil karnay kay liye istemaal kirr rahee hay. panki kansi kii deekh bhaal chhod kirr gahar loat jaati hay. keenee panki kuu apnay gahar kii taraf track kartaa hay taakah keepi panki kii bewi kuu yarghumal banaa kirr rakhta hay. keepi kansi kuu hakam deeta hay kahh wah chamni mein mojud tasavir aur manfi kuu jalaa day. keepi kasee kuu mazeed nqsan pahunchaye baghair chalaa jaataa hay leakin eek mushtaal panki almaari say apnee shaat gunn lay leeta hay aur iss kaa peecha kartaa hay aur sadak parr golee chalata hay leakin keepi kuu makmal toor parr yaad aataa hay. keepi eek duu round chalata hay juu lagtaa hay kahh sabb kuu yaad kartaa hay aur wah jaaye waquah say faraar how jaataa hay. jabb kansi aur panki gahar mein waps jaatay haine tuu wah dekhtay haine kahh iss kii bewi kuu golee maar dee gayee hay. asay hospital lay jayaa jaataa hay jehaan panki kuu fakar hoti hay kahh wah iss kaa alaaj kisay bardasht kirr saktay haine. kansi dantay kuu iss kay daftar mein dhondta hay jehaan wah asay bataati hay kahh kiyaa hawaa hay. dentay panki kii bewi kii deekh bhaal kay liye hospital mein akaunt khoolnay kay liye waqat nikalta hay halankah wah milk chhodnay kii tayari kay beach mein hay. apnay bhayee keepi kuu ghalat malumat farahim karnay kay baad jiss parr asay shabah thaa kahh wah iss kay saath shaamil honay kay liye noraa kuu raazi karnay kii koshish kirr rehaa thaa. iss nay aiteraf kiyaa kahh iss kii wajah say iss kay betay kaa qatal hawaa thaa leakin yaha iss kii jankari yaa razamandi kay baghair kiyaa gayaa thaa. iss nay flip kuu raqam qarz deenay kay liye apnay moharrik kii wazahat kii aur asay apnay safar kii tafsilaat batayein. wah iss ameed parr chalaa jaataa hay kahh wah iss kay saath shaamil how jaaye gee. jiss dunn dentay nay keepi kuu bataya thaa kahh computer kay record khatam how jayein gay panki kii bewi golee lagnay say marr jaati hay. kansi dantay kay godaam mein panki kuu keepi kuu maarnay say roknay kii koshish kartaa hay aur wafaqi hakaam kuu godaam parr chhapah maarnay kii tayari kartay hoay dekhta hay. godaam mein panki kii talaash mein iss kaa dobarah dentay say saamna hotaa hay. jabb chhapah sharoo hotaa hay tuu panki keepi kay haathon taang mein zakhmi how jaataa hay jasay balaakhir police golee maar deeti hay. dentay kansi kay chehrey parr makay maarta hay asay baahir phainkta hay aur asay keepi aur panki kay darmiyan jaanay say rokta hay aur mamkanah toor parr khood kuu golee maar leeta hay. iss kay baad wah godaam kay neechey sarangon kii bhulbaliya mein ghaib how jaataa hay. asay iss kaa haqeeqi secertry uthaa leeta hay aur hawai aday takk pahunch jaataa hay jehaan iss nay milk say baahir parwaz charter kii hay. jeesay hyee iss kaa tayarah darwazay say door taxie kirr rehaa hay noraa aatee hay aur iss kay saath chalee jaati hay. hafton baad dentay kaa secertry kansi kay daftar mein aataa hay taakah asay nqd raqam say bharaa eek lifafah day taakah dentay kay chehrey parr makay laganay kii talaafi kii jaa sakay aur iss kaam kii adayegi kay toor parr bhee juu wah chahta hay kahh wah iss kay liye karay. dentay nay pready kay saath eek guftagu record kii thee juu asay dentay kay operations parr qaabu paaney kii koshish mein aljhaye gee aur juu asay jail mein ddaal day gee. munasib hakaam say raabtah karnay say mohtat rahein juu malumat kuu dafan kirr saktay haine aur kabhi bhee ghatiya kay peeche nahein parh saktay kansi eek 'gung how' reporter kuu phone karti hay jasay wah jaanti hay kahh wah kahaani shaye karay gee jiss kay baad hakaam kay paas ghatiya kuu giraftar karnay aur moqhadhima chalanay kay swaa koyee chaarah nahein hoga. anwaan. apreel 2010 kay aakhir mein grafton nay "asay [iss naawal kuu] likhnay mein taqriba 100 safhaat" honay kii atlaa dee aur yaha kahh wah "ubhee takk kasee anwaan parr chamak nahein payee hay. kitaab kay anwaan kaa bazabtah aalaan masnaf kay fees buck paij parr 8 apreel 2011 kuu kiyaa gayaa thaa.

0000527798e1ec746c49018e20c26d29d5f891114daf03645d4ac356dd0bee8f

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28307799

Lazar Krestin

Lazar Krestin Lazar Krestin (10 September 1868, Kaunas – 28 February 1938, Vienna) was an artist famous in the German art world for Judaic genre scenes and his many sober portraits of Eastern European Jews. He was also a noted Zionist. His father was a Talmud teacher. His first lessons were at the drawing school in Vilnius, followed by studies at the Academy of Fine Arts, Vienna and the Academy of Fine Arts, Munich and he was one of the most prominent students of Isidor Kaufmann. He worked in Munich, Vienna and Odessa before going to Jerusalem in 1910 at the request of Bezalel Academy of Arts and Design founder, Boris Schatz. He later returned to Vienna and is buried in the Zentralfriedhof.

laajar crestin laajar crestin (10 septembor 1868, kounas-28 february 1938, vienna) german kolaa jogotor ejon xilpi aasil ji ihudi dharar drishyo aaru pubo europor ihudixokolor bohutu xanto sitror baabe bikhyat aasil. teu ejon bikhyat jiyo 'nobadiu aasil. teur pitri aasil ejon talmud xikhyok. teur prothom paath aasil bhiloniyasor droying schoolot, taar pisot academy owo fine arts, vienna aaru academy owo fine arts, miunisot odhyoyon koraa hoisil aaru teu icdor coufmanor onyotomo bixisto saatro aasil. 1910 sonot jerujalemoloi juwar aagote teu bezelel academy owo arts endo designor protisthapok boris skatzor onurudhot miunikh, vienna aaru oh 'desat kaam korisil. pisot teu bhiyenaloi ubhoti aahisil aaru teuk gentrel friedhofot xomadhistho koraa hoisil.

lazar crestin lazar crestin (10 septembara 1868, kaunasa-28 february 1938, vienna) chhilen ekjon shilpi jini german shilp jogote judaic gharanar drishya ebong purbo europea ihudider onek shanto protikritir jonno bikhyato chhilen. tini ekjon bikhyato jayanbadio chhilen. taanr baba chhilen ekjon talmud shikkhok. taanr prothom paatth chhilo vilniuser droying schoole, tarpore academy off fine artasa, vienna ebong academy off fine artasa, munikhe padashona corren ebong tini chhilen isidor coufmaner onnotomo bishishto chhatro. 1910 saale bezelel academy off artasa anned design protisthata boris shutzer anurodhe jeruzaleme yawar agey tini munikh, vienna ebong odessa kaaj korechilen. porey tini vienna firey asen ebong taanke centralfriedhofe somahito koraa hoy.

lazar crestin lazar crestin (10 september 1868, kaunaas-28 februari 1938, viyanaa) german qalaa jagatma judike shaileena drashyo aneey purveey european yahudiona temnaa ghanaa shaant chitro maate prakhyaat kalakar hataa. teo jaanita zionist pann hataa. temnaa pitaa talmudna shikshak hataa. temnaa pratham paath vilniusni chitrakalani shaalaama hataa, tyarbad academy off fine arts, viyanaa aneey academy off fine arts, myunichma abhyaas karyo hato aneey teo isidor kaufamenna sauthee agranee vidhyarthiomana aek hataa. temane temane basellel academy off arts anned designna sthaapak boris skatznee vinanti parr jerusalem jataa pahelaa munich, vienna aneey odesaamaa kaama karyoo hatoo. baadmaa teey vienna parat faryo aneey tene centralfriedhofmaa dafnavvama aavyo.

laazar crestin laazar crestin (10 sitambar 1868, kaunas-28 farwari 1938, vienna) ack kalakar they joe german kalaa jagat mein nyaayik shally key drishyon aur purvi europeeya yahoodiyon key apane kaee shaant chitron key liye prasiddh they. way ack prasiddh zionist bhee they. unake pitaa ack talmud shikshak they. unake pahale paath vilnius key drying school mein they, usake baad lalit kalaa akadami, vienna aur lalit kalaa akadami, munich mein adhyayan kiya gayaa aur vaha isidor coffman key sabse pramukh chhatron mein seey ack they. unhone 1910 mein bezelal academy off arts aind design key sansthaapak, boris shatz key anurodh parr jerusalam jaane seey pahale munich, vienna aur odessa mein kaam kiya. baad mein vaha vienna laut aaya aur usey gentralfriedhoff mein dafnaya gayaa.

lazar crestin lazar crestin (10 september 1868, kaunas-28 phebravari 1938, vienna) german kalaa jagattinalli judaic prakaarada drashyagalige mattu purva european yahoodigala aneka shaanta bhaavachitragalige hesaruvaasiyaagidda kalaavidaraagiddaru. aata obba prasiddha jheonist kooda aagiddaru. avara tande talmud shikshakaraagiddaru. avara modala pathagalu vilniusna rekhaachitra shaaleyalliddavu, nantara viyennaada lalita kalegala academy mattu myunichna lalita kalegala academiyalli adhyayanagalu nadedavu mattu avaru isidor kaufmanna pramukha vidyarthigalalli obbaraagiddaru. 1910ralli bejhalel academy off arts und design samsthaapaka boris scotz avara korikeya merege jerusalemge hoguva modalu avaru munich, vienna mattu odesaadalli kelasa maadidaru. nantara aata viennake maralidaru mattu avarannu gentral friedhafnalli samadhi maadalaayitu.

lazar kresttin jarmman kalaa lokath judic vibhaagathile ramgangalkkum kizhakkan europian joothanmaarude niravadhi shaanthamaaya chhaayaachitrangalkkum peruketta oru kalakaaranaayirunnu lazar kresttin (10 septambar 1868, kaunaas-28 februvari 1938, vienna). addeham oru prashastha siyonist koodiyaayirunnu. addehathinte pithaav oru talmood adthyaapakanaayirunnu. addehathinte aadya paadangal vilniusile droying schoolilum thudarnnu viyannayile akkadami oof phine arts, myoonikkile akkadami oof phine arts ennividangalilumaayirunnu, addeham isidor kofmaante ettavum pramukha vidyaarthikalil oraalaayirunnu. besalal akkadami oof arts aandu design sthaapakanaaya boris shaatsinte abhyarthana maanich 1910ll jarusalemilekku pookunnathinumumbu addeham myoonikk, vienna, odesa ennividangalil jolie cheythu. pinneedu viyannayilekku madangiyethiya addehathe central friedhoffil samskarichu.

lazar crestin lazar crestin (10 september 1868, kaunas-28 februwari 1938, vienna) haah german qalaa jagaat judic shailichya drushyansathi aanee purv europeey jyoo lokanchya anek shant chhayachitransathi prasiddha asalela eka kalakar hota. too eka prasiddha zionist dekhil hota. tyanche vadil talmudche shikshak hote. tyanche pahile dhade vilaniyasmadhil rekhachitra shalet hote, tyanantar vienna yetheel lalit qalaa akadami aanee munich yetheel lalit qalaa akadami yethe shikshan ghetale aanee teey isidor coffmanchya sarvat pramukh vidyarthyanpaiki eka hote. 1910 madhye bezelal academy auph arts andd designche sansthapak boris scatz yanchya vinantivarun jerusalemla jaanyapurvi tyanni munich, vienna aanee odessa yethe kaam kele. nantar too viennala paratala aanee tyala zentralfriedhofmadhye daphan karnyat aale.

lazar crestin lazar crestin (10 september 1868, kaunas-28 february 1938, bhiyana) german kala sansarma nyayik shailika drishyaharu rar purvi europeli yahudiharuko dherai shanta chitraharuka lagi prasidha ek kalakar thie. uni ekjana prakhyat geonist pani thie. unka buba talmud shikshak thie. unko pahilo path bhilniyasko dring schoolma thiyo, tyasapachhi ekedemy aff fine arts, bhiyana rar ekedemy aff fine arts, myunichma adhyayan gariyo rar uni isidor coufmanka sabaibhanda pramukh vidyarthiharu madhye ek thie. unle beijal ekedemy aff arts anned designka sansthapak boris scatzko anurodhma sann 1910 maa jeruselam januaghi myunikh, bhiyana rar odesama kaam gare. pachhi uni bhiyana farkie rar gentralfriedhafma gadiyo.

lazar crestin lazar crestin (10 september 1868, kaunas-28 februari 1938, bhiena) jane kalakara thile jieki german kalaa jagatare judike saileera drushya ebong purba europeah ihudeemananka aneka shant chitra paain prasidha thile. shay jane prasidha geonist madhya thile. taanka pita jane talmud sikhyaka thile. tankara pratham paath bhilnijasra draing schoolre thila, taa 'parey bhienasthita ekademy off fine arts ebong ekademy off fine arts, munichare adhyajana karithile ebong shay ecider kafamyananka anyatama pramukh chhatra thile. 1910 masihare bezelel ekademy off arts anded design pratisthata boris skatjnka anurodha krame jerujelam jiba purbaru shay munik, bhiena ebong odessa ray kaama karithile. parey shay bhienaku pherithile ebong tanku centralfriedhofre kabara diajaithila.

lazar crestin lazar crestin (10 satambar 1868, kaunas-28 farvari 1938, vienna) ikk kalakar see joe german qalaa jagat witch yahudi shaili dey drishan atey purbi european yahudiaan dey aapne bahut saare shaant chittran laee mashur see. uh ikk prasidh zionist vee see. uss dey pitaa ikk talmud adhiaapak sunn. uss dey pahile sabak vilnius dey drauing school witch sunn, iss toon baad academy aaf fine arts, vienna atey academy aaf fine arts, munich witch padahi keeti gaee atey uh isidor coffman dey sabh toon pramukh vidiaarthiaan vicchon ikk see. uss neey 1910 witch bezelal academy aaf arts aind design dey sansthapak, boris shotz dee benati 'teey yerushalam jaanh toon pahilan munich, vienna atey odessa witch kamm keeta. baad witch uh vienna waps aaa giaa atey uss noon gentral friedhoff witch dafnaiaa giaa.

lazar crestin lazar crestin (10 september 1868, kaunaas-28 februvari 1938, viyannaa) kashchan kalakaraha aasit yah german-kalaa-jagate judic-shailee-drushyebhyah, poorveeya-european-jyoo-janaanaam anekanam shaanta-chitraanaam cha krute prasidhah aasit. saha prasidhah zionist api aasit. tasya pitaa talmud-shikshaka aasit. tasya prathamam paatham vilnius-nagarasya chitra-vidyaalaye aasit, tadanantaram viyannaa-nagarasya lalitakalaa-akadami, myunich-nagarasya lalitakalaa-akadami cha adhyayanm abhavat, saha isidor kaufman-ityasya pramukhaasu chhaatreshu anyatamah aasit. saha 1910 tame varshe bezel-akadami aaf arts and desain ityasya samsthaapakasya boris scotz ityasya anurodhena jerusalam-nagaram gantum poorvam myunich, viyannaa, odessa ityeteshu kaaryam akarot. pashchat saha viyannaa-nagaram pratyagatavan, tathaa cha gentral-fried-haaf-madhye samaadhisthah.

lauser crestine lauser crestine (septumber 10,1868, counas-pipravari 28,1938, vienna) jerman kalai ulagil yootha vagai kaatchigalukkum kilakku iroappiya yootharkalin pala nithaanamaana uruvappadangkalukkum pirabalamaana oru kalaignar aavaar. avar oru pugazhpettra seonistaagavum irunthaar. avarathu thanthai oru talmud aasiriyar aavaar. avarathu muthal paadangkal vilniusil ulla varaithal pallyil irunththana, adhaith thodarnthu viyannaavil ulla nunkalaikal akaadami mattrum manichchil ulla nunkalaikal akaadami aagiyavattril padippugal irunththana, maelum avar isidoor coffman miga mukkiyamaana maanavargalil oruvaraaga irunthaar. besalal akaadami off ards andd design niruvanar poaris shotsin vaendukoalin paeril 1910 aam aandil jerusalaemukkuch selvatharku munbu avar munich, vienna mattrum odessavil paniyaattrinaar. pinnar avar viyannaavukkuth thirumbinaar, maelum central freedhoppil adakkam seiyappattaar.

lazar crestin lazar crestin (10 september 1868, kaunas-28 fibravari 1938, vienna) german kalaa prapanchamlo judic kalaa drushyaalu mariyu thoorpu european yoodula aneka telivigala chitraalaku prasiddhi chendina kalakarudu. ayana pramukha geonist kooda. ayana tandri talmud guruvu. athani modati paataalu vilnius looni droying paatasaalalo, taruvaata vienna looni academy off fine arts mariyu munich looni academy off fine artslo adhyayanalu jarigaayi mariyu athanu isidor coffman yokka atyanta pramukha vidyaarthulaloo okadu. bejalel academy off arts und design vyavasthaapakudu boris shotz abhyardhana meraku 1910loe jerusalem vellae mundu athanu munich, vienna mariyu odesalo panicheesaadu. taruvaata athanu viyannaku tirigi vacchi, gentral friedhaflo khananam cheyabaddaadu.

lazaar crestin lazaar crestin (10 satambar 1868yee konaas-28 faroori 1938yee wayana) eek fankaar thaa juu german aart kii duniya mein yahudi sanaf kay munazir aur mashriqi europi yahudiyon kii apnee behat see perscon tasveeron kay liye mashhur thaa. wah eek mashhur seehuni bhee thay. inn kay waalid talmud kay astaad thay. inn kay pehley asbaaq walnees kay drying school mein thay iss kay baad academy aaf fayen arts wayana aur academy aaf fayen arts meunakh mein taleem haasil kii aur wah icedor kafmeen kay mamtaz tareen talbaa mein say eek thay. inhon nay 1910 mein bezlel academy aaf arts aind design kay baanee bors sheetz kii darkhwast parr eroshulam jaanay say pehley meunakh wayana aur odesa mein kaam kiyaa. baad mein wah wayana waps aayaa aur asay zentral friedhof mein dafan kiyaa gayaa.

0000539a88d947d306bc9040af2b479377abbd6b38286b6b37ab510480549654

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7213483

St. Gabriel's Episcopal Church (Titusville, Florida)

St. Gabriel's Episcopal Church (Titusville, Florida) Historic church in Florida, United States St. Gabriel's Episcopal Church is a historic Carpenter Gothic church in Titusville, Florida, United States. The church was built in 1887 on donated land and is located at 414 Pine Avenue. On December 5, 1972, it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places. It is part of the Episcopal Diocese of Central Florida References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

sto. gabrielor episcopal girja (titusville, fluorida) sto. gabrielor episcopal girja hoise aamerika juktorastror flo "ridaar titusvilot owosthito ek oitihaxik carpenter gothik girja. girjatu 1887 sonot daan koraa maatit nirman koraa hoisil aaru ee 414 paain aviniut owosthito. 1972 sonor 5 disemborot iyak eu-too jug diya hoisil.ess. oitihaxik sthanxomuhor rastriyo ponjiyon. ee kendriyo fluoridar episcopal daaio "sisor ongxo.

seenta. gabrieler episcopal girja (titusville, florida) seenta. gabrieler episcopal girja holl markin juktorashtrer floridara titusviller ekti oitihasik chhutorer gothik girja. girjati 1887 saale daan koraa jomite nirmito hoyechilo ebong etty 414 pine avenuete abosthito. 1972 saaler 5ee december etty eu-teey jog koraa hoy.esha. oitihasik sthangulir jatiya rejistara. etty central floridara episcopal dioceser ongsho.

saint. gabrielnu episcopal church (titsville, florida) saint. gabrielnu episcopal church united statesnaa floridana titasavilemaa aavelu aek aitihasik suthaar gothik church chhe. aaa church 1887maan daanmaa aapvama aaveli jameen parr bandhvama aavyu hatoo aneey teey 414 pine aevanyu parr stheet chhe. 5 december, 1972naa roj, tene yuu. maan umervaamaa aavyu hatoo.aesa. aitihasik sthalonu raashtriy register. teey central floridana episcopal diosisno bhaag chhe.

sent. gabriel kaa episcopal church (titesville, florida) sent. gabriel kaa episcopal church sanyukt raajya america key florida key titesville mein ack aitihaasik badhai gothik church haye. church 1887 mein daan kii gaee bhoomi parr banaaya gayaa thaa aur 414 pine avenue parr sthit haye. 5 disambar, 1972 koo ise yuu mein jodaa gayaa thaa.aiss. aitihaasik sthaanon kaa rashtriya register. yeh kendriya florida key episcopal diosis kaa hissa haye.

ess. gabrielna episcopal church (titusville, florida) ess. gabrielna episcopal church united statesna floridada titusvilleyalliruva aitihaasika badagi gothik church aagide. ee church annu 1887ralli daana maadida bhoomiyalli nirmisalaayitu mattu idu 414 paine avenyoodallide. 1972rahra december 5randu idannu yuu. ge serisalaayitu.ess. aitihaasika sthalagala rashtriya nondani. idu central floridada episcopal diasisna bhagavagide.

sent. gabriyalinte episcopal palli (titusville, florida) sent. american aikyanaadukalile floridayile titusvilleyil sthithicheyyunna charitraparamaaya oru marappanikkaranaaya gothik palliyaan gabriels episcopal charchu. 1887ll sambhavana cheytha bhoomiyil nirmmicha eee palli 414 pine avanyoovilaanu sthithi cheiyunnathu. 1972 desember desember ithu yuu. esilekku cherkkapettu.ezz. charitraparamaaya sthalangalude deseeya rajisttar. central floridayile episcopal roopathayude bhaagamaanith.

seent. gabrielche episcopal church (titusville, florida) seent. gabriel episcopal church heey americetil florida rajyatil titusville yetheel eka aitihasik sutar gothick church aahe. heey church daan kelelya jaminivar 1887 madhye bandhanyat aale hote aanee teey 414 pine avenuever aahe. 5 december 1972 roji, too yuu. madhye jodala gela.ess. aitihasik sthalanchi rashtriy nondani. too madhya floridachya episcopal bishapprasadacha bhag aahe.

cent. gabrielko episcopal church (titsabhil, florida) cent. gabrielko episcopal church sanyukta rajya americako floridako titsabhilma raheko ek aitihasik badai gothik church how. church daan garieko jaminma sann 1887 maa nirman garieko thiyo rar yo 414 pine avenyuma awasthit chha. december 5,1972 maa, yo yuma thapieko thiyo.ess. aitihasik sthanharuko rashtriya darta. yo central floridako episcopal diosisko bhag how.

cent. gabrijelnka episcopal church (titusabhil, florida) cent. gabriel 'saas episcopal church heuchhi americara floridara titusabhilare abasthita eka aitihasika badhei gothika church. ehi church 1887 masihare daana karajaithiba jamire nirmita hoithila ebong ehaa 414 pine aabhenyure abasthita. 1972 masiha december 5 tarikhare ehaaku jayu. aii. ray samil karajaithila.ess. aitihasika stanagudikara jatiah panjika. ehaa kendriah floridara episcopal diocesra anshabisesha.

shh. gabriel daa episcopal church (titesville, florida) shh. gabriel daa episcopal church sanyukat raaj amrica dey florida dey titesville witch ikk itihasak tarkhan gothik church haii. church 1887 witch daan keeti zameen utte banaiaa giaa see atey ih 414 pine aivenioo utte sathit haii. 5 dasambar 1972 noon iss noon yuu. aii. witch shamal keeta giaa see.aiss. itihasak sathanan daa rashtari register. ih kendri florida dey episcopal diocese daa hissa haii.

ess. tii. gabriel-episcopal-charch (titsville, florida) ess. tii. gabriel-episcopal-charch iteedam samyuktarajyamerikadesha floridaadeshasya titsville-nagare sthitam aitihaasikam carpenter-gothik-charch asti. 1887 tame varshe daanabhoomau nirmitam charch 414 pain-avanyoo ityatra sthitam asti. 1972 december 5 dinaanke, etat yu. e. madhye yojitam.ess. aitihasikasthananam rashtriya-panjee. eshah madhya-florida-pradeshasya episcopal-diocese ityasya bhaagah asti.

St. caprieline episcopal devalayam (dietusville, plorida) St. caprieline episcopal devalayam enbathu americavin ploaridaavin dietusville ulla oru varalaattruth thachu koathik devalayam aagum. inththa devalayam 1887 aam aandil nankodaiyaaga valangkappatta nilaththil kattappattathu mattrum 414 bine avenuevil amainthullathu. disambar 5,1972 andru, idhu yuu. ill serkkappattathu.ess. varalaattruch sirappumikka idangkalin thaesiyap pathivu. idhu matthiya ploaridaavin episcopal maraimaavattaththin oru paguthiyaagum.

St. gabriels episcopal charchi (titusville, florida) St. gabriels episcopal charchi united states looni floridaloni titusvilleloni chaaritraatmaka vadrangi gothik charchi. eee charchini 1887loe viraalamgaa icchina bhoomipai nirminchaaru mariyu idhi 414 paine avenue vadda undhi. december 5,1972naa, idhi yuu. loe cherchabadindi.ess. chaaritraka pradaesaala jaateeya register. idhi central florida episcopal dioceslo bhaagam

sent. gabriel kaa epscopal charch (tites will fluoreda) sent. gabriel kaa epscopal charch riyasathaye muthadah kay fluoreda kay tites will mein waaqa eek tarikhi badhayi gothak charch hay. yaha charch 1887 mein atiyah shadah zameen parr banaya gayaa thaa aur yaha 414 paain avenio parr waaqa hay. 5 dasambar 1972 kuu asay yuu mein shaamil kiyaa gayaa.aiss. tarikhi maqamat kaa qomi register. yaha wastee fluoreda kay epscopal ddaisis kaa hasah hay.

000057f93fe70091cf392277cd486110d024514f9979384544b2be4b783a6ce1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47283232

1983–84 National Football League (Ireland)

1983–84 National Football League (Ireland) The 1983–84 National Football League was the 53rd staging of the National Football League (NFL), an annual Gaelic football tournament for the Gaelic Athletic Association county teams of Ireland. Kerry defeated Galway in the final, Mikey Sheehy scoring 1-5. Format. Four divisions of 8 teams: each team plays all the other teams in its division once, earning 2 points for a win and 1 for a draw. Tie-breakers are played to separate teams (if necessary for promotion, relegation or knockout places). The top two teams in Divisions 2, 3 and 4 are promoted. The bottom two teams in Divisions 1, 2 and 3 are relegated. The NFL title is awarded after a knockout stage. Eight teams progress to the quarter-finals: References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

1983-84 rastriyo football leeg (ireland) 1983-84 rastriyo football leeg aasil irelandor gallic ethletik ess "siyesyon county dolxomuhor baabe ek barxik gallic football protijugita rastriyo football leeg (eno. ef. el.) ror 53tomo porzay. keriye finalot galwake porasto korisil, maiki sweihe 1-5 raan korisil. formate. 8taa dolor sarita bibhagoh protitu dole nijor xakhat thoka aan xokolu dolor xoite ebarkoi khele, etaa joyor baabe 2 point aaru dro "ror baabe 1 point orjon kore. taai-brekarxomuh prithok dolor baabe khelaa hoy (jodi prosar, relegation baa nockout sthanor baabe proyujon hoy). bibhag 2,3 aaru 4-ror xirxo dutaa dolok podunnoti diya hoy. 1, 2 aaru 3 nong bibhagor tolor dutaa dolok obonomito koraa hoy. nockout porzayor pisot eno. ef. el. khitap prodan koraa hoy. aathta dole cowarter finalot prowex koreh

1983-84 jatiya football leeg (ireland) jatiya football leeg chhilo irelander gailic athletic association county dalgulir jonno ekti barshik gailic football turnament, jatiya football leager (enn. eff. ell) ell) manchayan. finale galleke porajito korey kerry, maiki shihi 1-5 score corren. format. 8tii doler charti bibhagoh protiti doll taar bibhager anyanno samasta doler saathe ekbar korey khele, ekti joyer jonno 2 point ebong droyer jonno 1 point orjon korey. tye-breakerguli prithak dalgulir jonno khela hoy (jodi padonnati, abanman baa nockout sthaner jonno prayojan hoy). 2,3 ebong 4 bibhage sheersho duti doll unnito hoy. 1, 2 ebong 3 bibhager nicher duti doll abonomito hoy. nockout porber porr enn. eff. ell khetab deoa hoy. atti doll quarter finale utheche

1983-84 raashtriy football leag (ireland) raashtriy football leag raashtriy football leag (aena. aef. aela.) noon 53muun aayojan hatoo, jeey irelandnee gallic athletic association kaauntii teamo maateni vaarshik gallic football tournament hatee. anteem mechamaa kereeae galwayne haraavyo hato, jemaa maiki shiheeae 5-1thee sqora karyo hato. swaroop. 8 teamona chaar vibhagoh darek team tenaa vibhagma anya tamaam teamo saathe aek vaar ramey chhe, jeey jeet maate 2 point aneey drow maate 1 point melve chhe. tye-breakers alag teamo maate ramaay chhe (jooe jaroori hoya too badhatee, deshnikaal athavaa nockout sthaano maate). vibhag 2,3 aneey 4 maan tochnee beey teamone badhatee aapvama aave chhe. vibhag 1,2 aneey 3 maan neecheni beey teamone punsthapit karvaamaa aave chhe. aena. aef. aela. khitaab nockout tabakka pachhi aapvama aave chhe. aath teamo quarter finalmaan aagad vadhe chheh

1983-84 rashtriya football leag (ireland) rashtriya football leag rashtriya football leag (aine. aff. ell.) kaa 53vaan charan thaa, joe ireland kii gallic athletic association county teams key liye ack vaarshik gallic football tournament thaa. antim match mein carrie ney galway koo haraaya, maiki shee ney 1-5 seey score kiya. praarup. 8 teams key chaar prabhaagah pratyek team apane vibhajan mein anya sabhi teams key saath ack baar khelati haye, ack jeet key liye 2 ank aur ack drow key liye 1 ank arjit karati haye. tyee-breaker alag-alag teams key liye khele jaate hain (yadi padonnati, nirvaasan yaa nockout sthaanon key liye aavashyak hoe). division 2,3 aur 4 mein sheersh dou teams koo padonnat kiya jaataa haye. division 1,2 aur 3 mein neeche kii dou teams koo nirvaasit kiya jaataa haye. aine. aff. ell. khitaab ack nockout charan key baad diyaa jaataa haye. aathh teemen quarter final mein aage badh rahee hainh

1983-84 rashtriya football leigh (airlend) rashtriya football leigh, rashtriya football leigh (enfl) naa 53neey hantavagiddu, idu airlendna gaylic athletic association kaunti tandagalige varshika gaylic football pandyaavaliyaagide. kerri finalnalli galveyannu solisidaru, maiki sheehi 1-5 ankagalannu galisidaru. svaroopa. 8 tandagala naalku vibhagagalu prati tandavu tanna vibhagada ellah itara tandagalondige omme aaduttade, ondu geluvige 2 ankagalannu mattu drage 1 ankagalannu galisuttade. tye-breakergalannu pratyeka tandagalige aadalaaguttade (badti, gadiparu athawa nockout sthaanagalige agatyaviddare). vibhaga 2,3 mattu 4ralli agra eradu tandagalige badti nidalaaguttade. vibhaga 1,2 mattu 3rahra kelagina eradu tandagalannu kelagilisalaaguttade. enn. eff. ell. prashastiyannu nockout hantada nantara nidalaaguttade. entu tandagalu quarter finalge munnadediveh

<aii. dii. 1> deseeya football leag (ireland) irelandile gaelic athlattik association kaundi teamukalude vaarshika gaelic football toornamentaaya naashanal football leaginte (enfl) 53-aamathe vediyaayirunnu deseeya football leag. finalil kerry galway paraajayappeduthi, maikki sheehi 5-1 score nedi. formet. 8 teamukalude naalu divisionukal oro team athinte divisionile matellaa teamukaleyum oru thavana kalikkunnu, oru vijayathin 2 pooyintum samanilaykku 1 pooyintum nedunnu. tye brakerukal kalikkunnathu teamukale verthirikkaanaan (sthaanakkayattam, relagation allengil nokkautt sthaanangal ennivaykku aavashyamenkil). divisionukal 2,3,4 ennivayile aadya rund teamukalkk sthaanakkayattam labikkum. divisionukal 1,2,3 ennivayile thaazhathe rund teamukal tharamthaazhthappedunnu. oru nokkautt ghattathinu sheshamaan enn. eph. ell kireedam nalkunnathu. ettu teamukal quarter finalilekku munnerunnu

1983-84 rashtriy football leag (ireland) irelandchya gelic ethletic association county sanghansathichi varshik gelic football spardha, rashtriy football leag (aine. eff. ell.) chey 53weey aayojan, rashtriy football leag heey hote. antim fereet kereene galvecha parabhav keela, miki shihine 5-1 assa guna midavala. swaroop. 8 sanghanche chaar vibhagah pratyek sangh tyachya vibhagatil itar serve sanghanshi ekada khelato, jyane vijayasathi 2 guna aanee anirnitatesathi 1 guna midavatat. tye-breaker heey vegvegalya sanghansathi (padonnati, nirvasana kinwa baad ferichya sthanansathi aavashyak asalyas) khelale jaatat. vibhag 2,3 aanee 4 madheel avval done sanghanna padonnati dilee jaate. vibhag 1,2 aanee 3 madheel talashi asalelya done sanghanna padchyut kele jaate. aine. eff. ell. chey vijetepad baad ferinantar dile jaate. aath sangh upantyapoorv fereet pohochatatah

1983-84 rashtriya football ligg (ireland) 1983-84 rashtriya football ligg rashtriya football ligg (nfl) ko 53 aun charan thiyo, ayarlandko galic athletic association county toliharuka lagi warshik galic football pratiyogita. kerile finalma galwelai parajit gare, maiki sihile 1-5 goal gare. dhancha. 8 toliharuko chaar divisionaha pratyek tolile afno divisionma anya sabai toliharusanga ek patak khelchha, jitka lagi 2 anka rar barabarika lagi 1 anka kamaunchha. tye-brekerharu toliharu alag garna khelinchha (yadi padonnati, nirvasana wa nockout sthanharuka lagi awashyak bhaema). division 2,3 rar 4 maa shirsha dui toliharulai padonnati garinchha. division 1,2 rar 3 maa talka dui toliharu punahsthapita hunchhan. nockout charanpachhi nfl upadhi pradan garinchha. atha tolly quarter finalma pugeh

1983-84 jatiah football ligg (ireland) jatiah football ligg (enn. aif. ell.) jatiah football ligg (enn. aif. ell.) rahr 53tama parjyaja thila, jaahaa airlander gelic athletic association county dala paain eka barshika gelic football turnament thila. phainalare keree galawenku parasta karithile, maiki sheehi 1-5 score karithile. formatt. 8tii dalara charoti bibhagah pratyeka dala niz divijanare anya samasta dala saha thare khelanti, gotie bijai paain 2 point ebong dra paain 1 point arjan karanti. tye-brekaragudika dalagudiku alga kariba paain khelajae (jadi padonnati, pratyarpana kimba nockout sthana paain aabasyaka hue). divijana 2,3 ebong 4 ray shrestha duiti dalaku padonnati diajae . bibhaga 1,2 ebong 3 ray tala duiti dala abnamit huanti . nockout parjyaja parey enn. aif. ell. title pradan karajae. quarter finalcu unneet hele athati dalah

1983-84 rashtari football leeg (ireland) rashtari football leeg rashtari football leeg (ainn. eff. aill.) daa daa padaa see, joe ireland deeaan gallic athletic association kaoonti teaman laee ikk salana gallic football tournament see. carrie neey final witch galway noon haraiaa, mikey shahee neey 1-5 naal ank banaae. format. 8 teaman dey chaar division harek team aapne division witch horr saariaan teaman naal ikk vaar khedadi haii, ikk jitt laee 2 ank atey ikk daraa laee 1 ank kamaundi haii. tyee-breaker vakkhariaan teaman (jey tarakki, vaapsee jaan nockout sathanan laee zaruri howay) laee khede jaande hunn. division 2,3 atey 4 witch choti deeaan doou teaman noon tarakki ditti jaandi haii. division 1,2 atey 3 witch hethliaan doou teaman noon relag keeta jaanda haii. nfl khitaab nockout padaa toon baad ditta jaanda haii. atth teaman quarter final witch pahunchiaan

1983-84 rashtriya-football-leag (airlyaand) airlend-deshasya gelic-athletik-sanghasya kaunti-dalanam vaarshik-gelic-football-pratiyogitaa, rashtriya-football-leag (enn. ef. ell.) ityasya 53 tamah charanah rashtriya-football-leag aasit. antimaayaam kridaayaam keree-varyaha gaalve-ityenam parajayata, maikee sheehi-varyaha 1-5 ankam praapnot. swaroopam. 8 dalanam chaturnam vibhaagaanaam krutehe pratyekam dalam svavibhaagasya anyaan sarvaan dalaan ekavaaram kreeditum arhati, yena vijayaartham 2 ankaani, sama-samaankaay 1 ankam cha praapyate. tai-breaker-kreedaayaah kreedaayaah bhinna-dalanam krute bhavati (yadi padonnati-krute, nirvaasan-krute athavaa naakaut-sthananam krute aavashyakam bhavati). vibhaageshu 2,3,4 cha madhye sheershadwayam dalau padonnatah bhavati. vibhagayoho 1,2,3 madhye adhah dwau dalau apasaaritaah bhavanti. enn. ef. ell. iti upadhi naakaut-charanasya anantaram pradatta bhavati. ashtadalaah quarter-final-paryantam pragatim akurvan.

1983-84 thaesiya kaalpandhu leak (ayarlaandhu) thaesiya kaalpandhu leak enbathu ayarlaandhin keylik thadagala sanga kavundi anigalukkaana varudaanthira keylik kaalpandhu poattiyaana thaesiya kaalpandhu leakin (enn. eff. ell) 53 vadhu kattamaagum. kerri iruthip poattiyil kaalveyai thoarkadiththaar, maikki sheehi 1-5 endra cole kanakkil adiththaar. vadivam. 8 anigalin naanku prevugal ovvoru aniyum adhan pirivil ulla mattra anaitthu anigaludan oru murai vilaiyaadugirathu, oru vettrikku 2 pulligalaiyum, oru travukku 1 pulligalaiyum perukirathu. dye-breakkarkal thanithani anigalukku vilaiyaadappadugindrana (padhavi uyarvu, veliyaettruthal allathu naak awood idangkalukku thevaippattaal). pirivu 2,3 mattrum 4 ill muthal irandu anigal padhavi uyarvu perugindrana. pirivu 1,2 mattrum 3 ill ulla keezh irandu anigal veliyaettrappadugindrana. enn. eff. ell pattam oru naak awood kattaththirkup piragu vazhangkappadukirathu. ettu anigal kaalirudhikku munnaerugindrana

1983-84 national football leag (ireland) irelandloni galic athletic association county jatla vaarshika galic football tornament ayina national football leag (nfl) yokka 53va staging jaateeya football leag. kerrie finallo galvenu oodinchaadu, mikey sheehi 1-5thoo skoru chesaadu. aakruti. 8 jatla naalugu vibhagalu prati jattu thana divisionloni anni itara jatlatho okasari aadutundi, oka vijayaniki 2 paayintlu mariyu dracku 1 paayintlu sampaadistundi. tye-breakerlu ververu jatlaku (promotion, bahishkarana ledhaa nakout sthaanaalaku avasaramaite) aadabadataayi. division 2,3 mariyu 4loe modati rendu jatlu padoonnati pondutaayi. division 1,2 mariyu 3 looni diguva rendu jatlu digajaarutaayi. nakout dasha tarvaata nfl titlenu pradaanam chestaaru. enimidi jatlu quarter finalku cherukuntaayih

1983-84 national fitt baal leeg (ireland) qomi fitt baal leeg national fitt baal leeg (aine aif eel) kaa 53 waan staging thaa juu ireland kii gallic athletic aisosi aishan county teamon kay liye eek salanah gallic fitt baal tornament hay. carrie nay final mein geel way kuu shakast dee mayiki sheehi nay 1-5 say score kiyaa. shakal. 8 teamon kay chaar devision: harr team apnay devision mein deegar tamaam teamon say eek baar khailti hay jiss say jeeth kay liye 2 points aur draa kay liye 1 points haasil hotay haine. tayee breaker alg alg teamon kay liye khelay jaatay haine (agar zaruri how tuu tarqi relegation yaa naak aaot maqamat kay liye). devision 2yee 3 aur 4 mein sarfehrist duu teamon kuu tarqi dee jaati hay. devision 1yee 2 aur 3 mein nichli duu teamon kuu regregate kiyaa jaataa hay. aine aif eel tytle naak aaot marhalay kay baad diyaa jaataa hay. aath teamein kwarter final mein pahunchti haine:

000058096362fcf129dfa7007b7e24828c844a8f007d3c8beecd239192fa6e4e

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19263458

United States admiralty law

United States admiralty law Body of legal rules that governs ships and shipping Admiralty law in the United States is a matter of federal law. Jurisdiction. In the United States, the federal district courts have jurisdiction over all admiralty and maritime actions; see  § 1333. In recent years, a non-historically-based conspiracy argument used by tax protesters is that an American court displaying an American flag with a gold fringe is in fact an "admiralty court" and thus has no jurisdiction. Courts have repeatedly dismissed this as frivolous. In United States v. Greenstreet, the court summarized their finding to this argument with, "Unfortunately for Defendant Greenstreet, decor is not a determinant for jurisdiction." Applicable law. A state court hearing an admiralty or maritime case is required to apply the admiralty and maritime law, even if it conflicts with the law of the state, under a doctrine known as the "reverse-"Erie" doctrine." The "Erie" doctrine, derived from "Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins", directs that federal courts hearing state actions must apply state law. The "reverse-"Erie" doctrine" directs that state courts hearing admiralty cases must apply federal admiralty law. This distinction is critical in some cases. For instance, U.S. maritime law recognizes the concept of joint and several liability among tortfeasors, while many states do not. Under joint and several liability, where two or more people create a single injury or loss, all are equally liable, even if they contributed only a small amount. A state court hearing an admiralty case would be required to apply the doctrine of joint and several liability even if state law does not contemplate the concept. Limitation of shipowner’s liability. One of the unique aspects of maritime law is the ability of a shipowner to limit its liability to the value of a ship after a major accident. An example of the use of the Limitation Act is the sinking of the RMS "Titanic" in 1912. Even though the "Titanic" had never been to the United States, upon her sinking the owners rushed into the federal courts in New York to file a limitation of liability proceeding. The Limitation Act provides that if an accident happens due to a circumstance which is beyond the "privity and knowledge" of the ship's owners, the owners can limit their liability to the value of the ship after it sinks. After the "Titanic" sank, the only portions of the ship remaining were the 14 lifeboats, which had a collective value of about $3,000. This was added to the "pending freight"—which means the ship's earnings from the trip from both passenger fares and freight charges—to reach a total liability of about $91,000. The cost of a first-class, parlor suite ticket was over $4,350. The owners of the "Titanic" were successful in showing that the sinking occurred without their privity and knowledge, and therefore, the families of the deceased passengers, as well as the surviving passengers who lost their personal belongings, were entitled only to split the $91,000. Another example was when Transocean filed in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Texas in 2010 to limit its liability to just its interest in the "Deepwater Horizon" which it valued at $26,764,083. This was in the wake of billions of dollars liabilities resulting from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill that followed the sinking. The Limitation Act does not apply just to large ships. It can be used to insulate a motorboat owner from liability when he loans his boat to another who then has an accident. Even jet ski owners have been able to successfully invoke the Limitation Act to insulate themselves from liability. An unusual application involved the case Grubart v. Great Lakes Dredge and Dock Company, where a vessel performing piling operations in the Chicago River punctured a tunnel and caused the 1992 Chicago flood of many underground areas of the city’s downtown; the courts ruled that the vessel was in navigable waters covered by the admiralty law limitation clause. Many shipping contracts include "safe berth" clauses that assure that the area around the intended dock is clear for the arriving vessel. This has been determined by the Supreme Court to be a warranty of safety from the entity requesting the shipping, placing the burden of clearing the area and any subsequently liability for failure to do so on that entity rather than the vessel owner, as determined in the 2020 case "CITGO Asphalt Refining Co. v. Frescati Shipping Co." resulting from the oil spill on the Delaware River in 2004. Cargo claims. Claims for damage to cargo shipped by ocean carrier in international commerce into and out of the United States are governed by the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act (COGSA), which is the U.S. enactment of the Hague Rules. One of its key features is that a carrier is liable for cargo damaged from "hook to hook," meaning from loading to discharge, unless it is exonerated under one of 17 exceptions to liability, such as an "act of God," the inherent nature of the goods, errors in navigation, and management of the ship. A shipowner is generally entitled to limit its liability to $500 per package, unless the value of the contents is disclosed and marked on the container. There is significant litigation as to what constitutes a "package" for purposes of determining liability under COGSA. This practice has resulted in substantial and continuing litigation in the United States. Federal Courts in the United States, however, are reluctant to treat an ocean shipping container as a single COGSA package. The statute of limitations on cargo claims is one year. Personal injuries to seamen. Seamen injured aboard ship have three possible sources of compensation: the principle of maintenance and cure, the doctrine of unseaworthiness, and the Jones Act. The principle of maintenance and cure requires a shipowner to both pay for an injured seaman's medical treatment until maximum medical recovery (MMR) is obtained and provide basic living expenses until completion of the voyage, even if the seaman is no longer aboard ship. The seaman is entitled to maintenance and cure as of right, unless he was injured due to his own willful gross negligence. It is similar in some ways to workers' compensation. The doctrine of unseaworthiness makes a shipowner liable if a seaman is injured because the ship, or any appliance of the ship, is "unseaworthy," meaning defective in some way. The Jones Act allows a sailor, or one in privity to him, to sue the shipowner in tort for personal injury or wrongful death, with trial by jury. The Jones Act incorporates the Federal Employers Liability Act (FELA), which governs injuries to railway workers, and is similar to the Coal Miners Act. A shipowner is liable to a seaman in the same way a railroad operator is to its employees who are injured due to the negligence of the employer. The statute of limitation is three years. Not every worker injured on board a vessel is a "seaman" entitled to the protections offered by the Jones Act, doctrine of unseaworthiness, and principle of maintenance and cure. To be considered a seaman, a worker must generally spend 30% or more of his working hours onboard either a specific vessel or a fleet of vessels under common ownership or control. With few exceptions, all non-seamen workers injured over navigable waters are covered instead by the Longshore and Harbor Workers' Compensation Act,  §§ 901–950, a separate form of workers' compensation. Emergency Expenditures. In the United States, U.S. individuals "evacuated on US government-coordinated transport, including charter and military flights or ships, even if those transports are provided by another country's government, must sign an Evacuee Manifest and Promissory Note (Form DS-5528) note prior to departure." This note is used as a reference, which is later used to issue a bill to these evacuees for the maximum practical reimbursement. Evacuees taking coordinated U.S. government transportation are required by law to pay the cost of reasonable commercial transport fare to the destination that was designated prior to the incident that resulted in the need for evacuation. There is an option for a repatriation loan program, which is issued by the Secretary of State in regards to 11 different requirements, including requiring a verifiable address and social security number and a written agreement with a repayment schedule from the borrower. The payment of the loan should be issued to the U.S. Department of State through the Comptroller and Global Financial Services office, in full and on time. Therefore, avoiding interest payments and other legal penalties, including the prevention of renewal or issuance of a U.S. passport. Agony of collision. The "agony of collision" is a defense to a statutory claim of negligence in ship collisions.

aamerika juktorastror nouxena aain aamerika juktorastrot nouxena aain federal aainor bixoy. odhikar khyetro. aamerika juktorastrot, federal jilaa aadalotor xokolu nouxena aaru xamudrik karjyor uporot ekhtorikan aase; sauk. xehotiya bosorburot, korr protibadkarixokole byobohar koraa ek oh-oitihaxikbhabe aadharito xorojontror jukti hoise je aamerikar aadalote xunor kaxor xoite aamerikar potaka prodorxon koratu prokritote etaa "admiralty aadalot" aaru xeyehe iyar kunu exderiction naai. aadalote baare baare iyak tuscho buli nakoch korise. aamerika juktorastrot bhi. greenstreet, aadalote ei juktir xoite teulukor onuxondhanor xarangxo disil, "durbhagyojonokbhabe birudhi greenstreetor baabe, xajxojja ekhtotwor baabe nirdharok nohoy." projujyo aain. admiralty baa xamudrik gusoror xunani luwa rajyik aadalote admiralty aaru xamudrik aain proyug korar proyujon hoy, jodiu ee rajyokhonor aainor xoite xonghat sristi kore, "reverse-" iree "motobad naamere jonajat etaa motobador odhinot."iri railpoth companyr poraa udbhob huwa" "iri" "motobad. bhi. tompkins ", nirdex diye je rajyik karjyoxomuhor xunani luwa federal aadalote rajyik aain proyug koribo lagibo. reverse-" iree "motobadtuwe nirdex diye je nouxenar gusoror xunani luwa rajyik aadalote federal nouxenar aain proyug koribo lagibo. kisuman khetrot ei parthokyo guruttopurno. udahoronsworupe, eu.ess. xamudrik aaine oporadh koraa lukoxokolor maajot joutho aaru keibatau daybodhotar dharonak swikriti diye, aanhate bohutu rajyoi diye naa. joutho aaru keibatau daybodhotar odhinot, zo 'too dujon baa totudhik luke etaa aaghat baa khyoti sristi kore, xokolu xomanbhabe daybodho, jodiu teuluke maatro etaa xoru porimanor obodan diye. admiralty gusoror xunani luwa rajyik aadalote joutho aaru keibatau daybodhotar motobad proyug koribo lagibo jodiu rajyik aaine dharonatu bibesona nokore. jahajor malikor daybodhotar ximabodhota. xamudrik aainor ek ononyo dix hoh "lo jahajor malikor etaa dangor durghotonar pisot jahajor mulyot iyar daybodhota ximito korar khyomota. ximabodhota aainor byoboharor etaa udahoron hoh 'lo 1912 sonot aar. em. ess. "tytanic" dubo juwa. jodiu "tytanic" ketiyau aamerikaloi juwa nasil, tothapiu teu dubo juwar pisot malikxokole daybodhotar karjyokolapor ximabodhota daakhil koriboloi neworkor federal aadalotoloi douri goisil. ximabodhota aainor mote, jodi jahajkhonor malikxokolor "guponiyota aaru gyan" ror bahirot kunu poristhitir baabe durghotona xonghotit hoy, tente malikxokole jahajkhon dubo juwar pisot jahajor mulyot teulukor daybodhota ximito koribo paare. tytanic" dubo juwar pisot jahajkhonor ekmatro ongxo aasil 14taa lifeboat, jaar xamuhik mulyo aasil pray 3,000 dollar. iyak "baaki thoka malbahi" too jug koraa hoisil-jaar ortho hoise jatrir bhara aaru malbahi masul duyutar poraa jatrar poraa jahajkhonor uparjon-muth daybodhota pray 91,000 dolarot uponeet hoh 'boloi. prothom shrenir, parlar suit tikotor mulyo 4,350 dolarotkoi odhik aasil. "tytanic" ror malikxokole dubo juwatu teulukor guponiyota aaru gyan obihone xonghotit hoisil buli dekhuwaboloi xofol hoisil, aaru xeyehe, mrito jatrixokolor poriyalor logote teulukor byoktigoto xamogri heruwa jiyai thoka jatrixokolor kewol 91,000 dollar bhag korar odhikar aasil. aan etaa udahoron aasil jetiya trans "sion iut daakhil hoisil.ess. 2010 sonot dokhyin jilaa texaxor jilaa aadalote kewol "gobhir panir digonto" too iyar swarthor uporot iyar daybodhota ximito koriboloi jaar mulyo $26,764,083 aasil. dubo juwar pisot gobhir panir digontot tel biyopuwar folot huwa billion billion dollar daybodhotar poriprekhyitot eitu hoisil. ximabodhota aain kewol dangor jahajor khetrot projujyo nohoy. iyak motorbutor maalik ejonok daybodhotar poraa xurokhito koriboloi byobohar koribo paari jetiya teu nijor naukhon aan ejon lukok rino diye jaar pisot durghotona hoy. aanoki jett skir malikxokoleu daybodhotar poraa nijoke xurokhito koriboloi xofolotare ximabodhota aainor proyug koriboloi xokhyom hoise. etaa oswabhabik applicationor xoite jorito aasil groobert bhi. great lakes drez endo dock company, zo 'too sikagu nodit piling karjyokolap koraa ekhon jahajoi etaa xurongo singisil aaru 1992 sonot sohoror kendriyo kendror bohutu bhugorbhostho oncholot sikagu banpanir sristi korisil; aadalote raay disil je jahajkhon nouxena aainor ximabodhota dofar dwara aawori thoka nou-solasoljugyo paneet aasil. bohutu swipping suktit "xurokhito bartho" dhaara ontorbhukto thaake ji nischito kore je orhotaxomponno dokor sariufalor elekatu ahibologiya jahajor baabe sposto. uschotom nyayaloye iyak jahaj poribohonor onurudh koraa protisthanor poraa xurokhyar warranty hisape nirdharon korise, oncholtu poriskar korar buja aaru jahajor malikor poriworte xei protisthanor uporot ene korat byorthotar baabe poroborti jikunu daybodhota rakhise, 2020 sonor gusorot nirdharon koraa hoise. bhi. freskati swipping company."2004 sonot delawer nodit tel uluwar folot. kargu daabi. aamerika juktorastror bhitoroloi aaru bahiroloi antohrastriyo banijyot xagoriyo bahoke preron koraa xamogrir khyotir daabi xagoriyo aain (koo 'gsa) ror dwara niyontron koraa hoy, jitu hoise eu.ess. hegg niyomxomuhor pronoyon. iyar etaa mukhyo boixistyo hoh "lo" hook tu hook "ror poraa loadingor poraa dixchargeoloi huwa kargur baabe ejon baahok daybodho, jodihe iyak daybodhotar 17taa byotikromor bhitorot etaar odhinot duxmukto koraa nohoy, jene" isworor kaarzo ", xamogrir ontornihito prokriti, navigationot truti, aaru jahajor byowosthapona. jahajor maalik ejon xadharonote iyar daybodhota protitu pekejot 500 dolaroloi ximito korar odhikari, jodihe ontorbhukto xamogrixomuhor mulyo prokax koraa nohoy aaru patrot sinhito koraa nohoy. koo 'gsa-ror odhinot daybodhota nirdharonor uddesye "package" ki gothon kore xei xondorbhot guruttopurno gusor aase. ei prothar folot aamerikat jothesto aaru obyahot gusor soli aase. aamerika juktorastror federal aadalote obosye xagoriyo swipping containerok ekok koo "gcha package hisape bibesona koriboloi onischuk. kargu dabir uporot ximabodhotar bidhi hoise ebosor. nabikxokolor byoktigoto aaghat. jahajkhonot aahot nabikxokolor khyotipuronor tinita xombhabyo utxo aaseh rokhyonabekhyon aaru niramoyor niti, ojugyotar motobad, aaru junes aain. rokhyonabekhyon aaru niramoyor nitit jahajor malike xorbadhik sikitsa aarugyo (mmr) laabh nokoraloike aahot nabikor sikitsar baabe dhon porixudh koribo lagibo aaru jatra xompurno nuhuwaloike jiwan dharonor moulik byoy prodan koribo lagibo, aanoki nabikjon jahajot nathake. nijor issakrito owohelar baabe aahot noho "ley nabikjon xothikbhabe rokhyonabekhyon aaru sikitsar odhikari. eitu kisuman dixot sromikxokolor khyotipuronor xoite eke. ojugyotar motobade jahajkhonor malikok daybodho kori tule jodi ejon nabik aahot hoy kaaron jahaj, baa jahajor jikunu xojuli "ojugyo", orthat kunu dhorone trutipurno. junes aaine ejon nabik baa teur guponiyotak byoktigoto aaghat baa bhul mrityur baabe jahajor malikor biruddhe gusor ruju korar onumoti diye, zo "too jureer dwara bisar koraa hoy. junes aainot federal emplowers libelity act (felaa) ontorbhukto koraa hoise, ji rey "lowe sromikxokolor aaghat niyontron kore, aaru koyola khoni aainor dore. ejon jahajor maalik ejon nabikor usorot daybodho jenekoi ejon railpoth operator niyugkortar owohelar folot aahot huwa kormosarixokolor usorot daybodho. ximabodhotar bidhi hoise tini bosor. jahaj ekhonot aahot huwa protijon sromik jonos aain, ojugyotar motobad, aaru rokhyonabekhyon aaru niramoyor nitir dwara aagborhuwa xurokhyar baabe odhikari ejon "semen" nohoy. nabik hisape gonyo hoh "boloi ejon sromikoi xadharonote teur kaamor xomoyor 30 xotangxo baa tatkoi odhik xomoy kunu nirdisto jahaj baa xadharon malikana baa niyontronor odhinot thoka jahajor bohorot kotabo lagibo. keitaman byotikromor xoite, nou-solasoljugyo paneet aahot huwa xokolu nono-simen sromikok iyar poriworte longso 'ror aaru harber sromikor khyotipuron aain, sromikor khyotipuronor ek prithok rupor dwara xamori luwa hoy. jorurikalin byoy. aamerika juktorastrot, eu.ess. charter aaru xamorik biman baa jahajoke dhori aamerika juktorastrot sthanantorito koraa byoktixokole, xei poribohon aan dexor sorkaror dwara prodan koraa hoh 'leu, prosthanor aagote ek sthanantorkorta prokax aaru protisruti potrot (pro-5528 pro-rup) swakhyor koribo lagibo."ei nuttu etaa proxongo hisape byobohar koraa hoy, jitu pisot ei sthanantorito lukoxokolok xorbadhik byowoharik protidanor baabe bill jaari koriboloi byobohar koraa hoy. sthanantorito koraa lukoxokole xomonwito eu loi aase.ess. sorkari poribohonor baabe aain onuxori ghotonar purbe nirdharito gontobyosthanoloi juktixongot banijyik poribohon bharar byoy porixudh korar proyujon hoy jaar folot sthanantor korar proyujon hoisil. proityaworton rino karzoxusir baabe etaa bikolpo aase, jitu rajyik xosibor dwara 11taa bhinno proyujoniyotar xondorbhot jaari koraa hoy, jaar bhitorot aase etaa porikhya koribo poraa thikona aaru xamajik xurokhya nombor aaru rino grohonkarir poraa porixudhor xomoixusir xoite ekhon likhito sukti. rino porixudh koratu eu. koo jaari koribo laage.ess. niyontrok aaru biswo bittiyo xewa karzaloyor joriyote rajyik bibhag, xompurno aaru xomoymote. xeyehe, xut porixudh aaru onyanyo aainee xastir poraa aatori thakok, jaar bhitorot aase nobikoron baa eu jaari koraa protirudh koraa.ess. passport. xonghorxor jontrona. xonghorxor jontrona" hoise jahajor xonghorxot owohelar ek bidhibodho dabir protirokya.

markin juktorashtrer admiralty aain markin juktorashtre admiralty aain federal aainer vishay. ekhtiar. markin juktorashtre, samasta naubahini ebong samudrik kormokander upor yuktarashtriya zela adaloter ekhtiar royeche; dekhun. samprotik bochorgulite, corr bikkhovkarider dwara byabohrito ekti aaa-oitihasik-vittik shadayantra jukti holl jey ekti american adalat sonara pranto soho ekti american potaka prodorshon korey asle ekti "admiralty court" ebong taai err konao ekhtiar nei. adalat barbar etike tuchcho boley khariz korey diyeche. markin juktorashtre vee. greenstreet, adalat eyi juktir saathe taader onusondhaner sangkhiptasar diyeche, "durbhagyoboshoto bibadi greenstreeter jonno, sajja ekhtiar jonno ekti nirdharok noy." prajojya aain. ekti naubahini baa samudrik mamler shunani koraa ekti rashtriya adalotke naubahini ebong samudrik aain prayog korte hoy, emonki jodi etty rashtrer aainer saathe dwandwa korey, "biporito-" erii "motobad naame porichito ekti motobader adhine."" "iri" "motobad," "iri railroad koo" "theke udbhuto. vee. tompkins "nirdesh deyo jey, rashtriya podokkheper shunani koraa federal adalotgulike aboshyoi rashtriya aain prayog korte hobey. biporito-" "erii" motobad nirdesh deyo jey, admiralty mamler shunani koraa rajyo adalotgulike aboshyoi federal admiralty aain prayog korte hobey. kichhu kichhu khettre eyi parthokyoti guruttopurno. udahoronsorup, eu.esha. samudrik aain tortfiazarder modhye joutho ebong besh koyekti dayabaddhatar dharonake swikriti deyo, jodio onek rajyo taa korey naa. joutho ebong ekadhik dayabaddhatar adhine, jekhane dui baa totodhik looka ekti ekok aghat baa khoti toiri korey, taaraa sobai somanbhabe dayabaddha, emonki taaraa shudhumatra ekti chhoto poriman abodan rakhleo. ekti nou-bahinir mamler shunani koraa ekti rajyo adalotke joutho ebong ekadhik dayabaddhatar motobad prayog korte hobey, emonki jodi rashtriya aain eyi dharonati bibechona naa korey. jahajer maliker dayabaddhata seemaboddho koraa. samudrik aainer ekti ananya dick holl ekti borh durghotonar porey ekti jahajer mulyer modhye taar dayabaddhata seemaboddho korar jonno ekjon jahajer maliker khomota. simabaddhata aain byaboharer ekti udaharan holl 1912 saale rms "titanic"-err dube. jodio "titanic" kokhono markin juktorashtre yayni, taar dube yawar porey malikra dayabaddhatar karjodharar ekti simabaddhata dayer korte newyorker federal adalte chhute zaan. simabaddhata aaine bolla hoyeche jey, jodi konao durghotona emon konao poristhitir karone ghote jaa jahajer malikder "gopaniyata ebong gyan"-err baire, tobey malikra jahajti dube yawar porey taar mulyer modhye taader dayabaddhata seemaboddho korte paren. titanic" dube yawar porey, jahajer aboshishto ongshoguli chhilo 14tii lifeboat, jaar somostigoto mulya chhilo pray 3,000 markin dollar. etty "multubi malbahi"-err saathe jukto koraa hoyechilo-jaar ortho jatri bhada ebong malbahi charge ubhoy theke bhromon theke jahajer uparjan-moat daay pray 91,000 markin dollare pouchai. prothom shrenir, parlara suite tikiter daam chhilo 4,350 markin dollar beshi. "titanic"-err malikra dekhate sofol hoyechilo jey dube yawati taader gopaniyata ebong ajantei ghoteche, ebong taai, mrito jatrider poribar, pashapashi benche thaka jatrira jaaraa taader byaktigato jinispatra hariechilo, taaraa cable 91,000 markin dollar bhag korar adhikari chhilo. arekti udaharan chhilo jokhon transaoshana eu-teey jomaa hoyechilo.esha. 2010 saale texuser dakkhinanchaliya jelara zela adalat govir joler digante taar swarther dayabaddhata seemaboddho korar jonno jaar mulya chhilo $26,764,083. etty govir joler digante teela chhoriye porar foley billion dollar dayabaddhatar poriprekkhite chhilo jaa dube yawar porey hoyechilo. eyi simabaddhata aain shudhumatra borh jahajer khettre prajojya noy. etty ekti motorboater malikke daay theke rakkha korte byabohar koraa jete paare jokhon seey taar naukati onno ekjonke dhaar deyo jaar porey durghotona ghote. emonki jeeta skii malikrao dayabaddhata theke nijerderke rakkha korar jonno safalbhabe simabaddhata aain prayog korte sokkhom hoyechen. ekti aswabhabik proyoger sange grubert vee-err mamlati jorito chhilo. greta lakes drez anned dock company, jekhane shikago nodiite stupo korar kaaj koraa ekti jahaz ekti sudanga chhidro korey ebong 1992 saale shohorer kendrostholer onek bhugorbhostho anchale shikago bonnar kaaron hoy; adalat raay deyo jey jahajti nouporibohonjoggo joley chhilo jaa admiralty aainer simabaddhata dhara dwara achchadito. onek shipping chuktite "nirapada birth" dhara antarbhukta royeche jaa nischito korey jey nirdharito docker ashepasher elaka agoto jahajer jonno porishkar. 2020 saaler cito asfault refining koo-err mamla nirdharito hisabe, supreme court dwara etty shippingyer anurodhkari sottar kachh theke surakkhar oyarenti hisabe nirdharito hoyeche, elakati saaf korar bojha ebong jahajer maliker poriborte seii sottar upor etty korte byartho howar jonno poroborti konao dayabaddhata sthapon koraa hoyeche. vee. frescutty shipping koo."2004 saale delaoar nodiite teela chhoriye porar foley. ponnosombharer daabi. markin juktorashtre ebong baire antorjatik banijye samudra bahok dwara prerito ponnosombharer khotir daabi samudra aain (kogsa) dwara ponno poribohon dwara porichalito hoy, jaa eu.esha. hagg niyam pranayan. err ekti prodhan baisishtya holl jey, "hook too hook" arthat loading theke discharge porjonto khotigrosto ponnosombharer jonno ekti bahok dayabaddha, jodi naa etty 17tii byatikramer modhye ektir adhine khalas paay, jemon "issorer kaaj", ponner antarnihito prokriti, nauchalanai truti ebong jahajer porichalona. ekjon jahajer malik sadharonoto proti pyakeje taar dayabaddhata 500 dollare seemaboddho korar adhikari, jodi naa samagrir mulya prakash koraa hoy ebong patre chinnito koraa hoy. kogsar adhine daay nirdharoner uddeshye ekti "package" gathon korar bishoye ullekhjoggo mamla royeche. eyi onushiloner foley markin juktorashtre jotheshto porimane ebong abyahoto mamla mokaddama hoyeche. markin juktorashtrer federal adalatguli abashya ekti samudrer shipping dharokke ekok kogsa package hisabe bibechona korte anichchuk. ponnosombharer dabir khettre simabaddhatar bidhan eka bochor. nabikder byaktigato aghat. jahaje ahoto nabikder khotipuroner tinti sombhabbo utso royeche rakkhanabekkhan oo niramoyer neeti, ajogyatar motobad ebong johns act. rakkhanabekkhan oo niramoyer nitite ekjon jahajer malikke ekjon ahoto nabiker chikitsar jonno ubhoy ortho pradan korte hoy jotokkhon naa sorbochcho chikitsa punoruddhar (mmr) pawa yaay ebong samudrajatra shesh naa haoya porjonto moulik jeebonjatrar byoy pradan koraa hoy, emonki nabik arr jahaje naa thakleo. nabik taar nijer ichchakrito gurutoro abohelar karone ahoto naa holey rakkhanabekkhan ebong niramoyer adhikar rakhe. etty kichhu upaye shromikder khotipuroner anurup. ajogyatar motobad ekjon jahaz malikke dayabaddha korey toley jodi ekjon nabik ahoto hoy kaaron jahaz baa jahajer konao saranjam "ajogya", jaar ortho konovabe trutipurno. jones aain ekjon nabikke, baa taar kachhe gopaniya byaktike, byaktigato aghat baa anyay mrityur jonno jahajer maliker biruddhe bicharer madhyome bicharer mamla korar anumati deyo. jones acte federal niyogkarta dayabaddhata aain (fela) antarbhukta royeche, jaa rail karmider aghat niyantran korey ebong koyla khoni aainer anurup. ekjon jahajer malik ekjon nabiker kachhe ekibhabe dayabaddha jemon ekjon railpoth chaalok taar kormocharider kachhe dayabaddha, jaaraa niyogkartar abohelar karone ahoto hoy. eyi bidhi tinn bochorer. ekti jahaje ahoto protiti shromik jones aain, ajogyatar motobad ebong rakkhanabekkhan oo niramoyer neeti dwara prodotto surakkhar adhikari ekjon "nabik" nonn. nabik hisabe bibechito howar jonno, ekjon shromikke sadharonoto taar kaajer samaykaler 30 shotangsho baa taar beshi somoy ekti nirdishto jahaz baa sadharan malikana baa niyantraner adhine jahajer bohore byoy korte hobey. koyekti byatikram chhada, nabbo joler upor ahoto samasta nonn-simen shromikder longshore ebong harbar workers compensation act dwara achchadito koraa hoy, jaa shromikder khotipuroner ekti prithak roop. joruri kharach. markin juktorashtre, eu.esha. charter ebong samrik biman baa jahaz soho markin juktorashtre sarkar-samanwito poribohone sariye neoa byaktider, emonki jodi seii poribohonguli onno desher sarkar dwara sarbaraha koraa hoy, tobey prosthaner agey ekti sariye neoa manifest ebong protishruti note (form ds-5528) swakkhar korte hobey."eyi notti ekti reference hisabe byabohrito hoy, jaa porey eyi sariye neoa byaktider sorbadhik byaboharik protidaner jonno ekti bill jaari korte byabohrito hoy. sariye neoa byaktira samanwito eu grohon korche.esha. jey gontobyoti ghotonar agey nirdharito hoyechilo, jaar foley sariye neoar prayojan hoyechilo, sekhane juktisangato banijyik poribohon bhada prodaner jonno aain onusare sarkari poribohoner prayojan hoy. prottabason rino karmasuchir jonno ekti bikalpa royeche, jaa 11tii bivinno prayojaniyatar bishoye rashtro sachib dwara jaari koraa hoy, jaar modhye ekti jachaijoggo thhikana ebong samajik surakkha nambar ebong rinogrohitar kachh theke porishodher samayasuchi soho ekti likhito chukti royeche. riner porishodh eu-keey jaari koraa uchito.esha. niyantrak ebong baishwik arthik porisheba officer madhyome rajyo bibhag, sampurna ebong samaymato. sutrang, suder ortho pradan ebong anyanno aini jarimana edano, jaar modhye royeche nawayan baa eu jaari protirodh.esha. passport. sangharsher jontrona. sangharsher jontrona" holl jahajer sangharsher khettre abohelar ekti bidhiboddho dabir protirokkha.

united states naukaadal kaayado united statesma naukaadal kaayado aee sangheey kaayadaani baabat chhe. adhikarkshetra. united statesma, federal district adaalato tamaam naukaadal aneey dariyai kreeyao parr adhikarkshetra dharaave chhe; juo. taajetarnaa varshomaa, karveraanaa pradarshankario dwara upyogmaa levaati biin-aitihasik-aadharit kavtarani daleel aee chhe keey american adalat sonaani keenari saathe american dhvajne pradarshit karey chhe teey hakeekatma "naukadalni adalat" chhe aneey tethee teno koee adhikarkshetra nathee. adalatoae vaaramvaar aaney tuchchh ganaaveene fagaavi didhu chhe. united statesma vee. greenstreet, courte aaa dalilnaa temnaa nishkarshno saransh aapyo, "kamanaseebe prativaadi greenstreet maate, sajavat aee adhikarkshetra maate nirdhaarak nathee." laagu kaayado. naukaadal athavaa dariyai kesanee sunavani karatee raajy adalate naukaadal aneey dariyai kaayadaane laagu karvo jaroori chhe, bhale teey rajyanaa kaayada saathe virodhabhasi hoya, "rivers-" iree "siddhaant tareeke odakhaata siddhaant hethal."" "iree" "siddhaant," "iree railroad kampani" "parthee utaree aavyo chhe". vee. tompkins ", nirdesh aape chhe keey raajyani kaaryvaahi sambhalti sangheey adalatoae raajy kaayado laagu karvo jaj joiae. rivers-" "iree" siddhaant nirdesh aape chhe keey naukadalna kesonee sunavani karatee raajy adalatoae federal naukadalna kaayadaane laagu karvo aavashyak chhe ". ketlaak kissaaomaa aaa tafaavat mahatvapurn chhe. udaaharan tareeke, yuu.aesa. dariyai kaayado tortfeasers vachche sanyukt aneey anek javabdarina khyaalne maanyata aape chhe, jyaare ghanaa raajyo nathee aaptaa. sanyukt aneey anek javabdario hethal, jyaan beey athavaa vadhu loko aek jaj ijaa athavaa nuksan karey chhe, tyaare badhaa samaan reete jawabdar chhe, pachhi bhale teo maatra thodee rakamnu yogdaan aape. naukadalna kesanee sunavani karatee raajy adalate sanyukt aneey anek javabdarina siddhaantne laagu karvo jaroori raheshe, bhale rajyano kaayado khyaal parr vichaar naa karey. jahajna malikni javabdarini maryada. dariyai kayadana ananya pasaomanu aek aee chhe keey motaa akasmaat pachhi jahajna malikni tenee javabdarine jahajna moolya sudhee maryadit karvaanee kshamata chhe. maryada adhiniyamnaa upyognu udaaharan 1912maan aar. aema. aesa. "titanic" noon doobavu chhe. bhale "titanic" kyaarey united statesma naa hatoo, tema chhataa tenaa dubavaa parr maliko javabdari kaaryvaahini maryada dakhal karvaa maate newyorkma federal adalatoma dodee gayaa hataa. maryada adhiniyamma jogvai karvaamaa aavee chhe keey jooe koee akasmaat aevaa sanjogone kaarane thaay chhe jeey jahajna malikoni "gopaniyataa aneey jaankari" thee bahaar chhe, too maliko jahaaj dooby gayaa pachhi tenee javabdarine jahajna moolya sudhee maryadit curry shake chhe. titanic" dooby gayaa pachhi, jahajno maatra aek jaj bhaag baakee rahyo hato, jemaa 14 lifeboatsno samaavesh thato hato, jenu saamuhik moolya aashre 3,000 dollar hatoo. aaney "baakee malvahak" maan umervaamaa aavyu hatoo-jeno arth chhe keey passenger bhaada aneey noor kharch bannemathi safarmathi jahajni kamaani-lagbhag 91,000 dollarni coole javabdari sudhee pahonchvaa maate. pratham vargnee, parlor suit tikitni keemat 4,350 dollarthi vadhu hatee. "titanic" naa maliko aee batavvama safal rahyaa hataa keey doobavu temnee guptataa aneey jaankari vinaa thayu hatoo, aneey tethee, mrut musafarona parivaaro temaj bachee gayelaa musafaro keey jemane temno angat saaman gumaavyo hato, teo maatra 91,000 dollarnu vibhajan karvaa maate hakdaar hataa. beeju udaaharan hatoo jyaare yuu. maan transotion dakhal thayu hatoo.aesa. 2010maan taxasna dakshin jilla maate jilla adalate "deepwater horizon" maan tenaa heet maate tenee javabdarine maryadit karvaa maate, jenu moolya $26,764,083 hatoo. aaa dubataa pachhi undaa paaninaa horizon telnaa felaavaane parinaame abajo dollarni javabdarione pagale hatoo. maryada kaayado maatra motaa jahajone laagu padato nathee. teno upyog motorboatnaa malikne javabdarithi bachavva maate thaee shake chhe jyaare teey tenee hodeene beeja vyakteene loona aape chhe, jeno pachhi akasmaat thaay chhe. jett skii maliko pann javabdarithi potaane suraksheet raakhvaa maate safaltapurvak maryada adhiniyam laagu karvaamaa saksham thayaa chhe. aek asamanya arjimaa cases grubart vee saamel hato. greta lakes drej aneey doqa kampani, jyaan shikago nadimaa piling kamgiri kartaa jahaje aek tunnelne puncher curry hatee aneey 1992maan shahernaa downtownna ghanaa bhugarbh vistaroma shikago purnoo kaaran banyu hatoo; adalatoae chukaado aapyo hato keey jahaaj naukadalna kaayadaani maryada kalam dwara aavari levaamaa aavela naavy paanimaa hatoo. ghanaa shipping karaarmaa "salaamat berth" kalamono samaavesh thaay chhe jeey khaatari aape chhe keey ichchhit godeeni aaspasno vistaar aavtaa jahaaj maate spasht chhe. suprem court dwara aaa jahajni vinanti karatee sanstha pasethi salamatini warranty tareeke nakki karvaamaa aavyu chhe, jeey vistaarne saaf karvaano boj mooke chhe aneey pachhithi jahajna malikne badale teey sanstha parr aavu karvaamaa nishfalta maate koipan javabdari chhe, jeey 2020naa kesamaa nakki karvaamaa aavee chhe. vee. fresketti shipping kampani."2004maan delaware nadee parr telnaa felaavaane kaarane. malsamanna daavao. united statesma aneey bahaar aantarrashtriy vanijyama dariyai vaahak dwara mokalvaamaa aavela malsamanne nuksan pahonchadvana daavao dariyai adhiniyam (kogsa) dwara malsamanna vahan dwara sanchaalit thaay chhe, jeey yuu. aesa. aee. chhe.aesa. hegnaa neeyamono amal. tenee mukhya lakshaniktaomani aek aee chhe keey vaahak "hook too hook" thee nuksan pamela maal maate jawabdar chhe, jeno arth thaay chhe loadingthi discharge sudhee, sivaay keey teey javabdarina 17 apvadomathi aek hethal doshmukt thaay, jaim keey "ishwarnu kaary", maalnee antargat prakrutee, navigationma bhoolo aneey jahajnu sanchalan. jahajna maaleek saamanya reete tenee javabdarine package deeth 500 dollar sudhee maryadit karvaa maate hakdaar hoya chhe, sivaay keey container parr saamagreenu moolya jaaher karvaamaa aave aneey chinhit karvaamaa aave. kogsa hethal javabdari nakki karvaanaa hetuo maate "package" shun chhe teey ange nondhpaatra mukadma chhe. aaa prathaane parinaame united statesma nondhpaatra aneey satat mukadmaao chaali rahyaa chhe. joke, united statesma sangheey adaalato dariyai shipping containerne aek kogsa package tareeke ganvaa maate anichchha dharaave chhe. malvahak daavao parr maryadaono kaayado aek varshno chhe. navikone vyaktigat ijaao. jahaaj parr ghaayal thayela naviko paase valtarnaa trana sambhaveet stroto chheh jaalvani aneey upchaarno siddhaant, ayogyataano siddhaant aneey johns act. jaalvani aneey upchaarnaa siddhaant maate jahajna malike ijagrast navikni tabibi saarvaar maate mahattam tabibi punahprapti (mmr) naa maley tyaan sudhee chukavani karvee padey chhe aneey suffer purn thaay tyaan sudhee mulbhoot jivannirvah kharch puuro paadvo padey chhe, pachhi bhale naavik havey jahaaj parr naa hoya. navikne jaalvani aneey upchaarno adhikaar chhe, sivaay keey teey potaani janijoine karvaamaa aaveli ghor bedarkarine kaarane ghaayal thayo hoya. teey ketalik reete kaamdaarona valtar jevu jaj chhe. ayogyataano siddhaant jahajna malikne jawabdar banaave chhe jooe navikne ijaa thaay kaaran keey jahaaj, athavaa jahajnu koipan upkaran, "ayogya" chhe, jeno arth koee reete khaamiyukt thaay chhe. johns act navikne, athavaa tenee guptataamaa rahela vyakteene, vyaktigat ijaa athavaa khotaa mrutyu maate jahajna maaleek saame jurie dwara sunavani saathe atyacharma daavo karvaanee manjuri aape chhe. johns aektama federal employers liability act (felaa) noow samaavesh thaay chhe, jeey railway kaamdaarone thatee ijaaonu sanchalan karey chhe aneey kolsa khania adhiniyam jevu jaj chhe. jahajno maaleek navikne aee jaj reete jawabdar chhe jeey reete railroad sanchaalak tenaa karmcharione jawabdar chhe jeo nokaridaataani bedarkarine kaarane ghaayal thaay chhe. maryada kaayado trana varshno chhe. jahaaj parr ghaayal thayela darek kaamdaarne johns adhiniyam, ayogyatana siddhaant aneey jaalvani aneey upchaarnaa siddhaant dwara aapvama aavtaa rakshanno hakdaar "naavik" nathee. naavik tareeke ganvaa maate, kaamdaare saamanya reete tenaa kaamnaa 30 takaa keey tethee vadhu kalaako koee chokkas jahaaj athavaa saamanya maliki athavaa niyantran hethalnaa jahajona kafalama vitavva padey chhe. thodaa apvaado saathe, naavy paanee parr ghaayal thayela tamaam biin-dariyai kaamdaarone tenaa badale longshore aneey harber kaamdaarona valtar adhiniyam dwara aavari levaamaa aave chhe, jeey kaamdaarona valtarnu aek alag swaroop chhe. katokati kharch. united statesma, yuu.aesa. charter aneey lashkari udaano athavaa jahajo saheet yuu. aesa. sarkaar dwara sankaleet parivahan dwara bahaar kadhvama aaveli vyaktioae, teey parivahan anya deshnee sarkaar dwara pradaan karvaamaa aave too pann, prasthaan pahelaa khaalee karaavnaarni manifest aneey promissory nooat (phorma dii. aesa.-5528) parr sahee karvee aavashyak chhe."aaa nondhno upyog sandarbh tareeke thaay chhe, jeno upyog paachhalthi aaa sthalaantar karnaaraaone mahattam vyavhaaru bharpai maate bill jaaree karvaa maate thaay chhe. sthalaantar karnaaraao sankaleet yuu leey chhe.aesa. kaayada dwara sarkari parivahanne teey sthal sudhee vaajbi vyaapaari parivahan bhaadaano kharch chukavvo jaroori chhe jeey ghatnaa pahelaa niyukt karvaamaa aavyu hatoo jenaa parinaame sthalaantarni jaroor puddy hatee. parat farvaa maatena loona kaarykram maate aek vikalp chhe, jeey rajyanaa sacheev dwara 11 judee judee jaruriyaatone lagatee jaaree karvaamaa aave chhe, jemaa chakasanipatra sarnaamu aneey saamaajik suraksha number aneey udhaar lenar pasethi chukavanina samaypatrak saathe lekheet karaarnee jaroor padey chhe. lonanee chukavani yuu. aesa. neey jaaree thavee joiae.aesa. raajy vibhag niyantrak aneey vaishvik nanakiy sevaao kacheree dwara, sampoorn aneey samaysar. tethee, vyaajnee chukavani aneey anya kaanuni dund taalvaa, jemaa yuu. yuu. naa navikaran athavaa jaaree karvaanaa nivaaranno samaavesh thaay chhe.aesa. passport. athadaamanni pidaa. athadaamanni pidaa" aee jahajni athadamanma bedarkarina vaidhanik daavano bachaav chhe.

sanyukt raajya nausena kaanoon sanyukt raajya america mein nausena kaanoon sanghiya kaanoon kaa mamla haye. adhikaar kshetra. sanyukt raajya mein, sanghiya jilaa adalaton key paas sabhi nausena aur samudri karyon parr adhikaar kshetra haye; dekhein. haal key varshon mein, curr pradarshankariyon dwara upayog kiya jaane vaalaa ack gair-aitihaasik-adharit sajish tark yeh haye kii ack americi adalat soney key kinare key saath ack americi dhwaj pradarshit karna vaastav mein ack "nausena adalat" haye aur iss prakaar iska koee adhikaar kshetra naheen haye. adalaton ney baar-baar ise tuchchh bataate hue khariz curr diyaa haye. sanyukt raajya america mein vee. greenstreet, adalat ney iss tark key liye apane nishkarsh koo sankshep mein prastut kiya, "durbhagya seey prativaadi greenstreet key liye, sajawat adhikaar kshetra key liye ack nirdhaarak naheen haye." lagu kaanoon. nausena yaa samudri mamle kii sunavaai karane vaali raajya adalat koo nausena aur samudri kaanoon koo lagu karane kii aavashyakta hoti haye, bhale hii yeh raajya key kaanoon key saath sangharsh kartaa hoe, ack siddhant key tahat jise "riverse-" eeri "siddhant key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye."" "arrie" "siddhant," "arrie railroad koo" "seey vyutpann haye. vee. tompkins, "nirdesh detaa haye kii sanghiya adalaton koo raajya key karyon kii sunavaai karate hue raajya key kaanoon koo lagu karna chaahiye. riverse-" "eeri" siddhant yeh nirdesh detaa haye kii nausena mamalon kii sunavaai karane vaali raajya adalaton koo sanghiya nausena kaanoon lagu karna chaahiye. yeh antar kuchh mamalon mein mahatvapurna haye. udaaharan key liye, yuu.aiss. samudri kaanoon sanyukt aur kaee utpeedan key beach kaee daayitvon kii avadharana koo maanyata detaa haye, jabaki kaee raajya aisaa naheen karate hain. sanyukt aur kaee daayitvon key tahat, jahaan dou yaa dou seey adhik loga ack hii chot yaa nuksan paida karate hain, sabhi samaan roop seey uttardaayi hotey hain, bhale hii unhone kewal ack chhoti raashi kaa yogdan diyaa hoe. nausena mamle kii sunavaai karane vaali raajya adalat koo sanyukt aur kaee daayitvon key siddhant koo lagu karane kii aavashyakta hogi, bhale hii raajya kaa kaanoon avadharana parr vichaar naa karey. jahaaj malik key daayitva kii seema. samudri kaanoon key anoothe pahaluon mein seey ack ack jahaaj key malik kii ack badee durghatana key baad jahaaj key moolya taka apani deyata koo seemit karane kii kshamata haye. seema adhiniyam key upayog kaa ack udaaharan 1912 mein rms "titanic" kaa dubna haye. bhale hii "titanic" kabhi bhee sanyukt raajya america mein naheen gayaa thaa, usake doobane parr maalikon ney newyork mein sanghiya adalaton mein deyata kaaryavaahi kii seema daayar karane key liye bhaag liya. seema adhiniyam mein yeh praavdhaan haye kii yadi koee durghatana kissy aisee paristhiti key kaaran hoti haye joe jahaaj key maalikon kii "gopaniyata aur jaankaari" seey parey haye, tou malik jahaaj key doobane key baad apane daayitva koo jahaaj key moolya taka seemit curr sakate hain. titanic" doobane key baad, jahaaj key kewal shesh hisse 14 lifeboat they, jinka saamoohik moolya lagbhag 3,000 dollar thaa. ise "lambit maal dhulai" mein jodaa gayaa thaa-jiska arth haye kii yatri kiraaye aur maal dhulai shulk donon seey yatra seey jahaaj kii kamai-lagbhag 91,000 dollar kii kull deyata taka pahunchane key liye. pratham shreni, parlor soot tikat kii laagat 4,350 dollar seey adhik thee. "titanic" key malik yeh dikhaane mein safal rahey kii dubna unaki gopaniyata aur jaankaari key binaa huaa, aur isaliye, mrit yaatriyon key parivaar, saath hii jeevit yatri jinhone apana vyaktigat saman khou diyaa, kewal 91,000 dollar koo vibhajit karane key hakdar they. ack aur udaaharan thaa jaba yuu mein transotion dakhil kiya gayaa thaa.aiss. 2010 mein texas key dakshini jile key liye jilaa adalat ney "gahare paani key kshitij" mein apane hita koo seemit karane key liye apani deyata koo seemit kiya, jiska moolya $26,764,083 thaa. yeh doobane key baad gahare paani key kshitij tail risaav key parinamswarup arabon dollar kii dendaariyon key maddenajar thaa. seema adhiniyam kewal badey jahaajon parr lagu naheen hotaa haye. iska upayog ack motorboat key malik koo deyata seey bachaane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye jaba vaha apani naav koo dusare koo udhaar detaa haye joe taba ack durghatana kaa shikaar hoe jaataa haye. yahaan taka kii jett skii malik bhee daayitva seey khud koo bachaane key liye seema adhiniyam koo safaltapurvak lagu karane mein saksham rahey hain. ack asamanya anuprayog mein mamla grubart vee shamil thaa. mahaan jheelon kaa drez aur dock company, jahaan shikago nadee mein dher sanchaalan karane vaale ack jahaaj ney ack surang koo puncher curr diyaa aur 1992 mein shahar key shahar key kaee bhoomigat kshetron mein shikago kii baadh kaa kaaran banaa; adalaton ney faisala sunaaya kii jahaaj nausena kaanoon seema khand dwara cover kiye gaye naugamya jall mein thaa. kaee shipping anubandhon mein "surakshit berth" khand shamil hain joe yeh sunishchit karate hain kii ichchit dock key aspas kaa kshetra aaney vaale pott key liye spasht haye. yeh sarvocch nyayalaya dwara jahajrani kaa anurodh karane vaali ikai seey suraksha kii warranty key roop mein nirdhaarit kiya gayaa haye, kshetra koo saaf karane kaa bojh dalna aur pott key malik key bajaay usa ikai parr aisaa karane mein viphalata key liye koee bhee baad mein daayitva, jaisa kii 2020 key mamle mein nirdhaarit kiya gayaa haye. vee. frescotti shipping company."2004 mein delaware nadee parr tail risaav key parinamswarup. maal key daave. sanyukt raajya america mein aur baahar antarrashtriya vanijya mein samudri vaahak dwara bheje gaye maal koo nuksan key daave samudri adhiniyam (kogsa) dwara maal kii dhulai dwara shaasit hotey hain, joe kii yuu haye.aiss. aspasht niyamon kaa adhiniyaman. isaki pramukh visheshtaon mein seey ack yeh haye kii ack vaahak "hook too hook" seey kshatigrast maal key liye uttardaayi haye, jiska arth haye loading seey nirvahan taka, jaba taka kii ise daayitva key 17 apvaadon mein seey ack key tahat doshmukt naheen kiya jaataa haye, jaise kii "bhagwan kaa kaary", maal kii antarnihit prakriti, nauvahan mein trutiyaan, aur jahaaj kaa prabandhan. ack jahaaj kaa malik aam taur parr apane daayitva koo prati package 500 dollar taka seemit karane kaa hakdar haye, jaba taka kii samagri kaa moolya prakat naheen kiya jaataa haye aur container parr chihnit naheen kiya jaataa haye. kogsa key tahat deyata nirdhaarit karane key uddeshyon key liye ack "package" kaa gathan karane key liye mahatvapurna mukadama haye. iss pratha key parinamswarup sanyukt raajya america mein paryaapt aur nirantar mukdamebaji hui haye. haalaanki, sanyukt raajya america mein sanghiya adaalaten ack samudri shipping container koo ekal kogsa package key roop mein maanane key liye anichhuk hain. maal key daavon parr seemaon kaa kaanoon ack varsh kaa haye. naavikon koo vyaktigat chotein. jahaaj parr ghayal naavikon key paas muaavaje key teen sambhaavit srot hainh rakharkhaav aur upchaar kaa siddhant, ayogyata kaa siddhant, aur johns adhiniyam. rakharkhaav aur upchaar key siddhant key liye ack jahaaj key malik koo ack ghayal navik key chikitsa upchaar key liye donon kaa bhugtan karane kii aavashyakta hoti haye jaba taka kii adhikatam chikitsa vasuli (mmr) praapt naheen hoe jaati haye aur yatra key puuraa honey taka buniyaadi jeevan kharch pradaan kartaa haye, bhale hii navik abb jahaaj parr naa hoe. navik koo rakharkhaav aur upchaar kaa adhikaar haye, jaba taka kii vaha apani jaanboojhkar kii gaee ghor laparwahi key kaaran ghayal naa hoe jaae. yeh kuchh mayanon mein shramikon key muaavaje key samaan haye. ayogyata kaa siddhant ack jahaaj key malik koo uttardaayi banaata haye yadi ack navik ghayal hoe jaataa haye kyonki jahaaj, yaa jahaaj kaa koee upkaran, "ayogya" haye, jiska arth haye kissy tarah seey doshpurna. johns adhiniyam ack navik, yaa usake liye niji roop seey ack, vyaktigat chot yaa galat mrityu key liye jahaaj key malik parr mukadama karane kii anumati detaa haye, juurii dwara mukadama chalaaya jaataa haye. johns adhiniyam mein sanghiya niyokta deyata adhiniyam (fela) shamil haye, joe railway shramikon koo choton koo niyantrit kartaa haye, aur koyla khanik adhiniyam key samaan haye. ack jahaaj kaa malik ack navik key liye usee tarah uttardaayi hotaa haye jaise ack rail sanchaalak apane karmchaariyon key liye hotaa haye joe niyokta kii laparwahi key kaaran ghayal hoe jaate hain. seema kaa kaanoon teen saal kaa haye. pott parr ghayal pratyek karmchari ack "navik" naheen haye joe johns adhiniyam, ayogyata key siddhant aur rakharkhaav aur upchaar key siddhant dwara pradaan kii gaee suraksha kaa hakdar haye. navik maane jaane key liye, ack karmchari koo aam taur parr apane kaam key ghanton kaa 30 pratishat yaa usase adhik samay kissy vishisht jahaaj yaa samanya swaamitva yaa niyantran key tahat jahaajon key bede parr bitana chaahiye. kuchh apvaadon key saath, naugamya jall parr ghayal sabhi gair-seaman shramikon koo shramikon key muaavaje key ack alag roop, longshore aur harber shramikon key muaavaje adhiniyam dwara cover kiya jaataa haye. aapaatkaaleen vyay. sanyukt raajya america mein, yuu.aiss. charter aur sainya udaanon yaa jahaajon sahit sarkaar dwara samanvit parivahan parr nikaale gaye vyaktiyon koo, bhale hii way parivahan kissy anya desh kii sarkaar dwara pradaan kiye gaye houn, prasthaan seey pahale ack nikasi manifest aur promissory nott (form ds-5528) nott parr hastakshar karna hoga."iss nott kaa upayog ack sandarbh key roop mein kiya jaataa haye, jiska upayog baad mein inn nikasi karane vaalon koo adhikatam vyaavhaarik pratipurti key liye ack bill jaari karane key liye kiya jaataa haye. nikasi karane vaale samanvit yuu leey rahey hain.aiss. sarkari parivahan koo kaanoon dwara usa gantavya key liye uchit vaanijyik parivahan kiraaye kaa bhugtan karane kii aavashyakta hoti haye jise ghatana seey pahale nirdisht kiya gayaa thaa jisake parinamswarup nikasi kii aavashyakta thee. ack pratyaavartan rinn karyakram key liye ack vikalp haye, joe raajya key sachiv dwara 11 alag-alag aavashyaktaon key sambandh mein jaari kiya jaataa haye, jisamen ack satyapan yogya pataa aur samajik suraksha sankhya aur udharkarta seey punarbhugataan anusuchi key saath ack likhit samjhauta shamil haye. rinn kaa bhugtan yuu. koo jaari kiya jaanaa chaahiye.aiss. raajya vibhaag niyantrak aur vaishvik vittiya seva karyalaya key madhyam seey, poorna aur samay parr. isaliye, byaaj bhugtan aur anya kanuni dandon seey bachana, jisamen navikaran kii roktham yaa yuu jaari karna shamil haye.aiss. passport. takkar kii peedaa. takkar kii peedaa" jahaaj kii takkar mein laparwahi key vaidhaanik daave kaa bachaav haye.

united states admiralty kaanoonu united statesnalli naukaapadeya kaanoonu federal kaanoonina vishayavaagide. nyaayavyaaptiya. samyukta samsthaanagalalli, samyukta jilla nyaayaalayagalu ellah naukaapadeya mattu kadala karyacharanegala mele nyaayavyaaptiyannu hondive; nodi. ittichina varsagalalli, terige pratibhatanaakaararu balasuva itihaasa-aadhaaritavallada pituriya vaadavendare, chinnada anchinondige american dhvajavannu pradarshisuva american nyaayaalayavu vaastavaagi "nauka nyayalaya" vagide mattu aaddarinda yaavude nyaayavyaaptiyannu hondilla. nyaayaalayagalu idannu ksullaka endu padhe padhe tallihaakive. united states vii. greenstreet, nyaayaalayavu ee vaadakke tamma tirmaanavannu sankshiptavaagi heege helitu, "duradrushtavashat prativaadiyaada greenstreetge, alankaaravu nyaayavyaaptiyannu nirdharisuvudilla." anvayavaguva kaanoonu. naukaapadeya athawa kadala prakaranavannu aalisuva raajya nyaayaalayavu naukaapadeya mattu kadala kaanoonannu, adhu rajyada kaanoonige viruddhavagiddaroo saha, "riverse-" erie "siddhaanta endu kareyalpaduva siddhaantada adiyalli anvayisabekaguttade."erie" siddhaantavu "erie railroad kumm" ninda vyutpannavagide. vii. raajya kramagala vichaarane nadesuva federal nyaayaalayagalu raajya kaanoonannu anvayisabeku endu tompkins nirdeshisuttade. riverse-" erie "siddhaantavu admiralty prakaranagalannu aalisuva raajya nyaayaalayagalu federal admiralty kaanoonannu anvayisabeku endu nirdeshisuttade. ee vyatyaasavu kelavu sandarbhagalalli nirnaayakavaagide. udaaharanege, yuu.ess. kadala kaanoonu himse niiduvavaralli junty mattu halavaaru honegaarikeya parikalpaneyannu gurutisuttade, aadare aneka rajyagalu haage maduvudilla. junty mattu halavaaru honegaarikegala adiyalli, ibbaru athawa hecchina janaru onde gaaya athawa nashtavannu untumaadidare, avaru kevala ondu sanna mottavannu maatra koduge niididdaroo saha ellaroo samanavagi honegararagiruttare. naukaapadeya prakaranavannu aalisuva raajya nyaayaalayavu rajyada kaanoonu ee parikalpaneyannu pariganisadiddaroo saha junty mattu halavaaru honegaarikeya siddhaantavannu anvayisabekaguttade. hadagu malikara honegaarikeya miti. dodda apaghaatada nantara hadagina moulyakke adara honegaarikeyannu simitagolisuva hadagina malikara saamarthyavu kadala kaanoonina vishishta amshagalalli ondaagide. ee mitiya kaayideya balakeya ondu udaaharaneyendare 1912ralli aarr. emm. ess. "titanic" muluguvudu. "titanic" endigoo united statesge hogiralillavadaru, adhu mulugida nantara malikaru newyorkna federal nyaayaalayagalige dhavisi honegaarikeya vichaaraneya mitiyannu daakhalisidaru. hadagina malikara "goupyate mattu gnaana" kke meerida paristhitiyindaagi apaghaata sambhavisidare, malikaru hadagu mulugida nantara adara moulyakke tamma honegaarikeyannu simitagolisabahudu endu miti kaydeyu odagisuttade. titanic" mulugida nantara, hadagina ulida bhagagalu 14 jivarakshaka doonigalu maatra, avugala ottu moulya sumaru $3,000 aagittu. idannu "baaki iruva saraku" ge serisalaayitu-andare prayanikara daragalu mattu saraku shulkagalinda prayanadinda hadagina galike-ottu honegaarikeyannu talupalu sumaru $91,000. prathama darjeya, parlor suit tiketna vechcha $4,350 kkinta hechchaagittu. "titanic" naa malikaru tamma goupyate mattu arivillade muluguvudu sambhaviside endu torisuvalli yashasviyaadaru, mattu aaddarinda, mruta prayanikara kutumbagalu, haageye tamma vaiyaktika vastugalannu kaledukonda ulida prayanikaru, $91,000 annu vibhajisalu maatra arharaagiddaru. mattondu udaaharaneyendare yuu. nalli transotion daakhalaadaga.ess. 2010ralli daksina texas jilleya jilla nyaayaalayavu tanna honegaarikeyannu kevala "aalavaada neerina diganta" dallina tanna hitasaktiyashte simitagolisitu, adara moulya $26,764,083 aagittu. idu muluguvikeya nantara aalavaada neerina digantada taila sorikeyinda untaada shatakoti daalargala honegaarikegala hinneleyalli aagittu. ee miti kaydeyu kevala dodda hadagugalige anvayisuvudilla. motaru dooni malikaru tamma dooniyannu apaghaatakkidaada innobbarige saala niididaaga honegaarikeyinda rakshisalu idannu balasabahudu. jett skee malikaru saha honegaarikeyinda tammannu taavu raksisikollalu miti kaydeyannu yashasviyagi jaarige taralu samartharagiddare. asaamaanya application grubart vii prakaranavannu olagondittu. grate lakes dredge mattu dock kampani, allie chikago nadiyalli piling karyacharanegalannu nirvahisuva hadagu ondu surangavannu puncture maaditu mattu 1992 ralli nagarada downtown aneka bhoogata pradeshagalalli chikago pravaahakke kaaranavaayitu; hadagu naukaapadeya kaanoonu miti sharattina vyaaptige olapattiruva naukaayaanada nirinalli ide endu nyaayaalayagalu tirpu niididavu. aneka hadagu sagane oppandagalu "surakshita sthala" sharattugalannu olagondive, idu uddeshita hadagina suttalina pradeshavu baruva hadagige spashtavagide endu khachitapadisuttade. 2020rahra sitgo asphault refining koo prakaranadalli nirdharisidante, ravaaneyannu vinantisuva ghatakadinda surakshateya khatari, pradeshavannu teravugolisuva horeyannu mattu hadagina malikara badalu aaa ghatakada mele haage maadalu viphalavaada yaavude nantarada honegaarikeyannu iduvudu endu sarvochcha nyaayaalayavu nirdhariside. vii. frescotty shipping kumm."2004ralli delaware nadiyalli taila sorikeyindagi untaayitu. sarakugala bedikegalu. united statesnolage mattu horage antararashtriya vanijyadalli sagara vaahakavu ravanisuva sarakugalige haaniya hakkugalannu samudra kaayideya (kogsa) moolaka sarakugala saaganeyinda niyantrisalaaguttade, idu yuu. ess.ess. hage niyamagala anushthana. adara pramukha laksanagalalli wandendare, "hook tuu hook" ninda hanigolagada sarakugalige vaahakavu honegaaranaagiruttade, andare load maaduvudarinda visarjanege, honegaarikege 17 vinayitigalalli wandara adiyalli doshamuktagolisadiddare, udaaharanege "devara kriye", sarakugala antargata svaroopa, naukaayaanadallina doshagalu mattu hadagina nirvahane. dharakada mele vastugala moulyavannu bahirangapadisi gurutisadiddare, hadagina malikaru samanyavagi prati pyaakejge $500 ge tanna honegaarikeyannu simitagolisalu arharagiruttare. kogsa adiyalli honegaarikeyannu nirdharisuva uddeshagaligaagi "package" endarenu embudara bagge gamanarhavada daavegalive. ee abhyaasavu united statesnalli gananeeya mattu munduvarida daavegalige kaaranavaagide. aadaagyoo, samyukta samsthaanada samyukta nyaayaalayagalu sagara hadagu dharakavannu onde kogsa package endu pariganisalu hinjariyuttave. sarakugala melina nirbandhagala shaasanavu ondu varshavaagide. naavikarige vaiyaktika gayagalu. hadaginalli gaigonda naavikaru parihaarada mooru sambhaavya moolagalannu hondiddaareh nirvahane mattu gunapadisuva tatwa, anarhateya siddhaanta mattu johns act. nirvahane mattu gunapadisuvikeya tatvavu, garishta vaidyakeeya chetarike (mmr) padeyuvavarege gaigonda naavikana vaidyakeeya chikitsegaagi hadagina malikaru pavatisabekaguttade mattu naavikanu hadaginalli illadiddaroo saha, prayana poornagolluvavarege moolabhoota jeevana vechchagalannu odagisabekaguttade. tanna swanta uddeshapoorvakavaada ghora nirlakshyadinda gaigonda horatu, naavikanu sariyaada reetiyalli nirvahane mattu gunapadisuva hakkannu hondiruttaane. idu kelavu reetiyalli karmikara pariharakke holuttade. hadagu athawa hadagina yaavude upakaranavu "anarha" vagiruvudarinda, yavudo reetiyalli doshapooritavaagiruvudarinda, naavikanu gayagondare, anarhateya siddhaantavu hadagina malikarannu honegararannagi maaduttade. johns kaayideyu navikanige athawa avanige khasagi vyaktiyu, vaiyaktika gaaya athawa tappaada savugagi hadagina malikara mele atyaachaarada mokaddameyannu hoodalu, tirpugaarara vichaaraneyondige avakasha niiduttade. johns kaayideyu federal udyogadatara honegaarike kaayide (fela) yannu olagondide, idu railway kaarmikarige aaguva gayagalannu niyantrisuttade mattu idu kalliddalu ganigarara kaayideyannu holuttade. naukapade malikara nirlakshyadinda gaayagondiruva tanna udyogigalige railway nirvaahakaru hege honegararagiruttaro adhe reetiyalli hadagina malikaru naavikarige honegararagiruttare. mitiya shaasanavu mooru varshagaladdaagide. hadaginalli gaigonda pratiyobba kelasagaaranu johns kaayide, anarhateya siddhaanta mattu nirvahane mattu gunapadisuva tatvadinda nidalaaguva rakshanege arharaagiruva "naavika" alla. naavika endu pariganisalu, obba kelasagaaranu samanyavagi tanna kelasada samayada shekada 30 athawa adakkinta hecchu samayavannu nirdishta hadaginalli athawa saamaanya malikatva athawa niyantranadalliruva hadagugala samoohadalli kaleyabeku. kelavu vinayitigalondige, naukaayaanada nirinalli gaigonda ellah naavikarallada kaarmikarannu longshore mattu harber karmikara parihara kaayideya adiyalli olapadisalaaguttade, idu karmikara parihaarada pratyeka roopavaagide. turtu vechchagalu. united statesnalli, yuu.ess. charter mattu military vimaanagalu athawa hadagugalu seridante yuu. ess. nalli sthalaantarisalaada vyaktigalu, aaa sarigeyannu mattondu deshada sarkaaravu odagisiddaroo saha, nirgamanada modalu sthalaantarisuvavara prakatane mattu vagdana patrakke (form ds-5528) sahi haakabeku."ee tippaniyannu ullekhavaagi balasalaaguttade, nantara idannu garishta prayogika marupavatigagi ee sthalaantarisidavarige bill needalu balasalaaguttade. sthalaantarisidavaru yuu annu samanvayagolisuttaare.ess. sthalaantarisuva agatyakke kaaranavaada ghatanege modalu gottupadisida gamyasthanakke samanjasavaada vanijya saarige shulkavannu pavatisalu sarkari sarigeyu kaanoonina prakara agatyavagide. parishilisabahudaada vilaasa mattu samajika bhadrata sankhye mattu saalagaararinda marupavati velaapattiyondige likhita oppandada agatyate seridante 11 vibhinn avashyakategalige sambandhisidante raajya kaaryadarshigalu needuva vaapasaati saalada kaaryakramakke ondu ayke ide. saalada paavatiyannu yuu. ess. ge niidabeeku.ess. raajya ilakheyu niyantraka mattu jagatika hanakasu sevegala kacheria moolaka, purnavagi mattu samayakke sariyagi. aaddarinda, baddia pavatigalu mattu navikarana athawa yuu. yuu. vitaraneyannu tadegattuvudu seridante itara kaanoonu dandagalannu tappisuvudu.ess. pasport. gharshaneya novu. gharshaneya novu" embudu hadagugala dikkiyalli nirlakshyavannu hondiruva shasanabaddha hakkina rakshaneyaagide.

united states naudal kayada americetil naudal kayada haah sanghiy kayadyacha vishay aahe. adhikarkshetra. sanyukt rajyanmadhye, federal jilha nyayalayanna serve naudal aanee sagari krutinvar adhikarkshetra aahe; pahaa. alikadachya varshant, curr aandolakanni vaparlela eka gair-aitihasik katkarsthan yuktivad assa aahe qee american nyayalay sonyachya kathasah american dhwaj pradarshit karane heey kharey tarr eka 'naudal nyayalay' aahe aanee tyamule tyala konatehi adhikarkshetra nahee. nyayalayanni heey kshullak asalyache varanvar fetalale aahe. united statesmadhye wii. greenstreet, nyayalayane yaa yuktivadatil tyanchya nishkarshacha saransh assa deela, "durdaivane prativadi greenstreetsathi, sajavat haah adhikarkshetrasathi nirnayak nahee." lagoo kayada. naudal kinwa sagari prakaranachi sunavani vinanti rajya nyayalayane, jaree too rajyachya kayadyashi visangat asala tarihi, 'reverse-' iirii 'siddhant mhanoon olakhalya olakhalya siddhantantargat naudal aanee sagari kayada lagoo karane aavashyak aahe."erii" siddhant, "erii railroad company" pasoon vyutpann jhaala aahe. vhee. tompkins, "nirdesh dete qee rajyachya krutichi sunavani vinanti federal nyayalayanni rajya kayada lagoo keela pahije. reverse-" iirii "siddhant asey nirdesh deto qee naudal prakarananchi sunavani vinanti rajya nyayalayanni federal naudal kayada lagoo keela pahije. kahee prakarananmadhye haah farak mahattvacha aahe. udaharanarth, yuu.ess. sagari kayada tortfeasormadhil sanyukt aanee anek dayitvanchi sankalpana olakhato, tarr anek rajye manya karat naheet. sanyukt aanee anek dayitvankhali, jethe done kinwa adhik lock ekach dukhapat kinwa nuksan nirman karatat, teey serve samanpane jababdar asatat, jaree tyanni fakt thodi rakkam yogdan dilee asali taree. naudal prakaranachi sunavani vinanti rajya nyayalayala jaree rajya kayada sankalpanecha vichar karat nasla tarihi sanyukt aanee anek dayitvancha siddhant lagoo karane aavashyak asel. jahaj malkachya jababdarichi maryada. mothya apghatanantar jahajachya mulyanusar tyache dayitva maryadit karanyachi jahaj malakachi kshamata haah sagari kayadyacha eka adviteey pailu aahe. maryada kayadyachya vaparache eka udaharan mhanje 1912 madhye aar. emm. ess. 'titanic' budane. jaree 'titanic' kadhihi americet gela nasla taree, tee budalyanantar malakanni newyorkmadheel federal nyayalayat dayitva karyavahichi maryada dakhal karnyasathi dhaav ghetali. maryada kayadyat ashee tartud aahe qee, jahajachya malakanchya 'khajgipana aanee mahitee' chya palikade asalelya paristhitimule apghat jhalyas, malak jahaj budalyanantar tyache dayitva jahajachya mulyaparyant maryadit karoo shakatat. titanic" budalyanantar, jahajache fakt kahee bhag urale hote, 14 lifeboaty, jyanche ekoon moolya sumare 3,000 dollar hote. heey "pralambit malvahatuk" madhye jodale gele-mhanje pravasi bhade aanee malvahatuk shulk yaa donhimadhun jahajachi kamai-ekoon $91,000 paryant pohochanyasathi. pratham shrenichya, parlourchya suit tikitachi kimmat $4,350 peksha jaast hotee. titanicche malak budane tyanchya guptata aanee mahitishivay ghadale heey dakhavanyat yashasvi jhaale aanee mhanunach, mrut pravashanchi kutumbe, tasech jiwant pravasi jyanni tyanchi vaiyaktik malmatta gamavali, tyanna fakt 91,000 dollarche vibhajan karnyacha adhikar hota. dusare udaharan mhanje jevha transotion yuu madhye dakhal jhaale.ess. texaschya dakshin jilhyasathi jilha nyayalayane 2010 madhye keval 'deepwater kshitij' madheel tyachya hitasathi tyache dayitva maryadit karnyasathi, jyache moolya $26,764,083 hote. heey budalyanantar khol panyachya kshitijavar teel galatee jhalyamule jhalelya abjavadhi dollarschya dayitvechya parshvabhumivar hote. maryada kayada keval mothya jahajanna lagoo hott nahee. motorboat malak jevha tyachi boat vahtook vyaktila karj deto, jyala nantar apghat hoto, tevha tyala jababdaripasun vachavanyasathi yacha vapar keela jaau shakato. jett skii malakdekhil jababdaripasun swatahla surakshit thevanyasathi maryada kayadyacha yashasvipane vapar karoo shakale aahet. eka asamanya anuprayogamadhye grubart vhee. prakaran samavisht hote. gret lakes drej andd dock company, jithe shikago nadeet nadeet padanyache kaam vinanti jahajane bogda phutavala aanee 1992 madhye shaharachya shaharachya madhyavarti bhagatil anek bhoomigat bhaganna shikago puur aala; nyayalayanni nikal deela qee jahaj naudal kayadyachya maryada kalmanusar naukanayanyogya panyat hote. anek nauvahan kararanmadhye 'surakshit berth' kalmancha samavesh asato, jeey khatri detat qee ichchit bandarajavalache kshetra kshetra jahajasathi spasht aahe. sarvoch nyayalayane heey jahaj pathvanyachi vinanti vinanti sansthekadun surakshitatechi hummy mhanoon nishchit kele aahe, kshetra saaf karnyacha bhaar aanee jahaj malkachya aivaji tyaa sansthevar asey karnyat ayashasvi tharalyabaddalache konatehi dayitva, 2020 chya prakaranat nirdharit kelyapramane. vhee. fresketti shipping company."2004 madhye delaware nadivaril telachya galatimule. malvahatuk dave. sagari vahakadvare aantarrashtriy vanijyat aanee united statesmadhye pathavalelya malvahatukichya haniche dave sagari kayadyadvare (kogsa) niyantrit kele jaatat, jeey yuu. ess. aahe.ess. hegg niyamanchi amalbajavani. tyachi eka pramukh vaishishtye mhanje vahak "hook too hook" mhanje bharan teey dischargeparyantchya nukasanasathi jababdar asato, joparyant too 17 paiki eka apavadantargat doshmukt hott nahee, udaharanarth "devache karya", malanche antarnihit swaroop, nauvahanatil truti aanee jahajache vyavasthapan. containervar samagriche moolya ughad kele aanee chinhankit kele nahee, tarr jahaj malkala samanyatah tyache dayitva prati package $500 paryant maryadit karnyacha adhikar asato. kogsa antargat dayitva nishchit karnyachya uddeshane 'package' kaay aahe yabaddal mahattvapoorn khatala aahe. yaa prathemule americet mothya pramanat aanee satat khatale suru aahet. tathapi, americetil sanghiy nyayalaye sagari nauvahan containerla ekach kogsa package mananyas nakhush aahet. malvahatuk davyanvar maryada ghalanyacha kayada eka varshacha aahe. navikanna vaiyaktik dukhapat. jahajavar jakhami jhalelya navikanna nukasanbharpaiche teen sambhavya srot aaheth dekhbhal aanee upcharanche tattva, ayogyatecha siddhant aanee johns kayada. dekhbhal aanee upchar yaa tattvanusar, jahaj malkane jastit jaast vaidyakeey punarprapti (emm. emm. aar.) hoiparyant jakhami navikanchya vaidyakeey upcharansathi paise dene aanee navik jahajavar nasla tarihi pravas purn hoiparyant moolbhut jeevan kharch pradan karane aavashyak aahe. navikala tyachya swatachya jaanunbujun kelelya ghor nishkaljipanamule jakhami jhaala nasel tarr tyala dekhbhal aanee upchar milanyacha adhikar aahe. heey kahee prakare kamgaranchya nuksanbharpaisarkhech aahe. jahaj kinwa jahajache konatehi upkaran ayogya asalyamule, mhanje kahee pramanat sadosh asalyamule, navik jakhami jhalyas ayogyatecha siddhant jahajmalkala jababdar tharvato. johns kayada navikala kinwa tyachya khajgi malkichya vyaktila, jahajmalkavar vaiyaktik dukhapatisathi kinwa chukichya mrutyusathi, jyuridware khatala chalavun, atyacharat khatala dakhal karanyachi parvanagi deto. johns kayadyat federal employers liability ect (fela) samavisht aahe, joou railway kamgaranchya dukhapatinvar niyantran thevato aanee kolasa khaan kamgar kaydyasarkhech aahe. malkachya nishkaljipanamule jakhami jhalelya jhalelya railway chalak jyapramane jababdar asato, tyach prakare jahaj malak navikala jababdar asato. maryada kayada teen varshancha aahe. jahajavar jakhami jhalela pratyek kamgar haah 'navik' nasato, johns kayada, ayogyatecha siddhant aanee dekhbhal aanee upcharanche tattva yanni dilelya sanrakshanas too patra asato. navik manalya jaanyasathi, kamgarane samanyatah tyachya kamache 30 takke kinwa tyahoon adhik taas ektar vishisht jahajavar kinwa samaan malki kinwa niyantranakhalil jahajanchya tafyavar ghalvave lagatat. kahee apavad vagalata, naukanayanyogya panyamule jakhami jhalelya serve bigger-navik kamgaranna tyaeivaji kamgaranchya nuksanbharpaicha eka vegala prakar asalelya lamb kinarpatti aanee bandar kamgaranchya nuksanbharpai kayadyane samavisht kele jaate. aapatkalin kharch. americet, yuu.ess. charter aanee lashkari uddane kinwa jahajansah, yuu. ess. varr baher kadhalelya sarkari-samanvit vahatukichya vyaktinni, jaree tyaa vahtook vahtook deshachya sarkarne puravilya asalya taree, prasthan karnyapurvi nirvasitanchya jaheer aanee vachanpatravar (form dii. ess.-5528) swakshari karane aavashyak aahe."hii note sandarbh mhanoon vaparali jaate, jee nantar jastit jaast vyavharik paratfedisathi yaa nirvasitanna biil jaaree karnyasathi vaparali jaate. nirvasitanni samanvit yuu ghetala.ess. ghatanepurvi jyaa gantvyasthanala niyukt karnyat aale hote, jyachya parinami sthalantar karanyachi garaj hotee, tyaa gantvyasthanasathi vajvi vyavsayik vahtook bhadyacha kharch bharnyasathi kayadyanusar sarkari vahtook aavashyak aahe. paratava karj karyakramasathi eka paryay aahe, joou rajya sachivadvare 11 vegvegalya aavashyaktanchya sandarbhat jaaree keela jaato, jyat padtalaniyogya patta aanee samajik suraksha kramank aanee karjdarakadun paratfedichya velapatrakasaha lekhee karar aavashyak asato. karjachi rakkam yuu. ess. laa dilee jaavi.ess. rajya vibhag niyantrak aanee jaagtik vittiy seva karyalayachya madhyamatoon, purn aanee velevar. tyamule, nutanikaran kinwa yu jaaree karnyapasoon pratibandh karnyasah vyajachi deyake aanee itar kayadeshir dand talhane.ess. parpatra. takkarchi vedna. takkarchi vedna" haah jahajanchya takkaranmadhye nishkaljipanachya vaidhanik davyacha bachav aahe.

sanyukta rajya america nausena kanuna sanyukta rajya americama nausena kanuna sanghiya kanunko vishaya how. kshetradhikar. sanyukta rajya americama, sanghiya zilla adalatharusanga sabai nausena rar samudri karyaharuma kshetradhikar chha; hernuhos. halka warshaharuma, curr pradarshankariharule prayog gareko gaira-aitihasik rupma adharit shadyantra tarka yo how kii americi adalatle sunko kinarma americi jhanda pradarshan garnu wastawma "admiralty court" how rar yasaile yasako kunai kshetradhikar chhaina. adalatle yasalai barambar tuchcha bhandai kharez gareko chha. sanyukta rajya americama v. greenstreet, adalatle yass tarkama uniharuko nishkarshlai sankshepma bhanyo, "durbhagyawash pratiwadi greenstritka lagi, sajawat kshetradhikarka lagi nirdharak hoina." lagu kanuna. nausena wa samudri muddako sunuwaiko rajya adalatle nausena rar samudri kanuna lagu garna awashyak chha, yadi yo rajyako kanunsanga dwandwama chha bhane pani, "reverse-" iri "siddhanta bhanera chinine siddhanta antargat."" "iri" "siddhanta," "iri railroad ko" "batt wyutpanna. wee. tompkins ", nirdeshan dinchha kii sanghiya adalatharule rajya karyaharu sunera rajya kanuna lagu garnuparchha. reverse-" "iri" siddhanta "ley nirdeshan dinchha kii admiralty muddaharuko sunuwaima rajya adalatharule sanghiya admiralty kanuna lagu garnuparchha. yo bhinnata kehi awasthama mahatwapurna chha. udaharanka lagi, yu.ess. samudri kanunle tortfeaserharu bitch sanyukta rar dherai dayitwako awadharanalai manyata dinchha, jabki dherai rajyaharule gardainan. sanyukta rar dherai dayitwa antargat, jahaan dui wa badhi wyaktiharule ekal chot wa hani sirjana garchhan, sabai saman rupma uttardayi hunchhan, yadi tiniharule thorai rakam matra yogdan gare pani. nausenako muddako sunuwaima raheko rajya adalatle rajyako kanunle awadharanalai vichar nagareko bhae pani sanyukta rar dherai dayitwako siddhanta lagu garna awashyak hunechha. jahaz malikko dayitwako sima. samudri kanunko ek adwitiya paksha bhaneko jahaz malikko thulo durghatanapachhi jahajko mulyama afno dayitwa simit garne kshamata how. sima ainako prayogko euta udaharan sann 1912 maa rms "tytainic" ko dubnu how. yadyapi "tytainic" sanyukta rajya americama kahilyai gaeko thiena, tara uni dubda malikharu newyorkko sanghiya adalatma dayitwa karyawahiko sima darta garna hatarie. sima ainale pradan gardacha kii yadi durghatana jahajko malikharuko "gopaniyata rar gyan" bhanda bahirko paristhitiko karan hunchha bhane, malikharule jahaz dubaepachhi jahajko mulyama afno dayitwa simit garna sakchhan. tytanic" dubaepachhi, jahajko kewal 14 wata lifeboatharu baanki thie, jasko samuhik mulya lagbhag $3,000 thiyo. yasalai "lambit malwahak" maa thapieko thiyo-jasko artha yatru bhada rar malbhada shulk duwaibata yatrabata jahajko amdani lagbhag $91,000 ko kull dayitwama pugyo. pratham shreni, parlor suite tikatko lagat $4,350 bhanda badhi thiyo. "tytainic" kaa malikharu dubne uniharuko gopaniyata rar jankari bina bhaeko dekhauna safal bhae, rar tyasaile, mrit yatruharuko pariwar, sathai jiwit yatruharu jasle afno wyaktigat saman gumae, kewal $91,000 vibhajan garne hakdar thie. arko udaharan thiyo jab transocenle yuma file garyo.ess. sann 2010 maa teksasko dakshini jillaka lagi zilla adalatle "gahiro paniko kshitij" maa yasako chasolai simit garna yasako dayitwalai simit garna jasko mulya $26,764,083 thiyo. yo dubda pachhi gahiro paniko kshitij tel risawako parinamswarup arabaun dollarko dayitwako prishthabhumima thiyo. sima aina thula jahajharuma matra lagu hundaina. yasalai motorboat maliklai dayitwabata jogauna prayog garna sakinchha jab usale afno dunga arkolai rina dinchha jasko tyasapachhi durghatana hunchha. jett sky malikharule pani dayitwabata afulai alag rakhna sima ainalai safalatapurwak awhan garna saksham bhaeka chhan. euta asamanya anuprayogma cases grubart v samawesh thiyo. great lake drez rar dock company, jahaan sikago nadima piling operation garne jahajle euta surunglai chhidra banayo rar sann 1992 maa sikagoma saharko dountaunaka dherai bhumigat kshetraharuma badhi ayo; adalatle jahaz nausena kanuna sima khandadwara dhakieko naugamya panima raheko faisala garyo. dherai dhuwani samjhautaharuma "surakshit berth" khandaharu samawesh chhan jasle sunishchit gardacha kii ichchit dock warparko khetra agaman jahajka lagi spashta chha. yo sarvochcha adalatle dhuwani anurodh garne nikayabata surakshako warranty huna nirdharan gareko chha, khetra safa garne bojha rakhchha rar jahajko malikko satta tyas ikaima tyaso garna asafal bhaeko kunai pani dayitwa, 2020 maa nirdharit garie anusar cases "sitago dammer refining ko. wee. frescati dhuwani kan."sann 2004 maa delaware nadima tel risaeko thiyo. malwahak dabiharu. sanyukta rajya america bhitra rar bahira antarrashtriya wanijyama samudri wahakdwara pathaieka cargoma kshatiko dawiharu samudri aina (kogsa) dwara samanko dhuwanidwara shasit hunchhan, june yu how.ess. hegg niyamharuko adhiniyaman. yasako euta pramukh visheshta yo how kii wahak "hook too hook" batt kshatigrasta cargoca lagi uttardayi hunchha, jasko artha load garnadekhi dischargesamma, jabasamma yo dayitwako 17 apawadharu madhye ek antargat doshamukta hundaina, jastai "bhagawanko karya", samanko antarnihit prakriti, navigationma trutiharu, rar jahajko wyawasthapan. jahaz malik samanyataya yasako dayitwa prati package $500 maa simit garna hakdar hunchha, jabasamma samagriko mulya khulasa rar containerma chinha lagaieko chhaina. kogsa antargat dayitwa nirdharan garne uddeshyaka lagi "package" key how bhanne bare mahatwapurna mudda chha. yass abhyasle sanyukta rajya americama paryapta rar nirantar mudda dayar gareko chha. sanyukta rajyaka sanghiya adalatharu, tathapi, samudri dhuwani containerlai ekal kogsa packageko rupma wyawahar garna anicchuk chhan. cargo daviharuma simaharuko kanuna ek warshako how. nawikharulai wyaktigat chot. jahajma ghaite nawikharusanga kshatipurti garne tean sambhawit srotharu chhanh marmat rar upcharko siddhanta, ayogyatako siddhanta, rar johns act. marmat rar upcharko siddhantale jahaz maliklai adhikatam chikitsa rikbhari (mmr) prapta nabhaesamma ghaite nawikko chikitsa upcharka lagi bhuktan garna rar nawik jahajma nabhaeko bhae pani yatra pura nabhaesamma adharbhut jiwan kharcha pradan garna awashyak chha. nawiklai afno janajani ghor laparwahika karan ghaite nabhaesamma marmat rar upchar garne adhikar chha. yo kehi hisable kamadarharuko kshatipurti jastai chha. ayogyatako siddhantale jahaz maliklai uttardayi banaunchha yadi nawik ghaite bhaeko chha kinbhane jahaz, wa jahajko kunai pani upkaran, "ayogya" chha, jasko artha kunai tarikama doshpurna hunchha. john adhiniyamle nawik, wa usako gopyatama raheko wyaktilai wyaktigat chotpatak wa galat mrityuko lagi jahaz malikmathi mudda chalauna anumati dinchha, juridwara mudda chalauna. johns ainale sanghiya rojgardata dayitwa aina (fela) samawesh gardacha, jasle railway kamadarharulai chotpatak niyantran gardacha, rar koila khani aina jastai chha. jahaz malik nawikprati tyahi tarikale uttardayi hunchha jasari rail operator afna karmachariharuka lagi jimmewar hunchha jo niyoktako laparwahika karan ghaite hunchhan. simako kanuna tean warshako chha. jahajma ghaite bhaeka pratyek kamdar john adhiniyam, ayogyatako siddhanta, rar marmat rar upcharko siddhantadwara pradan garieko surakshako hakdar "nawik" hoinan. nawik mannaka lagi, ek kamdarle samanyataya afno kamko 30 pratishat wa sobhanda badhi samaya kunai vishesh jahaz wa sajha swamitwa wa niyantranma raheko jahajko fleetma bitaunu parchha. kehi apawadharu bahek, nauwahanyogya panima ghaite bhaeka sabai gaira-sim kamadarharulai yasako satta lamo tata rar bandargah kamdar kshatipurti ainadwara kabhar garinchha, june kamadarharuko kshatipurti ko ek chhuttai roop how. apatkalin kharchaharu. sanyukta rajya americama, yu.ess. charter rar sainya udanharu wa jahajharu sahit sanyukta rajya americama sarkar-samanwit yatayatma nikalieka wyaktiharule, tee yatayatharu arko deshko sarkarle pradan gare pani, prasthan garnu aghi nikasi manifest rar pratigyapatra (faram ds-5528) notema hastakshar garnuparchha."yo note sandarbhako rupma prayog garinchha, june pachhi yee nikasiharulai adhikatam wyawaharik pratipurtika lagi bill jaari garna prayog garinchha. nikasikartaharule samanwit yu linchhan.ess. ghatanaaghi tokieko gantawyama uchit wyawasayik yatayat bhadako lagat tirnaka lagi sarkari yatayat kanundwara awashyak chha jasko parinamswarup nikasiko awashyakta pareko thiyo. tyahan swadesh firta rina karyakramka lagi euta vikalpa chha, june rajya sachibdwara 11 wata vibhinna awashyakataharuko sandarbhama jaari garinchha, jasma pramanit thegana rar samajik suraksha number rar rinakartabata bhuktani talikako sath likhit samjhauta awashyak pardachha. rinko bhuktani yu lai jaari garnuparchha.ess. rajya vibhag niyantrak rar vishwawyapi wittiya sewa karyalaya marfat, purna rar samayamai. tasartha, byaj bhuktani rar anya kanuni dandaharubata bachnuhos, jasma nawikaran wa yu jaari garne rokatham samawesh chha.ess. passport. takkarko pida. takkarko pida" jahajko takkarma laparwahiko vaidhanik dawiko raksha how.

juktarastra americara nausena ine juktarastrare nausena ine sangheeah einer eka bishai. adhikara khetra. juktarastrare, samasta nausena ebong samudrika karjya upare sangheeah zillah adalatamankara adhikara khetra rahichhi; dekhantu. nikata ateetare, ticks pradarshanakarimananka dwara byabahruta eka anah-aitihasika-aadharita sadajantra juktitarka heuchhi je eka americae adalat eka suna fringe sahita eka americae pataka pradarshan kariba bastabare eka "admiralty court" ebong tenu ehara kaunasi adhikara khetra naahin . adalat barambar ehaaku tuchha bolly kharaj karichanti. juktarastra aamerikare bhi. greenstreet, adalat ehi juktiku semanankara anusandhanaku sankhyepare kahichanti, "durbhagyabashatah pratibadee greenstreet paain, parisara paain sajja eka nirnajaka nuhen ." laagu heuthiba ine. eka nausena kimba samudrika mamlar shunani karuthiba eka rajya adalat nausena ebong samudrika ine prajoga kariba aabasyaka, jadio ehaa rajyara ine sahita sangharsha kare, eka siddhanta adheenare jaahaa "reverse-" eri "siddhanta bhabare janashuna ."" "eri" "siddhanta," "eri railway coe" "ru utpanna . bhi. tumpkins ", nirdesh die je rajya karjyanusthana sunuthiba sangheeah adalat rajya ine prajoga kariba aabasyaka . reverse-" "eri" "siddhanta nirdesh die je admiralty mamlar shunani karuthiba rajya adalatagudika federal admiralty ine prajoga kariba aabasyaka . keteka khetrare ehi parthakya gurutwapurna. udaharana swaroopa, jayu.ess. samudrika ine turtficermananka madhyare milita ebong aneka dajitwara dharanaku swekruti deithae, jetebele kii aneka rajya ehaa karanti naahin . yugma ebong ekadhika dajitwa adheenare, jeunthare dui kimba adhika lock gotie aaghata kimba khyati srusti karanti, samaste samaana bhabare daie, jadio semane kebala eka chhot parimanara yogdan karanti . eka admiralty mamlar shunani karuthiba eka rajya adalat yugma ebong aneka dajitwara siddhanta prajoga karibaku aabasyaka heba jadio rajya ine ehi dharana upare bichara kare naahin . jahaz malikanka dajitwara seemabaddhata. samudrika einer eka ananya diga heuchhi eka budd durghatana parey jahajar moolyare ehara dajitwaku seemita karibara khyamata. seema adhiniyamara byabaharara eka udaharana heuchhi 1912 ray aarr. emm. ess. "titanic" rahr budijiba. jadio "titanic" kebe america jaai nathila, shay budijiba parey malikamane nyujarkara federal kortaku jaai eka seema dakhal karithile. seema adhiniam anusare, jadi kaunasi durghatana epari kaunasi paristhiti karanaru ghate, jaahaa jahajar malikanka "gopaneejata ebong gyaana" thaaru bahare, tebe malikamane jahajati budijiba parey ehara mulyaku niz dajitware seemita kariparibe. titanic" budijiba parey, jahajar kebala 14tii life boat abasista rahila, jahara samuhika mulya praiah $3,000 thila. ehaaku "bicharadhin mall paribahana" ray jodajaithila-jahara artha ubhaja jatri bhada ebong mall paribahana chargeru jatra dwara jahajar aaja-mote $91,000 ray pahanchila. pratham shrenira, parlor suite tikitara mulya $4,350 ru adhika thila. "titanic" rahr malikamane ehaa dekhaibare saphala hoithile je budijiba semananka gopaneejata ebong gyaana bina ghatithila, ebong tenu, mruta jatrinka paribara tatha banchithiba jatrimane jeunmane semanankara byaktigata jinishpatra haraithile, kebala $91,000 bibhajan karibaku haqdar thile . anya eka udaharana thila jetebele jayu ray transocene dakhal hoithila .ess. 2010 masihare texacer dakhina zillah paain zillah adalat ehara dajitwaku kebala "gabhira jala diga" ray ehara swarthaku seemita karibaku thila jahara mulya $26,764,083 thila. ehaa gabhira jala digaru taila lick heba parey billion dollarer dejaku drustire rakhi thila. ehi seemabaddhata ine kebala budd jahaz paain laagu hue naahin. ehara upajoga jane motor boat malikanku dajitwaru rakhya kariba paain karajaipariba jetebele shay taanka dangaku anya janaku runa dianti jahankara durghatana hoithae. epariki jett ski malikamane madhya nijaku dajitwaru rakhya kariba paain saphalatara saha seema adhiniam laagu karibare sakhyama hoichhanti. eka aswabhabika prajogare grubart bhi mamla antarbhukta thila . great lakes dreja ebong dock company, jeunthare chikago nadeere pailinga operation karuthiba eka jahaz eka sudangaku chhidra karithila ebong 1992ray saharar downtown rahr aneka bhutala anchalare chikago banya srusti karithila; adalat raiah deithile je jahajati nausena ine seema dhaara dwara aachadita nauchalana jogya panire thila . aneka jahaz chalachala chuktire "surakhita berth" dhaara antarbhukta jaahaa sunishchita kare je uddista dock akhpakh anchala agamanakari jahaz paain spust . 2020 mamla 'sitgo asfault refining coe' ray nirdharita hoithiba anujai, jahaz chalachala paain anurodha karuthiba sansthatharu ehaa eka surakhya warranty bolly supremcourt sthira karichanti, jaahaa dwara sehi anchalaku sapha karibara bojha ebong jahaz malikanka paribarte sehi sanstha upare epari karibare biphal heba paain parabarti dajitwa rahiba. bhi. frescati siping coe."2004 masihare delaway nadee upare taila lick heba karanaru. malbahi daabi. juktarastra america bhitaraku ebong baharaku antarjatija banijyare samudrika bahaka dwara pathajaithiba maller khyati paain daabi samudra adhiniam (kogsa) dwara mall paribahana dwara parichalita hue, jaahaa jayu.ess. hegg niamer adhiniam. ehara eka pramukh baisistya heuchhi je "hook tuu hook" ru khyatigrasta cargo paain eka bahaka daie, arthat loding ru discharge parjyanta, jadi ehaa dajitwara 17 tii byatikrama madhyaru gotie adheenare dosamukta hue, jepariki "bhagabananka karjya", samagrira antarnihita prakruti, nouchalanare truti, ebong jahajar parichalana . jane jahaz malika sadharanatah ehara dajitwaku package pichha $500 parjyanta seemita karibaku haqdar, jadi kantenarare samagrira mulya prakash ebong chinhita nahue . kogsa adheenare dajitwa nirdharana uddeshyare eka "package" qa "naa gathan kare shay bishajare gurutwapurna makaddama achhi . ehi abhyasa phalare aamerikare yathesta ebong nirantara makaddama hoichhi. tebe, juktarastra americara sangheeah adalatamane eka samudrika jahaz paribahana kantenaraku ekaka kogsa package bhabare bibechana karibaku anichhuka . cargo daabi upare seemabaddhata eka barsha atte . nabikamananka byaktigata aaghata. jahajare ahata nabikamananka pakhare khyatipuranara tinoti sambhabya utsa achhih rakhyanabekhyana ebong niramayara neeti, ajogyata siddhanta, ebong johnes adhiniam . rakhyanabekhyana ebong aarogya neeti anujai, jane jahaz malika ubhaja ahata nabikanka chikitsa paain sarbadhika chikitsa punaruddhara (emm. emm. aarr.) prapta naheba parjyanta artha pradan kariba aabasyaka kare ebong jatra samapta heba parjyanta moulika jeebanajapana kharcha pradan kare, jadio nabika aau jahajare nahanti . nabika nijara ichhakruta ghora abahela karanaru ahata nahoithile, rakhyanabekhyana ebong chikitsa adhikara paibaku haqdar. ehaa keteka drustiru shramikamananka khyatipurana sahita samaana. jadi jane nabika ahata huanti, tebe jahaz malikanku ananyatara siddhanta daie karithae, kaaran jahaz kimba jahajar kaunasi upakarana "anupajukta", jahara artha kaunasi prakare trutipurna. johnes adhiniam jane nabika, kimba taanka paain gopaneeah thiba byaktinku, byaktigata aaghata kimba bhul mrutyu paain jahaz malikanka birodhare bichara sahita bichara karibaku anumathi deithae. johnes adhiniam sangheeah nijuktidata dajitwa adhiniam (fela) ku antarbhukta kare, jaahaa rela karmacharinka aghataku nijantrana kare ebong koila khani adhiniam sahita samaana . jane jahaz malika jane nabikanka prati samaana bhabare uttaradajee atanti jepari jane rela operator nijuktidatanka abahela hetu ahata hoithiba karmacharinka prati uttaradajee . ehi seemabaddhata ine tini barsha paain uddista. jahajare ahata hoithiba pratyeka sramika jane "nabika" nuhnti, jieki johnes adhiniam, ajogyata siddhanta, ebong rakhyanabekhyana ebong niramai neeti dwara pradan karajaithiba surakhya paibaku haqdar . jane nabika bhabe bibechita heba paain, jane sramika sadharanatah taanka karjya samaira 30 pratishata kimba taa 'thaaru adhika samai eka nirdista jahajare kimba sadharana malikana kimba nijantranare thiba jahajar eka flit ray bitaiba aabasyaka . keteka byatikrama sahita, nauchalita jala upare ahata hoithiba samasta anah-simen shramikanku lanshore ebong harber shramikanka khyatipurana adhiniam dwara antarbhukta karajae, jaahaa shramikanka khyatipuranara eka pruthaka roop . jarureekaleena kharcha. aamerikare, jayu.ess. charter ebong samarika biman kimba jahaz sameth juktarastrare sarkar-samanwita paribahanare sthanantara hoithiba byaktimane, jadio sehi paribahana anya deshar sarakaranka dwara pradan karajae, prasthana purbaru eka sthanantarakari manifest ebong pratishruti note (form ds-5528) notare dastakhat karibaku padiba."ehi note eka sandarbha bhabare byabahruta hue, jaahaa parey sarbadhika byabaharika pratipurti paain ehi sthanantarakareenku eka bill jaari karibaku byabahruta hue . sthanantarakareemane samanwita jayu neuchhanti.ess. ine anujai, sarkari paribahana byabastha sehi gantabyasthalaku juktijukta banijyika paribahana bhada pradan kariba aabasyaka, jaahaa ghatana purbaru nirdharita hoithila, jahaphalare sthanantara karibara abashyakata rahithila. pratyabartana runa karjyakram paain eka bikalpa rahichhi, jaahaa rajya sachibanka dwara 11tii bhinna bhinna abashyakata sambandhare jaari karajaithae, jeunthire eka janchajogya thikana ebong samajika surakhya nambara ebong runagraheetanka thaaru parisodha karjyasuchi sahita eka likhita chukti antarbhukta. runara parisodha jayu. ess. ku jaari karajiba uchita.ess. rajya bibhaga, comptroller ebong biswa arthika seba karjyalaja madhyamare, sampurna ebong thick samajare. tenu, sudha pradan ebong anyanya aaingata dandaru doorei rahiba, jeunthire nabikarana kimba jayu jaari kariba rokiba antarbhukta .ess. passport. sangharshara jantrana. sangharshara jantrana" heuchhi jahaz dhakkare abahela karibara baidhanika dabir pratirakhya .

sanyukat raaj amrica daa jall saina kanoon sanyukat raaj witch jall saina kanoon sanghi kanoon daa mamla haii. adhikar khetar. sanyukat raaj witch, sanghi zilha adalatan daa saare jall saina atey samundari karvaiaan utte adhikar khetar haii; dekho. haal hii dey saalan witch, taiks pradarshankariaan duaara varti gaee ikk gair-itihasak-adharat sazish dee daleel ih haii kii ikk amriki adalat sone dey kinare naal ikk amriki jhande noon pradarshit karna asal witch ikk "jall saina adalat" haii atey iss laee isda koee adhikar khetar naheen haii. adalatan neey vaar-vaar iss noon viarth karaar dinde hoye khaaraj qarr ditta haii. sanyukat raaj witch v. greenstreet, adalat neey iss daleel dey aapne natije noon sankhep witch dassiaa, "badkismati naal bachaa pakkh greenstreet laee, sajawat adhikar khetar laee ikk nirdharak naheen haii." lagu kanoon. ikk raaj adalat noon ikk jall saina jaan samundari mamle dee sunwai curran laee jall saina atey samundari kanoon noon lagu curran dee zaroorat hundi haii, bhaven ih raaj dey kanoon naal takraunda haii, ikk sidhant dey tehat jiss noon "riverse-" eeree "sidhant vajon janhiaa jaanda haii."eeree" sidhant, "eeree railmarg company" toon liaa giaa haii. vee. tompikins, "nirdesh dinda haii kii raaj deeaan karvaiaan dee sunwai curran valiaan sanghi adalatan noon raaj dey kanoon noon lagu karna chahida haii. riverse-" eeree "sidhant nirdesh dinda haii kii jall saina dey mamlian dee sunwai curran valiaan raaj adalatan noon sanghi jall saina kanoon lagu karna chahida haii. ih antar kujh mamlian witch mahattavpuran haii. udaharan laee, yuu.aiss. samundari kanoon tortifizran witch sanyukat atey kaee dendari dee dharna noon maanta dinda haii, jadon kii bahut saare raaj naheen karde. sanyukat atey kaee dendariaan dey tehat, jitthe doou jaan doou toon vaddh lock ikk satt jaan nuksan paida karde hunn, saare barabar zimmevar hunde hunn, bhaven unhan neey siraf ikk chhoti jihi rakam daa yogdan paaiaa howay. ikk raaj adalat noon ikk jall saina dey mamle dee sunwai curran laee sanyukat atey kaee dendari dey sidhant noon lagu curran dee zaroorat hovegi bhaven raaj daa kanoon sankalap utte vichaar naheen karda haii. jahaz maalak dee dendari dee seema. samundari kanoon daa ikk vilakkhan pahilu ikk jahaz dey maalak dee samratha haii joe ikk vadde hadse toon baad jahaz dey mull takk aapni dendari noon seemat qarr sakadi haii. seema aikat dee varton dee ikk udaharan 1912 witch aar. aimm. aiss. "titanic" daa dubbna haii. bhaven kii "titanic" kadey vee sanyukat raaj amrica naheen giaa see, uss dey dubban toon baad maalak zimmevari dee karvai dee seema daraj curran laee newyork witch sanghi adalatan witch pahunche. seema aikat witch ih vivastha keeti gaee haii kii jey koee durghatna kise ajihi sathiti caarn hundi haii joe jahaz dey malkan dee "guptata atey jankari" toon bahr haii, taan maalak dubban toon baad jahaz dey mull takk aapni dendari noon seemat qarr sakde hunn. titanic" dubban toon baad, jahaz dey siraf 14 hisse bache sunn, jinhan daa kull mull lagbhag 3,000 dallar see. iss noon "lambit maal" witch shamal keeta giaa see-jisda arth haii yaatari kiraiaa atey maal bhaade dovan toon yaatra toon jahaz dee kamai-lagbhag 91,000 dallar dee kull dendari takk pahunchadi haii. pahili shreni dee, parlor soot ticket dee keemat 4,350 dallar toon vaddh see. "titanic" dey maalak ih darsaun witch safal rahey kii dubban dee ghatna unhan dee guptata atey jankari toon binan hoee see, atey iss laee, mritak yatrian dey parivaar, naal hii bache hoye yaatari jinhan neey aapna nijji samaan guaa ditta, siraf 91,000 dallar vandann dey hakkdaar sunn. ikk horr udaharan udon see jadon yuu witch transocen dakhal hoiaa see.aiss. 2010 witch taxas dey dakkhni zilhe laee zilha adalat neey aapni dendari noon siraf "dunghe paanee dey daire" witch aapne hittan takk seemat curran laee jiss dee keemat $26,764,083 see. ih dunghe paanee dey daire witch tail dey risaa dey natije vajon araban dallar deeaan dendariaan dey maddenazar see joe dubban toon baad aaee see. seema aikat siraf vadde jahazan 'teey lagu naheen hunda. iss dee varton ikk motorboat maalak noon zimmevari toon bachaun laee keeti jaa sakadi haii jadon uh aapni kishti noon kise horr noon udhaar dinda haii jiss daa firr koee durghatna hoow jaandi haii. ithon takk kii jett skii dey maalak vee aapne aap noon dendari toon bachaun laee seema aikat noon safaltapurvak lagu curran dey yog hoow gaye hunn. ikk asadharan application witch case grubart vee shamal see. mahaan jheelan drej atey dock company, jitthe shikago nadee witch piling sanchalan curran vaale ikk jahaz neey ikk surang noon puncture qarr ditta atey 1992 witch shehar dey shehar dey bahut saare bhumigat khetran witch shikago hadah daa caarn baniaa; adalatan neey faisla ditta kii jahaz jall saina kanoon dee seema dhaara duaara cover keete samundari jahaz witch see. bahut saare shipping samjhotiaan witch "surakhiat berth" dharavan shamal hunn joe ih sunishchit kardiaan hunn kii lodinde dock dey aale duaale daa khetar pahunchan vaale jahaz laee sapshat haii. ih superim court duaara shipping dee benati curran vaali ikai toon surakhiaa dee warranty vajon nirdharat keeta giaa haii, jiss witch khetar noon saaf curran daa bojh rakkhiaa giaa haii atey baad witch samundari jahaz dey maalak dee bajaae uss ikai utte ajiha curran witch asafalta laee koee zimmevari haii, jiven kii 2020 dey mamle witch nirdharat keeta giaa haii. vee. frescati shipping company"saal 2004 witch delaware nadee utte tail dey risaa dey natije vajon. maal dey daaviaan. sanyukat raaj amrica dey ander atey bahr antarashtari vanaj witch samundari carrier duaara bheje gaye maal noon nuksan pahunchaun dey daaviaan noon samundari aikat (kogsay) duaara maal dee dhoa-dhuaai duaara niyantrit keeta jaanda haii, joe kii yuu. aiss. aiss. haii.aiss. haeg niyaman daa lagu karna. iss dee ikk pramukh visheshta ih haii kii ikk carrier "hook too hook" toon hoye nuksan laee zimmevar haii, bhaav loaded curran toon discharge takk, jadon takk ih zimmevari dey 17 apvadan vicchon ikk dey tehat burry naheen hunda, jiven kii "rabb daa kaaraj", maal dee andruni prakirti, navigation witch galtiaan, atey jahaz dey parbandhan. ikk jahaz maalak aam taur utte aapni dendari noon pratee package $500 takk seemat curran daa hakkdaar hunda haii, jadon takk kii samaggari daa mull khulasa naheen keeta jaanda atey container utte chinhit naheen keeta jaanda. kogsay dey tehat dendari nirdharat curran dey udeshan laee ikk "package" daa gathan qee haii, iss baare mahattavpuran mukaddama haii. iss abhiaas dey natije vajon sanyukat raaj amrica witch kaafi mukaddama chall riha haii. sanyukat raaj amrica witch sanghi adalatan, halanki, ikk samundari shipping container noon ikk single koga package vajon mannan toon chijakdiaan hunn. maal dey daaviaan utte seemavan daa kanoon ikk saal haii. samundari jahazan noon nijji sattan laggiaan. jahaz witch zakhmi hoye samundari jahazan dey muaavze dey tinn sambhav sarot hann rakkh-rakhaa atey ilaaj daa sidhant, ayogta daa sidhant atey johns aikat. rakkh-rakhaa atey ilaaj dey sidhant laee jahaz dey maalak noon ikk zakhmi samundari jahaz dey medical ilaaj laee udon takk bhugtan curran dee zaroorat hundi haii jadon takk vaddh toon vaddh medical rikavari (aimm. aimm. aar.) prapat naheen hoow jaandi atey samundari yaatra dey mukammal honn takk buniaadi rahinn-sehann dey kharche pardan karde hunn, bhaven samundari jahaz witch samundari jahaz naheen haii. samundari jahaz daa maalak rakkh-rakhaa atey ilaaj daa hakkdaar haii, jadon takk kii uh aapni janbujh keey keeti gaee ghor laparvahi caarn zakhmi naheen hoiaa see. ih kujh tarikiaan naal mazdooran dey muaavze dey samaan haii. ayogta daa sidhant ikk jahaz dey maalak noon zimmevar banaunda haii jey koee samundari jahaz zakhmi hoow jaanda haii kiunki jahaz, jaan jahaz daa koee upkaran, "ayog" haii, jisda arth haii kise tarahan naal nukasdar. johns aikat ikk navik, jaan uss dey gupat viakati noon, jioori duaara mukkadme dey naal, nijji satt jaan galat maut laee jahaz dey maalak utte tashadad daa mukaddama curran dee aagiaa dinda haii. johns aikat witch federal maalak dendari aikat (faila) shamal haii, joe railway karamchariaan noon sattan noon niyantrit karda haii, atey colla minor aikat dey samaan haii. ikk jahaz daa maalak ikk samundari jahaz laee use tarahan zimmevar hunda haii jiven ikk railmarg sanchalak aapne karamchariaan laee hunda haii joe maalak dee laparvahi caarn zakhmi hoow jaande hunn. seema daa kanoon tinn saal daa haii. samundari jahaz witch zakhmi hoye harek karamchari noon johns aikat, ayogta dey sidhant atey rakkh-rakhaa atey ilaaj dey sidhant duaara pesh keeti gaee surakhiaa daa hakkdaar "samundari jahaz" naheen hunda. samundari jahaz manne jaanh laee, ikk karamchari noon aam taur utte aapne kamm dey ghantiaan daa 30 pratishat jaan iss toon vaddh samaan kise vishesh jahaz jaan samucchi malkiat jaan niyantaran adheen samundari jahazan dey bede utte bitauna chahida haii. kujh apvadan dey naal, samundari jahazan dey panian utte zakhmi hoye saare gair-samundari mazdooran noon lambe kinare atey bandargah mazdooran dey muaavze aikat duaara cover keeta jaanda haii, joe kii mazdooran dey muaavze daa ikk vakkhra roop haii. emergency kharche. sanyukat raaj amrica witch, yuu.aiss. charter atey fauji udanan jaan jahazan samet amrica sarkaar duaara kaddhe gaye viaktiaan noon, bhaven uh aavajai kise horr desh dee sarkaar duaara pardan keeti gaee howay, ravanagi toon pahilan ikk nikasi manifest atey vaada nott (farm dee. aiss.-5528) nott utte dastkhat karne chahide hunn."iss nott noon ikk sandrabh vajon vartiaa jaanda haii, jiss dee varton baad witch inhan nikasiaan noon vaddh toon vaddh viharak adaigi laee ikk bill jaari curran laee keeti jaandi haii. bahr kaddhe gaye lock talmel naal yuu lae rahey hunn.aiss. sarkari aavajai noon kanoon duaara uss manzil takk vajab vaparak aavajai kiraae dee laagat daa bhugtan curran laee zaruri haii joe ghatna toon pahilan nirdharat keeti gaee see jiss dey natije vajon nikasi dee zaroorat see. ikk vaapsee loane program laee ikk wicklup haii, joe kii raaj dey sakattar duaara 11 vakkh-vakkh zaruratan dey sambandh witch jaari keeta jaanda haii, jiss witch ikk tasdikyog pataa atey smajik surakhiaa number atey udharkarta toon mudd adaigi anusuchi dey naal ikk likhti samjhauta shamal haii. karze daa bhugtan yuu. aiss. noon jaari keeta jaanha chahida haii.aiss. raaj vibhag controller atey vishwaviaapi vitti sevavan daftar raahin, poore atey samein sir. iss laee, viaaj bhugtan atey horr kanunni jurmane toon parhez crow, jiss witch navinikaran dee roktham jaan yuu jaari karna shamal haii.aiss. passport. takkar daa darad. takkar dee peeda" jahazan dee takkar witch laparvahi dey kanunni daave daa bachaa haii.

samyukta rajya america nausenaa kaanoon samyuktarajyamerikadesha nausenaa-vidhihi sangheey-vidhihi asti. adhikaarakshetram. samyuktarajyamerikadesha, samyukta-mandal-nyayalayanam sarwaah nausenaa-samudriya-kaaryeshu adhikarita asti; pashyatu. sadyah varsheshu, karapradarshakaih prayuktah itihasa-aadharitah shadyantra-yuktivaadah asti yat amerikaadeshasy nyayalayaha swarna-prantena yukttam amerikaadeshasy dhvajam pradarshayati, vastutah "nausenaa-nyayalayaha" asti, ataha tasya adhikaar-paridhihi naasti. nyayalayaha punah punah etat shullakam iti niraakrutavantah. samyuktarajyamerika-deshe vi. greenstreet iti nyayalayaha, etasmin yuktteh nishkarshasya saaraamsham dattavaan, "durbhagyataya prativaadee greenstreet ityasya krute, alankaranm adhikaarakshetrasy nirdhaarakah naa bhavati." lagoo vidhi. nausainyasya vaa samudriyasya vaa prakaranasya shravanaartham rajya-nyayalayaha, "riverse-" eeri "iti siddhaantasy antargatam, nausainya-samudriya-vidhihi, yadyapi rajyasya vidhyaa saha vipratishtitah bhavati, api cha, pravartayitum aavashyakah asti."eeri" siddhantah "eeri railroad ko" ityatah vyutpannah. vi. tompkins "iti nirdeshm karoti yat rajyakaryakriyam shunyamanam sanghiyanyayalayaha rajyavidhihi avashyam upayoktum shaknoti iti. riverse-" eeri "siddhantah nirdeshayati yat nausenaa-prakarananam shravanaartham rajya-nyayalayaha sangheeya-nausenaa-vidhim avashyam upayoktavyaani iti. keshuchit prakaraneshu ayam bhedah mahattwapoornah asti. yathaa, yoo.ess. samudreeyavidhih, apakrutyakaarinaam madhye samyuktasya anekanam dayitvanam cha avadhaaranaam maanyate, parantu bahavah rajyani naa kurvanti. samyuktasya anekasya cha daayitvasya antargatam, yatra dwau vaa adhikaih vaa janaah ekam kshatim vaa haanih vaa janayanti, sarve samaanaroopen uttaradaayi bhavanti, yadyapi te alpam dhanam eva daanam akurvan. nausenaa-prakaranasya shravanaartham rajya-nyayalayena samyuktasya anekanam dayitvanam cha siddhaantasy prayogah aavashyakah bhavishyati, yadyapi rajya-vidhihi tasya avadhaaranaam naa chintayati. naukaayaanasy swaminam daayitvasya parimitihi. samudreeyavidhyaah vishishteshu paksheshu anyatamah asti, bruhat-durghatanayaha anantaram, potasya mulyena saha daayitvam seemitum potasya swaaminah kshamata. sima-adhiniyamasya upayogasya udaaharanam asti 1912 tame varshe aar. emm. ess. "tytanic" ityasya nimajjanam. yadyapi "tytanic" kadaapi samyuktaraajyam naa gatam aasit, tathaapi tasyaah nimajjanasy anantaram niyuyaark-nagarasya sangha-nyayalayeshu daayitva-prakriyayaha parimiti-aavedanam kartum swaaminah dhaavan. sima-adhiniyamah anugunam yadi durghatanaa, tatt paristhityaa bhavati yaa potasya swaminam "gopaniyatayaha gyaanasya cha" apekshayaa adhikam asti, tarhi swaameeh potasya nimajjananantaram tasya moolyam eva daayitvam seemitum shaknuvanti. tatanic" ityasya nikshepananantaram, naukaayaah kevalam 14 laif-boats ityete eva avashishtaani aasan, yasya saamoohik moolyam praayah $3,000 aasit. etat "pending fret" ityasmin yojitam-arthaat yaatrik-bhatakat tathaa fret-shulkaat yatrayaha krute praaptam dhanam praayah $91,000 yaavat yaavat, prathama-shrenee-parlor-soot-tiket ityasya moolyam $4,350 taha adhikam aasit. "tatanic" ityasya swaaminah, swasya guptatayaha, gyaanasya cha vinaa nikshepanam abhavat iti darshayitum saphalah abhavat, ataha mruta-yatrikanam parivaaraah, tathaa cha jivita-yaatrikaah, ye swaswakeeya-sampattim nashtavantah, te kevalam $91,000 ityetaan vibhajya arhanti sma. aparam udaharanam yat yadaa yoo-madhye transocene-ityasya sanchayah abhavat.ess. 2010 tame varshe dakshina-texas-mandalasya mandal-nyayalayaha kevalam "deep-water-kshitijasya" krute swasya daayitvam seemitam kartum, yasya moolyam $26,764,083 iti aasit. etat, dubate kalat gabheer-jala-kshitijasya taila-prasaranasya parinaamatah shatakoti-daalar-runaanaam parinaamaroopen aasit. parimiti-adhiniyamah kevalam bruhatsainyaanaam krute naa prayujyate. yadaa saha swasya naukaayaah runam anyasmai dadaati tadaa tasya dayitvat motaaru-naukaayaah swaameeh rakshayitum asya upayogah kartum shakyate, yasya tatah durghatanaa bhavati. jett-skee-samsthaayaah swaaminah api dayitvat swaan rakshayitum parimiti-adhiniyamasya safalatayaa aahvaanam kartum samarthah abhavat. ekaha asaamaanyah aavedanah grubart vi iti prakaranam sammilitah aasit. gret lakes drez tathaa daak kampanee, yatra shikaago-nadau pailing-karyani kurwatah ekaha potaha ekam surangam chhidram krutvaa 1992 tame varshe shikaago-nagare nagarasya kendrasthaanasy anekeshu bhogarbhakshetreshu jalapralayam akarot; nyayalayaha nirnayam akurvan yat naukaayaan-vidhi-parimiti-khandena aacchaadite naukaayaan-jale eva aasit iti. anekeshu nauvahana-anubandheshu "seph-barth" iti khandaah santi ye sunishchitam kurvanti yat apekshita-naukaanayana-kshetrasya paritah kshetram aagaman-naukaayaah krute spashtam asti iti. sarwochchanyaayaalayen etat nirneeyate yat nauvahanasya anurodham kurvatee samsthaayaah surakshayaha vaarantee iti, kshetrasya nikshepanasya bhaaram api cha tatt samsthaayaah upari, naukaayaah swami ityasya sthaane, tatt kartum asafalataam prati pashchat daayitvam cha sthaapayati, yathaa 2020 tame varshe "sitgo asphault refanning ko" iti prakarane nirdhaaritam. vi. fresketty shipping ko."2004 tame varshe delaware-nadyaah upari taila-prasaranasya parinaamah abhavat. maalavaahinah aagrah. samyuktarajyamerika-deshaat bahihi cha antarashtriya-vaanijyakshetre samudravaahaken preshitebhyah maalavaahakebhyah haanim prati daavaah samudra-adhiniyamasya (kogsa) madhyamena malavahanena niyantritaah bhavanti, yat yu. ess.-dwara bhavati.ess. hegg-niyamanam adhiniyamanam. asya mukhyavishesheshu anyatam asti yat "hook-too-hook" iti shabdat, arthaat loading-taha-discharge-paryantam, nashtanam charakebhya vaahakah uttaradaayi bhavati, yaavat daayitvasya 17 apavaadeshu ekasya antargatam saha doshamuktah naa bhavati, yathaa "eeshvarasya krutyam", vastoonaam antarnihitaprakrutih, nauparivahanasya trutayah, potasya prabandhanam cha. naukaayaanasy swami samanyataya prati-pyaakej $500 yaavat daayitvam seemitum arhati, yaavat saamagreeh moolyam prakatitam naa bhavati, paatre ankitam cha naa bhavati. kogsa ityasya antargatam dayitvanirdharanartham "pyaakej" iti kim bhavati iti vishaye mahattvapoornam prakaranam asti. asyaah abhyasasya parinaamen samyuktarajyamerikadesha paryaaptam nirantaram cha waad-vyavahaarah abhavat. parantu samyuktarajyamerika-deshasya sangheey-nyayalayaha samudra-naukaayaan-paatram ekasyaah kogsa-pyaakej-rupena manayitum anicchanti. malavahya-daavaanaam parimitihi ekavarshasya bhavati. naavikaanaam krute vyaktigata-aghataha. naukayam vranitaah naavikaanaam kshatipoortyaah trayah sambhaavyaah srotah santi-rakshanasy chikitsayaha cha siddhantah, ayogyataayaah siddhantah, johns adhiniyamah cha. rakshanasy chikitsayaha cha siddhaante, adhikatam-chikitsaa-praaptih (emm. emm. aar.) naa prapta yaavat, yaavat naavikah naukayam naa asti, yaavat yaavat naukaayaanasy samaaptih naa bhavati taavat yaavat naukaayaanasy vaidyachikitsaayaah krute dwau api daatum, naukaayaanasy moolavyayah cha daatum, naukaayaanasy swami aavashyakah bhavati. naavikah rakshanasy, upacharasya cha adhikaarah asti, yadi saha swasyaah icchaakrutasya ghor-upekshayaha karanat vranitah naa bhavati. eshah keshuchit vidheshu karmacharinam pariharasya samaanah asti. ayogyataayaah siddhantah yadi naavikah vranitah bhavati tarhi naukaayaanasy swaameem uttaradaayim karoti, yatah naukaayaanam, athavaa naukaayaanasy kimapi upakaranm "ayogyam" asti, yasya arthah kasyaapi vidhena doshapoornam asti. johns-adhiniyamah naavikam, athavaa tasya guptam vaa, vyaktigata-aaghaatasy athavaa anuchita-mrutyoho krute, nyaayaadheeshen vicharanaya saha, naukaayaanasy svaameeviruddham atyacharasya abhiyogam kartum anumanyate. johns-adhiniyamah federal-niyoktaa-daayitva-adhiniyamm (felaa) ityetam samaaveshayati, yah rail-karmacharinam vranaan niyantrayati, tathaa cha angaara-khanakaar-adhiniyamasya sadrushah asti. naukaayaanasy swami naavikasya krute tathaiva uttaradaayi bhavati yathaa rail-chaalakah niyoktuh avahelanaakaaranena vranitaah karmachaarinah prati bhavati. parimiti-vidhihi varshatrayam bhavati. naukayane kshatah pratyekam karmachaarinah "naavikah" naa bhavati yah johns-adhiniyamah, ayogyataayaah siddhantah, rakshanasy chikitsayaha siddhantah cha dwara pradattanam rakshananam hakadaarah asti. naavikah iti manyate chet, karmachaarinah samanyataya swasya karyasya 30 pratishatam vaa adhikam vaa kaalam vishishta-naukayam vaa samanya-svaamitvasya niyantrane vaa naukaasane vaa vyayaat. katipayeshu apavaadaih saha, naukayanayogyajalasya upari vranitaah sarve naukaayaan-niratarah karmachaarinah, tasya sthaane deerghatateeyaah tathaa naukaashraya-karmachaarinah parihaar-adhiniyamena, shramikanam pariharasya pruthak prakaaren, aacchaaditaah bhavanti. aapatkaaleenavyayah. samyuktarajyamerika-deshe, yoo.ess. amerikadeshat nirvasitanam vyaktibhyah, charter-sainya-vimaanaih vaa naukaayaanaih vaa saha sarvakaareey-samanvita-parivahanam, yadyapi te parivahanam anyadeshasya sarvakaarena pradaditam asti, nirgamanaat poorvam nirvasitanam ghoshanaapatrasya pratijnaapatrasya (dee. ess.-5528 prapatram) swyaksharam avashyam kartavyam."etat swaralipih sandarbharoopen upayujyate, yat pashchat etebhyah nirvasitanam krute adhikatam-vyaavahaarik-pratidanartham bill-nirgamayitum prayujyate. nirwaasitaah samanvitam yu-grahanam kurvanti.ess. ghatanaapoorvam nirdishtam gantavyam prati yuktiyuktasya vaanijya-parivahana-shulkasya deyaartham vidhyaa sarvakaareey-parivahanam aavashyakam asti, yasya parinaamen nishkasanasya aavashyakataa abhavat. pratyaawartan-runa-karyakramasya vikalpah asti, yah rajyasachivena 11 bhinna-aavashyakataa-vishaye nirgamyate, yasmin pramaana-yogya-pataah, samajika-surakshaa-sankhyaa, runagraahakasya punarbhugataana-anusuchyam saha likhita-karaarah cha antarbhavati. runasya shodhanam yu. ess. ityasmai pradeeyate.ess. raajyavibhaagah niyantrakasya tathaa vaishvika-vitteey-sevaa-karyalayasya madhyamena, purnataya samaye cha. ataha, vyaajam daatum tathaa anyaan vidhisammataan dandaan nivaarayatu, yasmaat yoo ityasya naveekaranasya athavaa nirgamasya nivaaranam cha antarbhavati.ess. parapatram. sangharshasya vedanaa. takkarasy vedanaa" iti naukaayaan-takkaranam avahelanaa-vaidhaanik-daavaayaah pratirakshaaroopen vartate.

america kadarpadaich sattam americavil kadarpadaich sattam enbathu koottaatchich sattaththin oru vishayamaagum. athikaara varambu. americavil, anaitthu kadarpadai mattrum kadalsaar nadavadikkaigalilum koottaatchi mavatta neethimandranggal athikaara varambaik kondullana; paarkkavum. sameepathiya aandugalil, varii ethirppaalargalaal payanpaduththappadum varalaattrallaatha sathi vaatham ennaventraal, oru america neethimandram oru americak kodiyai thanga vilimbudan kaatchippaduththuvathu unmaiyil oru "kadarpadai neethimandram", enavae adharku endha athikaara varambum illai. neethimandranggal idhai arpamaanathu endru palamurai niraagariththullana. americavil vii. creenstreed, neethimandram inththa vaathaththirku avarkalin kandupidippai surukkamaagak kooriyadhu, "thurathirshtavasamaaga pirathivaathi creenstreetype porutthavarai, alangaaram athikaara varampirku oru theermaanippavar alla." porunthakkoodiya sattam. oru kadarpadai allathu kadalsaar valakkai visaarikkum oru maanila neethimandram, "reverse-" eeri "koatpaadu endru azhaikkappadum oru koatpaattin keezh, naattin sattaththudan muranpattaalum, kadarpadai mattrum kadalsaar sattaththai payanpaduththa vaendum."" "eeri" "koatpaadu," "eeri irayil paathai coow" "ilirunththu perappattathu". vii. tompkins, "maanila nadavadikkaigalaik kaetkum koottaatchi neethimandranggal maanilach sattaththaip payanpaduththa vaendum endru vazhinadaththukirathu. thalaikeezh-" eeri "koatpaadu", kadarpadai vazhakkukalai visaarikkum maanila neethimandranggal koottaatchi kadarpadaich sattaththai payanpaduththa vaendum endru vazhinadaththukirathu. inththa vaerupaadu sila santharppangalil mukkiyamaanathaakum. uthaaranamaaga, yuu.ess. kadalsaar sattam siththiravathai seibavargalidaiye koottu mattrum pala poruppugal endra karutthai angkeekarikkirathu, athae neraththil pala maanilangkal avvaaru seiyavillai. koottu mattrum pala poruppugalin keezh, irandu allathu adharku maerpatta nabarkal oru kaayam allathu izhappai uruvaakkum poathu, avarkal oru siriya thogaiyai mattumae bangaliththaalum, anaivarum samamaaga poruppaerka vaendum. oru kadarpadai valakkai visaarikkum oru maanila neethimandram, maanila sattam karutthai karuththil kollaavittaalum kooda koottu mattrum pala poruppugal endra koatpaattaip payanpaduththa vaendum. kappal urimaiyaalarin poruppin varambu. oru periya vibaththukkup piragu oru kappalin mathippirku adhan poruppai mattupaduththum thiran oru kappal urimaiyaalarin kadalsaar sattaththin thaniththuvamaana amsangkalil ontraakum. varambuch sattaththin payanpaattirku oru eduththukkaattu 1912 aam aandil rms "titanic" moozhgiyathu. "titanic" orupoathum amerikkaavirkuch sentrathillai entraalum, aval moozhkiyavudan urimaiyaalargal newyoarkil ulla koottaatchi neethimandranggalukku virainththu vandhu oru varambai thaakkal seithanar. kappalin urimaiyaalargalin "thaniyurimai mattrum arivukku" apparpatta oru soozhnilaiyin kaaranamaaga oru vibaththu aerpattaal, urimaiyaalargal kappal moozhgiya piragu adhan mathippirku thangal poruppai mattuppadutthalaam endru varambuch sattam valangkukirathu. titanic" moozhgiya piragu, kappalin enjchiyiruntha pakuthikal 14 uyirkaakkum padagugal mattumae, avattrin moththa mathippu sumar $3,000 aagum. idhu "niluvaiyil ulla sarakkudan" serkkappattathu-athaavathu payanigal kattanangal mattrum sarakku kattanangal irandilirunththum payanaththin moolam kappalin varumaanam-moththam $91,000 aii ettiyathu. muthal vaguppu, barler suut dickettin vilai $4,350 kkum athigamaaga irunththathu. "titanic" urimaiyaalargal moozhgiyathu thangal thaniyurimai mattrum arivu illaamal nigazhnthathaik kaattuvathil vettri pettranar, enavae, iranththa payanigalin kudumbangal, athae poal uyir pizhaiththa payanigal thangal thanipatta udaimaigalai izhanththanar, $91,000 aip pirikka mattumae urimai undu. mattroru udhaaranam, yuu. ill transtion thaakkal seiyappattapoathu.ess. 2010 aam aandil texassin therku maavattathirkaana mavatta neethimandram, adhan $26,764,083 mathippulla "aazhkadal adivaanaththil" adhan aarvaththirku mattumae adhan poruppai mattuppaduththiyathu. idhu moozhkiyathaith thodarnthu aazhkadal adivaanaththil ennei kasivu kaaranamaaga billion kanakkaana dollar kadangalai aduththu irunththathu. varambuch sattam periya kappalkalukku mattum porunthaathu. oru motor padagu urimaiyaalar thanathu padagai mattroruvarukku cuddon kodukkumpoathu, pinnar vibaththu aerpadum poathu, poruppilirunthu paathukaakka idhaip payanpaduththalaam. jedd skai urimaiyaalargal kooda poruppil irunthu thangalaith thaangkalae paathukaakka varambuch sattaththai vetrtrikaramaaka seyalpaduththa mudinthathu. oru asaathaarana payanpaadu grubard vii valakkai ulladakkiyathu. periya aerikal agazhaaivu mattrum kappalthurai niruvanam, angku sikago aattril kuviyal nadavadikkaigalaich seiyum oru kappal oru surangappaathaiyai thulaitthu, 1992 sikago nagaraththin nagaraththin pala nilaththadi pakuthikalil vellaththai aerpaduththiyathu; kappalkal kadarpadaich satta varambu utpirivaal moodappatta kadarpayana neeril iruppathaaka neethimandranggal theerppazhiththana. pala kappal oppanthangkalil "paathukaappaana berth" utpirivugal adangkum, idhu vanthukondirukkum kappalukku kappalthuraikku thevaiyaana thuraimugaththaich suttriyulla pakuthi thelivaaga ullathu enbathai uruthi seikirathu. idhu 2020 vazhakkil theermaanikkappattapadi, kappal anuppum niruvanaththidamirunthu paathukaappu uththaravaathamaaga uchcha neethimandraththaal theermaanikkappattullathu, appaguthiyai agattruvatharkaana sumaiyai vaippathu mattrum kappal urimaiyalarai vida antha niruvanaththin meethu avvaaru seiyath thavariyatharkaana endhavoru poruppaiyum vaippathu, chitco nilakkeel suthikarippu niruvanam. vii. frescotty shipping coow."2004 aam aandil delaware aattril ennei kasivu aerpattathu. sarakku koorikkaikal. amerikkaavirkul mattrum veliyae sarvadesa varththagaththil kadal carrier anuppiya sarakkugalukku setham aerpaduvatharkaana urimaikoaralgal kadal sattam (koksa) moolam porutkalai kondu selvathan moolam nirvagikkappadugindrana, idhu yuu. ess.ess. haek vithigalai iyatrtruthal. adhan mukiya amsangkalil ondru, oru carrier "hook duu hook" enbathilirunthu sethamadaintha sarakkugalukku poruppaagum, athaavathu aetrtruthal muthal veliyaettram varai, idhu "kadavulin seyal", porutkalin ullaarntha thanmai, vazhiseluththalil pizhaigal mattrum kappalin maelaanmai poantra porupukku 17 vithivilakkukalil ontrin keezh viduvikkappadaavittaal. kolkalanil ulla porutkalin mathippu velippaduthappattu kurikkappadaavittaal, oru kappal urimaiyaalar podhuvaaga oru thoguppukku $500 aaga adhan poruppaik kattuppaduttha urimai undu. koksa thittaththin keezh poruppai theermaanikkum nokkangkalukkaaga oru "thoguppu" endraal enna enbathu kuritthu kurippidatthakka vazhakku ullathu. inththa nadaimurai americavil kanisamaana mattrum thodarchchiyaana vazhakkukalukku vazhivaguththullathu. iruppinum, americavil ulla koottaatchi neethimandranggal, oru kadal kappal kolgalanai ottrai koksa thoguppaagak karudha thayangkukintrana. sarakku urimaikoaralgalukkaana varambugal oru aandu aagum. kadarpadaiyinarukku thanipatta kaayangal. kappalil kaayamadaindha maalumigalukku izhappeettirkaana moontru saathiyamaana aathaarangkal ullanah paramarippu mattrum gunappaduththudhal kolgai, thaguthiyattra koatpaadu mattrum johns sattam. paramarippu mattrum gunappaduththum kolgaiyin puddy, oru kappal urimaiyaalar kaayamadaindha kadarpadaiyin maruththuva sikitchaikku adhigapatcha maruththuva meetpu (emmr) kidaikkum varai panam seluththa vaendum, maelum kappal kappal illai entraalum, payanam mudiyum varai adippadai vaazhkkaich selavugalai vazhangka vaendum. thanathu sontha vaendumentrae moththa alatchiyatthaal kaayamadainthaalozhiya, kadarpadaiyinar paramarippu mattrum gunappadutha urimai undu. idhu sila vazhigalil thozhilaazhargalin izhappeettirku oththathaagum. kappalo allathu kappalin endha ubakaranamoa "thaguthiyattrathu", athaavathu aethoa oru vagaiyil kuraipaadullathaaga iruppathaal, oru kadarpadaiyinar kaayamadaindhaal kappalin urimaiyaalar poruppaerka vaendum endra koatpaadu ullathu. johns sattam oru malumiyai allathu avarukku anththarangamaaga ulla oruvarai, thanipatta kaayam allathu thavaraana maranaththirkaaga kappal urimaiyaalar meethu vazhakkuth thodara anumathikkirathu, naduvar mandraththin visaaranaiyudan. johns sattam koottaatchi muthalaalikal poruppuch sattaththai (fela) ulladakkiyathu, idhu rayilway thozhilaazhargalukku aerpadum kaayangalai nirvagikkirathu, maelum idhu nilakkari surangath thozhilaazhargalin sattaththai othirukkirathu. oru kappal urimaiyaalar oru kadarpadaiyinarukku poruppaerka vaendum, athae poal oru irayil paathai auperator muthalaaliyin alatchiyatthaal kaayamadaindha adhan oozhiyargalukku poruppaerka vaendum. varambuch sattam moontru aandugal aagum. oru kappalil kaayamadaindha ovvoru thozhilaaliyum johns sattam, thaguthiyattra koatpaadu mattrum paramarippu mattrum gunappaduththudhal koatpaadu aagiyavattraal vazhangkappadum paathukaappukalukku urimai konda oru "kadarpadaiyinar" alla. oru kadarpadaiyinaraagak karudhappaduvadharku, oru thozhilaali podhuvaaga thanathu vaelai neraththil 30 sathaveetham allathu adharku mael oru kuripitta kappal allathu podhuvaana urimai allathu kattuppaattin keezh ulla kappalkalin kadarpadaiyil selavida vaendum. sila vithivilakkukaludan, kadarpayana neeril kaayamadaindha anaitthu kadarpadaiyinar allaatha thozhilaazhargalum neenda kadarkarai mattrum thuraimuka thozhilaazhargalin izhappeettuch sattaththaal paathukaakkappadukiraarkal, idhu thozhilaazhargalin izhappeettin oru thanii vadivamaagum. avasarakaala selavugal. americavil, yuu.ess. pattaya mattrum iraanuva vimaanangkal allathu kappalkal udpada arasaangkaththaal orunginaikkappatta poakkuvaraththil veliyaettrappatta thaninabarkal, antha poakkuvaraththai mattroru naattin arasaangkaththaal vazhangkinaalum, purappaduvatharku munbu veliyaettrappatta velippaadu mattrum uruthimozhi kurippil (padivam ds-5528) kaiyezhuththida vaendum."inththa kurippu oru kuripaagap payanpaduththappadukirathu, idhu pinnar inththa veliyaettrappattavargaluka adhigapatcha nadaimurai thiruppich seluththuthalukkaaga oru pill vazhangka payanpaduththappadukirathu. veliyaettrappattavargal orunginaintha yuu.ess. veliyaettrappada vaendiya avasiyaththai aerpaduththiya sambavaththirku munnar niyamikkapatta idaththirku niyayamaana vaniga poakkuvaraththu kattanatthai seluththa arasaangka poakkuvaraththu sattaththaal thaevaippadukirathu. thiruppich seluththum cuddon thittaththirku oru viruppam ullathu, idhu 11 vevvaeru thevaikalaip porutthavarai maanilach seyalaalaraal vazhangkappadukirathu, idhil saripaarkkakkoodiya mugavari mattrum samoogap paathukaappu enn mattrum cuddon vaangkubavaridamirunthu thiruppich seluththum attavanaiyudan ezhuththuppoorva oppantham thaevaippadukirathu. kadanai seluththum thogai yuu. ess. kku vazhangkappada vaendum.ess. maanilath thurai, muzhu neraththilum, kattuppadutthi mattrum ulagalaaviya nidhich sevaigal aluvalagam moolam. enavae, pudhuppiththal allathu yuu vazhangkuvathaith thaduppathu udpada vatti koduppanavugal mattrum pira sattareethiyaana abaraathangkalaith thavirkkavum.ess. basport. moathalin vaethanai. moathalin vaethanai" enbathu kappal moathalkalil alatchiyam kuriththa sattareethiyaana koottrukku oru paathukaappu aagum.

united states admirality chattam united stateslo admirality chattam samakhya chattaniki sambandhinchina vishayam. adhikara paridhi. samyukta rashtraalalo, federal jilla nyaayasthaanaalu anni naavikaadalam mariyu samudra charyalapai adhikara paridhini kaligi unnaayi; chudandi. iteevali samvatsaraalalo, pannu nirasanakaarulu upayoginchina charitra-rahita kutra vaadana emitante, american kortu bangaaru anchutho american jendaanu pradarsinchadam vaastavaaniki "admirality kortu", anduvalla dheeniki etuvanti adhikara paridhi ledhu. nyaayasthaanaalu dheenini panikiraanidigaa padepade kottivesayi. united states loe vii. greenstreet, kortu eee vaadanaku vaari anveshananu ilaa sangrahinchindi, "duradrushtavasaattu prativaadi greenstreetku, alankarana anedi adhikara paridhiki nirnayinchedi kaadu." vartinche chattam. riverse-" "erii" "siddhaantam anie piluvabade siddhaantam prakaram, oka naukaadalam ledhaa samudra kesunu vichaarinche rashtra nyayasthaanam naukaadalam mariyu samudra chattanni vartimpajeyaali, adhi rashtra chattaniki viruddhamgaa unnappatikee"."" "erii" "siddhaantam," "erii railroad koo" "nundi udbhavinchindi". vii. tampkins, "rashtra charyalanu vinee samakhya nyaayasthaanaalu rashtra chattanni vartimpajeyaalani nirdesistundi. riverse-" "erii" siddhaantam "admiralty kesulanu vichaarinche rashtra kortulu federal admiralty chattanni vartimpajeyaalani nirdesistundi". eee vyatyaasam konni sandarbhaallo keelakam. udaaharanaku, yuu.ess. samudra chattam dopideedaarulalo ummadi mariyu aneka baadhyata anae bhavananu gurtistundi, ayithe chaalaa rashtraalu alaa cheyavu. ummadi mariyu aneka baadhyatala kinda, iddaru ledhaa anthakante ekkuva mandhi vyaktulu oke gaayam ledhaa nashtanni srushtinchinappudu, vaaru chinna mottaanni matrame andinchinappatikii, andaruu samanamga baadhyata vahistaaru. rashtra chattam eee bhavananu pariseelinchakapooyinaa, admiralty kesunu vichaarinche rashtra nyayasthaanam ummadi mariyu aneka baadhyatala siddhaantaanni vartimpajeyavalasi untundi. ooda yajamani baadhyata yokka parimiti. samudra chattam yokka pratyaekamaina amsaalalo okati, oka pedda pramaadam tarvaata ooda yokka viluvaku daani baadhyatanu parimitam chese ooda yajamani saamarthyam. parimitula chattam yokka upayogaaniki oka udaaharana 1912loe rms "titanic" munigipovadam. "titanic" eppuduu united statesku vellakapoyinappatiki, aame munigipoyina tarvaata yajamaanulu newyorkloni federal kortulaku velli baadhyata vichaarana yokka parimitini daakhalu chesaaru. ooda yajamaanulaku "gopyata mariyu parignaanam" kuu minchina paristhiti kaaranamgaa pramaadam jarigithe, ooda munigina tarvaata yajamaanulu tama baadhyatanu ooda viluvaku parimitam cheyavachu anie parimiti chattam andistundi. titanic" munigina taruvaata, oodaloo migili unna bhagalu 14 life botlu, veeti mottam viluva sumaru $3,000. idhi "pendinglo unna saruku ravana" kii jodinchabadindi-antey prayaaneekula chaarjeelu mariyu saruku ravana chaarjeela nundi prayaaninchadam dwara ooda yokka aadaayaalu-mottam baadhyata sumaru $91,000 kuu cheraayi. modati taragati, parlor suut ticket dhara $4,350 kante ekkuva. "titanic" yajamaanulu munigipovadam vaari gopyata mariyu ghnaanam lekunda jarigindani choopinchadamlo vijayavantamayyaaru, anduvalla, maraninchina prayaanikula kutumbaalu, alaage vaari vyaktigata vastuvulanu kolpoyina manugadalo unna prayaanikulu, $91,000 nuu vibhajinchadaaniki matrame arhulu. maroka udaaharana yuu loe trans oshan daakhalu cheyabadinappudu.ess. 2010loe dakshina texas jilla nyayasthaanam, daani viluva $26,764,083 ayina "deep water horizone" paie daani aasaktiki matrame daani baadhyatanu parimitam chesindi. idhi munigipoyina taruvaata deep water horizone chamuru chindatam phalitamgaa billionla dollarla appula nepathyamlo jarigindi. parimiti chattam kevalam pedda noukalaku matrame vartinchadu. motaru padava yajamani thana padavanu pramaadaaniki guraina marokariki appu icchinappudu baadhyata nundi rakshinchadaaniki dheenini upayoginchavacchu. jett skii yajamaanulu kooda baadhyata nundi tamanu taamu rakshinchukovadaaniki parimiti chattanni vijayavantamgaa amalu cheyagaligaaru. oka asaadhaarana anuvartanam kesu grubart vii. grate lakes dredge und dock company, ikkada chikago nadiloe piling karyakalapalu nirvahistunna oka nauka oka soramgaanni puncture chesi, 1992loe nagaram yokka diguva pattanamlooni aneka bhoogarbha praantaalalo chikago varadalaku kaaranamaindi; ooda naukaadala chattam parimiti nibandhana paridhiloki vachhe naukayana neetilo undani kortulu teerpunichaayi. aneka ravana oppandaalalo "surakshitamaina berth" nibandhanalu untaayi, ivi uddesinchina revuku chuttupakkala praantam vachhe noukaku spashtamgaa undani haamii istayi. 2020 kesulo nirnayinchinatlugaa, shippingnu abhyardhinche samstha nundi bhadrata yokka vaaranteegaa, aaa praantaanni clear chese bharanni unchadam mariyu ooda yajamani kante aaa samsthapai alaa cheyadamlo viphalamainanduku tadupari baadhyatanu unchadam, supreenkortu dheenini nirnayinchindi. vii. frescotty shipping koo."2004loe delaware nadipai chamuru chindatam phalitamgaa. saruku daavaalu. united states loki mariyu velupala antarjaateeya vaanijyamlo samudra vaahaka nauka ravana chesina saruku nashtaniki sambandhinchina daavaalu samudra chattam (kogsa) dwara vastuvula ravana dwara nirvahinchabadataayi, idhi yuu.ess. hage niyamaala amalu. daani mukhya lakshanaalalo okati, "hook tuu hook" nundi debbatinna saruku, antey load cheyadam nundi discharge cheyadam varaku, "act off gaad", vastuvula swaabhaavika swabhaavam, navigationlo lopaalu mariyu ooda nirvahana vanti baadhyataku 17 minahaayimpulalo okadaani kinda nirdoshigaa thelithe tappa, oka carrier baadhyata vahistundi. contentla viluvanu bahirgatam chesi, containerlo gurtinchakapothe, ooda yajamani saadhaaranamgaa daani baadhyatanu pyaakaejeeki $500kii parimitam cheyadaaniki arhulu. kogsa kinda baadhyatanu nirnayinche prayojanaala kosam "packagy" antey emiti anae daanipai gananeeyamaina vyaajyam undhi. eee abhyasam phalitamgaa united stateslo gananeeyamaina mariyu konasagutunna vyajyalu jarigaayi. ayithe, samyukta rashtraalalo samakhya nyaayasthaanaalu samudra ravana kantainarnu oke kogsa packagega pariganinchadaaniki ishtapadavu. saruku daavaalapai parimitula saasanam oka samvatsaram. naavikulaku vyaktigata gayalu. oodaloo gayapadina naavikulaku nashtaparihaaraaniki moodu saadhyamaina vanarulu unnaih nirvahana mariyu nivaarana suutram, anarhatvam siddhaantam mariyu johns chattam. nirvahana mariyu nivaarana suutram prakaram, ooda yajamani garishta vaidya recovery (mmr) pondhe varaku gayapadina navikudi vaidya chikitsa kosam chellinchaalsi untundi mariyu navikudu oodaloo laenappatikee, samudrayaanam poortayye varaku praathamika jeevana kharchulanu andinchaali. thana sonta uddesapoorvakamaina ghoramaina nirlakshyam kaaranamgaa gaayapadithe tappa, naavikuniki nirvahana mariyu chikitsa hakku untundi. idhi konni vidhaluga kaarmikula pariharanni pooli untundi. ooda, ledhaa ooda yokka edainaa upakaranam "anarhamainadi", antey edho oka vidhamgaa lopabhooyishtamainadi anie ardham kabatti navikudu gaayapadithe ooda yajamani baadhyata vahistaadu. johns chattam oka navikudu ledhaa ataniki gopyamgaa unna vyakti, vyaktigata gaayam ledhaa tappudu maranam kosam ooda yajamaanipai nyaayanirnaeta vichaaranhatho, himsalo daavaa vaeyadaaniki anumatistundi. johns chattam federal employers liability act (fela) nuu kaligi untundi, idhi railway kaarmikulaku gayalanu niyantristundi mariyu boggu ganula chattam maadirigaane untundi. yajamani nirlakshyam kaaranamgaa gayapadina thana udyogulaku railroad operator elaa baadhyata vahistaaro, adhe vidhamgaa ooda yajamani kooda naavikudiki baadhyata vahistaadu. parimiti saasanam moodu samvatsaraalu. oka nowkaloo gayapadina prati karmikudu johns chattam, anarhatvam siddhaantam mariyu nirvahana mariyu nivaarana suutram andinche rakshanalaku arhata kaligina "navikudu" kaadu. navikudiga pariganinchabadaalante, oka karmikudu saadhaaranamgaa thana pani gantalalo 30 saatam ledhaa anthakante ekkuva samayam oka nirdishta nowkaloo ledhaa ummadi yajamanyam ledhaa niyantranalo unna naukala samudaayamlo gadapali. konni minahaayimpulato, naukayana jalaalapai gayapadina naavikulu kaani kaarmikulandaruu badulugaa long shoar mariyu harber workers compensation act dwara cover cheyabadataru, idhi kaarmikula pariharam yokka pratyeka roopam. atyavasara kharchulu. united states loe, yuu.ess. charter mariyu sainika vimanalu ledhaa noukalathoo sahaa prabhutva-samanvaya ravana dwara americaku taralinchabadina vyaktulu, aaa ravaanaanu maroka dhesha prabhutvam andinchinappatikii, bayaludere mundu taralimpu manifest mariyu promissory note (phaaram ds-5528) notpai santakam cheyali."eee note oka suuchanagaa upayoginchabadutundi, idhi taruvaata garishta aacharanaatmaka tirigi chellimpu kosam eee nirvaasitulaku billunu jaarii cheyadaaniki upayoginchabadutundi. taralimpudaarulu samanvayamtho yuu teesukuntunnaru.ess. taralimpu avasaraniki daariteesina sanghatanaku mundu perkonna gamyasthaanaaniki sahetukamaina vaanijya ravana chaarjeela kharchunu chellinchadaaniki prabhutva ravana chattam prakaram avasaram. tirigi chellinche runa karyakramam kosam oka empika undhi, idhi dhruveekarinchadagina chirunama mariyu saamaajika bhadrata sankhya mariyu runagraheeta nundi tirigi chellinche scheduello vraatapuurvaka oppandamtho sahaa 11 ververu avasaralaku sambandhinchi rashtra karyadarshi jaarii chestaaru. runam chellimpu yuu. ess kuu jaarii cheyali.ess. comptroller mariyu global financial services office dwara department off state, puurtigaa mariyu sakalamlo. anduvalla, vaddii chellimpulu mariyu itara chattaparamaina jarimaanaalanu nivaarinchadam, punaruddharana ledhaa yuu jaareeni nivaarinchadam.ess. pasport. gharshana yokka baadha. dheekonadam yokka vedana" anedi ooda guddukovadamlo nirlakshyam yokka chattabaddhamaina daavaaku rakshana.

riyasathaye muthadah kaa admirality qanoon riyasathaye muthadah mein admirality qanoon wafaqi qanoon kaa muamilah hay. dairah akhtiyar. riyasathaye muthadah mein wafaqi zulayi adalaton kaa tamaam admirality aur samandari karwaiyon parr dairah akhtiyar hay vovo dekhein. haaliyah barson mein teks kay muzahireen kii taraf say istemaal kii jaanay waali eek ghair tarikhi bunyaad parr sazishi dalil yaha hay kahh americi adaalat juu sonay kay kinaray kay saath americi parcham kuu zahir karti hay darhaqiqat eek "admirality court" hay aur iss tarah iss kaa koyee dairah akhtiyar nahein hay. adalaton nay baar baar asay fazool qaraar deetay hoay mustarid kiyaa hay. riyasathaye muthadah mein v. grain strait adaalat nay iss dalil kay saath apnay nataij kaa khalasah kiyaa "badqismati say madaa alaihan grain strait kay liyay sajawat dairah akhtiyar kaa tayeen nahein hay." qaabil itlaaq qanoon. admirality yaa meeri tyme kees kii samaat karnay waali riyasati adaalat kuu admirality aur meeri tyme qanoon kaa itlaaq karnaa zaruri hay chahay wah riyasat kay qanoon say mutsadim how eek nazariye kay tahat jasay "reverse-" airee "nazariye kay naam say jaana jaataa hay."" "airee" "nazariah juu" "airee railway company" "say makhuz hay. wee. tompkins "hidayat kartaa hay kahh riyasati karwaiyon kii samaat karnay waali wafaqi adalaton kuu riyasati qanoon kaa itlaaq karnaa chahiye. reverse-" airee "nazariyah yaha hidayat kartaa hay kahh admirality kay muqadmaat kii samaat karnay waali riyasati adalaton kuu wafaqi admirality qanoon kaa itlaaq karnaa chahiye. yaha farq baaz suraton mein aham hay. misaal kay toor parr yuu.aiss. samandari qanoon taart feasers kay darmiyan mushtarkah aur kayee zamah daariyon kay tasavur kuu tasleem kartaa hay jabkah behat see riyasatein aisa nahein karti haine. mushtarkah aur mutadid zamah daariyon kay tahat jehaan duu yaa duu say ziyadah loag eek choot yaa nqsan paida kartay haine sabb baraabar zamah daar hotay haine chahay inhon nay sarf eek chhoti see raqam kaa hasah daala how. admirality kees kii samaat karnay waali riyasati adaalat kuu mushtarkah aur mutadid zamah daariyon kay nazariye kuu laago karnay kii zarurat hogi chahay riyasati qanoon iss tasavur parr ghoor naha karay. jehaaz kay maalik kii zamah daari kii hadd bundi. samandari qanoon kay manfard pahluwon mein say eek jehaaz kay maalik kii yaha salahiyat hay kahh wah kasee baday haadise kay baad jehaaz kii qeemat takk apnee zamah daari kuu mahdud kirr sakay. hadood kay qanoon kay istemaal kii eek misaal 1912 mein aar ayem aiss "titanic" kaa dobna hay. agarcha "titanic" kabhi america nahein gayaa thaa iss kay dobnay parr maalkaan neoyork kii wafaqi adalaton mein zamah daari kii kararwai kii hadd darj karnay kay liye pahunch gayey. limtition aikat mein yaha sharat lagayi gayee hay kahh agar koyee haadsah kasee aisey halaat kii wajah say hotaa hay juu jehaaz kay maalkaan kii "privaity aur alam" say baahir hay tuu maalkaan jehaaz kay dobnay kay baad apnee zamah daari kuu jehaaz kii qeemat takk mahdud kirr saktay haine. titanic" dobnay kay baad jehaaz kay sarf kachh hasay baaqi rahh gayey 14 life boats thay jinn kii majmuyi qeemat taqriba 3,000 ddaalar thee. asay "zeer altawaa maal bardaar" mein shaamil kirr diyaa gayaa-jiss kaa matlab hay kahh musafir karayon aur maal bardaar chargez donon say safar say jehaaz kii aamadni-taqriba 91,000 ddaalar kii kill zamah daari takk pahunch gayee. frust klaas parlor sout ticket kii qeemat 4,350 ddaalar say ziyadah thee. "titanic" kay maalkaan yaha zahir karnay mein kamiyab rahay kahh dobna inn kii privaity aur alam kay baghair hawaa aur iss wajah say marnay waalay musafiron kay ahal khaanah kay saath saath zindah bach jaanay waalay musafir jinhon nay apnaa zaati saamaan khoo diyaa sarf 91,000 ddaalar taqsim karnay kay hqdar thay. eek aur misaal yaha thee kahh jabb trans aushin yuu mein daakhil hawaa.aiss. 2010 mein taxas kay janubi zalaa kii zulayi adaalat nay apnee zamah daari kuu sarf "gehrey paani kay afq" mein iss kay mafaad takk mahdud karnay kay liye jiss kii qeemat iss kii $26,764,083 thee. yaha dobnay kay baad gehrey paani kay afq teel kay failnay kay natijay mein arbon ddaalar kii waajbaat kay tanazar mein thaa. hadd bundi kaa qanoon sarf baday jehazon parr laago nahein hotaa hay. asay motor boat kay maalik kuu zamah daari say bachanay kay liye istemaal kiyaa jaa saktaa hay jabb wah apnee kashti kasee dosray kuu qarz deeta hay jiss kaa phir haadsah how jaataa hay. yahaan takk kahh jait iski kay maalkaan bhee zamah daari say khood kuu bachanay kay liye hadd bundi kay qanoon kuu kamiyabi kay saath naafiz karnay mein kamiyab rahay haine. eek ghair mamuli darkhwast mein kees gerbert wee shaamil thaa. great leks drej aind ddaak company jehaan shikago nadee mein daheer laganay kii karwaiyan karnay waalay eek jehaaz nay eek sarang kuu surakh kirr diyaa aur 1992 mein shehar kay markaz kay behat say zeer zameen elaqon mein shikago kay sailaab kaa sabab banaa. adalaton nay faislah diyaa kahh jehaaz bahri hadood kay tahat bahri paaniyon mein thaa. behat say shipping muahidon mein "saif barth" kii shaqein shaamil haine juu iss baath kii yaqeen dehani karaati haine kahh matlubah ddaak kay aas paas kaa elaqah aaney waalay jehaaz kay liye waazah hay. suprem court nay iss kaa tayeen jehaaz raani kii darkhwast karnay waalay idaarey say hifazat kii warranty kay toor parr kiyaa hay jiss mein elaqay kuu saaf karnay kaa bojh daala gayaa hay aur jehaaz kay maalik kay bajaye iss idaarey parr aisa karnay mein nakami kii koyee bhee zamah daari aayed kii gayee hay jaisa kahh 2020 kay kees mein tay kiyaa gayaa hay. wee. frescotty shipping company."2004 mein delaveer nadee parr teel kay failnay kaa natijah. kargo kay daway. america mein aur iss say baahir beenn alaqwami tajarat mein samandari carrier kay zariye bhejay gayey kargo kuu pahunchnay waalay nqsan kay daawon parr qaabu samandari aikat (kogsa) kay zariye saamaan kii nql woo hamal kay zariye hotaa hay juu kahh yuu.aiss. heag kay qawanin kaa nafaz. iss kii eek aham khususiyat yaha hay kahh eek carrier "hick tuu hick" say nqsan pahunche kargo kaa zamah daar hay jiss kaa matlab hay loading say discharge takk jabb takk kahh asay zamah daari kay 17 mustasniyat mein say kasee eek kay tahat bury naha kiyaa jaaye jeesay "aikat aaf gaadd"yee saamaan kii maurusi noiyat navigation mein ghaltiyan aur jehaaz kay intezam mein ghaltiyan. eek jehaaz kaa maalik aam toor parr apnee zamah daari kuu phee package 500 ddaalar takk mahdud karnay kaa hqdar hotaa hay jabb takk kahh container parr mawaad kii qeemat zahir naha kii jaaye aur nashaan zad naha kii jaaye. kogsa kay tahat zamah daari kaa tayeen karnay kay maqasid kay liye "package" kii tashkil kay baaray mein aham qanuni chaarah joyee hay. iss amal kay natijay mein riyasathaye muthadah mein kaafi aur muslisil qanuni chaarah joyee hoyee hay. tahim riyasathaye muthadah mein wafaqi adalatein samandari shipping container kuu waahid kogsa package kay toor parr leenay say garizaan haine. kargo kay daawon parr hadood kaa qanoon eek saal hay. malahon kuu zaati chootein. jehaaz parr zakhmi honay waalay malahon kay maawaze kay teen mamkanah zaraye haine: deekh bhaal aur alaaj kaa asul namunasib kaa nazariah aur jonaz aikat. deekh bhaal aur alaaj kay asul kay mutabiq jehaaz kay maalik kuu ziyadah say ziyadah tabee bazyabi (ayem ayem aar) haasil honay takk zakhmi milaah kay tabee alaaj kii adayegi karnee hogi aur safar kii takmeel takk bunyadi ikhrajat farahim karnaa hoan gay chahay milaah abb jehaaz parr naha how. milaah kuu deekh bhaal aur alaaj kaa haqh haasil hay jabb takk kahh wah apnee jaan bojh kirr kii gayee bury laparwahi kii wajah say zakhmi naha how. yaha kachh tareeqon say karkanon kay maawaze say milta jaltaa hay. ghair ahlit kaa nazariyah jehaaz kay maalik kuu zamah daar banata hay agar koyee milaah zakhmi how jaataa hay keunkah jehaaz yaa jehaaz kaa koyee saamaan "naahil" hay jiss kaa matlab kasee tarah say eib daar hay. jonaz aikat eek milaah yaa iss kay liye najee toor parr jehaaz kay maalik parr zaati choot yaa ghalat moth kay liye moqhadhima karnay kii ajazat deeta hay jiss mein jewari kay zariye moqhadhima chalaya jaataa hay. jonaz aikat mein wafaqi aajar zamah daari aikat (feela) shaamil hay juu railway karkanon kuu chooton kaa intezam kartaa hay aur koyale kay kaan kanoon kay aikat say milta jaltaa hay. jehaaz kaa maalik asee tarah eek milaah kay liye zamah daar hotaa hay jiss tarah eek railway operator apnay mulazimin kay liye zamah daar hotaa hay juu aajar kii laparwahi kii wajah say zakhmi hotay haine. hadood kaa qanoon teen saal kaa hay. jehaaz parr sawaar harr kaarkan zakhmi honay waala "milaah" nahein hay juu jonaz aikat namunasibiyat kay nazariye aur deekh bhaal aur alaaj kay asul kay zariah paish kardah tahfuzat kaa hqdar hay. milaah samjhay jaanay kay liyay eek kaarkan kuu aam toor parr apnay kaam kay auqaat kaa 30 faisad yaa iss say ziyadah hasah kasee makhsus jehaaz yaa mushtarkah malkiyat yaa control kay tahat jehazon kay beday parr guzarna chahiye. chand mustasniyat kay saath bahri paaniyon parr zakhmi honay waalay tamaam ghair samandari karkanon kuu laang shoar aur harber workers compensation aikat kay zariye ahatah kiyaa jaataa hay juu karkanon kay maawaze kii eek alaihdah shakal hay. hungami ikhrajat. riyasathaye muthadah mein yuu.aiss. charter aur foji parwazein yaa jehazon sameet hukumat kay marbut transport parr america say nikalay gayey afraad chahay wah transport kasee dosray milk kii hukumat kay zariah farahim kii gayee hoan kuu rawangi say pehley ankhala kay eek zahir aur waaday kay nott (faarm ddee aiss-5528) parr dastakhat karnay hoan gay."yaha nott eek hawalah kay toor parr istemaal hotaa hay juu baad mein inn ankhala karnay waalon kuu ziyadah say ziyadah emli adayegi kay liye bull jaari karnay kay liye istemaal hotaa hay. ankhala karnay waalay marbut yuu lay rahay haine.aiss. sarkaari nql woo hamal qanoon kay mutabiq iss manzal takk maqool tajarti nql woo hamal kay karayon kii qeemat adaa karnay kay liye zaruri hay juu iss waaqiye say pehley muqarar kii gayee thee jiss kay natijay mein ankhala kii zarurat padee thee. watan wapsi kay qarz kay prograam kaa eek option hay juu secertry aaf steat kii taraf say 11 mukhtalif taqazon kay hawalay say jaari kiyaa jaataa hay jiss mein qaabil tasdiq patah aur soshal security number aur qarz leenay waalay say adayegi kay sheedol kay saath tehriri muahidah shaamil hay. qarz kii adayegi yuu kuu jaari kii jaanee chahiye.aiss. makmal aur waqat parr controller aur aalimi maaliyaati khidmaat kay daftar kay zariye mohkamah khaarjah. lehza sood kii adayegiyon aur deegar qanuni jarmanon say greez karein bashmol tajdid yaa yuu kay ajraa kii rook thaam.aiss. pasport. tasadam kaa dard. tasadam kii taklif" jehaaz kay tasadam mein laparwahi kay qanuni daway kaa dafaa hay.

000058f548d260faf98aac7b7c58e486cbfb840b44878069647cc60cfe19b390

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7092537

The Tunnel (short story)

The Tunnel (short story) "The Tunnel" is a 1952 short story by Friedrich Dürrenmatt. It belongs to the most important works of Dürrenmatt and is a classic among the surrealistic short stories. With the beginning of the story, Dürrenmatt parodies Thomas Mann. The first sentence is very long and nested. Furthermore, Dürrenmatt's student is in a train and likes cigars – just like the young man in "The Magic Mountain (Der Zauberberg)". Synopsis. The story follows a 24-year-old student who boards his usual train to reach his university. However, when the train enters a small tunnel, it doesn't end. The darkness continues for an extended period of time, causing the student to become nervous. Despite the imminent danger, the other passengers remain calm. The student seeks out the train conductor for answers, but initially receives evasive responses. Eventually, the conductor leads the student to the empty locomotive and reveals that the engineer had already jumped when he realized what was happening to the train. After a failed attempt to pull the emergency brake, the train accelerates and tips into an abyss. The falling student lands on the front glass of the still falling locomotive, where he stares into the oncoming darkness. The train conductor asks what they should do, but the student responds with "Nothing (...) God let us fall. And now we'll come upon him." Dürrenmatt later abridged the ending, omitting the last two sentences and ending the story with the word "Nothing". Interpretation. The racing train could be interpreted as every life that inescapably approaches a catastrophe (death, the unknown). Terror can be breaking in a life without warning, and the people hide themselves behind banality. The last sentence of the story interprets this terror as the will of God, but that does not make the terror clearer. Another interpretation is the story is a social commentary on the ignorance of society in the face of imminent disaster, as people place unquestioning trust in leaders without concern for where they are being led. The last sentence spoken by the student comments on the fall of the ultimate authority figure, God, and how placing trust in falsely constructed authority will only result in the downfall of society.

xurongo (suti kahini) "dyo tunnel" hoise friedris durenmator 1952 sonor ekhon suti golpo. ee durenmator ataitkoi guruttopurno kaamor ontorgoto aaru ee otirajokiyo suti golpoxomuhor bhitorot ek utkristo. kahinitur aarombhonir loge loge, durenmator perudi tho 'maach maan. prothom bakyotu oti dighol aaru guruttopurno. todupori, durenmator satrojone ekhon trainot aase aaru sigar bhaal paay-thik "magic porbot (der jabarberg)" ror jubokor dore. xorangxo. nayokjon hoise ejon 24 bosoriya saatro, ejon medbohul aaru xigoret xewon koraa ekaki, ji teur xadharon trainot uthi teur biswobidyaloyot uposthito hoy, kintu aasorit je jetiya trainkhon etaa xoru xurongot prowex kore, xurongotu xex nohoy. ondhokar doh minute, pundhor minute, bix minute dhori obyahot thaake. satrojone aatongkit hoi pore, kintu aan jatrixokol xanto hoy, kiyonu teuluke aaxonno durjugtu dekha napay (baa saboloi nibisare). satrojone rey "lor conductorjonok bisari paay, aaru rey" lokhonor xoite ki soli aase xei bixoye teuk prosno kore. salokjon prothome bipothgami hoy, kintu owoxexot satrojonok lukumutivoloi loi yaay, jitu khaali. condoctorjone satrojonok koy je engineerjone itimodhye rey "lokhonor ki hoise buji puwar loge loge laaf di goisil. jorurikalin brekkhon taniboloi ek bifol prochestar pisot, rey 'lokhon drut aaru drut hoi yaay, etaa otol gohborot tipping kore. owoxexot, rey "lokhon xompurnorupe ulombobhabe aagbarhise aaru pori thoka satrojone etiyau pori thoka lukumutivtur xonmukhor kasot owotoron kore, zo" too teu lubhore ahibologiya ondhokaroloi saai thaake. trainor kondakore, jijone xoday kortobyor xoite jorito hoi thaake, teuluke ki koraa usit buli xudhile, kintu satrojone uttor disiloh "eku nohoy (...) bhogowan, aamak pori jauk. aaru etiya aami teur usoroloi jaam.pisot, durenmyate xomapti xongkhipto korisil. dwitiyo xongoskorontut, prothombaror baabe 1978 sonot prokaxito, xexor dutaa bakyo (german mulor etaa bakyoh "gaat lais aanos pho 'lo, aand xu sturjen wir dane ouf ihon ju") baad diya hoy aaru kahinitu "naintho" xobdoture xex hoy. byakhya. resing traintuk protitu jiwan hisape byakhya koribo paari ji onirdistobhabe ek durjugor (mrityu, ogyat) usoroloi aahe. xotorkobani obihone atongko jiwanat bhangibo paare, aaru manuhe nijok nirpekhyotar aarot lukuwai raakhe. kahinitur xex bakyot ei aatongkok isworor issa hisape byakhya koraa hoise, kintu ee aatongkok odhik sposto kori nidiye. aan etaa byakhya hoh "lo kahinitu hoise aaxonno durjugor xonmukhin huwar xomoyot xomajor ogyotar uporot ek xamajik bhaisyo, kiyonu manuhe teulukok koo" too loi juwa hoise taar chinta nokorakoi netaxokolor uporot nirbhorxil biswax raakhe. saatro-satrixokole kuwa xex bakyotuwe suranto kortritwor byoktitwo, bhogowanor potonor uporot montobyo kore aaru kenekoi misabhabe nirmito kortritwor uporot biswax rokhar folot kewol xomajor potonhe hoh 'bob.

sudanga (chhoto golpo) "dya tunnel" holl 1952 saale friedrich darrenmatter ekti chhoto golpo. etty durrenmatter sabcheye guruttopurno kaajer ontorgoto ebong porabastob chhoto golpogulir modhye ekti classic. golper shurute, durrenmat parody thomas myana. prothom bakyoti khub deergho ebong nested. echhadao, darrenmatter chhatro traine achhe ebong sieger pochondo korey-thhik jemon "magic mountain (daar jouberberg)"-err jubok. sarsongkhep. nayak ekjon 24 bochor vayasi chhatro, ekjon motaa ebong cigaret-dhumpayee ekaki, jey taar bishwobidyaloye pouchanor jonno taar swabhabik traine chadey, kintu ashchorjojonokbhabe, jokhon trenti ekti khub chhoto sudange probesh korey, tokhon sudangati shesh hoy naa. ondhokar dosho minit, ponero minit, kudi minit dhorey cholte thaake. chhatroti nervous hoye yaay, kintu anyanno jatrira shanto hoy, kaaron taaraa asonno biporyoti dekhte paay naa (baa dekhte chaay naa). chhatroti trainer conductorke khunje paay ebong trainer qee hachche seey somporke taake proshno korey. conductor prothome ediye yaay, kintu shesh porjonto chhatroke locomotiver dike niye yaay, jaa khaali. conductor chhatroke boley jey engineer itimodhyei lafiye porechilo jokhon seey bujhte perechilo jey trainer qee hachche. jaruri break tunner byartho prochestar porey, trenti druto ebong drutotoro hoye othe, ekti otol gohobore tipa korey. abosheshe, trenti sompurnobhabe ullombobhabe egochhe ebong porey yawa chhatroti ekhono porey yawa locomotiver samoner kacher upor abataran korey, jekhane seey lover saathe asonno ondhokarer dike takiye thaake. trainer conductor, jini sabsamoy kortobyer saathe jorito, jigyasa corren jey taader qee koraa uchito, kintu chhatroti uttor deyah "kichui naa (...) isshor amader porey jete deane. ebong ekhon amra taar kachhe asob.porey, durrenmatt sheshti sangkhipto korey. dwitiya sangaskarane, 1978 saale prothom prokashito, shesh duti bakko (german mooler ekti bakyoh "gutt lies uns fayela, und shoe stargen uir deena ouf ihon joo") baad deoa hoyeche ebong golpoti "kichui naa" shobdoti diye shesh hoyeche. byakhya. racing trentike protiti jeebon hisabe byakhya koraa jete paare jaa onibarjobhabe ekti biporjer (mrityu, ajana) kachhe aase. atongko konao satarkata chharai jeebone bhangte paare ebong manush nijerderke banalitir pichhone lukiye rakhe. golper shesh bakyoti eyi santraske issorer ichcha hisabe byakhya korey, tobey etty santraske arow sposhto korey naa. arekti byakhya holl, asonno biporjer mukhe samajer oggotar upor ekti samajik bhashyo, kaaron manush taader kothay niye yawa hachche taa niye chinta naa korey netader upor nirdwidhay astha rakhe. chudanta kortritter byaktitto, issorer potoner bishoye chhatrer dwara kothito shesh bakyoti ebong kibhabe mithyabhabe nirmito kortritter upor astha rakha cable samajer potoner falaswarup hobey.

tunnel (tunkee vaarta) "dhaa tunnel" aee friedrich durainmetnee durainmetnee tunkee vaarta chhe. teey durainmetnee sauthee mahatvapurn kruteeo saathe sambandhit chhe aneey ativastavvadi tunkee vaartaaomaani aek uttam krutee chhe. vaartaani sharuaat saathe, durainmate thomas mennee perodi karey chhe. pratham vaakya khoob jaj laambu aneey nested chhe. vadhumaa, durainmetno vidhyarthi trainma chhe aneey sigar pasand karey chhe-jaim keey "jaadu parvat (dair zaberberg)" maan yuvan maanas. saransh. naayak 24 varshno vidhyarthi chhe, aek jaado aneey sigar peeto aekalavo, jeey tenee saamanya trainma beseene tenee university pahonche chhe, parantu aashcharyajanak reete, jyaare train khoob jaj naanee tunnelma pravesh karey chhe, tyaare tunnel samaapt thatee nathee. andhaaru dass minut, pandar minut, vees minut sudhee chaalu rahe chhe. vidhyarthi gabharai jaay chhe, parantu anya musafaro shaant hoya chhe, kaaran keey teo nikatvarti aapttine jotaa nathee (athavaa jovaa maangtaa nathee). vidhyarthi trainna vaahakne shodhe chhe, aneey tene trainma shun chaali rahyu chhe teey vishe prashna karey chhe. vaahak sharuaatmaa taale chhe, parantu aakhare vidhyarthine angine taraf doree jaay chhe, jeey khaalee chhe. conductor vidhyarthine kahe chhe keey jyaare tene samajaayu keey trainma shun thaee rahyu chhe tyaare angineer pahelethee jaj koodee gayo hato. katokati brack khenchvaanaa nishfal prayaas pachhi, train zadapthi aneey zadapthi athanama tapakti jaay chhe. chhevate, train sampurnpane oobhi reete aagad vadhee rahee chhe aneey puddy rahelo vidhyarthi hajee pann puddy rahela angine aagalnaa kaach parr utaree jaay chhe, jyaan teey lobhthee aavtaa andharama juae chhe. train conductor, jeey hammesha faraj saathe sambandhit hoya chhe, puchhe chhe keey teoae shun karavu joiae, parantu vidhyarthi javaab aape chheh "kanee nahee (...) bhagvaan aapanne puddy javaa doo. aneey havey aapane tenee paase aavishu.pachhithi, durainmatte antane sankshipt karyo. beeja sanskaranma, pratham pratham prakashit, chhella beey vaakyo (german mulmaan aek vaakyah "gott lies unn folled, aneey tethee sturzen veer dayne iffon zhoo") neey avganvama aavyaa chhe aneey vaarta "kanee nahee" shabd saathe samaapt thaay chhe. arthghatan. racing trainnu arthghatan darek jeevan tareeke curry shakaay chhe jeey aneevarypane aapatti (mrutyu, agnaat) taraf pahonche chhe. aatank chetvani vinaa jeevanma tutee shake chhe, aneey loko potaani jaatne agnanta paachhal chhupave chhe. vaartaanu chhellu vaakya aaa aatankne bhagvanni ichcha tareeke arthghatan karey chhe, parantu teey aatankne vadhu spasht karatu nathee. anya arthghatan aee chhe keey aaa vaarta nikatvarti aapttina saamnoma samajni agnanta parnee saamaajik tippani chhe, kaaran keey loko temne kyaan laee javama aavee rahyaa chhe tenee chinta karyaa vinaa netaoma nihshank vishvaas raakhe chhe. vidhyarthi dwara bolvaamaa aavelu chhellu vaakya anteem sattadhikari vyaktee, bhagvanna patan parr tippani karey chhe aneey khotee reete bandhvama aaveli sattaa parr vishvaas kevee reete mookavo teey maatra samajna patanmaa parinamshe.

surang (laghu kahani) "dha tunnel" 1952 mein bunny friedrich durrenmat kii ack laghu kahani haye. yeh durrenmate kii sabse mahatvapurna kritiyon seey sambandhit haye aur atiyathaarthvaadi laghu kathaaon mein seey ack haye. kahani kii shuruat key saath, durrenmate thomas maine kii parody kartaa haye. pahala vaakya bahut lamba aur guchhedaar haye. isake alawa, durrenmat kaa chhaatr ack train mein haye aur usey sigar pasand haye-jaise "jaadoo pahaad (dair zoberberg)" mein yuvak. saransh. naayak ack 24 varsheeya chhaatr haye, joe ack motaa aur sigaret peene vaalaa akela haye, joe apane vishvavidyalaya taka pahunchane key liye apani samanya train mein chadhata haye, lekin aashcharyajanak roop seey, jaba train ack bahut chhoti surang mein pravesh karati haye, tou surang samaapt naheen hoti haye. andhera duss minut, pandrah minut, bees minut taka jaari rahata haye. chhaatr ghabra jaataa haye, lekin anya yatri shaant hoe jaate hain, kyonki way aasann aapada koo naheen dekhate (yaa naheen dekhana chaahte). chhaatr train key conductor koo dhoondh letaa haye, aur usase train key saath kyaa hoe rhaa haye, isake baare mein sawal kartaa haye. conductor pahale tou butch jaataa haye, lekin antatah chhaatr koo injan kii or leey jaataa haye, joe khaali haye. conductor chhaatr koo bataata haye kii engineer pahale hii kood gayaa jaba usey ehsas huaa kii train key saath kyaa hoe rhaa thaa. aapaatkaaleen break kheenchane key asafal prayaas key baad, train teji seey aur teji seey ack rasaatal mein jaa jaati haye. anta mein, train poori tarah seey urdhvaadhar roop seey jaa rahee haye aur girata huaa chhaatr abhee bhee girane vaale injan key saamane key kaanch parr utar jaataa haye, jahan vaha lalach mein aaney vaale andhere mein ghoorata haye. train conductor, joe kabhi bhee kartavya key baare mein chintit hotaa haye, poochata haye kii unhein kyaa karna chaahiye, lekin chhaatr jawab detaa haih "kuchh naheen (...) bhagwan hamein girane dein. aur abb humm usa parr aaa jaayenge.baad mein, durrenmate ney anta koo sankshipt curr diyaa. dusare sanskaran mein, pahali baar 1978 mein prakaashit, antim dou vaakya (german mool mein ack vaakyah "gott lies anas faul, aind sou sturgen veer denn iff zu") koo hataa diyaa gayaa haye aur kahani "kuchh bhee naheen" shabd key saath samaapt hoti haye. vyakhya. racing train kii vyakhya harr usa jeevan key roop mein kii jaa sakati haye joe apariharya roop seey ack aapada (mrityu, agyaat) key karib aataa haye. aatank binaa kissy chetavani key jeevan mein toot sakata haye, aur loga khud koo vaastaviktaa key peechhe chhipa lete hain. kahani kaa antim vaakya iss aatank koo ishwar kii ichcha key roop mein vyakhya kartaa haye, lekin yeh aatank koo spasht naheen kartaa haye. ack anya vyakhya yeh haye kii kahani aasann aapada key saamane samaaj kii agyaantaa parr ack samajik tippani haye, kyonki loga binaa kissy chinta key netaaon mein nirvivaad vishvaas rakhate hain kii unhein kahaan leey jaaya jaa rhaa haye. antim adhikaari vyakti, bhagwan key patan parr chhaatr dwara bolaa gayaa antim vaakya, aur kaise jhoothe adhikaar mein vishvaas rakhane seey kewal samaaj kaa patan hoga.

suranga (sanna kathe) "dhii tunnel" embudu friedrich durrenmat avara 1952rahra sanna katheyaagide. idu durrenmatn atyanta pramukha krutigalige seride mattu ativaastavikateya sanna kathegalalli shreshthavaagide. katheya praarambhadalli, durrenmat thamus maan avara vidambanegalannu maadiddaare. modala vaakyavu bahala uddavaagide mattu nested aagide. idallade, durrenmatn vidyarthiyu railinalliddaane mattu sigaargalannu ishtapaduttaane-"magic parvatada (derr jouberg)" yuvakanante. saramsha. nayaka 24 varshada vidyaarthiyaagiddu, obba kobbu mattu sigar-dhumapana maaduva ontiyaagiddaane, avanu tanna saamaanya railinalli tanna vishvavidyaalayavannu taluputtaane, aadare aashcharyakaravaagi, railu bahala sanna surangavannu praveshisidaaga, surangavu konegolluvudilla. kattaleyu hattu nimisha, hadinaidu nimisha, ippattu nimishagala kaala munduvariyuttade. vidyarthiyu gabariyaguttane, aadare itara prayanikaru shantavagiruttare, ekendare avaru sannihitavaada durantavannu noduvudilla (athawa nodalu bayasuvudilla). vidyarthiyu railu conductor annu kandukolluttaane mattu railinondige enu nadeyuttide embudara bagge avanannu prashnisuttaane. conductor modalige tappisikolluttaane, aadare antimavagi vidyarthiyannu locomotivge karedoyyuttaane, adhu khaaliyaagide. chalakanu aaa vidyaarthige, railige enaguttide endu tilidaaga enginiyar eegaagale jigididdaane endu heluttaane. turtu break annu eleyuva viphala prayatnada nantara, railu vegavagi mattu vegavagi hoguttade, prapatakke jigiyuttade. antimavagi, railu sampoornavaagi lambavaagi saaguttide mattu beeluva vidyarthi innoo biluttiruva locomotiven mumbhagada gaajina mele iliyuttaane, allie avanu duraaseyinda mumbaruva kattalannu noduttaane. kartavyada bagge sadaa kalaji vahisuva railu nirvaahakanu, avaru enu maadabeku endu keluttaane, aadare vidyarthi uttarisuttaaneh "enoo illa (...) devaru namage beelalu avakasha madikodali. mattu eega naavu avana mele barutteve.nantara, durenmott antyavannu sankshiptagolisidaru. 1978ralli modala baarige prakatavaada eradane aavruttiyalli, koneya eradu vaakyagalannu (german mooladalli ondu vaakyah "gott laib ansa phaal, anda sooe sturgen vir denne aff ihn juu") bittubidalaayitu mattu katheyu "enoo illa" emba padadondige konegolluttade. vyakhyana. racing railannu anivaryavagi durantavannu (saavu, agnaata) sameepisuva pratiyondu jivanavendu vyaakhyaanisabahudu. yaavude echcharikeyillade jeevanadalli bhayotpadaneyu muriyabahudu, mattu janaru tammannu taavu besharattadadara hinde adagisikolluttaare. katheya koneya vaakyavu ee bhayotpadaneyannu devara ichche endu arthaisuttade, aadare adhu bhayotpadaneyannu hecchu spashtagolisuvudilla. mattondu vyaakhyaanavendare, janaru taavu ellige karedoyyalpaduttiddeve embudara bagge chintisade nayakaralli nirvivadavada nambikeyannu iduvudarinda, sannihitavaada vipattina edurinalli samajada agnaanada bagge samajika vyaakhyaanavaagide. antima adhikaarada vyakti, devara patanada bagge vidyaarthigalu heluva koneya vaakya mattu sullu adhikaaradalli hege nambikeyannu iduvudu samajada patanakke maatra kaaranavaaguttade.

da tunnel (chhoto katha) "da tunnel" sann 1952 maa fredrich durenmetko chhoto katha how. yo durenmetko sabaibhanda mahatwapurna kritiharusanga sambandhit chha rar atiyatharthawadi chhoto kathaharu madhye ek classic how. kathako suruwatma, durrenmetle thomas manko pyarodi garchhan. pahilo wakya dherai lamo rar nested chha. yasabahek, durenmetko vidyarthi railma chha rar sigar munn paraunchha-jastai "jaduko pahad (derr jouberberg)" maa raheko yuwak jastai. saransh. nayak 24 warshiya vidyarthi, ek boso rar sigar piune eklo chha, jo afno vishwavidyalaya pugna afno samanya train chadhchha, tara ashcharyajanak rupma, jab rail ek sano surungma prawesh gardacha, surunga samapta hundaina. das minet, pandhra minet, beas minetsamma andhyaro rahanchha. vidyarthi ghabaraunchha, tara anya yatruharu shanta hunchhan, kinbhane uniharule asanna prakop dekhdainan (wa hern chahandainan). vidyarthile rail conductorlai bhettaunchha, rar railma key bhairaheko chha bhanera usalai sodhcha. conductor suruma tadhako hunchha, tara antatah vidyarthilai lokomotivma laijanchha, june khali chha. conductorle vidyarthile bhane kii engineerle railma key bhairaheko chha bhanera thaha paepachi ufrera gaeko chha. apatkalin break tanne asafal prayas pachhi, rail chhito rar chhito hunchha, rasatalma tipping hunchha. antama, rail purna rupma thado hundai gairaheko chha rar khasdai gaeko vidyarthi ajhai khasdai gaeko lokomotivko agadiko gilasma khascha, jahaan uu lobhle aaundai gareko andhakarma heriraheko chha. rail conductor, jahile pani kartawyasanga sambandhit, uniharule key garnuparchha bhanera sodhchan, tara vidyarthile jawaf dinchhah "kehi chhaina (...) bhagawanle hamilai jharna dinuhos. rar ab hammy usalai bhetnechhaun.pachhi, durrenmetle antyalai sankshipta gare. dosro sanskaranma, pahilo patak 1978 maa prakashit, antim dui wakyaharu (german mulma euta wakyah "gotta lies uns faul, anned soe sturgen wir dayne auf ihan ju") hatainchha rar katha "kehi chhaina" shabdasanga samapta hunchha. wyakhya. resing trainlai apariharya rupma vinash (mrityu, agyat) ko najik pugne pratyek jiwanka rupma wyakhya garna sakinchha. atangka kunai chetawani bina jiwanma chhirna sakchha, rar manisharu afulai samanyatako pachhadi lukaunchhan. kathako antim wakyale yass atankalai bhagawanko ichchhako rupma wyakhya gardacha, tara yasale atankalai ajha spashta pardaina. arko wyakhya key how bhane katha asanna wipattiko samana garda samajko agyantama samajik tippani how, kinki manisharule uniharulai kahan laijaeko chha bhanne chinta nagari netaharumathi nirvivad vishwas rakhchhan. vidyarthile boleko antim wakyale antim adhikari wyaktitwa, bhagawanko patan rar kasari jhuto nirman garieko adhikarma vishwas rakhnule samajko patan matra hunechha bhanne tippani gardacha.

sudanga (khudra kahani) "daa tunnel" heuchhi friedrich durenamatnka 1952 masihar eka khudra kahani. ehaa durrenmatra sabutharu gurutwapurna rachna sahita jadita ebong ehaa parabastababadi khudra galpa madhyare eka classic . kahanira aarambhare, durrenmat thamas mannku hasyagan karanti . pratham bakyati bahuta lamba ebong nested . ahuri madhya, durenamatnka chhatra eka trainre achanti ebong sigar pasanda karanti-thick "magic mountain (derr jaubarg)" rahr jubakanka pari . saransha. mukhya charitrati heuchhi jane 24 barsha bayaska chhatra, jane mota ebong cigaret dhumpan karuthiba ekaki, jie taanka biswabidyalajare pahanchiba paain taanka sadharana trainre chadhanti, kintu ashcharjyajanaka bhabare, jetebele train eka bahuta chhot sudangare prabesha kare, sudanga shesh hue naahin . andhara dasha minute, pander minute, kodie minute parjyanta jaari rahe . chhatrati bichalita hoijae, kintu anya jatrimane shant ruhanti, kaaran semane asanna biparjyajaku dekhanti naahin (kimba dekhibaku chahanti naahin). chhatrati train kandaktaranku khoji bahara kare, ebong train sahita qa 'naa ghatuchi shay bishajare tanku prashna kare . conductor prathame aswabhabika, kintu sheshare chhatraku lokomotivaku neijae, jaahaa khaali achhi . conductor chhatraku kuhanti je engineer trainre qa "naa ghatuchi taaha janiba parey shay dein padithile. jarureekaleena brekku taniba paain eka biphal prayasa parey, train druta ebong druta gatire eka atal gahaliku tpthae . sheshare, train sampurna bhabe ullamb bhabe gati karuchhi ebong paduthiba chhatrati ebe bii paduthiba lokomotivra sammukh catch upare padijae, jeunthare shay lobhare agami andharaku chahinthae. train conductor, jie sabubele karttabya bishajare chintita, pacharanti je semane qa "naa kariba uchit, kintu chhatra uttara diantih" kichhi naahin (.....) bhagaban aamaku padijibaku diantu. ebong ebe aame taanka pakhaku jibu.parey, durrenmat seshaku sankhipta karithile. dwiteeja sanskaranare, pratham thara paain 1978 ray prakashita, shesh duiti bakya (german moolare gotie bakyah "goat laib uns fall, ebong tenu sturgeon wir dayne off ihn ju") baada diajaichhi ebong kahani "kichhi naahin" sabda sahita samapta hue . byakhya. resing trainku pratyeka zeeban bhabare byakhya karajaipariba jaahaa anibarjya bhabare eka biparjya (mrutyu, agyata) rahr nikatabartee . bina chetabanire aatanka jeebanare prabesha karipare, ebong lokamane nijaku shunyata pachare luchai rakhanti . kahanira shesh bakya ehi aatankaku bhagabananka ichha bhabare byakhya kare, kintu ehaa aatankaku adhika spust kare naahin . anya eka byakhya heuchhi ehi kahaniti heuchhi asanna biparjya samajare samajara agyata upare eka samajika mantabya, kaaran lokamane keun digare semananku niajauchhi shay bishajare chinta nakari netamananka upare nirdwandwapurna biswasa rakhanti . chhatranka dwara kuhajaithiba shesh bakyati chudanta kartrupakhya, bhagabananka patana upare mantabya deithae ebong kipari mithya nirmita kartupakhyanka upare biswasa rakhiba dwara samajara patana ghatiba.

surang (chhoti kahani) "surang" friedrich durrenmat dee 1952 dee ikk chhoti kahani haii. ih durrenmat deeaan sabh toon mahattavpuran rachnavan naal sabandhat haii atey ih asliatvadi chhotiaan kahaniaan vicchon ikk classic haii. kahani dee shuruat dey naal, durrenmat thamas maen dee parody karda haii. pahila vaak bahut lamba atey nested haii. iss toon ilava, durrenmat daa vidiaarthi ikk railgaddi witch haii atey sigaar pasand karda haii-jiven kii "jaadu pahaad (dair zabarbarg)" witch naujwan aadmi. sankhep. mukkh paatar ikk 24 saala vidiaarthi haii, ikk mota atey sigartnoshi curran vaala ikalla, joe aapni university takk pahunchan laee aapni aam railgaddi witch chadahda haii, parr hairani dee gall haii kii jadon railgaddi ikk bahut chhoti surang witch dakhal hundi haii, taan surang khatam naheen hundi. dass mint, pandran mint, veeh mint takk hanera jaari rahinda haii. vidiaarthi ghabra jaanda haii, parr horr yaatari shaant hunde hunn, kiunki uh aaunn vaali tabahi noon naheen dekhde (jaan naheen dekhna chahunde). vidiaarthi railgaddi dey conductor noon labhda haii, atey uss toon puchhda haii kii railgaddi naal qee hoow riha haii. conductor pahilan taan talmol karda haii, parr aakharkar vidiaarthi noon locomotive vall lae jaanda haii, joe kii khaali haii. conductor vidiaarthi noon dassda haii kii jadon uss noon ahsas hoiaa kii railgaddi naal qee hoow riha haii taan engineer pahilan hii chhaal maar chukka haii. emergency break noon khicchan dee asfal koshish toon baad, rail gaddi tez atey tez hoow jaandi haii, ikk athah kund witch jaa vajjdi haii. ant witch, railgaddi puurii tarahan lambkari hoow rahee haii atey dhiggda vidiaarthi ajey vee digg rahey locomotive dey agle shishe utte dhiggda haii, jitthe uh lalch naal aaunn vaale hanere witch vekhda haii. railgaddi daa conductor, joe hamesha diooti naal sabandhat hunda haii, puchhda haii kii unhan noon qee karna chahida haii, parr vidiaarthi jawab dinda haiyav "kujh vee naheen (...) rabb saanoon dhiggan deve. atey hunn aseen uss cole aavange.baad witch, durrenmat neey ant noon sankhep qarr ditta. dooje sanskaran witch, pahili vaar 1978 witch prakashit, aakhri doou vaak (german mool witch ikk vaakau "gott lies uns falled, atey iss laee sterzen vaair dayne auf ih zuu") noon chhadd ditta giaa haii atey kahani "kujh vee naheen" shabad naal khatam hundi haii. viaakhiaa. racing train dee viaakhiaa harr uss jeevan dey roop witch keeti jaa sakadi haii joe lazmi taur 'teey ikk tabahi (maut, anjaan) dey nede pahunchadi haii. dahishat binan kise chetavani dey jeevan witch todd-marod sakadi haii, atey lock aapne aap noon bearami dey pichhe lukaunde hunn. kahani daa aakhri vaak iss dahishat dee viaakhiaa rabb dee ichha vajon karda haii, parr ih dahishat noon horr sapshat naheen karda. ikk horr viaakhiaa ih haii kii kahani aaunn vaali aafat dey maddenazar samaaj dee agiaanta utte ikk smajik tippni haii, kiunki lock binan kise chinta dey netavan witch binan kise shakk dey bharosa rakkhde hunn kii unhan noon kitthe lijaiaa jaa riha haii. vidiaarthi duaara boliaa giaa aakhri vaak antam adhikari shakhsiat, parmatma dey patan baare tippni karda haii, atey kiven jhoothe banaae gaye adhikar witch bharosa rakkhan naal samaaj daa patan hovega.

surangah (laghukathaa) "da tunnel" iti 1952 tame varshe friedrich durrenmatt ityasya laghukathaa asti. etat durrenmott ityasya mahattvapurnanam rachananam antargatam asti, tathaa cha atiyatharthavadishu laghukathaasu utkrushtam asti. kathayaha aarambhe, durainmate ityayam thaamas maan ityasya haasyam karoti. prathamam vaakyam ateeva deergham, nested cha asti. api cha, durrenmet ityasya chhaatrah rail-yaane asti, sigaar-padarthan api rochate-yathaa "da magic mauntan (derr zouberg)" ityasmin yuvakah. saaraamshaha. naayakah ekaha 24 varsheeyah chhaatrah asti, yah sthoolah sigaar-dhumapane ekaki cha asti, yah svavishvavidyaalayam praaptum swasya samanya-rail-yaanam agacchati, parantu ashcharyakaram, yadaa rail-yaanam atyalpa-surangam pravishati tadaa surgah naa samaaptah bhavati. dashanimeshaani, panchadashanimeshaani, vimshatinimeshaani yaavat andhakaram prachalati. chhaatrah nervous bhavati, parantu anye yaatrikaah shantaha bhavanti, yatah te aasannam vipat naa pashyanti (athavaa naa drashtum icchanti). chhaatrah relayanachalakam anvishyati, relayaanasy vishaye kim prachalati iti tasyaam prucchati. chaalakah prathame avikasitah bhavati, parantu ante chhaatram locomotive-prati netum shaknoti, yat riktam asti. chaalakah chaatraaya vadati yat relayaanasy kim bhavati iti dnyaatvaa eva abhiyantuhu poorvamev kutat iti. aapatkaaleen-viraamam taan laagayitum asaphalaprayaaseh anantaram, relayaanam drutam drutam cha bhavati, atha atha atha atha atha. ante, relayaanam purnataya oordhvaroopen gacchati, patitah chhaatrah, adhirohimaanasya locomotive ityasya agragacchasya upari patati, yatra saha lobhena aagaamim andhakaare drushtah bhavati. kartavyavishaye sadaa chintitah relayaanachaalakah taan kim karaneeyam iti prucchati, parantu chhaatrah uttarayatih "naa (naa)...) bhagavatah asmaabhih patitavyam. idaaneem vayam tasya sameepam aagamishyaamah.anantaram, durrenmott iti samaaptim sankshepe. 1978 tame varshe prathamavaaram prakashitasya dwiteeyasamskaare, antimadwayam vaakyam (german-mulabhashayam ekaha vaakyam-"gott laib uns foll, and so sturgeon vir denn auf ihn zu") apasaaritam asti, kathaa "nathing" iti shabden samaapyate. vyaakhyaam karotu. resing-rail-yanasya vyaakhyaam pratyekam jeevanam iti kartum shakyate yat anivaryataya vipattim (mrutyuhu, adnyaatah) sameepati. aatankah jeevanam vinaa chetaavanee vinaa vicchinnam bhavitum arhati, janaah cha samanyatayaha prushthe atmam lapishyanti. kathayaha antimam vaakyam asya aatankasya vyaakhyaanam eeshvarasya icchaa iti karoti, parantu tatt atankam naa spashtam karoti. anyah vyaakhyah asti yat eshaa kathaa asanna-vipattyaah sammukhe samajasya adnyaanasya vishaye samajika-bhashyam asti, yatah janaah netrushu, taan kutra netum shakyate iti chintaam vinaa, nirvivaadam vishvasanti. chaatrena bhashitam antimam vaakyam, parama-adhikaar-vyaktehe, eeshvarasya patanam, tathaa cha mithyaa-nirmita-adhikarasya vishaye vishvaasaha katham kevalam samajasya patanam cha janayati iti kathayati.

surangappaathai (sirukathai) "surangappaathai" enbathu freetrich turrenmott ezhuthiya 1952 aam aandu sirukathai aagum. idhu turrenmattin miga mukkiyamaana padaippugalaich saernthathu mattrum surrealistic sirukathaikalil oru unnathamaana kathaiyaagum. kadhaiyin thodakkatthudan, turrenmott thamas maan endra kelichiththiraththai uruvaakkukiraar. muthal vaakkiyam migavum neelamaanathu mattrum nested aagum. maelum, turrenmattin maanavar oru rayilil irukkiraar mattrum sigarettukalai virumbukiraar-"mandhira malaiyil (terr juberberg)" ulla ilaignanaip poalavae. surukkam. kathaanaayagan oru 24 vayathu maanavar, oru koluppu mattrum sigaret pugaikkum thanimaiyaanavar, avar thanathu valakkamaana rayilil aeri thanathu palkalaikkazhagaththai adaikiraar, aanaal aachchariyamaaka, rayil oru siriya surangappaathaiyil nuzhiyum poathu, surangappaathai mudivadaiyaathu. irul paththu nimidangal, pathinainthu nimidangal, irupathu nimidangal thodarkirathu. maanavar pathattamadaikiraar, aanaal mattra payanigal amaithiyaaga ullanar, aenentraal avarkal varavirukkum paerazhivai paarkkavillai (allathu paarkka virumbavillai). maanavar rayil nadaththunaraik kandupiditthu, rayilil enna nadakkirathu endru avaridam ketkiraar. nadaththunar muthalil thappikkiraar, aanaal iruthiyil maanavarai enjinukku alaiththuch selkiraar, adhu kaaliyaaga ullathu. rayilukku enna nadakkirathu enbathai unarnththapoathu poriyaalar aerkanavae kuthiththuvittathaaga nadaththunar maanavaridam koorukiraar. avasarakaala breakkai izhukka oru thoalviyuttra muyarchikkup piragu, rayil vaekamaagavum vaekamaagavum, oru padukuzhiyil moozhkukirathu. iruthiyaaka, rayil muttrilum sengkuththaaga selkirathu, maelum vizhum maanavar innum vizhum enjin muun kannaadiyil irangkukiraar, angku avar paeraasaiyudan varavirukkum iruttirkul paarkkiraar. rayil nadaththunar, eppoathumae kadamaiyil akkarai kondavar, avarkal enna seiya vaendum endru ketkiraar, aanaal maanavar pathilalikkiraar "ethuvum illai (...) kadavul naam vizhattum. ippoathu naam avaraip parpom.pinnar, turrenmott mudivai surukkukiraar. 1978 aam aandil muthanmuthalil veliyidappatta irandaavathu pathippil, kadaisi irandu vaakkiyangkal (jerman asal vaakkiyaththil oru vaakkiyam "cott lies uns fault, andd choow sturgeon virr tenne aif juu") neekkapattu kadhai "ethuvum illai" endra vaarththaiyudan mudivadaigirathu. vilakkam. pandhaya rayilai thavirkka mudiyaatha vagaiyil oru paerazhivai (maranam, ariyappadaathathu) nerungkum ovvoru vaazhkkaiyaagavum vilakkalaam. bayangaravaatham enbathu endha echcharikkaiyum illaamal oru vaazhkkaiyil udainthu poagalaam, maelum makkal veriththanathirkup pinnaal thangalai maraiththuk kolgiraargal. kadhaiyin kadaisi vaakkiyam inththa bayangaravaathaththai kadavulin viruppamaaga vilakkukirathu, aanaal adhu bayangaravaathaththai thelivupaduththaathu. mattroru vilakkam ennaventraal, varavirukkum paerazhivai ethirkollum samoogaththin ariyaamai kuriththa oru samooga varnanai, aenenil makkal thalaivarkal meethu endha santhegamum illaamal nambikkaiyai vaikkiraargal, avarkal engku alaiththuch sellappadugiraargal enbathaip pattri kavalaippaduvathillai. iruthi athikaaramaana kadavulin veelchchi mattrum poiyaaga kattamaikappatta athikaaraththai evvaaru nambuvathu enbathu kuritthu maanavar karutthuth therivikkum kadaisi vaakkiyam samoogaththin veelchchikku mattumae vazhivagukkum.

sorangam (chinna katha) "dhi tunnell" anedi friedrich durrenmott raasina 1952 chinna katha. idhi durenmott yokka atyanta mukhyamaina rachanalaku chendinadi mariyu adhivaastavika chinna kathalalo oka classic. katha praarambhamlo, durenmott thamus maan haasyam. modati vaakyam chaalaa podavugaa mariyu nestedga untundi. inca, durenmott vidyaarthi railulo unnadu mariyu sigaarlanu ishtapadataadu-"magic parvatam (derr jouberberg)" looni yuvakudi maadirigaane. saaraamsam. kathaanaayakudu 24 yella vidyaarthi, lavuga mariyu sigaret taagutuu ontarigaa unnavaadu, athanu thana vishwavidhyaalayaaniki cherukovadaniki thana saadhaarana railulo ekkataadu, conny aascharyakaramgaa, railu chaalaa chinna sorangamloki pravesinchinappudu, sorangam antam kaadu. cheekati padhi nimishalu, padihenu nimishalu, iravai nimishalu konasaagutundi. vidyaarthi bhayapadi, itara prayaanikulu prasaantamgaa untaaru, endukante vaaru aasanna vipattunu chudaru (ledhaa chudalanukoru). vidyaarthi railu kandaktarnu kanugoni, railulo emi jarugutundo atanni prasnistaadu. conductor modata tappinchukuntaadu, conny chivariki vidyaarthini locomotive vaddaku teesukuvelataadu, adhi khaliga untundi. railuku emi jarugutundo telusukunna injanir appatike dookaadani conductor vidyaarthiki chebutaadu. atyavasara breaknu laagadaaniki viphalamaina prayatnam taruvaata, railu vaegamgaa mariyu vaegamgaa, agaadhamloki doosukelutundi. chivaraku, railu puurtigaa niluvugaa velutondi mariyu padipotunna vidyaarthi inca padipotunna locomotive mundu gajupai digi, akkada athanu atyaasatoe raboye cheekatiloki chustadu. railu conductor, eppuduu vidhula gurinchi aandolana chendutuu, vaaru emi cheyaalo adugutaaru, conny vidyaarthi samadhanamistaduhu "aemee ledhu (...) devudu mammalni padanivvandi. ippudu manam athani meedaki vastaamu.taruvaata, durrenmott mugimpunu kudinchaadu. 1978loe modata prachurinchabadina rendava samskaranalo, chivari rendu vakyalu (german originallo oka vaakyam "gaat laib ansa fold, anda soe sturgen vir denne aff ihn juu") tolaginchabaddaayi mariyu katha "aemee ledhu" anae padamtho mugustundi. vivarana. racing railunu tappinchukoleni vidhamgaa oka vipattuku (maranam, teliyanidi) sameepinche prati jeevitam anie ardham chesukovacchu. bhayam anedi heccharika lekunda jeevitamlo vichchinnam kaavacchu, mariyu prajalu baanisatvam venuka tamanu taamu daachukuntaaru. kathalooni chivari vaakyam eee ugravaadaanni devuni sankalpamgaa ardham chesukuntundi, conny adhi ugravaadaanni marinta spashtam cheyadu. maroe vivarana emitante, eee katha anedi aasanna vipattunu edurkontunna samajam yokka agnaanampai saamaajika vyakhyanam, endukante prajalu nayakulanu ekkadiki teesukuvelutunnarane daani gurinchi aandolana lekunda vaaripai etuvanti sandeham lekunda nammakam unchutaaru. antima adhikara vyakti, devuni patanam gurinchi vidyaarthi vyaakhyaaninchina chivari vaakyam, mariyu tappugaa nirminchina adhikaarampai elaa nammakam unchadam anedi samajam pathanaaniki matrame daariteestundi.

sarang (mukhtasir kahaani) "dee tunnel" frederk dernmate kii 1952 kii eek mukhtasir kahaani hay. yaha dernmate kay sabb say aham kaamon say taaluq rakhta hay aur haqeeqat pasandanah mukhtasir kahaniyon mein eek classic hay. kahaani kay aaghaz kay saath dernmate thamas minn kii parody kartaa hay. pehla jamlah behat lamba aur ghonslay waala hay. mazeed baraan dernmate kaa taalib alam train mein hay aur asay segrate pasand hay-balkal "jaduyi pahaad (dair zobarbarg)" kay naujawan kii tarah. khalasah. markazi kirdaar eek 24 saalah taalib alam hay juu eek motaa aur segrate noshi karnay waala tanha hay juu apnee university takk pahunchnay kay liye apnee mamul kii train mein sawaar hotaa hay leakin hairat kii baath yaha hay kahh jabb train eek behat chhoti sarang mein daakhil hoti hay tuu sarang khatam nahein hoti. andhera duss munt pandrah munt bees mint takk jaari rehta hay. taalib alam ghabra jaataa hay leakin dosray musafir perscon hotay haine keunkah wah aaney waali tabahi kuu nahein dekhtay (yaa nahein dekhna chahtay). taalib alam train kay conductor kuu dhond leeta hay aur iss say poochta hay kahh train kay saath kiyaa how rehaa hay. conductor pehley tuu greez kartaa hay leakin aakhir kaar taalib alam kuu anjan kii taraf lay jaataa hay juu khaali hay. conductor taalib alam kuu batata hay kahh engineer pehley hyee chhalang lagaa chakaa thaa jabb asay ahsaas hawaa kahh train kay saath kiyaa how rehaa hay. emergency break kuu khainchnay kii nakaam koshish kay baad train teez aur teez hoti jaati hay juu khayee mein jaa girti hay. aakhir kaar train makmal toor parr amudi toor parr aagay badh rahee hay aur girtaa hawaa taalib alam ubhee bhee girtay hoay anjan kay aglay sheeshe parr utarta hay jehaan wah lalch say aaney waalay andheray mein ghorta hay. train kaa conductor juu kabhi deuty say mutaliq hotaa hay poochta hay kahh inhein kiyaa karnaa chahiye leakin taalib alam jawaab deeta hay: "kachh nahein (...) khadaa hamein girr jaanay day. aur abb humm iss parr aayen gay.baad mein dernmate nay ikhtatam kuu mukhtasir kirr diyaa. dosray warzan mein juu pehli baar 1978 mein shaye hawaa aakhri duu jamley (german asl mein eek jamlah: "goat lease anz fald aind sue storzen veer deane aff aihan zoo") kuu khaarij kirr diyaa gayaa hay aur kahaani "naathan" lafz kay saath khatam hoti hay. tashrih. resing train kii tashrih harr iss zindagi kay toor parr kii jaa sakti hay juu naguzir toor parr kasee tabahi (moth namalum) kay qareeb pahunchti hay. dehshat girdi baghair kasee intebah kay zindagi mein toad phod how sakti hay aur loag khood kuu bay hayayi kay peeche chhapatay haine. kahaani kaa aakhri jamlah iss dehshat girdi kuu khadaa kii marzi kay toor parr biyaan kartaa hay leakin iss say dehshat girdi kuu mazeed waazah nahein hotaa hay. eek aur tashrih yaha hay kahh yaha kahaani aaney waali tabahi kay paish nazar muashiray kii laalmi parr eek samaji tafseer hay keunkah loag inn rehnumaon parr blaa shabah aetemad kartay haine kahh inhein kahaan lay jayaa jaa rehaa hay. taalib alam kii taraf say bolaa gayaa aakhri jamlah hatmi atharti shaqsiyat khadaa kay zawal parr tabsarah kartaa hay aur kiss tarah jhootay banaye gayey akhtiyar parr bharosah karnay say sarf muashiray kaa zawal hoga.

00005c4d5eb9c11d2fe6a38e2951aa34251d8174806a98d63f7e946a32590e84

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63290347

Into The Fight 2018

Into The Fight 2018 2018 DDT Pro-Wrestling event Into The Fight 2018 was a professional wrestling event promoted by DDT Pro-Wrestling (DDT). It took place on February 25, 2018, in Tokyo, Japan, at the Korakuen Hall. The event aired domestically on and AbemaTV, and globally on DDT Universe, DDT's video-on-demand service. Storylines. Into The Fight 2018 featured eight professional wrestling matches involving wrestlers from pre-existing scripted feuds and storylines. Wrestlers portrayed villains, heroes, or less distinguishable characters in the scripted events that built tension and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches. Event. During the event, "Shuten-dōji" (Kudo, Yukio Sakaguchi and Masahiro Takanashi) retained the KO-D 6-Man Tag Team Championship by defeating the team of Ryuichi Sekine, Ryota Nakatsu and Fuminori Abe from Pro-Wrestling Basara, a sub-brand of DDT. In the next match, Yuko Miyamoto defended the DDT Extreme Division Championship against Shunma Katsumata in a hardcore match dubbed "Hardcore ＋ α". In this match, various weapons were placed around the ring and each competitor could choose an extra weapon to bring. Miyamoto chose a baseball bat coated in barbed wire, while Katsumata chose a box of thumbtacks. The next match saw the participation of Naomichi Marufuji from Pro Wrestling Noah. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

2018 sonor jujot 2018 sonor jujkhon diditi pro "-ressling (diditi) ror dwara prosarito ek pesadari mollojujor protijugita aasil. 2018 sonor 25 februaryt japanor tokuyut kurakuyen holot ei ghotona xonghotit hoisil. onusthantu ghoruwabhabe aaru ebematovito, aaru biswobyapi diditir video '-ono-demand xewa diditi biswobrohmandot xomprosarito hoisil. kahinir rup. 2018 sonor jujkhonot purbor likhito dwondo aaru kahinir rupor mollojudhaxokolor xoite jorito aathkhon pesadari mollojujor khel aasil. mollojudhaxokole sitrito ghotonaxomuhot kholonayok, nayok baa komm prithok soritrok sitrito korisil jiye uttejonar sristi korisil aaru mollojujor khel baa khelor sringkholat porinot hoisil. onusthan. onusthantur xomoyot, "swuten-doji" (kudu, yukiu sakagusi aaru masahiru takanasi) ye diditir etaa upo-brend pro '-resling basarar riuisi sekin, royuta nakatxu aaru fuminuri aaber doltuk porasto kori ku-di 6-menn tegg team championswip bojai rakhisil. poroborti khelot, euku miyatuwe "hardkor + α" naamor ek kothin khelot xunoma katxumatar biruddhe diditi extrem dibhijon championswip rokhya korisil. ei khelot, ringor sariufale bibhinno ostro rokha hoisil aaru protijon protijugiye etaa otirikto ostro lo "boloi basoni koribo parisil. miyamutuwe katajukto taarere abrito etaa besbol bett basisil, aanhate katxumatabe thambotekor etaa bakoch basisil. poroborti khelot pro 'ressling nuyar naumisi marufujiye ongxogrohon korisil.

ladaiye 2018 intu dya phaita 2018 chhilo ddt proo-raceling (ddt) dwara procharito ekti peshadar kusti event. etty 25shhey february, 2018-ayee japaner tokiote coracuen holey onusthito hoyechilo. anusthanti deshiyobhabe ebong abematvi-teey ebong bishwobyapi ddt-rawr vdo-ono-demand porisheba ddt universe-ayee somprocharito hoyechilo. golper rekha. 2018 saaler ladaiye atti peshadar kusti match chhilo jaa purbo-vidyaman likhito dwandwa ebong golper kustigirder jorito korechilo. kustigirra likhito ghotonagulite khalnaik, nayak baa qama swatantra charitraguli chitrito korechilen jaa uttejona toiri korechilo ebong ekti kusti match baa sirijer matche shesh hoyechilo. anusthan. anusthan chalakalin, "shotten-doji" (cudo, uko sakaguchi ebong masahiro takanashi) ddt-rawr ekti upo-branned proo-raceling basara ruichi sekin, riota nakatsu ebong fuminori abey-keey porajito korey koo-dii 6-myana tagg team championship dhorey rakhe. poroborti matche, euko miato "hardcore + α" naame ekti hardcore matche shunma katsumatar biruddhe ddt extream dibhishana championshipke rakkha korechilen. eyi matche, ringyer charpashe bivinno ostro rakha hoyechilo ebong protiti protijogi aanar jonno ekti atirikto ostro beche nitey paroto. miamoto kantatar diye abrito ekti baseball byata beche niyechilen, onnodike katsumata thumbtacker ekti bucks beche niyechilen. poroborti matche proo kusti noah theke naomichi marufuzi ongshogrohon corren.

2018 maan ladaima 2018nee ladaima dii. dii. tii. proo-raceling (dii. dii. tii.) dwara protsaahan aapvama aaveli vyaavsaayik kustee spardhaa hatee. teey 25 februari, 2018 naa roj japanna tokyomaa korakuen holamaa yojaayo hato. aaa kaarykram sthaaneek stare aneey abmetvi parr aneey vaishvik stare ddtni videeyo-ona-demand sevaa ddt brahmand parr prasaarit thayo hato. vaartao. 2018nee ladaima aath vyaavsaayik kustee mecho darshavvama aavee hatee jemaa pahelaanni likheet ladaaio aneey vaartaona kustibajo saamel hataa. kustibajoae lakhaayeli ghatanaoma khalnayako, nayako athavaa ochha alag paatrone chitrit karyaa hataa jene tanaav oobho karyo hato aneey kusteeni match athavaa matchoni shreneema parakashthae pahonchya hataa. ghatnaa. aaa kaarykram darmiyan, "shutton-doji" (kudo, yukiyo sakaguchi aneey masahiro takanashi) aee dii. dii. tii. nee petaa-brand proo-raceling basara tarafthi ryuichi sekin, ryota nakatsu aneey fuminori ebeni teamne haraaveene qoo-dii 6-meena tagg team championship jaalvi raakhi hatee. aagaami mechamaa, yuko miamotoae "hardcore + α" tareeke odakhaati hardcore mechamaa shunma katsumata saame ddt aatyantik division champiyanshipno bachaav karyo hato. aaa mechamaa, ringnee aaspaas viveedh shastro mukvaamaa aavyaa hataa aneey darek spardhak laavvaa maate vadharanu hathiyar pasand curry shakato hato. miamotoae kaantaala taarthi coated baseball bett pasand karyoo, jyaare katsumata thumbtexno boxes pasand karyo. aagaami mechamaa proo raceling noah tarafthi naomichi marufuji bhaag leedho hato.

2018 kii ladaai mein ladaai mein 2018 dee. dee. tii. pro-raceling (dee. dee. tii.) dwara prachaarit ack peshevar kushti karyakram thaa. yeh 25 farwari, 2018 koo tokyo, japan mein coracuen holl mein huaa thaa. yeh karyakram gharelu star parr aur abemativi parr aur vishva star parr ddt brahmand parr prasaarit huaa, ddt kii video-onn-demand seva. kathaanak. 2018 kii ladaai mein aathh peshevar kushti match shamil they jinamen pahale seey maujood likhit jhagadon aur kathanakon key pahalwan shamil they. pahalvaanon ney likhit ghatnaaon mein khalnayak, nayakon yaa cumm vishisht paatron koo chitrit kiya, joe tanaav paida karate they aur kushti match yaa maichon kii shrinkhala mein samaapt hotey they. ghatana. karyakram key dauran, "shutton-doji" (kudo, yukio sakaguchi aur masahiro takanashi) ney dee. dee. tii. key upa-brand pro-raceling basara seey ryuichi sekin, ryota nakatsu aur fuminori ebe kii team koo harakar koo-dee 6-maine tagg team championship koo barkarar rakhaa. agale match mein, yuko miamoto ney "kattar + α" naamak ack kattar match mein shunma katsumata key khilaf dee. dee. tii. charam vibhajan championship kaa bachaav kiya. iss match mein, ring key chaaron or vibhinn hathiyar rakhe gaye they aur pratyek pratiyogi laane key liye ack atirikt hathiyar chuna sakata thaa. miamoto ney kantedar taar mein lepit ack baseball bait chunaa, jabaki katsumata ney thumbtex kaa ack boxes chunaa. agale match mein pro raceling noa seey naomishi marufuzi ney bhaag liya.

2018rahra horaatadalli 2018rahra fait ddt pro-restling (ddt) uttejisida vruttipara kusti pandyavagittu. idu phebravari 25,2018 randu japan tokiyodalli korakun haalnalli nadeyitu. ee kaaryakramavu desheeyavaagi mattu abemativiyalli mattu jagatikavagi ddt video-aun-demand seveyaada ddt universionalli prasaaravaayitu. kathaavastugalu. 2018rahra horaatadalli modale astitvadallidda script vaishamyagalu mattu kathaahandaragala kustipatugalannu olagonda entu vruttipara kusti pandyagalu nadedavu. kustipatugalu khalanayakaru, nayakaru athawa kadime pratyekavaada patragalannu chithrisida script ghatanegalu udvignateyannu srushtisidavu mattu kusti pandya athawa pandyagala saranialli konegondavu. ghatane. ee sandarbhadalli, "shutton-doji" (kudo, yukio sakaguchi mattu masahiro takanashi) ddt upa-brand pro-restling basara tandada reuichy sekin, ryota naakaatsu mattu fuminori abe tandavannu solisuva moolaka koo-dii 6-myaan tagg team championship annu ulisikondaru. mundina pandyadalli, yuko miamoto "hardcore + α" endu kareyalaaguva hardcore pandyadalli shunma katsumata viruddha ddt extream division championship annu samarthisikondaru. ee pandyadalli, vividha shastrastragalannu ungurada suttaloo irisalaagittu mattu prati spardhi taralu hechchuvari shastrastravannu ayke maadabahudu. miamoto mullutantiyalli lepitavaada baseball byaat annu ayke maadidare, katsumata thumb tyakgala pettigeyannu ayke maadidaru. mundina pandyadalli pro restling nohadinda nomiki marufuzi bhagavahisidaru.

pooraattatthil 2018 ddt proo-resling (ddt) prothsaahippicha oru professional gusthi malsaramaayirunnu 2018 leeii poraattam. 2018 februvari 25nuu jappaanile tokkiyoyile korakuyen haalil vechaayirunnu sambhavam. paripadi aabhyantharamaayum abematviyilum, aagolathalathil ddtyude viidiyoo-oonn-demand sevanamaaya ddt yooniversilum sampreshanam cheythu. kathaavasthukkal. 2018leeii pooraattatthil munpu undaayirunna skript cheytha kalahangalil ninnum kathaasaahithyangalil ninnumulla gustikkaar ulppedunna ettu professional gusthi malsarangal ulppeduthi. gustikkaar thirakkadhayilulla sambhavangalil villanmaareyo naayakanmareyo allengil vyathyastharallaatha kathapaathrangaleyo chithreekarikkukayum athu pirimurukkam srishtikkukayum oru gusthi malsarathilo malsarangalude parambarayilo kalashikkukayum cheythu. sambhavam. paripaadiyil, ddtyude upa brandaya proo-rustling basaarayil ninnulla reuichi sekin, ryotta naakaatsu, fuminori abey ennivare paraajayappeduthi "shutton-doji" (cudo, eukio sakaguchi, masahiro takanashi) qoo-dii 6-maan tagg team chaambyanshippu nilanirtthi. adutha malsarathil, "hardcore + α" ennu vilikkunna oru hardcore malsarathil shunma katsumaathaykkethire ddt extream division chaambyanshippu yuco miamoto prathirodhichu. eee malsarathil, ringinu chuttum vividha aayudangal sthaapikkukayum oro malsaraarthikkum konduvaraan oru adhika ayudham thiranjedukkukayum cheythu. miamoto mulluthandiyil pothinja oru baseball baatt thiranjedutthu, athesamayam katsumatta oru petti tamb tack thiranjedutthu. adutha malsarathil nohayil ninnulla navomichi maarufujiyude pankaalittham kandu.

2018 chya ladhatimadhye 2018 madhye jhalelya ladhatimadhye dii. dii. tii. pro-reslingne (dii. dii. tii.) protsahan dilela eka vyavsayik kusticha karyakram hota. too 25 februwari 2018 roji japanmadhil tokio yethe coracuen hallmadhye jhaala. haah karyakram deshantargat aanee abematveevar aanee jaagtik staravar dii. dii. tii. chya maganinusar video seva, dii. dii. tii. vishvavar prasarit jhaala. katha. 2018 chya ladhait aath vyavsayik kusti samne khelale gele jyat aadhipasoon astitvat asalelya likhit bhandananmadhil aanee kathanmadhil kustipatuncha samavesh hota. kustipatunni likhit ghatananmadhye khalnayak, nayak kinwa qamee vegalepana darshavinari patre chitrit kelee jyamule tanav nirman jhaala aanee kusti samna kinwa samnyanchya malikanmadhye tyacha shevat jhaala. ghatana. yaa karyakramadarmyan, "shutton-doji" (kudo, yukio sakaguchi aanee masahiro takanashi) yanni dii. dii. tii. chya up-brand pro-raceling basarachya ryuichi sekin, ryota nakatsu aanee fuminori ebe yanchya sanghala parabhoot karoon qoo-dii 6-mann tagg team championship kayam thewali. pudhil samnyat, yuko miyamotone "hardcor + α" navachya kattar samnyat shunma katsumata viruddha dii. dii. tii. chya atyant vibhagani ajinkyapad spardhecha bachav keela. yaa samnyat, ringbhovati vividh shastre thevanyat aalee hotee aanee pratyek spardhak aananyasathi atirikt shastra nivadu shakat hota. miyamotone kateri tarane aachchhadit baseball batt nivadali, tarr katsumata yanni thumbtaxchi petty nivadali. pudhchya samnyat pro raceling noachya naomichi marufujicha sahbhag disun aala.

sann 2018 maa ladainma sann 2018 ko ladainma didity pro-resling (didity) dwara prawardhan garieko ek wyawasayik kusti karyakram thiyo. yo february 25,2018 maa tokiyo, japanma korakuena halma bhaeko thiyo. karyakram gharelu rupma rar abemativema, rar vishwawyapi rupma diditiko bhidiyo-unn-demand sewa didity brahmandma prasarit bhayo. kathawastu. sann 2018 ko ladainma athawata wyawasayik kusti khelharu samawesh thie jasma pahiledekhi raheko likhit jhagada rar kathawastuka pahalawanharu samawesh thie. pahalawanharule likhit ghatanaharuma khalanayak, nayakharu, wa cum farak patraharu chitran gare jasle tanawa nirman gyoa rar kusti khel wa khelharuko shrinkhalama parinat bhayo. ghatana. karyakramko kramama, "shutten-dosey" (kudo, yukiyo sakaguchi rar masahiro takanashi) ley diditiko upa-brand pro-resling basarabata ryuichi sekin, ryota nakatsu rar fuminori abko tolilai haraera ko-dee 6-myan tagg team championship kayam rakhyo. arko khelma, yuko miyamotole "hardcore + α" bhanine kattar khelma sunma katsumata viruddha didity charam vibhajan championshipko raksha gare. yass khelma, vibhinna hatiyarharu ringko waripari rakhieko thiyo rar pratyek pratispardhile lyaunaka lagi atirikta hatiyar chhanauta garna sakthe. miyamotole kaantaako tarma lepit baseball batt roje, jabki katsumatale thambatyaksko bucks roje. arko khelma pro resling nohabata naomichi marufujiko sahabhagita dekhiyo.

2018 ladheire 2018 masihar ladheire dii. dii. tii. pro-ressling (dii. dii. tii.) dwara prostahita eka pesadara kusti pratijogita thila. ehaa februari 25,2018 ray japanara tokiore coracuen halare anusthita hoithila. ehi caryacrumti gharoi starare ebong ebematavi ebong biswabyapee ddtira bhidio-aun-demand seba ddt junibharsare prasarita hoithila. kahani. 2018 masihar ladheire purbaru thiba likhita bibada ebong kahaniru kustipatunku nei athati pesadara kusti match pradarshita hoithila. kustipatumane likhita ghatanagudikare khalanajaka, najaka kimba comm bhinna charitra chitrana karithile jaahaa uttejana srusti karithila ebong eka kusti match kimba match shrunkhalare samapta hoithila . ghatana. ehi karjyakram samajare, "shutten-dosey" (cudo, jukio sakaguchi ebong masahiro takanashi) ddtira eka upa-brand pro-restalinga basara ru ruichi sekin, riota nakatsu ebong fuminori aabenku parasta curry coe-dii 6-myan tagg team championship bajaiah rakhithile. parabarti myachre, yuko miamto "hardcore + α" naamare namit eka hardcore myachre shunma katasumatanka bipakhyare ddt charam divijana championship rakhya karithile. ehi myachre, ringa charipakhare bibhinna astrashastra rakhajaithila ebong pratyeka pratijogee aaniba paain eka atirikta astra bachhi parithile. miamoto kanta tarare lepita eka baseball batt bachithile, jetebele katsumata thumbtack rahr eka backs bachithile . parabarti myachre pro kusti noara naomichi marufuzi anshagrahana karithile.

2018 dee ladai witch ladai witch 2018 ikk peshevar kushti event see jiss noon dee. dee. tii. pro-rassling (dee. dee. tii.) duaara utshahit keeta giaa see. ih 25 farvari, 2018 noon tokio, japaan witch coraquen haal witch hoiaa see. ih program gharelu paddhar utte atey abmtv utte atey vishav paddhar utte ddt brahmand utte prasarit hoiaa, ddt dee vdo-aana-demand seva. kahani sambandhi. ladai 2018 witch atth peshevar kushti match shamal sunn jinhan witch pahilan toon maujood script keete jhagde atey kahani dey pahilvanan noon shamal keeta giaa see. pahilvanan neey script keetiaan ghatnavan witch khalnaikan, naikan jaan ghatt vilakkhan patran noon darsaiaa jiss neey tanaa paida keeta atey ikk kushti match jaan maichan dee luddy witch samapat hoiaa. ghatna. iss program dauran, "shton-doji" (cudo, yukio skaguchi atey masahiro takanashi) neey dee. dee. tii. dey upp-brand pro-raceling basara toon rioochi sekin, riota nakatsu atey fuminori abey dee team noon haraa keey qo-dee 6-maen taeg team championship noon barkarar rakkhiaa. agle match witch, yuko miamoto neey "hardcore + α" namak ikk hardcore match witch shunma kattsumata dey virudh dee. dee. tii. atiant division championship daa bachaa keeta. iss match witch, ring dey duaale vakkh-vakkh hathiaar rakkhe gaye sunn atey harek pratiyogi liaun laee ikk vadhu hathiaar dee chonh qarr sakda see. miamoto neey kandiali taar naal lipte baseball bait dee chonh keeti, jadon kii katsumata neey thumbteckan daa ikk dabba chunhiaa. agle match witch pro kushti noa toon naomichi marufuji neey hissa liaa.

2018 tame varshe yuddham 2018 tame varshe dee. dee. tea. pro-resling (dee. dee. tea.) ityanena pravartitam vyaavasaayik-kustee-pratiyogitaa aasit. 2018 februvari 25 dinaanke japanadeshasya tokyo-nagare koraakuyen-haal-madhye etat jaatam. kaaryakramah desheeyaroopen tathaa abemat-vi ityatra, tathaa cha dee. dee. tea. ityasya veediyo-aan-demand sevaayaam dee. dee. tea. vishva-ityatra cha prasaaritah. kathaah. 2018 tame varshe yuddhe ashta vyaavasaayik-mallayuddh-spardhaah aasan, yeshu poorva-vidyamananam likhita-kalahanam, kathavastunam cha mallayoddhaah aasan. mallayoddhaarah likhita-karyakrameshu khalanaayakaah, veeraah, athavaa nyoon-bhedayukta-paatraani chitritavantah, ye tanaavam nirmaatu, tathaa cha mallayuddh-spardhayam athavaa pratiyogitanam shrunkhalaayaam parinataah abhavan. ghatana. karyakramasya samaye, "shutan-dosey" (kudo, yukiyo sakaguchi, maasaahiro takanashi cha) dee. dee. tea. ityasya upa-brand pro-resling basara ityasya ryuichi sekin, ryotaa naakaatsu, fuminory ebe ityetayoho dalaan parajayya ko-dee 6-myaan tyag-team-championship iteedam dhaarayat. agrimaayaam spardhayam, yooko miamoto ityeshah "hardcore + α" iti namna khyaate hardcore-spardhayam shunmaa katsumata ityasya viruddham dee. dee. tea. charam-vibhaajan-chaampiyanship-kreedaam pratirakshayat. asmin spardhayam, valayasya paritah vividhaah shastraani sthaapitaah, pratyekam spardhakah aanayitum atiriktam shastram chinot. miamoto ityeshah kanduka-taarayuktam besball-byaat iteedam chitavaan, katsumata ityeshah tambu-taxes ityetam baaks iteedam chitavaan. agrimaayaam spardhayam pro-resling-noh ityasya naomichi marufuji ityasya sahabhaagitvam drushtam.

2018aam aandu nadaipettra poattiyil 2018 aam aandu sandaiyil ddd saarbu malyutthaththaal (ddd) ookkuvikkappatta oru thozhilmurai malyuththa nigazhvaagum. idhu pipravari 25,2018 andru, jappan tokyovil, goraguen mandapaththil nadanthathu. inththa nigazhvu ullnaattil mattrum abaemaadivilum, ulagalavil ddd pirabanjaththilum, ddd inn veediyoa-aann-demand sevaiyilum oliparappappattathu. kadhaikkalangkal. 2018 aam aandu poattiyil, aerkanavae irunththa script sandaigal mattrum kadhaikkalanggalaich saerntha malyuththa veerargalai ulladakkiya ettu thozhilmurai malyuththa poattikal idampettrana. malyuththa veerargal villangal, heeroakkal allathu kuraivaana vaerupaduththakoodiya kathaapaaththirangalai script seiyappatta nigazhvugalil siththariththanar, idhu pathattraththai uruvaakki oru malyuththa poatti allathu thodar poattikalil uchakkattaththai adainthathu. nigazhvu. inththa nigazhvin poathu, "shuttan-doji" (gudo, yugio zagakuchi mattrum masahiro thaganashi) ddd-yinn thunai piraandaana saarbu malyuththa pasaaraavilirunthu reuchi segin, rheota nagatchu mattrum oofuminri abae aagiya anigalai thoarkadiththu coow-dii 6-maen take team saambiyanshippaith thakka vaitthuk kondadhu. aduththa poattiyil, yugo miamoto "hardcore + α" endru azhaikkappadum oru hardcore poattiyil sunma katsumattaavukku ethiraaga ddd theevira pirivu saambiyanshippai paathukaaththaar. inththa poattiyil, moathiraththaich suttri palvaeru aayuthangkal vaikappattana, maelum ovvoru poattiyaalarum kondu vara oru koodudhal aayuthaththaith thaervu seiyalaam. miamoto mutkarandi poosappatta oru baseball paet thaervu seithaar, athae neraththil katzumada oru kattaiviral pettiyaith therntheduththaar. aduththa poattiyil puroa malyuththa nova aniyin navomichi marubuji pankettraar.

2018 loe poraatam fait 2018 loe ddt proo-restling (ddt) prothsahinchina professional restling eevent. idhi fibravari 25,2018naa japaanlooni tokyolo coracuen haallo jarigindi. eee karyakramam desheeyamgaa mariyu abemativelo mariyu prapanchavyaaptamgaa ddt yokka veediyo-aann-demand seva ddt vishwamlo prasaram cheyabadindi. kathalu. 2018 loe jarigina poraatamlo mundugaa unna script chesina vairalu mariyu kathaamsaalaku chendina mallayodhulatho kuudina enimidi professional restling matchlu jarigaayi. mallayodhulu script chesina sanghatanalalo pratinaayakulu, nayakulu ledhaa takkuva pratyaekamaina paatralanu chitreekarinchaaru, idhi udriktatanu penchi, kusti match ledhaa matchla shrenilo mugisindi. sanghatana. eee kaaryakramamlo, "shuten-dosey" (kudo, yukio sakaguchi mariyu masahiro takanashi) ddt yokka upa-brand ayina proo-restling basara nundi ryuichi sekin, ryota naakaatsu mariyu fuminori abey jattunu oodinchadam dwara koo-dii 6-myaan tagg team champiyanshipnu nilupukundi. tadupari matchlo, yuco miamoto "hardcore + α" anie piluvabade hardcore matchlo shunma katsumaataaku vyatiraekamgaa ddt extream division champiyanshipnu samarthinchaadu. eee matchlo, ring chuttoo vividha aayudhalanu unchaaru mariyu prati pootiidaarudu teesukuraavadaaniki adanapu aayudhanni enchukovachhu. miamoto mulla theegatho puuta puusina baseball byaatnu enchukunnaaru, katsumata thumb taakla pettenu enchukunnaaru. tadupari matchlo proo restling noah nundi navomichi marufuzi palgonnaru.

2018 kii ladayi mein 2018 mein ladayi eek paishah warr kashti kaa avent thaa jasay ddee ddee tye pru resling (ddee ddee tye) nay farogh diyaa thaa. yaha 25 faroori 2018 kuu tokiyo japaan mein korakween haal mein hawaa. yaha taqrib maqami toor parr aur abmeto parr aur aalimi satah parr ddee ddee tye kainaat ddee ddee tye kii video aann demand saros parr nashar hoyee. kahaniyan. 2018 kii ladayi mein aath paishah waranah kashti kay meech paish kiye gayey jinn mein pehley say mojud script shadah jhagdon aur kahaani kay pahelwanon kuu shaamil kiyaa gayaa. pahelwanon nay script shadah waaqiaat mein walan herow yaa kumm mamtaz kirdaron kuu paish kiyaa jiss nay tanao paida kiyaa aur iss kaa ikhtatam kashti kay meech yaa meechon kay silsilay mein hawaa. waaqiah. avent kay doraan "shutton doji" (codo ukio sakagochi aur masahiro takanashi) nay ddee ddee tye kay zeeli braand pru resling basara say reuchi seekayan reuta nikatsu aur fominori abee kii team kuu shakast day kirr kuu-ddee 6 meen teeg team champine ship kuu barqarar rakhaa. aglay meech mein yuko myamoto nay "hadkor + α" kay naam say mosoom eek sakht gair meech mein shanma katsomata kay khalaaf ddee ddee tye intehayi devision champine ship kaa dafaa kiyaa. iss meech mein rung kay ard gird mukhtalif hathiyar rakhay gayey thay aur harr madmaqabil laanay kay liye eek izaafi hathiyar kaa intekhaab kirr saktaa thaa. myamoto nay eek bees baal blay kaa intekhaab kiyaa juu khaardaar taar say leepat thaa jabkah katsomata nay thumb teks kaa eek dabah muntakhib kiyaa. aglay meech mein pru resling nawah kii nomichi marufoji nay hasah liyaa.

00005ca7b1eb2415a06a5bd2877ab0e894658dac18c03e96f967bed3b7ec68da

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65813810

Martha Naset

Martha Naset American pianist Martha Ruth Naset (1947 – 22 August 1994) was an American pianist. Biography. Martha Ruth Naset was born in Madison, Dane County, Wisconsin, USA. She received her Masters and Doctor of Musical Arts degrees from the University of Michigan, where she studied with György Sándor. Naset made her European debut in 1977 playing with the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra. That same year she made her debut recording (with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra), which included the "Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini" and other works by Sergei Rachmaninoff. She died on 22 August 1994 at Milwaukee County, Wisconsin. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

martha naset martha ruth naset (1947-22 aagosto 1994) egoraki aamerikan piyanubadok aasil. jiwani. martha ruth nasetor jonmo hoisil aamerika juktorastror wisconsinor dane countyr medisonot. teu mixigan biswobidyaloyor poraa teur snatokuttor aaru doctor owo musical arts degree laabh korisil, zo 'too teu georjee sendaror xoite odhyoyon korisil. 1977 sonot royel concerjob 'wo orkestrar xoite kheli nasete europot aatmoprokax korisil. xei bosorote teu royel filharmonik orkestrar xoite teur prothom recording korisil, zo 'too "pegninir bixoybostur uporot repsudy" aaru sargei rekmeninufor onyanyo kaam ontorbhukto aasil. 1994 sonor 22 aagostot wisconcinor milwawaki countyt tekhetor mrityu hoy.

martha nusset martha rooth nusset (1947-22 august 1994) ekjon markin pianobadok chhilen. jeeboni. martha rooth nusset markin juktorashtrer wisconsiner deena kauntir maddisone jonmogrohon corren. tini mishigan vishwavidyalaya theke snatakottar ebong doctor off musical artasa degree orjon corren, jekhane tini georgi sunder saathe padashona corren. 1977 saale nusset rayyal concertgabu orchestra saathe bajiye taar europea atmoprokash corren. ekoi bochor tini taanr prothom recording (rajakiya philharmonic orchestra soho) korechilen, jaar modhye chhilo "pagninir ekti thimer upor rhapsody" ebong sargei ruckmaninofer anyanno kaaj. 1994 saaler 22shhey august wisconsiner milwaki kauntite tini maaraa zaan.

martha nasset martha rooth nasset (1947-22 august 1994) aek american piyanovadak hataa. jivancharitra. martha rooth nassetno janm maddison, dayne kaauntii, wisconsin, yuu. aesa. maan thayo hato. temane mishigan universitymathi sangeet kalaani anusnatak aneey doctorni degree melvee hatee, jyaan temane gyorjee sander saathe abhyaas karyo hato. nassette nassette royal concertgabou orchestra saathe rameene european padaarpan karyoo hatoo. teey jaj varshe teneeae potaanu pratham reqordina (shaahee filharmonic orchestra saathe) karyoo, jemaa "murtipujakni theem parr rhapsody" aneey sergei ratchmaninophni anya kruteeono samaavesh thaay chhe. teneenu 22 august august roj milavauki kaauntii, wisconsin khaate avsaan thayu hatoo.

martha nasset martha rooth nasset (1947-22 agast 1994) ack americi piyanovadak they. jeevani. martha rooth nasset kaa janm medison, daine county, wisconsin, america mein huaa thaa. unhone mishigan vishvavidyalaya seey sangeet kalaa kii snatkottar aur doctor kii degree praapt kii, jahan unhone gyergy sander key saath adhyayan kiya. nasset ney 1977 mein royal concertbau orchestra key saath khelate hue apani europeeya shuruat kii. usee varsh unhone apani pahali recording (shaahi philharmonic orchestra key saath) kii, jisamen "moortipoojak kii vishay vastu parr rhapsody" aur sergei ratchmaninoff dwara anya kaary shamil they. 22 agast 1994 koo milwauki county, wisconsin mein unaki mrityu hoe gaee.

martha nasset martha ruth nasset (1947-22 august 1994) obba american piano vaadaka. jivanacharitre. martha ruth nasset americada wisconsin dayne kountiya madisonnalli janisidaru. avaru mishigan vishvavidyaalayadinda snatakottara mattu sangeeta kalegala doctorate padavigalannu padedaru, allie avaru gargy sandernondige adhyayana maadidaru. nasset 1977ralli raayal consertjebouve aarkestraadondige adutta europeange paadaarpane maadidaru. adhe varsha avaru tamma modala dhwanimudranawannu maadidaru (raayal philharmonic aarkestraadondige), idaralli "paganini vishayada mele rhapsody" mattu serge rachmaninophna itara krutigalu serive. aake 1994rahra august 22randu wisconsin milwaukey kountiyalli nidhanaraadaru.

martha nasset martha rooth nasset (1947-22 august 1994) hii eka american piyanovadak hotee. charitra. martha rooth nasetcha janm maddison, dayne county, wisconsin, yuu. ess. madhye jhaala. tine mishigan vidyapithatun sangeet kalanchya padvyuttar aanee doctor padvi prapt kelya, jithe tine gayarji sandersobat shikshan ghetale. nassetne 1977 madhye royal concertgabou aurkestrasobat kheloon european padarpan kele. tyach varshi tine tiche pahile dhwanimudran kele (shahee philharmonic orchestrass), jyat 'rhapsody aun aaa theem auph pagnini' aanee sergei ratchmaninoff yanchya itar kamancha samavesh hota. 22 august 1994 roji wisconsinchya milwauki countymadhye tyanche nidhan jhaale.

martha nasset martha rooth nasset (1947-22 august 1994) ek americi pianowadak thie. jiwani. martha rooth nasetko janma madition, dayne county, wisconsin, americama bhaeko thiyo. unle mishigan vishwavidyalayabata master rar doctor aff musical artsko degree prapta garin, jahaan unle gyarji sandarsanga adhyayan garin. nasetle sann 1977 maa royal concertgabou arkestrasanga kheldai afno europeli debue gareki thiin. sohi warsha unle afno pahilo recording (shahi filharmonic arkestrasanga) garin, jasma "paganiniko vishayavastuma rhapsody" rar sargei rachmaninofka anya karyaharu samawesh thie. unko mrityu 22 august 1994 maa milwaki county, wisconsinma bhayo.

martha nasset martha rooth nasset (1947-22 august 1994) jane americae pianobadaka thile. jeebani. martha rooth nasset americara wisconsin antargata dayne kauntira madisanthare janmagrahana karithile. shay mishigan biswabidyalajaru taanka snatakottara ebong doctor off musical art degree hassel karithile, jeunthare shay geargy sandarnka saha adhyajana karithile. 1977 masihare nasset rayal concertgabou arkestra sahita kheli europeah debyu karithile. sehi barsha shay tankara pratham recording karithile (rayal philharmonic arkestra sahita), jeunthire "paganini thim upare rhapsody" ebong sargei rachmaninofanka anyanya karjya antarbhukta thila . 1994 august 22 tarikhare wisconsinera milawaki kauntire tankara dehant hoithila.

martha nasset martha rooth nasset (1947-22 agast 1994) ikk amriki pianovadak see. jeevani. martha rooth nasset daa janam maddison, dayne kaoonti, visconsin, amrica witch hoiaa see. uss neey mishigan university toon sangeet qalaa deeaan dhigriaan prapat keetiaan, jitthe uss neey gairgi sander naal padahi keeti. nasset neey 1977 witch shaahi sangeet samaroh dey archestra naal khedade hoye aapni european shuruat keeti. use saal uss neey aapni pahili recording (shaahi filharmonic archestra naal) keeti, jiss witch "pagnini dey vishe utte rhapsody" atey sargei rockmaninoff duaara horr kamm shamal sunn. uss dee maut 22 agast 1994 noon milwaki kaoonti, visconsin witch hoee.

martha naaset martha ruth naaset (1947-22 august 1994) amerikaadeshasy piyanovadaka aasit. jeevanacharitram. martha ruth naaset ityayam amerikaadeshasy visconsin-nagarasya denn-kaunti-nagarasya madison-nagare ajayata. saa mishigan-vishvavidyaalayaat snatakottaram, doctorate-aaf-musical-arts-upaadhim cha praapnot, yatra saa gyarjee-sander ityanena saha adhyayanam krutavatee. naaset 1977 tame varshe rayal-concert-bav-archestra ityanena saha kridayitva europe-madhye padaarpanam krutavatee. tasmin eva varshe saa swaprathaayaah dhwanimudranam krutavatee (rayal philharmonic archestra ityanena saha), yasmin "rhapsody aan e theem aaf peganini" tathaa cha sargei rachmaninoff ityasya anyaani krutayah cha aasan. 1994 august 22 dinaanke visconsin-nagarasya milwaki-kauntee-nagare saa mrutavatee.

martha nasset martha rooth nasset (1947-august 22,1994) oru america biano kalaignar aavaar. vaazhkkai varalaaru. martha rooth nasset americavin visconsin, dane kavundiyil ulla maadisanil piranthaar. avar michikan palkalaikkazhagaththil muthukalaip pattam mattrum doctor off musical ards pattangkalaip pettraar, angku avar georgi saandarudan padiththaar. nasset 1977 aam aandil raayal kacheri isaikkuzhuvudan inainthu iroappiya alavil arimugamaanaar. athae aandu avar thanathu muthal pathivai (raayal filharmonic archestravudan) seithaar, idhil "pakaniniyin karupporulil rhapsody" mattrum serji ragmaninopin pira padaippugal adangkum. avar august 22,1994 andru visconsin, milwaki kavundiyil iranthaar.

martha nasset martha rooth nasset (1947-22 augustu 1994) oka american pianist. jeevita charitra. martha rooth nasset americaloni wisconsinloni dayne kounteelooni maadisanlo janminchaaru. aame michigaon vishwavidyaalayam nundi masters mariyu doctor off musical arts degreelanu pondindi, akkada aame georjee sandertho kalisi chaduvukundi. nasset nasset raayal consertgabouve archestratho kalisi aadutuu europeanlo adugupettindi. adhe samvatsaram aame thana toli recording chesindi (raayal philharmonic archestratho), indulo "paganini itivruttampai rhapsody" mariyu sergei rachmaninoff yokka itara rachanalu unnaayi. aame 1994 augustu 22naa wisconsinloni milwaukey counteeloo maraninchindi.

maartha nesset maartha roth naast (1947-22 agast 1994) eek americi pyano nawaz thee. sawanah umri. maartha roth naast medison deane county waskonsan america mein paida hoyein. inhon nay mashee gunn university say masters aur doctor aaf musical arts kii dagriyan haasil kein jehaan inhon nay georgi sender kay saath taleem haasil kii. naast nay 1977 mein raail concertbove archistra kay saath kheel kirr apnaa europi aaghaz kiyaa. asee saal iss nay apnee pehli recording (raail falharmonk archistra kay saath) kii jiss mein "pagnini kay theem parr repsody" aur sargi rachmennof kay deegar kaam shaamil thay. wah 22 agast 1994 kuu malwaki county waskonsan mein inteqal kirr gayein.

00005d27c2ea8e125ee35621f9626bd1a7ff2048f6c220cd394bcb1119769c7b

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1042154

Nissan Fairlady Z (S30)

Nissan Fairlady Z (S30) Japanese sports car produced 1969 to 1978 The Nissan S30, sold in Japan as the Nissan Fairlady Z and in other markets as the Datsun 240Z, then later as the 260Z and 280Z, is a grand tourer produced by Nissan from 1969 until 1978. The S30 was conceived of by Yutaka Katayama, the President of Nissan Motor Corporation U.S.A., and designed by a team led by Yoshihiko Matsuo, the head of Nissan's Sports Car Styling Studio. It is the first car in Nissan's Z series of sports cars. Aiming to compete directly with established European sports cars, Datsun priced the new 240Z within $200 of the British MGB-GT in the United States, a five-year-old design that showed its age. The 240Z's styling, engineering, relatively low price, and impressive performance resonated with the public, received a positive response from both buyers and the motoring press, and immediately generated long waiting lists. As a halo car, the 240Z broadened the acceptance of Japanese car-makers beyond their economy image. Datsun's growing dealer network—compared to limited production imported sports cars manufactured by Jaguar, BMW, Porsche, Alfa Romeo, and Fiat—ensured both easy purchase and ready maintenance. All variants of the S30 have four-wheel independent suspension consisting of MacPherson struts in the front (borrowed from the Nissan Laurel C30) and Chapman struts in the back. Front disc brakes and rear drums were standard. The 240Z used twin SU-style Hitachi one-barrel side-draft carburettors. These were replaced on the 260Z with Hitachi one-barrel side-draft carburettors beginning with model year 1973 to comply with emissions regulations, resulting in diminished overall performance. A Bosch-designed L-Jetronic electronic fuel injection was added to US market 280Zs in 1975 to compensate. Continuing through the 1975–1978 model years, markets outside of the United States (and Japan, which only offered the 2-liter engine from 1974) still received the 260Z coupé and 2+2. The S30 240Z is unrelated to the later 240SX, which is sold as the Silvia in Japan. <templatestyles src="Template:TOC limit/styles.css" /> Fairlady Z. The Fairlady Z was introduced in late 1969 as a 1970 model, with the L20 2.0-liter straight-six SOHC engine, rear-wheel drive, and a stylish coupe body. In Japanese specs the engine, based on the Datsun 510's four-cylinder, produced JIS and came with a four- or a five-speed manual transmission. For 1973, power of the carburetted engine dropped to to meet stricter regulations. In Japan, the Fairlady was exclusive to Nissan Japanese dealerships called "Nissan Bluebird Stores". Japanese buyers could also get the L24-engined Fairlady 240Z model (HS30), although the larger engine placed it in a considerably higher tax category. The Japanese-spec 2.4-liter engine produces a claimed JIS at 5,600 rpm but was discontinued in 1973 as sales had dropped considerably as a result of the fuel crisis, and so until the August 1978 introduction of the Fairlady 280Z only two-liter Fairladys were available. When export models changed over to the larger 2.6-liter 260Z in 1974, only 2-liter models remained available to Japanese buyers. A Fairlady 260Z had been planned for release, but the impact of the oil crisis stopped the model, although the 260Z was available in Okinawa (which drove on the right side of the road until 1978). The Fairlady Z received all the changes as applied to the export models, including the addition of a long-wheelbase 2+2 model. Introduced in January 1974, this received the GS30 chassis code. In 1975 the L20 engine gained fuel injection to meet new emissions standards (A-S30, A-GS30) and once again provided JIS. At the end of July 1976 the car received the NAPS system, including an EGR system, to meet the stricter yet emissions standards in effect for this year, bringing with it a change in model codes to S31 (C-S31/C-GS31). At the same time, the more luxurious Fairlady Z-T model was introduced - this was strictly an equipment level and did not include a T-bar roof, which was first seen on the succeeding generation Fairlady. Fairlady ZG. The Japan-only HS30-H Nissan Fairlady 240ZG was released in Japan in October 1971 to homologate the 240Z for Group 4 racing. Differences between the Fairlady ZG and an export-market Datsun 240Z include an extended fiberglass "aero-dyna" nose, wider over-fenders riveted to the body, a rear spoiler, acrylic glass headlight covers and fender-mounted rear-view mirrors. The ZG's better aerodynamics allowed it to reach a top speed of , five more than the regular Fairlady 240Z (automatics' top speeds were another 5 km/h lower). The Fairlady ZG was available in three colors: Grand Prix Red, Grand Prix White, and Grand Prix Maroon. The "G" in Fairlady ZG stands for "Grande." Although the ZG was not sold in the US and was never sold outside Japan, in order for it to be eligible for competition in the US, Nissan sold the nose kit as a dealer's option which is known as the "G-nose". With the nose added, these 240Zs are often referred to as 240ZGs outside of Japan. Fairlady Z432. Packaging the S20 engine (originally designed by the former Prince engineers) from the Skyline GT-R created a faster Fairlady. "Z432" referred to 4 valves per cylinder, 3 Mikuni carburetors, and 2 camshafts. The model code is PS30. Approximately 420 were built. Some Z432s were used by the police in Japan. Fairlady Z432R. A Japan-only model Fairlady Z equipped with the twin cam 2.0 L inline six-cylinder "S20" engine shared with the KPGC10 Skyline GT-R was released in the Japanese domestic market (JDM) for homologation purposes (to enable its use as a rally car). The Z432R were all painted orange with black aluminum wheels and a low luster black hood. Z432R had lighter front guards, doors, and bonnet, as well as further engine enhancements over the Z432. In January 2020 a 1970 Z432R sold at auction in Japan for a record A$, about US$1. 240Z. The 1970 240Z was introduced to the American market by Yutaka Katayama, president of Nissan Motors USA operations, widely known as "Mister K". The early cars from 1969 to mid-1971 had some subtle differences compared to late-71 to 1973 cars. The most visible difference is: these early cars had a chrome "240Z" badge on the sail pillar, and two horizontal vents in the rear hatch below the glass molding providing flow through ventilation. In mid-1971, there were production changes, including exterior and interior colors, was restyling of the sail pillar emblems were with just the letter "Z" placed in a circular vented emblem, and the vents were eliminated from the hatch panel of the car, due to complaints of exhaust being circulated into the car. Design changes for the US model 240Z occurred throughout production but were not always reflected in the JDM Fairlady if they were specific to federal requirements, including interior modifications for the 1972 model year and a change in the location of the bumper over-riders, as well as the addition of some emission control devices and the adoption of a new style of emissions reducing carburetors for the 1973 model year. The 1970 models were introduced in October 1969, received the L24 2.4-liter engine with a manual choke and a four-speed manual. A less common three-speed automatic transmission was optional from 1971 on, and had a "Nissan full automatic" badge. Most export markets received the car as the "240Z", with slightly differing specifications depending on the various market needs. In 2004, "Sports Car International" named this car number two on their list of Top Sports Cars of the 1970s. World Rally Championship - round victories. In 1973, a 240Z, in the hands of Shekhar Mehta, won the 21st East African Safari Rally. 260Z. The 260Z was sold in the United States for the 1974 model year only, but was available in other countries until 1978 (aside from Japan, where this model was never regularly available except for in Okinawa). The engine was enlarged to 2.6 L by lengthening its stroke bringing with it the new model code RS30. In the US, federal emissions regulations forced a reduction in ignition timing and compression ratio, resulting in a lower power output of SAE net for the 260Z despite the additional displacement, whereas in other countries the power output increased to . There was also a 1974.5 model sold through the second half of 1974 in the US that had the full 165 hp with the addition of the larger 5 mph safety bumpers, that would become the standard for the 280Z. A four-speed or 5 speed (non US) manual remained standard equipment, with a three-speed automatic transmission optional. A 2+2 model built on a longer wheelbase was introduced, with larger opening quarter panel windows and a slightly notched roofline. The 2+2 looked largely identical inside (aside from the rear seat and its associated seat belt reels), but did receive a carpeted transmission tunnel rather than the quilted vinyl material used on the two-seater. The rear side windows on the 2+2 were push-out units, to add ventilation for rear seat occupants. The 260Z claimed a few updates and improvements over the 240Z. The climate controls were more sensibly laid out and easier to work, and those cars with air conditioning now had the A/C system integrated into the main climate control panel. There was also additional stiffness in the chassis due to a redesign of the chassis rails which were larger and extended further back than previous models. A rear sway bar was added as well. The 260Z debuted a redesigned dashboard and console, as well as new seat trim, and door panels for the interior. The tail lights were updated, moving the back up lights from the main tail light housing to the back panel. Early 1974 US 260Z models had bumpers that resembled those of the earlier 240Z, though increased slightly in size, pushed away from the body somewhat, and wearing black rubber bumper guards rather that the previous chrome bumper guards with rubber strips. These early cars still had the front turn signals located below the bumpers. Late 1974 U.S. 260Z models (often referred to as 1974.5 models) carried the heavier bumpers that would remain on the 1975-76 model years of the 280Z so as to be in compliance with United States bumper legislation in 1973. These late cars had the front turn signals relocated to the outer edges of the front grill, above the bumper. 280Z. Nissan released the Datsun 280Z model for the North American market in the 1975 model year. In a further effort to keep the S30 models sporting in the face of increasingly stringent U.S. emission and safety requirements, engine size was again increased, this time to 2.8 liters. The L26 engine was bored out to create the L28, and a Bosch L-Jetronic fuel injection system was added. Canadian versions were uniquely equipped without the anti-smog components mandatory in the States. The model code is HS30, the same as for the original 240Z. The 1975 and 1976 models continued to be fitted with the U.S. federally-required impact absorbing bumpers that had been introduced for the mid-1974 model year of the 260Z. These bumpers were smooth surfaced, and blended into smooth black rubber extensions as they met the body of the car. The 1977 and 1978 models received bumpers with recessed channels added that blended into corrugated- or accordion-style black rubber extension trim. Also new for the 1977 model year, 280Zs no longer received the full-size spare tire, and instead had a "space saver" spare and a larger fuel tank. This resulted in a raised rear deck area made of fiberboard, reducing cargo space. In late 1976 and for most 1977–78 models, an optional five-speed manual transmission was available alongside the four-speed manual and the three-speed automatic options. It included a "5-speed" emblem on the left bottom edge of the rear hatch. For 1977 there was also an update from the charcoal painted hubcap style (with a chrome "Z" floating in the amber center emblems) to a hubcap that resembled an alloy wheel, bearing a center cap with a chrome "Z" floating in a black circle. In 1977 and 1978 respectively, Datsun offered two special edition models. The "Zap" edition was offered in 1977 as a "special decor package". Zap cars were finished in "sunshine yellow" paint, and sported black stripes down the center and sides, with yellow, red, and orange chevrons at the front ends of the stripes. An estimated 1,000 "Zap Z" cars were offered in 1977. The "Zap Z" model was also used as the pace car in the 1977 Long Beach Grand Prix. The Black Pearl edition (produced in 1978) came with black pearlescent paint and a "special appearance package" (SAP), which consisted of dual racing mirrors, rear window louvers, and unique red and silver striping. It has been estimated that each United States dealer was allocated one Black Pearl edition to sell, though due to high demand some dealers reportedly received additional allocation. It is estimated 750 to 1,500 of these cars were ultimately produced, however the exact number remains unknown. Both the two-seater and 2+2 280Z coupes remained available throughout the 1975–1978 model year run. The S30 series was replaced for 1979 by the Nissan S130. Racing. The Z was very successful in SCCA racing in the 1970s: Bob Sharp Racing out of Wilton, Connecticut with Sharp, Elliot Forbes-Robinson and later Paul Newman driving; and Brock Racing Enterprises (BRE) in the western US with John Morton driving a #46 240Z to the SCCA C Production national title in 1970 and 1971. Other drivers, such as Clearwater Florida (and later Maryland) racer Don Kearney had much success with the Z-car between 1970 and 1978. The Z and Datsun 510 are credited as catalyst for the US Japanese import performance parts industry. Nissan also supported and was associated with Bob Bondurant's race driving school from its inception. In 2013 Nissan claimed its 97th SCCA national championship victory with Greg Ira at the wheel of his orange #2 RevTech 240Z. On his way to his championship Ira set several road course records in SCCA's E Production class, beginning in 2006, including: Ira was awarded SCCA's prestigious Kimberly Cup in 2008. Previous Kimberly Cup recipients include Bob Holbert, Roger Penske, Mark Donohue, and Peter Revson. On September 27, 2015, Greg Ira won his second (and Nissan's 98th) SCCA National Championship, in his EP2 Revtech/Ztrix.com 240Z, at Daytona International Speedway. Relaunch attempts. From 1997 to 2002 Nissan did not offer the Z-car line outside of Japan, where the Fairlady Z (Z32) remained available until 2000. In 1998, Nissan launched a program to bring back the Z-car line by first purchasing original 240Zs, then restoring them to factory specifications, and finally selling them to dealerships for $24,000. This was an effort to keep Z-car interest alive. Nissan over-estimated the market for the cars and low demand (and the high price) meant that less than fifty cars were re-manufactured and sold. Furthermore, in 1999, a concept car was shown to the public in a plan to return to the fundamentals that made the 240Z a market success. References. Notes. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> Sources. <templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />

nisan fairlady jade jade japanot nisan fairlady jade aaru onyanyo bojarot datchan fairladydd hisape bikri koraa nisan baabe hoise 1969 sonor poraa 1978 sonoloike nisanor dwara prostut koraa ek grand tyurar. nisan motor korpureson eur xobhapoti jutaka katayamai baaber kolpona korisil.ess.e., aaru nisanor spo 'rtos kaar styling studio' ror murobbi yoy 'swihiku matchuur netritwot etaa dole design korisil. eitu nixanor jade sirijor sports garir prothomkhon gaari. protisthito europiyo sports garir xoite punpotiyakoi protidondita korar lokhyore, datchane notun 240z ror mulyo aamerika juktorastrot britis em. ji. bi.-ji. ti. ror 200 dollar bhitorot rakhisil, jitu paas bosor puroni design jiye iyar boyox dekhuwaisil. 240z-ror styling, obhijantrik, tulonamulokbhabe komm mulyo, aaru aakorxoniyo prodorxon jonoxadharonor xoite protidhwonito hoisil, kreta aaru motoring press duyure poraa itibasok xohari laabh korisil, aaru loge loge digholiya opekhya talika sristi korisil. hell "gaari hisape 240 hoh 'jo-e japani gaari nirmataxokolor grohonjugyota teulukor orthonoitik bhabomurtir bahireu bistrito korisil. jaguwar, bmw, porse, aalfa rumio "aaru fiyator dwara nirmito ximito utpadon aamdani koraa krira garir tulnat dutsonor bordhito dilor networke xohoj kroy aaru xaju rokhyonabekhyon duyutai nischito korisil. baabe-ror xokolu prokarot sarisokiya swotontro nilombon thaake zo 'too xonmukhot makeferson strut (nisan lorel lorel poraa luwa) aaru pisfale supman strut thaake. xonmukhor disk break aaru pisfalor drumbur maanok aasil. 240z-e tuin su-style hitasi waan-berel side-draft carburator byobohar korisil. eiburok 260z too hitasi ek-berel side-draft carburatore xoloni koraa hoisil aaru 1973 sonor model bosoror poraa aarombho kori nirgomon niyomawoli maani solisil, jaar folot xamogrik prodorxon hraax paisil. 1975 sonot puron koriboloi aamerika juktorastror bojarot 280zs-too etaa box-design koraa el-jetronik electronic indhon bezi jug koraa hoisil. 1975-1978 model bosorbur obyahot raakhi, aamerika juktorastror baahiror bojarburot (aaru jaapan, ji 1974 sonor poraa kewol 2-litter injin prodan korisil) etiyau 260z kupe aaru 2 + 2 laabh korisil. S30 240z-ror pisor 240sx-ror xoite xomporko naai, jitu japanot silvia hisape bikri koraa hoy. fairlady jade. 1969 sonor xexor faale 1970 sonor model hisape fairlady jade proborton koraa hoisil, zo "too sonot 2.0-liter strait-xix cho" eissi injin, rear-huil drive aaru ek aaromborpurno kup body aasil. datchan 510-ror sarita-cylinderor uporot aadharito engintuwe jis utpadon korisil aaru sarita baa paas-speed menual trensmissionor xoite aahisil. 1973 sonor baabe, carburet enginor xokti kothur niyomawoli puron koriboloi hraax paisil. japanot fairlady "nisan bluebird sto" ror "naamor nisan japani dilorswipor baabe eksetiya aasil. japani kretaxokole kretaxokole fairlady fairlady model model paab paare, jodiu dangor injine iyak jothesto uscho korr shrenit rakhisil. japani-bixexon 2.4-liter injine 5600 rpmot daabi koraa jis utpadon kore kintu 1973 sonot indhon xongkotor folot bikri jothesto hraax huwar baabe bondho koraa hoisil, aaru xeyehe 1978 sonor aagosto maholoike fairlady 280z maatro dui-litter fairlady upolobdho aasil. 1974 sonot jetiya roptani modelxomuh brihot 2.6-liter 260z loi xoloni hoisil, tetiya japani kretaxokolor baabe maatro 2-litter modelhe upolobdho aasil. etaa fairlady jodiu mukoli korar porikolpona koraa hoisil, kintu tel xongkotor probhabe modeltu bondho kori disil, jodiu jodiu oh 'kinawat upolobdho aasil (ji 1978 sonoloike pothor xufale solisil). fairlady jade-e roptani modelxomuhot projujyo xokolu poriworton laabh korisil, jaar bhitorot aase long-huilbes 2 + 2 model jug koraa. 1974 sonor januaryt proborton koraa eikhone ji. ess. 30 sesis koo 'dodd laabh korisil. 1975 sonot sonot injine notun nirgomon mandondo mandondo, (e-ess30 puron koriboloi indhon bezi laabh korisil aaru aakou ebaar ji. aai. ess. prodan korisil. 1976 sonor july maahor xexot garikhonowe ei bosoror baabe karzokori huwa kothur tothapiu nirgomon mandondo puron koriboloi ek ee. ji. aar. pronalike dhori nape pronali laabh kore, jaar folot model codebur codebur ess31 loi poriworton hoy. eke xomoyote, odhik bilaxbohul fairlady jade-ti model proborton koraa hoisil-ee kothurbhabe ek xojulir stor aasil aaru iyat ti-baaror saad ontorbhukto nasil, jitu prothombaror baabe poroborti projonmor fairladyt dekha goisil. fairlady jedji. japanor ekmatro ekmatro nisan fairlady fairlady 1971 sonor octobor maahot japanot mukoli koraa hoisil jaate groop 4 resingor baabe fairladyddkoo xomotulyo koribo paari. fairlady jedji aaru roptani-bojar datchan datchan maajor parthokyor bhitorot aase ek xomproxarito fibergrass "eru-dyna" naak, xorirot bohol oh 'bhaar-fender, etaa rear spoyolar, acrylic glaax headlight kobhar aaru fender-mounted rear-bhiu aainar. jedjir unnot bayugotibidyoi iyak niyomiya fairlady 240 horjotkoi paas odhik (swoyongkriyor xirxo gotibeg aaru 5 kilometer/ghonta komm aasil) xirxo gotit uponeet hoh 'boloi onumoti disil. fairlady jedji tinita rongot upolobdho aasiloh grand prix redd, grand prix huwait, aaru grand prix merun. fairlady jedji-too "ji"-ror ortho hoise "grande"."jodiu jedji aamerikat bikri koraa huwa nasil aaru japanor bahirot ketiyau bikri koraa huwa nasil, ee aamerikat protijugitar baabe jugyo hoh 'boloi, nisane naakor kittu byowoxayir bikolpo hisape bikri korisil jaak" "ji-naak" "buli jonaa yaay. naak jug korar loge loge, ei 240zs koo praye japanor bahirot 240zg buli kuwa hoy. fairlady kisuman. skyline jiti-aaror poraa poraa engintu (mulotoh prakton rajkumar obhijontaxokole design koraa) packing kori etaa drut fairlady sristi korisil. "z432"-e proti xilinderot 4taa valov, 3taa mikuni carburator aaru 2taa camswaftok bujay. modelor codetu hoise pi. ess. 30. pray 420 nirman koraa hoisil. japanot arokhyiye kisuman kisuman byobohar korisil. fairlady jade jade. key. pi. ji. chi. 10 skyline ji. ti.-aaror xoite bhag koraa tuin kem 2 el inline choy-cylinder choy-cylinder enginor xoite xojjito japanor ekmatro model fairlady jade xomosthanikor uddesye (raily gaari hisape iyar byobohar xokhyom koriboloi) japanor ghoruwa bojarot (je. di. em) mukoli koraa hoisil. hoisil। xokolu koo 'laa aluminiumor soka aaru komm ujjwol koo' laa hoodor xoite komola rongor rong koraa hoisil. hoisil। paatol xonmukhor rokhyi, duwar aaru bonnetor logote logote odhik enginor unnoti aasil. 2020 sonor januaryt japanot nilamot 1970 sonor ekhon ekhon bikri hoisil, jitu pray aamerikan dollar. 240z. 1970 240z aamerikar bojarot proborton korisil nisan motoros eu. ess. e operationsor xobhapoti yutaka katayamai, jaak "mister key" buli jonaa yaay. 1969 sonor poraa 1971 sonor majbhagoloike prarombhik gariburor 71 sonor xexor poraa 1973 sonor garir tulnat kichu xukhmo parthokyo aasil. ataitkoi drishyoman parthokyotu hoh 'loh ei prarombhik gariburor paal stombhot etaa krom "240z" bez aasil, aaru kaach sasingor tolot pisfalor hesot dutaa onubhumik vent aasil jiye bayusolasolor joriyote prowah prodan korisil. 1971 sonor majbhagot, baahiror aaru bhitoror rongoke dhori utpadonor poriworton hoisil, paal stombhor protikburor punor binyax koraa hoisil zo 'too kewol brittakar vented protikot "jade" aakhor rokha hoisil, aaru ventbur garikhonor hess penelor poraa aatorai peluwa hoisil, karkhonot niskaxonor obhijugor baabe. aamerika juktorastror model 240z-ror baabe design poriworton xomogro utpadonote ghotisil kintu jdm fairladyt xoday protipholito huwa nasil jodi xeibur federal proyujoniyotar baabe nirdisto aasil, jaar bhitorot aasil 1972 model bosoror baabe obhyontorin poriworton aaru bumper obhar-rider owosthanor poriworton, logote kisuman nirgomon niyontron xojulir xongzujon aaru 1973 model bosoror baabe carburator hraax koraa nirgomonor ek notun xoili grohon koraa. 1970 sonor modelbur 1969 sonor octobor maahot proborton koraa hoisil, aaru ee ee 2.4-liter engintu haatere suk aaru chaari-speedor haatere laabh korisil. 1971 sonor poraa etaa komm xosorasor huwa tini-goti swoyongkriyo xonsalon oischik aasil, aaru iyat etaa "nixan xompurno swoyongkriyo" byaj aasil. besibhag roptani bojare bibhinno bojaror proyujoniyotar uporot nirbhor kori olop beleg boixistyor xoite garikhon "240z" hisape laabh korisil. 2004 sonot "sports kaar international"-e ei garikhonor naam 1970-ror doxokor xirxo sports garir talikat dwitiyo sthanot rakhisil. biswo raily championswip-round bijoy. 1973 sonot xekhor mehotar haatot thoka 240 herge e 21 xongkhyok pubo african safari releet joylabh korisil. 260z. 260z kewol 1974 model bosoror baabe aamerika juktorastrot bikri koraa hoisil, kintu 1978 sonoloike onyanyo dexot upolobdho aasil (japanor baahire, zo 'too ei modeltu ukinawar baahire ketiyau niyomitbhabe upolobdho nasil). engintur strokor doirghyo briddhi kori iyar xoite notun model code aar. ess. 30 loi engintu 2.6 lakholoi briddhi koraa hoisil. aamerika juktorastrot federal nirgomon niyome ignition xomoy aaru xongkuchon onupat hraax koriboloi badhyo korisil, jaar folot otirikto sthanchyuti huwar pisotu 260 heartsor baabe ess. ee. ee netor xokti utpadon komm hoisil, aanhate aan dexot xokti utpadon briddhi paisil. 1974 sonor dwitiyardhot aamerikat etaa 1974.5 model bikri hoisil zo 'too proti ghontat 5 mailor brihot xurokhya bumper jug korar xoite xompurno 165 aispi aasil, jitu 280z-ror baabe mandondo hoi poribo. chaari-goti baa 5 goti (aamerika juktorastror bahirot) hostosalito xojuli etaa maanok xojuli hoi thakil, zo "too tini-goti swoyongkriyo xonsalon bikolpo aasil. dighol huilbesot nirmito etaa 2 + 2 model proborton koraa hoisil, zo "too dangor mukoli cowarter penelor khiriki aaru olop kharuwa sador line aasil. 2 + 2-tu bhitorot dekhat jothesto eke zen lagisil (pisfalor aaxon aaru iyar logot jorito chitt belt reelor baahire), kintu dutaa aaxonor bhitorot byobohrito covilted vinail xamogrir poriworte etaa karpetjukto trensmission xurongo laabh korisil. 2 + 2 ror pisfalor khirikibur aasil pux-out unit, pisfalor aaxonor baxindaxokolor baabe bayusolasol jug koriboloi. 260z-e 240z-too keitaman update aaru unnoti daabi korisil. jolobayu niyontronxomuh odhik xongbedonxilbhabe sthapon koraa hoisil aaru kaam koriboloi xohoj aasil, aaru xitatop niyontron thoka xei gariburot etiya e/chi pronalitu mool jolobayu niyontron panelot ekotrito koraa hoisil. sesis railxomuhor punor designor baabe sesisot otirikto kothurotau aasil jibur purbor modelxomuhotkoi dangor aaru odhik pisfale xomproxarito koraa hoisil. etaa pisfalor xuwe baaru jug koraa hoisil. 260z-e etaa punor design koraa deswobord aaru konos 'lor logote notun chitt trim, aaru obhyontorinor baabe duwaror penelor aarombhoni korisil. tail lightbur update koraa hoisil, bek aap lightbur mukhyo tail light housingor poraa pisfalor peneloloi sthanantor koraa hoisil. 1974 sonor aarombhonite eu. ess. ess modelot bumper aasil jibur aagor aagor dore aasil, jodiu aakarot olop briddhi paisil, xoriror poraa kichu porimane aatorai theli diya hoisil, aaru purbor krom bumpere robor stripor xoite rokhya korar xoloni koo 'laa robor bumper gaard pindhisil. ei prarombhik gariburot etiyau bumperor tolot thoka xonmukhor ghuronir xongket aasil. 1974 sonor xexor faale eu.ess. 260z modelbure (praye 1974.5 model hisape ullekh koraa hoy) godhur bumperbur bohon korisil jibur 280z ror 1975-76 model bosorot thakibo jaate 1973 sonot aamerika juktorastror bumper aain onuxoron koraa hoy. ei bilombito gariburot xonmukhor ghuronor xongketbur bumperor uporot, xonmukhor grilor baahiror prantot sthanantorito koraa hoisil. 280z. 1975 sonor model bosorot nixane uttor aamerikar bojaror baabe datchan 280z model mukoli korisil. kromanwoye kothur eur xonmukhin hoi baabe modelbur krira kori rokhar ek odhik prochestat.ess. nirgomon aaru xurokhyar proyujoniyota, enginor aakar punor briddhi koraa hoisil, eibar 2.8 literoloi. লিটাৰলৈ। engintu engintu toiyar koriboloi klanto hoi porisil, aaru etaa bob 'swo el-jetronik fuwel injection pronali jug koraa hoisil. kanadian xongskoronbur rajyoxomuhot badhyotamulok proti-dhuwa upadan obihone ononyobhabe xojjito aasil. modelor codetu eis. ess. 30, mool 240z ror dore eke. 1975 aaru 1976 sonor modelbur eu-ror xoite loguwa obyahot aasil.ess. federal-proyujoniyo probhab xuxon koraa bumper jibur 260z ror 1974 model bosoror majbhagor baabe proborton koraa hoisil. ei bumperbur moxrin pristhobhagor aasil, aaru garikhonor xorirtur xoite log huwar loge loge moxrin koo 'laa roboror xomproxaronot misrito hoisil. 1977 aaru 1978 sonor modelbure recased senelor xoite bumper laabh korisil jibur corrugated-baa accordion-xoilir koo 'laa robor xomproxaron trimot misrito hoisil. 1977 sonor model bosoror baabe notun, 280zs-e aaru xompurno aakaror spare tayar laabh koraa nasil, aaru iyar poriworte etaa "space sebhar" spare aaru etaa dangor indhon tenk aasil. iyar folot fiberboardor dwara nirmito pisfalor dekor elekatu ukh koraa hoisil, jaar folot kargur sthan hraax paisil. 1976 sonor xexor faale aaru besibhag 1977-78 modelor baabe, chaari-gotir haator poraa aaru tini-gotir swoyongkriyo bikolpor logote etaa oischik paas-gotir haator poraa paar koraa trensmission upolobdho aasil. iyat pisfalor hesor baufalor tolor prantot etaa "5-speed" sinho ontorbhukto aasil. 1977 sonor baabe chark 'lo rongor hubcape xoilir poraa (embaror kendror protikxomuhot bhori thoka etaa krom "jade" ror xoite) etaa hubcapeok ek koo' laa brittot bhori thoka etaa krom "jade" ror xoite etaa kendriyo kep bohon koraa etaa mishro sokror dore xodrix etaa habokepoloi ek update koraa hoisil. 1977 aaru 1978 sonot, datchane dutaa bixex xongskoron model prodan korisil. jep" xongoskorontu 1977 sonot "bixex xajxojjar package" hisape aagborhuwa hoisil. jep garibur "ror 'dor puhoror halodhiya" rongere xompurno koraa hoisil, aaru maaj aaru kaxburor tolot koo' laa fita rokha hoisil, fitar xonmukhor prantot halodhiya, ronga aaru komola sebhoron aasil. 1977 sonot anumanik 1,000 "jep jade" garir prostab diya hoisil. 1977 sonor long bischo grand prikxot "jep jade" modeltu pess gaari hisapeu byobohar koraa hoisil. koo 'laa mukta xongskoron (1978 sonot prostut koraa) koraa muktur rong aaru etaa "bixex sehera package" (chep) ror xoite aahisil, zo' too dwoito resing aaina, pisfalor windu laubhar, aaru ononyo ronga aaru rupali stripping aasil. onuman koraa hoise je aamerika juktorastror protijon byowoxayik bikri koriboloi etaa koo 'laa mukta xongskoron aabonton koraa hoisil, jodiu uscho sahidar baabe kisuman byowoxayiye otirikto aabonton laabh korisil buli janibo poraa goise. onuman koraa hoise je ei gariburor bhitorot 750ror poraa 1,500 khon owoxexot utpadon koraa hoisil, obosye xothik xongkhyatu etiyau ogyat hoi aase. dutaa aaxonor aaru 2 + 280z kup duyutai 1975-1978 model bosortur gutei xomoisuwat upolobdho aasil. 1979 sonor baabe baabe sringkholar thait nisan nisan nirman koraa hoisil. resing. 1970-ror doxokot jade sca resingot oti xofol hoisiloh wiltonor poraa bahiroloi ohaa bobo sarpo resing, sarpo, eliot forbos-robinson aaru pisoloi poll newman drivingor xoite xongzug; aaru 1970 aaru 1971 sonot john mortonor xoite poschim aamerikat brock resing udyug (brey) ye sca chi production rastriyo khitapor baabe #46 fairladydd solaisil. onyanyo salok, jene clear waatar flo "rida (aaru pisoloi maryland) resar donn kerne 1970 aaru 1978 sonor bhitorot jade-kaaror xoite jothesto xofolota laabh korisil. jade aaru datchan 510-koo aamerika juktorastror japani aamdani prodorxon ongxo udyugor baabe onughotok hisape krititwo diya hoy. nisaneu bobo bondurentor res driving schoolor aarombhonire porai xomorthon korisil aaru iyar xoite jorito aasil. 2013 sonot nisane gregg iraar xoite komola #2 revtek 240z ror sakat 97 xongkhyok sca rastriyo championswip joy daabi korisil. teur championswipoloi juwar pothot irai 2006 sonor poraa aarombho kori skaar ee production shrenit keibatau road korcho obhilekh sthapon korisil, jaar bhitorot aaseh 2008 sonot aairak skaar xonmaniyo kimberly kaap prodan koraa hoisil. purbor kimberly kaap prapokxokolor bhitorot aase bobo holbert, ror 'gaar penske, mark dodd' nuhuwe, aaru pitter revson. 2015 sonor 27 septemborot gregg irai teur dwitiyo (aaru nisanor 98 xongkhyok) sca rastriyo championswip, teur ee. pi. 2 revtek/jedtrickxot joy korisil.komm 240z, detuna antohrastriyo speedwaite. punor prochesta aarombho korok. 1997 sonor poraa 2002 sonoloike nixane japanor bahirot jade-kaar line prodan koraa nasil, zo 'too 2000 sonoloike fairlady jade jade upolobdho aasil. 1998 sonot, nixane prothome mool mool kroy kori jade-kaar linetu ghurai onaar baabe ek karzoxusi aarombho korisil, taar pisot xeibur karkhanar nirdistotar xoite punor sthapon korisil, aaru xexot xeibur 24,000 dolarot dilarswipoloi bikri korisil. ee jade-kaaror xud jiyai rokhar ek prochesta aasil. nixane garir bojarok otirikto mulyayon korisil aaru komm sahida (aaru uscho mulyo) ror ortho aasil je ponchaxotkoi komm gaari punor nirman aaru bikri koraa hoisil. todupori, 1999 sonot, 240z-koo bojarot xofol kori tulaa moulik bixoixomuholoi ghuri ohaar porikolponat jonoxadharonok etaa dharona gaari dekhuuwa hoisil.

nissan fairlady jeeda (esha30) nissan esha30, japane nissan fairlady jeeda hisabe ebong anyanno bajare dutsun 240jeeda hisabe bikri hoy, porey 260jeeda ebong 280jeeda hisabe, 1969 theke 1978 saal porjonto nissan dwara utpadito ekti granned tourer. esha30 nissan motor karporeshana eu-err sabhapati utaca katayama dwara kalpana koraa hoyechilo.esha.ayee., ebong nisaner sportasa kaar styling studior prodhan iyoshiko matsuor netritte ekti doll dwara design koraa hoyeche. nisaner jeeda sirijer sportasa gaadir modhye ate prothom gaadi. protisthito europea sportasa gaadir saathe sarasari protidwondita korar lakkhye, markin juktorashtre british emm. zii. bii-zii. tii-rawr 200 dollar modhye notun 240jeeda-err daam nirdharan korey, jaa panch bochorer purno ekti naksha jaa taar boyce dekhay. 240z-err styling, engineering, tulonamulokbhabe qama daam ebong chittakarshak performance jonosadharoner saathe onuronito hoy, kreta ebong motoring presha ubhoyer kachh theke itibachak protikriya paay ebong abilambe deergho apekkhar talika toiri korey. ekti hallow gaadi hisabe, 240z japani gaadi nirmatader taader orthonoitik bhabmurtir baireo grohonjoggota prosarito korechilo. jaguar, bmdablue, porsha, alfa romio ebong fiat dwara nirmito seemit utpadon amdanikrito sportasa gaadir tulna datsoner kromobordhoman dealer network-sahaj croy ebong prostuto rakkhanabekkhan ubhayi nischito korey. esha30-err samasta rooper saamone mcferson strot (nissan laurel shee30-err kachh theke dhaar koraa) ebong pichhone chapman strot niye gothito chaar chucker swadhin sasapenashana royeche. samoner disk break ebong pichoner drumguli chhilo adarsha. 240z jodaa shoo-style hitachi eka-barrell side-draft carburetor byabohar korechilo. eguli 260z-ayee hitachi eka-barrell side-draft carburetor diye protisthapito hoyechilo jaa 1973 saaler model bochor theke shuru hoyechilo nirgomon bidhimala meney cholar jonno, jaar foley samogrik kormokhomota hrass paay. 1975 saale khotipuroner jonno ekti bosh-design koraa ell-jetronic boidyutin jalani inajekashana 280jds markin bajare jukto koraa hoyechilo. 1975-1978 model bochor dhorey abyahoto, markin juktorashtrer bairer bazarguli (ebong japan, jaa 1974 saal theke shudhumatra 2-litter injina sarbaraha korechilo) ekhono 260z kupe ebong 2 + 2 peyeche. esha30 240jeeda poroborti 240esx-err saathe somporkito noy, jaa japane sylvia hisabe bikri hoy. fairlady jeeda. 1969 saaler shesher dike 1970 saaler model hisabe fairlady jeeda chaalu koraa hoyechilo, jaar modhye ell20 2.0-liter strait-six soeichsi injina, rear-huil drive ebong ekti adambarpurna koop boddy chhilo. datson 510-err chaar cylinder upor vitti korey enginti jees toiri korey ebong chaar baa panch gotir manual transmission soho aase. 1973 saale, carburated enginer shakti arow kathor niyamavali puron korte hrass paay. japane, fairlady nissan japani dealershiper jonno ekchetia chhilo jaake "nissan bluebird store" bolla hoy. japani kretara ell24-injinjukto fairlady 240jeeda model (aechs30) petey paren, jodio borh injina etike jotheshto beshi corr bibhage rakhe. japani-nirdishto 2.4-liter enginti 5600 rpm-ayee ekti daabi koraa jees utpadon korey kintu 1973 saale jalani sankater foley bikroy ullekhjoggobhabe hrass peyechilo boley bondho korey deoa hoy, ebong taai 1978 saaler august porjonto fairlady 280jeeda chaalu howar agey porjonto shudhumatra dui-litter fairlady pawa jeto. 1974 saale jokhon roptani modelguli brihottor 2.6-liter 260jeeda-ayee poribortito hoy, tokhon japani kretader jonno shudhumatra 2-litter model upolobdho chhilo. ekti fairlady 260z muktir parikalpana koraa hoyechilo, kintu teela sankater prabhab modeltike thamiye deyo, jodio 260z okinaoate pawa jeto (jaa 1978 saal porjonto rastar dunn dike cholechilo). fairlady jeeda ekti deergho-huilbase 2 + 2 model jog koraa soho roptani modelgulite prajojya samasta poriborton peyeche. 1974 saaler januaryte chaalu koraa, etty gs30 chassy code peyeche. 1975 saale ell20 injina notun nirgomon maan (ayee-esha30, ayee-zii30) puron korar jonno jalani inajekashana orjon korey ebong abaro jees sarbaraha korey. 1976 saaler julai maaser sheshe gaditi eyi bochorer jonno karjokor kathor othocho nirgomon maan puroner jonno ekti ee. zii. arr system soho nyapa system peyechilo, jaar saathe model coder poriborton esha 31 (shee-esha 31/shee-zii 31)-ayee niye aase. ekoi somoye, arow bilasbahul fairlady jeeda-tii model chaalu koraa hoyechilo-etty kathorbhabe ekti saranjam stor chhilo ebong etey ekti tii-baarer chhaad antarbhukta chhilo naa, jaa poroborti projonmer fairladyte prothom dekha giechilo. fairlady jedji. group 4 racing-err jonno 240z-keey samatulya korar jonno 1971 saaler octobore japane shudhumatra aechs30-eich nissan fairlady 240zg mukti paay. fairlady jedji ebong ekti roptani-bazar datsun 240jeeda-err modhye parthokyer modhye royeche ekti bordhito fiberglass "aaroo-dyna" naak, shorirer dike proshosto over-fender, ekti pichoner spoiler, acrylic glasses headlight cover ebong fender-mount koraa pichoner-view ayna. jedjir unnoto bayugatibidya etike sorbochcho gotite pouchanor anumati deyo, jaa niyamita fairlady 240z-err cheye panchti beshi (swayangkriyatar sheersho gotibeg chhilo arow 5 kimmy/ghanta qama). fairlady jedji tinti ronge pawa jetoh granned prix reeda, granned prix hoait ebong granned prix merun. fairlady jedji-teey "zii" maane "grande"."jodio jedji markin juktorashtre bikri hoyney ebong japaner baire kokhono bikri hoyney, etty markin juktorashtre protijogitar jonno jogyo howar jonno, nissan naaker kitti ekjon byabasayir bikalpa hisabe bikri korechilo jaa" "zii-naak" "naame porichito. naak jukto holey, eyi 240zs-keey prayashai japaner baire 240zg hisabe ullekh koraa hoy. fairlady jeeda 432. skyline jitty-arr theke esha20 injina (mulat praktan prince engineerder dwara design koraa) packing korey ekti druto fairlady toiri koraa hoyeche. "jeeda 432" proti cylindere 4tii valov, 3tii mikuni carburetor ebong 2tii camshaftke bojhai. model kodti ps 30. pray 420 tii toiri koraa hoyechilo. japane pulish kichhu jeeda 432 byabohar koroto. fairlady jeeda 432arr. kpgc10 skyline jitty-arr-err sange bhag koraa tuin kyama 2 ell inline six-cylinder "esha20" injina diye sajjito ekti japan-vittik model fairlady jeeda samantaral uddeshye (rally gaadi hisabe err byabohar sokkhom korar jonno) japaner abhyantarin bajare (jdm) mukti paay. jeeda432arr-err sabguloi kaalo aluminium chaaka ebong ekti qama ujjal kaalo hood diye komla ronge rongo koraa hoyechilo. jeeda432arr-ayee halka samoner rakkhi, darja ebong bonneter pashapashi jeeda432-err tulna arow injina bordhon chhilo. 2020 saaler januaryte japane nilame ekti 1970 jeeda 432arr record mulye bikri hoy, pray markin dollar. 240z. 1970 240z markin bajare nissan motors usa operationer sabhapati utaca katayama dwara probortito hoyechilo, jaa "mister keey" naame byapokbhabe porichito. 1969 theke 1971 saaler majhamajhi porjonto prothom diker gadigulir modhye 71-err shesher dick theke 1973-err gaadir tulna kichhu sukkho parthokyo chhilo. sabcheye drishyoman parthokyoti holoh eyi prathomik gadigulir paal stambhe ekti crome "240z" byaj chhilo ebong kacher chhancher neeche pichoner hyachtite duti anubhumik vent bayuchalachaler madhyome probaho sarbaraha koroto. 1971 saaler majhamajhi somoye, bairer ebong abhyantarin rongo soho utpadon poriborton hoyechilo, paal stambher protikgulir punarbinyas koraa hoyechilo jaa ekti brittakar vented protike cable "jeeda" akkhar diye rakha hoyechilo ebong gaadir hatch panel theke ventguli sariye fela hoyechilo, gaadir modhye nishkashon chhoriye deoar abhijoger karone. markin model 240z-err naksha poribortonguli utpadon judey ghotechilo tobey jdm fairladyte sarbada protifolito hoto naa jodi taaraa 1972 model bochorer abhyantarin poriborton ebong bumper over-rider abosthaner poriborton soho federal prayojaniyatar jonno nirdishto chhilo, pashapashi kichhu nirgomon niyantran devicer sanjojan ebong 1973 model bochorer jonno carbon-bimochak hraskari nirgomoner ekti notun shaili grohon. 1970 modelguli 1969 saaler octobore chaalu koraa hoyechilo, ekti manual choke ebong ekti chaar-gotir manual soho ell24 2.4-liter injina peyechilo. 1971 saal theke ekti qama procholito tinn-gotir swayankriya transmission oichchik chhilo ebong err ekti "nissan purno swayankriya" byaj chhilo. beshirbhag roptani bazarguli bivinno bajarer proyojoner upor nirbhar korey samanno vinno baisishtya soho gaditike "240z" hisabe grohon korechilo. 2004 saale, "sportasa kaar international" eyi gaditike 1970-err doshoker shirshosthaniyo sportasa gaadir talika dwitiya sthan deyo. bishwa rally championship-round joy. 1973 saale, sheikh mehtar haate ekti 240z, 21tomo purbo african safari somabeshe joylav korey. 260z. 260z shudhumatra 1974 model bochorer jonno markin juktorashtre bikri hoyechilo, tobey 1978 saal porjonto anyanno deshe upolobdho chhilo (japan baade, jekhane eyi modelti okinaoa chhada niyomitovabe pawa jeto naa). enginti taar stroker doirgho baadiye 2.6 ly. ayee unnito koraa hoyechilo jaar saathe notun model code rs30 niye aase. markin juktorashtre, federal nirgomon bidhimala ignition somoy ebong sangkochaner anupat hrass korte badhyo korechilo, jaar foley atirikto sthanchuti sotteo 260z err jonno esha. ee. ee neter qama bidyut utpadon hoyechilo, jekhane anyanno deshe bidyut utpadon briddhi peyechilo. 1974 saaler dwitiardhe markin juktorashtre ekti 1974.5 modelo bikri hoyechilo jaar 5 myle proti ghanta borh nirapatta bumper jog korar saathe purno 165 eichpi chhilo, jaa 280z-err jonno maan hoye uthbe. ekti chaar-gotir baa 5 gotir (markin noy) manual tinn-gotir swayankriya transmission oichchik soho standard saranjam hisabe roye geche. ekti deergho huilbase nirmito 2 + 2 model chaalu koraa hoyechilo, jaar modhye borh khola quarter panel windo ebong samanno khanjjukto chhaad line chhilo. 2 + 2-err vitore dekhte anekta abhinno (pichoner asson ebong err saathe somporkito seat belt rilguli baade), tobey dui asoner upor byabohrito quilted vinail upadaner poriborte ekti karpetjukto transmission tunnel peyechilo. 2 + 2-err pichoner diker janalaguli chhilo push-out unit, jaa pichoner asone thaka basindader jonno bayuchalachal jog korey. 260z 240z-err tulna koyekti update ebong unnoti daabi koreche. jalbayu niyantranguli arow buddhimanbhabe sajano hoyechilo ebong kaaj koraa sahaj chhilo, ebong shitatop niyantrankari gadigulite ekhon ayee/shee systemti prodhan jalbayu niyantran panelle sanghato koraa hoyechilo. chassis railgulir notun nakshar karone chyasistite atirikto kathoratao chhilo jaa ager modelgulir tulna borh ebong arow prosarito chhilo. ekti pichoner sue barow jukto koraa hoyechilo. 260z ekti notun design koraa dashboard ebong consoler pashapashi notun seat trima ebong abhyantarer jonno darjar panel chaalu korey. prodhan teela light housing theke byaka up lightguli pichoner panelle sariye neoar madhyome tail lightguli update koraa hoyechilo. 1974 saaler godar dike us 260jeeda modelgulite bumper chhilo jaa ager 240jeeda-err moto chhilo, jodio akare samanno briddhi peyechilo, shorir theke kichuta doore thhele deoa hoyechilo ebong ager crome bamparguli rabar stripa soho kaalo rabar bumper guard porechilo. eyi prathomik gadigulite tokhono bampargulir neeche samoner baank sangket chhilo. 1974 saaler shesher dike eu.esha. 260z modelguli (prayashai 1974.5 model hisabe ullekh koraa hoy) bharee bumper bohon koroto jaa 280z-err 1975-76 model bochorgulite thakbe jaate 1973 saale markin juktorashtrer bumper aain meney choley. eyi derite gadigulite samoner baank sangketguli bumper upore samoner griler bairer prante sthanantorito hoyechilo. 280z. nissan 1975 saaler model bochore uttor americar bajarer jonno datson 280jeeda model prakash korey. kromobordhoman kathor eu-err mukhe esha30 modelgulike kheladhula rakhar arow prochestai.esha. nirgomon ebong surakkhar prayojaniyata, enginer akaar abar briddhi koraa hoyechilo, ebar 2.8 litter. ell26 enginti ell28 toiri korte birokto hoyechilo ebong ekti bosh ell-jetronic jalani inajekashana system jukto koraa hoyechilo. kanadian sangaskaranguli rajyogulite badhyotamulok anty-smog upadan chharai ananyabhabe sajjito chhilo. model kodti aechs30, jaa mool 240z-err motoi. 1975 ebong 1976 modelguli eu-err saathe lagano abyahoto chhilo.esha. yuktarashtriya-prayojaniya prabhab shoshankari bumper jaa 260z-err 1974 model bochorer majhamajhi somoye chaalu koraa hoyechilo. eyi bamparguli mosrino pristhotol chhilo ebong gaadir deher saathe milit howar saathe saathe mosrino kaalo rabar extensione mishrito hoyechilo. 1977 ebong 1978 saaler modelguli bamparguli peyeche jaar modhye chhidrojukto channelguli jog koraa hoyeche jaa ddheukhelan-baa accardion-shailir kaalo rabar eksatenashana treamer saathe mishrito hoyeche. 1977 saaler model bochorer jonnou notun, 280zs arr purno akarer atirikto tyer payni, ebong poriborte ekti "space sebhara" atirikto ebong ekti borh jalani tank chhilo. err foley fiberboard diye toiri ekti utthito pichoner deeka elaka toiri hoy, jaa ponnosombharer sthan hrass korey. 1976 saaler shesher dike ebong beshirbhag 1977-78 modeler jonno, chaar-gotir manual ebong tinn-gotir swayankriya bikolpogulir pashapashi ekti oichchik panch-gotir manual transmission upolobdho chhilo. etey pichoner hatcher baam diker nicher prante ekti "5-gotir" protik antarbhukta chhilo. 1977 saale kathkayala aanka hubcap shaili (amber kendrer protike vasman ekti crome "jeeda" soho) theke ekti hubcaper ekti update chhilo jaa ekti mishra chucker anurup chhilo, ekti kaalo britte vasman crome "jeeda" soho ekti kendra cap bohon korey. 1977 ebong 1978 saale jothakrome, datson duti bishesh sanskaran modeler prostab deyo. 1977 saale "bishesh sajja package" hisabe "jyapa" sangaskaranti deoa hoyechilo. jyapa gadiguli "sunsine holud" ronge somapto koraa hoyechilo ebong majhkhane ebong paashe kaalo dorakata, dorakata samoner prante holud, laal ebong komla shevron soho. 1977 saale anumanik 1,000 "jaap jeeda" gaadi deoa hoyechilo. 1977 saaler deergho saikat granned prixe "jaap jeeda" modelti pesha gaadi hisabeo byabohrito hoyechilo. kaalo muktor sanskaran (1978 saale utpadito) kaalo mukto rongo ebong ekti "bishesh chehara package" (sapp) niye aase, jaar modhye dwaito racing ayna, pichoner windo louver ebong ananya laal ebong rupali stripping chhilo. anuman koraa hoyeche jey markin juktorashtrer protiti byabosayike bikrir jonno ekti korey kaalo mukto sanskaran baradda koraa hoyechilo, jodio uchcho chahidar karone kichhu byabasayi atirikto baradda peyechilen boley jaanaa geche. anuman koraa hoy jey eyi gadigulir modhye 750 theke 1,500tii shesh porjonto toiri koraa hoyechilo, tobey sothik sankhyati ekhono ajana. dui asoner ebong 2 + 280z koop ubhayi 1975-1978 model bochor judey upolobdho chhilo. 1979 saale nissan esha130 dwara esha30 sirij protisthapito hoy. racing. jeeda 1970-err doshke scaca resingye khub sofol hoyechiloh wilton theke bobb sharpa racing, teekkhno, elliot forbes-robbinson ebong porey poll neuman drivinger saathe kanektikata; ebong poschim markin juktorashtre brock racing enterprise (brey) john morton 1970 ebong 1971 saale scaca shee pradakashana jatiya khetaber jonno #46 240z chalna korechilen. anyanno driver, jemon clearwater florida (ebong porey maryland) racer donn carney 1970 ebong 1978 saaler modhye jeeda-kaarer saathe onek safalya peyechilen. jeeda ebong dutson 510 keey markin japani amdani performance partasa shilper onughotok hisabe krititto deoa hoy. nissan bobb bonduranter reesa driving schoolke taar shuru thekei samarthan korechilen ebong taar saathe jukto chhilen. 2013 saale nissan taar komla ronger #2 revtech 240jeeda-err chakay gregg irar saathe 97tomo skaa jatiya championship joy daabi korey. 2006 saale shuru haoya skaar ee pradakashana classe taar championshiper pothe ira besh koyekti road course record sthapon korechilo, jaar modhye royeche 2008 saale ira skaar morjadapurno kimberly cup puraskar laav korey. err ager kimberly cup prapokder modhye bobb holbert, roser penske, marqa donohu ebong pitter revson antarbhukta chhilen. 27shhey septembara, 2015-ayee, gregg ira taar dwitiya (ebong nisaner 98tomo) skaa jatiya championship jitechilen, taar ep2 revtech/jedtrickse.qama 240z, detona antorjatik speedwayte. punra prochesta shuru korun. 1997 theke 2002 saal porjonto nissan japaner baire jeeda-kaar line sarbaraha koreni, jekhane 2000 saal porjonto fairlady jeeda (jeeda32) upolobdho chhilo. 1998 saale, nissan prothome mool 240jeeda kiney, tarpor segulike karkhanar nirdishtokorone punoruddhar korey ebong abosheshe 24,000 dollare dealershiper kachhe bikri korey jeeda-kaar linety firiye aanar jonno ekti programa chaalu korey. etty jeeda-kaarer sood banchiye rakhar ekti prochesta chhilo. nissan gaadir bajarke atirikto mulyayan korechilo ebong qama chahida (ebong uchcho mulya) maane chhilo jey panchashtiro qama gaadi punra toiri ebong bikri koraa hoyechilo. uporontu, 1999 saale, 240z-keey bajare sofol korey tola moulik vishaygulite firey aasaar porikolponai ekti dharona gaadi jonosadharoner kachhe dekhano hoyechilo.

nissan fairlady zed (aesa 30) nissan aesa30, japanma nissan fairlady zed tareeke aneey anya bajaroma datson 240zha tareeke vechaay chhe, pachhithi 260zha aneey 280zha tareeke, teey 1969 thee 1978 sudhee nissan dwara utpaadit aek bhavya pravasi chhe. aesa30 nee kalpanaa nissan motara corporation yunaa pramukh yutaka katayama dwara karvaamaa aavee hatee.aesa.aee., aneey nisaannaa sports kaar style studiyonaa vadaa yoshihiko matsuoni aagevani hethalnee team dwara design karvaamaa aavee hatee. nisanni zed shreneeni sports kaarnee aaa pratham kaar chhe. sthaapit european sports kaar saathe seedhi spardhaa karvaanaa lakshyank saathe, datusne navee 240zednee keemat united statesma british aema. jee. bii.-jee. tii. naa 200 dollarni andar raakhi hatee, jeey paanch varsh juunii design hatee jene tenee ummar darshaavi hatee. 240zednee shailee, ijneri, pramanma ochhi keemat aneey prabhavshali pradarshan janata saathe padgho paadyu, khareedaaro aneey motara presa banne tarafthi sakaratmak pratisaad malyo, aneey tarat jaj laambi raah jovani soochi banaavi. aek prabhaamandal kaar tareeke, 240 heartze jaapaani kaar utpadakoni temnee aarthik chhabithi aagalni svikrutino vyaap vadhaaryo. jaguar, bmw, porsha, alfa romeo aneey fiat dwara utpaadit maryadit utpadanni aayatvali sports kaarnee sarkhaamanimaa, datsonnaa vadhata vepaari networkthi khareedi aneey taiyar jaalvani banneni khaatari thaee. aesa30naaaaa tamaam prakaroma phora-wheel independent suspension hoya chhe jemaa aagalnaa bhagma mcfursion struts (nissan lorel see30 pasethi udhaar leedhel) aneey paachhalna bhagma chapman struts hoya chhe. aagalnaa disk brack aneey paachhalna drum pramanbhut hataa. 240zedmaa tween suu-style hitachi vana-beral side-draft carburatorno upyog karvaamaa aavyo hato. utsarjanna niyamonu paalan karvaa maate model varsh 1973thee sharoo kareene 260zed parr hitachi vana-beral side-draft carburator saathe tenu sthaan levaamaa aavyu hatoo, jenaa parinaame ekandar kaamgirima ghataado thayo hato. bosch-design karel aela-jetronic electronic indhan injectionne 1975maan us marqeta 280zedamaaan valtar aapvaa maate umervaamaa aavyu hatoo. 1975-1978 model varsho sudhee chaalu rakheene, united statesnee bahaarnaa bajaaro (aneey japan, jene 1974 thee maatra 2-litter angine ofara curry hatee) neey haju pann 260z koop aneey 2 + 2 malyaa hataa. S30 240z paachhalthi 240sx saathe asambandhit chhe, jeey japanma sylvia tareeke vechaay chhe. fairlady zed. fairlady zedne 1969naa antamaa 1970naa model tareeke rajoo karvaamaa aavee hatee, jemaa aela20 <id1> strait-six soechsi angine, rear-wheel drive aneey stylish koop bodee hatee. aaa angine, jeey datson 510naa chaar cylinder parr aadharit hatoo, tene jeesnu utpaadan karyoo hatoo aneey teey chaar athavaa paanch speed manual transmission saathe aavyu hatoo. 1973 maate, carburated angine shaktee kadak niyamone pahonchi vadvaa maate ghatee gaee. japanma, fairlady nissan japanese dealership maate vishisht hatee jene "nissan bluebird stores" kahevaay chhe. japanese khareedaaro aela24-angine fairlady 240zed model (hs30) pann melvee shake chhe, jooe keey motaa angine tene nondhpaatra reete uchch karverani shreneema mookyoo hatoo. japanese-vishisht 2.4-liter angine 5600 aar. pii. aema. parr daavo karaayel jeesnu utpaadan karey chhe parantu 1973maan bundh karvaamaa aavyu hatoo kaaran keey indhanni katokatinaa parinaame vechaanmaa nondhpaatra ghataado thayo hato, aneey tethee august 1978maan fairlady 280zedenii rajuaat sudhee maatra beey-litter fairlady uplabdh hatee. jyaare 1974maan nikas modelo motaa 2.6-liter 260zmaan badlai gayaa, tyaare japanese khareedaaro maate maatra 2-litter modelo uplabdh rahyaa. aek fairlady 260 heartzne chhodvaanu aayojan karvaamaa aavyu hatoo, parantu teela katokatini asarthi model bundh thaee gayoo hatoo, jooe keey 260 heartz okinavama uplabdh hatoo (jeey 1978 sudhee rastaani jamani bajuae chaalatu hatoo). fairlady zedne nikas modelone laagu padata tamaam ferfaro praapt thayaa, jemaa laambaa wheelbays 2 + 2 modelno samaavesh thaay chhe. january 1974maan rajoo karaayel, aaney jee. aesa. 30 chassis qoda malyo. 1975maan aela20 angine navaa utsarjan dhorano (aee-aesa30, aee-gs30) neey pahonchi vadvaa maate indhan injection malyun aneey pharii aekvaar jee. aaee. aesa. pradaan karyoo. julai 1976naa antamaa kaarne aaa varsh maate amalmaa mukaayela kadak chhataa utsarjanna dhoranone pahonchi vadvaa maate ee. jee. aar. system saheet nape system malee, jeey tenee saathe model kodmaa ferfar kareene aesa 31 (see-aesa 31/see-jee 31) maan laavee. teey jaj samaye, vadhu vaibhavi fairlady zed-tii model rajoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo-aaa sakhat reete aek saadhan star hatoo aneey temaa tii-baarnee chhatno samaavesh thato naa hato, jeey pratham vakhat anugaamee pedhhini fairlady parr jovaa malee hatee. fairlady zedji. japanma maatra hs30-aech nissan fairlady 240zedne october 1971maan japanma rajoo karvaamaa aavee hatee, jethee group 4 racing maate 240zedne samroop curry shakaay. fairlady zedji aneey nikas-bajaar datson 240zed vachchena tafavatoma vistrut fiber glass "ero-dyna" naak, shareer parr paholaa over-fenders, rear spoiler, accrylic glass headlight cover aneey phendara-mounted rear-vyoo mirrorsno samaavesh thaay chhe. zedjinaa vadhu saaraa vayugatishastrathi teey niyameet fairlady 240 heartz (automaticsni tochnee zadap anya 5 kimee/kalaak ochhi hatee) karataa paanch vadhu tochnee zadap sudhee pahonchavaani manjuri aapee hatee. fairlady zedji trana rangomaa uplabdh hateeh grand prix reeda, grand prix white aneey grand prix maroon. fairlady zedjimaa "jee" noow arth "grande" thaay chhe."jooe keey zedji yuu. aesa. maan vechvaamaa aavyu naa hatoo aneey japanni bahaar kyaarey vechvaamaa aavyu naa hatoo, teey yuu. aesa. maan spardhaa maate paatra banvaa maate, neesane naaknee kiit vepaarinaa vikalp tareeke vechee hatee jene" "jee-naak" "tareeke odakhvaamaa aave chhe". naak umervaamaa aave too, aaa 240zs neey ghanivaar japanni bahaar 240zg tareeke odakhvaamaa aave chhe. fairlady zed 432. skyline gt-aarmathi aesa20 angine (mulroope bhutpurv prince ijnero dwara design karaayel) neey peeka karvaathi zadpi fairlady banavvama aavee hatee. "zed 432" noow sandarbh cylinder deeth 4 valve, 3 mikuni carburator aneey 2 camshafts saathe thaay chhe. model qoda pii. aesa. 30 chhe. aashre 420 bandhvama aavyaa hataa. japanma police dwara ketlaak zed 432noow upyog karvaamaa aavyo hato. fairlady zed 432aar. keey. pii. jee. see. 10 skyline jee. tii.-aar. saathe vahenchaayel tween qema 2 aela inline six-cylinder "aesa 20" anginethi sajj japannun ekmatra model fairlady zed japanese sthaaneek bajaar (jeey. dii. aema.) maan homologation hetuo maate (railey kaar tareeke teno upyog saksham karvaa maate) rajoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. zed432aaaraar kaalaa aluminiumna wheels aneey ochhi chamakvala kaalaa hood saathe narangi rangthi rangvaamaa aavyaa hataa. zed432aaaramaa hadvaa front gards, darvaja aneey bonnet hataa, temaj zed432 parr vadhu angine unnatikarano hataa. january 2020maan 1970nee zed432aaaraar japanma harajima vikramee bhaave vechai hatee, jeey lagbhag us $. 240z. 1970 240zedne american bajaarmaa nissan motors usa operationsnaa pramukh yutaka katayama dwara rajoo karvaamaa aavee hatee, jeey vyaapakpane "mister keey" tareeke odakhaay chhe. 1969 thee 1971 naa madhya sudhee praarambhik kaaroma 71 naa antathi 1973 nee kaarnee sarkhaamanimaa ketlaak sookshm tafavto hataa. sauthee vadhu drashyamaan tafaavat aee chheh aaa praarambhik kaaroma sadhh stambh parr crome "240z" bej hatoo, aneey kaach moldingni neeche paachhalna hetchmaa beey aadee chhidro hataa jeey ventilation dwara pravaah puuro paade chhe. 1971naa madhyamaa, utpadanma ferfaro thayaa hataa, jemaa baahy aneey aantarik rango saamel hataa, sadhh stambhnaa prateekone fareethi shailibaddh karvaamaa aavyaa hataa, jemaa golaakaar vented prateekma maatra "zed" akshar mukvaamaa aavyu hatoo, aneey kaarnee hatch panelmathi vents door karvaamaa aavyaa hataa, kaaran keey kaarmaa exost felaay chhe. yuu. aesa. model 240zed maate designma ferfaro samagr utpaadan darmiyan thayaa hataa parantu jooe teo 1972naa model varsh maate aantarik ferfaro aneey bumper over-ridersnaa sthaanmaa ferfar saheet federal jaruriyaato maate chokkas hoya too jdm fairladyma hammesha pratibimbit thataa naa hataa, temaj ketlaak utsarjan niyantran upkaranono umero aneey 1973naa model varsh maate utsarjan ghataadati carburatorni navee shailee apnaavvi. 1970naa model october 1969maan rajoo karvaamaa aavyaa hataa, jemaa manual choqa aneey chaar speed manual saathe aela24 <id1> angine aapvama aavyu hatoo. 1971thee ochhu saamanya trana-speed automatic transmission vaikalpik hatoo, aneey temaa "nissan phul automatic" bej hatoo. motabhagna nikas bajaroae viveedh bajaarni jaruriyaatone aadhare thodee alag vishishtataao saathe kaarne "240zed" tareeke praapt curry hatee. 2004maan, "sports kaar international" aee aaa kaarne 1970naa daaykaani tochnee sports kaarnee yaadimaa beeja krame naam aapyu hatoo. vishva railey championship-round jeet. 1973maan shekhar mahtaanaa haathmaa 240 heartze 21mee purv african safaari railey jeetee hatee. 260z. 260zednu vechaan united statesma maatra 1974naa model varsh maate karvaamaa aavyu hatoo, parantu teey 1978 sudhee anya deshomaa uplabdh hatoo (japan sivaay, jyaan aaa model okinawa sivaay kyaarey niyameet reete uplabdh nahotu). angine tenaa strockne lambaaveene 2.6 litter sudhee vadharvama aavyu hatoo, jemaa teno navo model qoda rs30 lavvama aavyo hato. yuu. aesa. maan, federal utsarjanna niyamoae ignition time aneey compression ratioma ghataado karvaanee faraj paadee hatee, parinaame vadharana visthaapan chhataa 260zed maate aesa. aee. ee. netanu ochhu power output thayu hatoo, jyaare anya deshomaa power output vadheene 2.6 litter thayu hatoo. yuu. aesa. maan 1974naa uttaraardhmaa aek 1974.5 model pann vechaayu hatoo, jeey 5 mile pratee kalaaknee zadape salaamati bumpernaa umera saathe sampoorn 165 aechpee dharaavtu hatoo, jeey 280zed maate pramanbhut bunny jashe. chaar-speed athavaa 5 speed (none us) manual trana-speed automatic transmission vaikalpik saathe pramanbhut saadhan rahyu. motaa open quarter penal windose aneey sahej notched roofline saathe laambaa wheelbases parr bandhvama aavel 2 + 2 model rajoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. 2 + 2 andarthi mote bhaage samaan dekhaati hatee (paachhalni seat aneey tenee saathe sankalaayelee seat belt reels sivaay), parantu beey seater parr vaparaati rajaiwali vinaila saamgreene badale carpet transmission tunnel praapt thaee hatee. 2 + 2 parnee paachhalni bajunaa baareeo paachhalni seat parr bethelaa loko maate ventilation umervaa maate push-out aekamo hataa. 260zede 240zedmaa ketlaak sudhaarao aneey sudhaaraaono daavo karyo hato. aabohva niyantran vadhu samajdarithi taiyar karvaamaa aavyu hatoo aneey kaama karavu saral hatoo, aneey air conditioning dharaavati teey kaaroma havey aee/see system mukhya aabohva niyantran panelma sankaleet hatee. chassis railsnee punahrachanaane kaarane chesisma vadhaaraani kathortaa pann hatee jeey agaauna modelo karataa motee hatee aneey vadhu paachhal vistaree hatee. paachhalna bhagma aek swe baar pann umervaamaa aavyo hato. 260zedmaa punahdizain karel dashboard aneey console, temaj navee seat tream aneey aantarik maate doora panels rajoo karvaamaa aavee hatee. mukhya teela light housingmathi beeka up lightne paachhalna panelma khasedine, teela lightne update karvaamaa aavee hatee. 1974nee sharuaatmaa yuu. aesa. 260zed modelomaa bumper hataa jeey agaauna 240zed jevaa hataa, joke kadamaa thodo vadhaaro thayo hato, sharirthi kaneek anshe door dhakeli devaamaa aavyo hato aneey agaauna crome bumperne badale kaalaa rubber bumper gaard paheryaa hataa. aaa praarambhik kaaroma haju pann bumperni neeche stheet front turn signalo hataa. 1974 naa antamaa yuu.aesa. 260zed modelo (jene ghanivaar 1974.5 model tareeke odakhvaamaa aave chhe) bhaare bumper vahan kartaa hataa jeey 280zedenaaa 1975-76 model varsho parr raheshe jethee 1973maan united states bumper kayadana palanma rahe. aaa modee kaarmaa front turn signalo bumperni upar, front grilnee baahy dhaar parr sthaanaantarit karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. 280z. neesane 1975naa model varshmaa uttar americana bajaar maate datson 280zed model rajoo karyoo hatoo. vadhune vadhu kadak yuu saame aesa 30 modelone ramatmaa rakhvana vadhu prayasma.aesa. utsarjan aneey salamatini jaruriyaato, angine qada fareethi vadharvama aavyu hatoo, aaa vakhate 2.8 litter. aela26 angine aela28 banaavvaa maate kantaali gayoo hatoo, aneey aek bosch aela-jetronic fuel injection system umervaamaa aavee hatee. kenediyan aavruttio rajyoma farjiyat dhummas veerodhi ghatako vinaa ananya reete sajj hatee. model qoda hs30 chhe, jeey mool 240zed maate samaan chhe. 1975 aneey 1976naa namunaao yuu. aesa. saathe feat karvaanu chaalu raakhyu.aesa. samvaaytantra dwara jaroori assar shoshee lenar bumper jeey 260zednaa 1974naa model varshnaa madhyamaa rajoo karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. aaa bumper saral sapaati parr hataa, aneey kaarnaa mukhya bhaag saathe maltaa jaj tene saral kaalaa rabarnaa vistaranma mishreet karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. 1977 aneey 1978naa modelone avrodhit chenalo saathe bumper malyaa hataa, jeey lahereeyun athavaa accordian-shaileena kaalaa rabarnaa vistaran tream mishreet karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. 1977naa model varsh maate pann navoo, 280zedsaney havey sampoorn kadnaa fazal tyre malyaa naa hataa, aneey tenaa badale "spaces saver" fazal aneey motee indhan taanki hatee. aanaa parinaame fiberboardthi banelaa paachhalna deeka vistaarne uncho karvaamaa aavyo, jenaathi malvahak jagyama ghataado thayo. 1976naa antamaa aneey motabhagna 1977-78 modelo maate, chaar-speed manual aneey trana-speed automatic vikalponi saathe vaikalpik paanch-speed manual transmission uplabdh hatoo. temaa paachhalna hetchnee daabi neecheni dhaar parr "5-speed" prateek saamel hatoo. 1977 maate charcoal painted hubcap shailee (embernaa kendrana pratikomaa tartaa crome "zed" saathe) thee hubcapema pann sudhaaro karvaamaa aavyo hato, jeey eloy wheel jevu dekhaatu hatoo, jemaa kaalaa vartulmaan tartaa crome "zed" saathe kendra cape hatee. 1977 aneey 1978maan, datesne beey vishesh aavruttina namunaao rajoo karyaa hataa. zep" aavrutti 1977maan "vishesh sajavat package" tareeke rajoo karvaamaa aavee hatee. zep kaar "sunshine pilaa" rangmaa taiyar karvaamaa aavee hatee, aneey pattana aagalnaa chhede pilaa, laal aneey narangi shevron saathe madhya aneey baajuo neeche kaalaa pattaao pahervaamaa aavyaa hataa. 1977maan andaje 1,000 "zep zed" kaarnee rajuaat karvaamaa aavee hatee. 1977naa laambaa beach grand preeksma "zep zed" modelno upyog zadpi kaar tareeke pann karvaamaa aavyo hato. kaalaa moteeni aavrutti (1978maan utpaadit) kaalaa motee rung aneey "vishesh dekhaav package" (sepa) saathe aavee hatee, jemaa bevada racing areesao, paachhalna baarinaa louver aneey ananya laal aneey chaandini pattaaono samaavesh thato hato. aevo andaaj lagavvama aavyo chhe keey united statesnaa darek vepaareene vechvaa maate aek kaalaa moteeni aavrutti falavvama aavee hatee, joke unchee maangne kaarane ketlaak vepaareeone katheet reete vadhaaraani falvani malee hatee. aamathi 750 thee 1,500 kaarnu aakhare utpaadan thayu hovaano andaaj chhe, jooe keey chokkas sankhyaa agnaat chhe. beey-seater aneey 2 + 280z koop banne 1975-1978 model varsh darmiyan uplabdh rahyaa hataa. 1979 maate aesa30 shreneenu sthaan nissan aesa130 dwara levaamaa aavyu hatoo. racing. zed 1970naa daykama scaca resingma khoob jaj safal rahee hateeh wiltonni bahaarnee boob shaarp racing, tikshna, elliot forbes-robinson aneey pachhithi poola neuman driving saathe connecticut; aneey 1970 aneey 1971maan john morton saathe pashchim yuu. aesa. maan broqa racing entreprise (brey) scaca see production raashtriy khitaab maate #46 240z chalaavtaa. anya drivero, jaim keey clearwater florida (aneey pachhithi maryland) resara doona kernine 1970 aneey 1978nee vachche zed-kaar saathe ghanee safalataa malee hatee. zed aneey detson 510neey us japanese aayaat pradarshan bhaago udhyog maate utprerak tareeke shrey aapvama aave chhe. neesane tenee sharuaatthi jaj boob bondurantnee reesa driving schoolne teko aapyo hato aneey tenee saathe sankalaayelee hatee. 2013maan neesane greega iraa saathe tenee narangi #2 revtech 240z naa chakra parr tenee 97mee skaa raashtriy championship jeetno daavo karyo hato. potaani championship taraf jataa iraae 2006maan sharoo thayela scana ee production classma rooad coursena ghanaa vikramo sthaapit karyaa hataa, jemaa nichenaano samaavesh thaay chheh iraane 2008maan skaano pratishthit kimberly cup enayat karvaamaa aavyo hato. agaauna kimberly cup melavnaraoma boob holbert, rojar penske, marqa donohue aneey pieter revasanno samaavesh thaay chhe. 27 september, 2015naa roj, greega iraae tenee beejee (aneey nisanni 98mee) scaca raashtriy championship jeetee, tenaa ee. pii. 2 revtech/ztricksma.qoma 240zed, detonaa aantarrashtriy speedway parr. prayaaso pharii sharoo karoo. 1997 thee 2002 sudhee neesane japanni bahaar zed-kaar line ofara curry naa hatee, jyaan fairlady zed (zed 32) 2000 sudhee uplabdh rahee hatee. 1998 maan, neesane zed-kaar line paachha laavvaa maate aek kaarykram sharoo karyo hato, jemaa pahelaa mool 240 zednee khareedi curry hatee, pachhi temne factoryna spashtikarano parr punsthapit curry hatee aneey ante temne 24,000 dollarmaa dealershipne vechee hatee. aaa zed-kaarnaa vyaajne jivant raakhvaano prayaas hato. neesane kaarnaa bajaarne vadhu padato andaaj aapyo hato aneey ochhi maang (aneey unchee keemat) noow arth aee thayo keey pachasthi ochhi kaarnu fareethi utpaadan aneey vechaan karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. vadhumaa, 1999maan, 240zedne bajaarmaa safal banaavnaar mulbhoot siddhaanto parr paachha farvani yojnaamaa aek concept kaar jaaher jantaane darshavvama aavee hatee.

nissan fairlady jaid jaid nissan रहे।, japan mein nissan fairlady jaid key roop mein aur anya baajaron mein datson liye key roop mein becha jaataa haye, phir baad mein mein aur aur key roop mein, 1969 seey 1978 taka nissan dwara utpaadit ack bhavya tourer haye. रहे। kii kalpana nissan motor corporation yuu key adhyaksh yutaka katyama dwara kii gaee thee.aiss.aeye., aur nissan key sports kaar styling studio key pramukh yoshihiko matsu key netritva mein ack team dwara design kiya gayaa. yeh nissan kii jaid shrinkhala kii sports kaaron kii pahali kaar haye. sthaapit europeeya khel kaaron key saath seedhe pratispardha karane key uddeshya seey, datson ney sanyukt raajya america mein british milligram-gt key 200 dollar key bheetar nae 240 heartz kii keemat nirdhaarit kii, ack paanch saal purana design jisane apani umr dikhaai. 240z kii shally, engineering, apekshaakrit cumm keemat, aur prabhaavshaali pradarshan janata key saath pratidhwanit huaa, kharidaaron aur motor press donon seey sakaratmak pratikriya praapt hui, aur turant lambi prateeksha soochi utpann kii. ack prabhamandal kaar key roop mein, 240 heartz ney japani kaar nirmaataon kii sweekriti koo unaki arthavyavastha kii chhavi seey parey curr diyaa. jaguar, bmw, porsch, alfa romeo aur fiet dwara nirmit seemit utpaadan aayatit sports kaaron kii tulanaa mein datson key badhate dealer network ney aasaan khareed aur taiyar rakharkhaav donon koo sunishchit kiya. रहे। key sabhi roopon mein chaar-pahiya swatantra nilamban hotaa haye jisamen saamane mein mcfursion struts (nissan laurel laurel seey udhaar liya gayaa) aur peechhe mein chapman struts hotey hain. saamane key disk break aur peechhe key drum maanak they. 240z mein twin sue-style hitachi vann-bairal side-draft carborator kaa upayog kiya gayaa thaa. inhen 260z parr hitachi ack-bairal side-draft carborator key saath pratisthaapit kiya gayaa thaa, joe model varsh 1973 seey shuru hocker utsarjan niyamon kaa paalan karane key liye thaa, jisake parinamswarup samagr pradarshan mein kamee aaee. 1975 mein kshatipurti key liye ack bosch-design ell-getronic electronic eendhan injection koo 280zs key bajar mein jodaa gayaa thaa. 1975-1978 model varshon key madhyam seey jaari rakhate hue, sanyukt raajya america key baahar key baajaron (aur japan, jisane 1974 seey kewal 2-leater injan kii peshkash kii thee) koo abhee bhee 260z koop aur 2 + 2 praapt huaa. S30 240z kaa baad key 240sx seey koee sambandh naheen haye, jise japan mein sylvia key roop mein becha jaataa haye. fairlady jaid. fairlady jaid koo 1969 key anta mein 1970 key model key roop mein pesh kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen mein 2.0-liter strait-six soechsi injan, rear-wheel drive aur ack stylish koop boddy thee. datson 510 key chaar-cylinder parr adharit injan ney jiss kaa utpaadan kiya aur chaar-yaa paanch-speed manual transmission key saath aaya. 1973 key liye, carburated injan kii shakti koo sakht niyamon koo puuraa karane key liye giraa diyaa gayaa. japan mein, fairlady nissan japani dealership key liye vishesh thaa jise "nissan bluebird store" kahaa jaataa thaa. japani kharidar kharidar fairlady 240z model model bhee praapt curr sakate hain, halanki badey injan ney ise kaafee adhik curr shreni mein rakhaa haye. japani-vishisht 2.4-liter injan 5600 aar. pee. aim. parr ack daavaa kiye gaye jee. aaee. aiss. kaa utpaadan kartaa haye, lekin 1973 mein bund curr diyaa gayaa thaa kyonki eendhan sankat key parinamswarup bikri mein kaafee girawat aaee thee, aur isaliye agast 1978 mein fairlady 280z kii shuruat taka kewal dou-leater fairlady upalabdh they. jaba 1974 mein niryaat model badey 2.6-liter 260z mein badal gaye, tou kewal 2-leater model japani kharidaaron key liye upalabdh rahey. ack fairlady 260z koo jaari karane kii yojana banaai gaee thee, lekin tail sankat key prabhaav ney model koo roque diyaa, halanki 260z okinawa mein upalabdh thaa (joe 1978 taka sadak key daahine taraf chalaa thaa). fairlady jaid ney niryaat model parr lagu sabhi parivartan praapt kiye, jisamen ack lambe-wheelbase 2 + 2 model kaa jodd bhee shamil haye. janwari 1974 mein pesh kiya gayaa, ise ise chessis code praapt huaa. 1975 mein mein injan ney nae utsarjan manakon manakon, (aeye-aiss30 koo puuraa karane key liye eendhan injection praapt kiya aur ack baar phir jee. aaee. aiss. pradaan kiya. julaai 1976 key anta mein kaar koo iss varsh key liye prabhaavi roop seey sakht abhee taka utsarjan manakon koo puuraa karane key liye ack ee. jee. aar. pranali sahit naps pranali praapt hui, jisase model code mein mein aiss31. aiss. 31) mein badalaav aaya. usee samay, adhik shandar fairlady jaid-tii model pesh kiya gayaa thaa-yeh sakhti seey ack upkaran star thaa aur isamen ack tii-baar chhat shamil naheen thee, jise pahali baar agali peedhi kii fairlady parr dekhaa gayaa thaa. fairlady jedji. japan-kewal japan-kewal nissan fairlady fairlady koo octuber 1971 mein japan mein samooh 4 racing key liye liye koo samroop karane key liye jaari kiya gayaa thaa. fairlady jedji aur ack niryaat-bajar datson 240z key beach key antar mein ack vistaarit fiber glass "airo-dyna" naak, shareer key liye vyaapak over-fender, ack rear spoiler, acrylic glass headlight cover aur fender-mounted rear-vyu mirror shamil hain. jedji key behtar vaayugatiki ney ise niyamit fairlady 240z (swachaalit sheersh gati anya 5 kimmy/ghanta cumm thee) kii sheersh gati taka pahunchane kii anumati dee. fairlady jedji teen rangon mein upalabdh thaah grand prix redd, grand prix white aur grand prix maroon. fairlady jedji mein "jee" kaa arth haye "grande."halanki jedji koo america mein naheen becha gayaa thaa aur japan key baahar kabhi naheen becha gayaa thaa, taaki yeh america mein pratispardha key liye yogya hoe, nissan ney naak kitt koo ack dealer key vikalp key roop mein betch diyaa jise" "jee-naak" "key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. naak key judane key saath, inn 240zs koo aksar japan key baahar 240zg key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye. fairlady saath-saath. jaid432। injan (mool roop seey poorv rajkumar engineeron dwara design kiya gayaa) koo skyline gt-aar seey packaging karane seey ack tej fairlady banaa. "z432" prati cylinder 4 valve, 3 mikuni carburator aur 2 camshaft koo sandarbhit kartaa haye. model code pee. aiss. 30 haye. lagbhag 420 banaae gaye they. japan mein pulis dwara kuchh z432 kaa upayog kiya gayaa thaa. fairlady ack. key. pee. jee. see. 10 skyline jee. tii.-aar. key saath saajha kiye gaye dohare cam 2 ell inline chhah-cylinder chhah-cylinder injan seey lais ack japan-kewal model fairlady jaid koo japani gharelu bajar (jey. dee. aim.) mein homologation uddeshyon key liye jaari kiya gayaa thaa (ack raili kaar key roop mein isake upayog koo saksham karane key liye). ack sabhi kaale aluminium pahiyon aur ack cumm chamak vaale kaale hood key saath narangi rung seey chitrit they. ack mein halke front gaard, darwaaje aur bonat key saath-saath saath-saath parr injan mein aur vriddhi thee. janwari 2020 mein japan mein nilami mein 1970 kaa ack ack record key liye becha gayaa, lagbhag us $. 240z. 1970 240z koo americi bajar mein nissan motors usa sanchaalan key adhyaksh yutaka katayama dwara pesh kiya gayaa thaa, jise vyaapak roop seey "mister key" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. 1969 seey 1971 key madhya taka kii shuruati kaaron mein kuchh sookshm antar they, jabaki 71 key anta seey 1973 kii kaaron mein kuchh antar they. sabse adhik dikhaai dene vaalaa antar yeh haih inn shuruati kaaron mein paal stambh parr ack crome "240z" baij thaa, aur kaanch key moulding key neeche peechhe kii hatch mein dou kshaitij chhidra they joe ventilation key madhyam seey pravaah pradaan karate they. 1971 key madhya mein, utpaadan mein badalaav hue, jisamen baahari aur aantarik rung shamil they, paal stambh key prateekon koo ack golakar vented prateek mein kewal "jaid" akshar key saath phir seey banaaya gayaa thaa, aur kaar key hatch panel seey vents koo hataa diyaa gayaa thaa, kyonki kaar mein nikas kii shikaayaten prasaarit kii jaa rahee theen. yuu. aiss. model 240z key liye design parivartan poore utpaadan key dauran hue, lekin hamesha jey. dee. aim. fairlady mein pratibimbit naheen hue, yadi way 1972 model varsh key liye aantarik sanshodhan aur bumper over-ryder key sthaan mein parivartan sahit sanghiya aavashyaktaon key liye vishisht they, saath hii saath kuchh utsarjan niyantran upkaranon key judaav aur 1973 model varsh key liye utsarjan koo cumm karane vaale carborator kii ack naee shally koo apnana. 1970 model octuber 1969 mein pesh kiye gaye they, jisamen ack manual chok aur chaar-speed manual key saath saath 2.4-liter injan praapt huaa thaa. 1971 seey ack cumm samanya teen-gati swachaalit sancharan vaikalpik thaa, aur isamen ack "nissan poorna swachaalit" baij thaa. adhikansh niryaat baajaron ney kaar koo "240z" key roop mein praapt kiya, jisamen vibhinn bajar kii jarooraton key aadhar parr thodaa alag vinirdesh they. 2004 mein, "sports kaar international" ney iss kaar koo 1970 key dashak kii sheersh sports kaaron kii soochi mein dusare sthaan parr rakhaa. vishva raili championship-round jeet. 1973 mein, shekhar mehta key haathon mein 240 heartz ney 21veen purvi african safari raili jeeti. 260z. 260z koo sanyukt raajya america mein kewal 1974 model varsh key liye becha gayaa thaa, lekin 1978 taka anya deshon mein upalabdh thaa (japan key alawa, jahaan yeh model okinawa koo chhodkar kabhi bhee niyamit roop seey upalabdh naheen thaa). injan koo apane stroke koo badhaakar 2.6 ell taka badhaaya gayaa thaa, isake saath nayaa model code code laaya gayaa thaa. sanyukt raajya america mein, sanghiya utsarjan niyamon ney ignition samay aur sampeedan anupaat mein kamee koo majboor kiya, jisake parinamswarup atirikt visthaapan key bavjood 260z key liye aiss. aeye. ee. nett kaa cumm bijli utpaadan huaa, jabaki anya deshon mein bijli utpaadan mein vriddhi hui. 1974 key uttaraardh mein america mein ack 1974.5 model bhee becha gayaa thaa jisamen badey 5 meal prati ghante key suraksha bumpers key saath poorna 165 hp thaa, joe 280z key liye maanak bunn jaayega. ack chaar-gati yaa 5 gati (gair-us) manual maanak upkaran banaa rhaa, jisamen teen-gati swachaalit sancharan vaikalpik thaa. ack lambe wheelbase parr nirmit 2 + 2 model pesh kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen badee shuruati chauthai panel khidakiyan aur thodi noke vaali chhat kii rekha thee. 2 + 2 ander kaafee hudd taka samaan dikhta thaa (peechhe kii seat aur usase judee seat belt reelon key alawa), lekin dou-seater parr upayog kii jaane vaali razaidar vinail samagri key bajaay ack kaaleen sancharan surang praapt hui. 2 + 2 parr peechhe kii taraf kii khidakiyan push-out ikaaiyaan theen, joe peechhe kii seat parr baithane vaalon key liye ventilation jodati theen. 260z ney 240z parr kuchh adyatan aur sudhaaron kaa daavaa kiya. jalavaayu niyantran adhik samajhadaari seey taiyar kiye gaye they aur kaam karna aasaan thaa, aur vatanukoolan vaali una kaaron mein abb aeye/see pranali mukhya jalavaayu niyantran panel mein ekikrit thee. chessis rail key nae design key kaaran chessis mein atirikt kathorta bhee thee joe pichhale model kii tulanaa mein badee aur aage badhee hui thee. ack peechhe kii taraf kii taraf kii taraf kii taraf kii taraf kii taraf kii taraf kii taraf kii taraf seey bhee ack baar jodaa gayaa thaa. 260z ney ack punah design kiye gaye dashboard aur kansol key saath-saath naee seat trim aur interior key liye door panel kii shuruat kii. tail light koo adyatan kiya gayaa thaa, mukhya tail light housing seey back panel taka back upp light koo sthanantarit kiya gayaa thaa. 1974 kii shuruat mein yuu. aiss. 260z model mein bumper they joe pahale key 240z key samaan they, halanki aakar mein thodaa vriddhi hui, shareer seey kuchh hudd taka door dhakel diyaa gayaa, aur pichhale crome bumper gaard key bajaay rubber strips key saath kaale rubber bumper gaard pahane hue they. inn shuruati kaaron mein abhee bhee bumper key neeche sthit front turn signal they. 1974 key anta mein yuu.aiss. 260z model (aksar 1974.5 model key roop mein sandarbhit) bhaari bumper leey jaate they joe 280z key 1975-76 model varshon parr baney rahate they taaki 1973 mein sanyukt raajya bumper kaanoon key anupaalan mein hoe. inn dair seey chalane vaali kaaron mein saamane kii or modd sanketon koo bumper key oopar, saamane kii grill key baahari kinaaron parr sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. 280z. nissan ney 1975 model varsh mein uttari americi bajar key liye datson 280z model jaari kiya. रहे। model koo teji seey sakht yuu key saamane rakhane key liye ack aur prayaas mein.aiss. utsarjan aur suraksha aavashyaktaon key liye, injan kaa aakar phir seey badhaa diyaa gayaa, iss baar 2.8 leater. लीटर। injan koo koo banaane key liye oob diyaa gayaa thaa, aur ack bosch ell-getronic eendhan injection pranali jodee gaee thee. kanadai sanskaran raajyon mein anivarya roop seey anty-smog ghatakon key binaa advitiya roop seey susajjit they. model code code haye, joe mool 240z key liye samaan haye. 1975 aur 1976 key model yuu key saath fitt kiye jaate rahey.aiss. sanghiya roop seey aavashyak prabhaav avashoshit karane vaale bumper joe 260z key madhya-1974 model varsh key liye pesh kiye gaye they. yeye bumper chikane satah parr they, aur chikane kaale rubber extension mein mishrit they kyonki way kaar key shareer seey mille they. 1977 aur 1978 key model koo bumper mille jisamen recessed channel jode gaye joe nalidar yaa accordion-shally key kaale rubber extension trim mein mishrit they. 1977 model varsh key liye bhee nayaa, 280zs koo abb poorna aakar kaa atirikt tyre naheen milaa, aur isake bajaay ack "space sever" atirikt aur ack badaa eendhan tank thaa. isake parinamswarup fiberboard seey banaa ack oonchaa pichla deck kshetra huaa, jisase malvahak sthaan cumm hoe gayaa. 1976 key anta mein aur adhikansh aaee. dee. 1. model key liye, chaar-gati manual aur teen-gati swachaalit vikalpon key saath ack vaikalpik paanch-gati manual sancharan upalabdh thaa. isamen peechhe kii hatch key baaen nichale kinare parr ack "5-speed" prateek shamil thaa. 1977 key liye charcoal chitrit hubcap shally (ember kendra prateek mein tairate hue ack crome "jaid" key saath) seey ack hubcap mein ack adyatan bhee thaa joe ack mishra dhaatu chakr seey milata-julata thaa, jisamen ack kaale vritt mein tairate hue ack crome "jaid" key saath ack kendra topi thee. 1977 aur 1978 mein kramshah datson ney dou vishesh sanskaran model pesh kiye. zap" sanskaran koo 1977 mein "vishesh sajawat package" key roop mein pesh kiya gayaa thaa. zap kaaron koo "sunshine yelo" pent mein taiyar kiya gayaa thaa, aur beach aur kinaaron parr kaali dhaariyon koo khela gayaa thaa, dhaariyon key saamane key chhor parr peele, laal aur narangi shevron key saath. 1977 mein anumaanit 1,000 "zap jaid" kaaron kii peshkash kii gaee thee. 1977 key lambe beach grand prix mein "zap jaid" model kaa upayog gati kaar key roop mein bhee kiya gayaa thaa. kaalaa motee sanskaran (1978 mein nirmit) kaale motee rung aur ack "vishesh upasthiti package" (sapp) key saath aaya, jisamen dohare racing darpan, peechhe kii khidki key lauver aur advitiya laal aur chaandi kii dhaari shamil thee. yeh anuman lagaaya gayaa haye kii pratyek sanyukt raajya key vikreta koo bechane key liye ack kaalaa motee sanskaran aavantit kiya gayaa thaa, halanki uchch maang key kaaran kuchh vikretaon koo kathit taur parr atirikt aavantan praapt huaa thaa. anuman haye kii inmein seey 750 seey 1,500 kaaron kaa antatah utpaadan kiya gayaa thaa, halanki sateek sankhya agyaat haye. dou-seater aur 2 + 2 280z koop donon 1975-1978 model varsh key dauran upalabdh rahey. रहे। shrinkhala koo 1979 key liye nissan nissan dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. daud. jaid 1970 key dashak mein makka racing mein bahut safal rahah wilton seey baahar bobb sharp racing, sharp, elliot forbes-robbinson aur baad mein paul neuman driving key saath connect; aur 1970 aur 1971 mein makka see utpaadan rashtriya khitaab key liye johnn morton key saath paschimi america mein broke racing udyam (brey). anya driver, jaise kii clearwater florida (aur baad mein maryland) racer donn kierni koo 1970 aur 1978 key beach jaid-kaar key saath bahut safalata millie thee. jaid aur datson 510 koo americi japani ayaat pradarshan bhaag udyog key liye utprerak key roop mein shreya diyaa jaataa haye. nissan ney bhee bobb bondurant key races driving school kaa samarthan kiya aur isaki sthaapana seey hii usase judaa huaa thaa. 2013 mein nissan ney apani 97veen pakka rashtriya championship jeet kaa daavaa kiya jisamen gregg iraa ney apane narangi rung key pahiye parr #2 revtech 240z kaa daavaa kiya. apani championship key raaste mein iraa ney 2006 mein shuru honey vaale makka key ee production class mein kaee road course record banaae, jinamen shamil hainh iraa koo 2008 mein makka key pratishthit kimberley cup seey sammaanit kiya gayaa thaa. pichhale kimberley cup praaptakartaon mein bobb holbert, roser penske, maark donohue aur peater raveson shamil hain. 27 sitambar, 2015 koo, gregg iraa ney apani doosari (aur nissan kii 98veen) makka rashtriya championship, apane ee. pee. 2 revtech/jaid. tricks mein jeeti.comm 240z, detona antarrashtriya speedway parr. punah prayaas shuru karein. 1997 seey 2002 taka nissan ney japan key baahar jaid-kaar line kii peshkash naheen kii, jahaan fairlady jaid jaid 2000 taka upalabdh rhaa. 1998 mein, nissan ney pahale mool 240z kii khareed karke jaid-kaar line koo vaapas laane key liye ack karyakram shuru kiya, phir unhein karkhane key vinirdeshon mein bahaal kiya, aur anta mein unhein 24,000 dollar mein dealership koo betch diyaa. yeh jaid-kaar byaaj koo jeevit rakhane kaa ack prayaas thaa. nissan ney kaaron key liye bajar koo adhik anumaanit kiya aur cumm maang (aur uchch moolya) kaa matlab thaa kii pachas seey cumm kaaron kaa punarnirmaan aur bikri kii gaee thee. isake alawa, 1999 mein, janata koo una buniyaadi baaton parr lautane kii yojana mein ack avadharana kaar dikhaai gaee thee jisane 240z koo bajar mein safal banaa diyaa.

nissan fairlady jhad (ess30) japaninalli nissan fairlady jhad endu mattu itara marukattegalalli dotson 240z endu maaratavaada nissan ess30, nantara 260z mattu 280z endu maaratavaada idu 1969rinda 1978ravarege nissan nirmisida ondu dodda tourer aagide. nissan motor corporation yuu. naa adhyaksharaada yutaka katayama avaru ess30 annu roopisidaru.ess.aa., mattu nisson sports kaar styling studiyoda mukhyastha yoshihiko matsuvo netrutvada tandavu vinyaasagoliside. idu nisson jhad saraniya sports karugala modala kaaru aagide. sthaapita european creeda kaarugalondige neravagi spardhisuva guriyannu hondidda dotson, hosa 240z annu united statesnalli british mgb-gt yaya $200 rolage beleyirisitu, idu aidu varshagalashtu haleya vinyaasavaagiddu adara vayassannu torisitu. 240z naa vinyasa, engineering, tulanaatmakavaagi kadime bele mattu prabhavashali kaaryakshamateyu saarvajanikaralli anuranisitu, khareedidaararu mattu motoring press eradarindaloo sakaaraatmaka pratikriyeyannu padeyitu mattu takshanave deergha kayuva pattigalannu rachisitu. ondu haalo kaaraagi, 240z japanina kaaru tayaarakara sweekaaravannu avara arthika chithranavannu meeri vistarisitu. jagwar, bmdablue, porsche, alfa romeo mattu fiet tayaarisida aamadu madikonda seemita utpadana creeda kaarugalige holisidare, dutson beleyuttiruva dealer jaalavu sulabha khareedi mattu siddha nirvahane eradannoo khatripadisitu. ess30naa ellah roopaantaragalu mumbhagadalli mcfursion stratgalannu (nissan laurel sii30ninda eravalu padedide) mattu himbhagadalli chapman stratgalannu olagondiruva naalku chakragala swatantra amanatugalannu hondive. mumbhagada disk breakgalu mattu himbhagada drumgalu pramaanitavaagiddavu. 240z avali suu-sailiya hitachi one-barrell side-draft carburatorgalannu balasitu. ivugalannu 260z nalli hitachi one-barrell side-draft carburatorgalondige badalaayisalaayitu, idu maadari varsha 1973 rinda praarambhavaagi horasoosuvike niyamagalannu anusarisitu, idara parinaamavaagi ottare kaaryakshamate kadimeyaayitu. 1975ralli 280zsನಷ್ಟು beleyannu saridoogisalu baash-vinyasagolisalada ell-getronic electronic indhana chuchchumaddannu yuu. ess. maarukattege serisalaayitu. maadari varshagala moolaka munduvaredu, united statesna horagina maarukattegalu (mattu 1974rinda 2-leater engine annu maatra needida japan) innoo 260z koope mattu 2 + 2 annu svikarisidavu. ess30 240z nantarada 240sxge sambandhisilla, idannu japannalli sylvia endu marata maadalaaguttade. fairlady jhad. 1969rahra koneyalli 1970rahra maadariyaagi, ell20 2.0-liter strait-six sohsi engine, rear-wheel drive mattu stylish koope baadiyondige fairlady jhad annu parichayisalaayitu. datson 510rahra naalku-cylinder engine annu aadharisida ee engine, jis annu utpaadisitu mattu naalku athawa aidu-speed manual transmissionondige banditu. 1973ralli, carburated engine shaktiyu kathina niyamagalannu puraisalu kadimeyaayitu. japannalli, fairlady "nissan bluebird stores" endu kareyalaaguva nissan japanese dealershipgalige pratyekavagittu. japanina khareedidaararu ell24-engine fairlady 240z maadariyannu (hs30) saha padeyabahudu, aadaagyoo dodda engine idannu gananeeyavaagi hecchina terige vibhagadalli iriside. japanese-speck 2.4-liter engine 5600 arpmnalli clime maadalaada jis annu utpaadisuttade aadare indhana bikkattina parinaamavaagi maaraatavu gananeeyavaagi kadimeyagiruvudarinda 1973 ralli sthagitagolisalaayitu, mattu aaddarinda august 1978 rahra fairlady 280z annu parichayisuvavarege kevala eradu-leater ferledigalu maatra labhyaviddavu. 1974ralli raftu maadarigalu doddadaada 2.6-liter 260zge badaladaga, japanina khareedidaararige kevala 2-leater maadarigalu maatra labhyaviddavu. 260z fairlady bidugadeyannu yojisalagittu, aadare taila bikkattina parinaamavu maadariyannu nillisitu, aadaagyoo 260z okinavaadalli labhyavittu (idu 1978 ravarege rasteya balabhagadalli chalisuttittu). long-wheelbase 2 + 2 maadariyannu serisuvudu seridante raftu maadarigalige anvayisidante fairlady jhad ellah badalaavanegalannu padeyitu. 1974rahra janavariyalli parichayisalaada idu gs30 chassis code annu padeyitu. 1975ralli ell20 engine hosa horasoosuvikeya manadandagalannu (aa-ess30, aa-zii30) puraisalu indhana chuchchumaddannu padeyitu mattu mattomme jis annu odagisitu. 1976rahra julai antyadalli, ee varsha jaariyalliruva kattunittaada innoo horasoosuvikeya manadandagalannu puraisalu, kaaru ii. zii. aarr. vyavastheyannu olagondante naap vyavastheyannu padeyitu, adarondige maadari sanketagalalli ess 31 (sii-ess 31/sii-zii 31) ge badalaavaneyannu tanditu. adhe samayadalli, hecchu aisharami fairlady jhad-tii maadariyannu parichayisalaayitu-idu kattunittaagi salakaranegala mattavagittu mattu tii-baar chaavaniyannoo olagondiralilla, idu nantarada piligeya fairladyalli modalu kandubanditu. fairlady jhadji. group 4 racingagi 240z annu hologate maadalu japan-maatra hs30-etch nissan fairlady 240zg annu october 1971 ralli japannalli bidugade maadalaayitu. fairlady jedgy mattu raftu-marukatte dotson 240jhad naduvina vyatyaasagalalli vistruta fiberglass "airo-daina" moogu, dehakke agalavaada ovar-fendergalu, himbhagada spoiler, akrilik gaajina headlight kavargalu mattu fender-mounted rear-vyoo kannadigalu serive. jedgy uttama vaayubalavignaanavu saamaanya fairlady 240z ginta aidu hecchu garishta vegavannu talupalu avakasha maadikottitu (svayamchaalitagala garishta vegavu gantege innoo 5 kimee kadimeyagittu). fairlady jedgy mooru bannagalli labhyavittuhu grand prix redd, grand prix white mattu grand prix meroon. fairlady jhadji yalli "zii" endare "grande"."jedgy yuu. esnalli maaraatavaagadiddaru mattu japan horage endigoo maaraatavaagadiddaru, idu yuu. esnalli spardhege arhate padeyalu, nissan moogu kitt annu vyapariya aaykeyaagi marata maadidaru, idannu" "zii-moogu" "endu kareyalaaguttade". moogu serisida nantara, ee 240zs annu japan horage 240zgs endu kareyalaaguttade. fairlady Z432. skyline gt-aarr ninda ess20 engine annu (moolatah maaji prince enginiyargalu vinyaasagolisidda) packaging maaduvudarinda vegada fairlady rachisalaayitu. "z432" prati cylinderge 4 kavaatagalu, 3 mikuni carburatorgalu mattu 2 camshaftgalannu soochisuttade. maadari sanketavu ps30 aagide. sumaru 420 annu nirmisalaagide. japaninalli polisaru kelavu jhad 432galannu balasidaru. fairlady Z432r. kpgc10 skyline gt-aarr nondige hanchikonda avali cam 2.0 ell inline six-cylinder "ess20" enginnondige japanina ekaika maadari fairlady jhad annu japanina deshiya marukatteyalli (jdm) homologation uddeshagaligaagi bidugade maadalaayitu (raali kaaraagi adara balakeyannu sakriyagolisalu). Z432r annu kappu aluminium chakragalu mattu kadime holapina kappu hudninda kittale bannadalli chithrisalaagide. Z432r haguravaada mumbhagada kaavalugaararu, bagilugalu mattu baanetgalannu hondittu, jotege Z432 ginta hecchina engine vardhanegalannu hondittu. janavari 2020ralli 1970rahra jhad432aarr annu japannalli haraajinalli daakhaleya marata maadalaayitu, sumaru yuu. ess. $. 240z. 1970rahra 240z annu "mister keey" endu vyaapakavaagi kareyalaaguva nissan motors usa karyacharanegala adhyaksharaada yutaka katayama avaru american maarukattege parichayisidaru. 1969rinda 1971rahra madhyabhagadavaregina arambhika kaarugalu, 71rahra koneya mattu 1973rahra kaarugalige holisidare kelavu sukshma vyatyaasagalannu hondiddavu. atyanta gochara vyatyaasavendareh ee arambhika kaarugalu hayidoni kambada mele crome "240z" badge annu hondiddavu mattu gaajina acchina kelage himbhagada hatchnelly eradu samatala dwaaragalu gaalipatada moolaka harivannu odagisuttiddavu. 1971rahra madhyabhaagadalli, horah mattu olaangana bannagalu seridante utpadana badalaavanegalu sambhavisidavu, hadagina kambada laanchanagalannu vrattakarada dwaarada laanchanadalli "jhad" aksharadondige maruvinyaasagolisalaayitu, mattu nishkaasavannu kaarige haradalaaguttiruva doorugalindaagi kaarina hatch phalakadinda dwaaragalannu tegeduhaakalaayitu. yuu. ess. maadari 240z naa vinyaasada badalaavanegalu utpaadaneya uddakkoo sambhavisidavu aadare avu 1972rahra maadari varshada aantarika maarpaadugalu mattu bumper ovar-raidargala sthaladallina badalaavane, jotege kelavu horasoosuvike niyantrana sadhanagala serpade mattu 1973rahra maadari varshakke carburatorgalannu kadime maaduva hosa sailiya horasusuvikeyannu alavadisikolluvudu seridante federal avashyakategalige nirdishtavagiddare jdm fairladyalli yavagalu pratiphalisuvudilla. 1970rahra maadarigalannu 1969rahra octobernalli parichayisalaayitu, ivu kaiyinda chuk mattu naalku-vegada kaiyinda madalpatta ell24 2.4-liter engine annu padedukondavu. 1971rinda kadime samanyavada mooru-vegada svayamchaalita prasaranavu aichchikavaagittu mattu "nissan phul automatic" badge annu hondittu. hecchina raftu maarukattegalu vividha marukatteya agatyagalannu avalambisi swalpa vibhinnavaada visheshanagalondige kaarannu "240z" endu svikarisidavu. 2004ralli, "sports kaar international" ee kaarannu 1970rahra dashakada tamma agra creeda karugala pattiyalli eradane sthaanadallirisitu. vishwa rally championship-suttina geluvugalu. 1973ralli shekhar mehta avara kaiyallidda 240 hertjan 21neey purva african safari ryaliyannu geddukonditu. 260z. 260z annu united statesnalli 1974rahra maadari varshakke maatra marata maadalaayitu, aadare 1978ravarege itara desagalalli labhyavittu (japanina horataagi, allie ee maadariyu okinaavaavannu horatupadisi niyamitavagi labhyaviralilla). hosa maadari code rs30 annu adarondige taruva moolaka engine annu 2.6 leetarge vistarisalaayitu. yuu. esnalli, federal horasoosuvike niyamagalu dahana samaya mattu sankochana anupaatadalli ilikeyannu untumaadidavu, idara parinaamavaagi hechchuvari sthalaantarada horataagiyoo 260 hertzge see nivvalada kadime vidyut utpaadaneyaayitu, aadare itara desagalalli vidyut utpaadaneyu 26 leetarge airitu. 1974rahra dvitiyaardhadalli yuu. esnalli maaratavaada ondu <aii. dii. 1> maadariyu, doddadaada 5 mph surakshata bampargalannu serisuvudarondige purna 165 etch. pii. yannu hondittu, idu 280zge maanadandavaayitu. naalku-vegada athawa 5-vegada (yuu. ess allada) kaipidiu pramanita sadhanavagi ulidittu, mooru-vegada svayamchaalita prasaranavu aichchikavaagittu. uddavaada chakrada talada mele nirmisalaada 2 + 2 maadariyannu parichayisalaayitu, dodda arambhika quarter panel kitakigalu mattu swalpa kolaveya chaavaniyondige. 2 + 2 olabhaagadalli bahumattige onde reeti kaanuttade (himbhagada aasana mattu adara sambandhita seat belt reelgalannu horatupadisi), aadare eradu asanagala mele balasuva quilted vinail vastugaliginta corpet transmission tunnel annu padeyitu. 2 + 2rahra himbhagada kitakigalu push-out ghatakagalaagiddu, himbhagada aasanada nivasigalige vatayanavannu serisuttave. 260z 240z ginta kelavu navikaranagalu mattu sudhaaranegalannu padedukondide. havamana niyantranagalannu hecchu samvedanaashilavaagi mattu kelasa maadalu sulabhavaagisalaagittu, mattu havaaniyantrana hondiruva aaa kaarugalu eega aa/sii vyavastheyannu mukhya havamana niyantrana phalakadalli samyojisive. hindina maadarigaliginta doddadaada mattu mattashtu hindinadaada chassis haligala maruvinyasadindagi chaasisnalli hechchuvari bigitavoo ittu. himbhagada swing baar annu saha serisalaagide. 260z ondu maruvinyasagolisalada dashboard mattu console annu praarambhisitu, jotege hosa seat trim mattu olaanganakkaagi door pyanelgalannu parichayisitu. mukhya tail light housingninda byaak up deepagalannu himbhagada phalakakke sarisuva moolaka tail laitgalannu naveekarisalaagide. 1974rahra aarambhadalli yuu. ess. 260z maadarigalu hindina 240z annu holuva bampargalannu hondiddavu, gatradalli swalpa hechchaadaru, dehadinda swalpa doora tallalpattavu mattu hindina crome bumper rabbar pattigalondige rakshisuva badalu kappu rabbar bumper gaardgalannu dharisiddavu. ee arambhika kaarugalu innoo bampargala kelage iruva mumbhagada tiruvina sanketagalannu hondiddavu. 1974 rahra koneyalli yuu.ess. 260z maadarigalu (samanyavagi 1974.5 maadarigalu endu ullekhisalaaguttade) bhaaravaada bampargalannu hottoydavu, adhu 280z naa 1975-76 maadari varsagalalli uliyuttade, aaddarinda 1973 ralli united states bumper shasanakke anusaaravaagide. ee tadavaada kaarugalu mumbhagada tiruvina sanketagalannu bumpern mele, mumbhagada grilna horah anchugalige sthalaantarisidavu. 280z. nissan 1975rahra maadari varshadalli uttara americada marukattegagi dotson 280z maadariyannu bidugade maaditu. hechchuttiruva kathina yuu edurisuvaaga ess 30 maadarigalannu kridisuvante maaduva mundina prayatnadalli.ess. horasoosuvike mattu surakshata avashyakategala kaaranadindaagi, injin gatravannu matte hechchisalaayitu, ee baari 2.8 leetarge hechchisalaayitu. ell26 engine annu ell28 annu rachisalu besaravaayitu, mattu baash ell-getronic indhana injection vyavastheyannu serisalaayitu. kenadaada aavruttigalu rajyagalli anivaaryavaada aanti-smag ghatakagalillade ananyavaagi sajjugondiddavu. maadari sanketavu moola 240z nanteye, hs30 aagide. 1975 mattu 1976rahra maadarigalu yuu. yuu. yondige alavadisuvudannu munduvaresidavu.ess. okkootada agatyavaada parinama hirikolluva bampargalannu, 1964rahra maadari varshada madhyabhaagadalli 260z maadariyalli parichayisalaagittu. ee bampargalu nayavaada melmai hondiddu, kaarina dehavannu sandhisidaaga nayavaada kappu rabbar vistaranegalaagi mishranagondavu. 1977 mattu 1978rahra maadarigalu sukkugattida athawa accordian sailiya kappu rabbar extension trimnalli beresalaada himbhagada chaanelgalondige bampargalannu svikarisidavu. 1977rahra maadari varshakke hosadu, 280zsಗಳು purna-gatrada bidi tyre annu padeyalilla, mattu badalige "space saver" bidibhaga mattu dodda indhana tank annu hondiddavu. idu fiberboardninda maadida himbhagada deck pradeshavannu hechchisi, saraku sthalavannu kadime maaditu. 1976rahra koneyalli mattu hecchina aidi1 maadarigalige, naalku-vegada manual mattu mooru-vegada svayamchaalita aaykegalondige aichchika aidu-vegada manual prasaranavu labhyavittu. idu himbhagada hatchna edabhaagada kela tudiyalli "5-speed" laanchanavannu olagondittu. 1977ralli iddilu bannada hub cap shailiyinda (umber madhyada laanchanagalalli teluva crome "jhad" nondige) mishralohada chakravannu holuva hub capge navikaranavu ittu, idu kappu vrattadalli teluva crome "jhad" nondige madhyada cap annu hondittu. 1977 mattu 1978ralli, dotson eradu vishesha aavruttiya maadarigalannu needitu. jhaap" aavruttiyannu 1977ralli "vishesha alankara package" aagi nidalaayitu. jhaap kaarugalannu "sunsine haladi" bannadalli poornagolisalaayitu, mattu madhya mattu badigalli kappu pattegalannu dharisalaagittu, pattegala mumbhagada tudiyalli haladi, kempu mattu kittale bannada chevraangalannu hondittu. 1977ralli andaju 1,000 "jhaap jhad" kaarugalannu nidalaagittu. 1977rahra long beach grand prixonalli "jhaap jhad" maadariyannu vegada kaaraagi balasalaayitu. kappu muttu aavruttiyu (1978ralli tayarisalpatta) kappu muttu banna mattu "vishesha notada package" (saap) nondige banditu, idu dual racing kannadigalu, himbhagada kitaki lavargalu mattu vishishtavaada kempu mattu belliya pattegalannu olagondittu. hecchina bedikeyindaagi kelavu vitarakaru hechchuvari hanchikeyannu padediddaroo, united statesna pratiyobba vyaapaarigu marata maadalu ondu kappu muttu aavruttiyannu nidalaayitu endu andaajisalaagide. ee karugalalli 750rinda 1,500 kaarugalannu antimavagi utpaadisalaagide endu andaajisalaagide, aadaagyoo nikharavaada sankhye tilidilla. eradu asanagala mattu 2 + 280z koopgalu eradoo 1975-1978 maadari varshada uddakkoo labhyaviddavu. 1979ralli ess30 saraniyannu nissan ess130ninda badalaayisalaayitu. racing. 1970rahra dasakadalli jhad skya racingnalli bahala yashasviyaayituhu wilton, kanektikatna horagina baab sharp racing, sharp, elliot forbes-robbinson mattu nantara paul neuman driving; mattu zaan marton 1970 mattu 1971ralli skya sii utpadana rashtriya prashastige #46 240z annu odisuvudarondige paschima americadalli brock racing udyamagalu (brey). clear water florida (mattu nantara maryland) racer daan kirniyantaha itara chalakaru 1970 mattu 1978rahra naduve jhad-kaarinalli hecchina yashassannu kandaru. jhad mattu dotson 510 annu yuu. ess. japanina aamadu kaaryakshamateya bhagagala udyamakke vegavardhakavendu pariganisalaagide. baab bandurantna rays driving shaaleyannu adara aarambhadindalu nissan bembalisidaru mattu adarondige sambandha hondiddaru. 2013ralli nissan tanna 97neey sakka rashtriya championship vijayavannu gregg ira avara kittale bannada #2 revtech 240z chakradalli saadhisitu. tanna champiyanshipge hoguva daariyalli ira 2006ralli praarambhavaada skaada ii production klaasnalli halavaaru road course daakhalegalannu nirmisidaru, avugalendareh irakke 2008ralli skaada pratishthita kimberly cup nidalaayitu. hindina kimberly cup sweekarisuvavaralli baab halbert, roser penske, maark donohue mattu peater revson seriddaare. september 27,2015 randu, gregg ira tanna aa. pii. 2 revtech/jhtriksnalli tanna eradane (mattu nisson 98 neey) sakka rashtriya championship annu geddaru.com 240z, daytona antararashtriya vegamaargadalli. prayatnagalannu punararambhisi. 1997rinda 2002ravarege nissan japan horage jhad-kaar maargavannu odagisalilla, allie 2000ravarege fairlady jhad (jhad32) labhyavittu. 1998ralli, nissan jhad-kaar maargavannu marali taralu yojaneyannu praarambhisitu, modalu moola 240jhadgalannu khareedisi, nantara avugalannu karkhaneya nirdishtategalige marusthapisi, antimavagi avugalannu $24,000kke dealershipgalige marata maaditu. idu jhad-kaar baddiyannu jivantavagiduva prayatnavagittu. nissan karugala maarukatteyannu atiyagi andaju maaditu mattu kadime bedikeya (mattu hecchina bele) artha aivattakkinta kadime kaarugalannu maru-tayarisi marata maadalaayitu. idallade, 1999ralli, 240z annu marukatteya yashassannu tanda moolabhoota amshagalige maraluva yojaneyalli concept kaarannu saarvajanikarige torisalaayitu.

nizan fairlady isad (ezz 30) jappanil nizan fairlady isad ennum mattu vipanikalil daatsan 240sedu ennum pinneedu 260sedu, 280sedu ennum vilkkunna nizan ezz30 1969 muthal 1978 vare nizan nirmmicha oru grand toureraanu. nizan motor korppareshan yuu. yude president yoottaka kattayamayaanu ezz30 roopakalppana cheythath.ezz.eiii.nisaante sports kaar stailing studiyoyude thalavanaaya yoshihiko maattsuvoyude neethrthwathilulla oru teamaanu ithu roopakalppana cheythath. nisaante isad seerees sports kaarukalile aadya kaaraanit. sthaapitha europian sports kaarukalumayi nerittu malsarikkaan lakshyamit, daatsan puthiya 240sedsaiiinaaiiii yunaittad stetsile britiish emjibi-jidiyude 200 dollarinullil vila nischayichu, anchu varsham pazhakkamulla design athinte praayam kaanichu. 240sedsinte stailing, enchiniyaring, thaarathamyena kuranja vila, pothujanangalumayi prathidhwanikkunna aakarshakamaaya prakadanam enniva vaangunnavaril ninnum motoring pressil ninnum nalla prathikaranam nedukayum udan thanne neenda kaathiripp pattikakal srishtikkukayum cheythu. oru haalo kaar enna nilayil, 240z japanese kaar nirmmaathaakkalude sveekaaryatha avarude sambadvyavasthaykku appurathekku vyapippichu. jagwar, bii. emm. dablyu, porshe, alfa romeo, phiyatt enniva nirmmikkunna irakkumathi cheytha parimithamaaya ulppaadana sports kaarukalumayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol daatsante valarunna dealer shringhala eluppathil vaangunnathum ready attakuttappanikalum urappakki. ezz30-yude ellah vakabhedangalkkum munvashath macferson strattukalum (nizan loral sii30-ll ninnu kadamedutha) pinvashathu chapman strattukalum ulppedunna naalu wheel swatantra suspension undu. frond disk breakkukalum rear drummukalum staanderdaayirunnu. 240z eratta suu-stail hittachi vann-barrell side-draaft carburettarukal upayogichu. ivaykku pakaram 260sedsaiiill 1973 model varsham muthal hittachi vann-barrell side draaft carburettarukal upayogichu puranthallal niyanthranangal paalikkunnathinayi maatti, athinte falamaayi mothatthilulla prakadanam kuranju. boshh roopakalppana cheytha ell-jetronic electronic fueval injection 1975 ll 280 setts us maarkkattil chertthu. 1975-1978 model varshangaliloodeyum thudarnnu, americaykku purathulla vipanikalkku (1974 muthal 2 littar enchin maathram vaagdaanam cheytha japan) appozhum 260z kooppum 2 + 2 umm labhichu. ezz30 240z nuu jappanil sylviayaayi vilkkunna pilkkala 240sx-maayi bandhamilla. fairlady Z. 1969 avasaanathode 1970 modalaayi ell20 2.0-liter strait-six sohsi enchin, rear-wheel drive, stailish kooppe body ennivayumaayi fairlady isad avatharippichu. daatsan 510-nte naalu silindarine adisthaanamaakkiyulla enchin, jisukal nirmmikkukayum naalo ancho speed maanuval traansmissionumaayi varikayum cheythu. 1973ll, carburated enchinte shakti karsanamaaya niyanthranangal paalikkunnathinayi kuranju. jappanil, fairlady nizan japanese dealershippukalkku mathramulla "nizan bluebird storukal" aayirunnu. valia enchin athine ganyamaayi uyarnna nikuthi vibhaagathil ulppeduthiyittundile japanese vaangunnavarkk ell 24-enchin fairlady 240 settu model (echs 30) labikkum. japanese-speck 2.4-liter enchin 5600 arpmil avakaashappedunna jiss uthppaadippikkunnu, ennaal 1973 ll indhana prathisandhiyude falamaayi vilppana ganyamaayi kuranjathinaal nirthalaakkappettu, athinaal 1978 august vare fairlady 280z avatharippikkunnathuvare rund littar fairladykal maathrame labhyamaayirunnulloo. 1974ll kayattumathi modalukal valia 2.6-liter 260z aayi maariyappol, japanese vaangunnavarkk 2 littar modalukal maathrame labhyamaayittulloo. oru fairlady 260z puratthirakkaan padhathiyittirunnuvenkum enna prathisandhiyude aaghaatham model nirtthi, ennirunnaalum 260z okinaavayil labhyamaayirunnu (1978 vare roadinte valathuvashath oodichirunnu). export modalukalil prayogikkunnathupole, long-wheelbase 2 + 2 model ulppede ellah maattangalum fairlady isadinu labhichu. 1974 januvariyil avatharippicha ithinu gs 30 chassis coode labhichu. 1975ll ell20 enchin puthiya emission maanadandangal (eiii-ezz30, eiii-jii30) paalikkunnathinayi indhana kuthivayppu nedukayum orikkalkkoodi jiss nalkukayum cheythu. 1976 juulai avasaanathode eee varshathe praabalyathilulla karsanamaayathum ennaal puranthallal maanadandangal paalikkunnathinumaayi oru iii. jii. aarr samvidaanam ulppedeyulla naps samvidaanam kaarinu labhichu, ithu model kodukalil ezz 31 (sii-ezz 31/sii-jii 31) lake maattam konduvannu. athesamayam, kooduthal adambara fairlady isad-tii model avatharippichu-ithu karsanamaayi oru upakarana nilavaramaayirunnu, koodaathe tii-baar melkoora ulppeduthiyitla, ithu thudarnnulla thalamura fairladyil aadyamaayi kandu. fairlady ZG. group 4 racinginaayi 240sedu samaantharamaayi avatharippikkunnathinaayi 1971 octoberil jappan maathram upayogikkunna echs30-echu nizan fairlady 240seji puratthirangi. fairlady isadjiyum export maarkkat daatsan 240settum thammilulla vyathyasangalil extended fiberglass "airo-daina" nose, bodic chuttum veethiyulla ovar-fenderukal, rear spoiler, akrilik glass hedlight kavarukal, fender gadippicha rear-view mirarukal enniva ulppedunnu. ZG-yude mikacha aerodynamics saadhaarana fairlady 240z-nekkaal anchu kooduthal (automaattiksinte uyarnna vegatha manikkooril 5 kilometer kuravaayirunnu) uyarnna vegathayil ethaan anuvadichu. grand prix redu, grand prix vaitt, grand prix meroon ennee moonnu nirangalil fairlady isadji labhyamaayirunnu. fairlady zg-leeii "g" ennaal "grande" ennaanu."ZG amerikkayil vilkkappedaathathum japanu purathu orikkalum vilkkappedaathathum aanenkilum, amerikkayil malsarathinu arhata nedunnathinaayi, nizan nose kitt oru dealerude oopshanaayi vittu, ithu" "jii-nose" "ennariyappedunnu". mookk cherthappol, eee 240 sentarukale palappozhum japanu purathu 240 sentarukal ennu vilikkunnu. fairlady Z432. skyline jidi-aaril ninnu ezz 20 enchin (yadhaarthathil muun prins enchineeyarmaar roopakalppana cheytha) paakkejucheyyunnathu vegathayeriya fairlady srishtichu. "z432" ennathu oru silindarinu 4 vaalvukal, 3 mikuni carburettarukal, 2 kaamshaaftukal ennivaye soochippikkunnu. model coode ps 30 aanu. ekadesham 420 ennam nirmmichittundu. jappaanile police chila z432kall upayogichu. fairlady Z432r. keey. pii. jii. sii 10 skyline jii. tii-aarumaayi pankitta eratta kyaam 2 ell inline aarr silindar "ezz 20" enchin sajjeekarichirikkunna jappan mathramulla model fairlady isad japanese aabhyanthara vipaniyil (jdm) homologation aavasyangalkkaayi (raali kaarayi ithu upayogikkaan praapthamaakkunnathin) puratthirakki. Z432r-nellaam karutha aluminium chakrangalum kuranja thilakkamulla karutha hood upayogichu ooranchu niratthil varachu. Z432R-nuu bharam kuranja frond gaardukal, vaathilukal, boonnet ennivayum Z432-nekkaal kooduthal enchin mechappeduthalukalum undaayirunnu. 2020 januvariyil jappaanile lelathil 1970 Z432r oru recordinu vittu, ekadesham US $. 240 seey. misttar keey" ennariyappedunna nizan motozhs usa ooppareshansinte president yoottaka kattayamayaanu 1970 240 setts american vipaniyil avatharippichathu. 1969 muthal 1971 madhyam vareyulla aadyakaala kaarukalkk 71-nte avasaanavum 1973-leeii kaarukalumayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol chila sookshumamaaya vyathyaasangalundaayirunnu. ettavum drishyamaaya vyathyasam ithaanu eee aadyakaala kaarukalkk paaykkappalil oru crome "240z" badge glass moldinginu thaazheyulla pinn haachil rund thirashcheena ventukalum undaayirunnu, ithu vaayusanchaarathiloode ozhukk nalkunnu. 1971 madhyathil, puram, akam nirangal ulppedeyulla ulppaadana mattangal undaayirunnu, oru vrithaakrithiyilulla vent chinnathil "z" enna aksharam maathram sthaapicha paaykkappal chinnangalude punarroopakalppana, koodaathe kaarinte hatch panalil ninnu ventukal neekkam cheythu, exhost kaarilekk vitharanam cheyyappedumenna paraathikal kaaranam. us model 240z-nte roopakalppana mattangal ulppaadanathiludaneelam sambhavichu, pakshe 1972 model varshathile interior parishkkaranangalum bumper ovar-riderukalude sthaanathe maattavum ulppede federal aavasyangalkku prathyekamaanengil avaa ellaayppozhum jdm fairladyil prathiphalichilla, athupole thanne chila emission kantrol upakaranangalude kootticherkkalum 1973 model varshathil carburettarukal kuraykkunna oru puthiya shailiyilulla emission sweekarikalum. 1969 octoberil avatharippicha 1970 modalukalkk maanuval chokkum naalu speed manuval ulla ell24 2.4-liter enchin labhichu. 1971 muthal saadhaaranamallaatha moonnu speed automatic transmission oopshanalaayirunnu, koodaathe "nizan phul automatic" badge undaayirunnu. mikka kayattumathi vipanikalum vividha vipani aavasyangalkkanusarichu alpam vyathyasthamaaya savisheshathakalulla kaarine "240z" aayi sweekarichu. 2004ll "sports kaar internaashanal" 1970kalile mikacha sports kaarukalude pattikayil eee kaarinu randaam sthaanam nalki. loka raali chaambyanshippu-raundu vijayangal. 1973ll shekhar mehtayude kaikalil nirmmicha 240setts kappal 21-aamath kizhakkan aafrikkan safari raaliyil vijayichu. 260z. 1974 model varshathil maathram amerikkayil 260z vittu, ennaal 1978 vare mattu rajyangalil labhyamaayirunnu (jappanil ozhike, eee model orikkalum pathivayi labhyamayirunnilla). puthiya model coode rs 30 konduvannu enchin 2.6 littaraayi vikasippichu. amerikkayil, federal emission niyanthranangal ignition samayavum compression anupaathavum kuraykkaan nirbandhithamaakki, athinte falamaayi adhika sthaanachalanamundaayittum 260 hertsil see nettinte oorjja ulppaadanam kuranju, athesamayam mattu rajyangalil oorjja ulppaadanam vardhichu. 1974-nte randaam pakuthiyil amerikkayil vilppanaykkethiya oru 1974.5 model undaayirunnu, athil 165 echpi power valia 5 mph suraksha bumberukalum undaayirunnu, athu 280settinte staanderdaayi maarum. moonnu speed automatic transmission oopshanalaayi naalu speed allengil 5 speed (noonn us) maanuval staanderd upakaranamaayi thudarnnu. valia ooppaning quarter paanal vindokalum cheruthaayi nochu cheytha roof line ulla neelamulla wheelbasil nirmmicha 2 + 2 model avatharippichu. 2 + 2 akathu erekkure samaanamaayi kaanapedunnu (pinn seettum anubandha seett beltt reelukalum ozhike), ennaal rund seettukalil upayogikkunna quilited vinail meteeriyalinekkaal oru paravatani transmission tunnel labhichu. pinseettil irikkunnavarkku vaayusanjaaram nalkunnathinaayi 2 + 2-leeii pinvashatthe janalakal push-outtu unitukalaayirunnu. 240sedsil kurachu apdettukalum mechappeduthalukalum 260sedu avakashappettu. kalavastha niyanthranangal kooduthal vivekapoorvvam sajjeekarikkukayum pravartthikkaan eluppamaakkukayum cheythu, eyar contitioning ulla kaarukalil ippol pradhana kalavastha niyanthrana panalil eiii/sii samvidaanam samyojippichirunnu. munbathe modalukale apekshichu valuthum kooduthal pinnott neettiyathumaaya chassis reyilukalude punarroopakalppana kaaranam chassisil adhika kaadinyavum undaayirunnu. oru pinn swe baarum chertthu. 260z oru punarroopakalppana cheytha dashboard kansolum, athupole thanne puthiya seett trim, inteeriyarinaayi doorr paanalukalum avatharippichu. pradhana teyil laitt housingil ninnu back upp laittukal pinn panalilekku neekkunna teyil laittukal update cheythu. 1974-nte thudakkathil yuu. ezz. 260sedu modalukalkk munbathe 240setsumaayi saamyamulla bumberukal undaayirunnu, valippam cheruthaayi vardhichuvenkilum, shareerathil ninnu kurachu akale thallukayum, muun crome bumper rubber strippukalulla kaavalkkaarkk pakaram karutha rubber bumper gaardukal dharikkukayum cheythu. eee aadyakaala kaarukalkk appozhum bumberukalkku thaazhe frond teenn signalukal undaayirunnu. 1974 avasaanathode yuu.ezz. 260z modalukal (palappozhum 1974.5 modalukal ennu vilikkappedunnu) 1973 leeii yunaittad stetts bumper niyamanirmmaanathinu anusrithamaayi 280z-nte 1975-76 model varshangalil avasheshikkunna bharameriya bumberukal vahichirunnu. eee vaikia kaarukalkk frond teenn signalukal bumberinu mukalilulla frond grillinte puram arikukalilekku maatti. 280 seey. 1975 model varshathil nizan daatsan 280z model vadakke american vipaniyil puratthirakki. vardhichuvarunna karsanamaaya yuu-yude pashchaathalatthil ezz 30 modalukal nilanirthaanulla kooduthal shramathil.ezz. puranthallalum suraksha aavashyakathakalum kanakkileduthu enchin valuppam veendum vardhippichu, ithavana athu 2.8 littaraayi. ell26 enchin ell28 srishtikkaan virasathayundaakkukayum oru boshh ell-jetronic fueval injection sisttam cherkkukayum cheythu. samsthaanangalil nirbandhamaayum pukamanju virudha gadakangalillaathe canadian pathippukal savisheshamaayi sajjeekarichirunnu. yadhaartha 240z-nuu thulyamaaya echs30 aanu model coode. 1975, 1976 modalukal yuu. yuu. gadippikkunnathu thudarnnu.ezz. federal aavasyamulla impact absorbing bumberukal, 1974 model varshathinte madhyathil 260z avatharippichu. eee bumberukal minusamarnna prathalamaayirunnu, avaa kaarinte bodiyumaayi kandumuttumbol minusamarnna karutha rubber ekstenshanukalaayi kalarthi. 1977, 1978 modalukalkk corregated allengil accordian shailiyilulla black rubber ekstenshan trimilake kalarthiya reasesed chaanalukalulla bumberukal labhichu. 1977 model varshathil puthiyathum 280settsinu poornna valippathilulla spare tayar labhichilla, pakaram oru "space saver" spare oru valia indhana tank undaayirunnu. ithu fiberboard kondu nirmmicha oru uyarnna pinn deck eriyaykku kaaranamaayi, ithu charakk idam kuraykkunnu. 1976 avasaanathilum mikka aii. dii. 1 modalukalkkum naalu speed maanuval, moonnu speed automatic oopshanukalkkoppam anchu speed maanuval transmission labhyamaayirunnu. pinn haachinte idathu thaazhathe attathu 5 speed chihnavum ithil ulppedunnu. 1977ll curry chayam pooshiya hubbcap shailiyil ninnu (amber sentar chinnangalil pongikkidakkunna crome "isad" ulla) oru aloy veelinodu saamyamulla oru hubbcapylake oru update undaayirunnu, oru karutha vrithathil pongikkidakkunna crome "isad" ulla sentar cap vahikkunnu. 1977lum 1978lum daatsan rund prathyeka pathipp modalukal vaagdaanam cheythu. 1977ll "prathyeka alankaara paakkej" aayi "sapp" pathipp vaagdaanam cheythu. sapp kaarukal "sanshain yello" peyintil poortthiyaakkukayum madhyathilum vashangalilum karutha varakalum varakalude munvashangalil manja, chuvapp, ooranchu chevronukalum dharichu. 1977ll 1,000 "sapp isad" kaarukal vaagdaanam cheyyappettu. 1977leeii long beach grand prixil "sapp isad" model pays kaaraayum upayogichirunnu. karutha muthukalude pathipp (1978-ll nirmmikkappettath) karutha muthukalude peyintum eratta racing mirarukal, pinvashatthe vindo louverukal, savisheshamaaya chuvapp, velli stripping enniva ulkkollunna oru "special fair paakkej" (sapp) yumaayaan vannath. uyarnna demand kaaranam chila dealermark adhika vihitam labhichathayi reportundengilum oro yunaittad stetts dealerk wilkan oru black pell edition anuvadichathaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. eee kaarukalil 750 muthal 1,500 vare aathyanthikamayi nirmmichathaanennu kanakkaakkappedunnu, ennirunnaalum krithyamaaya ennam anjjaathamaanu. rund seettar, 2 + 280z kooppukal enniva 1975-1978 model varshathiludaneelam labhyamaayirunnu. 1979ll ezz30 seereesinu pakaram nizan ezz130 vannu. racing. 1970kalil skaa racingle isad valare vijayakaramaayirunnu vilttanil ninnulla bob sharp racing, sharp, eliot forbes-robinson, pinneedu pooll neuman driving ennivayumaayi connecticut; padinjaaran usile brock racing enterprises (brey), 1970 lum 1971 lum joonn morttan skaa sii production deseeya kireedatthilekku #46 240z oodichu. clear vaattar florida (pinneedu maryland) razer doonn keerni polulla mattu drivermark 1970 num 1978 num idayil isad-kaaril valareyadhikam vijayam labhichu. isad, daatsan 510 enniva us japanese irakkumathi prakadana bhaagangalude vyavasaayathin uthejakamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. bob bondurantinte rays driving schooline athinte thudakkam muthal nizan pinthunaykkukayum athumaayi bandhappedukayum cheythu. 2013ll nissan 97-aamath skaa deseeya chaambyanshippu vijayam swanthamaakki, gregg ira thante ooranchu #2 revtech 240settsinte chakratthil. thante chaambyanshippilekkulla yaathraamadhye ira 2006ll aarambhicha skayude iii production classil niravadhi rooad kozhs recordukal sthaapichu, avayil iva ulppedunnu 2008ll iraykku skaa kimberly kapp labhichu. bob holbert, rogger penske, maarkk donohue, peettar revson ennivaraanu muun kimberly kapp jethaakkal. 2015 septambar 27 nuu gregg ira thante randaamathe (nisaante 98-aamathe) ska deseeya chaambyanshippu, thante eiii. pii. 2 revtech/istriksil nedi.coom 240setts, dettona internaashanal speedwayil. sramangal punararambhikkuka. 1997 muthal 2002 vare jappaante purathu nizan isad-kaar line vaagdaanam cheythilla, avide 2000 vare fairlady isad (isad 32) labhyamaayirunnu. 1998-ll nizan isad-kaar line thirike konduvarunnathinaayi oru prograam aarambhichu, aadyam yadhaartha 240 isad vaangi, thudarnnu avaa factory savisheshathakalilekku punasthaapikkukayum oduvil 24,000 dollarinu dealershippukalkku vilkkukayum cheythu. ithu isad-kaar palisha nilanirthaanulla oru sramamaayirunnu. nizan kaarukalkk vipani amithamaayi kanakkaakkukayum kuranja demand (uyarnna vilayum) ardhamaakkunnathu ambathil thaazhe kaarukal punarnirmmikkukayum vilkkukayum cheythu ennaanu. koodaathe, 1999-ll 240sedu vipaniyile vijayamakkiya adisthaanakaaryangalilekka madangaanulla padhathiyil oru kanseptt kaar pothujanagalkk kaanichukodutthu.

nissan fairlady zed (ess 30) nissan ess30, japanmadhye nissan fairlady zed mhanoon aanee itar bajarpethanmadhye datson 240jha mhanoon vikali jaate, nantar 260jha aanee 280jha mhanoon vikali jaate, heey 1969 teey 1978 paryant nisanane tayar kelele eka bhavya paryatak aahe. nissan motor corporation yuu. chey adhyaksh yutaka katayama yanni ess30 chee kalpana kelee hotee.ess.aaa., aanee nisanchya sports qaar styling studioche pramukh yoshihiko matsuo yanchya netrutvakhalil sanghane rachana kelee. nisanchya zed maliketil sports karmadhil hii pahili qaar aahe. sthapit european sports karshi thet spardha karnyachya uddeshane, datsonne naveen 240 heartzchee kimmat united statesmadhil british emm. jee. bii.-jee. tii. chya 200 dollarchya aat thewali, jee paach varshe junie rachana aahe jyane tyache vay darshavile. 240z chee shaili, abhiyantriki, tulanene qamee kimmat aanee lokanmadhye pratidhvanit jhaleli prabhavi kamgiri, kharedidar aanee motoring press yaa doghankadun sakaratmak pratisad midala aanee lagech lamb pratiksha yadee tayar kelee. eka prabhamandal qaar mhanoon, 240 hertjane japani qaar nirmatyanchi tyanchya aarthik pratimechya palikade sweekruti vistrut kelee. jagwar, bmw, porsch, alfa romio aanee fiate yanni utpadit kelelya maryadit utpadan aayat kelelya sports karchya tulanet datsonchya vadhatya vikretyachya jaalyane kharedi aanee tayar dekhbhal yaa donhi goshti sunishchit kelya. ess30chya serve prakaranmadhye chaar chakee swatantra nilamban asate, jyat samore mcfursion struts (nissan laurel see30 kadoon udhar ghetale gele) aanee mage chapman struts asatat. samorche disk break aanee mageel drum heey manak hote. 240z madhye julee suu-shaili hitachi eka-baryl bajuchya-draft carburatorcha vapar keela gela. utsarjan niyamanche palan karnyasathi model varsh 1973 pasoon suru jhalelya hitachi vann-baryl side-draft carburetorne 260z varr tyanchi jaaga ghetali gelee, parinami ekoon kamgiri qamee jhaali. nuksan bharpaisathi 1975 madhye us marketmadhye 280zds madhye bosch-design kelele ell-getronic electronic indhan injection jodanyat aale. 1975-1978 model varshanmadhye chaloo thevun, united stateschya bahereel bajarpethanmadhye (aanee japan, jyane 1974 pasoon fakt 2-litter engine dile hote) ajunahi 260zed koop aanee 2 + 2 midale. ess30 240zed nantarchya 240sxshe sambandhit nahee, jeey japanmadhye sylvia mhanoon vikale jaate. fairlady zed. 1969 chya uttaradhat, 1970 model mhanoon, fairlady zed sadar karnyat aalee, jyat ell20 2.0-liter strait-six soechsi engine, rear-vheel drive aanee stylish koop boddy hotee. datson 510 chya chaar-cylinderver aadharit engine jees tayar kele aanee chaar-kinwa paach-speed manual transmissions aale. 1973 madhye, carburated enginechi shakti adhik kadak niyamanchi purtata karnyasathi qamee jhaali. japanmadhye, fairlady hii nissan japani vikretyansathi vishesh hotee, jyanna "nissan bluebird stoars" mhanatat. jaree mothya engine teey mothya curr shreneet thewale asale, taree japani kharedidaranna ell24-engine fairlady 240zed model (hs30) dekhil miloo shakate. japani-vishisht 2.4-liter engine 5600 rpmvar dawa kelele gs tayar karate parantu 1973 madhye indhan sankatachya parinami vikrimadhye lakshaniy ghat jhalyamule bund karnyat aale aanee mhanoon august 1978 madhye fairlady 280zedchya parichayaparyant keval done-litter fairlady upalabdh hotya. 1974 madhye jevha niryat models mothya 2.6-liter 260zedamdhye badalale, tevha japani kharedidaransathi keval 2-litter models upalabdh rahile. 260 heartzchee fairlady sodanyache niyojan karnyat aale hote, parantu teel sankatachya parinamane model thambavale, jaree 260 heartz okinavamadhye upalabdh hote (jeey 1978 paryant rastyachya ujavya bajula chaalat hote). fairlady zedala niryat modelsna lagoo kelyapramane serve badal prapt jhaale, jyat lamb-chakancha aadhar 2 + 2 modelchi bharr padali. janewari 1974 madhye sadar karnyat aalelya yaa chaukatila jee. ess. 30 chesis code midala. 1975 madhye ell20 engine naveen utsarjan manakanchi (aii-ess30, aii-jee30) purtata karnyasathi indhan injection midavale aanee punha ekada jee. aay. ess. pradan kele. julai 1976 chya akheris karla yaa varshi lagoo asalelya kathor parantu utsarjan manakanchi purtata karnyasathi eae. jee. aar. pranalisah napp pranali prapt jhaali, jyamule model kodmadhye ess 31 (see-ess 31/see-jee 31) madhye badal jhaala. tyach velee, adhik vilasi fairlady zed-tii model sadar kele gele-heey katekorpane eka upkaran patali hote aanee tyat tii-baar chhappar samavisht navhate, jeey nantarchya pidhichya fairladiver pahilyanda disale hote. fairlady zedji. japanmadhil keval etch. ess. 30-etch. nissan fairlady 240zed. jee. aktoobar 1971 madhye japanmadhye samooh 4 sharyatisathi 240zedacheeii samarupikaran karnyasathi pradarshit karnyat aalee. fairlady zedji aanee export-market datson 240zedmadhil farkanmadhye vistarit fiberglass "ero-dyna" naak, shariravar rund kelele rund over-fender, mageel spoiler, acrylic kachechya headlite aavaran aanee fender-aarohit mageel-drushya aarse yancha samavesh hoto. zedjichya changlya vayugatikine tyala niyamit fairlady 240 hartjapeksha paach adhik (svayamchalitacha sarvoch veg aanakhi 5 kiimii/tashi qamee hota) chya uchch vegaparyant pohochanyachi parvanagi dilee. fairlady zedji teen ranganmadhye upalabdh hotih grand prix reed, grand prix white aanee grand prix maroon. fairlady zedji madheel 'jee' mhanje 'grand'."jaree zedji americet vikala gela nasla aanee japanbaher kadhihi vikala gela nasla taree, too yuu. ess. madhye spardhesathi patra honyasathi, nisanane naak sanch vikretyacha paryay mhanoon vikala jyala" "jee-naak" "mhanoon olakhale jaate". naak jodale gelyas, yaa 240zs laa anekada japanchya baher 240zgs mhanoon sambodhale jaate. fairlady zed 432. skyline jee. tii.-aar. madhoon ess. 20 engine (moolatah majee rajkumar abhiyantyanni tayar kelele) packaging kelyane eka vegwan fairlady tayar jhaali. "zed 432" mhanje prati cylinder 4 zadap, 3 mikuni carburator aanee 2 camshaft. model code pii. ess. 30 aahe. andaje 420 bandhale gele hote. japanmadhil polisanni kahee zed. 432 chaa vapar keela. fairlady zed 432aar. keey. pii. jee. see. 10 skyline jee. tii.-aar. saha samayik kelelya done cam 2 ell inline sahaa-cylinder "ess 20" engines susajj asalele japanche ekmev model fairlady zed heey japani deshantargat bajarat (jeey. dii. emm.) samarupatechya uddeshane (rally qaar mhanoon tyacha vapar saksham karnyasathi) jaaree karnyat aale. zed. 432aar serve kalya aluminiumchya chakanni aanee qamee chamakdar kalya hoods naringi rangane rangavale hote. zed 432aarmadhye pudhil bajus halake rakshak, darvaje aanee bonut hote, tasech zed 432 peksha adhik engine vardhan hote. janewari 2020 madhye 1970 chey zed 432aar japanmadhye lilavat vikrami darane vikale gele, sumare us $. 240 zed. 1970 240z hii nissan motors yuu. ess. aii. operationsche adhyaksh yutaka katayama yanni american bajarpethet aanali, jyanna "mister keey" mhanoon olakhale jaate. 1969 teey 1971 chya madhyapasoonchya suruvatichya gadyanmadhye, 71 chya uttaradhapasun 1973 chya gadyanchya tulanet kahee sookshm farak hote. sarvat spasht farak assa aahe qee yaa suruvatichya gadyanchya paal stambhavar crome "240z" badge hota aanee kachechya aakarachya khalee mageel hatchmadhye done aadvya chhidra hote jeey vayuvijanadvare pravah pradan karatat. 1971 chya madhyat, bahereel aanee aateel rangansah utpadan badal jhaale, paal khamb chinhanche punarrachana hote, jyat fakt 'zed' heey akshar golakar chhidra chinhat thewale hote aanee karchya hatch panelmadhun chhidra kadhoon takale gele hote, kaaran karmadhye exaust prasarit hott asalyachya takrari hotya. yuu. ess. model 240z sathee rachana badal sampoorn utpadanat jhaale parantu 1972 chya model varshasathi antargat badal aanee bumper over-ryderschya sthanatil badal, tasech kahee utsarjan niyantran upkarananchi bharr aanee 1973 chya model varshasathi utsarjan qamee karananya carburetorchya naveen shailicha avalamb yasah federal aavashyaktansathi vishisht asalyas jeey. dii. emm. fairladymadhye nehmich pratibimbit hott navhate. 1970 models aktoobar 1969 madhye sadar karnyat aale, tyanna hatane chok aanee chaar-speed manuals ell24 2.4-liter engine midale. 1971 pasoon qamee samanya teen-gatee svayanchalit pareshan paryayi hote aanee tyat "nissan purn svayanchalit" badge hota. bahutek niryat bajarpethanni yaa karla "240z" mhanoon sweekarle, jyachi vaishishtye bajarachya vividh garjannusar thodi vegali hotee. 2004 madhye, 'sports qaar international' neey yaa karla 1970 chya dashkatil tyanchya avval sports karchya yadeet dusya kramankavar naav dile. jaagtik rally ajinkyapad spardha-feritil vijay. 1973 madhye shekhar mehata yanchya hatat asalelya 240 hertjane 21 vee purv african safari rally jinkley. 260z. 260z hii united statesmadhye keval 1974 chya model varshasathi vikali gelee hotee, parantu 1978 paryant itar deshanmadhye upalabdh hotee (japan vagalata, jethe heey model okinawa vagalata niyamitpane upalabdh navhate). enginecha stroke vadhavun tyacha naveen model code aar. ess. 30 gheuun engine 2.6 litarparyant vadhavanyat aale. yuu. ess. madhye, federal utsarjan niyamanmule ignition vel aanee sampidan gunottarat ghat jhaali, parinami atirikt visthapan asoonahi 260 heartzsathi ess. aii. eae. netche qamee veej utpadan jhaale, tarr itar deshanmadhye veej utpadan vadhale. 1974 chya uttaradhat yuu. ess. madhye eka 1974.5 model dekhil vikale gele hote jyat 5 mail pratitas mothya suraksha bumperchya jodanisah purn 165 echpi hote, jeey 280zedsathi manak banale. teen-gatee svayanchalit pareshan paryayisah, chaar-gatee kinwa 5-gatee (bigger-us) manual manak upkarane rahili. mothya chaukoni puttle khidakya aanee kinchit thipkyachya chhatavaril saha, lamb chakanchya aadharavar bandhalele 2 + 2 model sadar karnyat aale. 2 + 2 aatoon barechase sarkhech disat hote (mageel seat aanee tyachyashi sambandhit seat belt reel vagalata), parantu done-seatwar vaparlya jaanarya rajaichya vinail samagriaivaji galicha transmission bogda midala. 2 + 2 vareel mageel bajuchya khidakya push-out units hotya, jyamule mageel seatveril rahivashansathi vayuvijan jodale gele. 260z neey 240z peksha kahee sudharana aanee sudharana kelya. hawaman niyantrane adhik sanvedansheelpane tayar kelee gelee hotee aanee kaam karane sope hote aanee vatanukoolan asalelya tyaa gadyanmadhye aata aii/see pranali mukhya hawaman niyantran panelmadhye ektrit kelee gelee hotee. mageel modelspeksha mothya aanee pudhe vistarit asalelya chesis railschya punarnirdharanamule chesismadhye atirikt kadakpana dekhil hota. mageel bajus eka swing baar dekhil jodanyat aala. 260z neey punha design kelele dashboard aanee console, tasech naveen seat triim aanee aateel bhagasathi darvaja panel sadar kele. mukhya tail light hausingmadhun back up dive mageel panelvar halwat, tail lights adyayavat karnyat aale. 1974 chya suruvatila yuu. ess. 260zed modelmadhye purvichya 240zedchya aakarasarkhech bumper hote, jaree aakarat kinchit vaadh jhaali asali taree, sharirapasoon kahise door dhakalale gele aanee purvichya crome bumperne rubber pattyansah sanrakshn karnyaivaji kalya rubber bumper gards ghatale hote. yaa suruvatichya gadyanmadhye ajunahi bumperchya khalee samorche valan sanket hote. 1974 chya uttaradhat yuu.ess. 260z models (bahutekda 1974.5 models mhanoon sandarbhit) judd bumper vahoon gheuun jaat asat jeey 280z chya 1975-76 model varshanvar rahtil jenekarun 1973 madheel united states bumper kayadyache palan karata yeil. yaa usheera aalelya gadyanmadhye front turn signal bumperchya varr, front grilchya bahya kathanvar sthanantarit kele gele hote. 280z. nisanane 1975 chya model varshat uttar american bajarasathi datson 280zed model jaaree kele. vadhatya kadak yoochya parshvabhumivar ess 30 models khelatana thevanyachya pudhil prayatnat.ess. utsarjan aanee surakshitatechya garja lakshat gheta, enginecha aakar punha vadhavanyat aala, yaveli too 2.8 litarparyant pohochala. ell26 engine ell28 tayar karnyasathi kantalale hote aanee bosch ell-getronic indhan injection pranali jodali gelee. canadachya aavrutya rajyanmadhye anivarya asalelya dhuke-virodhi ghatkanshivay advitiyapane susajj hotya. model code hs30 aahe, joou mool 240zedsathi aahe. 1975 aanee 1976 chya modelsmadhye yuu. ess. basavale jaat rahile.ess. 260z chya 1974 chya model varshachya madhyat sadar karnyat aalele federal-aavashyak prabhav shoshak bumper. heey bumper gulgulit prushthbhagavar hote aanee karchya mukhya bhagala bhetatach teey gulgulit kalya rubber vistaranmadhye misalale gele. 1977 aanee 1978 chya modelsna bund vahinyansah bumper midale jeey dhepalalelya kinwa accordian-shailichya kalya rubber vistar trimmadhye misalale gele. 1977 chya model varshasathi dekhil naveen, 280zs laa aata purn-aakarache sute tyre midale naheet aanee tyaeivaji eka "space saver" sute aanee eka mothee indhan taakee hotee. yamule fiberboardpasoon tayar kelele mageel deck kshetra unchavale gele, jyamule malvahatuk karanyachi jaaga qamee jhaali. 1976 chya uttaradhat aanee bahutek id1 modelsasathi, chaar-speed manual aanee teen-speed svayanchalit paryayansah paryayi paach-speed manual transmission upalabdh hote. yaat mageel hatch davya talachya kathavar '5-speed' chinh hote. 1977 madhye kolshachya rangeet hubcap shailitoon (emberchya madhyachinhachya chinhanmadhye taranganaya crome "zed" saha) mishradhatuchya chakasarkhe disana hubcapmadhye sudharana karnyat aalee, jyat kalya vartulat taranganaya crome "zed" saha madhya topi hotee. 1977 aanee 1978 madhye, datsonne done vishesh aavrutti models sadar kele. 1977 madhye 'zap' aavrutti 'vishesh sajavat package' mhanoon sadar karnyat aalee. zap qaar 'suryaprakash pivalya' rangat tayar kelya gelya hotya aanee pattyanchya pudhil tokanvar pivalya, laal aanee naringi shaverons madhya aanee bajunchya khalee kalya pattya ghatalya hotya. 1977 madhye andaje 1,000 "zap zed" qaar deu karnyat aalya. 1977 chya lamb samudrakinaryavaril grand prixmadhye "zap zed" modelcha vegwan qaar mhanoon dekhil vapar karnyat aala. kalya motichi aavrutti (1978 madhye tayar keleli) kalya motichya rangasah aanee 'vishesh swarupache package' (sapp) saha aalee, jyat duheri sharyatiche aarse, mageel khidakiche lauvhar aanee adviteey laal aanee chandichya pattyancha samavesh hota. assa andaj vartavala gela aahe qee united stateschya pratyek vikretyala vikrisathi eka kalya motichi aavrutti denyat aalee hotee, jaree jaast maganimule kahee vikretyanna atirikt vatap midale. yapaiki 750 teey 1,500 gadyanche utpadan shevati jhaale assa andaj aahe, matra nemki sankhya adyap adnyat aahe. done aasanksham aanee 2 + 280z asey donhi koop 1975-1978 model varshabharat upalabdh rahile. 1979 madhye ess30 malikechya jaagi nissan ess130 neey sthan ghetale. sharyat. 1970 chya dashakat zed hii skaka sharyatit khoop yashasvi tharalih wilton, kanektikatmadhun bobb sharp racing, sharp, elliot forbes-robbinson aanee nantar paul neuman drivings; aanee 1970 aanee 1971 madhye johnn mortenne skaka see nirmiti rashtriy vijetepadasathi #46 240z chalavun paschim yuu. ess. madhye broke racing udyog (brey). clearwater florida (aanee nantar maryland) resar donn kernie yasarkhya itar chalakanna 1970 aanee 1978 darmyan zed-karmadhye barech yash midale. zed aanee datson 510 yanna us japani aayat kamgiri bhag udhyogasathi utprerak mhanoon shrey dile jaate. bobb bondurantchya sharyati chalavanyachya shalechya sthapanepasun nisanane tyala pathimba deela aanee tyachyashi sambandhit hota. 2013 madhye nisanane gregg irachya naringi rangachya 'id1' rivtek 240zedchya chakavar 97vya 'ska' rashtriy ajinkyapad spardhecha vijay midavala. tyachya ajinkyapad spardhechya margavar iira yane 2006 pasoon suru jhalelya skyachya eae-nirmiti vargat anek road course vikram prasthapit kele, jyat khaleel goshtincha samavesh aaheh iira yanna 2008 madhye skacha pratishthit kimberley cup pradan karnyat aala. purvichya kimberley cup vijetyanmadhye bobb holbert, roser penske, marqa donohue aanee pieter raveson yancha samavesh aahe. 27 september 2015 roji, gregg iira yane tyachya eae. pii. 2 revtek/ztrixmadhye tyachi dusari (aanee nisanchi 98 vee) ska rashtriy ajinkyapad spardha jinkley.com 240zed, detona aantarrashtriy speedwaver. prayatna punha suru qaraa. 1997 teey 2002 yaa kalat nisanane japanchya baher zed-qaar line deu kelee nahee, jithe 2000 paryant fairlady zed (zed 32) upalabdh hotee. 1998 madhye, nisanane zed-qaar line parat aananyasathi eka karyakram suru keela, pratham mool 240 zed kharedi karoon, nantar tyanna karkhanyachya vishishtatenusar punarsanchayit karoon aanee shevati tyanna 24,000 dollarla vikretyanna vikoon. zed-karche vyaj jiwant thevanyacha haah eka prayatna hota. nisanane gadyanchya bajarpethecha andaj jaast lavala aanee qamee maganicha (aanee jaast kimmat) arth assa hota qee pannaspeksha qamee gadyanche punha utpadan aanee vikri karnyat aalee. yavyatirikt, 1999 madhye, 240 hertzla bajarpethet yashasvi banavalelya moolbhut goshtinkade paratanyachya yojnet eka sankalpana qaar janatela dakhavanyat aalee.

nissan fairlady jade (ess 30) nissan ess 30, japanma nissan fairlady jedko rupma rar anya bajarharuma datson datsonko rupma bechinchha, tyasapachhi tyasapachhi rar datsonko rupma, nisandwara 1969 dekhi 1978 samma utpadan garieko ek bhawya tourer how. ess 30 ko kalpana nissan motor corporation yuka adhyaksha yutaka katayamale gareka thie.ess.ae., rar nisanko sports carr styling studioca pramukh yoshiko matsuoko netritwama raheko tolile design gareko how. nisanko jade shringkhalako sports karko yo pahilo carr how. sthapit europeli khelkud karharusanga sidhai pratispardha garne laxyaka sath, datsonle nayan 240 heartzko mulya sanyukta rajyama britis emjibi-jitiko $200 bhitra rakhyo, paanch warsha purano design jasle yasako umera dekhae. 240z ko styling, engineering, apekshakrit cum mulya, rar prabhawashali pradarshan janatasanga pratidhwanit bhayo, duwai khariddar rar motor presbata sakaratmak pratikriya prapta bhayo, rar turuntai lamo pratiksha suchiharu utpanna garyo. helo karko rupma, 240 heartzle japani carr nirmataharuko swikriti uniharuko arthik chhabibhanda bahira wistar dabi. datsonko badhdo dealer network-jaguar, bmw, porsch, alfa romeo, rar fietdwara nirmit simit utpadan ayatit sports karharuko tulanama-duwai sajilo kharid rar tayar marmat sunishchit bhayo. ess 30 kaa sabai bheriyantharuma agadi mcfursion struts (nissan larel see 30 batt udharo lieko) rar pachhadi chapman struts bhaeko chaar-pangra swatantra nilamban chha. front disk break rar rear drumharu manak thie. 240z ley jumlyaha su-shaili hitachi ek-barrel side-draft carburetorharu prayog garyo. yee 260z maa hitachi ek-barrel side-draft carburetorharu sanga pratisthapan gariyo june model warsha 1973 batt suru bhayo utsarjan niyamharuko palana garna, parinamswarup samagra pradarshanma kami ayo. bosch-design garieko ell-getronic electronic indhan injection yues bajarma kshatipurti garna sann 1975 maa 280zs thapieko thiyo. 1975-1978 model warshaharuma jaari, sanyukta rajya america bahirka bajarharu (rar japan, jasle sann 1974 dekhi kewal 2-litter injin prastawa garyo) ajhai pani 260z kupe rar 2 + 2 prapta garyo. S30 240z pachhillo 240sx sanga sambandhit chhaina, june japanma silviako rupma bechinchha. fairlady jade. fairlady jade sann 1969 ko antyama 1970 modelko rupma maa 2.0-liter strait-six sohasi injin, rear-wheel drive, rar stylish kup badiko sath prastut garieko thiyo. datson 510 ko chaar cylinderma adharit enginele jis utpadan dabi rar chaar wa paanch gatiko manual transmissionko sath ayo. sann 1973 kaa lagi, carburated injinko shakti kada niyamharu pura garnama khaskiyo. japanma, fairlady nissan japani dealershipharuka lagi vishesh thiyo jaslai "nissan bluebird storeharu" bhaninchha. japani kretaharule kretaharule fairlady datson model model pani prapta garna sakchhan, yadyapi thulo enginele yasalai dherai uccha curr shrenima rakheko chha. japani-wishishta 2.4-liter enginele 5600 rpma dabi garieko jis utpadan gardacha tara 1973 maa banda gariyo kinbhane indhan sankatko parinamswarup bikrima ullekhaniya girawat aeko thiyo, rar tyasaile agasta 1978 samma fairlady 280z ko parichayasamma dui litter fairladyharu matra upalabdha thie. jab sann 1974 maa niryat modelharu thulo 2.6-liter 260z maa pariwartan bhayo, japani kharidadarharuka lagi kewal 2-litter modelharu upalabdha rahe. ek fairlady 260 heartz rilij garne yojana banaieko thiyo, tara tel sankatko prabhawale modellai rokyo, yadyapi 260 heartz okinawama upalabdha thiyo (june sann 1978 samma sadakko dahine chheuma chalyo). fairlady jadele lamo-pangra adhar 2 + 2 modelko thap sahit niryat modelharuma lagu garieka sabai pariwartanharu prapta garyo. janawari 1974 maa prastut garieko, yasale jies 30 chesis code prapta garyo. sann 1975 maa maa enginele nayan utsarjan mapdandharu mapdandharu, (ae-ess30 pura garna indhan injection prapta dabi rar feri ek patak jis pradan dabi. july 1976 ko antyama karle yass warshaka lagi prabhawkari kada ajhai utsarjan mapdandharu pura garna, ek ei. zi. arr pranali sahit nyap pranali prapta garyo, yasale model kodharuma ess 31 (see-ess 31/see-zee 31) maa pariwartan lyayo. ekai samayama, adhik vilasi fairlady jade-tea model prastut garieko thiyo-yo kadaika sath ek upkaran star thiyo rar yasama tea-barko chhat samawesh thiena, june pahilo patak tyasapachhiko pustako fairladyma dekhieko thiyo. fairlady jadeji. japan-matra japan-matra nissan fairlady fairlady october 1971 maa japanma samuha 4 resingka lagi lagi samarup banauna jaari garieko thiyo. fairlady jadeji rar export-markett datson datson bichko bhinnatama wistarit fibreglass "ero-dyna" naak, sharirma farakilo obhar-fenderharu, pachhadi spoiler, acrylic glass headlight kabharharu rar fender-mount garieko rear-bhiu mirarharu samawesh chhan. jedjiko ramro wayugatikile yasalai niyamit fairlady 240 heartz (swachalitko shirsha gati arko 5 kimmy/ghanta cum thiyo) bhanda paanch badhiko shirsha gatima pugna anumati diyo. fairlady jadeji tean rangma upalabdha thiyoh grand prix redd, grand prix white, rar grand prix merun. fairlady jedjima "zee" bhaneko "grande" how."yadyapi jadeji americama bechieko thiena rar japan bahira kahilyai bechieko thiena, yo americama pratispardhako lagi yogya huna, nisanle naak kitlai dealerko wikalpako rupma beche jaslai" "zee-naak" "bhaninchha. naak thap bhaepachi, yee 240zs lai prayaha japan bahira 240zgs bhaninchha. fairlady Z432. skyline gt-arbata gt-arbata injin (muel rupma purva rajkumar engineerharudwara design garieko) packagingle chhito fairlady sirjana garyo. "z432" ley prati cylinder 4 bhalbha, 3 mikuni carburetor, rar 2 camshaftlai janaunchha. model code ps 30 how. lagbhag 420 nirman garieko thiyo. japanma policele kehi jade 432s prayog gareko thiyo. fairlady Z432r. kpgc 10 skyline gt-arsanga sajhedari garieko jumlyaha cam 2 ell inline chha-cylinder "ess 20" enginele susajjit japan-matra model fairlady jedlai japani gharelu bazar (jdm) maa homologation uddeshyaka lagi jaari garieko thiyo (rally karko rupma yasako prayog saksham garna). jade jade sabai callo aluminium pangra rar cum chamak callo hudko sath suntala rung garieko thiyo. jade jade halka front gard, dhoka, rar bonnetka sathai jade 432 maa thap injin wriddhiharu thie. janawari 2020 maa ek 1970 z432r japanma lilamima recordma bechieko thiyo, lagbhag yues $. 240z. sann 1970 240z americi bajarma nissan motors usa aparesanka adhyaksha yutaka katayama dwara prastut garieko thiyo, jaslai wyapak rupma "mister key" bhanera chininchha. sann 1969 dekhi sann 1971 ko madhyasammaka prarambhik karharuma sann 1971 ko antyadekhi sann 1973 sammaka karharuko tulanama kehi sukshma bhinnataharu thie. sabaibhanda spashta bhinnata key hoh yee prarambhik karharuma paal stambhama crome "240z" byaj thiyo, rar gillas moulding muni pachhadi hatchma duiwata terso bhentharu ventilation marfat prawaha pradan gardacha. sann 1971 ko madhyama, tyahan utpadan pariwartanharu thie, bahiri rar bhitri rangharu sahit, paal stambha pratikharuko punah shailikaran thiyo jasma kewal "jade" aksharko sath golakar vented pratikma rakhieko thiyo, rar bhentharu karko hatch panelbata hataiyo, karma nicas bhairaheko gunasoka karan. yues model 240z kaa lagi design pariwartanharu utpadanbhari bhae tara jdm fairladyma sadhain pratibimbit bhaena yadi tiniharu 1972 model warshaka lagi antarik parimarjanharu rar bumper obhar-ryderharuko sthanma pariwartan sahit sanghiya awashyakataharuka lagi wishishta thie bhane, sathai kehi utsarjan niyantran upkaranharuko thap rar 1973 model warshaka lagi utsarjan ghataune carburetorharuko nayan shaili apanaune. 1970 modelharu october 1969 maa prastut garieko thiyo, yasale manual chok rar chaar-speed manualko sath ell 24 2.4-liter injin prapta garyo. sann 1971 dekhi cum samanya tean-gatiko swachalit prasaran vaikalpik thiyo, rar yasama "nissan purna swachalit" byaj thiyo. dheraijaso niryat bajarharule vibhinna bazar awashyakataharuanusar alik bhinna winirdeshharuko sath karlai "240z" ko rupma prapta gare. sann 2004 maa, "sports carr international" ley yass karlai sann 1970 ko dashakko shirsha sports karharuko suchima dosro nambarma rakheko thiyo. vishwa rally championship-round vijaya. sann 1973 maa, shekhar mehtako hatma raheko 240 heartzle 21 aun purvi africi safari rally jityo. 260z. 260z sanyukta rajya americama 1974 model warshaka lagi matra bechieko thiyo, tara 1978 samma anya deshharuma upalabdha thiyo (japan bahek, jahaan yo model okinawa bahek niyamit rupma upalabdha thiena). enginelai yasako strokelai lambai diera 2.6 literma wistar garieko thiyo, yasako sath nayan model code rs 30 lyaundai. sanyukta rajya americama, sanghiya utsarjan niyamharule ignison samaya rar compression anupatma kami lyauna badhya parey, jasko parinamswarup atirikta wisthapanko bawajud 260 heartzka lagi see netko cum pawar output bhayo, jabki anya deshharuma pawar output badhera. sanyukta rajya americama sann 1974 ko dosro adhama bechieko euta 1974.5 model pani thiyo jasma 5 mile prati ghanta suraksha bamparharu thapda purna 165 hp thiyo, june 280z kaa lagi manak banne thiyo. chaar-gati wa 5 gati (gaira yues) manual manak upkaran rahyo, tean-gati swachalit prasaran waikalpikko sath. lamo wheelbasema nirmit 2 + 2 model prastut garieko thiyo, thulo udghatan quarter panel windoharu rar alik tauni chhatko rekhako sath. 2 + 2 bhitra dherai hadasamma saman dekhinchha (pachhadi sitt rar yasako sambandhit seat belt rilharu bahek), tara dui-citerma prayog garieko quilted vinail samagriko satta carpet garieko prasaran surunga prapta garyo. 2 + 2 maa pachhadiko chheuko jhyalharu push-out ekaiharu thie, pachhadi sitma basneharuka lagi ventilation thapna. 260z ley 240z maa kehi adyawadhik rar sudharharu davi garyo. jalawayu niyantranharu adhik samajhadaripurwak rakhieko thiyo rar kaam garna sajilo thiyo, rar watanukulan bhaeka tee karharuma ab ae/see pranali mukhya jalawayu niyantran panelma ekikrit thiyo. chesis railharuko punah designka karan chesisma thap kathorta pani thiyo june aghillo modelharu bhanda thula rar pachhadi wistarit thie. euta pachhadi swa barr pani thapieko thiyo. 260z ley punah design garieko dasboard rar console, sathai nayan sitt trim, rar bhitrika lagi dhoka panelharu suru garyo. mukhya tail light awasbata back up lightharu pachhadiko panelma sardai tail lightharu adyawadhik gariyo. sann 1974 ko suruma yues 260 heartz modelharuma bamparharu thie june pahileka 240 heartjsanga mildojuldo thiyo, yadyapi akarma alikati wriddhi bhayo, sharirbata kehi hadasamma tadha dhakeliyo, rar callo robber bumper gardharu lagaeko thiyo baru aghillo crome bamparle robber stripharu rakhchha. yee prarambhik karharuma ajhai pani bamparharu muni awasthit front turn signalharu thie. sann 1974 ko antyatira yu.ess. 260z modelharu (prayaha 1974.5 modelharu bhanera chininchhan) bhari bamparharu bokeka thie june 280z ko 1975-76 model warshaharuma rahanchha taaki 1973 maa sanyukta rajya americako bumper kanunko anupalanma hose. yee dhilo karharuma front turn signalharu bamparko mathi, front grilko bahiri kinarharuma sthanantaran garieko thiyo. 280z. nisanle sann 1975 ko model warshama uttari americi bajarka lagi datson datson model jaari gareko thiyo. badhdo kada yuko samana gardai ess 30 modelharu kheline thap prayasma.ess. utsarjan rar suraksha awashyaktaharu, injinko akar feri badhaieko thiyo, yass patak 2.8 litter. लिटर। injin injin sirjana garna bore bhaeko thiyo, rar ek bosch ell-getronic indhan injection pranali thapiyo. canadali sanskaranharu rajyaharuma aniwarya anti-smug componentharu bina adwitiya rupma susajjit thie. model code hs 30 how, muel 240z ko jastai. sann 1975 rar 1976 kaa modelharu yusanga fitt huna jaari rakhe.ess. 260z ko madhya 1974 model warshaka lagi prastut garieko sanghiya-awashyak prabhawa awashoshak bamparharu. yee bamparharu chillo satahama thie, rar karko sharirsanga bhetda chillo callo robber wistarharuma misaiyo. 1977 rar 1978 modelharule recessed channelharu bhaeka bamparharu prapta gare june nalidar-wa accordian-shaili callo robber wistar trimma misaiyo. sann 1977 ko model warshaka lagi pani nayan, 280zs ley ab purna akarko spare tyre prapta garena, rar yasako satta "space sebhar" spare rar thulo indhan tanky thiyo. yasako parinamswarup fibreboardle baneko pachhadi deck khetra badheko thiyo, jasle cargo space ghataeko thiyo. sann 1976 ko antyama rar dheraijaso 1977-78 modelharuka lagi, chaar-gatiko manual rar tean-gatiko swachalit wikalpaharuka sathama vaikalpik paanch-gatiko manual transmission upalabdha thiyo. yasama pachhadi hatchko bayan tallo kinarma "5-speed" pratik samawesh thiyo. sann 1977 kaa lagi charcoal chitrit hubcap shaili (ember centre pratikharuma tairiraheko crome "jade" sanga) batt habakyapma adyawadhik pani garieko thiyo june mishra dhatu pangra jasto dekhinchha, callo sarkalma tairiraheko crome "jade" sangko centre cap bokeko chha. sann 1977 rar 1978 maa kramashah, datsonle duiwata vishesh sanskaran modelharu prastawa dabi. jaap" sanskaran sann 1977 maa "vishesh sajawat package" ko rupma prastawa garieko thiyo. jaap karharu "sunsign pahenlo" rangma samapta bhaeka thie, rar pattaharuko agadiko chheuma pahenlo, rato rar suntala shebharonharusahit kendra rar chheuma callo pattaharu khelaieko thiyo. sann 1977 maa anumanit 1,000 "jaap jade" karharu prastawa garieko thiyo. 1977 ko lamo samudra tata grand prixma "jaap jade" modellai paces karko rupma pani prayog garieko thiyo. callo moti sanskaran (1978 maa utpadan garieko) callo moti rung rar ek "vishesh upasthiti package" (sap) ko sath ayo, jasma dohoro resing darpan, pachhadi windo laubharharu, rar adwitiya rato rar chaandiko pattiharu samawesh thie. yo anuman garieko chha kii pratyek sanyukta rajyaka dillerlai bechnaka lagi euta callo moti sanskaran chhutyaieko thiyo, yadyapi uccha magka karan kehi dillerharule kathit rupma atirikta awanton prapta gare. yee karharu madhye 750 dekhi 1,500 karharu antatah utpadan garieko anuman garieko chha, yadyapi sahi sankhya agyat chha. dui-citter rar 2 + 2 280z kupharu duwai 1975-1978 model warsha daudan upalabdha rahe. ess 30 shringkhalalai sann 1979 kaa lagi nissan ess 130 dwara pratisthapan garieko thiyo. daud. jade sann 1970 ko dashakma sca resingma dherai safal thiyoh wiltenbata bahirko bub sharp resing, tikshna, aliot forbes-robinson rar pachhi pall neuman drivingsanga connecticut; rar john mortenle sann 1970 rar 1971 maa sca see utpadan rashtriya upadhima #46 240z driving gardai paschimi americama broke resing udyamharu (brey). anya chalakharu, jastai clearwater florida (rar pachhi maryland) reser dunn kernile sann 1970 rar 1978 ko bichma jade-karma dherai safalta paeka thie. jade rar datson 510 lai americi japani ayat pradarshan bhag udyogka lagi utprerakko rupma shreya diinchha. nisanle pani bub bondurantko race driving skullai yasako sthapanadekhi nai samarthan rar sambandhit thiyo. sann 2013 maa nisanle afno suntala #2 revtek 240z ko pangrama gregg irasanga afno 97 aun sca rashtriya championship jitko dabi dabi. afno championshipko batoma irale sann 2006 maa suru bhaeko scako eae utpadan wargama dherai road course recordharu sett gare, jasma samawesh chhah iralai sann 2008 maa scako pratishthit kimberly kapbata sammanit garieko thiyo. aghillo kimberly cup praptakartaharuma bub holbert, roser penske, mark donohyu rar pieter revson samawesh chhan. september 27,2015 maa, gregg irale afno dosro (rar nisanko 98 aun) scaca rashtriya championship, afno afno revtek/jedtricksma jite.cum 240z, detona antarrashtriya speedwema. punah prayasharu suru garnuhos. sann 1997 dekhi 2002 samma nisanle japan bahira jade-carr line prastawa garena, jahaan fairlady jade (jade 32) 2000 samma upalabdha rahyo. sann 1998 maa, nisanle jade-carr linelai firta lyaune karyakram suru garyo pahile muel datsonhru kharid garera, tyasapachhi tiniharulai karkhana vinirdeshharuma punarsthapit garera, rar antatah tiniharulai $24,000 maa dillershipharulai bechdai. yo jade-karko byajlai jiwit rakhne prayas thiyo. nisanle karharuko bajarlai badhi anuman gare rar cum mag (rar uccha mulya) ko artha pachas bhanda cum karharu punah nirman rar bikri gariyo. yasabahek, sann 1999 maa, 240z lai bazar safal banaune adharbhut kurama farkane yojanama euta concept carr janatalai dekhaieko thiyo.

nissan fairlady jaded jaded nissan dwara, japanare nissan fairlady jaded ebong anya bajaarare datson moolah bhabare bikri hoithila, parey parey ebong ebong bhabare, 1969 ru 1978 parjyanta nissan dwara utpadita eka grand tourer . nissan motor corporation jayu. rahr sabhapati jutaka katajamanka dwara dwara rahr kalpana karajaithila .ess.aii., ebong nisananka sports carr styling studiora mukhya yoshiko matsuonka netrutware eka dala dwara design karajaithila . nissan rahr jaded sirij sports carror ehaa pratham carr . pratisthita europeah sports carr sahita sidhasalakha pratidwandita karibaku lakhya rakhi, datson nutan 240z rahr mulya aamerikare british mgb-gt rahr $200 madhyare, eka pancha barsha puruna design jaahaa ehara bayasa darshaithila . 240z rahr styling, injinijaring, apekhyakruta comm mulya, ebong chittakarshaka pradarshan janasadharananka sahita pratidhwanita hoithila, ubhaja kreta ebong motoring press thaaru eka sakaratmaka pratikrija grahan karithila, ebong turanta dirgha prateekhya talika srusti karithila . eka hallo carr bhabare, 240z japani carr nirmatanka swekruti semananka arthabyabastha pratichabi bahare bistara karithila . jaguara, bii. emm. dablyu., porsha, alfa romeo ebong fiat dwara nirmita seemita utpadana amdani sports kaara tulanare datsner bardhita dealer netawarka ubhaja sahaja kraiah ebong prastuta rakhyanabekhyana sunishchita karithila. dwarara samasta prakarare chaari-chakia swadheena nilamban rahichhi jeunthire samnare mcforsion strut (nissan laurel laurel ru dharita) ebong pachapate chapman strut rahichhi. agapata disk break ebong pachapata drum manaka thila. 240z tuin suu-style hitachi eka-barrell parswa-draft carburetor byabahara karithila . egudiku 260z ray hitachi eka-barrell parswa-draft carburetor sahita badalajaithila jaahaa model barsha 1973 ru arambha hoithila nirgamana nijamabali palana kariba paain, phalaswaroopa samagrika karjyakarita hrass paila . 1975 masihare khyatipurana deba paain eka bosch-design ell-getronic electronic indhan injection jayu. ess. bajaarare 280zs jodajaithila. 1975-1978 model barshagudika parjyanta jaari rakhi, juktarastra america bahare thiba bajaara (ebong japan, jaahaa 1974 ru kebala 2-litter injin pradan karithila) tathapi 260z kupa ebong 2 + 2 paithila. S30 240z parabarti 240sx sahita jadita nuhen, jaahaa japanare silvia bhabare bikri hue . fairlady Z. 1969 masiha sheshare, fairlady jedku 1970 model bhabe upasthapana karajaithila, jeunthire jeunthire <aai. dii. 1> strait-six soechasi injin, rear-huil drive ebong eka stylish kupe buddy thila. datson 510rahr chaari-cylinder upare aadharita engineti jis utpadana karithila ebong chaari-kimba pancha-speed manual transmission sahita asithila . 1973 masiha paain, carbureted injin rahr shakti hrass paai kathore niam purana karithila . japanare, fairlady nissan japani dealership paain swatantra thila jaahaaku "nissan bluebird store" kuhajae . japani kretamane madhya madhya jukta fairlady moolah model model paiparibe, jadio budd injin ehaaku yathesta adhika ticks bargare rakhithila. japani-speck 2.4-liter injin 5600 rpmre eka daabi karajaithiba jis utpadana kare kintu 1973 ray banda hoijaithila kaaran indhan sankata karanaru bikrai yathesta hrass paithila, ebong tenu august 1978 ray fairlady 280z rahr prabartana parjyanta kebala dui litter fairlady upalabdha thila . 1974 masihare jetebele raptani madelgudika bruhattara 2.6-liter 260z ku badaligala, setebele japani kretamananka paain kebala 2-litter model upalabdha rahithila. eka fairlady 260z mukta kariba paain yojana karajaithila, kintu taila sankatara prabhaba madelaku banda karideithila, jadio 260z okinaware upalabdha thila (jaahaa 1978 parjyanta rastara dahana parsware chalithila). raptani madelare laagu hoithiba samasta paribartanaku fairlady jaded grahan karithila, jeunthire eka lamba-huilbases 2 + 2 modelor sanjojana antarbhukta . januari 1974 ray prabartita, ehaa jii. ess. 30 chassis code paithila . 1975 masihare ell-20 injin nutan nirgamana manaka (aii-ess-30, aii-jii-30) purana kariba paain indhan injection hassel karithila ebong punithare gis pradan karithila. 1976 masiha july maasa sheshare, carty eka ee. jii. aarr. system sameth nap system grahan karithila, jaahaa chalita barsha paain karjyakaree hoithiba kathore tathapi nirgamana manakaku purana karithila, jaahaa model kodre paribartana aani ess 31 (sii-ess 31/sii-jii 31) ku aanithila. sehi samajare, adhika bilasapurna fairlady jaded-tii model prabartana karajaithila-ehaa kathore bhabare eka upakarana stara thila ebong ethire tii-baar chhaata antarbhukta nathila, jaahaa parabarti pidhira phejaraledire pratham thara paain dekhibaku milithila . fairlady jedji. group 4 resing paain 240z ku samarupa kariba paain october 1971 ray japanare kebala-hs 30-etch nissan fairlady 240zg muktilabha karithila . fairlady jedji ebong eka export-market datson moolah madhyare thiba parthakya madhyare eka bardhita fiberglass "ero-dyna" naaka, shareeraku prasasta ovara-fender rivet, eka rear spayalara, acrylic glass headlight kavara ebong fender-mounted rear-bhiu darpana antarbhukta . jedjir unnat bajugati bigyana ehaaku sarbadhika begare pahanchibaku anumathi deithila, nijamita fairlady 240z thaaru pancha adhika (automaticsor sarbadhika bega ahuri 5 kimmy/ghanta comm thila). fairlady jedji tinoti rangare upalabdha thilah grand prix redd, grand prix white ebong grand prix merun. fairlady jedji ray "jii" rahr artha heuchhi "grande"."jadio jedji aamerikare bikri hoinathila ebong japan bahare kebe bikri hoinathila, ehaa aamerikare pratijogita paain jogya heba paain, nissan eka dilaranka bikalpa bhabare naaka kitt bikri karithile jaahaa" "jii-naaka" "bhabare janashuna . naaka jodiba parey, ehi 240zs ku japan bahare prajatah 240zgs bhabare ullekha karajae . fairlady Z432. skyline jii. tii.-aara. ru ess. 20 injin (moolatah purbatana prince injinijaramananka dwara design karajaithiba) ku pyakejing kariba dwara eka druta fairlady srusti hoithila. "z432" prati silindarare silindarare bhalav, bhalav mikuni carburetor ebong ebong kamashaftaku bujhae. model code heuchhi pii. ess. 30. pakhapakhi 420 tii nirmita hoithila . japanare police dwara kichhi Z432 byabahara karajaithila. fairlady Z432r. eka japan-maatra model fairlady jaded, jaahaa kee. pii. jii. sii. 10 skyline jii. tii.-aara. sahita anshidara hoithiba tuin cam 2. ly. inline chhaa-cylinder "ess. 20". injin sahita sajjit, japanara gharoi bajaarare (jay. dii. emm.) samalingikarana uddeshyare (ehaaku eka raali carr bhabare byabahara karibaku sakhyama kariba paain) muktilabha karithila. karithila। sabu kalaa aluminium chakia ebong eka comm chamakajukta kalaa hood sahita kamala rangare chitrita hoithila . Z432r ray haluka sammukh gard, dwara ebong bonnet thila, ebong Z432 upare adhika injin brudhi madhya thila . januari 2020 ray eka 1970 z432r japanare nilaamare eka recordre bikri hoithila, praiah $US $. 240z. 1970 240z ku americae bajaarare nissan motors jayu. ess. aii. aparesanra sabhapati jutaka katajamanka dwara prabartana karajaithila, jaahaa "mister kee" bhabare janashuna . | 1971 masiha madhyabhaga parjyanta prarambhika karagudikare karagudikare 1973 masiha madhyare thiba kaara tulanare kichhi sukshma parthakya rahithila. sabutharu spust parthakya heuchhih ehi prarambhika karagudikare paal stambhare eka crome "240z" byaj thila, ebong catch chhancha tale pacha hattrey duiti aanubhumika bhenta baaju chalachala madhyamare prabaha pradan karuthila . 1971 masiha madhyabhagare, bahya ebong aabhyantareen ranga sameth utpadana paribartana hoithila, paal stambha pratikagudikara punahroopajana thila, jeunthire kebala eka bruttakara vented chinhare "z" akhyara rakhajaithila, ebong carror hatch pyanelaru bhentagudiku hatai diajaithila, kaaran karare nishkrijatara abhijoga prasarita heuthila . jayu. ess. model 240z paain design paribartana samagra utpadana samajare ghatithila kintu jay. dii. emm. phejaraledire sarbada pratiphalita hoinathila jadi segudika 1972 model barsha paain aabhyantareen paribartana ebong bumper ovara-raidargudikara sthanare paribartana sahita federal abashyakata paain nirdista thila, kichhi nirgamana nijantrana upkaranara sanjojana ebong 1973 model barsha paain carburetor hrass karuthiba nirgamnara eka nutan sailee grahan . 1970 model gudika 1969 masiha october maasare prachlita hoithila, ebong eka hastachalita choke ebong eka chaari-speed manual sahita l24 2.4-liter injin grahan karithila. 1971 masiharu eka comm sadharana tini-speed swajanchalita transmission bikalpa thila, ebong ethire eka "nissan sampurna swajanchalita" byaj thila . adhikansha raptani bajaara ehi kaaraku "240z" bhabe grahan karithile, jahara bibhinna bajaara abashyakata upare nirbhara curry samanya bhinna bhinna nirdistata rahithila. 2004 masihare, "sports carr international" ehi kaaraku 1970 dashkar shirsha sports kaara talikare dwiteeja sthanare rakhithila. biswa raali championship-round bijai . 1973 masihare, shekhar mehatanka haatare thiba 240 heartz, heartz purba african saphari ralire bijai hoithila. 260z. 260z kebala 1974 model barsha paain aamerikare bikri hoithila, kintu 1978 parjyanta anya deshare upalabdha thila (japan byatita, jeunthare ehi model okinawa byatita nijamita bhabare upalabdha nathila). nutan model code rs30 sahita ehara strokku lamba curry injinaku 2.6l ku brudhi karajaithila. aamerikare, sangheeah nirgamana nijamabali ignison samai ebong compression anupatare hrass karibaku badhya karithila, phalaswaroopa atirikta sthana paribartana satwe 260z paain ess. ee. ee. netra shakti utpadana comm hoithila, jetebele kii anya deshare shakti utpadana brudhi paithila . 1974rahr dwiteejardhare aamerikare eka 1974.5 model madhya bikri hoithila jeunthire 5 mile prati ghanta budd surakhya bumper joga kariba sahita sampurna 165 echpi thila, jaahaa 280z paain manaka heba . eka chaari-bega kimba 5-bega (anah-jayu. ess.) manual manaka upakarana hoi rahithila, jeunthire eka tini-bega swajanchalita transmission bikalpa thila . eka lamba huilbases upare nirmita 2 + 2 model prabartana karajaithila, jeunthire budd opening quarter panel windo ebong samanya noach chhaata line thila . 2 + 2 bhitara bhagare prajatah samaana dekhajauthila (pacha siit ebong ehara samprukta siit belt reel byatita), kintu dui-siit bisista sthanare byabahruta quilted vinaila samagri paribarte eka carpet transmission sudanga paithila . 2 + 2 rahr pacha parswa jharaka gudika push-out unit thila, jaahaa pacha sitre basithiba lokanka paain ventilation joga kare . 260z 240z upare kichhi update ebong unnati daabi karithila . jalabaju nijantrana adhika sambedanashila bhabare prastuta karajaithila ebong kaama kariba sahaja thila, ebong shitatapa nijantrana thiba sehi karagudikare bartamana mukhya jalabaju nijantrana pyanelare aii/sii system ekeekruta hoithila . chassis relara punah design hetu chassis ray atirikta kathorata madhya thila jaahaa purba model tulanare budd ebong ahuri pachaku samprasarita hoithila . eka pacha sue baar madhya jodajaithila . 260z eka punah design hoithiba dasboard ebong console sahita nutan siit trim ebong aabhyantareen paain door panel arambha karithila . mukhya tail light hausingru back up laitku pacha pyanelaku sthanantara curry tail laitku update karajaithila. 1974 prarambhare jayu. ess. 260z madelare bumper thila jaahaa purba 240z sahita samaana thila, jadio aakarare samanya brudhi hoithila, shareeraru kichhi doorare theli diajaithila, ebong purba crome bumper rabar strip sahita gard kariba paribarte kalaa rabar bumper gard pindhithila . ehi prarambhika karagudikare setebele madhya bumper tale sammukh mode sanketa rahithila. 1974 rahr sheshabhagare jayu.ess. 260z model (prajatah 1974.5 model bhabare janashuna) bhaari bumper bahn karuthila jaahaa 280z rahr 1975-76 model barshare rahiba jaahaa 1973 ray juktarastra americara bumper ine sahita anupalana karibaku . ehi bilamba karagudikare aaga turn siganalgudika bumper upare, aaga griller bahya prantaku sthanantarita hoithila . 280z. nissan 1975 model barshare uttara americae bajaara paain datson 280z model unmochan karithila. adhikaru adhika kathore jayu-rahr sammukheen hoi ess-30 madelku krida kariba paain eka adhika prayasa.ess. nirgamana ebong surakhya abashyakata, injin aakaar puni brudhi karajaithila, ether 2.8 litaraku. ଲିଟରକୁ। injinaku injinaku tiari kariba paain birakta karajaithila, ebong eka bosch ell-getronic indhan injection system jodajaithila . canadia sanskaranagudika rajyare badhyatamoolaka anty-smug upadan bina swatantra bhabare sajjit thila . model code heuchhi heuchhi, jaahaa moola 240z paain samaana . 1975 ebong 1976 model jayu. jayu. sahita fitt heba jaari rakhila .ess. sangheeah-aabasyaka prabhaba soshaka bumper jaahaa 260z rahr model barshar madhyabhagare prabartita hoithila . ehi bamparagudika masruna prusthabhagare thila, ebong carror shareeraku bhetiba samajare masruna kalaa rabar extensionre mishrit hoithila . 1977 ebong 1978 madelare bumperman milithila, jeunthire recased channelgudika yoda jaithila, jaahaa dheujukta kimba accordion saileera kalaa rabar extension trimre mishrit hoithila. 1977 model barsha paain madhya nutan, 280zs aau purna akarara atirikta tayara paai nathila, ebong ehaa paribarte eka "spaces sebhar" atirikta ebong eka budd indhan tyank thila . ehara phalaswaroopa fiberboardre nirmita eka uthita pacha deck anchala, cargo sthana hrass karithila . 1976 masiha sheshabhagare ebong adhikansha aai. dii. 1. model paain, chaari-speed manual ebong tini-speed automatic bikalpa sahita eka bikalpa pancha-speed manual transmission upalabdha thila. ethire pacha hatcher baama tala dhaarare eka "5-speed" pratika antarbhukta thila . 1977 masihare, koila rangita hubcap sailee (amber kendra prateekare bhasman eka crome "z" sahita) ru eka hubcap ku eka adyatana karajaithila jaahaa eka mishra chakia pari, eka kalaa bruttare bhasman crome "z" sahita eka kendra tapp dhaaran kare . 1977 ebong 1978 masihare, datson duiti swatantra sanskarana model pradan karithila. 1977 masihare "jaap" sanskaranaku eka "swatantra sajja package" bhabare pradan karajaithila. jaap karagudika "suryaloka haladia" rangare samapta hoithila, ebong majhire ebong parsware kalaa strip khelajaithila, strip rahr aaga parsware haladia, laal ebong kamala shevaran sahita . 1977 masihare aanumanika 1,000 "jaap jhad" carr pradan karajaithila. 1977 masihar dirgha belabhumi grand priksare "jaap jhad" model madhya paces carr bhabare byabahruta hoithila. kalaa mukto sanskarana (1978 ray utpadita) kalaa mukto ranga ebong eka "swatantra upasthiti package" (sape) sahita asithila, jeunthire dwita resing darpana, pacha windo labhar ebong ananya laal ebong rupa striping antarbhukta . akalana karajaichi je pratyeka juktarastra americara dilaranku bikri kariba paain gotie kalaa mukto sanskarana abunton karajaithila, jadio adhika chahida hetu kichhi dealer atirikta abunton paithile. anumana karajauchhi je ehi karagudika madhyaru 750 ru 1,500 kaara sheshare utpadita hoithila, kintu sathik sankhya agyata achhi . ubhaja dui-aasana bisista ebong 2 + 280z kupa sabu 1975-1978 model barshasara upalabdha rahithila. 1979 masihare nissan dwara dwara dwara sirij pratisthapita hoithila. resing. 1970 dashakare ess. jaded. sca resingre bahuta saphala hoithilah wilton, connecticut, sahita sharp, eliot forbes-robbinson ebong parey pull neuman draiving sahita bub sharp resing; ebong paschima aamerikare brock resing udyoga (brey) zohn mortanka sahita 1970 ebong 1971 ray ess. kee. sii. utpadana jatiah title paain #46 240z draiving karithile. anya driver, jepariki klijarawatara florida (ebong parey maryland) resara donn kerni 1970 ebong 1978 madhyare ess. dii. kaara sahita bahuta saphalata paithile. ess. ebong datson 510 ku americae japani amdani pradarshan ansha shilpa paain utpreraka bhabare shreya diajae . nissan madhya bub bandurantanka rays draiving skulaku ehara aarambharu samarthan karithile ebong ehaa sahita jadita thile . 2013 ray nissan ehara 97 tama sca jatiah championship bijai daabi karithila gregg ira taanka kamala #2 rebhatek 240z rahr chakrare . niz championship ku jiba baatare ira 2006 ray arambha hoithiba scar ee prodoxon shreneere aneka road course record sthapana karithile, jeunthire antarbhuktah ira 2008 ray scar sammanajanaka kimberly cop pradan karajaithila. purba kimberly cop graheetanka madhyare bub holbert, roser penske, marck donohu ebong pieter revson antarbhukta . september 27,2015 ray, gregg ira taanka taanka rebhtek/jedtriksare dwiteeja (ebong nisannka 98 tama) sca jatiah championship jitithile.qama 240z, detona antarjatija spidwere. punahprachesta arambha karantu. 1997 ru 2002 parjyanta nissan japan bahare jaded-kaara line pradan karinathila, jeunthare 2000 masiha parjyanta fairlady jaded jaded upalabdha thila. 1998 masihare, nissan prathame moola moola kraiah curry jaded-kaara lineku ferai aaniba paain eka karjyakram arambha karithila, taa 'parey segudiku karkhana nirdistata anujai punaruddhara karithila, ebong sheshare segudiku 24,000 dalaarare dilarasipaku bikri karithila. ehaa jaded-carror sudhaku jibanta rakhiba paain eka prayasa thila. nissan kaara bajaraku atyadhika akalana karithila ebong comm chahida (ebong adhika mulya) rahr artha thila je pachasharu comm kaara punah utpadana ebong bikri karajaithila . ehaa byatita, 1999 ray, 240z ku eka bajaara saphalata pradan karithiba moulika bishajaku feriba paain eka jojanare eka dharana carr janasadharananku dekhagala .

nissan fairlady zedd zedd nissan aiss 30, japaan witch nissan fairlady zedd dey roop witch atey horr bazaran witch datson 240z dey roop witch vechiaa jaanda haii, firr baad witch 260z atey 280z dey roop witch, ikk shandar tourer haii joe 1969 toon 1978 takk nissan duaara tiaar keeta giaa see. aiss 30 dee kalpana nissan motor corporation yuu dey pardhan yutaka katyama duaara keeti gaee see.aiss.aii., atey nissan dey sports qaar styling studio dey mukhi yoshihiko matsu dee agvai vaali ikk team duaara design keeta giaa haii. ih nissan dee sports kaaran dee zedd seereez dee pahili qaar haii. sathapit european sports kaaran naal siddha mukabala curran dey udesh naal, datson neey sanyukat raaj witch british aim. jee. bee.-jee. tii. dey 200 dallar dey ander naveen 240z dee keemat nirdharat keeti, ikk panj saal purana design jiss neey aapni umar dikhai. 240z dee styling, engineering, mukabaltan ghatt keemat, atey prabhavshali pardarshan janata naal goonjda haii, khariddaran atey motor presses dovan toon skaratmak hungara miliaa, atey turant lambi udeek suchi tiaar keeti. ikk prabhashit qaar dey roop witch, 240z neey japani qaar nirmatavan dee savikarta noon unhan dey aarthik chittar toon parey vadha ditta. datson dey vadh rahey dealer network-jaguaar, bee. aimm. dablioo., porash, alfa romio atey fiate duaara nirmit seemat utpadan daramad keetiaan sports kaaran dee tulna witch-neey assan khareed atey tiaar rakkh-rakhaa dovan noon yakini banaiaa. ਬਣਾਇਆ। dey saare roopan witch chaar-pahiaa sutantar muattal hunda haii jiss witch sahmane mcferson struts (nissan laurel laurel toon udhaar liaa giaa) atey pichhe chapman struts hunde hunn. front disk break atey rear drum standard sunn. 240z neey dohre suu-shaili hitachi ikk-bairal side-draft carburetran dee varton keeti. inhan noon 260z utte hitachi ikk-bairal side-draft carburetran naal badliaa giaa see joe maadal saal 1973 toon shuru hoow keey nikas niyaman dee palna curran laee, natije vajon samucchi karguzari witch qamee aaee. ikk baush-design keeta giaa aill-getronic electronic fiool injection 1975 witch 280zs dee markeet witch jodiaa giaa see taan joe iss dee bharpai keeti jaa sake. maadal dey saalan dauran jaari rahinde hoye, sanyukat raaj toon bahr dey bazaran (atey japaan, jiss neey 1974 toon siraf 2-leater injan dee peshkash keeti see) noon ajey vee 260z koop atey 2 + 2 prapat hoye. S30 240z daa baad dey 240sx naal koee sabndh naheen haii, joe japaan witch silvia vajon vechiaa jaanda haii. fairlady zedd. fairlady zedd noon 1969 dey akheer witch 1970 dey maadal dey roop witch pesh keeta giaa see, jiss witch witch 2.0-liter siddha-chhe sohc injan, rear-wheel drive atey ikk andazan koop baadi see. datson 510 dey chaar silandar 'teey adharat injan neey jeez daa utpadan keeta atey chaar jaan panj-speed manual transmission dey naal aaiaa. 1973 laee, carburated injan dee shakti noon sakhat niyaman noon poora curran laee ghataa ditta giaa. japaan witch, fairlady vishesh taur utte nissan japani dealershipan laee see jiss noon "nissan bluebird store" kiha jaanda see. japani khariddar ail 24-injan fairlady 240z maadal (hs 30) vee prapat qarr sakde hunn, halanki vadde injan neey iss noon kaafi ucch taiks shreni witch rakkhiaa haii. japani-speck 2.4-liter injan 5600 rpm 'teey ikk daava keeta jees daa utpadan karda haii parr 1973 witch bnd qarr ditta giaa see kiunki baalan sankat dey natije vajon vikri witch kaafi girawat aaee see, atey iss laee agast 1978 witch fairlady 280z dee shuruat takk siraf doou-leater fairladys upalbadh sunn. jadon 1974 witch niryaat maadal vadde 2.6-liter 260z witch badal gaye, taan japani khariddaran laee siraf 2-leater maadal upalbadh rahey. ikk fairlady 260z noon jaari curran dee yojna banayi gaee see, parr tail sankat dey prabhav neey maadal noon roque ditta, halanki 260z okinava witch upalbadh see (joe 1978 takk sadak dey sajje paase challda see). fairlady zedd neey niryaat maadlan utte lagu saariaan tabdiliaan prapat keetiaan, jiss witch ikk lambe-wheelbase 2 + 2 maadal noon jodna shamal haii. janwari 1974 witch pesh keeta giaa, iss noon jee. aiss. 30 chassy code miliaa. sann 1975 witch witch injan neey navein nikas miaaran miaaran, (aii-aiss30 noon poora curran laee baalan teeka prapat keeta atey ikk vaar firr gs pardan keeta. julai 1976 dey ant witch qaar noon iss saal dey prabhav witch sakhat parr nikas miaaran noon poora curran laee ikk ee. jee. aar. pranali samet naip pranali prapat hoee, jiss naal maadal kodan witch tabdili aaee atey ih aiss 31 (see-aiss 31/see-jee 31) hoow gaee. use samein, vadhere shandar fairlady zedd-tii maadal pesh keeta giaa see-ih sakhti naal ikk upkaran daa paddhar see atey iss witch ikk tii-baar dee chhatt shamal naheen see, joe pahili vaar agli peedhi dee fairlady utte vekhi gaee see. fairlady ZG. japaan-siraf japaan-siraf nissan fairlady 240zg noon aktubar 1971 witch japaan witch group 4 racing laee 240z noon samroop curran laee jaari keeta giaa see. fairlady zedji atey ikk export-markeet datson datson dey vichkaar antar witch ikk vistrit fiberglass "airo-dyna" nakk, sareer noon chauda over-fender, ikk rear spiler, acrylic glass headlight cover atey fender-mounted rear-vioo mirror shamal hunn. ZG dey bihtar aerodynamics neey iss noon niyamat fairlady 240z (automatic dee choti dee gatee horr 5 kilometer/ghanta ghatt see) naalon panj vaddh dee choti dee gatee takk pahunchan dee aagiaa ditti. fairlady zedji tinn rangan witch upalbadh seeuuu grand prix redd, grand prix white atey grand prix maroon. fairlady zg witch "g" daa arth haii "Grande"."halanki zedji amrica witch naheen vechiaa giaa see atey japaan toon bahr kadey naheen vechiaa giaa see, iss laee iss noon amrica witch mukabale dey yog banaun laee, nissan neey nakk kitt noon ikk dealer dey wicklup vajon wetch ditta jiss noon" "jee-nakk" "vajon janhiaa jaanda haii. nakk dey juden naal, inhan 240zs noon aksar japaan toon bahr 240zg kiha jaanda haii. fairlady Z432. skyline jee. tii.-aar. toon aiss. 20 injan (asal witch sabka prince engineearan duaara design keeta giaa) noon packing curran naal ikk tez fairlady banayi gaee. "z432" pratee silandar 4 valv, 3 mikuni carburetor atey 2 camshaft noon darsaunda haii. maadal code pee. aiss. 30 haii. lagbhag 420 banaae gaye sunn. japaan witch pulis duaara kujh z432 dee varton keeti gaee see. fairlady Z432r. ikk japaan-siraf maadal fairlady zedd joe kii keey. pee. jee. see. 10 skyline jee. tii.-aar. naal sanjhe keete gaye twin caim 2. aill. inline chhe-silandar "aiss. 20" injan naal lais haii, noon japani gharelu baazaar (jey. dee. aimm.) witch homologation udeshan laee jaari keeta giaa see (iss noon raili qaar vajon vartan dey yog banaun laee). Z432r saare kaale alminium dey pahiye atey ghatt chamakdar kaale hood naal santri rung dey sunn. Z432r witch halke front gaard, darwaze atey bonnet dey naal-naal Z432 utte horr injan vaadhe sunn. janwari 2020 witch ikk 1970 z432r japaan witch nilami witch ikk ricard laee vechiaa giaa, lagbhag $US. 240z. 1970 240z noon amriki baazaar witch nissan motors usa apreshnan dey pardhan, yutaka katyama duaara pesh keeta giaa see, jiss noon viaapak taur 'teey "mister keey" vajon janhiaa jaanda haii. 1969 toon 1971 dey maddh takk deeaan shuruati kaaran witch 71 dey akheer toon 1973 deeaan kaaran dey mukabale kujh sookham antar sunn. sabh toon vaddh pratakh antar ih haiyav inhan shuruati kaaran witch paal thammh utte ikk crome "240z" baij see, atey kacch dey moulding dey hethan pichle hatch witch doou harijantal vents sunn joe havadari raahin pravaah pardan karde sunn. 1971 dey maddh witch, utpadan witch tabdiliaan aaiaan, jiss witch baahari atey andruni rung shamal sunn, paal thammh dey chinnhan noon mudd design keeta jaa riha see, jiss witch siraf ikk circular vented chinnh witch "z" akkhar rakkhiaa giaa see, atey qaar dey hatch panel toon ventan noon hataa ditta giaa see, qaar witch nikas deeaan shikaitan caarn. us maadal 240z laee design tabdiliaan poore utpadan dauran vapariaan parr jey. dee. aimm. fairlady witch hamesha pratibimbat naheen hundiaan sunn jey uh sanghi zaruratan laee vishesh sunn, jiss witch 1972 maadal saal laee andruni sodhan atey bumper over-rideran dey sathaan witch tabdili shamal haii, naal hii kujh nikas niyantaran upkarnan noon jodna atey 1973 maadal saal laee carburetran noon ghataun vaali nikas dee ikk naveen shaili noon apnauna shamal haii. 1970 dey maadlan noon aktubar 1969 witch pesh keeta giaa see, jiss witch ikk hatthin chok atey chaar-speed manual dey naal l24 2.4-liter injan prapat hoiaa see. ikk ghatt aam tinn-speed automatic transmission 1971 toon vikalpik see, atey iss witch ikk "nissan full automatic" baij see. ziaadaatar niryaat bazaran neey qaar noon "240z" dey roop witch prapat keeta, jiss witch vakkh-vakkh markeet deeaan zaruratan dey adhaar teey thodhi vakkhariaan visheshtavan sunn. 2004 witch, "sports qaar international" neey iss qaar noon 1970 dey dahake deeaan choti deeaan sports kaaran dee suchi witch dooje number 'teey rakkhiaa. vishav raili championship-raoond jittan. 1973 witch, shekhar mehta dey hatthan witch witch neey neey purbi african safari raili jitti. 260z. 260z sanyukat raaj amrica witch siraf 1974 maadal saal laee vechiaa giaa see, parr 1978 takk dooje deshan witch upalbadh see (japaan toon ilava, jitthe ih maadal okinava noon chhadd keey kadey vee niyamit taur 'teey upalbadh naheen see). injan noon iss dey stroke noon vadha keey 2.6 leater takk vadha ditta giaa see jiss naal iss dey naal navaan maadal code rs30 aaiaa see. sanyukat raaj witch, sanghi nikas niyaman neey ignition time atey sankuchan anupat witch qamee noon majbur keeta, jiss dey natije vajon vadhu visthapan dey bavjood 260z laee SAE nett daa ghatt bijli utpadan hoiaa, jadon kii horr deshan witch bijli utpadan vadh keey 2.6 leater hoow giaa. sanyukat raaj witch 1974 dey dooje addh dauran ikk 1974.5 maadal vee vechiaa giaa see jiss witch vadde 5 meal pratee ghante dey surakhiaa bampran dey naal poora 165 hp see, joe kii 280z laee miaar bann javega. chaar-speed jaan 5 speed (gair-yuu. aiss.) manual standard upkaran baniaa riha, jiss witch tinn-speed automatic transmission vikalpik see. ikk lambe wheelbase utte baniaa ikk 2 + 2 maadal pesh keeta giaa see, jiss witch vaddiaan khulhan valiaan quarter panel windows atey thodhi jihi noke vaali chhatt dee line see. 2 + 2 andron kaafi hadd takk ikko jiha laggda see (pichli seet atey iss naal judee seet bellet reelan toon ilava), parr doou seetan vaale utte varti jaandi quilted vinayil samaggari dee bajaae ikk corpeted transmission surang prapat keeti gaee. 2 + 2 utte pichle paase deeaan khidkiaan push-aaoot ikaiaan sunn, joe pichli seet utte rahinn valiaan laee havadari noon jodadiaan sunn. 260z neey 240z dey mukabale kujh update atey sudharan daa daava keeta. jalvayu niyantaran vadhere samajhdari naal tiaar keete gaye sunn atey kamm karna assan see, atey air conditioning valiaan unhan kaaran witch hunn aii/see pranali mukkh jalvayu niyantaran panel witch ekikrit see. chesis rail dey mudd design dey caarn chesis witch vadhu kathorta vee see joe pichle maadlan naalon vadde atey horr pichle sunn. ikk rear sawi baar vee jodiaa giaa see. 260z neey ikk mudd design keeta dashboard atey console dey naal-naal naveen seet trim atey andruni laee darwaze dey panel dee shuruat keeti. tail lightan noon update keeta giaa see, baek upp lightan noon mukkh tail light housing toon pichle panel takk lijaiaa giaa see. 1974 dey shuru witch yuu. aiss. 260z maadlan witch bumper sunn joe pichle 240z dey samaan sunn, halanki aakaar witch thodah vaadha hoiaa, sareer toon kujh hadd takk door dhakkiaa giaa, atey kaale rubbed bumper gaard paae hoye sunn, naa kii pichle crome bumper rubbed deeaan pattiaan naal rakkhiaa karde sunn. inhan shuruati kaaran witch ajey vee bampran dey hethan sathit front turn signal sunn. 1974 dey akheer witch yuu.aiss. 260z maadlan (jinhan noon aksar 1974.5 maadal kiha jaanda haii) neey bhaari bumper chukke joe 280z dey 1975-76 maadal saalan 'teey baney rahinde sunn taan joe 1973 witch sanyukat raaj dey bumper kanoon dee palna keeti jaa sake. inhan dair naal challan valiaan kaaran witch front turn signal bumper dey uppar, front grill dey baahari kinariaan' teey tabdil keete gaye sunn. 280z. nissan neey 1975 maadal saal witch uttri amriki markeet laee datson 280z maadal jaari keeta. S30 maadlan noon tezi naal sakhat yuu dey maddenazar khedade rahinn dey horr yatan witch.aiss. nikas atey surakhiaa zaruratan, injan daa aakaar firr toon vadha ditta giaa see, iss vaar 2.8 leater. leater injan noon noon banaun laee booar keeta giaa see, atey ikk baush ail-getronic baalan teeka pranali shamal keeti gaee see. canadian sanskaran raajan witch lazmi dhund-virodhi hissiaan toon binan vilakkhan taur 'teey lais sunn. maadal code hs 30 haii, joe kii asal 240z laee haii. 1975 atey 1976 dey maadlan noon yuu naal fitt keeta jaanha jaari riha.aiss. sanghi taur 'teey lodinde prabhav noon jazab curran vaale bumper joe kii 260z dey 74 maadal saal dey maddh laee pesh keete gaye sunn. ih bumper nirvighan satah vaale sunn, atey nirvighan kaale rubbed dey extensionan witch raley hoye sunn kiunki uh qaar dey sareer noon milde sunn. 1977 atey 1978 dey maadlan noon bumper prapat hoye jinhan witch recased channel shamal keete gaye joe nalidar-jaan accordian-shaili dey kaale rubbed extension trim witch mishrat sunn. 1977 maadal saal laee navaan, 280zs noon hunn poore aakaar daa spare tyre naheen miliaa, atey iss dee bajaae ikk "space sever" spare atey ikk vadda baalan taink see. iss dey natije vajon fiberboard naal baniaa ikk uccha rear deck khetar baniaa, jiss naal maal dee jagha ghatt hoee. 1976 dey akheer witch atey ziaadaatar aaee. dee. 1 maadlan laee, chaar-speed manual atey tinn-speed automatic vikalpan dey naal ikk vikalpik panj-speed manual transmission upalbadh see. iss witch pichle hatch dey khabbe hethle kinare utte ikk 5-speed daa chinnh shamal see. 1977 laee charcoal painted hubcap shaili (umber center chinnh witch floating curran vaale ikk crome "zedd" dey naal) toon ikk hubcap witch ikk update vee see joe ikk mishrat chakkar naal milda julda see, jiss witch ikk kaale chakkar witch floating curran vaale ikk crome "zedd" dey naal ikk center cap see. 1977 atey 1978 witch datson neey doou vishesh edition maadlan dee peshkash keeti. zap" edition noon 1977 witch ikk "vishesh sajawat package" vajon pesh keeta giaa see. zap kaaran noon "dhupp peele" rung witch tiaar keeta giaa see, atey pattiaan dey agle sire 'teey peele, laal atey santri shavron dey naal kendra atey pasiaan dey hethan kaliaan pattiaan rakkhiaan gaeeaan sunn. 1977 witch andazan 1,000 "zap zedd" kaaran dee peshkash keeti gaee see. "zap zedd" maadal noon 1977 dey lambe beach grand prix witch tez qaar vajon vee vartiaa giaa see. qaala motee edition (1978 witch tiaar keeta giaa) kaale motee rung atey ikk "vishesh dikkh package" (sapp) dey naal aaiaa, jiss witch dohre racing shishe, pichhe dee vindo lauver atey vilakkhan laal atey chaandi deeaan dhariaan shamal sunn. ih andaza lagaiaa giaa haii kii sanyukat raaj dey harek dealer noon vechan laee ikk qaala motee edition allot keeta giaa see, halanki ucch mung caarn kujh dealeran noon kathit taur 'teey vadhu allotment millie see. ih andaza lagaiaa giaa haii kii inhan vicchon 750 toon 1,500 kaaran daa ant witch utpadan keeta giaa see, halanki sahee ginti ajey anjaan haii. doou seetan vaale atey 2 + 280z koop doven 1975-1978 maadal saal dauran upalbadh rahey. aiss 30 seereez noon 1979 laee nissan aiss 130 duaara badliaa giaa see. daud. zedd 1970 dey dahake witch sakka racing witch bahut safal rihaau wilton toon bahr baub sharp racing, connecticket naal sharp, eliot forbes-robinson atey baad witch paal neuman driving; atey pachmi amrica witch john morton dey naal 1970 atey 1971 witch sakka see utpadan rashtari khitaab laee #46 240z chalaun vaale broke racing uddam (bee. aar. ee.). horr driver, jiven kii clearwater florida (atey baad witch maryland) racer daan keerni noon 1970 atey 1978 dey vichkaar zedd-qaar naal bahut safalta millie. zedd atey datson 510 noon us japani aayat pardarshan hisse udyog laee utprerak vajon sihra ditta jaanda haii. nissan neey aapni shuruat toon hii baub bandurant dey races driving school daa samarthan keeta atey uss naal judiaa hoiaa see. sann 2013 witch nissan neey aapni aapni sakka rashtari championship jitt daa daava keeta jiss witch gregg iraa neey aapne santri #2 revtech 240z dey chakkar 'teey kabza keeta. aapni championship dey raste witch iraa neey sakka dee ee production class witch kaee road course ricard sathapat keete, jiss dee shuruat 2006 witch hoee see, jiss witch shamal hann iraa noon 2008 witch sakka dey vakkari kimberly kapp naal sanmanit keeta giaa see. pichle kimberly kapp prapat curran valiaan witch baub holbert, rojar penske, maarak donohu atey pieter raveson shamal hunn. 27 satambar, 2015 noon, gregg iraa neey aapni duji (atey nissan dee dee sakka rashtari championship, aapne ee. pee. 2 revtech/zedtricks witch jitti.qaam 240z, detona antarashtari speedway 'teey. mudd yatan shuru crow. 1997 toon 2002 takk nissan neey japaan toon bahr zedd-qaar line dee peshkash naheen keeti, jitthe fairlady zedd zedd 2000 takk upalbadh rahee. 1998 witch, nissan neey pahilan mool 240 zeds khareed keey, firr uhanan noon factory deeaan visheshtavan witch bahaal karke, atey ant witch uhanan noon 24,000 dallar witch dealershipan noon wetch keey zedd-qaar line noon waps liaun laee ikk program shuru keeta. ih zedd-qaar dey hitt noon jeevit rakkhan dee koshish see. nissan neey kaaran laee markeet noon ziaada andaza lagaiaa atey ghatt mung (atey ucch keemat) daa matlab see kii panjah toon ghatt kaaran daa mudd nirman atey vikri keeti gaee see. iss toon ilava, 1999 witch, ikk sankalap qaar noon janata noon uhanan buniaadi gallan vall waps jaanh dee yojna witch dikhaiaa giaa see jinhan neey 240z noon markeet witch safalta diwai see.

nissan ferlady zad (ess30) nissaan ess30, japaan-deshe nissan ferlady zad iti namna, anyeshu vipananeshu datson 240z iti namna, tatah anantaram 260z tathaa 280z iti namna, 1969 taha 1978 paryantam nissan-samsthayaa nirmitah bhavyah tourer asti. ess30 ityasya kalpanaa nissan-motar-corporation-yoo-samsthaayaah adhyakshen yutaka katayama ityanena krutaa aasit.ess.a., tathaa cha nissan ityasya creedaa-kaar-stalling-studio ityasya pramukhasya yoshiko maatsu-ityasya netrutve dalena parikalpitam. nissan-deshasya ess. ess. creedaa-yananam shrunkhalaayaam etat prathamam kaar-yaanam asti. sthaapitaih europiya-creedaa-yaanaih saha pratyaksharoopen spardhaam kartum lakshytam dutson-samsthayaa samyuktarajyamerikadesha british-emm. jee. bee.-jee. tea. ityasya $200 madhye nutanasya 240z-ityasya moolyam nirdhaaritam, yat panchavarshapraacheenasya vinyaasah, yasya aayuh darshitaa. 240z ityasya vinyaasah, abhiyaantriki, apekshaakrutam nyunamulyam, prabhaavashaali-pradarshanm cha janaihi anuranitaani, kretrubhyah motoring-press-samsthaayaah cha sakaratmakapratikriya prapta, tatkshanameva deergha-pratiksha-suchim cha nirmitavatee. haalo-kaar-rupena 240 heartz-yaanam, japani-kaar-nirmatrunam svikaryatam, teshaam aarthik-pratichaayaayaah apekshayaa vistaaram akarot. jagwar, bee. emm. doubleu, porshe, alfa romeo, fiyat ityetaih nirmitanam seemita-utpaadana-aayaatit-creedaa-yananam apekshayaa, datson ityasya vardhamaan-vyaapaar-jaalah, sulabha-krayanm, siddha-rakshanm cha sunishchitam krutavaan. ess30 ityasya sarveshu prakaareshu chatushkreedaah swatantra-suspension asti, yasmin agrabhaage mcfursion-struts (nissan-lorel-see30 ityatah dhaaritaah), prushtabhaage chaapman-struts cha santi. sammukh-disk-breaks, pashch-drums cha pramaanikaah aasan. 240z madhye twin-su-shailyaa hitachi-eka-byaarel-said-draft carburetor ityetaani upayujyante sma. egataah 260z madhye hitachi-eka-byaarel-paarshva-draft carburetor-yukttaih pratisthapitaha, 1973 tame varshe aadarshavarshaat aarabhy nirgamananiyamaan anusrutya, parinaamatah samagra-pradarshanm nyunikrutam. 1975 tame varshe pratipoortim kartum bosh-vinyaasitam ell-getronic-electronic-fuel-injekshan iteedam 280z ess-ess-amerikaadeshasy vipanyaam yojitam. 1975-1978 namoonaavarsheshu nirantaram, samyuktarajyamerika-deshaat bahihi vipanyah (tathaa japaan-deshah, yah 1974 tamavarshaat kevalam 2-leater-yantram pradaatum arhati) adyaapi 260z koop, 2 + 2 cha praaptavantah. ess30 240z ityasya uttaravartee 240sx ityanena saha sambandhah naasti, yat japan-deshe sylvia-rupena vikreeyate. ferlady zad. 1969 tamasya varshasya ante 1970 tame varshe frerlady-zad iti roopakam, ell20 <aii. dii. 1> strait-six sohk-angine, rear-wheel-drave, stallish-koop-baadee ityetaih saha, pravartitam. datson 510 ityasya chatushkoneeyasy aadharitah yantram jis ityasya utpaadanam krutvaa chatushkoneey-vaa pancha-gati-hastachaalit-preshanena saha aagatam. 1973 tame varshe carburated-angine ityasya shakttih katoraniyamaan poorayitum nyooneekrutah. japan-deshe ferlady iteedam nissan-japanese-vikretrubhyah "nissan-bluebird-stores" iti namna vishesham aasit. jaapanees kretaarah ell-24-angine yukttam fairlady 240z-maadel (ech. ess. 30) api praaptum shaknuvanti sma, yadyapi bruhattar-angine iteedam adhika-curr-shrenee-madhye sthaapayat. jaapanees-speck 2.4-liter injin 5600 aar. pi. emm. madhye daavitah jees-utpaadayati, parantu 1973 tame varshe sthagitam, yatah indhana-sankatakaalasy parinaamen vikrayanam mahatim nyunikrutam aasit, ataha 1978 tame varshe august-maase fairlady 280z ityasya parichayaparyantm kevalam dwi-leater ferladys eva upalabhyante sma. 1974 tame varshe yadaa niryaata-pratiroopaani bruhattaram 2.6-liter 260z iti parivartitaani, tadaa kevalam 2-leater-pratiroopaani eva japani-kretrubhyah upalabhyante sma. ferlady 260 hearts ityasya vimochanasya yojanaa krutaa aasit, parantu tailasankatasya prabhaawen etat pratiroopam sthagitam, yadyapi 260 hearts iteedam okinava-nagare upalabhyte (yat 1978 paryantam margasya dakshinabhaage chaalayat). niryaata-pratimananam krute yathaa prayujyante, yathaa deergha-chakra-aadhaar-2 + 2 pratimanasya samyojanam api, ferlady-zad-yaanam sarvaan parivartanaan praapnot. 1974 janavaree-maase pravartitam etat jee. ess. 30 chesisa code praaptam. 1975 tame varshe ell-20-yantram nutanan nirgamanamanan (e-ess-30, e-jii-30) poorayitum indhana-injekshan praaptam, punah ekadaa cha jee. aii. ess. pradaatum cha prayatat. 1976 julai-masasya ante, asmin varshe prabhaawen katorataram api cha nirgamanamaanakam poorayitum, kaar-yaanam ee. jee. aar. pranalisahitam naap-pranaalim avaapnot, yena namuna-sanketeshu parivartanam ess. 31 (see-ess. 31/see-jee. ess. 31) iti abhavat. tasmin eva samaye, adhika-vilasi-fairlady-jaid-tea-maadel-ityasya parichayah krutah-etat katoratayaa upakaran-staram aasit, tathaa cha tea-baar-roof iti naa antarbhavati sma, yat prathamavaaram uttaravartee-peedhyaah fairlady ityasmin drushtam aasit. fairlady ZG. japaan-deshasya ekamaatram ech. ess. 30-ech. nissaan ferlady 240z. jee. iteedam 1971 october-maase japaan-deshe samuhasya 4-resing krute 240z-ityasya samarupikaranartham pradarshitam. ferlady jedgy tathaa niryaata-vipani-datson 240z madhye bhedah asti, vistrutam fabber glass "ero-diana" naas, sharirasya prati vistrutam over-fenders, prushtabhaagasya spiler, acrylic glass headlet kavar, fender-mounted rear-vyoo mirrors cha. ZG ityasya uttama-vaayugatikeeyam, niyamitasya fairlady 240z ityasya apekshayaa pancha adhikam (swayamchaalitasya uccha-gatihi aparam 5 kii. mee./ghantaa nyoonam aasit), uccha-vegam praaptum anumanyata. fairlady jedji, grand pricks redd, grand pricks vait, grand pricks maroon iti treeni varnaani praapyante sma. ferlady-z-jee ityasmin "jii" ityasya arthah "grande" iti asti."yadyapi jedji amerikaadeshe naa vikreetam aasit, japaan-deshaat bahihi kadaapi naa vikreetam, tathaapi amerikaadeshe spardhayaha yogyatam praaptum nissan-samsthaa, naas-kitt iteedam vikretru-vikalparupena vikreeyat, yat" jee-nose "iti namna prasidhah asti. nakam yojayitvaa, ete 240zs praayah japaan-deshaat bahihi 240zgs iti nirdishyante. fairlady Z432. scallan jii. tii.-aar. ityatah ess. 20 injin (moolatah poorva-rajkumar-abhiyantrubhihi parikalpitam) peking krutvaa drutataram ferlady iteedam nirmitam. "z432" iti prati-cylinder 4 kavaataani, 3 mikuni carburators, 2 camshaft ityetaani cha soochayati. asya pratiroopasy sanketah pi. ess. 30 asti. praayah 420 nirmitaani aasan. japaan-deshe aarakshakaih kechan z432-ess-yaanaani upayujyante sma. fairlady Z432r. key. pee. jee. see. 10 scallan jee. tea.-aar. ityanena saha sahabhagyam krutasya twin-key. e. emm. 2-ell. inlain-six-cylinder "ess20" angine ityanena yukttam japaan-deshasya ekamaatram maadel ferlady-jaid. iteedam japanese-deshiye vipanyaam (jey. dee. emm.) homologeshan-prayojanartham (ryali-kaar-rupena tasya upayogaay samarthayitum) pradarshitam. Z432r ityete sarve krushnavarneeyaah aluminium-chakraihi, nyoonawarneeyaah krushnavarneeyaah cha varnitaah aasan. Z432r madhye laghuhu agra-rakshaka, dwaarah, bonnet cha aasan, tathaiva Z432 ityasya apekshayaa adhikaani yantra-vardhanaani aasan. 2020 janavaree-maase 1970 tamasya varshasya zad-432 aar-ityasya vikrayanam japaan-deshe vikraye vikrayena, praayah yu. ess. $iti. 240z. 1970 240z iteedam american-vipanyaam nissan motors-yoo. ess. e. ityasya karyani-samsthaayaah adhyakshen yutaka katayama ityanena praavartitam, yat "mister key" iti namna prasidham aasit. 1969 taha 1971 tamavarshasya madhyaparyantam, praarambhik-yananam, 71 taha 1973 paryantam yananam apekshayaa, kechan sukshma-bhedah aasan. sarvaadhikam drushyamaanah bhedah asti yat, eteshu praarambhik-kaar-yananam paalastambhe crome "240z" iti byaadj aasit, tathaa cha kaach-molding ityasya adhah prushtabhaagasya hyaach-madhye dwe kshaitija-vents cha vaayuvaahanasya madhyamena pravaaham pradadaati sma. 1971 tamasya varshasya madhyabhaage, baahya-aantarik-varnaihi saha utpaadana-parivartanam jaatam, naukaayaan-stambha-pratikanam punah vinyaasah aasit, yatra vruttaakaar-vented-chihnam kevalam "zad" iti aksharena sthaapitam aasit, tathaa cha kaar-madhye nishkasasya prasaranasya abhiyogaih kaar-hyaach-pyanal-taha vent-ityetaani nishkaasitaah. yoo. ess.-maadel 240z ityasya vinyaasaparivartanaani sampoorne utpaadane abhavan, parantu jey. dee. emm. ferlady ityasmin sarvadaa naa pratibimbitaani aasan yadi te 1972 maadel-varshasya aantarikaparivartanaani, bumper-over-radder-sthanasya parivartanam, tathaiva kechan utsarjana-niyantrana-upakaranani yojayitvaa 1973 maadel-varshasya carburetor-nyunikaranam nyoo utsarjaka-shailee sweekaranam cha iti samyukta-aavashyakataah visheshaah aasan. 1970 tame varshe maadel-yaanaani 1969 october-maase pravartitaani, tathaa cha ell24 <aii. dii. 1> iti yantram hastachaalit-chok-yukttam, chatushpragati-hastachaalitam cha praaptam. 1971 tamaat varshaat alpa-samanyam tri-gati-swayamchaalita-preshanam aicchikam aasit, tathaa cha tasya "nissan-poorna-swayamchaalita-" byaadj aasit. adhikaamshaah niryaatavipanyah kaar iteedam "240z" iti rupena sveekrutya, vividhavipanya-aavashyakataanaam aadhaaren alpabhinn-vishishta-visheshaihi saha. 2004 tame varshe "sport-kaar-international" ityanena 1970 tame dashake swasya shirsha-creedaa-kaar-suchyam asya kaar-yanasya dwiteeya-sthaanam dattam. vishva-ryali-pratiyogitaa-golavijayah. 1973 tame varshe shekhar-mehtaa ityasya haste 240 hearts-yaanam 21 tame poorva-aafrikan-safaaree-ryali-spardhayam vijayam praapnot. 260z. 260z samyuktarajyamerikadesha 1974 tame varshe eva vikrayitam aasit, parantu 1978 tamavarshaparyantam anyeshu desheshu upalabhyat (japaan-deshaat pruthak, yatra etat pratiroopam okinava-deshe vihaay kadaapi niyamitaroopen upalabhyat). nootanam maadel code aar. ess. 30 iteedam sangruhya yantrasya stroke-deerghataram krutvaa yantram 2.6-lee. yaavat vardhitam. amerikaadeshe, samyukta-utsarjana-niyamaah ignition-samayasya sankochana-anupatasya cha nyunatam kartum baadhyah abhavan, yasya parinaamen atirikta-visthaapanam satsu api 260 hearts krute ess. e. ee. nett-ityasya nyoon-vidyut-utpaadanam jaatam, anyeshu desheshu vidyut-utpaadanam cha 2.6-lee. yaavat vardhitam. 1974 tamavarshasya dwiteeyaardhe amerikaadeshe ekaha 1974.5 pratiroopam api vikreeyat, yasya poornam 165 echa. pee. shakttih aasit, yatra 5 mail pratighantaayaah surakshavardhakanam samyojanam krutam aasit, yat 280z krute maanakam bhavishyati. chatuhu-gatihi athavaa 5-gatihi (yoo ess-allatah) hastachaalitah maanak-upakaranam eva aasit, yatra tri-gatihi swayamchaalita-preshanam aicchikam aasit. deerghatameshu wheelbase-madhye nirmitam 2 + 2 pratiroopam pravartitam, yatra bruhad-udghatana-chaturthaamsha-falaka-jaalikaah, alpa-nukta-chhata-rekhaa cha aasan. 2 + 2 iteedam antah bahudhaa samaanam aasit (prushta-aasanam, tatsambaddh-seat-belt-reel ityetaani cha vihaay), parantu dwi-aasan-kshetre prayuktasya quilted-vinail-padarthasya apekshayaa corpeted-transmission-tunnel iteedam praapnot. 2 + 2 ityatra prushtabhaagasya kitikaah push-aut-units aasan, yena prushtabhaagasya asanasya krute vaayuveejanam samyojyate. 260z iti 240z iti apekshayaa katipayaani naveekaranaani, sudhaaraani cha abhiprayat. vaayugunaniyantranam adhika-vivekapoornaroopen, karyartham sulabham cha aasit, vaataanukoolanayuktaah te kaar-yaanaani adhunaa e/see-pranaali mukhya-vaayugunaniyantrane ekeekrutaani aasan. chesee-rail-ityasya punah vinyaasasya karanat chesee-madhye atiriktam katorataa api aasit, ye poorva-maadel-ityeteshaam apekshayaa bruhattaraah, vistaaritaah cha aasan. pashchabhaagasy swe-baar api yojitam. 260z iti nootanam dashboard tathaa console, tathaiva nootanam seat-trim, aantarikasy krute dwaara-phalakaani cha praavartayat. tellats naveekrutaani aasan, mukhya-tellait-hausing-taha byaak-up-lats-ityetaani prushtabhaaga-phalakam prati sthaanaantarayanti sma. 1974 tamavarshasya aarambhe yu. ess. 260z. pratimananam bumper-yantraani poorvatanaam 240z-pratimananam sadrushaani aasan, yadyapi aakaarah alpatayaa vardhata, shariraat kinchitkalam doore neetah, krushnavarnasya rubber-bumper-rakshakan cha dharan aasan, naa tu poorvatanaani crome-bumper-yantraani rubber-pattikabhih rakshayanti sma. eteshu praarambhik-yananam bumper-ityasya adhah adyaapi agra-turn-signals aasan. 1974 tame varshe yoo.ess. 260z models (praayah 1974.5 models iti nirdishtah) bhaaree bumperous ityetaani vahanti ye 280z ityasya 1975-76 maadel-varsheshu eva tishtanti yena 1973 tame varshe samyuktarajyamerika-bumper-vidhaanasya anupaalanam bhavet. eteshu vilamba-cars ityeteshu agrima-turn-signals ityetaani bamparasya upari, agra-grill ityasya baahya-praanteshu sthanantaranam krutaani aasan. 280z. nissaan-samsthaa 1975 tame varshe uttar-amerikaadeshasy vipanyartham datson-280z-maadel iteedam praavartayat. adhikatayaa katorataayai yu-ityasya sammukhe ess-30-models kreedaam sthaapayitum itoapi prayaase.ess. nirgamanasya surakshayaha cha aavashyakataah, yantrasya aakaarah punah vardhitah, asmin samaye 2.8 leater yaavat. ell26 injin, ell28 nirmaatum viraktam abhavat, bosh-ell-getronic-fuel-injekshan-system api yojitam. kenada-deshasya samskaranaani raajyeshu anivaaryaroopen dhumra-rodhee-ghataka vinaa ananyataya susajjitaah aasan. asya pratiroopasy sanketah ech. ess. 30 asti, yat mulasya 240z ityasya samaanam asti. 1975 tathaa 1976 tame varshe cha pratiroopaani yu-dwara anusthapitaha aasan.ess. samraajyeey-aawashyak-prabhaava-shoshaka-bumper-yaanaani, ye 1974 tamavarshasya madhyabhaage 260z ityasya namoonaavarshe pravartitaah aasan. ete bumper-yaanaani mruduvaayutaani aasan, tathaa cha kaar-yanasya shareeram militvaa mruduvaaya krushna-rubber-vistaareshu mishritaah aasan. 1977 tathaa 1978 tame varshe cha maadel-ityete bumper-yuktaan recessed-chaanal-yuktaan praaptavantah, ye crogated-athavaa accordian-shailyaah krushna-rabbar-extension-trim ityasmin mishritaah aasan. 1977 tame varshe namoonaavarshasya krute api nootanam, 280zs iteedam poorna-aakaarasy atirikta-chakram naa praapnot, tasya sthaane "space sevar" iti atiriktam, bruhattaram indhana-tyaank cha aasit. anena fabber-board ityanena nirmitam prushtabhaagasya oordhvastha-kshetram abhavat, yena maalavahyasthaanam nyunikrutam. 1976 tamasya varshasya ante, adhikaamsheshu aii. dii. 1. models krute cha, chatushpragati-myaanuval, tri-gati-swayamchaalita-vikalpaih saha vaikalpikam pancha-gati-myaanuval-transmission upalabhyte sma. asmin prushtabhaagasya prushtabhaagasya vaamabhaage "5-gatihi" iti chihnam aasit. 1977 tame varshe, charcoal-varnitaat hubcape-shailyaah (ember-kendrachihneshu bhasamanena crome-"zad" ityanena saha) adyatanm api aasit, yat mishra-chakram iva ekam hubcape-rupena aasit, yat krushnavruttasya madhye bhasamanena crome-"zad" ityanena saha kendra-cap-yuktam aasit. 1977 tathaa 1978 tame varshe kramashah datson vishesha-samskaran-pratiroopadwayam pradaasyat. 1977 tame varshe "zaap" ityasya samskaranam "vishesha-alankaran-pyaakej" rupena pradattam. zaap-kaar-yaanaani "sooryaprakaash-peeta" varnena samaaptaani aasan, tathaa cha madhyabhaage paarshveshu cha krushnapattikaah dhaaritaah aasan, pattanam agrabhaage peetavarnah, raktavarnah, naarangavarnah cha shevron-pattikaah aasan. 1977 tame varshe "zaap-zad" iti 1,000 kaar-yaanaani praadattaani. 1977 tame varshe deergha-samudratata-grand-pricks ityasmin "zaap-zad" iti roopakam vega-kaar-rupena api prayuktam. krushnaputtira-samskaranam (1978 tame varshe nirmitam) krushnaputtira-varnena, "vishesha-roopa-package" (sep) ityanena cha saha aagatam, yasmin dvivaarshika-darpanaani, prushta-jalika-lauvers, vishishtam rakta-rajat-pattika cha aasan. amerikaadeshasy pratyekasya vikretaayai vikrayanaartham ekam krushnaputtak-samskaranam dattam iti anumaanitam asti, yadyapi uccha-aawashyaken kechan vikretaarah atirikta-vitaranam praaptavantah iti kathyate. eteshu 750 taha 1500 paryantam yaanaani antatah nirmitaani iti anumaanitam asti, tathaapi yatharthasankhya adnyaatam eva asti. dwi-aasan-koop tathaa 2 + 280z koop ityetau api sampoorne 1975-1978 namoonaavarshasya chalane upalabhyante sma. 1979 tame varshe ess-30 shrunkhalaayaah sthaane nissan ess-130 sthaapitam. spardhaam karotu. 1970 tame dashake ess. key. resing-madhye ess. edd.-iteedam bahu safalam aasith wilton-nagaraat, connecticut-nagaraat, shaarp, aliot forbes-robinson tathaa pashchat paal neuman-draving ityetaih saha baab-shaarp-resing; tathaa cha jaan morton ityanena saha pashchim-amerikaadeshe brack-resing-udyamah (brey) 1970 tathaa 1971 tame varshe ess. key. see. utpadanasya rashtriya-upaadhim praaptum <aii. dee. 1> 240z. iti vaahanam aarabhant. anya-chalakan yathaa clear-water-florida (tathaa pashchat maryland) resar daan keernee 1970 tathaa 1978 tame varshe ess. key. kaar-dwara bahu safalataa praaptavatee. ess. tathaa datson 510 ityetaani samyuktarajyamerika-deshasya jaapanees-aayaat-pradarshana-bhaag-udyogasya utprerakaroopen shreyah praaptaah. nissan ityayam arambhat eva baab bondurant ityasya res-draving-vidyaalayen saha sambadhaah cha aasit. 2013 tame varshe nissan-deshah 97 tamam ess. key. e. rashtriya-chaampiyanship-vijayam gregg iraa ityanena saha tasya naarangavarnasya <aii. dii. 1> revtek 240z ityasya chakrasya krute praapnot. 2006 tame varshe aarambhe, iraa-varyaha swasya chaampiyanship-krute gacchan, eskkaa-ityasya ee-prodakshan-vargasya aneke road-kors-abhilekhaah sthapitavan, yeshu antarbhavanti - iraa-samsthaayaah 2008 tame varshe eskkaa-samsthaayaah pratishtitam kimberley cup-puraskaram praaptam aasit. poorvam kimberley cup-vijetrushu baab holbert, roser penske, maark donohyoo, peater revson cha santi. 2015 september 27 dinaanke gregg iraa ityayam swasya ee. pi. 2 revtek/ztricks ityasmin dwiteeyaayaam (nissaan ityasya 98 tame) eskkaa rashtriya-chaampiyanship-kridaayaam vijayam praapnot.kaam 240z, detona-antarashtriya-speedawe ityatra. punah prayatnam. 1997 taha 2002 paryantam nissaan-deshah japaan-deshaat bahihi zad-kaar-lain naa pradadat, yatra 2000 varshaparyantam ferlady zad (zad32) iteedam upalabhyat. 1998 tame varshe nissan-deshah zad-kaar-lain iteedam punah aanayitum, prathamam mool-240 zad-ess-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar-kaar - nissaan-samsthaa vaahanaanaam vipanim ati-ankitavatee, tathaa cha nyoon-maganam (tathaa cha ucchamoolyam) artham aasit yat panchashat-taha nyoon-vaahanaani punah nirmitaani, vikreeyant cha. api cha, 1999 tame varshe, 240z vipanyaayaah safalataam krutavantah mool-tattvaani prati punaragamanasya yojanayam janaan ekam concept-kaar iti darshitam.

nisson fairlady isat (ess30) jappanil nisson fairlady isat endrum, pira santhaigalil tutson 240 hearts endrum, pinnar 260 hearts mattrum 280 hearts endrum virkappadum nisson ess30,1969 muthal 1978 varai nisaanaal thayaarikkappatta oru piramaandamaana tourer aagum. ess30 nisson motor corporation yuu inn thalaivaraana yudaga kattayamawal uruvaakkappattathu.ess.auuu., mattrum nissan sports kaarr styling studiovin thalaivaraana yoshihiko matswo thalaimaiyilaana kuluvaal vadivamaikkappattathu. idhu nissan isat thodar sports kaarkalil muthal kaarr aagum. niruvapatta iroappiya vilayaattu kaarkaludan neradiyaaga poattiyiduvathai nokkamaagak konda tutson, puthiya 240 hearts maadalin vilai americavil british emjibi-jidi-yill irunthu 200 dollarukkul nirnayikkappattathu, idhu ainthu aandugal palamaiyaana vadivamaippaagum, idhu adhan vayathaik kaattiyadhu. 240 hearts inn styling, poriiyal, oppeettalavil kuraindha vilai mattrum eerkkakkoodiya seyalthiran podhumakkalidam ethiroliththathu, vaangkubavargalidamirunthum motor achchagathidamirunthum nermaraiyaana pathilaip pettrathu, udanadiyaaga neenda kaatthiruppu pattiyalkalai uruvaakkiyathu. oru haaloo kaarr endra vagaiyil, 240 hearts japanian kaarr thayaarippaalarkalin aetrtrukkolvathai avarkalin porulaathaara uruvaththirku appaal virivupaduththiyathu. jaguar, pmtablue, poarsh, alfa romeo mattrum fiet aagiyavattraal thayaarikkappatta varaiyarukappatta urpaththi irakkumathi seiyappatta vilayaattu kaarkaludan oppidumpoathu, tutson valarnthu varum dealer network-elithaaka vaangkuthal mattrum thayaaraaga paramarippu aagiya irandaiyum uruthi seithathu. ess30 inn anaitthu vagaikalum naanku sakkara suyaatheena suspensionike kondullana, idhil munpuraththil macferson struts (nisson laurel chii30 ilirunththu cuddon vaangkappattathu) mattrum pinpuraththil sapman struts ullana. muun disk piraekkugal mattrum pinpura trumkal nilaiyaanavai. 240z irattai suu-paani hittachi oru peeppaai pakka varaivu carbaratorgalaip payanpaduththiyathu. ivai 260 heartsil hittachi oru-peeppaai pakka-varaivu kaarparaettarkaludan 1973 aam aandu maathiri aandil thodangi umizhvu ozhungkumuraigalukku inangka maattrappattana, idhan vilaivaaga ottumoththa seyalthiran kurainthathu. 1975 aam aandil 280 hearts santhaiyil boash vadivamaikappatta ell-jetronic minnanu eriporul oosi serkkappattathu. 1975-1978 maathiri aandugalil thodarnthu, amerikkaavirku veliyae ulla santhaigal (mattrum jappan, 1974 muthal 2-litter iyanththiraththai mattumae valangkiyathu) innum 260z koop mattrum 2 + 2 aip petrtrana. ess30 240z pirkaala 240sx udan thodarpillaathathu, idhu jappanil silviyaavaaga virkappadukirathu. fairlady isat. 1969 aam aandin pirpaguthiyil 1970 maadal, ell20 2.0-liter strade-six soak enjin, rear-wheel trive mattrum stylana koop paadi aagiyavattrudan fairlady isat arimugappaduththappattathu. inththa iyanththiram, tutson 510 inn naanku silindarai adippadaiyaagak kondadhu, jissai urpaththi seithathu mattrum naanku allathu ainthu vaeka maenuval transmissionudon vanthathu. 1973 aam aandil, corberate iyanththiraththin sakthi kadumaiyaana vithimuraigalai poorthi seiya kurainthathu. jappanil, inththa fairlady nisson japanian dealershipgalukku piraththiyaegamaaga "nisson bluebard stores" endru azhaikkappattathu. japanian vaangkubavargal ell 24-enjin fairlady 240 hearts maadalai (hs 30) peralaam, iruppinum periya enjin adhai kanisamaaga adhiga varii pirivil vaiththathu. japanian-speck 2.4-liter iyanththiram 5600 arbm ill oru jissai urpaththi seikirathu, aanaal 1973 aam aandil eriporul nerukkadiyin vilaivaaga virpanai kanisamaagak kurainthathaal niruththappattathu, enavae august 1978 ill fairlady 280 hearts arimugappaduththappadum varai irandu-litter fairladygal mattumae irunththana. 1974 aam aandil aetrtrumathi maathirigal periya 2.6-liter 260z aaga maariyapoathu, japanian vaangkubavargalukku 2-litter maathirigal mattumae kidaitthana. 260 hearts endra oru fairlady veliyida thittamidappattathu, aanaal ennei nerukkadiyin thaakkam maathiriyai niruththiyathu, iruppinum 260 hearts oginaavaavil kidaiththathu (idhu 1978 varai saalaiyin valathu pakkaththil iyakkappattathu). fairlady isat aetrtrumathi maathirigalukku porunthum anaitthu maattrangkalaiyum pettrathu, idhil neenda chakkarat thalam 2 + 2 maadal serkkappattathu. janavari 1974 ill arimugappaduththappatta idhu, gs30 says kuriyeettaip pettrathu. 1975 aam aandil ell20 iyanththiram puthiya umizhvu tharangalai (aee-ess30, aee-jii30) poorthi seiya eriporul utcheluththuthalaip pettrathu, maelum meendum jiss valangkiyathu. juulai 1976 inn iruthiyil, inththa aandu nadaimuraikku vanthulla kadumaiyaana aanaal umizhvu tharangalai poorthi seiya, oru eee. jii. aarr amaippu udpada, oru naap amaippai kaarr pettrathu, athanudan maathiri kuriyeedugalil ess 31 (chii-ess 31/chii-jii 31) aaga maattraththaik kondu vanthathu. athae neraththil, migavum aadambaramaana fairlady isat-dii maadal arimugappaduththappattathu-idhu kandippaaga oru ubakarana mattamaaga irunththathu mattrum dii-paarr kooraiyai ulladakkavillai, idhu aduththa thalaimurai fairlady muthanmuthalil kaanappattathu. fairlady isatji. jappanil mattumae payanpaduththappadum hs30-ech nisson fairlady 240zg october 1971 ill jappanil veliyidappattathu, idhu kuzhu 4 panthayaththirku 240z aii oththathaaga maattrum. fairlady isatji mattrum aetrtrumathi-santhai tutson 240 heartsukku idaiyilaana vaerupaadugalil neettikappatta fiber classes "aeroa-daina" mookku, udalukku agalamaana ovar-fendergal, pinpura spoiler, agrilic kannadi headlight kavar mattrum fender porutthappatta pinpura-paarvai kannaadigal aagiyavai adangkum. ZG inn sirantha kaattriyakkaviyal valakkamaana fairlady 240z aii vida ainthu adhiga vaekaththai adaiya anumathiththathu (thaaniyangi uyar vaegam mattroru 5 kimee/manii kuraivaaga irunththathu). fairlady isatji moontru vannangkalil kidaithathu grand brics sivappu, grand brics vellai mattrum grand brics meroon. fairlady isatji ill "jii" enbathu "grande" aik kurikkirathu."ZG americavil virkappadavillai mattrum jappanukku veliyae virkappadavillai entraalum, adhu americavil poattikku thaguthiyudaiyathaaga irukka, nisson mookku karuviyai oru dealerine viruppamaaga vittraar, idhu" "jii-mookku" "endru azhaikkappadukirathu". mookku serkkappattaal, inththa 240 hearts perumpaalum jappanukku veliyae 240 hearts endru kurippidapadugindrana. fairlady z432. skyline jidi-aarr-lirunthu ess 20 iyanththiraththai (muthalil munnaal ilavarasar poriyaalarkalaal vadivamaikkappattathu) backaging seivathu oru vaekamaana fairlady uruvaakkiyathu. "z432" enbathu oru urulaikku 4 vaalvugal, 3 mikuni kaarparaettarkal mattrum 2 camshaftgalaik kurikkirathu. maathiri kuriyeedu ps30 aagum. thoaraayamaaga 420 kattappattana. sila z432kall jappanil kaavalthuraiyinaraal payanpaduththappattana. fairlady z432r. kae. pii. jii. chii 10 skyline jii. dii-aarr udan pakirappatta irattai came 2 ell inn-line aaru silindar "ess 20" iyanththiraththudan koodiya jappan-mattumae maadal fairlady isat japanian ullnaattu santhaiyil (jdm) oththa nokkangkalukkaaga veliyidappattathu (paerani kaaraaga payanpaduththuvatharku). Z432r anaiththum karuppu aluminiya chakkarankal mattrum kuraindha palapalappaana karuppu hood aagiyavattrudan aaranjchu niraththil varnam poosappattana. Z432r ill ilaguvaana muun kaavalargal, kadhavugal mattrum panette irunththana, athae poal Z432 aii vida maelum iyanththira maempaadugal irunththana. janavari 2020 ill 1970 isat 432aarr jappanil aelaththil oru saathanaikku virkappattathu, sumar america dollar. 240z. 1970 240z america santhaiyil nizhan motors yuu. ess. aee seyalpaadugalin thalaivaraana yudaga kattayamawal arimugappaduththappattathu, idhu "mister kae" endru paravalaaka ariyappadugirathu. 1969 muthal 1971 naduppaguthi varayilaana aarambagaala kaarkal 71 aam aandin pirpaguthi muthal 1973 aam aandu varayilaana kaarkaludan oppidumpoathu sila nutpamaana vaerupaadugalaik kondirunthana. migavum pulappadum vaerupaadu ennaventraal inththa aarambagaala kaarkalil paaimarath thoonil crome "240 hearts" badge irunththathu, maelum kannadi moltingirkuk keezhae ulla pinpura hatsil irandu kidaimatta ventkal kaattroattaththin moolam oottaththai vazhangkukintrana. 1971 aam aandin naduppaguthiyil, velippura mattrum udpura vannangkal udpada urpaththi maattrangkal irunththana, paaimarath thoon chinnangalai maruseeramaippathu, vatta vent chinnaththil "z" endra ezhuththudan mattumae vaikkappattathu, maelum kaarin hatch paenalil irunthu ventkal agattrappattana, aenenil kaarukkul veliyaettrappattathaaka pukaarkal vanthana. yuu. ess. maadal 240z kkaana vadivamaippu maattrangkal urpaththi muzhuvathum nigazhnththana, aanaal avai 1972 maadal aandirkaana udpura maattrangkal mattrum bumber ovar-raidarkalin iruppidaththil maattram ullitta koottaatchi thevaikalukku kurippittathaaga irunthaal avai eppoathum jdm fairlady pirathipalikkavillai, athae poal sila umizhvu kattupaattu saathanangalaich serppathu mattrum 1973 maadal aandirkaana kaarbiyoodargalaik kuraikkum umizhvugalin puthiya paaniyai aetrtrukkolvathu aagiyavai adangkum. 1970 maadalgal october 1969 ill arimugappaduththappattana, kaiyal soak mattrum naanku vaeka kaiyedu konda ell 24 2.4-liter iyanththiraththaip petrtrana. 1971 muthal kuraivaana podhuvaana moontru vaeka thaaniyangi transmission viruppamaaga irunththathu, maelum idhu "nisson muzhu thaaniyangi" paetjaik kondirundhadhu. perumpaalaana aetrtrumathi santhaigal palvaeru santhai thevaikalaip porutthu sattru maarupatta vivarakkurippugaludan, kaarai "240 hearts" endru petrtrana. 2004 aam aandil, "sports kaarr international" inththa kaarai 1970 kalin sirantha sports kaarkalin pattiyalil irandaavathu idaththil vaiththathu. ulaga paerani saambiyanship-suttru vetrtrikal. 1973 aam aandil, shaker mehta kaiyil 240 hearts, 21 vadhu kilakku aaprikka safari paeraniyil vettri pettrathu. 260z. 260z americavil 1974 maadal aandirku mattumae virkappattathu, aanaal 1978 varai mattra naadugalil kidaiththathu (japanaith thavira, inththa maadal oginaavaavaith thavira orupoathum thavaraamal kidaiththathu). puthiya maathiri kuriyeedu rs30 aik kondu varuvathan moolam iyanththiram 2.6 littaraaga virivupaduththappattathu. americavil, koottaatchi umizhvu vithimuraigal pattravaippu neram mattrum surukka vigithaththil kuraippai aerpaduththiyathu, idhan vilaivaaga koodudhal idappeyarchchi irunththapoathilum 260 heartsukku chae valaiyin kuraindha minn urpaththi aerpattathu, athae neraththil mattra naadugalil minn urpaththi athikariththathu. 1974 aam aandin irandaam paathiyil americavil oru 1974.5 maadal virkappattathu, idhu 165 hp aik kondirundhadhu, maelum periya 5 mph paathukaappu pambarkal serkkappattana, idhu 280z kkaana tharamaaga maarum. naanku vaeka allathu 5 vaeka (yuu. ess allaatha) kaiyedu nilaiyaana ubakaranangkalaaka irunththathu, moontru vaeka thaaniyangi parimaattra viruppaththudan. oru neelamaana chakkarat thalaththil kattapatta 2 + 2 maadal arimugappaduththappattathu, periya thodakka kaalandu paenal jannalgal mattrum sattru naatch koorai. 2 + 2 udpuraththil perumpaalum oththathaagath thoantriyathu (pinpura irukkai mattrum athanudan thodarpudaiya seed belt reelgalaith thavira), aanaal irandu irukkaikalil payanpaduththappadum methaiyaana vinail porulai vida taraivirippu parimaattra surangappaathaiyaip pettrathu. 2 + 2 ill ulla pinpura jannalgal pinpura irukkaiyil iruppavargalukku kaattroattaththai saerkka bush-awood alagugalaaka irunththana. 260z 240z ill sila puthuppippukal mattrum maempaadugalaik kooriyadhu. kaalanilaik kattuppaadugal migavum puththisaaliththanamaagavum, vaelai seiya elithaakavum irunththana, maelum aer conditioning konda antha kaarkal ippoathu aee/chii amaippai mukiya kaalanilaik kattupaattu kuzhuvil orunginaiththana. munththaiya maadalgalai vida periyathaakavum maelum neettikkappattathaagavum irunththa says thandavaalangalin maruvadivamaippu kaaranamaaga saesil koodudhal viraipputthanmai irunththathu. pinpuraththil oru sway pattiyum serkkappattathu. 260z oru maruvadivamaippu seiyappatta dashfordu mattrum console, athae poal puthiya irukkai trim mattrum utpuraththirkaana kadhavu paenalgalai arimugappaduththiyathu. dail laittukal puthuppikkappattana, pirathaana dail lyde veettilirunthu pinpura palagaikku pinpura vilakkugalai nagarththiyathu. 1974 aam aandin murpaguthiyil yuu. ess. 260 hearts maadalgalil munththaiya 240 hearts maathirigalai oththa pambarkal irunththana, iruppinum alavu sattru athikariththathu, udalil irunthu oralavu thallividappattathu, maelum munththaiya crome bumber rubber keettrugaludan paathukaappathai vida karuppu rubber bumber kaavalargalai aninthirunthathu. inththa aarambagaala kaarkalil innum pambarkalukku keezhae amainthulla muun tiruppa samiknaigal irunththana. 1974 aam aandin pirpaguthiyil yuu.ess. 260 hearts maathirigal (perumpaalum 1974.5 maathirigal endru kurippidapadugindrana) kanamaana pambarkalaik kondirunthana, avai 280 hearts maadal aandugalil irukkum, ithanaal 1973 aam aandil america bumber sattaththirku inangka irukkum. inththa thaamathamaana kaarkalil muun tiruppa samiknaigal pambarukku maelae, muun kirilin velippura vilimbugalukku maattrappattana. 280z. nisson 1975 maadal aandil vada america santhaikku tutson 280z maadalai veliyittaar. S30 maadalgalai adhigariththu varum kadumaiyaana U inn matthiyil vilaiyaaduvatharkaana maelum muyarchiyil.ess. umizhvu mattrum paathukaapputh thaevaigal, iyanththiraththin alavu meendum athikarikkappattathu, inththa murai 2.8 littaraaga irunththathu. ell26 iyanththiram ell28 aii uruvaakka salippadainthathu, maelum oru boash ell-jetronic eriporul oosi amaippu serkkappattathu. kanediya pathippukal maanilangkalil kattaayamaaga moodubani ethirppu koorugal illaamal thaniththuvamaaga porutthappattana. maathiri kuriyeedu hs 30 aagum, idhu asal 240 heartsipe poantrathu. 1975 mattrum 1976 maadalgal thodarnthu yuu. ess. udan porutthappattana.ess. koottaatchi-thevaiyaana thaakka urinjchum pambarkal, avai 1964 maadal aandin naduppaguthiyil 260 hearts arimugappaduththappattana. inththa pambarkal menmaiyaana maerparappil irunththana, maelum avai kaarin udalaik kandapoathu menmaiyaana karuppu rubber neettippugalil kalakkapattana. 1977 mattrum 1978 maadalgal negizhi allathu agardian paani karuppu rubber neettippu trimmil kalakkapatta pinnapatta senalgaludan pambarkalaip petrtrana. 1977 maadal aandirkaana puthiya, 280 hearts inii muzhu alavilaana udhiri dayarkalaip peravillai, adharku pathilaaka oru "vinveli semippaalar" udhiri mattrum oru periya eriporul thotti irunththathu. idhan vilaivaaga fiberboardol seiyappatta pinpura teck pakuthi uyarththappattathu, sarakku idaththai kuraiththathu. 1976 aam aandin pirpaguthiyil mattrum perumpaalaana aidi1 maadalgalukku, naanku vaeka maenuval mattrum moontru vaeka thaaniyangi viruppangkaludan ainthu vaeka maenuval transmission viruppaththudan kidaiththathu. idhu pinpura hatsin idathu addii vilimbil 5-vaeka sinnaththai ulladakkiyathu. 1977 aam aandil, curry vannam poosappatta hubcape paaniyilirunthu (ambar maiya chinnangalil mithakkum crome "isat" udan) oru alaai sakkaraththai oththa oru hapkaeppirku oru pudhuppippu irunththathu, idhu oru karuppu vattaththil mithakkum crome "isat" udan oru maiya toppiyaik kondullathu. muraiyae 1977 mattrum 1978 aam aandugalil, tutson irandu sirappu pathippu maadalgalai valangkiyathu. joff" pathippu 1977 aam aandil oru "sirappu alangaara thoguppaaga" vazhangkappattathu. joff kaarkal "sooriya olii manjal" vannappoochchil mudikappattana, maelum maiyaththilum pakkangkalilum karuppu koadugal porutthappattana, koadugalin muun munaigalil manjal, sivappu mattrum aaranjchu sevraangal irunththana. 1977 aam aandil 1,000 "joff isat" kaarkal vazhangkappattana. 1977 aam aandu neenda kadarkarai grand brixil "joff isat" maadal vaeka karaagavum payanpaduththappattathu. karuppu muththu pathippu (1978 ill thayaarikkappattathu) karuppu muththu vannappoochu mattrum oru "sirappu thoattra thoguppu" (saappu) udan vanthathu, idhil irattai pandhaya kannaadigal, pinpura jannal lavurkal mattrum thaniththuvamaana sivappu mattrum velli koadugal irunththana. ovvoru america viyaapaarikkum virka oru karuppu muththu pathippu odhukkappattathaaga mathippidappattullathu, iruppinum adhiga thaevai kaaranamaaga sila viyaapaarikku koodudhal odhukkeedu kidaiththathaagak koorappadugiradhu. ivatrtril 750 muthal 1,500 kaarkal iruthiyil thayaarikkappattathaaka mathippidappattullathu, iruppinum sariyaana ennikkai theriyavillai. irandu irukkaikal konda mattrum 2 + 280z kooppugal irandum 1975-1978 maadal aandu muzhuvathum kidaitthana. 1979 aam aandirkaana ess30 thodar nizhan ess130 aall maattrappattathu. pandhayam. 1970kazhil skatta panthayaththil isat migavum vetrtrikaramaaka irunthathu viltanil irunthu paap sharp pandhayam, kanektikattil irunthu sharp, eliot forbes-rabinson mattrum pinnar paal neuman triving; mattrum john marton 1970 mattrum 1971 aam aandugalil skaa chii thayaarippu thaesiya pattaththirku #46 240 hearts oottaththudan maerku americavil brack pandhaya niruvanangal (pirae). clevator plorida (pinnar maerilaanthu) raesar dawn keerni poantra pira oottunargal 1970 mattrum 1978 kku idaiyil isat-kaaril adhiga vetrtriyaip pettranar. isat mattrum tutson 510 aagiyavai america japanian irakkumathi seyalthiran bhaagangkal tholilukku ookkiyaaka karudhappadugindrana. paap paandurandin pandhaya oottunar palliyum adhan thodakkaththilirunthae nisson aatharavaliththaar mattrum athanudan thodarpudaiyavar. 2013 aam aandil nisson thanathu 97 vadhu skaa thaesiya saambiyanship vetrtriyai thanathu aaranjchu #2 revtech 240z chakkaraththil greck iraa udan pettrathu. thanathu saambiyanshippirku sellum vazhiyil eeraa 2006 aam aandil thodangi scavin ii thayaarippu vaguppil pala saalai paadaneri saathanaigalai padaiththaar, avattril pinvaruvana adangum eeraa 2008 aam aandil scavin mathippumikka kimberley kooppai vazhangkappattathu. munththaiya kimberley kooppai perunarkalil paap holbert, rogar benske, maark donohu mattrum piittar revson aagiyoar adangkuvar. septumber 27,2015 andru, greck iraa thanathu irandaavathu (mattrum nizanin 98 vadhu) skaa thaesiya saambiyanshippai ventraar, avarathu epi 2 revtech/ichtriks.kaam 240 hearts, tadona sarvadesa vaekappaathaiyil. muyarchigalai meendum thodangungal. 1997 muthal 2002 varai jappanukku veliyae nizhan isat-kaarr lainai vazhangkavillai, angku fairlady isat (isat 32) 2000 varai irunththathu. 1998 aam aandil, nizhan isat-kaarr lainai meendum kondu varuvatharkaana oru thittatthai arimugappaduththiyathu, muthalil asal 240 isatsai vaangkuvathan moolam, pinnar avattrai thozhirchaalai vivarakkurippugalukku meetteduththu, iruthiyaaka avattrai dealershipgalukku 24,000 dollarukku vitrtrathu. idhu isat-kaarr vattiyai uyirudan vaiththiruppatharkaana oru muyarchiyaagum. nizhan kaarkalukkaana santhaiyai migaippaduththi mathippittaar, kuraindha thaevai (mattrum adhiga vilai) aimpathukkum kuraivaana kaarkal meendum thayaarikkappattu virkappattana. maelum, 1999 aam aandil, 240 hearts santhaiyai vetrtrikaramaaka maatriya adippadaigalukkuth thirumbuvatharkaana thittaththil oru concept kaarr podhumakkalukkuk kaattappattathu.

nissan fairlady Z (s30) japaanlo nissan fairlady jedga mariyu itara marketlalo datson 240 jedga, taruvaata 260 jedd mariyu 280 jedga vikrayinchabadina nissan ess30,1969 nundi 1978 varaku nissan utpatti chesina grand tourer. ess30 nii nissan motor corporation yuu adhyakshudu yutaka katayama roopondinchaaru.ess.eah., mariyu nissan yokka sports kaar styling studio adhipati yoshiko matsuo netrutvamloni brundam roopondinchindi. nissan yokka jedd syries sports kaarlalo idhi modati kaaru. sthirapadina european sports kaarlatho neerugaa pootii padalani lakshyamgaa pettukunna datson, kotta 240 heartz dharanu united stateslo british mgb-gtki $200 lopu nirnayinchindi, idhi daani vayassunu choopinche aidella naati design. 240z yokka styling, injaneering, saapekshamgaa takkuva dhara mariyu aakattukune paniteeru prajalatho pratidhvaninchindi, konugoludaarulu mariyu motaru press nundi saanukuula pratispandananu pondindi mariyu ventane sudeergha vechi unna jaabitaalanu roopondinchindi. haalo karuga, 240 heartz japan kaarla tayaareedaarula aamodaanni vaari aardhika pratishtaku minchi vistarinchindi. jagwar, bmdablue, porshe, alfa romeo mariyu fiat tayaaru chesina digumati chesukunna parimita utpatti sports kaarlatho poliste datson yokka perugutunna dealer network-sulabhamgaa konugolu mariyu siddhamgaa unna nirvahana rendintinee nirdhaarinchindi. ess30 yokka anni vaeriyantlu mundu bhaagamlo macferson struts (nissan laurel sii30 nundi teesukobadindi) mariyu venuka bhaagamlo chapman struts kaligi unna naalugu chakraala swatantra suspensionnu kaligi untaayi. mundu disk breaklu mariyu venuka drums pramaanikamgaa undevi. 240z janta suu-shaili hitachi vann-barrell side-draft carburatorlanu upayoginchindi. veeti sthaanamlo 260z loe hitachi vann-barrell side-draft carburatorlu 1973 namuunaa samvatsaramtho praarambhamai, udgaara nibandhanalaku anugunamgaa undevi, phalitamgaa mottam paniteeru taggindi. 1975loe 280 jedd la maera bosh-design chesina ell-getronic electronic fuel injection nuu us marketku bharti cheyadaaniki jodinchaaru. 1975-1978 namuunaa samvatsaraalalo konasaagutuu, united states velupala unna marketlu (mariyu 1974 nundi 2-leater injinnu matrame andinche japan) ippatikee 260z coop mariyu 2 + 2 nuu andukunnaayi. S30 240z kii taruvaati 240sx thoo sambandham ledhu, idhi japaanlo sylvia gaa vikrayinchabadutundi. fairlady Z. 1969 chivaralo fairlady jedd 1970 modalga ell20 2.0-liter strait-six sohsi injin, rear-wheel drive mariyu stylish koope baadiitoe pravesapettabadindi. datson 510 yokka naalugu cylinderla aadhaaramgaa roopondinchina injin, jisnu utpatti chesindi mariyu naalugu ledhaa aidu-speed manueval transmissiontho vachindi. 1973loe, carburated injin yokka shakti kathinamaina nibandhanalaku anugunamgaa padipoyindi. japaanlo, fairlady "nissan bluebird stores" anie piluvabade nissan japanese dealershiplaku pratyekamainadi. japanese konugoludaarulu ell24-injin gala fairlady 240 jedd modal (hchs30) nuu kooda pondavacchu, ayithe pedda injin daanini gananeeyamgaa adhika pannu vibhaagamlo unchindi. japanese-speck 2.4-liter injin 5600 rPM vadda claim cheyabadina jisnu utpatti chestundi, conny indhana sankshobham phalitamgaa ammakalu gananeeyamgaa tagginanduna 1973loe nilipiveyabadindi, anduvalla 1978 augustu varaku fairlady 280z pravesapettabade varaku rendu-leater fairladylu matrame andubaatulo unnaayi. 1974loe egumati namuunaalu pedda 2.6-liter 260zkii marinappudu, japanese konugoludaarulaku 2-leater namuunaalu matrame andubaatulo unnaayi. fairlady 260 heartz vidudala kosam pranaalika cheyabadindi, conny chamuru sankshobham yokka prabhavam modalnu nilipivesindi, ayithe 260 heartz okinavalo andubaatulo undhi (idhi 1978 varaku rahadaariki kudi vaipuna nadichindi). egumati namuunaalaku vartinche anni maarpulanu fairlady jedd podavaina chakraala bays 2 + 2 modalnu jodinchadamtho sahaa andukundi. 1974 janavarilo pravesapettina eee yantraaniki gs30 chatram code labhinchindi. 1975loe ell20 injin kotta udgaara pramaanaalaku (eah-ess30, eah-zii30) anugunamgaa indhana injection pondhi marosari jisnu andinchindi. 1976 juulai chivarilo eee kaaru eee samvatsaram amalulo unna kathinamaina inca udgaara pramaanaalaku anugunamgaa, egr vyavasthatho sahaa nap vyavasthanu andukundi, daanitoe paatu modal kodlalo ess 31 (sii-ess 31/sii-zii 31) kuu maarpunu teesukuvacchindi. adhe samayamlo, marinta vilaasavantamaina fairlady jedd-tii modal pravesapettabadindi-idhi khachitamgaa parikaraala sthaayi mariyu tii-baar paikappunu kaligi ledhu, idhi taruvaati taram fairladylo modatisaarigaa kanipinchindi. fairlady ZG. japan-matrame hchs30-hetch nissan fairlady 240 jedji october 1971loe japaanlo group 4 racing kosam 240 jedni samalekhanam cheyadaaniki vidudala cheyabadindi. fairlady jedji mariyu egumati-market datson 240jedd madhya vyatyaasaalalo vistarinchina fiberglass "ero-daina" mukku, sariiraaniki vedalpaina ovar-fenderlu, venuka spoiler, acrylic glass headlight kavarlu mariyu fender-mounted rear-view mirrarlu unnaayi. ZG yokka merugaina aerodynamics saadhaarana fairlady 240z kante aidu ekkuva (automatics yokka garishta vegam maroka 5 kimmy/gamm takkuvagaa undhi) garishta vegaanni cherukovadaniki veelu kalpinchindi. fairlady jedji moodu rangulalo andubaatulo undih grand prix redd, grand prix white mariyu grand prix meroon. fairlady zg loe "g" antey "grande"."jedji uslo vikrayinchabadanappatiki mariyu japan velupala eppuduu vikrayinchabadanappatiki, idhi uslo pooteeki arhata pondadaaniki, nissan mukku kitnu dealer empikagaa vikrayinchindi, dheenini" "zii-nose" "anie pilustaaru". mukku jodinchinappudu, eee 240zs nuu tarachugaa japan velupala 240zgs gaa suuchistaaru. fairlady Z432. skyline jiti-aarr nundi ess20 injinnu (modata maajee prins injaneerlu roopondinchina) packaging cheyadam dwara vegavantamaina fairladyni srushtinchaaru. "z432" anedi cylinderku 4 kavaataalu, 3 mikuni carburatorlu mariyu 2 comshaftlanu suuchistumdi. namuunaa code ps30. sumaru 420 nirminchabaddaayi. japaanlo pooliisulu konni Z432 lanu upayoginchaaru. fairlady Z432r. kpgc10 skyline jiti-aarr thoo panchukunna twin com 2 ell inline six cylinder "ess20" injinto kuudina japan-matrame modal fairlady jedd japan desheeya marketlo (jdm) homologation prayojanaala kosam vidudala cheyabadindi (ryali karuga daani viniyogaanni praarambhinchadaaniki). Z432r annee nalla aluminium chakralu mariyu takkuva meruputho kuudina nallati hood thoo narinja rangulo paint cheyabaddaayi. Z432r loe thelikaina mundu gaardulu, talupulu mariyu bonnetlu, alaage Z432 kante injin merugudalalu unnaayi. janavari 2020loe japaanlo vaelamloe 1970 z432r rikaardu sthaayilo ammudaindi, sumaru US $. 240z. 1970 240z nuu "mister keey" anie vistrutamgaa piluvabade nissan motors usa operations adhyakshudu yutaka katayama american marketku parichayam chesaaru. 1969 nundi 1971 madhya varaku prarambha kaarlu 71 chivari nundi 1973 kaarlatho poliste konni suukshma vyatyaasaalanu kaligi unnaayi. atyanta kanipinche vyatyaasam emitante eee prarambha kaarlu terachaapa stambhampai crome "240z" byaadjnu kaligi unnaayi, mariyu gaaju acchula krinda venuka hatchlo rendu kshitija samaantara dwaaraalu ventilation dwara pravahanni andistaayi. 1971 madhyakaalamlo, bahya mariyu antargata rangulatho sahaa utpatti maarpulu jarigaayi, terachaapa stambhaala chihnalanu tirigi roopondinchadam, vruttaakaara vented chihnamlo "z" aksharamtho unchadam jarigindi, mariyu kaarulo exast pampinhee cheyabadutundane firyadula kaaranamgaa kaaru yokka haach panel nundi ventlanu tolaginchaaru. us modal 240z kosam design maarpulu utpatti antataa sambhavinchaayi, conny avi 1972 modal samvatsaraaniki antargata maarpulu mariyu bumper ovar-raidarla sthaanamlo maarpu, alaage konni udgaara niyantrana parikaraalanu jodinchadam mariyu 1973 modal samvatsaraaniki carburatorlanu tagginche kotta taraha udgaaraalanu sweekarinchadam vanti samakhya avasaralaku nirdishtamgaa unte jdm fairladylo ellappuduu pratibimbimchavu. 1970 namuunaalu 1969 octoberulo pravesapettabaddaayi, ivi manueval choke mariyu naalugu-speed maanyuvaltho kuudina ell24 2.4-liter injinnu andukunnaayi. 1971 nundi takkuva saadhaarana moodu-speed automatic transmission aichhikamgaa undhi, mariyu "nissan puurti automatic" badge kaligi undhi. chaalaa egumati marketlu vividha market avasaralanu batti koddigaa bhinnamaina specificationlatho kaarunu "240z" gaa sweekarinchaayi. 2004loe, "sports kaar international" eee kaarunu 1970lalooni vaari agrashreni sports kaarla jaabitaalo rendava sthaanamlo unchindi. prapancha ryali championship-round vijayalu. 1973loe, shekhar mehta chetilo unna 240 heartz, 21va thoorpu african safari ryaaleeni geluchukundi. 260z. 260z 1974 modal samvatsaraaniki matrame united stateslo vikrayinchabadindi, conny 1978 varaku itara deshaalalo andubaatulo undhi (japan minaha, eee modal okinavalo tappa eppuduu kramam tappakunda andubaatulo ledhu). injin daani strokenu podiginchadam dwara daani kotta modal code rs30 thoo teesukuraavadam dwara 2.6 leetaruku vistarinchabadindi. samyukta rashtraallo, samakhya udgaaraala nibandhanalu jwalana samayam mariyu kudimpu nishpattini tagginchavalasi vachindi, phalitamgaa adanapu sthaanabhramsham unnappatikee 260z kosam SAE nikara takkuva vidyut utpatti jarigindi, ayithe itara deshaalalo vidyut utpatti perigindi. 1974 rendava bhaagamlo uslo vikrayinchabadina oka 1974.5 modal kooda undhi, idhi pedda 5 mph bhadrata bamparlanu jodinchadamtho puurti 165 hechpi kaligi undhi, idhi 280z kii pramaanamgaa maarindi. naalugu-vegam ledhaa 5-vegam (us kaani) manueval moodu-vegam automatic transmission aichhikamtho praamaanika parikaramgaa migilipoyindi. podavaina wheelbasepy nirminchina 2 + 2 modal pravesapettabadindi, pedda prarambha quarter panel kitikeelu mariyu koddigaa naach roof linetho. 2 + 2 lopali bhaagam chaalaa varaku okela kanipinchindi (venuka seatu mariyu daaniki anubandha seat belt reels pakkana pedithe), conny rendu seetla meeda upayoginche quilted vinail material kante corpet transmission tunnelnu andukundi. 2 + 2 looni venuka vaipu kitikeelu push-avt unitlu, venuka seatlo kuurchunnavaariki ventilationnu jodinchadaaniki. 260z 240z kante konni naveekaranalu mariyu merugudalalanu perkondi. vaataavarana niyantranalu marinta telivigaa mariyu pani cheyadaaniki sulabham, mariyu air conditioning unna kaarlu ippudu pradhana vaataavarana niyantrana panello vileenam cheyabadina eah/sii vyavasthanu kaligi unnaayi. munupati namuunaala kante peddavigaa mariyu marinta venukaku vistarinchina chatram pattaala punaraabhivruddhi kaaranamgaa chatramlo adanapu drudhatvam kooda undhi. venukavaipu oka swing baar kooda jodinchabadindi. 260z punaraabhivruddhi cheyabadina dashboard mariyu console, alaage kotta seat trim mariyu lopali kosam door panellanu pravesapettindi. pradhana tail light housing nundi byaak up laitlanu venuka panelku taralistuu tail laitlu navikarinchabaddaayi. 1974 praarambhamlo yuu. ess. 260z namuunaalu munupati 240z maadirigaane unde bamparlanu kaligi unnaayi, ayithe parimaanamlo konchem perigi, sareeram nundi kontha dhooram nettabadi, munupati crome bumper rabbaru stripsto kakunda nalla rabbaru bumper gaardulanu dharinchaayi. eee prarambha kaarlu ippatikee bumperla krinda unna mundu malupu sankethaalanu kaligi unnaayi. 1974 chivarilo yuu.ess. 260z namuunaalu (tarachugaa 1974.5 namuunaalu anie pilustaaru) bhaarii bamparlanu kaligi unnaayi, ivi 280z yokka 1975-76 modal samvatsaraalalo untaayi, tadwara 1973loe united states bumper chattaniki anugunamgaa untaayi. eee chivari kaarlu mundu malupu sankethaalanu bumper paina, mundu grill yokka bayati anchulaku marchai. 280z. nissan 1975 modal samvatsaramlo uttara america market kosam datson 280z modalnu vidudala chesindi. perugutunna kathinamaina yuu nepathyamlo ess 30 namuunaalanu kreedagaa unchadaaniki marinta prayatnamlo.ess. udgaaraalu mariyu bhadrata avasaralu, injin parimaanam mallii penchabadindi, esaari 2.8 liitarla. ell26 injin ell28nii roopondinchadaaniki visugu chendindi, mariyu oka baash ell-getronic fuel injection system jodinchabadindi. kenadian samskaranalu rashtraallo tappanisari pogamanchu nirodhaka bhagalu lekunda pratyaekamgaa amarchabaddayi. modal code hchs30, asalu 240 heartsku samanamga untundi. 1975 mariyu 1976 namuunaalu yuu thoo amarchabadi konasagayi.ess. 260z yokka 1974 modal samvatsaram madhyalo pravesapettabadina samakhya-avasaramaina prabhavanni grahinche bumperlu. eee bumperlu mruduvaina uparitalampai undevi, mariyu avi kaaru yokka sariiraanni kalisinappudu mruduvaina nalla rabbaru podigimpulaloo militam cheyabaddaayi. 1977 mariyu 1978 namuunaalu mudatalu padina ledhaa accordian-shaili nalla rabbaru podigimpu trimlo militam cheyabadina resessed chaanellato kuudina bamparlanu andukunnaayi. 1977 namuunaa samvatsaraaniki kooda kottadi, 280zs ikapai puurti-parimaana vidi tyrelanu andukoledu, badulugaa "space saver" vidi mariyu pedda indhana tank kaligi undhi. dheeni phalitamgaa fiber bordutho chesina venuka deck praantam paiki lechi, saruku ravana sthalaanni tagginchindi. 1976 chivaralo mariyu chaalaa idi1 modallaku, naalugu-speed manueval mariyu moodu-speed automatic empikalatho paatu aichhika aidu-speed manueval transmission andubaatulo undhi. indulo venuka hatchky edama diguva anchuna 5-speed chihnam undhi. 1977loe boggu paint cheyabadina hubbcap shaili (umber center chihnalalo telutunna crome "z" thoo) nundi mishrama chakranni pooli unde hubbcap kuu kooda oka naveekarana undhi, idhi block sarkillo telutunna crome "z" thoo center capnu kaligi untundi. 1977 mariyu 1978loe, datson rendu pratyeka edition namuunaalanu andinchindi. jaap" editionnu 1977loe "pratyeka alankarana packagy" gaa andinchaaru. jaap kaarlu "sunsine ello" peyinttho puurtayyaayi, mariyu madhyalo mariyu vaipula nalupu charalu, chaarala mundu chivarlalo pasupu, erupu mariyu narinja chevraanlatho unnaayi. 1977loe 1,000 "jaap jedd" kaarlu andinchinatlu anchanaa. 1977 long beach grand prixlo "jaap jedd" modalnu pays karuga kooda upayoginchaaru. block perl edition (1978loe utpatti cheyabadindi) nalla mutyaala paint mariyu "pratyeka roopa packagy" (saap) thoo vachindi, indulo dwandwa racing addaalu, venuka kitikee louverlu mariyu pratyaekamaina erupu mariyu vendi charalu unnaayi. adhika demand kaaranamgaa kontamandi dealerlaku adanapu ketayimpu labhinchinappatikii, prati united states dealerku vikrayinchadaaniki oka nalla mutyaala edition ketayinchabadindani anchanaa veyabadindi. veetilo 750 nundi 1,500 kaarlu chivariki utpatti cheyabadinatlu anchanaa veyabadindi, ayithe khachitamaina sankhya teliyadu. rendu seetla coops mariyu 2 + 280z coops rendoo kooda 1975-1978 modal samvatsaram mottam andubaatulo unnaayi. 1979loe S30 syries sthaanamlo nissan S130nuu pravesapettaaru. racing. 1970laloe makka racinglo jedd chaalaa vijayavantamaindihi wilton, connecticut nundi sharp, elliot forbes-robinson mariyu taruvaata paal neuman drivingtho baab sharp racing; mariyu zaan martontho paschima americalo brock racing entreprises (bray) 1970 mariyu 1971loe makka sii utpatti jaateeya taitilku #46 240z nuu naduputuu. clear water florida (taruvaata maryland) rayser daan kierney vanti itara driverlu 1970 mariyu 1978 madhya jedd-kaartho chaalaa vijayanni saadhinchaaru. jedd mariyu datson 510 us japanese digumati paniteeru bhagala parisramaku utprerakamgaa ghanata pondaayi. baab bandurant yokka rays driving paatasaala praarambhamainappati nundi nissan kooda maddatu ichindi mariyu daanitoe anubandham kaligi undhi. 2013loe nissan thana aurange #2 revtech 240z chakramlo gregg iraa thoo 97va makka jaateeya championship vijayanni saadhinchindi. thana chhampiyanshipku velutunnappudu iraa 2006loe praarambhamaina skaa yokka ii production classlo aneka road course recordulanu nelakolpaadu, veetilo iraa 2008loe skaa yokka pratishtaatmaka kimberley kapnu andukundi. munupati kimberley cup graheetalalo baab holbert, roser penske, maark donohue mariyu peater revson unnaaru. september 27,2015naa, gregg iraa thana rendava (mariyu nissan yokka 98va) makka jaateeya champiyanshipnu, thana EP2 revtech/jetrickslo geluchukunnadu.com 240z, daytona antarjaateeya speedway vadda. prayatnaalanu tirigi praarambhinchandi. 1997 nundi 2002 varaku nissan japan velupala jedd-kaar line andinchaledu, ikkada fairlady jedd (jedd 32) 2000 varaku andubaatulo undhi. 1998loe, nissan modata asalu 240 jedd lanu konugolu cheyadam dwara jedd-kaar line tirigi teesukuraavadaaniki oka karyakramanni praarambhinchindi, taruvaata vaatini factory specificationlaku punaruddharinchi, chivaraku vaatini dealershiplaku $24,000 kuu vikrayinchindi. idhi jedd-kaar vaddeeni sajeevamgaa unche prayatnam. nissan kaarla marketnu atigaa anchanaa vesindi mariyu takkuva demand (mariyu adhika dhara) antey yaabhai kante takkuva kaarlu tirigi tayaaru cheyabadi vikrayinchabaddaayi. antekakunda, 1999loe, 240 hertjnu market vijayavantam chesina praathamika amsaalaku tirigi ravalane pranaalikaloo oka concept kaarunu prajalaku chuupimchaaru.

nasaan fairleady zeed (aiss 30) Nissan S30yee japaan mein Nissan fairleady zeed kay toor parr aur deegar bazaron mein detson 240z kay toor parr farokhat kiyaa jaataa hay phir baad mein 260z aur 280z kay toor parr eek grend torror hay jasay Nissan nay 1969 say 1978 takk tayaar kiyaa thaa. S30 kaa tasavur Nissan motor corporation U kay sadr youtka katayama nay kiyaa thaa.aiss.aey.yee aur asay neesaan kay sports kaar styling studio kay sarbarah youshihiko metso kii qayadat mein eek team nay design kiyaa. yaha nasaan kii zeed seerez kii sports kaaron kii pehli kaar hay. qayem shadah europi sports kaaron kay saath braah raast muqabilah karnay kay maqsad say detson nay nayee 240 zaz kii qeemat riyasathaye muthadah mein bartanvi ayem jee bee-jee tye kay 200 ddaalar kay andar rakhee juu eek paanch saal praana design hay jiss nay iss kii amar kuu zahir kiyaa. 240 zeed kii styling engineering nasbata kumm qeemat aur mutasir kunn karkardgi awaam kay saath gonjati hay kharidaron aur motoring prais donon kii taraf say masbat radamil haasil kiyaa aur fouri toor parr taweel intezar kii fehristein tayaar kein. eek haalo kaar kay toor parr 240 zaz nay japani kaar bananay waalon kii qabuliyat kuu inn kii iqtesadi shabiha say aagay badhaa diyaa. detson kay badhtay hoay dealer neet wark-jogwar bee ayem dabliyo porshay alfa romiyo aur fight kay zariah tayaar kardah mahdud paidawar daraamad shadah sports kaaron kay muqabilay mein-nay aasaan kharidari aur tayaar deekh bhaal donon kuu yaqeeni banaya. aiss 30 kay tamaam aqsaam mein chaar pahiye parr mushtamil aazaad maatli hoti hay jiss mein saamney mein mcfersion sterts (neesaan laural see 30 say adhaar liyaa gayaa) aur peeche mein cheep meen sterts hotay haine. saamney kii disk break aur peeche kay dahol mayari thay. 240z mein jadwaan sue-style hatachi winn biral side draft carburator istemaal kiye gayey. inn kii jagah 260z parr hatachi winn biral side draft carburators say lay kirr maadal saal 1973 say sharoo hawaa taakah akhraaj kay zuabit kii tameel kii jaa sakay jiss kay natijay mein majmuyi karkardgi mein kamee waaqa hoyee. bosh say design kardah eel-jetonik electronk fewal injection kuu 1975 mein 280 zeed aiss kii americi market mein maawazah kay liye shaamil kiyaa gayaa thaa. maadal kay 1975-1978 saalon mein jaaree riyasathaye muthadah say baahir kay bazaron (aur japaan jiss nay 1974 say sarf 2-latter anjan kii paishkash kii thee) kuu abb bhee 260z kopi aur 2 + 2 mosul hoay. S30 240z kaa baad kay 240sx say koyee taaluq nahein hay juu japaan mein saloya kay toor parr farokhat hotaa hay. fair leady zeed. fair leady zeed kuu 1969 kay aakhir mein 1970 kay maadal kay toor parr mutaarif karaya gayaa thaa jiss mein eel 20 2.0-liter strait-siks sue aich see anjan rear waheel drive aur eek sajila cope baadi thaa. anjan juu detson 510 kay chaar slunder parr mubni thaa nay jees tayaar kiyaa aur chaar yaa paanch speed dasti transmission kay saath aayaa. 1973 kay liyay carburated anjan kii taaqat sakht qawaid woo zuabit kuu poraa karnay kay liye girr gayee. japaan mein fair leady khaas toor parr "" nasaan blue bird stores "kahalanay waali nasaan japani delarship kay liye thee. japani kharidar eel 24 anjan waali fair leady 240 zaz maadal (aich aiss 30) bhee haasil kirr saktay haine halankah baday anjan nay asay kaafi ziyadah teks kay zamray mein rakhaa. japani-makhsus 2.4-liter anjan 5600 aar pee ayem parr daawi shadah jees tayaar kartaa hay leakin 1973 mein asay bund kirr diyaa gayaa keunkah aindhan kay behraan kay natijay mein farokhat mein kaafi kamee waaqa hoyee thee aur iss liye agast 1978 mein fair leady 280z kay taaruf takk sarf duu latter fair leady dastiyaab thein. jabb 1974 mein baraamadi maadal baday 2.6-liter 260z mein tabdil huay tuu japani kharidaron kay liye sarf 2 latter maadal dastiyaab rahay. eek fair leady 260 zaz release karnay kaa mansubah banaya gayaa thaa leakin teel kay behraan kay asraat nay maadal kuu rook diyaa halankah 260 zaz okinava mein dastiyaab thaa (juu 1978 takk sadak kay daayein taraf chalata thaa). fair leady zeed nay tamaam tabdiliyan mosul kein jaisa kahh export models parr laago hoti haine bashmol laang waheel bees 2 + 2 maadal kaa izafah. januri 1974 mein mutaarif karaya gayaa asay jee aiss 30 cheesis code milaa. 1975 mein eel 20 anjan nay nayey akhraaj kay mayaraat (aey-aiss 30yee aey-jee 30) kuu poraa karnay kay liye fewal injection haasil kiyaa aur eek baar phir jee aiss farahim kiyaa. jolayi 1976 kay aakhir mein kaar kuu iss saal kay liye mosar sakht leakin akhraaj kay mayaraat kuu poraa karnay kay liye eek ayee jee aar system sameet neep system mosul hawaa jiss say maadal codes mein tabdili aayee aur aiss 31 (see-aiss 31/see-jee 31) how gayaa. asee waqat ziyadah partaesh fair leady zeed-tye maadal mutaarif karaya gayaa thaa-yaha sakhti say eek aalat kii satah thee aur iss mein tye baar kii chhat shaamil nahein thee juu pehli baar aaney waali nasal kii fair leady parr dekhi gayee thee. fair leady zeed jee. japaan mein sarf aich aiss 30-aich nasaan fairleady 240 zeej aktobar 1971 mein japaan mein jaari kiyaa gayaa thaa taakah grop 4 resing kay liye 240 zeed kuu yaksaan banaya jaa sakay. fair leady zeed jee aur export market detson 240 zeed kay darmiyan farq mein eek tausiyi fibre glaas "airo ddina" naak jasm parr choday auvar fenders eek rear spiler acrylic glaas head light coor aur fender parr nasb rear view aayiney shaamil haine. zeed jee kii behatar aerodenamics nay asay baqayedah fairleady 240 zaz say paanch ziyadah (automatics kii topp speed mazeed 5 chlometer phee ghantah kumm thee) kii topp speed takk pahunchnay kii ajazat dee. fair leady zeed jee teen rangon mein dastiyaab thee: grend perks reed grend perks waait aur grend perks maroon. fairleady zeed jee mein "jee" kaa matlab "grenday" hay."agarcha zeed jee america mein farokhat nahein kiyaa gayaa thaa aur naha hyee asay japaan say baahir kabhi farokhat kiyaa gayaa thaa taakah yaha america mein muqabilay kay ahal how leakin nasaan nay naak cutt kuu dealer kay option kay toor parr farokhat kiyaa jasay" "jee-naak" "kahaa jaataa hay. naak kay shaamil honay kay saath inn 240 zaz kuu aksar japaan say baahir 240 zaj kahaa jaataa hay. fair leady Z432. iskayi line jee tye-aar say aiss 20 anjan (asl mein saabiq prince engineeron kay zariah design kiyaa gayaa) kuu peek karnay say eek teez raftaar fair leady bunn gayee. "z432" say maraad 4 waalo phee slunder 3 mikoni carburator aur 2 camshaft haine. maadal kaa code pee aiss 30 hay. taqriba 420 banaye gayey thay. japaan mein police nay kachh Z432 istemaal kiye thay. fair leady Z432r. toyan caim 2.0 eel inn line chh slunder "aiss 20" anjan say lees sarf japaan kaa maadal fair leady zeed juu kay pee jee see 10 iskayi line jee tye-aar kay saath mushtarkah hay japani gharilo market (jay ddee ayem) mein homulogation kay maqasid kay liye (reeli kaar kay toor parr iss kay istemaal kuu faal karnay kay liye) jaari kiyaa gayaa thaa. Z432r kuu seeyah allomenium kay pahiyon aur kumm chamak waalay seeyah hudd kay saath naranji rung say paint kiyaa gayaa thaa. zeed 432 aar mein halkay frunt guards darwazay aur bont kay saath saath zeed 432 parr anjan mein mazeed izafah thaa. januri 2020 mein eek 1970 zeed 432 aar japaan mein nilami mein record kay liye farokhat hawaa taqriba americi ddaalar. 240 zaz. 1970 240z kuu americi market mein neesaan motors yuu aiss aey operations kay sadr yotaka katayama nay mutaarif karaya thaa jasay baday paimanay parr "mister kay" kay naam say jaana jaataa hay. 1969 say 1971 kay wast takk kii ibtadayi kaaron mein 71 kay aakhir say 1973 kii kaaron kay muqabilay mein kachh barek barek farq thay. sabb say ziyadah waazah farq yaha hay kahh inn ibtadayi kaaron mein sail satoon parr crome "240 zaz" beej thaa aur sheeshe kii moulding kay neechey rear heach mein duu afqi vent thay juu ventilation kay zariye bahao farahim kartay haine. 1971 kay wast mein paidawar mein tabdiliyan hoyein bashmol beruni aur androni rung sail satoon kay nishanaat kuu dobarah tartib day rahay thay jinn mein sarf "zeed" haraf kay saath eek circler wented nashaan mein rakhaa gayaa thaa aur vents kuu kaar kay heach pinal say hataa diyaa gayaa thaa kaar mein akhraaj kay gardash karnay kii shikayaat kii wajah say. yuu aiss maadal 240z kay liye design mein tabdiliyan poori paidawar kay doraan hoyein leakin jay ddee ayem fair leady mein hamishah iss kii akaasi nahein hoti thee agar wah wafaqi zaruriyat kay liye makhsus hoan bashmol 1972 maadal saal kay liye androni tarmim aur bumper auvar ryders kay maqaam mein tabdili saath hyee saath kachh akhraaj control devices kaa izafah aur 1973 maadal saal kay liye carbon daayee oxide kuu kumm karnay waalay akhraaj kay nayey andaaz kuu apnana. 1970 kay models aktobar 1969 mein mutaarif karaye gayey thay jinn mein dasti chook aur chaar speed dasti kay saath eel 24 2.4-liter anjan milaa thaa. eek kumm aam teen raftaar khudkaar transmission 1971 say akhtiyari thaa aur iss mein "nasaan makmal khudkaar" beej thaa. ziyadah tarr baraamadi bazaron nay kaar kuu "240 zaz" kay toor parr mosul kiyaa jiss mein market kii mukhtalif zaruriyat kay lahaaz say qadray mukhtalif wazahatein thein. 2004 mein "sports kaar international" nay iss kaar kuu 1970 kii dahayi kii sarfehrist sports kaaron kii fehrist mein dosray number parr rakhaa. aalimi reeli champine ship-round jeeth. 1973 mein sheekhar mehta kay haathon mein 240 zaz nay 21 wein mashriqi afriqi safaari reeli jeeth lee. 260 zaz. 260z sarf 1974 maadal saal kay liye riyasathaye muthadah mein farokhat kiyaa gayaa thaa leakin 1978 takk dosray mamalik mein dastiyaab thaa (japaan kay alawah jehaan yaha maadal okinava kay elawah kabhi bhee baqayedgi say dastiyaab nahein thaa). anjan kuu iss kay stroke kuu badhaa kirr 2.6 latter takk badhaa diyaa gayaa thaa jiss kay saath neeya maadal code aar aiss 30 laaya gayaa thaa. america mein wafaqi akhraaj kay zuabit nay agnation tyming aur compression tanasib mein kamee kuu majbur kiyaa jiss kay natijay mein izaafi nql makaani kay bawajood 260 zaz kay liye aiss ayee ayee neet kii kumm pawar aaot putt hoyee jabkah dosray mamalik mein bajli kii paidawar mein izafah hawaa. america mein 1974 kay dosray nasf mein eek 1974.5 maadal bhee farokhat hawaa thaa jiss mein 5 meel phee ghantah kay baday hifazati bumpers kay izaafe kay saath makmal 165 aich pee thaa juu 280z kaa mayaar bunn jaaye gaa. chaar raftaar yaa 5 raftaar (ghair yuu aiss) dasti mayari saamaan rehaa jiss mein teen raftaar khudkaar transmission akhtiyari thee. eek 2 + 2 maadal mutaarif karaya gayaa juu eek taweel waheel bees parr banaya gayaa thaa jiss mein bury iftatahi kwarter pinal wandoz aur qadray noched chhat kii lakeer thee. 2 + 2 andar say bury hadd takk eek jaisa nazar aataa thaa (pachli seet aur iss say waabistah seet bellet rail kay elawah)yee leakin asay duu nashaston parr istemaal honay waalay covelted wanael mawaad kay bajaye qaleen waali transmission tunnel milly. 2 + 2 parr peeche kii taraf kii khidkiyan pash aaot yount thein taakah peeche kii seet parr rehney waalon kay liye ventilation kaa izafah kiyaa jaa sakay. 260z nay 240z kay muqabilay mein kachh app deets aur behtari kaa daawi kiyaa. aab woo hawaa kay control kuu ziyadah samajhdar tareeqe say tartib diyaa gayaa thaa aur kaam karnaa aasaan thaa aur aiyar conditiong waali inn kaaron mein abb aey/see system markazi aab woo hawaa kay control pinal mein zam thaa. cheesis railon kay nayey design kii wajah say cheesis mein izaafi sakhti bhee thee juu pachlay models kay muqabilay mein bury aur mazeed peeche kii taraf phaili hoyee thee. eek rear sue baar bhee shaamil kiyaa gayaa thaa. 260 zeed nay eek dobarah design shadah desh board aur kansol kay saath saath nayee seet trum aur androni hasay kay liye darwazay kay pinal kaa aaghaz kiyaa. tail lights kuu app ddait kiyaa gayaa beek app lights kuu markazi tail light housing say beek pinal mein muntaqil kiyaa gayaa. 1974 kay awail mein yuu aiss 260 zaz models mein aisey bumper thay juu pehley kay 240 zaz say miltay jaltay thay halankah size mein qadray izafah hawaa jasm say kachh door dhakeel diyaa gayaa aur seeyah rabad kay bumper gaard pehney hoay thay bajaye iss kay kahh pachlay crome bumper rabad kii strips kay saath gaard kartay thay. inn ibtadayi kaaron mein abb bhee bumperon kay neechey waaqa frunt turn segnals thay. 1974 kay aakhir mein yuu.aiss. 260 zudd models (jinhein aksar 1974.5 models kahaa jaataa hay) bhaari bumperon kuu lay kirr jaatay thay juu 280 zudd kay 1975-76 maadal saalon parr rahein gay taakah 1973 mein riyasathaye muthadah kay bumper qanoon saazi kii tameel how. inn deer say chalnay waali kaaron mein saamney kii baari kay segnals kuu bumper kay oopar saamney kii garal kay beruni kinaron parr muntaqil kirr diyaa gayaa thaa. 280 zaz. nasaan nay 1975 kay maadal saal mein shamali americi market kay liye detson 280 zeed maadal jaari kiyaa. aiss 30 models kuu teezi say sakht yuu kay saamney kheltay rehney kii mazeed koshish mein.aiss. akhraaj aur hifazati zaruriyat kay mutabiq anjan kaa size eek baar phir badhaa kirr iss baar 2.8 latter kirr diyaa gayaa. eel 26 anjan kuu eel 28 bananay kay liye bour kirr diyaa gayaa thaa aur eek bosh eel-jetonik fewal injection system shaamil kiyaa gayaa thaa. canada kay warzan riyasaton mein ainti asmog ajzaa kay baghair manfard toor parr lees thay. maadal kaa code aich aiss 30 hay juu asl 240 zaz kay liye hay. 1975 aur 1976 kay models kuu yuu kay saath fitt kiyaa jaataa rehaa.aiss. wafaqi toor parr matlubah asar jazb karnay waalay bumperon kuu juu kahh 260z kay maadal saal kay wast mein mutaarif karaya gayaa thaa. yaha bumperon kuu hamwaar satah parr rakhaa gayaa thaa aur kaar kay jasm say milnay kay baad inhein hamwaar seeyah rabad kay extension mein milaa diyaa gayaa thaa. 1977 aur 1978 kay models kuu bumperon kay saath recessed channels mosul hoay juu naali daar yaa accordine tarz kay seeyah rabad kii tausiyi trum mein milaa hawaa thaa. 1977 kay maadal saal kay liye bhee niyaa 280 zadz kuu abb makmal size kaa spear tyre nahein milaa aur iss kay bajaye eek "spees seevar" spear aur eek badaa fewal tenk thaa. iss kay natijay mein fibre board say banaa eek oopar waala rear deek airiya hawaa jiss say kargo kii jagah kumm hoyee. 1976 kay aakhir mein aur ziyadah tarr aayee ddee 1 models kay liyay chaar speed minoal aur teen speed automatic options kay saath eek akhtiyari paanch speed minoal transmission dastiyaab thee. iss mein peeche kii heach kay bayein nichley kinaray parr "5-speed" kaa nashaan shaamil thaa. 1977 kay liye charkol paint shadah hubb cape style (ambar kay markaz kay nishanaat mein teertay hoay crome "zeed" kay saath) say eek hubb cape mein eek app ddait bhee thaa juu eek markab pahiye say milta jaltaa thaa jiss mein eek markaz kii tupi thee jiss mein crome "zeed" seeyah dairay mein teerta thaa. baltarteeb 1977 aur 1978 mein detson nay duu khususi edition maadal paish kiye. zeep" edition kuu 1977 mein "khususi sajawat package" kay toor parr paish kiyaa gayaa thaa. zeep kaarein "sunn shayen pailay" paint mein tayaar kii gayee thein aur darmiyan aur itraaf mein seeyah patiyan lagayi gayee thein patiyon kay aglay saroon parr pailay sarkh aur naranji shivaron thay. eek andazay kay mutabiq 1977 mein 1,000 "zeep zeed" kaarein paish kii gayein. 1977 kay laang beach grend perks mein "zeep zeed" maadal kuu bhee teez raftaar kaar kay toor parr istemaal kiyaa gayaa thaa. seeyah motee edition (1978 mein tayaar kiyaa gayaa) seeyah motee paint aur eek "khususi zahiri shakal package" (aiss aey pee) kay saath aayaa jiss mein dohri resing aayiney pachli wando lover aur manfard sarkh aur chaandi kii putty shaamil thee. yaha andazah lagaya gayaa hay kahh riyasathaye muthadah kay harr dealer kuu farokhat karnay kay liye eek seeyah motee edition mukhtas kiyaa gayaa thaa halankah ziyadah maang kii wajah say kachh delaron kuu mubinah toor parr izaafi mukhtas raqam milly. eek andazay kay mutabiq inn mein say 750 say 1500 kaarein balaakhir tayaar kii gayein tahim saheeh taadad ubhee takk malum nahein hay. duu nashaston waalay aur 2 + 2 280 zaz donon copus 1975-1978 maadal saal kay doraan dastiyaab rahay. 1979 kay liye aiss 30 seerez kii jagah nasaan aiss 130 nay lay lee. resing. zeed 1970 kii dahayi mein sakaa resing mein behat kamiyab rehaa: wilton say baahir baab shaarp reesing teez eleot forbus rabansan aur baad mein paal neo meen driving kay saath kanektikt vovo aur maghrabi america mein brok resing interprise (bury) jiss mein jaan mortan 1970 aur 1971 mein sakaa see production national tytle kay liye #46 240z chalaa rahay thay. dosray drivers jeesay clair waater fluoreda (aur baad mein meeri lend) recer ddaan carrie kuu 1970 aur 1978 kay darmiyan zeed kaar kay saath behat kamiyabi haasil hoyee. zeed aur detson 510 kuu americi japani import performans parts industry kay liye atprerik kay toor parr creadt kiyaa jaataa hay. nasaan nay baab bandorant kay rees driving school kay aaghaz say hyee iss kii himayat kii aur iss say waabistah thaa. 2013 mein nasaan nay greeg airaa kay saath apnee 97 wein sakaa qomi champine ship jeeth kaa daawi kiyaa jiss mein iss nay apnay naranji rung kay #2 reutech 240z kay pahiye parr kaam kiyaa. apnee champine ship kay raastay mein airaa nay 2006 mein sharoo honay waali aiska kii ayee production klaas mein kayee road kors record qayem kiyay jinn mein shaamil haine: airaa kuu 2008 mein schwa kay bawaqar kambarli cup say nawaza gayaa thaa. pachlay kambarli cup wasool kanandgan mein baab holbert rogar painske maark donoho aur petter revson shaamil haine. 27 satambar 2015 kuu greeg airaa nay apnee dosri (aur nasaan kii 98 wein) sakaa qomi champine ship apnay ayee pee 2 reutech/zedtracks mein jeeti.kaam 240 zaz, detona international speed way parr. koshishein dobarah sharoo karein. 1997 say 2002 takk nasaan nay japaan say baahir zeed kaar line kii paishkash nahein kii jehaan fairleady zeed (zeed 32) 2000 takk dastiyaab rahee. 1998 mein nasaan nay zeed kaar line kuu waps laanay kay liye eek prograam sharoo kiyaa jiss mein pehley asl 240 zeed khareed kirr phir inhein factory kii khususiyat parr bahaal kiyaa aur aakhir kaar inhein 24,000 ddaalar mein delarship kuu farokhat kiyaa. yaha zeed kaar kay sood kuu zindah rakhnay kii koshish thee. nasaan nay kaaron kay bazaar kuu ziyadah takhmina lagaya aur kumm maang (aur ziyadah qeemat) kaa matlab thaa kahh pachaas say bhee kumm kaaron kuu dobarah tayaar aur farokhat kiyaa gayaa. mazeed baraan 1999 mein eek concept kaar kuu awaam kuu inn bunyadi baaton parr waps aaney kay mansubay mein dikhaya gayaa jiss nay 240 zaz kuu market mein kamiyab banaa diyaa.

0000628f66cfb8c6f05047ec601f61bb56b09e463019840a2c9c02e01146384d

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55129545

École polyvalente Saint-Jérôme

École polyvalente Saint-Jérôme École polyvalente Saint-Jérôme (EPSJ) is a public Francophone secondary school in Saint-Jérôme, Quebec. It is a part of the Commission scolaire de la Rivière-du-Nord. It serves sections of Saint-Jérôme, including Mirabel, Prévost, and Saint-Colomban. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

ikule polyvalente saint-jerum ikule polyvalente saint-jerum (ee. pi. ess. je) hoise cubecor saint-jerumor ekhon rajohuwa frankufun madhyomik bidyaloy. ee scholayer di laa revier-du-nord aayugor etaa ongxo. ee mirabel, prevost, aaru saint-kolombanok dhori saint-jerumor ongxoburok xewa aagborhai.

ikole polyvalente seenta-jerom ikole polyvalente seenta-jerom (ee. pii. esha. jeey) holl seenta-jerom, cubecker ekti public francophone madhyomik vidyalaya. etty kamishana scholayer deey laa riviye-doo-norder ekti ongsho. etty mirabel, prevost ebong seenta-kalamban soho seenta-jeromer bibhaggulite kaaj korey.

ecole polyvalente sant-jerom ecole polyvalente saint-jerom (ee. pii. aesa. jeey.) aee saint-jerom, kyubekma aaveli jaaher franchbhashi maadhyameek shaala chhe. teey commission scholar deey laa revear-duu-nordno aek bhaag chhe. teey mirabel, prevost aneey saint-columban saheet saint-jeromnaa vibhagone sevaa aape chhe.

ekol polyvalente saint-gerom ekol polyvalente saint-gerom (aa. pii. ess. zhe) embudu cubechna saint-geromnalliruva saarvajanika francophone madhyamika shaaleyaagide. idu scholaire deey laa revier-du-nord aayogada ondu bhagavagide. idu mirabel, prevost mattu saint-kolamban seridante saint-geromna vibhagagalige seve sallisuttade.

ekkol polyvalent seyint-jerom cubeckile sent-jeromilullah oru pothu francophone secondary skoolaanu ekkol polyvalent seyint-jerom (eiii. pii. ezz. jeey). kammeeshan scholayar dii laa revear-duu-nordinte bhaagamaanith. mirabel, prevost, sent-columban ennivayulppede sent-jeromile vibhaagangalkk ithu sevanam nalkunnu.

ecole polyvalent seent-jerom ecole polyvalent seent-jerom (eae. pii. ess. jeey.) hii seent-jerom, cubec yetheel eka sarvajanik francophone madhyamik shaala aahe. haah aayogachya scholar day laa revier-du-nordcha eka bhag aahe. tee mirabel, prevost aanee seent-columbians seent-jeromchya vibhaganna seva dete.

ecole palibhalente cent-gerom ikole palibhalente cent-gerom (ee. pii. ess. jay.) heuchhi kyubekra cent-jeromare thiba eka sarbajaneena phrancophone madhyamika bidyalaja. ehaa commission scholayara dii laa ribhijera-du-norder eka ansha . ehaa mirabel, pribhosta ebong cent-kalamban sameth cent-jeromra bibhagagudiku seba pradan karithae.

ikole polyvalent cent-jerom ikole polyvalent cent-jerom (ee. pee. aiss. jey.) cent-jerom, cuback witch ikk jantak francophone secondary school haii. ih commission scholayer dee laa revier-duu-naard daa ikk hissa haii. ih sant-jerom dey bhagan dee seva karda haii, jiss witch mirabel, prevost atey sant-kolamban shamal hunn.

0000641e4514856ec87ce2de1995f285c71864b8b58c3ff1a17edd052fa4e2ce

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12387135

Pickle Wars

Pickle Wars Pickle Wars is an MS-DOS platform game created in 1993 by Karen Crowther through Redwood Games and published by MVP Software. A planet gets invaded by pickles. The player (alternating between playing a man and a woman) goes on a journey to find hidden weapons. The player needs to collect all the SaladShooters in the level to pass through the exit door. The player can then shoot salad at the aliens, and the aliens will faint. Junk food and pickles are collectible for points, and carrots are for health. There are three episodes. The first, "Invasion of the Pickle People", was released as shareware. The other two episodes were purchasable. Plot. Episode I: Invasion of the Pickle People. The peaceful planet of Arcadia, inhabited by humans, is attacked by pickles who want to take over the planet. Arcadia has no weapons because there has not been any need for centuries. It becomes Dave's quest to go and find a hidden "Depository" of weapons. He finds an old crazy man named Lord Geric who knows of a doomsday device. A character named Linda also comes to find hidden weapons, and becomes playable for the second half of the episode. Dave and Linda eventually find all of the secret weapons. The pickles decide to interrogate one of the humans, and grab Linda in a jar before she reveals the information she has found to Dave. Episode II: Escape from the Pickle Planet. Linda's escape from the Pickle Planet. Episode III: The Search for the Doomsday Machine. The pickles get a hold of the doomsday machine and arm it. Dave and Linda must do their best to save Arcadia. Legacy. As MVPSoft ended the sale of the game around 2009, they offer the registered game version as freeware download. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

aasaror juddho aasar juddho hoise 1993 sonot redwod gemor joriyote kaaren crouthere sristi koraa aaru mvp softwere prokax koraa etaa ms-dos platform game. etaa groho aasaror dwara aakromon koraa hoy. kheluoijone (ejon purux aaru egoraki mohilar xoite kheliboloi xoloni hoi) lukuwai rokha ostro bisari paboloi jatra kore. kheluoijone prosthan duwaror maajere paar hoh "boloi storor xokolu saladswoter xongroho koribo lagibo. taar pisot kheluoijone eliyenxokolok salad swut koribo paare, aaru eliyenbur ocheton hoi poribo. junk food aaru asarbur pointor baabe xongrohojugyo, aaru gaajor swasthyor baabe. tinita khondo aase. prothomtu, "aasaror manuhor aakromon", sweyarweyar hisape mukoli koraa hoisil. aan dutaa khondo kroyojugyo aasil. plot. khondo 1: aasaror manuhor aakromon. manuhe baax koraa xantipurno arcadia grohotu ei grohotu dokhol koribo bisora aasaror dwara aakromon koraa hoy. aarkediyat kunu ostro naai kaaron bohu xotika dhori iyar kunu proyujon huwa naai. eitu debhor usoroloi goi ostror etaa lukuwai rokha "jomaa" bisari uliuwar onuxondhan hoi pore. teu lord gerik naamor ejon briddho unmad lukok bisari paay jiye etaa dhongxor dinor xojulir bixoye jaane. linda naamor etaa soritru lukai thoka ostro bisari paboloi aahe, aaru khondotur dwitiyo ordhor baabe bojabo poraa hoi pore. debh aaru lindai owoxexot xokolu gupon ostro bisari paay. asarbure manuhor maajor ejonok xudha-pucha korar xiddhanto loy, aaru taai puwa tothyo prokax korar aagote etaa baarot linda dhori loy. dwitiyo khondoh aasar grohor poraa polayon korok. aasar grohor poraa linder polayon. tritiyo khondoh dhongxor dinor jontror xondhan. asarbure dumsde jontrotu dhori raakhe aaru iyak bahut dhore. debh aaru lindai arcadia xongrokhyon koriboloi jothaxadhyo chesta koribo lagibo. uttoradhikari. emvipisofte 2009 sonor aaxe-paxe khelkhonor bikri bondho korar loge loge teuluke ponjiyonbhukto khelor xongoskorontu freeware downol 'dodd hisape prodan kore.

achar juddho achar juddho holl ekti ms-doss platform gema jaa 1993 saale redoud gemer madhyome curren crouther dwara toiri koraa hoyechilo ebong mvp software dwara prokashito hoyechilo. ekti groho achar dwara akranto hoy. kheload (ekjon purush ebong ekjon mohilar saathe khelar modhye porjaykrome) lucano ostro khunje petey ekti yatrai yaay. kheloadke prosthan darja diye yawar jonno storer samasta saladshutar sangraha korte hobey. kheload tokhon eleander dike sallad gully korte paare ebong eleanra agyan hoye jaabe. junk food ebong achar pointer jonno sangrahajogya, ebong gajor swasther jonno. tinti porbo royeche. prothomti, "acharer manusher akraman", shareware hisabe mukti paay. bucky duti porbo kenaa yaay. plot. prothom porboh acharer manusher akraman. manush bosobaskari arcadier shantipurno grohoti achar dwara akranto hoy jaaraa grohoti dokhol korte chaay. arcadier konao ostro nei kaaron shatabdi dhorey err konao prayojan nei. etty debher anusandhan hoye othe ebong ostrer ekti gopon "bhandar" khunje berr korar jonno. seey lord jerick naame eka briddho pagolke khunje paay jey ekti dhongser diner jontro somporke jaane. linda naame ekti charitrao lucano ostro khunje petey aase ebong porber dwitiardhe bajano yaay. debha ebong linda abosheshe samasta gopon ostro khunje paay. acharguli manusher modhye ekjonke jigyasabad korar siddhanta neyo ebong seey jey tothyoti peyeche taa prakash korar agey ekti bosar bason theke linda kede neyo. dwitiya porboh achar groho theke palayan. achar groho theke linder palayan. porbo 3: dhongser diner jontrer anusandhan. achargulo dhongser diner jontroti dhorey feley ebong haat diye deyo. arcadia banchate debha ebong lindake aboshyoi jothasadhyo chesta korte hobey. uttoradhikar. 2009 saaler dike mvpsft gametir bikroy shesh korey, taaraa nibondhito gema sangaskaranti freewar download hisabe sarbaraha korey.

athaanaanni ladaaio athaanu yuddh aee ms-doosa platform game chhe jeey jeey carren crother dwara redwood games dwara banavvama aavee hatee aneey mvp software dwara prakashit karvaamaa aavee hatee. aek grah athaanaa dwara aakraman karey chhe. khelaadi (aek purush aneey aek strinee bhoomika bhajavta) chhupayela shastro shodhvaa maate musafari parr jaay chhe. khelaadiae bahaar nikalvaanaa darvajamathi pasaar thavaa maate starnaa tamaam saladshootarne aektrit karvaanee jaroor chhe. pachhi khelaadi allions parr kachumbar shhoot curry shake chhe, aneey allions bebhaan thaee jashe. junk food aneey athaanaa vastuo maate aektrit curry shakaay chhe, aneey gaajar svaasthya maate chhe. trana episode chhe. pratham, "athananna lokonu aakraman", shareware tareeke rajoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. anya beey episode khareedi shakaay tevaa hataa. plooat. episode I: athananvala loko parr aakraman. arcadiano shaantipurn grah, jemaa manushyo vase chhe, tenaa parr athaanaa dwara humalo karvaamaa aave chhe jeey grah parr kabajo karvaa maange chhe. arcadia paase koee shastro nathee kaaran keey sadiothi tenee koee jaroor nathee. teey javaa aneey shastrona chhupayela "bhandar" shodhvaa maate devnee shodh bunny jaay chhe. tene looard gerik naamno aek vruddh pagal maanas maley chhe jeey kayaamatnaa divasnu saadhan jaane chhe. linda naamnu paatra pann chhupayela shastro shodhvaa aave chhe, aneey episodena beeja bhagma vagaadi shakaay tevu baney chhe. dave aneey linda aakhare tamaam goopt shastro shodhee kaadhe chhe. athaanaa aek maanasnee puchparachh karvaanu nakki karey chhe, aneey teneene malee aaveli maahitee jaaher karey teey pahelaa aek baranimaa lindane pakadi leey chhe. episode II: athanana grahmathi chhataki jaao. athanana grahmathi lindano palayan. episode III: kayaamatnaa divase machine shodh. athaanaa kayaamatnaa divase machine pakade chhe aneey tene haath aape chhe. dave aneey linda arcadiane bachavva maate temnaa shreshth prayaaso karvaa joiae. vaarso. mvpsofte mvpsofte aaspaas ramatnu vechaan samaapt karyoo hovathi, teo nondhaayel ramat sanskaranne freeware download tareeke ofara karey chhe.

achaar yuddh achaar yuddh ack ms-doss platform game haye jise 1993 mein redwood game key madhyam seey carren crother dwara banaaya gayaa thaa aur mvp software dwara prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa. ack grah parr achaar kaa aakraman hoe jaataa haye. khilaadi (ack purush aur ack mahila key beach khelane key beach baari-baari seey) chhipe hue hathiyaron koo khojane key liye yatra parr jaataa haye. khilaadi koo nikas dwaar seey gujarane key liye star key sabhi saladshootaron koo ikattha karane kii aavashyakta hoti haye. khilaadi taba videshi logon parr salad shoot curr sakata haye, aur videshi behosh hoe jaayenge. junk food aur achaar ank key liye ekatra kiye jaa sakate hain, aur gaajar swaasthya key liye hain. teen episode hain. pahala, "achaar key logon parr aakraman", shareware key roop mein jaari kiya gayaa thaa. anya dou episode khareedane yogya they. plot. prakaran I: achaar key logon parr aakraman. arcadia kaa shantipurna grah, jisamen manushya rahate hain, una achaaron dwara hamla kiya jaataa haye joe grah parr kabja karna chaahte hain. arcadia key paas koee hathiyar naheen haye kyonki sadiyon seey isaki koee aavashyakta naheen rahee haye. yeh jaane aur hathiyaron key ack chhipe hue "bhandar" koo khojane key liye dave kii khoj bunn jaati haye. usey lord gerick naam kaa ack boodhaa pagal aadami milata haye joe ack kayamat key dinn key upkaran key baare mein jaanata haye. linda naam kaa ack charitra bhee chhipe hue hathiyaron koo khojane key liye aataa haye, aur prakaran key dusare bhaag key liye khelane yogya hoe jaataa haye. dave aur linda antatah sabhi gupt hathiyaron koo dhoondh lete hain. achaar ack insan seey poochtaachh karane kaa faisala karate hain, aur ack jaar mein linda koo pakadane seey pahale vaha usa jaankaari kaa khulasa karati haye joe usey millie haye. prakaran II: achaar grah seey palayan. achaar grah seey linda kaa palayan. episode III: kayamat key dinn machine kii khoj. achaar kayamat key dinn kii machine koo pakadate hain aur usey haath mein lete hain. dave aur linda koo arcadia koo bachaane key liye apani poori koshish karni chaahiye. viraasat. choonki aim. vee. pee. aiss. tii. ney 2009 key aspas khel kii bikri samaapt curr dee thee, way panjikrit khel sanskaran koo freeware download key roop mein pesh karate hain.

uppinakayi yuddhagalu uppinakayi yuddhagalu embudu ms-daas platform aatavaagiddu, idannu 1993 ralli currain crouther avaru redwood atagala moolaka rachisidaru mattu mvp software prakatisitu. ondu grahavu uppinakaayigalinda aakramisalpaduttade. aatagaaranu (purusha mattu mahileya patrada naduve paryayavagi) gupta shastrastragalannu hudukalu prayanisuttane. nirgamana dwaarada moolaka haduhogalu aatagaaranu ellah salaadshootargalannu sangrahisabekaguttade. nantara aatagaaranu videshiyara mele salad annu shoot maadabahudu, mattu videshiyaru moorche hoguttaare. junk phud mattu uppinakayigalannu padarthagaligagi sangrahisabahudu, mattu carrett aarogyakkaagi. mooru kantugalive. modalaneyadu, "uppinakayi janara melina akramana", idannu hanchikeya sadhanavagi bidugade maadalaayitu. itara eradu kantugalu kharidisabahudaadavu. plat. sanchike I: uppinakayi janara mele akramana. maanavaru vasisuva aarkediyaada shaantiyuta grahavu grahavannu vashapadisikollalu bayasuva uppinakaayigalinda daaligolagaaguttade. aarkediyaadalli yaavude shastraastragalilla ekendare shatamaanagalinda yaavude agatyaviruvudilla. idu hogi guptavaada shastraastragala "nikshepa" vannu hudukuva dave avara anveshaneyaguttade. avanu ondu vinaashada dinada saadhanada bagge tilidiruva lard geric emba haleya huccha vyaktiyannu kandukolluttaane. linda emba patravu gupta shastrastragalannu hudukalu baruttade mattu sanchikeya dvitiyaardhadalli aadalu yogyavaguttade. dave mattu linda antimavagi ellah rahasya shastrastragalannu kandukolluttaare. uppinakayigalu manushyaralli obbarannu prashnisalu nirdharisuttave, mattu avalu kandukonda maahitiyannu bahirangapadisuva modalu lindavannu jaadiyalli hidiyuttave. prasanga II: uppinakayi grahadinda tappisikolluvudu. uppinakayi grahadinda linda palayana. sanchike III: vinaashada dinada yantrada hudukaata. uppinakayigalu vinaashada dinada yantravannu hididukolluttave mattu adannu hididukolluttave. arkediyavannu ulisalu dave mattu linda tamma kailaadashtu prayatnisabeku. parampare. 2009rahra sumaarige emvipisoft aatada maaraatavannu konegolisiddarinda, avaru nondayita aatada aavruttiyannu freeware download aagi niiduttaare.

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achaarayuddhaani achaara-yuddhaani emm. ess-daas-platform-kreedaayaah naam asti, yat 1993 tame varshe karen-krauthar ityanena redwood-kreedaayaah madhyamena nirmitam, emm. vi. pi.-tantraamshena prakaashitam. ekaha grahah acharaihi aakramitah bhavati. kreedaaluh (purusha-stree-kreedaayaah madhye paryaayaroopen) gupta-shastraan anveshtum yatram karoti. kreedakaah nirgamanadwaaram paarum stare sarve saladashootar-kreedakaah sangruheetum arhanti. tatah kreedakah videshiyanam upari salad-shoot kartum shaknoti, videsheeyaah cha moorkhaah bhavishyanti. jank-food, acharaha cha ankaartham sangruhaneeyaani santi, gaajarah cha svasthyartham asti. tatra trayah prakaranaani santi. prathamam, "aachaar-janaanaam akramanam", amsha-upakaranaroopen muktam. anye dwau prakaranau krayanayogyau aasan. plut. prakaranam-1: aachaar-janaanaam akramanam. maanavaih nivaasitah arcadia-ityasya shaantimayagrahne, ye graham graheetum icchanti te acharaihi akramitaha bhavanti. arcadia-nagare shastraani naa santi yatah shatabdan yaavat tasya aavashyakataa naasti. etat dave ityasya gatvaa guptam shastranam "nikshepam" anveshtum anveshanam bhavati. saha lard-gerik namakam vruddham unmattam janam anvishyati yah kayaan api vinasha-yantram jaanaati. lindaa iti paatram api guptashastraan anveshtum aagacchati, tathaa cha prakaranasya dwiteeyaardhe cha vaayanaayogyam bhavati. dave tathaa lindaa cha antatah sarvaani gupta-shastraani anvishyanti. acharaha ekam manushyam vichaarayitum nishchinoti, tathaa cha lindaa-ityetam paatrasya madhye graheetum nirdhaarayanti, tatah poorvam saa yat suchanam praaptavatee tatt prakatayati. prakaranah II: acharagrahena palaayanam. acharagrahena lindaa ityasya palaayanam. prakaranam III-vinaashadivasasya yantrasya anveshanam. acharaha kayaamatadinasy yantram dharanti, baahunaani dhaarayanti. dave tathaa lindaa cha arcadia ityasya rakshanarthm yathasadhyam prayatante. uttaradhikaraha. 2009 tame varshe emm. vee. pee. ess. off. tea. ityanena kreedaayaah vikrayanam samaaptam jaatam, te panjeekrutasya kreedaayaah samskaranam freever-daunload-rupena pradaasyanti.

uurukaai poarkal uurukaai poarkal enbathu oru ems-toas iyangkuthala vilayaattu aagum, idhu 1993 aam aandil curran kaagatthaal redwood kaemgalin moolam uruvaakkappattathu mattrum emvibi menporulaal veliyidappattathu. uurukaai oru kiragaththin meethu padaiyedukkirathu. veerar (oru aanukkum pennukkum idaiyil maari maari vilaiyaadugiraar) maraikappatta aayuthangkalaik kandupidikka oru payanaththirkuch selkiraar. veliyaerum kadhavu vazhiyaaga sella veerar anaitthu salat shoottarkalaiyum mattaththil sekarikka vaendum. pinnar veerar vaetrtrukiragavaasigal meethu salat sudalaam, maelum vaetrtrukiragavaasigal mayangkividuvaargal. junk food mattrum uurukaai aagiyavai pulligalukku sekarikkakkoodiyavai, carett aaroakkiyaththirkaaka. moontru aththiyaayangkal ullana. muthalaavathu, "uurukaai makkalin padaiyeduppu", pagirvup porulaaka veliyidappattathu. mattra irandu aththiyaayangkalum vaangkakkoodiyavaiyaaka irunththana. sathi. aththiyayam I: uurukaai makkalin padaiyeduppu. manitharkalaal vasippa amaithiyaana arcadia kiragam, kiragaththai kaippattra virumbum uurukaaikalaal thaakkappadukirathu. pala noottraandugalaaga endhath thaevaiyum illaathathaal aarkaediyaavil aayuthangkal illai. idhu sendru aayuthangkalin maraikappatta "vaippagaththaik" kandupidippadharkaana davin thaedalaaga maarukirathu. avar oru azhivugaramaana saathanaththaip pattri arintha lard jerick endra muthiya paiththiyakkaaranaik kaankiraar. linda endra kathaapaaththiramum maraikappatta aayuthangkalaik kandupidikka varukirathu, maelum aththiyaayaththin irandaam paathiyil vilaiyaadakkoodiyathu. dave mattrum linda iruthiyil anaitthu ragasiya aayuthangkalaiyum kandupidikkindranar. uurukaai manitharkalil oruvarai visaarikka mudivu seikirathu, maelum aval kandupidittha thagavalai velippaduththuvatharku munbu lindavai oru jadiyil pidikkirathu. aththiyayam II: uurukaai kiragaththilirunthu thappikkavum. uurukaai kiragaththilirunthu linda thappikkiraar. aththiyayam III: azhivugaramaana iyanththiraththaith thaeduthal. uurukaai azhivugaramaana iyanththiraththaip pidiththuk kondu adhai kaikalil eduththukkolgindrana. arcadiavai saemikka dave mattrum linda thangalaal mudintha anaiththaiyum seiya vaendum. marabu. emviphisoft 2009 aam aandil vilaiyaattin virpanaiyai nirutthiyathaal, avarkal pathivu seiyappatta vilayaattu pathippai freeware pathivirakkamaaka vazhangkukiraargal.

ooragaaya yuddhalu ooragaaya yuddhalu anedi 1993loe carren crouther chae redwood games dwara srushtinchabadina mariyu emvipi software dwara prachurinchabadina ms-daas platfam game. oka graham ooragaayalu daadi chestaayi. aatagadu (oka purushudu mariyu oka mahila paatranu pooshinchadam madhya maarutuu) daachina aayudhalanu kanugonadaaniki prayaanaaniki veltaadu. nishkramana talupu gundaa velladaaniki aatagadu anni salaadshootarlanu sekarinchaali. appudu aatagadu grahaantaravaasulapai salaadnu kaalchavacchu, mariyu grahaantaravaasulu muurchapootaaru. junk phud mariyu ooragaayalu paayintlu kosam sekarinchadaginavi, mariyu carretlu aarogyam kosam. moodu episodelu unnaayi. modatidi, "ooragaaya prajala dandayaatra", sherverga vidudala cheyabadindi. migilina rendu bhagalu konugolu cheyadaginavi. plaat. episode I: ooragaaya prajala meeda daadi. maanavulu nivasinche arcadia yokka saantiyuta graham, graham meeda swaadheenam chesukovalanukune ooragaayalu daadi chestaayi. satabdaalugaa etuvanti avasaram lenanduna arcadiaku aayudhalu laevu. idhi velli daachina aayudhaala "depository" nii kanugonadaaniki dave yokka anveshana avutundi. athanu oka vidhvamsam roeju parikaram gurinchi telisina lard geric anae vruddha verri vyaktini kanugontaadu. linda anae paatra kooda daachina aayudhalanu kanugonadaaniki vastundi, mariyu episode rendava bhaagamlo aadavacchu. dave mariyu linda chivariki anni rahasya aayudhalanu kanugontaaru. ooragaayalu maanavulalo okarini prasninchaalani nirnayinchukuntaayi, mariyu aame kanugonna samacharanni velladinche mundu lindaanu oka koojaalo pattukoovaalani nirnayinchukuntaayi. episode II: ooragaaya graham nundi tappinchukondi. ooragaaya graham nundi linda tappinchukovadam. episode III: doomsday meshin kosam shodhana. ooragaayalu doomsday yantraanni pattukuni daanini chetulato pattukuntaayi. arcadianu kaapaadataaniki dave mariyu linda tama vanthu krushi cheyali. vaarasatvam. 2009 loe mvpsft aata ammakalanu muginchadamtho, vaaru registered game versionnu freeware downloadgaa andistaaru.

achaar kii jangein achaar waariz eek ayem aiss-ddaas plait faarm gaim hay jasay 1993 mein cairan kothar nay reed wode games kay zariye banaya thaa aur asay ayem wee pee saaft wayer kay zariye shaye kiyaa gayaa thaa. eek seyarah achaar say hamlah kirr jaataa hay. khilaadi (mard aur aurat kay darmiyan kheltay hoay) poshidah hathiyar talaash karnay kay liye safar parr jaataa hay. khilaadi kuu baahir nikalnay kay darwazay say guzarnay kay liye satah kay tamaam salaad shotarz kuu jamaa karnay kii zarurat hoti hay. iss kay baad khilaadi ghair malkiyon parr salaad golee maar saktaa hay aur ghair milki bay hosh how jayein gay. junk foud aur achaar points kay liye jamaa kiye jaa saktay haine aur gaajar sehat kay liye haine. teen aqsaat haine. pehla "achaar kay logon parr hamlah"yee shayer wayer kay toor parr jaari kiyaa gayaa thaa. baaqi duu aqsaat qaabil khareed thein. plaat. qast awal: achaar kay logon parr hamlah. arcadia kaa praman seyarah jiss mein ansaan aabaad haine parr inn achaaron kaa hamlah hotaa hay juu seeyarey parr qabzah karnaa chahtay haine. arcadia kay paas koyee hathiyar nahein haine keunkah sadiyon say iss kii zarurat nahein hay. yaha ddio kii jaanay aur hathiyaron kaa eek poshidah "zakhirah" talaash karnay kii jastju bunn jaati hay. asay laard jairak naami eek bodha paagal aadmi milta hay juu qayamat kay dunn kay aalay kay baaray mein jaanta hay. landaa naami eek kirdaar bhee poshidah hathiyar talaash karnay aataa hay aur qast kay dosray nasf hasay mein khelnay kay qaabil how jaataa hay. ddio aur landaa aakhir kaar tamaam khafiya hathiyar talaash kirr leetay haine. achaar insaanon mein say eek say pooch gachh karnay kaa faislah kartay haine aur landaa kuu eek bartan mein pakadnay say pehley iss say patah chalta hay kahh asay juu malumat milly haine. qast dom: achaar kay seeyarey say faraar. landaa kaa achaar kay seeyarey say faraar. qast III: qayamat kii masheen kii talaash. achaar qayamat kii masheen kuu pakad leetay haine aur asay baazo deetay haine. ddio aur landaa kuu arcadia kuu bachanay kay liye apnee poori koshish karnee chahiye. miraas. chonkah ayem wee pee saaft nay 2009 kay aas paas gaim kii farokhat khatam kirr dee thee wah registard gaim warzan kuu free wayer ddaun load kay toor parr paish kartay haine.

00006b852be4f95ccae7bfc905ab5c93b587d5107fefb58714bd038fb160d36f

https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki?curid=113678

Kryvyi Rih

Kryvyi Rih Kryvyi Rih (Ukrainian: Кривий Ріг, also transliterated Krivoy Rog from Russian: Кривой Рог), is an industrial city of 660,000 people in Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, Ukraine. Its principal industry is steel manufacturing. Understand. According to official website, the city extends for 126 km from north to south. Because of the processing of steel and other products and mining industry, Kryvyi Rih has the highest emission of air pollutants in all of Ukraine. Google maps can help avoid getting lost in the city. People commonly speak English very badly and all signs and tabulations are in Russian and Ukrainian. Translate apps and vocabularies are also very useful. Get in. By train. Because the city is so elongated, there are several railway stations serving different parts. Most, but not all, long-distance trains serve the main railway station. Get around. By public transport. Kryvyi Rih has a convenient public transport system: Single ride tickets in marshrutkas cost 15 грн. Buses, trams and trolleybuses are free. Schedules are available on the website (in Ukrainian). You can also check information about public transport on EasyWay and Google Maps. By taxi. Taxi is the easiest way of getting around the city. Some popular taxi companies include: By foot. You can walk to most locations in central Kryvyi Rih and there are plenty of attractive walking routes along the quay sides and in the pedestrianised central streets. The central city (Karl Marx Street) is separated from the 95th Block area, but buses and trolleybuses can help to access it. The main rail station is further away but still accessible by bus. By bicycle. KRC has few bike paths and routes. By car. Driving is probably the best way of seeing the surrounding region. A couple of the routes during peak hours operate a car pool lane for cars with more than one occupant. The centre of KRC follows a one-way city system, which can be frustrating and confusing for those not used to it. However with patience and practice and a lot of circling around the same areas numerous times, it does become easier. Parking. There are no parking garages and no designated or marked car parking bays in the streets. Drivers park wherever they find it convenient. Sleep. <templatestyles src="Template:Pricerange/style.css" /> Connect. Kryvyi Rih's landline area code is 56. Dial 056 from within Ukraine or +380 56 from outside Ukraine. Kryvyi Rih has easy internet access like most cities, and as a city, has the advantage of broadband being easily accessible both to install and use. Kryvyi Rih also has an abundance of internet cafes available for all to use. A network of free Wi-Fi hotspots is being deploying in Central City. It is available around the 95th Block and in some metro stations. An up to date map of pubs, bars and cafe's in Kryvyi Rih with free Wi-Fi is available here. Stay safe. Like many other big cities in the Ukraine, Kryvyi Rih has its rough areas. Use common sense while getting around. The usual "don't be stupid" advice suffices. Avoid drinking the water from the tap; bottled water is cheap and available everywhere. If you are female, and especially if you are traveling alone, try to take a taxi instead of public transit after 21:00. These are prime drinking hours and the metro and marshrutky may be crowded with drunken men. This is particularly true on the weekends. Ask a local English-speaker to call the taxi for you and get the amount of the fare in advance; drivers may greatly inflate the fare once hearing your accent. Isolated drunken brawls can occur in the centre of town on Friday and Saturday nights as pubs and clubs close, especially near the waterfront area, the Centre, taxi queues and fast food joints. This has been reduced somewhat by a heavy police presence and security guards monitoring the taxi queues. Also, some outlying suburbs such as Yubileinaia, Artem (from Artem to Vecherny, including Svyatoshyn), Smychka and Druzhba have a bad reputation, but it is unlikely that a visitor to the city would travel to these parts. Be careful at the railway station. If you are leaving your baggage in the station, it is better to leave it with the guys in person rather than use a locker. Stories circulate of people 'assisting' with the locker, observing the code and then walking off with the bag afterwards The main problem is beggars as many will approach you on the street to ask for money, bread, cigarettes or few cents for a tram ticket (don't be stupid). Also, you may find people offering you drugs in return for cash. Those people have no drugs and will instead give you a bogus parcel (such as balls of cellophane or matches wrapped in newspaper) and run off with your money. They often have knives so avoid the people in the first place. There is still corruption in Ukraine; some services might openly ask you to bribe them to process your request, and denying it might make them refuse to help you. Common people are very tolerant and it is only reasonable to assume that they expect the same in return. Go next. <indicator name="i3-geo">47.95445563007833.422856120835</indicator>

cribbyi rih crivye rih (ukrainianh Криviy риг, rasianoh Криvoi рог ror poraa lipyontorito kribhoye rog), ukrainor dnipro 'petro' bhosko oh 'blastot 660,000 lukor ekhon oudyugik sohor. iyar prodhan udyug hoise ispat utpadon. buji puwa. sorkari website onuxori, sohorkhon uttoror poraa dokhyinoloi 126 kilumeteroloike bistrito. ispat aaru onyanyo xamogrir prokriyakoron aaru khonon udyugor baabe, crivy rihot xomogro ukrainote bayu produxokor xorbadhik nirgomon aase. gugol mepe sohorkhonot herai juwar poraa haat xaribo paare. manuhe xadharonote ingraji oti beyabhabe koy aaru xokolu sinho aaru talika rasian aaru ukrainian bhaxat thaake. onubad ep aaru xobdobhandoru oti upojugi. bhitoroloi jauk. rey "lor dwara. jihetu sohorkhon imaan dighol, bibhinno ongxot xewa aagborhuwa keibatau rey "lowe steson aase. besibhag, kintu xokolu nohoy, digholiya durotwor rey "lobure mool rey" lo stationtut xewa aagborhai. sariufale jauk. rajohuwa poribohonor dwara. crivye rihot ek xubidhajonok rajohuwa poribohon byowostha aaseh marsrutkot ekok raid tikotor mulyo 15 grain. baach, trum aaru tro 'libas binamuliya. xomoixusi websiteot upolobdho (ukrainian bhaxat). aapuni ijiwe aaru gugol mepot rajohuwa poribohonor tothyou saab paare. texire. sohorkhonor sariufale jaboloi texi hoise ataitkoi xohoj upay. kisuman jonopriyo texi companyr bhitorot aaseh khuj karhiboloi. aapuni kendriyo crivy rihor besibhag sthanoloi khuj karhibo paare aaru kuwer kaxot aaru pothosari kendriyo pothot jothesto aakorxoniyo khuj karhiboloi poth aase. kendriyo sohorkhon (carl marks street) 95tomo block oncholor poraa prithok koraa hoise, kintu baach aaru tro 'libase iyat prowex korat xohay koribo paare. mool rey "lo stationtu aaru durot aase jodiu etiyau basor dwara prowexjugyo. saikelor dwara. key. aar. chi.-too baikor poth aaru poth komm. garire. gaari soluwatuwei xombhobotoh sariufalor onchol saboloi ataitkoi bhaal upay. byosto xomoyor xomoyot dukhon pothot etatkoi odhik luk thoka garir baabe ekhon gaari pull lena porisalona koraa hoy. key. aar. chi.-ror kendroi ekmukhi nogor byowostha onuxoron kore, ji iyat obhyosto nuhuwa lukoxokolor baabe hotaxajonok aaru bibhrantimulok hoh 'bob paare. obosye dhoirjyo aaru onuxilon aaru ekekhon oncholor sariufale bohubar ghuri furar folot ee xohoj hoi pore. gaari rokha. rastaburot kunu parking gerez aaru kunu nirdisto baa sinhito gaari parking bey naai. salokxokole zo 'too xubidhajonok laage taat gaari raakhe. xuwa. xongzug korok. crivy rihor landline eriya koo 'dodd hoise 56. ukrainor bhitoror poraa 056 baa ukrainor baahiror poraa + 380 56 dial korok. crivy rihot besibhag sohoror dore internetor xubidha xohoj, aaru ekhon sohor hisape broadband install aaru byobohar duyutare xohoje upolobdho huwar xubidha aase. crivye rihot xokoluwe byobohar koribo porakoi prosur porimane internet kefeu upolobdho. kendriyo sohorot binamuliya waai-faai hotspotor etaa network sthapon koraa hoise. ee 95tomo blokor aaxe-paxe aaru kisuman metro "stationot upolobdho. crivy rihot thoka paab, baar aaru kefer ek aap tu dett manchitro iyat binamuliya waai-fair xoite upolobdho. xurokhito hoi thakok. ukrainor aan bohutu dangor sohoror dore crivy rihoru iyar urbor onchol aase. usor-pajoroloi juwar xomoyot xadharon gyan byobohar korok. xadharonote "buka noho 'bob" poramorxotuwei jothesto. nolor poraa paanee khuwa porihar korok; botolor paanee xosta aaru xokolu thaite upolobdho. jodi aapuni mohila, aaru bixexkoi jodi aapuni okole jatra kori aase, tente 21:00 ror pisot rajohuwa poribohonor xoloni texi lo "boloi chesta korok. eibur hoise modyopanor prodhan xomoy aaru metro" aaru marchorutit matal puruxor bhir thakibo paare. eitu bixexkoi xoptahantor xomoyot xotyo. sthaniyo ingraji bhaxa kuwa ejon byoktik aapunar baabe texikhon koriboloi aaru aagotiyakoi bharar porimantu paboloi kouk; aapunar ussaron xuni salokxokole hoyotu bharatu jothesto briddhi koribo paare. xukurbar aaru xonibare nixa sohoror majbhagot prithokbhabe xurapan koraa bibad hoh 'bob paare, kiyonu paab aaru klabxomuh bondho hoi yaay, bixexkoi jolaxoy oncholor usorot, kendrot, texir xaari aari aaru fast foodor juntot. prosur aarokhyir uposthiti aaru texir xaribur nirikhyon koraa nirapottarokhyir dwara eitu kichu porimane hraax paise. logote, kisuman baahiror uponogor jene ubilinaiah, artem (artemor poraa veserneeloi, swiyatuxinoke dhori), smisoka aaru drujhbar xunam beyaa, kintu sohorkhonor kunu porjotoki ei ongxoxomuh bhromon korar xombhawona komm. rey "lo stationot xabodhan houk. jodi aapuni aapunar xamogri stationot eri aase, tente lokar byobohar koratkoi byoktigotobhabe lo "raxokolor usorot eri diyatu bhaal. kahinibur prosar koraa hoy zo 'too manuhe lokartur xoite' xohay 'kore, koo' dotu porzobekhyon kore aaru taar pisot begtu loi guchi yaay. mool xomosyatu hoh "lo bhikhyukxokol kiyonu bohute rastat aapunar usoroloi aahi tokaa, ruti, chigaret baa trum tikotor baabe keitaman chent bisaribo (buka noho" bob). logote, aapuni nogod dhonor binimoyot aapunak drugs aagborhuwa lukoxokolok paab paare. xei lukoxokolor haatot kunu drugs naai aaru iyar poriworte aapunak etaa bhuwa parchel (jene cheluphenor boll baa baatori kakotot abrito mess) dibo aaru aapunar dhon loi polai jaabo. teulukor usorot praye suri thaake xeyehe prothome manuhok erai solibo laage. ukrainot etiyau durneeti soli aase; kisuman xewai aapunak aapunar onurudh prokriya koriboloi mukolibhabe teulukok utkuch diboloi koo "bob paare, aaru iyak oswikar korile teuluke aapunak xohay koriboloi oswikar korr koribo paare. xadharon manuh oti xohonxil aaru iyar binimoyot teuluke ekei aaxa kore buli dharona koratu kewol juktixongot. poroborti faale jauk. 47.95445563007833.422856120835

crivy rih kribhai rih (eukraniah Криviy риг, echhadao russian Криvоy рог theke lipyantaran koraa crivoy rogg), ukrainer nipropetrovsk oblaster 660,000 manusher ekti shilp shohor. err prodhan shilp holl ispat utpadon. bujhun. sarkari website onusare, shaharti uttor theke dakkhin porjonto 126 kilometres bistrito. ispat ebong anyanno ponno prakriyakaran ebong khanir shilper karone, somogro ukraine bayu dushankarider sorbochcho nirgomon royeche kribhai rih-ayee. guggle myapa shohore hariye yawa edate sahajyo korte paare. manush sadharonoto khub kharapbhabe ingrezite kotha boley ebong samasta chinno ebong tabulation russian ebong eukranian bhasay hoy. anubad ayapa ebong shobdobhandaro khub karjokor. vitore probesh korun. traine korey. jehetu shaharti eto deergho, taai bivinno ongshe besh koyekti rail steshana royeche. beshirbhag, kintu sabguli noy, deergho durotter trainguli prodhan railstatione porisheba deyo. ghure asun. ganoporibohoner madhyome. kribhai rih-ayee ekti subidhajonok ganoporibohon byabostha royeche marshrutcus-ayee ekok jatrar tikiter daam 15 grama. baas, trum ebong trolleybus binamulye pawa yaay. samayasuchi website (eukranian bhasay) pawa yaay. upney egoye ebong guggle myapgulite ganoporibohon somporke tothyoo dekhte paren. taxite. taxie holl shohor ghure bedanor sabcheye sahaj upay. kichhu janapriya taxie sangosthar modhye royeche paye hente. upney kendriya crivia rihor beshirbhag sthane hantte paren ebong koye side ebong pothchari kendriya rastai prachur akarshaniya hantar poth royeche. kendriya shohor (curl marks strita) 95tomo block elaka theke prithak, tobey baas ebong trolleybusguly etite probesh korte sahayata korte paare. prodhan rail stationti arow doore, kintu ekhono baase korey probeshjoggo. saikeler madhyome. keey. arr. shee-teey koyekti saikeler poth ebong rutt royeche. gadite. gaadi chalano sombhoboto ashepasher anchal dekhar sarbottama upay. byasto somoye koyekti rutey ekadhik jatri soho gaadir jonno ekti gaadi pull leena porichalona koraa hoy. keey. arr. shee-rawr kendroti ekmukhi shohor byabostha anusaran korey, jaa jaaraa etey abhyasta noy taader jonno hotashajonok ebong bibhrantikar hotey paare. tobey dhoirjo oo anushilan ebong ekoi elaka bahubar ghorafera korle, etty sahaj hoye yaay. parking. rastai konao parking garrage nei ebong konao nirdishto baa chinnito gaadi parking beey nei. chalokera jekhanei subidhajonok money corren sekhane gaadi park corren. ghumiye parh. sangjog korun. kribhai rihor landline eria code holl 56. ukrainer bhitor theke 056 athoba ukrainer baire theke + 380 56 dial korun. beshirbhag shohorer moto kribhai rih-eoo interneter subidha royeche ebong ekti shohor hisabe broadband install ebong byabohar ubhoy khettrei sahojei accessogyo howar subidha royeche. crivye rih-ayee sokoler byaboharer jonno prachur internet caffe royeche. kendriya shohore binamulye oyai-phai hotspotgulir ekti network sthapon koraa hachche. etty 95tomo blocker ashepashe ebong kichhu metro statione pawa yaay. crivia rihe binamulye oyai-phai soho pub, barr ebong cafer ekti up too dett manchitro ekhane pawa yaay. nirapode thakun. ukrainer anyanno borh shahargulir moto, kribhai rih-ero rukkho anchal royeche. ghure bedanor somoy sadharan gyan byabohar korun. sadharan "boka hoben naa" poramorshoi jotheshto. noll theke joll paan koraa ediye cholun; botaljat joll sosta ebong sorbotro pawa yaay. upney jodi mohila hohn, ebong bishesh korey upney jodi ekaa bhromon corren, tahle 21:00-err porey ganoporibohoner poriborte taxie neoar chesta korun. eguli holl modyopaner prodhan somoy ebong metro ebong marshrutki matal purushder dwara bhora hotey paare. bishesh korey saptahante etty satya. ekjon sthaniya ingrejibhashike upner jonno taxie qala korte ebong bhada agrim petey bolun; upner uchcharon shonara porey chalokera bhada baadiye ditey paare. shohorer kendre shukrobar ebong shanibar raate bichchinno matal jhagada hotey paare kaaron pub ebong clubguli bondho thaake, biseshoto joladhar elaka, kendra, taxie line ebong phasta food joyenter kachhe. taxie liner upor nazardari koraa bharee pulish uposthiti ebong nirapatta rakkhider dwara etty kichuta hrass peyeche. echhadao, kichhu bairer shahartali jemon ubilinaiah, artem (artem theke vecharni, swiatoshin soho), smitchka ebong drujhobar kharap khyati royeche, tobey shohore konao dorsonarthi eyi ongshogulite bhromon korar sombhabona qama. railstatione sotorko thakun. upney jodi upner baggage statione rekhe zaan, tahle locker byabohar korar cheye byaktigatabhabe lokder kachhe rekhe yawai valo. lokera locker saathe 'sahayata' korche, kodti porjobekkhon korche ebong tarpore bagti niye choley jachche emon golpoguli procharito hoy. prodhan samasya holl bhikkhukra kaaron oneke rastai upner kachhe taaka, ruty, cigaret baa trumer tikiter jonno koyek seenta chaibe (boka hoben naa). echhadao, upney hoyto dekhte paben jey, lokera aponake nagad orther binimoye madoker prostab dichche. seii lokder kachhe konao madok nei ebong poriborte taaraa aponake ekti bhuo percel (jemon cellophaner boll baa sangbadpatre modano match) debe ebong upner taaka niye paliye jaabe. taader kachhe prayashai chhuri thaake taai prothome lokder ediye cholun. ukraine ekhono durniti royeche; kichhu porisheba upner anurodh prokriya korar jonno aponake prokashye ghush ditey bolte paare ebong etty aswikar korle taaraa aponake sahajyo korte aswikar korte paare. sadharan manush khub sahanshil ebong taaraa binimoye ekoi aasha korey taa dhorey neoa juktisangato. porer dike zaan. 47.95445563007833.422856120835

crivy rih crivy reeh (ukrainean Криviviy риг, russianmathi pann lipyantaran karaayel kreevoy rogah Криvoi rog), ukraine dnipropetrovsk oblastma 660,000 lokonu audhyogik shaher chhe. teno mukhya udhyog steelnu utpaadan chhe. samajo. sattavaar website anusaar, aaa shaher uttarthi dakshin sudhee 126 kimee sudhee felaayelu chhe. steel aneey anya utpaadanoni prakriyaa aneey khankam udhyogne kaarane, crivy rih samagr ukrainema vaayu pradushakonu sauthee vadhu utsarjan karey chhe. googal maps shaherma khovai javaathi bachee shake chhe. loko saamanya reete angreji khoob jaj kharaab reete bolle chhe aneey tamaam chihno aneey tabulation russian aneey ukrainianma chhe. anuvaad applications aneey shabdbhandol pann khoob upyogi chhe. andar aavo. train dwara. kaaran keey aaa shaher aetalu vistarelu chhe, tyaan viveedh bhagoma sevaa aaptaa ghanaa railway stationo chhe. motabhagni, parantu badhee nahee, laambaa antarnee traino mukhya railway stationne sevaa aape chhe. aaspaas aavo. jaaher parivahan dwara. crivy rihmaan anookool jaaher parivahan vyavastha chheh marshrutkaoma aek savaarini tikitni keemat 15 graam chhe. baso, trama aneey trolley baso mafat chhe. samaypatrak website parr uplabdh chhe (ukrainianma). tame easyway aneey googal maps parr jaaher parivahan visheni maahitee pann chakasi shako chho. taxie dwara. taxie aee shahernee aaspaas javaano sauthee saral rasto chhe. ketalik lokpreey taxie companyoma nichenaano samaavesh thaay chheh pagpala. tame madhya crivy rihmaan motabhagna sthaloae chaali shako chho aneey keenare baajuo parr aneey padayatrio maate kendreey shereeomaa pushkal aakarshak chalvana margo chhe. madhya shaher (carle marks street) 95maa bloqa vistaarthi alag chhe, parantu baso aneey trolleybuso tene pahonchvaamaa madad curry shake chhe. mukhya railway station vadhu door chhe parantu haju pann bus dwara sulabh chhe. cycle dwara. krcma thodaa bike paath aneey ruut chhe. kaar dwara. vaahan chalaavvu aee kadaach aaspasna vistaarne jovaano shreshth maarg chhe. vyast samay darmiyan ketlaak margo aekthee vadhu musafaro dharaavati kaar maate kaar pool leena chalaave chhe. keey. aar. see. noon kendra aek tarafee shaher pranaaline anusare chhe, jeey tenaa maate tevaayela loko maate nirashajanak aneey gunchavanbharyu hoi shake chhe. jooe keey, dhiraj aneey practices aneey aek jaj vistaarni aaspaas ghanee vakhat farvaa saathe, teey saral bunny jaay chhe. parking. tyaan koee parking gerej nathee aneey shereeomaa koee niyukt athavaa chinhit kaar parking khand nathee. driverone jyaan anookool laage tyaan parking karoo. unghee jaao. jodai. crivy reehno landline vistaar qoda 56 chhe. ukraine andarthi 056 athavaa ukraine bahaarthi + 380 56 dial karoo. crivy rihmaan motabhagna shaheroni jaim internetnee saral pahonch chhe, aneey aek shaher tareeke, broadband sthaapit karvaa aneey upyog karvaa banne maate saraltathi sulabh hovaano fayado chhe. crivy rihmaan badhaa maate upyog karvaa maate uplabdh internet kaafeni vipulataa pann chhe. madhya shaherma mafat vaai-faai hotspotnu network tainaat karvaamaa aavee rahyu chhe. teey 95maa bloknee aaspaas aneey ketlaak metro stationo parr uplabdh chhe. mafat vaai-faai saathe crivy rihmaan pub, baar aneey kaafeno adhyatan naksho aheen uplabdh chhe. suraksheet raho. ukraine anya ghanaa motaa shaheroni jaim, crivy rihmaan tenaa kharbachada vistaaro chhe. faratee vakhate saamanya samajno upyog karoo. saamanya "moorkh naa bano" salah puratee chhe. nalmathi paanee pivaanu taalo; batalima bharelu paanee sastu chhe aneey darek jagyae uplabdh chhe. jooe tame maheela chho, aneey khaas kareene jooe tame ekalaa musafari curry rahyaa chho, too 21:00 pachhi jaaher parivahanne badale taxie levaano prayaas karoo. aaa pivaanaa mukhya kalaako chhe aneey metro aneey marshruityma daarunaa nashaama dhoot purushothi bheed thaee shake chhe. aaa saptaahnaa ante khaas kareene saachu chhe. sthaaneek angreji bolnaarne tamara maate taxie bolavva aneey bhaadaani rakam agaauthi melavaa maate kaho; tamaaro uchchaar sambhalya pachhi drivero bhadama ghano vadhaaro curry shake chhe. shukravaar aneey shanivaarni raatre shahernaa madhyamaa daarunaa nashaama alag-alag zaghada thaee shake chhe kaaran keey pub aneey club bundh thaay chhe, khaas kareene waterfront vistaar, kendra, taxini kataaro aneey phasta food saandhaaoni najik. taxini kataaro parr najar rakhnara bhaare police aneey suraksha rakshakoni haajareene kaarane aaa babatma thodo ghataado thayo chhe. upraant, ubilinia, artem (artemthi laeene vecherni, swatoshin saheet), smitchka aneey druzba jevaa ketlaak bahaarnaa upnagaroni kharaab pratishtha chhe, parantu teey asambhavit chhe keey shahernaa mulakati aaa bhagoma musafari karashe. railway station parr savchet raho. jooe tame tamaaro saaman station parr chhodi rahyaa chho, too lokarno upyog karvaane badale tene vyaktigat reete chhokarao paase chhodi devu vadhu saaru chhe. loko locker saathe 'madad' karey chhe, kodnu nirikshan karey chhe aneey pachhi bagg saathe jataa hoya chhe tevee vaartao prasaarit thaay chhe. mukhya samasya bhikharioni chhe kaaran keey ghanaa loko rastaa parr tamaari paase paisa, rotali, cigaret athavaa trama ticket maate thodaa saint mangva maate pahonchshe (moorkh naa bano). upraant, tamane rokadnaa badalaama tamane drugs ofara kartaa loko pann malee shake chhe. teey loko paase koee drugs nathee aneey tenaa badale teo tamane banaavati parcel (jaim keey cellophane dadaa athavaa akhbaarmaa vintaalelaa match) aapshe aneey tamara paisa laeene bhaagi jashe. temnee paase ghanivaar chhareeo hoya chhe tethee lokothee door raho. ukrainema haju pann bhrashtachar chhe; ketalik sevaao tamaari vinanti parr prakriyaa karvaa maate tamane khulleaam laanch aapvaa maate kahee shake chhe, aneey teno incar karvaathi teo tamane madad karvaano incar curry shake chhe. saamanya loko khoob jaj sahishnu hoya chhe aneey teo badalaama pann tevee jaj apeksha raakhe chhe aevu maanvu vaajbi chhe. aagad jaao. 47.95445563007833.422856120835

crivy rih crivy rih (ukrainih Криviviy риг, rooseeh Криvоy рог seey bhee lipyantaran kiya gayaa crevoy roga), ukraine key dnipropetrovsk oblast mein 660,000 logon kaa ack audyogik shahar haye. iska pramukh udyog ispat nirmaan haye. samajhiye. aadhikarik website key anusaar, shahar uttar seey dakshin taka 126 kimmy taka faila huaa haye. ispat aur anya utpaadon key prasanskaran aur khanan udyog key kaaran, poore ukraine mein vayu pradushakon kaa sabse adhik utsarjan crivy rih mein hotaa haye. googal maps shahar mein khou jaane seey bachane mein madad curr sakata haye. loga aam taur parr angreji bahut buri tarah seey bolate hain aur sabhi sanket aur saarani russie aur ukraini mein hain. anuvaad aip aur shabdawali bhee bahut upayogi hain. ander aaa jaao. train seey. kyonki shahar itna lamba haye, kaee railway station hain joe vibhinn hisson mein seva pradaan karate hain. adhikansh, lekin sabhi naheen, lambi doori kii trains mukhya railway station parr chalati hain. idhar-udhar hoe jaao. saarvajanik parivahan dwara. crivy rih mein ack suvidhajanak saarvajanik parivahan pranali haih marshrutka mein ekal sawari tikat kii keemat 15 graam haye. basein, traum aur trolley basein muft hain. karyakram website parr upalabdh hain (ukraini mein). aap easyway aur googal maps parr saarvajanik parivahan key baare mein jaankaari bhee dekh sakate hain. taxi seey. taxi shahar mein ghoomane kaa sabse aasaan tarika haye. kuchh lokpriya taxi companiyon mein shamil hainh paidal. aap madhya crivy rih mein adhikansh sthaanon parr paidal jaa sakate hain aur tata key kinaaron aur paidal chalane vaali kendriya sadakon parr bahut saare aakarshak paidal maarg hain. madhya shahar (carle marks street) 95vein block kshetra seey alag haye, lekin basein aur trolley basein ise praapt karane mein madad curr sakati hain. mukhya rail station aur door haye lekin phir bhee buss seey pahuncha jaa sakata haye. saikil seey. key. aar. see. mein saikil key kuchh raaste aur raaste hain. kaar seey. aspas key kshetra koo dekhane kaa sabse achchha tarika shayed gaadi chalaana haye. vyast samay key dauran kuchh maarg ack seey adhik savaariyon vaali kaaron key liye ack kaar pool laine sanchaalit karate hain. key. aar. see. kaa kendra ack tarfa shahar pranali kaa paalan kartaa haye, joe una logon key liye nirashajanak aur bhramit karane vaalaa hoe sakata haye joe isake aadee naheen hain. haalaanki dhairya aur abhyaas aur ack hii kshetra mein kaee baar chakkar lagaane seey, yeh aasaan hoe jaataa haye. parking. sadakon parr koee parking garrage naheen haye aur naa hii koee nirdisht yaa chihnit kaar parking khand hain. chaalak jahan unhein suvidhajanak lagey vahaan gaadi park karate hain. sou jaao. judein. crivy rih kaa landline kshetra code 56 haye. ukraine key bheetar seey 056 yaa ukraine key baahar seey + 380 56 dial karein. adhikansh shaharon kii tarah crivy rih mein bhee internet kii aasaani seey pahunch haye, aur ack shahar key roop mein, broadband koo sthaapit karane aur upayog karane donon key liye aasaani seey sulabh honey kaa laabh haye. crivy rih mein sabhi key upayog key liye internet kaife kii bahutaayat bhee upalabdh haye. madhya shahar mein muft vaaee-faaee hotspot kaa ack network tainaat kiya jaa rhaa haye. yeh 95vein block key aspas aur kuchh metro stations parr upalabdh haye. muft vaaee-faaee key saath crivy rih mein pub, baar aur kaife kaa ack adyatan naksha yahaan upalabdh haye. surakshit rahein. ukraine key kaee anya badey shaharon kii tarah, crivy rih mein bhee apane ubad-khabad kshetra hain. idhar-udhar ghoomate samay samanya gyaan kaa upayog karein. samanya "moorkh mutt bano" salah hii kaafee haye. null seey paani peene seey bachein; botalband paani sastaa haye aur harr jagah upalabdh haye. yadi aap mahila hain, aur vishesh roop seey yadi aap akele yatra curr rahey hain, tou 21:00 key baad saarvajanik parivahan key bajaay taxi lene kii koshish karein. yeye peene key pramukh ghante hain aur metro aur marshruity mein nashe mein dhut purushon kii bheed hoe sakati haye. yeh vishesh roop seey saptahant parr sach haye. sthaaniya angreji bolane vaale seey apane liye taxi bulaane aur kiraaye kii raashi pahale seey praapt karane key liye kahein; aapka uchchaaran sunane key baad chaalak kiraya bahut badhaa sakate hain. shahar key kendra mein shukravaar aur shaniwar kii raaton mein sharaab key nashe mein alag-alag jhagade hoe sakate hain kyonki pub aur club bund hoe jaate hain, vishesh roop seey tatvarti kshetra, kendra, taxi kataron aur fast food jodon key paas. bhaari pulis upasthiti aur suraksha guards dwara taxi kataron kii nigrani karane seey yeh kuchh hudd taka cumm hoe gayaa haye. isake alawa, kuchh baahari upnagar jaise kii ubilinia, artem (artem seey laker vecherni taka, jisamen swatoshin bhee shamil haye), smichka aur druzba kii pratishtha kharaab haye, lekin yeh sambhavana naheen haye kii shahar mein aaney vaalaa koee vyakti inn hisson kii yatra karega. railway station parr savdhani baraten. yadi aap apana saman station parr chhod rahey hain, tou locker kaa upayog karane key bajaay ise vyaktigat roop seey logon key paas chhod denaa behtar haye. locker key saath logon kii 'sahaayata', code kaa avalokan aur phir baad mein bagg key saath chaley jaane kii kahaaniyan prasaarit hoti hain. mukhya samasya bhikhaariyon kii haye kyonki kaee loga sadak parr aapse paise, rotty, sigaret yaa traum tikat key liye kuchh sent maangane key liye sampark karenge (moorkh mutt bano). saath hii, aap logon koo nakad key badale mein aapako drugs kii peshkash karate hue bhee paa sakate hain. una logon key paas koee drugs naheen haye aur way aapako ack nakali parcel (jaise selophane kii genden yaa akhbar mein lipate match) denge aur aapke paise laker bhaag jaayenge. unake paas aksar chaku hotey hain isaliye sabse pahale logon seey bachein. ukraine mein abhee bhee bhrashtachar haye; kuchh sevaayen aapke anurodh koo sansaadhit karane key liye aapako khule taur parr rishwat dene key liye kaha sakati hain, aur isase incar karane seey way aapaki madad karane seey incar curr sakate hain. aam loga bahut sahishnu hotey hain aur yeh maan lena uchit haye kii way badale mein bhee aisee hii ummeed karate hain. aage jaaen. 47.95445563007833.422856120835

crevy rih crevy rih (ukrainian Криviviy риг, russian bhaasheyinda crevoy rogg endoo lipyantaragondideh krivoy rogg), ukrenna dnipropetrovsk oblastnalliruva 660,000 janara kaigarika nagaravagide. idara pramukha udyamavendare ukku utpaadane. artha madikolli. adhikruta jaalataanada prakara, nagaravu uttaradinda dakshinakke 126 kii. mea. vistariside. ukku mattu itara utpannagala samskarane mattu ganigaarike udyamadindaagi, crivy rih idee ukrennalli vaayu malinyakarakagala athi hecchu horasusuvikeyannu hondide. nagaradalli kaleduhoguvudannu tappisalu googal nakshegalu sahaaya maaduttave. janaru samanyavagi inglish annu tumba kettadaagi maatanaaduttaare mattu ellah chihnegalu mattu pattigalu russian mattu ukrainian bhaasheyallive. anuvaada applicationgalu mattu shabdakoshagalu saha bahala upayuktavaagive. olage bunny. railina moolaka. nagaravu tumba uddavagiruvudarinda, vividha bhagagalige seve sallisuva halavaaru railu nildaanagalive. bahuteka, aadare ellah alla, doorada railugalu mukhya railu nildaanakke seve sallisuttave. suttaloo hogi. saarvajanika saarigeya moolaka. crevy rih anukulakara saarvajanika saarige vyavastheyannu hondideh marshrutkagalalli eka sawari tiketgala bele 15 graam. bassugalu, tramgalu mattu trolley basgalu uchitavaagive. velaapattigalu jaalataanadalli labhyavive (ukrainian bhasheyalli). neevu saarvajanika saarigeya maahitiyannu eesive mattu googal myaapgalalliyu parishilisabahudu. taxi moolaka. nagaravannu suttuvaredukollalu taxi atyanta sulabhavaada maargavaagide. kelavu janapriya taxi kampanigalu seriveh kaalnadigeyalle. neevu madhya crevy rihna hecchina sthalagalige nadedukondu hogabahudu mattu kadalatadiya badigalli mattu paadachaarigaliruva madhya beedigalalli saakashtu akarshaka walking maargagalive. kendra nagaravannu (carle marks streat) 95neey block pradeshadinda berpadisalaagide, aadare bassugalu mattu trolleybusgalu adannu praveshisalu sahaaya maadabahudu. mukhya railu nildaanavu innoo dooradallide aadare innoo bassina moolaka talupabahudu. bicycle moolaka. keey. aarr. sii. yuu kelave kelavu bike maargagalu mattu maargagalannu hondide. kaarina moolaka. suttamuttalina pradeshavannu nodalu bahushah vaahana chalaayisuvudu atyuttama maargavaagide. jananibida samayadalli wanderadu maargagalu wandakkinta hecchu prayanikarannu hondiruva kaarugalige kaar pool laine annu nirvahisuttave. keey. aarr. sii. yaya kendravu ekamukha nagara vyavastheyannu anusarisuttade, idu abhyasavilladavarige nirashaadaayaka mattu gondalamayavagirabahudu. aadaagyoo, taalme mattu abhyasa mattu onde pradeshada sutta halavaaru baari suttuvarediddarinda, idu sulabhavaguttade. parking. yaavude parking gyarejugalilla mattu beedigalalli yaavude gottupadisida athawa gurutisalaada kaar parking kolligalilla. chalakaru tamage anukulakaravaada sthaladallellaa vaahana nillisuttaare. nidde. samparkisi. crevy rih avara landline pradeshada code 56 aagide. ukrain olagininda 056 athawa ukrain horagininda + 380 56 dial maadi. crevy rih hecchina nagaragalante sulabhavaada antarjala praveshavannu hondide mattu ondu nagaravagi, broadband annu sthapisalu mattu balasalu sulabhavaagi praveshisuva prayojanavannu hondide. crevy rih nalli ellarigoo balasalu labhyaviruva antarjala kephegala samruddhiyoo ide. madhya nagaradalli uchita vaii-phai hotspotgala jaalavannu niyojisalaguttide. idu 95neey block mattu kelavu metro nildaanagalalli labhyavide. uchita vaii-phai soulabhyadondige crevy rihnalliruva pabgalu, baargalu mattu kephegala naveekruta nakshe illi labhyavide. surakshitavagiri. ukrenna itara aneka dodda nagaragalante, crevy rih tannade aada orataada pradeshagalannu hondide. suttaloo hoguvaga saamaanya gnaanavannu balasi. saamaanya "moorkhatana beda" salaheye saaku. tapninda neerannu kudiyuvudannu tappisi; bottley neeru aggavaagide mattu ellede labhyavide. neevu mahileyagiddare, mattu visheshavaagi neevu obbare prayanisuttiddare, 21:00 nantara saarvajanika saarigeya badalu taxiannu tegedukollalu prayatnisi. ivu kudiyuva pramukha samayagalu mattu metro mattu marshrutikiyalli kuduka purusharu tumbirabahudu. idu vaaraantyagalalli visheshavaagi satyavagide. sthaliya inglish matanaduvavarannu nimagaagi taxige karey maadalu mattu munchitavaagi shulkada mottavannu padeyalu keli; nimma uchchaaraneyannu kelida nantara chalakaru shulkavannu hechchisabahudu. shukravara mattu shaniwara ratrigalalli, visheshavaagi jalabhimukha pradesha, kendra, taxi saalugalu mattu tvarita aahaarada samparkagala bully, pabgalu mattu klabgalu muchchuvudarinda, pattanada madhyabhaagadalli pratyekavagi kuditada jagalagalu sambhavisabahudu. bhaaree police upasthiti mattu taxi sarati saalugala mele niga vahisuttiruva bhadrata sibbandigalinda idu swalpa mattige kadimeyagide. allade, kelavu horavalayada upanagaragalaada ubilinia, artem (artemninda vecherniyavarege, swatoshin seridante), smitchka mattu drujhbaagalu ketta khyatiyannu hondive, aadare nagarakke bheti niiduvavaru ee bhagagalige prayanisuva saadhyateyilla. railu nildaanadalli jagarukaragiri. neevu nimma saamaanugalannu nildaanadalli bittu hoguttiddare, locker balasuva badalu adannu vaiyaktikavagi hudugara bully biduvudu uttama. janaru lakarge 'sahaaya' maduvudara, code annu gamanisuvudara mattu nantara chiladondige horahoguva kathegalu prasaaravaaguttave. mukhya samasyeyendare bhikshukaru, ekendare anekaru nimmannu rasteyalli karedu hana, bread, cigarate athawa traum tiketgaagi kelavu sentgalannu keluttaare (moorkhatana madabedi). allade, janaru nimage nagadu hanakke pratiyagi maadaka dravyagalannu niiduttiruvudannu neevu kaanabahudu. aaa janara bully yaavude maadaka dravyagalilla mattu badalige avaru nimage nakali parcel annu (cellophane chendugalu athawa patrikeyalli suttuva myachgalantahavu) niiduttaare mattu nimma hanavannu tegedukondu odihoguttaare. avaru aagaagge chakugalannu hondiruttaare aaddarinda modalaneyadaagi janarannu tappisi. ukrennalli innoo bhrashtacharavide; kelavu sevegalu nimma vinantiyannu prakriyegolisalu avarige lancha niiduvante nimmannu bahirangavagi kelabahudu, mattu adannu nirakarisuvudarinda avaru nimage sahaaya maadalu nirakarisabahudu. saamaanya janaru bahala sahishnuvagiddare mattu pratiyagi avaru adhe nirikshisuttaare endu bhavisuvudu samanjasavagide. munde hogi. 47.95445563007833.422856120835

krivai rih ukrainile dnipropetrovsk oblaasttile 660,000 aalukalude oru vyaavasaayika nagaramaan krivai rih (ukreniyan Криiviy риг, russian Криоятоя рог). urukk nirmmaanamaan ividuthe pradhana vyavasaayam. manassilakkuka. audyogika websait anusarichu, nagaram vadakku ninnu thekkott 126 kilometer vyaapichukidakkunnu. urukkinteyum mattu uthppannangaludeyum samskaranavum khanana vyavasaayavum kaaranam, ukrainile ettavum kooduthal vaayu malineekaranamulla pradesham krivai rih aanu. nagaratthil nashtappedunnathu ozhivakkaan google maappukal sahayikkum. aalukal saadhaaranayaayi engleesh valare moshamaayi samsaarikkunnu, ellah adayaalangalum pattikakalum russian, ukreniyan bhaashakalilaan. vivarthana aaplikkeshanukalum padavali vivaranangalum valare upayogapradamaanu. akathekku kayaruka. trainil. nagaram valare neelamullathinaal vividha bhaagangalil sevanam nalkunna niravadhi railway steshanukalundu. mikathum, ennaal ellah trainukalum allah, pradhana railway steshanil sarvees nadathunnu. chuttum nadakkuka. pothugathagatham vazhi. krivai rih soukaryapradamaaya pothugathagatha samvidaanamundu maarshruthakayile otta sawari tikkattukalkk 15 gram vila varum. basukal, tramukal, trolleybusukal enniva soujanyamaanu. shedyoolukal websaittil (ukreniyan bhashayil) labhyamaan. pothugathaagathathekkurichu vivarangal ningalkk eesi veyilum google maappukalilum parisodhikkaam. taxiyil. nagaratthilekku chuttikkaranganulla ettavum eluppamaarggam taxiyaanu. chila janapriya taxi kambanikalil iva ulppedunnu kaalnadayaayi. central krivai rihile mikka sthalangalilekkum ningalkk nadakkaam, koodaathe keyy vashangalilum kaalnadayaathrakkaarude central theruvukalilum dhaaraalam aakarshakamaaya nadathamaargangalundu. central sitti (kaal marks street) 95-aamm block pradeshathu ninnu verthirikkappettirikkum basukalkkum trolleybusukalkkum athilekku praveshikkaan kazhiyum. pradhana railway steshan kooduthal akaleyaanengilum buzz vazhi ippozhum athicheraanaakum. sykkilil. krsic kurachu bike paathakalum roottukalum undu. kaaril. chuttupaadumulla pradeshangal kaananulla ettavum nalla maarggam orupakshe driving aanu. tirakkeriya samayangalil rund roottukal onniladhikam yaathrakkaarulla kaarukalkkayi oru kaar pool leyne pravarthippikkunnu. krcyude kendram oru vann-way sitti sisttam pinthudarunnu, ithu parichitharallaathavare niraashappeduthukayum aashayakkuzhappathilaakkum cheyyum. ennirunnaalum, shamayum pariseelanavum ore pradeshangal niravadhi thavana chuttikkarangunnathiloode athu eluppamaakum. parking. parking gaarejukalo theruvukalil nirddishtamo adayaalappeduthiyatho aaya kaar parking bekalo illa. drivermar soukaryapradamaayidathu paarkk cheiyunnu. uranguka. kanakdu cheyyuka. krivai rihinte landline eriya coode 56 aanu. ukrainil ninnu 056 allengil ukraine purathu ninnu + 380 56 dial cheyyuka. mikka nagarangaleyum pole krivai rihin eluppathil internettu axus undu, oru nagaramenna nilayil broadband instaal cheyyaanum upayogikkaanum eluppathil axus cheyyaavunnathinte nettamundu. ellaavarkkum upayogikkaan kazhiyunna dhaaraalam internettu kafekalum krivai rihilundu. central sittiyil soujanya vaifai hotspottukalude oru shringhala vinyasikkunnu. 95-aamm blockilum chila metro steshanukalilum ithu labhyamaan. soujanya vaifai ulla krivai rihile pabbukal, baarukal, kaphe ennivayude kaalikamaaya bhoopadam ivide labhyamaan. surakshitharayi irikkuka. ukrainile mattu pala valia nagarangaleyum pole, krivai rihin athinte parukkan pradeshangalundu. chuttikkarangumbol saamaanyabudhi upayogikkuka. saadhaarana "viddikalaakaruthu" enna upadesham mathiyakum. taappil ninnulla vellam kudikkunnath ozhivaakkuka; kuppivellam vilakuranjathum ellaayidathum labhyavumaan. ningal sthreeyaanengil, prathyekichu ningal ottaykkaanu yaatra cheiyunnathenkil, 21:00 nuu sesham pothugathaagathatthinu pakaram oru taxi edukkaan sramikkuka. iva pradhana madyapaana samayamaan, metroyilum maarshtattikkiyilum madyapicha purushanmaar niranjekkaam. vaaraanthyangalil ithu prathyekichum sathyamaan. oru praadeshika engleesh samsaarikkunnayaalod taxiyil vilichu munkootty nirakk edukkaan aavashyappeduka; ningalude uchaaranam kettukazhinjaal drivermar nirakk valareyadhikam vardhippichekkaam. pabbukalum klabbukalum adaykkumbol, prathyekichu waterfrond eriya, sentar, taxi cukal, phaast phudu joyintukal ennivaykku sameepam velliyazhchayum shaniyazhchayum raathrikalil nagara madhyabhaagathu otappetta madyapaana vazhakkukal sambhavikkam. kanatha police saannidhyavum suraksha gaardukalum taxi cukal nireekshichathumoolam ithu oru paridhivare kuranju. koodaathe, ubilinia, artem (artem muthal vecherni vare, swaattoshin ulppede), smichka, drushba thudangiya chila puram praanthapradeshangalkk mosham prashasthi undengilum nagaratthile oru sandarshakan eee bhaagangalilekku yaatra cheyyaan saadhyathayilla. railway steshanil shradhikkuka. ningal ningalude bagej steshanil upekshikkukayaanenkil, oru locker upayogikkunnathinekkaal athu aankuttikalude aduthekku nerittu upekshikkunnathaan nallath. aalukal locker upayogichu 'sahayikkunnu', coode nireekshikkukayum thudarnnu bagumaayi puratthekku pookukayum cheiyunna kathakal pracharikkunnu. palarum panam, appam, sigaratt allengil tram tikkattin kurachu sent chodikkaan theruvil ningale sameepikkunnathinaal pradhana prashnam yaachakaraan (viddikalaavaruthu). koodaathe, panatthinu pakaramaayi aalukal ningalkk mayakkumarunnu vaagdaanam cheiyunnathum ningal kandethiyekkaam. aaa aalukalude pakkal mayakkumarunnukalilla, pakaram ningalkk oru vyaja paazhsal (cellophane panthukal allengil pathratthil pothinja machineukal polullava) nalkukayum ningalude panavumaayi oodippookukayum cheyyum. avarkk palappozhum kathikal undaakaarund, athinaal aadyam aalukale ozhivaakkuka. ukrainil ippozhum azhimathi nadakkunnundu; ningalude abhyarthana prosess cheiyunnathinu kaikkooli nalkaan chila sevanangal ningalodu parasyamaayi aavasyappedaam, athu nirasikkunnath ningale sahayikkaan visammathikkaan avare prerippichekkaam. saadhaaranakkaar valare sahishnuthayullavaraan, avar thirichum athu pratheekshikkunnundenn karuthunnath nyaayayukthamaan. aduthathaayi pookoo. 47.<aii. dii. 1>

crivy rih crivy rih (ukraineanh Криviviy риг, russianh Криvoi рог) heey ukrainechya dnipropetrovsk oblastmadhil 660,000 lokanche audhyogik shahar aahe. polad utpadan haah tyacha pramukh udyog aahe. samajoon ghya. adhikrut sanketsthalanusar, heey shahar uttarekadun dakshineparyant 126 qii. mea. paryant pasarlele aahe. polad aanee itar utpadananchya prakriyemule aanee khaan udhyogamule, crivy rihmadhye sampoorn yukrenmadhye vayoo pradushakanche sarvadhik utsarjan hote. gugal maps shaharat harvoon jaanyapasun vachavu shakatat. lock samanyatah ingraji khoop white bolatat aanee serve chinhe aanee sarani russian aanee ukrainean bhashet aahet. anuvad eps aanee shabdasangrah dekhil khoop upayukt aahet. aat jaa. trainne. shahar itake lamb asalyamule, vegvegalya bhaganna seva denari anek railway sthanke aahet. bahutansh, parantu serve navhe, lamb pallyachya gadya mukhya railway sthankala seva detat. aajubajoola jaa. sarvajanik vahatukidvare. crivy rihmadhye eka soyiskar sarvajanik vahtook vyavastha aaheh marsharutkamadhil ekeri pravasachya tikitanchi kimmat 15 gramm aahe. buses, traum aanee trolleybus vinamulya aahet. velapatrak sanketsthalavar (ukrainean bhashet) upalabdh aahe. tumhi sarvajanik vahatukichi mahitee easyway aanee gugal mapver dekhil tapasu shakata. taxine. taxie haah shaharbhar firanyacha sarvat sopa marg aahe. kahee lokpriy taxie companyanmadhye heey samavisht aaheh payee. tumhi madhya crivy rihmadhil bahutek thikani payee jaau shakata aanee ghatanchya bajunna aanee padchanyansathichya madhya rastyanvar bharpur aakarshak chalanyache marg aahet. madhyavarti shahar (carl marks street) 95 vya block kshetrapasun vegale aahe, parantu tethe jaanyasathi bus aanee trolleybus madat karoo shakatat. mukhya railway sthanak aanakhi door aahe parantu tarihi basane pohochata yete. cycleveroon. keey. aar. see. madhye cycleche kahee marg aanee marg aahet. gadine. aajubajucha pradesh pahanyacha kadachit vahan chalvane haah sarvottam marg aahe. gardichya velee kahee marganvar ekapeksha jaast pravasi asalelya gadyansathi qaar pool laine chalavali jaate. keey. aar. see. chey kendra ektarfi shahar pranaliche anusaran karate, jee jyanna tyachi savay nahee tyanchyasathi nirashajanak aanee gondhalat taknari asoo shakate. tathapi, sanyam aanee sarav aanee ekach bhagat anek vela pradakshina ghalalyane heey sope hote. parking. parking garrage naheet aanee rastyanvar qaar parking konatehi niyukt kinwa chinhankit khayya naheet. vahanchalakanna jithe soyiche vatel tithe parking karatat. zope. jodale. crivy rihcha landline eriya code 56 aahe. ukrainechya aatoon 056 kinwa ukrainechya baheroon + 380 56 dial qaraa. bahutek shaharanpramanech crivy rihmadhye internetcha vapar karane sope aahe aanee eka shahar mhanoon broadband sthapit karane aanee vaparane yaa donhisathi sahaj upalabdh asalyacha fayda aahe. crivy rihmadhye sarvansathi vaparnyasathi bharpur internet cafey dekhil upalabdh aahet. madhya shaharat mofat vaay-phay hotspotche jaale tainat kele jaat aahe. 95 vya blockchya aaspas aanee kahee metro sthankanvar tee upalabdh aahe. crivy rihmadhil pub, baar aanee cafecha adyayavat nakasha yethe mofat vaay-faisah upalabdh aahe. surakshit raaha. yukrenmadhil itar anek mothya shaharanpramanech, crivy rihmadhye khadkal bhag aahet. firtana samanya buddhicha vapar qaraa. nehmicha 'moorkh houu nakaa' haah sallah puresa aahe. nalatoon paanee pine taalha; batliband paanee swast aahe aanee sarvatra upalabdh aahe. jarr tumhi mahila asal aanee visheshtah jarr tumhi ekte pravas karat asal tarr 21:00 nantar sarvajanik vahatukiaivaji taxie ghenyacha prayatna qaraa. heey pinyache pramukh taas aahet aanee metro aanee marsharutimadhye daruchya nashet asalelya purushanchi gardi asoo shakate. heey visheshtah aathvadyachya shevati kharey aahe. sthanik ingraji bolananya vyaktila tumchyasathi taxila bolavanyas sanga aanee bhadyachi rakkam aagau midwa; tumcha uchchar aikalyanantar vahanchalak bhadyat mothya pramanat vaadh karoo shakatat. shaharachya madhyabhagi shukravar aanee shaniwari ratri daruchya nashet vikshipt bhandane houu shakatat, kaaran pub aanee club bund asatat, visheshtah kinarpattichya bhagajaval, madhyabhagi, taxichya ranga aanee phasta foodchya sandhyanjaval. mothya pramanat polisanchi upasthiti aanee suraksha rakshak taxichya ranganvar laksh thevun asalyamule heey kahise qamee jhaale aahe. tasech, ubilinia, artem (aartempasoon vecherniparyant, swatoshins), smitchka aanee druzba yasarkhya kahee bahya upnagaranchi pratishtha white aahe, parantu shaharala bhet denara yaa bhaganna bhet deil ashee shakyata qamee aahe. railway sthanakat savadhgiri balga. jarr tumhi tumche saman sthankavar sodat asal, tarr locker vaparnyapeksha teey swatah lokankade thevane changle. lock lockermadhye 'madat' karat aahet, kodache nirikshan karat aahet aanee nantar pishavi gheuun nighun jaat aahet asha katha prasarit hotat. mukhya samasya bhikari aahet kaaran barech jann rastyavar tumchyakade paise, bhakari, cigaret kinwa traum tikitasathi kahee seent magnyasathi yeteel (moorkh houu nakaa). tasech, tumhala rokh rakmechya badalyat lock tumhala amali padarth deu kartana aadhalu shakatat. tyaa lokankade amali padarth nasatat aanee tyaeivaji teey tumhala eka banavat parcel (jase qee cellophane gole kinwa vartmanpatrat gundallele chake) deteel aanee tumche paise gheuun paloon jaatil. tyanchyakade anekada chakoo asatat, tyamule prathamatah lock taalha. yukrenmadhye ajunahi bhrashtachar aahe; kahee seva tumchya vinantivar prakriya karnyasathi tumhala ughadpane laach denyas sangu shakatat aanee tee nakarlyane teey tumhala madat karnyas nakar deu shakatat. samanya lock khoop sahishnu asatat aanee tyaa badalyatahi tyanchi teech apeksha aahe asey manane vajvi aahe. pudhe jaa. 47.95445563007833.422856120835

crivy rih crivy rih (yukreniyanah криviy awahг, rusih криvoi рог batt pani lipyantaran garieko kriwoya rog), yukrenko dnipropetrovsk oblastma 660,000 manisharuko audyogik sahar how. yasako pramukh udyog ispat nirman how. bujhnuhos. adhikarik websiteka anusar yo sahar uttardekhi dakshinsamma 126 kilometersamma failieko chha. ispat rar anya utpadanharu rar khanan udyogko prashodhanko karan, crivy rihma sabai yukrenma wayu pradushakharuko uchchatam utsarjan chha. gugal mapsley saharma haraekobata bachna maddat garna sakchha. manisharu samanyataya angreji dherai naramro bolchhan rar sabai sanket rar tabulationharu rusi rar yukreni bhashama chhan. anuwad app rar shabdawaliharu pani dherai upayogi chhan. bhitra pase. railbata. sahar yati lamo bhaekale tyahan vibhinna bhagharuma sewa dine dheraiwata railway stationharu chhan. dheraijaso, tara sabai hoina, lamo durika railharule mukhya railway stationma sewa dinchhan. waripari januhos. sarvajanik yatayatdwara. crivy rihma suwidhajanak sarvajanik yatayat pranali chhah marsharutka maa ekal sawari tikat lagat 15 gramm. bus, tram rar tralibasharu nihshulk chhan. talikaharu websitema upalabdha chhan (yukrenima). tapainle sarvajanik yatayatko barema jankari pani ijiwe rar gugal naksama jaanch garna saknuhunchha. taxibata. taxie sahar waripari jaane sabaibhanda sajilo tarika how. kehi lokpriya taxie companyharuma samawesh chhanh paidal. tapain kendriya crivy rihaka dheraijaso sthanharuma hindna saknuhunchha rar tyahan tataka chheuma rar paidal yatriharudwara sanchalit kendriya sadakharuma dherai akarshak paidal margharu chhan. kendriya sahar (carle marks street) 95 aun block kshetrabata alag chha, tara bus rar tralibusharule yasalai pahunch garna maddat garna sakchhan. mukhya rail station ajha tadha chha tara ajhai pani basadwara pahunchayogya chha. saikalbata. krcma kehi bike marga rar margharu chhan. karbata. driving sambhawatah warparko khetra herne uttam tarika how. shikhar samayama kehi margharule ek bhanda badhi yatru bhaeka karharuka lagi carr pull leine sanchalan garchhan. krcko kendrale ektarfi sahar pranalilai pachhyauncha, june yasako abhyasta nabhaeka manisharuka lagi nirashajanak rar bhramit huna sakchha. yadyapi dhairya rar abhyas rar eutai kshetrama dherai patak ghumdai garda, yo sajilo hunchha. parking. tyahan kunai parking gyarejharu chhainan rar sadakma kunai tokieko wa chihnit carr parking beharu chhainan. chalakharule jahaan suwidha paunchhan tyahan parking garchhan. nidra. samparka garnuhos. crivy rihako landline khetra code 56 how. yukrena bhitrabata 056 wa yukrena bahirbata + 380 56 dial garnuhos. crivy rihasanga dheraijaso saharharu jastai sajilo internet pahunch chha, rar ek saharko rupma, broadband sthapana rar prayog duwai garna sajilai pahunchayogya hune faida chha. crivy rihma sabaika lagi prayog garna upalabdha internet cafeharuko prashastata pani chha. madhya saharma nihshulk wify hataspatharuko sanjal tainath bhairaheko chha. yo 95 aun blakako waripari rar kehi metro stationharuma upalabdha chha. nihshulk wai-faiko sath crivy rihma pub, barr rar cafeharuko adyawadhik naksa yahan upalabdha chha. surakshit rahanuhos. yukrenka anya dherai thula saharharu jastai, crivy rihako yasako durgam kshetraharu chhan. waripari ghumdai garda samanya gyan prayog garnuhos. samanya "murkha nahunuhos" sallaha paryapta chha. nalbata pani piunabata joginuhos; bottlema rakhieko pani sasto hunchha rar jatatatai upalabdha hunchha. yadi tapain mahila hunuhunchha bhane, rar vishesh gari yadi tapain eklai yatra gardai hunuhunchha bhane, 21:00 pachhi sarvajanik yatayatko satta taxie line prayas garnuhos. yee mukhya piune samayaharu hun rar metro rar maarar्शrarुटीmaa raksi piune purushharule bhid garna sakchhan. yo vishesh gari saptahantaharuma satya how. sthaniya angreji bolnelai tapainka lagi taxima fone garna rar bhadako rakam agrim prapta garna bhannuhos; tapainko uchcharan sunepachhi chalakharule bhadama dherai wriddhi garna sakchhan. saharko kendrama shukrabar rar shanibar ratma pub rar clubharu banda hunda, vishesh gari waterfront khetra, kendra, taxie line rar fast food jontharu najikai, alag-alag raksi piune jhagada huna sakchha. taxiko panktima bhari prahari upasthiti rar suraksha gardharule nigarani garda yo kehi hadasamma cum bhaeko chha. sathai, युबिलिना, artem (आrar्टेमदेखि भेचेrar्नीसम्म, स्waटोसिनसहित), smichka rar ड्rarुझबाजस्ता kehi bahiri upanagarharuko kharab pratishtha chha, tara saharma aune agantukle yee bhagharuma yatra garne sambhawana chhaina. railway stationma sawadhan rahanuhos. yadi tapain afno saman stationma chhoddai hunuhunchha bhane, lakar prayog garnuko satta yasalai wyaktigat rupma ketaharusanga chhodnu ramro hunchha. manisharule lakarma 'sahayog' garne, code awalokan garne rar tyasapachhi jhola liera hindne kathaharu prasarit hunchhan. mukhya samasya bhikharaharu hun kinbhane dheraile tapainlai sadakma paisa, roti, churot wa tram tikatka lagi kehi centharu magna samparka garnechan (murkha nahunuhos). sathai, tapainle nagadko badalama tapainlai laguaushadh dine wyaktiharu fela parne saknuhunchha. tee wyaktiharusanga kunai laguaushadh chhaina rar yasako satta tapainlai nakkali parcel dinechhan (jastai selofenka balharu wa akhabarma lapetieka matchharu) rar tapainko paisa liera bhagnechhan. tiniharusanga prayaha chhuriharu hunchhan tyasaile pahile manisharubata tadha rahanuhos. yukrenma ajhai pani bhrashtachar chha; kehi sewaharule tapainko anurodh prashodhan garna uniharulai khula rupma ghusa dina sodhna sakchhan, rar yasalai aswikar garnale uniharule tapainlai maddat garna aswikar garna sakchhan. samanya manisharu dherai sahishnu hunchhan rar uniharule badalama pani tyastai apeksha garchhan bhanne mannu matra uchit hunchha. arko januhos. 47.95445563007833.422856120835

kribhi rih kribhi rih (jukreneejah Криviy риг, roosh ru madhya lipyantarana kribai rogah Криvoi rog), yukrenara dnipropetrovsk oblastare 660,000 lokanka eka shilpa sahara . ehara pramukh shilpa heuchhi ispat utpadana. bujhantu. sarkari website anujai, saharati uttararu dakhinaku 126 kilometer parjyanta byapta. ispat ebong anyanya utpada ebong khani silpara prakrijakarana karanaru, samagra ukraine ray cribby rihare baaju pradooshaka sarbadhika nirgamana hue . gugul mapp saharare hozzy jibaru rakhya karibare sahajya karipare . lokamane sadharanatah ingraji bahuta kharap bhabare kuhanti ebong samasta sanketa ebong saaranee rushiah ebong yukreneeah bhasare . anubada app ebong shabdabhandara madhya bahuta upajogee . bhitaraku jaantu. trainre. jehetu saharati ete lamba, sethare aneka rela station achhi jaahaa bibhinna bhagare seba pradan kare . adhikansha, kintu samasta nuhen, dirgha-durata train mukhya rela stationre seba pradan kare . chariade jaantu. sarbajaneena paribahana. kribhai rihre eka subidhajanaka sarbajaneena paribahana byabastha rahichhih marsharutakasare gotie jatra tiketra mulya 15 gran. bus, tram ebong trolleybus maganare upalabdha. karjyasuchi webasaitare upalabdha (yukreneeah bhasare). apana ijwe ebong gugul myapsare sarbajaneena paribahana bishajare suchana madhya jancha kariparibe. taxie dwara. sahara buliba paain taxie heuchhi sabutharu sahaja upaiah. keteka lokpriya taxie company madhyare rahichhih paadare. apana kendriah kribhi rihara adhikansha sthanaku chaali paribe ebong ghata parsware ebong padachari kendriah rastare prachur aakarshaneeah chaliba marga achhi . kendriah sahara (carle marx street) 95tama block anchalaru alga hoichhi, kintu bus ebong trolleybus ehaaku prabesha karibare sahajya karipariba . mukhya rela stationti ahuri doorare achhi kintu tathapi bus dwara prabesha karajaipariba . saikelare. kee. aarr. sii. ray alpa kichhi bike path ebong marga achhi . karare. gaadi chalaiba sambhabatah akhpakh anchalaku dekhibara sarbottama upaiah . bhida samajare duiti marga ekadhika jatri thiba carr paain eka carr pool laine parichalana kare . kee. aarr. sii. rahr kendra eka-mukhi sahara byabastha anusarana kare, jaahaa abhyasa karinathiba lokanka paain hatash ebong bibhrantikara hoipare . tebe dhairjya ebong abhyasa ebong samaana anchalare aneka thara ghuriba sahita, ehaa sahaja hoijae . parking byabastha. kaunasi parking garriage naahin ebong rastare kaunasi nirdista kimba chinhita carr parking bay naahin . draivaramane jeunthare subidhajanaka maneh karanti sethare parking karanti . shoi padanti. sanjoga karantu. kribhi rihara landline khetra code heuchhi 56. ukraine bhitaru 056 dial karantu kimba ukraine bahare + 380 56 dial karantu. adhikansha sahara bhali kribhi rihare madhya internet subidha sahaja rahichhi ebong eka sahara bhabe bradabyandaku sahajare byabahara ebong sthapana karibara subidha rahichhi. kribhai rihre madhya samastanka byabahara paain prachur internet kaaphe upalabdha achhi . kendriah saharare magana wai-phai hotspotgudikara eka netawarka nijojita karajauchhi. ehaa 95tama block ebong keteka metro stationre upalabdha. cribby rihre magana wai-phai sahita paba, baar ebong kafegudikara eka up tuu dett manachitra ethaare upalabdha . surakhita ruhantu. yukrenara anya aneka budd sahara pari, kribhai rihara ehara durgama anchala achhi . buliba samajare sadharana gyanara byabahara karantu. sadharana "murkha huantu naahin" paramarsha yathesta. tyaparu paani pieba thaaru doorei ruhantu; bottle paani shasta ebong sabuade upalabdha . jadi apana mahila, ebong bisesh curry jadi apana ekutia jatra karuchanti, tebe 21:00 parey sarbajaneena paribahana paribarte taxie nebaku chesta karantu. egudika heuchhi pramukh paniah samai ebong metro ebong marshrutkire madyapa purushamane bhida kariparanti . saptahantagudikare ehaa bisesh bhabe satya. jane sthaniah ingrajeebhasheenku aapananka paain taxiku daaki bhada parimana purbaru nebaku kuhantu; aapananka uchharana suniba parey draivaramane bhada bahuta brudhi kariparanti. sukrabara ebong shanibara raatire saharar kendrare madyapana curry alga alga jhagada hoipare, kaaran paba ebong club banda hoijae, bisesh curry jalapranta anchala, kendra, taxie dhadi ebong fastfood yugma nikatare. taxie dhadi upare kadaa police upasthiti ebong surakhya gardanka nazardari jogun ehaa kichhi matrare hrass paichi. ahuri madhya, yubilinia, artem (artem thaaru bhecherni parjyanta, swijatosin sameth), smitchka ebong drujwa pari kichhi bahya upkanthara kharap sunam achhi, kintu saharar jane paridarshaka ehi bhagaku jatra karibara sambhabana naahin . rela stationre sabdhan ruhantu. jadi apana stationre nijara byaga chhadi jauchhanti, tebe locker byabahara kariba paribarte ehaaku byaktigata bhabe lokanka pakhare chhadideba bhal. lock maane lakarare 'sahajya' karuthiba, code upare nazar rakhithiba ebong parey bagg nei chaali jauthiba kahani prasarita hue . mukhya samasya heuchhi bhikhyukamane, kaaran aneka lock rastare aapananka pakhaku tanka, ruti, cigaret kimba tram ticket paain kichhi cent magiba paain aasanti (murkha huantu naahin). ehaa byatita, apana huet dekhiparibe je lokamane aapananku nagad tanka badalare drugs deuchhanti. sehi lokamananka pakhare kaunasi drugs naahin ebong ehaa paribarte semane aapananku eka nakali parcel (jepariki selophane bull kimba khabarakagajare aabruta match) debe ebong aapananka tanka nei palai jibe. semananka pakhare prajatah chhuri thaae, tenu prathame lokamananku edai jaantu. jukrenare ebe bii durneeti rahichhi; keteka seba aapananka anurodhaku prakrijakarana kariba paain aapananku kholakholi lanch debaku kahiparanti, ebong ehaaku asweekara kariba dwara semane aapananku sahajya karibaku manah kariparanti. sadharana lokamane atyanta sahansheel ebong ehaa kebala anumana kariba juktijukta je semane pratibadalare samaana aasha karanti . aagaku jaantu. 47.95445563007833.422856120835

crivy rih crivy reeh (eukranion Криviviy риг, rucia Криvоy рог toon lingikrit crivy rogg), neepropetrovsk oblast, ukraine witch 660,000 lokan daa ikk udyogik shehar haii. iss daa mukkh udyog steel nirman haii. samajh jaao. adhikarat website dey anusar, shehar uttar toon dakkhan takk 126 kilometer takk failiaa hoiaa haii. steel atey horr utpadan dee prakiriaa atey mining udyog dey caarn, poore ukraine witch havaa pardushak daa sabh toon vaddh nikas crivy rih witch hunda haii. googal nakshe shehar witch gumm honn toon bachann witch madad qarr sakde hunn. lock aam taur utte angrezi bahut buri tarahan bolde hunn atey saare sanket atey saarnee russie atey yukreni witch hunn. anuvad apps atey shabdawali vee bahut labhdaik hunn. ander jaao. rail raahin. kiunki shehar inna lamba haii, iss laee itthe kaee railway station hunn joe vakkh-vakkh hissiaan witch seva pardan karde hunn. ziaadaatar, parr saariaan naheen, lambi doori deeaan rail gaddiaan mukkh railway station dee seva kardiaan hunn. aale-duaale jaao. jantak aavajai duaara. crivy rih witch ikk suvidhajanak jantak aavajai pranali haiyav marshrutkas witch single ryde tikatan dee keemat 15 graam haii. bassan, traum atey trolly bassan mufat hunn. karajkram website (yukreni witch) utte upalbadh hunn. tusin easyway atey googal nakshiaan utte jantak aavajai baare jankari vee dekh sakde hoow. taxi raahin. taxi shehar dey aale-duaale jaanh daa sabh toon aasaan tarika haii. kujh prasidh taxi companyan witch shamal hann paidal. tusin kendri crivy rih witch ziaadaatar sathanan 'teey turr sakde hoow atey kandhe dey kinariaan atey paidal challan valiaan kendri galiaan witch bahut saare aakarshak paidal raste hunn. kendri shehar (kaaral marks street) 95ven block khetar toon vakkh haii, parr bassan atey trolleybuses iss takk pahunchan witch madad qarr sakdiaan hunn. mukkh railway station horr door haii parr firr vee buss duaara pahunchyog haii. cycle raahin. keey. aar. see. witch kujh cycle maarag atey raste hunn. qaar duaara. aale-duaale dey khetar noon dekhan daa sabh toon vadhiaa tarika shayed gaddi chalauna haii. choti dey samein dauran kujh raste ikk toon vaddh swaran valiaan kaaran laee ikk qaar pool laine chalaunde hunn. keey. aar. see. daa kendra ikk tarfa shehar pranali dee palna karda haii, joe unhan laee nirashajanak atey bhambalbhuse vaala hoow sakda haii joe iss dey aadee naheen hunn. halanki sabar atey abhiaas atey ikko jihe khetran witch kaee vaar ghumman naal, ih assan hoow jaanda haii. parking. sadkan utte koee parking gairaj naheen hunn atey naa hii koee nirdharat jaan nishanbadh qaar parking beey hunn. driver jitthe vee sahulat howay utthe park karde hunn. saunn. judna. crivy rih daa landline khetar code 56 haii. ukraine dey andron 056 jaan ukraine toon baahron + 380 56 dial crow. crivy rih witch ziaadaatar shahiran dee tarahan assan internet pahunch haii, atey ikk shehar dey roop witch, broadband noon sathapat curran atey vartan dovan laee asani naal pahunchyog honn daa faida haii. crivy rih witch saariaan laee vartan laee bahut saare internet kaife vee upalbadh hunn. kendri shehar witch mufat vaaee-faaee hotspots daa ikk network lagaiaa jaa riha haii. ih 95ven block dey aale-duaale atey kujh metro stationan witch upalbadh haii. crivy rih witch pabban, baaran atey kaife daa ikk taaza naksha mufat vaaee-faaee dey naal itthe upalbadh haii. surakhiat raho. ukraine dey kaee horr vadde shahiran dee tarahan, crivy rih dey aapne khurdare khetar hunn. aale-duaale ghumde samein aam samajh dee varton crow. aam "bevakoof naa banno" salaah kaafi haii. tooty toon paanee peenn toon parhez crow; botalband paanee sasta haii atey harr jagha upalbadh haii. jey tusin aurat hoow, atey khaskar jey tusin ikalle yaatra qarr rahey hoow, taan 21:00 toon baad jantak aavajai dee bajaae taxi lainn dee koshish crow. ih peenn dey pramukh ghante hunn atey metro atey marshruity sharabi purshan naal bharey hoow sakde hunn. ih vishesh taur 'teey hafte dey ant witch sacch haii. sathanak angrezi bolann vaale noon taxi 'teey qaal curran atey kiraae dee rakam pahilan toon prapat curran laee kaho; tuhada lahira sunan toon baad driver kiraae noon bahut vadha sakde hunn. shukkarwar atey shanivar deeaan raatan noon shehar dey kendra witch alagg-thalagg sharabi jhagde hoow sakde hunn kiunki pabb atey club bnd hoow jaande hunn, khaskar waterfront khetar, kendra, taxi kataran atey faast food jodan dey nede. taxi kataran dee nigrani curran vaale bhaari pulis dee maujudgi atey surakhiaa gaardan neey iss noon kujh hadd takk ghataa ditta haii. iss toon ilava, kujh baahari upnagar jiven kii ubilinia, artem (artem toon vaturany takk, jiss witch swatoshin vee shamal haii), samikka atey druzba dee maadi pratishtha haii, parr ih sambhavna naheen haii kii shehar daa koee sailani inhan hissiaan dee yaatra karega. railway station 'teey savdhani varatna. jey tusin aapna samaan station 'teey chhadd rahey hoow, taan iss noon laak dee varton curran dee bajaae viaktigat taur' teey mundiaan cole chaddna bihtar haii. kahaniaan lokan deeaan lakran naal 'sahaita' curran, code daa nirikhan curran atey firr baad witch baig lae keey jaanh deeaan prasarit hundiaan hunn. mukkh samassiaa bhikhariaan dee haii kiunki bahut saare lock sadak utte tuhade cole paise, rotty, ciggert jaan traum ticket laee kujh saint mangan laee pahunch karange (bevakoof naa banno). tusin shayed lokan noon nakad dey badle witch tuhanun nashile padarath dee peshkash karde hoye vee labbh sakde hoow. unhan lokan cole koee nashile padarath naheen hunn atey iss dee bajaae uh tuhanun ikk jaali parcel (jiven kii salophane deeaan gendan jaan akhbar witch lapete hoye match) denge atey tuhade paise lae keey bhajj jaange. uhanan cole aksar chaku hunde hunn iss laee lokan toon parhez crow. ukraine witch ajey vee bhrishtachar haii; kujh sevavan tuhadi benati noon poora curran laee tuhanun khulheaam rishwat denh laee kahi sakdiaan hunn, atey iss toon inkaar curran naal uh tuhadi madad curran toon inkaar qarr sakde hunn. aam lock bahut sehansheel hunde hunn atey ih mannana vajab haii kii uh badle witch vee ajihi hii umeed karde hunn. agge jaao. 47.95445563007833.422856120835

krivyee rih krivee rih (yookreniyanh Криviviy риг, ruseeh Криvoi рог ityatah api lipyantaranam krivaay rogg), yukren-deshasya dnipropetrovsk oblast-nagarasya 660,000 jananam audyogikanagaram asti. asya pramukhah udyogah ispaata-utpaadanah asti. avaganotu. aadhikaarik-jaalaputasy anusaaram, idam nagaram uttaratah dakshinaparyantam 126 kii. mee. yaavat vistrutaa asti. steel tathaa anyaanaam utpadanam, khanan-udyogasya cha samskaranasya karanat, krivee rih-nagare sampoorne ukren-deshe vaayu-pradushakanam sarvaadhikam utsargah bhavati. googal-maps ityanena nagare nashtaat nivaarayitum shakyate. janaah samanyataya anglabhasham atyantam durbhashya vadanti, sarve chihnaah saaraneeh cha rashyan-ukreniyan-bhaashaasu santi. anuvaad-aap-visheshaah, shabdabhandaraha cha ateeva upayogee santi. pravishatu. relamaargen. yato hii idam nagaram etaavat deergham asti, tatra aneke relasthaanakaani santi ye bhinnabhaageshu sevanti. adhikaamshaah, parantu sarve naa, doordoor-relayaanaani mukhyarelasthanakam sevishyanti. paritah gacchatu. saarwajanik-parivahanam. krivee rih ityatra suvidhaajanakam saarwajanik-parivahana-vyavasthaa asti. marshrutkas-nagare eka-savaaree-tiket-shulkam 15 graan bhavati. bus-yaanaani, tram-yaanaani, trolley-bus-yaanaani cha nihshulkaani santi. jaalapute (ukreniyan-bhashayam) anusoochayah upalabhyante. bhavaan eesi-ve ityatra, googal-myap ityatra cha saarwajanik-parivahanasya vishaye suchanam drashtum shaknoti. taxie dwara. nagaram paritah gantum taxie-yaanam eva sulabhatamah maargah asti. kechan lokapriyaah taxie-kampaneeh santi - paaden. bhavaan kendriya-krivee-rih-madhye adhikaamshaah sthanani gantum shaknoti, tathaa cha tatasya paarshveshu, padacharibhihi yukteshu madhya-maargeshu cha anekaani aakarshakaah padachari-maargaah santi. kendriyanagaram (carl-marks-veethihi) 95 tamaat khandakshetraat pruthak asti, parantu bus-yaanaani trolley-bus-yaanaani cha tatra gantum sahayyam kartum shaknuvanti. mukhyarel-sthaanakam adhikam doore asti parantu adyaapi bus-dwara praapyate. dwichakrikayaa. key. aar. see. ityatra katipayaah dwichakrikamaargah, maargah cha santi. karadwara. vaahanachaalanam praayah paritah pradesham drashtum uttamah upaayah asti. vyastakaale dwau maargau ekatah adhikaih yaatrikaih saha kaar-yananam krute kaar-pool-lenn-ityasya sanchaalanam kurvanti. key. aar. see. ityasya kendram eka-margiya-nagar-vyavasthaam anusarati, yat teshaam krute nirashajanakam, bhramanam cha bhavitum arhati, ye asya abhyastaah naa santi. parantu dhairyena abhyasena cha, samaanakshetraani anekavaaram paribhramanena, tatt sulabham bhavati. parking. naa parking-gyaarej-sthanani santi, naa veethishu kaar-parking-sthanani nirdishtaani vaa chihnitaani vaa santi. chaalakah yatra saukaryaa bhavati tatra parking kurvanti. nidraam karotu. samparkam karotu. krivee rih ityasya landlain-kshetra-sanketah 56 asti. ukraine-deshaat 056 athavaa ukraine-deshaat bahihi + 380 56 iti dial karotu. adhikaamshanagarebhyah iva krivee-rih ityatra sulabham antarjaala-abhigamyam vartate, tathaa cha nagararupena broadband ityasya sthapanartham upayogaay cha sulabham praapyamaanasy labha asti. krivee rih ityatra sarwebhyah upayogaay antarjaala-kefe-samsthah api prachuryena upalabhyante. kendreeyanagare nihshulka-vai-fai-hotspot-samuhasya niyojanam prachalati. 95 tame khande, keshuchit metro-sthaanakeshu cha etat upalabhyte. krivee-rih-nagare nihshulka-vai-fai-yuktaanaam pub-ityeteshaam, baar-ityeteshaam, kefekaanaam cha adyataneeyam manachitram atra upalabhyte. surakshitam bhavantu. ukraine-deshasya anyaih anekebhyah bruhad-nagaranam sadrusham, krivee-rih-nagarasya cha kshetraani durbhiksham santi. paritah gacchan samanyabuddhehe upayogah karotu. samanyaha "moorkhah maa bhava" iti upadesha eva paryaaptah. nalaat jalam naa pibatu; simakrutajalam shastaa bhavati, sarvatra upalabhyte cha. yadi bhavaan mahilaa asti, visheshatah yadi bhavaan ekaakinee yatram karoti, tarhi 21:00 ityasya anantaram saarwajanik-parivahanasya sthaane taxi-yaanam svikuryat. ete pramukhah madyapaana-samayah santi, metro, marshrutki cha madyapaih purushaihi saham aagacchanti. saptahanteshu etat visheshatayaa satyam asti. sthaniyam anglabhashinam vadatu yat bhavatah krute taxie-yaanam aahvayatu tathaa cha agrimam bhatakasya parimanam prapnuyat; bhavatah ucchaaranam aalapnot chet chaalakah bhaatakam bahu vardhayitum shaknuvanti. shukravaasare shanivaasare cha raatrau nagaramadhyabhage madyapitaah pruthak-vilayah bhavanti, yatah pub-club-ityete api bandhante, visheshatah jalaabhimukhakshetrasy sameepe, kendre, taxie-panktayah, faast-food-giants ityetaani cha. bhaaree-arakshakanam upasthityaa, surakshaa-rakshakaih cha taxie-panktayah nirikshanena etat kinchitkalam nyunikrutam asti. api cha, keshaanchan baahya-upanagaranam yathaa ubilinia, artem (artem-taha vechernee-paryantam, swaatoshin-sahitam), smichkaa, druzbaa ityetayoho durnama asti, parantu nagarasya aagantukah eteshaam bhagan yatram karoti iti sambhavana naasti. relasthaanakasy vishaye saavadhaanah bhavet. yadi bhavaan swasya saamaanam sthaanake eva nikshiptavaan tarhi laakar ityasya upayogasya apekshayaa purushaihi saha eva nikshiptam chet uttamm. lokaih laakar-dwara 'sahaayyam' kurwantah, code-avalokayan, tatah param sanchyaa saha prasthanam kurwantah iti kathaah prasaaryante. mukhyah samasyaa bhikshukah asti yatah bahavah veethishu dhanam, rotty, cigaret athavaa tram-tiket krute katipayaan sents-dhanam yaachayitum bhavatah sameepam aagacchanti (moorkhah maa bhavantu). api cha, bhavaan dhanasya pratidaanaroopen bhavaan maadakadravyaani pradasyatam janaan api drashtum shaknoti. teshaam sameepe maadakadravyaah naa santi, tasya sthaane bhavate ekam nakali-paracel (yathaa celophane-kandukaani athavaa vaartaapatren veshtitaah melikaah) dadati, bhavatah dhanam krutvaa palaayanam karishyati. teshaam sameepe praayah chhurikaah bhavanti, ataha prathame janaan parityajyatam. ukraine-deshe adyaapi bhrashtacharaha asti; kechan sewaah bhavatah anurodhasya prakriyayai taan utkocham daatum bhavantam khulyena prucchanti, tathaa cha tam niraakrutya te bhavatah sahayyam kartum niraakarishyanti. samanyajanaha ateeva sahishnuhu santi, pratidaane te eva apekshante iti manyamaanah eva yuktiyuktah. agrime. 47.95445563007833.422856120835

kiruvi rih kiraivi rih (ukrainiya mozhif Криviy риг, urusiya mozhif Криvоy рог) enbathu ukrain tinipropetrovsk oblastil ulla 660,000 makkal vasikkum oru thozhilthurai nagaramaagum. idhan mukiyath thozhil efku urpaththi aagum. purinthukollungal. athikaarappoorva valaiththalaththinpadi, nagaram vadakkilirunthu therku varai 126 kii. mee. varai neendullathu. efku mattrum pira thayaarippukalin padhappaduththuthal mattrum surangath thozhil kaaranamaaga, kiraivi rih ukrain muzhuvathilum kaattru maasupaduththigalin miga uyarnththa umizhvaik kondullathu. nagaraththil tholainthu poavathaith thavirkka kookil maps udhavum. makkal podhuvaaga aangkilam migavum moasamaagap paesukiraarkal, maelum anaitthu arikurigalum attavanaigalum russia mattrum ukraeniya mozhigalil ullana. mozhipeyarppu payanpaadugal mattrum sorkalanjchiyangkalum migavum payanullathaaka irukkum. ullae poa. rayilil. nagaram migavum neelamaaga iruppathaal, palvaeru pakuthikalukku saevai seiyum pala rayil nilaiyangkal ullana. perumpaalaana, aanaal anaitthu alla, neenda thoora rayilgal mukiya rayil nilaiyaththirku saevai seigindrana. suttrip paarungkal. podhup poakkuvaraththu moolam. kiraivi rih oru vasathiyaana podhup poakkuvaraththu amaippaik kondullathuh marshrudcassil ottrai sawari dickett 15 kiram aagum. paerunththugal, tramkal mattrum trollepaskal ilavasam. attavanaigal inaiyathalaththil (ukraeniya mozhiyil) kidaikkindrana. podhup poakkuvaraththu pattriya thagavalkalai eesivae mattrum kookil maep moolamaagavum neengkal parkalaam. taxi moolam. nagaraththaich suttri varuvatharkaana elithaana vazhi taxi aagum. sila pirabalamaana taxi niruvanangal pinvarumaaru kaall moolam. matthiya kiraivi rihil ulla perumpaalaana idangkalukku neengkal nadanthu sellalaam, maelum kadarkarai pakkangkalilum paathasaarikal nadamaadum matthiya therukkalilum aeraalamaana kavarchchigaramaana nadaipaathaigal ullana. matthiya nagaram (carle marks theru) 95 vadhu thoguthi paguthiyilirunthu pirikkappattullathu, aanaal paerunththugal mattrum trollepaskal adhai anuga udhavum. pirathaana rayil nilaiyam innum tholaivil ullathu, aanaal paerunthu moolam anugalaam. cycle moolam. krc sila paik paathaikal mattrum vazhiththadangkalaik kondullathu. kaaril. suttriyulla pakuthikalaip paarppatharkaana sirantha vazhiyaaga vaaganam oottuvathu irukkalaam. uchcha nerangalil irandu vazhiththadangkal ondrukku maerpatta payanigalaik konda kaarkalukku kaarr puul paathaiyai iyakkukintrana. krc-yinn maiyam oru vazhi nagara amaippaip pinpattrukirathu, idhu pazhagaathavargalukku virakthiyalippathaagavum kuzhappamaagavum irukkalaam. iruppinum, porumai mattrum payirchi mattrum oray pakuthikalai pala murai suttri varuvathaal, adhu elithaakirathu. barking. vaagana niruththumidam illai mattrum therukkalil kuripitta allathu kurikapatta kaarr niruththumidam illai. oottunargal thangalukku vasathiyaana idangkalil vaaganangkalai niruththugindranar. thoongkip poa. inaikkavum. kiraivi rih-inn landline pakuthi kuriyeedu 56 aagum. ukrainukkul irunthu 056 allathu ukrainukku veliyae irunthu + 380 56 aii dial seiyungal. perumpaalaana nagarangalaip poalavae kiraivi rih elithil inaiya anugalaik kondullathu, maelum oru nagaramaaga, broadband niruvuvatharkum payanpaduththuvatharkum elithaaka anugakkoodiya nanmaiyaik kondullathu. kiraivi rih anaivarukkaagavum payanpaduththa aeraalamaana inaiya kafekkalaiyum kondullathu. matthiya nagaraththil ilavasa waifai hotspotkalin network payanpaduththappattu varukirathu. idhu 95 vadhu pilaak mattrum sila metro nilaiyangalil kidaikkirathu. kiraivi rihil ulla papkal, paarkal mattrum kafekkalin pudhuppiththa varaipadam ilavasa waifai udan ingkae kidaikkirathu. paathukaappaaka irungkal. ukrainil ulla pala periya nagarangalaip poalavae, kiraivi rih adhan kadinamaana pakuthikalaik kondullathu. suttrith thiriyum poathu podhu arivaip payanpaduththunggal. valakkamaana "muttaalthanamaaga irukka vaendaam" aaloasanai poathumaanathu. kuzhaayilirundhu thanneer kudippathaith thavirkkavum; paattil thanneer malivaanathu mattrum ellah idangkalilum kidaikkirathu. neengkal oru pennaaga irunthaal, kurippaaga neengkal thaniyaaga payanam seikireerkal endraal, 21:00 kkup piragu podhup poakkuvaratthukku pathilaaka taxiyil sella muyarchikkavum. ivai kudippazhakkaththin mukiya nerangal mattrum metro mattrum marshrattiyil kudipoathaiyil ulla aangal nirambi vazhiyum. idhu vaara iruthi naatkalil kurippaaga unmai. ulloor aangkilam paesum oruvaridam ungkalukkaaka taxie alaiththu, kattanatthai munkoottiyae perumaaru kelungal; ungkal ucharippaik kaettavudan oottunargal kattanatthai perithum uyarthalaam. vellikkilamai mattrum sanikkizhamai iravugalil, kurippaaga neernilaip pakuthi, maiyam, taxi varisaigal mattrum thuritha unavu inaippugalukku arugil, papkal mattrum kilappugal moodappaduvathaal, nagaraththin maiyaththil thanimaippaduthappatta kudipazhakkam aerpatta sandaigal aerpadalaam. taxi varisaigalai kankaanikkum palaththa bolees iruppu mattrum paathukaappuk kaavalargal kaaranamaaga idhu oralavu kuraikkappattullathu. maelum, sila puranagarp paguthigalaana euphilinia, artem (artem muthal vecherni varai, sviadoshin udpada), smica mattrum trushba aagiyavai moasamaana narpeyaraik kondullana, aanaal nagaraththirku varugai tharum oru paarvaiyaalar inththa pakuthikalukku payanam seivatharkaana saaththiyam illai. rayil nilaiyaththil kavanamaaga irungkal. neengkal ungkal saamaangalai nilaiyaththil vittuch selkireerkal endraal, laakkaraip payanpaduththuvathai vida adhai naeril thoazharkalidam vittuviduvathu nallathu. lockeril 'udhavi' seibavargal, kuriyeettaik kavanitthu, pinnar paiyudan veliyae selvathu pattriya kadhaigal parappappadugindrana. mukiya prachchanai pichchaikkaararkal, aenenil palar theruvil ungkalai anugi panam, rotti, sigaret allathu oru traum dickettukku sila sent kaetpaarkal (muttaalthanamaaga irukka vaendaam). maelum, panaththirku eedaaga makkal ungkalukku poathaipporul vazhangkuvathaiyum neengkal kanalaam. antha nabarkalidam poathaipporul illai, adharku pathilaaka ungkalukku oru poali paarsal (selophane pandhugal allathu seithiththaalil moodappatta poattikal poantravai) kodutthu ungkal panaththudan oodividuvaargal. avarkalidam perumpaalum kaththigal irukkum, enavae muthalil makkalaith thavirkkavum. ukrainil innum oozhal ullathu; sila sevaigal ungkal koorikkaiyai seyalaakkuvatharku lanjam vazhangkumaaru velippadaiyaaga ungkalidam ketkalaam, adhai maruppathu avarkal ungkalukku udhava maruppathai aerpaduththalaam. samanian makkal migavum sagippuththanmai kondavargal, avarkal pathilukku athaiyae ethirpaarkkiraarkal endru karudhuvathu niyaayamaanathu. aduththu sellungal. 47.95445563007833.422856120835

krivai rih krivai rih (ukrainian Криviviy риг, russian nundi kooda lipyantareekarana cheyabadina krivoy rogg Криvoi rog), ukreyinloni dnipropetrovsk oblastlo 660,000 mandhi janabha kaligina paarisraamika nagaram. dheeni pradhana parisrama ukku tayari. ardham chesukondi. adhikaarika website prakaram, nagaram uttaram nundi dakshinam varaku 126 kii. mea. la varaku vistarinchi undhi. ukku mariyu itara utpattula prosessing mariyu maining parisrama kaaranamgaa, ukrain mottamlo vaayu kalushya kaarakaala atyadhika udgaaraalanu krivai rih kaligi undhi. nagaramlo tappipokunda undataaniki google maps sahaayapadataayi. prajalu saadhaaranamgaa inglish chaalaa chedugaa matladataru mariyu anni sankethaalu mariyu pattikalu russian mariyu ukrainian bhaashalalo untaayi. anuvartanaalu mariyu padajaalam kooda chaalaa upayogakaramgaa untaayi. lopaliki vellandi. railu dwara. nagaram chaalaa podavainadi kabatti, vividha praantaalaku sevalu andinche aneka railway stationlu unnaayi. chaalaa varaku, conny anni kaadu, suduura raillu pradhana railway stationku sevalu andistaayi. chuttoo tiragandi. praja ravana dwara. krivai rih soukaryavantamaina praja ravana vyavasthanu kaligi undih maarshrutkaalalo oke raid tikketla dhara 15 graamulu. bassulu, tramlu mariyu trolley bassulu uchitam. schedule websitelo andubaatulo unnaayi (ukreyinlo). meeru egvay mariyu google maplalo praja ravana gurinchi samacharanni kooda tanikhi cheyavachu. taxi dwara. nagaram chuttoo tiragadaaniki taxi atyanta sulabhamaina maargam. konni pramukha taxi companylu kaalinadakana. meeru central krivai rih looni chaalaa pradaesaalaku nadavavacchu mariyu maargam vaipula mariyu paadachaarula madhya veedhulalo aakarshanheeyamaina nadaka margalu pushkalamgaa unnaayi. central city (carle marks streat) 95va block praantam nundi vaeru cheyabadindi, conny bassulu mariyu trolley bassulu daanini cherukovadaniki sahaayapadataayi. pradhana railu station marinta dhooramlo undhi, conny ippatikee bassu dwara cherukovacchu. saikil dwara. krclo konni bike margalu mariyu margalu unnaayi. kaaru dwara. chuttupakkala praantaanni chuudataaniki driving bahusha uttama maargam. raddi samayaallo konni margalu okati kante ekkuva mandhi prayaaneekulu unna kaarla kosam kaar pool laennu nirvahistaayi. krc kendram yeka-maargam nagara vyavasthanu anusaristundi, idhi alavaatu laeni vaariki niraasaparichae mariyu gandaragolamgaa untundi. ayithe sahanam mariyu abhyasam mariyu oke praantam chuttoo aneka saarlu tirugutuu undatam valla, idhi sulabham avutundi. parking. parking gyaarejeelu laevu mariyu veedhullo niyaminchabadina ledhaa gurtinchabadina kaaru parking baelu laevu. driverlu tamaku soukaryavantamgaa unna chota parking chestaaru. nidrapotadu. connect cheyandi. krivai rih yokka landline area code 56. ukrain lopala nundi 056 ledhaa ukrain velupala nundi + 380 56 dial cheyandi. chaalaa nagaraala maadirigaane krivai rih loe kooda sulabhamgaa internet andubaatulo untundi, mariyu oka nagaramgaa, broadband vyavasthaapinchadaaniki mariyu upayoginchadaaniki sulabhamgaa andubaatulo unde prayojanam undhi. creavy rih loe andarikee upayoginchadaaniki internet cafelu kooda pushkalamgaa andubaatulo unnaayi. madhya nagaramlo uchita vai-phai hotspotla network amalu cheyabadutondi. idhi 95va block chuttoo mariyu konni metro stationlalo andubaatulo undhi. uchita vai-faito krivai rihloni pabbulu, baarlu mariyu kephla yokka taja mapp ikkada andubaatulo undhi. surakshitamgaa undandi. ukreyinloni aneka itara pedda nagaraala maadirigaane, krivai rih daani kathinamaina praantaalanu kaligi undhi. chuttoo tirugutuu unnappudu saamaanya gnaanaanni upayoginchandi. saadhaarana "muurkhamgaa undakandi" salaha saripotundi. kulaayi nundi neeru traagadam manukondi; seesa neeru choukagaa untundi mariyu pratichota andubaatulo untundi. meeru stree ayithe, mukhyamgaa meeru ontarigaa prayaanistunnatlayite, 21:00 tarvaata praja ravaanaaku badulugaa taxini teesukoovadaaniki prayatninchandi. ivi pradhana madyapaana gantalu mariyu metro mariyu maarshrutkeelo tagubotulato kuudina purushulu raddiigaa undavacchu. idhi mukhyamgaa vaaraantaallo vartistundi. sthaanika aanglam matladevarini mea kosam taxiki coll chesi, chaarjeela mottaanni mundugaane pondamani adagandi; mea yaasa vinna tarvaata driverlu chaarjeelanu baga penchavacchu. pattana madhyalo sukravaaram mariyu sanivaaram raatrulalo pabbulu mariyu clubbulu muusivaeyabadataayi, mukhyamgaa water front praantam, center, taxi kyuulu mariyu faast phud jointla sameepamlo. taxi kyuulanu bhaarii pooliisu uniki mariyu bhadrata gaardulu paryaveekshinchadam valla idhi kontavaraku taggindi. alaage, ubilinia, artem (artem nundi wetcherney varaku, swaatoshintho sahaa), smitchka mariyu druzba vanti konni bayati shivaaru praantaalu chedda paeru kaligi unnaayi, ayithe nagaraniki sandarsakulu eee praantaalaku prayaaninchae avakaasam ledhu. railway stationlo jagrattagaa undandi. meeru mea saamaanu nuu station loe vadilestunte, locker nuu upayoginchadam kante vyaktigatamgaa abbayila vadda vadiliveyadam manchidi. lackertho 'sahayam' chese vyaktulu, kodnu gamaninchi, aaa tarvaata sanchini teesukuni vellipotunnatlu kathalu prasaram cheyabadataayi. pradhana samasya bicchagaallu, endukante chaalaa mandhi dabbu, rotte, sigaretlu ledhaa tram ticket kosam konni sentlu adagadaniki veedhiloo mimmalni sampradistaaru (muurkhamgaa undakandi). alaage, nagadu kosam meeku mandulu andinche vyaktulu kooda meeku kanipinchavacchu. aaa vyaktula vadda drugs laevu, badulugaa meeku nakilee parshil (cellophane bantulu ledhaa vaartaapatrikalo chutti unna matchlu vantivi) istaaru mariyu mea dabbutho paaripotaaru. vaari daggara tarachugaa kattulu untaayi kabatti modatagaa prajalaku dhooramgaa undandi. ukreyinlo ippatikee avineeti undhi; konni sevalu mea abhyardhananu proses cheyadaaniki lancham ivvamani mimmalni bahirangamgaa adagavacchu, mariyu daanini tiraskarinchadam valla vaaru meeku sahayam cheyadaaniki niraakarinchavacchu. saamaanya prajalu chaalaa sahanasheelule mariyu vaaru pratiphalamgaa adhe aasistunnaarani anukovadam sahetukamainadi. tadupari vellandi. 47.95445563007833.422856120835

kareevi reeh kareevi reeh (yukarayan: Криоя vivavo rosee say bhee nql shadah karyuay roog: Криоя рог)yee ukareen kay denipropaterosic oblist mein 660,000 afraad kaa eek sanaati shehar hay. iss kii bunyadi sanaat steel kii tayari hay. samajh lain. sarkaari waib saait kay mutabiq yaha shehar shamaal say janub takk 126 chlometer takk phaila hawaa hay. steel aur deegar masnuaat kii processing aur kaan kanee kii sanaat kii wajah say kareevi reah mein tamaam ukareen mein fazayi aaludgi kaa sabb say ziyadah akhraaj hotaa hay. gogal maps shehar mein gumshidah honay say bachnay mein madad kirr saktay haine. loag aam toor parr angrezi behat bury tarah boltay haine aur tamaam nishaniyan aur tablation rosee aur yukarayan mein haine. tarjumah apps aur alfaz bhee behat mufeed haine. andar daakhil how jayein. train kay zariye. chonkah shehar atnaa lamba hay iss liye mukhtalif hasoon mein khidmaat anjaam deenay waalay kayee railway station haine. ziyadah tarr leakin tamaam nahein taweel fasilay kii trainein markazi railway station parr khidmaat anjaam deeti haine. ard gird jayein. awami nql woo hamal kay zariye. kareevi reah mein eek aasaan publik transport kaa nazaam hay: maarshartakon mein eek sawari kay tikton kii qeemat 15 graam hay. basein traum aur trolly basein mufta haine. sheedol waib saait parr dastiyaab haine (yukarayan mein). aap aizi way aur gogal maps parr publik transport kay baaray mein malumat bhee cheek kirr saktay haine. taxie kay zariye. shehar kay gird ghoomnay kaa sabb say aasaan tariqah taxie hay. kachh mashhur taxie companiyon mein shaamil haine: paidal chull kirr. aap markazi kareevi reah mein ziyadah tarr maqamat parr paidal jaa saktay haine aur kinaray kay itraaf aur paidal chalnay waali markazi galiyon mein paidal chalnay kay kaafi parkashish raastay haine. markazi shehar (carle maarks strait) 95 wein block kay elaqay say alg hay leakin basein aur trolly basein iss takk rasayi mein madad kirr sakti haine. markazi rail station mazeed door hay leakin phir bhee buss kay zariye qaabil rasayi hay. cycle kay zariye. kay aar see mein bike kay chand raastay aur raastay haine. kaar kay zariye. aas paas kay elaqay kuu dekhnay kaa shayed driving behtareen tariqah hay. peek aawars kay doraan kachh raastay eek say ziyadah musafiron waali kaaron kay liye kaar poul leane chalatay haine. kay aar see kaa markaz yakk tarfah shehar kay nazaam kii peervi kartaa hay juu inn logon kay liye mayus kunn aur aljhan kaa baais bunn saktaa hay juu iss kay aadi nahein haine. tahim sabar aur mashq aur eek hyee elaqay kay gird kayee baar chakar laganay say yaha aasaan how jaataa hay. parking. parking giraj nahein haine aur galiyon mein kaar parking kay liye koyee namzad yaa nashaan zad khaleej nahein haine. driver jehaan bhee inhein sahulat milay wahaan paark kartay haine. sue jayein. raabtah karein. kareevi reah kaa lend line airiya code 56 hay. ukareen kay andar say 056 yaa ukareen say baahir say + 380 56 dial karein. kareevi reah mein ziyadah tarr shehron kii tarah internet takk aasaan rasayi hay aur eek shehar kay toor parr braad bend kay instaal aur istemaal donon kay liye aasani say qaabil rasayi honay kaa fayedah hay. kareevi reah mein internet kaifay kii bhee kasrat hay juu sabb kay istemaal kay liye dastiyaab haine. wastee shehar mein mufta waayi fayee hott spaat kaa neet wark tayinaat kiyaa jaa rehaa hay. yaha 95 wein block kay aas paas aur kachh metro stationon parr dastiyaab hay. kareevi reeh mein pabon baaron aur kaifay kaa taazah tareen nqsha mufta waayi fayee kay saath yahaan dastiyaab hay. mahfuz rahein. ukareen kay behat say dosray baday shehron kii tarah kareevi reeh kay bhee apnay khardari elaqay haine. adhar adhar jaatay waqat aqal kaa istemaal karein. mamul kaa "bay waqoof naha bunain" mashurah kaafi hay. nill say paani pinay say greez karein vovo botal kaa paani sastaa hay aur harr jagah dastiyaab hay. agar aap aurat haine aur khaas toor parr agar aap akilay safar kirr rahay haine tuu 21:00 kay baad publik transt kay bajaye taxie leenay kii koshish karein. yaha pinay kay aham auqaat haine aur metro aur marshroti mein nashay mein mardon kaa hujum how saktaa hay. yaha khaas toor parr ikhtatam haftah parr sach hay. kasee maqami angrezi bolnay waalay say kahein kahh wah aap kay liye taxie parr kaal karay aur karayah kii raqam pehley say haasil karay. aap kaa lehjah sunnay kay baad driver karayah mein behat izafah kirr saktay haine. jamaah aur haftah kii raaton mein shehar kay wast mein sharaab noshi kay sabab alg thalag jhagday how saktay haine keunkah pub aur kalb bund how jaatay haine khaas toor parr waater frunt kay alaqay markaz taxie kii qatarein aur faast foud kay jodon kay qareeb. police kii bhaari maujudgi aur hifazati muhafizon kii taxie kii qataron kii nigrani say yaha kachh hadd takk kumm how gayaa hay. iss kay alawah kachh beruni mazafat jeesay ubilinaya artium (artium say lay kirr vichini takk bashmol soyatoshin)yee samika aur darozaba kii shahrat kharaab hay leakin iss baath kaa amkaan nahein hay kahh shehar kaa koyee seyaah inn hasoon kaa safar karay gaa. railway station parr mohtat rahein. agar aap apnaa saamaan station parr chhod rahay haine tuu behatar hay kahh asay locker istemaal karnay kay bajaye zaati toor parr logon kay paas chhod dain. kahaniyan logon kii locker kay saath 'madad' kartay huay code kaa mashahidah kartay hoay aur phir baad mein beeg lay kirr chalay jaanay kii khabrein gardash karti haine. bunyadi masilah bhakariyon kaa hay keunkah behat say loag sadak parr aap say paisay roty segrate yaa traum ticket kay liye chand sent maangnay kay liye raabtah karein gay (bay waqoof naha bunain). iss kay alawah aap kuu wah loag bhee mill saktay haine juu nqd raqam kay badlay mein aap kuu manshiyaat kii paishkash kartay haine. inn logon kay paas koyee manshiyaat nahein haine aur iss kay bajaye wah aap kuu eek jaali parcel (jeesay selfane kii gainden yaa akhbaar mein laptay hoay meech) dain gay aur aap kay paisay lay kirr bhaag jayein gay. inn kay paas aksar chaqo hotay haine lehza logon say greez karein. ukareen mein abb bhee badanwani hay vovo kachh khidmaat aap say apnee darkhwast parr kararwai karnay kay liye khalay aam rashwat leenay kay liye kahah sakti haine aur iss say ankaar karnay say wah aap kii madad karnay say ankaar kirr saktay haine. aam loag behat rawadar hotay haine aur yaha farz karnaa sarf maqool hay kahh wah badlay mein bhee asee kii toqaa rakhtay haine. aagay badho. 47.95445563007833.422856120835

00006bd95bddafd9444369c45a400d2cb469b519adf16c5b92ea734c061c22a1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64999470

Highway 304 (Thailand)

Highway 304 (Thailand) National highway of Thailand Highway 304 is a national highway of Thailand, leading from the Bangkok suburb city of Pak Kret to Nakhon Ratchasima in the country's Northeast. It forms the main link between the eastern and northeastern regions, and is one of the major alternative routes into the Northeast (the main route from Bangkok being Mittraphap Road, Highway 2). The highway is known by several names along its route. Chaeng Watthana Road () begins at Pak Kret in Nonthaburi Province, and leads eastward (and slightly south) to Lak Si Monument in Bangkok's Bang Khen District, where it crosses Phahon Yothin Road and from there becomes known as Ram Inthra Road (, also spelled Ramindra) until it reaches Min Buri in Bangkok's eastern fringes. It then becomes known as Suwinthawong Road () towards the town of Chachoengsao. From there, it continues mostly northeastward through the eastern province of the same name, past the town of Phanom Sarakham, then enters Prachin Buri Province where it crosses Highway 33 at Kabin Buri town. It then leads north, crossing the Sankamphaeng Mountains through a pass between Khao Yai and Thap Lan national parks into Nakhon Ratchasima Province. There, it passes through Wang Nam Khio and Pak Thong Chai districts before joining Mittraphap Road as it enters the city of Nakhon Ratchasima. Part of the highway is designated as Asian Highway 19. The road was constructed in segments. The Chaeng Watthana and Suwinthawong sections were named in 1950, while the section from Chachoengsao to Nakhon Ratchasima (originally designated Highway 23) was built from 1941, and was initially unpaved. The Kabin Buri–Nakhon Ratchasima section was built and paved from 1965 to 1968 with assistance from the United States Army to support the USAF bases in Thailand during the Vietnam War. The road, which cuts through the Dong Phayayen–Khao Yai Forest Complex World Heritage Site, underwent expansion into a four-lane highway from 2015 to 2018, which included the construction of bridges and underpasses to serve as wildlife corridors, the first in Thailand. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

haiwe 304 (thailand) haiwe 304 hoise thailandor ekhon rastriyo ghaipoth, ji dexor uttor-pubot thoka bankok uponogor sohor paak crator poraa nakhun ratchasimaloi yaay. ee pubo aaru uttor-pubo oncholor maajot mool xongzug gothon kore, aaru uttor-puboloi juwa prodhan bikolpo pothoxomuhor bhitorot etaa (benkokor poraa ohaa mukhyo poth hoise metrafap poth, ghaipoth 2). ei ghaipothtuk iyar pothot keibatau naamere jonaa yaay. seng wathana road () nonthaburi prodexor paak crator poraa aarombho hoy, aaru pubo dixot (aaru olop dokhyine) bankokor baang khaan jilaar laak chi smritixoudholoi yaay, zo 'too ee fahun yoy' tinn road paar hoy aaru taar poraa bankokor pubo prantor minn burit uponeet nuhuwaloike raam inthra road (ramendra buliu baanan koraa hoy) naamere jonajat hoi pore. iyar pisot ee sasuyengsau sohoror faale suwinthaung road () naamere jonajat hoi pore. taar poraa, ee besibhag eke naamor pubo prodexor maajere uttor-pubo dixoloi obyahot thaake, fanom xorakham sohor paar hoi, taar pisot prasin buri prodexot prowex kore zo 'too ee kaabin buri sohorot 33 nong ghaipoth paar hoy. iyar pisot ee uttor dixoloi yaay, khau yaai aaru thaap laan rastriyo udyanor maajor etaa pothor maajere xakompheng porbot paar hoi nakhun ratchasima prodexoloi yaay. taat, ee nakhun ratchasima sohorot prowex korar xomoyot mitrafep pothot jugdan korar aagote waang naam khiu aaru paak thong saai jilaar maajere paar hoy. ghaipothtur etaa ongxo asean haiwe 19 hisape monunit koraa hoise. pothtu khondo khondot nirman koraa hoisil. 1950 sonot seyeng wathana aaru suwinthaung ongxor naam diya hoisil, aanhate sasuyengsaur poraa nakhun ratchasima (mulotoh monunit ghaipoth 23) loike ongxotu 1941 sonor poraa nirman koraa hoisil, aaru prothomote iyak kaasa nasil. 1965 sonor poraa 1968 sonoloike aamerika juktorastror xenar xohayot vietname juddhor xomoyot thailandot thoka aamerika juktorastror ghatixomuhok xomorthon koriboloi kaabin buri-nakhun ratchaxima ongxotu nirman aaru prostut koraa hoisil. dong fayen-khau yaai bonn complexor maajere juwa pothtuwe 2015 sonor poraa 2018 sonoloike chaari lenor ghaipotholoi xomproxaron korisil, zo 'too bonyoprani corridor hisape xewa aagborhaboloi dolong aaru underpax nirman ontorbhukto aasil, jitu thailandor prothomtu.

haioye 304 (thyland) haioye 304 thailyander ekti jatiya mahasadak, jaa desher uttor-purbe bankock shahartalir shohor puck crate theke nakhon ratchasima porjonto yaay. etty purbo oo uttor-purbo anchaler modhye prodhan sangjog gathon korey ebong uttor-purbe yawar onnotomo prodhan bikalpa poth (bankock theke prodhan poth holl metrofap road, haioye 2). mahasadakti taar pothe bivinno naame porichito. cheng wathana road () nonthaburi prodesher puck krete theke shuru hoy ebong purbo dike (ebong samanno dakkhine) bankoker baang khaan jelara luck shee smritisoudher dike yaay, jekhane etty fahon eothene road atikram korey ebong sekhan theke raam intra road (, jaa raminder banan koraa hoy) naame porichito hoy jotokkhon naa etty bankoker purbo pranter minn burite pouchai. erpor etty chachoengsao shohorer dike suinthaong road () naame porichito hoy. sekhan theke, etty beshirbhag uttor-purbo dike ekoi naamer purbo prodesher modhyo diye, fanom sarakham shohor atikram korey, tarpor prachin bury prodeshe probesh korey jekhane etty kabin bury shohore mahasadak 33 atikram korey. erpor etty uttore yaay, khao iyai ebong thup laan jatiya uddaner modhyoborti ekti pother modhyo diye sankampheng porboto atikram korey nakhon ratchasima prodeshe probesh korey. sekhane, etty nakhon ratchasima shohore probesh korar somoy mitrofyap roade jog deoar agey wang naam khio ebong puck thong chaai jelara modhyo diye yaay. mahasadaker ekti ongshoke asean haioye 19 hisabe manoneet koraa hoyeche. sadakti bivinno ongshe nirmito hoyechilo. 1950 saale cheng wathana ebong suinthaong bibhager namkaran koraa hoy, jekhane chachoengsao theke nakhon ratchasima (mulat manoneet mahasadak 23) porjonto bibhagti 1941 saale nirmito hoyechilo ebong prathomikbhabe etty paka chhilo naa. 1965 theke 1968 saal porjonto markin juktorashtrer senabahinir sahayatai vietname juddher somoy thylande markin juktorashtrer ghantigulike samarthan korar jonno kabin bury-nakhon ratchasima bibhagti nirmito oo paka koraa hoyechilo. dong fayen-khao iyai bonn complexer modhyo diye yawa eyi sadakti 2015 theke 2018 saal porjonto ekti chaar lener mahasadke prosarito hoyechilo, jaar modhye bonnoprani corridor hisabe kaaj korar jonno setu ebong underpus nirman antarbhukta chhilo, jaa thailyander prothom.

dhorimaarg 304 (thailenda) dhorimaarg 304 aee thailendano raashtriy dhorimaarg chhe, jeey deshnaa uttarpurvmaa bangcokna upnagar shaher paak cratethi nakhon ratchasima taraf doree jaay chhe. teey purveey aneey uttarpurviy pradesho vachche mukhya kadee banaave chhe, aneey uttarpurvmaa mukhya vaikalpik margomathi aek chhe (bangcokthi mukhya maarg mitrafep rooad, dhorimaarg 2 chhe). aaa dhorimaarg tenaa maarg parr anek namothi odakhaay chhe. cheng vathaan rooad () nonthaburi praantmaa paak cratethi sharoo thaay chhe, aneey purv taraf (aneey sahej dakshin) bankoknaa benga khaan jeellama laak see smaarak taraf doree jaay chhe, jyaan teey fahon yotheen roadne paar karey chhe aneey tyaanthi teey bankoknaa purveey keenare miina burii sudhee pahonche tyaan sudhee raam indra rooad (, jeey raminder pann jodani chhe) tareeke odakhaay chhe. teey pachhi chachoengsao shaher tarafnaa suvinthavong rooad () tareeke odakhaay chhe. tyaanthi, teey motaabhaage aaa jaj naamnaa purveey prantmathi uttarpurv taraf aagad vadhe chhe, fanom sarakham shaherthi aagad vadhe chhe, pachhi pracheen burii praantmaa pravesh karey chhe jyaan teey kabin burii nagar khaate dhorimaarg 33 paar karey chhe. teey pachhi uttar taraf doree jaay chhe, khaao yaai aneey thaap laan raashtriy udhyaano vachchena pasmathi pasaar thaine nakhon ratchasima praantmaa suncumfang parvatone paar karey chhe. tyaan, teey nakhon ratchasima shaherma praveshtaa mitrafaap rooad saathe jodaata pahelaa wang naam kheeyo aneey paak thong chaai jillaomathi pasaar thaay chhe. dhorimaargnaa bhagne aeshiyan dhorimaarg 19 tareeke odakhvaamaa aave chhe. aaa maarg vibhagoma bandhvama aavyo hato. cheng vathaan aneey suvinthavong vibhagone 1950maan naam aapvama aavyu hatoo, jyaare chachoengsaothi nakhon ratchasima (mool rupe niyukt dhorimaarg 23) sudhinaa vibhagnu nirmaan 1941thee karvaamaa aavyu hatoo, aneey sharuaatmaa teey paaka naa hataa. viyetnaam yuddh darmiyan thailendamaa usafna mathakone teko aapvaa maate united states aarmeeni sahaythi 1965 thee 1968 sudhee kaabin burii-nakhon ratchasima vibhag banavvama aavyo hato aneey tene mokalo karvaamaa aavyo hato. aaa maarg, jeey dong fayen-khaao yaai vana sankul vishva dharohar sthalmathi pasaar thaay chhe, tenu vistaran 2015 thee 2018 sudhee chaar lennaa dhorimaargmaa karvaamaa aavyu hatoo, jemaa vanyajeev corridor tareeke sevaa aapvaa maate pulo aneey underpassnu nirmaan saamel hatoo, jeey thailendamaa pratham hatoo.

rajmarg 304 (thyland) rajmarg 304 thyland kaa ack rashtriya rajmarg haye, joe desh key poorvottar mein bancock upnagar shahar paak crate seey nakhon ratchasima taka jaataa haye. yeh purvi aur poorvottar kshetron key beach mukhya kadee banaata haye, aur poorvottar mein jaane vaale pramukh vaikalpik maargon mein seey ack haye (bancock seey mukhya maarg mittrafap road, rajmarg 2 haye). rajmarg koo isake maarg parr kaee naamon seey jaanaa jaataa haye. cheng watthana road () nonthabury praant mein paak crate seey shuru hoti haye, aur poorv kii or (aur thodi dakshin) bancock key baing khaan jile mein laak see smaarak kii or jaati haye, jahan seey yeh fahon yothin road koo paar karati haye aur vahaan seey raam inthra road (, jise ramendra bhee likhaa jaataa haye) key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye jaba taka kii yeh bancock key purvi kinare mein minn buri taka naheen pahunch jaati. isake baad yeh chachoengsao shahar kii or suvinthavong road () key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. vahaan seey, yeh jyaadaatar isi naam key purvi praant key madhyam seey uttar-poorv kii or jaari haye, phanom sarkham shahar seey aage nikalata haye, phir prachin buri praant mein pravesh kartaa haye jahan yeh kabin buri shahar mein rajmarg 33 koo paar kartaa haye. isake baad yeh uttar kii or jaataa haye, khaao yaaee aur thaap laan rashtriya udyaanon key beach ack darre key madhyam seey nakhon ratchasima praant mein dubang pahaadon koo paar kartaa haye. vahaan, yeh nakhon ratchasima shahar mein pravesh karate hue mitrafaap sadak mein shamil honey seey pahale wang naam khiyo aur paak thong chaay jilon seey hocker gujarati haye. rajmarg key hisse koo asiai rajmarg 19 key roop mein naamit kiya gayaa haye. sadak kaa nirmaan khandon mein kiya gayaa thaa. cheng watthana aur suvinthavong khandon kaa naam 1950 mein rakhaa gayaa thaa, jabaki chachoengsao seey nakhon ratchasima (mool roop seey naamit rajmarg 23) taka key khand kaa nirmaan 1941 seey kiya gayaa thaa, aur shuru mein ise pakka naheen kiya gayaa thaa. kabin buri-nakhon ratchasima khand kaa nirmaan aur nirmaan 1965 seey 1968 taka sanyukt raajya america kii senaa kii sahaayata seey viyatnam yuddh key dauran thyland mein americi thikaanon kaa samarthan karane key liye kiya gayaa thaa. sadak, joe dong fayen-khoi vann parisar vishva dharohar sthal seey hocker gujarati haye, kaa vistaar 2015 seey 2018 taka chaar laine vaale rajmarg mein kiya gayaa, jisamen vanyajeev galiyaron key roop mein kaam karane key liye pulon aur underpasses kaa nirmaan shamil thaa, joe thyland mein pahala thaa.

heddaari 304 (thyland) heddaari 304 thylandna rashtriya heddaariyaagiddu, bancock upnagar nagaravaada pock kretninda deshada eeshaanyadalliruva nakhon ratchasimage hoguttade. idu purva mattu eeshaanya pradeshagala naduvina mukhya samparkavannu roopisuttade mattu eeshaanyakke pramukha paryaya maargagalalli ondaagide (byankakninda mukhya maargavendare mitrafap raste, heddaari 2). ee heddaariyannu adara maargadalli halavaaru hesarugalinda kareyalaaguttade. chaing vattana raste () nanthaburi praantyada pock kretnalli praarambhavaaguttade mattu purvakke (mattu swalpa dakshinakke) bancockn byang khen jilleya lock sii smarakakke hoguttade, allie adhu fahon yothin rasteyannu daatuttade mattu allinda raam indra raste (ramendra endoo uchcharisalaaguttade) endu kareyalpaduttade, idu bancockn purva anchinalliruva minn buri taluputtade. nantara idu chachoengsavo pattanada kadege suvinthawang raste () endu kareyalpaduttade. allinda, idu bahutekavagi adhe hesarina purva praantyada moolaka eeshaanyakke munduvariyuttade, phanome sarakham pattanavannu daati, nantara prachin buri praantyavannu praveshisuttade, allie adhu kabin buri pattanadalli heddaari 33 annu daatuttade. nantara idu uttarakke hoguttade, khawo yaay mattu thop laune rashtriya udyaanavanagala naduvina kaniveya moolaka nakhon ratchasima praantyakke sankampheng parvatagalannu daatuttade. allie, idu nakhon ratchasima nagaravannu praveshisuvaga mitrafap rasteyannu seruva modalu wang naam khio mattu pock thong chaay jillegala moolaka haaduhoguttade. heddaariya ondu bhagavannu asean heddaari 19 endu hesarisalaagide. rasteyannu vibhaagagalaagi nirmisalaagide. chaing vattana mattu suvinthavong vibhagagalige vibhagagalige hesaridalaayitu, aadare chachoyengsavodinda nakhon ratchaasimaadavaregina vibhagavannu (moolatah hesaridalaada heddaari 23) 23) nirmisalaayitu mattu aarambhadalli adannu pakka madalagilla. vietnam yuddhada samayadalli thylandnallina usaf nelegalannu bembalisalu united states sainyada sahayadinda 1965 rinda 1968 ravarege kabin buri-nakhon ratchasima vibhagavannu nirmisalaayitu mattu sugamagolisalaayitu. dong fayen-kho yaay aranya sankeernada moolaka haaduhoguva ee rasteyu rasteyu 2015rinda naalku pathagala heddaariyaagi vistarisalpattitu, idaralli vanyajeevi karidargalagi kaaryanirvahisalu setuvegalu mattu andarpaasgala nirmaanavu serittu, idu thylandnalli modalaneyadaagide.

haiway 304 (thayland) thaaylandile oru deseeya paathayaan haiway 304, ithu bancock praanthapradesha nagaramaya paaku krettil ninnu raajyathinte vadakkukizhakkan bhaagathulla nakhon rachasimayilekku nayikkunnu. kizhakkan, vadakkukizhakkan pradeshangal thammilulla pradhana connectaaya ithu vadakkukizhakkan mekhalayilekkulla pradhana badal roottukalil onnaanu (baankokkil ninnulla pradhana root mithrafap rooad, haiway 2). haiway athinte pathayil niravadhi perukalil ariyappedunnu. nontaburi pravishyayile paaku krettil ninnu aarambikkunna cheing vathana rooad kizhakode (alpam thekkott) baankokkile baang khen jillayile laaku sii smaarakathilekku nayikkunnu, avide athu faahan yothin rooad kadannu avide ninnu baankokkinte kizhakkan arikukalile miin buriyil athunnathuvare raam indra rooad (raminder ennum ucharikkappedunnu) ennariyappedunnu. chachoyengsavo pattanathilekkulla suvintavong rooad () ennaanu ithu ariyappedunnathu. avide ninnu, ithu athe perilulla kizhakkan pravishyayiloode vadakkukizhakkan dishayilekku thudarunnu, phanom sarakhaam pattanatthe marikadannu, pinneedu kapin buri pattanatthil haiway 33 kadakkunna praachin buri pravishyayilekku praveshikkunnu. ithu pinneedu vadakkott neengukayum, suncampheng parvathanirakal kadannu khaavo yaay, thaapp laan desheeyodyaanangalkkidayil oru churatthiloode nakhon rachasima pravishyayilekku pookukayum cheiyunnu. avide, ithu nakhon rachasima nagaratthilekku praveshikkumbol mithrafap roadle cherunnathinu munbu wang naam khiyo, paaku thong chaay jillakaliloode kadannupokunnu. haiveyude oru bhagam eshyan haiway 19 aayi namakaranam cheythittundu. roadukal vibhagangalaayi nirmmichu. chachongsavo muthal nakhon rachasima vareyulla (yadhaarthathil haiway 23 ennu namakaranam cheyyappetta) bhagam 1941 muthal nirmmichathum thudakkathil cheliyillaathathumaaya chaang vathana, suvintavong vibhaagangalkk 1950 ll peru nalki. vietnaam yudhasamayathu thaaylandile usf thaavalangale pinthunaykkunnathinaayi 1965 muthal 1968 vare yunaittad stetts sainyathinte sahaayathode kabin buri-nakhon rachasima vibhaagam nirmmikkukayum nirmmikkukayum cheythu. dong fayen-khoo yaay vanaa samuchayathiloode kadannupokunna rooad 2015 muthal 2018 vare naalu varii haiveyayi vikasippichu, athil vanyajeevi idanaazhikalaayi pravartthikkunna paalangaludeyum underpaasukaludeyum nirmmaanam ulppedunnu, thaaylandile aadyathethaanu ithu.

mahamarg 304 (thayaland) mahamarg 304 haah thayalandacha rashtriy mahamarg aahe, joou deshachya ishanyekadil paak crate yaa bancock upnagar shaharapasun nakhon ratchasimaparyant jaato. too purv aanee ishanya pradeshanmadhil mukhya duva aahe aanee ishanyekade jaanara pramukh paryayi marganpaiki eka aahe (bankockpasooncha mukhya marg haah metrafap road, mahamarg 2 aahe). yaa mahamargala tyachya margavar anek navanni olakhale jaate. cheng vattan rasta () nonthabury prantatil paak crate yethoon suru hoto aanee purvekade (aanee kinchit dakshinekade) bancockchya baang khaan jilhyatil laak see smarkakade jaato, jithe too fahon yothin rasta olandato aanee tethoon too bancockchya purvekadil simevaril miin buriparyant pohocheparyant raam indra rasta (, ramendra asehi lihile jaate) mhanoon olakhala jaato. tyanantar chachoengsao shaharachya dishene jaanara too suvinthavong road () mhanoon olakhala jaato. tethoon, tee bahutek tyach navachya purvekadil prantatoon ishanyekade pudhe jaate, phanom sarkham shahar olandun, nantar prachin burii prantat pravesh karate jithe tee kabin burii shahar yethe mahamarg 33 olandate. tyanantar tee uttarekade jaate, khao yaee aanee thaap laan rashtriy udyananmadhil khinditoon nakhon ratchasima prantat jaaun, sankampheng parvat paar karate. tethe, tee nakhon ratchasima shaharat pravesh kartana mitrafap rastyala jodanyapurvi wang naam khio aanee paak thong chay jilhyanmadhun jaate. mahamargacha kahee bhag ashiyai mahamarg 19 mhanoon niyukt keela aahe. haah rasta vibhaganmadhye bandhanyat aala hota. cheng vathan aanee suvinthavong vibhaganna 1950 madhye nave denyat aalee, tarr chachoengsao teey nakhon ratchasima (moolatah niyukt mahamarg 23) yaa vibhagala 1941 pasoon bandhanyat aale hote aanee suruvatila too korada navhata. vietnam yuddhadarmyan thayalandmadhil usaf talanna pathimba denyasathi united states aarmichya madatine 1965 teey 1968 darmyan kabin burii-nakhon ratchasima vibhag bandhanyat aala aanee pakka karnyat aala. dong fayeen-khao yaee vann sankulatoon jaananya yaa rastyacha 2015 teey 2018 yaa kalat chaar padari mahamarg mhanoon vistar karnyat aala, jyat vanyajeev margika mhanoon kaam karnyasathi pool aanee underpass bandhane samavisht hote, jeey thayalandmadhil pahile hote.

rajmarg 304 (thyland) rajmarg 304 thylandko rashtriya rajmarg how, june deshko uttarpurvama raheko bankak upanagar sahar paak cratebata nakhon ratchasimasamma janchha. yasale purvi rar uttarpurvi kshetraharu bichko mukhya link banaunchha, rar uttarpurvama jaane pramukh vaikalpik margharu madhye ek how (bankakbata mukhya marga mitrafyap road, rajmarg 2 how). rajmargalai yasako margama dherai namharule chininchha. cheng wattan road () nonthaburi prantako paak cratebata suru hunchha, rar purvatira (rar alik dakshin) bankokko byang khaan jillako laak see smarakma janchha, jahaan yasale fahon yothin road parr gardacha rar tyahanbata ramm inthra road (, ramendra pani hizze) bhanera chininchha jabasamma yo bankokko purvi kinarma minn burima pugdaina. tyasapachhi yo chachoengsao sahartarfa suwinthawong road () bhanera chininchha. tyahanbata, yo fanom sarkham sahar parr garera uhi namko purvi pranta hundai prayaha uttarpurwatarfa jaari rahanchha, tyasapachhi prachin buri prantama prawesh gardacha jahaan yasale kabin buri saharma rajmarg 33 parr gardacha. tyasapachhi yo khao yai rar thap laan rashtriya nikunjharu bichko pass hundai sankampheng pahadharu parr garera uttartarfa janchha. tyahan, yo nakhon ratchasimako saharma prawesh garda mitrafyap roadma samel hunu aghi wang naam khiyo rar paak thong chaya jillaharu hundai janchha. rajmargko ek bhaglai asealy rajmarg 19 ko rupma tokieko chha. sadak khanda-khanda gari nirman garieko thiyo. cheng wathan rar suwinthawong khandaharuko naam sann 1950 maa rakhieko thiyo, jabki chachoengsaodekhi nakhon ratchasimasammako khanda (muel rupma namit rajmarg 23) sann 1941 dekhi nirman garieko thiyo, rar suruma pakka thiena. kabin buri-nakhon ratchasima khanda bhiyatnam yuddhako samayama thylandma americi adharharulai samarthan garna sanyukta rajya senako sahayogma 1965 dekhi 1968 samma nirman rar pakka garieko thiyo. dong fayen-khao yai wann parisar vishwa sampada sthalbata bagne sadaklai sann 2015 dekhi 2018 samma chaar lenko rajmargma wistar garieko thiyo, jasma thylandma pahilo vanyajantu corridorko rupma sewa garna pull rar underpasko nirman samawesh thiyo.

rajpath 304 (thyland) haiwe 304 heuchhi thylander eka jatiah rajpath, jaahaa byankak upakanth sahara paak kretaru deshar uttara-purbare nakhon ratachasima parjyanta jaithae . ehaa purba ebong uttara-purba anchala madhyare mukhya sanjoga srusti kare, ebong uttara-purbaku eka pramukh bikalpa marga (byankakru mukhya marga heuchhi metrophap road, rajpath 2) . ehi rajapathati ehara rastare aneka naamare janashuna . chenga wathana road () nonthaburi pradeshar paak kretaru arambha hoi purba digaku (ebong tike dakhina) byankakara byanga khen jillara laaka sii smarakeeku jaithae, jeunthare ehaa fahon yothina road atikrama kare ebong setharu byankakra purba seemaare mean bureere pahanchiba parjyanta raama intra road (raminder madhya lekhajae) bhabare janashuna . ehaa parey chachoengsao sahara aadaku suwinathaonga road () bhabare janashuna . setharu, ehaa adhikangshatah purba pradesh dei uttara-purba digaku samaana naamare, phanome sarakham saharaku atikrama curry, parey prachin buri pradeshare prabesha kare jeunthare ehaa kabin buri saharare rajpath 33 atikrama kare . ehaa parey uttara digaku jaai, khao jaai ebong thap laana jatiah udyan madhyare thiba eka path dei sankamaphenga parbataku atikrama curry nakhon ratachasima pradeshaku jaithae. sethare, ehaa nakhon ratachasima saharare prabesha kariba samajare mitrafap rastare jogadeba purbaru wanga naama khio ebong paak thonga chaai zillah dei atikrama kare . rajpathar eka anshaku asiah rajpath 19 bhabare namit karajaichi . ehi sadakaku bibhinna bhagare bibhakta curry nirmana karajaithila. chaenga wathana ebong suwinathaonga bibhagagudikara naama 1950 masihare rakhajaithila, jetebele chachoengsao thaaru nakhon rachasima (moolatah namit rajpath 23) parjyanta bibhaga 1941 masihare nirmita hoithila, ebong prathame ehaa pakka nathila. bhietnam juddha samajare thailandare thiba jayu. ess. aii. aif. besgudiku samarthan kariba paain america senara sahajatare 1965 ru 1968 parjyanta kabin buri-nakhon ratachasima bibhaga nirmana ebong pakka karajaithila. donga fayen-kho jaai jangala parisaraku atikrama karuthiba ehi sadakaku 2015 ru 2018 parjyanta chaari leena bisista rajapathare samprasarana karajaithila, jeunthire banyaprani corrider bhabare karjya kariba paain setu ebong underpass nirmana antarbhukta thila, jaahaa thailandare pratham .

hyway 304 (thyland) hyway 304 thyland daa ikk rashtari rajmarg haii, joe desh dey uttar-purab witch bancock upnagar shehar paak crate toon nakhon ratchasima takk jaanda haii. ih purbi atey uttar-purbi khetran dey vichkaar mukkh samparak banaunda haii, atey uttar-purab witch pramukh vikalpik maargan vicchon ikk haii (bancock toon mukkh maarag mitterfap road, highway 2 haii). iss rajmarg noon iss dey raste dey naal kaee naavan naal janhiaa jaanda haii. cheng vathana road () nanthaburi soobe witch paak crate toon shuru hundi haii, atey purab vall (atey thodhi jihi dakkhan) bancock dey baing khaan zilhe witch laak see smark vall jaandi haii, jitthe ih fahon yothin road noon paar kardi haii atey utthon raam intra road (, jiss noon ramindera vee kiha jaanda haii) vajon jaanhi jaandi haii jadon takk ih bancock dey purbi kinariaan witch minn buri takk naheen pahunchadi. iss toon baad ih chachoengsao shehar vall suvinthavong road () vajon jaanhi jaandi haii. utthon, ih ziaadaatar isey naam dey purbi soobe raahin uttar-purab vall jaari rahinda haii, phanom sarkham shehar toon langhda haii, firr pracheen buurii soobe witch dakhal hunda haii jitthe ih kabin buurii shehar witch rajmarg 33 noon paar karda haii. firr ih uttar vall jaanda haii, suncomfang pahadan noon khao yaaee atey thaap laan rashtari parkan dey vichkaar ikk darre raahin nakhon ratchasima prant witch paar karda haii. utthe, ih nakhon ratchasima shehar witch dakhal hunde hoye mitrafaip road witch shamal honn toon pahilan wang naam kheeo atey paak thong chaai zilhiaan vicchon langhda haii. rajmarg dey hisse noon aci rajmarg 19 vajon namzad keeta giaa haii. sadak noon hissiaan witch banaiaa giaa see. chaing vathana atey suvinthavong bhagan daa naam 1950 witch rakkhiaa giaa see, jadon kii chachoengsao toon nakhon ratchasima (asal witch namzad rajmarg 23) takk daa bhaag 1941 toon banaiaa giaa see, atey shuru witch ih beey-pakka see. kabin buurii-nakhon ratchasima section 1965 toon 1968 takk sanyukat raaj dee fauj dee sahaita naal viatnam yuddh dauran thyland witch usaf dey addiaan daa samarthan curran laee banaiaa giaa see. ih sadak, joe dong fayen-khao yaaee jangal complexes vishav virasat sathaan toon langhdi haii, daa vistaar 2015 toon 2018 takk chaar-laine vaale rajmarg witch keeta giaa, jiss witch jangli jeevan galiaariaan vajon kamm curran laee pulan atey underpasses daa nirman shamal see, thyland witch pahila.

rajamargaha 304 (thaay lyand) rajamargaha 304 iti thayland-deshasya rashtriya-rajamargaha asti, yah baankaak-upanagarat paak-crate-nagaraat deshasya eeshanyadishi nakhon-ratchasimaa-nagaram prati gacchati. poorva-eeshaany-pradeshayoho madhye mukhyam samparkam kalpayati, tathaa cha eeshaany-pradeshasya pramukheshu vaikalpika-maargeshu anyatam asti (byaankaak-nagaraat mukhyamargah mitrafaap-maargah, rajamargaha 2). ayam rajamargaha margasya anekanamna prasidhah asti. cheng-vattana-maargah () nonthaaburee-prantasya paak-crate-taha aarabhy, poorvadishi (dakshinadishi cha) byaankaak-nagarasya byaang-khen-mandale laak-see-smaarakam prati gacchati, yatra saha faahon-yothin-maargam atikramati, tatah raama-indra-maargah (raminder-iti api uccharitam) iti namna prasidhah bhavati, yaavat saa byaankaak-nagarasya poorva-praante minn-buree-nagaram naa prapta. tatah chaachoengsaav-nagaram prati suvinthaavong-maargah () iti namna prasidhah bhavati. tatah param, praayah poorvadishi eva naamnah poorvapraantasya madhyamena, faanom sarakham-nagaram atikramya, tatah praachin-buree-praantam pravishati, yatra saha kabin-buree-nagare rajamargaha 33 atikramati. tatah saa uttardishi gacchati, khaao yaayee tathaa thaplan rashtriya-udyaanayoh madhyasy margasya madhyamena sankampheng-parvatam paarya nakhon-ratchasimaa-praantam prati gacchati. tatra, nakhon-ratchasimaa-nagare pravishataam mitrafaap-maarge sammilanat poorvam, vaang-naam-khiyo tathaa paak-thong-chaya-mandalaani cha prasarati. rajamargasya bhaagah asean-rajamargaha 19 iti nirdishtah asti. margasya nirmanam khandeshu krutam. cheng-vattana-suvinthaavong-vibhaagaanaam naamaani 1950 tame varshe dattaani, chachoengsaav-taha nakhon-ratchasimaa-paryantam (moolatah nirdishtah rajamargaha 23) khandah 1941 tame varshe nirmitah, praarambhe cha aprachalitah aasit. vietnaam-yuddhakaale thaayland-deshe yoo ess ef-ityasya adharasthananam samarthanaay samyuktarajyamerika-senayaha saahaayyen 1965 taha 1968 paryantam kabin-buree-nakhan-ratchasimaa-khandah nirmitah, pakkaa cha abhavat. dong-fayen-kho-yaay-vana-sankeernam vishva-virasata-sthalam atikramya margasya vistaarah 2015 taha 2018 paryantam chatuhu-maarga-rajamargarupena abhavat, yasmin vanyajeeva-maargaroopen karyam kartum setuhu, adhirohanamargah cha nirmitau, yat thaylyand-deshe prathamam aasit.

nedunjaalai 304 (thaailaanthu) nedunjaalai 304 enbathu thaailaanthin thaesiya nedunjaalaiyaagum, idhu baangaak puranagar nagaramaana paak cret muthal naattin vadakizhakkil ulla nagon ratchima varai selkirathu. idhu kilakku mattrum vadakizhakku piraanthiyangkalukku idaiyilaana mukiya inaippai uruvaakkukirathu, maelum vadakizhakkil ulla mukiya maattru vazhiththadangkalil ontraakum (baangaakkilirunthu varum mukiya paathai mitrabab saalai, nedunjaalai 2). inththa nedunjaalai adhan paathaiyil pala peyarkalaal azhaikkappadukirathu. saang vathana saalai () nondapuri maagaanaththil ulla paak crettle thodangi, kilakku noakki (mattrum sattru therkae) paangkaakkin baung kenn maavattaththil ulla lock chii ninaivuchchinnatthirku selkirathu, angku adhu bahon yoathin saalaiyaik kadanthu, angkirunthu raam indra saalai (ramindra endrum uchcharikkappadukirathu) endru azhaikkappadukirathu, idhu paangkaakkin kilakku vilimbugalil ulla minn puriyai adaiyum varai selkirathu. pinnar idhu sachoyengsavo nagarai noakki suindavong saalai () endru azhaikkappadukirathu. angkirunthu, idhu perumpaalum athae peyaril kilakku maagaanam vazhiyaaga vadakizhakku noakki thodarkirathu, fanome saragam nagaraththaik kadanthu, pinnar prachchin puuri maagaanaththirkul nuzhaigirathu, angku adhu kabin puuri nagaril nedunjaalai 33 aik kadakkirathu. pinnar adhu vadakkae selkirathu, sangambeng malaikalaik kadanthu cavo yaai mattrum thaap lawn thaesiya poongkaakkalukku idaiyilaana oru kanavaai vazhiyaaga nagon ratchima maagaanaththirkul selkirathu. angku, idhu nacon ratchima nagaraththirkul nuzhiyum poathu mitrabab saalaiyil seruvatharku munbu wang naam keoo mattrum paak thong saai maavattangkal vazhiyaaga selkirathu. nedunjaalaiyin oru pakuthi aasiya nedunjaalai 19 yena kurippidappattullathu. inththa saalai pirivugalaaka kattappattathu. saachoayengsaavoavilirundhu nagon ratchima (muthalil nedunjaalai 23 yena peyaridappattathu) varayilaana pakuthi 1941 muthal kattappattathu, aarambaththil adhu sethukkappadaamal irunththathu, athae neraththil sachoyengsavo mattrum suindavong pirivugal 1950 ill peyaridappattana. 1965 muthal 1968 varai vietnaam poarin poathu thaailaanthil ulla amerikkath thazhangalai aatharippatharkaaka america iraanuvaththin uthaviyudan kabin puuri-nagon ratchima pirivu kattapattu nadaipaathai amaikkappattathu. tong payan-coow yaai vana valaagaththin vazhiyaagach sellum inththa saalai, 2015 muthal 2018 varai naanku vazhi nedunjaalaiyaaga virivupaduththappattathu, idhil paalangkal mattrum vanavilangku thaazhvaaranggalaaga seyalpada surangappaathaigal kattappattana, idhu thaailaanthil muthal muraiyaagum.

haive 304 (thailand) haive 304 anedi thailand yokka jaateeya rahadari, idhi bancock shivaaru nagaram paak cret nundi desamloni eshaanyamlo nakhon ratchasima varaku velutundi. idhi thoorpu mariyu eshaanya praantaala madhya pradhana anusandhanam, mariyu eesaanyamloki pradhana pratyaamnaaya margalalo okati (bancock nundi pradhana maargam mitrafap road, haive 2). eee rahadaarini daani maargam venta aneka paerlatoe pilustaaru. chaing vattana rahadari () nontaburi provinceloni paak cret vadda praarambhamai, thoorpuvaipu (mariyu koddigaa dakshinaana) bancock yokka byaang khen jillaalooni lock sii smaaraka chihnaniki velutundi, akkada idhi fahan yotin rahadaarini daati akkada nundi raam indra rahadari (ramendra anie kooda pilustaaru) gaa piluvabadutundi, idhi bancock yokka thoorpu anchulalo minn buri cherukune varaku. idhi chachoengsavo pattanam vaipu suvinthawang road () gaa piluvabadutundi. akkada nundi, idhi phanome sarakham pattanaanni daati adhe paerutoe unna thoorpu provins gundaa eshaanya disagaa konasaagutundi, taruvaata prachin buri praavinsloki pravesistundi, akkada adhi kabin buri pattanamlo haive 33nii daatutundi. idhi taruvaata uttara disagaa velutundi, khawo yaay mariyu taap laan jaateeya udyaanavanaala madhya oka kanuma gundaa nakhon ratchasima praavinsloki sankampheng parvataalanu daatutundi. akkada, idhi nakhon ratchasima nagaramloki pravesinchinappudu mitrafap rahadaarilo kalise mundu wang naam khio mariyu paak thang chaay jillaala gundaa velutundi. rahadaarilo kontha bhaganni asea rahadari 19 gaa paerkonnaaru. rahadaarini vibhagaluga nirminchaaru. chaing vattana mariyu suvinthawang vibhaagaalaku 1950loe paerlu pettabaddayi, ayithe chachoengsavo nundi nakhon ratchasima (modata haive 23gaa niyaminchabadinadi) varaku unna vibhaganni 1941 nundi nirminchaaru, mariyu praarambhamlo chadunu cheyabadaledu. vietnam yuddha samayamlo thaaylaandlooni usaf sthaavaraalaku maddatugaa united states sainyam sahayamtho 1965 nundi 1968 varaku kabin buri-nakhon ratchasima vibhaganni nirminchi, chadunu chesaaru. dang fayen-kho yaay atavee samudaayam prapancha vaarasatva pradaesam gundaa vellae eee rahadari 2015 nundi 2018 varaku naalugu-laenla rahadaarulugaa vistarinchabadindi, indulo vanyapraanula caridarluga panicheyadaaniki vantenalu mariyu underpassla nirmaanam undhi, idhi thaylandlo modatidi.

hayee way 304 (thayee lend) hayee way 304 thayee lend kii eek qomi shahrah hay juu milk kay shamaal mashriq mein bankic kay mazafati shehar paak creat say nakhun ratchasima takk jaati hay. yaha mashriqi aur shamaal mashriqi khaton kay darmiyan aham raabtah banata hay aur shamaal mashriq mein jaanay waalay aham muthbadil raaston mein say eek hay (bankic say jaanay waala markazi raastah mitrafip road hayee way 2 hay). iss shahrah kuu iss kay raastay mein kayee naamon say jaana jaataa hay. cheeng wathana road () naan thaburi soobay mein paak creat say sharoo hoti hay aur mashriq kii taraf (aur qadray janub kii taraf) bankic kay bung khann zalaa mein lick see yaadgaar kii taraf jaati hay jehaan yaha fahu yoteen road kuu abur karti hay aur wahaan say raam anthra road (ramandar bhee hajay mein hay) kay naam say jaanee jaati hay yahaan takk kahh yaha bankic kay mashriqi kinaray mein minn bory takk pahunch jaati hay. iss kay baad yaha chachwengsao shehar kii taraf sowanthawong road () kay naam say jaana jaataa hay. wahaan say yaha ziyadah tarr asee naam kay mashriqi soobay say shamaal mashriq kii taraf jaari hay phenome sarkham qasbey say guzarta hawaa phir prachan bory soobay mein daakhil hotaa hay jehaan yaha kabeen bory qasbey mein hayee way 33 kuu abur kartaa hay. iss kay baad yaha shamaal kii taraf jaataa hay sankamfeng pahaadon kuu khaao yaayi aur thaap laan national parks kay darmiyan eek daray say guzar kirr subah nakhun ratchasima mein daakhil hotaa hay. wahaan yaha mutrafip road mein shaamil honay say pehley waang naam khayo aur paak thong chaye azlaa say guzarta hay keunkah yaha nakhun ratchasima shehar mein daakhil hotaa hay. shahrah kay eek hasay kuu aishiyayi shahrah 19 kay toor parr namzad kiyaa gayaa hay. sadak hasoon mein tameer kii gayee thee. cheeng wathana aur sowanthawong hasoon kay naam 1950 mein rakhay gayey thay jabkah chachwengsao say nakhun rachasima (asl mein namzad hayee way 23) takk kaa hasah 1941 say banaya gayaa thaa aur ibtadayi toor parr ghair pakee thee. kabeen bory nakhun ratchasima section 1965 say 1968 takk weet naam jung kay doraan thayee lend mein americi adoon kii madad kay liye americi foj kii madad say banaya aur pakee kiyaa gayaa thaa. yaha sadak juu dong fayeen-khoo yaayi jangal kay complex say guzarti hay aalimi saqafati warsay kay maqaam say guzarti hay 2015 say 2018 takk chaar leane waali shahrah mein tausia hoyee jiss mein jangli hayaat kay raastay kay toor parr kaam karnay kay liye palon aur inder paas kii tameer shaamil thee juu thayee lend mein pehli thee.

00007050a799cad23be2a332e92a5767821fc9c7ed1ae52f0275b86812dd89f7

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39214222

Methodist Church in Sri Lanka

Methodist Church in Sri Lanka The Methodist Church of Sri Lanka ( ) (Tamil language: இலங்கை மெதடிஸ்த திருச்சபை "Illangai Methadistha Thiruchabai") is a Protestant Christian denomination in Sri Lanka. Its headquarters is in Colombo and was established on 29 June 1814. It is a member of the World Council of Churches, the Christian Conference of Asia, the National Christian Council of Sri Lanka and the World Methodist Council. History. Thomas Coke, the right-hand man of the Reverend John Wesley, was chiefly responsible for the overseas mission to Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) that set sail from Portsmouth harbor on 30 December 1813. During the voyage, Coke became ill, died, and was buried at sea on 3 May 1814. James Lynch, Thomas Hall Squance, William Ault, George Erskine and Benjamin Clough arrived in Galle on 29 June 1814. Squance, Clough, and Lynch made it to the Galle Harbour, and the boat carrying Ault and Erskine with their personal effects drifted towards Weligama and they landed there early next day. The missionaries travelled to different parts of Ceylon, with Squance and Lynch to Jaffna, Ault to Batticaloa, Erskine to Matara, and Clough remaining in Galle. Harvard who remained in Bombay due to family circumstances came to Galle in early 1815 and was posted to Colombo and Clough too joined him leaving Galle to be looked after by Erskine. In mid-1815, they purchased a portion of land on Dam Street and built a chapel that still stands there today as Methodist Church, Pettah, the oldest Methodist Church in Asia. They later started a children's Sunday school and a printing press in Colombo. Rev. Harvard, a printer by profession, supervised the work and started printing books for children. Meanwhile, a chapel called ‘The Wesleyan Mission House’ was completed and opened for worship in December 1816. In spite of attitudes against the education of woman at the time, in 1834, the missionaries established the Vembadi Girls' High School. Along with Pandit Arumuga Navalar, Peter Percival translated the Bible into Tamil. He also wrote the "Anglo-Tamil Dictionary" (1838), which together with his "A Collection of Proverbs in Tamil with their translation in English" was published by the Jaffna Book Society. These were two of the earliest Tamil books printed, alongside those by the American Ceylon Mission. His "Land of the Veda: India briefly described in some of its aspects, Physical, Social, Intellectual & Moral" was published in 1854. The missionaries worked with children throughout the country, as well as established homes for orphans and vocational training, such as those at Galle, Badulla, Diyatalawa, and Thummodera. This work continued, and, in the twentieth century, homes were established in Trincomalee, Chenkalady, Puthuyugam, and Nilavely. Catering to the emerging need to support the children of working parents, the Methodist Church founded day care centers and nurseries in Welimada, Moratumulla, Angulana, Panadura, and Maradana. Young girls travelling into cities for higher education and employment lacked safe accommodation, and so, with the support of local churches, women's hostels were set up in Colombo, Maradana, Moor Road, Badulla, and Katunayake. Elders' homes, for the support of the aged, were established in Badulla, Wellawatte, Moratumulla, and Putter, and cared for by the Methodist Women’s Fellowship. Many of the missionaries were involved with printing, with Harvard, Squance, Callaway, Spence, Hardy, and Gogerly all being printers by trade. Benjamin Clough published an English to Sinhala dictionary in 1821 and a Sinhala to English one in 1830. He also published the first Pali grammar and vocabulary book in English, and translated and printed sermons in Sinhala. The Wesleyan Press continued to print and publish scholarly books produced by missionaries such the Reverend D. J. Gorgerly and Percival. The press also printed the Sinhala Bibles for the Ceylon Bible Society Auxiliary for many years. The Methodist Church, known for some noted educators, set up many schools in Sri Lanka, including: However, in 1961, as many as 178 Methodist-run schools were converted by the government from "government assisted" schools to "government" schools. Only two schools, Wesley College, Colombo and Methodist College, Colombo, remained under the management of the church. Church leaders began medical work in Welimada in 1887. Their efforts developed into Wiseman's Hospital, a small women's hospital, in 1895. A small children’s hospital was also set up at Happy Valley in Uva. These facilities were built at a vital time of need, as there were not any government hospitals. Medical work was done in Batticaloa, Kalmunai, and Trincomalee. A missionary, Gertrude Nettleship, founded a hospital in Puthur in 1898, which was later renamed St. Luke’s Methodist Hospital, Puthur. This is the only of the Methodists' early hospitals still in use. Centers for vocational training were established, including the Jeevodhayam Farm, Polwatte Pottery Project, B.I.H. Electronics, and the City Mission Community Projects. In 2006, due to the ongoing war and prolonged state of emergency, the Church established a Justice and Peace Desk to keep track of the human rights situation and promote peace. The Church's Children’s Desk has attempted to promote the welfare of children in Sri Lanka. In June 1963, the British Conference passed a Resolution granting autonomy to the Methodist Church in Ceylon. The Deed of Foundation of the Ceylon Conference was signed in the Kollupitiya Methodist Church on 18 June 1964. Upon its signing, the President of the British Conference said “I declare the Methodist Church of Ceylon to be now inaugurated for the purpose of witnessing to the good news of Jesus Christ and spreading of Scriptural Holiness throughout the land and to the ends of the earth.” He then inducted Rev. Fred S. De Silva as the first President of the Methodist Church of Ceylon. The Governor-general of Ceylon was present at the Service. The Methodist Church of Sri Lanka celebrated its bicentenary on 29 June 2014 with a National Thanksgiving Service at the Cathedral of Christ the Living Saviour. More than 10,000 Methodist members from all over Sri Lanka attended.

srilongkar poddhotibadi girja srilongkar poddhotibadi girja (taamil bhaxah илингие метист тируссет "ilangai methadistha theruchabai") hoise srilongkar ek protibadkari khristan dhormo. iyar mukhyo karzaloy kolombut aase aaru ee 29 june 1814-too protistha koraa hoisil. ee biswo girja porixod, asier khristan xonmilon, srilongkar rastriyo khristan porixod aaru biswo poddhotibadi porixodor xodosyo. itihax. 1813 sonor 30 disemborot poo 'rtmouth harboror poraa jatra koraa chelon (bortoman srilongka) loi juwa bidexi obhijanor baabe reverand john wesolir xu haat thoka tho' maach kuk mukhyobhabe daybodho aasil. jatrar xomoyot kuk oxustho hoi porisil, mrityu hoisil, aaru 3 mey 'too xagorot xomadhistho hoisil. james linch, tho' maach holl squens, uilium eult, jorjo arskine aaru benjamin cloff 29 june 1814-too galet uposthito hoisil. squens, cloff aaru linche gell bondoroloi goisil, aaru teulukor byoktigoto probhawor xoite ekhon ult aaru arskine loi juwa nautu weligamar faale naami aahisil aaru teuluke pisdinare xunkale taat owotoron korisil. misonerixokole selonor bibhinno ongxoloi jatra korisil, squens aaru linchor poraa jaffna, oltor poraa betikaluwa, eroskainor poraa maatora, aaru cloff gelot baaki aasil. poriyalor poristhitir baabe bombait thoka harbhard 1815 sonor aarombhonite geloloi aahisil aaru kolombut nijukti diya hoisil aaru klo 'u teur xoite galeck eri erskiner dwara suwasita koriboloi jugdan korisil. 1815 sonor majbhagot teuluke bandhor pothot thoka maatir etaa ongxo kroy korisil aaru etaa sepol nirman korisil jitu aajiu asier ataitkoi puroni poddhotibadi girja petah hisape thiyo hoi aase. pisoloi teuluke kolombut xixur etaa deubare bidyaloy aaru etaa printing press aarombho korisil. ribh. brittigotobhabe ejon printer harbharde ei kaamor totwawodhan korisil aaru xixuxokolor baabe kitap sopa aarombho korisil. ifale, 'dyo weslian mission house' naamor etaa sepol xompurno hoisil aaru 1816 sonor disemborot pujar baabe mukoli koraa hoisil. xei xomoyot mohilar xikhyar biruddhe monubhab thokar swotweu, 1834 sonot misonarixokole bhembadi suwalir uscho bidyaloy sthapon korisil. pondito arumuga nabhalaror xoite, pitter persivale baibelkhon tamiloloi onubad korisil. teu "inglu-taamil obhidhan" (1838) ru rosona korisil, jitu teur "ingrajit onubad korar xoite taamil bhaxat probadxomuhor etaa xongroho" ror xoite jaffna book cho "saitir dwara prokaxito hoisil. ei dukhon aamerikan chelon misonor dwara sopa ataitkoi prasin taamil kitap aasil. teur "bedor bhumih bharot" 1854 sonot iyar kisuman dix, xaririk, xamajik, boudhik aaru noitikotat xongkhyepe bornona koraa hoisil. misonarixokole xomogro dexote xixur xoite kaam korar logote onathxokolor baabe ghor aaru brittigot proxikhyon sthapon korisil, jene gaale, bodulla, diyatalawa aaru thum 'derat. ei kaam obyahot aasil, aaru bingxo xotikat trincomali, chenkaladi, puthuyugam aaru nilavelit ghor sthapon koraa hoisil. kormorot pitri-matrir xontanxokolok xohay korar udiyoman proyujoniyota puron kori poddhotibid girjai welimada, muratumulla, engulana, panadura aaru maradanat diboxor jotno kendro aaru nursery protistha korisil. uscho xikhya aaru nijuktir baabe sohoroloi jatra koraa juboti-jubotixokolor xurokhito baxosthanor obhab aasil, aaru xeyehe, sthaniyo girjar xomorthonot, kulombu, maradana, mur road, bodulla aaru katunayeket mohilar hoh 'stell sthapon koraa hoisil. bridhoxokolor xohayor baabe, dangor-dangorxokolor ghorbur badulla, welawatt, muratamulla aaru patarot sthapon koraa hoisil, aaru poddhotibadi mohilar feluswipor dwara jotno luwa hoisil. bohutu missionery sopar xoite jorito aasil, harbhard, squens, kolwe, spence, hardy, aaru goggerly xokoluwe banijyor dwara printer aasil. benjamin klo 'fe 1821 sonot etaa ingrajir poraa xingholi obhidhan aaru 1830 sonot etaa xingholir poraa ingraji obhidhan prokax korisil. teu ingrajit prothom paali byakoron aaru xobdobhandar gronthou prokax korisil, aaru xingholi bhaxat upodex onubad aaru sopa korisil. weslian presoi dhormiyo dhormor dhormor dhormiyo dhormor dhormor dhormor dhormor dhormor dhormor dhormor dhormor dhormor dhormor dhormor dhormor dhormor dhormor dhormor dhormor dhormor dhormor dhormor dhormor prosarkorxokolor dwara prostut koraa pandityopurno kitapxomuh sopa aaru prokax koratu obyahot rakhisil. je. gorgeroli aaru persival. presxomuhe bohu bosor dhori chelon baibel cho "saitir baabe xohayok xingholi biblexomuhou sopa korisil. kisuman bixisto xikhyokor baabe jonajat poddhotibadi girjai srilongkat bohutu bidyaloy sthapon korisil, jaar bhitorot aaseh obosye, 1961 sonot, 178 khon poddhotigotobhabe porisalito bidyaloy sorkare "sorkari xohayprapto" bidyaloyor poraa "sorkari" bidyaloyoloi rupantorit korisil. kewol dutaa bidyaloy, wesoli kolej, kolombu aaru methodist kolej, kolombu, girjar porisalonar odhinot aasil. girjar netaxokole 1887 sonot welimadat sikitsar kaam aarombho korisil. 1895 sonot teulukor prochesta wizemanor sikitsaloy, etaa xoru mohilar sikitsaloyoloi bikoxito hoisil. ubhar happy velit etaa xoru xixur sikitsaloyu sthapon koraa hoisil. ei xubidhaxomuh proyujonor ek guruttopurno xomoyot nirman koraa hoisil, kiyonu iyat kunu sorkari sikitsaloy nasil. byatikaluwa, kalmunai aaru trincomalito sikitsar kaam koraa hoisil. egoraki missionery, gertrud nettleswipe 1898 sonot puthurot ekhon sikitsaloy protistha korisil, jaak pisoloi saint buli punor naamkoron koraa hoisil. lukor poddhotibid sikitsaloy, puthur. eituwei hoise poddhotibidxokolor prarombhik sikitsaloixomuhor ekmatro byobohar. jiwudhayam firm, pulwate mritxilpo prokolpo, bi. key dhori brittimulok proxikhyonor kendro sthapon koraa hoisil.moi.eis. electronics, aaru sohor obhijanor xamuhik prokolpoxomuh. 2006 sonot soli thoka juddho aaru dirghodiniya jorurikalin owosthar baabe girjai manob odhikaror poristhitir uporot nojor rakhiboloi aaru xantir prosar koriboloi ek nyay aaru xanti desk sthapon korisil. girjar xixur deske srilongkat xixur kolyanor prosar korar chesta korise. 1963 sonor june maahot britis xonmilone selonor poddhotibadi girzak swayotoxaxon prodan koraa ek prostab grihit kore. 1964 sonor 18 junot kulupitiya poddhotibadi girjat chelon xonmilonor aadhar sthaponor sukti swakhyorito hoisil. iyar sakhyoror pisot, britis xonmilonor odhyokhyoi koichil je "moi jixu khristor xubho xongbador xakhyi huwa aaru xomogro dex aaru prithibir xexoloike xastriyo pobitrotar bistaror uddesye selonor poddhotibadi girjatu etiya udwudhon koraa hoh 'bob buli ghuxona korisu.taar pisot teu ribhok ontorbhukto korisil. fred ess. di silva selonor poddhotibadi girjar prothom xobhapoti hisape. selonor gowornor general xewat uposthito aasil. srilongkar poddhotibadi girjai 2014 sonor 29 junot jiwito rokhyok khristor kethedrelot rastriyo dhonyobad xewar xoite iyar dwixotbarxiki udjapon korisil. xomogro srilongkar poraa 10,000ru odhik poddhotibid xodosyo uposthito aasil.

srilankar poddhotibadi girja srilankar poddhotibadi girja () (tamil bhasah илингие метист тирусс сети "Illangai methadistha Tiruchabai") srilankar ekti protestant khristan sampradai. err sodor doptor kolombote abosthito ebong etty 29shhey june 1814 saale protisthito hoy. etty girjar bishwa porishod, assier khristan sommelon, srilankar jatiya khristan porishod ebong bishwa poddhotibadi counciler sadasya. itihas. shraddheya john oyeslir dunn haat thomas kooka, 1813 saaler 30shhey december portsmouth harbar theke jatra shuru koraa selone (ekhon srilanka)-err bideshi missioner jonno prodhanoto dayee chhilen. samudrajatrar somoy, kooka oshustho hoye porey, maaraa yaay ebong 3 meey 1814-ayee samudre somahito hoy. james linch, thomas holl squance, uilium squance, george arskin ebong benzamin clone 29shhey june 1814-ayee gallete pouche. scance, cloff ebong linch gyale bondore pouche yaay ebong ekti ult ebong arskin bohonkari naukati taader byaktigato prabhab niye oyeligamara dike sorey yaay ebong taaraa porer deane sekhane abataran korey. missionaryra seloner bivinno ongshe bhromon korechilen, jekhane squance ebong linch theke jaffna, alt theke baticaloa, arskin theke matara ebong cloff gallete aboshishto chhilo. paribarik poristhitir karone bombete thaka harvard 1815 saaler godar dike gallete asen ebong kolombote nijukto hohn ebong cloffo taanr saathe gyale chhede zaan jaar dekhashona corren arskin. 1815 khristabder majhamajhi somoye, taaraa bandher rastai jomir ekti ongsho kiney neyo ebong ekti chappel toiri korey jaa aajo assier prachintama poddhotibadi girja, petah hisabe dandiye achhe. porey taaraa kolombote ekti shishuder robibarer school ebong ekti printing presha shuru korey. rebha. pesha ekjon mudrak harvard eyi kaajer tottabodhan korten ebong shishuder jonno boi chhapano shuru korten. edike, 'dya weslian mission house' naame ekti chappel somponno hoy ebong 1816 saaler decembere upasonar jonno khola hoy. seii somoye mohilader shikkhar biruddhe monovab thaka sotteo, 1834 saale dhormoprocharkora bhembadi meyeder uchcho vidyalaya protistha corren. pondito arumuga navalar saathe, pitter persival biblety tamil bhasay anubad korechilen. tini "anglo-tamil abhidhan" (1838) likhechilen, jaa taanr "ingrezite anubader saathe tamil probader ekti sangraha" soho jaffna book society dwara prokashito hoyechilo. american sylon missioner mudrito duti prachintama tamil boi chhilo eguli. taanr "beder deshoh bharat" 1854 saale prokashito hoy, jaar kichhu dick, sharirik, samajik, bouddhik oo noitikotar bishoye sangkhepe bornona koraa hoyeche. missionaryra saaraa deshe shishuder saathe kaaj korar pashapashi anathder jonno baadi ebong brittimulak proshikkhon jemon gaale, badullah, diatalaoa ebong thumodera kaaj korten. eyi kaaj abyahoto chhilo ebong bingsho shotabdite trikomali, chenkaladi, puthuyugam ebong nilvelite badighar protisthito hoyechilo. karmajibi pitamatar santander samarthan korar udiyaman prayojaniyata puron korey, poddhotibadi girja oyelimada, moratamullah, angulana, panadura ebong maradana deey cair center ebong nursery protistha korey. uchcho shikkha oo kormosongsthaner jonno shahargulite bhromonkari alpavayasi meyeder nirapada thucker byabostha chhilo naa, ebong taai sthaniya girjar sahayatai columbo, maradana, moor road, badullah ebong katunayekete mohilader hostel sthapon koraa hoyechilo. boyoskoder sahayatar jonno badader badiguli badullah, oyelaoate, moratamullah ebong putare protisthito hoyechilo ebong poddhotibadi mohilader fellowship dwara jotno neoa hoyechilo. onek dhormoprocharok chhapar sange jorito chhilen, jaar modhye harvard, squance, kolwe, spence, hardy ebong goggerly-eyi somostoi banijyer madhyome printer chhilo. benzamin cloff 1821 saale ekti ingrezi theke singhali abhidhan ebong 1830 saale ekti singhali theke ingrezi abhidhan prakash corren. tini ingrezite prothom pully byakaran oo shobdobhandar boio prakash corren ebong singhali bhasay dharmopadesh anubad oo mudran corren. weslian presha dhormoprocharokder dwara utpadito pandityapurna boiguli mudran ebong prakash korte thaake. jeey. gargarli ebong persival. presguli bohu bochor dhorey selon baibel societyr sahayak hisabe singhali bibleo chhapat. kichhu bishishto shikkhoker jonno porichito poddhotibadi girja srilankai onek school sthapon koreche, jaar modhye royeche tobey, 1961 saale, 178tii poddhotigoto vidyalayake sarkar "sarkari sahayata prapto" vidyalaya theke "sarkari" bidyalaye rupantarita korey. matro duti school, wesley college, columbo ebong methodist college, columbo, girjar byabosthaponar adhine theke yaay. girjar netara 1887 saale oyelimada chikitsa kaaj shuru corren. 1895 saale taader prochesta wizman hospitale porinoto hoy, ekti chhoto mohila hospital, ebong ubhar happy valley-teey ekti chhoto shishuder hospitalo sthapon koraa hoy. eyi subidhaguli proyojoner ekti guruttopurno somoye nirmito hoyechilo, kaaron konao sarkari hospital chhilo naa. baticaloa, kalmunai ebong trincomalite chikitsa kaaj koraa hoyechilo. ekjon dhormoprocharok, gortrude netlesship, 1898 saale puthur ekti hospital protistha corren, jaa porey seenta naame namkaran koraa hoy. luker poddhotibid hospital, puthur. poddhotibidder prathomik hospitalgulir modhye ate ekmatro jaa ekhono byabohrito hachche. jeebodhayam khamar, polwatte mritshilpo prokolpo, bii soho brittimulak proshikkhoner jonno kendraguli protisthito hoyechilo.aaee.eich. electronics, ebong city mission community prokolpo. 2006 saale, chalman juddho ebong dirghasthayi joruri abosthar karone, girja manobadhikar poristhitir upor nojor rakhte ebong shanti procharer jonno ekti nyaybichar ebong shanti deska protistha korey. girjar shishuder deska srilankai shishuder kalyaner prochar korar chesta koreche. 1963 saaler june maase british sommelon seloner poddhotibadi girjake swayattashasana prodaner ekti prostab pusses korey. 1964 saaler 18ee june kolupitia poddhotibadi girja selon sommeloner bhittir dolil swakkhorito hoy. swakkhorer porr, british sommeloner sabhapati bollen, "aami ghoshana korchi jey, jeeshu khrister susmacharer sakkhyo deoar ebong saaraa deshe ebong prithibir pranto porjonto shastriya pobitrota chhoriye deoar uddeshye seloner poddhotibadi girjati ekhon udwodhon koraa hobey.erpor tini revke antarbhukta corren. freda esha. silva seloner poddhotibadi girjar prothom sabhapati hisabe. sebay uposthito chhilen siloner governor-general. srilankar poddhotibadi girja 29 june 2014 khristo dya live saviour cathedrale jatiya dhonnobad prodaner saathe taar dwishotobarshiki udjapon korey. saaraa srilanka theke 10,000-ero beshi poddhotibid sadasya etey ongsho nene.

shrilankama paddhativadi church shrilankaanu paddhativadi church () (tamil bhashah ilangai methodista tiruchbai) shrilankama aek protestant khristi sampradaay chhe. tenu mukhya mathak kolambomaa chhe aneey tenee sthaapnaa 29 juuna 1814naa roj karvaamaa aavee hatee. teey charchoni vishva parishad, aesheeyani khristi parishad, shrilankani raashtriy khristi parishad aneey vishva paddhativadi parishadno sabhy chhe. itihas. aadarneey john weslina jamnaa haathnaa maanas thomas qoqa, 30 december 1813naa roj portmouth bandarthi ravaana thayela cellon (havey shrilanka) naa videshi mission maate mukhyatve jawabdar hataa. suffer darmiyan, qoqa beemar padyo, mrutyu paamyo aneey 3 meey 1814naa roj dariyaamaa dafnavvama aavyo. james linch, thomas holl squance, veeliyam squance, george erskine aneey benjamin cloff 29 juuna 1814naa roj gayley pahonchya. squance, cloff aneey linch tene gayley bandar parr pahonchya, aneey temnee vyaktigat asaro saathe aek oolt aneey erskine vahan karatee hoady veligama taraf vahetee thaee aneey teo beeja divase vahelee savaare tyaan utaryaa. missionaryoae silonnaa viveedh bhagoma musafari curry, jemaa squance aneey linchthee jaffna, oltathi betikaloa, erskinthi matara aneey cloff baakee rahyaa. harvarda jeey paarivaarik sanjogone kaarane bombemaa rahyaa hataa, teo 1815nee sharuaatmaa galle aavyaa hataa aneey temne kolambomaa poosta karvaamaa aavyaa hataa aneey cloff pann temnee saathe erskine dwara sambhaal raakhvaa maate galle chhodine jodaya hataa. 1815naa madhyamaa, teoae dame street parr jameenno aek bhaag khareedhyo aneey aek chappel banaavyu jeey aaje pann methodist church, petah tareeke tyaan ubhoo chhe, jeey aeshiyaanu sauthee junun methodist church chhe. baadmaa teoae kolambomaa baadakoni ravivaar shaala aneey printing presa sharoo curry. reeva. vyavsaaye printer harvarda, kaamnu nirikshan kartaa hataa aneey baadako maate pustako chhapavanu sharoo karyoo hatoo. darmiyan, 'dhaa vesleyan mission house' naamnu aek chappel purn thayu aneey december 1816maan pujaa maate kholvaamaa aavyu. teey samaye mahilaaonaa shikshan saame valan hovaa chhataa, 1834maan, missionaryoae vembadi gearls haai schoolni sthaapnaa curry hatee. pandit arumuga navlar saathe, pieter persivale bibleno tamilma anuvaad karyo. temane "anglow-tamil dictionary" (1838) pann lakhee hatee, jeey temnaa "angrejeemaa anuvaad saathe tamilma kahevatono sangrah" saathe jaffna book sosayati dwara prakashit karvaamaa aavyo hato. aaa american sealon mission dwara chhapavama aavela beey sauthee praarambhik tamil pustako hataa. temnaa "vednee bhoomih bhaarat" noon tenaa ketlaak bhauteek, saamaajik, bauddhik aneey naiteek pasaoma tunkma varnan karvaamaa aavyu hatoo, jeey 1854maan prakashit thayu hatoo. missionaryoae samagr deshmaa baadako saathe kaama karyoo hatoo, temaj anaatho maate gharo aneey vyaavsaayik taaleem, jaim keey galle, badullah, diyatlava aneey theumodera khaateni sthaapnaa curry hatee. aaa kaama chaalu rahyu aneey visamee sadimaa trikomali, chenkaladi, puthuyugam aneey nilavalimaa gharoni sthaapnaa karvaamaa aavee hatee. kaama kartaa matapitana baadakone teko aapvani ubhartee jaruriyaatne purn karatee, paddhativadi churche velimada, moratmullah, angulana, panadura aneey maradanama deey cair kendro aneey narsarioni sthaapnaa curry. uchch shikshan aneey rojgaar maate shaheroma musafari karatee yuvan chhokarioma salaamat rahethanno abhaav hato, aneey tethee, sthaaneek charchona samarthanthi, colombo, maradana, moor rooad, badullah aneey katunayakema maheelaoni chhatralayo sthapvama aavee hatee. vruddhonaa samarthan maate vadilonaa gharo badullah, velavatte, moratmullah aneey putterma sthaapit karvaamaa aavyaa hataa aneey paddhativadi maheelaoni fellowship dwara temnee sambhaal rakhvama aavee hatee. ghanaa missionaryo chhapkam saathe sankalaayela hataa, jemaa harvarda, squance, collway, spains, hardy aneey gogarali badhaa vepaar dwara printers hataa. benjamin kloae 1821maan angrejithi sinhali shabdkosh aneey 1830maan angrejeemaa sinhali shabdkosh prakashit karyo. temane angrejeemaa pratham paalee vyaakaran aneey shabdbhandol pustak pann prakashit karyoo, aneey sinhalima updeshonu bhashantar aneey chhapkam karyoo. vesliyan prese missionaryo dwara utpaadit vidhvatapurn pustako chhapavanu aneey prakashit karvaanu chaalu raakhyu hatoo. jeey. gorgery aneey persival. presa ghanaa varsho sudhee cellon bible sosayati maate sahayak sinhali bible pann chhaaptu hatoo. ketlaak jaanita shikshako maate jaanita paddhativadi churche shrilankama ghanee shaalao sthaapi hatee, jemaa nichenaano samaavesh thaay chheh joke, 1961maan, sarkaar dwara 178 paddhativadio dwara sanchaalit shaalaaone "sarkari sahaayit" shalaomathi "sarkari" shaalaoma rupantarit karvaamaa aavee hatee. maatra beey shaalao, wesley college, kolambo aneey methodist college, kolambo, churchna sanchalan hethal rahee hatee. churchna netaoae 1887maan velimadama tabibi kaary sharoo karyoo. temnaa prayaaso 1895maan aek naanee maheela hospital, wizman hospitalma vikasya. yuvama happy veleemaa aek naanee baadakoni hospital pann sthapvama aavee hatee. aaa suveedhao jaruriyaatnaa mahatvapurn samaye banavvama aavee hatee, kaaran keey tyaan koee sarkari hospitalo nahoti. baticaloa, kalmunai aneey trinakomalima tabibi kaary karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. aek missionary, gertrude netaleshipe 1898maan puthurma aek hospitalni sthaapnaa curry hatee, jenu naam paachhalthi saint rakhvama aavyu hatoo. leuknee paddhatishastri hospital, puthur. aaa ekmatra paddhatishastrioni praarambhik hospitalo chhe jeey haju pann upyogmaa chhe. vyaavsaayik taaleem maate kendro sthapvama aavyaa hataa, jemaa jeevodhayam pharma, polwatte matikam project, bii.aaee.aech. electronics aneey shaher mission samudaay projects. 2006maan, chaali rahela yuddh aneey laambaa samay sudhee katokatini sthiteene kaarane, churche manvadhikarni paristhitino track raakhvaa aneey shaantine protsaahan aapvaa maate nyaay aneey shaanti desknee sthaapnaa curry hatee. churchna baadakona deske shrilankama baadakona kalyanne protsaahan aapvaano prayaas karyo chhe. juuna 1963maan, british parishade selonmaa paddhativadi churchne svaayattaa aapto tharaav pasaar karyo. 18 juuna 1964naa roj kolupitiya paddhativadi churchma cellon parishadna payana karaar parr hastakshar karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. tenaa hastakshar parr, british parishadna pramukhe kahyoo hatoo keey "huun isu kharistna saaraa samacharna sakshi banvaanaa aneey samagr deshmaa aneey pruthvinaa chheda sudhee dharmgranthoni pavitrataa felavvana hetuthi selonnaa paddhativadi churchnu udghaatan karvaanee jaaherat karoo chhu.tyarbad temane revno samaavesh karyo. phreda aesa. silva sealonnaa paddhativadi churchna pratham pramukh tareeke. sevama sealonnaa governor-general haajar hataa. shrilankaanaa paddhativadi churche 29 juuna 2014naa roj kharistna jivant taaranhaarna cathedralma raashtriy aabharvidhi sevaa saathe tenee dwishtabdini ujavani curry hatee. samagr shrilankamathi 10,000 thee vadhu paddhativadi sabhyoae haajari aapee hatee.

srilanka mein paddhativaadi church srilanka kaa paddhativaadi church () (tamil bhaashah илингие метист тируссее "Illangai methadistha Tiruchabai") srilanka mein ack protestant isai sampradaay haye. iska mukhyalaya columbo mein haye aur isaki sthaapana 29 juuna 1814 koo hui thee. yeh churchon kii vishva parishad, asia key isai sammelan, srilanka kii rashtriya isai parishad aur vishva paddhativaadi parishad kaa sadasya haye. itihas. thomas cock, aadaraniya johnn wesley kaa dahina haath, 30 disambar 1813 koo portsmouth bandargah seey ravaana honey vaale sealon (abb srilanka) key videshi mission key liye mukhya roop seey jimmedaar thaa. yatra key dauran, cock beemar hoe gayaa, marr gayaa, aur 3 maee 1814 koo samudra mein dafnaya gayaa. james linch, thomas holl squance, villium squance, george erskine aur benjamin cloff 29 juuna 1814 koo galley mein pahunche. squance, cloff aur linch ney ise galley bandargah parr banaa diyaa, aur ack ult aur arskin leey jaane vaali naav apane vyaktigat prabhaavon key saath veligama kii or beh gaee aur way agale dinn jaldi vahaan utar gaye. missionaryon ney sillon key vibhinn hisson kii yatra kii, jisamen squance aur linch seey laker jaffna, alt seey laker batikaloa, erskin seey laker matara aur cloff galley mein reh gaye. harvard joe parivarik paristhitiyon key kaaran bombe mein rahey, 1815 kii shuruat mein galley aae aur unhein columbo mein tainaat kiya gayaa aur cloff bhee unake saath galley chhodkar erskin dwara dekhaa jaane key liye shamil hoe gaye. 1815 key madhya mein, unhone baandh sadak parr bhoomi kaa ack hissa kharida aur ack chappel kaa nirmaan kiya joe aaj bhee asia mein sabse puraane paddhativaadi church, petah key roop mein khadaa haye. baad mein unhone columbo mein bachchon key ravivaar key school aur ack mudranalaya shuru kiya. rev. peshe seey ack mudrak, harvard ney kaam kii dekhrekh kii aur bachchon key liye kitaaben chhaapana shuru kiya. iss beach, 'dha wesleyan mission house' naamak ack chappel puuraa hoe gayaa aur disambar 1816 mein pooja key liye khol diyaa gayaa. usa samay mahila kii shiksha key khilaf drishtikon key bavjood, 1834 mein, missionaryon ney vembadi ladkiyon key uchch vidyalaya kii sthaapana kii. pandit arumuga navlar key saath, peater persival ney bible kaa tamil mein anuvaad kiya. unhone "anglo-tamil dictionary" (1838) bhee likhaa, joe unake "angreji mein anuvaad key saath tamil mein kahaavaton kaa ack sangrah" key saath jaffna book society dwara prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa. yeye americi sealon mission dwara mudrit dou sabse purani tamil pustaken theen. unake "veda kii bhoomih bhaarat" kaa bhautik, samajik, bauddhik aur naitik pahaluon mein sankshipt varnan 1854 mein prakaashit huaa thaa. missionaryon ney poore desh mein bachchon key saath kaam kiya, saath hii saath anathon aur vyaavsaayik prashikshan key liye ghar sthaapit kiye, jaise kii galle, badullah, diyatlawa aur theumodera mein. yeh kaam jaari rhaa, aur beesavin shatabdi mein, trikomali, chenkaladi, puthuyugam aur nilavali mein gharon kii sthaapana kii gaee. kamkaji maataa-pitaa key bachchon kaa samarthan karane kii ubharati aavashyakta koo puuraa karate hue, paddhativaadi church ney velimada, moratmullah, angulana, pandura aur maradana mein day cayer center aur nursory kii sthaapana kii. uchch shiksha aur rojgar key liye shaharon mein yatra karane vaali yuva ladkiyon key paas surakshit awas kii kamee thee, aur isaliye, sthaaniya churchon key samarthan seey, columbo, mardana, moor road, badullah aur katunayake mein mahilaaon key chhatrawas sthaapit kiye gaye. bujurgon key ghar, bujurgon key samarthan key liye, badullah, velavate, moratmullah aur putter mein sthaapit kiye gaye they, aur paddhativaadi mahilaaon kii fellowship dwara unaki dekhbhal kii gaee thee. kaee missionary mudran mein shamil they, jisamen harvard, squance, collway, spains, hardy aur goggerly sabhi vyaapaar dwara printer they. benjamin cloff ney 1821 mein ack angreji seey singhali shabdakosh aur 1830 mein ack singhali seey angreji shabdakosh prakaashit kiya. unhone angreji mein pahali paali vyaakaran aur shabdawali pustak bhee prakaashit kii, aur singhali mein updeshon kaa anuvaad aur mudran kiya. weslian press ney dharm pracharakon dwara nirmit vidvaanon kii pustakon koo chhaapana aur prakaashit karna jaari rakhaa. jey. gorgarli aur persival. press ney kaee varshon taka selon bible society key liye sahayak singhali bible bhee chhaapi. kuchh prasiddh shikshakon key liye jaane jaane vaale paddhativaadi church ney srilanka mein kaee schools kii sthaapana kii, jinamen shamil hainh haalaanki, 1961 mein, sarkaar dwara 178 paddhati-sanchaalit schools koo "sarkari sahaayata praapt" schools seey "sarkari" schools mein parivartit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. kewal dou school, wesley college, columbo aur methodist college, columbo, church key prabandhan key tahat rahey. church key netaaon ney 1887 mein velimad mein chikitsa kaary shuru kiya. unake prayason koo 1895 mein ack chhote seey mahila aspatal, buddhiman aspatal key roop mein vikasit kiya gayaa. oovaa mein khushahal ghaati mein ack chhote seey bachchon kaa aspatal bhee sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. inn suvidhaon kaa nirmaan aavashyakta key mahatvapurna samay parr kiya gayaa thaa, kyonki koee sarkari aspatal naheen they. baticaloa, kalmunai aur trincomali mein chikitsa kaary kiya gayaa thaa. ack missionary, gertrude netleship ney 1898 mein puthur mein ack aspatal kii sthaapana kii, jiska naam baad mein sent rakhaa gayaa. luke kaa paddhatigya aspatal, puthur. yeh kewal paddhatikarakon key shuruati aspatalon mein seey ack haye joe abhee bhee upayog mein haye. vyaavsaayik prashikshan key liye kendron kii sthaapana kii gaee, jisamen jeevodhayam farm, polwate pottery project, bee shamil hain.aaee.aich. electronics, aur shahar mission samudayik pariyojanaaen. 2006 mein, chala rahey yuddh aur lambe samay taka apatkal kii sthiti key kaaran, church ney manvadhikaron kii sthiti parr nazar rakhane aur shaanti koo badhaava dene key liye ack nyaay aur shaanti desk kii sthaapana kii. church key bachchon kii mez ney srilanka mein bachchon key kalyan koo badhaava dene kaa prayaas kiya haye. juuna 1963 mein, british sammelan ney selon mein paddhativaadi church koo swaayatta dene kaa prastaav paarit kiya. 18 juuna 1964 koo kolupitiya paddhativaadi church mein selon sammelan kii neenv key dastavej parr hastakshar kiye gaye they. isake hastakshar parr, british sammelan key adhyaksh ney kahaa, "main abb yeeshu masih kii khush khabri key sakshi banane aur poore desh aur prithvi key chhor taka dharmgranth kii pavitrata key prasaar key uddeshya seey selon key paddhativaadi church kaa udghaatan karane kii ghoshana kartaa huun.phir unhone rev koo shamil kiya. fred aiss. dee silva sealon key paddhativaadi church key pahale adhyaksh key roop mein. selon key governor-general seva mein maujood they. srilanka key paddhativaadi church ney 29 juuna 2014 koo christ dha leaving sevire key cathedral mein rashtriya dhanyavaad seva key saath apani dwishtabdi manai. srilanka bhar seey 10,000 seey adhik paddhativaadi sadasyon ney bhaag liya.

srilankada methodist church srilankada vidhaanavaadi church () (tamilu bhasheh ilangai methadista tiruchabai) srilankada ondu protestant christian pangadavagide. idara pradhana kacheriyu kolambodallide mattu idannu zoon 29,1814 randu sthaapisalaayitu. idu vishwa charchugala mandali, eshyaada christian sammelana, srilankada rashtriya christian mandali mattu vishwa vidhaanavaadi mandaliya sadasyavagide. itihaasa. gouravaanvita zaan vesleya balagai manushya thamus coque, 1813rahra december 30randu portsmouth bandarinalli naukaayaana maadida sealon (eega srilanka) ge sagarottara karyacharanege mukhya javaabdaaranaagiddanu. prayanada samayadalli, coque anaarogyakke olagaayitu, maranahonditu mattu 3 mayee 1814randu samudradalli hoolalaayitu. james linch, thamus haal squans, vilium squans, georg erskine mattu benjamin clough 29 zoon 1814randu gallege agamisidaru. squans, clau mattu linching tamma vaiyaktika parinaamagalondige galle bandarannu talupitu mattu dooni veligama kadege saagitu mattu marudina munjane allie iliyitu. missionarigalu sealonina vividha bhagagalige prayanisidaru, squans mattu linchingninda jaffna, altninda baticalova, erskainninda matara mattu clau galleyalli ulidavu. kutumbada paristhitigalindaagi bambeyalli ulidiruva haarvard 1815rahra aarambhadalli gallege bandaru mattu kolambokke post maadalaayitu mattu clau kooda avanondige serikondaru, avaru erskine avara aaraikegaagi galleyannu bittuhodaru. 1815rahra madhyabhaagadalli, avaru anekattina beediyalli ondu bhagavannu khareedisidaru mattu eshyaada atyanta haleya vidhaanavaadi church aada petta emba vidhaanavaadi church aagi indigoo allie nintiruva chappel annu nirmisidaru. nantara avaru makkala bhaanuvaarada shaale mattu kolambodalli mudranaalayavannu praarambhisidaru. rev. vrattiyalli mudrakanagidda haarvard, ee kelasada melvichaarane nadesi makkaligaagi pustakagalannu mudrisalu praarambhisidanu. etanmadhye, 'dhii weslian mission house' emba chappel annu poornagolisalaayitu mattu december 1816 ralli poojegaagi tereyalaayitu. aaa samayadalli mahileyara shikshanada viruddha vartanegala horataagiyoo, 1834ralli, dharmapracharakaru vembadi balakiyara proudhashaaleyannu sthaapisidaru. pandit arumuga naavalarrondige, peater persival baibal annu tamilu bhaashege anuvaadisidaru. aata "angla-tamilu nighantu" (1838) annu saha baredaru, idu avara "tamilu bhasheya gaadegala sangraha mattu inglishnalli avugala anuvaada" dondige jaffna book sosaitiyinda prakatavaayitu. ivu american sealon mission mudrisida eradu arambhika tamilu pustakagalaagiddavu. avara "vedada bhumih bhaarata" vannu adara kelavu bhautika, samajika, bouddhika mattu naitika amshagalalli sankshiptavaagi vivarisalaagide "endu 1854ralli prakatisalaayitu. missionarigalu deshadaadyanta makkalondige kelasa maadidaru, jotege anaatharige manegalannu sthaapisidaru mattu galle, badullah, diyatalawa mattu tummoderadantaha vruttipara tarabetiyannu padedaru. ee kelasavu munduvariyitu, mattu ippattane shatamaanadalli, trincomaly, chenkaladi, puttuyugam mattu nilaavliyalli manegalannu sthaapisalaayitu. kelasa maaduva poshakara makkalannu bembalisuva udayonmukha agatyavannu puraisuva vidhaanavaadi church velimada, moratamullah, angulana, panadura mattu maradaanaadalli hagalina aaraike kendragalu mattu narsarigalannu sthaapisitu. unnata sikshana mattu udyogakkagi nagaragalige prayanisuva yuvatiyarige surakshita vasati soukaryagala korateyittu, aaddarinda, sthaliya charchugala bembaladondige, colombo, maradana, moor raste, badullah mattu katunaayakegalalli mahila vasati nilayagalannu sthaapisalaayitu. vruddhara bembalakkagi, badullah, velavatte, moratamullah mattu putargalalli hiriyara manegalannu sthaapisalaayitu mattu vidhaanavaadi mahileyara phelowship moolaka nodikollalaayitu. aneka dharmapracharakaru mudranadalli todagisikondiddaru, haarvard, squains, callaway, spense, hardy mattu gogarli ellaroo vyaapaarada moolaka mudrakaraagiddaru. benjamin clau avaru 1821ralli englishninda simhala nighantannu mattu 1830ralli simhaladinda inglish nighantannu prakatisidaru. avaru modala paali vyakarana mattu shabdakosh pustakavannu inglishnalli prakatisidaru mattu simhaladalli dharmopadeshagalannu anuvaadisi mudrisidaru. weslian patrikegalu dharmapracharakaru nirmisida vidvatpurna pustakagalannu mudrisuvudannu mattu prakatisuvudannu munduvaresidavu. zhe. gorgarli mattu persival. madhyamagalu aneka varshagala kaala seylan baibal sosaitigaagi sahayakavada simhala baibalgalannu saha mudrisidavu. kelavu prasiddha shikshakarige hesaruvasiyada methodist church, srilankaadalli aneka shaalegalannu sthaapisitu, avugalendareh aadaagyoo, 1961ralli, vidhaanabaddhavaagi nadesalpaduva 178 shaalegalannu sarkaaravu "sarkari neravina" shaalegalinda "sarkari" shaalegalige parivartisitu. kevala eradu shalegalu, wesley kaaleju, columbo mattu methodist kaaleju, columbo, churchna nirvahaneya adiyalli ulidavu. churchna nayakaru 1887ralli velimaadaadalli vaidyakeeya kaaryavannu praarambhisidaru. avara prayatnagalu 1895ralli ondu sanna mahila aaspatreyaada buddhivantana aaspatreyaagi abhivraddhigondavu. yuvaadallina santoshada kaniveyalli ondu sanna makkala aaspatreyannu saha sthaapisalaayitu. yaavude sarkari aaspatregalu illada kaarana ee soulabhyagalannu agatyada samayadalli nirmisalaayitu. byatikova, kalmunai mattu trincomalialli vaidyakeeya kelasagalannu maadalaaguttittu. obba dharmapracharaka, gertrude nettleship, 1898 ralli putturinalli ondu aaspatreyannu sthaapisidaru, nantara adannu saint endu marunamakarana maadalaayitu. luke avara methodist aspatre, puthur. idu maatra paddhati tagnara arambhika aaspatregalu innoo balakeyallive. jeevodhayam form, polwatte kumbarike yojane, bii seridante vruttipara tarabeti kendragalannu sthaapisalaayitu.aii.etch. electronics, mattu city mission samudaaya yojanegalu. 2006ralli, nadeyuttiruva yuddha mattu deerghakaalada turtu paristhitiya kaaranadindaagi, manava hakkugala paristhitiya mele niga idalu mattu shaantiyannu uttejisalu church nyaya mattu shanti mejinondannu sthaapisitu. churchna makkala meju srilankaadalli makkala kalyanavannu uttejisalu prayatniside. 1963rahra joonnalli, british sammelanavu seylaannallina methodist churchge svaayattateyannu needuva nirnayavannu angeekarisitu. 1964rahra zoon 18randu kollupitia methodist charchnalli sealon sammelanada adipayakke sahi haakalaayitu. adakke sahi haakida nantara, british sammelanada adhyaksharu, "yesu kristana suvaartege saakshiyaaguva mattu dharmagranthada pavitrateyannu bhoomiyaadyanta mattu bhumiya tudigalavarege haraduva uddeshakkagi sealon methodist church annu eega udghaatisuvudaagi naanu ghoshisuttene" endu helidaru.nantara avaru rev annu serisikondaru. fred ess. silva avaru selonina vidhaanavaadi churchna modala adhyaksharaagiddaru. seveyalli seylanna governor-general iddaru. srilankada methodist church tanna dvishataabdeeyavannu 29 zoon 2014 randu christ dhii leaving saviourn cathedralnalli rashtriya krutagnateya seveyondige aacharisitu. shrilankaadaadyantada 10,000kkoo hecchu vidhaanavaadi sadasyaru bhagavahisiddaru.

sreelankayile methadist palli sreelankayile oru protestant kristhyan vibhagamaanu sreelankayile methadist charchu (thamizh bhasha elamgai methodista tiruchaabaayi). 1814 juun 29nuu sthaapithamaaya ithinte aasthaanam kolamboyilaanu. ithu waled kaunsil oof churches, kristhyan konfarans oof eshya, naashanal kristhyan kaunsil oof srilanka, waled methadist kaunsil ennivayile amgamaanu. charithram. 1813 desember 30nuu porttsmouthu thuramukhathu ninnu purappetta seylonilekkulla (ippol srilanka) videsha douthyathinte pradhana utharavaaditham joonn wesleyude valathukai manushyanaaya thomas kokkinaayirunnu. yaathraykkide kookk rogabaadhithanaayi, marikkukayum 1814 meyy 3nuu kadalil kuzhichumoodukayum cheythu. jaims linch, thomas haal schwans, vilyam oolttu, jorjju erskin, benchamin kloo ennivar 1814 juun 29nuu gaaleyilethi. schwans, kloo, linch enniva gaale thuramukhathu ethi, avar avarude vyakthiparamaaya efakttukalode pookkaleyum erskyne vahikkunna boat veligamayilekku neengukayum avar adutha divasam pularche avide erangukayum cheythu. seloninte vividha bhaagangalilekku missionarymar sanjarichu, schwans linch jaafnayilekkum alts muthal battikkalova vareyum erskine muthal maathara vareyum clove vare galeyil avasheshichu. kudumba saahacharyangal kaaranam bombayil thudarnna harward 1815-nte thudakkathil gaaleyilethi, kolamboyilekku niyamikkappedukayum cloff gaale vittu erskaininte paricharanatthinaayi addehathodoppam cherukayum cheythu. 1815 madhyathil avar daam streettil oru bhagam bhoomi vaangukayum eshyayile ettavum pazhaya methadist palliyaya pettayil methadist palliyayi innum nilanilkkunna oru chaappal nirmmikkukayum cheythu. pinneedu avar kolamboyil kuttikalude njaayarazhcha school printing presses aarambhichu. revu. printaraaya harward eee joliyude melnottam vahikkukayum kuttikalkkayi pusthakangal achadikkaan thudangukayum cheythu. athesamayam, 'weslian mission house' enna peril oru chaappal poortthiyaakki 1816 desemberil aaraadhanaykkaayi thurannu. akkaalat sthree vidyaabhyaasathinethire manobhaavam undaayirunnittum 1834-ll missionarymar vembadi penkuttikalude haiskool sthaapichu. panditt arumuga navaalarinoppam peettar persival baibil tamizhilekku vivarthanam cheythu. addeham "anglo-thamizh nighanduvum" (1838) ezhuthi, athu addehathinte "thamizhile pazhanchollukalude samahaaravum avayude engleeshile vivarthanavum" jaffna book sosaitti prasidheekarichu. american seyloon mission achadicha aadyakaala thamizh pusthakangalil randennam ivayaayirunnu. addehathinte "vedathinte naadd india" 1854-ll bhouthikavum saamoohikavum boudhikavum daarmmikavumaaya chila vashangalil hrasvamaayi vivarikkapettu. missionarymar raajyathudaneelamulla kuttikalumaayi pravartthikkukayum anaadharkkaayi veedukal sthaapikkukayum galle, badullah, diyathalava, tummodera thudangiya thozhiladhishtitha pariseelanangal nadathukayum cheythu. eee pravrithi thudarnnu, irupathaam noottaandil trincomali, chenkali, puthuyugam, nilaveli ennividangalil veedukal sthaapikkappettu. jolie cheiyunna maathaapithaakkalude kuttikale pinthunaykkendathinte uyarnnuvarunna aavasyakatha niravettikkondu methadist sabha velimada, morattamulla, angulana, panadura, maradana ennividangalil day cair sentarukalum nazhsarikalum sthaapichu. unnatha vidyaabhyaasathinum thozhilinum nagarangalilekku yaatra cheiyunna penkuttikalkku surakshithamaaya thaamasoukaryamillaathayathinaal praadeshika pallikalude pinthunayode columbo, maradaana, muur rooad, badullah, kattunayake ennividangalil vanita hostalukal sthaapichu. muthirnnavarude veedukal, vrudharude pinthunaykkaayi, badullah, velavatte, morattamulla, puttar ennividangalil sthaapikkukayum methadist vanita fellowship paripalikkukayum cheythu. harward, schwans, collaway, spense, hardy, gogarli ennivayellaam vyaapaaraparamaayi printarukalaayirunna missionarymaaril palarum achadiyumaayi bandhappettirunnu. 1821ll benchamin kloo engleesh muthal simhala nighanduvum 1830ll engleesh vareyulla simhala nighanduvum prasidheekarichu. engleeshil aadyathe paali vyaakaranavum padawali addeham prasidheekarikkukayum simhala bhashayil prabhashanangal vivarthanam cheyyukayum achadikkukayum cheythu. weslian pathrangal dii. reverend polulla missionarymar nirmmicha pandithochithamaaya pusthakangal achadikkukayum prasidheekarikkukayum cheiyunnathu thudarnnu. jeey. gorgarli, persival. seyloon baibil sosaitti ooksilarikku vendi pathrangal niravadhi varshangalolam simhala baibilukalum achadichu. chila pramukha adhyaapakarkk peruketta methadist charchu sreelankayil niravadhi schoolukal sthaapichu, avayil iva ulppedunnu ennirunnaalum, 1961-ll, reethishaasthraparamaayi pravartthikkunna 178 skoolukale sarkkar "sarkkar sahaayamulla" skoolukalil ninnu "sarkkar" skoolukalaayi maatti. wesley koleju, columbo, methadist koleju, columbo ennee rund schoolukal maathramaan palliyude niyanthranathilundaayirunna. 1887ll sabhaa nethaakkal velimadayil vaidyachikitsa aarambhichu. avarude sramangal 1895ll oru cheria vanita aashupathriyaaya wisemens aashupathriyaayi vikasichu. yuvayile happy valil oru cheria kuttikalude ashupatriyum sthaapichu. sarkkar aashupathrikalillaathathil nirnayakamaaya samayathaan eee soukaryangal nirmmichathu. batikalova, kalmunai, tringomali ennividangalil vaidyasahaayam nalki. oru missionary, gertrude nettu tleship, 1898 ll putthooril oru ashupatri sthaapichu, athu pinneedu sent ennu punarnaamakaranam cheyyappettu. lukes methadist ashupatri, putthoor. methadistukalude aadyakaala aashupathrikalil ithu maathramaan ippozhum upayogikkunnathu. jeevodhayam phaam, polwatte manpaathra padhathi, bii ennivayulppede thozhil pariseelana kendrangal sthaapichu.aii.echu. electronics, sitti mission community projaktukal. 2006ll nadannukondirikkunna yudhavum neenduninna adiyantharaavasthayum kaaranam manushyavakaasha saahacharyangal nireekshikkunnathinum samadhaanam prolsaahippikkunnathi sabha oru neethiyum samadhana meshayum sthaapichu. sreelankayile kuttikalude kshemam prolsaahippikkaan sabhayude kuttikalude mesha sramichittundu. 1963 juunil britiish konfarans seylonile methadist sabhaykku svayambharanaadhikaaram nalkunna oru prameyam pasaki. 1964 juun 18nuu kollupittiya methadist palliyil vechu seloon konfaransinte aditharayude karar oppuvachu. athil oppuvachathinusesham britiish konfaransinte president paranju "yeshukristhuvinte suvisheshathinu saakshyam vahikkunnathinum deshathudaneelam bhoomiyude attangalilekkum thiruvezhuthuprathimayude vishudhi pracharippikkunnathinumayinu selonile methadist sabha ippol udghaadanam cheiyumennu njaan prakhyaapikkunnu.addeham pinneedu revu ulppeduthi. fred ezz. selonile methadist palliyude aadya presidentaayi dii silva. seyloon govarnor general sevanathil sannihithanaayirunnu. sreelankayile methadist charchu 2014 juun 29 nuu jeevichirikkunna rakshakanaya kristhuvinte cathedralil deseeya nandiparayal sevanathode athinte dvishathaabdi aakhoshichu. sreelankayude vividha bhaagangalil ninnulla pathinaayiratthiladhikam methadist amgangal pankedutthu.

shrilanketil paddhatvadi church shrilankeche paddhatvadi church () (tamil bhashah илингая метист тирусссое "Illangai methadistha theruchabai") haah shrilanketil eka protestant khrishchan sampraday aahe. tyache mukhyalay columbo yethe aahe aanee 29 juuna 1814 roji tyachi sthapana jhaali. teey charchchi jaagtik parishad, aashiyachi khrishchan parishad, shrilankechi rashtriy khrishchan parishad aanee jaagtik paddhatvadi parishadeche sadasya aahe. itihas. aadaraniy johnn veslicha ujava haat thomas kook haah 30 december 1813 roji portsmouth bandaratoon ravana jhalelya selon (aata srilanka) chya paradeshi mohimesathi pramukhyane jababdar hota. pravasadarmyan, kook aajari padala, maran pavala aanee 3 meey 1814 roji samudrat daphan jhaala. james linch, thomas holl squans, william alt, george erskine aanee benjamin clau 29 juuna 1814 roji gallemadhye pohochale. squans, cloff aanee linch galley bandaravar pohochale aanee olt aanee erskine gheuun jaanari boat tyanchya vaiyaktik prabhavasah veligamachya dishene gelee aanee teey dusya divashi pahate tethe utarale. missionarinni selonchya vegvegalya bhaganmadhye pravas keela, jaffna, alt teey baticaloa, erskine teey matara aanee gallemadhye cloff shillak asatana squans aanee linchs. kautumbik paristhitimule bombemadhye rahilela harvard 1815 chya suruvatila galley yethe aala aanee tyala columbo yethe tainat karnyat aale aanee cloff dekhil galley sodoon erskinechya dekharekhisathi tyachyabarobar gela. 1815 chya madhyat, tyanni dharan rastyavar jaminicha eka bhag vikat ghetala aanee eka prathanagruh bandhale jeey aajahi methodist church, pettah, aashiyatil sarvat june methodist church mhanoon tethe ubhe aahe. nantar tyanni kolambomadhye mulanchi ravivarchi shaala aanee chhapan suru kelee. rev. vyavasayane mudrak asalelya harwardney yaa kamache nirikshan kele aanee mulansathi pustake chhapanyas suruvat kelee. darmyan, 'daad weslian mission haus' navache eka prathanagruh purn jhaale aanee december 1816 madhye teey pujesathi ughadanyat aale. tyaveli stree shikshanaviruddha drushtikon asoonahi, 1834 madhye dharmpracharkanni vembadi mulinchya uchch madhyamik shalechi sthapana kelee. pandit arumuga navlar yanchyasobat pieter persivalne bayabalache tamilmadhye bhashantar kele. tyanni 'anglo-tamil shabdakosh' (1838) dekhil lihila, joou tyanchya 'tamilmadhil mhanicha sangrah aanee ingrajitil anuvad' yasah jaffna book societyne prakashit keela. american selon missionne chhapalelya pustakambarobarach hii done sarvat suruvatichi tamil pustake hotee. tyanche 'vedbhoomih bharat' heey tyache kahee pailu, bhautik, samajik, bauddhik aanee naitik asha thodakyat varnan kelele '1854 madhye prakashit jhaale. dharmpracharkanni deshbharatil mulambarobar kaam kele, tasech galle, badullah, diyatalava aanee thumodera yethe anathansathi aanee vyavsayik prashikshanasathi ghare sthapan kelee. heey kaam suruch rahile aanee visavya shatkat trikomali, chenkladi, puthuyugam aanee nilavali yethe ghare ubharanyat aalee. kaam karananya palakanchya mulanna aadhar denyachi udayonmukh garaj purn karnyasathi, paddhatvadi charchane velimada, moratmullah, angulana, panadura aanee maradana yethe divas palanyachi kendre aanee nursory sthapan kelya. uchch shikshan aanee rojgarasathi shaharanmadhye pravas karananya tarun mulinmadhye surakshit nivasachi kamatarata hotee aanee tyamule sthanik charchchya madatine columbo, mardana, muur road, badullah aanee katunayake yethe mahilanchi vasatigruhe ubharanyat aalee. vruddhanchya madatisathi badullah, velavatte, moratmullah aanee putter yethe jyeshthanchi ghare sthapan karnyat aalee aanee paddhatvadi mahilanchya sahbhagadvare tyanchi kalji ghetali jaat asey. anek dharmpracharak chhapaishi nigadit hote, harvard, squans, collway, spains, hardy aanee goggerly heey serve vyaparadvare mudrak hote. benjamin cloff yanni 1821 madhye ingraji teey sinhali shabdakosh aanee 1830 madhye sinhali teey ingraji shabdakosh prakashit keela. tyanni ingrajimadhye pahile paali vyakaran aanee shabdasangrah pustak dekhil prakashit kele aanee sinhali bhashet bhashantare kelee aanee pravachane chhapali. weslian presne dharmpracharkanni tayar keleli vidvattapoorn pustake chhapane aanee prakashit karane suru thewale. jeey. gorgarali aanee persival. vruttapatranni anek varshe selon baibal sosayatisathi sahayak sinhali baibal dekhil chhapale. kahee prasiddha shikshakansathi olakhalya jaananya methodist charchane shrilanket anek shaala sthapan kelya, jyat khaleel goshtincha samavesh aaheh tathapi, 1961 madhye, sarkarne paddhatshirpane chalavalya jaananya 178 shalanche 'sarkari sahayyit' shalanmadhun 'sarkari' shalanmadhye rupantar kele. vesale mahavidhyalay, columbo aanee methodist mahavidhyalay, columbo yaa keval done shaala charchchya vyavasthapanakhali rahilya. charchchya netyanni 1887 madhye velimada yethe vaidyakeey karya suru kele. tyanche prayatna 1895 madhye eka lahan mahila rugnalay, wiseman hospital mhanoon vikasit jhaale. yuvamadhil happy valley yethe eka lahan mulanche rugnalay dekhil ubharanyat aale. sarkari rugnalaye naslyamule yaa suvidha garajechya mahattvachya velee bandhalya gelya hotya. battikola, kalmunai aanee trikomali yethe vaidyakeey karya kele gele. eka dharmpracharak, gertrude netalshipne 1898 madhye puthur yethe eka rugnalay sthapan kele, jyache nantar seent asey namkaran karnyat aale. leukche paddhatvadi rugnalay, puthur. ajunahi vaparat asalelya paddhatishastradnyanchya suruvatichya rugnalayanpaiki hii ekmev rugnalaye aahet. jivodhayam pharm, polwatte matichi bhandi prakalp, buub. yasah vyavsayik prashikshan kendre sthapan karnyat aalee.aay.etch. electronics aanee shahar mission samudayik prakalp. 2006 madhye, chaloo yuddh aanee pradirgh aanibanimule, charchane manavadhikar paristhiticha magova ghenyasathi aanee shantatela protsahan denyasathi nyay aanee shantata desk sthapan keela. charchchya mulanchya tablane shrilanketil mulanchya kalyanala protsahan denyacha prayatna keela aahe. juuna 1963 madhye, british parishadene selonmadhil paddhatvadi charchala svayatta denara tharav manjur keela. 18 juuna 1964 roji kolupitiya methodist charchmadhye selon parishadechya payabharanichya kararavar swakshya karnyat aalya. tyavar swakshya kelyavar, british parishadeche adhyaksh mhanale, "mea yeshu khristachya suvarteche sakshidar bananyachya aanee sampoorn deshat aanee pruthvichya tokaparyant shastratil pavitratecha prasar karnyachya uddeshane selonchya methodist churchche udghatan karanyachi ghoshana karato.tyanantar tyanni revcha samavesh keela. fred ess. dii silva heey selonchya paddhatvadi churchche pahile adhyaksh hote. selonche governor-general yaa seves upasthit hote. shrilankechya methodist charchane 29 juuna 2014 roji khrist daad leaving saviourchya cathedralmadhye rashtriy aabharpradarshanasah tyache dvishatabdi sajare kele. sampoorn shrilanketil 10,000 hoon adhik paddhatvadi sadasya upasthit hote.

shrilankama methodist church shrilankako methodist church () (tamil bhashah илнгая awahтист awaусссоaaa "Ilangai methadistha Tiruchabai") shrilankako ek protestant isai sampradaya how. yasako mukhyalaya kolamboma chha rar 29 june 1814 maa sthapit bhaeko thiyo. yo charchaharuko vishwa parishad, asiako isai sammelan, shrilankako rashtriya isai parishad rar vishwa paddhatiwadi parishadko sadasya how. itihas. adaraniya john veslika dahine hatka manis thomas cock, 30 december 1813 maa portsmouth bandargahbata prasthan garne celone (ahile shrilanka) ko videshi missionka lagi mukhya rupma jimmewar thie. yatrako kramama cock birami bhayo, marey rar 3 mey 1814 maa samudrama gadiyo. james linch, thomas hull squens, william alt, george erskin rar benjamin cluff 29 june 1814 maa gallema aipuge. squens, cluff rar linchle gyale bandargahma prawesh gare, rar alt rar erskin bokeko dunga uniharuko wyaktigat prabhawka sath veligamatira sare rar tiniharu bholipalta tyahan awataran gare. missionariharule silonka vibhinna bhagharuma yatra gare, squens rar linchbata jaffna, altadekhi baticaloa, erskindekhi matara, rar cluff gallema baanki thie. pariwarik paristhitika karan bambaima raheka harward sann 1815 ko suruma gallema ae rar unlai kolomboma niyukta gariyo rar cluff pani unko sathama gyale chhodera erskinle herchah garna gae. sann 1815 ko madhyama, uniharule bandha sadakma jaggako ek bhag kine rar euta chapel banae june az pani methodist church, petah, asiako sabaibhanda purano methodist charchako rupma khada chha. pachhi tiniharule kolamboma balbalikako aitwar vidyalaya rar printing press suru gare. rev. pesama printer raheka harwardle kamko nirikshan gare rar balbalikaka lagi pustakharu chhapna thale. yasaibich, 'da wesleyan mission house' namak euta chapel sampanna bhayo rar december 1816 maa pujaka lagi kholieko thiyo. tyas samayama mahilako shikshako viruddhama manovritti bhae tapani, sann 1834 maa, missionariharule wembdy balika uccha vidyalaya sthapana gare. pandit arumuga nawalaarasangai pieter parsibhalle baiballai tamilma anuwad gare. unle "englo-tamil shabdakosh" (1838) pani lekhe, june unko "tamilma ukhanharuko sangraha rar angrejima anuwad" sangasangai jaffna book societydwara prakashit garieko thiyo. yee americi silon missiondwara chhapieka dui prarambhik tamil pustakharu thie. unko "wedko bhumih bharat yasako kehi pakshaharuma, bhautik, samajik, baudhik rar naitik rupma sankshipta rupma warnan garieko" sann 1854 maa prakashit bhaeko thiyo. missionariharule deshbharka balbalikaharusanga kaam gare, sathai anathaharuka lagi gharharu rar wyawasayik prashikshan, jastai galle, badulla, diyatlawa rar thumoderama sthapana gare. yo kaam jaari rahyo, rar, bisaun shatabdima, trinchomaly, chenkaladi, puthuyugam rar nilabhelima gharharu sthapana gariyo. kaam garne amababuka bachchaharulai sahayog garne badhdo awashyaktalai pura gardai, methodist charchale velimada, moratmulla, angulana, panadura rar maradanama day care centre rar narsariharu sthapana garyo. uccha shiksha rar rojgarika lagi saharharuma yatra garne yuwatiharuma surakshit awasko abhawa thiyo, rar tyasaile, sthaniya charchaharuko sahayogma, colombo, maradana, murr road, badulla rar katunayakma mahila chhatrawasharu sthapana gariyo. wridhaharuko samarthanka lagi badulla, velavatte, moratmulla rar puterma alder hausharu sthapana garieko thiyo rar methodist mahila feloshipdwara herchah garieko thiyo. dherai missionariharu mudranma sanlagna thie, harward, squance, kalawe, spains, hardy, rar gagarli sabai wyapardwara printerharu thie. benjamin clole sann 1821 maa angrejibata sinhali shabdakosh rar sann 1830 maa angrejima sinhali shabdakosh prakashit gare. unle angrejima pahilo pally wyakaran rar shabdawali pustak pani prakashit gare, rar sinhalima upadeshharu anuwad rar chhapera chhapera ae. weslian presle dharmapracharakharudwara nirmit vidwan pustakharu chhapna rar prakashit garna jaari rakhyo. jey. gorgarli rar persival. presle dherai warshasamma celone bible societyko sahayakka lagi sinhali baibalharu pani chhapyo. kehi prakhyat shikshakharuka lagi parichit methodist charchale shrilankama dherai vidyalayaharu sthapana garyo, jasma samawesh chhah yadyapi, sann 1961 maa, 178 wata paddhatiwadidwara sanchalit vidyalayaharulai sarkarle "sarkari sahayata prapta" vidyalayaharubata "sarkari" vidyalayama rupantaran gareko thiyo. kewal dui vidyalayaharu, wesley college, colombo rar methodist college, colombo, charchako wyawasthapanantargat rahe. charchaka netaharule sann 1887 maa velimadama chikitsa karya suru gare. tiniharuko prayas sann 1895 maa euta sano mahila aspatal, wiseman aspatalma wiksit bhayo. yuwako happy bhyalima euta sano balbalikako aspatal pani sthapana garieko thiyo. yee suwidhaharu awashyaktako mahatwapurna samayama nirman garieko thiyo, kinki tyahan kunai sarkari aspatalharu thienan. batikaloa, kalmunai rar trinchomalima chikitsa karya garieko thiyo. ek misnery, gertrude nettleshiple sann 1898 maa puthurma euta aspatal sthapana gare, jaslai pachhi cent naam diiyo. lukako methodist aspatal, puthur. yo matra methodistharuko prarambhik aspatalharu madhye ek how june ajhai prayogma chha. jiwodhayam farm, polwatte mrigaula pariyojana, bee sahit wyawasayik prashikshanka lagi kendraharu sthapana gariyo.mahm.etch. electronics, rar shahar mission samudayik pariyojanaharu. sann 2006 maa, chaliraheko yuddha rar lamo apatkalko karanle garda, charchale manav adhikarko awasthako nigarani garna rar shanti prawardhan garna nyaya rar shanti desk sthapana garyo. charchako ball deskle shrilankama balbalikako kalyanlai badhawa dine prayas gareko chha. june 1963 maa, britis sammelanle selonko methodist charchalai swayattata dine prastawa parit parit. celone sammelanko jag basalne samjhautama 18 june 1964 maa kolupitia methodist charchama hastakshar bhaeko thiyo. yasama hastakshar garepachhi, britis sammelanka adhyakshale bhane, "mahm yeshu khrishtako susamacharko sakshi dine rar bhumibhari rar prithwiko antyasamma dharmashastrako pawitrata failaune uddeshyaka lagi selonko methodist charchako udghatan garne ghoshana gardachhu.tyasapachhi unle revlai samawesh gare. fred ess. silvalai selonko methodist charchako pahilo adhyakshako rupma. selonka governer-general sewama upasthit thie. shrilankako methodist charchale 29 june 2014 maa jiwit uddharak khrishtako cathedralma rashtriya dhanyawad sewaka sath afno dwishatabdi manaeko thiyo. shrilankabharbata 10,000 bhanda badhi paddhatiwadi sadasyaharule bhag lie.

shreelankare paddhatibadee church shreelankara paddhatibadee church (tamil bhashah илнгие метист тирусссое "Ilangai methadistha theruchabai") heuchhi shreelankara eka protestant khristian sampradai. ehara mukhyalaja kalambore achhi ebong 29 june 1814 ray sthapita hoithila. ehaa biswa church parishad, acia khristian sammilani, shreelankara jatiah khristian parishad ebong biswa paddhatibadee parisadara sadasya . itihas. 1813 masiha december 30 tarikhare portsmouth bandararu jatra arambha karithiba celone (bartamana shreelanka) ku bideshi mission paain shradheja zohn weslinka dahana haata thiba thamas coke mukhyata daie thile. ehi jatra samajare coke asustha hoi mrutyubarana karithila ebong 3 meey june samudrare poti diajaithila. james linch, thomas hull squance, william alt, george erskine ebong benjamin clow 29 june june galere pahanchithile. squance, cluff ebong linch ehaaku gyale bandara pahanchaithile, ebong alt ebong erskine bahn karuthiba dangati semanankara byaktigata prabhaba sahita weligama aadaku gati karithila ebong semane pardin sakale sethare abataran karithile. missionarymane selonra bibhinna anchalaku jatra karithile, ebong jaffna, altaru baticaloa, erskine thaaru matara ebong cluff galre rahi jaithile. paribarika paristhiti karanaru bambere rahithiba harbard 1815 masiha prarambhare galle aasithile ebong tanku kalambore nijukti diajaithila ebong cluff madhya taanka sahita gell chhadi ersakinka dwara jatna neba paain joga deithile. 1815 masiha madhyabhagare, semane dyam street upare eka ansha jami kinithile ebong eka chappel nirmana karithile jaahaa aaji madhya acr sabutharu puruna methodist church, petta bhabare sethare chhida hoichhi . parey semane kalambore eka rabibara skula ebong eka printing press arambha karithile. ray. bruttire jane mudraka, harbard, ehi karjyara tadarakh karithile ebong pilamananka paain pustaka mudrana arambha karithile. iti madhyare, 'wesleyan mission house' namaka eka chappel sampurna hoithila ebong december 1816 ray pooja paain kholajaithila . sehi samajare mahilanka sikhya biruddhare manobhaba satwe, 1834 ray, missionarymane bhembadi balika uccha bidyalaja pratistha karithile. pandita arumuga navalaranka saha pieter persival baibalaku tamil bhasare anubada karithile. shay "anglo-tamil abhidhana" (1838) madhya lekhithile, jaahaa taanka "ingrajire anubada sahita taamilare prabadara eka sangraha" sahita jaffna book society dwara prakashita hoithila. americae sellon mission dwara mudrita duiti prarambhika tamil pustaka sahita ehaa thila. tankara "beda bhumihi bharat ehara keteka diga, sharirika, samajika, boudhika ebong naitikatare sankhipta bhabare barnana karajaichi" 1854 ray prakashita hoithila . missionarymane saaraa deshare pilamananka sahita karjya karithile, ebong anath ebong dhandamulaka talim paain ghara pratistha karithile, jepariki galle, badullah, dijatalawa ebong thumoderare . ehi karjya jaari rahithila, ebong binsha shatabdire, trinkomali, chenkaladi, puthuyugama ebong nilabheli thaare gharman pratistha karajaithila. karmajibi pitamatanka pilamananku sahajata karibara udiyamana aabashyakataaku purana curry, paddhatibadee church welimada, moratumullah, angulana, panadura ebong maradanare day kear centre ebong nursory pratistha karithile. uccha sikhya ebong nijukti paain saharaku jatra karuthiba jubateemananka pakhare nirapada rahani subidha nathila, ebong tenu, sthaniah charchagudikara sahajatare, columbo, maradana, muura road, badullah ebong katunajakere mahila chhatrabasa pratistha karajaithila. bajaskamananka sahajata paain badamananka gruha, badullah, welawatte, moratmullah ebong putter ray sthapita hoithila, ebong paddhatibadee mahila phelocip dwara jatna niajaithila . aneka missionary mudrana sahita jadita thile, harbard, squance, kalawe, spains, hardy ebong gagarali samaste banijya dwara printer thile . benjamin clow 1821 masihare eka ingrajiru singhali abhidhana ebong 1830 masihare eka singhaliru ingraji abhidhana prakash karithile. shay ingrajire pratham paali byakarana ebong shabdabhandara pustaka madhya prakash karithile, ebong singhali bhasare upadeshar anubada ebong mudrana karithile. wesleyan press missionarymananka dwara utpadita bidwana pustaka mudrana ebong prakash kariba jaari rakhithila . jay. gorger ebong persival . press madhya aneka barsha dhari sellon bible society paain sinhala baibalaku mudrita karithila. keteka bisista shikhyakanka paain janashuna paddhatibadee church shreelankare aneka bidyalaja pratistha karithila, jeunthire antarbhuktah tebe, 1961 masihare, paddhatigata bhabe parichalita parichalita bidyalajaku sarkar "sarkari sahajata prapta" bidyalajaru "sarkari" bidyalajare parinata karithile. kebala duiti bidyalaja, wesli college, columbo ebong methodist college, columbo, churcher parichalana adheenare rahithila. churcher netamane 1887 masihare welimadare chikitsa karjya arambha karithile. semanankara prayasa 1895 masihare wiseman hospital, eka chhot mahila daktarakhanare parinata hoithila. ubhara khusi upatyakare eka chhot shishu daktarakhana madhya pratistha karajaithila . kaunasi sarkari daktarakhana naah thibaru ehi subidhagudika eka gurutwapurna samajare nirmana karajaithila. batticaloa, kalmunai ebong trinkomalire daktari karjya karajaithila. jane missionary, gertrude nettleship, 1898 ray puthurre eka daktarakhana pratistha karithile, jaahaaku parey cent naama diajaithila . look 'saas methodist hospital, puthur. ehaa heuchhi ekamatra paddhatigyamananka prarambhika daktarakhana jaahaa bartamana madhya byabahruta heuchhi . jeebodhayama farm, polawatte mrupatra prakalpa, bii. sameth bruttigata prasikhyana paain kendra pratistha karajaithila.aai.etch. electronics, ebong city mission gosthi prakalpa. 2006 masihare, chalithiba juddha ebong deerghakaleena jarureekaleena paristhiti karanaru, church manabadhikara paristhiti upare nazar rakhiba ebong shantiku prostahita kariba paain eka nyaaja ebong shanti desk pratistha karithila. churcher shishu desk shreelankare pilamananka kalyanaku prostahita karibaku chesta karichhi . 1963 masiha juna maasare, british sammilani selonra paddhatibadee charchaku swajattata pradan kariba laagi eka prastaba parita karithila. 1964 masiha june 18 tarikhare kolupitia paddhatibadee charchare celone sammilanira muladua patra swakhyarita hoithila. ethire swakhyara kariba parey, british sammilanira adhyakhya kahithile je "yeeshu khristanka susamacharara sakhi heba ebong saaraa deshare tatha pruthibira shesh parjyanta shastriya pabitrataara prasara uddeshyare mun selonra paddhatibadee churcher udghatan ghoshana karuchhi.ehapare shay rebhnku samil karithile. fred ess. dii silbha selonra paddhatibadee churcher pratham sabhapati bhabare. selonra gabharnara-general ehi sebare upasthita thile. shreelankara methodist church 29 june 2014 ray jibanta tranakartta khristanka cathedralare eka jatiah dhanyabada seba sahita ehara dwishatabdee palana karithila . samagra shreelankaru 10,000 ru adhika paddhatibadee sadasya ethire joga deithile.

srilanka witch vidhivadi church srilanka daa vidhivadi church (tamil bhashao илингие метист тируссесет "Illangai methadistha theruchabai") srilanka witch ikk protestant isai samparda haii. iss daa headquarter columbo witch haii atey 29 juun 1814 noon sathapit keeta giaa see. ih vishav church consul, eshia dee isai conferences, srilanka dee rashtari isai consul atey vishav vidhivadi consul daa member haii. itihaas. thamas cock, joe kii reverand jauhan vesli daa sajja hatth see, mukkh taur utte 30 dasambar 1813 noon portsmouth bandargah toon ravana hoye see, joe kii selon (hunn srilanka) dey videshi mission laee zimmevar see. yaatra dauran, cock bimar hoow giaa, maut hoow gaee atey 3 maee 1814 noon samunder witch dafnaiaa giaa. james linch, thamas haal squence, viliam olt, jaaraj erskin atey benjamin clau 29 juun 1814 noon gaile pahunche. squanus, clau atey linch gaile bandargah utte pahunche, atey kulat atey erskin noon lae keey kishti aapne nijji prabhavan naal valigama vall chalee gaee atey uh agle dinn utthe pahunche. missionariaan neey sealon dey vakkh-vakkh hissiaan dee yaatra keeti, jiss witch squence atey linch toon lae keey jaffna, ault toon batikaloa, erskin toon matara atey clogg gaile witch rahi gaye. harward joe parivarak haaltan caarn bambe witch riha, 1815 dey shuru witch gaile aaiaa atey uss noon columbo witch tayinat keeta giaa atey clauf vee uss naal gaile chhadd keey arskin duaara dekhbhal laee shamal hoow giaa. 1815 dey maddh witch, unhan neey daim street utte zameen daa ikk hissa kharidiaa atey ikk chappel banaiaa joe ajj vee eshia dey sabh toon purane vidhivadi church, paitah dey roop witch utthe khadah haii. baad witch uhanan neey columbo witch bacchiaan daa aitwar daa school atey ikk printing presses shuru keeti. rev. peshe toon printer harward neey kamm dee nigrani keeti atey bacchiaan laee kitaban chhapna shuru qarr ditta. iss dauran, 'wesleyan mission haaoos' namak ikk chappel dasambar 1816 witch mukammal hoow giaa atey pooja laee kholhiaa giaa. uss samein aurtan dee sikkhiaa dey virudh ravaiye dey bavjood, 1834 witch, missionariaan neey vaimbadi gerals hyee school dee sathapana keeti. pandit arumuga navlar dey naal, pieter persival neey bible daa tamil witch anuvad keeta. unhan neey "angrezi-tamil shabadkosh" (1838) vee likhiaa, jiss noon unhan dey "angrezi witch anuvad dey naal tamil witch kahawat daa sangrah" dey naal-naal jaffna book suciety duaara prakashit keeta giaa see. ih amriki seelan mission duaara chhapiaan gaeeaan doou sabh toon puraniaan tamil kitaban sunn. uhanan daa "ved dee bhumia bharat" sankhep witch bhautik, smajik, baudhik atey naitik pahiluaan witch varnit keeta giaa see. missionariaan neey desh bharr witch bacchiaan naal kamm keeta, naal hii anathan atey kittamukhi sikhlai laee gharan dee sathapana keeti, jiven kii galey, badula, dialalawa atey thammodera witch. ih kamm jaari riha atey veehvin sadee witch, trikomali, chenkladi, puthuyugam atey nilwali witch gharr sathapat keete gaye sunn. kamm curran vaale maapiaan dey bacchiaan dee sahaita curran dee ubbhar rahee zaroorat noon poora karde hoye, vidhivadi church neey valimada, moratmula, angulana, panadura atey maradana witch daye cair center atey narsariaan dee sathapana keeti. ucch sikkhiaa atey rozgaar laee shahiran witch yaatra curran valiaan mutiaaran cole surakhiat rihaish dee ghaat see, atey iss laee, sathanak charchan dey sahiyog naal, columbo, mardana, moor road, badullah atey katunaike witch aurtan dey hostal sathapat keete gaye sunn. bazurgan dey samarthan laee bazurgan dey gharr, badula, velavat, moratmullah atey putter witch sathapat keete gaye sunn, atey vidhivadi aurtan dee fellowship duaara dekhbhal keeti jaandi see. bahut saare missionary printing naal jude hoye sunn, harward, squence, kalve, spence, hardy atey gagri saare vapaar duaara printer sunn. benjamin clauf neey 1821 witch ikk angrezi toon sinhala shabadkosh atey 1830 witch ikk sinhala toon angrezi shabadkosh prakashit keeta. usne angrezi witch pahili paali viaakaran atey shabdawali dee kitaab vee prakashit keeti, atey sinhala witch updeshan daa anuvad atey chhapai keeti. wesleyan presses neey missionariaan duaara tiaar keetiaan vidvatapuran kitaban noon chhapna atey prakashit karna jaari rakkhiaa jiven kii satikaryog dee. jey. gorgarli atey persival. presses neey kaee saalan takk silon bible suciety sahaik laee sinhala bible vee chhapiaan. kujh prasidh sikkhiakan laee jaane jaande vidhivadi church neey srilanka witch bahut saare school sathapat keete, jinhan witch shamal hann halanki, sann 1961 witch, sarkaar duaara 178 vidhivadi schoolan noon "sarkari sahaita prapat" schoolan toon "sarkari" schoolan witch tabdil qarr ditta giaa see. siraf doou school, wesley kaalaj, columbo atey methodist kaalaj, columbo, church dey parbandhan adheen rahey. church dey netavan neey 1887 witch valimada witch medical kamm shuru keeta. unhan dey yatan 1895 witch ikk chhote jihe mahila hospital, wizman hospital witch vikast hoye. oova witch happy valley witch ikk chhote bacchiaan daa hospital vee sathapat keeta giaa see. ih sahulatan zaroorat dey mahattavpuran samein 'teey banaiaan gaeeaan sunn, kiunki itthe koee sarkari hospital naheen sunn. battikoa, kalmunai atey trincomali witch medical kamm keeta giaa see. ikk missionary, gertrude nettleship neey 1898 witch puthur witch ikk hospital dee sathapana keeti, jiss daa naam baad witch cent rakkhiaa giaa. look daa vidhivadi hospital, puthur. ih siraf ikko ikk vidhi vigiaaniaan dey shuruati hospital hunn joe ajey vee varton witch hunn. kittamukhi sikhlai laee kendra sathapat keete gaye sunn, jinhan witch jivodhayam farm, polwate mitty dey bartan project, bee shamal sunn.I.aich. electronics, atey city mission community project. sann 2006 witch, chall rahey yuddh atey lambe samein takk emergency dey caarn, church neey manukkhi adhikaran dee sathiti utte nazar rakkhan atey shanti noon utshahit curran laee ikk niaan atey shanti desk dee sathapana keeti. church dey bacchiaan dey desk neey srilanka witch bacchiaan dee bhalai noon utshahit curran dee koshish keeti haii. juun 1963 witch, british conferences neey sealon witch vidhivadi church noon khudmukhtiaari denh daa mataa paas keeta. 18 juun 1964 noon colupitia vidhivadi church witch sealon conferences dee neenh dey pattar utte hastakhar keete gaye sunn. iss utte hastakhar curran utte, british conferences dey pardhan neey kiha, "main hunn sealon dey vidhivadi church daa udghatan curran daa ailaan karda haan taan joe yisu masih dee khush khabri daa gawah bann keey atey poore desh atey dharti dey sire takk shastari pavittarta daa prasaar keeta jaa sake.firr uss neey rev noon shamal keeta. fred aiss. dee silva sealon dey vidhivadi church dey pahile pardhan vajon. selon dey governor-general seva witch maujood sunn. srilanka dey vidhivadi church neey 29 juun 2014 noon jeevat muktidata masih dey girjaghar witch ikk rashtari dhanvad seva dey naal aapni doou-shatabadi manai. srilanka bharr toon 10,000 toon vaddh vidhivadi memberan neey hissa liaa.

shreelankaadeshasy methodist charch shreelankaadeshasy methodist charch () (tamil bhaashaah илнгая метист тирусссое "Illangai methadistha Tiruchabai") shreelankaadeshasy protestant-christian-sampradaayah asti. asya mukhyaalayah kolambo-nagare asti, tathaa cha 29 joon 1814 tame dine sthaapitah aasit. ayam vishva-charcha-parishadah, asia-christian-sammelanam, shreelankaadeshasy rashtriya-christian-parishadah, vishva-paddhati-parishadah cha sadasyah asti. itihaasah. 1813 december 30 dinaanke portsmout-naukashrayat naukaayaanam aarabhy, silon (adhunaa shrilanka) prati videsheey-yatrayaha krute, aadaraneeyasy jaan-wesley ityasya dakshinahastah thaamas-cock ityeshah mukhyataya uttaradaayi aasit. yatrayaha samaye, cock rogena mrutah, 3 mey 1814 dinaanke samudre samaadhisthah abhavat. james-linch, thaamas-haal-squens, vilium-alt, jaarj-erskin, benjamin-klo cha 29 joon 1814 dinaanke gele-nagare aagataah. squens, claff, linch cha gell-naukaashrayam prati aagataah, tathaa alt-erskin ityetaan swakeeya-prabhaawaih saha vahanti naukaa veligama-nagaram prati pravahat, tatah param te tatra aagacchan. missionary-janaah selan-nagarasya vibhinneshu bhaageshu pravaasam kurvanti sma, yatra squens tathaa linch ityetaani jaafnaa-nagaram prati, alt-taha batikalovaa-nagaram prati, erskin-taha matara-kshetram prati, klau-kshetram cha galle-nagare eva avashishtaani aasan. haarvard ityeshah, yah paarivaarik-paristhityaa bambai-nagare eva aasit, 1815 tamavarshasya aarambhe gyaale-nagaram aagacchat, tathaa cha colombo-nagare niyuktah abhavat, tathaa cha klau-varyaha api gyaale-nagaram gatvaa erskin ityanena paricharyai tena saha militavaan. 1815 tame varshe madhyabhaage, te daam-margasya bhoomyaah ekam bhaagam kreenan, ekam prarthanapitam niramaat, yat adyapi asia-deshasya prachinatamam methodist-charch, petaah iti methodist-charch iti rupena sthite. pashchat te kolambo-nagare balanam ravivaasare vidyaalayam, mudranaalayam cha aarabhant. reva. vruttyaa mudrakah haarvard ityeshah karyasya paryavekshanam krutvaa balanam krute pustakaani mudrayitum aarabdhavaan. etadatirichya, 'da veslian mission house' iti namakam prarthana-mandiram poornam krutvaa 1816 december-maase pujartham udghaatitam. tasmin samaye mahilayaha shikshayaha viruddham manovruttihi satsu api, 1834 tame varshe dharmaprachaarakaah vembadi-balika-ucchavidyaalayam sthaapitavantah. pandita-arumugaa-navalaar ityanena saha, peater-persival ityanena bable ityasya tamil-bhashayam anuvaadah krutah. saha "aangl-tamil-shabdakosham" (1838) api alikhat, yat tasya "anglabhashayam anuvaaden saha tamilabhashayam prabaadagranthasangrah" ityanena saha jaffna book-societya prakaashitam. american-sealon-mission ityanena saha mudritau praarambhikau tamil-pustakau dwau aasan. tasya "vedasya bhoomih bhaaratam" iti tasya keshuchit bhautika-samajika-bauddhika-naitika-vishayeshu sankshepena varnitam aasit iti 1854 tame varshe prakaashitam. dharmaprachaarakaah sampoorne deshe baalakaih saha karyam kurvanti sma, api cha anathanam krute tathaa vyaavasaayikaprashikshanaarth gruhaani api sthaapayanti, yathaa galle, badullaa, diyatalava, tummoderaa ityaadishu. etat karyam nirantaram prachalati sma, vimshatishataabdyaam trinkomaalee, chenkaladi, puthuyugam, nilavalee cha ityeteshu gruheshu gruhaani sthaapitaani aasan. karmacharinam matapitrunam santatibhyah poshanasya udayonmukh-aavashyakataam poorayan, paddhati-yukta-charcha velimada, moratamulla, angulana, panadura, maradana ityeteshu divasa-samrakshanakendraani, narsarayah cha asthaapayat. ucchashikshaayaah, rojagarasya cha krute nagaraani prati gacchantah yuvikaah baalikaah surakshitavaasasya abhaavam anubhavanti sma, ataha sthaniyanam charchu-kshetraanaam samarthanena kolambo, maradana, moor-road, badullaa, katunaayake cha ityeteshu mahilaa-vasatigruhaani sthaapitaah. vruddhaanaam samarthanartham badullaa, velaavatte, moratamulla, putter ityeteshu vruddhaanaam gruhaani sthaapitaah, tathaa cha paddhati-yukttaah mahilaa-sahabhaaginah teshaam rakshanm kurvanti sma. aneke dharmaprachaarakaah mudrane samlagnaah aasan, haarvard, squens, kaalve, spains, hardy, gagerley cha sarve vyaapaaradvaaraa mudrakaah aasan. benjamin klau ityanena 1821 tame varshe aangl-bhashayam simhala-shabdakoshah, 1830 tame varshe aangl-bhashayam simhala-shabdakoshah cha prakaashitah. saha anglabhashayam prathamam paalee-vyaakaran-shabdabhandara-pustakam api prakashitavan, sinhale bhashayam upadeshanam anuvaadam mudranam cha krutavaan. veslian-patrikaah dharmaprachaarakaih nirmitanam vidvatapurnanam pustakanam mudranam, prakaashanam cha nirantaram kurvan aasit. jey. gaarjar tathaa persival. patrikaah anekavarshaani yaavat sahayakasya selan-bable-societyaah krute sinhali-bables api mudrayanti sma. kechan prasidhaah shikshakaah iti namna prasidhaah methodist charch-samsthaa shrilankadeshe bahooni vidyaalayaani sthaapayat, yeshu antarbhavanti - parantu 1961 tame varshe, praayah 178 paddhati-chaalit-vidyaalayaani sarvakaarena "sarvakaareey-sahaayya-vidyaalayebhyah" sarvakaareey-vidyaalayebhyah parivartitaah. kevalam vidyaalayadvayam, wesley mahaavidyaalayaha, colombo, methodist mahaavidyaalayaha, colombo cha, charcha ityasya prabandhane eva aasit. charch-netaarah 1887 tame varshe velimada-nagare chikitsakaryam aarabhant. teshaam prayatnaah 1895 tame varshe visimens-chikitsaalayah, ekam laghuvidyaalayaah, iti rupena vikasitaani. oovaa-nagarasya hyaapee-vyaalee-ityatra balanam laghuvidyaalayaah api sthaapitah. ete suvidhaah aavashyakasya mahattvapoornasamaye nirmitaah, yatah tatra kimapi sarvakaareey-chikitsaalayam naa aasit. batikalovaa, kalamunai, trinkomaalee ityeteshu chikitsaa-karyani krutaani aasan. dharmaprachaarakah, gertrud netlashipah, 1898 tame varshe puthoor-nagare chikitsaalayam asthaapayat, yasya naam pashchat sent iti punah namakaranam krutam. luke ityasya methodist chikitsaalayah, puthoor. idameva methodist-ityeteshaam praarambhik-chikitsaalayeshu ekamaatram asti yat adyaapi prayujyate. jeevodhayam krushikshetram, polvatte-mrunmaya-pariyojanaa, kha. ityadini vyaavasaayik-prashikshan-kendraani sthaapitaani.a.haha. electronics, tathaa nagar-mission-samudayika-pariyojanaah. 2006 tame varshe, prachalite yuddhasya, dirghakalam yaavat aapatkaalasy cha karanat, charch-samsthaa maanav-adhikaar-sthitim nireekshayitum, shaantim pravardhayitum cha nyayasya, shaanteh cha peetham asthaapayat. charch ityasya balanam mejaihi shrilankadeshe balanam kalyanasya prachaarah kartum prayatate. 1963 joon-maase british-sammelanam selan-nagarasya methodist-charch-samsthaayai svayattatam pradadati prastaavam sveekrutavaan. 1964 joon 18 dinaanke kolupitia-methodist-charch-madhye selan-sammelanasy sthaapanapatram hastaaksharitam. tasya hastaksharasya anantaram british-sammelanasy adhyakshah avadat yat, "yishu-kristasya suvichaarasya sakshyam daatum, sampoorne deshe, pruthivyaah antaparyantam cha shastriya-pavitrataayaah prasarartham, idaaneem selan-mandalam udghaatayitum aham ghoshayaami.tatah saha reva iti samaaveshayat. fred ess. dee silvaa ityeshah selan-ityasya methodist-charch ityasya prathamah adhyakshah aasit. sevaayaam selan-nagarasya governor-general upasthitah aasit. shreelankaadeshasy methodist-charch-samsthaa 2014 joon 29 dinaanke christ-da-leaving-saviour-kethedral-ityatra rashtriya-dhanyavaad-sevaya saha dwishataabdeem aacharat. sampoorn-shrilankadeshat 10,000 taha adhikaah paddhatijna-sadasyaah upasthitaah aasan.

ilangkaiyil ulla muraimaiyana devalayam ilangkai muraimaiyudaiya devalayam (The Methodist devalayam of Srilanka) (tamizh mozhif ilangkai methadishtha thiruchaabaai) enbathu ilangkaiyil ulla oru christhuva madhap pirivin oru pirathivaathap pirivaagum. adhan thalaimaiyagam kolamboavil ullathu mattrum juun 29,1814 andru niruvappattathu. idhu ulaga devaalayangal sabai, aasiyaavin christhava maanaadu, ilangkaiyin thaesiya christhava council mattrum ulaga muraimai council aagiyavattril uruppinaraaga ullathu. varalaaru. mariyaathaikkuriya john wesliyin valathu kaii manitharaana thamas kook, disambar 30,1813 andru poartsmavuth thuraimugaththilirunthu purapatta sealon (ippoathu ilangkai) kku velinaattu panikku mukkiyamaaga poruppaettraar. payanaththin poathu, kook noaivaaippattu iranthaar, 3 mae 1814 andru kadalil pudhaikkappattaar. james linch, thamas haal schwans, villiyam schwans, jaarj ersin mattrum benjamin cloff 29 juun 1814 andru kaallaekku vanthanar. schwans, cloff mattrum linch aagiyavai kaalle thuraimugaththirku vanthana, maelum oru poonai mattrum erskyne aetrtrich sendra padagu avarkalin thanipatta vilaivugaludan velkamavai noakki nagarnthathu, avarkal aduththa naall athikaalai angku tharaiyirangkinar. missionarigal sealon palvaeru pakuthikalukkuch sendranar, jaffnavukku squance mattrum linch, pattikaloavaavukku alt, metharaakku erskine mattrum kallil cluff enjchiyirunththathu. kudumba soozhnilaigal kaaranamaaga pambaeyil irunththa haarvard 1815 aam aandin thodakkaththil kallikku vanthaar, maelum kolamboavukku anuppapattaar, maelum cluff avarudan saernthu kalliyai vittu veliyaeri erskynol kavanikkappattaar. 1815 aam aandin naduppaguthiyil, avarkal anai theruvil oru paguthiyai vaangki, aasiyaavin migap palamaiyaana muraimai devaalayamaana betta endra muraimai devaalayamaaga intrum nirkum oru devaalayaththaik kattinar. pinnar avarkal kuzhandhaigalukkaana gnaayiru palli mattrum kolamboavil oru achagaththaith thodangkinar. rev. haarvard, oru achchupporiyaalar, vaelaiyai maerpaarvaiyittaar mattrum kuzhandhaigalukkaana puththagangkalai achchidath thodangkinaar. idharkidaiyil, 'weslian mission havus' endra devalayam katti mudikappattu disambar 1816 ill vazhipaattirkaaga thirakkappattathu. antha neraththil penkalin kalvikku ethiraana anugumuraigal irunththapoathilum, 1834 aam aandil, missionarigal vaempadi penkal uyarnilaip palliyai niruvinar. panditha aarumuga naavalarudan saernthu, piittar persival bibley tamizhil molipeyarththaar. avar "aangkila-tamizh agaraathi" (1838) yaiyum ezhuthinaar, idhu avarathu "tamizhil pazhamozhigalin thoguppudan aangkilaththil mozhipeyarppu" jaffna puththaga sangaththaal veliyidappattathu. ivai america sealon missional achidappatta aarambagaala tamizh puththagangkalil irandu. avarathu "vaethaththin nilam india adhan sila amsangkalil, udal, samooga, arivusaar mattrum ozhukkaththil surukkamaaga vivarikkappattullathu" 1854 ill veliyidappattathu. missionarigal naadu muzhuvathum kuzhandhaigaludan panipurinthanar, athae poal anaathaikalukkaana veedugalaiyum, kalle, badullah, thyaathalaavaa mattrum tummothera poantra thozhil payirchigalaiyum niruvinar. inthap panii thodarnthathu, irupathaam noottraandil, thirukoanamalai, sengaladi, pudhuyugam mattrum nilaveli aagiya idangkalil veedugal niruvapattana. vaelai seiyum petrtroarin kuzhandhaigalai aatharippatharkaana valarnthu varum thevaiyai poorthi seiyum vagaiyil, muraiyaana devalayam velimada, moradamullah, angulana, banadura mattrum maraathanaavil pakalnaera paramarippu maiyangkal mattrum narsarigalai niruviyathu. uyarkalvi mattrum vaelaivaaippukkaaga nagarangalukkuch sellum ilam penkal paathukaappaana thangkumidaththai peravillai, enavae, ulloor devaalayangalin aatharavudan, kolambo, maradana, muur saalai, badullah mattrum kattinayake aagiya idangkalil penkal viduthigal amaikappattana. vayathaanavargalin aatharavukkaaga, periyavarkalin veedugal, badullah, velvath, moradamullah mattrum puttar aagiya idangkalil niruvapattana, maelum muraiyaana penkalin kootturavaal paraamarikkappattana. pala madhap poathakarkal achchiduvathil eedupattirunththanar, haarvard, schwans, callaway, spuns, haardi mattrum gogarli anaiththum varththagaththin moolam achchupporigalaaka irunththana. benjamin clow 1821ill singala agaraathikku oru aangkilaththaiyum, 1830ill singalaththirku oru singalaththaiyum veliyittaar. avar muthal baalii ilakkanaththaiyum sorkalanjchiyaththaiyum aangkilaththil veliyittaar, maelum singalaththil mozhipeyarththu pirasangkangkalai achittaar. weslian paththirigai madhap poathakarkal thayaariththa arivaattral puththagangkalai thodarnthu achchidavum veliyidavum seithathu. jay. gorgerly mattrum persival. pala aandugalaaka sealon bible samoogaththin thunaikkaaga singala biblegalaiyum achchidappattathu. sila pugazhpettra kalviyaalargalukku peyar pettra methodist surch, ilangkaiyil pala palligalai amaiththathu, avattril pinvaruvana adangum iruppinum, 1961 aam aandil, 178 muraippadi nadatthappadum palligal arasaangkaththaal "arasaangka udhavi" pallikalilirunthu "arasaangka" pallikalaaka maattrappattana. irandu palligal, wesley kalluri, kolambo mattrum methodist kalluri, kolambo, devalayaththin nirvaagaththin keezh irunththana. 1887 aam aandil devalayat thalaivarkal velimaadaavil maruththuvap panigalaith thodangkinar. avarkalin muyarchigal 1895 aam aandil oru siriya magalir maruththuvamanaiyaaga valarnththana. yuvaavil ulla magizhchchiyaana pallaththaakkil oru siriya kuzhandhaigal maruththuvamanaiyum amaikkappattathu. arasu maruththuvamanaigal illaathathaal, inththa vasathigal oru mukkiyamaana neraththil kattappattana. pattikalova, kalmunai mattrum trichomaly aagiya idangkalil maruththuvap panikal seiyappattana. oru missionary, jertruit nettleship, 1898 aam aandil putthooril oru maruththuvamanaiyai niruvinaar, pinnar adhu saint endru marupeyaridappattathu. lukin methodist maruthuvamanai, puthur. muraimai nipunarkalin aarambagaala maruththuvamanaigalil idhu mattumae innum payanpaattil ullathu. jeevodhayam pannai, polvatte matpaandath thittam, pii udpada thozhil payirchikkaana maiyangkal niruvapattana.aii.ech. minnanuviyal mattrum nagara panii samooga thittangal. 2006 aam aandil, nadanthu varum poar mattrum neendakaala avasaranilai kaaranamaaga, devalayam manitha urimaigal nilaimaiyai kankaanikkavum amaithiyai maempaduththavum oru neethi mattrum amaithi maesaiyai niruviyathu. devalayaththin kuzhandhaigal maesai ilangkaiyil kuzhandhaigalin nalanai maempaduththa muyarsiththullathu. juun 1963 ill, british maanaadu sealonil ulla muraiyaana thevaalayaththirku suyaatchi vazhangkum theermaanaththai niraivaettriyathu. sealon maanattin adiththalaththin pathiram 1964 juun 18 andru kollupitiya muraimaiyaalar devalayaththil kaiyezhuththaanathu. adhan kaiyeluththaana piragu, british maanattin thalaivar, "iyaesu kiristhuvin narcheythikku saatchiyamalippatharkum, nilam muzhuvathum mattrum poomiyin munaigal varai vedhappoorva punithaththai parappuvatharkum sealon muraimaiyaalar devalayam ippoathu thirakkappaduvathaaga naan arivikkiraen.pinnar avar rev-aich serththaar. fred ess. sealon muraimai devalayaththin muthal thalaivaraaga dii silva. seilaanin covernor general sevaiyil irunthaar. ilangkaiyin muraimai devalayam 29 juun 2014 andru uyirulla iratchakaraakiya kiristhuvin katheetralil thaesiya nandri sevaiyudan adhan irunooraam aandu vizhaavaik kondaadiyadhu. ilangkai muzhuvathilumirunthu 10,000 kkum maerpatta muraimai uruppinarkal kalandhu kondanar.

srilankaloni methodist charchi srilanka yokka methodist charchi () (tamila bhashah ilangai methodista tiruchabai) srilankalo oka protestant kraistava tega. dheeni pradhana karyalayam kolambolo undhi mariyu idhi juun 29,1814naa sthaapinchabadindi. idhi prapancha charchila mandali, asea kraistava samavesam, srilanka jaateeya kraistava mandali mariyu prapancha paddhati mandali sabhyuralu. charitra. gowravaneeyulaina zaan wesley yokka kudi chethi manishi thamus coque, 1813 december 30naa portsmouth naukaasrayam nundi bayaludaerina sealonku (ippudu srilanka) videshee missionku pradhanamgaa baadhyata vahinchaadu. samudrayaanamlo, coque anaaroogyaaniki gurai, maraninchaadu mariyu 3 mae 1814naa samudramlo khananam cheyabaddaadu. james linch, thamus haall squans, vilium squans, georg erskine mariyu benjamin clau 29 juun 1814naa galle cherukunnaru. squans, clau mariyu linching, galle naukaasrayaaniki cherukunnaru, mariyu vaari vyaktigata prabhaavaalato oka kult mariyu erskine mosukelle padava veligama vaipu mallindi mariyu vaaru marusati roeju tellavaarujaamuna akkada digaaru. missionarylu selan yokka vividha praantaalaku prayaaninchaaru, squans mariyu linching nundi jaffna varaku, alt nundi byatikalava varaku, erskine nundi matara varaku, mariyu clau gallelo migili unnaayi. kutumba paristhitula kaaranamgaa bambelo unna haarvard 1815 praarambhamlo galleku vacchaadu mariyu kolamboki post cheyabaddaadu mariyu clau kooda erskine chusukovadaniki galle vadili athanitho cheraadu. 1815 madhyalo, vaaru anakatta veedhiloo kontha bhoomini konugolu chesi, aasiyaaloni atyanta puraatana paddhati charchaina petta anae paddhati churchila ippatikee unna oka chaapelnu nirminchaaru. taruvaata vaaru kolambo loe pillala aadivaaram paatasaala mariyu printing press nuu praarambhinchaaru. rev. vruttireetyaa printer ayina haarvard, eee panini paryaveekshinchi, pillala kosam pustakaalanu mudrinchadam praarambhinchaadu. intalo, 'dhi weslian mission house' anae chappel puurtayimdi mariyu december 1816loe aaradhana kosam teravabadindi. aaa samayamlo stree vidyaku vyatiraekamgaa vaikharulu unnappatikee, 1834loe, missionarylu vembadi baalikala unnata paatasaalanu sthaapinchaaru. pandit arumuga naavalartho paatu, peater persival baibilunu tamilamloki anuvadinchaaru. ayana "aangla-tamila nighantuvu" (1838) nuu kooda raasaaru, idhi ayana "aanglamlo saametala sekaranato paatu aanglamlo anuvaadam" thoo kalisi jaffna book society prachurinchindi. american sealon mission mudrinchina vaatitho paatu ivi rendu toli tamila pustakaalu. ayana "vaeda bhumih bharatadesam daani bhouthika, saamaajika, medho mariyu naitika amsaalalo konnintini kluptamgaa vivarinchindi" anedi 1854loe prachurinchabadindi. missionarylu desavyaaptamgaa pillalatho kalisi panicheesaaru, alaage anaathalaku mariyu vruttiparamaina sikshana kosam galle, badullah, diyatalava mariyu tummodera vanti gruhalanu erpaatu chesaaru. eee pani konasaagindi, iravayyava sataabdamloo, trikomali, chenkalady, puttuyugam mariyu nilaavaeleeloo gruhalu sthaapinchabaddaayi. pani chese tallidandrula pillalaku maddatu ivvaalsina avasaranni teerchadaaniki, methodist charchi velimada, moratamullah, angulaanaa, panadura mariyu maradaanaalo day cair centerlu mariyu narsareelanu sthaapinchindi. unnata vidya mariyu upaadhi kosam nagaralaku prayaaninchae yuvatulaku surakshitamaina vasati ledhu, anduvalla, sthaanika charchila maddatutoe, kolambo, maradana, moor road, badullah mariyu katunayakelo mahilala vasati gruhalu erpaatu cheyabaddaayi. vruddhula maddatu kosam, peddavaari gruhalu, badullah, velvat, moratamullah mariyu putarlo sthaapinchabaddaayi mariyu paddhatigaa panichese mahilala phelowship dwara chusukobaddayi. chaalaa mandhi missionarylu mudranalo nimagnamai unnaaru, haarvard, squans, callaway, spens, hardy mariyu gogarli annee vyaparam dwara printerlu. benzin clau 1821loe aanglamlo simhala nighantuvunu, 1830loe aanglamlo simhala nighantuvunu prachurinchaadu. athanu modati paali vyaakaranam mariyu padajaala pustakaanni kooda aanglamlo prachurinchaadu, mariyu simhalamlo upanyaasaalanu anuvadinchi mudrinchaadu. weslian patrikalu mataprachaarakulu tayaaru chesina panditula pustakaalanu mudrinchadam mariyu prachurinchadam konasaginchayi. zhe. gorgerley mariyu persival. patrikalu chaalaa samvatsaraalu seylan baibil society sahayaka kosam simhala baibillanu kooda mudrinchaayi. kontamandi pramukha vidyaavaettalaku prasiddhi chendina methodist charchi srilankalo aneka paatasaalalanu erpaatu chesindi, vaatilo ayithe, 1961loe, 178 paddhatiloo nadiche paatasaalalanu prabhutvam "prabhutva sahayamtho" nadiche paatasaalala nundi "prabhutva" paatasaalalugaa maarchindi. kevalam rendu paatasaalalu, wesley kalaasaala, kolambo mariyu methodist kalaasaala, kolambo, charchi nirvahanalo undipoyaayi. charchi nayakulu 1887loe velimadalo vaidya panini praarambhinchaaru. vaari prayatnaalu 1895loe oka chinna mahilaa aasupatri ayina wiseman aaspatrigaa abhivruddhi chendaayi. yuvaaloni happy vyaaleelo oka chinna pillala aasupatri kooda erpaatu cheyabadindi. prabhutva aasupatrulu lenanduna eee soukaryaalu avasaramaina samayamlo nirminchabaddaayi. vaidya pani batikalova, kalmunai mariyu trincomalilo jarigindi. oka missionary, gertrude netleship, 1898loe puttoorlo oka aasupatrini sthaapinchaaru, taruvaata daanini seyint anie paeru marcharu. looke yokka methodist hospital, puthur. methadistula prarambha aasupatrulalo idhi matrame ippatikee upayogamlo undhi. jeevodhayam phaam, polvatte kundalu project, bii thoo sahaa vrutti sikshana kendraalu sthaapinchabaddaayi.ii.hetch. electronics, mariyu city mission community prajectulu. 2006loe, konasagutunna yuddham mariyu sudeergha atyavasara paristhiti kaaranamgaa, maanava hakkula paristhitini track cheyadaaniki mariyu saantini prothsahinchadaaniki charchi oka nyayam mariyu shanti desknu erpaatu chesindi. charchi yokka pillala desk srilankalo pillala sankshemaanni prothsahinchadaaniki prayatninchindi. juun 1963loe, british samavesam seylaanlooni methodist charchiki svayampratipattini manjuru chestu oka teermaanaanni aamodinchindi. 1964 juun 18naa kollupitia methodist charchilo selan conferences punaadi patram santakam cheyabadindi. daanipai santakam chesina taruvaata, british conferences adhyakshudu, "yesu kreestu suvaartaku sakshyamivvadam mariyu bhoomi antataa mariyu bhoomi chivaralaku lekhana pavitratanu vyaapti cheyadam kosam selan methodist charchini ippudu praarambhinchinatlu neenu prakatistunnaanu.aaa tarvaata ayana rev nuu cherchukunnaru. fred ess. silva selonu yokka methodist charchi yokka modati adhyakshudiga. selan governor general sevalo unnaaru. srilanka yokka methodist charchi 29 juun 2014naa kreestu dhi living saevii cathedrallo jaateeya krutagnata sevatho daani dvisataabdi vedukalanu jarupukundi. srilanka nalumoolala nundi 10,000 mandiki paiga methodist sabhyulu hajarayyaru.

saree lankaa mein methodist charch saree lankaa kaa methodist charch (angrezi: Methodist charch of saree lankaa) (taamil zabaan: илнгие метист тирусссоте "Ilangai methadistha theruchabai") saree lankaa mein eek protestant eisayi farqay hay. iss kaa sadr daftar columbo mein hay aur 29 joone 1814 kuu qayem kiyaa gayaa thaa. yaha world konsal aaf charchaz krischan conference aaf aishiya national krischan konsal aaf saree lankaa aur world methodist konsal kaa rakan hay. tareekh. reverand jaan vesli kaa dayaan haath thamas coke khaas toor parr seelon (abb saree lankaa) kay berun milk mission kaa zamah daar thaa juu 30 dasambar 1813 kuu portsmouth bandargah say rawanah hawaa. safar kay doraan coke beemaar how gayaa marr gayaa aur 3 mayee 1814 kuu samandar mein dafan how gayaa. jaims lunch thamas haal squeens waleem ault jaarj airskine aur benjaman clow 29 joone 1814 kuu glee pahunche. squeens clow aur lunch gailay bandargah parr pahunch gayey aur alt aur airskine lay jaanay waali kashti apnay zaati asraat kay saath velgama kii taraf chalee gayee aur wah aglay dunn jaldi wahaan utray. missionariyon nay seelon kay mukhtalif hasoon kaa safar kiyaa jiss mein chook aur lunch say jafna aalt say beticalva airskine say matara aur clow glee mein baaqi rahay. harward juu khaandaani halaat kii wajah say bambayi mein hyee rehaa 1815 kay awail mein gailay aayaa aur columbo mein tayinaat kiyaa gayaa aur clow bhee iss kay saath gailay chhod kirr airskine kii deekh bhaal kay liye chalaa gayaa. 1815 kay wast mein inhon nay ddaim strait parr zameen kaa eek hasah kharida aur eek cheepal banaya juu aaj bhee methodist church peeta kay toor parr khadaa hay juu aishya kaa sabb say qadeem methodist charch hay. baad mein inhon nay columbo mein bachon kaa atwaar kaa school aur prenting prais sharoo kiyaa. riyo. harward juu paishay say prenter thay nay iss kaam kii nigrani kii aur bachon kay liye kitabein chhapna sharoo kirr diyaa. darein asnaa 'dee weslian mission house' naami eek cheepal makmal hawaa aur dasambar 1816 mein asay ibadat kay liye khool diyaa gayaa. iss waqat khwatin kii taleem kay khalaaf raviyon kay bawajood 1834 mein missionariyon nay weembadi garlaz hayee school qayem kiyaa. pandat arumoga nawalar kay saath petter perseeval nay bible kaa taamil mein tarjumah kiyaa. inhon nay "anglo taamil dictionery" (1838) bhee likhee jasay inn kay "angrezi mein tarjumah kay saath taamil mein amsaal kaa majmuah" kay saath jafna buck society nay shaye kiyaa thaa. yaha duu ibtadayi taamil kitabein thein juu americi seelon mission kay zariye chhapi thein. inn kaa "waid kii sarzamin: hindustan" 1854 mein shaye hawaa thaa jasay iss kay kachh pahluon jismani samaji danishwarana aur akhlaqi mein mukhtasir toor parr biyaan kiyaa gayaa hay. missionariyon nay milk bhar mein bachon kay saath kaam kiyaa saath hyee yateemon aur paishah waranah tarbiyat kay liye gahar qayem kiyay jeesay kahh galee badolah diyatalva aur thamdera mein. yaha kaam jaari rehaa aur beswein sadee mein trinchomali chankladi pathiyogam aur neelawi mein gahar qayem kiye gayey. kaam karnay waalay waldeen kay bachon kii madad karnay kii ubharti hoyee zarurat kuu poraa kartay huay methodist charch nay velmada mauratmolah angolana panadora aur maradanah mein day kiar centres aur narsariyan qayem kein. aalee taleem aur rozgaar kay liye shehron mein jaanay waali naujawan ladkiyon mein mahfuz rehaish kii kamee thee aur iss liye maqami girja gharoon kay taawan say columbo mardana morr road badolah aur katonaike mein khwatin kay haastal qayem kiye gayey. buzurgon kay gahar buzurgon kii madad kay liyay badolah velavatay mauratmolah aur putter mein qayem kiye gayey thay aur inn kii deekh bhaal methodist khwatin kii felowship kay zariye kii jaati thee. behat say missionary prenting mein shaamil thay harward squeens kaal way speens hardy aur gogarli sabhi tajarat kay lahaaz say prenter thay. benjaman clow nay 1821 mein angrezi say sanhalah laghat aur 1830 mein angrezi say sanhalah laghat shaye kii. iss nay angrezi mein paali grimer aur alfaz kii pehli kitaab bhee shaye kii aur sanhalah mein khatbaat kaa tarjumah aur print kiyaa. wesleen prais nay missionariyon kii tayaar kardah elmi kitaabon kuu chhapna aur shaye karnaa jaari rakhaa jeesay kahh reverand ddee. jay. gorgerli aur perseeval. prais nay kayee saalon takk seelon bible society kay maawan kay liye sanhali bible bhee chhapay. methodist church juu kachh mashhur asatazah kay liye jaana jaataa hay nay saree lankaa mein behat say school qayem kiyay jinn mein shaamil haine: tahim 1961 mein hukumat kii taraf say 178 tariqah kaar say chalnay waalay schoolon kuu "sarkaari amdaad yaaftah" schoolon say "sarkaari" schoolon mein tabdil kirr diyaa gayaa. sarf duu school vesli college columbo aur methodist college columbo charch kay zeer intezam rahay. charch kay qaideen nay 1887 mein velmada mein tabee kaam sharoo kiyaa. inn kii koshishein 1895 mein wize meen hospital eek chhotay say khwatin kay hospital mein tabdil how gayein. yuwa mein happy veeli mein bachon kaa eek chhota saa hospital bhee qayem kiyaa gayaa. yaha sahuliyaat zarurat kay eek aham waqat parr tameer kii gayein keunkah wahaan koyee sarkaari hospital nahein thay. batikalva kalmonai aur trianchomali mein tabee kaam kiyaa gayaa. eek missionary gairtroad nettle ship nay 1898 mein pathoor mein eek hospital kii bunyaad rakhee jiss kaa naam baad mein sent rakh diyaa gayaa. leok kaa methodist hospital pathoor. yaha waahid tariqah kaar kay ibtadayi hospitalon mein say hay juu abb bhee istemaal mein haine. paishah waranah tarbiyat kay marakaz qayem kiye gayey jinn mein jeodhayam faarm polwatay mutty kay bartanon kaa mansubah bub.I.aich. electronx aur stee mission community projects. 2006 mein jaari jung aur taweel hungami haalat kii wajah say charch nay insani haqoq kii surathaal parr nazar rakhnay aur aman kuu farogh deenay kay liye eek insaaf aur aman kii meez qayem kii. charch kay bachon kii meez nay saree lankaa mein bachon kii falaah woo behbood kuu farogh deenay kii koshish kii hay. joone 1963 mein bartanvi conference nay seelon mein methodist charch kuu khood mukhtari deenay waali qarardad manzoor kii. seelon conference kii bunyaad kay dastaviz parr 18 joone 1964 kuu colopatia methodist charch mein dastakhat kiye gayey. iss parr dastakhat karnay parr bartanvi conference kay sadr nay kahaa kahh "mein yasua maseeh kii khush qasmati kaa mashahidah karnay aur puray milk aur zameen kay saroon takk saheefa kii taqdas kuu phelanay kay maqsad say seelon kay methodist charch kaa iftatah karnay kaa aalaan kartaa hoan.iss kay baad iss nay riyo kuu shaamil kiyaa. fried aiss. ddee salwa seelon kay methodist charch kay pehley sadr kay toor parr. seelon kay governor general iss khadmat mein mojud thay. saree lankaa kay methodist charch nay 29 joone 2014 kuu zindah najaat dehandah maseeh kay girja gahar mein qomi tashkar kii khadmat kay saath apnee duu sadd saalah taqrib manayi. puray saree lankaa say 10,000 say ziyadah methodist arakeen nay sharkat kii.

000074b5f24aea2590aee85da6ae7410246ea395a20b63b08ceaf2f5cbdb7dd5

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11382737

American Realism

American Realism American art movement American Realism was a style in art, music and literature that depicted contemporary social realities and the lives and everyday activities of ordinary people. The movement began in literature in the mid-19th century, and became an important tendency in visual art in the early 20th century. Whether a cultural portrayal or a scenic view of downtown New York City, American realist works attempted to define what was real. In the U.S. at the beginning of the 20th century, a new generation of painters, writers, and journalists were coming of age. Many of the painters felt the influence of older U.S. artists such as Thomas Eakins, Mary Cassatt, John Singer Sargent, James McNeill Whistler, Winslow Homer, Childe Hassam, J. Alden Weir, Thomas Pollock Anshutz, and William Merritt Chase. However they were interested in creating new and more urbane works that reflected city life and a population that was more urban than rural in the U.S. as it entered the new century. America in the early 20th century. From the late 19th to the early 20th centuries, the United States experienced huge industrial, economic, social and cultural change. A continuous wave of European immigration and the rising potential for international trade brought increasing growth and prosperity to America. Through art and artistic expression (through all mediums including painting, literature and music), American Realism attempted to portray the exhaustion and cultural exuberance of the figurative American landscape and the life of ordinary Americans at home. Artists used the feelings, textures and sounds of the city to influence the color, texture and look of their creative projects. Musicians noticed the quick and fast-paced nature of the early 20th century and responded with a fresh and new tempo. Writers and authors told a new story about Americans; boys and girls real Americans could have grown up with. Pulling away from fantasy and focusing on "the now", American Realism presented a new gateway and a breakthrough—introducing modernism, and what it means to be in the present. The Ashcan School also known as The Eight and the group called Ten American Painters created the core of the new American Modernism in the visual arts. Ashcan School and The Eight. The Ashcan School was a group of New York City artists who sought to capture the feel of early-20th-century New York City through realistic portraits of everyday life. These artists preferred to depict the richly and culturally textured lower class immigrants, rather than the rich and promising Fifth Avenue socialites. One critic of the time did not like their choice of subjects, which included alleys, tenements, slum dwellers, and in the case of John Sloan, taverns frequented by the working class. They became known as the "revolutionary black gang" and "apostles of ugliness." George Bellows. George Bellows (1882–1925), painted city life in New York City. His paintings had an expressionist boldness and a willingness to take risks. He had a fascination with violence as seen in his 1909 painting "Both Members of This Club", which depicts a gory boxing scene. His 1913 painting "Cliff Dwellers" depicts a cityscape that is not one particular view but a composite of many views. Robert Henri. Robert Henri (1865–1921) was an important American realist and a member of the Ashcan School. Henri was interested in the spectacle of common life. He focused on individuals, strangers, quickly passing in the streets in towns and cities. His was a sympathetic rather than a comic portrayal of people, often using a dark background to add to the warmth of the person depicted. Henri's works were characterized by vigorous brushstrokes and bold impasto which stressed the materiality of the paint. Henri influenced Glackens, Luks, Shinn, and Sloan. In 1906, he was elected to the National Academy of Design, but when painters in his circle were rejected for the academy's 1907 exhibition, he accused fellow jurors of bias and walked off the jury, resolving to organize a show of his own. He later referred to the academy as "a cemetery of art". Everett Shinn. Everett Shinn (1876–1953), a member of the Ashcan School, was famous for his numerous paintings of New York and the theater, and of various aspects of luxury and modern life inspired by his home in New York City. He painted theater scenes from London, Paris and New York. He found interest in the urban spectacle of life, drawing parallels between the theater and crowded seats and life. Unlike Degas, Shinn depicted interaction between the audience and performer. George Luks. George Luks (1866–1933) was an Ashcan School artist who lived on the Lower East Side of Manhattan. In Luks' painting "Hester Street" (1905), he shows children being entertained by a man with a toy while a woman and shopkeeper have a conversation in the background. The viewer is among the crowd rather than above it. Luks puts a positive spin on the Lower East Side by showing two young girls dancing in "The Spielers," which is a type of dance among working-class immigrants; despite the poverty, children dance on the street. He looks for the joy and beauty in the life of the poor rather than the tragedy. William Glackens. Early in his career, William Glackens (1870–1938) painted the neighborhood surrounding his studio in Washington Square Park. He also was a successful commercial illustrator, producing numerous drawings and watercolors for contemporary magazines that humorously portrayed New Yorkers in their daily lives. Later in life, he was much better known as "the American Renoir" for his Impressionist views of the seashore and the French Riviera. John Sloan. John Sloan (1871–1951) was an early-20th-century realist of the Ashcan School, whose concerns with American social conditions led him to join the Socialist Party of America in 1910. Originally from Philadelphia, he worked in New York after 1904. From 1912 to 1916, he contributed illustrations to the socialist monthly "The Masses". Sloan disliked propaganda, and in his drawings for "The Masses", as in his paintings, he focused on the everyday lives of people. He depicted the leisure of the working class with an emphasis on female subjects. Among his better known works are "Picnic Grounds" and "Sunday, Women Drying Their Hair". He disliked the category of Ashcan School and expressed his annoyance with art historians who identified him as a painter of the American Scene: "Some of us used to paint little rather sensitive comments about the life around us. We didn't know it was the American Scene. I don't like the name...A symptom of nationalism, which has caused a great deal of trouble in this world." Edward Hopper. Edward Hopper (1882–1967) was a prominent American realist painter and printmaker. Hopper is the most modern of the American realists and the most contemporary. While most popularly known for his oil paintings, he was equally proficient as a watercolorist and printmaker in etching. In both his urban and rural scenes, his spare and finely calculated renderings reflected his personal vision of modern American life. Hopper's teacher Robert Henri encouraged his students to use their art to "make a stir in the world". He also advised his students "It isn't the subject that counts but what you feel about it" and "Forget about art and paint pictures of what interests you in life". In this manner, Henri influenced Hopper, as well as students George Bellows and Rockwell Kent, and motivated them to render realistic depictions of urban life. Some artists in Henri's circle, including John Sloan, another teacher of Hopper, became members of The Eight, also known as the Ashcan School of American art. His first existing oil painting to hint at his famous interiors was "Solitary Figure in a Theater" (c. 1904). During his student years, Hopper also painted dozens of nudes, still lifes, landscapes, and portraits, including his self-portraits. Other visual artists. Joseph Stella, Charles Sheeler, Jonas Lie, Edward Willis Redfield, Joseph Pennell, Leon Kroll, B.J.O. Nordfeldt, Gertrude Käsebier, Alfred Stieglitz, Edward Steichen, E. J. Bellocq, Philip Koch, David Hanna Writers. Horatio Alger. Horatio Alger (1832–1899) was a prolific 19th-century American author whose principal output was formulaic rags-to-riches juvenile novels that followed the adventures of bootblacks, newsboys, peddlers, buskers, and other impoverished children in their rise from humble backgrounds to lives of respectable middle-class security and comfort. His novels, of which "Ragged Dick" is a typical example, were hugely popular in their day. Stephen Crane. Stephen Crane (1871–1900), born in Newark, New Jersey, had roots going back to the Revolutionary War era, soldiers, clergymen, sheriffs, judges, and farmers who had lived a century earlier. Primarily a journalist who also wrote fiction, essays, poetry, and plays, Crane saw life at its rawest in slums and on battlefields. His haunting Civil War novel "The Red Badge of Courage" was published to great acclaim in 1895, but he barely had time to bask in the attention before he died at 28, having neglected his health. He has enjoyed continued success since his death—as a champion of the common man, a realist, and a symbolist. Crane's "" (1893) is one of the best, if not the earliest, naturalistic American novel. It is the harrowing story of a poor, sensitive girl whose uneducated, alcoholic parents utterly fail her. In love, and eager to escape her violent home, she allows herself to be seduced into living with a young man, who soon deserts her. When her self-righteous mother rejects her, Maggie becomes a prostitute to survive, but soon dies. Crane's earthy subject matter and his objective, scientific style, devoid of moralizing, earmark Maggie as a naturalist work. William Dean Howells. William Dean Howells (1837–1920) wrote fiction and essays in the realist mode. His ideas about realism in literature developed in parallel with his socialist attitudes. In his role as editor of the "Atlantic Monthly" and "Harper's Magazine", and as the author of books such as "A Modern Instance" and "The Rise of Silas Lapham", Howells exerted a strong opinion and was influential in establishing his theories. Mark Twain. Samuel Clemens (1835–1910), better known by his pen name of Mark Twain, grew up in the frontier town of Hannibal, Missouri. Early 19th-century American writers tended to be flowery, sentimental, or ostentatious—partially because they were still trying to prove that they could write as elegantly as the English. Ernest Hemingway in "Green Hills of Africa" wrote that many Romantics "wrote like exiled English colonials from an England of which they were never a part to a newer England that they were making...They did not use the words that people have always used in speech, the words that survive in language." In the same essay, Hemingway stated that all American fiction comes from Mark Twain's novel "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn". Twain's style, based on vigorous, realistic, colloquial American speech, gave American writers a new appreciation of their national voice. Twain was the first major author to come from the interior of the country, and he captured its distinctive, humorous slang and iconoclasm. For Twain and other American writers of the late 19th century, realism was not merely a literary technique: It was a way of speaking truth and exploding outworn conventions. Twain is best known for his works "Tom Sawyer" and "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn". Sam Watkins. Sam Watkins (1839–1901) was a 19th-century American writer and humorist best known for his memoir "Co. Aytch," which recounts his life as a soldier in the Confederate States Army. He "talked in a slow humorous drawl" and demonstrated unusual prowess as a storyteller. One of the book's commendable qualities is its realism. In an age noted for romanticizing "the war" and the men who fought it, he wrote with surprising frankness. The Johnny Rebs of his pages are not all heroes. Soldier life as portrayed by Watkins had more of the dullness and suffering than of excitement and glory. He tells much of the crushing fatigue of long marches; the boredom and discomfort of the long winter lulls; the caprice and harshness of discipline; the incompetency of the officers; the periodic lapses of morale; the uncertainty and meagerness of rations; and the wearying grind of army routine. His accounts of battle make frequent reference to the dreadful screaming of shells, the awful horror of mutilated bodies, and the agonizing cries of the wounded. War as detailed by his pen was a cruel and sordid business. Others. Other writers of this sort included Theodore Dreiser, Henry James, Jack London, Upton Sinclair, John Steinbeck, Margaret Deland, Edith Wharton, and J. D. Salinger. Journalism. Jacob Riis. Jacob Riis (1849–1914), a Danish American muckraker journalist, photographer, and social reformer, was born in Ribe, Denmark. He is known for his dedication to using his photographic and journalistic talents to help the less fortunate in New York City, which was the subject of most of his prolific writings and photographic essays. He helped with the implementation of "model tenements" in New York with the help of humanitarian Lawrence Veiller. As one of the early photographers to use flash, he is considered a pioneer in photography. Art Young. Art Young (1866–1943) was an American cartoonist and writer. He is most famous for his socialist cartoons, especially those drawn for the radical magazine "The Masses", of which Young was co-editor, from 1911 to 1917. Young started as generally apolitical, but gradually became interested in left-wing ideas, and by 1906 or so, considered himself a socialist. He became politically active; by 1910, racial and sexual discrimination and the injustices of the capitalist system became prevalent themes in his work. Music. James Bland. James Bland (1854–1919) was the first prominent African American songwriter and is known for his ballad, "Carry me Back to Old Virginny". "In the Evening by the Moonlight" and "Golden Slippers" are well-known songs that he wrote, and he wrote other hits of the period, including "In the Morning by the Bright Light" and "De Golden Wedding". Bland wrote most of his songs from 1879 to 1882; in 1881, he left the U.S. for England with Haverly's Genuine Colored Minstrels. Bland found England more rewarding than the United States and stayed there until 1890; either he stopped writing songs during this period or he was unable to find an English publisher. C. A. White. C. A. White (1829–1892) wrote the hit song "Put Me in My Little Bed" in 1869, establishing him as a major songwriter. White was a songwriter of serious aspirations: Many of his songs were written for vocal quartets. He also made several attempts at opera. As half-owner of the music publishing firm White, Smith & Company, he had a ready outlet for his work, but it was his songs that supported the publishing firm and not the other way around. White did not scorn writing for the popular stage—indeed he wrote a song for the pioneering African-American stage production "Out of Bondage"—but his principal output was for the parlor singer. W. C. Handy. W. C. Handy (1873–1958) was a blues composer and musician, often known as the "Father of the Blues". Handy remains among the most influential of American songwriters. Although he was one of many musicians who played the distinctively American form of music known as the blues, he is credited with giving it its contemporary form. While Handy was not the first to publish music in the blues form, he took the blues from a not very well known regional music style to one of the dominant forces in American music. Handy was an educated musician who used folk material in his compositions. He was scrupulous in documenting the sources of his works, which frequently combined stylistic influences from several performers. He loved this folk-musical form and brought a transforming touch to it. Scott Joplin. Scott Joplin (c. 1867/68–1917) was an African American musician and composer of ragtime music and remains the best-known figure. His music enjoyed a considerable resurgence of popularity and critical respect in the 1970s, especially for his most famous composition "The Entertainer". References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

aamerikan bastobbad aamerikan bastobbad aasil kolaa, xongit aaru xahityor ek xoili jiye xomoxamoyik xamajik bastobota aaru xadharon manuhor jiwan aaru doinondin karzokolapxomuhok sitrito korisil. 19 xotikar majbhagot xahityot ei andulon aarombho hoisil, aaru 20 xotikar aarombhonite drishyo kolar ek guruttopurno probonota hoi porisil. nework sohoror xangoskritik chitron houk baa drishyopot, aamerikan bastobbadi kambure bastob ki aasil xeitu nirdharon korar chesta korisil. eu. too.ess. 20 xotikar aarombhonite sitroxilpi, lekhok aaru xangbadikxokolor ek notun projonmor boyox aahi aasil. bohutu sitrokore briddho zur probhab onubhob korisil.ess. thomas ikinos, meree kesat, john gayok chargent, james mcneil huistolar, winslo humar, siled hesam, je. elden weyar, tho 'maach pulok unsuitz, aaru uilium maritt chaze. obosye teuluke notun aaru odhik xoririya kaam sristi korat aagrohi aasil jiye nogoriya jiwan aaru jonoxongkhyak protipholito korisil ji europiyo unionor gramyotkoi odhik nogoriya aasil.ess. notun xotikat prowex korar loge loge. 20 xotikar aarombhonite aamerika. 19 xotikar xexor poraa 20 xotikar aarombhoniloike aamerika juktorastroi brihot oudyugik, orthonoitik, xamajik aaru xangoskritik poribortonor obhigyota laabh korisil. europiyo probrojonor ek obirot dhou aaru antohrastriyo banijyor baabe briddhi puwa xombhawonai aamerikat briddhi aaru xomridhi korhiyai aane. kolaa aaru kolatmok obhibyoktir joriyote (sitrokola, xahityo aaru xongitoke dhori xokolu madhyomor joriyote), "aamerikan realism"-e "aamerikan landscape" aaru xadharon aamerikanxokolor jiwanor prodah aaru xangoskritik usswax sitrito korar chesta korisil. xilpixokole teulukor sristixil prokolpoxomuhor rong, gothon aaru rupok probhabito koriboloi sohoror onubhob, gothon aaru xobdo byobohar korisil. xongitogyoxokole 20 xotikar aarombhonir drut aaru drut gotir prokriti lokhyo korisil aaru ek xotej aaru notun gotire xohari jonaisil. lekhok aaru lekhoke aamerikanxokolor bixoye etaa notun kahini koichil; lo 'raa aaru suwalir xoite prokrito aamerikanxokol dangor hoh' bob parisil. kolponar poraa aatori aahi "etiyar" uporot gurutwo aarup kori aamerikan bastobbadoi ek notun probexdwar aaru ek xofolota prodan korisil-aadhunikotabador proborton, aaru bortomanot huwar ortho ki. osto aaru tena aamerikan painters naamor doltuwe aath naamere jonajat exkan schooltuwe bhijuwel artsot notun aamerikan aadhunikotabador mool ongxo sristi korisil. eswen skool aaru aathta. exoken skool aasil nework sohoror xilpixokolor etaa gutt jiye doinondin jiwanor bastobik sitror joriyote 20 xotikar aarombhonir nework sohoror onubhob dhoriboloi bisarisil. ei xilpixokole dhoni aaru protisrutipurno ponchom oweniu xamajikxokolor poriworte xomridho aaru xangoskritikbhabe gothon koraa nimno shrenir probrojonkarixokolok sitrito koriboloi posondo korisil. xei xomoyor ejon xomalusokor teulukor bixoixomuhor basoni bhaal logaa nasil, zo "too golixomuh, baxosthan, bosti baxinda aaru john slo 'nor khetrot sromik shrenir dwara xoghonai ohaa xura-xura ontorbhukto aasil. teuluk "biplowi koo 'laa doll" aaru "kutxitotar prerito" hisape porisito hoisil." jorjo bail 'jo. jorjo bail 'jo (1882-1925), nework sohoror sohoriya jiwanor chitro. teur sitroxomuhot ek obhibyoktibadi xahox aaru bipodaxongka grohonor issa aasil. 1909 sonot teur "ei clubber duyujon xodosyo" sitrot dekha puwa onuxori hingxar proti teur aakorxon aasil, zo "too ek bhoyanok mustijudhor drishyo dekhuuwa hoisil. 1913 sonot teur chitro "cliff bob" lars "too sohoror drishyopot dekhuuwa hoisil ji etaa bixex drishyo nohoy kintu bohutu drishyor xongmisron. robert henori. robert henori (1865-1921) ejon guruttopurno aamerikan bastobbadi aaru eswen schoolor xodosyo aasil. henorir xadharon jiwanor drishyot aagroh aasil. teu byokti, osinaki lukor uporot gurutwo aarup korisil, sohor aaru sohoror rastat drutogotit paar hoi goisil. teu manuhor haisyorxatmok sitronor poriworte xohanubhutixil aasil, praye sitrito byoktir usnota briddhi koriboloi ek ondhokar potobhumi byobohar korisil. henorir kambur xoktixali brach stroke aaru bould impastur dwara sinhito koraa hoisil jiye rongro bhoutikotak gurutwo disil. henoriye glacken, luk, chinn aaru slo 'noo probhabito korisil. 1906 sonot teu rastriyo design academyloi nirbasito hoisil, kintu jetiya teur brittor sitroxilpixokolok academyr 1907 sonor prodorxonir baabe nakoch koraa hoisil, tetiya teu xotirtho jurixokolok pokhyopatitwor baabe obhijukto korisil aaru jureer poraa ulai goisil, teur nijor etaa onusthan aayujon korar xiddhanto loisil. pisoloi teu academykhonok "kolar ek koborsthan" buli ullekh korisil. everate swin. exkan schoolor xodosyo everate swin (1876-1953) nework aaru theater oxongkhyo chitro aaru nework sohorot thoka teur ghoror dwara onupranito hoi bilaxita aaru aadhunik jiwanor bibhinno dixor baabe bikhyat aasil. teu london, peris aaru neworkor theater drishyobur chitro korisil. teu jiwanor nogoriya drishyor proti aagroh dekhuwaisil, theater aaru bhir thoka aaxon aaru jiwanor maajot xomantoral chitro aakisil. digasor biporite, xine dorxok aaru prodorxokor maajot huwa parosporik xomporkok sitrito korisil. jorjo benjamin lukoch. jorjo bi. lukoch (1866-1933) ejon exkan schoolor xilpi aasil ji menhatonor nimno pubo dixot baax korisil. lukchor chitro "hester street" (1905) too teu xixuxokolok etaa putolar xoite ejon puruxe monuronjon koraa dekha yaay, aanhate egoraki mohila aaru dukaniye potobhumit kothupkothon kore. dorxokjon iyar uporot thokar xoloni bhiror maajot thaake. luxe nimno pubo dixot "spilor" too nrityo koraa dugoraki jubotik dekhuwai ek itibasok spin diye, ji sromik shrenir probrojonkarixokolor maajot ek prokaror nrityo; doridrotar swotweu, xixuxokole pothot nrityo kore. teu dukhor poriworte doridro lukoxokolor jiwanat aanondo aaru xoundorjyo bisare. uilium glackens. teur karrier aarombhonite, uilium glackense (1870-1938) waswington scower parkot teur studio 'ror sariufale thoka suburiya oncholbur chitro korisil. teu ejon xofol banijyik sitroxilpiu aasil, jiye xomoxamoyik alusonixomuhor baabe oxongkhyo chitro aaru jolorong prostut korisil jibure teulukor doinondin jiwanat niu yorkarxokolok haisyorxere sitrito korisil. jiwanor pisor xomoyot, teu xagoror paar aaru france revier bixoye teur bhabomurtibadi dristibhongir baabe "aamerikan renuyar" hisape odhik porisito aasil. john slo 'noo. john slo 'noo (1871-1951) aasil 20 xotikar aarombhonir exkan schoolor ejon bastobbadi, jaar aamerikan xamajik poristhitir xoite thoka udwege teuk 1910 sonot xomajbadi dolot jugdan koriboloi badhyo korisil. mulotoh philadelphier poraa, teu 1904 sonor pisot niuyorkot kaam korisil. 1912 sonor poraa 1916 sonoloike, teu xomajbadi mahili "jonoxadharon" too sitroxomuh orihona jugaisil. slo 'aane prosar oposondo korisil, aaru teur sitroxomuhor dore "jonoxadharonor" baabe teur sitroxomuhot teu manuhor doinondin jiwanor uporot gurutwo disil. teu mohila bixoyor uporot gurutwo di sromik shrenir oboxor xomoyor chitron korisil. teur odhik porisito kamxomuhor bhitorot aase "bonbhujor khelpothar" aaru "deubare, mohilaxokole nijor suli xukai". teu exkan schoolor shrenitu napahorile aaru kolaa itihaxbidxokolor proti teur oxontusti prokax korisil jiye teuk aamerikan drishyor ejon sitroxilpi hisape sinakto korisiloh "aamar maajor kisumane aamar sariufale thoka jiwanor bixoye komkoi xongbedonxil montobyo korisil. aami najanu je eitu aamerikan drishyo aasil. naamtu mur bhaal logaa naai...jatiyotabador etaa lokhyon, jiye ei prithibit ek brihot xomosyar sristi korise." edward hopar. edward hopar (1882-1967) egoraki bixisto aamerikan bastobbadi sitroxilpi aaru printmaker aasil. hopar hoise aamerikar ataitkoi aadhunik bastobbadi aaru ataitkoi xomoxamoyik. teur toilo sitrokolar baabe ataitkoi jonopriyo huwar biporite, teu jolorongobid aaru printmaker hisape khudit korat xomanei dokhyo aasil. teur nogoriya aaru gramyo drishyo duyutate, teur otirikto aaru xukhmobhabe gonona koraa renderingye aadhunik aamerikan jiwanor bixoye teur byoktigoto dristibhongi protipholito korisil. hoparor xikhyok robert henoriye teur saatro-satrixokolok teulukor kolaa byobohar kori "biswot ek aluron sristi koriboloi" utxahito korisil. teu teur saatro-satrixokolok poramorxo disil je "eitu guruttopurno bixoy nohoy kintu aapuni iyar bixoye ki onubhob kore" aaru "kolar bixoye paahori jauk aaru jiwanat aapunar ki aagroh aase taar sobi aakok". ei dhorone, henoriye hopar, logote saatro-chatri jorjo bail 'jo aaru rockwel kentok probhabito korisil aaru teulukok nogoriya jiwanor bastobik chitron prodan koriboloi onupranito korisil. hoparor aan ejon xikhyok john slo 'noke dhori henorir brittor kisuman xilpi eitor xodosyo hoisil, jaak aamerikan artor exkan skool buliu jonaa yaay. teur bikhyat bhitoror ongxor proti ingito koraa teur prothom bidyoman toilo chitro aasil "ekhon theater ekakitwo" (chi. 1904). teur saatro bosorburot hopare teur swo-sitroke dhori dozon dozon nogno, etiyau jiwan, bhudrishyo aaru chitro rong korisil. onyanyo drishyo xilpi. juxef stella, charls swilor, junas laai, edward uilix redfield, juxef penel, liun krol, bi.je.oh '. nordfelt, gertrud kesebiyer, alfred stigliz, edward stisen, ee. je. beluk, phillip kuch, david hannah lekhokxokol. hurasio "elgar, je. aar.. hurasio "elgar, je. aar. (1832-1899) 19 xotikar egoraki proxidho aamerikan lekhok aasil jaar mool folafol aasil bootblack, niujboy, peddler, basokar, aaru onyanyo doridro xixur duxahxik obhijanor pisot ohaa formulik raag-tu-rich kixur uponyax jibure teulukor nomro potobhumir poraa xonmanjonok modhyobitto xurokhya aaru swaschondyor jiwanoloi utthan ghotaisil. teur uponyaxbur, jaar "raggad dick" etaa xadharon udahoron, teulukor dinot oti jonopriyo aasil. stephen krain. niu jarsir newarkot jonmogrohon koraa stephen krainor (1871-1900) xikor aamerikar biplowi juddho jug, xoinik, paribari, xerif, nyayadhix aaru krixokxokololoi ghuri goisil jixokole ek xotikar aagote baax korisil. mulotoh ejon xangbadik jiye kolpokahini, probondho, kobita aaru natokou likhisil, krene bostixomuh aaru juddhokhyetrot jiwanor rawestot jiwan dekhisil. 1895 sonot teur bhoyanok grihojudhor uponyax "dyo redd byaj owo dars" prokax paisil, kintu 28 bosor boyoxot mrityu huwar aagote teur swasthyok owohela kori teur monujug aakorxon koriboloi xomoy nasil. teu mrityur pisore poraa obyahot xofolota upobhug kori aahise-xadharon manuhor champion, bastobbadi aaru protikbadi hisape. cranes "(1893) hoise ataitkoi prasin, prakritik aamerikan uponyax noho 'leu onyotomo shrestho uponyax. eitu etaa doridro, xongbedonxil suwalir kostodayok kahini jaar oxikhyito, xurapan koraa pitri-matriye taik xompurnorupe bifol kore. premot, aaru taair hingxatmok ghoror poraa polayon koriboloi aagrohi hoi, taai nijoke ejon jubokor xoite baax koriboloi proluvito koriboloi onumoti diye, ji xunkalei taik eri yaay. jetiya taair aatmodhormi matriye taik oswikar kore, megi jiyai thakiboloi egoraki potita hoi pore, kintu xunkalei mrityu hoy. krainor maatir bixoy aaru teur uddesyo, boigyanik xoili, noitikotar obihone, megeek ek prakritik kaam hisape sinhito kore. uilium dinn huwels. uilium dinn huwelse (1837-1920) bastobbadi owosthat kolpokahini aaru probondho likhisil. xahityot bastobbador bixoye teur dharonabur teur xomajbadi monubhawor xomantoralbhabe bikoxito hoisil. aatlantik mahili" aaru "harpers alusoni" ror xompadok hisape aaru "e modern instance" aaru "dyo raiz owo silas lepam" ror dore kitapor lekhok hisape teur bhumikat, haule ek xoktixali motamot prodan korisil aaru teur totwoxomuh protistha korat probhawxali aasil. mark tuwein. xamuwel clemence (1835-1910), teur sodmonam mark tuweinor dwara odhik porisito, ximanto sohor hanibal, misourit dangor hoisil. 19 xotikar aarombhonite aamerikan lekhokxokol fulor, aabegik baa aaromborpurno huwar probonota aasil-angxikbhabe kaaron teuluke etiyau proman koriboloi chesta korisil je teuluke ingrajir dore xundorbhabe likhibo paare. africar xeujiya paahar" too arnest hemingwaye likhisil je bohutu rumantike "englandor poraa nirbaxito ingraji uponibexor dore likhisil jaar teuluke ketiyau notun englandor ongxo nasil jitu teuluke toiyar kori aasil...manuhe xoday bakyot byobohar koraa xobdobur, bhaxat jiyai thoka xobdobur teuluke byobohar koraa nasil."ekekhon probondhot hemingwaye koichil je xokolu aamerikan kolpokahini mark tuweinor uponyax" "dyo advencer owo hokolberi finn" "ror poraa aahise. jurere, bastobik, kothyobhabe kotha kuwa aamerikan bhaxonor uporot aadharito tuweinor xoiliye aamerikan lekhokxokolok teulukor rastriyo konthosworor ek notun proxongxa disil. tuwein dexor obhyontorin oncholor poraa ohaa prothomgoraki prodhan lekhok aasil, aaru teu iyar swotontro, haisyorxatmok opobhaxa aaru aaik "klajom dokhol korisil. 19 xotikar xexor faale dujon aaru onyanyo aamerikan lekhokor baabe, bastobbad kewol ek xahityik kouxol nasiloh ee xotyo kuwa aaru oporiskrito poromporaxomuhor bisfuronor ek upay aasil. tuwein teur "tomm saweyar" aaru "dyo advencer owo hokolberi finn" ror baabe ataitkoi besi porisito. chem. aar. watkins. chem. aar. watkins (1839-1901) 19 xotikar ejon aamerikan lekhok aaru haisyorxobid aasil ji teur smoron "ku" ror baabe ataitkoi besi porisito. aais, "ji confederate rajyik xenat ejon xoinik hisape teur jiwanor kotha bornona kore. teu "ek monthor haisyorxatmok dro" too kotha patisil "aaru kahinikar hisape oswabhabik dokhyota prodorxon korisil. kitapkhonor etaa proxongxoniyo guno hoh "lo iyar bastobbad. juddho" aaru iyar xoite juji thoka puruxxokolok romantik korar baabe bikhyat ek jugot, teu asoritbhabe okpototare likhisil. teur pristhaxomuhor johnny rebxomuh xokolu nayok nohoy. watkinsor dwara sitrito xoinik jiwanat uttejona aaru gourobotkoi nistejota aaru kosto odhik aasil. teu digholiya jatrar klantir bixoye bohut kotha koy; digholiya xitkalor klantir ekgheyemi aaru oswosti; onuxaxonor aakulota aaru kothurota; bixoyaxokolor okhyomota; monubolor porzaykrome bifolota; resonor onischoyota aaru komota; aaru xenar rutinor klanto huwar bixoye koy. teur juddhor biboronbure xoghonai gular bhoyongkor siyor, bikrito mritodehor bhoyongkor atongko aaru aahotxokolor kostodayok siyor-xobdor kotha ullekh kore. teur kolomor dwara bixodbhabe kuwa juddho aasil ek nisthur aaru beyaa byoboxai. aanbur. ei dhoronor onyanyo lekhokxokolor bhitorot aasil thiudur dreiser, henori james, jek london, upton chinclayer, john stanback, margaret deland, edith warton, aaru je. di. salingar. xangbadikota. jacob rich. jacob ogosto rich (1849-1914), ejon denis-aamerikan mukrekar xangbadik, photographer, aaru xomaj xongoskarok, denmarkor ribet jonmogrohon korisil. teu nework sohoror komm bhagyowan lukoxokolok xohay koriboloi teur photography aaru xangbadik protibha byobohar korar baabe teur xomorpito protibedoner baabe jonajat, jitu teur besibhag prosur likhoni aaru photography probondhor bixoy aasil. teu manobohitoixi aainor bhilaror xohayot niuyorkot "model tenment" ror rupayonot xohay korisil. prarombhik photographerxokolor bhitorot ejon hisape flesh byobohar korar baabe teuk photographyr pothoprodorxok hisape gonyo koraa hoy. juwok-juboti kolaa. kolaa juwo (1866-1943) ejon aamerikan cartoonist aaru lekhok aasil. teu teur xomajbadi cartoonor baabe ataitkoi bikhyat, bixexkoi "dyo mej" naamor aamul alusonir baabe aakorxito cartoonxomuh, jaar juwok-jubotixokol 1911 sonor poraa 1917 sonoloike xoho-xompadok aasil. juwok-jubotixokole xadharonote orajnoitik hisape aarombho korisil, kintu laahe laahe bauponthi dharonaxomuhor proti aagrohi hoi porisil, aaru 1906 baa taar bhitorot nijoke xomajbadi buli gonyo korisil. teu rajnoitikbhabe xokriyo hoi porisil; 1910 sonor bhitorot, bornogoto aaru jouno boixomyo aaru pujibadi byowosthar obisar teur kaamot prosolito bixoybostu hoi porisil. xongit. james elen bland. james e. bland (1854-1919) prothomgoraki bixisto african-aamerikan gitikar aasil aaru teur ballador baabe jonajat, "muk puroni kumariloi ghurai loi jauk". "xondhiyar xomoyot chondror puhorot" "aaru" "xunali soppol" "teu likha gitbur xuporisito, aaru teu xei xomoyor onyanyo hitt geet likhisil, jaar bhitorot aase" "ratipuwa ujjwol puhoror dwara" "aaru" "xunali bibah" ". 1879 sonor poraa 1882 sonoloike blande teur besibhag geet likhisil; 1881 sonot teu eu e er poraa aatori goisil.ess. haverolir prokrito rongin minstrelor xoite englandor baabe. blande englandok aamerikatkoi odhik puroskari buli bisarisil aaru 1890 sonoloike taat aasil; hoy teu ei xomoisuwat geet likha bondho korisil baa teu ejon ingraji prokaxok bisari puwa nasil. chi.e. bogaa. chi.e. bogaa (1829-1892) ye 1869 sonot hitt gittu likhisil "muk mur xoru bisanat raakhok", jiye teuk ejon prodhan gitikar hisape protistha korisil. swetango ejon gurutor akangkhyar girukar aasiloh teur bohutu geet kontho cowartator baabe likha hoisil. teu operatu keibatau chesta korisil. xongit prokaxok protisthan swet, smith endo companyr aadha-maalik hisape teur kaamor baabe etaa xaju outlet aasil, kintu teur gitbure prokaxok protisthantuk xomorthon korisil aaru iyar biporite nohoy. swetangoxokole jonopriyo monchor baabe likhiboloi ghrina koraa nasil-prokritote teu ogroni african-aamerikan moncho projujona "out owo bondez" ror baabe etaa geet likhisil-kintu teur prodhan output aasil parlar gayokjonor baabe. dobliu.chi. upojugi. dobliu. chi. hendy (1873-1958) ejon blues xurkar aaru xongitogyo aasil, jaak praye "bluesor pitri" buli jonaa yaay. aamerikar geet lekhokxokolor bhitorot ataitkoi probhawxalixokolor bhitorot etaa hoi aase. jodiu teu bohu xongitogyor bhitorot ejon aasil jiye blues naamere jonajat xongitor swotontro aamerikan ruptu bojuwa hoisil, tothapiu teuk iyar xomoxamoyik ruptu diyar krititwo diya hoy. jodiu blues rupot xongit prokax koraa teu prothom byokti nasil, teu blues xongitok ek oti xuporisito ancholik xongit xoilir poraa aamerikan xongitor probhawxali xoktir bhitorot etaloi loi goisil. ejon xikhyito xongitogyo aasil jiye teur rosonaxomuhot luk xamogri byobohar korisil. teu teur kaamor utxoxomuh nothibhukto korat xototapurno aasil, ji xoghonai keibajonu xilpir xoiligot probhawok ekotrito korisil. teu ei luk-xongitor ruptu bhaal paisil aaru iyar ek poribortonxil sporxo korhiyai aane. scott jo 'plin. scott jo 'plin (chi. 1867/68-1917) egoraki african-aamerikan xongitogyo aaru ragtime xongitor xurkar aasil aaru etiyau ataitkoi bikhyat byokti hoiyei aase. 1970-ror doxokot teur xongite jothesto jonopriyota aaru xomaluchonamulok xonmanor punorutthan upobhug korisil, bixexkoi teur ataitkoi bikhyat rosona "dyo entertainor"-ror baabe.

american bastobbad american bastobbad chhilo shilp, sangeet ebong sahityer ekti shaili jaa somosamoyik samajik bastobota ebong sadharan manusher jeebon ebong daeenandin kriyakalapke chitrito korey. 19 shotoker majhamajhi somoye sahitye eyi andolon shuru hoy ebong 20 shotoker godar dike drishya shilpe ekti guruttopurno probonota hoye othe. neu eork shohorer kendrostholer sangoskritik chitrayan baa prakritik drishya jaai hoke naa keena, american bastobbadi kajguli asol qee taa sangyayita korar chesta korechilo. eu-teey.esha. bingsho shatabdir shurute chitroshilpi, lekhok ebong sangbadikder ekti notun projonmer boyce aste shuru korey. onek chitroshilpii boyosko eu-err prabhab onubhob korechilen.esha. thomas eakins, merry cassat, john gayak surgent, james mcneil huisler, winslo hommer, child hassam, jeey-err moto shilpira. alden oyeyara, thomas polock unshootz ebong uilium merritt chez. tobey taaraa notun ebong arow shahure kaaj toiri korte agrahi chhilo jaa shohorer jeebon ebong jonosongkhar protipholon ghotay jaa eu. ayee-teey graminer cheye beshi shahure chhilo.esha. notun shotabdite probesh korar somoy. 20 shotoker godar dike america. 19 shotoker shesh theke 20 shotoker godar dike markin juktorashtro bishal shilp, orthonoitik, samajik ebong sangoskritik poriborton onubhob korechilo. europea abhibashoner ekti abichchinno taranga ebong antorjatik banijyer kromobordhoman sombhabona america kromobordhoman briddhi ebong samriddhi niye esechilo. shilp oo shoilpik abhibyakti (chitrakala, sahitya oo sangeet soho samasta madhyomer madhyome)-err madhyome, "american bastobbad" roopok "american landscape" ebong sadharan americander jeeboner clanty ebong sangoskritik uchchaske chitrito korar chesta korechilo. shilpira taader srijanshil prokolpogulir rongo, gathon ebong chehara probhabito korte shohorer anubhuti, gathon ebong shobdo byabohar korechilen. sangitshilpira 20 shotoker godar dike druto ebong drutogotir prokriti lakkhya korechilen ebong ekti notun ebong notun gotibeg diye saadaa diyechilen. lekhok ebong lekhakra americander somporke ekti notun golpo bolechen; asol americander saathe chhele ebong meyera borh hotey paroto. kalpana theke doore sorey giye ebong "ekhon"-err dike mononibesh korey, american bastobbad ekti notun probeshdwar ebong ekti aggrogoti uposthapon koreche-adhunikatar proborton, ebong bortomaner modhye thucker ortho qee. ashcan school aatt nameo porichito ebong dosho american painter naame porichito dolti visual arte notun american adhunikatar mool srishti korechilo. ashcan school ebong atti. ashcan school chhilo neu eork shohorer shilpider ekti doll jaaraa daeenandin jeeboner bastobsommoto protikritir madhyome 20 shotoker godar diker neu eork shohorer anubhuti capture korte cheyechilo. eyi shilpira dhonee ebong protishrutishil pancham samajik pother abhibasider poriborte samriddha ebong sangoskritikbhabe gathanmulak nimnobitto abhibasider chitrito korte pochondo korten. seii somoyer ekjon somalochok taader pochonder vishay pochondo korenni, jaar modhye royeche rasta, badighar, bostibasi ebong john sloaner khettre, shromik shrenir dwara ghono ghono assa saraikhana. taaraa "biplobi kaalo doll" ebong "kutsitotar prerito" hisabe porichito hoye othe." george belos. george belos (1882-1925), neu eork shohorer nogor jeebonke aanken. taanr chitrogulite abhibyaktibadi sahos ebong jhunki neoar ichcha chhilo. 1909 saale taanr "eyi cluber ubhoy sadasya" chitrokormer moto hingsar proti taanr akarshan chhilo, jaa ekti bhayankar boxing drishyoke chitrito korey. taanr 1913 saaler chitrokormo "cliff basindara" ekti shohorer drishyopotke chitrito korey jaa ekti nirdishto drishya noy borong onek drishyer sangmishran. robbert henry. robbert henry (1865-1921) ekjon guruttopurno american bastobbadi ebong ashcan skooler sadasya chhilen. henry sadharan jeeboner dorshone agrahi chhilen. tini byakti, oporichitoder dike mononibesh korechilen, shohor oo shohorer rastai druto yatayat korten. tini manusher ekti hasyorsattok chitrer poriborte sahanubhutishil chhilen, prayashai chitrito byaktir ushnota jog korar jonno ekti ondhokar patabhumi byabohar korten. henry-rawr kajguli joralo brashstroke ebong sahoshi impasto dwara chinnito koraa hoyechilo jaa ronger bostugototar upor jore diyechilo. henry glacken, looke, sheen ebong sloanke probhabito korechilen. 1906 saale tini jatiya naksha academyte nirbachito hohn, kintu jokhon taanr britter chitroshilpira academyr 1907 saaler prodorshonir jonno prottakhyato hohn, tokhon tini sahakarmi jurider pokkhopatitter abhijog anen ebong jurie theke beriye zaan, taanr nijer ekti shoe sangathito korar siddhanta nene. porey tini eyi academyke "shilper kabarasthan" hisabe ullekh corren. everate sheen. ashcan skooler sadasya everate sheen (1876-1953) neu eork ebong theater asankhya chitrokormo ebong neu eork shohore taanr baadi dwara anupranito bilasita ebong adhunik jeeboner bivinno diker jonno bikhyato chhilen. tini london, parris ebong neu iyarker theater drishyoguli aanken. tini jeeboner shahure dorshoner proti agroho khunje peyechilen, theater ebong jonakirno asson ebong jeeboner modhye samantaral chitro aanken. digus-err biporite, sheen dorshok ebong abhinayakarir modhye mythscrea chitrito korey. george benzamin looks. george bii. looks (1866-1933) ekjon ashcan school shilpi chhilen jini manhatoner purbo dike bosobas korten. lookser chitrokormo "hester strita" (1905)-ayee tini shishuder ekti khelna niye ekjon purusher dwara binodan deoa dekhan, jokhon ekjon mohila ebong dokandar potobhumite kothopokothon corren. dorshok bhider modhye thaake, taar upore noy. looks nimno purbo dike ekti itibachak spina rakhe jekhane dui alpavayasi meyeke "spiller"-ayee nachte dekha yaay, jaa shromik shrenir abhibasider modhye eka dharaner nutch; daridro sotteo, sisura rastai nachte thaake. tini dukkhojonok ghotonar poriborte doridroder jeebone ananda oo soundorjer sandhan corren. uilium glackens. taanr kormojiboner prothom dike, uilium glackens (1870-1938) washington scoir parke taanr studior ashepasher elakake aanken. tini ekjon sofol banijyik chitrokoro chhilen, somosamoyik magaziner jonno asankhya onkon ebong jalrang toiri korechilen jaa taader daeenandin jeebone hasyoroser saathe neu iyarkarder chitrito korechilo. poroborti jeebone, tini samudra saikat ebong farasi nodee somporke taanr prabhabbadi drishtibhongir jonno "american renoire" hisabe arow beshi porichito chhilen. john slona. john sloane (1871-1951) chhilen 20 shotoker godar diker ashcan skooler ekjon bastobbadi, jaar american samajik abosthar saathe udweg taake 1910 saale samajtantrik partite jog ditey porichalito korechilo. mulat philadelphia theke, tini 1904 saaler porey neu iyarke kaaj korechilen. 1912 theke 1916 saal porjonto, tini samajtantrik masik "dya maas"-ayee chitro abodan rekhechilen. sloan prochar opochondo korten ebong taanr chitrokormer moto "jonogoner" jonno aanka chitrogulite tini manusher daeenandin jeeboner upor mononibesh korechilen. tini naarii bishoyer upor jore diye shromik shrenir abosarke chitrito korechilen. taanr suporichito kajgulir modhye royeche "picnic ground" ebong "robibar, mahilara taader chull shukiye fellen". tini ashcan school bibhagti opochondo korechilen ebong shilp itihasbidder proti birakti prakash korechilen jaaraa taake american drishyer chitroshilpi hisabe chinnito korechilenoh "amader modhye keu keu amader charpasher jeebon somporke samanno sangbedanshil montobbo koroto. amra jantam naa jey etty american drishya. namta amar pochondo hoyney...jatiyotabader ekti lakkhan, jaa eyi bishwe onek samasya srishti koreche." edward hopper. edward hopper (1882-1967) ekjon bishishto markin bastobbadi chitroshilpi ebong printmaker chhilen. hopper hollen markin bastobbadider modhye sabcheye adhunik ebong sabcheye somosamoyik. jodio tini taanr toilochitrer jonno sorbadhik porichito, tini jalarangbid ebong mudranshilpi hisabe khodaiye somanbhabe dokkho chhilen. taanr shahure ebong gramin ubhoy drishyei, taanr atirikto ebong sukkhobhabe ganana koraa uposthaponaguli adhunik american jeeboner taanr byaktigato drishtibhongike protifolito korey. hopper shikkhok robbert henry taanr chhatroder taader shilpoke "bishwe alodan srishti korte" byabohar korte utsahito korechilen. tini taanr chhatroder poramorsho diyechilen jey "vishayti guruttopurno noy, borong upney etty somporke qee onubhob corren" ebong "shilp somporke bhule zaan ebong jeebone upner agroher chhobi aanken. eibhabe, henry hopper pashapashi chhatro george beloz ebong rockwell kentke probhabito korechilen ebong taader shahure jeeboner bastobsommoto chitrayan korte anupranito korechilen. hopper arekjon shikkhok john slona soho henry britter kichhu shilpi attir sadasya hohn, jaa ashcan school off american art nameo porichito. taanr bikhyato abhyantarer dike ingito korar jonno taanr prothom vidyaman toilochitro chhilo "ekti theatrey ekaki byaktitto" (shee. 1904). taanr chhatrabosthai, hopper taanr swa-protikriti soho koyek dozon nogno, sthir jeebon, prakritik drishya ebong protikritio aanken. anyanno visual shilpira. josepha stella, charles shiller, jonas lye, edward uilis redfield, josepha pennel, leone croll, bii.jeey.oo. nordfelt, gartrude kesebiar, alfried stiglitz, edward stitchen, ee. jeey. belok, phillip coach, david hannah lekhakra. horatio algar, junior.. horatio algar, junior. (1832-1899) chhilen 19 shotoker ekjon bishishto markin lekhok, jaar prodhan rachona chhilo formulagoto raag-too-ritch kishore uponyas jaa bootblack, newzboy, peddler, baskar ebong anyanno daridra shishuder dushahosik kaaj anusaran korey, jaaraa taader nomro patabhumi theke sommanjonok modhyobitto nirapatta ebong swachchonder jeebone unnito hoyechilo. taanr uponyasguli, jaar modhye "ragged dick" ekti sadharan udaharan, taader diney atyanta janapriya chhilo. steffen krena. neu jarsir neworke jonmogrohonkari steffen krena (1871-1900)-err shikad markin biplobi juddher juge, sainya, padri, sherif, bicharok ebong eka shatabdi agey bosobaskari krishakder modhye firey giechilo. mulat ekjon sangbadik jini kalpakahini, probondho, kobita ebong natoko likhechilen, krena bostite ebong juddhokkhetre jeebonke taar rabeste dekhechilo. 1895 saale taanr grihojuddher uponyas 'dya reeda byaj off heyer' prachur proshongshito hoy, kintu 28 bochor boyse maaraa yawar agey taanr swasther abohela korar karone taanr monojog akarshan korar somoy chhilo naa. tini taanr mrityur porr theke abyahoto safalya upobhog korechen-sadharan manusher champion, bastobbadi ebong protikbadi hisabe. krener "(1893) sera uponyasgulir modhye ekti, jodi naa prothom diker, prakritik american uponyas. etty ekti daridra, sangbedanshil meyer bednadayak golpo, jaar ashikkhito, madyap baba-maa taake sampurna byartho korey deyo. preme porey ebong taar hingsro baadi theke palanor jonno agrahi hoye, seey nijeke ekjon juboker saathe bosobaser jonno prolubdho hotey deyo, jey shighroi taake chhede choley yaay. jokhon taar atmo-dharmik maa taake prottakhyan korey, maggy benche thucker jonno ekti potita hoye othe, kintu shighroi maaraa yaay. krener maatir vishay ebong taar uddeshya, boigyanik shaili, noitikotar abhab, maggy ekti prakritik kaaj hisabe chinnito korey. uilium dinn hawells. uilium dinn hawells (1837-1920) bastobbadi modey kalpakahini ebong probondho likhechilen. sahitye bastobbad somporke taanr dharonaguli taanr samajtantrik monovaber somantorale bikoshito hoyechilo. atlantik masik" ebong "herpers magazine"-err sompadok hisabe ebong "ekti adhunik udaharan" ebong "silas laphamer utthan"-err moto boiyer lekhok hisabe, hoels ekti shaktishali motamot diyechilen ebong taanr tottoguli protisthai prabhabshali chhilen. marqa toen. samuel clemens (1835-1910), jini marqa toen naame beshi porichito, simantabarti shohor hanibal, missourite bede othen. 19 shotoker godar dike markin lekhakra fuler, abegprobon baa adambarpurna howar probonota dekhan-angshikbhabe kaaron taaraa ekhono proman korar chesta korchilen jey taaraa ingrezir moto sundarbhabe likhte paren. africar sobuj pahad"-ayee ernest hemmingway likhechen jey onek romantic "nirbasito ingrez uponibesher moto likhechilen jaa taaraa kokhono notun englander ongsho chhilo naa jaa taaraa toiri korchilo...lokera sabsamoy jey shabdaguli byabohar koreche, seii shabdaguli byabohar koreni, jey shabdaguli bhasay tike achhe."ekoi probondhe, hemmingway bolechilen jey samasta american kathasahitya marqa toener uponyas" "dya adventures off hakalberry finn" "theke eseche. joralo, bastobsommoto, kothyo american boktritar upor vitti korey tuener shaili american lekhokder taader jatiya kanther ekti notun proshongsha diyeche. toen chhilen desher abhyantar theke assa prothom prodhan lekhok, ebong tini err swatantra, hasyokor apobhasha ebong iconclusm dharon korechilen. 19 shotoker shesher dike dui ebong anyanno american lekhokder jonno, bastobbad cable ekti sahityik kaushal chhilo naah etty satya bolar ebong oprocholito ritinitigulike bishforito korar ekti upay chhilo. toen taanr "tomm sayara" ebong "dya adventures off hakalberry finn"-err jonno sabcheye beshi porichito. syama. arr. watkins. syama. arr. watkins (1839-1901) chhilen 19 shotoker ekjon markin lekhok ebong hasyorosobid jini taanr smritikatha 'koo'-err jonno sabcheye beshi porichito. aich, "jaa confederate states armite ekjon sainik hisabe taar jeebonke bornona korey. tini "dhirgatir hasyorsattok drolley kotha bollen" ebong ekjon golpokar hisabe aswabhabik dokkhota prodorshon corren. boitir onnotomo proshongshoniyo guno holl err bastobota. juddho" ebong jey purushra etty ladai korechilo taader romantic korar jonno bikhyato ekti juge, tini vismayakar kholamelabhabe likhechilen. taanr patar johnny rabes sobb nayak noy. watkins dwara chitrito sainik jeeboner uttejona ebong gauraber cheye nistejota ebong jontrona beshi chhilo. tini deergho michiler clanty, deergho sheeter birakti oo aswasti, shringkhalar kathorata oo kathorata, adhikarikder okkhomota, monoboler porjaykromik truti, reshana niye anishchayata oo swalpata ebong senabahinir rutiner klantir kotha bollen. taanr juddher biboronguli ghono ghono sheler bhayankar chitkar, bikrito deher bhayankar atongko ebong ahotoder yantranadayak kannar kotha ullekh korey. taanr kolome bornito juddho chhilo ekti nisthur ebong nongra byabosa. onnora. eyi dharaner anyanno lekhokder modhye chhilen theodor drezer, henry james, jack london, upton synclair, john steinbeck, margareta deland, edith warton ebong jeey. dii. salinger. sangbadikata. jacob rees. jacob august rees (1849-1914), ekjon dannish-american mokor sangbadik, photographer ebong samaj sangoskarak, denmarker ribe jonmogrohon korechilen. tini taanr photographic ebong sangbadikatar protibha byabohar korey neu eork shohorer qama bhagyobander sahajyo korar jonno taanr utsarger jonno porichito, jaa taanr beshirbhag prachur lekha ebong photographic probondher vishay chhilo. tini manobik aain vier sahajye neu iyarke "model tenment" bastobayone sahayata korechilen. flash byabohar korar jonno prothom diker photographerder modhye ekjon hisabe, tini photographyr aggragami hisabe bibechito hohn. torun shilp. art eong (1866-1943) ekjon markin cartoonist ebong lekhok chhilen. tini taanr samajtantrik cartooner jonno sabcheye beshi bikhyato, bishesh korey 1911 theke 1917 saal porjonto "dya maas" namok maulabadi magaziner jonno aanka cartoongulir jonno, jaar soho-sompadok chhilen tarunra. tarunra sadharonoto arajnaitik hisabe shuru korechilo, kintu dheere dheere bampanthi dharonagulite agrahi hoye othe ebong 1906 baa taar modhye nijeke samajtantrik boley money korey. tini rajnaitikbhabe sakriya hoye othen; 1910 saaler modhye, jatigoto oo jouno baisamma ebong punjibadi byabosthar abichar taanr kaajer procholito visayavastu hoye othe. sangeet. james allen blanned. james ayee. blanned (1854-1919) chhilen prothom bishishto african-american geetikar ebong taanr ballader jonno porichito, "amake purano kumarir kachhe firiye niye zaan. "sandhyay chaander alote" "ebong" "sonara chappal" "suporichito gaan jaa tini likhechilen ebong tini seii somoyer anyanno hitt gaan likhechilen, jaar modhye" "sokale ujjal alote" "ebong" "sonara biye" "antarbhukta chhilo. 1879 theke 1882 saal porjonto blanned taanr beshirbhag gaan likhechilen; 1881 saale tini eu chhede choley zaan.esha. haverley asol rongin minstrail soho englander jonno. blanned markin juktorashtrer tulna englandke beshi falaprasu boley money korechilen ebong 1890 saal porjonto sekhane chhilen; hoy tini eyi somoyer modhye gaan lekha bondho korey diyechilen athoba tini konao ingrezi prokashok khunje panni. shee.ayee. saadaa. shee.ayee. saadaa (1829-1892) 1869 saale hitt ganti likhechilen "amake amar chhotto bichhanai rakhun", jaa taake ekjon prodhan geetikar hisabe protisthito korechilo. saadaa chhilen ekjon gurutoro akangkhar geetikarh taanr onek gaan kanthaswarer jonno lekha hoyechilo. tini aperateo besh koyekti prochesta korechilen. sangeet prokashona sangostha hoait, smith anned companyr ordho-malik hisabe, taanr kaajer jonno ekti prostuto outlet chhilo, tobey taanr gangulii prokashona sangosthake samarthan korechilo ebong onnobhabe noy. saadaa janapriya moncher jonno lekhalekhi korte aswikar korenni-prokritopokkhe tini agrani african-american moncho projojonar jonno ekti gaan likhechilen "bondhoner baire"-tobey taanr prodhan output chhilo parlara gayoker jonno. dobleeu.shee. upojogi. dobleeu. shee. handy (1873-1958) ekjon blues surkar ebong sangitagya chhilen, jini prayashai "blues-err jonok" hisabe porichito chhilen. markin geetikarder modhye sabcheye probhabshalider modhye royeche. jodio tini blues naame porichito sangiter swatantra american rupti bajano onek sangitagger modhye ekjon chhilen, tobey taake err somosamoyik roop deoar krititto deoa hoy. jodio blues akare sangeet prakash koraa prothom byakti chhilen naa, tini blueske khub beshi porichito noy emon anchalik sangeet shaili theke markin sangiter prabhabshali shaktigulir modhye ektite niye giechilen. ekjon shikkhito sangitagya chhilen jini taanr rachonai looka upadan byabohar korten. tini taanr kaajer utsoguli nothibhukto korar khettre bichokkhon chhilen, jaa prayashai besh koyekjon shilpider shoiligoto probhabke ekotrito koroto. tini eyi looka-sangeet ruptike bhalobasten ebong etite ekti rupantarita sporsho niye esechilen. scott joplin. scott joplin (shee. 1867/68-1917) ekjon african-american sangitagya ebong rugtime sangiter surkar chhilen ebong ekhono porjonto sabcheye porichito byaktitto. taanr sangeet 1970-err doshke janapriyata ebong samalochanamulak sommaner ekti ullekhjoggo punorutthan upobhog korechilo, biseshoto taanr sabcheye bikhyato rachona "binodankari"-err jonno.

american vaastavaad american vaastavaad aee qalaa, sangeet aneey saahityani aek shailee hatee jeey samkalin saamaajik vastivaktao aneey saamanya lokonaa jeevan aneey rojindi pravruttione darshaave chhe. aaa chalval (1839-1901) sadeena madhyamaa saheetyma sharoo thaee hatee aneey skoolnaa sadeeni sharuaatmaa drashya kalaama aek mahatvapurn valan bunny gayoo hatoo. bhale teey saanskrutik chitran hoya keey downtown nyu york citynun manohar drashya, american vastivaktavadi kruteeoae vaastavik shun hatoo teey vyakhyayit karvaano prayaas karyo. yuu. maan.aesa. skoolnaa sadeeni sharuaatmaa chitrakaaro, lekhako aneey patrakaaroni navee pedhhi aavee rahee hatee. ghanaa chitrakaaroae vruddh yuu. noow prabhaav anoobhavyo.aesa. thomas eakins, meerii casset, john singer sargent, james mcneil whisler, vinslo hommer, child hessom, jeey. jevaa kalakaro. elden wayer, thomas pollock ensuitz aneey veeliyam marritt chaze. jooe keey teo navaa aneey vadhu shaheri kaaryo banavvama rus dharaavtaa hataa jeey shaheri jeevan aneey yuu. aesa. maan graameen karataa vadhu shaheri vasteene pratibimbit karey chhe.aesa. jaim jaim teey navee sadimaa praveshyu. skoolnaa sadeeni sharuaatmaa america. (1839-1901) sadeena antathi skoolnaa sadeeni sharuaat sudhee, united statese vishaal audhyogik, aarthik, saamaajik aneey saanskrutik parivartanno anoobhav karyo. european immigrationni satat laher aneey aantarrashtriy vepaarnee vadhati sambhaavnaae americama vrudhdhi aneey samruddhi laavee. qalaa aneey kalaatmak abhivyakti dwara (cheetra, saahitya aneey sangeet saheet tamaam maadhyamo dwara), "american vaastavaad" aee lakshaneek "american landscape" aneey saamanya americanona jeevannaa thaak aneey saanskrutik utsaahne chitrit karvaano prayaas karyo. kalakaroae temnaa sarjanatmak projectnaa rung, rachnaa aneey dekhaavne prabhaavit karvaa maate shahernee laaganeeo, rachnaao aneey avaajono upyog karyo hato. sangitkaaroae skoolnaa sadeeni sharuaatmaa zadpi aneey zadpi gateeae gatee kartaa svabhaavni nondh leedhi aneey aek navaa aneey navaa gatee saathe pratikriyaa aapee. lekhako aneey lekhakoae americno vishe aek navee vaarta kahee; chhokarao aneey chhokario vaastavik americno saathe motaa thaee shakyaa hota. kalpaniktathi door jaine aneey "atyaare" parr dhyaan kendrit kareene, american vastavade aek navoo praveshdwaar aneey aek safalataa rajoo curry-aadhuniktavadni rajuaat, aneey vartmaanmaa hovaano arth shun chhe. aeshakan schoolne aath tareeke pann odakhvaamaa aave chhe aneey dass american chitrakaaro tareeke odakhaata juthe visual artsma navaa american aadhuniktavadno mukhya bhaag banaavyo. aeshakan shaala aneey aath. aeshakan school aee newyork shahernaa kalakaronu aek jooth hatoo, jemane rojinda jeevannaa vaastavik chitro dwara skoolnaa sadeeni sharuaatmaa newyork shahernee laaganeene pakadvani maang curry hatee. aaa kalakaroae samruddh aneey aashaspad paanchmaa maargnaa saamaajik lokone badale samruddh aneey saanskrutik reete rachaayela neechala vargnaa immigrantsne darshaavvaanu pasand karyoo hatoo. teey samaynaa aek tikaakaarne temnee vishhayoni pasandagi pasand nahoti, jemaa galeeo, rahethaan, zumpadpattivasio aneey john slonnaa kissaamaa, kaamdaar varg dwara vaaramvaar aavtee vishiono samaavesh thato hato. teo "krantikari kaalee geng" aneey "kurupataanaa prerito" tareeke jaanita banyaa." george balloys. george balloys (1882-1925), nyu york shaherma rangeen shaheri jeevan. temnaa chitroma abhivyaktivadi himmat aneey jokham levani ichcha hatee. hatee temnaa cheetra "aaa klabnaa banne sabhyo" maan jovaa malelaa hinsaamaa temnu aakarshan hatoo, jeey aek bhayanak boxing drashya darshaave chhe. chhe temnee painting "cliff nivaso" shahernaa drashyane darshaave chhe jeey aek chokkas drashya nathee parantu ghanaa drashyonaa mishran chhe. roobert henry. roobert henry (1865-1921) aek mahatvapurn american vastavadi aneey aeshakan skoolnaa sabhy hataa. henryne saamanya jeevannaa darshanmaa rus hato. temane vyakteeo, ajanyao parr dhyaan kendrit karyoo, jeey nagaro aneey shaheroma zadapthi shereeomaa pasaar thataa hataa. teey lokonu haasy chitran karvaane badale sahanubhutipurn hatoo, ghanivaar chitrit vyaktini ushmaa vadhaarvaa maate shyaam prushthbhumino upyog karato hato. henryni kruteeo jordaar brushstrock aneey bolled impasto dwara vargikrut karvaamaa aavee hatee, jeey rangnee bhautikta parr bhaar mooke chhe. henry glackens, lukes, sheen aneey slonne prabhaavit karyaa. karyaa, teo raashtriy design akaadmeemaa chuntaya hataa, parantu jyaare temnaa vartulnaa chitrakaarone akaadaminaa akaadaminaa pradarshan maate nakaari kadhvama aavyaa hataa, tyaare temane saathee jurio parr pakshpaatno aarop lagaavyo hato aneey potaana pradarshannu aayojan karvaano nirnay letaa jyurimathi bahaar neekali gayaa hataa. baadmaa temane akaadameene "kalaanu kabrastan" tareeke odakhaavi hatee. kyaarey sheen. aeshakan skoolnaa sabhy everate sheen (1876-1953), newyork aneey theatres temnaa asankhya chitro maate aneey newyork shaherma temnaa gharthee prereet vaibhavi aneey aadhunik jeevannaa viveedh paasao maate prakhyaat hataa. temane london, paris aneey newyorknaa theatre drashyo doryaa hataa. temne jeevannaa shaheri drashyamaa rus jovaa malyo, jemaa teo natyagruh aneey geach bethako aneey jeevan vachche samaantaao darshaave chhe. degasthi vipareet, sheene prexako aneey kalakar vachcheni kriyapratikriyane darshaavi hatee. george benjamin lucks. george bii. lukes (1866-1933) aek aeshakan school kalakar hataa jeey manhatanni neechali purv bajuae raheta hataa. lukesna painting "hester street" (1905) maan, teey baadakone ramkadaa saathe aek maanas dwara manoranjan karvaamaa aave chhe jyaare prushthbhumima aek maheela aneey dukaandaar vaatchit karey chhe. darshak tenee uparne badale bhidmaa hoya chhe. looks beey yuvan chhokarione "dhaa spielers" maan nrutya karatee bataavine neechali purv bajuae hakaaraatmak spina mooke chhe, jeey kaamdaar vargnaa immigrantsma aek prakaarnu nrutya chhe; garibi hovaa chhataa, baadako shereemaa nrutya karey chhe. teey karunantika karataa garibonaa jeevanma aanand aneey sundarta juae chhe. veeliyam glackens. temnee karkidrini sharuaatmaa, veeliyam glackense (1870-1938) washington square parkma temnaa studiyoni aaspasna padoshne rangyaa hataa. teo aek safal vyaavsaayik chitrakaar pann hataa, jemane samkalin saamyiko maate asankhya rekhankno aneey jalrangonu nirmaan karyoo hatoo, jemaa temnaa rojinda jeevanma navaa yorkerne hasyapurn reete chitrit karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. pachhinaa jeevanma, teo dariyakinara aneey french rivera vishenaa temnaa prabhaavaadi mantavyo maate "american renoir" tareeke vadhu jaanita hataa. john sloan. john sloan (1871-1951) aeshakan skoolnaa skoolnaa sadeena praarambhik vastavadi hataa, jaimnee american saamaajik paristhitio saatheni chintaaone kaarane teo teo samajvadi pakshmaa jodaya hataa. mulroope filadelfiyamathi, temane 1904 pachhi newyorkma kaama karyoo hatoo. hatoo 1916 sudhee, temane samajvadi maaseek "dhaa maas" maan chitronu yogdaan aapyu hatoo. sloanne prachaar napsand hato, aneey "janata" maatena temnaa chitroma, jaim keey temnaa chitroma, temane lokonaa rojinda jeevan parr dhyaan kendrit karyoo hatoo. temane maheela vishhayo parr bhaar mukataa kaamdaar vargnaa fursadne darshaavyu hatoo. temnee vadhu jaaniti kruteeoma "picnic ground" aneey "ravivaar, maheelao temnaa vaad sookave chhe" noow samaavesh thaay chhe. temne aeshakan schoolni shrenee pasand nahoti aneey qalaa itihaaskaaro saathe temnee narajgi vyakt curry jemane temne american drashyanaa chitrakaar tareeke odakhaavya hataah "aapnamana ketlaak aapani aaspasna jeevan vishe thodee samvedansheel tippaneeo kartaa hataa. amane khabar nahoti keey teey american drashya hatoo. maney naam gamatu nathee...rashtravadnu aek laxan, jene aaa duniyama ghanee mushkeli oobhi curry chhe." edward hopper. edward hopper (1882-1967) aek agranee american vastavadi chitrakaar aneey printmaker hataa. hopper aee american vastivakvadioma sauthee aadhunik aneey sauthee samkalin chhe. jyaare teo temnaa oil paintings maate sauthee vadhu jaanita hataa, tyaare teo jalvarnkar aneey chhapkamma chhapkam karnaar tareeke samaan reete nipun hataa. temnaa shaheri aneey graameen banne drashyomaa, temnaa fazal aneey bareek reete ganatari karaayel prastutikaran aadhunik american jeevanni temnee vyaktigat drashtine pratibimbit karey chhe. hoparnaa shikshak roobert henry temnaa vidhyarthione "vishvamaa halchal machavva" maate temnee kalaano upyog karvaa maate protsaahit karyaa hataa. temane temnaa vidhyarthione salah aapee hatee keey "teey vishhay nathee jeey mahatv dharaave chhe parantu tame tenaa vishe shun anoobhavo chho" aneey "qalaa vishe bhooli jaao aneey jeevanma tamane shun rus chhe tenaa chitro banaavo". aaa reete, henry hopper, temaj george balloys aneey rockwell qenta vidhyarthione prabhaavit karyaa aneey temne shaheri jeevannaa vaastavik nirupan karvaa maate prereet karyaa. henrynaa vartulnaa ketlaak kalakaro, jemaa hoparnaa anya shikshak john slone samaavesh thaay chhe, aathana sabhyo banyaa, jene american artney aeshakan school tareeke pann odakhvaamaa aave chhe. temnaa prakhyaat aantarik bhaag parr sanket aapnaar temnu pratham astitva dharaavtu oil painting "theatrema ekant aakruti" hatoo (see. 1904). temnaa vidhyarthi varsho darmiyan, hopare temnaa swa-chitro saheet dozneck nagna, stheer jeevan, landscapes aneey potraits pann doryaa hataa. anya drashya kalakaro. joseph stella, charles sheeler, jonas laai, edward villis redfield, joseph panel, leone croll, bii.jeey.oo. nordfelt, gertrude casabier, alfred stiglitz, edward steachen, ee. jeey. baylock, phillip coach, david hannah lekhako. horatio algar, juniyar.. horatio algar, juniyar. (1832-1899) (1839-1901) sadeena aek falprad american lekhak hataa, jemnaa mukhya parinam formulakiy raag-too-ritch kishore navalkathaao hatee, jeey bootblacks, newsboy, peddler, bussers aneey anya garib baadakona saahasone anusaratee hatee, jeey namr prushthbhumimathi aadarneey madhyam vargnee suraksha aneey aaramna jeevanma temnaa udaymaa hataa. temnee navalkathaao, jenu "regad dick" aek lakshaneek udaaharan chhe, teey temnaa samayma atyant lokpreey hatee. stephen crain. nyu jarsinaa nevarkma janmela stephen crain (1871-1900) naa muleeya american krantikari yuddh yug, sainiko, paadario, sherif, nyayadhisho aneey kheduto keey jeo aek sadee pahelaa jeevya hataa, tyaan paachha jataa hataa. mukhyatve aek patrakaar keey jemane saahitya, nibandho, kaveetao aneey natako pann lakhyaa hataa, crain zumpadpattima aneey yuddhnaa medanoma jeevanne tenaa ugrataama joyu. temnee traasdaayak nagrik yuddhni navalkathaa "dhaa reeda bej off himmat" himmat" khoob prashansa maate prakashit thaee hatee, parantu temnaa swaasthyani upeksha kareene 28 varshnee vaye mrutyu pamya teey pahelaa temnee paase dhyaan khenchavaano bhagye jaj samay hato. temane temnaa mrutyu pachhithi satat safalataa melvee chhe-saamanya maanasna vijeta, vastivaktavadi aneey prateekvaadi tareeke. krainni "(1893) shreshthmathi aek chhe, jooe sauthee juunii nahee, too koodarti american navalkathaa chhe. aaa aek garib, samvedansheel chhokarini dukkhad vaarta chhe, jenaa ashikshit, madhyapaan karnaar maataa-pitaa tene sampurnpane nishfal banaave chhe. premmaa, aneey tenaa hinsak gharmathi chhataki javaa maate aatur, teey potaane aek yuvan maanas saathe rahevaa maate lalchaavvaani manjuri aape chhe, jeey toonk samayma tene chhodi deey chhe. jyaare tenee swa-nyaayi maataa tene nakaari kaadhe chhe, tyaare megee tucky rahevaa maate veshyaa bunny jaay chhe, parantu toonk samayma mrutyu paame chhe. krainno dhartino vishhay aneey tenee udeshya, vaignanik shailee, naitiktathi mukt, megeene prakrutivadi kaary tareeke chinhit karey chhe. veeliyam deane hovels. veeliyam deane hovels (1837-1920) aee kaalpaneek aneey nibandho vastivaktama lakhyaa hataa. saheetyma vaastavaad vishenaa temnaa vichaaro temnaa samajvadi valannee samaantar vikasya hataa. atlantic maaseek" aneey "harper magazine" naa sampaadak tarikeni temnee bhoomikama, aneey "aek aadhunik udaaharan" aneey "silas lephamno uday" jevaa pustakonaa lekhak tareeke, hovelsae majboot abhipray aapyo aneey temnaa siddhaanto sthaapit karvaamaa prabhavshali hataa. marqa twain. semual clemens (1835-1910), jeey marqa twennaa upnamthi vadhu jaanita chhe, misaurina sarhadi shaher honeyballma uchharya hataa. (1839-1901) sadeeni sharuaatmaa american lekhako foolvala, laganishil athavaa aadambarpurn hovaanu valan dharaavtaa hataa-aansheek reete kaaran keey teo haju pann aee saabit karvaano prayaas curry rahyaa hataa keey teo angrejini jaim sunder reete lakhee shake chhe. africani hariyaadee tekreeo" maan ernest hemingway lakhyu hatoo keey ghanaa romenticoae "englandmathi deshnikaal karaayela angreji vasaahatoni jaim lakhyu hatoo, jeno teo kyaarey navaa englandno bhaag nahota jeey teo banaavi rahyaa hataa...lokoae hammesha vaanimaa jeey shabdono upyog karyo chhe, teey shabdono upyog teo kartaa nahota, jeey bhashama tucky rahe chhe."teey jaj nibandhma, hemingway janaavyu hatoo keey tamaam american saahitya marqa tweinni navalkathaa" "dhaa adventures off hakalberi finn" "maanthi aave chhe". jordaar, vaastavik, bolchaalnee american vaanee parr aadharit tweinni shailiae american lekhakone temnaa raashtriy avaajnee navee prashansa aapee. twain deshnaa aantarik bhagmathi aavela pratham mukhya lekhak hataa, aneey temane tenee vishisht, ramooji asheesht aneey pratimachitrane kabaje karyoo hatoo. (1839-1901) sadeena antamaa beey aneey anya american lekhako maate, vaastavaad maatra aek saahityik takneek nahoti teey satya bolvani aneey avyavasthit sammelanone visfot karvaanee aek reet hatee. twain temnaa kaaryo "tooma soyer" aneey "dhaa adventures off hakalberi finn" maate jaanita chhe. same. aar. watkins. same. aar. watkins (1839-1901) (1839-1901) sadeena american lekhak aneey hasyakar hataa, jeo temnaa sansmarano "qoo" maate jaanita hataa. aayach, "jeey sanghnee raajyani senaama aek sainik tarikenaa temnaa jeevannu varnan karey chhe. temane "dheemee ramooji reete vaat curry" aneey vartakar tareeke asamanya kaushalyanu pradarshan karyoo. pustaknaa prashansneey gunomathi aek chhe tenu vaastavaad. yuddh" neey romentic banaavvaa maate jaanita yugmaa aneey jeey purusho teey ladyaa hataa, temane aashcharyajanak nikhalasta saathe lakhyu hatoo. temnaa prushthonaa johnny rabes badhaa nayako nathee. watkins dwara darshavvama aavel sainik jeevan utsaah aneey gaurav karataa vadhu neerasta aneey vednaa dharaavtu hatoo. teo laambaa koochono thaak, laambaa shiyaalaani kantaalaani aneey asvasthataani, shistnee kathortaa aneey kathortaa, adhikarioni akshamtaa, manobalni samayaantare padatee khot, reshannee anishchitataa aneey alpata aneey sainyani dincharyaanaa thaak vishe ghanoo kahe chhe. temnaa yuddhnaa ahevaalo vaaramvaar shelonaa bhayanak cheeso, vikrut mrutdehoni bhayanak bhayanakta aneey ghaayaloni pidadayak chisona sandarbhma chhe. temnee kalam dwara vigatvaar yuddh aek kroor aneey kharaab vyavsaay hato. anya. aaa prakaarnaa anya lekhakomaa theodor drezer, henry james, jeeka london, upton synclair, john steinback, margareta deland, edith wharton aneey jeey. dii. salinger. patrakaratva. jacob rees. jacob ogast rees (1849-1914), aek dennish-american mucker patrakaar, photographer aneey samaaj sudhaarak, noow janm denmarkna ribmaan thayo hato. teo newyork shaherma ochha naseebdar lokone madad karvaa maate temnee photographic aneey patrakaratvani pratibhaano upyog karvaa maate temnaa samarpan maate jaanita chhe, jeey temnaa motabhagna falprad lakhaano aneey photographic nibandhono vishhay hato. temane manavtavadi laurence weilerni madadthi newyorkma "model tenments" naa amalikaranma madad curry hatee. flashno upyog karnara praarambhik photographeromana aek tareeke, temne photographyma agranee manvama aave chhe. yuvan qalaa. aart young (1866-1943) aek american cartoonist aneey lekhak hataa. teo temnaa samajvadi cartoon maate sauthee vadhu prakhyaat chhe, khaas kareene krantikari saamyeek "dhaa maas" maate dorvaamaa aavela, jemaa yuvan loko 1911 thee 1917 sudhee saha-sampaadak hataa. yuvan loko saamanya reete arajnaitik tareeke sharoo thayaa hataa, parantu dheeme dheeme daberi vichaaromaa rus levaa laagya hataa, aneey 1906 sudhimaa teo potaane samajvadi maantaa hataa. teo raajkeey reete sakreey banyaa; 1910 sudhimaa, vansheey aneey jaatiy bhedbhaav aneey mudivaadee vyavsthaanaa anyaay temnaa kaaryamaa prachaleet vishhayo bunny gayaa. sangeet. james elen bland. james aee. bland (1854-1919) pratham agranee african-american gitkaar hataa aneey temnaa lokgeet "maney juunii kumarika paase paachha laee jaao" maate jaanita chhe. "sanje chandraprakash dwara" "aneey" "golden slippers" "aee jaanita geeto chhe jeey temane lakhyaa hataa, aneey temane teey samaygalana anya hita geeto lakhyaa hataa, jemaa" "savaarmaa tejasvi prakaash dwara" "aneey" "dii golden marage" "noow samaavesh thaay chhe". blende 1879 thee 1882 sudhee temnaa motabhagna geeto lakhyaa; 1881 maan, temane yuu chhodi didhu.aesa. haverlyna vaastavik rangeen minstrails saathe ingland maate. blandne united states karataa ingland vadhu laabhdaayi laagyu aneey 1890 sudhee tyaan rahyaa; kaan too temane aaa samaygaalaa darmiyan geeto lakhvaanu bundh curry didhu athavaa teo angreji prakashak shodhvaamaa asamarth hataa. see.aee. safed. see.aee. white (1829-1892) aee aee hita geet "maney maaraa nankada palangma mooko" lakhyu hatoo, jenaathi temne mukhya gitkaar tareeke sthaapit karyaa hataa. shvet gambhir aakankshaona gitkaar hataah temnaa ghanaa geeto swar chaturthansh maate lakhvaamaa aavyaa hataa. temane operama pann ghanaa prayaaso karyaa hataa. sangeet prakaashan pedhhi white, smith anned companyna adadhaa maaleek tareeke, temnee paase temnaa kaama maate taiyar outlet hatoo, parantu teey temnaa geeto hataa jene prakaashan pedhhine teko aapyo hato aneey beejee reete nahee. safed lokoae lokpreey munch maate lekhannee ninda curry naa hatee-kharekhar temane agranee african-american munch nirmaan "out off bondage" maate aek geet lakhyu hatoo-parantu temnu mukhya output parlor gaayak maate hatoo. doubleu.see. upyogi. doubleu. see. hanned (1873-1958) aek blues sangeetkaar aneey sangeetkaar hataa, jeey ghanivaar "bluesnaa pitaa" tareeke odakhaata hataa. upyogi american gitalekhakomaa sauthee prabhavshali chhe. jooe keey teo aevaa ghanaa sangitkaromathi aek hataa jemane blues tareeke odakhaata sangeetnu vishisht american swaroop vagaadyu hatoo, tema chhataa temne tenu samkalin swaroop aapvaano shrey aapvama aave chhe. blues swarupma sangeet prakashit karnaar saupratham vyaktee naa hovaa chhataa, temane bluesne khoob jaj jaaniti praadeshik sangeet shailimathi american sangeetma prabhavshali dalomaani aekmaa laee gayaa. aek shikshit sangeetkaar hato jene potaani rachnaaomaa loqa saamgreeno upyog karyo hato. teo temnee kruteeona strotona dastavejikaranma nishthaavaan hataa, jeey vaaramvaar ghanaa kalakarona shailigat prabhaavone jode chhe. temne aaa loqa-sangeet swaroop pasand hatoo aneey temane temaa parivartankari sparsha laavyo hato. sqota joplin. sqota joplin (see. 1867/68-1917) aek african-american sangeetkaar aneey ragtime sangeetnaa sangeetkaar hataa aneey haju pann sauthee jaanita vyaktee chhe. temnaa sangeetne sangeetne daykama lokpriyataa aneey vivechakonaa nondhpaatra punrutthaanno aanand malyo, khaas kareene temnee sauthee prasiddh rachnaa "manoranjan" maate.

americi yathaarthvaad americi yathaarthvaad kalaa, sangeet aur saahitya mein ack aisee shally thee joe samkaaleen samajik vaastaviktaon aur aam logon key jeevan aur rosemarra kii gatividhiyon koo darshaati thee. yeh andolan 19veen shatabdi key madhya mein saahitya mein shuru huaa aur 20veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein drishya kalaa mein ack mahatvapurna pravritti bunn gayaa. chaahe vaha saanskritik chitran hoe yaa newyork shahar key shahar key drishya, americi yathaarthvaadi karyon ney yeh paribhaashit karane kaa prayaas kiya kii vaastavik kyaa thaa. yuu mein.aiss. 20veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein chitrakaron, lekhakon aur patrakaron kii ack naee peedhi kaa uday hoe rhaa thaa. kaee chitrakaron ney puraane yuu key prabhaav koo mahsoos kiya.aiss. thomas eakins, mairi casset, johnn singer sargent, james mcneil whisler, vinslo hommer, child haisam, jey. jaise kalakar. alden veer, thomas pollock anshutz aur villium merritt chez. haalaanki way nae aur adhik shahari karyon koo banaane mein ruchi rakhate they joe shahari jeevan aur ack aisee aabaadi koo darshaate they joe yuu. aiss. mein graameen kii tulanaa mein adhik shahari thee.aiss. jaise hii yeh naee shatabdi mein pravesh kiya. 20veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein america. 19veen sadee key anta seey 20veen sadee kii shuruat taka, sanyukt raajya america ney bhaari audyogik, aarthik, samajik aur saanskritik parivartan kaa anubhav kiya. europeeya aapravaasan kii nirantar lahar aur antarrashtriya vyaapaar kii badhati sambhavana ney america mein vriddhi aur samriddhi laaee. kalaa aur kalaatmak abhivyakti (chitrakala, saahitya aur sangeet sahit sabhi madhyamon key madhyam seey) key madhyam seey, "americi yathaarthvaad" ney alankarik "americi paridrishya" aur ghar parr aam amerikiyon key jeevan key thakawat aur saanskritik utsaah koo chitrit karane kaa prayaas kiya. kalakaron ney apani rachanaatmak pariyojanaon key rung, banaavat aur roop koo prabhaavit karane key liye shahar kii bhaavanaon, banaavat aur dhwaniyon kaa upayog kiya. sangeetkaron ney 20veen shatabdi kii shuruat kii twarit aur tej gati vaali prakriti koo dekhaa aur ack naee aur naee gati key saath pratikriya dee. lekhakon aur lekhakon ney amerikiyon key baare mein ack naee kahani sunai; vaastavik amerikiyon key saath ladke aur ladakiyan badey hoe sakate they. kalpana seey door hatkar aur "abb" parr dhyaan kendrit karate hue, americi yathaarthvaad ney ack nayaa pravesh dwaar aur ack safalata prastut kii-adhuniktawad kii shuruat, aur vartamaan mein honey kaa kyaa arth haye. ashcan school jise aathh key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye aur duss americi chitrakaron naamak samooh ney drishya kalaa mein nae americi adhuniktawad kaa mool banaaya. ashcan school aur aathh. ashcan school newyork shahar key kalakaron kaa ack samooh thaa, jinhone rosemarra kii jindagi key yathaarthvaadi chitron key madhyam seey 20veen shatabdi key shuruati newyork shahar key anubhav koo pakadane kii koshish kii. inn kalakaron ney ameer aur ashajanak paanchven samajik maarg key bajaay samriddh aur saanskritik roop seey banaavat vaale nichale varg key pravasiyon koo chitrit karna pasand kiya. usa samay key ack aalochak koo vishayon kii unaki pasand pasand naheen aaee, jisamen galiyaan, ghar, jhuggi-jhopadi key nivasi aur johnn slone key mamle mein, mazdoor varg dwara aksar laae jaane vaale saraay shamil they. way "krantikari kaale giroh" aur "kurupata key preriton" key roop mein jaane jaane lagey." george belos. george belos (1882-1925), newyork shahar mein chitrit shahari jeevan. unake chitron mein ack abhivyaktivaadi saahas aur jokhim lene kii ichcha thee. unhein hinsa key prati aakarshan thaa jaisa kii unaki 1909 kii painting "iss club key donon sadasyon" mein dekhaa gayaa thaa, joe ack bhayaanak mukkebaji drishya koo darshaata haye. unaki 1913 kii painting "cliff wilers" mein ack shahar key paridrishya koo darshaaya gayaa haye joe ack vishesh drishya naheen haye, balki kaee drishyon kaa ack mishran haye. robbert heinry. robert heinry (1865-1921) ack mahatvapurna americi yathaarthvaadi aur ashcan school key sadasya they. heinry koo aam jeevan key drishya mein ruchi thee. unhone vyaktiyon, ajnabiyon parr dhyaan kendrit kiya, joe shaharon aur kasbon kii sadakon parr teji seey gujarate they. unakaa logon key haasya chitran key bajaay sahanubhutipurna thaa, aksar chitrit vyakti kii garmajoshi koo badhaane key liye ack andheri prishthabhoomi kaa upayog kiya jaataa thaa. heinry key karyon mein jordar brush stroke aur bolled impasto kii visheshta thee joe pent kii bhautikta parr jore detee thee. heinry ney glackens, lukes, shinn aur slone koo prabhaavit kiya. 1906 mein, unhein rashtriya design akadami key liye chunaa gayaa thaa, lekin jaba unake vritt mein chitrakaron koo akadami kii 1907 kii pradarshani key liye aswikar curr diyaa gayaa, tou unhone saathi juurii sadasyon parr pakshapaat kaa aarop lagaaya aur juurii seey baahar chaley gaye, aur apana khud kaa ack show aayojit karane kaa sankalp liya. baad mein unhone akadami koo "kalaa kaa kabristan" key roop mein sandarbhit kiya. kabhi shinn. ashcan school key sadasya everate shinn (1876-1953) newyork aur theatre key apane kaee chitron aur newyork shahar mein apane ghar seey prerit vilasita aur aadhunik jeevan key vibhinn pahaluon key liye prasiddh they. unhone landan, peris aur newyork key rangmanch drishyon koo chitrit kiya. unhone jeevan key shahari drishya mein ruchi paaee, jisamen theatre aur bheedbhaad vaali seeton aur jeevan key beach samaantaaen theen. digas key vipareet, shinn ney darshakon aur kalakar key beach baatchit koo chitrit kiya. george benjamin lukes. george bee. lukes (1866-1933) ack ashcan school kalakar they joe mainhattan key nichale poorv kii or rahate they. lukes kii painting "hester street" (1905) mein, vaha bachchon koo ack aadami dwara khilaune key saath manoranjan karate hue dikhaata haye, jabaki ack mahila aur dukaandaar prishthabhoomi mein baatchit karate hain. darshak bheed key beach hotaa haye naa kii usake oopar. looks dou yuva ladkiyon koo "spielers" mein naachate hue dikhaakar nichale poorv kii or ack sakaratmak spin rakhta haye, joe kii mazdoor varg key pravasiyon key beach ack prakaar kaa nritya haye; garibi key bavjood, bachche sadak parr nritya karate hain. vaha trasdi key bajaay garibon key jeevan mein anand aur sundarta kii talash kartaa haye. villium glackens. apane currier kii shuruat mein, villium glackens (1870-1938) ney washington squire park mein apane studio key aspas key pados koo chitrit kiya. way ack safal vyaavsaayik chitrakaar bhee they, jinhone samkaaleen patrikaon key liye kaee chitra aur jall rangon kaa nirmaan kiya, joe hasyapurna roop seey apane dainik jeevan mein nae yorkers koo chitrit karate they. jeevan mein baad mein, way samudra tata aur french nadee key baare mein apane prabhaavvaadi vichaaron key liye "americi renoire" key roop mein behtar jaane jaate they. johnn slone. johnn slone (1871-1951) 20veen shatabdi key ashcan school key ack yathaarthvaadi they, jinaki americi samajik sthitiyon key saath chintaon ney unhein 1910 mein samajwadi party mein shamil honey key liye prerit kiya. mool roop seey philadelphia seey, unhone 1904 key baad newyork mein kaam kiya. 1912 seey 1916 taka, unhone samajwadi masik "janata" mein chitranon kaa yogdan diyaa. sloan koo prachaar pasand naheen thaa, aur "janata" key liye apane chitron mein, jaisa kii unake chitron mein, unhone logon key rosemarra key jeevan parr dhyaan kendrit kiya. unhone mahila vishayon parr jore dete hue shramik varg key avkash koo chitrit kiya. unake prasiddh karyon mein "picnic ground" aur "ravivaar, mahilaaen apane baal sukhaati hain. unhein ashcan school kii shreni pasand naheen thee aur kalaa itihaskaron key saath apani narazgi vyakt kii jinhone unhein americi drishya key ack chitrakaar key roop mein pahchaanaah "humm mein seey kuchh loga hamaare aspas key jeevan key baare mein bahut cumm samvedansheel tippaniyon koo chitrit karate they. hamein naheen pataa thaa kii yeh americi drishya thaa. mujhe naam pasand naheen haye...raashtravaad kaa ack lakshan, jisane iss duniya mein bahut pareshani paida kii haye." edward hopper. edward hopper (1882-1967) ack pramukh americi yathaarthvaadi chitrakaar aur printmaker they. hopper americi yathaarthvaadi logon mein sabse aadhunik aur sabse samkaaleen haye. jabaki way apane tail chitron key liye sabse adhik lokpriya they, way jall rangkar aur mudran nirmaata key roop mein etching mein samaan roop seey nipun they. unake shahari aur graameen donon drishyon mein, unake atirikt aur bareek tareeke seey ganana kiye gaye prastutiyaan aadhunik americi jeevan key baare mein unaki vyaktigat drishti koo darshaati hain. hopper key shikshak robbert heinry ney apane chhatron koo "duniya mein halchal paida karane" key liye apani kalaa kaa upayog karane key liye protsaahit kiya. unhone apane chhatron koo yeh bhee salah dee kii "yeh vaha vishay naheen haye joe mayane rakhta haye, balki aap isake baare mein kyaa mahsoos karate hain" aur "kalaa key baare mein bhool jaaen aur jeevan mein aapaki ruchi kii tasveeren banaaen. iss tarah, heinry ney hopper key saath-saath chhatron george belos aur rockwell kent koo bhee prabhaavit kiya aur unhein shahari jeevan key yathaarthvaadi chitran karane key liye prerit kiya. heinry key vritt mein kuchh kalakar, jinamen hopper key ack anya shikshak johnn slone bhee shamil they, aathh key sadasya bunn gaye, jinhen american art key ashcan school key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye. unaki pahali maujooda tail chitrakala joe unake prasiddh andaruni hisson parr sanket detee haye, "ack rangmanch mein ekal aakriti" (see. 1904). apane chhaatr varshon key dauran, hopper ney apane swayam key chitron sahit darjanon nagna, sthir jeevan, paridrishya aur chitra bhee banaae. anya drishya kalakar. joseph stella, charles scheeler, jonas laai, edward vilis redfield, joseph penel, leone croll, bee.jey.oh. nordfelt, gertrude casabier, alfred steaglitz, edward steachen, ee. jey. belok, phillip coach, david hannah lekhak. horatio algar, junier.. horatio algar, junier. (1832-1899) 19veen shatabdi key ack vipul americi lekhak they, jinka pramukh utpaadan formulic raag-too-ritch kishore upanyaas thaa, joe bootblacks, newsboy, paddler, buss aur anya garib bachchon key saahasik karyon kaa anusaran karate they, joe vinamra prishthabhoomi seey sammaanjanak madhyam varg kii suraksha aur aaraam key jeevan mein unake uday mein they. unake upanyaas, jinamen seey "ragged dick" ack vishisht udaaharan haye, unake dinon mein behad lokpriya they. stephen crain. nyu jersey key newark mein paida hue stephen crain (1871-1900) kii jadein americi krantikari yuddh yug, sainikon, padariyon, sheriff, nyayadhishon aur kisaanon seey judee theen joe ack sadee pahale rahate they. mukhya roop seey ack patrakaar, jisane kathaa, nibandh, kavita aur naatak bhee likhe, crain ney jhuggiyon aur yuddh key maidanon mein jeevan koo dekhaa. unake bhayaavah grihyuddh upanyaas "dha redd baij off diyar" koo 1895 mein bahut prashansa millie thee, lekin unake paas apane swaasthya kii upeksha karate hue 28 saal kii umr mein unaki mrityu seey pahale dhyaan aakarshit karane key liye mushkil seey samay thaa. unhone apani mrityu key baad seey nirantar safalata kaa anand liya haye-aam aadami key champion, ack yathaarthvaadi aur ack prateek key roop mein. crain kaa "(1893) sabse achche, yadi sabse pahala naheen, tou praakritik americi upanyason mein seey ack haye. yeh ack garib, samvedansheel ladki kii dukhad kahani haye jisake ashikshit, sharabi maataa-pitaa usey poori tarah seey whiffle curr dete hain. pyaar mein, aur apane hinsak ghar seey bachane key liye utsuk, vaha khud koo ack yuvak key saath rahane key liye bahakaane kii anumati detee haye, joe jald hii usey chhod detaa haye. jaba usaki aatm-dharmi maan usey aswikar curr detee haye, tou maggy jeevit rahane key liye ack veshya bunn jaati haye, lekin jald hii marr jaati haye. crain kaa dharti kaa vishay aur usaki uddeshya, vaigyaanik shally, naitikakaran seey rahit, maggy koo ack prakritivaadi kaam key roop mein chihnit kartaa haye. villium deane howells. villium deane howells (1837-1920) ney yathaarthvaadi tareeke seey kathaa aur nibandh likhe. saahitya mein yathaarthvaad key baare mein unake vichaar unake samajwadi drishtikon key samanantar vikasit hue. atlantic masik" aur "harper patrika" key sampaadak key roop mein apani bhoomika mein, aur "ack aadhunik udaaharan" aur "silas lapham key uday" jaisi pustakon key lekhak key roop mein, howells ney ack majboot raay vyakt kii aur apane siddhanton koo sthaapit karane mein prabhaavshaali they. maark twen. saimuel clemens (1835-1910), joe maark twen key apane chhadm naam seey behtar jaanaa jaataa haye, seemavarti shahar hannible, misauri mein palaa-badhaa. 19veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein americi lekhak phooldaar, bhavuk yaa shaleen hotey they-aanshik roop seey kyonki way abhee bhee yeh saabit karane kii koshish curr rahey they kii way angreji kii tarah sunder tareeke seey likh sakate hain. africa kii hurry pahaadiyon" mein ernest hemingway ney likhaa kii kaee romantic logon ney "ack ingland seey nirvaasit angreji upaniveshon kii tarah likhaa thaa, jisamen way kabhi bhee ack nae ingland kaa hissa naheen they jise way banaa rahey they...way una shabdon kaa upayog naheen karate they joe logon ney hamesha bhaashan mein upayog kiye hain, way shabd joe bhasha mein jeevit rahate hain."usee nibandh mein, hemingway ney kahaa kii sabhi americi kathaaen maark twen key upanyaas" "dha adventures off hakalberry finn" "seey aatee hain. jordar, yathaarthvaadi, bolchal kii americi bhasha parr adharit twen kii shally ney americi lekhakon koo unaki rashtriya aavaaj kii ack naee sarahana dee. twen desh key aantarik bhaag seey aaney vaale pahale pramukh lekhak they, aur unhone isaki vishisht, hasyapurna apshabd aur pratima koo chitrit kiya. 19veen shatabdi key anta mein dou aur anya americi lekhakon key liye, yathaarthvaad kewal ack saahityik takneek naheen theeh yeh sach bolane aur aprachalit paramparaon koo visfot karane kaa ack tarika thaa. twen koo unake karyon "tomm soyer" aur "dha adventures off hakalberry finn" key liye jaanaa jaataa haye. saim. aar. watkins. saim. aar. watkins (1839-1901) 19veen shatabdi key americi lekhak aur hasyakar they jinhen unake sansmaran "saha" key liye jaanaa jaataa haye. aayach, "joe sangh raajya senaa mein ack sanic key roop mein unake jeevan kaa varnan kartaa haye. unhone "ack dheemi hasyapurna prastuti mein baat kii" aur ack kathakar key roop mein asamanya kaushal kaa pradarshan kiya. pustak key saraahaniya gunon mein seey ack iska yathaarthvaad haye. yuddh" aur ise ladane vaale purushon koo romantic banaane key liye prasiddh ack yug mein, unhone aashcharyajanak spashtata key saath likhaa. unake prishthon key johnny rabes sabhi naayak naheen hain. watkins dwara chitrit sanic jeevan mein utsaah aur mahima kii tulanaa mein neerasata aur peedaa adhik thee. vaha lambe juluson kii thakaau thakan key baare mein bahut kuchh bataata haye; lambi sardiyon kii oob aur asuvidha; anushasana kii kathorta aur kathorta; adhikaariyon kii akshamta; manobal kii aavadhik chook; raashan kii anishchitata aur alpata; aur senaa kii dincharya kii thakaauta. unake yuddh key vrittaant aksar gole key bhayaanak chillaane, vikrit shariron key bhayaanak bhaya aur ghayalon key dardanaak chillaane kaa sandarbh dete hain. unake kalam dwara varnit yuddh ack kroor aur ghatiya vyavasaay thaa. anya. iss tarah key anya lekhakon mein theodor dresser, heinry james, jack landan, upton synclair, johnn steinbeck, margaret deland, edith wharton aur jey shamil they. dee. sallinger. patrakaarita. jacob rees. jacob august rees (1849-1914), ack dennish-americi mucker patrakaar, photographer aur samaaj sudhaarak, kaa janm denmark key rib mein huaa thaa. vaha newyork shahar mein cumm bhagyashali logon kii madad karane key liye apani photographic aur patrakaarita pratibha kaa upayog karane key liye apane samarpan key liye jaane jaate hain, joe unake adhikansh vipul lekhan aur photographic nibandhon kaa vishay thaa. unhone maanviya laurence wheeler kii madad seey newyork mein "model tenments" key karyanvayan mein madad kii. flashes kaa upayog karane vaale shuruati photographers mein seey ack key roop mein, unhein photography mein agrani maanaa jaataa haye. yuva kalaa. art young (1866-1943) ack americi cartoonist aur lekhak they. vaha apane samajwadi cartoonon key liye sabse prasiddh hain, vishesh roop seey kattarpanthi patrika "janata" key liye kheenche gaye, jinamen seey yuva 1911 seey 1917 taka saha-sampaadak they. yuva aam taur parr araajnaitik key roop mein shuru hue, lekin dheere-dheere vampanthi vichaaron mein ruchi lene lagey, aur 1906 taka, khud koo ack samajwadi maanate they. way raajneetik roop seey sakriya hoe gaye; 1910 taka, nasleeya aur yaun bhedbhaav aur poonjiwadi pranali key anyaay unake kaam mein prachalit vishay bunn gaye. sangeet. james elen bland. james aeye. bland (1854-1919) pahale pramukh african-americi geetkaar they aur apane gaathaagit key liye jaane jaate hain, "mujhe purani kunwari key paas vaapas leey jaaen. "shaam koo chaand kii roshni mein" "aur" "golden chappal" "prasiddh geet hain joe unhone likhe they, aur unhone usa avadhi key anya hitt geet likhe, jinamen" "subah ujjwal roshni seey" "aur" "dee golden wading" "shamil hain. bland ney 1879 seey 1882 taka apane adhikansh geet likhe; 1881 mein, unhone yuu chhod diyaa.aiss. haverley key asli rangeen minstrail key saath ingland key liye. bland koo sanyukt raajya kii tulanaa mein ingland adhik fayademand lagaa aur 1890 taka vahaan rahey; yaa tou unhone iss avadhi key dauran geet likhana bund curr diyaa yaa unhein koee angreji prakaashak naheen milaa. see.aeye. safed. see.aeye. safed (1829-1892) ney 1869 mein hitt geet "mujhe merey chhote bistar mein daal diyaa" likhaa, jisase unhein ack pramukh geetkaar key roop mein sthaapit kiya gayaa. shwet gambhir aakaankshaon key geetkaar theh unake kaee geet mukhar chaturthansh key liye likhe gaye they. unhone opera mein bhee kaee prayaas kiye. sangeet prakaashan firm white, smith aind company key aadhe malik key roop mein, unake paas apane kaam key liye ack taiyar outlet thaa, lekin yeh unake geet they jinhone prakaashan firm kaa samarthan kiya aur isake vipareet naheen. safed ney lokpriya munch key liye lekhan kii ninda naheen kii-vaastav mein unhone agrani african-americi munch nirmaan "bandhan seey baahar" key liye ack geet likhaa-lekin unakaa pramukh output parlor gaayak key liye thaa. doubleu.see. upayogi. doubleu. see. handy (1873-1958) ack blues sangeetkaar aur sangeetkaar they, jinhen aksar "blues key pitaa" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa. americi geetkaaron mein sabse prabhaavshaali logon mein seey ack haye. haalaanki way kaee sangeetkaron mein seey ack they jinhone blues key roop mein jaane jaane vaale sangeet key vishisht americi roop koo bajaaya, lekin unhein iska samkaaleen roop dene kaa shreya diyaa jaataa haye. halanki blues roop mein sangeet prakaashit karane vaale pahale vyakti naheen they, unhone blues koo ack bahut hii prasiddh kshetriya sangeet shally seey americi sangeet mein pramukh taakton mein seey ack mein leey liya. ack shikshit sangeetkaar thaa joe apani rachanaon mein lock samagri kaa upayog kartaa thaa. way apane karyon key sroton kaa dastavejikaran karane mein imandar they, joe aksar kaee kalakaron key shaileegat prabhaavon koo jodate they. unhein iss lock-sangeet roop seey pyaar thaa aur unhone ise ack parivartankari sparsh diyaa. scott joplin. scott joplin (see. 1867/68-1917) ack african-americi sangeetkaar aur ragtime sangeet key sangeetkaar they aur sabse prasiddh vyakti baney hue hain. unake sangeet ney 1970 key dashak mein lokpriyata aur aalochanatmak sammaan kaa kaafee punrutthan kiya, vishesh roop seey unaki sabse prasiddh rachana "manoranjan" key liye.

american realism american realism kale, sangeeta mattu saahityadalli samakaalina samajika vastavategalu mattu saamaanya janara jeevana mattu dainandina chatuvatikegalannu chithrisuva ondu shailiyagittu. ee chaluvaliyu 19neey shatamaanada madhyabhaagadalli saahityadalli praarambhavaayitu mattu 20neey shatamaanada aarambhadalli drashya kaleyalli ondu pramukha pravruttiyaayitu. saamskrutika chitranavagali athawa downtown newyork nagarada drishyavagali, american vaastavikataavaadi krutigalu nijavenu embudannu vyaakhyaanisalu prayatnisidavu. yuu. nalli.ess. 20neey shatamaanada aarambhadalli varnachitrakaararu, barahagararu mattu patrakartara hosa piligeyu beleyatodagitu. aneka varnachitrakaararu hiriya yuu prabhaavavannu anubhavisidaru.ess. thamus eekins, merrie cassot, zaan singer sargent, james mcneil wisler, vinslo homour, chiled hassom, zhe. muntaada kalaavidaru. alden veer, thamus polak anshutz mattu vilium merrit chases. aadaagyoo, avaru hosa mattu hecchu nagaravasi krutigalannu rachisalu asakti hondiddaru, adhu nagara jivanavannu pratibimbisuttade mattu yuu. esnalli graminakkinta hecchu nagaravasi janasankhyeyannu pratibimbisuttade.ess. adhu hosa shatamanavannu praveshisidante. 20neey shatamaanada aarambhadalli america. 19neey shatamaanada antyadinda 20neey shatamaanada aarambhadavarege, united states brihat kaigarika, arthika, samajika mattu saamskrutika badalaavaneyannu anubhavisitu. european valaseya nirantara aley mattu antararashtriya vyaapaarada hechchuttiruva saamarthyavu americakke hechchuttiruva belavanige mattu samruddhiyannu tanditu. kale mattu kalaatmaka abhivyaktiya moolaka (chitrakale, sahitya mattu sangeeta seridante ellah madhyamagala moolaka), "american realism" saanketika "american landscape" mattu maneyalli saamaanya americannara jeevanada balalikeyannu mattu saamskrutika utsaahavannu chithrisalu prayatnisitu. kalaavidaru tamma srujanasheela yojanegala banna, rachane mattu notavannu prabhaavisalu nagarada bhavanegalu, tekashchargalu mattu shabdagalannu balasidaru. sangeetagaararu 20neey shatamaanada aarambhada tvarita mattu vegada gatiya svabhaavavannu gamanisidaru mattu hosa mattu hosa gatiyondige pratikriyisidaru. barahagararu mattu lekhakaru americannara bagge hosa katheyannu helidaru; hudugaru mattu hudugiyaru nijavaada amerikannarondige beledirabahudu. fantacy yinda doora saridu, "eega" dha mele kendrikarisida american vaastavikateyu hosa gateway mattu pragatiyannu prastutapadisitu-aadhunikateyannu parichayisuvudu mattu prastutadalli iruvudu endarenu. entu endu kareyalpaduva ashkan shaale mattu hattu american varnachitrakaararu endu kareyalpaduva gumpu drashya kalegalli hosa american aadhunikataavaada kendrabinduvannu srushtisitu. ashkan shaale mattu entu. ashkan shaleyu newyork nagarada kalaavidara ondu gumpagiddu, avaru 20neey shatamaanada aarambhada newyork nagarada bhavaneyannu dainandina jeevanada vaastavika bhaavachitragala moolaka serehidiyalu prayatnisidaru. ee kalaavidaru srimanta mattu ashadayaka aidane samajika maargavannu chithrisuva badalu srimanta mattu saamskrutikavaagi rachaneyaada kela vargada valasigarannu chithrisalu aadyate niididaru. aaa kaalada obba vimarshakarige avara vishayagala aykeyu ishtavagalilla, idaralli kaaludaarigalu, vasatigruhagalu, kolegeri nivasigalu mattu zaan sloane avara vishayadalli, kaarmika vargavu aagaagge bheti needuva hotelugalu serive. avaru "kraantikaari kappu gumpu" mattu "kuroopateya apostalaru" endu hesaraadaru." georg bellos. georg bellos (1882-1925), newyork nagarada varnachitrita nagara jeevana. avara varnachitragalu abhivyaktivaadi dhairya mattu apayagalannu tegedukolluva ichcheyannu hondiddavu. 1909ralli aata "ee clubna ibbaru sadasyaru" emba tanna varnachitradalli nodidante aata himsaachaarada bagge aakarshitanaagiddanu, idu ondu bhayanaka boxing drashyavannu chithrisuttade. avara 1913rahra chitrakale "cliff nivasigalu" ondu nirdishta notavalla, aadare aneka vikshanegala samyojaneyaada nagara-drashyavannu chithrisuttade. robbert henry. robbert henry (1865-1921) obba pramukha american vaastavikavaadi mattu ashkan shaleya sadasyaraagiddaru. henrige saamaanya jeevanada drashyadalli asakti ittu. aata vyaktigala mele, aparichitara mele, pattanagalu mattu nagargala beedigalalli vegavagi haduhoguvavara mele gamana kendrikarisidanu. aatanadu janara haasya chitranakkinta sahanubhootiyulla chitravagiddu, aagaagge chithrisalaada vyaktiya ushnateyannu hechhisalu gaadhavaada hinneleyannu balasuttiddanu. henriyavara krutigalu hurupina brush strokegalu mattu dappa impastogalinda niroopisalpattavu, idu bannada bhautikateyannu ottihelitu. henry glackengalu, looks, shinn mattu slongala mele prabhaava beeridaru. 1906ralli, avaru rashtriya vinyasa akaademige aaykeyaadaru, aadare avara vrattada varnachitrakaararannu academy 1907rahra pradarshanakkagi tiraskarisidaaga, avaru sahavarti nyayadhishara viruddha pakshapaatada aaropa horisidaru mattu tirpugaarara mandaliyinda horanadedaru, tammade aada pradarshanavannu aayojisalu nirdharisidaru. nantara avaru akaademiyannu "kaleya smashana" endu ullekhisidaru. everet shinn. ashkan shaleya sadasya everet shinn (1876-1953), newyork mattu rangabhumiya halavaaru varnachitragalige mattu newyork nagarada tanna maneyinda sphurti padeda aisharami mattu aadhunika jeevanada vividha amshagalige hesaruvaasiyaagiddaru. avaru london, paris mattu newyorkna rangabhoomi drashyagalannu chithrisidaru. rangabhoomi mattu jananibida asanagalu mattu jeevanada naduve holikegalannu chitrisutta, avaru jeevanada nagara drashyadalli aasaktiyannu kandukondaru. digasnantallade, shinn prekshakaru mattu kalaavidara naduvina paraspara kriyeyannu chithrisiddaare. georg benjamin looks. georg bii. looks (1866-1933) obba ashkan shaala kalaavidaraagiddu, avaru manhatton kela purva bhagadalli vaasisuttiddaru. lukesna chitrakale "hester streat" (1905) nalli, aata aatike hondiruva purusharinda makkalige manaranjane niiduttiruvudannu torisuttaane, aadare mahileyobbaru mattu angadiyavaru hinneleyalli sambhashane nadesuttaare. prekshakaru adara meliruvudakkinta hechchaagi janasandaniyalliddaare. lookes kela purva bhagadalli ibbaru yuvatiyaru "speelers" nalli nrutya maaduvudannu torisuva moolaka sakaaraatmaka tiruvu niiduttade, idu kaarmika vargada valasigaralli ondu reetiya nrutyavagide; badatanada horataagiyoo, makkalu beediyalli nrutya maaduttaare. aata durantakkinta hechchaagi badavara jeevanadalli santosha mattu soundaryavannu hudukuttaane. vilium glockens. tamma vrattijeevanada aarambhadalli, vilium glockens (1870-1938) washington square paarknalliruva tamma studiyoda suttamuttalina nerehoreyannu chithrisidaru. avaru yashasvi vanijya chitrakaararaagiddaru, samakaalina niyatakaalikegalige halavaaru rekhaachitragalu mattu jalavarnagalannu nirmisidaru, adhu avara dainandina jeevanadalli hosa yorkargalannu haasyamayavaagi chithrisitu. nantarada jeevanadalli, avaru samudra teera mattu french revearn prabhavashali drashtikoonagaligaagi "dhii american renoir" endu hecchu parichitaraagiddaru. zaan sloane. zaan sloane (ID1) 20neey shatamaanada aarambhada ascan shaleya vaastavikataavaadiyaagiddar, avara americada samajika paristhitigala bagegina kalajigalu avarannu 1910ralli samajavadi pakshakke seralu kaaranavaadavu. moolatah philadelphiyaadinda, avaru 1904rahra nantara newyorknalli kelasa maadidaru. 1912rinda 1916ravarege, avaru samajavadi maasika "janasaamaanyaru" emba patrikege vivaranegalannu niididaru. sloane prachaaravannu ishtapaduvudilla, mattu "janasamanyarigagi" avara rekhaachitragalalli, avara varnachitragalalliruvante, avaru janara dainandina jeevanada mele kendrikarisidaru. avaru mahila vishayagalige ottu needuva moolaka kaarmika vargada biduvina samayavannu chithrisidaru. avara prasiddha krutigalalli "picnic maidaanagalu" mattu "bhanuvara, mahileyaru tamma koodalannu onagisuvudu" serive. aata ashkan shaleya vargavannu ishtapadalilla mattu aatanannu american drashyada varnachitrakaara endu gurutisida kalaa itihaasakaarara bagge tamma asamaadhaanavannu vyaktapadisidaruh "nammalli kelavaru namma suttalina jeevanada bagge swalpa sookshmavaada kaamentgalannu chithrisuttiddaru. idu americada drashya endu namage tilidiralilla. nanage aaa hesaru ishtavilla...idu rashtriyateya lakshanavaagiddu, idu ee jagattinalli dodda tondaregalannu untumaadide." edward hopper. edward hopper (1882-1967) obba pramukha american vaastavika varnachitrakaara mattu mudranakararagiddaru. happer americada atyanta aadhunika vaastavikavaadi mattu atyanta samakaalina. taila varnachitragalige hecchu hesaruvaasiyaagiddaru, avaru jalavarna kalaavidaraagi mattu mudranakararagi echingnalli samanavagi praveenaraagiddaru. avara nagara mattu grameena drushyagaleradaralloo, avara bidi mattu sookshmavaagi lekka haakida niroopaneyu aadhunika american jeevanada avara vaiyaktika drashtikonavannu pratibimbisitu. hoppern sikshaka robbert henry tanna vidyarthigalannu "jagattinalli sanchalanavannu srashtisalu" tamma kaleyannu balasalu proothsaahisidaru. avaru tamma vidyaarthigalige "vishayavu mukhyavalla, aadare adara bagge neevu enu bhavisuttiri" mattu "kaleya bagge maretu, jeevanadalli nimage aasaktiyiruva chitragalannu chitrisi" endu salahe niididaru. ee reetiyalli, henry avaru hopper mattu georg bellos mattu rockwell kent vidyarthigala mele prabhaava beeri, nagara jeevanada vaastavika chithranagalannu needalu avarannu prerepisidaru. henry vrattada kelavu kalaavidaru, hoppern mattobba sikshaka zaan sloane seridante, aaa entara sadasyaraadaru, idannu ashkan school off american art endoo kareyalaaguttade. avara prasiddha olaanganavannu soochisuva avara modala taila varnachitravu "rangabhoomiyalli ekaangi vyakti" (sii. 1904). tanna vidyarthi varsagalalli, hopper tanna swayam-bhaavachitragalu seridante dajangattale nagnategalu, sthira jivanagalu, bhoodrushyagalu mattu bhaavachitragalannu chithrisidanu. itara drashya kalaavidaru. joseph stella, charles sheeler, jonas lye, edward vilis redfield, joseph pennel, leone croll, bii.zhe.oo. nordfeldt, gertrude cassabier, alfred steaglitz, edward steachen, ii. zhe. bellock, phillip koch, david hannah barahagararu. horacio algar, zhe.. horacio algar, zhe. (1832-1899) 19neey shatamaanada americada obba samruddha lekhakaraagiddu, avara pramukha prakataneyu bootblocks, nyus boys, pedlargalu, basgalu mattu itara bada makkala saahasagalannu anusarisida sootrada rogs-tuu-richus balaparadhi kaadambarigalaagiddu, avara vinamra hinneleyinda gouravaanvita madhyama vargada bhadrate mattu soukaryada jeevanakke airide. avara kaadambarigalu, "ragged dick" ondu vishishta udaaharaneyaagiddu, avara dinagalli bahala janapriyavagiddavu. stephen crain. newjersey neuarkinalli janisida stephen crain (1871-1900), americada kraantikaari yuddhada yuga, sainikaru, padrigalu, sherifgalu, nyayadhisharu mattu ondu shatamaanada hinde badukidda raitara berugalannu hondiddaru. mukhyavaagi kadambari, prabandhagalu, kavitegalu mattu natakagalannu bareda patrakarta, crain kolegerigalalli mattu yuddhabhoomigalalli tanna jivanavannu kanditu. avara kaaduva antaryuddhada kadambari "dhii redd badge off dhairyam" 1895 ralli bahala mechchugege patravayitu, aadare avaru tamma aarogyavannu nirlakshisi 28 neey vayassinalli nidhanaraguva modalu gamana seleyalu avarige samayaviralilla. aata tanna maranada nantaravoo-saamaanya manussian champiyan, vaastavikavaadi mattu sanketavaadi embante-nirantara yashassannu anubhavisiddaare. crains "(1893) atyuttamavaadaddu, modalinadalladiddaru, naisargika american kaadambariyaagide. idu obba bada, sukshma hudugiya dukkhada katheyagiddu, aakeya ashikshita, madyavyasani poshakaru avalannu sampoornavaagi viphalagolisuttaare. pritiyalli, mattu tanna himsaatmaka maneyinda tappisikollalu utsukalaagiruva avalu, shighradalle tannannu toredubiduva yuvakanondige vaasisalu tannannu taanu akarshisikollalu avakasha maadikoduttaale. aakeya swayam-nitivanta taayi avalannu tiraskarisidaaga, maggy badukuliyalu veshyeyaguttale, aadare shighradalle saayuttaale. craine mannina vishaya mattu naitikateyillada avana uddesha, vaignaanika shaili, maggy annu naisargika krutiyagi gurutisuttade. vilium deane howells. vilium deane howells (1837-1920) kaalpanika mattu prabandhagalannu vaastavikavaada vidhaanadalli barediddaare. saahityadalli vaastavikateya bagegina avara vichaaragalu avara samajavadi manobhavagalige samaanaantaravaagi abhivraddhigondavu. atlantic maasika" mattu "harpers niyatakaalika" dha sampaadakaraagi mattu "aa modern instance" mattu "dhii rais off silas lapham" nantaha pustakagala lekhakaraagi, howells balavaada abhiprayavannu niididaru mattu avara siddhaantagalannu sthaapisuvalli prabhaavashaaliyaagiddaru. maark twine. maark twine emba tanna kaavyanaamadinda prasiddharaada samuel clemens (1835-1910), misauriya hunnible emba gadinadina pattanadalli beledaru. 19neey shatamaanada aarambhada american barahagararu pushpashila, bhavanatmaka athawa adambaradavaragiddaru-bhagashah avaru innoo englishnanteye sogasaada reetiyalli bareyabahudendu sabitupadisalu prayatnisuttiddaru. aafrikaada hasiru bettagalu" emba krutiyalli ernest hemingway, aneka romyaantikgalu "avaru nirmisuttidda hosa inglendna bhaagavaagillada inglendna gadiparu maadida inglish vasaahatugalante barediddaare endu barediddaare...janaru yavagalu matinalli balasuva padagalannu, bhasheyalli ulidukondiruva padagalannu avaru balasuvudilla."adhe prabandhadalli, ellah american kaadambarigalu maark twine avara kadambari" "dhii adventures off huckleberry finn" "ninda bandive endu hemingway heliddaare". hurupina, vaastavika, aadumaatina american bhashanavannu aadharisida twine avara shailiyu american barahagaararige avara rashtriya dhwaniya hosa mecchugeyannu needitu. deshada olagininda banda modala pramukha lekhakaru twine, mattu avaru adara vishishta, hasyamaya adubhashe mattu aikaanoklaasam annu serehididaru. 19neey shatamaanada uttaraardhadalli ibbaru mattu itara american barahagaararige, vaastavikateyu kevala ondu saahityika tantravagiralillah idu satyavannu maatanaaduva mattu horahommida sampradaayagalannu spotisuva ondu maargavaagittu. twine avaru "tomm saayar" mattu "dhii adventures off hakalberry finn" krutigalige hesaruvasiyagiddare. samm. aarr. watkins. samm. aarr. watkins (1839-1901) 19neey shatamaanada american barahagara mattu hasyagararagiddaru, avaru tamma aatmacharitre 'koo' ge hesaruvaasiyaagiddaru. aych, idu okkootada rajyagala sainyadalli sainikanaagi avana jivanavannu vivarisuttade. avaru "nidhaanagatiya hasyamaya dralnalli matanadidaru" mattu kathegaararaagi asaamaanya parakramavannu pradarshisidaru. pustakada shlaghaniya gunagalalli ondu adara vastavikateyagide. yuddha" vannu romantic maadalu mattu adannu horadida purusharige hesaruvasiyada yugadalli, avaru aashcharyakaravaagi pramanikavagi baredaru. avana putagala johnny rebgalu ellah nayakaralla. watkins chithrisidante sainikana jeevanavu utsaaha mattu vaibhavakkinta hecchu mandate mattu novannu hondittu. sudirgha meravanigegala danivu, deergha chaligaalada besara mattu asvasthate, shistina hathmari mattu kathinate, adhikaarigala asamarthate, manosthairyada niyatakaalika lopagalu, aahaarada anishchitate mattu alpate, mattu seeneya dinachariya danivugala bagge aata hecchu heluttaane. avana yuddhada vrattaantagalu chippugala bhikara koogu, virupagonda dehagala bhayanaka bhayanakate mattu gayagondavara yaataneya koogugalannu aagaagge ullekhisuttave. avana lekhani vivarisidante yuddhavu kroora mattu neecha vyavahaaravaagittu. itararu. ee reetiya itara barahagaararalli theodor dracer, henry james, jack london, upton synclair, zaan steinbeck, margarate deland, edith warton mattu zhe. dii. salinger. patrikodyama. jacob riyas. danish-american makrakar patrakarta, chayagrahaka mattu samaja sudharakarada jacob august ris (1849-1914) denmarkn rebeyalli janisidaru. newyork nagaradalli kadime adrushtavantarige sahaaya maadalu tamma chayagrahana mattu patrikodyamada pratibheyannu balasuva tamma samarpanegaagi avaru hesaruvasiyagiddare, idu avara hecchina samruddha barahagalu mattu chayagrahanada prabandhagala vishayavaagittu. avaru manaviya kaanoonu wheeler sahayadinda newyorknalli "maadari vasati" anushtaanakke sahaaya maadidaru. flash annu balasuva arambhika chayagrahakaralli obbaraagi, avarannu chayagrahanadalli pravartakarendu pariganisalaagide. yuva kaleya. art young (1866-1943) obba american vyangyachitrakaara mattu barahagararagiddaru. aata tanna samajavadi vyangyachitragalige, visheshavaagi 1911rinda 1917ravarege, "dhii maas" emba amulagra niyatakaalikeya saha-sampaadakaraagidda yuvakarige, atyanta prasiddharagiddaru. yuvakaru samanyavagi araajanaitikavaagi praarambhisidaru, aadare kramena edapantheeya vichaaragalalli asakti belesidaru, mattu 1906rahra hottige, tammannu taavu samajavadi endu pariganisikondaru. aata raajakiyavaagi sakriyaraadaru; 1910rahra hottige, janangiya mattu laingika taratamya mattu bandavalashahi vevastheya anyayagalu aatana krutiyalli prachalitavaada vishayagalaadavu. sangeeta. james alen bland. james aa. bland (1854-1919) modala pramukha african-american geetarachanakaararaagiddaru mattu "nannannu haleya kanyeya balladge hintirugisi" endu hesaruvasiyagiddare. "sanje chandrana belakinalli" "mattu" "golden slippers" "avaru bareda prasiddha haadugalaagive, mattu avaru" "belagina hottinalli prakashamanavada belaku" "mattu" "dii golden wedding" "seridante aaa avadhiya itara hitgalannu barediddaare". 1879rinda 1882ravarege bland tamma bahuteka haadugalannu baredaru; 1881ralli avaru yuu.ess. inglendgaagi haverley nijavaada bannada minastrelgalondige. united statesginta englendnalli hecchu laabhadaayakavendu kanda bland 1890 ravarege alliye ulidaru; ondo avaru ee avadhiyalli haadugalannu bareyuvudannu nillisidaru athawa avarige inglish prakashakarannu hudukalu sadhyavagalilla. sii.aa. bili. sii.aa. white (1829-1892) 1869ralli "nannu nanna chikka haasigeyalli irisi" emba hitt haadannu baredu, avarannu pramukha gitarachanakaararaagi sthaapisidaru. biliyaru gambhira aakaankshegala gitarachanakaararaagiddaruh avara aneka haadugalannu gaayanada quartetgaligaagi bareyalaagide. avaru operaadalli halavaaru prayatnagalannu saha maadidaru. white, smith & kampaniya sangeeta prakashana samstheya ardha maalikaraagi, avaru tamma kelasakke siddhavaada outlet annu hondiddaru, aadare avara haadugalu prakashana samstheyannu bembalisidavu mattu bere reetiyalli alla. janapriya vedikeya baravanigeyannu biliyaru tiraskara madalilla-vaastavaagi avaru pravartaka african-american ranga nirmanakkagi "out off bondage" gaagi haadannu baredaru-aadare avara pramukha output parlor gaayakanigaagittu. doubleu.sii. upayukta. doubleu. sii. bluesna pitamaha" endu samanyavagi kareyalpaduva blues samyojaka mattu sangeetagaaranaagiddanu. atyanta prabhavashali american geetarachanakaararalli kaigarikeyu ulidide. blues endu kareyalpaduva vishishtavaada american sangeetavannu nudisida aneka sangeetagaararalli aata obbaraagiddaroo, adakke adara samakaalina roopavannu needida kirti avarige salluttade. blues roopadalli sangeetavannu prakatisida modaligaralladiddaroo, avaru blues annu hecchu prasiddhavallada praadeshika sangeeta shailiyinda american sangeetadalli prabala shaktigalalli wandakke kondoydaru. tanna samyojanegalalli jaanapada vastugalannu balasida obba vidyaavanta sangeetagaaranu sahayakanagiddanu. avaru tamma krutigala moolagalannu daakhalisuvalli jaagarookaraagiddaru, idu halavaaru kalaavidarinda aagaagge shailikruta prabhavagalannu samyojisuttade. avaru ee jaanapada-sangeetada roopavannu ishtapattaru mattu adakke parivartaneya sparshavannu tandaru. scott joplin. scott joplin (sii. 1867/68-1917) obba african-american sangeetagaara mattu rogtime sangeetada samyojakaraagiddaru mattu atyanta prasiddha vyaktiyagi ulididdaare. avara sangeetavu 1970rahra dasakadalli, visheshavaagi avara atyanta prasiddha samyojane "dhii entertainer" gaagi, janapriyateya mattu vimarshaatmaka gouravada gananeeya punarujjeevanavannu anubhavisitu.

american vastavad american vastavad hii qalaa, sangeet aanee sahityatil eka shaili hotee jyat samkalin samajik vastav aanee samanya lokanche jeevan aanee dainandin kriyakalap darshavile gele hote. 19vya shatkachya madhyat sahityat hii chalval suru jhaali aanee 20vya shatkachya suruvatila drushya kaleteel hii eka mahattvachi pravrutti bunley. sanskrutik chitran asso kinwa downtown newyork shaharache nisargaramya drushya, american vastavadi kamanni vastavik kaay aahe heey paribhashit karnyacha prayatna keela. yuu madhye.ess. 20vya shatkachya suruvatila chitrakar, lekhak aanee patrakaranchi eka naveen pidhi udayala yet hotee. anek chitrakaranna vruddha yu chaa prabhav jaanavala.ess. thomas ekins, merrie cassat, johnn singer sargent, james mcneil visler, vinsalo hommer, child hassom, jeey. yasarkhe kalakar. elden ware, thomas pollock ansutz aanee william merritt chez. tathapi, tyanna naveen aanee adhik shahari kaame tayar karnyat rus hota, jyat shahari jeevan aanee yuu. aii. madheel grameen bhagapeksha shahari loksankhya pratibimbit hote.ess. naveen shatkat pravesh keela. 20 vya shatkachya suruvatila america. 19vya shatkachya uttaradhapasun 20vya shatkachya suruvatiparyant, americene prachand audhyogik, aarthik, samajik aanee sanskrutik badal anubhavale. europeey sthalantaranchi satatchi laat aanee aantarrashtriy vyaparachya vadhatya sambhavyatemule amerikechi vadhati vaadh aanee samruddhi jhaali. qalaa aanee kalatmak abhivyaktidvare (chitrakala, sahitya aanee sangitasah serve madhyamandvare), 'american vastavad' neey lakshanik 'american landscape' chaa thakwa aanee sanskrutik utsah aanee gharatil samanya american lokanche jeevan chitrit karnyacha prayatna keela. kalakaranni tyanchya sarjansheel prakalpancha rung, pott aanee swaroop prabhavit karnyasathi shaharatil bhavna, pott aanee dhwani yancha vapar keela. sangitkaranni 20 vya shatkachya suruvatichya kalatil vegwan aanee vegwan swaroop lakshat ghetale aanee tajya aanee naveen gatine pratisad deela. lekhak aanee lekhakanni american lokambaddal eka naveen katha sangitali; vastavik american mule aanee mulee tyanchyasobat mothe houu shakale asate. kalpanaramyatepasun door jaaun aanee 'sadhya' varr laksh kendrit karat, american vastavadane eka naveen praveshdwar aanee eka pragati sadar kelee-aadhuniktavadachi olakh karoon dene aanee vartamanat asanyacha arth kaay aahe. aath mhanoonahi olakhalya jaananya ashcan shaala aanee daha american chitrakar navachya gatane drushya kalanmadhye naveen american aadhuniktavadacha gabha tayar keela. aashkan shaala aanee aath. daad eshkan school haah newyork shaharatil kalakarancha eka gut hota, jyanni dainandin jivanachya vastavadi chhayachitrandware 20 vya shatkachya suruvatichya newyork shaharachi bhavna tipanyacha prayatna keela. yaa kalakaranni shrimant aanee aashadayak pachvya margatil samajsevkanaivaji samruddha aanee sanskratikdrushtya rachana asalelya khalchya vargatil sthalantaritanche chitran karane pasant kele. tyaa kalatil eka tikakarala tyanchya vishayanchi nivad aavadali nahee, jyat gallya, ghare, zopadpattit rahnare aanee johnn sloan yanchya babatit, kamgar varg varanvar yenanya vihirincha samavesh hota. teey 'krantikari krishnagat' aanee 'kurupateche preshit' mhanoon olakhale jaau lagale." george beloj. george beloj (1882-1925), newyork shaharatil shahar jeevan chitrit kele. tyanchya chitranmadhye abhivyaktivadi dhadas aanee jokhim patkarnyachi tayari hotee. 1909 madhye 'yaa mandalache donhi sadasya' yaa tyanchya chitrat, jyat eka bhayanak mushtiyuddhache drushya chitrit kele aahe, tyaa chitrat disalyapramane tyanna hinsacharache aakarshan hote. 1913 saalee tyanni kadhalelya 'cliff villers' yaa chitrat shaharache drushya chitrit kele aahe, jeey eka vishisht drushya nasoon anek drushyanche mishran aahe. robbert heinry. robbert heinry (1865-1921) heey eka mahattvache american vastavadi aanee ashcan shaleche sadasya hote. henryla samanya jivanachya drushyat rus hota. tyane shaharanmadhye aanee shaharanmadhye vegane rastyanvar jaananya, anolakhi vyaktinvar laksh kendrit kele. tyache chitran lokansathi vinodi chitran karnyaivaji sahanubhootipurn hote, anekada chitrit kelelya vyaktichi ubdarpana vadhavanyasathi gadad parshvabhoomicha vapar keela jaat asey. henrichya kamanche vaishishtya mhanje jordar brushstroke aanee thalak impasto, jeey ranganchya bhautikatevar jore dett hote. heinryne glackens, lukes, sheen aanee slonever prabhav padala. 1906 madhye, teey rashtriy rachana akadamimadhye nivadle gele, parantu jevha tyanchya vartulatil chitrakaranna akadamichya 1907 chya pradarshanasathi nakarnyat aale, tevha tyanni sahkari nyayadhishanvar pakshapat kelyacha aarop keela aanee swatah chaa eka karyakram aayojit karnyacha nirnay gheuun teey panchmandalatun baher padale. nantar tyanni akadamicha ullekh 'kaleche smashanbhoomi' assa keela. everate sheen. ashcan shalecha sadasya asalelya everate sheen (1876-1953) heey newyork aanee natyagruhachya tyanchya asankhya chitransathi aanee newyork shaharatil tyanchya gharapasoon prerit vilasi aanee aadhunik jivanachya vividh pailunsathi prasiddha hote. tyanni london, parris aanee newyorkmadheel natya drushyanchi chitre kadhali. natyagruh aanee gardichya jaaga aanee jeevan yanchyatil samanata rekhatatana tyanna jivanachya shahari drushyat rus vatala. degas' chya ulat, shinane prekshak aanee kalakar yanchyatil sanvad chitrit keela. george benjamin lukes. george bii. lukes (1866-1933) haah eka aashkan shaletil kalakar hota joou manhattonchya khalchya purv bajula rahat hota. lukeschya 'hester street' (1905) yaa chitrat, eka purush khelani gheuun mulanche manoranjan kartana too dakhavato, tarr parshvabhoomit eka stree aanee dukandar sambhashan karatat. prekshak gardichya varr nasoon tyachyamadhye asato. kamgar-vargatil sthalantaritanmadhye eka prakarche nrutya asalelya 'daad spielers' madhye done tarun mulee nachtana dakhavun looks khalchya purvechya bajula sakaratmak valan ghete; garibi asoonahi, mule rastyavar nachatat. too shokantikeaivaji garibanchya jeevanat anand aanee saundarya shodhato. william glackens. tyachya karkirdichya suruvatichya kalat, william glackensney (1870-1938) washington square parkmadhil tyachya studiochya sabhovatalachya parisarala rangavale. teey eka yashasvi vyavsayik chitrakar dekhil hote, tyanni samkalin masikansathi asankhya rekhachitre aanee jalrang tayar kele, jyat tyanchya dainandin jeevanat nyu yorkersche vinodi chitran kele gele. nantarchya aayushyat, samudrakinara aanee french nadivaril prabhavvadi drushtikonamule teey 'american renoar' mhanoon adhik olakhale gele. johnn sloan. johnn sloan (1871-1951) heey 20vya shatkachya suruvatichya kalat ashkan shaleche vastavadi hote, jyanchya american samajik paristhitishi nigadit chintanmule teey 1910 madhye samajvadi pakshat sameel jhaale. moolatah philadelphiyahoon, tyanni 1904 nantar newyorkmadhye kaam kele. 1912 teey 1916 paryant tyanni samajvadi masik 'daad maas' madhye chitranche yogdan dile. sloanla prachar aavadat navhata aanee tyachya chitranpramanech, 'janatesathi' tyachya chitranmadhye tyane lokanchya dainandin jivanavar laksh kendrit kele. tyanni mahila vishayanvar bharr dett kamgar vargachya vishrantiche chitran kele. tyachya prasiddha kamanpaiki 'sahalichi maidane' aanee 'ravivar, striya tyanche cases sukavatat' heey aahet. tyanna ashkan shalechi shreni aavadali nahee aanee qalaa itihaskaranni tyanna american drushyache chitrakar mhanoon olakhoon tyanchyavar naraji vyakt keleeh "aaplyapaiki kahijan aaplya sabhovatalachya jivanabaddal thodya sanvedanshil tippanya karat asat. aamhala maheet navhate qee heey american drushya aahe. mallah naav aavadat nahee...heey rashtravadache lakshan aahe, jyamule yaa jagaat khoop samasya nirman jhalya aahet." edward hopper. edward hopper (1882-1967) haah eka pramukh american vastavadi chitrakar aanee mudrankar hota. hopper haah american vastavadi lokanpaiki sarvat aadhunik aanee sarvat samkalin aahe. telchitransathi sarvat lokpriy asale taree, teey jalwarnkar aanee chhapkamat titkech praveen hote. tyachya shahari aanee grameen asha donhi drushyanmadhye, tyachya mokalya aanee bareek ganana kelelya sadarikarananmadhye aadhunik american jivanabaddalchi tyachi vaiyaktik drushti pratibimbit hote. hopperche shikshak robbert heinry yanni tyanchya vidyarthyanna tyanchya kalecha vapar "jagaat khalbal majavanyasathi" karnyas protsahit kele. tyanni aaplya vidyarthyanna, "vishay mahattvacha nahee, tarr tyabaddal tumhala kaay vatate heey mahattvache aahe" aanee "kalebaddal visara aanee tumhala jeevanat kaay swarasya aahe yachee chitre kadha" assa sallahi deela. asha prakare, heinryne hopper, tasech george beloj aanee rockwell kent yaa vidyarthyanvar prabhav padala aanee tyanna shahari jivanache vastavadi chitran karnyasathi prerit kele. hopperche aanakhi eka shikshak johnn sloan yanchyasah henrichya vartulatil kahee kalakar aathche sadasya jhaale, jyanna ashcan school auph american aart asehi mhanatat. tyachya prasiddha aateel bhagakade ishara denare tyache pahile vidyaman tailchitra 'natyagruhatil ekaki aakruti' (ii. 1904). tyachya vidyarthyanchya kalat, hopperne tyachya swayam-chhayachitransaha dazanbhar nagna, sthir jeevan, bhupradesh aanee chitre dekhil rangavali. itar drushya kalakar. joseph stella, charles sheeler, jonas laee, edward vilis redfield, joseph penel, lyon croll, buub.jeey.oo. nordfelt, gertrude kesebiyar, alfried steaglitz, edward steachen, ii. jeey. belok, phillip koch, david hannah lekhak. horatio algar, junier.. horatio algar, junier. (1832-1899) heey 19vya shatkatil eka vipul american lekhak hote, jyanchya mukhya prakashanat bootback, newsboy, peddler, baskar aanee itar garib mulanchya sahsi sahasanna anusarananya, 'rags-too-ritch' yaa balsudharanchya kadambyanche sootra hote, jeey tyanchya vinamra parshvabhoomitun aadaraniy madhyamvargiy suraksha aanee aaramdayi jivanakade valat hote. tyanchya kadambya, jyapaiki 'ragged dick' heey eka vaishishtyapurn udaharan aahe, tyaa tyanchya kalat prachand lokpriy hotya. stephen crain. nyu jarsichya newark yethe janmalelya stephen crainchi (1871-1900) mule american krantikari yuddhayugat, sainik, padri, sherif, nyayadhish aanee eka shatkapurvi jagalele shetkari ashee hotee. pramukhyane eka patrakar jyane kalpanik katha, nibandh, kavita aanee natake dekhil lihili, krainne zopadpattyanmadhye aanee yuddhbhumivar jeevan tyachya ugratene pahile. tyanchi bhitidayak yadavi yuddhatil kadambari 'daad reed badge auph daur' 1895 madhye mothya kautukasah prakashit jhaali, parantu vayachya 28 vya varshi tyanchya aarogyakade durlaksh karoon tyanche nidhan honyapurvi tyanchyakade laksh vedhayala vel navhata. samanya manasacha vijeta, vastavadi aanee pratikvadi mhanoon, tyachya mrutyunantar tyane satatyapurn yash midavale aahe. crainchi '(1893) hii sarvat junie naslyas, sarvottam, naisargik american kadambarinpaiki eka aahe. hii eka garib, sanvedanshil mulichi vednadayak katha aahe, jiche ashikshit, madyadhund palak teela purnapane apayashi tharavatat. premat padalyane aanee tichya hinsak gharatoon sutanyachya utsukatemule, tee swatahla eka tarunasobat rahnyasathi pravrutt karoo dete, joou lavkarach teela sodoon nighun jaato. jevha tichi swa-nitiman aaee teela nakarte, tevha maggy jaganyasathi veshya banate, parantu lavkarach ticha mrutyu hoto. craincha maticha vishay aanee tyachi uddisht, vaidnyanik shaili, naitikateshivay, magila nisargvadi karya mhanoon chinhankit karate. william deane howells. william deane howells (1837-1920) yanni vastavadi paddhatine kalpanik aanee nibandh lihile. sahityatil vastavadabaddalachya tyanchya kalpana tyanchya samajvadi drushtikonachya samantar vikasit jhalya. atlantic masik' aanee 'harper' sha masika 'chey sampadak mhanoon aanee' aaa modern instance 'aanee' daad rises auph silas lafam 'yasarkhya pustakanche lekhak mhanoon, howells yanni eka majboot mutt mandale aanee tyanche siddhant sthapit karnyat prabhavi hote. marqa twayne. marqa twayne yaa topananavane adhik prasiddha asalela samuel clemons (1835-1910) misaurichya sarhaddivaril hannible shaharat vadhala. 19vya shatkachya suruvatichya kalat american lekhak phulpakharu, bhavnik kinwa aadambarpurn asanyacha cull hota-anshatah kaaran teey ajunahi ingrajitalya lekhakanpramanech sundarpane lihu shakatat heey siddha karnyacha prayatna karat hote. aafrikechya hiravya tekadyan" madheel ernest hemingwene lihile qee anek premal lokanni "englandmadhun nirvasit ingraji vasahatinsarkhe lihile, jyapaiki teey kadhihi teey banavat asalelya naveen englandcha bhag navhate...lokanni nehmi bolanyat vaparlele shabd, bhashet tikoon rahilele shabd tyanni vaparale naheet."tyach nibandhat, hemingwene mhatale aahe qee serve american katha marqa twenchya" "daad adventures auph hakalberry finn" "yaa kadambaritun aalya aahet". jordar, vastavadi, bolki american bhashananvar aadharit twenchya shailine american lekhakanna tyanchya rashtriy aavajache naveen kautuk kele. twayne heey deshachya aateel bhagatoon aalele pahile pramukh lekhak hote aanee tyanni tyachi vishisht, vinodi apshabd aanee pratimachitran kele. 19vya shatkachya uttaradhatil done aanee itar american lekhakansathi, vastavad heey keval eka sahityik tantra navhteh satya bolanyacha aanee naan vaparlelya paramparancha sphot karnyacha haah eka marg hota. twayne heey tyanchya 'tomm soyer' aanee 'daad adventures auph hakalberry finn' yaa kamansathi prasiddha aahet. samm. aar. watkins. samm. aar. watkins (1839-1901) heey 19vya shatkatil american lekhak aanee vinodi kalakar hote, jeey tyanchya 'qoo' yaa aatmacharitrasathi prasiddha hote. aayach, "jeey confederate states aarmimadhil sainik mhanoon tyachya jivanache varnan karate. teey "santh vinodi bolanyat bolale" aanee eka kathakar mhanoon tyanni asamanya kaushalya dakhavale. yaa pustakacha eka prashansaneey guna mhanje tyache vastavad. yuddh' aanee teey ladhananya purushanchya pranayramya rachnesathi prasiddha asalelya yugat, tyanni aashcharyakarakpane mokalepanane lihile. tyachya pananvaril johnny rabes heey serve nayak nasatat. watkinsney chitrit kelelya sainikanchya jeevanat utsah aanee gauravapeksha nistejpana aanee dukkh adhik hote. too lambchya miravnukicha thakwa, lamb hivalyatil vishranticha kantala aanee aswasthata, shist palanyachi lalalpana aanee kathorata, adhikadhyanchi akshamata, manodhairyat veloveli honari truti, shidhadhanyachi anishchitata aanee alpata aanee lashkarachya nityakramacha thakwa yabaddal sangato. tyachya yuddhavishayichya vruttantanmadhye varanvar golyanchya bhayanak aardaorda, vikrut mrutdehanchi bhayanak bheeti aanee jakhaminchya vednadayak oradanyacha sandarbh deela jaato. tyachya lekhanat varnan kelyapramane yuddh haah eka kroor aanee uddhat vyavasay hota. itar. yaa prakarchya itar lekhakanmadhye theodor drezer, heinry james, jacq london, upton synclair, johnn steinbeck, margaret deland, edith varton aanee jeey. dii. sallinger. patrakarita. jacob rees. jacob august rees (1849-1914), eka danish-american macracker patrakar, chhayachitrakar aanee samaj sudharak, yancha janm rib, denmark yethe jhaala. newyork shaharatil alp bhagyavananna madat karnyasathi tyanchya chhayachitran aanee patrakaritechya pratibhecha vapar karnyachya tyanchya samarpanasathi teey olakhale jaatat, joou tyanchya bahutek vipul lekhanacha aanee chhayachitran nibandhancha vishay hota. manavtavadi laurence vhilarchya madatine newyorkmadhye 'model tenments' chya amalbajavanisathi tyanni madat kelee. flash vaparnare suruvatiche chhayachitrakar mhanoon, teey chhayachitranatil agraganya manale jaatat. tarun qalaa. aart young (1866-1943) haah eka american vyangchitrakar aanee lekhak hota. teey tyanchya samajvadi vyangchitransathi, visheshtah 'daad maas' yaa kattarpanthi niyatkalikasathi rekhatalelya vyangchitransathi, 1911 teey 1917 paryant sarvat prasiddha aahet, jyapaiki tarun saha-sampadak hote. tarunanni samanyatah arajnaitik mhanoon suruvat kelee, parantu haloohaloo davya vicharsaranichya kalpananmadhye rus ghetala aanee 1906 paryant teey swatahla samajvadi manat hote. too rajkiyadrushtya sakriy jhaala; 1910 paryant, vanshik aanee laingik bhedbhav aanee bhandavalshahi vyavastheche anyay heey tyachya karyat prachalit vishay banale. sangeet. james allon bland. james aii. bland (1854-1919) haah pahila pramukh african-american gitkar hota aanee 'mallah junya kumarikade parat gheuun jaa' yaa tyachya gathasathi olakhala jaato. "sandhyakali chandrachya prakashane" aanee "" soneri chappal "" hii tyanni lihileli suprasiddha ganee aahet aanee tyanni tyaa kalatil itar hiit ganee lihili, jyat "" sakali tejaswi prakashane "" aanee "" daad golden wading "" yancha samavesh aahe ". bland yanni 1879 teey 1882 yaa kalat tyanchi bahutansh ganee lihili; 1881 madhye tyanni yuu.ess. haverleychya khyan rangeet minstrails englandsathi. blandla ingland heey amerikepeksha adhik fayadeshir vatale aanee 1890 paryant teey tethe rahile; ektar tyanni yaa kalat ganee lihine bund kele kinwa tyanna ingraji prakashak sapadat navhata. see.aaa. pandhara. see.aaa. whiteney (1829-1892) 1869 madhye 'mallah majhya chhotya antharunavar thewa' heey hiit gaane lihile, jyamule too eka pramukh gitkar mhanoon sthapit jhaala. white haah gambhir aakankshancha gitkar hotah tyachi anek ganee swar chaturthanshasathi lihili gelee hotee. tyane auperamadhyehi anek prayatna kele. white, smith andd company yaa sangeet prakashan sansthecha ardha malak mhanoon, tyachya kamasathi eka tayar outlet hote, parantu tyachya ganyannich prakashan sansthela pathimba deela, ulatya margane nahee. whiteney lokpriy manchasathi lekhanacha tiraskar keela nahee-kharey tarr tyane agraganya african-american munch nirmitisathi 'out auph bondays' sathee eka gaane lihile-parantu tyache mukhya utpadan parlor gayakasathi hote. doubleu.see. upayogi. doubleu. see. handy' (1873-1958) haah blues sangitkar aanee sangitkar hota, jyala anekada 'bluescha janak' mhanoon olakhale jaate. american gitkaranpaiki sarvat prabhavshalinpaiki eka mhanoon upayogi aahe. blues mhanoon olakhala jaanara vishisht american sangeet prakar vajavana anek sangitkaranpaiki too eka asala taree tyala tyache samkalin swaroop denyache shrey dile jaate. blues swarupat sangeet prakashit karnare teey pahile navhate, taree tyanni bluesla phaar prasiddha nasalelya pradeshik sangeet shailitoon american sangitatil eka pramukh shakti mhanoon ghetale. hendy haah eka sushikshit sangitkar hota, jyane aaplya rachnanmadhye loksahitya vaparale. anek kalakaranchya shailitil prabhavanna varanvar ektrit karananya tyanchya kamanchya strotanche dastaivajikaran karnyat teey daksh hote. tyanna heey lock-sangeet swaroop aavadale aanee tyanni tyat eka parivartanshil sparsh aanala. scotlandche joplin. scott joplin (see. 1867/68-1917) haah eka african-american sangitkar aanee ragtime sangitacha sangitkar hota aanee ajunahi sarvat prasiddha vyakti aahe. 1970 chya dashakat, visheshtah tyanchya sarvat prasiddha rachana 'daad entertainer' sathee, tyanchya sangeetala lokpriyata aanee samikshakancha aadar mothya pramanat punha ekada midala.

americi yatharthawad americi yatharthawad kala, sangit rar sahityako euta shaili thiyo jasle samakalin samajik wastawikta rar samanya manisharuko jiwan rar dainik gatiwidhiharulai chitran gareko thiyo. yo andolan 19 aun shatabdiko madhyama sahityama suru bhayo, rar 20 aun shatabdiko suruma drishya kalama ek mahatwapurna prawritti banyo. chahe sanskritik chitran hose wa downtown newyork saharko prakritik drishya, americi yatharthawadi karyaharule wastawik key thiyo bhanera paribhashit garne prayas gare. yu maa.ess. 20 aun shatabdiko prarambhama chitrakar, lekhak rar patrakarharuko nayan pustako umera aaundai thiyo. dherai chitrakarharule wriddha yu ko prabhawa mahasus gare.ess. thomas ekins, merry cassat, john gayak sargent, james mcneil whissler, winslo hommer, child hassam, jey jasta kalakarharu. alden weyar, thomas polak unsuitz rar william merritt chaze. yadyapi tiniharu nayan rar adhik sahari karyaharu sirjana garna icchuk thie jasle sahari jiwan rar sanyukta rajyama gramin bhanda badhi sahari janasankhyalai pratibimbit gardacha.ess. jab yo nayan shatabdima prawesh samarthan. 20 aun shatabdiko prarambhama america. 19 aun shatabdiko antyadekhi 20 aun shatabdiko prarambhasamma sanyukta rajya americale thulo audyogik, arthik, samajik rar sanskritik pariwartanko anubhav samarthan. europeli aprawasanko nirantar lahar rar antarrashtriya wyaparko badhdo sambhawanale americama badhdo wriddhi rar samridhi lyayo. kala rar kalatmak abhiwyaktiko madhyambata (chitrakla, sahitya rar sangit lagayat sabai madhyamharu marfat), "americi yatharthawad" ley alankarik "americi paridrishya" rar gharma samanya amerikiharuko jiwanko thakan rar sanskritik ullas chitran garne prayas garyo. kalakarharule afno rachanatmak pariyojanaharuko rung, banawat rar ruplai prabhawa parne saharko bhawana, banawat rar awazharu prayog gare. sangitkarharule 20 aun shatabdiko prarambhako druta rar druta gatiko prakritilai dhyan die rar taja rar nayan gatile pratikriya die. lekhak rar lekhakharule amerikiharuko barema nayan katha bhane; keta rar ketiharu wastawik amerikiharusangai hurkeka huna sakthe. kalpanabata tadha gaera rar "ahile" maa dhyan kendrit gardai, americi yatharthawadle euta nayan praweshdwar rar euta safalta prastut garyo-adhuniktawadko parichaya, rar wartamanma hunuko artha key how. da etbhako rupma pani chinine askan schol rar das americi chitrakar bhanine samuhale bhijual artma nayan americi adhuniktawadko muel sirjana samarthan. askan schol rar atha. askan schol newyork saharka kalakarharuko samuha thiyo jasle 20 aun shatabdiko suruwatma newyork saharko anubhawlai dainik jiwanko yatharthawadi chitraharu marfat khichna khojeka thie. yee kalakarharule dhani rar ashajanak panchaun avenue samajkarmiharuko satta samridha rar sanskritik rupma banawat bhaeka tallo wargaka aprawasiharulai chitran garna ruchae. tyas samayaka ekjana alochaklai uniharuko wishayaharuko chhanauta munn parena, jasma galliharu, gharharu, slum basindaharu, rar john sloanko mamalama, mazdur wargale barambar aune sarabharu samawesh thie. tiniharu "krantikari callo giroha" rar "kurupataka preritharu" bhanera chinie." george beloj. george beloj (1882-1925), newyork saharko chitrit sahar jiwan. unka chitraharuma abhiwyaktiwadi sahas rar jokhim line iccha thiyo. unko 1909 ko chitra "yass clubka duwai sadasyaharu" maa dekhaieko rupma unko hinsama akarshan thiyo, jasle ek bhayanak buxing drishya chitran gardacha. unko 1913 ko chitra "cliff basindaharu" ley saharko paridrishya chitran gardacha june euta vishesh drishya hoina tara dherai drishyaharuko sanyojan how. robert heinry. robert heinry (1865-1921) ek mahatwapurna americi yatharthawadi rar askan schoolka sadasya thie. henarilai samanya jiwanko drishyama ruchi thiyo. unle wyaktiharu, aparichitharuma dhyan kendrit gare, sahar rar saharharuma sadakma chhito parr gare. unko manisharuko hasya chitranko satta sahanubhutipurna thiyo, prayaha chitrit wyaktiko nyanota badhauna andhyaro prishthabhumi prayog gardai. henryka kamharu jordar brushstroke rar bold impastodwara visheshta thie jasle pentko bhautiktalai jode diyo. henryle glackens, looks, sine rar sloanlai prabhawit gare. sann 1906 maa, uni designko rashtriya ekedemyma nirvachit bhae, tara jab unko sarkalma chitrakarharulai ekedemiko 1907 pradarshanika lagi aswikar gariyo, unle sathi juriharulai pakshapatko arop lagae rar juribata bahira niskie, afnai show ayojana garne nirnaya gare. pachhi unle ekedemilai "kalako kabristan" bhanera ullekha gare. everate shinn. escan schoolka sadasya everate sine (1876-1953) newyork rar thieterka unka dherai chitraharu, rar newyork saharma unko gharbata prerit vilasi rar adhunik jiwanka vibhinna pakshaharuka lagi prasidha thie. unle london, peris rar newyorka theater drishyaharu chitran gare. theater rar bhidbhad bhaeko sitt rar jiwanbichko samanantar rekhangkan gardai unle jiwanko sahari drishyama ruchi pae. digasko viparit, sinle darshak rar kalakarbichko antarkriyalai chitran gareko thiyo. george benjamin looks. george bee. looks (1866-1933) ek askan schol kalakar thie jo manhattanko tallo purvatira basthe. lukako chitra 'hester street' (1905) maa, unle bachchaharulai khelauna liera ek purushdwara manoranjan garieko dekhaunchhan jabki prishthabhumima ek mahila rar pasal malikle kurakani garchhan. darshak yasako mathiko bhanda bhidko bichma hunchha. looksle tallo purvatarfa dui yuwatiharulai "da spielers" maa nachdai dekhaundai sakaratmak spin rakhchha, june mazdur wargaka aprawasiharu bichko ek prakarko nritya how; garibiko bawajud, balbalikaharu sadakma nachdachhan. usale trasadiko satta garibko jiwanma ananda rar saundarya khojchha. william glackens. afno kariyarko suruma, william glackens (1870-1938) ley wassington squire parkma afno studio warparko chhimeklai chitrit gare. uni ek safal wyawasayik chitrakar pani thie, samakalin patrikaharuka lagi dherai rekhachitra rar water kalarharu utpadan gare jasle uniharuko dainik jiwanma nyu yorkerslai hasyapurna rupma chitran samarthan. pachhi jiwanma, uni samudri kinar rar francelli nadibareko prabhawawadi drishtikonka lagi "american renoira" ko rupma dherai parichit thie. john slone. john slone (1871-1951) 20 aun shatabdiko prarambhik escan schoolka yatharthawadi thie, jasko americi samajik awasthaharusangko chintale unlai 1910 maa samajwadi partyma samel huna prerit samarthan. muel rupma filadelfiabata, unle 1904 pachhi newyorkma kaam gare. 1912 dekhi 1916 samma, unle samajwadi massic "janata" maa chitranharu yogdan die. sloanle pracharlai munn paraundainan, rar "janata" kaa lagi afno rekhachitraharuma, afno chitraharuma jastai, unle manisharuko dainik jiwanma dhyan kendrit gare. unle mahila vishayaharuma jode diera mazdur wargako fursadko chitran gare. unka prasidha kritiharu madhye "picnick maidan" rar "aitwar, mahilaharule afno kapal sukaune" hun. unle askan schoolko shreni munn paraenan rar kala itihaskarharusanga afno ris wyakta gare jasle unlai americi drishyako chitrakarko rupma pahichan gareh "hamimadhye kehile hamro warparko jiwanko barema thorai sanvedanshil tippaniharu chitran garthe. hamilai thaha thiena kii yo americi drishya how. malai naam munn pardaina...yo rashtrawadko lakshan how, jasle yass sansarma thulo samasya nimtyaeko chha." edward hupper. edward hupper (1882-1967) ek pramukh americi yatharthawadi chitrakar rar printmaker thie. hupper americi yatharthawadiharu madhye sabaibhanda adhunik rar sabaibhanda samakalin how. afno tel chitraharuka lagi sabaibhanda lokpriya rupma parichit bhae tapani, uni jalarangkar rar ichingma printmakerko rupma saman rupma nipun thie. unka sahari rar gramin drishyaharuma, unka atirikta rar sukshma ganana garieko pratipadanharule adhunik americi jiwanko unko wyaktigat drishtikonlai pratibimbit samarthan. haparka shikshak robert henryle afna vidyarthiharulai "sansarma halchal failauna" afno kala prayog garna protsahit gare. unle afna vidyarthiharulai "yo vishaya hoina june mahatwapurna chha tara tapain yasako barema key mahasus garnuhunchha" rar "kala birsanuhos rar jiwanma tapainlai key ruchi chha bhanne chitraharu rung garnuhos" bhani sallaha die. yass tarikale, henryle hupper, sathai vidyarthiharu george beloj rar rockwell kentlai prabhawit gare, rar uniharulai sahari jiwanko yatharthawadi chitranharu prastut garna prerit gare. haparka arka shikshak john slonsahit heinry sarkalka kehi kalakarharu athka sadasya bane, jaslai askan schol aff american art pani bhaninchha. unko prasidha bhitri bhagma sanket garne unko pahilo awasthit tel chitra "thieterma ekanta akriti" thiyo (see. 1904). afno vidyarthi warshaharuma, haparle darjanaun nagna, sthira jiwan, paridrishya, rar chitraharu pani banae, jasma unko atma-chitraharu pani thie. anya drishya kalakarharu. josef stella, charles siller, jonas lai, edward willis redfield, josef penel, leone croll, bee.jey.o. nordfelt, gertrude kesebiyar, alfred stiglitz, edward stichen, eae. jey. belok, phillip koch, devid hannah lekhakharu. horatio algar, junier.. horatio algar, junier. (1832-1899) 19 aun shatabdika ek vipul americi lekhak thie jasko pramukh output sutratmak ryag-too-ritch kishore upanyasharu thie jasle bootblacks, newsboy, peddler, basakarharu, rar anya garib bachchaharuko sahasik karyaharu pachhyae. unka upanyasharu, jasmadhye "ryagad dick" euta wishishta udaharan how, tiniharuko dinma atyadhik lokpriya thie. stephen crain. nyu georcyko newarkma janmeka stephen crain (1871-1900) ko jara americi krantikari yuddha yug, sainik, padari, sheriff, nyayadhish rar kisanharu jo ek shatabdi pahile bancheka thie. mukhyataya ek patrakar jasle katha, nibandha, kawita rar natakharu pani lekhe, crainle jhuggi basti rar yuddhabhumima jiwanlai afno charamma dekhe. unko darawana grihayudha upanyas "da redd byaj aff himmat" sann 1895 maa thulo prashansama prakashit bhaeko thiyo, tara afno swasthyalai bewasta gardai 28 warshako umerma unko mrityu hunuaghi dhyanma rakhna unisanga samaya thiena. unle afno mrityupachhi-aam manisko vijeta, yatharthawadi rar pratikwadiko rupma nirantar safaltako ananda uthae. krenko "(1893) sabaibhanda ramro, yadi sabaibhanda purano hoina bhane, prakritik americi upanyas how. yo ek garib, sanvedanshil ketiko pidadayi katha how jasko ashikshit, sharabi amababule unlai purna rupma asafal parchhan. premma, rar afno hinsatmak gharbata bhagna utsuk, unle afulai ek yuwaksanga basna pralobhan dina anumati dinchhin, jasle chaandai unlai tyagchha. jab unaki atma-dharmi amale unlai aswikar garchhin, maggy banchnaka lagi veshya banchha, tara chaandai marchha. krenko parthiva vishayavastu rar unko uddeshya, vaigyanik shaili, naitikikaran bina, magilai prakritiwadi kamko rupma chihnit gardacha. william dinn howells. william dinn howells (1837-1920) ley yatharthawadi modma katha rar nibandhaharu lekhe. sahityama yatharthawadka barema unka vicharharu unko samajwadi manowrittisanga samanantar rupma wiksit bhae. atlantic massic" rar "harper patrika" kaa sampadakko rupma rar "ae morden instance" rar "da rise aff silas lapam" jasta pustakharuka lekhakko rupma, hawelsle baliyo raaya die rar afno siddhantaharu sthapit garnama prabhawashali thie. mark twen. mark twenko chhadma nambata parichit samuel clemence (1835-1910), misauriko hannibalko simawarti saharma hurkeka thie. 19 aun shatabdiko prarambhama americi lekhakharu fuldar, bhawuk wa adambarpurna hune prawritti bhaeka thie-anshik rupma kinbhane uniharule ajhai pani angreji jattikai sunder rupma lekhna sakchhan bhanera pramanit garne prayas gariraheka thie. africako hariyo pahadharu" maa ernst hemingwele lekheka chhan kii dherai romantikharule "nirwasit angreji upaniweshharu jastai lekhe june uniharule banaeko nayan englandko bhag kahilyai thienan...uniharule manisharule sadhain bolchalma prayog gareka shabdaharu, bhashama baanchne shabdaharu prayog garenan."uhi nibandhama, hemingwele bhane kii sabai americi katha mark twenko upanyas" "da adventures aff hakalberi finn" "batt aeko how. jordar, yatharthawadi, bolchalko americi bhashanma adharit twenko shailile americi lekhakharulai uniharuko rashtriya awajko nayan prashansa diyo. twen deshko bhitri bhagbata aeka pahilo pramukh lekhak thie, rar unle yasako wishishta, hasyapurna ashisht rar murtipujak chitran gare. 19 aun shatabdiko uttarardhama duijana rar anya americi lekhakharuka lagi, yatharthawad kewal ek sahityik prawidhi matra thienah yo satya bolne rar aprachalit sammelanharu wisfot garne tarika thiyo. twen afno kriti "tom soyer" rar "da adventures aff hakalberi finn" kaa lagi parichit chhan. saam. arr. watkins. saam. arr. watkins (1839-1901) 19 aun shatabdika americi lekhak rar hasyakar thie jo afno sansmaran "ko" kaa lagi parichit thie. ayach, "jasle confederate rajya senama sipahiko rupma unko jiwan warnan gardacha. unle "dhilo hasyapurna dralma kura gare" rar kathakarko rupma asamanya kaushal pradarshan gare. pustakko euta prashansaniya guna yasako yatharthawad how. yuddha" rar yasalai ladne manisharulai romantic banaunaka lagi prakhyat yugma, unle ashcharyajanak khulapanka sath lekhe. unka prishthaharuka johnny rabes sabai nayakharu hoinan. watkinsdwara chitran garieko sainik jiwanma utsaha rar mahimako bhanda sustata rar pida badhi thiyo. unle lamo padayatraharuko kathora thakan; lamo jadoko sustatako bore rar asahajta; anushasanko kathorta rar kathorta; adhikariharuko akshamta; manobalko awadhik trutiharu; reshanko anishchitta rar alpata; rar senako dincharyako thakit pisaibare dherai kura bataunchhan. unko yuddhako wiwaranle goliko darlagdo chichyai, kshat-wikshat sharirharuko bhayanak darlagdo rar ghaiteharuko pidadayi chichyailai barambar sandarbha gardacha. unko kalamle warnan gareko yuddha ek krur rar ghrinit wyawasaya thiyo. anya. yass prakarka anya lekhakharuma theodor dreser, heinry james, jack london, upton synclair, john steinbeck, margaret deland, edith warton rar jey samawesh thie. dee. selinger. patrakarita. jacob ris. jacob august ris (1849-1914), ek denis-americi makryakar patrakar, photographer, rar samaj sudharak, rib, denmarkma janmieka thie. uni newyork saharma cum bhagyashaliharulai maddat garna afno photographic rar patrakaritako pratibhako prayog garne samarpanka lagi parichit chhan, june unka dheraijaso vipul lekhan rar photographic nibandhaharuko vishaya thiyo. unle manawiya lawrence weilerko sahayogma newyorkma "model tenment" ko karyanwayanma sahayog gare. flas prayog garne prarambhik photographerharu madhye ekko rupma, unlai photographyma agragami manincha. yuwa kala. art young (1866-1943) ek americi cartoonist rar lekhak thie. uni afno samajwadi cartoonharuka lagi sabaibhanda prasidha chhan, vishesh gari kattarpanthi patrika "da mass" kaa lagi khichieka cartoonharu, jasmadhye yuwa saha-sampadak thie, 1911 dekhi 1917 samma. yuwaharu samanyataya arajnaitik rupma suru bhae, tara bistarai wamapanthi vicharharuma ruchi lyne thale, rar 1906 wa soe sammama, afulai samajwadi mane. uni rajnitik rupma sakriya bhae; sann 1910 sammama, jatiya rar yauna bhedbhawa rar punjiwadi pranaliko anyaya unko kamma prachalit vishayavastu banyo. sangit. james allen bland. james ae. bland (1854-1919) pahilo pramukh africi-americi gitkar thie rar unko gathako lagi parichit chhan, "malai purano kumarima firta lyaunuhos. "sanjhama chandramako prakashma" rar "" sunaulo chappal "" unle lekheka prasidha githaru hun, rar unle "" bihan ujyalo prakashdwara "" rar "" day golden wading "" sahit tyas awadhika anya hitharu lekhe. blandle sann 1879 dekhi 1882 samma afna adhikansh githaru lekhe; sann 1881 maa unle yu chhode.ess. habherlyko wastawik rangin minstrelharu bhaeko englandka lagi. blandle sanyukta rajya americabhanda englandlai badhi labhadayak pae rar sann 1890 samma tyahan base; yaa tata unle yass awadhima geet lekhna chhode wa unle angreji prakashak fela parne sakenan. see.ae. seto. see.ae. seto (1829-1892) ley sann 1869 maa heat geet "malai mero sano ochhyanma rakhnuhos" lekhe, jasle unlai ek pramukh gitkarko rupma sthapit samarthan. seto gambhir akankshaka gitkar thieh unka dherai githaru bhokal quartetka lagi lekhieka thie. unle operama pani dherai prayas gare. sangit prakashan ferm white, smith anned companyko adha malikko rupma, unisanga afno kamka lagi tayar outlet thiyo, tara yo unka githaru thie jasle prakashan farmalai samarthan samarthan rar yasako viparit hoina. setole lokpriya manchaka lagi lekhanlai tiraskar garenan-wastawma unle agragami africi-americi stage prodoxon "out aff bondez" kaa lagi geet lekhe-tara unko mukhya output parlor gayakka lagi thiyo. w.see. upayogi. w. see. handy (1873-1958) ek blues composure rar sangitkar thie, jaslai prayaha "bluezka pita" bhanera chininchha. americi gitkarharu madhye sabaibhanda prabhawashali madhye ek how. yadyapi uni dherai sangitkarharu madhye ek thie jasle blues bhanera chinine wishishta americi sangitko roop bajaeka thie, unlai yasako samakalin roop dine shreya diinchha. jabki bluezko rupma sangit prakashit garne pahilo wyakti hoinan, unle blueslai dherai prasidha khetriya sangit shailibata americi sangitko pramukh shaktiharu madhye ekma lage. handy ekjana shikshit sangitkar thie jasle afna rachanaharuma lock samagri prayog garthe. uni afna kamharuka srotharu dastawejikaran garnama imandar thie, jasle prayaha dherai kalakarharuko shailigat prabhawharu milaundacha. unle yo lock-sangit ruplai munn parae rar yasama pariwartankari sparsha lyae. scott joplin. scott joplin (see. 1867/68-1917) ek africi-americi sangitkar rar ragtime sangitka sangitkar thie rar sabaibhanda prasidha wyaktitwa bane. unko sangitle sann 1970 ko dashakma lokpriyata rar alochanatmak sammanko ullekhaniya punarutthanko ananda leo, vishesh gari unko sabaibhanda prasidha rachana "manoranjan" kaa lagi.

americae bastababad kalaa, sangeeta ebong sahitya khetrare americae bastababad eka sailee thila jaahaa samasamajika samajika bastabata ebong sadharana lokanka zeeban ebong dainandina karjyakalapaku chitrana karithila. 19shaa shatabdir madhyabhagare sahitya khetrare ehi andolana arambha hoithila ebong 20shaa shatabdir prarambhare ehaa drushya kalaare eka gurutwapurna prabanata palatithila. sanskrutika chitrana heu kimba nyujarka saharar kendrasthalara eka manoram drushya, americae bastababadi karjyagudika bastabata qa 'naa taaha byakhya karibaku chesta karithile . jayu. ray.ess. binsha shatabdir prarambhare chitrakar, lekhaka ebong sambadikanka eka nutan pidhira agman heuthila. aneka chitrakar bayaska ju 'nka prabhaba anubhaba karithile.ess. thomas ekins, merrie cast, zohn singar sargent, james mcneil whisler, winslo hommer, child hassam, jay. alden wejara, thomas polak ansuitz ebong william merritt chaze. tebe semane nutan ebong adhika saharee karjya srusti karibaku agrahi thile jaahaa saharanchal zeeban ebong eka janasankhyaku pratiphalita kare jaahaa jayu. aii. rahr grameena apekhya adhika saharanchal .ess. jetebele ehaa nooa shatabdire prabesha kallah. 20shaa shatabdir prarambhare america. 19shaa shatabdir sheshabhagaru 20shaa shatabdir prarambha parjyanta, juktarastra america bipula shilpa, arthika, samajika ebong sanskrutika paribartana anubhaba karithila. europeah abhibasanara eka nirantara taranga ebong antarjatija banijya paain bardhita sambhabana aamerikare brudhi ebong samruddhi aanithila . kalaa ebong kalatmaka abhibyakti (chitrakala, sahitya ebong sangeeta sameth samasta madhyama madhyamare) madhyamare, "americae bastababad" alankarika "americae bhudrushya" rahr klanti ebong sanskrutika uchhwasa ebong ghare sadharana aamerikejanka jeebanaku chitrana karibaku chesta karithila. kalakaramane semanankara srujanashila prakalpara ranga, gathan ebong roopaku prabhabita kariba paain saharar bhabana, gathan ebong dhwani byabahara karithile. sangeetagyamane binsha shatabdir prarambhare druta ebong druta-gatiku lakhya karithile ebong eka nutan ebong nutan gati sahita pratikrija prakash karithile. lekhaka ebong lekhakamane aamerikeejamananka bishajare eka nutan kahani kahithile; prakruta aamerikejanka sahita pua ebong jhiamane budd hoithaiparanti . kalpanatharu doorei jaai ebong "bartamana" upare dhyana kendrit curry, americae bastababad eka nutan prabesha dwara ebong eka saphalata upasthapana karithila-aadhunikatara prabartana, ebong barttamanare rahibara artha qa 'naa . astakan skula, jaahaa aatha naamare madhya janashuna, ebong dasha americae chitrakar namaka gosthi drushya kalaare nutan americae aadhunikatara moola srusti karithile. ashkan skula ebong athati. ashkan skula nyujarka saharar kalakaramananka eka gosthi thila jeunmane dainandina jeebner bastababadi pratikruti madhyamare 20shaa shatabdir prarambhare nyujarka saharar anubhabaku dharibaku chesta karithile . ehi kalakaramane dhani ebong ashaban pancham aabhenyu samajakarmeenka paribarte samruddha ebong sanskrutika bhabare gathan hoithiba nimna berg prabaseemananku chitrana karibaku pasanda karithile. sehi samaira jane samalochaka semananka pasander bishai pasanda karinathile, jeunthire rasta, ghara, basti basinda ebong zohn slonnka khetrare, sramika barganka dwara barambar asuthiba saraikhana antarbhukta thila . semane "biplabee kalaa gyang" ebong "kutsitatara prerita" bhabare janashuna hoithile." george beloj. george beloj (1882-1925), nyujarka saharar chitrajita sahara zeeban. taanka chitragudikare abhibyaktibadee sahasikata ebong bipada nebaku ichhashakti thila. hinsa prati tankara akarshana thila, jaahaa taanka 1909 chitrakala "ehi clubber ubhaja sadasya" ray dekhibaku milithila, jaahaa eka bhajankara buxing drushyaku darshae . tankara 1913 masihar chitra "cliff basindamane" eka sahara-drushyaku chitrana karanti jaahaa gotie nirdista drushya nuhen barang aneka drushyara mishran . robert henry. robert henry (1865-1921) jane gurutwapurna americae bastababadi ebong ascan schooler sadasya thile. henry sadharana jeebner drushya prati agrahi thile. shay byakti, aparichita byaktimananka upare dhyana kendrit karithile, sahara ebong sahargudikar rastare druta gatire gati karuthile. shay lokanka eka hasyaspada chitrana paribarte sahanubhutishila thile, prajatah chitrita byaktinka ushmata brudhi karibaku eka andhakara prusthabhumira byabahara karuthile . henrinka karjyagudika zordar brus stroke ebong bold impasto dwara barnita hoithila jaahaa penter bhautikata upare gurutwa deithila . henry glackens, looks, sinh ebong slonnku prabhabita karithile. 1906 masihare shay jatiah design ekademiku nirbachita hoithile, kintu jetebele taanka bruttare thiba chitrakaramananku ekademira 1907 pradarshani paain pratyakhyana karajaithila, shay saathee bicharapatimananku pakhyapatita karithiba abhijoga karithile ebong jurie chhadi chaali jaithile, ebong nijara eka shoe ayojan karibaku nishpatti neithile. parey shay ekademiku "kalaara kabarasthana" bolly ullekha karithile. evarat sinh. ashkan bidyalajara sadasya everate sinh (1876-1953) nyujarka ebong theatrer tankara aneka chitrakala paain ebong nyujarka saharare thiba taanka ghara dwara anupranita bilasa ebong adhunika jeebner bibhinna diga paain prasidha thile. shay london, paris ebong nyujarkara theatre drushyaku ankana karithile. theatre ebong bhida aasana ebong zeeban madhyare samanata ankana curry shay jeebner saharee drushya prati agraha paithile . digasanka tulanare, sinh darshaka ebong kalakaranka madhyare parasparika kriya chitrana karithile. george benjamin look. george bii. looks (1866-1933) jane ascan skula kalakara thile jieki manhattner nimna purba parsware rahuthile. hester street "(1905) chitrare shay dekhaichhanti je pilamananku jane purush khelana sahita manoranjan karuthiba bele jane mahila ebong dokani prusthabhoomire kathabartta karuchanti. darshakamane bhida madhyare achanti, taa 'upare nuhen. looks nimna purba parsware dui jubateenku "spielers" ray nrutya karuthiba dekhaiba dwara eka sakaratmaka spin rakhithae, jaahaa sramika-berg prabaseenka madhyare eka prakarara nrutya; daridrya satwe, pilamane rastare nrutya karanti . shay duhkha ghatana paribarte garibanka jeebanare ananda ebong saundarjya khojanti . william glackens. taanka carriara prarambhare, william glackens (1870-1938) washington square parkre taanka studiora akhpakh anchalaku chitra karithile. shay jane saphala banijyika chitrakar madhya thile, samasamajika patrika paain aneka chitra ebong jalranga nirmana karithile jaahaa semananka dainandina jeebanare nyu jarkaramananku hasyaspada bhabare chitrana karithila . parabarti jeebanare, samudra koola ebong french riviera bishajare tankara prabhababadi drustikona paain shay "americae renoire" bhabare adhika janashuna thile. zohn sloan. zohn sloan (1871-1951) 20shaa shatabdir prarambhare ascan schoolra jane bastababadi thile, jahanka americae samajika paristhiti prati thiba chinta tanku 1910ray samajabadi dalare jogadebaku prerita karithila. moolatah philadelaphiaaru, shay 1904 parey nyujarkare karjya karithile. 1912ru 1916 parjyanta, shay samajabadi masika "janata" ray chitra pradan karithile. sloan pracharaku napsand karithile, ebong "janasadharana" paain taanka chitrare, taanka chitrakala pari, shay lokanka dainandina zeeban upare dhyana kendrit karithile. shay mahila bishai upare gurutwa dei sramika shrenira abasaraku chitrana karithile. tankara adhika janashuna karjyagudika madhyare "picnic ground" ebong "rabibara, mahilamane semananka kesh shukhaibe" . shay ashkan schooler bargaku napsand karithile ebong kalaa aitihasikamananka prati nijara asantosh byakta karithile, jeunmane tanku americae drushyara chitrakar bhabe chinhat karithileh "aamamananka madhyaru keteka aama charipakhare thiba zeeban bishajare sambedanashila mantabya deuthile. aame jaani nathilu je ehaa americae drushya. namati mate bhal lagenahin.....ehaa rastrabadara eka lakhyan, jaahaa ehi duniaare bahuta samasya srusti karichhi." edward hopper. edward hopper (1882-1967) jane bisista americae bastababadi chitrakar ebong printmaker thile. hopper heuchhanti americae bastababadimananka madhyaru sabutharu adhunika ebong sabutharu samasamajika. taila chitrakala paain sabutharu adhika janashuna hoithiba bele, shay jalarangi ebong mudrana prastutakaree bhabare khodita karibare samaana bhabare dakhya thile. tankara ubhaja saharanchal ebong gramanchala drushyare, tankara atirikta ebong sukshma bhabare ganana karajaithiba anubada adhunika americae zeeban bishajare tankara byaktigata drustikonaku pratiphalita karithila . haparanka sikhyaka robert henry taanka chatramananku semananka kalaku "bisware eka alodon srusti kariba" paain byabahara karibaku utsahita karithile. shay taanka chatramananku paramarsha deithile je "ehaa gurutwapurna bishai nuhen barang apana ehaa bishajare qa 'naa anubhaba karanti" ebong "kalaa bishajare bhulijantu ebong jeebanare apanankara qa' naa agraha achhi tahar chitra ankana karantu". ehi upaajare, henry hopper, tatha chhatra george beloj ebong raquel kentnku prabhabita karithile ebong semananku saharanchalara jeebner bastababadi chitrana karibaku prerita karithile. haparra anya jane sikhyaka zohn slonnka sameth henrinka bruttare kichhi kalakara ather sadasya hoithile, jaahaa ashkan skul off american art bhabare madhya janashuna . tankara prasidha aabhyantareen digaku ingita karuthiba tankara pratham bidyamana taila chitra thila "eka thietarare ekaki byaktitwa" (c. 1904). taanka chhatra barshamanankare, hopper dozen dozen nagna, sthira zeeban, prakrutika drushya ebong niz aatma-pratikruti sameth pratikruti madhya ankana karithile. anya vijual kalakaramane. joseph stella, charles sheelara, jonas laai, edward willis redfield, joseph penel, leone croll, bii.jay.oh. nordfelt, gertrude kesebiyara, alfried stiglitz, edward stitchen, ee. jay. belock, phillip coach, devida hannah lekhakamane. horacio algar, juniara... horacio algar, juniara. (1832-1899) jane 19shaa shatabdir americae lekhaka thile, jahanka mukhya rachna thila farmula-raag-tuu-ritch kishore upenyas jaahaa bootblack, nyujwae, padlar, baswarkar ebong anya gariba pilamananka duhsahasika abhijanaku anusarana karithila, jeunmane namra prusthabhumiru sammanajanaka madhyabitta surakhya ebong aaramadajaka zeeban prati unneet hoithile. tankara upenyas, jeunthiru "ragged dick" eka sadharana udaharana, semananka samajare atyanta lokpriya thila . stephen crain. nyu jarsira nyurkare janmagrahana karithiba stephen crain (1871-1900) nka moola americara biplabee juddha juga, sainika, padari, sherif, bicharapati ebong krushakamane jeunmane eka shatabdi purbaru banchithile . mukhyatah jane sambadika jie kii kalpanika, prabandha, kabita ebong nataka madhya lekhithile, crain bastire ebong judhakhetrare jeebanaku ehara ugrare dekhithile . tankara bhajankara gruhajudha upenyas 'daa redd byaj off breath' 1895 ray prachur prashansa paain prakashita hoithila, kintu taanka swasthyaku abahela curry 28 barsha bajasare mrutyu heba purbaru taanka pakhare dhyana akarshana karibaku samai nathila. sadharana janatanka jane champion, jane bastababadi ebong jane prateekabadee bhabe shay taanka mrutyu paratharu nirantara saphalata upavoga kariasuchhanti. crain 'shh "(1893) heuchhi sarbashrestha, jadi sarbapracheena nuhen, tebe prakrutika americae upenyas madhyaru anyatama. ehaa eka gariba, sambedanashila jhiara jantranadajaka kahani, jahara ashikhita, madyapa pitamata tanku sampurna biphal karanti. premare, ebong taanka hinsatmaka gharu palaibaku agrahi, shay nijaku jane jubaka sahita rahibaku pralubdha karibaku anumathi dianti, jie shighra tanku parityaga karanti . jetebele taa 'rahr aatma-dharmika maaa taaku pratyakhyana karanti, maggy banchibaku eka beshya hoijae, kintu shighra mrutyubarana kare . crainer mruttika sambandheeah bishajabastu ebong tankara uddeshya, baigyanika sailee, naitikatara bina, myagiku eka prakrutibadee karjya bhabare chinhita kare . william dinn hawels. william dinn hawels (1837-1920) bastababadi dhangare kalpanika ebong prabandha lekhithile. sahityara bastababad bishajare tankara bichara taanka samajabadi manobhaba sahita samantarala bhabare bikashita hoithila . atlantic masika" ebong "harpers patrika" rahr sampadaka bhabare ebong "aii modern instains" ebong "daa rises off silas lapam" pari pustakara lekhaka bhabare, hawels eka drudha matamata pradarshan karithile ebong taanka siddhanta pratistha karibare prabhabasali thile . marck twen. samuel clemence (1835-1910), jieki marck twen chadmanamare adhika janashuna, misaurira seemanta sahara hanibalare badhithile. unabinsha shatabdir prarambhare americae lekhakamane phulua, bhabapraban kimba adambarapurna hebara prabrutti rakhithile-aanshika bhabare kaaran semane eparjyanta pramana karibaku chesta karuthile je semane ingraji pari sunder bhabare lekhiparibe . africar sabuja pahad" ray arnest hemingawe lekhichhanti je aneka romantic "englandaru nirbasita ingraji upanibesa bhali lekhithile, jeunthire semane kebe bii eka nutan englandara ansha nathile jaahaa semane tiari karuthile.....lokamane sabubele bhashanare byabahara karithiba sabda, bhasare banchithiba sabda, semane byabahara karinathile."sehi samaana nibandhare, hemingawe kahithile je samasta americae kalpanika kahani marck twennka upenyas" "daa adventures off hakalberry finn" "ru aasichhi. zordar, bastababadi, kathopakathanadharmi americae bhashana upare aadharita tuennka sailee americae lekhakamananku semananka jatiah swaraku eka nutan prashansa pradan karithila. deshar aabhyantareen anchalaru asithiba pratham pramukh lekhaka thile twen, ebong shay ehara swatantra, hasyaspada aanguthi ebong pratimurti chitrana karithile. unabinsha shatabdir sheshabhagare dui john ebong anya americae lekhakanka paain, bastababad kebala eka sahityika kaushala nathilah ehaa satya kahiba ebong aprachalit parampra gudiku bisphorana karibara eka upaiah thila . twen taanka rachna "tomm sayar" ebong "daa adventures off hakalberry finn" paain janashuna . saama. aarr. watkins. saama. aarr. watkins (1839-1901) jane 19shaa shatabdir americae lekhaka ebong hasyakara thile, jieki taanka smrutikatha 'coe' paain janashuna. aajacha ", jaahaa confederate state aarmire jane sainika bhabare taanka zeeban barnana kare . shay "eka manthara hasyarasatmaka dralre kathaa hoithile" ebong jane kahanikara bhabare aswabhabika dakhyata pradarshan karithile. ehi pustakara eka prashansaneeah guna heuchhi ehara bastabata. juddha" ku romantic kariba paain ebong ehaa ladhithiba purushamananka paain janashuna eka jugare, shay ashcharjyajanaka kholakholi bhabare lekhithile . taanka prusthara janii reb sabu hiro nuhnti . watkinsnka dwara chitrita sainika jeebanare uttejana ebong gauraba apekhya nistejata ebong jantrana adhika thila . shay dirgha jatrara klantikar klanti, dirgha shitakalina biraktira klanti, shrunkhalara kathorata, adhikarimananka akhyamata, samai samajare manobalara abanati, rasanra anishchitata ebong swalpata, ebong sena rutiner klantikar klanti bishajare kuhanti. taanka juddha bibaraneere barambar golara bhajankara chitkara, khyatabikhyata sharirara bhajankara bhajankarata ebong aahatamananka jantranadajaka chitkara bishajare ullekha rahichhi. taanka kalamare barnana karajaithiba juddha eka nisthura ebong ghrunya byabasai thila. anyamane. ehi prakarara anya lekhakamananka madhyare thile theodor drejara, heinry james, jack london, upton sinclair, zohn steinbeck, margaret deland, edith warton ebong jay. dii. salingara. sambadikata. jacob ris. jacob august ris (1849-1914), jane denish-americae makrekar sambadika, photographer ebong samaj sanskaraka, denmarker ribre janmagrahana karithile. shay taanka photographic ebong sambadikata pratibhaku nyujarka saharar anah-bhagyasali lokanku sahajya kariba paain tankara utsargeekrutata paain janashuna, jaahaa tankara adhikansha samruddha lekhare ebong photographic prabandhara bishai thila . shay manabatabadi lawrence bhelaranka sahajatare nyujarkare "model tenement" rahr karjyakaritare sahajya karithile. flas byabahara karuthiba prarambhika photographermananka madhyaru jane bhabare, tanku photographyre jane agragami bhabare bibechana karajae . kalaa juba. art janga (1866-1943) jane americae cartoonist ebong lekhaka thile. shay tankara samajabadi cartoon paain sabutharu adhika prasidha, bisesh curry ugrabadi patrika 'daa maas' paain ankita cartoon, jeunthire jubakamane 1911 ru 1917 parjyanta saha-sampadaka thile. jubakamane sadharanatah arajanaitika bhabare arambha karithile, kintu dheere dheere bamapanthi bichara prati agrahi hoithile, ebong 1906 kimba taa 'thaaru adhika, nijaku samajabadi bolly bibechana karithile . shay rajanaitika bhabe sakriya hoigale; 1910 masiha suddha, jatigata ebong jouna vedabhaba ebong punjipati byabasthara anyaya taanka karjyare prachlita bishajabastu palatigala . sangeeta. james allen bland. james aii. bland (1854-1919) pratham bisista african-americae geetikara thile ebong taanka ballad paain janashuna, "mote puruna kumarinku ferai niantu" . "sandhyare chandralok dwara" "ebong" "subarna chappal" "heuchhi janashuna geeta jaahaa shay lekhithile, ebong shay sehi samaira anyanya heat lekhithile, jeunthire" "sakaala samajare ujjwala aloka dwara" "ebong" "swarna bibaha" "antarbhukta . bland 1879 ru 1882 parjyanta tankara adhikansha geeta lekhithile; 1881 ray, shay jayu.ess. hebharlinka prakruta rangina minstrell sahita englanda paain. bland englandaku america apekhya adhika labhadajaka maneh karithile ebong 1890 parjyanta sethare rahithile; huet shay ehi samajare geeta lekhiba banda karideithile kimba shay jane ingraji prakashaka khojibare asamartha hoithile. sii.aii. dhalaa. sii.aii. white (1829-1892) 1869 ray heat geeta "mote moe chhot shajyare pakantu" lekhithile, jaahaa tanku jane pramukh geetikara bhabare pratisthita karithila . sweta gambhira aakankhyara jane geetikara thileh tankara aneka geeta kanthaswara chaturthansha paain lekhajaithila . shay operare madhya aneka prayasa karithile. white, smith anded companyra ardha-malika bhabe, taanka kaama paain eka prastuta outlet thila, kintu taanka gitagudika hinn prakashan sansthaku samarthan karithila, anya upaajare nuhen. lokpriya mancha paain sweta lekhaku asamman karinathile-bastabare shay agrani african-americae mancha prajojana "out off bundays" paain eka geeta lekhithile-kintu tankara mukhya output parlor gajakanka paain thila . wa.sii. subidhajanaka. wa. sii. hendy (1873-1958) jane blues sangeetakara ebong sangeetagya thile, jahanku prajatah "blueser pita" bolly kuhajae. americae geetikaramananka madhyare sabutharu prabhabasali bhabare hatia rahichhi . jadio shay aneka sangeetagyanka madhyaru jane thile jie blues bhabare janashuna swatantra americae sangeeta paribeshana karithile, tanku ehara samasamajika roop debara shreya diajae . jadio blues roopare sangeeta prakash karibare shay pratham nathile, shay blues ku eka janashuna anchalika sangeeta saileeru americae sangeetara eka prabhabasali shaktiku neithile . hendy jane sikhita sangeetagya thile jie taanka rachanare lock samagri byabahara karithile. shay taanka karjyara utsaku document karibare sachchot thile, jaahaa aneka kalakaranka saileegata prabhabaku barambar milita karithila . shay ehi lock-sangeeta roopaku bhal pauthile ebong ethire eka paribartanakaree sparsha aanithile. scott joplin. scott joplin (sii. 1867/68-1917) jane african-americae sangeetagya ebong ragtime sangeetara rachajita thile ebong sabutharu janashuna byaktitwa bhabare rahichanti . 1970 dashakare, bisesh curry tankara sabutharu prasidha rachna "manoranjanakari" paain, taanka sangeeta lokaprijata ebong samalochakamananka sammanara eka ullekhaneeah punaruthana upavoga karithila.

amriki yatharathvad amriki yatharathvad qalaa, sangeet atey saahit witch ikk shaili see joe samkali smajik hakikatan atey aam lokan dey jeevan atey rozana deeaan gatividhiaan noon darsaundi see. ih andolan (1839-1901) sadee dey addh witch saahit witch shuru hoiaa atey (1871-1951) sadee dey arambh witch visual aart witch ikk mahattavpuran rujhan bann giaa. bhaven sabheyacharak chittarkari howay jaan downtown newyork shehar daa ikk sunder drish, amriki yatharathvadi rachnavan neey ih paribhashit curran dee koshish keeti kii asal qee see. yuu witch.aiss. (1871-1951) sadee dee shuruat witch chittarkaran, lekhakan atey pattarkaran dee ikk naveen peedhi daa janam hoow riha see. bahut saare chittarkaran neey bazurg yuu dey prabhav noon mahisus keeta.aiss. thamas eakins, mairi casset, john gaeek sargent, james mcneil wisler, vinslo hommer, child haisam, jey. elden veer, thamas polak ensuits atey viliam marritt neey pichha keeta. halanki uh navein atey vadhere shahiri kamm banaun witch dilchaspi rakkhde sunn joe shahiri jeevan atey ikk ajihi aabadi noon darsaunde sunn joe yuu. aiss. witch pendu naalon vadhere shahiri see.aiss. jiven kii ih naveen sadee witch dakhal hoiaa. (1871-1951) sadee dey arambh witch amrica. (1839-1901) sadee dey akheer toon (1871-1951) sadee dey arambh takk, sanyukat raaj amrica neey vishal udyogik, aarthik, smajik atey sabheyacharak tabdili daa anubhav keeta. european immigration dee nirantar lahir atey antarashtari vapaar dee vaddh rahee sambhavna neey amrica witch vikas atey khushhali witch vaadha keeta. qalaa atey kalatmak pragtave (painting, saahit atey sangeet samet saare madhiaman raahin) raahin, "amriki yatharathvad" neey alankarik "amriki landscape" atey gharr witch aam amrikiaan dey jeevan dee thakawat atey sabheyacharak utshah noon darsaun dee koshish keeti. kalakaran neey aapne rachnatmak projectan dey rung, banatar atey dikkh noon prabhavat curran laee shehar deeaan bhavnavan, banatar atey aavazan dee varton keeti. sangeetkaran neey (1871-1951) sadee dey arambh witch tez atey tez gatee vaale subhaa noon dekhiaa atey ikk taaza atey naveen gatee naal pratikiriaa ditti. lekhakan atey lekhakan neey amrikiaan baare ikk naveen kahani sunayi; munde atey ladkiaan asal amrikiaan dey naal vadde hoow sakde sunn. kalpana toon door hoow keey atey "hunn" 'teey dhiaan kendrat karde hoye, amriki yatharathvad neey ikk navaan getway atey ikk safalta pesh keeti-aadhuniktavad dee shuruat, atey varatman witch honn daa qee arth haii. aishkan school jiss noon atth vee kiha jaanda haii atey dass amriki chittarkar kahey jaanh vaale samooh neey visual arts witch navein amriki aadhuniktavad daa mool banaiaa. ashkan school atey atth. aishkan school newyork shehar dey kalakaran daa ikk samooh see jinhan neey rozana jeevan dey yatharathvadi chittran raahin (1871-1951) sadee dey shuru witch newyork shehar dey ahsas noon haasal curran dee koshish keeti. inhan kalakaran neey ameer atey honhar panjven aivenioo smajik lokan dee bajaae ameer atey sabheyacharak taur 'teey tiaar hethle varag dey parvasiaan noon darsauna pasand keeta. uss samein dey ikk aalochak noon vishiaan dee unhan dee chonh pasand naheen see, jiss witch galiaan, rihaishan, jhuggi jhaunpadi dey vasneek atey jauhan sloan dey mamle witch, mazdoor varag duaara aksar peenn valiaan saravan shamal sunn. uh "inqalabi kaale giroh" atey "badniti dey rasoolan" vajon jaane jaanh lagge." jaaraj beloz. jaaraj ballows (1882-1925), newyork shehar witch shehar dey jeevan noon pent keeta. uss deeaan pentingan witch ikk pragtavadi daleri atey jokham lainn dee ichha see. uss noon hinsa pratee ikk moh see jiven kii uss dee 1909 dee painting "iss club dey doven member" witch dekhiaa giaa see, joe ikk bhiaanak mukkebaazi dey drish noon darsaundi haii. uss dee 1913 dee painting "chattan dey vasneek" ikk shehar dey drish noon darsaundi haii joe ikk vishesh drish naheen haii balki bahut saare drishan daa sanyukat haii. robbert hannery robbert hannery (1865-1921) ikk mahattavpuran amriki yatharathvadi atey aishkan school daa member see. hannery noon aam jeevan dey drish witch dilchaspi see. unhan neey viaktiaan, ajnabiaan, shahiran atey kasbiaan deeaan sadkan 'teey tezi naal langhan' teey dhiaan kendrat keeta. uh lokan dey hasohine chittaran dee bajaae hamdardi vaala see, aksar darsaae gaye viakati dee niggh noon vadhaun laee ikk kaale pichokad dee varton karda see. hannery dey kamman noon zordar brash stroke atey bould impasto duaara darsaiaa giaa see joe pent dee bhautikta utte zor dinda see. hannery neey glaken, looks, shinn atey sloan noon prabhavit keeta. sann 1906 witch, uh national academy aaf design laee chunhe gaye sunn, parr jadon unhan dey chakkar witch chittarkaran noon academy dee 1907 dee pardarshani laee radd qarr ditta giaa, taan unhan neey saathi juriaan utte pakhpat daa dosh lagaiaa atey jioori toon bahr chaley gaye, atey aapna khud daa ikk shoa aayojit curran daa faisla keeta. baad witch uhanan neey academy noon "qalaa daa kabarstan" kiha. evert shinn. aishkan school dey member everet shinn (1876-1953), newyork atey theatre deeaan aapniaan kaee pentingan atey newyork shehar witch aapne gharr toon prerit lagzari atey aadhunik jeevan dey vakkh-vakkh pahiluaan laee mashur sunn. uss neey london, paris atey newyork dey theatre drishan noon pent keeta. uss neey theatre atey bheed valiaan seetan atey jeevan dey vichkaar samantavan noon darsaunde hoye jeevan dey shahiri drish witch dilchaspi paaee. digas dey ulat, shinn neey darshakan atey kalakar dey vichkaar gallbat noon darsaiaa. jaaraj benjamin looks. jaaraj bee. looks (1866-1933) ikk aishkan school kalakar see joe manhattan dey hethle purab vaale paase rahinda see. looks dee painting "hester street" (1905) witch, uh bacchiaan daa manoranjan karde hoye ikk aadmi duaara khidone naal dikhaunda haii jadon kii ikk aurat atey dukandar pichokad witch gallbat karde hunn. darshak bheed dey vichkaar hunda haii naa kii iss dey uppar. lukk doou naujwan ladkiaan noon "spilers" witch nacchde hoye dikha keey hethle purab vaale paase ikk skaratmak spinn rakkhda haii, joe kii mazdoor varag dey parvasiaan witch ikk kisam daa nacch haii; garibi dey bavjood, bacche sadak utte nacchde hunn. uh dukhant dee bajaae ghariban dey jeevan witch khushi atey sundarta dee bhaal karda haii. viliam glakens. aapne carrier dey shuru witch, viliam glakens (1870-1938) neey washington squair park witch aapne studio dey aale duaale dey guaandh noon pent keeta. uh ikk safal vaparak chittarkar vee see, jiss neey samkali rasaliaan laee kaee chittar atey water cler tiaar keete jinhan neey nii y yarkers noon unhan dey rozana jeevan witch haase-mazak naal darsaiaa. baad witch jeevan witch, uh samundari kandhe atey franch nadee baare aapne prabhavvadi vicharan laee "amriki renoir" vajon jaane jaande sunn. john sloan john sloan (1871-1951) (1871-1951) sadee dey arambh witch aishkan school daa yatharathvadi see, jiss deeaan amriki smajik sathitiaan naal sabandhat chintavan neey uss noon 1910 witch samajwadi party witch shamal honn laee prerit keeta. mool roop witch fildelfia toon, usne 1904 toon baad newyork witch kamm keeta. 1912 toon 1916 takk, usne samajwadi masik "janata" witch chittran daa yogdan paaiaa. sloan noon prachar pasand naheen see, atey "janata" laee aapne chittran witch, jiven kii uss deeaan pentingan witch, uss neey lokan dey rozana jeevan utte dhiaan kendrit keeta. unhan neey mazdoor varag dey manoranjan noon mahila vishiaan utte zor dinde hoye darsaiaa. uss deeaan sabh toon mashur rachnavan witch "picnic graoond" atey "aitwar, aurtan aapne vaal sukaundiyan hunn" shamal hunn. uh ashkan school dee shreni noon napsand karde sunn atey qalaa itihaskaran naal aapni narazgi pragat keeti jinhan neey unhan noon amriki drish dey chittarkar vajon pachaniaao "saade vicchon kujh saade aale duaale dey jeevan baare bahut ghatt sanvedansheel tippniaan karde sunn. saanoon naheen pataa see kii ih amriki drish see. mainoon ih naam pasand naheen haii...rashtarvad daa ikk lachhan, jiss neey iss sansar witch bahut saariaan samassiaavan paida keetiaan hunn." edward hopper. edward hopper (1882-1967) ikk pramukh amriki yatharathvadi chittarkar atey printmaker see. hopper amriki yatharathvadiaan vicchon sabh toon aadhunik atey sabh toon samkali haii. jadon kii uh aapne tail chittran laee sabh toon vaddh prasidh sunn, uh ikk water colorist atey printmaker dey roop witch aiching witch barabar dey mahr sunn. aapne shahiri atey pendu drishan witch, uss dey vadhu atey vadhiaa dhang naal ginne gaye peshkari aadhunik amriki jeevan dey uss dey nijji drishtikon noon darsaundiyan hunn. hopper dey adhiaapak robbert hannery neey aapne vidiaarthiaan noon "dunia witch halchal paida curran" laee aapni qalaa dee varton curran laee utshahit keeta. unhan neey aapne vidiaarthiaan noon ih vee salaah ditti kii "ih mahattavpuran visha naheen haii balki tusin iss baare qee mahisus karde hoow" atey "qalaa baare bhull jaao atey unhan tasviran noon pent crow joe tuhadi zindagi witch dilchaspi rakhdiaan hunn. iss tarike naal, hannery neey hopper dey naal-naal vidiaarthiaan jaaraj ballows atey rockwell cant noon prabhavit keeta atey unhan noon shahiri jeevan dey yatharathvadi chittran noon pesh curran laee prerit keeta. hannery dey chakkar dey kujh kalakar, jinhan witch hopper dey ikk horr adhiaapak jauhan sloan vee shamal hunn, atth dey member bann gaye, jinhan noon aishkan school aaf american aart vee kiha jaanda haii. uss dee pahili maujuda tail painting jiss neey uss dey prasidh andruni hissiaan daa sanket ditta see, "ikk theatre witch ikalli shakhsiat" (see. 1904). aapne vidiaarthi saalan dauran, hopper neey aapne sway-chittran samet darjanan nagan, sathir jeevan, landscape atey portrait vee pent keete. horr visual kalakar. joseph stella, charles sheeler, jonas laaee, edward villis redfield, joseph panel, leone croll, bee.jey.ou. nordfelt, gertrude casabier, alfried steeglitz, edward steechen, ee. jey. belok, philip coach, david hannah lekhak. horacio elger, junier.. horacio elger, junier. (1832-1899) (1839-1901) sadee daa ikk ugghe amriki lekhak see jiss daa mukkh output farmula-too-rich nabalag nawal see joe bootblex, newsboise, peddler, baskaran atey horr garib bacchiaan dey saahas daa paalan karde sunn. uss dey nawal, jinhan vicchon "ragged dick" ikk khaas udaharan haii, aapne samein witch bahut prasidh sunn. stephen crain. stephen crain (1871-1900), joe kii nioo jarsi dey nevark witch paida hoee see, deeaan jadahn amriki inqalabi yuddh dey yugg, sainikan, padrian, shairifan, jajjan atey kisanan witch sunn joe ikk sadee pahilan rahinde sunn. mukkh taur utte ikk pattarkar jiss neey glup, lekh, kavita atey natak vee likhe, crain neey jhuggi jhaunpdiaan atey yuddh dey maidanan witch jeevan noon aapne pachham witch dekhiaa. uss daa drauna gharelu yuddh daa nawal "saahas daa laal baij" 1895 witch bahut parshansa laee prakashit keeta giaa see, parr aapni sihat noon nazarandaz curran caarn 28 saal dee umar witch uss dee maut toon pahilan uss cole dhiaan denh laee mushkil samaan see. unhan neey aapni maut toon baad aam aadmi dey champion, yatharathvadi atey pratikvadi vajon nirantar safalta prapat keeti haii. crain daa "(1893) sabh toon vadhiaa, jey sabh toon purana naheen, taan kudrati amriki nawal haii. ih ikk garib, sanvedansheel ladki dee dukhdai kahani haii jiss dey anpadh, sharabi maape uss noon puurii tarahan asfal qarr dinde hunn. piaar witch, atey aapne hinsk gharr toon bachann laee utsuk, uh aapne aap noon ikk naujwan aadmi naal rahinn laee lubhaundi haii, joe jaldi hii uss noon chhadd dinda haii. jadon uss dee sway-dharmi maan uss noon radd qarr dindi haii, taan maggy bachann laee ikk vesva bann jaandi haii, parr jaldi hii marr jaandi haii. crain daa dharti daa visha atey uss daa udesh, vigiaanak shaili, naitikta toon binan, maggy noon ikk kudratvadi kamm vajon darsaundi haii. viliam deane howells viliam deane howells (1837-1920) neey yatharathvadi dhang naal glup atey lekh likhe. saahit witch yatharathvad baare unhan dey vichaar unhan dey samajwadi ravaiye dey samanantar vikast hoye. atlantic masik" atey "harpers magazine" dey sampadak vajon aapni bhumika witch, atey "ikk aadhunik udaharan" atey "silas lafm daa ubhaar" vargiaan kitaban dey lekhak vajon, howells neey ikk mazboot raae ditti atey aapne sidhantan noon sathapat curran witch prabhavshali sunn. maarak twen. semual clemence (1835-1910), joe aapne kalmi naam maarak twen naal janhiaa jaanda haii, sarhaddi shehar hannibal, misauri witch vadda hoiaa. (1839-1901) sadee dey arambh witch amriki lekhak fullan vaale, bhavnatmak jaan shaukin hunde sunn-anshak taur 'teey kiunki uh ajey vee ih saabat curran dee koshish qarr rahey sunn kii uh angrezi wang hii sunder dhang naal likh sakde hunn. africa deeaan hariaan pahadiaan" witch ernst hammingway neey likhiaa kii bahut saare romantic "england toon jalavatan angrezi bastivadiaan dee tarahan likhade sunn jinhan vicchon uh kadey vee ikk navein england daa hissa naheen sunn joe uh bnaa rahey sunn...unhan neey unhan shabdan dee varton naheen keeti joe lokan neey hamesha bhashan witch varte hunn, uh shabad joe bhasha witch bache rahinde hunn."use lekh witch, hammingway neey kiha kii saare amriki glup maarak twen dey nawal" "dha adventures aaf hakalberry finn" "toon aae hunn. twen dee shaili, joe zordar, yatharathvadi, bolchal vaali amriki bhashan 'teey adharat haii, neey amriki lekhakan noon aapni rashtari aavaaz dee ikk naveen parshansa ditti. twen desh dey andruni hissiaan toon aaunn vaale pahile pramukh lekhak sunn, atey unhan neey iss dee vilakkhan, hasohini bhasha atey iconoclasm noon aapne vall khichiaa. (1839-1901) sadee dey akheer witch doou atey horr amriki lekhakan laee, yatharathvad siraf ikk sahitak takneek naheen seeuuu ih sacch bolann atey angaule hoye sammelanan noon visfotit curran daa ikk tarika see. twen aapniaan rachnavan "tomm sararay" atey "hakalberry finn dey saahas" laee sabh toon vaddh janhiaa jaanda haii. saim. aar. watkins. saim. aar. watkins (1839-1901) (1839-1901) sadee daa ikk amriki lekhak atey haase-mazak curran vaala see joe aapni sway-jeevani "company" laee sabh toon vaddh janhiaa jaanda haii. aaich", joe sangh raaj dee fauj witch ikk sipahi dey roop witch uss dey jeevan noon darsaunda haii. unhan neey "hauli-hauli haase-mazak witch gall keeti" atey ikk kahanikar dey roop witch asadharan hunar daa pardarshan keeta. pustak dey parshansayog gunan vicchon ikk iss daa yatharathvad haii. yuddh" atey iss noon luddon vaale aadmiaan noon romantic banaun laee jaane jaande yugg witch, usne heranijanak sapashtata naal likhiaa. uss dey panniaan dey johnny reb saare hiro naheen hunn. jiven kii watkins duaara darsaiaa giaa haii, sipahi jeevan witch utshah atey shaan naalon sustata atey dukkh ziaada sunn. uh lambe marchan dee bahut ziaada thakawat, lambe sardiaan dee boring atey bearami, anushasana dee kathorta, adhikariaan dee ayogta, manobal deeaan samein-samein deeaan kamiaan, anishchitta atey anaaj dee ghatt matra atey fauj dee rutein dey thakkan baare dassda haii. uss dey yuddh dey birtant aksar gole dey bhiaanak cheekan, vigaad dittiaan laashan dey bhiaanak dahishat atey zakhmiaan dey dardan vaale cheekan daa havala dinde hunn. uss dee kalam anusar yuddh ikk berhim atey ghatiaa carobar see. horr. iss kisam dey horr lekhakan witch theodor drezer, hannery james, jaik london, upton sinclair, john stanback, margaret deland, edith warton atey jey. dee. salinger. pattarkari. jacob rees jacob agast rees (1849-1914), ikk denmarky-amriki makrekar pattarkar, photographer atey samaaj sudharak, daa janam rib, danmark witch hoiaa see. uh aapni photographic atey pattarkari pratibha dee varton karke newyork shehar witch ghatt khushkismat lokan dee madad curran laee aapne samarpan laee jaane jaande hunn, joe kii unhan deeaan ziaadaatar uttam likhtan atey photographic lekhan daa visha see. unhan neey manukhtavadi laurence wheeler dee madad naal newyork witch "maadal tenments" noon lagu curran witch sahaita keeti. flash dee varton curran vaale shuruati photographeran vicchon ikk vajon, uss noon photography witch mohri manniaa jaanda haii. naujwan qalaa. aart young (1866-1943) ikk amriki cartoonist atey lekhak see. uh aapne samajwadi cartoon laee sabh toon vaddh mashur hunn, khaas karke uh joe kattadpanthi magazine "janata" laee khiche gaye sunn, jinhan vicchon naujwan 1911 toon 1917 takk sahi-sampadak sunn. naujwan aam taur utte gair-rajneetik vajon shuru hoye, parr hauli-hauli khabbe pakkhi vicharan witch dilchaspi lainn lagge, atey 1906 takk aapne aap noon samajwadi manniaa. uh rajneetak taur utte sargaram hoow giaa; 1910 takk, nasli atey jinsi vitkara atey punjiwadi pranali dey beinsafi uss dey kamm witch prachlit vishe bann gaye. sangeet. james ailan bland james aii. bland (1854-1919) pahila pramukh african-amriki geetkar see atey aapne gathagit, "mainoon purani kuaari cole waps lae jaao" laee janhiaa jaanda haii. "shaam noon chandrama duaara" "atey" "sone deeaan chappdiaan" "prasidh geet hunn joe usne likhe sunn, atey usne uss samein dey horr hitt geet likhe, jiss witch" "sware noon chamakdar roshni duaara" "atey" "dee golden marriage" "shamal hunn. bland neey 1879 toon 1882 takk aapne ziaadaatar geet likhe; 1881 witch, usne yuu. aii. chhadd ditta.aiss. haverley dey asli rangdar minsterlan naal england laee. bland noon sanyukat raaj amrica naalon england vadhere labhkari laggiaa atey uh 1890 takk utthe riha; jaan taan uss neey iss samein dauran geet likhna bnd qarr ditta jaan uh ikk angrezi parkashak labbhan witch asamrath see. see.aii. chitta. see.aii. white (1829-1892) neey 1869 witch hitt geet "putt mee inn myee little bedd" likhiaa, jiss neey uss noon ikk pramukh geetkar vajon sathapit keeta. white gambhir ichhavan daa geetkar seeuuu uss dey bahut saare geet vocal quartet laee likhe gaye sunn. unhan neey opera witch vee kaee yatan keete. sangeet parkashan ferm white, smith aind company dey addhe maalak vajon, uss cole aapne kamm laee ikk tiaar outlet see, parr ih uss dey geet sunn jinhan neey parkashan ferm daa samarthan keeta naa kii dooje tarike naal. white neey prasidh stage laee likhan dee ninda naheen keeti-asal witch usne pioneering african-amriki stage production "aaoot aaf bandhan" laee ikk geet likhiaa-parr uss daa mukkh output parlor gaeek laee see. w.see. hatth witch. w. see. handy (1873-1958) ikk blues sangeetkar atey sangeetkar see, jiss noon aksar "blues daa pitaa" kiha jaanda haii. amriki geetkaran vicchon sabh toon prabhavshali hunn. halanki uh bahut saare sangeetkaran vicchon ikk see jiss neey sangeet daa vilakkhan amriki roop khediaa jiss noon blues vajon janhiaa jaanda haii, parr uss noon iss daa samkali roop denh daa sihra ditta jaanda haii. halanki uh blues roop witch sangeet prakashit curran vaala pahila viakati naheen see, parr usne blues noon ikk bahut mashur khetri sangeet shaili toon amriki sangeet witch pramukh taktan vicchon ikk witch lae liaa. ikk padhe-likhe sangeetkar sunn jinhan neey aapniaan rachnavan witch lock samaggari dee varton keeti. uh aapniaan rachnavan dey sarotan daa dastavezikaran curran witch imandar see, joe aksar kaee kalakaran dey shailiwadi prabhav noon jodade sunn. uh iss lock-sangeet roop noon piaar karde sunn atey iss witch ikk parivartankari chhoh liaunde sunn. scott joplin. scott joplin (see. 1867/68-1917) ikk african-amriki sangeetkar atey ragtime sangeet daa sangeetkar see atey sabh toon mashur shakhsiat bnee hoee haii. uss dey sangeet neey 1970 dey dahake witch prasidhi atey aalochnatmak sanman daa kaafi punar-ubhaar keeta, khaskar uss dee sabh toon mashur rachna "manoranjak" laee.

amerikiya-yathaarthavaadah american-yathaarthavaadah kalaa, sangeeta-saahitye cha ekam shailee aasit, yasmin samakaaleen-samajika-vaastavikataam, samanyajananam jeevanam, dainandina-karyani cha chitritaah aasan. 19 shataabdyaah madhyabhaage saahitye etat andolanam aarabdham, 20 shataabdyaah aarambhe drushyakalaayaam mahattvapoornapravruttih abhavat. saamskrutikam chitranam athavaa nyooyaark-nagarasya kendrabhagasya drushyam, american-yathaarthavaadee-krutihi vaastavikam kim iti niroopayitum prayatatam. yoo madhye.ess. 20 shataabdyaah aarambhe chitrakanam, lekhakanam, patrakaranam cha nootanam jananam yugam praapnot. bahavah chitrakaraha vruddhasya yoo ityasya prabhaavam anubhavan.ess. thaamas eekins, merry casset, jaan singar saarjant, james mcneil wisler, vinslo hommer, chaild haasam, jey. ityaadayah kalakaraha. aldon weyar, thaamas polak anshutz, vilium merritt chess cha. parantu te nootanaani, adhikaani cha nagaraani krutayah nirmaatum ruchim akurvan, ye nagarajeevanam, janasankhyaam cha pratibimbitavantah, yat yoo. e.-deshasya graminanam apekshayaa adhikaani nagaraani aasan.ess. yadaa saha nootanashataabdim pravishtavaan. 20 shataabdyaah aarambhe america. 19 shataabdyaah ante taha 20 shataabdyaah aarambhaparyantam samyuktarajyamerika-deshe vishaalah audyogikah, aarthikah, samajikaha, saamskrutikah cha parivartanah abhavat. europiya-deshaantarasya nirantar-tarangah, antarashtriya-vyaapaarasy vardhamaan-sambhavyata cha amerikaadeshasy vruddhim, samruddhihi cha aanayat. kalaa-kalaatmak-abhivyaktehe madhyamena (chitrakalaa, sahityam, sangeetam ityadinam sarvamadhyamanam madhyamena) "american-yathaarthavaadah" iteedam "american-paridrushyasya" lakshanikasy, samanya-american-jananam gruhe jeevanasya cha ksheenam, saamskrutika-ullasam cha chitrayitum prayatat. kalakaraha swasya srujanaatmak-pariyojananam varnam, vinyaasam, roopam cha prabhaavayitum nagarasya bhavan, vinyaasaan, dhwaneem cha upayujyant. sangeetadnyaah 20 shataabdyaah aarambhasy drutam drutam cha svabhaavam avadat, nootanam nootanam cha gatim anvavartayan. lekhakaah lekhakaah cha american-jananam vishaye nootanam kathaam avadat; yathaa american-baalakaah baalikaah cha vayam avaapnot. kalpanayam apasarya "vartamaanam" iti vishaye dhyanam kendreekrutya american-yathaarthavaadah nootanam praveshadvaaram, pragatihi cha prastuteeyat-aadhunikataavaadasy parichayah, vartamaane bhavitum tasya arthah cha. ashta iti namna api prasidhah aashkan-vidyaalayah, dash-american-chitrakaarah iti namna prasidhah samoohah cha drushyakalaasu nootan-american-aadhunikataavaadasy kendram asthaapayat. ashtak-vidyaalayah cha ashta. da-aashkan-vidyaalayah nyuyaark-nagarasya kalaavidaanaam samoohah aasit, ye 20 shataabdyaah aarambhe nyuyaark-nagarasya bhaavam dainandinajeevanasya yathaarthavaadee-chitraanaam madhyamena graheetum prayatanta. ete kalakaraha samruddhanam, ashajanakanam cha panchame-margasya samajasevakanam apekshayaa samruddhanam, saamskrutikaroopena cha nirmitanam nimnavargiyanam pravaasinaam chitranam kartum ishtavantah. tasmin kaale ekaha alochakah teshaam vishayanam chayanam naa rochat, yasmin maargah, nivasasthanani, malin-nivaasinah, jaan slone ityasya vishaye cha, shramikavargah praayah bhojanalayeshu aagacchan. te "krantikari-krushna-girohah", "kuroopataayaah prerakaah" iti cha namna prasidhaah abhavan." jaarj belos. jaarj belos (1882-1925), nyuyaark-nagarasya nagarajeevanam chitritavaan. tasya chitreshu abhivyaktivaadee sahasikata, jokhimam sweekartum icchaa cha aasit. tasya 1909 tame varshe chitrakarme "dwayoh sadasyayoho" hii himsaayaah vishaye aakarshanam aasit, yat durdashaapurnam baxing-drushyam varnayati. tasya 1913 tame varshe chitrayitam "cliff-nivaasinah" chitram nagar-drushyam varnayati yat naa ekam vishishtam drushyam apitu anekanam drushyaanaam sammishranm vartate. rabert henry. rabert henry (1865-1921) ekaha mahattwapoornah american-yathaarthavaadee, aashkan-vidyaalayasya sadasyah cha aasit. hennri saamaanyajeevanasy drushye ruchim avaapnot. saha vyaktishu, aparichiteshu, nagareshu nagareshu cha drutagatyaa margantare gamanam prati dhyanam dattavaan. saha jananam haasyakrutyasya apekshayaa sahaanubhootisheelah aasit, praayah varnite vyaktehe ushnataam vardhayitum andhakaarasy prushtabhoomim upayujya. henry ityasya rachanaah prabalaihi brash-stroke-ityanena, bold impasto-ityanena cha lakshitah aasan, yena varnasya bhautikataam balitam. henry glackens, looks, shinn, slone ityetaan prabhaavitavaan. 1906 tame varshe saha neshan-akadami aaf-desain ityasya krute nirwaachitah, parantu yadaa tasya vruttasya chitrakaraha akadami-ityasya 1907 tame varshe pradarshane niraakrutaah, tadaa saha saha-nyayadhishaha pakshapaatinah iti aropam krutvaa, nyayadhishaha nishkasitavan, swakeeyam pradarshanm aayojayitum sankalpam krutavaan. pashchat saha akadami iteedam "kalayaha samaadhih" iti nirdishtavaan. everate shinn. eshtan-vidyaalayasya sadasyah everate shinn (1876-1953) nyuyaark-nagarasya tathaa rangamanchasya cha anekachitranam krute, nyuyaark-nagarasya swagruhaat preritaah vilaasasya aadhunikajeevanasya cha vividha-pakshaanaam krute prasidhah aasit. saha landan, pyaris, nyuyaark ityetebhyah natakarupan chitritavaan. saha jeevanasya nagar-drushye ruchim avaapnot, natyashalayaha, janasammarditasthanam, jeevanasya cha madhye samyam chitrayan. digas-ityasya vipareetam shinn-varyaha prekshakanam kalakaranam cha madhye parasparakriya chitrayat. jaarj benjamin looks. jaarj bee. looks (1866-1933) ekaha aashkan-vidyaalaya-kalakaraha aasit yah manhatton-nagarasya poorvadishi nimnabhaage nivasati sma. looks ityasya chitrakarme "hester street" (1905) ityasmin saha balanam manoranjanam kreedaawidyen yuktena purushena kurvan, tathaa cha prushtabhoomau mahilaa, vikretaa cha vaartaalaapam kurvan darshayati. darshakah janasamoohasy upari naa bhavati, apitu tasya madhye asti. looks ityayam, shramikavargasya pravaasinaam madhye "da speelers" ityasmin nrutyam kurwantah dwau yuvikaah baalikau darshayan, poorvadishi sakaratmakam gatim sthaapayati, yat ekaha prakaarah nrutyah asti; daridryam satsu api baalaah veethishu nrutyam kurvanti. saha dukhasya apekshayaa daridranam jeevanasya aanandam saundaryam cha anvishyati. vilium glackens. swasya vruttijeevanasya aarambhe, vilium glackens (1870-1938) ityeshah washington square paark ityatra swasya studio ityasya paritah parisaram chitritavaan. saha ekaha saphalah vaanijya-chitrakaarah api aasit, samakaaleen-patrikanam krute anekaani rekhaachitraani jalavarnaani cha nirmitavaan, ye cha newyorker-kreedakaah dainandinajeebane hasyakrutyaya chitrayanti sma. pashchat jeevane, samudratatasya, french-nadee-kshetrasya cha vishaye prabhavavadi-drushtikonasya karanat saha "da american renoyir" iti namna prasidhah aasit. jaan slone. jaan slone (1871-1951) 20 shataabdyaah aarambhe aashkan-vidyaalayasya yathaarthavaadee aasit, yasya amerikiya-samajika-paristhitayah vishaye chintanena saha 1910 tame varshe samajavadi-pakshm sammilitah. moolatah philadelphia-nagaraat saha 1904 tame varshe nyuyaark-nagare karyam krutavaan. 1912 taha 1916 paryantam saha samajavadi-masikasya "da maas" ityasmin chitraani dattavaan. slone-varyaha pracharam apreechat, tathaa cha "janaanaam" krute swasya chitreshu, yathaa swasya chitreshu, saha jananam dainandinajeevanam prati dhyanam dattavaan. saha mahilaa-vishayanam upari adhikotsaahena shramikavargasya viraamasya chitram akarot. tasya prasiddheshu krutishu "picnic-ground", "ravivaasare, mahilaah keshashuddhim kurvanti" cha santi. saha aashkan-vidyaalayasya vargam apreechat, kalaa-itihaasakaaraih saha swasya kshobham vyaktavaan, ye tam american-drushyasya chitrakaarah iti ankayanti smah "asmakam madhye kechan asmakam paritah jeevanasya vishaye alpam samvedanasheelam tippaneem chitrayanti sma. asmaabhih naa dnyaatam yat etat american-drushyam aasit iti. naam naa rochate...raashtravaadasya lakshanam, yena asmin jagate mahatee samasyaah utpannah." edward hopper. edward happer (1882-1967) ekaha pramukhah american-yathaarthavaadee-chitrakaarah mudrana-nirmata cha aasit. happer iti amerikaadeshasy yathaarthavaadinah, aadhunikatamah, samakaaleenah cha asti. tailachitranam krute lokapriyaah prasidhah, jalavarnakaaratvena tathaa mudranayantrakaaroopen cha utkeernane samaprajnah aasit. tasya nagariya-graameen-drushyeshu, tasya atirikta-sukshma-gananaa-prastuteekaranaani aadhunik-amerikiya-jeevanasya vishaye tasya vyaktigata-drushtim pratibimbayanti sma. happer ityasya shikshaka rabert henry ityeshah swachhaatraan "jagati udwignataam" kartum swakalaayaah upayogam kartum protsaahitavaan. saha swachhaatraan api upadishat yat "ayam vishayah naa mahattwapoornah apitu bhavaan tasya vishaye kim bhaavayati" tathaa cha "kalaam vismrutya, bhavatah jeevane yat rochate tasya chitraani chitrayatu" iti. evam henry, happer ityenam, tathaa cha chhaatraan jaarj belos tathaa raakvel kent ityetaan prabhaavitavaan, tathaa cha nagarajeevanasya yathaarthavaadee-chitranaani kartum taan prerayat. henry-vruttasya kechan kalakaraha, yathaa happer-ityasya anyah shikshaka jaan slone, ashtasya sadasyah abhavat, yat aashkan-school-aaf-american-art iti namna api prasidhah asti. tasya prasidham antahbhaagam soochayatah tasya prathamam vidyamaanam tailachitram "naatyakshetre ekaki aakrutihi" (c. 1904). chhaatravarsheshu, happer ityayam swasya swa-chitraani sahitam dozen-adhikaani nagnaani, nishchalajeevanaani, paridrushyaani, chitraani cha chitritavaan. anye drushyakalaakaarah. joseph stella, charles sheelar, jonas lai, edward vilis redfield, joseph pennel, leone croll, bee.jey.o. nordfelt, gertrud kesbier, alfred steeglitz, edward steachen, ee. jey. belok, phillip koch, david hannaa lekhakaah. horatio algar, joo.. horatio algar, joo. (1832-1899) 19 shataabdyaah ekaha vipulah american-lekhakah aasit, yasya pramukham utpattih sootraatmak-raag-too-richas-kishor-upanyasani aasan, ye bootblocks, nyoos-buys, paddler, bus-workers, anye daridra-balakanam sahasikan anusaranam kurvanti, teshaam vinamra-prushtabhoomyaah, sammaniya-madhyamavargasya surakshayaha, aaraamasy cha jeevanasya krute,. tasya upanyasani, yeshu "ragged dick" vishishtam udaaharanam asti, te swakaalasya atyantam lokapriyaani aasan. stephen crain. nyoo jersey-nagarasya newark-nagare janma praaptasya stephen crain (1871-1900) ityasya mulani amerikaadeshasy krantikariyuge, sainikanam, padriyanam, sheriff-ityeteshaam, nyayadhishanam, krushakaanaam cha, ye ekashataabdyaah poorvam jeevanti sma, yaavat poorvavartante sma. mukhyataya patrakaarah yah kalpanikakathaha, nibandhaah, kaavyaani, naatakaani cha alikhat, crain ityeshah bastisaudheshu yuddhakshetreshu cha jeevanam paschimadishi drushtavaan. tasya bhayapradm gruhayuddha-upanyasam "da redd byaadj aaf brech" 1895 tame varshe atyantam prashamsaam praapnot, parantu 28 varsheeyasya mrutyoho poorvam tasya swaasthyasya avahelanaa kurvan tasya dhyanam praaptum viralam samayam praaptam. saha mrutyoho anantaram samanyajanasya samarthakaroopen, yathaarthavaadeeroopen, prateekavaadeeroopen cha nirantaram saafalyam praapnot. crains "(1893) iti, yadi prachinatameshu naa api, atyuttameshu, praakrutika-american-upanyaaseshu anyatam asti. eshaa ekaa daridrayaha, samvedanasheelaayaah balikayaha vedanaapradam kathaa asti, yasya ashikshita, madyapitah matapitaraha tam purnataya viphalavantah. preme, swagruhaat himsaaroopen palayanartham utsukataam cha saa, yuvakena saha jeevitum pralobhitam bhavitum anumanyate, yah sheeghramev tam parityajyate. yadaa tasyaah swanitima maataa tam niraakrutavatee, tadaa megee jeevitum veshyaam bhavati, parantu sheeghramev mriyate. crain ityasya bhoomiroopasy vishayavastuh, tasya uddeshyasy, vaidnyaanikashailyaah, naitikatayaha abhaawah, myagi-krutim prakrutivaadee-krutihi iti ankayati. vilium dean hovels. vilium dean hovels (1837-1920) yathaarthavaadee-shaileenam kathaavastu-prabandhaan cha alikhat. saahitye yathaarthavaadasy vishaye tasya vichaarah tasya samajavadi-manovruttyaa samaantararoopen vikasitah. atlaantik masikasya" "harpers-patrikaayaah" cha sampaadakatven, "e madern instance", "da raij aaf silas laapam" ityadinam pustakanam lekhakatvena cha, hovels-varyaha drudham matam adadat, swasya siddhantan sthaapayitum prabhaawashaalinah cha aasan. maark twain. maark twain iti upanamna prasidhah saamuyel clemens (1835-1910) misauree-nagarasya hannibaal-nagare vardhata. 19 shataabdyaah aarambhe american-lekhakaah pushpaawantah, bhaavapoornaah, vaa aadambarinah vaa aasan-aamshikaroopena yatah te adyaapi anglabhashayaha sadrusham sundaram lekhanam kartum shaknuvanti iti niroopayitum prayatante sma. green hills aaf africa" ityasmin ernest hemingwe varyaha likhati yat bahavah pranayarachitaah "aangl-deshaat nirvaasita-aangl-upanivesha-sadrushaani likhitavantah, yeshu te kadaapi nootan-england-deshasya bhaagah naa aasan, yat te nirmamanaha aasan...janaah bhashayam sarvadaa yaan shabdaan upayujyante te shabdaan te naa upayujyant, bhashayam yaan shabdaan upayujyante te cha."tasmin eva prabandhe hemingwe ityanena avadat yat sarve american-kathaah maark twain ityasya" da-adventures-aaf-hakalbari-finn "iti navalekhaat aagataah santi iti. prabalam, yatharthatmakam, bolchal-yukttam american-bhashanam aadhrutya twain ityasya shailee, american-lekhakan teshaam rashtriya-swarasya nootanam prashamsaam dattavatee. twain ityayam deshasya antahpradeshaat aagatah prathamah pramukhah lekhakah aasit, tasya vishishtam, hasyarasatmakam, aikonoklaajam cha gruheetavaan. 19 shataabdyaah ante, dwayoh anyaih american-lekhakanam krute, yathaarthavaadah naa kevalam saahityik-tantrah aasit, saha satyasya vaktrutvasya, aprachalitanam sammelananam cha visphotasya cha maargah aasit. twain ityayam "taam sire" tathaa "da adventures aaf hakalbari finn" ityetayoho rachananam krute prasidhah asti. saamah. aar. watkins. saamah. aar. watkins (1839-1901) 19 shataabdyaah american-lekhakah hasyakaraha cha aasit yah swasya samsmaranasya "ko" ityasya krute prasidhah aasit. aych "iti, yasmin confederate-state-senayam sainikaroopen tasya jeevanam varnitam asti. saha "manda-hasya-bhashane" kathaavaahakatven asaamaany-parakramam pradarshayat. asya pustakasya prashamsaneeyeshu guneshu anyatam asti tasya yathaarthavaadah. yuddham" iti pranayarachayitum, tena saha yuddham kurwantah purushaanaam cha krute prasiddhasy yugasya saha ashcharyakarataya spashtatayaa alikhat. tasya prushtaanaam jaanee rebs ityete sarve naayakah naa santi. watkins ityanena chitritasya sainikajeevanasya utsahasya, mahimayaha cha apekshayaa nistejah, kleshah cha adhikam aasit. saha dirghayatranam kruddha-ksheenam, deergha-sheetakaalasy viraamasya vyagrataa, aswasthataa, anushasanasya katorataa, adhikarinam akshamata, manodhairyasya aawadhik-viphalataam, annadhaanasy anishchitata, alpataa, senaa-dinacharyayaha ksheen-krauryam ityadinam vishaye bahu vadati. tasya yuddhasya vruttaanteshu, golanam bhayanakam chitaram, vikrutaanaam shariranam bhayanakam bhayam, kshatanam pidajanakani chitaram cha bahudhaa ullikhanti. tasya lekhayaa vivrutaha yuddhah kroorah neechah cha vyavasaayah aasit. anye. etaadrusheshu anyeshu lekhakeshu theodor dresser, heinry james, jyaak landan, upton sinclair, jaan steinbeck, margaret deland, didith warton, jey cha aasan. dee. selinger. patrakarita. jacob ris. jacob august rees (1849-1914), denish-american-makrekar-patrakaarah, chaayaachitrakaarah, samaajasudhaarakah cha, denmark-deshasya rib-nagare ajayata. saha nyuyaark-nagare alpabhagyavatinam sahayyam kartum swasya chaayaachitra-patrakaarita-pratibhaam upayoktum swasya samarpanasya krute prasidhah asti, yat tasya adhikamshanam vipulaanaam lekhananam chaayaachitra-nibandhaanaam cha vishayah aasit. saha manaviya-laurence wheeler ityasya saahaayyen nyuyaark-nagare "maadel-tenements" ityasya kaaryaanvayanasya sahayyam krutavaan. flyaash ityasya upayoge praarambhik-chaayaachitrakaareshu anyatamah iti saha chaayaachitranasya pravartakah iti manyate. yuvakalaayaah. art-yang (1866-1943) ekaha amerikeeyah cartoonist, lekhakah cha aasit. saha swasya samajavadi-cartoon-chitraanaam krute, visheshatah "da maas" iti aamoolaagr-patrikaayaah krute ankitaanaam cartoon-chitraanaam krute, visheshatah 1911 taha 1917 paryantam prasidhah asti, yaasu yuvakaah saha-sampaadakaah aasan. yuvakaah samanyataya araajanaitikaroopen aarabhant, parantu kramena vaamapaksha-vichaareshu ruchim avaapnot, 1906 varshaparyantam swayam samajavadi iti manyante sma. saha raajanaitikaroopen sakriyah abhavat; 1910 tamavarshaparyantam, jaateey-yauna-bhedabhaawah, poonjeevaadee-vyavasthaayaah anyayah cha tasya kaarye prachalita-vishayavastuh abhavan. sangeetam. james elen bland. james e. bland (1854-1919) prathamah pramukhah aafrikan-american-geetikaarah aasit, tathaa cha "keri mii byaak too old varjinnee" iti swasya gathayaha krute prasidhah asti. "inn da saayan bai da moonlait" tathaa "golden-slippers" iti cha prasiddhaani geetaani santi ye saha likhitavantah, tathaa cha saha "inn da marning bai da bratt-lait" tathaa "da golden-vedding" ityadini anyaani hitt geetaani cha likhitavaan. bland ityayam 1879 taha 1882 paryantam swasya adhikamshan geetaan alikhat; 1881 tame varshe saha yu-samsthaam niraakrutavaan.ess. haverley ityasya vaastavikavarnayuktaih minstrails-yukttaih england-deshasya krute. bland ityayam samyuktarajyamerikadesha apekshayaa england-desham adhikam labhadayakam manya 1890 paryantam tatra eva aasit; asmin kaale saha geetaani likhitum naa niroodavaan athavaa aangl-prakashakam praaptum asamarthah abhavat. sii.a. shwetah. sii.a. shwetah (1829-1892) 1869 tame varshe "putt mii inn mai litil baed" iti hitt-geetam likhitavaan, yena saha pramukha-gitarachayitrurupena sthaapitah. shwetah gambhir-aakaankshaayuktah geetikaarah aasit, tasya bahavah geetaani swara-chaturthamshaartham likhitaah aasan. saha operaa-kridaayaam api anekaani prayatnaani krutavaan. shveta-smit-end-kampanee iti sangeeta-prakaashan-samsthaayaah ardha-swami iti rupena tasya karyasya krute ekam sajjam nirgamasthaanam aasit, parantu tasya geetaani eva prakaashan-samsthaayaah samarthanam krutavantah, naa tu anyatah. shwetah lokapriy-manchasya lekhanam naa tiraskaaram akarot-vastutah saha agragaami-aafrikan-american-mancha-nirmanasya "aut aaf bondez" ityasya krute ekam geetam alikhat-parantu tasya pramukham utpaadanam parlor-gayakasya krute aasit. doubleu.sii. sulabham bhavati. doubleu. sii. hendy (1873-1958) ekaha blues-sangeeta-rachanaakaarah sangeetajnah cha aasit, yah praayah "blues-ityasya pitaa" iti namna prasidhah aasit. amerikaadeshasy geetarachayitrushu sarvaadhikaprabhaavashaaleeshu ekaha asti. yadyapi saha blues iti namna prasidham vishishtam american-sangeeta-roopam abhyanayt, tathaapi tasya samakaaleen-roopam adadat iti shreyah tasya asti. yadyapi blues-rupena sangeetam prakaashayatah saha prathamah naa aasit, tathaapi saha blues-sangeetam atyantam naa prasidhah praadeshika-sangeeta-shaileetah american-sangeetasy prabal-shaktisaamarthyam prati agruhnaat. hendy ekaha shikshitah sangeetajnah aasit yah swasuchitaasu lock-saamagrim upayujyate sma. saha swakarmanaam mulanam abhilekhanam kartum vivekee aasit, ye praayah anekebhyah kalakaranam shailee-prabhavan samyojitavantah. saha etat lock-sangeeta-roopam atyutsaham krutavaan, tasya parivartanam cha krutavaan. scott joplin. scott joplin (c. 1867/68-1917) ekaha aafrikan-american sangeetajnah ragtaim sangeetasy rachanaakaarah cha aasit, api cha prasidhah vyaktihi asti. 1970 tame dashake tasya sangeete lokapriyataayaah, vimarshaatmak-sammanasya cha mahatee punarutthaanam abhavat, visheshatah tasya prasidhaayaah rachanaa "da-entertain" ityasya krute.

america yadhaarththavaatham america yadhaarththavaatham enbathu kalai, isai mattrum ilakkiyaththil samagaala samooga yathaarththangkal mattrum saathaarana makkalin vaazhkkai mattrum andraada nadavadikkaigalai siththarikkum oru paaniyaagum. 19 aam noottraandin naduppaguthiyil ilakkiyaththil inththa iyakkam thodangiyathu, maelum 20 aam noottraandin murpaguthiyil kaatchi kalaiyil oru mukkiyamaana poakkaaka maariyathu. kalaachaara siththarippu allathu downtown newyorg nagaraththin iyarkaiyaana paarvai, america yadhaarththavaatha padaippugal unmaiyaanathu enna enbathai varaiyarukka muyarchiththana. U ill.ess. 20aam noottraandin thodakkaththil ooviyargal, ezhuththaalargal mattrum paththirikaiyaalarkalin puthiya thalaimurai valarnthu kondirundhadhu. pala ooviyargal vayathaana yuu-vinn selvaakkai unarnththanar.ess. thamas eekins, maeri cassat, john paadagar sargent, james mcneil wisler, winslow hoomar, siled hassam, jay. poantra kalaignargal. alton veer, thamas polaak unshoods, mattrum villiyam merrid says. iruppinum, avarkal puthiya mattrum nagarppura padaippugalai uruvaakka aarvamaaga irunththanar, idhu nagara vaazhkkaiyaiyum, yuu. ess. ill kiraamappurangalai vida nagarppura makkal thogaiyaiyum pirathipalikkirathu.ess. adhu puthiya noottraandukkul nuzhainthapoathu. 20aam noottraandin thodakkaththil america. 19aam noottraandin pirpaguthi muthal 20aam noottraandin murpaguthi varai, america migapperiya thozhilthurai, porulaathaara, samooga mattrum kalaachaara maattrangkalai anubaviththathu. iroappiya kudiyaettraththin thodarchchiyaana alai mattrum sarvadesa varthagaththirkaana valarnthu varum saaththiyakkoorugal amerikkaavirku adhigariththu varum valarchchiyaiyum sezhippaiyum kondu vanthana. kalai mattrum kalai velippaattin moolam (ooviyam, ilakkiyam mattrum isai ullitta anaitthu uudakangkal moolamaagavum), "america yadhaarththavaatham" enbathu "america nilaparappu" mattrum veettil saathaarana amerikkarkalin vaazhkkaiyin alatchiyam mattrum kalaachaara urchaakaththai siththarikka muyantrathu. kalaignargal thangal padaipputh thittangalin niram, amaippu mattrum thoattraththai paathikka nagarin unarvugal, amaivugal mattrum oligalaip payanpaduththinar. 20 aam noottraandin murpaguthiyil isaikkalainarkal viraivaana mattrum vaekamaana thanmaiyaik kavaniththanar, maelum oru puthiya mattrum puthiya vaekaththudan pathilaliththanar. ezhuththaalargalum ezhuththaalargalum amerikkarkalaip pattri oru puthiya kadhaiyaich sonnaargal; unmaiyana amerikkarkaludan siruvarkalum sirumigalum valarnthirukkalaam. karpanaiyilirunthu vilagi, "ippoathu" meethu kavanam seluththi, america yadhaarththavaatham oru puthiya nuzhaivaayilaiyum oru thiruppumunaiyaiyum valangkiyathu-naveenathuvaththai arimugappaduththiyathu, maelum nigazhkaalaththil iruppathu endraal enna. ettu endrum azhaikkappadum ashkan palli mattrum paththu america ooviyargal endru azhaikkappadum kuzhu kaatchi kalaikalin puthiya america naveenaththuvaththin myyaththai uruvaakkiyathu. ashkan palli mattrum ettu. ashkan palli enbathu newyorg nagara kalaignargalin kuzhuvaagum, avarkal 20 aam noottraandin murpaguthiyil newyorg nagaraththin unarvai andraada vaazhkkaiyin yathaarththamaana uruvappadangkal moolam pidikka muyantranar. inththa kalaignargal panakkaara mattrum nambikkaikkuriya ainthaavathu samooga aarvalargalai vida, panakkaara mattrum kalaachaara reethiyaaga kattamaikappatta keezh varkka kudiyaeriyavargalai siththarikka virumbinar. antha kaalaththin oru vimarsagar, avarkal paadangkalaith thaerntheduppathu pidikkavillai, idhil santhaigal, kudiyiruppugal, kudisaippakudhivaasigal mattrum john slone vishayathil, thozhilaala varkkam adikkadi varum unavagangkal adangkum. avarkal "puratchigara karuppu kumbal" mattrum "asingaththin appoasthalargal" endru ariyappattanar." jaarj bellos. jaarj bellos (1882-1925), newyorg nagaril nagara vaazhkkaiyai varainthaar. avarathu ooviyangkal oru velipaattu thairiyaththaiyum, aapaththukkalai edukka viruppaththaiyum kondirunthana. 1909 aam aandu avarathu ooviyaththil "inththa kilappin irandu uruppinargalum" oru moasamaana kuththuchandai kaatchiyai siththarikkum vagaiyil avar vanmuraiyil eerkkappattaar. avarathu 1913 aam aandu ooviyam "kundril vasippavargal" oru kuripitta kaatchi alla, aanaal pala kaatchigalin kalavaiyaaga irukkum oru nagara-kaatchiyai siththarikkirathu. robbert henry. robbert henry (1865-1921) oru mukkiyamaana america yadhaarththavaathi mattrum ashkan palliyin uruppinar aavaar. henry podhu vaazhkkaiyin kaatchiyil aarvamaaga irunthaar. thaninabarkal, anniyargal, nagarangal mattrum nagarangalil ulla therukkalil viraivaaga kadanthu selvathil avar kavanam seluththinaar. avar makkalin nagaichchuvai siththarippai vida anuthaapamaaga irunthaar, perumpaalum oru irunda pinnaniyaip payanpaduththi sittharikkappatta nabarin aravanaippaich serththaar. henriyin padaippugal theeviramaana thoorigaith thaakkuthalkal mattrum thairiyamaana impasto aagiyavattraal vagaippaduththappattana, idhu vannappoochchin porul thanmaiyai valiyuruththiyathu. henry claugans, looks, shinn mattrum sloan aagiyavattrai paathiththaar. 1906 aam aandil, avar thaesiya vadivamaippu akaadamikku thernthedukkappattaar, aanaal avarathu vattaththil ulla ooviyargal akaadamiyin 1907 kankaatchikku niraakarikkappattapoathu, avar saga neethipathigalai saarbu endru kuttram saattinaar, maelum naduvar kuzhuvilirundhu vilagi, thanathu sontha nigazhchchiyai aerpaadu seiya mudivu seithaar. pinnar avar akaadamiyai "kalaiyin kallarai" endru kuripittaar. eppozhuthaavathu shinn. ashkan palliyin uruppinaraana everet shinn (1876-1953), newyorg mattrum naadagaththin aeraalamaana ooviyangkalukkum, newyorg nagaril ulla avarathu veettilirunthu eerkkappatta aadambara mattrum naveena vaazhkkaiyin palvaeru amsangkalukkum pirabalamaanavar. avar lundon, baris mattrum newyorg aagiya nagarangalil irunthu naadagak kaatchigalai varainthaar. avar vaazhkkaiyin nagarppura kaatchiyil aarvatthaik kandaar, naadagam mattrum nerisalaana irukkaikal mattrum vaalkkaikku idaiyae inaikalai varainthaar. digas poalallaamal, paarvaiyaalarkalukkum kalaignarukkum idaiyilaana thodarbugalai shinn siththariththaar. jaarj benjamin looks. jaarj pii. looks (1866-1933) oru ashkan palli kalaignar aavaar, avar manhaton keezh kizhakkup paguthiyil vasiththu vanthaar. looksin ooviyam "hester street" (1905) ill, oru penn mattrum kadaikkarar pinnaniyil uraiyaadumpoathu, oru pommaiyudan oru manithanaal kuzhandhaigal pozhuthupoakku seiyappaduvathai avar kaattukiraar. paarvaiyaalar adharku maelae iruppathai vida koottaththin matthiyil irukkiraar. looks keezh kilakku pakkaththil oru nermaraiyaana suzharchiyai vaikkiraar, irandu ilam penkal "speelargalil" nadanamaaduvathaik kaattukiraargal, idhu thozhilaala varkka pulampeyarnthoaridamirunthu oru vagaiyaana nadanamaagum; varumai irunththapoathilum, kuzhandhaigal theruvil nadanamaadugiraargal. avar sogaththai vida aezhaigalin vaazhkkaiyil magizhchchiyaiyum azhagaiyum thaedugiraar. villiyam claugans. avarathu thozhil vaazhkkaiyin thodakkaththil, villiyam claugans (1870-1938) washington sathukka poongaavil ulla avarathu studiovaich suttriyulla suttruppuraththai varainthaar. avar oru vetrtrikaramaana vaniga illustratoraagavum irunthaar, samagaala paththirigaigalukkaaga aeraalamaana varaipadangkalaiyum neer vannangkalaiyum thayaaritthaar, avai avarkalin andraada vaazhkkaiyil newyoarkkarkalai nagaichchuvaiyaaga siththariththana. pirkaalaththil, avar kadal mattrum pirenchu rivia pattriya avarathu thoattruvikkum karuththukkalukkaaga "american renoir" endru nanku ariyappattaar. john sloan. john sloan (ID1) 20 aam noottraandin murpaguthiyil ashkan palliyin yadhaarththavaathi aavaar, avarathu america samooga nilaimaigal kuriththa kavalaigal avarai 1910 ill sosalisa katchiyil saera vazhivaguththana. muthalil piladelpiyaavilirunthu, avar 1904 kkup piragu newyoarkil paniyaattrinaar. 1912 muthal 1916 varai, avar sosalisa maathaanthira "vegujanangkalukku" vilakkappadangkalai valangkinaar. sloan prachchaaraththai virumbavillai, maelum avarathu oviyangkalaip poalavae, "vegujanangkalukkaana" thanathu varaipadangkalil, avar makkalin andraada vaazhkkaiyil kavanam seluththinaar. avar penn paadangkalukku mukkiyathuvam aliththu thozhilaala varkkaththin oaivu neraththai siththariththaar. avarathu nanku ariyapatta padaippugalil "suttrulaa maithaanam" mattrum "gnaayiru, penkal thangal thalaymudi ularthuvathu" aagiyavai adangkum. avar ashkan palliyin vagaiyai virumbavillai, maelum avarai americak kaatchiyin ooviyar endru adaiyaalam kaatiya kalai varalaattraasiriyargalidam thanathu erichchalai velippaduththinaar "nammil silar nammaich suttriyulla vaazhkkaiyaip pattri siriya unarthiran konda karutthukkalai varaivathaip payanpaduththinar. adhu americak kaatchi endru engkalukkuth theriyaathu. enakku anthap peyar pidikkavillai...dhesiyavaathaththin arikuriyaaga idhu ullathu, idhu inththa ulagil perum sikkalai aerpaduththiyullathu." edward hopper. edward hopper (1882-1967) oru mukiya america yadhaarththavaathi ooviyar mattrum achuth thayaarippaalar aavaar. hopper america yathaarththavaathikalil migavum naveenamaanavar mattrum migavum samagaalaththavar. thanathu ennei ooviyangkalukkaaga migavum pirabalamaaga ariyapatta athae neraththil, avar oru neer vanna kalaignar mattrum achchiduthal kalaignar yena samamaaga therchchi pettraar. avarathu nagarppura mattrum graamappura kaatchigalil, avarathu oaivu mattrum nerththiyaaga kanakkidapatta mozhipeyarppugal naveena america vaazhkkaiyaip pattriya avarathu thanipatta paarvaiyai pirathipaliththana. hopperin aasiriyar robbert henry thanathu maanavargalai thangal kalaiyaip payanpaduththi "ulagil oru kilarcchiyai aerpaduththa" ookkuviththaar. idhu mukkiyamaana vishayam alla, aanaal athaip pattri neengkal enna unarkireerkal" endrum, "kalaiyaip pattri maranthu, vaazhkkaiyil ungkalukku aarvamullavattraip pattriya padangkalai varaiyavum" endrum avar thanathu maanavargalukku arivurutthinaar. inththa muraiyil, henry haapparai paathiththaar, athae poal maanavargal jaarj bellos mattrum rockwell kent, nagarppura vaazhkkaiyin yathaarththamaana siththarippugalai vazhangka avarkalai ookkuviththaar. hopperin mattroru aasiriyaraana john sloan udpada henry vattaththil ulla sila kalaignargal, america kalaiyin ashkan palli endrum azhaikkappadum ettu uruppinargalaaga aanaargal. avarathu pugazhpettra utpurangkalil kurippu kaattum avarathu muthal ennei ooviyam "oru thiraiyarangkil thanimaiyaana uruvam" (chii. 1904). avarathu maanavar aandugalil, hopper thanathu suya uruvappadangkal udpada dajan kanakkaana nirvaanangkal, nilaiyaana vaazhkkai, nilapparappugal mattrum uruvappadangkalai varainthaar. mattra kaatchi kalaignargal. josaph stella, charles sheeler, jonas lye, edward willis redfield, josaph bennell, leone kirol, pii.jay.ooo. nordfeld, jertruit caspier, alfred sticklits, edward steachen, eee. jay. bellock, pilip kooch, davit hannah ezhuththaalargal. horashio alger, juu.. horashio alger, juu. (1832-1899) 19 aam noottraandin oru sirantha america ezhuththaalar aavaar, avarathu mukiya veliyeedu sooththiramaana rakes-duu-riches siraar naavalkal aagum, idhu puut blocks, newsboys, betler, passkarkal mattrum pira variya kuzhandhaigalin saagasangalaip pinthodarnthathu, avarkal thaalmaiyaana pinnaniyil irunthu mariyaathaikkuriya naduththara varkka paathukaappu mattrum aaruthal vaalkkaikku uyarnththanar. avarathu naavalkal, avattril "raek tick" oru podhuvaana eduththukkaattu, avarkalin naalil migavum pirabalamaaga irunththana. stephen graine. neu jersiyin newyoarkil pirantha stephen graine (1871-1900), america puratchigara poar sagaaptham, veerargal, madhagurumaargal, sherippukal, neethipathigal mattrum oru noottraandukku munbu vaalnththa vivasaayigal varai vaerkalaik kondirundhadhu. muthanmaiyaaga oru paththirigaiyaalar, avar punaikathai, katturaigal, kavidhai mattrum naadagangalaiyum ezhuthinaar, graine kudisaippagudhigalilum poarkkalangkalilum adhan moasamaana vaalkkaikku vazhivaguththathu. avarathu vaettaiyaadum ullnaattup poar navalaana "thii redd badge off theorus" 1895 aam aandil perum paaraattaip pettrathu, aanaal avar 28 vayathil irappatharku munbu avarathu aaroakkiyaththai purakkanithathaal kavanaththai eerkka neram illai. avar thanathu maranaththirkup piragu thodarchchiyaana vetrtriyai anubaviththullaar-samanian manithanin saambiyanaaga, oru yadhaarththavaathi mattrum oru adaiyalavathi. grains "(1893) sirantha, aarambagaala, iyarkai america naavalkalil ontraakum. idhu oru aezhai, unarthiran konda pennin vaethanaiyaana kadhai, adhan kalviyarivu illaatha, madhubaana petrtroargal avalai muttrilum thoalviyadaiyach seikiraargal. kaathalil, mattrum thanathu vanmuraiyaana veettilirunthu thappikka aarvamaaga, aval oru ilaignanudan vaazha thannai kavarnthizhukka anumathikkiraal, avar viraivil avalai paalaivanappaduththukiraar. thanathu suyaneethimaana thaai avalai niraagarikkum poathu, maeki uyirvaazha oru vibachchaariyaaga maarukiraar, aanaal viraivil iranthuvidukiraar. grainin poomikkuriya porul mattrum avarathu noakkam, ariviyal paani, ozhukkaneri illaathathu, mejiki oru iyarkaiyaana padaippaagak kurikkirathu. villiyam deane howells. villiyam deane howells (1837-1920) yathaarththamaana muraiyil punaikathai mattrum katturaigalai ezhuthinaar. ilakkiyaththil yadhaarththavaatham pattriya avarathu karuththukkal avarathu sosalisa anugumuraigalukku inaiyaaga valarnththana. adlandic maathaanthira" mattrum "harbers idhazhin" aasiriyaraagavum, "oru naveena nigazhvu" mattrum "silas labamin ezhuchchi" poantra puththagangkalin aasiriyaraagavum, howells oru valuvaana karutthai velippaduththinaar mattrum avarathu koatpaadugalai niruvuvathil selvaakku seluththinaar. maark dwayne. maark dwayne endra thanathu punaippeyaraal nanku ariyapatta saamuvel clemens (1835-1910), misouriyin ellaip paguthiyaana hannipal nagaril valarnthaar. 19 aam noottraandin murpaguthiyil america ezhuththaalargal malar, unarchchi allathu aadambaramaaga irunththanar-oralavu avarkal innum aangkilaththaip poalavae nerththiyaaga ezhutha mudiyum enbathai niroobikka muyarchithathaal. aaprikkaavin pasumai malaikal" endra noolil ulla ernest hemingway, pala kaathal nanbarkal "avarkal uruvaakkik kondirundha oru puthiya englaandhin oru paguthiyaaga irunththa oru englaanththilirunthu naadukadaththappatta aangkila kaalaniththuvanggalaip poala ezhuthiyathu" endru ezhuthinaar...makkal eppoathum paechchil payanpaduththiya vaarththaigalai, mozhiyil uyirvaazhum vaarththaigalai avarkal payanpaduththavillai."athae katturaiyil, anaitthu america punaikathaikalum maark dwainin navalaana" "thii adventures off huckleberry finn" "ilirunththu vanthavai endru hemingway koorinaar". theeviramaana, yathaarththamaana, paechchuvalakku america uraiyai adippadaiyaagak konda dwainin paani, america ezhuththaalargalukku avarkalin thaesiya kuralukku oru puthiya paaraattaik koduththathu. naattin utpuraththilirunthu vantha muthal mukiya ezhuththaalar dwayne aavaar, maelum avar adhan thaniththuvamaana, nagaichchuvaiyaana paechchu mattrum icoclassmai kaippatrinaar. 19 aam noottraandin pirpaguthiyil iruvarukkum mattra america ezhuththaalargalukkum, yadhaarththavaatham enbathu verumanae oru ilakkiya nutpam allah idhu unmaiyaip paesuvatharkum, verichchodich sendra marabukalai vedippatharkum oru vazhiyaagum. dwayne thanathu padaippugal "daam saayar" mattrum "thii adventures off huckleberry finn" aagiyavattrirkaaga nanku ariyapattavar. saam. aarr. wadkins. saam. aarr. wadkins (1839-1901) 19 aam noottraandin america ezhuththaalar mattrum nagaichchuvai nipunar aavaar, avar thanathu ninaivuk kuripukkaaga migavum pirabalamaanavar. aytch, "idhu koottamaippu maanila iraanuvaththil oru sippaayaaga avarathu vaazhkkaiyai vivarikkirathu. avar "methuvaana nagaichchuvaiyaana troll paesinaar" mattrum oru kathaisolliyaaga asaathaarana valimayai velippaduththinaar. puththagaththin paaraattathakka gunangalil ondru adhan yadhaarththavaatham. poar" mattrum adhai ethirththup poaraadiya aangalai kaathal mayamakkiya oru vayathil, avar aachariyamaana velippadaiyudan ezhuthinaar. avarathu pakkankalin johnny reps anaiththum heeroakkal alla. wadkins siththarikkum sippaai vaazhkkai urchaagam mattrum magimaiyai vida manthamaagavum thunbamaagavum irunththathu. neenda payanangkalin soarvu, neenda kulirkaalaththin salippu, ozhukkaththin kadinatthanmai, athikaarigalin thiramaiyinmai, mana uruthiyin avvappoathu kuraipaadu, raeshan porutkalin nichchayamatra thanmai mattrum kuraipaadu, iraanuvaththin valakkamaana soarvu aagiyavattraip pattri avar koorukiraar. avarathu poark kurippugal kundugalin payankaramaana alaral, sithaintha udalgalin payankaramaana thigil mattrum kaayamadaindhavargalin vaethanaiyaana kookkuralgal aagiyavattrai adikkadi kurippidugindrana. avarathu paenaa vivariththapadi poar oru kodooramaana mattrum moasamaana vanigamaaga irunththathu. mattravargal. theodar trazer, hendri james, jaak lundon, upton chinclair, john steinbeck, margared deland, edith warden mattrum jay. aagiyoar inththa vagaiyaana pira ezhuththaalargalil adangkuvar. dii. salinger. paththirigaith thurai. jacob riyis. jacob august riz (1849-1914), oru danish-america mukrekar paththirigaiyaalar, pugaippadak kalaignar mattrum samooga seerthiruththavaathi, denmarkin raipil piranthaar. newyorg nagaril ulla kuraindha athirshtachaaligalukku uthavuvatharkaaka thanathu pugaippada mattrum paththirigaith thiramaikalaip payanpaduththuvatharkaana arppanippukkaaga avar ariyappadugiraar, idhu avarathu perumpaalaana aeraalamaana ezhuththukkal mattrum pugaippadak katturaigalin porulaaka irunththathu. avar manithaabimaana laurence veellarin uthaviyudan newyoarkil "maathiri kudiyiruppugalai" seyalpaduththa udhavinaar. flash payanpaduththa aarambagaala pugaippadak kalaignargalil oruvaraaga, avar pugaippadaththil oru munnoadiyaagak karudhappadugiraar. ilamaik kalai. ard young (1866-1943) oru america cartoonist mattrum ezhuththaalar aavaar. 1911 muthal 1917 varai theevira idhazhaana "thii maas"-kku ilam paruvaththinar inai aasiriyaraaga irunththa avarathu sosalisa kaarttoongalukku avar migavum pirabalamaanavar. ilainyargal podhuvaaga araajanaithigamaaga thodangkinar, aanaal padippadiyaaga idathusaari karuththukkalil aarvam kaattinar, 1906 allathu atharkul thannai oru sosalisavadhi endru karudhinar. avar arasiyal reethiyaaga surusuruppaaga irunthaar; 1910 vaakkil, ina mattrum paaliyal paagupaadu mattrum muthalaaliththuva amaippin aneethigal avarathu padaippugalil paravalaaka irunththana. isai. james aalan bland. james aee. bland (1854-1919) muthal mukiya aaprikka-america paatalaasiriyar aavaar, maelum avarathu paadalkalukku peyar pettravar, "ennai pazhaiya kannigaiyidam alaiththuch sellungal". "maalaiyil sandhira olii mattrum" "thanga seruppugal" "avar ezhuthiya nanku ariyapatta paadalkal, maelum avar anthak kaalaththin pira vettrip paadalkalai ezhuthinaar, idhil" "pirakaasamaana oliyaal kaalaiyil" "mattrum" "thanga tirumanam" "adangkum". 1879 muthal 1882 varai thanathu perumpaalaana paadalkalai bland ezhuthinaar; 1881 aam aandil, avar yuu.ess. haverleyin unmaiyana vanna mintrellgaludan englaanththukku. bland americavai vida englaandhai adhiga palanalikkum vagaiyil kandupiditthaar, 1890 varai angkaeyae irunthaar; inththa kaalakattathil avar paadalkal ezhuthuvathai nirutthivittaar allathu oru aangkila veliyeettaalaraik kandupidikka mudiyavillai. chii.auuu. vellai. chii.auuu. vellai (1829-1892) 1869 aam aandil "ennai enn siriya padukkaiyil vaii" endra hiid paadalai ezhuthinaar, avarai oru mukiya paadalaasiriyaraaga niruvinaar. vellai theeviramaana abilaashaigalin patalasserior avarathu pala paadalkal kural kuvaardettugalukkaaga ezhuthappattana. avar ooparaa nigazhchchiyilum pala muyarchigalai maerkondaar. vellai, smith & kambeni endra isai veliyeettu niruvanaththin arai urimaiyaalaraaka, avar thanathu panikku oru thayaaraaga ulla kadaiyaik kondirundhaar, aanaal avarathu paadalkal thaan veliyeettu niruvanatthai aathariththana, vaeru vazhiyillai. vellai makkal pirabalamaana maedaiyil ezhuthuvathai avamathikkavillai-unmaiyil avar munnoadiyaana aaprikka-america maedai thayaarippirkaaga oru paadalai ezhuthinaar-aanaal avarathu mukiya veliyeedu barler paatakarukkaaka irunththathu. doublue.chii. kaikodukkum. doublue. chii. kaii (1873-1958) oru blues isaiyamaippaalar mattrum isaikkalainar aavaar, perumpaalum "bluesin thanthai" endru azhaikkappadugiraar. amerikkap paatalaasiriyarkalil migavum selvaakku mikkavargalil kaiththozhil ullathu. blues endru azhaikkappadum thaniththuvamaana america isai vadivaththai vaasiththa pala isaikkalainarkalil oruvaraaga avar irunththapoathilum, adharku adhan samagaala vadivaththai valangkiya perumai avarukku undu. blues vadivaththil isaiyai muthanmuthalil veliyidaathavar kaiyalaanaar, aanaal avar bluesai migavum ariyappadaatha piraanthiya isai paaniyilirunthu america isaiyil maelaathikka sakthigalil ondrukku kondu sentraar. thanathu paadalkalil naattuppurap porutkalaip payanpaduththiya oru padiththa isaikkalainar kaikku irunthaar. pala kalaignargalin paaniyiyal thaakkangalai adikkadi inaikkum avarathu padaippugalin aathaarangkalai aavanappaduththuvathil avar nermaiyaaga irunthaar. avar inththa naattuppura-isai vadivaththai nesiththathoadu, adharku oru maattraththaith thanthaar. scott joblin. scott joblin (chii. 1867/68-1917) oru aaprikka-america isaikkalainar mattrum roctime isaiyin isaiyamaippaalar aavaar, maelum avar migavum pirabalamaana nabaraaga irukkiraar. avarathu isai 1970 kazhil kanisamaana pugazh mattrum vimarsana mariyaathaiyai meendum pettrathu, kurippaaga avarathu migavum pirabalamaana isaiyamaippaana "pozhuthupoakku".

american vaastavikata american vaastavikata anedi kala, sangeetam mariyu saahityamlo samakaaleena saamaajika vaastavaalanu mariyu saadhaarana prajala jeevitaalanu mariyu rojuvaaree karyakalapalanu chithreekarinche shaili. eee udyamam 19va sataabdam madhyalo saahityamlo praarambhamaindi, 20va sataabdam praarambhamlo drushya kalalo oka mukhyamaina dhoranigaa maarindi. saamskrutika chitrana ayina ledhaa down town newyork nagaram yokka sundaramaina drushyam ayina, american vaastavika rachanalu nijamainavi emito nirvachinchadaaniki prayatninchaayi. U loe.ess. 20va sataabdam praarambhamlo kotta taram chitrakaarulu, rachayitalu mariyu paatrikeyulu vayassu perugutuu vachindi. chaalaa mandhi chitrakaarulu paatha yuu prabhavanni anubhavinchaaru.ess. thamus eekins, maerii cassot, zaan singer sargent, james mcneil wisler, winslo hommer, chiled hassom, zhe. vanti kalaakaarulu. alden veer, thamus polak anshatz, mariyu vilium merrit chaze. ayithe vaaru nagara jeevitaanni pratibimbimchae kotta mariyu marinta pattana rachanalanu srushtinchadaaniki aasakti chuupaaru mariyu yuu. ess loe graameena kante ekkuva pattana janabha kaligi unnaaru.ess. idhi kotta sataabdamloki pravesinchindi. 20va sataabdam praarambhamlo america. 19va sataabdam chivari nundi 20va sataabdam prarambham varaku, united states bhaarii paarisraamika, aardhika, saamaajika mariyu saamskrutika maarpulanu anubhavinchindi. european valasala nirantara ala mariyu antarjaateeya vaanijyaaniki perugutunna sambhaavyata americaku perugutunna vruddhi mariyu sreyassunu tecchipettindi. kala mariyu kalaatmaka vyakteekarana dwara (painting, saahityam mariyu sangeetamtho sahaa anni maadhyamaala dwara), "american vaastavikata" alankaarika "american prakruti drushyam" yokka alasata mariyu saamskrutika utsaaham mariyu intlo saadhaarana americanla jeevitaanni chithreekarinchadaaniki prayatninchindi. kalaakaarulu tama srujanaatmaka prajectula rangu, aakruti mariyu roopaanni prabhaavitam cheyadaaniki nagaramloni bhavalu, allikalu mariyu sabdaalanu upayoginchaaru. sangeetakaarulu 20va sataabdam praarambhamlo vegavantamaina mariyu vegavantamaina swabhaavaanni gamaninchaaru mariyu taja mariyu kotta vegamtho pratispandinchaaru. rachayitalu mariyu rachayitalu americanla gurinchi oka kotta kathanu chepparu; nijamaina americanlatho abbayilu mariyu ammayilu perigevaaru. fontasy nundi dhooramgaa velli, "ippudu" paie drushti saarinchina american vaastavikata oka kotta pravesha dwaaram mariyu purogatini andinchindi-aadhunikatanu parichayam cheyadam, mariyu vartamaanamlo undatam antey emiti. enimidi anie kooda piluvabade ashkan paatasaala mariyu padhi american chitrakaarulu anie piluvabade samuuham drushya kalalalo kotta american aadhunikavaadam yokka pradhana bhaganni srushtinchindi. ashkan paatasaala mariyu enimidi. yashkan paatasaala anedi 20va sataabdam praarambhamlo newyork nagaram yokka anubhootini rojuvaaree jeevitamlooni vaastavika chitraala dwara sangrahinchadaaniki prayatninchina newyork nagara kalaakaarula brundam. eee kalaakaarulu dhanavanthulu mariyu aasaajanaka aidava avenue saamaajika vyaktula kante dhanavanthulaina mariyu saamskrutikamgaa aakruti kaligina diguva taragati valasadaarulanu chithreekarinchadaaniki ishtapadataaru. aaa kaalamlooni oka vimarsakudiki vaari vishayaala empika nachaledu, indulo veedhulu, nivaasaalu, murikiwada nivaasulu mariyu zaan sloan vishayamlo, sraamika vargam tarachugaa vachhe sarassulu unnaayi. vaaru "viplavaatmaka nalla muthaa" mariyu "dushtatvaaniki apostalulu" gaa prasiddhi chendaaru." georg bellos. georg bellos (1882-1925), newyork nagaramlo chithrinchina nagara jeevitam. ayana chitraalalo vyakteekarana dhairyam mariyu pramaadaalu teesukoovadaaniki sumukhata undedi. 1909loe "eee club yokka iddaru sabhyulu" anae chitralekhanamlo kanipinchinatlugaa, athanu himsa patla aakarshitulayyaadu, idhi oka ghoramaina baxing drushyaanni varnistundi. 1913loe ayana chithrinchina "cliff nivaasulu" oka nirdishta drushyam kakunda aneka veekshanhala misramam ayina nagara-drushyaanni varnistundi. robbert henry. robbert henry (1865-1921) oka mukhyamaina american vaastavikavaadi mariyu ashkan paatasaalalo sabhyudu. henrieki saadhaarana jeevitam yokka drushyampai aasakti undedi. athanu vyaktulu, aparichitulapai drushti pettadu, pattanaalu mariyu nagarallo veedhullo vaegamgaa prayaaninchaadu. ayana vyaktula haasya chitrana kante saanubhootigala vyakti, tarachugaa chithreekarinchina vyakti yokka vecchadanaanni jodinchadaaniki cheekati nepathyaanni upayoginchevaaru. henry rachanalu balamaina brush strokelu mariyu bolled impasto dwara vargeekarinchabaddaayi, idhi paint yokka bhouthikathanu nokki cheppindi. henry glackenlu, looks, shinn mariyu slonelanu prabhaavitam chesaadu. 1906loe, athanu national academy off designku ennikayyaadu, conny athani vruttamlooni chitrakaarulu academy yokka 1907 exhibition kosam tiraskarinchabadinappudu, athanu thoti nyaayamuurtulapai pakshapaatam chuupimchaadani aaropinchaadu mariyu thana sonta pradarsananu nirvahinchaalani nirnayinchukuni jurie nundi vellipoyaadu. taruvaata ayana academyni "kala yokka smasaanavaatika" gaa paerkonnaaru. everet shinn. yashkan paatasaala sabhyudu ayina everate shinn (1876-1953), newyork mariyu theatre yokka aneka chitraalaku, mariyu newyork nagaramloni thana inti nundi prerana pondina vilaasavantamaina mariyu aadhunika jeevitamlooni vividha amsaalaku prasiddhi chendaadu. athanu london, paris mariyu newyork nundi theatre sannivesaalanu chitrinchaadu. athanu jeevitam yokka pattana drushyamlo aasaktini kanugonnadu, theatre mariyu raddiigaa unde seatlu mariyu jeevitam madhya samaantaraalanu geesaadu. digas maadirigaa kakunda, shinn prekshakulu mariyu pradarsanakaarula madhya paraspara charyanu chitreekarinchaaru. georg benjamin looks. georg bii. looks (1866-1933) manhatton diguva thoorpu vaipuna nivasinchina oka ashkan paatasaala kalakarudu. looks painting "hester streat" (1905) loe, athanu pillalanu bommatho oka vyakti vinodaatmakamgaa chuupistumdagaa, oka mahila mariyu dukaanadaarudu nepathyamlo sambhaashanhanu kaligi unnaarani choopinchaadu. veekshakudu daani paina kakunda gumpulo untaadu. kaarmika-taragati valasadaarulalo oka rakamaina nrutyam ayina "speelers" loe iddaru yuvatulu nrutyam cheyadam choopinchadam dwara looks diguva thoorpu vaipuna saanukuula spin vestundi; pedarikam unnappatikee, pillalu veedhiloo nrutyam chestaaru. athanu vishaadam kante paedala jeevitamlo aanandam mariyu andam kosam chustadu. vilium glackens. thana kereer praarambhamlo, vilium glackens (1870-1938) washington square paarkulo thana studio chuttoo unna parisaraalanu chitrinchaadu. athanu vijayavantamaina vaanijya chitrakaarudu kooda, samakaaleena magazinela kosam aneka draayinglu mariyu water kalarlanu roopondinchaadu, idhi vaari rojuvaaree jeevitamlo newyorkarlanu haasyabharitamgaa chithreekarinchindi. taruvaata jeevitamlo, athanu samudra teeram mariyu french nadipai thana prabhaavaseela abhipraayaala kosam "american renoir" gaa baga prasiddhi chendaadu. zaan sloan. zaan sloan (1871-1951) 20va sataabdam praarambhamlo ashkan paatasaalaku chendina vaastavikavaadi, ayana american saamaajika paristhithulatho aandolanalu 1910loe soshalistu paarteelo chaeradaaniki daariteesaayi. vaastavaaniki philadelphia nundi, athanu 1904 tarvaata newyorklo panicheesaadu. 1912 nundi 1916 varaku, athanu soshalistu nelawari "maas" kuu drushtaamtaalanu andinchaadu. sloan pracharanni ishtapadaledu, mariyu thana chitraalalo vale "prajala" kosam thana chitraalalo, athanu prajala rojuvaaree jeevitaalapai drushti pettadu. athanu mahilaa vishayaalaku praadhaanyatanistuu kaarmika vargam yokka visraantini chithreekarinchaadu. ayana baga telisina rachanalalo "picnic grounds" mariyu "aadivaaram, mahilalu tama juttunu endabettadam" unnaayi. athanu ashkan paatasaala varganni ishtapadaledu mariyu kalaa charitrakaarulato thana kopaanni vyaktam chesaadu, vaaru atanni american sannivesam yokka chitrakaarudigaa gurtinchaaruh "manalo kondaru mana chuttoo unna jeevitam gurinchi konchem sunnitamaina vyakhyalanu chithrinchevaaru. idhi american drushyam anie maaku teliyadu. naaku aaa paeru nachaledu...idhi jaateeyavaadaaniki oka lakshanam, idhi eee prapanchamlo chaalaa ibbandulanu kaliginchindi." edward happer. edward happer (1882-1967) pramukha american vaastavika chitrakaarudu mariyu mudranakaarudu. happer american vaastavikavaadulalo atyanta aadhunikudu mariyu atyanta samakaaleenudu. ayana thana taila chitraalaku prasiddhi chendinappatikii, jalavarna kalakarudiga mariyu mudranalo mudranakartagaa samanamga praaveenyam kaligi unnaaru. athani pattana mariyu graameena drushyaalalo, athani vidi mariyu chakkaga lekkinchina anuvaadaalu aadhunika american jeevitam gurinchi athani vyaktigata drushtini pratibimbimchaayi. happer guruvu robbert henry thana vidyaarthulanu "prapanchamlo oka gandaragolaanni srushtinchadaaniki" vaari kalanu upayoginchamani prothsahinchaadu. idhi mukhyamaina vishayam kaadu, conny daani gurinchi meeru emanukuntunnaro" mariyu "kala gurinchi marchipothe mariyu jeevitamlo meeku aasakti unna chitraalanu chithrinchadam" anie kooda ayana thana vidyaarthulaku salaha icchaaru. eee paddhatiloo, henry happernu, alaage vidyaarthulaina georg bellos mariyu rockwell kentnu prabhaavitam chesi, pattana jeevitaaniki sambandhinchina vaastavika chitranalanu andinchadaaniki vaarini prerepinchaadu. henry vruttamlooni kontamandi kalaakaarulu, maroka happer upadhyayudu zaan slonetho sahaa, enimidi mandhi sabhyuluga maararu, dheenini ashkan school off american art anie kooda pilustaaru. athani prasiddha interiorlanu soochinche athani modati ayil painting "theatres ontari vyakti" (c. 1904). thana vidyaarthi samvatsaraallo, happer thana sweeya-chitraalato sahaa dozenla koddi nagna chitraalu, sthiramaina jeevitaalu, prakruti drushyaalu mariyu chitraalanu kooda chitrinchaadu. itara drushya kalaakaarulu. joseph stella, charless sheeler, jonas lye, edward villis redfield, joseph pennel, leone croll, bii.zhe.o. nordfeld, gertrude casebear, alfred steaglitz, edward steachen, ii. zhe. bellock, phillip coach, david hannah rachayitalu. horatio algar, Jr.. horatio algar, Jr. (1832-1899) 19va sataabdapu goppa american rachayita, ayana pradhana rachanalu boot blocks, nyuus boys, peddler, bassarlu mariyu itara paedha pillala saahasalanu anusarinchina formulock rogs-tuu-riches baalya navalalu, ivi vinayapoorvakamaina nepathyaala nundi gouravapradamaina madhyataragati bhadrata mariyu soukaryavantamaina jeevitaalaku edigaayi. athani navalalu, veetilo "rogged dick" oka vilakshanhamaina udaaharana, vaari rojullo baga prachuryam pondaayi. steffen crain. newjerseelooni newyorklo janminchina stephen crain (1871-1900), american viplavaatmaka yuddha yugam, sainikulu, mataadhikaarulu, sherieflu, nyaayamuurtulu mariyu oka sataabdam kritam jeevinchina raitulu varaku muulaalanu kaligi undhi. pradhanamgaa kalpana, vyasalu, kavitvam mariyu natakalu kooda raasina paatrikeyudu, crain murikivaadallo mariyu yuddhabhoomulalo daani raast vadda jeevitaanni chusindi. athani ventade poura yuddha navala "dhi redd badge off dhairyam" 1895loe goppa prasamsalanu andukundi, conny thana aarogyaanni nirlakshyam chesina athanu 28 yella vayasulo maraninche mundu drushtini aakarshinchadaaniki samayam dorakaledu. athanu thana maranam nundi nirantara vijayanni pondaadu-samanyudi vijaetagaa, vastavikavaadigaa mariyu prateekavaadigaa. crains "(1893) uttamamaina vaatilo okati, kakapoyina toli, sahaja american navala. idhi oka paedha, sunnitamaina ammai yokka baadhinche katha, aame niraksharaasyulaina, madyapaana tallidandrulu aamenu puurtigaa viphalaparustaaru. premalo, mariyu thana himsaatmaka inti nundi tappinchukovadaaniki aasaktigaa, aame tananu taanu oka yuvakuditho jeevinchadaaniki pralobhapettadaaniki anumatistundi, athanu tvaralo aamenu vadilivestaadu. aame swayam-neethimanthudaina talli aamenu tiraskarinchinappudu, maagee manugada saaginchadaaniki vaesya avutundi, conny tvaralo maranistundi. crain yokka bhusambandhamaina vishayam mariyu athani lakshyam, shaastreeya shaili, naitikata laenidi, magiini prakruti shaastravetta panigaa gurtistundi. vilium deane howells. vilium deane howells (1837-1920) vaastavika reetilo kalpana mariyu vyasalu raasaaru. saahityamlo vaastavikata gurinchi ayana aalochanalu ayana saamyavaada vaikhariki samaantaramgaa abhivruddhi chendaayi. atlantic nelawari" mariyu "harpers magazine" sampaadakudigaa, mariyu "eah moderan instance" mariyu "dhi raiz off silas lapham" vanti pustakaala rachayitagaa, howells balamaina abhiprayanni vyaktam chesaaru mariyu thana siddhaantaalanu sthaapinchadamlo prabhaavavantamgaa unnaaru. maark twine. maark twine anae kalam paerutoe baga telisina shamyul clemens (1835-1910), misouriilooni hannibal sarihaddu pattanamlo perigaadu. 19va sataabdam praarambhamlo american rachayitalu pushpinchevaaru, bhavodveganiki gurainavaru ledhaa aadambaramgaa undevaaru-paakshikamgaa vaaru ippatikee aanglam vale chakkaga vraayagalarani niroopinchadaaniki prayatnistunnaaru. green hills off africa" loe ernest hemingway "chaalaa mandhi romantics" vaaru tayaaru chestunna kotta inglandlo ennadoo bhaagam kaani ingland nundi bahishkarinchabadina aangla valasavaadula vale raasaaru "anie raasaaru...prajalu ellappuduu prasangamlo upayoginchina padaalanu, bhaashalo manugada saaginche padaalanu vaaru upayoginchaledu."adhe vyaasamlo, anni american fictionlu maark twine navala" "dhi adventures off huckleberry finn" "nundi vachayani hemingway paerkonnaadu". balamaina, vaastavika, vyaavahaarika american prasangam aadhaaramgaa roopondinchina twine shaili, american rachayitalaku vaari jaateeya swaraaniki kotta prasamsalanu ichindi. twine desham lopali nundi vacchina modati pradhana rachayita, mariyu athanu daani vilakshanhamaina, haasya yaasa mariyu iconoclasmnu swaadheenam chesukunnadu. 19va sataabdam chivaralo iddaru mariyu itara american rachayitalaku, vaastavikata kevalam oka saahitya saanketikata kaaduh idhi nijam matlade mariyu vicchinnamaina sampradaayaalanu pelche maargam. twine thana rachanalu "tomm saayar" mariyu "dhi adventures off huckleberry finn" laku prasiddhi chendaadu. saam. aarr. watkins. saam. aarr. watkins (1839-1901) 19va sataabdapu american rachayita mariyu haasyarachayita, ayana thana aatmakatha "koo" kuu prasiddhi chendaaru. aych, "idhi confederate state armylo sainikudiga athani jeevitaanni vivaristundi. athanu "nemmadigaa haasyabharitamgaa matladadu" mariyu kathakudugaa asaadhaarana parakramanni pradarsinchaadu. eee pustakam yokka prasamsaneeyamaina lakshanaalalo okati daani vaastavikata. yuddham" nuu srungaarabharitamgaa maarchadaaniki mariyu daanitoe pooraadina purushulaku prasiddhi chendina yugamlo, athanu aascharyakaramaina spashtatato raasaadu. athani pejiilalooni johnny rebs annee nayakulu kaadu. watkins chithreekarinchina sainika jeevitam utsaaham mariyu keerti kante nistejatvam mariyu badhanu kaligi undhi. sudeergha yaatrala yokka alasatanu anichivese alasata gurinchi, sudeergha siitaakaalapu alasata yokka visugu mariyu asoukaryam gurinchi, kramasikshana yokka monditanam mariyu kathinatvam gurinchi, adhikaarula asamarthatha gurinchi, manosthairyamlo aavartana lopaalu gurinchi, reshanla anischiti mariyu alpatvam gurinchi, mariyu sainyam yokka dinacharya yokka alasipoye alasata gurinchi ayana chaalaa chebutaaru. athani yuddha vruttaamtaalu tarachugaa gundla bhayankaramaina arupulu, vikruta sareeraala bhayankaramaina bhayanakata mariyu gayapadina vaari baadhaakaramaina arupulanu suuchistaayi. athani lekhalo vivarinchinatlugaa yuddham krooramaina mariyu neechamaina vyaparam. itarulu. eee vidhamaina itara rachayithalalo theodor drazer, henry james, jaak london, upton synclair, zaan steinbeck, margaret deland, edith warton mariyu zhe. dii. salinger. journalism. jacob riyas. jacob august ris (1849-1914), oka danish-american makrakar journalist, photographer mariyu saamaajika samskarta, denmarkloni riblo janminchaaru. newyork nagaramlo takkuva adrushtavantulaku sahayam cheyadaaniki thana photographic mariyu journalism pratibhanu upayoginchadaaniki ayana ankitabhaavaaniki prasiddhi chendaaru, idhi athani phalavantamaina rachanalu mariyu photographic vyaasaalaku chaalaa varaku vishayam. athanu manavata nyaayavaada wheeler sahayamtho newyorklo "modal tenements" amaluku sahayam chesaadu. flaashnu upayoginchina toli photographerlalo okarigaa, athanu photography maargadarsakudigaa pariganinchabaddaadu. kalakarudu yuva. art young (1866-1943) oka american cartoonist mariyu rachayita. ayana thana soshalistu kaartoonlaku, mukhyamgaa 1911 nundi 1917 varaku "dhi maas" anae radikal magazine kosam geesina vatiki, atyanta prasiddhi chendaaru, andulo yuvakulu saha-sampaadakudigaa unnaaru. yuvakulu saadhaaranamgaa raajakeeyam kaani vaaruga prarambhamayyaru, conny kramamga vamapaksha aalochanalapai aasakti chuupaaru, 1906 natiki tananu taanu soshalistugaa bhaavinchukunnaaru. ayana rajakeeyamgaa churukuga maararu; 1910 natiki, jaathi mariyu laingika vivaksha mariyu pettubadidaarii vyavastha yokka anyayalu ayana rachanalalo prabalamaina itivruttaalugaa marai. sangeetam. james allen bland. james eah. bland (1854-1919) modati pramukha african-american paatala rachayita mariyu athani yakshagaanaaniki prasiddhi chendaadu, "nannu paatha kanyaku tirigi teesukuvellandi". "saayantram samayamlo chandrakanti dwara" "mariyu" "bangaaru cheppulu" "ayana raasina prasiddha paatalu, mariyu ayana" "udayaanne prakaasavantamaina kaanti dwara" "mariyu" "bangaaru vivaham" "thoo sahaa aaa kaalamlooni itara vijayavantamaina paatalanu raasaaru". 1879 nundi 1882 varaku thana paatalalo chaalaa varaku bland raasaaru; 1881loe ayana yuu nuu vidichipettaru.ess. haverley yokka nijamaina rangu minstrells thoo ingland kosam. united states kante ingland ekkuva bahumatigaa undani bland kanugonnadu mariyu 1890 varaku akkade unnadu; eee kaalamlo athanu paatalu rayadam manesadu ledhaa athanu aangla prachuranakartanu kanugonalekapoyadu. sii.eah. tellagaa untundi. sii.eah. white (1829-1892) 1869loe "nannu naa chinna manchamlo unchandi" anae hitt patanu vraasi, atanni pradhana paatala rachayitagaa sthaapinchaadu. tellavaadu teevramaina aakaankshala geetarachayitah athani aneka paatalu swaraala kosam vrayabaddayi. athanu operaalo kooda aneka prayatnaalu chesaadu. white, smith & company anae sangeeta prachurana samsthaku sagam yajamaniga, athanu thana paniki siddhamgaa unna avutletnu kaligi unnadu, conny athani paatalu prachurana samsthaku maddatu icchaayi, itara maargam kaadu. tellavaaru prajaadarana pondina vedika kosam rayadanni asahyinchukoledu-vaastavaaniki athanu maargadarsaka african-american rangasthala nirmaanam kosam "avt off bandage" kosam oka paata raasaadu-conny athani pradhana utpatti parlor gayakudi kosam. doubleu.sii. upayogakaramgaa untundi. doubleu. sii. handy (1873-1958) oka blues swarakarta mariyu sangeetakaarudu, tarachugaa "blues yokka tandri" gaa piluvabaddadu. atyanta prabhaavavantamaina american paatala rachayithalalo upayogakaramainavi migilipoyayi. blues anie piluvabade vilakshanhamaina american sangeeta roopaanni vaayinchina aneka mandhi sangeetakaarulalo ayana okaru ayinappatikee, daaniki daani samakaaleena roopaanni icchina ghanata aayanaku dakkindi. blues roopamlo sangeetaanni prachurinchina modati vyakti kakapoyinappatiki, athanu bluesnu antagaa teliyani praantiiya sangeeta shaili nundi american sangeetamlo aadhipatya saktulalo okadaaniki teesukunnadu. thana rachanalalo jaanapada vastuvulanu upayoginchina vidyaavantudaina sangeetakaarudu upayoginchevaadu. athanu thana rachanala muulaalanu document cheyadamlo telivigaa undevaadu, idhi tarachugaa aneka mandhi pradarsakula nundi saileekruta prabhavalanu militam chestundi. athanu eee jaanapada-sangeeta roopaanni ishtapaddadu mariyu daaniki parivartana sparsanu teesukuvacchaadu. scott joplin. scott joplin (c. 1867/68-1917) oka african-american sangeetakaarudu mariyu ragtime sangeeta swarakarta mariyu atyanta prasiddha vyaktigaa migilipoyaru. 1970laloe, mukhyamgaa athani atyanta prasiddha kuurpu "dhi entertainer" kosam, athani sangeetam gananeeyamaina prajaadarana mariyu vimarsanaatmaka gowravaanni pondindi.

americi haqeeqat pasandi americi haqeeqat pasandi funn mausiqi aur adab kaa eek aisa andaaz thaa jiss mein asree samaji hqaiq aur aam logon kii zindagiyon aur rozmarah kii sargarmiyon kuu dikhaya gayaa thaa. yaha tehreek 19 wein sadee kay wast mein adab mein sharoo hoyee aur 20 wein sadee kay awail mein basri funn mein eek aham rajhaan bunn gayee. chahay saqafati tasveer kashee how yaa shehar kay markaz neoyork kaa qadarti manzar americi haqeeqat pasandanah kaamon nay iss baath kii wazahat karnay kii koshish kii kahh haqeeqi kiyaa thaa. yuu mein.aiss. 20 wein sadee kay aaghaz mein masuron masnafeen aur sahafiyon kii eek nayee nasal arooj parr aaa rahee thee. behat say masuron nay amar rasidah yuu kay asar kuu mahsus kiyaa.aiss. thamas acons meeri cast jaan sangar saarjant jaims meek neel seaty wanaslo homar child haasim jay jeesay fankaar. elden wear thamas polaak anshotz aur waleem merriot kaa peecha. tahim wah nayey aur ziyadah shehri kaam bananay mein dilchaspi rakhtay thay juu shehri zindagi aur eek aisi aabadi kii akaasi kartay haine juu america mein deehi say ziyadah shehri thee.aiss. jeesay jeesay yaha nayee sadee mein daakhil hawaa. 20 wein sadee kay awail mein america. 19 wein sadee kay aakhir say 20 wein sadee kay awail takk riyasathaye muthadah nay behat bury sanaati maashi samaji aur saqafati tabdili kaa tajarbah kiyaa. europi immigration kii muslisil lehar aur beenn alaqwami tajarat kay badhtay hoay amkanat nay america mein tarqi aur khushhali mein izafah kiyaa. funn aur fankarana izhaar kay zariye (penting adab aur mausiqi sameet tamaam zaraye kay zariye)yee "americi haqeeqat pasandi" nay alamati "americi manzar naamay" aur gahar mein aam americiyon kii zindagi kay thakawat aur saqafati josh woo kharoosh kuu paish karnay kii koshish kii. funkaron nay apnay takhliqi mansubon kay rung saakhat aur shakal kuu mutasir karnay kay liye shehar kay jazbaat banawat aur aawazon kaa istemaal kiyaa. mausiqaron nay 20 wein sadee kay awail kii teez raftaar aur teez raftaar noiyat kuu dekha aur eek taazah aur nayee raftaar kay saath jawaab diyaa. masnafeen aur masnafeen nay americiyon kay baaray mein eek nayee kahaani sanayi vovo ladkay aur ladkiyan haqeeqi americi baday how saktay thay. fantasi say door how kirr aur "ubhee" parr taujah markoz kartay huay americi haqeeqat pasandi nay eek neeya darwazah aur eek paish raft paish kii-jadidiyat kuu mutaarif karaana aur haal mein honay kaa kiyaa matlab hay. aishkan school jasay aett kay naam say bhee jaana jaataa hay aur duss americi masuron kay naam say jaanay jaanay waalay grop nay basri fanoon mein nayee americi jadidiyat kaa markaz banaya. ashkan school aur aath. aishkan school neoyork shehar kay funkaron kaa eek grop thaa jinhon nay rozmarah kii zindagi kii haqeeqat pasandanah tasveeron kay zariye 20 wein sadee kay awail kay neoyork shehar kay ahsaas kuu haasil karnay kii koshish kii. inn funkaron nay ameer aur ameed afza panchwen avenio socialite kay bajaye ameer aur saqafati toor parr saakhta nichley tabqe kay tarkeen watan kuu paish karnaa tarjih dee. iss waqat kay eek nqad kuu inn kay mazamin kaa intekhaab pasand nahein aayaa jiss mein guliyaan makanaat kachee aabadi kay baashinde shaamil thay aur jaan salwan kay muamile mein sharaab khaaney jinn mein aksar mazdoor tabqe kaa aanaa jaana thaa. wah "inqilabi seeyah garwah" aur "badsurat kay rasoolon" kay naam say jaanay jaanay lagay." jaarj beloz. jaarj beloz (1882-1925)yee neoyork shehar mein rangeen shehri zindagi. inn kii pentings mein izhaar pasandanah daliri aur khatrah moul leenay kii aamadgi thee. inhein tashdad say dilchaspi thee jaisa kahh inn kii 1909 kii penting "iss kalb kay donon arkaan" mein dekha gayaa hay jiss mein baaksing kay eek khufnaak manzar kuu dikhaya gayaa hay. inn kii 1913 kii penting "chatanon parr rehney waalon" mein shehar kay manzar naamay kuu dikhaya gayaa hay juu eek khaas manzar nahein hay balkah behat say nizaron kaa markab hay. raabart hunry. raabart hunry (1865-1921) eek aham americi haqeeqat pasand aur aishkan school kay rakan thay. hunry kuu aam zindagi kay tamashe mein dilchaspi thee. iss nay afraad ajnabiyon parr taujah markoz kii juu qasbon aur shehron kii galiyon mein teezi say guzar rahay thay. wah logon kii mazahiya tasveer kashee kay bajaye eek humdard thaa aksar iss shaqs kii garm joshi mein izafah karnay kay liye tareek piss manzar kaa istemaal kartaa thaa. hunry kay kaamon kii khususiyat zabardast barsh stroke aur bould umpasto say thee jiss nay paint kii maadiyat parr zoor diyaa. hunry nay glackens lucks shunn aur salwan kuu mutasir kiyaa. 1906 mein wah national academy aaf design kay liye muntakhib huay leakin jabb inn kay halqay kay masuron kuu academy kii 1907 kii numaish kay liye mustarid kirr diyaa gayaa tuu inhon nay saathi jajon parr taasib kaa alzaam lagaya aur jewari say waak aaot kirr kay apnaa eek show munaqid karnay kaa faislah kiyaa. baad mein inhon nay academy kuu "aart kaa qabristan" qaraar diyaa. averate shunn. aishkan school kay eek rakan averate shunn (1876-1953) neoyork aur theater kii apnee mutadid pentings aur neoyork shehar mein apnay gahar say mutasir eish woo ashrat aur jadeed zindagi kay mukhtalif pahluwon kay liye mashhur thay. inhon nay landan peers aur neoyork kay theater kay munazir paint kiye. asay zindagi kay shehri tamashe mein dilchaspi millie theater aur hujum waali nashaston aur zindagi kay darmiyan matwazi khainchte hoay. degas kay barakas shunn nay saamayin aur adakaar kay darmiyan taamil kuu dikhaya. jaarj benjaman laks. jaarj bee. laks (1866-1933) eek ashkan school kaa fankaar thaa juu meen heaton kay nichley mashriq kii taraf rehta thaa. lick kii penting "hester strait" (1905) mein wah bachon kuu khilona lay kirr eek aadmi kii taraf say tafrih kartay hoay dikhata hay jabkah piss manzar mein eek aurat aur dukandar baath cheet kartay haine. nazireen hujum kay oopar kay bajaye iss kay darmiyan hotay haine. lock duu naujawan ladkiyon kuu "dee spellers" mein raqs kartay hoay dikhaa kirr nichley mashriq kii taraf eek masbat moad daalta hay juu kahh mahnat kash tabqe kay tarkeen watan mein eek qasm kaa raqs hay vovo gharbat kay bawajood bachay sadak parr raqs kartay haine. wah almiah kay bajaye gharibon kii zindagi mein khushi aur khubsurati talaash kartaa hay. waleem gleekens. apnay carrier kay awail mein waleem gleekens (1870-1938) nay washington squire paark mein apnay studio kay aas paas kay mahley kuu paint kiyaa. wah eek kamiyab tajarti masoor bhee thay jinhon nay asree rasalon kay liye mutadid drying aur waater cler tayaar kiye jinn mein neo yarkers kuu inn kii rozmarah kii zindagiyon mein mazahiya andaaz mein paish kiyaa gayaa. baad kii zindagi mein wah saahil samandar aur francisi nadee kay baaray mein apnay taasraat kay liye "american renoir" kay naam say behat ziyadah mashhur thay. jaan salwan. jaan salwan (1871-1951) 20 wein sadee kay awail mein ashkan school kay haqeeqat pasand thay jinn kay americi samaji halaat kay saath khadshaat nay inhein 1910 mein socialist paarti mein shaamil honay parr majbur kiyaa. asl mein fladelfia say inhon nay 1904 kay baad neoyork mein kaam kiyaa. 1912 say 1916 takk inhon nay socialist mahanah "awaam" mein akaasi kii. salwan kuu propaiganda pasand nahein thaa aur "awaam" kay liye apnee drying mein jaisa kahh inn kii pentings mein inhon nay logon kii rozmarah kii zindagiyon parr taujah markoz kii. inhon nay khwatin kay mazamin parr zoor deetay hoay mahnat kash tabqe kay farsat kuu dikhaya. inn kay mashhur kaamon mein "paknak ground" aur "atwaar khwatin apnay baal khashak karti haine" shaamil haine. asay ashkan school kaa zamrah pasand nahein thaa aur iss nay aart kay morkheen say apnee narazgi kaa izhaar kiyaa jinhon nay asay americi manzar naamay kay masoor kay toor parr shanakhat kiyaa: "humm mein say kachh loag apnay ard gird kii zindagi kay baaray mein behat kumm hasaas tabsaray kartay thay. hamein malum nahein thaa kahh yaha americi manzar thaa. majhay naam pasand nahein hay...qoom parasti kii alaamat jiss nay iss duniya mein behat preshani paida kii hay." edward hopar. edward hopper (1882-1967) eek mamtaz americi haqeeqat pasandanah masoor aur print macker thaa. hopper americi haqeeqat pasandanah aur sabb say ziyadah asree hay. agarcha wah apnee aayel pentings kay liye sabb say ziyadah mashhur thay leakin wah waater clerst aur print macker kay toor parr nqashi mein yaksaan toor parr maahir thay. inn kay shehri aur deehi donon munazir mein inn kay izaafi aur barek andaaz mein paish kiye gayey tarjume jadeed americi zindagi kay baaray mein inn kay zaati wazan kii akaasi kartay haine. hopper kay astaad raabart hunry nay apnay talbaa kuu "duniya mein halchal machanay" kay liye apnay funn kuu istemaal karnay kii targhib dee. inhon nay apnay talbaa kuu yaha bhee mashurah diyaa kahh "yaha wah mozua nahein hay juu aham hay balkah aap iss kay baaray mein kiyaa mahsus kartay haine" aur "aart kay baaray mein bhool jayein aur zindagi mein aap kii dilchaspi kii tasavir paint karein. iss tarah hunry nay hopper kay saath saath talbaa jaarj beloz aur raak weel kent kuu bhee mutasir kiyaa aur inhein shehri zindagi kii haqeeqat pasandanah akaasi karnay kii targhib dee. hunry kay halqay kay kachh fankaar jinn mein jaan salwan bhee shaamil haine juu hopar kay eek aur astaad haine aath kay rakan bunn gayey jinhein aishkan school aaf american aart bhee kahaa jaataa hay. inn kii pehli maujudah aayel penting jiss nay inn kay mashhur androni hasoon kaa asharah diyaa wah theater mein akeeli shaqsiyat thee (c. 1904). apnay taalib alam kay saalon kay doraan hopar nay darjanon aryaan abb bhee zindah munazir aur portrait bhee paint kiyay jinn mein inn kii khood kii tasavir bhee shaamil haine. deegar basri fankaar. jozaf steela charlis sheelar jonaas laayi edward waleemas reed feld jozaf pineel leone croll bee.jay.awo. nordfeld gairtroad casbier alfared steagletz edward steachan ayee. jay. belak flip coach dude hanaa masnafeen. hortio algar juniyar.. hortio algar juniyar. (1832-1899) 19 wein sadee kay eek shandar americi masnaf thay jinn kii asl paidawar farmolk raag tuu reech nabaligh naawalon kii thee juu boat bleek newz bawaae peddler biskers aur deegar gharib bachon kii muham joyee kii peervi kartay thay. inn kay mamuli piss manzar say qaabil ehteram matusat tabqe kii salamati aur scone kii zindagiyon mein izafah hawaa. inn kay naawal jinn mein say "khardaray dunk" eek aam misaal hay inn kay zamanay mein behat maqbool thay. stephan kareen. newarik neo jarsi mein paida honay waali stephan kareen (1871-1900) kii jadein americi inqilabi jung kay door fojiyon paadriyon sheerfon jajon aur kasaanon say milti haine juu eek sadee pehley rahh chakay thay. bunyadi toor parr eek sahafi jiss nay afsanay mazamin shayeri aur dramay bhee likhay kareen nay kachee aabadiyon aur medaan jung mein zindagi kuu apnay ghasey mein dekha. inn kaa khaanah jangi kaa khufnaak naawal "dee reed beej aaf haars" 1895 mein behat pazirayi kay saath shaye hawaa leakin apnee sehat kuu nazar andaaz kartay hoay 28 saal kii amar mein inteqal karnay say pehley inn kay paas taujah mein rehney kaa mashkal say waqat thaa. inhon nay apnee moth kay baad say muslisil kamiyabi haasil kii hay-aam aadmi kay champine haqeeqat pasand aur alamati kay toor parr. crains "(1893) behtareen mein say eek hay agar ibtadayi nahein thoo qadarti americi naawal. yaha eek gharib hasaas ladki kii taklif dhah kahaani hay jiss kay nakhwandah sharaabi waldeen asay makmal toor parr nakaam banaa deetay haine. mohabat mein aur apnay pratashdad gahar say bachnay kay liye bay cheen wah khood kuu eek naujawan kay saath rehney kay liye behkanay kii ajazat deeti hay juu jald hyee asay chhod deeta hay. jabb iss kii khood rastbaz maan asay mustarid kirr deeti hay tuu meegi zindah rehney kay liye tawaif bunn jaati hay leakin jald hyee marr jaati hay. kareen kaa zamini mozua aur iss kaa maqsad sciency andaaz akhlaqi honay say khaali meegi kuu eek maahir fitrat kay kaam kay toor parr nashaan zad kartaa hay. waleem deane hovels. waleem deane hovels (1837-1920) nay haqeeqat pasandanah andaaz mein afsanay aur mazamin likhay. adab mein haqeeqat pasandi kay baaray mein inn kay khayalat inn kay ishteraki raviyon kay matwazi toor parr tayaar hoay. atlantik mahanah" aur "harper megzin" kay editor kay toor parr aur "aey modern instains" aur "dee raiz aaf sailas leepham" jaisi kitaabon kay masnaf kay toor parr hovels nay eek mazboot raaye kaa mazahirah kiyaa aur apnay nazaryaat kuu qayem karnay mein baasir thay. maark tween. samoel cleamens (1835-1910)yee juu maark tween kay apnay qalam naam say mashhur haine sarhadi shehar hanibal mesori mein plaa badhaa. 19 wein sadee kay awail mein americi masnafeen phul daar jazbati yaa shoqia hotay thay-jazwi toor parr iss liye kahh wah abb bhee yaha saabat karnay kii koshish kirr rahay thay kahh wah angrezi kii tarah khubsurat tareeqe say likh saktay haine. afriqah kii sabz pahadiyon" mein arnist hemingway nay likhaa hay kahh behat say romanvi "" nay england say jalawatan angrezi nawabadiyat kii tarah likhaa jiss kaa wah kabhi bhee kasee nayey england kaa hasah nahein thay jasay wah banaa rahay thay...inhon nay wah alfaz istemaal nahein kiye juu logon nay hamishah taqrir mein istemaal kiye haine wah alfaz juu zabaan mein zindah rehtay haine."asee mazmun mein hemingway nay kahaa kahh tamaam americi afsanay maark tween kay naawal" "dee adventures aaf huckle barry funn" "say aayey haine. zoor aawar haqeeqat pasandanah boul chaal waali americi taqrir parr mubni tween kay andaaz nay americi masnafeen kuu inn kii qomi aawaz kii eek nayee tareef dee. tween milk kay androni hasoon say aaney waalay pehley baday masnaf thay aur inhon nay iss kii makhsus mazahiya zabaan aur iconoclasm kuu apnee giraft mein liyaa. 19 wein sadee kay awakhir kay duu aur deegar americi masnafeen kay liye haqeeqat pasandi mahaz eek adbi taknik nahein thee: yaha sach bolnay aur ghair manfati conventions kuu phaadnay kaa eek tariqah thaa. tween apnay kaamon "tomm saaor" aur "dee adventures aaf huckle barry funn" kay liye mashhur haine. seem. aar. watkins. seem. aar. watkins (1839-1901) 19 wein sadee kay americi masnaf aur mazaah nigaar thay juu apnee yaaddasht "kuu" kay liye mashhur thay. aayich "juu confeedrate steat aarmi mein eek spahi kay toor parr inn kii zindagi kuu biyaan kartaa hay. inhon nay "sast mazahiya andaaz mein baath kii" aur eek kahaani sunanay waalay kay toor parr ghair mamuli maharat kaa mazahirah kiyaa. kitaab kii qaabil sataish khususiyat mein say eek iss kii haqeeqat pasandi hay. eek aisey door mein juu "jung" aur iss say ladnay waalay mardon kuu romantik bananay kay liye mashhur hay inhon nay hairat angez bay dalee kay saath likhaa. iss kay safhaat kay jaanee reeb tamaam herow nahein haine. jaisa kahh watkins nay dikhaya hay kahh foji zindagi mein josh woo kharoosh aur jalaal say ziyadah nangi aur taklif thee. wah taweel maarchon kii kachalnay waali thakawat vovo taweel sardiyon kii thakawat kii boriyat aur taklif vovo nazam woo zabt kii bay lagaam aur sakhti vovo afsaran kii naahili vovo huslah kii waqta foqta kamee vovo raashan kii ghair yaqeeni surathaal aur kumm maqdar vovo aur foj kay mamul kii thakawat kay baaray mein batata hay. iss kii jung kii dastanon mein golon kii khufnaak cheekh maskh shadah laashon kii khufnaak holnak aur zakhmiyon kii taklif dhah cheekhon kaa aksar hawalah diyaa jaataa hay. jung jaisa kahh iss kay qalam mein tafsil say bataya gayaa thaa eek zalimana aur ghanaona karobar thaa. dosray. iss qasm kay deegar masnafeen mein theodor drezer hunry jaimz jeek landan upton cinclair jaan steen beek margaret deland edath warton aur jay shaamil thay. ddee. slanger. sahafat. jacob raees. jacob agast rees (1849-1914)yee eek densh-americi makrekar sahafi photographer aur samaji maslah reeb dunmark mein paida hoay thay. wah neoyork shehar mein kumm khush qasmat logon kii madad kay liye apnee foto girafi aur sahafat kii salahiyaton kuu istemaal karnay kay liye apnee lagan kay liye jaanay jaatay haine juu inn kii ziyadah tarr shandar tehreeron aur foto girafi kay mazamin kaa mozua thaa. inhon nay insani humdardi kay haamil larns weller kii madad say neoyork mein "maadal tenment" kay nafaz mein madad kii. fleesh istemaal karnay waalay ibtadayi photographers mein say eek kay toor parr inhein foto girafi kaa alambardar samjha jaataa hay. aart jawaan. aart yang (1866-1943) eek americi cartonist aur masnaf thaa. wah apnay socialist cartonon kay liye sabb say ziyadah mashhur haine khaas toor parr wah juu bunyaad parsat megzin "dee maas" kay liye tayaar kiye gayey thay jinn mein say naujawan 1911 say 1917 takk shareek editor thay. naujawan aam toor parr ghair seyasi toor parr sharoo huay leakin aahista aahista bayein baazo kay khayalat mein dilchaspi leenay lagay aur 1906 takk khood kuu socialist samajhte thay. wah seyasi toor parr srgarm how gayey. 1910 takk nasli aur jansi imtiyaz aur sarmayah daaranah nazaam kii naa insafiyan inn kay kaam mein raej mozuaat bunn gayein. mausiqi. jaims eline blend. jaims aey. blend (1854-1919) pehley mamtaz afriqi-americi naghmah nigaar thay aur wah apnay geeth "majhay praani kunwari kay paas waps lay jayein" kay liye jaanay jaatay haine. "shaam kay waqat chaandani kii roshni say" "aur" "sunhari chapal" "mashhur gaaney haine juu inhon nay likhay thay aur inhon nay iss door kay deegar hutt gaaney likhay jinn mein" "sabah kay waqat roshan roshni say" "aur" "ddee sunhari shaadi" "shaamil haine. blend nay 1879 say 1882 takk apnay ziyadah tarr gaaney likhay vovo 1881 mein inhon nay yuu chhod diyaa.aiss. england kay liye heaverly kay haqeeqi rangeen ministrals kay saath. blend kuu england america say ziyadah fayedah mund lagaa aur wah 1890 takk wahein rehaa. yaa tuu iss arsey kay doraan iss nay gaaney likhna chhod diye yaa asay koyee angrezi naashir nahein mill sakaa. see.aey. safed. see.aey. waait (1829-1892) nay 1869 mein hutt gaana "majhay miray chhotay say bastar parr ddaal diyaa" likhaa jiss nay inhein eek baday naghmah nigaar kay toor parr qayem kiyaa. waait sanjidah khwahishaat kay haamil naghmah nigaar thay: inn kay behat say gaaney suutee coarts kay liye likhay gayey thay. inhon nay opera mein bhee kayee koshishein kein. music publishing farm waait samath aind company kay nasf maalik kay toor parr inn kay paas apnay kaam kay liye eek tayaar aaot lait thaa leakin yaha inn kay gaaney thay jinhon nay publishing farm kii himayat kii naha kahh iss kay barakas. waait nay maqbool stage kay liye tehreer kii toheen nahein kii-darhaqiqat iss nay "aaot aaf bandej" kay liye eek gaana likhaa thaa-leakin iss kii asl paidawar parlor gulukaar kay liye thee. dabliyo.see. aasaan. dabliyo. see. handy (1873-1958) eek blues composure aur mausiqar thay jinhein aksar "blues kaa baap" kahaa jaataa hay. americi naghmah nigaaron mein sabb say ziyadah baasir mein say eek hay. agarcha wah behat say mausiqaron mein say eek thay jinhon nay mausiqi kii alg americi shakal kuu bajaya jasay blues kay naam say jaana jaataa hay leakin inhein iss kii asree shakal deenay kaa sehra diyaa jaataa hay. agarcha blues kii shakal mein mausiqi shaye karnay waalay wah pehley shaqs nahein thay leakin inhon nay blues kuu eek ghair maruf elaqayi mausiqi kay andaaz say americi mausiqi kii ghalib quwaton mein say eek mein lay liyaa. handy eek taleem yaaftah mausiqar thaa jiss nay apnee composition mein lock mawaad kaa istemaal kiyaa. wah apnay kaamon kay zaraye kuu dastawezi shakal deenay mein mohtat thay juu aksar kayee funkaron kay tarz kay asraat kuu yakja kartay thay. wah iss lock mausiqi kii shakal say mohabat kartay thay aur iss mein eek badalta hawaa touch lay kirr aayey. scott joplain. scott joplain (c. 1867/68-1917) eek afriqi-americi mausiqar aur raag tyme mausiqi kay mausiqar thay aur abb bhee sabb say mashhur shaqsiyat haine. inn kii mausiqi nay 1970 kii dahayi mein maqboliyat aur tanqidi ehteram kii kaafi bahaali kaa lataf uthaya khaas toor parr inn kii sabb say mashhur composition "dee intertainer" kay liye.

000075bd0c7fff3bf6574053cb2c3cd215d94d5ae7047cae100c7a214947d143

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=431380

Bolshoi Ballet

Bolshoi Ballet Ballet company based at the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow, Russia The Bolshoi Ballet is an internationally renowned classical ballet company based at the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow, Russia. Founded in 1776, the Bolshoi is among the world's oldest ballet companies. In the early 20th century, it came to international prominence as Moscow became the capital of Soviet Russia. The Bolshoi has been recognised as one of the foremost ballet companies in the world. It has a branch at the Bolshoi Ballet Theater School in Joinville, Brazil. History. The earliest iteration of the Bolshoi Ballet can be found in the creation of a dance school for a Moscow orphanage in 1773. In 1776, dancers from the school were employed by Prince Pyotr Vasilyevich Urusov and English theatrical entrepreneur Michael Maddox to form part of their new theatre company. Originally performing in privately owned venues, they later acquired the Petrovsky Theatre, which, as a result of fires and erratic redevelopment, would later be rebuilt as today's Bolshoi Theatre. While some guest dancers come and go from other prestigious ballet companies, such as Mariinsky and American Ballet Theatre, most company dancers are graduates of the academy. In 1989, Michael Shannon was the first American ballet dancer to graduate from the Bolshoi Ballet Academy and join the Bolshoi Ballet company. Despite staging many famous ballets, it struggled to compete with the reputation of the Imperial Russian Ballet, today's Mariinsky Ballet of St. Petersburg. It was not until the appointment of Alexander Gorsky as Ballet Master in 1900 that the company began to develop its own unique identity, with acclaimed productions of new or restaged ballets including "Don Quixote" (1900), "Coppélia" (1901), "Swan Lake" (1901), "La fille mal gardée" (1903), "Giselle" (1911), "Le Corsaire" (1912) and "La Bayadère" (1917). The Soviet leadership's preference for uncomplicated moral themes in the arts was demonstrated in Yuri Grigorovich's appointment as director in 1964. Grigorovich held his position until 1995, at which point a series of directors, including Boris Akimov, Alexei Ratmansky, Yuri Burlaka and Sergei Filin, brought more modern dance performance ideas to the company. Repertoire. <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css"/> Notable staff. Dancers. <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css"/> Company structure. Today the Bolshoi Ballet remains one of the world's foremost ballet companies, in addition to being one of the largest, with approximately 220 dancers. The word "bolshoi" means "big" or "grand" in Russian. The company operates on a hierarchical system, similar to those used by other leading European ballet companies, with senior dancers ranked as principals, and descending in order of importance through lead soloist, first soloist, soloist and finally, corps de ballet. Due to its size, the company operates two troupes of corps de ballet. In 2000, the Bolshoi Ballet opened its first Ballet Academy outside Russia, in Joinville, Brazil. Performance style. The performance style of the Bolshoi Ballet is typically identified as being colourful and bold, combining technique and athleticism with expressiveness and dramatic intensity. This style is commonly attributed to Alexander Gorsky. Historically there has been a fierce rivalry with the St. Petersburg Heritage Ballet Company, the Mariinsky. Both have developed very different performing styles: the Bolshoi has a more colourful and bold approach, whereas the Mariinsky is associated with more pure and refined classicism. Dancers. Principal dancers. Source: Female <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css"/> Male <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css"/> Leading soloists. Female <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css"/> Male <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css"/> First soloists. Female <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css"/> Male <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css"/> Soloists. Female <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css"/> Male <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css"/> Corps de ballet. The Bolshoi Ballet operates two troupes of corps de ballet, with approximately 169 dancers in total. Controversies. In 2013, ballerina Anastasia Volochkova claimed that female dancers were forced to sleep with wealthy patrons, saying: "It mainly happened with the corps du [sic] ballet but also with the soloists. [...] I repeatedly received such propositions to share the beds of oligarchs." American dancer Joy Womack echoed this concern when she left the company after being told that, to secure solo roles, she must either pay $10,000 or "start a relationship with a sponsor." In January 2013, a sulfuric acid attack on art director Sergei Filin once again steeped the company in scandal. Bolshoi dancer Pavel Dmitrichenko was convicted of organizing the attack and was sentenced to six years in prison. Reasons for the attack include corruption within the company. In 2014, 25-year-old ballet dancer Olga Demina mysteriously went missing. In September 2020, Russian investigators announced that they believe Demina may have been killed in a blackmail plot by Malkhaz Dzhavoev, whom she was dating and was allegedly her "manager." In July 2017, the Bolshoi Theatre cancelled the premiere of a ballet about openly gay Soviet dancer Rudolf Nureyev. The Director General claimed that it was due to poor dancing quality; however, principal dancer Maria Alexandrova claimed it was the first sign of a 'new era' of censorship. It was the first time a show has been pulled in such a way since the collapse of the Soviet Union, sparking rumours about the motivation behind the move. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

bols 'ee bele bols 'ee bele hoise rasiyar moskur bols' ee theaterot owosthito ek antohrastriyo porzayot proxidho xastriyo bele company. 1776 sonot protistha huwa bols 'ee hoise biswor ataitkoi puroni bele companyxomuhor bhitorot onyotomo. bingxo xotikar aarombhonite, mosku sobhiyet rasiyar rajdhani huwar loge loge ee antohrastriyo gurutwo laabh korisil. bolsoyik biswor onyotomo aagxarir bele company hisape swikriti diya hoise. brajilor jainvilor bols 'ee bele theater schoolot iyar etaa xakha aase. itihax. 1773 sonot mosko 'ror onath aasromor baabe ekhon nrityo bidyaloyor sristir xomoyot bols' ee beler prasinotomo punorabritti puwa yaay. 1776 sonot bidyaloyor nrityoxilpixokolok rajkumar paay 'tro bhasiliyevis urusobh aaru ingraj naatyo udyugi michael medoxe teulukor notun theater companyr ongxo hisape nijukti disil. mulotoh byoktigoto malikanadhin sthanot poriwexon kori, teuluke pisot petrovsky theatertu odhigrohon korisil, jitu jui aaru oniyomito punorbikaxor pholsworupe, pisoloi aajir bolsoi theater hisape punor nirman koraa hoisil. kisuman otithi nrityoxilpi onyanyo xonmaniyo bele company jene marinsky aaru aamerikan bele theater poraa aahe aaru yaay, besibhag company nrityoxilpi academyr snatok. 1989 sonot michael swenon bols 'ee bele academyr poraa snatok degree laabh koraa aaru bols' ee bele companyt jugdan koraa prothomgoraki aamerikan bele nrityoxilpi aasil. bohutu bikhyat bele monchostho korar swotweu, ee rasian rasian beler khyatir xoite protijugita koriboloi xonggram korisil, ji hoise aajir saintor marinsky bele. pietersberg. 1900 sonot alekjendar gorskik bele master hisape nijukti diyar aagoloike companytuwe "donn quixute" (1900), "koo 'pelia" (1901), "swaan lek" (1901), "laa file maal guardy" (1903), "jijel" (1911), "ley corchair" (1912) aaru "laa bayader" (1917) xoho notun baa punorudharito beler proxidho projujonar xoite nijor ononyo porisoy bikoxito koriboloi aarombho korisil. 1964 sonot eury grigurubhisok porisalok hisape nijukti diyar xomoyot kolar khetrot xohoj noitik bixoybostur proti sobhiyet netritwor ogradhikar prodorxon koraa hoisil. 1995 sonoloike grigurubhise teur podot odhisthito aasil, xei xomoyot boris aakimov, alexi ratmansky, eury burlaka aaru sargei phillinoke dhori porisalokor etaa sringkholai companytuloi odhik aadhunik nrityo prodorxonor dharona korhiyai aane. companyr gothon. aaji bols 'ee ballet biswor onyotomo aagxarir ballet company hisape aase, logote pray pray nrityoxilpir xoite ee onyotomo brihot ballet company. rasian bhaxat "bols" ee "baa" dangor "baa" dangor "buli kuwa hoy. companytuwe aan aagxarir europiyo bele companyxomuhe byobohar korar dore ek kromik byowosthar uporot kaam kore, jyestho nrityoxilpixokolok odhyokhyo hisape sthan diya hoy, aaru mukhyo ekok xilpi, prothom ekok xilpi, ekok xilpi aaru xexot korpos di beler joriyote gurutwor kromot naami aahe. iyar aakaror baabe companytuwe korpos di beler dutaa doll porisalona kore. 2000 sonot bols 'ee beletiye rasiyar bahirot brajilor jainvilot prothom ballet academy mukoli kore. prodorxon xoili. bols 'ee beler prodorxon xoili xadharonote rongin aaru xahoxi buli sinakto koraa hoy, zo' too kouxol aaru ethletikbadok obhibyokti aaru natokiyo tibrotar xoite ekotrito koraa hoy. ei xoili xadharonote alekjendar gorskik diya hoy. oitihaxikbhabe saintor xoite tibro protidondita hoi aahise. pietersberg heritage bele company, dyo marinsky. duyutai oti beleg beleg prodorxon xoili bikoxito koriseh bolsoyor odhik rongin aaru xahoxi dristibhongi aase, aanhate marinsky odhik bixudho aaru porischonno classisijomor xoite jorito. nrityoxilpixokol. prodhan nrityoxilpixokol. utxoh mohila purux aagxarir ekok xilpi. mohila purux prothom ekok xilpi. mohila purux ekok xilpi. mohila purux korpos di bele. bols 'ee bele korpos di beler dutaa doll porisalona kore, zo' too muth pray 169 goraki nrityoxilpi thaake. bitorko. 2013 sonot, bellerina anastesia bhulusokubhai daabi korisil je mohila nrityoxilpixokolok dhoni pristhopuxokolor xoite xuboloi badhyo koraa hoisil, teu koichiloh "eitu mulotoh korpos du [chik] beler xoite kintu ekok nrityoxilpixokolor xoiteu ghotisil. [...]..] moi baare baare ei dhoronor prostab paisu je moi oligarsor bisona bhag kori lo 'moo."aamerikan nrityoxilpi joy womeke ei chintar protidhwoni korisil jetiya teuk kuwa hoisil je ekok bhumika xurokhito koriboloi teu hoy 10,000 dollar dibo lagibo baa" ejon pristhopuxokor xoite xomporko aarombho koribo lagibo." 2013 sonor januaryt kolaa porisalok sargei philinor uporot xalfuric acid aakromone companytu punor ebaar kelengkorat porinot korisil. bols 'ee nrityoxilpi pavel dimitrisengku ei aakromonor aayujon korar baabe duxi xabyosto hoisil aaru teuk choy bosoror karadondo diya hoisil. aakromonor karonxomuhor bhitorot aase companytur bhitoror durneeti. 2014 sonot 25 bosoriya bele nrityoxilpi uloga demina rohosyojonokbhabe niruddex hoisil. 2020 sonor septembor maahot rasiyar todontokarixokole ghuxona korisil je teuluke biswax kore je deminak malkhaz jabhuwebhor dwara ek blackmail xorojontrot hotya koraa hoisil, jaar xoite teu dating kori aasil aaru teur "menezar" buli obhijug koraa hoisil." 2017 sonor julyte bols 'ee thiyetare mukolibhabe xomokami sobhiyet nrityoxilpi rudolf nuriyebhor bixoye etaa beler primiyar baatil korisil. xonsalok prodhanogorakiye daabi korisil je iyar kaaron aasil nrityor nimno mandondo; obosye, prodhan nrityoxilpi maria alekjandrubha daabi korisil je ee aasil xenxorswipor 'notun jug' ror prothom lokhyon. sobhiyet unionor potonor pisot prothombaror baabe ene dhorone etaa onusthan tunny onaa hoisil, jaar folot ei podokhyepor aaror onupreronar bixoye urabatorir sristi hoisil.

bolshoi byale bolshoi byale holl russier moscore bolshoi theater vittik ekti antorjatik khyatisampanna shastriya byale sangostha. 1776 saale protisthito, bolshoi bishwer prachintama byale kompanigulir modhye ekti. bingsho shatabdir godar dike, mosco soviet russier rajdhani hoye othar saathe saathe etty antorjatik khyatite aase. bolshoi bishwer onnotomo shirshosthaniyo byale company hisabe swikrito hoyeche. braziler joyenville bolshoi byale theater schoole err ekti shakha royeche. itihas. bolshoi byale-err prothom punorabritti 1773 saale moscore ekti anath ashramer jonno ekti nrityo vidyalaya toirir somoy pawa yaay. 1776 saale, bidyalayer nrityoshilpider prince pioter vasilivich urusov ebong ingrez natyo uddokta michael maddox taader notun theater companyr ongsho hisabe niyog korechilen. mulat byaktigato malikanadhin sthangulite abhinoy korey, porey taaraa petrovsky theater orjon korey, jaa agun ebong aniyamita punorbinnaser foley porey ajoker bolshoi theater hisabe punarnirman koraa hoyechilo. jodio kichhu atithi nrityashilpi anyanno morjadapurno byale company theke aase ebong yaay, jemon marinsky ebong american byale theater, beshirbhag companyr nrityoshilpira academyr snatok. 1989 saale, michael shannon prothom american byale nrityashilpi jini bolshoi byale academy theke snatok hohn ebong bolshoi byale companyte jog deena. onek bikhyato byale monchostho koraa sotteo, etty samrajyobadi russian byale, ajoker seenta marinsky byale-err khyatir saathe protidwondita korte ladai korechilo. pietersberg. 1900 saale alekjander gorsky byale muster hisabe niyoger agey thekei sangosthati taar nijaswa ananya porichoy bikash korte shuru korey, "donn quixot" (1900), "kapelia" (1901), "soan lake" (1901), "laa phile mull guardy" (1903), "jissel" (1911), "leey corsire" (1912) ebong "laa bayadere" (1917) soho notun baa punra sajano byalegulir proshongshito projojonar saathe. 1964 saale eury grigorovicher porichalok hisabe niyoger somoy shilpokolai sahaj noitik vishaygulir jonno soviet netritter pochondo prodorshito hoyechilo. grigorovic 1995 saal porjonto taanr podey adhisthito chhilen, jey somoye boris akimov, alexei ratmansky, eury burlaka ebong sargei phillin soho ekadhik porichalok sangosthai arow adhunik nrityo poribeshoner dharona niye esechilen. companyr kathamo. aaz pray 220 john nrityashilpi soho bolshoi byale bishwer onnotomo shirshosthaniyo byale company hisabe roye geche. russian bhasay "bolshoi" shobder ortho "borh" baa "borh". companity ekti shreniboddho byabasthai kaaj korey, anyanno shirshosthaniyo europea byale kompanigulir moto, probin nrityoshilpider adhyakkha hisabe sthan deoa hoy ebong prodhan ekok shilpi, prothom ekok shilpi, ekok shilpi ebong porisheshe, corps dii byale-err madhyome gurutter krome abataran korey. err akarer karone, companity corps dii byale-err duti doll porichalona korey. 2000 saale, bolshoi byale braziler joyenville russier baire taar prothom byale academy khole. performance shaili. bolshoi byale-rawr performance shaili sadharonoto rongin ebong sahoshi hisabe chinnito koraa hoy, jaa kaushal ebong athleticbadke abhibyakti ebong natakiya tibrotar saathe ekotrito korey. eyi shailiti sadharonoto alekjandar gorsky dayee koraa hoy. oitihasikbhabe center saathe ekti teebro protidwondita hoyeche. pietersberg heritage byale company, dya marinsky. ubhayi khub vinno performing shaili bikash koreche bolshoiyer arow rongin ebong sahoshi poddhoti royeche, jekhane marinsky arow bishuddho ebong porimarjito classicbader saathe jukto. nrityoshilpira. prodhan nrityoshilpira. utsah mohila purush. netristhaniya ekok shilpira. mohila purush. prothom ekok shilpi. mohila purush. ekok shilpira. mohila purush. corps dii byale. bolshoi byale corps dii byale-err duti doll porichalona korey, jaar modhye moat nrityashilpi pray 169 john. bitorko. 2013 saale, nrityashilpi anastasia volochkova daabi corren jey mohila nrityoshilpider dhonee pristhoposhokder saathe ghumate badhyo koraa hoyechilo, tini bolenoh "etty mulat corps doo [sick] byale-err saathe ghotechilo tobey ekok shilpider satheo ghotechilo. [.]..] aami barbar eyi dharaner prostab peyechilam jey, aami oligarkder modhye bhag korey neb."american nrityashilpi joy omak eyi udweger protidhoni korechilen jokhon tini ekok bhumika surokkhito korte taake 10,000 dollar ditey hobey baa" "konao sponsorer saathe somporko shuru korte hobey" "bolar porey sangosthati chhede choley zaan." 2013 saaler januaryte shilp porichalok sargei philliner upor sulfuric assid akraman arow ekbar kompanike kelenkarite joriye feley. bolshoi nrityashilpi pavel dimitrikenko akraman sangathito korar jonno doshi sabbosto koraa hoyechilo ebong taake chhoy bochorer karadanda deoa hoyechilo. humler karongulir modhye royeche companyr modhye durniti. 2014 saale, 25 bochor vayasi byale nrityashilpi olga demina rahasyajanakbhabe nikhonj hohn. 2020 saaler septembore, russian todontokarira ghoshana korechilen jey taaraa biswas corren jey deminake malkhaz javoever dwara ekti blackmail plotte hotya koraa hoyeche, jaar saathe tini detting korchilen ebong taar "manager" boley abhijog koraa hoyechilo." 2017 saaler julai maase, bolshoi theater prokashye samakami soviet nrityashilpi rudloff nureyev somporke ekti byale-rawr premiere batil korey. director general daabi corren jey etty kharap nacher maaner karone hoyechilo; tobey, prodhan nrityashilpi maria alekjandrova daabi corren jey etty censorshiper 'notun juger' prothom lakkhan. soviet unioner potoner porr eyi prothom konao anusthanke eibhabe teney aanaa holl, jaa eyi podokkheper pichhone anuprerana somporke gujab chhoriye deyo.

bolshoi bele bolshoi bele aee russiana moskomaa bolshoi theatrema stheet aantarrashtriy stare jaaniti shaastriy bele kampani chhe. 1776maan sthapaayeli bolshoi vishwani sauthee juunii bele companyomani aek chhe. 20mee sadeeni sharuaatmaa, mosko soviyet russiani raajdhaani banyu hovathi teey aantarrashtriy prasiddhi paamyu. bolshoine vishwani agranee bele companyomani aek tareeke maanyata aapvama aavee chhe. braazilnaa joinvillema bolshoi bele theatre schoolma tenee aek shaakha chhe. itihas. bolshoi belenu sauthee pahelu punraavartan 1773maan mosko anathalay maate nrutya shaalaani rachnaamaa jovaa maley chhe. 1776maan, shaalaana nartakone prince pyotara vasilivich urusov aneey angrej naaty udhyogsahsik michael medox dwara temnee navee naaty companyno bhaag banaavvaa maate niyukt karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. mulroope khangi malikina sthaloae pradarshan kartaa, temane paachhalthi petrovsky theatre hastgat karyoo, jeey aag aneey aneeyameet punarvikasna parinaame, pachhithi aajnaa bolshoi theatre tareeke fareethi banavvama aavyu. jyaare ketlaak maheman nartako anya pratishthit bele companyomathi aave chhe aneey jaay chhe, jaim keey marinsky aneey american bele theatre, motabhagna kampani nartako academyna snaatak chhe. 1989maan, michael shenan bolshoi bele academymathi snaatak thanar aneey bolshoi bele companyma jodanara pratham american bele nrutyangna hataa. ghanaa prakhyaat belenu aayojan karvaa chhataa, teey shaahee russian belenee pratishtha saathe spardhaa karvaa maate sangharsh karatee hatee, jeey sentnee aajnee marinsky bele chhe. pietersberg. 1900maan alexander gorskini bele master tareeke nimanook thaee tyaan sudhee jaj kampaniae "doona quixot" (1900), "kopaliya" (1901), "swan leeka" (1901), "laa philee maal guardy" (1903), "jisel" (1911), "leey courseyar" (1912) aneey "laa bidere" (1917) saheet navaa athavaa fareethi taiyar karaayela belenaa vakhanayela nirmaan saathe potaani ananya odakh vikasaavvaanu sharoo karyoo hatoo. 1964maan yuree grigorovichni nirdeshak tarikeni nimanukma soviyet netrutvani kalaamaa saral naiteek vishhayo maateni pasandagi darshavvama aavee hatee. grigoroviche 1995 sudhee potaanu pada jaalvi raakhyu hatoo, teey samaye boris akimov, alexey retmansky, yuree burlaka aneey sergei phillin saheetnaa nirdeshakoni shreniae companyma vadhu aadhunik nrutya pradarshanna vichaaro laavya hataa. companynu maalakhu. aaje bolshoi bele vishwani agranee bele companyomani aek chhe, teey lagbhag 220 nartako saathe sauthee motee bele companyomani aek chhe. bolshoi shabdno arth russianma "moto" athavaa "bhavya" thaay chhe. kampani anya agranee european bele companyo dwara upyogmaa levaati samaan adhikrameek pranali parr kaama karey chhe, jemaa varishth nartakone mukhya kalakaro tareeke sthaan aapvama aavyu chhe, aneey mukhya solovaadak, pratham solovaadak, solovaadak aneey ante, corps dii bele dwara mahatvana krammaa neeche aave chhe. tenaa kadane kaarane, kampani corps dii belenee beey mandalionun sanchalan karey chhe. 2000maan, bolshoi beleae russiani bahaar braazilnaa joinvillema tenee pratham bele academy kholee hatee. pradarshan shailee. bolshoi belenee pradarshan shaileene saamanya reete rangeen aneey bolled tareeke odakhvaamaa aave chhe, jeey abhivyakti aneey naatkeey tivrataa saathe takneek aneey ramatgamatne jode chhe. aaa shailee saamanya reete alexander gorskyne aabhaari chhe. aitihasik reete saint saathe teevra dushmanavat rahee chhe. pietersberg heritage bele kampani, dhaa marinsky. banneae khoob jaj alag pradarshan shaileeo vikasavi chheh bolshoi vadhu rangeen aneey bolled abhigam dharaave chhe, jyaare marinsky vadhu shuddh aneey shuddh shaastriyvaad saathe sankalaayel chhe. nartako. mukhya nartako. strotah stree purush agranee solosts. stree purush pratham solosts. stree purush aekal kalakaro. stree purush corps dii bele. bolshoi bele corps dii belenee beey mandalionun sanchalan karey chhe, jemaa coole 169 nartako chhe. vivaado. 2013 maan, nrutyangna anastasia volochakova daavo karyo hato keey maheela nartakone shrimant samarthako saathe soovaa maate dabaan karvaamaa aavyu hatoo, aema kaheeneh "teey mukhyatve corps duu [sick] bele saathe pann solosts saathe pann thayu hatoo. [...] maney vaaramvaar alpajantantrana sabhyone vahenchavaa maate aavaa prastaavo malyaa."american nrutyangna joy vomeke aaa chintaano padgho paadyo jyaare teneene kahevama aavyu keey, aekal bhoomikao melavaa maate, teneeae kaan too 10,000 dollar chukavva padashe athavaa" "praayojak saathe sambandh sharoo karvo padashe"." january 2013maan, qalaa nirdeshak sergei phillin parr sulfuric acidna humla pharii aekvaar companyne kaubhandma dhakeli deedhi hatee. bolshoi nrutyangna pavel dimitrikenkne humalaanu aayojan karvaa badal dosheet theravama aavyo hato aneey tene chh varshnee jailni sajaa fatkarvama aavee hatee. humalana kaaranoma companyno bhrashtachar saamel chhe. 2014maan, 25 varsheey bele nrutyangna olga demina rahasyamay reete goom thaee gaee hatee. september 2020maan, russian tapaskartaoae jaaherat curry hatee keey teo maane chhe keey deminaane malkhaz zavoaev dwara blackmail kavatarama maaree nakhvama aavee hashe, jene teey datting curry rahee hatee aneey katheet reete teneena "manager" hataa." julai 2017maan, bolshoi theatre khulleaam geey soviyet nrutyangna rudolph neureyev vishenaa belenaa premiyarne rada karyoo hatoo. director generale daavo karyo hato keey teey nabalee nrutya gunvattaane kaarane hatoo; jooe keey, mukhya nrutyangna maria alexandrova daavo karyo hato keey teey censorshipna 'navaa yug' nee pratham nishani hatee. soviyet sanghnaa patan pachhi aaa pratham vakhat hato jyaare aaa reete koee shho khenchvaamaa aavyo hato, jenaathi aaa pagalu paachhalni prernaa vishe afavaao felai hatee.

bolshoi baile bolshoi baile masco, roose mein bolshoi theatre mein sthit ack antarrashtriya star parr prasiddh shaastriya baile company haye. 1776 mein sthaapit, bolshoi duniya kii sabse purani baile companiyon mein seey ack haye. 20veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein, yeh antarrashtriya prasiddhi mein aaya kyonki masco soviyat roose kii rajdhani bunn gaee. bolshoi koo duniya kii agrani baile companiyon mein seey ack key roop mein maanyata dee gaee haye. brazil key joinville mein bolshoi baile theatre school mein isaki ack shakha haye. itihas. bolshoi baile kaa sabse pahala punaravritti 1773 mein ack masco anathalaya key liye ack nritya vidyalaya key nirmaan mein paaya jaa sakata haye. 1776 mein, school key nartakon koo rajkumar payotra vasilivic urusov aur angreji naatya udyami michael maddox dwara unaki naee theatre company kaa hissa banaane key liye niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. mool roop seey niji swaamitva vaale sthaanon mein pradarshan karate hue, unhone baad mein petrovsky theatre kaa adhigrahan kiya, joe aag aur aniyamit punarvikas key parinamswarup, baad mein aaj key bolshoi theatre key roop mein punarnirmit kiya jaayega. jabaki kuchh atithi nartakiyaan anya pratishthit baile companiyon seey aatee hain aur jaati hain, jaise kii marinsky aur americi baile theatre, adhikansh company nartakiyaan akadami key snaatak hain. 1989 mein, michael shannon bolshoi baile akadami seey snaatak honey aur bolshoi baile company mein shamil honey vaale pahale americi baile nartak they. kaee prasiddh baile kaa manchan karane key bavjood, yeh shaahi russie baile kii pratishtha key saath pratispardha karane key liye sangharsh curr rhaa thaa, joe aaj sent key marinsky baile haye. pietersberg. 1900 mein alekjendar gorsky kii baile master key roop mein niyukti taka company ney apani anoothi pehchaan vikasit karna shuru naheen kiya, jisamen "donn quixot" (1900), "copelia" (1901), "swan lake" (1901), "laa philel maal guardy" (1903), "gisel" (1911), "leey courser" (1912) aur "laa bider" (1917) sahit nae yaa punarnirmit baile kii prashansit prastutiyaan shamil theen. 1964 mein yuri grigorovic kii nideshak key roop mein niyukti mein kalaa mein saral naitik vishayon key liye soviyat netritva kii prathamikta kaa pradarshan kiya gayaa thaa. grigorovic ney 1995 taka apana pada sambhala, jiss samay boris akimov, alexei ratmansky, yuri burlaka aur sergei phillin sahit nirdeshakon kii ack shrinkhala ney company mein adhik aadhunik nritya pradarshan vichaaron koo laaya. company kii sanrachana. aaj bolshoi baile duniya kii agrani baile companiyon mein seey ack haye, isake alawa lagbhag 220 nartakiyon key saath sabse badee haye. russie mein bolshoi shabd kaa arth haye "badaa" yaa "bhavya". company ack padaanukramit pranali parr kaam karati haye, joe anya pramukh europeeya baile companiyon dwara upayog kii jaane vaali pranaliyon key samaan haye, jisamen varishth nartakiyon koo pradhaan key roop mein sthaan diyaa gayaa haye, aur pramukh ekal kalakar, pahale ekal kalakar, ekal kalakar aur anta mein, core dee baile key madhyam seey mahatva key crum mein utarate hain. apane aakar key kaaran, company core dee baile kii dou mandaliyon kaa sanchaalan karati haye. 2000 mein, bolshoi baile ney roose key baahar, brazil key joinville mein apani pahali baile akadami kholi. pradarshan shally. bolshoi baile kii pradarshan shally koo aam taur parr rangeen aur bolled honey key roop mein pahachaana jaataa haye, joe abhivyakti aur naatakiya teevrata key saath takneek aur athletickwad kaa sanyojan haye. iss shally kaa shreya aamtaur parr alekjendar gorsky koo diyaa jaataa haye. aitihaasik roop seey sent key saath ack bhayankar pratidvandvita rahee haye. pietersberg heritage baile company, dha marinsky. donon ney bahut alag pradarshan shailiyon koo vikasit kiya haih bolshoi mein adhik rangeen aur saahasik drishtikon haye, jabaki marinsky adhik shuddh aur parishkrit shastriyata seey judaa huaa haye. nartakiyaan. pramukh nartakiyaan. srotah mahila purush agrani ekal kalakar. mahila purush pahale ekal kalakar. mahila purush ekal kalakar. mahila purush core dee baile. bolshoi baile core dee baile kii dou teams kaa sanchaalan kartaa haye, jisamen kull milakar lagbhag 169 nartakiyaan hain. vivaad. 2013 mein, nartaki anastasia volokkova ney daavaa kiya kii mahila nartakiyon koo ameer sanrakshkon key saath soney key liye majboor kiya gayaa thaa, yeh kahate hueh "yeh mukhya roop seey core doo [sic] baile key saath huaa, lekin ekal kalakaron key saath bhee huaa. [.]..] mujhe baar-baar kuleen varg key bistaron koo saajha karane key liye aise prastaav praapt hue."americi nartaki joy womack ney iss chinta koo taba dohraya jaba unhein yeh bataae jaane key baad company chhod dee gaee kii ekal bhoomikaon koo surakshit karane key liye, unhein yaa tou 10,000 dollar kaa bhugtan karna hoga yaa" ack praayojak key saath sambandh shuru karna hoga." janwari 2013 mein, kalaa nideshak sergei phillin parr ack sulfuric acid hamale ney ack baar phir company koo ghotale mein daal diyaa. bolshoi nartak pavel dimitrikenko koo hamale key ayojan key liye doshi thaharaaya gayaa thaa aur unhein chhah saal kii jail kii sajaa sunai gaee thee. hamale key karanon mein company key bheetar bhrashtachar shamil haye. 2014 mein, 25 varsheeya baile nartaki olga demina rahasyamay tareeke seey laapata hoe gaee thee. sitambar 2020 mein, russie jaanchkartaon ney ghoshana kii kii unakaa maanana haye kii demina koo malkhaz jhaavoev dwara blackmail plot mein maar diyaa gayaa hoga, jise vaha dett curr rahee thee aur kathit taur parr uska "manager" thaa." julaai 2017 mein, bolshoi theatre ney khule taur parr samlaingik soviyat nartak rudolf nureyev key baare mein ack baile key premiere koo radd curr diyaa. mahanideshak ney daavaa kiya kii yeh nritya kii kharaab gunavatta key kaaran thaa; haalaanki, pramukh nartaki maria alexandrova ney daavaa kiya kii yeh censorship key 'nae yug' kaa pahala sanket thaa. soviyat sangh key patan key baad yeh pahali baar thaa jaba kissy show koo iss tarah seey kheencha gayaa thaa, jisase iss kadam key peechhe kii prerana key baare mein afavaahen uda gaeen.

bolshoi byale bolshoi byale embudu rashyaada maskodalliruva bolshoi rangamandiradalliruva antaaraashtriya khyaatiya shaastriya byale kampaniyagide. 1776ralli sthaapaneyaada bolshoi vishvada atyanta haleya byale kampanigalalli ondaagide. 20neey shatamaanada aarambhadalli, masco soviyat rashyaada rajadhaaniyaada kaarana idu antararashtriya pramukhyatege banditu. bolshoy vishvada agraganya byale kampanigalalli ondaagide. idu brazilna jaayinvilleyalliruva bolshoy byale theatre shaleyalli shakheyannu hondide. itihaasa. 1773ralli masco anathashramakkagi nrutya shaaleyondannu rachisuvalli bolshoi ballena arambhika punaraavartaneyannu kaanabahudu. 1776ralli, shaleya nrutyagaararannu rajakumara piotar vasilievich urusov mattu inglish rangabhoomi udyami micheal maddox tamma hosa rangabhoomi kampaniya bhagavagalu nemisikondaru. moolatah khasagi odetanada stalagalalli pradarshana needida avaru, nantara petrovsky rangamandiravannu swadhinapadisikondaru, idu benki mattu aniyamita punaraabhivruddhigala parinaamavaagi, nantara indina bolshoi rangamandiravagi marunirmisalaayitu. kelavu atithi nrutyagaararu itara pratishthita byale kampanigalaada marinsky mattu american byale theatergalinda baruttaare mattu hoguttaare, hecchina kampani nrutyagaararu academy padavidhararagiddare. 1989ralli, micheal shannon avaru bolshoy byale akaademiyinda padavi padedu bolshoy byale kampanige serida modala american byale nartakaraagiddaru. aneka prasiddha byalegalannu pradarshisidaru, idu indina saint marinsky byale, imperial russian ballena khyatiyondige spardhisalu henagaaditu. pietersburg. 1900ralli alexander gorskyannu byale master aagi nemisuvavaregu, "daan quixot" (1900), "koppeliya" (1901), "swan lake" (1901), "laa fille maall guardy" (1903), "jisel" (1911), "leey carsire" (1912) mattu "laa bayadere" (1917) seridante hosa athawa maruhanchike byaalegala mechchuge padeda nirmaanagalondige kampaniyu tannade aada vishishta gurutannu abhivraddhipadisalu praarambhisitu. 1964ralli yoori grigorovic avarannu nirdeshakaragi nemisuvudaralli soviyat naayakatvada kaleyallina saralavaada naitika vishayagalige aadyate torisalaayitu. grigorovic 1995ravarege tamma sthaanavannu ulisikondaru, aaa samayadalli boris akimov, alexei ratmansky, yoori burlaka mattu serge phillin seridante nirdesakara saraniyu kampanige hecchu aadhunika nrutya pradarshanada vichaaragalannu tanditu. kampaniya rachane. indu sumaru 220 nrutyagaararannu hondiruva bolshoy byale vishvada agraganya byale kampanigalalli ondaagide, jotege idu atidodda byale kampanigalalli ondaagide. bolshoi" emba padavu russian bhasheyalli "doddadu" athawa "doddadu" endartha. ee kampaniyu itara pramukha european byale kampanigalu balasuva reetiyalliye shrenikruta vyavastheyalli kaaryanirvahisuttade, hiriya nartakaru pradhaanopaadhyaayaraagi sthana padediddaare mattu pramukha ekavyakti vaadaka, modala ekavyakti vaadaka, ekavyakti vaadaka mattu antimavagi, corps dii byale moolaka pramukhyateya kramadalli iliyuttaare. adara gatradindagi, kampaniyu corps dii ballena eradu tandagalannu nirvahisuttade. 2000ralli, bolshoy byale tanna modala byale akaademiyannu brazilna joinvilleyalli, rashyaada horage tereyitu. pradarshana shaili. bolshoy ballena pradarshana sailiyannu samanyavagi varnaranjita mattu dappa endu gurutisalaguttade, idu tantra mattu athletism annu abhivyakti mattu natakiya tivrateyondige samyojisuttade. ee shailiyu samanyavagi alexander gorskige kaaranavaagide. aitihaasikavaagi saint jote teevra paipotiyide. pietersburg heritage byale kampani, dhii marinsky. eradoo vibhinn pradarshana shailigalannu abhivraddhipadisiveh bolshoi hecchu varnaranjita mattu ditta vidhaanavannu hondide, aadare marinsky hecchu suddha mattu samskarisida shaastriyateyondige sambandhiside. nrutyagaararu. pramukha nrutyagaararu. moolah mahile purusha pramukha ekavyakti kalaavidaru. mahile purusha modala ekavyakti gayakaru. mahile purusha ekavyakti kalaavidaru. mahile purusha byale nrutyada corps. bolshoi byale corps dii ballena eradu tandagalannu nirvahisuttade, ottu sumaru 169 nartakaru iddaare. vivaadagalu. 2013ralli, mahila nartakigalannu srimanta poshakarondige malaguvante ottaayisalaayitu endu nartaki anastasia volochkova heliddaareh "idu mukhyavaagi corps du [sic] byale jotege aadare ekavyakti kalavidarondigoo saha sambhaviside. [...] alpajanasamoohadavara haasigeyannu hanchikollalu antaha prastapagalannu naanu padhe padhe sweekariside."american nartaki joy womack avaru ekavyakti patragalannu padeyalu, avaru $10,000 pavatisabeku athawa" "prayojakarondige sambandhavannu praarambhisabeku" "endu helida nantara kampaniyannu toredaaga ee kaalajiyannu pratidhvanisitu"." 2013rahra janavariyalli, kalaa nirdeshaka serge phillin avara mele sulfuric aamlada daaliyu mattomme kampaniyannu hagaranadalli mulugisitu. bolshoi nartaki pavel dimitrichenko ee daaliyannu sanghatisiddakkagi aparaadhiyendu saabitaayitu mattu aaru varshagala jailu siksheyannu vidhisalaayitu. daalige kampaniyolagina bhrashtacharave kaarana. 2014ralli, 25 varshada byale nartaki olga demina nigoodhavaagi naapatteyaagiddaru. september 2020 ralli, rashyaada tanikhaadhikaarigalu demina avaru blackmail sancugalalli malkaj jhavovninda kollalpattirabahudu endu avaru nambuttaare endu ghoshisidaru, avaru avalondige dating maaduttiddaru mattu avala "manager" endu aapaadisalaagide." julai 2017 ralli, bahirangavagi salingakami soviyat nartaka rudolph neuriev bagge ballena prathama pradarshanavannu bolshoy theatre raddugolisitu. nirdeshaka general idu kalape nrutyada gunamattadindaagi endu heliddaare; aadaagyoo, pradhana nartaki maria alexandrova idu sensorshipna 'hosa yugada' modala sanketavagide endu heliddaare. soviyat okkootada patanada nantara modala baarige ee reetiya pradarshanavannu hintegedukollalaagiddu, ee kramada hindina preraneya bagge vadantigalannu huttuhaakide.

bolshoi baale russiayile moscoyile bolshoi thiyettar aasthaanamaayulla anthaaraashtrathalathil prashasthamaaya oru classical baale kambaniyaanu bolshoi baale. 1776ll sthaapithamaaya bolshoi lokathile ettavum pazhaya baale kambanikalilonnaanu. irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil, mosco soviyatt russiayude thalasthaanamaayathode ithu anthaaraashtra praadhaanyathilekku vannu. lokathile munnira baale kambanikalilonnaayi bolshoi amgeekarikkappettittundu. brazeelile joyinvilleyil bolshoi baale thiyettar schoolil ithinu oru shaakhayundu. charithram. 1773ll moscoyile oru anaadhaalayathinaayi oru nritha vidyaalayam srishtichathil bolshoi baaleyude aadyakaala aavarthanam kaanam. 1776ll, schoolil ninnulla nartthakare prins piottar vaasiliyevichu urusovum engleesh naadaka samrambhakanaya maikkal madox avarude puthiya naadaka kambaniyude bhagamaakkaan niyamichu. aadyam swakaarya udamasthathayilulla vedikalil prakadanam nadatthiya avar pinneedu petrovsky thiyettar swanthamaakki, athu theepiduthatthinteyum kramarahithamaya punarvikasanatthinteyum falamaayi pinneedu innathe bolshoi theateraayi punarnirmikkappettu. marinsky, american baale thiyettar thudangiya mattu abhimaanakaramaaya baale kambanikalil ninnu chila athidhi narthakar varikayum pookukayum cheyyumbol, mikka kambani narthakarkkum academyil ninnu birudam nediyittundu. 1989ll bolshoi baale academyil ninnu birudam nedi bolshoi baale kambaniyil chernna aadyathe american baale narthakanaayirunnu maikkal shaanon. niravadhi prashastha baale malsarangal nadathiyittum, innathe sent marinsky baale enna russian baale enna saamraajyathva baale enna prashasthiyumaayi malsarikkaan ithu paadupettu. peettezhsburg. 1900ll alexander gorsky baale maastaraayi niyamikkunnathuvare "doonn quixot" (1900), "copelia" (1901), "swan lake" (1901), "laa fille maal gardy" (1903), "jiselle" (1911), "leeii coursair" (1912), "laa biodare" (1917) ennivayulppede puthiyathum punarnirmmichathumaaya baalekalude nirmmaanathode kambani svanthamaayi savisheshamaaya swathuam vikasippikkaan thudangi. 1964ll yoori grigorovich director niyamikkappettappol soviyatt neethrthwathinte kalayile sankeernamallaatha dhaarmika prameyangalkkulla munganana prakadamaayi. grigorovich 1995 vare thante sthaanam nilanirtthi, aaa samayat boris akimov, alexey ratmansky, yoori barlaca, serge philin ennivarulppedeyulla samvidaayakarude oru parambara kooduthal aadhunika nritha prakadana ashayangal kambanikku konduvannu. kambaniyude ghadana. innu ekadesham 220 nartthakarulla bolshoy baale lokathile ettavum valia baale kambanikalilonnaayaanu nilanilkkunnath. bolshoi" enna vaakkinte ardham russian bhashayil "valia" allengil "valia" ennaanu. mattu pramukha europian baale kambanikal upayogikkunnathinu samanamaaya oru sreniparamaaya samvidaanathilaanu kambani pravartthikkunnathu, muthirnna narthakar prinsippalukalaayi rank cheyyappedukayum leed solooyist, aadyathe solooyist, solooyist, oduvil corps dii baale ennivayiloode praadhaanyatthinte kramatthil thaazhukayum cheiyunnu. valippam kaaranam kambani corps dii baale enna rund teamukal pravarthippikkunnu. 2000-ll, russiayk purathu brazeelile joyinvilleyil bolshoi baale athinte aadyathe baale akkadami thurannu. prakadana shaili. bolshoi baaleyude prakadana shaili saadhaaranayaayi varnnabhavum dheeravumaanennu thirichariyappedunnu, saankethikathayum athlattisavum aavishkaaravum naadakeeya theevrathayum samyojippikkunnu. alexander gorskyaanu eee shailikk saadhaaranayaayi kaaranamaakunnath. charitraparamaayi sent ennayaalumaayi kadutha sathrutha nilaninnirunnu. peettezhsburg heritteju baale kambaniyaaya marinsky. iruvarum valare vyathyasthamaaya prakadana shailikal vikasippicheduthittundu bolshoik kooduthal varnnaabhamaayathum dheeravumaaya sameepanamund, athesamayam marinsky kooduthal shudhavum parishkrithavumaaya klaasikkisavumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu. narthakar. pradhana narthakar. uravidam sthree purushan pramukha solostukal. sthree purushan aadyathe solostukal. sthree purushan solostukal. sthree purushan baale corps. bolshoi baale corps dii baaleyude rund trupukal pravarthippikkunnu, motham 169 narthakar. vivaadangal. 2013-ll, vanita narthakar sambannaraaya rakshaadhikaarikalumaayi urangaan nirbandhitharaayathaayi balerina anaestasia volochkova avakashappettu, "ithu pradhaanamaayum corps duu [sic] baale upayogichaanu sambhavichathennum sooloo vaadyakkaar upayogichaanu sambhavichathennum paranju. [...] kuleena vibhaagangalude kidakkakal pankidaanulla atharam nirddeshangal enikku aavarthichu labhichu."american narthakiyaaya joy vumakk sooloo rolukal nedunnathinu 10,000 dollar nalkanamenno allengil" "oru sponsarumaayi oru bandham aarambhikkanamenno paranjathinetthudarnnu kambani vittappol eee aashanka prathidhvanichu"." 2013 januvariyil art director serji philinu nereyundaaya sulfuric assid akramanam kambaniye veendum vivaadathil akappedutthi. akramanam samghadippichathinu bolshoi narthakiyaaya paaval dimithrichenkoye shikshikkukayum aarr varsham thadavinu shikshikkukayum cheythu. aakramanathinu kaaranam kambaniyile azhimathi aanu. 2014ll 25 kaariyaya baale narthakiyaaya oolga demina duruha saahacharyathil kaanathaayi. 2020 septambaril, russian anweshakar demina blackmayil goodaalochanayil malkhaas shavov kolappeduthiyirikkaamne vishwasikkunnathaayi prakhyaapichu, aval avalumayi dating nadathukayum avalude "maanejar" aanennu aaropikkappedukayum cheythu." 2017 joolaiyil, bolshoi thiyettar swavarggaanuraagiyaaya soviyatt narthakanaaya rudolph neuriyevinekkurichulla oru baaleyude premiier raddaki. mosham nritha nilavaaram moolamaanennu director general avakashappettu; ennirunnaalum, pradhana narthaki maria alexandrova ithu sensarshippinte 'puthiya yugathinte' aadya adayaalamaanennu avakashappettu. soviyatt union thakarnnathin sesham ithaadyamaayaanu oru shhow eee reethiyil pinvalikkunnath, ithu neekkathinu pinnile prachodanathekkurichu abhyoohangalkku kaaranamaayi.

bolshoi balley bolshoi balley hii russiachya mosco yetheel bolshoi natyagruhatil aantarrashtriy khyatichi shastriy balley company aahe. 1776 madhye sthapan jhaleli bolshoi hii jagatil sarvat junya balley kampanyanpaiki eka aahe. 20vya shatkachya suruvatila, mosco hii soviet rashiyachi rajdhani banalyane tee aantarrashtriy staravar prasiddha jhaali. bolshoila jagatil aaghadichya balley kampanyanpaiki eka mhanoon manyata midali aahe. brazilmadhil joinville yetheel bolshoi balley natya vidyalayat tyachi eka shakha aahe. itihas. bolshoi ballechi sarvat junie punaravrutti 1773 madhye moscochya anathalayasathi nrutya shalechya nirmitimadhye aadhalu shakate. 1776 madhye, shaletil nartakanna prince pyotara vasilivich urusov aanee ingraji natya udhyojak michael maddox yanni tyanchya naveen natya companycha bhag banavanyasathi niyukt kele hote. mulat khajgi malkichya thikani sadarikaran karat asatana, tyanni nantar petrovsky natyagruh vikat ghetale, jeey aag aanee aniyamit punarvikasamule nantar aajche bolshoi natyagruh mhanoon punha bandhale gele. kahee atithi nartak itar pratishthit balley companyanmadhun yetat aanee jaatat, jase qee marinsky aanee american balley theater, bahutek company nartak akadamiche padvidhar asatat. 1989 madhye, michael shannon heey bolshoi balley akadamitoon padvi midavanare aanee bolshoi balley companyt sameel honare pahile american balley nartak hote. anek prasiddha balley sadar karoonahi, tee shahee russian balley, aajchya sentchya marinsky ballechya pratishtheshi spardha karnyasathi sangharsh karat hotee. pietersberg. 1900 madhye alekzandar gorskychi balley master mhanoon niyukti hoiparyantach companyne swatachi adviteey olakh vikasit karnyas suruvat kelee, jyamadhye 'donn quixot' (1900), 'kopliya' (1901), 'swan lake' (1901), 'laa phile maal guardy' (1903), 'jisel' (1911), 'leey courser' (1912) aanee 'laa bidere' (1917) yasah naveen kinwa punha suru kelelya ballechya prashansit nirmitisah. 1964 madhye yoori grigorovic yanchya sanchalak mhanoon niyuktimadhye soviet netrutvane kalanmadhil guntaguntichya naitik sankalpanansathi dilele pradhanya dakhavun dile gele. grigorovic yanni 1995 paryant aapale padd bhushavale, tyaa velee boris akimov, alexey ratmansky, yoori burlaka aanee sergei phillin yanchyasah digdarshakanchya malikanni companyla adhik aadhunik nrutya sadarikaran kalpana aanalya. companychi rachana. aaj bolshoi balley hii jagatil aaghadichya balley kampanyanpaiki eka aahe, tasech sarvat mothya banle kampanyanpaiki eka aahe, jyat andaje 220 nartak aahet. bolshoi yaa shabdacha russian bhashet arth 'motha' kinwa 'bhavya' assa hoto. hii company itar aaghadichya european balley kampanyanni vaparlya jaananya shrenibaddha pranalivar karya karate, jyat varishtha nartakanna mukhyadhyapak mhanoon sthan dile jaate aanee pramukh ekalvadak, pratham ekalvadak, ekalvadak aanee shevati, corps dii balledware mahattvachya kramane khalee utarate. tyachya aakaramule, company corps dii balleche done gut chalavate. 2000 saalee, bolshoi ballene russiachya baher, brazilmadhil joinville yethe aapali pahili balley akadami ughadali. kamgirichi shaili. bolshoi ballechi sadarikaran shaili samanyatah rangiberangi aanee dhadsi mhanoon olakhali jaate, jyat tantra aanee kridatmakata yancha abhivyakti aanee natyamay tivratesah sanyog hoto. yaa shailiche shrey samanyatah alekzandar gorskiela dile jaate. aitihasikdrushtya centshee tivra spardha rahili aahe. pietersberg heritage balley company, daad marinsky. doghannihi sadarikaran shaili khoop bhinn vikasit kelya aaheth bolshoicha drushtikon adhik rangiberangi aanee dhadsi aahe, tarr marinsky adhik shuddha aanee parishkrut abhijatvadashi sambandhit aahe. nartak. pramukh nartak. strotah stree purush aaghadiche ekal kalakar. stree purush pahile ekal kalakar. stree purush ekal kalakar. stree purush balleche shareer. bolshoi balley heey ekoon sumare 169 nartakansah corps dii balleche done gut chalavate. vaad. 2013 madhye, nrutyangana anastasia volochkovane dawa keela qee mahila nartakeenna shrimant aashraydatyansobat zopanyas bhag padale gele, asey mhantah "heey pramukhyane corps du [sick] ballechya babatit ghadale parantu ekalvadyanchya babatitahi ghadale. [...] alpajansamuhachya khaata vatoon ghenyasathi mallah varanvar asey prastav midale."american nartak joy womackney hii chinta vyakt kelee jevha teela sangitale gele qee, ekal bhoomika midvanyasathi teela ektar 10,000 dollars dyave lagtil kinwa" prayojkashi sambandh suru karave lagtil "." janewari 2013 madhye, qalaa sanchalak sergei phillin yanchyavar jhalelya sulfuric acid hallyane companyla punha ekada ghotalyat adakavale. bolshoi nartak pavel dimitrikenko yala hallah aayojit kelyabaddal doshi tharvanyat aale aanee tyala sahaa varshanchya turungvasachi shiksha sunavanyat aalee. hallyachya karananmadhye companytil bhrashtacharacha samavesh aahe. 2014 madhye, 25 varshiy balley nartak olga demina rahasyamaypane bepatta jhaali. september 2020 madhye, russian tapaskartyanni jaheer kele qee tyanna asey vatate qee deminachi hatya malkhaz zavoevne blackmail katat kelee asavi, jichyashi tee dating karat hotee aanee tee kathitpane tichi "vyavasthapak" hotee." julai 2017 madhye, bolshoi natyagruhane ughadpane samalingi soviet nartak rudolph nureyevhabaddalachya ballecha pahila bhag radd keela. mahasanchalakanni assa dawa keela qee heey nrutyachya nikrusht gunavattemule hote; tathapi, pramukh nartika maria alekzandrovane dawa keela qee heey sensorshipchya 'naveen yugache' pahile lakshan aahe. soviet unionchya patananantar asha prakare ekhada karyakram khechanyachi hii pahilich vel hotee, jyamule yaa halchalimagil preranebaddal afava pasarlya.

bolsoi byale bolsoi byale masko, rasiyako bolsoi thieterma adharit antarrashtriya rupma prasidha shastriya byale company how. sann 1776 maa sthapit, bolsoi wishwako sabaibhanda purano byale companyharu madhye ek how. 20 aun shatabdiko prarambhama, masko sobhiyat rasiyako rajdhani bhaepachi yo antarrashtriya rupma prakhyat bhayo. bolsoilai wishwako agrani byale companyharu madhye ekko rupma manyata diieko chha. brazilko joinbhilma raheko bolsoi byale theater schoolma yasako shakha chha. itihas. bolsoi byaleko prarambhik punarawritti sann 1773 maa masko anathalayaka lagi nritya vidyalayako nirmanma fela parne sakinchha. sann 1776 maa, schoolka nartakharulai rajkumar pyotar bhasilibhich urusobh rar angreji natya udyami micheal madoxle afno nayan theater companyko hissa banaunaka lagi niyukta gareka thie. muel rupma niji swamitwaka sthanharuma pradarshan gardai, tiniharule pachhi petrowsky theater prapta gare, june ago rar aniyamit punarwikasko parinamswarup, pachhi ajko bolsoi thietarko rupma punarnirman gariyo. jabki kehi atithi nartakharu anya pratishthit byale companyharu, jastai marinsky rar americi byale thieterbata aunchhan rar janchhan, dheraijaso company nartakharu ekedemyka snatakharu hun. sann 1989 maa, micheal sanon bolsoi byale ekedemibata snatak garera bolsoi byale companyma samel hune pahilo americi byale nartak thie. dherai prasidha byaleharu manchit gare tapani, yasale shahi rusi byale, centko ajko marinsky byaleko pratishthasanga pratispardha garna sangharsh गऱ्यो।. pietersberg. sann 1900 maa byale masterko rupma alekjander gorskyko niyukti nabhaesamma companyle "dunn kwiksot" (1900), "copelia" (1901), "swan lake" (1901), "lah file mall guardy" (1903), "jisel" (1911), "ley courseyar" (1912) rar "lah bidera" (1917) sahit nayan wa punah wyawasthit balleharuko prashansit utpadanharuko sath afnai adwitiya pahichan vikas garna thalyo. kalama saral naitik vishayavastuharuka lagi sobhiyat netritwako prathamikta 1964 maa yuri grigorobhichko nirdeshakko rupma niyuktiko kramama pradarshit bhaeko thiyo. grigorobhichle 1995 samma afno pada samhaleka thie, jasma boris akimobh, alexey ratmsky, yuri burlaka rar sargei phillin lagayat nirdeshakharuko shringkhalale companyma thap adhunik nritya pradarshan vicharharu lyayo. companyko sanrachana. az lagbhag 220 nartakharusanga, sabaibhanda thulo byale companyharu madhye ek hunuko atirikta, bolsoi byale wishwako agrani byale companyharu madhye ek baneko chha. bolsoi shabdako artha rusima "thulo" wa "bhawya" how. companyle anya pramukh europeli byale companyharule prayog garne jastai padanukramit pranalima sanchalan gardacha, warishtha nartakharulai principalko rupma shrenibadha garieko chha, rar pramukh ekal kalakar, pahilo ekal kalakar, ekal kalakar rar antama, corps day byale marfat mahatwako kramama tall jharchha. yasako akarka karan, companyle corps day byaleka dui samuhaharu sanchalan gardacha. sann 2000 maa, bolsoi ballele roos bahira brazilko joinbhilma afno pahilo byale ekedemy kholyo. pradarshan shaili. bolsoi byaleko pradarshan shaili samanyataya rangin rar bold bhaeko rupma pahichan garinchha, abhiwyakti rar natakiya tiwratako sath prawidhi rar ethletikwadko sanyojan. yo shaili samanyataya alekjander gorskilai shreya diinchha. aitihasik rupma centsanga kada pratidwandwita bhaeko chha. pietersberg heritage byale company, da marinsky. duwaile dherai farak pradarshan shailiharu vikas gareka chhanh bolsoiko adhik rangin rar bold drishtikon chha, jabki marinsky adhik shudha rar parishkrit klasikwadsanga sambandhit chha. nartak. pramukh nartakharu. srotah mahila purush agrani ekal kalakarharu. mahila purush pahilo ekal kalakar. mahila purush ekalwadi. mahila purush core day byale. bolsoi ballele corps day byaleka dui samuhaharu sanchalan gardacha, jasma kull lagbhag 169 nartakharu chhan. vivad. sann 2013 maa, nrityangana anastasia bholochkobhale mahila nartakharulai dhani sanrakshakharusanga sutna badhya parieko dabi gardai bhaninh "yo mukhyataya corps du [sick] ballema tara ekal kalakarharusanga pani bhayo. [...]..] maile barambar kuleen wargako ochhyan bandnaka lagi tyasta prastawharu prapta garen."americi nartaki joya wumyakle yo chintalai pratidhwanit garin jab unle ekal bhumika surakshit garna, unle yaa tata $10,000 tirnuparchha wa" prayojaksanga sambandha suru garnuparchha "bhanera bhaniepachhi company chhodin." janawari 2013 maa, kala nirdeshak sargei filinmathi bhaeko sulfuric acid akramanle companylai feri ek patak ghotalama dubaeko thiyo. bolsoi nartak pabhel dimitrikenkolai akramanko ayojana gareko aropma doshi thahar garieko thiyo rar unlai chha warshako zell sajaya sunaieko thiyo. akramanka karan companybhitra bhrashtachar pani samawesh chha. sann 2014 maa 25 warshiya byale nartaki olga demina rahasyamaya rupma bepatta bhain. september 2020 maa, rusi anusandhankartaharule ghoshana gare kii uniharule vishwas garchhan kii deminalai malkhaj jhawobhadwara blackmail shadyantrama marieko huna sakchha, jaslai unle dating gariraheki thiin rar kathit rupma unko "prabandhak" thie." july 2017 maa, bolsoi thieterle khula rupma samalingi sobhiyat nartak rudolf neureyebhko barema byaleko premiere radda garyo. mahanirdeshakle yo kamjor nritya gunastarka karan bhaeko dabi gare; yadyapi, pramukh nartaki maria alekjandrobhale yo cencersipko 'nayan yug' ko pahilo sanket bhaeko dabi gare. sobhiyat sanghako patanpachhi soe soe yasari khichieko yo pahilo patak thiyo, jasle yass kadam pachhadiko preranako barema afawahaharu failaeko thiyo.

bolsoi byale bolsoi byale heuchhi rushiaara muscore bolsoi thietarare abasthita eka antarjatija prasidha shastriya byale company . 1776 masihare sthapita, bolsoi biswara sabutharu puruna byale company madhyare anyatama. binsha shatabdir prarambhare, ehaa antarjatija prasiddhi laabh karithila kaaran musco sobhieta rushiaara rajdhani hoithila. bolsoi biswara agrani byale company madhyaru anyatama bhabare swekruti paichi . brazilara joinbhil thaare bolsoi byale theatre schoolre ehara eka shakha achhi . itihas. bolsoi byalera prarambhika punarabrutti 1773 ray eka musco anath ashrama paain eka nrutya bidyalaja srusti karibare dekhibaku milithae. 1776 ray, bidyalajara nrutyashilpeemananku prince pyotar bhasilivich urusobh ebong ingraji theatre udyogi michael madaksanka dwara semanankara nutan theatre companyra ansha bhabare nijukta karajaithila . prathame gharoi malikanare thiba sthanare pradarshan curry, parey semane petrobhsky thietaraku adhigrahan karithile, jaahaa niaan ebong aniyamita punarbikasha karanaru, parey aajira bolsoi theatre bhabare punarbara nirmana karajaithila. keteka atithi nrutyashilpi anya sammanajanaka byale company, jepariki marinsky ebong americae byale thietararu asithanti ebong jaithanti, adhikansha company nrutyashilpi ekademira snataka atanti . 1989 ray, michael shannon pratham americae byale nrutyashilpi thile jie bolsoi byale ekademiru snataka hoithile ebong bolsoi byale companyre joga deithile. aneka prasidha baale ayojan kariba satwe, ehaa samrajyabadi rushiah baale, aajira cent marinsky balera pratistha sahita pratidwandita karibaku sangharsha karithila. pietersberg. 1900 masihare alekjandar gorskinku byale master bhabe nijukta karajiba parjyanta company nijara ananya parichai bikashita kariba arambha karinathila, jeunthire 'donn quixot' (1900), 'kopalia' (1901), 'swan lake' (1901), 'laa phile mall guardy' (1903), 'jisel' (1911), 'leey korsere' (1912) ebong 'laa bajadere' (1917) sameth nutan kimba punahsrusti hoithiba byalegudikara prashansita prajojana karajaithila. 1964 masihare yuri grigorovichnka nirdeshaka nijuktire kalaare sarala naitika bishajabastu prati sobhiet netrutwara pasanda pradarshita hoithila. grigorovich 1995 parjyanta taanka padabeere rahithile, jeun samajare boris akimov, alexei ratmansky, yuri burlaka ebong sargei philinnka sameth aneka nirdeshaka companyku adhika adhunika nrutya pradarshan dharana aanithile. company dhancha. aaji praiah 220 john nrutyashilpeenka sahita bolsoi byale biswara agrani byale company madhyaru anyatama, sarbabruhata byale company madhyaru anyatama . rushiah bhasare "bolsoi" shabdar artha heuchhi "budd" kimba "bishala". company eka padanukramika byabastha upare karjya kare, anya agrani europeah byale company dwara byabahruta hoithiba pari, baristha nrutyashilpeemananku adhyakhya bhabare sthana diajaichhi, ebong mukhya ekaka kalakara, pratham ekaka kalakara, ekaka kalakara ebong sheshare, corps dii byale madhyamare gurutwa krame abataran kare . ehara aakaar karanaru, company corps dii byalera duiti dala parichalana kare . 2000 masihare, bolsoi byale rushia bahare brazilara joinbhilere ehara pratham byale ekademy kholithila. pradarshan sailee. bolsoi byale pradarshan sailee sadharanatah rangina ebong sahasi bhabare chinhat karajae, jaahaa kaushala ebong athaletikabadaku abhibyakti ebong natakiah tibrata sahita sanjukta kare . ehi sailee sadharanatah alekjandar gorskinku daie karajae . aitihasika drustiru, sentanka saha eka bhajankara pratidwandita rahichhi. pietersberg heritage byale company, dee marinsky. ubhaja bhinna bhinna pradarshan sailee bikashita karichantih bolsoira eka adhika rangeena ebong sahasi abhimukhya achhi, jetebele kii marinsky adhika shudha ebong parimarjita classic sahita jadita . nrutyashilpeemane. pramukh nrutyashilpi. utsah mahila purush agrani ekaka kalakara. mahila purush pratham ekaki kalakara. mahila purush ekaki kalakara. mahila purush corps dii byale. bolsoi byale duiti dala corps dii byale parichalana kare, jeunthire mote 169 john nrutyashilpi achanti. bibada. 2013 ray, balerina anastasia bholochakova daabi karithile je mahila nrutyashilpeemananku dhani prusthaposhakanka saha soibaku badhya karajaithila, shay kahithileh "ehaa mukhyatah corps du [sic] byale sahita kintu ekaka kalakaramananka sahita madhya ghatithila. [...]....] mun barambar aligarkamananka shajya bantiba paain ehipari prastaba paili ."americae nrutyashilpi jaiah womack ehi chintaku pratidhwanita karithile jetebele shay company chadithile, jetebele tanku kuhajaithila je, ekaka bhumika surakhita karibaku, tanku $10,000 debaku padiba kimba" jane prajojakanka saha samparka arambha karibaku padiba." januari 2013 ray, kalaa nirdeshaka sargei philinnka upare eka sulfuric acid aakraman punithare companyku durneetire pakai deithila . bolsoi nrutyashilpi pabhela dimrichenkonku akramanara ayojan paain doshi sabyasta karajaithila ebong tanku chhaa barsha jail dandadesh diajaithila. ehi akramanara kaaran madhyare company madhyare thiba durneeti antarbhukta. 2014 ray, 25 barshija byale nrutyashilpi olaga demina rahasyamai bhabare nikhoja hoithile. september 2020 ray, rushiah anusandhanakareemane ghoshana karithile je semane biswasa karanti je demina malkhaz jhabhobhnka dwara eka blackmail shadajantrare nihata hoithaiparanti, jahanku shay deting karuthile ebong taanka "manager" bolly abhijoga karajaithila." july 2017 ray, bolsoi theatre kholakholi samalingi sobhiet nrutyashilpi rudolf nureevnka bishajare eka byale primijaraku batil karithila. mahanirdeshaka daabi karithile je ehaa nimnamanara nrutya karanaru hoithila; tebe, pramukh nrutyashilpi maria alekajandrova daabi karithile je ehaa eka 'nutan juga' rahr pratham sanketa thila. sobhieta sanghara patana parey pratham thara paain kaunasi shoe 'ku ebhali bhabe taani niajaithila, jaahaa ehi padakhyepa pachare thiba prerana bishajare gujab srusti karithila.

bolshoi baile bolshoi baile ikk antarashtari paddhar dee prasidh classical baile company haii joe masco, roos witch bolshoi theatre witch sathit haii. 1776 witch sathapit, bolshoi dunia deeaan sabh toon puraniaan baile companyan vicchon ikk haii. 20veen sadee dey arambh witch, ih antarashtari prasidhi witch aaiaa kiunki masco soviat roos dee rajdhani bann gaee. bolshoi noon dunia deeaan pramukh baile companyan vicchon ikk vajon maanta ditti gaee haii. braazeel dey joinville witch bolshoi baile theatre school witch iss dee ikk shakha haii. itihaas. bolshoi baile dee sabh toon purani duhrao 1773 witch masco dey ikk anath ashram laee ikk dance school dee sirjana witch paaee jaa sakadi haii. 1776 witch, school dey nritakan noon prince piotar vasilievich urusov atey angrezi theatre uddami michael medox duaara aapni naveen theatre company daa hissa banaun laee niyukat keeta giaa see. asal witch nijji malkiat vaale sathanan witch pardarshan karde hoye, unhan neey baad witch petrovsky theatre noon haasal keeta, joe agg atey aniyamit punar vikas dey natije vajon, baad witch ajj dey bolshoi theatre vajon dubara banaiaa giaa. jadon kii kujh mehmann dancer horr vakkari baile companyan, jiven kii marinsky atey amriki baile theatre toon aaunde atey jaande hunn, ziaadaatar company dancer academy dey graduate hunde hunn. 1989 witch, michael shannon bolshoi baile academy toon graduate honn atey bolshoi baile company witch shamal honn vaala pahila amriki baile dancer see. bahut saare prasidh baile daa pardarshan curran dey bavjood, iss neey shaahi russie baile, ajj dey cent dey marinsky baile dee pratishtha naal mukabala curran laee sanghrash keeta. pietersburg. ih 1900 witch alegzander gorsky dee baile maastar vajon niyukti takk naheen see kii company neey aapni vilakkhan pachanh vikast curney shuru keeti, jiss witch "daan quixt" (1900), "copelia" (1901), "swayne lake" (1901), "laa filey maal guardy" (1903), "geezel" (1911), "leey courser" (1912) atey "laa biadare" (1917) samet navein jaan mudd chalu keete baile dee parshansayog production shamal hunn. qalaa witch assan naitik vishiaan laee soviat leadership dee tarjih 1964 witch yuri grigorovic dee director vajon niyukti witch pradarshit keeti gaee see. grigorovic neey 1995 takk aapna ahuda sambhaliaa, jiss samein boris akimov, alexey ratmensky, yuri barlaka atey sargei phillin samet directoran dee ikk luddy neey company witch vadhere aadhunik dance pardarshan dey vichaar liaande. company daa dhancha. ajj bolshoi baile dunia deeaan pramukh baile companyan vicchon ikk haii, iss toon ilava ih lagbhag 220 nritakan dey naal sabh toon vaddi haii. russie witch bolshoi shabad daa arth haii "vadda" jaan "mahaan". company ikk ladiwar pranali utte kamm kardi haii, joe kii horr pramukh european baile companyan duaara vartiaan jandiaan pranaliaan dey samaan haii, jiss witch senior danceran noon principle vajon darja ditta giaa haii, atey leed soloist, pahile soloist, soloist atey ant witch, coor dee baile duaara mahattav dey kram witch utarda haii. iss dey aakaar dey caarn, company coor dee baile deeaan doou teaman chalaundi haii. saal 2000 witch, bolshoi baile neey roos toon bahr, braazeel dey joinville witch aapni pahili baile academy kholhi. pardarshan shaili. bolshoi baile dee pardarshan shaili noon aam taur utte rangeen atey bould honn dey roop witch pachaniaa jaanda haii, jiss witch takneek atey athletics noon pragtave atey nataki tibarta dey naal jodiaa jaanda haii. iss shaili daa caarn aam taur utte alegzander gorsky noon manniaa jaanda haii. itihasak taur utte cent naal ikk bhiaanak mukabala riha haii. pietersburg haritage baile company, marinsky. dovan neey bahut vakkhariaan pardarshan shailiaan vikast keetiaan hann bolshoi dee vadhere rangeen atey daler pahunch haii, jadon kii marinsky vadhere shudh atey shudh kalasikivad naal judee hoee haii. nritkar. pramukh nritkar. sarotaa aurat marad pramukh ikalle kalakar. aurat marad pahile ikalle kalakar. aurat marad ikalle. aurat marad baile daa coor. bolshoi baile coor dee baile deeaan doou teaman daa sanchalan karda haii, jiss witch kull milaa keey lagbhag 169 nritak hunn. vivaad. 2013 witch, ballerina anastasia volokkova neey daava keeta kii mahila nritakan noon ameer sarprastan naal saunn laee majbur keeta giaa see, ih kahinde hoei "ih mukkh taur 'teey corpus duu [sic] baile naal hoiaa parr ikalle kalakaran naal vee hoiaa. [...] mainoon ghatt gintiaan dey bistre sanjhe curran laee vaar-vaar ajihe prastav mille."amriki dancer joye woomack neey iss chinta noon udon goonjiaa jadon uss noon ih dassiaa giaa kii ikalli bhumikavan noon surakhiat curran laee, uss noon jaan taan 10,000 dallar daa bhugtan karna pavega jaan" kise spancer naal rishta shuru karna pavega." janwari 2013 witch, qalaa nirdeshak sargei phillin utte ikk sulfuric tezab hamle neey ikk vaar firr company noon ghutale witch dubo ditta. bolshoi dancer pavel dimitrichenko noon hamle dey parbandh laee doshi thahiraiaa giaa see atey uss noon chhe saal dee jailh dee sazaa sunayi gaee see. hamle dey kaarnan witch company dey ander bhrishtachar shamal haii. saal 2014 witch 25 saala baile dancer olga damina rahassmai dhang naal laapta hoow gaee see. satambar 2020 witch, russie janchkartavan neey ailaan keeta kii unhan daa mannana haii kii damina noon malkhaz zavoev duaara ikk blackmail sazish witch maar ditta giaa see, jiss naal uh dating qarr rahee see atey kathit taur 'teey uss daa manager see." julai 2017 witch, bolshoi theatre neey khulleh taur 'teey samlingi soviat dancer rudolf nureyev baare ikk baile daa premiere radd qarr ditta. director general neey daava keeta kii ih maadi nrit gunwatta dey caarn see; halanki, pramukh dancer maria alegzendrova neey daava keeta kii ih censorship dey 'navein yugg' daa pahila sanket see. soviat union dey dheh jaanh toon baad ih pahili vaar see jadon kise shoa noon iss tarahan khichiaa giaa see, jiss naal iss kadam dey pichhe dee prerna baare afvahan failiaan sunn.

bolshoy byaale da bolshoy byaale iti rashiyaadeshasy maasko-nagarasya bolshoy-natyashalayam sthitam antarashtriya-khyatiyam shaastreey-byaale-samsthaa asti. 1776 tame varshe sthaapitam bolshoy-samsthaa vishvasya prachinatameshu byaale-samsthaasu anyatamah asti. 20 shataabdyaah aarambhe, maasko-nagaram soviyat-rashiyaayaah rajadhani abhavat, ataha idam antarashtriya-praamukhyam praapnot. bolshoy-samsthaa vishvasya pramukheshu byaale-samsthaasu anyatama iti manyata prapta asti. brazil-deshasya jaayinville-nagare bolshoy-byaale-naatyavidyaalaye asya shakha asti. itihaasah. bolshoy-byaale ityasya prarambhikam punaraavartanam 1773 tame varshe maasko-anathalayasya nrutyavidyaalayasya nirmaane drushyate. 1776 tame varshe, vidyaalayasya nartakaah rajakumaraha pyotar vaasileevich urusov ityanena, aangl-natya-udyamakena mckell madoks ityanena cha swasya nootan-natya-samsthaayaah bhagarupena niyuktaah aasan. moolatah nijee-swaamya-sthaaneshu pradarshanm kurwantah te pashchat petrovsky-naatyagruham praaptavantah, yat agnisrushtyaa aniyamita-punarvikaasasya cha parinaamen, pashchat adyatanasy bolshoyi-naatyagruharoopen punarnirmitam. kaanichan atithi-nartakaah anyaih pratishtitaih byaale-samsthaih yathaa marinsky american byaale-theatre ityetaih aagacchanti, gacchanti cha, adhikaamshaah kampanee-nartakaah akadami-ityasya snaatak-vidyamaanaah santi. 1989 tame varshe, mckell shaannan ityayam prathamah american-byaale-nartakah aasit yah bolshoy-byaale-akademi-taha snaatakapadaveem praapya bolshoy-byaale-kampanee-madhye sammilitah. aneke prasiddhanaam byaale-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-pradarshanm krutvaa api, adyasya sent-nagarasya marinsky-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutyasya, samrajyasya russian-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya - pietersburg. 1900 tame varshe aleksaandar gorsky ityasya byaale-master-rupena niyukteh samayaparyantm eva eshaa samsthaa swakeeyaa vishishtaam parichayam vikasayitum aarabhat, yatra "daan quixot" (1900), "coplia" (1901), "swaan leck" (1901), "laa phile maal guardy" (1903), "jisel" (1911), "leey korsair" (1912), "laa bider" (1917) ityadinam nutananam vaa punah samyojitaanaam vaa byaale-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya-nrutya - 1964 tame varshe yoori grigorovich ityasya nirdeshakatvena niyuktau soviyat-netrutvasya kalayaha saral-naitika-vishayanam krute pradhanyam pradarshitam. grigorovich 1995 tame varshe yaavat swasya sthaanam dhaarayat, tasmin samaye boris akimov, alexey ratmansky, yoori burlaka, sergei phillin ityaadayah nirdeshakaah shrunkhalaah samsthaayai aadhunik-nrutya-pradarshana-vicharan aanayan. kampanee-samrachanaa. adyatve bolshoy-byaale-nrutyakalaa vishvasya pramukheshu byaale-samsthaasu anyatama asti, bruhattamaasu nrutyakalaasu anyatama api asti, yatra praayah 220 nartakaah santi. bolshoy" iti padasya arthah russian-bhashayam "bruhat" athavaa "bhavyam" iti. eshaa samsthaa anyaih pramukhaihi europeeyaih byaale-kampaneebhih upayujyamaanaih padaanukramikavyavasthayaah anuroopam karyam karoti, varishta-nartakaih mukhyadhikarinaha rupena sthaanam, pramukha-ekala-gayakasya, prathama-ekala-gayakasya, ekala-gayakasya, ante, corps-dee-byaale ityasya cha madhyamena mahattvasya kramanusare avarohanam. aakaarasy karanat eshaa samsthaa corps dee byaale ityasya dwayoh dalayoho sanchaalanam karoti. 2000 tame varshe, bolshoy-byaale-kreedaayaah rashiyadeshat bahihi, jaayinville, brazil-deshe, prathamam byaale-akadami udghaatitam. pradarshanashaili. bolshoy-byaale ityasya pradarshanashaili samanyataya varnaranjitaa, sahasikata cha iti dnyaayate, yayaa kaushalasya athletikavaadasya cha abhivyaktihi natakiyata cha teevratayaa cha samyojyate. eshaa shailee samanyataha aleksaandar gorsky ityanena anugunam bhavati. aitihaasikaroopena sa. enn. ityanena saha teevraspardhaa abhavat. pietersburg-heritage-byaale-kampanee, da marinsky. ubhayoho bhinna-bhinna-pradarshana-shaileeh vikasitah santi-bolshoy ityasya adhika-varnamaya-saahasik-drushtikonah asti, parantu marinsky adhika-shuddha-parishkruta-shaastreeyavaaden saha sambadhah asti. nartakaah. pramukha-nartakaah. srotah. strinam purushah. pramukhah ekala-gaayakah. strinam purushah. prathamam ekala-gaayakah. strinam purushah. ekaki. strinam purushah. nrutyasya shareeram. bolshoy-byaale ityasmin corps-dee-byaale ityasya dwau dalau sanchaalyante, yatra praayah 169 nartakaah santi. vivaadah. 2013 tame varshe, nartikaa anastasia volochkovaa ityeshaa akathayat yat mahilaa-nartikaah dhanikaih poshakaih saha nidrayitum baadhyaah aasan iti, "etat mukhyataya carps du [sick] byaale ityasmin, parantu solo-vaadyakaaraih api abhavat. [.]..] alpajananam shayyaanaam bhagaswamyartham etaadrushaah prastaawaah mayaa aavartanam praaptaah."american-nartakee jaay-vomaak ityeshaa eshaa chintaam pratidhvanitavatee yadaa saa ekaakinee-patranam surakshayai $10,000 daatum vaa prayojakena saha sambandham praarabhayitum vaa aavashyakam iti vadan kampanee-samsthaam nirasitavatee." 2013 janavareemaase kalaa-nirdeshakasya sergei phillin ityasya upari sulfuric-aasid-akramanam punah ekadaa kampanee-samsthaam apakeerti-samasyayam nimagnam akarot. bolshoy-nartakyaah paavel-dimitrikenko ityeshah aakramanasy ayojanartham doshasiddhah abhavat, shut varshaani yaavat kaaraavaasasy dandah cha praapnot. aakramanasy kaaraneshu kampenee-madhye bhrashtacharaha antarbhavati. 2014 tame varshe 25 varsheeyah byaale-nartikaa olga demina iti nigoodatayaa adrushyaa abhavat. 2020 september-maase, russian-anweshakah ghoshayan yat te manyante yat demina malakhaj zaavov ityanena blackmail-plyaat-madhye marita syaat, yaa saa saha detting karoti sma, saa tasyaah "myaanejar" iti kathyate." 2017 julai-maase bolshoy-natyashalayam, samalingi-soviyat-nartakyaah rudalf-nooreyev ityasya vishaye byaale-ityasya prathamapradarshanm nirastam. mahanirdeshakah abhikaamyat yat etat nrutyasya nyunagunasya karanat abhavat iti; tathaapi, pradhaan-nartikaa maria aleksandrova ityeshaa abhidnyaapayat yat etat censor-ityasya 'nootan-yugasya' prathamam sanketam aasit iti. soviyat-sanghasya patananantaram prathamavaaram eva etaadrushee karyakramani sankeernaani, yena asya karyasya preranehe vishaye kim vadati iti kim kalpitam.

bolshoy paalae bolshoy paalae enbathu russiavin mascovil ulla bolshoy theatre thalamaagak konda sarvadesa alavil pugazhpettra paarambariya paalae niruvanamaagum. 1776 aam aandil niruvapatta bolshoy ulagin palamaiyaana paalae niruvanangalil ontraakum. 20 aam noottraandin murpaguthiyil, masco soviyath russiavin thalaynagaramaaga maariyathaal idhu sarvadesa mukkiyathuvam pettrathu. bolshoy ulagin munnani paalae niruvanangalil ontraaka angkeekarikkappattullathu. brazilin joinville ulla bolshoy paalae theater pallyil idhu oru kilaiyaik kondullathu. varalaaru. bolshoy paalaeyin aarambagaala maruu seikaiyai 1773 aam aandil masco anaathai illaththirkaaga oru nadanap palliyai uruvaakkiyathu. 1776 aam aandil, palliyaich saerntha nadanak kalaignargalai ilavarasar beauter vasiliaevich urusov mattrum aangkila naadagath thozhilmunaivoar michael madox aagiyoar thangal puthiya naadaga niruvanaththin oru paguthiyaaga niyamiththanar. muthalil thaniyar niruvanaththirkuch sonthamaana idangkalil nigazhchchigalai nigazhththiya avarkal, pinnar petrovsky thiraiyarangaip pettranar, idhu thee mattrum ozhungkattra maruvadivamaippin vilaivaaga, pinnar intraiya bolshoy thiraiyarangaaga meendum kattappattathu. sila virunththinar nadanak kalaignargal marinsky mattrum american paalae theater poantra pira mathippumikka paalae niruvanangalilirunthu vandhu selkiraargal, perumpaalaana niruvana nadanak kalaignargal akaadamiyin pattathaarikal. 1989 aam aandil, michael shannon bolshoy paalae akaadamiyil pattam pettru bolshoy paalae niruvanaththil saerntha muthal america paalae nadanak kalaignar aavaar. pala pirabalamaana paalaekkalai nadaththiya poathilum, adhu aekaathipaththiya russia paalae, intraiya saint marinsky paalaeyin narpeyarudan poattiyida poaraadiyathu. beatersburg. 1900 aam aandil alexander karsky paalae maastar aaga niyamikkappadum varai, niruvanam thanathu sontha thaniththuvamaana adaiyaalaththai uruvaakkath thodangiyathu, "dawn quixode" (1900), "gopelia" (1901), "swan lake" (1901), "laa filley maall cardie" (1903), "jisel" (1911), "leeii courseir" (1912) mattrum "laa payadder" (1917) ullitta puthiya allathu maruthodakkam seiyappatta paalaekkalin paraattappatta thayaarippukaludan. 1964 aam aandil yoori grigorovich iyakkunaraaka niyamikkappattathil kalaikalil sikkalattra thaarmeega karupporulgalukku soviyath thalaimaiyin viruppam niroopikkappattathu. grigorovich 1995 varai thanathu padhaviyai vagiththaar, antha neraththil poaris akimov, alexey rodmansky, yoori barlakha mattrum serji bilin ullitta thodarchchiyaana iyakkunarkal niruvanaththirku maelum naveena nadana nigazhchchith thittangalai kondu vanthanar. niruvanaththin amaippu. intru bolshoy paalae ulagin munnani paalae niruvanangalil ontraaka ullathu, maelum migapperiya ontraakum, sumar 220 nadanak kalaignargaludan. bolshoy endra vaarthaikku russia mozhiyil "periyathu" allathu "periyathu" endru porul. inthniruvanam mattra munnani iroappiya paalae niruvanangalaal payanpaduththappaduvathaip poalavae oru padinilai amaippil iyangkukirathu, mooththa nadanak kalaignargal athiparkalaaka tharavarisaippaduththappadukir, maelum munnani thanippaadal, muthal thanippaadal, thanippaadal mattrum iruthiyaaka, corps dii paalae moolam mukkiyathuvam vaaintha varisaiyil irangkukiraargal. adhan alavu kaaranamaaga, niruvanam corps dii paalaevin irandu kuzhukkalai iyakkukirathu. 2000 aam aandil, bolshoy paalae adhan muthal paalae akaadamiyai russiavukku veliyae, brazilin joinville thiranthathu. seyalthiran paani. bolshoy paalaeyin seyalthiran paani podhuvaaga vannamayamaana mattrum thairiyamaanathaaga adaiyaalam kaanappadugiradhu, idhu nutpam mattrum thadagalaththai velippaadu mattrum viyaththagu theeviraththudan inaikkirathu. inththa paani podhuvaaga alexander kaarskikku kaaranam. varalaattru reethiyaaga saint udan kadumaiyaana poatti irunthu varukirathu. beatersburg paarambariya paalae niruvanam, thii marinsky. irandum migavum maarupatta seyalthiran paanigalai uruvaakkiyullana bolshoy migavum vannamayamaana mattrum thairiyamaana anugumuraiyaik kondullathu, athae neraththil marinsky migavum thooimaiyaana mattrum suththikarikkappatta classikkisaththudan thodarpudaiyathu. nadanak kalaignargal. mukiya nadanak kalaignargal. aathaaram penn aann. munnani thanippaadalaasiriyarkal. penn aann. muthal thanippayanaalargal. penn aann. thanippayanaalargal. penn aann. corps dii paalae. bolshoy paalae moththam sumar 169 nadanak kalaignargaludan corps dii paalaeyin irandu kuzhukkalai iyakkukirathu. sarchchaigal. 2013 aam aandil, penn nadanak kalaignargal panakkaara puravalarkaludan thoonga vaendiya kattaayam aerpattathu endru nadanak kalaignar anaesthesia volochkova koorinaar, "idhu mukkiyamaaga corps duu [sic] paalaevudan nadanthathu, aanaal thanippaadal kalaignargaludanum nadanthathu. [...] thannalakkuzhukkalin padukkaikalaip pagirnthu kolvatharkaana iththagaiya munmozhivugalai naan palamurai petrtraen."america nadanak kalaignar joy vumaek, thaniyaaga nadikka $10,000 seluththa vaendum allathu" "oru spaansarudan oru uravaith thodanga vaendum" "endru koorappatta piragu niruvanatthai vittu veliyaeriyapoathu inththa kavalaiyai ethiroliththaar"." janavari 2013 ill, kalai iyakkunar serji bilin meethaana kandhaga amilath thaakkuthal meendum niruvanatthai oozhalil aazhththiyathu. bolshoy nadanak kalaignar paavel timitricenco thaakkuthalai aerpaadu seithathaaga kuttram saattappattu aaru aandugal siraiththandanai vithikkappattathu. thaakkuthalukkaana kaaranangalil niruvanaththirkul oozhal adangkum. 2014 aam aandil, 25 vayathaana paalae nadanak kalaignar oolkaa demina marmamaana muraiyil kaanaamal bonar. septumber 2020 ill, russia pulanaaivaalargal demina oru blackmail sathiththittaththil kollappattirukkalaam endru nambuvathaaga ariviththanar, malcas tsavov, avarudan tating seithu kondirundhaar mattrum avarathu "maelaalar" endru koorappadugiradhu." juulai 2017 ill, bolshoy theater velippadaiyaaga orinachchaerkkai soviyath nadanak kalaignar rudaalp nooriyev pattriya paalaeyin muthal kaatchiyai rathu seithathu. moasamaana nadanath tharam kaaranamaaga idhu nadanthathaaga iyakkunar general koorinaar; iruppinum, muthanmai nadanak kalaignar maria alexandrova idhu thanikaikkaana 'puthiya sagaapthaththin' muthal arikuri endru koorinaar. soviyath ontriyam veezhchchiyadaintha piragu oru nigazhchchi inththa vazhiyil izhukkappaduvathu idhuvae muthal muraiyaagum, idhu inththa nadavadikkaiyin pinnaniyil ulla undhuthal kuritthu vathanththigalaith thoondiyathu.

bolshoy ballet bolshoy ballet anedi rashyaalooni mascoloni bolshoy theatres unna antarjaateeyamgaa prasiddhi chendina shaastreeya ballet samstha. chudavachu sthaapinchabadina bolshoy prapanchamlooni puraatana ballet companylalo okati. 20va sataabdam praarambhamlo, masco soviet russia rajadhaanigaa maaradamtho idhi antarjaateeya praamukhyatanu santarinchukundi. bolshoy prapanchamlooni agrashreni ballet companylalo okatigaa gurtinchabadindi. brazilloni jaayinvilleloni bolshoy ballet theatre schoollo dheeniki oka saakha undhi. charitra. bolshoy ballet yokka mottamodati punaraavrutaanni punaraavrutaanni masco anaathaashramaaniki oka nrutya paatasaalanu srushtinchadamlo chudavachu. chudavachu, paatasaalaku chendina nrutyakaarulanu yuvaraju piotar vasilyevich urusov mariyu aangla naataka vyavasthaapakudu maikhel madax vaari kotta naataka samsthalo bhaagamgaa niyaminchaaru. modata praivaetu yaajamaanyamloni vedikalalo pradarsanalu istuu, vaaru taruvaata petrovsky theatres konugolu chesaaru, idhi mantalu mariyu asthira punaraabhivruddhi phalitamgaa, taruvaata neti bolshoy theatrega punarnirminchabadindi. kontamandi athidhi nrutyakaarulu marinsky mariyu american ballet theatre vanti itara pratishtaatmaka ballet companyla nundi vastaaru mariyu veltaaru, chaalaa mandhi company nrutyakaarulu academy nundi pattabhadrulu. pattabhadrulu, maikhel shannon bolshoy ballet academy nundi pattabhadrudayi bolshoy ballet companylo cherina modati american ballet nartaki. aneka prasiddha byaaletlanu pradarsinchinappatikii, idhi imperial russian ballet, neti seyint marinsky ballet yokka pratishtatho pootii padataniki chaalaa kashtapadindi. pietersburg. pietersburg alegzander gorskeeni ballet masterga niyaminche varaku, "daan quixot" (1900), "coppelia" (1901), "swan lake" (1901), "laa filley maall guardy" (1903), "jiselle" (1911), "lae courseir" (1912) mariyu "laa bidare" (1917) vanti kotta ledhaa punahpraarambhinchabadina balletla prasamsalu pondina nirmaanaalatoo company thana swantha pratyeka gurtimpunu abhivruddhi cheyadam praarambhinchindi. kalalalo saralamaina naitika itivruttaala kosam soviet naayakatvam yokka praadhaanyata praadhaanyata yoori grigorovic darsakudigaa niyaamakamlo pradarsinchabadindi. grigorovic 1995 varaku thana padavini konasaginchadu, aaa samayamlo boris akimov, alexey ratmansky, yoori burlaca mariyu sergei phillin vanti darsakula shreni samsthaku marinta aadhunika nrutya pradarsana aalochanalanu teesukuvacchindi. company nirmaanam. nedu bolshoy ballet prapanchamlooni agrashreni ballet companylalo okatigaa migilipoyindi, alaage sumaru 220 mandhi nrutyakaarulato atipeddadigaa undhi. bolshoy" anae padaaniki russian bhaashalo "peddadi" ledhaa "goppadi" anie ardham. eee samstha itara pramukha european ballet companylu upayoginche kramaanugata vyavasthapai panichestundi, senior nrutyakaarulu pradhaanopaadhyaayulugaa rank pondaaru mariyu pradhana solo vaadyakaarudu, modati solo vaadyakaarudu, solo vaadyakaarudu mariyu chivaraku corps dii ballet dwara praamukhyata kramamlo digutaaru. daani parimaanam kaaranamgaa, company rendu corps dii ballet brundaalanu nirvahistundi. nirvahistundi, bolshoy ballet russia velupala brazilloni joinville thana modati ballet academyni praarambhinchindi. pradarsana shaili. bolshoy ballet yokka pradarsana shaili saadhaaranamgaa rangurangula mariyu boldga gurtinchabadutundi, idhi technic mariyu athleticismnu vyakteekarana mariyu naatakeeya teevratatoo militam chestundi. eee shaili saadhaaranamgaa alegzander gorsky aapaadinchabadindi. chaaritraatmakamgaa seyint thoo teevramaina satrutvam undhi. pietersburg heritage ballet company, dhi marinsky. rendoo chaalaa bhinnamaina pradarsana sailulanu abhivruddhi cheshai bolshoy marinta rangurangula mariyu saahasopetamaina vidhananni kaligi undhi, ayithe marinsky marinta swachchamaina mariyu suddhi chesina classic vidhaanamtho mudipadi undhi. nrutyakaarulu. pradhana nrutyakaarulu. moolamh stree purushudu pramukha solo vaadyakaarulu. stree purushudu modati solo vaadyakaarulu. stree purushudu solo vaadyakaarulu. stree purushudu corps dii ballet. bolshoy ballet corps dii ballet yokka rendu brundaalanu nirvahistundi, mottam sumaru 169 mandhi nrutyakaarulu unnaaru. vivaadaalu. vivaadaalu, mahilaa nrutyakaarulu dhanavanthulaina poeshakulatoe kalisi nidrinchamani balavantam cheyabaddaarani nartaki anastasia volochkova paerkonnaaru, "idhi pradhanamgaa corps du [sic] ballet thoo kakunda solo vaadyakaarulato kooda jarigindi. [...] kuleenavargaala padakalanu panchukoovadaaniki naaku padepade ituvanti pratipaadanalu vachayi."american nartaki joy vumak, ontari paatralu pondadaaniki, aame $10,000 chellinchaalsi untundani ledhaa" "spaansartho sambandhaanni praarambhinchaalani" "cheppina taruvaata companyni vidichipettinappudu eee aandolananu pratidhvaninchindi"." 2013 janavarilo, art director sergi philinpy sulfuric assid daadi marosari companyni kumbhakonamlo munchivesindi. bolshoy nartaki pavel dimitrichenko daadini nirvahinchinanduku doshigaa nirdhaarinchabaddaadu mariyu aaru samvatsaraala jailu siksha vidhinchabadindi. eee daadiki companylo avineeti kaaranaale kaaranam. kaaranam, 25 yella ballet nartaki olgaa demina rahasyamgaa adrusyamaindi. september september, russian parisoedhakulu demina aametho dating chestunna mariyu aame "manager" anie aaropinchabadina malkhaz jhavov chetha blockmail kutralo champabadi undavacchani vaaru vishwasistunnatlu prakatinchaaru." juulai juulai, bahirangamgaa swalinga samparkulaina soviet nartakudu rudolph noorev gurinchi ballet premiyarnu bolshoy theatre raddu chesindi. paelavamaina nrutya naanhyata kaaranamgaa idhi jarigindani director general paerkonnaaru; ayithe, pradhana nartaki maria alegzandrova idhi sensorship yokka 'kotta sakaaniki' modati sanketam anie paerkonnaaru. soviet union patanam taruvaata oka pradarsananu eee vidhamgaa lagadam idhe modatisaari, eee charya venuka unna prerana gurinchi pukaarlu chelaregaayi.

bolshoi belay bolshoi belay eek beenn alaqwami shahrat yaaftah classici belay company hay juu roos kay shehar maasko mein bolshoi theater mein waaqa hay. 1776 mein qayem honay waali bolshoi duniya kii qadeem tareen belay companiyon mein say eek hay. 20 wein sadee kay awail mein yaha beenn alaqwami shahrat haasil karnay lagaa keunkah maasko soweet roos kaa darulhukumat bunn gayaa. bolshoi kuu duniya kii sabb say bury belay companiyon mein say eek kay toor parr tasleem kiyaa gayaa hay. brazeel kay shehar jawaain weel mein bolshoi belay theater school mein iss kii eek shaakh hay. tareekh. bolshoi belay kaa ibtadayi takraar 1773 mein maasko kay yateem khaaney kay liye eek ddaans school kii takhliq mein paaya jaa saktaa hay. 1776 mein school kay raqason kuu shahzadah puter wasliweach arosoof aur angrezi theater karobari michael medox nay apnee nayee theater company kaa hasah bananay kay liye mulazimat dee thee. asl mein najee malkiyat waalay maqamat parr perform kartay huay baad mein inhon nay patrovsky theater haasil kiyaa juu aag aur ghair manzam bahaali kay natijay mein baad mein aaj kay bolshoi theater kay toor parr dobarah tameer kiyaa gayaa. jabkah kachh mahman raqaas deegar bawaqar belay companiyon jeesay marensky aur american belay theater say aatay aur jaatay haine ziyadah tarr company raqaas academy kay graduate hotay haine. 1989 mein michael sheenan bolshoi belay academy say graduation karnay aur bolshoi belay company mein shaamil honay waalay pehley americi belay dancer thay. behat say mashhur belay kaa anaqad karnay kay bawajood iss nay shaahi rosee bailay sent kay aaj kay marensky belay kii saakh say muqabilah karnay kay liye jadujahad kii. pattersburg. 1900 mein alegzender gorski kii belay maaster kay toor parr taqriri takk hyee company nay apnee manfard shanakhat tayaar karnaa sharoo kii jiss mein "ddaan koeksot" (1900)yee "coplia" (1901)yee "swaan leek" (1901)yee "laa flay maal guardy" (1903)yee "gisil" (1911)yee "lee coursire" (1912) aur "laa biyadeer" (1917) sameet nayey yaa dobarah tartib diye gayey belay kii sarahi jaanay waali productions shaamil haine. fanoon mein ghair paichidah akhlaqi mozuaat kay liye soweet qayadat kii tarjih kaa mazahirah 1964 mein youri gregorovich kii batoor director taqriri mein hawaa. gregorovich nay 1995 takk apnaa ahdah sanbhala jiss waqat directors kaa eek salsalah bashmol bors akimof aleksi ratmanski youri barlaka aur sargi filan company mein mazeed jadeed raqs kii karkardgi kay khayalat laaye. company kaa dahancha. aaj bolshoi belay taqriba 220 raqason kay saath duniya kii sabb say bury belay companiyon mein say eek hay iss kay elawah yaha sabb say bury hay. lafz "bolshoi" kaa matlab rosee mein "badaa" yaa "azeem" hay. company eek darjah bundi kay nazaam parr kaam karti hay jaisa kahh deegar maruf europi belay companiyon kay zariah istemaal kiyaa jaataa hay seniyar raqason kuu principle kay toor parr darjah diyaa jaataa hay aur leed solost pehley solost solost aur aakhir mein coor ddee belay kay zariye ahmiyat kii tartib mein utarta hay. apnay size kii wajah say company coor ddee belay kay duu grop chalati hay. 2000 mein bolshoi belay nay roos say baahar brazeel kay shehar jawaain weel mein apnee pehli belay academy kholi. karkardgi kaa andaaz. bolshoi belay kay karkardgi kay andaaz kii shanakhat aam toor parr rangeen aur jaraat mandanah honay kay toor parr kii jaati hay jiss mein taknik aur athleticsism kuu izhaar aur dramayi shadat kay saath milaya jaataa hay. iss andaaz kuu aam toor parr alegzender gorski say mansub kiyaa jaataa hay. tarikhi toor parr sent kay saath shadeed dushmani rahee hay. pattersburg heritage belay company marensky. donon nay behat mukhtalif karkardgi kay andaaz tayaar kiye haine: bolshoi kaa ziyadah rangeen aur jaraat mandanah naqtah nazar hay jabkah marensky ziyadah khaalis aur behatar classici azm say waabistah hay. raqaas. aham raqaas. maakhiz: aurat mard maruf solost. aurat mard pehley solost. aurat mard solost. aurat mard coor ddee belay. bolshoi belay coor ddee belay kay duu grop chalata hay jiss mein kill 169 raqaas haine. tanazaat. 2013 mein bellerina anastasia wolochakowa nay daawi kiyaa kahh khwatin raqasiyon kuu ameer sarparaston kay saath sonay parr majbur kiyaa gayaa yaha kehtay hoay kahh: "yaha bunyadi toor parr coor duu [sic] belay kay saath hawaa balkah soloston kay saath bhee hawaa. [.]..] majhay baar baar auligarchon kay bastaron kuu baantnay kay liye aisi tajaweez mosul hoyein."americi raqasah joye womack nay iss tashwesh kii bazgasht iss waqat kii jabb inhein yaha bataye jaanay kay baad company chhod dee gayee kahh solo kirdaron kuu mahfuz bananay kay liye inhein yaa tuu 10,000 ddaalar adaa karnay hoan gay yaa" "sponsor kay saath taluqat sharoo karnay hoan gay." januri 2013 mein aart director sargi flin parr sulfork assed kay hamlay nay eek baar phir company kuu scandle mein ddaal diyaa. bolshoi raqaas pawal damtarichinko kuu hamlay kuu manzam karnay kaa mujaram qaraar diyaa gayaa aur asay chh saal qaid kii sazaa sanayi gayee. hamlay kii wajuhaat mein company kay andar badanwani shaamil hay. 2014 mein 25 saalah belay dancer aulga demina prasrar toor parr laaptah how gayee. satambar 2020 mein rosee taftish kaaron nay aalaan kiyaa kahh inn kaa khayaal hay kahh demina kuu malkhaz zowof kay bleek meel kii sazish mein qatal kiyaa gayaa how gaa jiss kay saath wah deting kirr rahee thee aur mubinah toor parr iss kii "meniger" thee." jolayi 2017 mein bolshoi theater nay khalay aam humm jans parsat soweet raqaas rudolf neureof kay baaray mein eek belay kaa premier mansukh kirr diyaa. director general nay daawi kiyaa kahh yaha raqs kay naqis mayaar kii wajah say thaa vovo tahim principle dancer maariyah alegzenderova nay daawi kiyaa kahh yaha cencership kay 'nayey door' kii pehli alaamat hay. soweet union kay khaatime kay baad yaha pehla moqaa thaa jabb kasee show kuu iss tarah say kheencha gayaa jiss say iss aqdaam kay peeche moharrik kay baaray mein afwahein phail gayein.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35481400

1993–94 Dynamo Dresden season

1993–94 Dynamo Dresden season The 1993–94 season was Dynamo Dresden's third season in the Bundesliga. They finished in 13th place, to date their best performance since German reunification. After a slow start, they went on a 10 match unbeaten run during the middle of the season, and won three of their last five games to finish well clear of the relegation zone. Dynamo were masters of the 1–0 win, thanks in part to loan signing Marek Penksa (all three of his goals were winners in such matches), and top scorer Olaf Marschall, who'd been signed from Admira Wacker during pre-season. Dynamo also achieved their best ever result in the DFB-Pokal, beating Bayern Munich and Bayer Leverkusen before bowing out to Werder Bremen in the semi-final. Squad. <templatestyles src="Template:Football squad player/styles.css" />

1993-94 dainamu dresden ritu 1993-94 sijon aasil bondesligat dainamu dresdenor tritiyo sijon. german punor ekotrikoronor pisor poraa etiyaloike teuluke 13tomo sthanot xex korisil. monthor aarombhonir pisot, sijonor majbhagot teuluke 10khon mesot oporajito hoi dourisil, aaru teulukor xexor pasta khelor bhitorot tinita joy laabh kori relegation jo 'nor poraa bhaldore poriskar korisil. denum "1-0 ror joyot dokhyo aasil, angxikbhabe rino swakhyor koraa marek penxa (teur tiniuta go" lo ene khelot bijoyi hoisil), aaru xirxo sko "raar ulaf marchel, jaak praak-sijonor xomoyot edmira wekaror poraa swakhyor koraa hoisil. denum "ye dfb-pukalot semi finalot warder bremenor haatot protihot huwar aagote bairn munis aaru beyar leverkujenok porasto kori teulukor xorbosrestho folafol laabh korisil.

1993-94 dynamo dresden morsum 1993-94 morsumti chhilo dinamo dressedener tritiya morsum. german punarmilaner porr theke taaraa 13tomo sthane shesh korey, aaz porjonto taader sera performance. dhirgatir shurur porr, taaraa morshumer majhamajhi somoye 10tii matche aporajito theke yaay ebong taader shesh panchti matcher modhye tinti jitey abanman anchal theke besh porishkarbhabe shesh korey. dinamo 1-0 byabodhane joylaver muster chhilo, angshikbhabe rino swakkhorkari marek penxake (taar tinti golyi eyi dharaner matche vijayi chhilo), ebong sheersho scorer olaf marshalke dhonnobad, jini praka-morshume admira waker kachh theke swakkhorito hoyechilen. semifinale oyardara bremander kachhe herey yawar agey buyern munich ebong buyer livercussenke porajito korey dinamo dfb-pokale taader sorbokaler sera folafol orjon korey.

1993-94 dynamo dresden season 1993-94 season aee bundesligama dynamo dresdenni triji season hatee. teo german ekikaran pachhinaa temnaa shreshth pradarshanni taarikh sudhee 13maa sthaane rahyaa. dheemee sharuaat pachhi, teo seasonna madhyamaa 10 mechamaa ananam rahyaa aneey temnee chhelli panchmathi trana match jeeteene deshnikaal kshetrathi saaree reete bahaar thaee gayaa. dynamo 1-0 thee jeetma nipun hato, anshatah loona sahee karnaar marek penxa (tenaa traney goal aavee mechomaa vijeta hataa), aneey tochnaa scorer olaf marshell, jene prii-season darmiyan edmira waker dwara sahee karvaamaa aavee hatee. dynamo semee-finalmaan verder bremen saame haaryaa pahelaa bayron munich aneey bayer liverkusenne haraaveene dfb-pokalmaa temnu atyaar sudhinu shreshth parinam pann haansal karyoo hatoo.

1993-94 dynamo dresden season 1993-94 season bandesliga mein dynamo dresden kaa teesara season thaa. way 13vein sthaan parr rahey, aaj taka german ekikaran key baad seey unakaa sarvshreshth pradarshan. dheemi shuruat key baad, way satra key beach mein 10 match mein nabad rahey aur apane pichhale paanch maichon mein seey teen mein jeet hassil karke nirvaasan kshetra seey achchi tarah seey baahar hoe gaye. dynamo 1-0 seey jeet mein mahaarat hassil curr chuke they, aanshik roop seey rinn hastaaksharit marek penxa (unake teenon goal aise maichon mein vijeta they), aur sheersh scorer olaf marshal, jinhen pree-season key dauran edmira wacker seey hastaaksharit kiya gayaa thaa. dynamo ney semifinal mein wedder breman key saamane jhukane seey pahale beyaran munich aur bayer levercussen koo harakar dee. aff. bee.-pokal mein apana sarvshreshth parinam hassil kiya.

1993-94 dynamo dresden season 1993-94 season bundesligaadalli dynamo dresden moorane season aagittu. germany punarekikaranada nantarada tamma atyuttama pradarshanavannu avaru 13neey sthaanadalli mugisidaru. nidhaanagatiya aarambhada nantara, avaru rtuvina madhyadalli 10 pandyagalalli ajeya otavannu nadesidaru mattu tamma koneya aidu pandyagalalli moorannu geddu gadiparu valayadinda muktaraadaru. dynamo 1-0 geluvina masters aagiddaru, bhagashah saala sahi marek penxa (avara ellah mooru golugalu antaha pandyagalalli vijetaraagiddaru), mattu agra scorer olaf marshall, avaru purva-rtuvinalli admira vakarninda sahi haakalpattaru. dynamo kooda dii. eff. bii-pokalnalli tamma atyuttama phalitaamshavannu saadhisitu, semifinalnalli verder bremenge soluva modalu bayern munich mattu bayer levercussen avarannu solisitu.

1993-94 dynamo dresden hangam 1993-94 hangam haah dynamo dresdencha bundesligamadhil tisra hangam hota. german ekikarananantarchi tyanchi sarvottam kamgiri, tyanni tyanni sthanavar rahoon purn kelee. santh suruvat jhalyanantar, tyanni hangamachya madhyat 10 samnyant aparajit dhaav ghetali aanee tyanchya shevatchya pachpaiki teen samne jinkun nirvasana kshetrapasun changle baher kadhale. dynamo 1-0 chya vijayat yashasvi tharala, anshatah karj swakshari marek penksa (tyache tinhi goal asha samnyanmadhye vijeta hote) aanee avval scorer olaf marshall, jyala prii-season darmyan edmira wackerne swakshari kelee hotee. dynamone upantya fereet verder bremanshee parabhoot honyapurvi, beyaran munich aanee bayer livercussen yanna parabhoot karoon dii. eff. bii.-pokalmadhye tyancha aataparyantcha sarvottam nikal dekhil midavala.

1993-94 dynamo dresden sijan 1993-94 sijan bandesligama dynamo dresdenko tesro sijan thiyo. german ekikaranpachi uniharuko utkrishta pradarshanko mitima, tiniharu 13 aun sthanma samapta bhae. dhilo suruwatpachhi, tiniharu sijanko madhyama 10 wata match aparajit daudama gae, rar nirvasana kshetrabata ramrosanga samapta garna uniharuko antim paanch khelharu madhye tinn jite. dynamo 1-0 ko jitka master thie, anshik rupma rina hastakshar garne marek penksalai dhanyawad (unka tinawatai goal tyasta khelharuma vijeta thie), rar shirsha scorer olaf marcel, jaslai pri-sijanma edmira vekarbata hastakshar garieko thiyo. dinamole semifinalma worder bremensanga parajit hunuaghi beyaran munich rar beyar libharkusenlai haraera dfb-pokalma afno utkrishta parinam hasil garyo.

1993-94 dynamo dresden rutu 1993-94 rututi thila bandesaligara dynamo dresdenka truteeja rutu. germanyra punahekatreekarana paratharu semane semane sthanare rahi aaji parjyanta semanankara sarbashrestha pradarshan karichanti. eka manthara arambha parey, semane sijin majhire 10 match aparajit daudare jaithile, ebong semananka shesh panchti match madhyaru tinoti jiti abanman john thaaru bhal bhabare samapta karithile . dinamo 1-0 bijajare nipuna thile, aanshika bhabare runa swakhyarakaree marek penxa (tankara samasta tinoti goal ehipari myachre bijeta thile), ebong shirsha scorer olaf marshal, jie pri-sijan samajare admira wakaranka thaaru swakhyara karithile . dinamo madhya dfb-pokalare semanankara sarbashrestha phalaphal hassel karithila, semiphinalare warder bremenka aagare parasta heba purbaru bairn munik ebong bair libharakusenku parasta karithila .

1993-94 dynamo dresden season 1993-94 season bandesliga witch dynamo dresden daa teeja season see. uh german punargathan toon baad aapne sarbottam pardarshan dee mitee takk takk sathaan 'teey rahey. hauli shuruat toon baad, uh season dey maddh dauran 10 maichan witch ajetu rahey atey aapne pichle panj vicchon tinn match jitt keey vaapsee khetar toon changi tarahan bahr hoow gaye. dynamo 1-0 naal jitt dey mahr sunn, kujh hadd takk loane sine curran vaale marek panexa (uss dey tinnon goal ajihe maichan witch jetu sunn), atey choti dey scorer olaf marshel, jinhan noon pree-season dauran admira wacker duaara sine keeta giaa see. dynamo neey semifinal witch woorder breman dey sahmane haaran toon pahilan bearen munich atey bayer leevarkusen noon haraa keey dee. eff. bee.-pokal witch aapna sarbottam natija haasal keeta.

1993-94 dainamo dresden rutuhu 1993-94 rutuhu bandesligayam dainamo dresden ityasya truteeyah rutuhu aasit. german-deshasya punah ekikaranaat param adyaparyantam te 13 tame sthaane samapya, sarvottamam pradarshanm krutavantah. manda-aarambhasy anantaram, te rutoho madhyabhaage 10 spardhaasu ajeya-dhaavanam krutavantah, api cha nirvaasan-kshetraat uttamarupena mukttam kartum swasya antima-pancha-kreedaasu treeni jitavantah. dainaamo 1-0 vijayasya masters aasit, aamshikaroopena runam hastaksharitasya maarek penxa ityasya krute (tasya trayah goals ityeteshu spardhaasu vijetaah aasan), tathaa cha agra-scorer olaf maarshal ityasya krute, yah pree-season samaye admara-waker ityanena hastaaksharitah aasit. dainamo api dee. ef. bee.-pokal ityasmin swasya sarvottamam phalam praapnot, semee-fainal madhye worder bremen-viruddham parajayena poorvam beyarn-munich tathaa beyar-levercussen ityetaan parajayata.

1993-94 dynamo treaston paruvam 1993-94 season enbathu tinamo treaston moontraavathu season aagum. avarkal 13 vadhu idaththil mudiththanar, jerman maruu orunginaippukkup piragu avarkalin sirantha seyalthiran intruvarai. oru methuvaana thodakkaththirkup piragu, avarkal season naduppaguthiyil 10 poattikalil thoalviyadaiyaamal oodinar, maelum avarkalin kadaisi ainthu aattangkalil moontril vettri pettru veliyaettra mandalaththilirunthu nanku veliyaerinar. dynamo 1-0 vetrtriyil therchchi pettraar, oralavu cuddon kaiyopamitta marek benxa (avarathu moontru koolgalum aththagaiya poattikalil vetrtriyaalargalaaka irunththana), mattrum munnani scorer oolaaf marshell, avar seesanukku munththaiya kaalaththil admira vekkaraal kaiyeluththidappattaar. dfp-poagal poattiyil dynamo anii, bayern munich mattrum paeyar leverkusen aagiyoarai veelththi, iruthip poattiyil verter braemenidam thoalviyadainthathu.

1993-94 dynamo dresden season 1993-94 season anedi bundesligaalo dynamo dresden yokka moodava season. vaaru 13va sthaanamlo nilichaaru, german punarekeekarana tarvaata vaari uttama pradarsana. nemmadigaa praarambhamaina taruvaata, vaaru season madhyalo 10 matchlo ajeyamgaa parugulu chesi, vaari chivari aidu aatalalo moodintilo vijayam saadhinchi bahishkarana john nundi baga nishkraminchaaru. dynamo 1-0 vijayamlo mastersga unnaaru, kontavaraku runa santakam chesina marek penxa (athani moodu goals atuvanti matchlalo vijaetalu), mariyu prii-seasonlo admira walker nundi santakam cheyabadina top scorer olaaf marshal. dynamo kooda difby-pokallo tama atyuttama phalitaanni saadhinchindi, semifinallo verder bremenku longipoye mundu bayern munich mariyu bayer leverkusenlanu odinchindi.

1993-94 dynamo dresden seezan 1993-94 seezan bandiselega mein dynamo dresden kaa teesra seezan thaa. wah 13 wein maqaam parr rahay aaj takk german itehad kay baad say apnee behtareen karkardgi kaa mazahirah kirr rahay haine. sast aaghaz kay baad wah seezan kay wast mein 10 meech naqabil shakast runn parr chalay gayey aur apnay aakhri paanch mein say teen meech jeeth kirr relegation zoon say achhi tarah say baahir how gayey. dynamo 1-0 say jeetnay mein maahir thay jazwi toor parr lune syning maarek penksa (iss kay teenon goal iss tarah kay meechon mein faatah thay)yee aur topp scorer aulaaf maarshal jinhein paree seezan kay doraan admara vekar nay saain kiyaa thaa. dynamo nay seemi final mein weader breman kay saamney jhaknay say pehley bayer minch aur bayer leurkosan kuu shakast day kirr ddee aif bee pokal mein bhee apnaa abb takk kaa behtareen natijah haasil kiyaa.

00007ca2ba5499ff0d3ea95f5e4ac089f4aa26ffd23513b43093b6f84b795cff

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58562823

Hōōzan Cave Tombs

Hōōzan Cave Tombs The is a group of late Kofun period located in the Chokushimachi neighborhood of the city of Kaga, Ishikawa in the Hokuriku region of Japan. The site was designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 1929. It is the largest group of cave-tombs in the Hokuriku region. Overview. Hōōzan Cave Tombs are located on a tuff hill on the east bank of the Iburihashi River, with an elevation of 40 meters above the river. An archaeological excavation was conducted from 1921 to 1922, during which time 26 tombs were identified. During further excavations from 1964 through 1968, this number was expanded to 77 tombs, and the total number is now estimated to be between 150 and 200 tombs, making this one of the latest sites in the Hokuriku region, and unusual for its high density of tombs in a relatively small area. Most of the tombs have an entrance vestibule and a burial chamber, which in some cases is configured to resemble the inside of a house. The larger tombs extend up to nine meters into the hillside, with a raised platform for the sarcophagus. The smaller tombs extend only three meters. Grave goods recovered include Sue ware, Haji pottery, iron swords, and various items of jewelry. From these grave goods, it is estimated that these tombs were constructed over a 150-year period from the latter half of the 6th century to the end of the 7th century. The name comes from a local legend that one of the tombs contains buried treasure hidden by the Heian period Emperor Kazan. The site is maintained as a park and has a small museum, the to display some of the artifacts found. The site is located about 10 minutes by car from Kagaonsen Station on the JR West Hokuriku Main Line. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

hujan guha xomadhi dyo hoise japanor hokuriku oncholor isikhawar kaaga sohoror sukuchimasi suburit owosthito kufun jugor xexor etaa gutt. 1929 sonot ei sthantuk japanor ek rastriyo oitihaxik sthan hisape monunit koraa hoisil. ee hokuriku oncholor guha-xomadhir ataitkoi dangor gutt. xongkhipto biboron. hujan guha xomadhixomuh iburihaxi nodir pubo paarot ekhon tuff paharot owosthito, ji nodir poraa 40 mitter uschotat owosthito. 1921 sonor poraa 1922 sonoloike ek puratatwik khonon koraa hoisil, xei xomoisuwat 26taa xomadhi sinakto koraa hoisil. 1964 sonor poraa 1968 sonoloike odhik khononor xomoyot, ei xongkhya 77 khon xomadhir baabe xomproxarito koraa hoisil, aaru muth xongkhya etiya 150ror poraa 200 khon xomadhir bhitorot hoh 'bob buli onuman koraa hoise, jaar folot ee hokuriku oncholor xehotiya sthanxomuhor bhitorot etaa hoi porise, aaru tulonamulokbhabe xoru oncholot iyar xomadhir uscho ghonotwor baabe oswabhabik. besibhag xomadhir etaa probexdwar aaru etaa xomadhisthol aase, jitu kisuman khetrot ghoror bhitoror xoite mill thokar dore xongrupito koraa hoise. dangor xomadhibur paharor kaxoloi noo mitaroloike bistrito, xobodehor baabe etaa ukh monchor xoite. xoru xomadhibur maatro tini mitter bistrito. uddhar koraa xomadhi xamogrir bhitorot aase suwe weyar, haajee mritxilpo, luhar toruwal aaru gohonar bibhinno xamogri. ei xomadhi xamogrir poraa onuman koraa hoy je ei xomadhibur xostho xotikar xexor faaler poraa xoptom xotikar xexoloike 150 bosorot nirman koraa hoisil. ei naamtu etaa sthaniyo kingbodontir poraa aahise je xomadhir etaar bhitorot heiyan jugor xomrat kajane lukai rokha xomadhir dhon aase. ei sthantuk udyan hisape rokhyonabekhyon koraa hoy aaru iyat etaa xoru xongrohaloy aase, zo 'too puwa kisuman xilpokola prodorxon koraa hoy. ei sthantu je. aar. west hokuriku maine lineor kagausen stationor poraa garire pray 10 minutor durotwot owosthito.

hojan guha samadhi dya holl japaner hokuriku anchaler ishikaoa shohorer chokushimachi paday abosthito kofun juger shesher diker ekti gosthi. 1929 saale eyi sthantike japaner ekti jatiya oitihasik sthan hisabe manoneet koraa hoy. etty hokuriku anchaler guha-samadhir brihottomo gosthi. sangkhipto biboron. hojan guha samadhiguli iburihashi nadeer purbo teere ekti tuff pahade abosthito, jaa nodee theke 40 mitter uchchotai abosthito. 1921 theke 1922 saal porjonto ekti protnotattik khanankarjo porichalito hoyechilo, jey somoye 26tii samadhi chinnito koraa hoyechilo. 1964 theke 1968 saal porjonto arow khanankarjer somoy, eyi sankhyati 77tii samadhite prosarito koraa hoyechilo ebong moat sankhyati ekhon 150 theke 200tii samadhir modhye anuman koraa hoy, jaa etike hokuriku anchaler sorbosheshtomo sthangulir modhye ekti korey toley ebong tulonamulokbhabe chhoto elaka samadhir uchcho ghonotter jonno aswabhabik korey toley. beshirbhag samadhite ekti probeshdwar vestibul ebong ekti samadhi kokkho royeche, jaa kichhu khettre baadir abhyantarer anurup korey sajano hoy. borh samadhiguli pahader dike noy mitter porjonto bistrito, jekhane koborsthaner jonno ekti unchu moncho royeche. chhoto samadhiguli matro tinn mitter bistrito. uddharkrito koborer ponner modhye royeche surewar, hazee mritshilpo, lohar toloar ebong bivinno gohona. eyi samadhi samagri theke anuman koraa hoy jey, eyi samadhiguli 6stho shatabdir sheshardho theke 7maum shatabdir shesh porjonto 150 bochorero beshi somoy dhorey nirmito hoyechilo. namti ekti sthaniya kingbadanti theke eseche jey ekti samadhite hayan juger samrat kazan dwara lukiye rakha somahito dhon royeche. eyi sthanti ekti uddan hisabe rakkhanabekkhan koraa hoy ebong ekhane ekti chhoto jadughar royeche, jaa pawa kichhu nidarshan prodorshon korey. saitti junior oyesta hokudiku meine liner kagaosen steshana theke gadite pray 10 minuter modhye abosthito.

hozan gufaa kabaro aaa japanna hokuriku pradeshmaa ishikawa shahernaa chokushimachi padoshmaa stheet kofun samaygalana antamaa aavelu aek jooth chhe. aaa sthalne sthalne japannun raashtriy aitihasik sthal jaaher karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. teey hokuriku pradeshmaa gufaa-makbaro dharaavtu sauthee motoo jooth chhe. zankhi. hozan gufaa kabaro ibrihashi nadeena purv keenare aek tuff tekri parr stheet chhe, jeey nadithi 40 meterni unchai parr chhe. 1921 thee 1922 darmiyan puratatviy utkhanan haath dharvaamaa aavyu hatoo, jeey darmiyan 26 kabaroni odakh karvaamaa aavee hatee. 1964 thee 1968 sudhinaa vadhu khodkaam darmiyan, aaa sankhyaa 77 kabaro sudhee vistrut karvaamaa aavee hatee, aneey coole sankhyaa havey 150 thee 200 kabaroni vachche hovaano andaaj chhe, jeey tene hokuriku pradeshmaa naveentam sthalomaanu aek banaave chhe, aneey pramanma naana vistaarmaa tenee uchch ghanata maate asamanya chhe. motabhagni kabaromaa praveshdwaar aneey daffan khand hoya chhe, jeey ketlaak kissaaomaa gharnee andarni jaim gothavvama aave chhe. motee kabaro tekrini bajuma nava meater sudhee vistare chhe, jemaa qabara maate unchu munch chhe. naanee kabaro maatra trana meater sudhee vistare chhe. japt karaayelee kabarnee chijavastuoma syu wayer, haajee matikam, lokhandani talvaaro aneey daginani viveedh vastuono samaavesh thaay chhe. aaa kabarnee chijavastuomathi aevo andaaj chhe keey aaa kabaro chhaththi sadeena uttaraardhthi saatmee sadeena anta sudhee 150 varshnaa samaygalama bandhvama aavee hatee. aaa naam aek sthaaneek dantkathaa parthee aavyu chhe keey aek kabaromaa heyan samaygalana samrat kazan dwara chhupayelo dafnavvama aavelo khajaano chhe. aaa sthalne aek udhyaan tareeke jalavama aave chhe aneey temaa aek naanu sangrahalay chhe, jeey malee aaveli ketalik kalakrutione pradarshit karey chhe. aaa sthal juniyar vesta hokuriku mukhya line parr kagonson stationthi kaar dwara lagbhag 10 minutena antare stheet chhe.

hozan gufa kabrein yeh japan key hokudiku kshetra mein ishikawa key kaga shahar key chokushimachi pados mein sthit kofun kaal key anta kaa ack samooh haye. iss sthal koo 1929 mein japan kaa ack rashtriya aitihaasik sthal naamit kiya gayaa thaa. yeh hokudiku kshetra mein gufa-makbaron kaa sabse badaa samooh haye. avalokan. hozan gufa kabrein iburihashi nadee key purvi tata parr ack tuff pahaadi parr sthit hain, joe nadee seey 40 meater kii oonchaai parr haye. 1921 seey 1922 taka ack puraataatvik khudai kii gaee thee, jisake dauran 26 makbaron kii pehchaan kii gaee thee. 1964 seey 1968 taka aage kii khudai key dauran, iss sankhya koo 77 makbaron taka badhaaya gayaa thaa, aur kull sankhya abb 150 aur 200 makbaron key beach honey kaa anuman haye, joe ise hokudiku kshetra mein navintam sthalon mein seey ack banaata haye, aur apekshaakrit chhote kshetra mein makbaron key uchch ghanatva key liye asamanya haye. adhikansh kabron mein ack pravesh dwaar aur ack dafan kaksh hotaa haye, jise kuchh mamalon mein ghar key ander key samaan vinyaasit kiya jaataa haye. badee kabrein pahaadi mein nau meater taka faili hui hain, jisamen shavdeh key liye ack oonchaa munch haye. chhoti kabrein kewal teen meater taka faili hui hain. baramad kiye gaye kabr key saman mein sue wayer, haaji mitty key bartan, lohe kii talvaaren aur gahane kii vibhinn vastuen shamil hain. inn kabron seey yeh anuman lagaaya gayaa haye kii inn kabron kaa nirmaan chhathi shatabdi key uttaraardh seey laker saatvin shatabdi key anta taka 150 saal kii avadhi mein kiya gayaa thaa. yeh naam ack sthaaniya kinvadanti seey aaya haye kii kabron mein seey ack mein heyen kaal key samrat kazaan dwara chhipaaye gaye dafan khajaane hain. iss sthal koo ack udyaan key roop mein banaae rakhaa gayaa haye aur isamen ack chhota saa sangrahalaya haye, joe kuchh kalakritiyon koo pradarshit kartaa haye. yeh sthal jey. aar. west hokuriku mukhya line parr kagonsen station seey kaar seey lagbhag 10 minut kii doori parr sthit haye.

hojan guhantara samadhigalu idu japanina hokuriku pradeshada ishikawa nagarada chukushimachi nerehoreyalli nelegondiruva kofun avadhiya koneya ondu gumpu. ee sthalavannu 1929ralli japan rashtriya aitihaasika taanavendu hesarisalaayitu. idu hokuruku pradeshada atidodda guhe-samadhigala samoohavaagide. avalokana. hojan guhantara samadhigalu iburihashi nadiya purva dandeyalliruva tuff bettada meleddu, nadiyinda 40 meater ettaradallive. 1921rinda 1922ravarege puratatva utkhananavannu nadesalaayitu, aaa samayadalli 26 samadhigalannu gurutisalaayitu. 1964rinda 1968ravaregina hecchina utkhananagala samayadalli, ee sankhyeyannu 77 samadhigalige vistarisalaayitu, mattu ottu sankhyeyu eega 150rinda 200 samadhigala naduve ide endu andaajisalaagide, idu hokuruku pradeshada ittichina taanagalalli ondaagide mattu tulanaatmakavaagi sanna pradeshadalli adara hecchina saandrateya samadhigalige asaamaanyavaagide. hecchina samadhigalu praveshadvaarada dwara mattu samadhi kotadiyannu hondiddu, kelavu sandarbhagalalli maneya olabhaagavannu holuvante vinyaasagolisalaagide. dodda samadhigalu bettada badiyalli ombattu meetargalavarege vistarisive, shavapettigeya meliruva vedikeyannu hondive. sanna samadhigalu kevala mooru meetargalashtu vistarisive. vashapadisikonda samadhi sarakugalalli suu ware, haji kumbarike, kabbinada kattigalu mattu vividha aabharanagalu serive. ee samadhi vastugalinda, ee samadhigalannu 6neey shatamaanada uttaraardhadinda 7neey shatamaanada antyadavarege 150 varshagala avadhiyalli nirmisalaagide endu andaajisalaagide. ee hesare sthaliya dantakatheyondarinda bandide, ondu samadhiya samadhi hayeon avadhiya chakravarty kajanninda maremachalpattiruva nidhiyannu hondide. ee sthalavannu udyanavanavagi nirvahisalaagide mattu kandubaruva kelavu kalakrutigalannu pradarshisalu ondu sanna vastusangrahaalayavannu hondide. ee sthalavu zhe. aarr. paschima hokuriku mukhya maargadalliruva kagonsen nildaanadinda kaarinalli sumaru 10 nimishagala dooradallide.

hossan guha shavakudeerangal jappaanile hokurikku mekhalayile ishikaavayile kaga nagaratthinte chokkushimaachi parisarathu sthithi cheiyunna avasaanathe kofun kaalaghattatthile oru koottamaanu dhii. 1929ll jappaanile deseeya charitraparamaaya sthalamaayi eee sthalam prakhyapikkappettu. hokurikku mekhalayile ettavum valia guha-shavakudeeramaanith. avalokanam. iburihashi nadiyude kizhakkan theerathulla oru tuff kunnin mukalilaanu hossan guha shavakudeerangal sthithicheyyunnathu, nadiyil ninnu 40 meter uyarathilaanu. 1921 muthal 1922 vare oru puraavastu khananam nadathukayum aaa samayat 26 shavakudeerangal kandethukayum cheythu. 1964 muthal 1968 vareyulla kooduthal khananangalil, eee ennam 77 shavakudeerangalaayi vikasippichu, motham ennam ippol 150 muthal 200 vare shavakudeerangalaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu, ithu hokurikku mekhalayile ettavum puthiya saittukalil onnaanennum thaarathamyena cheria pradeshathe shavakudeerangalude uyarnna saandrata kaaranam asaadhaaranamaanennum kanakkaakkappedunnu. mikka shavakudeerangalilum oru praveshana dwaaravum oru shmashana arayum undu, chila sandarbhangalil ithu oru veedinte akathalavumaayi saamyamullathaan. valia shavakudeerangal kunnin mukalilekku onpathu meter vare vyaapichukidakkunnu, shavakudeerathinu uyarnna vediyundu. cheria shavakudeerangal moonnu meter maathram neendu nilkkunnu. kandedutha shavakudeerangalil syoo ware, haji manpathrangal, irumbu vaalukal, vividha aabharanangal enniva ulppedunnu. aaram noottaandinte avasana pakuthi muthal ezhaam noottaandinte avasaanam vareyulla 150 varshathe kaalayalavilaanu eee shavakudeerangal nirmmichathennu kanakkaakkappedunnu. shavakudeerangalilonnil hian kaalaghattatthile cassan chakravarty marachuvecha kuzhichitta nidhi undenna praadeshika aithihyathil ninnaan eee peru vannath. eee sthalam oru paarkkayi paripalikkukayum kandethiya chila karakaushala vasthukkal pradarshippikkunnathinaayin oru cheria museavumundu. juuniyar vestt hokurikku maine lainile kagonsen steshanil ninnu kaaril ekadesham 10 minittaan eee sthalam sthithi cheiyunnathu.

hozan lenee kabare daad haah japanchya hokuriku pradeshatil ishikawa, kaga shaharachya chokushimachi parisarat sthit kofun kalatil uttaradhatil eka samooh aahe. 1929 madhye yaa thikanala japanche rashtriy aitihasik sthal mhanoon ghoshit karnyat aale hote. hokuriku pradeshatil gumpha-kabarincha haah sarvat motha samooh aahe. vihangavalokan. hozan lenee kabare iburihashi nadichya purv purv eka tuff tekadivar aahet, jee nadipasoon 40 meater unchivar aahe. 1921 teey 1922 yaa kalat puratatviy utkhanan karnyat aale, tyaa kalat 26 kabare olakhali gelee. 1964 teey 1968 yaa kalat pudhil utkhananadarmyan, hii sankhya 77 kabarinparyant vadhavanyat aalee aanee aata ekoon sankhya 150 teey 200 kabarinchya darmyan asalyacha andaj aahe, jyamule heey hokuriku pradeshatil navintam sthalanpaiki eka aahe aanee tulanene lahan kshetramadhye tyachya uchch ghanatesathi asamanya aahe. bahutek kabarinmadhye praveshdwar aanee daphan kaksh aahe, jeey kahee prakarananmadhye gharachya aateel bhagasarkhe tayar kele aahe. mothya thadgya tekadichya bajula nauu meetarparyant pasarlelya aahet, jyat shavpetisathi unch vyaspeeth aahe. chhotya kabari keval teen meater vistarlya aahet. japt kelelya kabarichya vastunmadhye sue ware, haji matichi bhandi, lokhandi talwari aanee daginyanchya vividh vastooncha samavesh aahe. yaa kabari vastunvarun assa andaj aahe qee yaa kabari 6 vya shatkachya uttaradhapasun 7 vya shatkachya shevataparyant 150 varshanchya kalavadhit bandhalya gelya hotya. heey naav eka sthanik aakhyayikevarun aale aahe qee eka kabarimadhye heyan kalatil samrat kazanane lapavalela daphan khajina aahe. yaa jaagechi dekhbhal udyan mhanoon kelee jaate aanee tethe eka lahan sangrahalay aahe, jeey sapadalelya kahee kalakrutinchya pradarshanasathi aahe. heey thikan jeey. aar. west hokudiku mukhya margavaril kagonsen sthanakapasun karne sumare 10 minitanchya antaravar aahe.

hojan gufa chihanharu yo japanko hokuriku kshetrako ishikawa kagako shaharko chokusimachi chhimekma awasthit kofun awadhiko pachhillo samayako samuha how. yass sthallai sann 1929 maa japanko rashtriya aitihasik sthalko rupma namit garieko thiyo. yo hokuruku kshetrama gufa-chihanharuko sabaibhanda thulo samuha how. awalokan. hojan gufa chihanharu iburihasi nadiko purvi kinarma raheko tuff pahadma awasthit chhan, june nadibata 40 mitterko uchaima chha. sann 1921 dekhi 1922 samma puratatwik utkhanan garieko thiyo, jasma 26 wata chihanharu pahichan garieko thiyo. sann 1964 dekhi 1968 samma thap utkhananko kramama, yo sankhya 77 chihanharuma wistar garieko thiyo, rar kull sankhya ab 150 rar 200 chihanharu bichko anuman garieko chha, jasle yasalai hokuriku kshetrako navinatam siteharu madhye ek banaunchha, rar yasako uccha ghanatwaka lagi asamanya chha. dheraijaso chihanharuma praweshdwarko praweshdwar rar chihanko kotha chha, june kehi awasthama gharko bhitri bhagsanga mildojuldo rupma configure garieko chha. thula chihanharu pahadma nau mittersamma failieko chha, shawakotha lagi uthaeko platformko sath. sanah chihanharu kewal tean mittersamma failieko chha. uddhar garieka chihanka samanharuma su weyar, hazi bhaandaako bhanda, falamko tarwar rar gahanaka vibhinna wastuharu samawesh chhan. yee chihanka samanharubata, yo anuman garieko chha kii yee chihanharu 6 aun shatabdiko uttaradhadekhi 7 aun shatabdiko antyasamma 150 warshako awadhima nirman garieko thiyo. yo naam euta sthaniya kinwadantibata aeko how kii chihanharu madhye ekma heyan kalka samrata kazandwara lukeko dabieko khajana chha. yo sthallai parkko rupma rakhieko chha rar tyahan euta sano sangrahalaya chha, june fela pareka kehi kalakritiharu pradarshan garna how. yo site junier west hokuriku mukhya linema cagonsen stationbata karbata lagbhag 10 minetko durima awasthit chha.

hojan gumpha samadhi kofun kaalara shesh bhagara eka gosthi japanara hokuriku anchalara ishikawa, kaga saharar chokushimachi padoshi anchalare abasthita. 1929 masihare ehi sthanaku japanara eka jatiah aitihasika sthala bhabe namit karajaithila. ehaa hokudiku anchalara gumpha-samadhigudikara sarbabruhata gosthi. samikhya karantu. hojan gumpha samadhi iburihashi nadira purba koolare eka toff pahadare abasthita, jaahaa nadeetharu 40 mitter uchchata ray abasthita . 1921 ru 1922 parjyanta eka pratnatatwika khanan karajaithila, sehi samajare 26 tii samadhi chinhat karajaithila . 1964 ru 1968 parjyanta adhika khanan samajare, ehi sankhyaku 77 samadhi parjyanta bistara karajaithila, ebong bartamana mote sankhya 150 ru 200 samadhi madhyare heba bolly akalana karajaichi, jaahaa ehaaku hokuriku anchalara sadyatama sthana madhyaru gotie kare, ebong apekhyakruta chhot anchalare ehara uccha ghanatwa paain aswabhabika . adhikansha kabarare eka prabesha dwara ebong eka samadhi kaxa achhi, jaahaa keteka khetrare eka gharara bhitara bhaga sahita samaana bhabare sanrachita . budd samadhigudika pahadara naaa mitter parjyanta bistruta, shabdeh paain eka uthita mancha sahita . chhot samadhigudika maatra tini mitter byapta. uddhara hoithiba kabara samagri madhyare sue wejara, hazie mrupatra, luha khanda ebong bibhinna alankara antarbhukta . ehi samadhi samagriru anumana karajae je ehi samadhigudika shastha shatabdir sheshardharu saptama shatabdir shesh parjyanta 150 barshar abadhire nirmita hoithila. ehi namati eka sthaniah kimbadanteeru aasichhi je gotie kabarare heyan samaira samrat kajananka dwara luchai rakhajaithiba samadhi bhandara rahichhi. ehi sthanati eka park bhabare rakhyanabekhyana karajae ebong sethare eka chhot sangrahalaja achhi, jaahaa kichhi kalakruti pradarshan karibaku . ehi sthanati jay. aarr. westa hokuriku mukhya lineray thiba kagaosena stationru karare praiah 10 minitor durata madhyare abasthita.

hozan gufa kabran ih japan dey hokuriku khetar witch ishikawa dey kaaga shehar dey chokushimachi guaandh witch sathit kofun period dey akheer daa ikk samooh haii. iss sathaan noon 1929 witch japaan daa ikk rashtari itihasak sathaan namzad keeta giaa see. ih hokuriku khetar witch gufa-makbare daa sabh toon vadda samooh haii. sankhep jankari. hozan gufa kabran ibrihashi nadee dey purbi kandhe utte ikk tuff pahadi utte sathit hunn, joe nadee toon 40 meeter dee uchaee utte haii. 1921 toon 1922 takk ikk puratattav khudai keeti gaee see, jiss dauran 26 kabran dee pachanh keeti gaee see. 1964 toon 1968 takk horr khudai dauran, iss ginti noon vadha keey 77 kabran qarr ditta giaa see, atey hunn kull ginti 150 atey 200 kabran dey vichkaar honn daa anuman haii, jiss naal ih hokuriku khetar witch navintam sathanan vicchon ikk haii, atey ikk mukabaltan chhote khetar witch kabran dee ucch ghanta laee asdharan haii. ziaadaatar kabran witch ikk pravesh duaar atey ikk dafnaun daa kamra haii, joe kii kujh mamlian witch gharr dey andarle hisse naal milda-julda haii. vaddiaan kabran pahadi dey kinare naun meeter takk failiaan hoiaan hunn, jiss witch kabar laee ikk uccha munch haii. chhotiaan kabran siraf tinn meeter takk failiaan hoiaan hunn. baramad keete gaye kabar dey samaan witch soot ware, haaji mitty dey bartan, lohe deeaan talwaran atey gahiniaan deeaan vakkh-vakkh cheezan shamal hunn. inhan kabran toon ih andaza lagaiaa giaa haii kii ih kabran kabran sadee dey ant toon toon sadee dey ant takk 150 saalan dey samein witch banaiaan gaeeaan sunn. ih naam ikk sathanak kathaa toon aaiaa haii kii kabran vicchon ikk witch hayen qaal dey samrat kazan duaara lukaiaa giaa dafnaiaa hoiaa khazana haii. iss sathaan noon ikk park dey roop witch banayi rakkhiaa giaa haii atey ikk chhota ajaib gharr haii, joe kii kujh miliaan kalakritiaan noon pradarshit curran laee haii. ih site pachmi hokudiku mukkh line utte kagonsen station toon qaar duaara lagbhag 10 mint dee doori utte sathit haii.

hozan-guhaa-samaadhih da iti japan-deshasya hokuruku-pradeshe ishikava-nagarasya kaga-nagarasya chokushimachi-parisarasthah kofun-kaalasy ante sthitah samoohah asti. 1929 tame varshe etat sthalam japaan-deshasya rashtriya-aitihaasika-sthalatvena namakaranam krutam. hokuruku-pradeshe ayam guhaa-samadhisaudhanam bruhattamah samoohah asti. avalokanam karotu. hozan-guhaa-samaadhih iburihashi-nadyaah poorvatate tuff-parvate santi, yasya oordhvataa nadyaah 40 meater asti. 1921 taha 1922 paryantam puraatatveeya-utkhananm krutam, tasmin kaale 26 samaadhih abhidnyaapitaah. 1964 taha 1968 paryantam adhika-utkhananakale, eshaa sankhyaa 77 samaadhi-kshetraani yaavat vistrutaa, tathaa cha adhunaa aahaty sankhyaa 150 taha 200 samaadhi-kshetrayoho madhye iti anumaanitam asti, yena etat hokuruku-pradeshasya navinatama-sthaleshu anyatam asti, tathaa cha apekshaakrutam laghutamakshetre tasya uccha-ghanataayaah samaadhi-kshetrasya krute asamanyam asti. adhikaamsheshu samaadhishu praveshadvaarah, samaadhigruham cha asti, yat keshuchit kshetreshu gruhasya antahbhaagam iva samrachitam asti. bruhataah samaadhih parvate nava meater yaavat vistrutaah santi, yatra shavapetikaa krute oordhvasthah manchah asti. laghutamaah samaadhih kevalam trimeetar parimitam vistrutaah santi. uddhaariteshu samaadhi-vastoonaam madhye su-verr, haaji-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmaya-mrunmah-mrunmaya-mrunmah-mrunmaya-mrunmah-mrunmah-mrunmah-mrunmah-mrunmah. eteshu samaadhi-vastubhyah, ete samaadhih 6 shataabdyaah uttarardhat 7 shataabdyaah antaparyantam 150 varsheshu nirmitaani iti anumaanitam. idam naam sthaniya-akhyayika-dwara praaptam asti yat ekasmin samaadhau heyan-kaalasy samraat kazaan ityanena guptam samaadhisaudham asti iti. etat sthalam udyaanaroopen nirvahati, tatra ekam laghumandalam vartate, yat praaptaah kaanichan kalaakrutayah pradarshayitum asti. etat sthalam jey. aar. pashchim-hokuruku-mukhyamaargasy cagonsen-sthanakebhyah praayah 10 nimeshebhyah kaar-margena sthitam asti.

hosaan kugai kallaraigal jappan hogurukkup paguthiyil ulla ishikawa nagarin sokkushimachi suttruppuraththil amainthulla kofun kaalaththin pirpaguthiyil ulla oru kuzhu idhu. inththa thalam 1929 aam aandil jappan thaesiya varalaattru thalamaaga arivikkappattathu. idhu hogurukkup piraanthiyaththil ulla kugai-kallaraigalin migapperiya kuzhuvaagum. kannoattam. hosaan kugai kallaraigal iburihashi aattrin kilakkuk karaiyil oru tuff malaiyil amainthullana, idhu aattril irunthu 40 meettar uyaraththil ullathu. 1921 muthal 1922 varai oru tholporul agazhvaaraaichchi nadaththappattathu, antha neraththil 26 kallaraigal adaiyaalam kaanappattana. 1964 muthal 1968 varai maelum agazhvaaraaichchigalin poathu, inththa ennikkai 77 kallaraigalaaga virivupaduththappattathu, maelum moththa ennikkai ippoathu 150 muthal 200 kallaraigalaaga mathippidappattullathu, idhu hogurukkup piraanthiyaththil sameepathiya thazhangalil ontraakum, maelum oppeettalavil siriya paguthiyil ulla kallaraigalin adhiga adarthikku idhu asaathaaranamaanathu. perumpaalaana kallaraigalil nuzhaivaayil mattrum adakkam seiyum arai ullana, idhu sila santharppangalil oru veettin udpuraththai oththathaaga kattamaikkappattullathu. periya kallaraigal malaippaguthiyil onbathu meettar varai neendullana, kallaraikku oru uyarthappatta maedaiyudan. siriya kallaraigal moontru meettar mattumae neelam kondavai. meetkappatta kallaraip porutkalil suu vaer, haji matpaandangkal, irumbu vaal mattrum palvaeru nagaikal adangkum. inththa kallaraigal 6aam noottraandin pirpaguthi muthal 7aam noottraandin iruthi varai 150 aandukaala kaalappagudhiyil kattappattathaaga mathippidappattullathu. kallaraigalil ondril hiaan kaala paerarasar kasanal maraikappatta pudhaikkappatta pudhaiyal ullathu endra ulloor puraanaththilirunthu inththa peyar vanthathu. inththa thalam oru poongkaavaaga paraamarikkappadukirathu mattrum kandupidikappatta sila kalaipporutkalaik kaatchippaduththa oru siriya arungaatchiyagam ullathu. inththa thalam maerku hogurukkuvin pirathaana paathaiyil ulla caconsen nilaiyaththilirunthu kaaril sumar 10 nimidangalil amainthullathu.

hōōzan cave tombs the is a group of late kofun period located in the chokushimachi neighborhood of the city of kaga, ishikawa in the hokuriku region of japan. the site was designated a national historic site of japan in 1929. it is the largest group of cave-tombs in the hokuriku region. overview. hōōzan cave tombs are located on a tuff hill on the east bank of the iburihashi river, with an elevation of 40 meters above the river. an archaeological excavation was conducted from 1921 to 1922, during which time 26 tombs were identified. during further excavations from 1964 through 1968, this number was expanded to 77 tombs, and the total number is now estimated to be between 150 and 200 tombs, making this one of the latest sites in the hokuriku region, and unusual for its high density of tombs in a relatively small area. most of the tombs have an entrance vestibule and a burial chamber, which in some cases is configured to resemble the inside of a house. the larger tombs extend up to nine meters into the hillside, with a raised platform for the sarcophagus. the smaller tombs extend only three meters. grave goods recovered include sue ware, haji pottery, iron swords, and various items of jewelry. from these grave goods, it is estimated that these tombs were constructed over a 150-year period from the latter half of the 6th century to the end of the 7th century. the name comes from a local legend that one of the tombs contains buried treasure hidden by the heian period emperor kazan. the site is maintained as a park and has a small museum, the to display some of the artifacts found. the site is located about 10 minutes by car from kagaonsen station on the jr west hokuriku main line.

hozaan ghaar kay maqbaray dee kofoon door kay aakhir kaa eek garwah hay juu japaan kay hokorko elaqay mein kaaga shehar ashikawa kay chokoshimachi pados mein waaqa hay. iss maqaam kuu 1929 mein japaan kaa qomi tarikhi maqaam qaraar diyaa gayaa thaa. yaha hocoreco kay elaqay mein ghaar kay maqbaron kaa sabb say badaa garwah hay. jaizah. hozaan ghaar kay maqbaray daryaae aburehashi kay mashriqi kinaray parr eek tuff pahaadi parr waaqa haine jinn kii bulandi daryaa say 40 metter hay. 1921 say 1922 takk eek aasaar qadimah kii khidayi kii gayee jiss kay doraan 26 qabron kii nishandahi kii gayee. 1964 say 1968 takk mazeed khidayi kay doraan iss taadad kuu badhaa kirr 77 maqbaray kirr diyaa gayaa aur abb kill taadad kaa takhmina 150 aur 200 maqbaron kay darmiyan lagaya gayaa hay jiss say yaha hocoreco kay elaqay mein taazah tareen maqamat mein say eek hay aur nasbata chhotay elaqay mein maqbaron kii ziyadah kasafat kay liye ghair mamuli hay. ziyadah tarr qabron mein eek daakhli darwazah aur eek tadfin kaa kamrah hotaa hay jasay baaz suraton mein gahar kay andar kii tarah tartib diyaa jaataa hay. baday maqbaray pahaadi kay kinaray noow metter takk phailay hoay haine jinn mein qabar kay liye eek buland plait faarm hay. chhotay maqbaray sarf teen metter takk phailay hoay haine. baraamad shadah qabar kay saamaan mein sue wear haaji mutty kay bartan lohay kii talwarein aur zewaraat kii mukhtalif ashyaa shaamil haine. inn qabarsi saamaan say yaha andazah lagaya jaataa hay kahh yaha maqbaray chhatti sadee kay aakhir say saatwein sadee kay aakhir takk 150 saal kay arsey mein tameer kiye gayey thay. yaha naam eek maqami daastaan say aayaa hay kahh inn qabron mein say eek mein dafan khazanah mojud hay jasay hayaan door kay shahanshah qazaan nay chhapaya thaa. iss jagah kuu eek paark kay toor parr barqarar rakhaa gayaa hay aur iss mein eek chhota saa museum hay juu kachh namunon kuu zahir karnay kay liye hay. yaha saait jay aar vest hokorko meen line parr kagonsan station say kaar kay zariye taqriba 10 mint kay fasilay parr waaqa hay.

0000819af177e1636ab512bb91a07b4346d071112f3d54e90f146fb8f5b826f6

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57258621

Woodlands North RTS station

Woodlands North RTS station

woodland uttar aar. tii. aesa. station

woodlands north aar. tii. aiss. station

woodlands uttara aarr. tii. ess. nildaana

woodlands north aar. tii. ess. station

woodlands uttara aara. tii. ess. station

janglan uttri aar. tii. aiss. station

0000883e85be382398987dd8ee8168fd81e135b1b9be827d23d15431753cc439

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20096038

Brahmananda Keshab Chandra College

Brahmananda Keshab Chandra College College in Baranagar, West Bengal Brahmananda Keshab Chandra College, established in 1956, is an undergraduate college in Baranagar, Kolkata, West Bengal, India. It was named after the nineteenth century social reformer Keshab Chandra Sen. Popularly known as B.K.C. College, the institution was established with the aim of filling a vacuum in higher education in North 24 Parganas. This College is a Govt. of West Bengal aided degree college affiliated to the West Bengal State University and upgraded from Bachelor’s to Master’s degree in the list of Colleges included u/s 2(f) and 12(b) of the UGC Act, 1956 vide UGC letter No. 8-104/2019(CPP-I/C) dated 17/12/2019.Two Post Graduate courses are conducting: M.Sc in Mathematics and M.Sc in Botany. History of the college. In 1954, professor J. C. Ghosh, the then vice-chancellor of the University of Calcutta, surveyed the available higher educational facilities in North 24 Parganas. The survey revealed that facilities were inadequate given the huge influx of refugees in the area. His suggested solution called for ten new colleges in the area, covering both male and female students and the study of both humanities and sciences, and funded by the Central Relief and Rehabilitation Ministry, Government of India. This plan was accepted and Brahmananda Keshab Chandra College was thus established in 1956 as one of the colleges under this scheme. Initially the college was housed at Sagar Dutta Free High School, Kamarhati, but later moved to its own premises in 1957. Until 2008, the college was affiliated to the University of Calcutta. It is now affiliated with the West Bengal State University References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

brahmananda kexob chondro mohabidyaloy 1956 sonot protistha huwa brahmananda kexob chondro mohabidyaloy hoise bharotor poschim bongor kolkatar boranogorot owosthito ekhon snatok mohabidyaloy. unobingxo xotikar xomaj xongoskarok kexob chondro xenor naamere iyar naamkoron koraa hoisil. bi naamere jonopriyo.key.chi. uttor 24 porgonat uscho xikhyar ek xunyota puron korar lokhyore mohabidyaloykhon protistha koraa hoisil. ei mohabidyaloykhon ekhon sorkari mohabidyaloy. poschim bongo rajyik biswobidyaloyor xoite onumudit poschim bongor xahajyoprapto degree mohabidyaloyor snatokor poraa snatokuttor degreeloi unnit koraa mohabidyaloyxomuhor talikat eu. ji. chi aain, 1956-ror eu/ess 2 (ef) aaru 12 (bi) ontorbhukto koraa hoisil. 8-104/2019 (cpp-i/c) tarikh 17/12/2019. dutaa snatokuttor pathyokrom onusthito koraa hoiseh m.gonitot ess. chi. aaru em.udbhid bigyanot ess. chi.. mohabidyaloyor itihax. 1954 sonot odhyapok je. chi. kolikota biswobidyaloyor tetiyar upacharzo ghuxe uttor 24 porgonat upolobdho uscho xikhyar xubidhar joreep korisil. joriptuwe prokax korisil je oncholtut xoronarthir brihot prowexor baabe xubidha oporzapto aasil. teur poramorxo diya xomadhanot oncholtut dohkhon notun mohabidyaloyor baabe aahban jonuwa hoisil, zo 'too purux aaru mohila ubhoy saatro-chatri aaru manobbigyan aaru bigyan duyutar odhyoyon ontorbhukto aasil, aaru bharot sorkaror kendriyo xahajyo aaru punorbaxon montraloyor dwara puji jugan dhora hoisil. ei porikolpona grohon koraa hoisil aaru enedore 1956 sonot ei aasonir odhinot ekhon mohabidyaloy hisape brahmananda kexob chondro mohabidyaloy sthapon koraa hoisil. prothomote mohabidyaloykhon kamorhatir xagor dotto mukto haiskulot sthapon koraa hoisil, kintu pisot 1957 sonot iyar nijor porixoroloi sthanantorito koraa hoisil. 2008 sonoloike mohabidyaloykhon kolikota biswobidyaloyor odhinot aasil. ee etiya poschim bongo rajyik biswobidyaloyor xoite onumudit.

brahmananda keshab chandra college 1956 saale protisthito brahmananda keshab chandra college holl bharoter poschimbongo rajyer kalkatar baranagare abosthito ekti snatok college. unobingsho shatabdir samaj sangoskarak keshab chandra sener naame err namkaran koraa hoyeche. bii naame porichito.keey.shee. uttor 24 porogonate uchchoshikkhar shunnota puroner lakkhye eyi protisthanti protisthito hoyechilo. eyi collegeti ekti sarkari college. poschimbongo rajyo bishwobidyaloyer adhibhukto poschimbongo sahajjoprapto degree college ebong kolejgulir talika snatok theke snatakottar degreete unnito howar jonno 1956 saaler ugc aainer dhara 2 (eff) ebong 12 (bii)-err madhyome ugc chitthi nong. 8-104/2019 (shee. pii. pii-aaee/shee) tarikh 17/12/2019. duti snatakottar course porichalona koraa hachcheh mii.gonite esha. shee ebong emm.udbhidbiggane esha. shee. colleger itihas. 1954 saale adhyapak jeey. shee. kalkata bishwobidyaloyer tatkalin vice-chancellor ghosh uttor 24 porgonar uchchoshikkhar sujog-subidha samikkha korechilen. samikshai dekha geche jey, eyi anchale bipul sankhyak sharanarthi aasaar karone sujog-subidha aporjapto chhilo. taanr prostabito samadhane eyi anchale dashti notun colleger ahoban janano hoyeche, jaa purush oo mohila ubhoy shikkharthike antarbhukta korey ebong manobik oo bigyan ubhayi adhyayan korey ebong kendriya trano oo punarbasana montrok, bharat sarkarer orthayone. eyi porikolponati grihito hoy ebong eibhabe 1956 saale eyi prokolper adhine ekti college hisabe brahmananda keshab chandra college protisthito hoy. prathomikbhabe collegeti sagor dotto mukto uchcho vidyalaya, kamarhatite abosthito chhilo, kintu porey 1957 saale etty nijaswa prangane sthanantorito hoy. 2008 saal porjonto collegeti kalkata bishwobidyaloyer adhibhukto chhilo. etty ekhon poschimbongo rajyo bishwobidyaloyer adhibhukto.

brahmanand keshav chandra college reete sthapaayeli brahmanand keshav chandra college, bhaaratnaa pashchim bangaalnaa baranagar, kolkatama aaveli aek snaatak college chhe. tenu naam oganismi sadeena samaaj sudhaarak keshav chandra senanaa naam parthee rakhvama aavyu hatoo. bii tareeke lokpreey.keey.see. college, aaa sansthaani sthaapnaa uttar 24 parganama uchch shikshanma khaalee jagya bharvaanaa udeshya saathe karvaamaa aavee hatee. aaa college sarkari chhe. pashchim bangaal raajy university saathe sanlagn aneey collegeoni yaadimaa snatakthi anusnatak degreema upgraded karaayelee pashchim bangaal sahaayit degree collegemaa yuu. jee. see. adhiniyam, adhiniyam kalam 2 (aef) aneey 12 (bii) noow samaavesh thaay chhe. 8-104/2019 (cpp-i/c) taarikh 17/12/2019. beey anusnatak abhyaskramo haath dharvaamaa aave chheh m.ganeetma aesasi aneey aema.vanaspatishastrama aesasi. collegeno itihas. itihas prophesara jeey. see. kalkatta universityna tatkalin wies chanceller ghoshe uttar 24 parganama uplabdh uchch shaikshanik suvidhaaonu sarvekshan karyoo hatoo. sarvekshanmaa bahaar aavyu chhe keey aaa vistaarmaa sharnaarthionaa vishaal pravaahne dhyanma rakheene suveedhao apuratee hatee. temane soochvelaa ukelmaan aaa vistaarmaa dass navee collegeoni haakal karvaamaa aavee hatee, jemaa purush aneey maheela banne vidhyarthio aneey manavta aneey vigyaan banneno abhyaas saamel hato aneey bhaarat sarkaarnaa kendreey raahat aneey punarvasan mantralay dwara bhandol purun padvama aavyu hatoo. aaa yojnaane svikarvama aavee hatee aneey aaa reete reete aaa yojnaa hethalnee kolejomaanee aek tareeke brahmanand keshavchandra collegeni sthaapnaa karvaamaa aavee hatee. sharuaatmaa aaa college sagar dattaa free haai school, kamarhati khaate rakhvama aavee hatee, parantu baadmaa baadmaa tenaa potaana parisarma khasedvama aavee hatee. 2008 sudhee, aaa college kalkatta university saathe jodaayelee hatee. teey havey pashchim bangaal raajy university saathe sankalaayel chhe.

brahmanand keshav chandra mahavidyalaya 1956 mein sthaapit brahmanand keshav chandra college, baranagar, kolkata, paschim bangal, bhaarat mein ack snaatak mahavidyalaya haye. iska naam unnisvin shatabdi key samaaj sudhaarak keshav chandra saine key naam parr rakhaa gayaa thaa. bee key roop mein lokpriya.key.see. mahavidyalaya, sansthaan kii sthaapana uttar 24 pargana mein uchch shiksha mein ack riktata koo bharane key uddeshya seey kii gaee thee. yeh college ack sarkari haye. paschim bangal raajya vishvavidyalaya seey sambaddh paschim bangal sahaayata praapt degree college aur colleges kii soochi mein snaatak seey snatkottar degree mein unnat kiya gayaa jisamen yuu. jee. see. adhiniyam, 1956 kii dhaara 2 (aff) aur 12 (bee) shamil hain. 8-104/2019 (cpp-i/c) dinaankit 17/12/2019. dou snatkottar pathyakram aayojit kiye jaa rahey hainh m.ganit mein sc aur aim.vanaspati vigyaan mein sc. mahavidyalaya kaa itihas. 1954 mein professor jey. see. kalkatta vishvavidyalaya key tatkalin kulpati ghosh ney uttar 24 pargana mein upalabdh uchch shiksha suvidhaon kaa sarvekshan kiya. sarvekshan seey pataa chalaa kii kshetra mein sharanarthiyon kii bhaari aamad koo dekhate hue suvidhaaen aparyaapt theen. unake sujhaae gaye samadhan mein kshetra mein duss nae colleges kaa ahwan kiya gayaa, jisamen purush aur mahila donon chhaatr shamil they aur manaviki aur vigyaan donon kaa adhyayan kiya gayaa thaa, aur kendriya raahat aur punarvaas mantralaya, bhaarat sarkaar dwara vitt poshit thaa. iss yojana koo sweekaar curr liya gayaa aur iss prakaar 1956 mein iss yojana key tahat ack mahavidyalaya key roop mein brahmanand keshav chandra mahavidyalaya kii sthaapana kii gaee. shuru mein college sagar dattaa free hyee school, kamarhati mein sthit thaa, lekin baad mein 1957 mein apane parisar mein sthanantarit hoe gayaa. 2008 taka, college kalkatta vishvavidyalaya seey sambaddh thaa. yeh abb paschim bangal raajya vishvavidyalaya seey sambaddh haye.

brahmananda keshab chandra kaaleju heege sthaapaneyaada brahmananda keshab chandra kaaleju, bhaaratada paschima bangaalada koolkattaada baaraanagaradalliruva ondu padavipurva kaaleju. hattombattane shatamaanada samaja sudharaka keshab chandra saine avara hesarannu idakke idalaagide. bii endu janapriyavagi kareyalpaduttade.keey.sii. uttara 24 paraganagalli unnata sikshanadallina nirvaatavannu tumbuva uddeshadinda ee samstheyannu sthaapisalaayitu. ee kaaleju sarkari kaaleju. paschima bangala raajya vishvavidyaanilayakke samyojitavagiruva mattu kaalejugala pattiyalli snatakottara padavige unnatikarisalaada paschima bangala anudaanita padavi kaaleju yuu. zii. sii. kaayide, 1956 rahra yuu/ess 2 (eff) mattu 12 (bii) annu yuu. zii. sii. patra sankhye. 8-104/2019 (cpp-i/c) dinanka 17/12/2019. eradu snatakottara korsgalu nadeyuttiveh m.ganitadalli ess. sii. mattu emm.sasyashaastradalli ess. sii. collegina itihaasa. itihaasa, professor zhe. sii. andina kalkatta vishvavidyaalayada upakulapatiyaagidda ghosh, uttara 24 paraganagalli labhyaviruva unnata sikshana soulabhyagalannu samikshe maadidaru. ee pradeshadalli niraashritara dodda olaharivu iruvudarinda soulabhyagalu asamarpakavagive endu samiksheyu bahirangapadiside. avaru soochisida parihaaravu ee pradeshadalli hattu hosa kaalejugalige karey needitu, idu purusha mattu mahila vidyarthigalannu olagondittu mattu manavika mattu vignaanagala adhyayanavannu olagondittu mattu idakke bhaarata sarkaarada kendra parihara mattu punarvasati sachivaalayadinda dhanasahaya padeyitu. ee yojaneyannu angeekarisalaayitu mattu heege heege ee yojaneya adiyalli ondu kaaleju endu brahmananda keshav chandra kaalejannu sthaapisalaayitu. aarambhadalli ee kaaleju kaamarhatiya sagar dattaa free proudhashaaleyalli nelegondittu, aadare nantara nantara tannade aada aavaranakke sthalaantaragonditu. sthalaantaragonditu, ee kaaleju kalkatta vishvavidyaanilayakke maanyate hondittu. idu eega paschima bangala raajya vishvavidyaanilayakke maanyate padedide.

brahmananda keshab chandra koleju 1956ll sthaapithamaaya brahmananda keshab chandra koleju, indiayile paschima bangaalile kolkkathayile baranagar sthithicheyyunna oru biruda kolejaanu. pathonpathaam noottaandile saamoohika parishkarthaavaaya keshab chandra senninte perilaanu ithu ariyappedunnathu. bii ennaanu janapriyamaayi ariyappedunnathu.keey.sii. vadakkan 24 pargaanakalile unnatha vidyaabhyaasathile shoonyatha nikathuka enna lakshyathodeyaanu koleju sthaapichathu. eee koleju oru sarkkar sthaapanamaanu. paschima bangal samsthaana sarvakalashaalayil affiliate cheythittulla paschima bangal aided digri kolejile birudapatanam birudatthil ninnu birudaananthara birudatthilekku uyarthukayum 1956 leeii yuu. jii. sii niyamathile yuu/ezz 2 (eph), 12 (bii) enniva ulppeduthukayum cheythu. 8-104/2019 (cpp-i/c) theeyathi 17/12/2019. rund birudaananthara kozhsukal nadathunnu m.ganithathil ezz. sii. yum emm.sasyashaasthrathil ezz. sii. colleginte charithram. 1954ll professor jeey. sii. vadakkan 24 pargaanakalil labhyamaya unnatha vidyaabhyaasa soukaryangalil kalkatta sarvakalaashaalayude annathe vais chansalaraayirunna ghosh sarway nadatthi. pradeshathekku valia thothil abhayaardhikal ozhukiyethunnathinaal soukaryangal aparyaapthamaanennu sarway velippeduthi. addeham nirddeshicha pariharam eee pradeshathu patthu puthiya kolejukalkku ahvaanam cheythu, athil purusha, vanita vidyaarthikalum humanities, sayans padanavum ulppedunnu, koodaathe kendra durithaashwaasa, punaradhivasa manthraalayathinte dhanasahayavum nalkunnu. eee padhathi amgeekarikkappedukayum eee padhathikku keezhilulla kolejukalilonnayaanu 1956ll brahmananda keshab chandra koleju sthaapithamaavukayum cheythath. thudakkathil koleju kaamarhathiyile sagger dattha free haiskoolilaayirunnu, ennaal pinneedu 1957 ll swantham parisarathekku maatti. 2008 vare koleju kalkatta sarvakalaashaalayumaayi affiliate cheyyappettirunnu. ithu ippol paschima bangal samsthaana sarvakalaashaalayumaayi affiliate cheythittundu.

brahmanand keshavchandra mahavidhyalay 1956 madhye sthapan jhalele brahmanand keshavchandra mahavidhyalay heey baranagar, kolkata, paschim bangal, bharat yetheel eka padvipurv mahavidhyalay aahe. ekonisavya shatkatil samaj sudharak keshavchandra saine yanchya navavarun yala heey naav denyat aale. bii mhanoon lokpriy.keey.see. uttar 24 parganyanmadhil uchch shikshanatil pokali bharoon kadhanyachya uddeshane yaa sansthechi sthapana karnyat aalee. heey mahavidhyalay sarkari aahe. paschim bangal rajya vidyapithashi sanlagn asalelya aanee mahavidhyalayanchya yadeet padvivarun padvyuttar padviparyant unnatikrut jhalelya paschim bangal anudanit padvi mahavidhyalayamadhye yuu. jee. see. kayada, 1956 chya kalam 2 (eff) aanee 12 (bii) chaa samavesh yuu. jee. see. patra kra. 8-104/2019 (see. pii. pii.-aay./see.) dinankit 17/12/2019. done padvyuttar abhyaskram aayojit kele jaat aaheth emm.ganitat ess. see. aanee emm.vanaspatishastrat ess. see. mahavidhyalayacha itihas. 1954 madhye pradhyapak jeey. see. kalkatta vidyapithache tatkalin kulguru ghosh yanni uttar 24 parganyanmadhye upalabdh asalelya uchch shaikshanik suvidhanche sarvekshan kele. yaa bhagat nirvasitancha prachand ogh asalyane suvidha suvidha asalyache sarvekshanatun ughad jhaale. tyanni suchavalelya upayayojananmadhye yaa bhagat daha naveen mahavidhyalaye sthapan karanyachi magani karnyat aalee, jyat purush aanee mahila donhi vidyarthyancha samavesh asel aanee manaviki aanee vidnyan yaa donhi vishayancha abhyas keela jaeel aanee bharat sarkarchya kendriya madat aanee punarvasan mantralayakadun nidhi deela jaeel. hii yojana sweekarli gelee aanee asha prakare 1956 madhye yaa yojneantargat eka mahavidhyalay mhanoon brahmanand keshavchandra mahavidhyalayachi sthapana karnyat aalee. suruvatila heey mahavidhyalay sagar datta mukt madhyamik shaala, kamarhati yethe hote, parantu nantar 1957 madhye teey swatachya parisarat halavanyat aale. 2008 paryant heey mahavidhyalay kalkatta vidyapithashi sanlagn hote. aata teey paschim bangal rajya vidyapithashi sanlagn aahe.

brahmananda keshav chandra college sann 1956 maa sthapit brahmananda keshav chandra college, baranagar, kolkata, paschim bengal, bharatma raheko euta snatak college how. yasako naam unnaisaun shatabdika samaj sudharak keshav chandra senko namama rakhieko how. lokpriya rupma bee.key.see. uttar 24 paraganama uccha shikshama raheko shunyata bharne uddeshyale yo sansthanko sthapana garieko how. yo college sarkari how. paschim bengal rajya vishwavidyalayasanga sambadha paschim bengal sahayata prapta degree collegeko rar collegeharuko suchima snatakbata snatakottar degreema upgraded garieko yujisi aina, 1956 ko yu/ess 2 (ef) rar 12 (bee) samawesh garieko chha. 8-104/2019 (cpp-i/c) miti 17/12/2019. dui snatakottar pathyakramharu sanchalan gardai chhanh m.ganitma ess. see. rar emm.vanaspati vigyanma ess. see.. collegeko itihas. sann 1954 maa, professor jey. see. kalkatta vishwavidyalayaka tatkalin kulpati ghoshle uttar 24 paraganama upalabdha uccha shaikshik suwidhaharuko sarwekshan gare. sarwekshanle yass kshetrama sharanarthiharuko thulo agamanlai dhyanma rakhdai suwidhaharu aparyapta raheko khulasa gareko chha. unle sujhaeko samadhanle yass kshetrama das nayan collegeharu awhan garyo, jasma purush rar mahila duwai vidyarthiharu rar manawiki rar vigyan duwaiko adhyayan samawesh chha, rar kendriya rahat rar punarwas mantralaya, bharat sarkardwara witta poshit chha. yo yojana swikar gariyo rar yasari yass yojanaantargat collegeharu madhye ekko rupma 1956 maa brahmananda keshav chandra college sthapana gariyo. suruma college sagar datta free hai schol, kamarhatima rakhieko thiyo, tara pachhi sann 1957 maa afnai parisarma sario. sann 2008 samma, college kalkatta vishwavidyalayasanga sambadha thiyo. yo ahile paschim bengal rajya vishwavidyalayasanga sambadha chha.

brahmananda keshab chandra college 1956 masihare sthapita brahmananda keshab chandra college heuchhi bharatara paschimabanga rajyara kolkatara baranagarare abasthita eka snataka mahabidyalaja. unabingsha shatabdir samaj sanskaraka keshab chandra senanka naamare ehara namakarana karajaithila. bii naamare janashuna.kee.sii. uttara 24 paraganare uchchashikhyara shunyasthana purana kariba uddeshyare ehi anusthana pratistha karajaithila. ehi kalejati eka sarkari. paschimabanga rajya biswabidyalaja saha anubandhita ebong snatakaru snatakottara degreeku unneet hoithiba paschima banga sahajata prapta degree colleger yujisi adhiniam, 1956 rahr dhaara 2 (aif) ebong 12 (bii) yujisi chithi nong. 8-104/2019 (cpp-i/c) tarikh 17/12/2019. duiti snatakottara pathyakrama parichalita heuchhih m.ganitare ess. sii. ebong emm.udbhida bigyanare ess. sii. colleger itihas. 1954 masihare, professor jay. sii. kalikata biswabidyalajara tatkaleena kulapati ghosh uttara 24 paraganare upalabdha uccha sikhyanushthana subidha gudikar sarbhe karithile. ehi sarbekhyanaru janapadichhi je ehi anchalare sharanartheenka bipula aagamanaku drustire rakhi subidha parjyapta nathila. tankara prastabita samadhanare ehi anchalare dashati nutan college paain aahwana karajaithila, jeunthire ubhaja purush ebong mahila chhatra ebong ubhaja manabikata ebong bigyana adhyajana antarbhukta thila, ebong bharat sarakaranka kendriah releaf ebong punarbasa mantranalaja dwara artha jogai diajaithila. ehi jojanaku sweekara karajaithila ebong ehipari 1956 masihare ehi yojana adheenare anyatama college bhabare brahmananda keshab chandra college pratistha karajaithila. prathame ehi kalejati sagara datta mukta uccha bidyalaja, kamarhatire rahithila, kintu parey parey ehaa niz parisaraku sthanantarita hoithila. 2008 masiha parjyanta, ehi college kalikata biswabidyalaja sahita anubandhita thila. ehaa bartamana paschima banga rajya biswabidyalaja sahita anubandhita.

brahmanand keshab chander kaalaj 1956 witch sathapit brahmanand keshab chander kaalaj, baranagar, kolkata, pachmi bangal, bharat witch ikk undergraduate kaalaj haii. iss daa naam unhivin sadee dey samaaj sudharak keshab chander saine dey naam utte rakkhiaa giaa see. bee dey taur teey prasidh haii.keey.see. kaalaj, sanstha dee sathapana uttri 24 pargana witch ucch sikkhiaa witch ikk khalaa noon bharan dey udesh naal keeti gaee see. ih kaalaj ikk sarkari kaalaj haii. pachmi bangal raaj university naal maanta prapat pachmi bangal sahaita prapat digri kaalaj atey kaljan dee suchi witch bachelor toon maastar digri witch upgraded keete gaye kaljan witch yuu. jee. see. aikat, 1956 dee dhaara 2 (eff) atey 12 (bee) shamal hunn. 8-104/2019 (cpp-i/c) mitee 17/12/2019. doou post graduate course aayojit keete jaa rahey hann m.ganit witch aiss. see. atey aimm.banaspati witch aiss. see. kaalaj daa itihaas. 1954 witch professor jey. see. kalkatta university dey tatkali upp-kulpati ghosh neey uttri 24 pargana witch upalbadh ucch sikkhiaa sahulatan daa sarvekhan keeta. sarvekhan toon pataa lagga haii kii khetar witch sharnarthiaan dee bhaari aamad dey maddenazar sahulatan nakafi sunn. unhan neey iss khetar witch dass navein kaljan dee mung keeti, jiss witch purash atey mahila doven vidiaarthi shamal sunn atey manukhta atey vigiaan dovan daa adhiaen keeta giaa see atey iss laee kendri raahat atey mudd vasebe mantrala, bharat sarkaar duaara fund ditte gaye sunn. iss yojna noon savikar qarr liaa giaa atey iss tarahan 1956 witch iss yojna tehat ikk kaalaj vajon brahmanand keshab chander kaalaj dee sathapana keeti gaee. shuru witch kaalaj saagar dutta free hyee school, kamarhati witch sathit see, parr baad witch 1957 witch iss noon aapne hii complexes witch tabdil qarr ditta giaa. saal 2008 takk ih kaalaj kalkatta university naal maanta prapat see. ih hunn pachmi bangal raaj university naal sambandhit haii.

brahmaanand-keshav-chandra-mahaavidyaalayaha 1956 tame varshe sthaapitah brahmaanand-keshab-chandra-mahaavidyaalayaha bharatasya pashchim-bangaal-rajyasya kolkataa-nagarasya baranagar-nagare sthitah snaatak-mahaavidyaalayaha asti. asya naam, oonabimshatishataabdyaah samajasudharakasya keshab-chandra-senasya namna krutam. bee iti namna prasidhah.key.sii. uttar-24 paraganasu ucchashikshaayaah riktataam poorayitum mahaavidyaalayasya, samsthaayaah sthapana abhavat. ayam mahaavidyaalayaha sarwakaareeyah asti. pashchim-bangaal-rajya-vishvavidyaalayena sambaddhasy pashchim-bangaal-anudaanita-degree-mahaavidyaalayasya snatakat snaatakottar-degree-rupena unnatah cha mahaavidyaalayaanaam suchyam yoo. jee. see. adhiniyamah, 1956 ityasya yoo/ess. 2 (ef) tathaa 12 (bee) cha yoo. jee. see. patra-nam. dwara antarbhavanti. 8-104/2019 (cpp-i/c) dinaankah 17/12/2019. dwau snaatakottar-paathyakramau sanchaalitaah santihi m.ganitashaastre ess. sii. tathaa emm.vanaspatishaastrasya ess. sii. mahaavidyaalayasya itihaasah. 1954 tame varshe pradhyapakaha jey. sii. kalakatta-vishvavidyaalayasya tatkaaleen-kulapatehe ghoshah uttar-24 paraganasu upalabhyamananam uccha-shaikshanik-suvidhaanaam sarvekshanam krutavaan. asmin kshetre sharanarthinam vishaal-pravaahasya karanat suvidhaah aparyaaptah iti sarvekshanam prakatayt. tasya soochitah upaayah asmin kshetre dash nutananam mahaavidyaalayaanaam aahvaanam akarot, yatra purusha-mahilaa-chhatranam, manavika-vijnaana-adhyayanasya cha samaaveshah aasit, tathaa cha bhaaratasarvakaarasy kendriya-saahaayy-punarvasana-mantraalayen vittaposhanam krutam aasit. iyam yojanaa sweekrutam, evam cha braahmanand-keshab-chandra-mahaavidyaalayasya sthapana 1956 tame varshe asmin yojanayaha antargatam mahaavidyaalayeshu anyatamaroopen abhavat. praarambhe idam mahaavidyaalayam saagar-datta-mukta-ucchavidyaalaye, kamarhati-nagare aasit, parantu pashchat 1957 tame varshe swasyaah parisaram prati sthanantaritam. 2008 tamavarshaparyantam ayam mahaavidyaalayaha kalakatta-vishvavidyaalayena sambadhah aasit. adhunaa pashchimavanga-raajyawishwawidyaalayen saha sambaddham asti.

piraamanandha kesap chandra kalluri 1956 aam aandil niruvapatta piraamanandha kesap chandra kalluri, inthiyaavin maerku vangaalaththin kolkatthaavil ulla paranagar endra idaththil ulla oru ilangkalai kalluri aagum. paththonpathaam noottraandin samooga seerthiruththavaathi kesap sandhira chenn enbavarin peyaraal idhu peyaridappattathu. pii endru pirabalamaaga ariyappadugirathu.kae.chii. vadakku 24 parkaanaavil ulla uyarkalviyil ulla vetrtridaththai nirappuvathai nokkamaagak kondu inththa niruvanam niruvappattathu. inthak kalluri oru arasu niruvanam. maerku vangka maanila palkalaikkazhagaththudan inaikappatta maerku vangka udhavip pattappadippu kalluri mattrum kalloorigalin pattiyalil ilangkalai pattaththilirunthu muthukalaip pattamaaka tharam uyarththappattathu, yujisi sattam, 1956 inn yuu/ess 2 (eff) mattrum 12 (pii) aagiyavai yujisi kadidham enn. 8-104/2019 (cpp-i/c) thethiyitta 17/12/2019. irandu mudugalai padippugal nadaththappadugindrana m.kanithaththil essie mattrum emm.thaavaraviyalil essie. kallooriyin varalaaru. 1954ill paeraasiriyar jay. chii. kolkatta palkalaikkazhagaththin appoathaiya thunaivaentharaaga irunththa kosh, vadakku 24 parkaanaavil ulla uyarkalvi vasathigalai aaivu seithaar. appaguthiyil agathigal perumalavil varuvathaal vasathigal poathumaanathaaka illai endru kanakkeduppu velippaduththiyathu. avar parinthuraiththa theervu, ippaguthiyil paththu puthiya kalloorigalukku alaippu viduththathu, idhil aann mattrum penn maanavargal mattrum manithanaeyam mattrum ariviyal aagiya irandaiyum ulladakkiyathu, maelum inthiya arasin matthiya nivaaranam mattrum maruvaazhvu amaichchagaththin nidhiyuthaviyudan. inthath thittam aetrtrukkollappattu, piraamanandha kesap chandra kalluri 1956 aam aandil inththa thittaththin keezh ulla kalloorigalil ontraaka niruvappattathu. aarambaththil inthak kalluri kamarhattiyil ulla saagar tutta ilavasa uyarnilaip pallyil irunththathu, aanaal pinnar 1957 ill adhan sontha valaakaththirku maattrappattathu. 2008 varai, inthak kalluri kalkatta palkalaikkazhagaththudan inaikkappattathu. idhu ippoathu maerku vangkaala maanila palkalaikkazhagaththudan inaikkappattullathu.

brahmananda keshab chandra kalaasaala 1956loe sthaapinchabadina brahmananda keshab chandra kalaasaala, bharatadesamloni paschima bengaalloni kolkataloni baranagarlo unna oka under graduate kalaasaala. dheeniki pantommidava sataabdapu saamaajika samskarta keshab chandra saine paeru pettaru. bii gaa prasiddhi chendindi.keey.sii. uttara 24 paraganaalalo unnata vidyalo shoonyatanu poorinche lakshyamtho eee samstha sthaapinchabadindi. eee kalaasaala prabhutva kalaasaala. paschima bengaul rashtra vishwavidhyaalayaaniki anubandhamgaa unna paschima bengaul aided degree kalaasaala, kalaasaalala jaabitaalo bachelor nundi masters degreeki upgraded cheyabadindi, indulo yujisi chattam, 1956 looni yuu/ess 2 (eff) mariyu 12 (bii) unnaayi. 8-104/2019 (cpp-i/c) thedhee 17/12/2019. rendu post graduate korsulu nirvahinchabadutunnaayih m.ganitamlo essi mariyu emm.vrukshashaastramlo ess. sii. kalaasaala charitra. 1954loe professor zhe. sii. kalakatta vishwavidyaalayam appati vais chhaansalar ghosh uttara 24 paraganaalalo andubaatulo unna unnata vidya soukaryaalanu survey chesaaru. eee praantaaniki saranaarthula bhaarii pravaham kaaranamgaa soukaryaalu saripovani survey velladinchindi. eee praantamloo padhi kotta kalaasaalalu erpaatu cheyaalani, indulo purushulu mariyu mahilalu vidyaarthulu, maanaveeya saastraalu mariyu vignaana saastraala adhyayanam rendoo untaayi, dheeniki bhaarata prabhutva kendra sahaya mariyu punaravasa mantritva saakha nidhulu samakuurustumdi. eee pranaalika aamodinchabadindi mariyu eee pathakam kinda 1956loe kalaasaalaloo okatigaa brahmananda keshab chandra kalaasaala sthaapinchabadindi. praarambhamlo eee kalaasaala kamarhatiloni sagar dattaa free haiskoollo undedi, conny taruvaata 1957loe daani swantha praamganaaniki maarchabadindi. 2008 varaku, eee kalaasaala kalakatta vishwavidhyaalayaaniki anubandhamgaa undedi. idhi ippudu paschima bengaul rashtra vishwavidhyaalayaaniki anubandhamgaa undhi.

barhamanand keshab chandar college barhamanand keshab chandar college juu 1956 mein qayem hawaa barangar kolkata maghrabi bangaal hindustan mein eek indergraduate college hay. iss kaa naam aneeswein sadee kay samaji maslah kishaab chandar seen kay naam parr rakhaa gayaa thaa. bee kay naam say mashhur.kay.see. college yaha idaarah shamali 24 parganah mein aalee taleem mein khalaa kuu parr karnay kay maqsad say qayem kiyaa gayaa thaa. yaha college eek sarkaari college hay. maghrabi bangaal riyasati university say waabistah maghrabi bangaal kii amdaad yaaftah digri college kaa aur colleges kii fehrist mein bachelor say maaster digri mein app grade kiyaa gayaa jiss mein yuu jee see aikat 1956 kii yuu/aiss 2 (aif) aur 12 (bee) shaamil haine. 8-104/2019 (cpp-i/c) tareekh 17/12/2019. duu post graduate courses chull rahay haine: m.riyaazi mein aiss see aur ayem.boatni mein aiss see. college kii tareekh. 1954 mein professor jay. see. kalkota university kay iss waqat kay waais chancelor ghosh nay shamali 24 parganah mein dastiyaab aalee taleemi sahuliyaat kaa sarway kiyaa. sarway say patah chalaa kahh elaqay mein mahajireen kii bury aamad kay paish nazar sahuliyaat nakafi thein. inn kay tajweez kardah hall mein elaqay mein duss nayey colleges kaa mutalibah kiyaa gayaa jinn mein mard aur khwatin donon talbaa aur humanities aur sciences donon kaa mutalah shaamil hay aur iss kii maali aanat markazi releaf aur bahaali kii wazaarat hukumat hund karti hay. iss mansubay kuu qabool kirr liyaa gayaa aur iss tarah barhamanand keshab chandar college kuu 1956 mein iss schem kay tahat colleges mein say eek kay toor parr qayem kiyaa gayaa. ibtadayi toor parr yaha college saagar dotaa free hayee school kamarhati mein waaqa thaa leakin baad mein 1957 mein asay apnay ahaatay mein muntaqil kirr diyaa gayaa. 2008 takk yaha college kalkatah university say waabistah thaa. yaha abb maghrabi bangaal riyasati university say waabistah hay.

00008a46ad70e108e1c7f4fcdac272d77ce171e9bbb43b1429f678f49915f006

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30495602

Baja California Territory

Baja California Territory Mexican territory from 1824-1853 and 1854-1931 Baja California Territory (Territorio de Baja California) was a Mexican territory from 1824 to 1853, and 1854 to 1931, that encompassed the Baja California peninsula of present-day northwestern Mexico. It replaced the Baja California Province (1773–1824) of the Spanish colonial Viceroyalty of New Spain, after Mexican independence. Along with Alta California, the two territories were split from the Spanish Californias region. In 1931, Baja California Territory was divided into the "Territory of Baja California Norte" and the "Territory of Baja California Sur". In 1952, the "North Territory" became the 29th State of Mexico as Baja California. In 1974, the "South Territory" became the 31st state as Baja California Sur. Province. Baja California's northern border with Alta California was first established to demarcate areas of Franciscan and Dominican missionary authority, precisely set on August 19, 1773, near San Juan Bautista Creek by Fray Francisco Palóu. A marker stands on the line formerly dividing the two countries. The marker is behind the ruins of Misión San Miguel Arcángel de la Frontera, in La Misión, Baja California. The Palóu line was adopted as the provincial dividing line in 1804. In 1848, under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, this international border was shifted further north to San Diego Bay, adjusting it to the claim of Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo and the "sea-to-sea" claims of Sir Francis Drake and of the former colony of South Carolina. Translated into English, the inscription on the marker reads: <templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" /> San Juan Bautista Creek: Juan Crespí, May 1 for the setting of the first international division line between Old or Lower California (Dominicans) and New or Upper California (Franciscans) five leagues to the north (Valley of the Médanos) being established by: Priest Francisco Palóu on 19 August 1773 ("Mojonera of Palou") in compliance with the instructions put forth on the April 7, 1772 "Concordato".<br>"Rosarito Historical Society, Baja California A.C. at The Mission, Baja California, on 20 May 1990. Fieldwork and research: . Monument donation: Mario Reyes Coronado De Villasari & family . Construction: Students of the School of Tourism at U.A.B.C.(Autonomous University of Baja California)". References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

baaja california onchol baaja california onchol (territ "rio" di baaja california) 1824 sonor poraa 1931 sonoloike maxican onchol aasil, ji bortomanor uttor-poschim maxicor baaja california upodipok xamori loisil. ee maxican swadhinotar pisot notun spainor spanis ouponibexik viceroilityr baaja california prodex (1773-1824) ror sthan loisil. alta californier logote duyuta bhukhondo spanis california oncholor poraa bibhokto koraa hoisil. 1931 sonot baaja california bhukhondok "baaja california norter bhukhondo" aaru "baaja california suror bhukhondo" too bibhokto koraa hoisil. 1952 sonot "uttor onchol" baaja california hisape maxicor maxicor rajyo hoi pore. 1974 sonot "dokhyin onchol" baaja california sur hisape hisape rajyo hisape porigonito hoisil. prodex. alta californier xoite baaja californier uttor ximanto prothome francician aaru dominican missionery kortripokhyor oncholxomuhor xeema nirdharonor baabe sthapon koraa hoisil, xothikbhabe 19 aagosto, 1773-too frey francisoku paal 'ror dwara chaan juwan boutista khaarir usorot sthapon koraa hoisil. purbote duyukhon dexok bibhokto koraa rekhatut etaa marker aase. bojaa californier laa misiunor misiun chaan miguwel archengel dey laa fronterar dhongxawoxexor pisfale ei sinhotu aase. 1804 sonot palour rekhatu pradexik bibhajon rekha hisape grohon koraa hoisil. 1848 sonot guwadalupe hidalogu suktir odhinot ei antohrastriyo ximanto uttore chaan diyegu upoxagoroloi sthanantorito koraa hoisil, iyak juwan ror "drigage kebrilur daabi aaru chaar francis drack aaru dokhyin kerulinar purbor uponibexor" xagor-poraa-xagor "dabir xoite khaap khuwai luwa hoisil. ingrajiloi onubad koraa, markertur xilalipito likha aaseh

bazza california anchal bazza california anchal (territorio dii bazza california) 1824 theke 1931 saal porjonto mexicor ekti anchal chhilo, jaa bortoman uttor-poschim mexicor bazza california upodwipke ghire chhilo. etty mexicor swadhinotar porr notun spener spanish ouponibeshik viceroiltyr bazza california prodeshke (1773-1824) protisthapon korey. alta californier pashapashi, duti anchal spanish california anchal theke bivokto hoyechilo. 1931 saale bazza california anchalti "bazza california norter anchal" ebong "bazza california surer anchal"-ayee bivokto hoy. 1952 saale, "uttor anchal" bazza california hisabe mexicor mexicor rajye porinoto hoy. 1974 saale, "dakkhin anchal" bazza california soor hisabe hisabe rajye porinoto hoy. pradesh. alta californier saathe bazza californier uttor seemanto prothom franciscan ebong dominican missionary kortripokkher anchalguli chinnito korar jonno protisthito hoyechilo, jaa thhik 19 august, 1773 saale frya francisco palor dwara shaan juan bottista khandir kachhe sthapon koraa hoyechilo. purbe dui deshke bivokto korar liney ekti chinnitkari dandiye achhe. markerti californier bazza shohorer laa mijione shaan miguel archangel deey laa frontera dhongshaboshesher pichhone royeche. 1804 saale pradeshik bibhajan rekha hisabe palor rekha grohon koraa hoy. 1848 saale, guadalupe hidalgo chuktir adhine, eyi antorjatik seemantoti arow uttore shaan diego uposagore sthanantorito koraa hoy, etty juan rodriguez cabrillor daabi ebong syara francis drake ebong dakkhin caroliner praktan uponibesher "samudra theke samudra" dabir saathe samanjasyapurna hoy. ingrezite anubad koraa, marker shilalipiti padeh

baajaa california pradesh baajaa california pradesh (territorio dii baajaa california) 1824 thee 1931 sudhee meksikana pradesh hato, jeey haalnaa uttarpashchim meksikona baajaa california dweepkalpne aavari leey chhe. teey meksikana svatantrataa pachhi navaa spainnaa spanish vasaahati viceroyaltyna baajaa california praant (1773-1824) noon sthaan leedhu. alta california saathe, beey pradesho spanish california pradeshthi vibhajit thayaa hataa. hataa, baajaa california pradeshne "baajaa california nortenaa pradesh" aneey "baajaa california surnaa pradesh" maan vahenchvaamaa aavyo hato. hato, "uttar pradesh" meksikonu meksikonu raajy banyu, kaaran keey baajaa california. california, "dakshin pradesh" baajaa california suur tareeke tareeke raajy banyu. praant. alta california saatheni baajaa california nee uttareey sarhad saupratham franciscan aneey dominican missionary sattaana vistaarone simankit karvaa maate sthaapit karvaamaa aavee hatee, jeey chokkaspane 19 august, 1773 naa roj, seena juan butista khaadi najik francisco paalo dwara seeta karvaamaa aavee hatee. agau beey deshone vibhajit karatee rekhaa parr aek marker ubhoo chhe. marker missian seena miguel archangel deey laa fronterrana khanderoni paachhal chhe, laa missian, baajaa californiama. californiama paaluni rekhaane praantiy vibhajan rekhaa tareeke apnavvama aavee hatee. hatee, guadalupe hidalgoni sandhee hethal, aaa aantarrashtriy sarhadne vadhu uttarmaa saana diyego khaadimaa khasedvama aavee hatee, tene juan rodrigues kebrilonaa daava aneey surr frances drack aneey dakshin keroleenani bhutpurv vasaahatnaa "samudrathi samudra" daava saathe samaayojit karvaamaa aavee hatee. angrejeemaa anuvaadit, marker parno shilalekh vaanche chheh

baajaa california kshetra baajaa california kshetra (territorio dee baajaa california) 1824 seey 1931 taka ack maxican kshetra thaa, joe vartamaan uttar-paschimi maxico key baajaa california praaydweep koo shamil kartaa haye. isane maxican swatantrata key baad nae spen key spanish aupaniveshik vaaysaraay key baajaa california praant (1773-1824) koo badal diyaa. alta california key saath, donon kshetron koo spanish california kshetra seey vibhajit kiya gayaa thaa. 1931 mein, baajaa california kshetra koo "baajaa california norte kaa kshetra" aur "baajaa california sur kaa kshetra" mein vibhajit kiya gayaa thaa. 1952 mein, "uttari kshetra" baajaa california key roop mein mexico kaa 29vaan raajya bunn gayaa. 1974 mein, "dakshin kshetra" baajaa california sur key roop mein 31vaan raajya bunn gayaa. praant. baajaa california kii uttari seema koo pahali baar franciscan aur dominican missionary pradhikaran key kshetron kaa seemankan karane key liye sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa, joe thheek 19 agast, 1773 koo francisco paalau dwara saine juan bottista khaadi key paas sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. ack marker usa rekha parr khadaa haye joe pahale donon deshon koo vibhajit karati thee. marker laa mijion, baajaa california mein mijion saine miguel archangel day laa fronterra key khandharon key peechhe haye. 1804 mein palu kii rekha koo praantiya vibhajan rekha key roop mein apanaaya gayaa thaa. 1848 mein, gwadalupe hidalgo kii sandhi key tahat, iss antarrashtriya seema koo aage uttar mein saine diego khaadi mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa thaa, ise juan rodrigues cabrillo key daave aur surr francis drake aur dakshin carolina kii poorv coloney key "samudra seey samudra" key daavon key saath samaayojit kiya gayaa thaa. angreji mein anuvaadit, marker parr shilalekh mein likhaa haih

baja california pradesha pradesha 1824rinda, indina vayuvya meksikoda baja california paryaya dweepawannu olagondidda baja california pradeshavu (territorio dii baja california) mexican pradeshavaagittu. idu mexican swatantryada nantara spanish vasaahatushaahi hosa spaine viceroyalty baja california praantyavannu (1773-1824) badalaayisitu. alta californiadondige, eradu pradeshagalannu spanish california pradeshadinda berpadisalaayitu. berpadisalaayitu, baja california pradeshavannu "baja california norte pradesha" mattu "baja california surr pradesha" endu vingadisalaayitu. vingadisalaayitu, "uttara pradesha" vu meksikoda 29neey raajyavaada baja californiadayitu. californiadayitu, "daksina pradesha" vu baja california surr emba 31neey raajyavaayitu. prantya. alta californiadondige baja californiada uttarada gadiyannu modala baarige franciscan mattu dominican missionary praadhikaarada pradeshagalannu gurutisalu sthaapisalaayitu, nikharavaagi august 19,1773 randu, franco palonu francoda syaan juwan batista creak bully sthaapisalaayitu. hinde eradu deshagalannu vibhajisuttidda rekheya mele ondu gurutu iruttade. californiada laa missiannalli, missian syaan miguel archangel deey laa fronterada avasheshagala hinde gurutu ide. palona rekheyannu rekheyannu praantiya vibhajaka rekheyaagi alavadisikollalaayitu. alavadisikollalaayitu, gwadalupe hidalgo oppandada adiyalli, ee antaaraashtriya gadiyannu syaan diago kolliya uttarakke sthalaantarisalaayitu, idannu juwan rodrigues cabrillo mattu surr francis drakeyavara "samudradinda samudrakke" hakkugalige sarihondisalaayitu. inglishge anuvaadisalaada gurutina cheetiya melina shaasanavu heege heluttadeh

baja california pradesham innathe vadakkupadinjaaran meksikkoyile baja california upadveep ulkkollunna 1824 muthal 1931 vare oru meksikkan pradeshamaayirunnu baja california pradesham (territorio dii baja california). meksikkan swaathanthryathinu sesham puthiya speyininte spanish colonial vaisroythiyude baja california pravishya (1773-1824) ithu maatti. alta kaaliforniyaykkoppam, rund pradeshangalum spanish california mekhalayil ninnu vibhajichu. 1931ll baja california pradesham "baja california norte pradesham", "baja california surr pradesham" enningane vibhajikkapettu. 1952ll vadakkan pradesham meksikkoyude 29-aamathe samsthaanamaaya baja kaaliforniyaayi maari. 1974ll "thekkan pradesham" baja california surr enna peril 31-aamathe samsthaanamaayi maari. pravishya. fraansiskan, dominican missionary adhikaarikalude pradeshangal verthirichariyaan vendi 1773 august 19 nuu francisco paalauviloode saan juvan bouttista kreekinu sameepam alta kaaliforniyayumaayulla baja kaaliforniyayude vadakkan athirthi aadyamaayi sthaapikkappettu. munbu iru rajyangaleyum vibhajikkunna rekhayil oru adayaalam nilakollunnu. kaaliforniyayile bajayile laa missionilulla misiyon saan migual arcangal dii laa fronterayude avashishtangalkk pinnilaanu eee adayaalam. 1804ll paaluvinte rekha pravishya vibhajana rekhayaayi sweekarikkappettu. 1848-ll gwadaloope hidalgo udambadi prakaram, eee anthaaraashtra athirthi kooduthal vadakkott saan diego ulkkadalilekku maatti, ithu juvan rodrigues kaabrilloyude avakaashavaadathinum sarr francis drakinteyum muun kolaniyaaya southu karolinayudeyum "kadal-tuu-zee" avakaashavaadangalkkum anusrithamaayi krameekarichu. engleeshilekku vivarthanam cheythirikkunna adayaalathile likhitham iprakaaramaanu

baja california pradesh baja california pradesh (territorio dii baja california) haah 1824 teey 1931 paryantcha eka mexican pradesh hota, jyamadhye sadhyachya vayavya meksikochya baja california dweepkalpacha samavesh hota. meksikochya swatantryanantar tyane naveen spainchya spanish vasahatvadi viceroilitychya baja california prantachi (1773-1824) jaaga ghetali. alta californiachya barobarine, heey donhi pradesh spanish california pradeshapasun vegale karnyat aale. 1931 madhye, baja california pradeshachi "baja california nortecha pradesh" aanee "baja california surcha pradesh" ashee vibhagani karnyat aalee. 1952 madhye, "uttar pradesh" heey baja california mhanoon meksikoche 29weey rajya banale. 1974 madhye, baja california suur mhanoon "dakshin pradesh" heey 31weey rajya banale. prant. baja californiachi alta californiashi asaleli uttarekadil seema pratham franciscan aanee dominican missionary pradhikaranachya kshetranche seemankan karnyasathi sthapan karnyat aalee hotee, jee tantotant 19 august 1773 roji phrai francisco palone sann juan bottista khadijaval nishchit kelee hotee. purvi donhi deshanna vibhajit karananya reshevar eka chinhak ubha aahe. californiatil baja yetheel laa mizian yetheel missian sann miguel archangel day laa fronterachya avasheshanmage haah chinh aahe. 1804 madhye prantiy vibhajak resha mhanoon paluchi resha sweekarli gelee. 1848 madhye, gwadalupe hidalgochya tahanusar, hii aantarrashtriy seema pudhe uttares sann diego khadimadhye halavanyat aalee, jyane tee juan rodrigues cabrillochya davyashi aanee surr francis drake aanee dakshin carolinachya purvichya vasahatichya "samudra-teey-samudra" davyanshi julavun ghetali. ingerjit anuvadit kelelya chinhavaril shilalekhat asey lihile aaheh

baja california khetra baja california khetra (territorio day baja california) 1824 dekhi 1931 sammako ek mexicon khetra thiyo, jasle wartaman uttarpashchimi meksikoko baja california prayadwiplai sameteko thiyo. yasale meksikoko swatantrata pachhi nayan spainko spainy aupaniweshik bhaisarayaltiko baja california pranta (1773-1824) lai pratisthapan pratisthapan. alta californiasanga, dui kshetraharu spanis californiako kshetrabata vibhajit thie. sann 1931 maa, baja california kshetralai "baja california norteko khetra" rar "baja california surko khetra" maa vibhajan garieko thiyo. sann 1952 maa, "uttari khetra" baja californiako rupma meksikoko 29 aun rajya banyo. sann 1974 maa, "dakshin khetra" baja california surko rupma 31 aun rajya banyo. pranta. baja californiako alta californiasangko uttari sima pahilo patak franciscan rar dominican misnery akhtiyarko kshetraharuko simankan garna sthapana garieko thiyo, june thik agasta 19,1773 maa saan juan batista khadi najikai francisco palaudwara sett garieko thiyo. pahile dui deshharulai vibhajan garne rekhama euta chinha khada chha. marker californiako baja californiako lah missianma missian saan miguel arcangel day lah fronterako bhagnawasheshko pachhadi chha. paluko rekhalai sann 1804 maa prantiya vibhajan rekhako rupma apanaieko thiyo. sann 1848 maa, gwadalupe hidalgoko sandhi antargat, yo antarrashtriya sima thap uttarma saan diyego khadima sarieko thiyo, yasalai juan rodrigues cabrilloco dabi rar sear francis drekk rar dakshin carolinako purva upaniweshko "samudra-dekhi-samudra" daviharuma samayojan gariyo. angrejima anuwad garieko, markerma raheko shilalekhma lekhieko chhah

baja california anchala baja california anchala (territorio dii baja california) 1824 ru 1931 parjyanta eka mexicore anchala thila, jaahaa barttamanara uttara-paschima mexicore baja california upadweepaku antarbhukta karithila . ehaa mexicore swadheenata parey nutan spainer spanian oupanibeshika bhaisarajalatira baja california pradesh (1773-1824) ku badalaithila. alta california sahita, duiti anchala spanian california anchalaru bibhakta hoithila . 1931 masihare, baja california anchalaku "baja california norte anchala" ebong "baja california sur anchala" ray bibhakta karajaithila. 1952 masihare, "uttara anchala" baja california bhabare mexicore 29tama rajya hoithila. 1974 masihare, "dakhina anchala" baja california sur bhabare 31tama rajya hoithila . pradesh. alta california sahita baja californier uttara seema prathame franciscan ebong dominican missionary kartupakhyanka anchalaku seema nirdharana kariba paain sthapita hoithila, thick august 19,1773 ray, franchisco paleu dwara shaan juan batista crick nikatare . purbaru dui deshaku bibhajita karuthiba rekha upare eka marker rahichhi. ehi markerti californier baja californier laa mijionre thiba mijiona shaan miguel archangel dee laa fronterara bhagnabasesha pachare rahichhi. 1804 masihare, paleunka rekhatiku pradeshika bibhajan rekha bhabe grahan karajaithila. 1848 masihare, guadalupe hidalgo chukti anujai, ehi antarjatija seemaaku ahuri uttarare shaan diego upasagaraku sthanantarita karajaithila, ehaaku juan rodrigues kabrilonka daabi ebong saar francis drekk ebong dakhina carolinara purbatana upanibesara "samudraru samudra" daabi sahita samanjasya karajaithila. ingrajire anubada hoithiba marker thiba shilalekhare kuhajaichhih

baaja california khetar baaja california khetar (territorio dee baaja california) 1824 toon 1931 takk ikk mexican khetar see, jiss witch varatman uttar-pachmi mexico dey baaja california praideep shamal see. iss neey mexico dee aazadi toon baad, navein spain dey spanish bastiwadi viceroality dey baaja california prant (1773-1824) dee thaan lae laee. alta california dey naal, doven khetar spanish california khetar toon vande gaye sunn. 1931 witch, baaja california khetar noon "baaja california norte daa khetar" atey "baaja california surr daa khetar" witch vandiaa giaa see. 1952 witch, "uttri khetar" baaja california dey roop witch mexico daa daa raaj bann giaa. 1974 witch, "dakkhni khetar" baaja california suur vajon vajon raaj bann giaa. soobe. baaja california dee alta california naal uttri sarhadd pahili vaar franciscan atey dominican missionary authority dey khetran dee haddbandi laee sathapat keeti gaee see, joe kii 19 agast, 1773 noon sainn juan bottista creak dey nede francisco paalau duaara nirdharat keeti gaee see. pahilan dovan deshan noon vandann vaali rekha utte ikk nishan khadah haii. ih nishan laa michian, baaja california witch missian sainn migual arcangle dee laa fronterra dey khandran dey pichhe haii. palu dee rekha noon 1804 witch subai vandd rekha vajon apnaiaa giaa see. 1848 witch, guadaloop hidalgo dee sandhi dey tehat, iss antarashtari sarhadd noon sainn diago khaadi witch horr uttar vall tabdil qarr ditta giaa see, iss noon juan rodrigues cabrillo dey daave atey sarr francis drake atey dakkhni carolina dee sabka basti dey "samunder toon samunder" dey daaviaan dey anukool qarr ditta giaa see. angrezi witch anuvad keete gaye chinnh utte likhiaa shilalekh witch likhiaa haiyav

baja-california-pradesha baja-california-pradesha (territorio-dii-baja-california) 1824 taha 1931 paryantam meksiko-deshasya pradesha aasit, yah vartamaanasya vaayavya-meksiko-deshasya baja-california-dweepakalpam aacchaadayati sma. meksiko-deshasya swaatantryaanantaram, nootan-spen-deshasya spanish-aupaniveshika-vaisaraayalti ityasya baja-california-prantasya (1773-1824) sthaane etat sthaapitam. alta-california ityanena saha, spen-deshasya california-pradeshaat pradeshadwayam vibhaktam. 1931 tame varshe baja-california-pradesha "baja-california-narte-pradesha", "baja-california-sur-pradesha" iti cha vibhaktah. 1952 tame varshe "uttarpradeshah" meksiko-deshasya 29 tamam raajyam abhavat, yasya naam baja-california iti. 1974 tame varshe "dakshinapradeshah" baja-california-sur iti namna 31 tamam raajyam abhavat. praantah. baja-california-deshasya alta-california-deshena saha uttarasima prathamavaaram franciscan-dominican-dharmaprachaarak-adhikarasya kshetraanaam simankanartham sthaapitah, yat 19 august 1773 dinaanke, fraanseesko-paalau ityanena saan-juvaan-batista-creak ityasya sameepe, nishchitaroopen sthaapitam. poorvam deshadwayam vibhajyamaanah rekhaayaam ekaha marker asti. marker iteedam baja-california-deshasya laa-mission-nagare, mission-syaan-miguyel-aarkaanjel-day-laa-frontera ityasya bhagnaavasheshasya prushthe asti. 1804 tame varshe paalau ityasya rekhaa prantiyavibhajika iti sweekrutam. 1848 tame varshe, gwadalupe hidaalgo ityasya sandhyaadheenam eshaa antarashtriyasima uttardishi saan diyego-bey-prati sthanantarita, yena juvaan rodrigues cabrillo ityasya daavaayaah, surr francis drekk ityasya tathaa dakshina-kerolina-poorva-upaniveshasya "samudra-taha-samudrasya" daavaanaam cha anuroopam abhavat. anglabhashayam anuvaaditah, mudrane shilalekhah likhati -

baja california pirathaesam 1824 muthal 1931 varai baja california pirathaesam (territorio dii baja california) oru mexican pirathaesamaaka irunththathu, idhu intraiya vadamaerku mexikovin baja california theepakarpaththai ulladakkiyathu. idhu mexican suthanthiraththirkup piragu puthiya spainin spanish kaalanitthuva viceroiltyin baja california maagaanaththai (1773-1824) maattriyathu. alta californiavudan, irandu pirathaesangkalum spanish california piraanthiyaththilirunthu pirikkappattana. 1931 aam aandil, baja california pirathaesam "baja california norde pirathaesam" mattrum "baja california suurin pirathaesam" yena pirikkappattathu. 1952 aam aandil, "vadakku piraanthiyam" mexikovin 29 vadhu maanilamaaga baja kalipoarniyaavaaga maariyathu. 1974 aam aandil, "therku piraanthiyam" baja california suur endra 31 vadhu maanilamaaga maariyathu. maagaanam. alta californiavudanaana baja californiavin vadakku ellai muthanmuthalil franciscan mattrum tominican missionary athikaaraththin pakuthikalai varaiyarukka niruvappattathu, thulliyamaaga august 19,1773 andru, chaan yuwan patista sittroadaikku arugil francisco paaloo moolam amaikkappattathu. munbu iru naadugalaiyum pirikkum koattil oru kurippaanathu nirkirathu. inththa kurippaanathu californiavin laa missionil ulla missian chaan micule arganjel dii laa franderavin idipaadugalukku pinnaal ullathu. paaloovin varii 1804 aam aandil maagaanap pirippuk koattaaga aetrtrukkollappattathu. 1848 aam aandil, gwadalube hidalco oppanththaththin keezh, inththa sarvadesa ellai maelum vadakkae chaan tiago virigudaavukku maattrappattathu, idhu yuwan rodricks caprillovin urimai mattrum charr francis tragay mattrum therku carolinavin munnaal kaalani aagiyavattrin "kadal muthal kadal" urimaikoaralgalukku aerpa sariseiyappattathu. aangkilaththil mozhipeyarkkappattulla antha kuripaanil ulla kalvettil pinvarumaaru ullathu

baja california bhuubhaagam baja california bhuubhaagam (territorio dii baja california) 1824 nundi 1931 varaku mexican bhoobhagamgaa undedi, idhi prastuta vaayuvya meksikoolooni baja california dveepakalpaanni kaligi undhi. idhi mexican swaatantryam taruvaata spanish valasarajyala visroility off nyuu speyin yokka baja california provins (1773-1824) nuu bharti chesindi. alta californiatho paatu, rendu bhuubhaagaalu spanish california praantam nundi vibhajinchabaddaayi. 1931loe, baja california bhuubhaagam "baja california norte bhuubhaagam" mariyu "baja california surr bhuubhaagam" gaa vibhajinchabadindi. 1952loe, "uttara bhuubhaagam" mexicolo 29va rashtramgaa maarindi. 1974loe, "dakshina bhuubhaagam" baja california surr gaa 31va rashtramgaa maarindi. provins. alta californiatho baja california yokka uttara sarihaddu modata franciscon mariyu dominican missionary adhikaram yokka praantaalanu gurtinchadaaniki sthaapinchabadindi, idhi khachitamgaa aagashtu 19,1773naa shaan juvan batista creak sameepamlo frankisco paaluu dwara erpaatu cheyabadindi. gatamlo rendu deshaalanu vibhajinche rekhapai oka marker untundi. californialoni laa missian loe, missian shaan miguel arcongel dii laa fronterra sidhilaala venuka marker undhi. 1804loe paaluu rekhanu praantiiya vibhajana rekhagaa sweekarinchaaru. 1848loe, gwadalupe hidalgo oppandam prakaram, eee antarjaateeya sarihaddunu marinta uttaraana shaan diego beki marcharu, dheenini juvan rodrigues cabrillo yokka vaadanaku mariyu surr frances dracke yokka "samudram nundi samudram" vaadanalaku mariyu dakshina carolina yokka maajee kaalaneeki sardubaatu chesaaru. aanglamloki anuvadinchabadina, markerpy unna saasanam ilaa undih

baaja california elaqah baaja california elaqah (territorio ddee baaja california) 1824 say 1931 takk mexico kaa eek elaqah thaa juu maujudah shamaal maghrabi mexico kay jazirah namaa baaja california parr maheet thaa. iss nay mexico kii aazadi kay baad nayey speen kay hispanvi nawabadiyati vicerality kay baaja california soobay (1773-1824) kii jagah lay lee. altaa california kay saath donon elaqon kuu hispanvi california kay elaqay say taqsim kirr diyaa gayaa thaa. 1931 mein baaja california kay elaqay kuu "baaja california nortay kaa elaqah" aur "baaja california suur kaa elaqah" mein taqsim kiyaa gayaa. 1952 mein "shamali elaqah" baaja california kay toor parr mexico kii 29 wein riyasat bunn gayee. 1974 mein "janubi elaqah" baaja california suur kay toor parr 31 wein riyasat bunn gayaa. subah. baaja california kii shamali sarhad altaa california kay saath pehli baar franceskin aur dominican missionary atharti kay elaqon kii hadd bundi kay liye qayem kii gayee thee juu balkal 19 agast 1773 kuu saan joaan botsta crack kay qareeb free francesco paalo kay zariye qayem kii gayee thee. eek nashaan iss lakeer parr khadaa hay juu pehley donon mamalik kuu taqsim karti thee. maarkar meshin saan megoil archingle ddee laa frontera kay khandraat kay peeche hay laa mesheen baaja california mein. paalo kii lakeer kuu 1804 mein soobayi taqsim lakeer kay toor parr apnaya gayaa. 1848 mein guadalope headlego kay muahide kay tahat iss beenn alaqwami sarhad kuu mazeed shamaal mein saan diyago bay mein muntaqil kirr diyaa gayaa jiss say asay joaan rudregs cabrello kay daway aur sarr frances drack aur janubi carolina kii sabqah kaloni kay "samandar say samandar" kay daawon kay mutabiq dahaal liyaa gayaa. angrezi mein tarjumah shadah nashaan parr mojud naushtah mein likhaa hay:

00008c92a3bed2f23c834023bd013e436a136cbaa335f6a95566aa4311c628ec

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43840528

The Boat Race 1875

The Boat Race 1875 Oxford versus Cambridge rowing race The 32nd Boat Race between crews from the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge took place on the River Thames on 20 March 1875. The Cambridge crew contained four Blues to Oxford's two, the latter went into the race without a win since the 1869 race. In a race umpired by Joseph William Chitty, Oxford won by ten lengths in a time of 22 minutes 2 seconds, taking the overall record in the event to 17–15 in their favour. One of the Cambridge crew broke his slide during the race. Background. The Boat Race is a side-by-side rowing competition between the University of Oxford (sometimes referred to as the "Dark Blues") and the University of Cambridge (sometimes referred to as the "Light Blues"). The race was first held in 1829, and since 1845 has taken place on the Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London. Cambridge went into the race as reigning champions, having defeated Oxford by <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />3+1⁄2 lengths in the previous year's race, while Oxford led overall with sixteen wins to Cambridge's fifteen. Cambridge were coached by John Goldie, the Cambridge boat club president and rower for the 1869, 1870 and 1871 races, and Charles Stokes Read who had rowed for Cambridge in the previous three races. Oxford's coaches were S. D. Darbishire who had rowed for the Dark Blues in the 1868, 1869 and 1870 races, F. H. Hall who had coxed for three races between 1870 and 1872, Robert Wells Risley who had rowed four times between the 1857 and 1860 races, Edmund Warre (represented Oxford in 1857 and 1858), Frank Willan (four-time winning rower between 1866 and 1869) and Walter Bradford Woodgate who had rowed in the 1862 and 1863 races. Joseph William Chitty was the umpire for the race. He had rowed for Oxford twice in 1849 (in March and December) and the 1852 race. The starter was Edward Searle. Crews. The Oxford crew weighed an average of 11 st 12.375 lb (75.3 kg), more than their opponents. Cambridge's crew contained four former Blues, including Herbert Edward Rhodes who was making his third appearance in the race. Oxford saw two rowers return from the 1874 race, in H. J. Stayner and J. P. Way. According to Drinkwater, the Oxford University Boat Club towards the end of 1874 produced a "fine crew", and of particular note was the inclusion of the former Eton Captain of the Boats Tom Edwards-Moss. In contrast, Cambridge's crew, with just two returning from the previous year's race, was completed with "material ... not of a very high order". Race. Oxford were considered clear pre-race favourites to win their first Boat Race in five years; conditions were inclement with a "nasty north-west wind" but a "fair tide". They lost the toss and Cambridge elected to start from the Middlesex station, handing Oxford the Surrey side of the river. The race commenced at 1:13 p.m., and Cambridge made the better start, taking the lead from the outset with a higher stroke rate. Half a length ahead after a minute, the Light Blues nearly had a clear water advantage but tired in the strong headwind, and started to be caught by Craven Steps, around along the course. About a mile into the race, one of the Cambridge crew broke a slide. The crews were level at the Crab Tree pub and by Hammersmith Bridge, and with the advantage of the bend in the river, Oxford were clear and went on to win by ten lengths in a time of 22 minutes 2 seconds. It was their first victory since 1869 and took the overall record in the event to 17–15 in their favour. References. Notes <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> Bibliography

naau dour 1875 oxford biswobidyaloy aaru cambridge biswobidyaloyor kormosarixokolor maajot huwa 32 xongkhyok naur protijugita 1875 sonor 20 marchot thems nodit onusthito hoisil. cambridgeor kormosarixokolor bhitorot aasil sarita blues tu oxfordor dutaa, pisortu 1869 sonor poraa kunu joy nuhuwakoi protijugitat ongxogrohon korisil. juxef uilium sittir umpire koraa ekhon resot oxforde 22 minute 2 sekendor xomoyot doh doirghyore joylabh korisil, jaar folot eventor xamogrik obhilekhtu teulukor pokhyot 17-15 loi goisil. cambridgeor ejon kormosariye protijugitar xomoyot teur slidetu bhangi pelaisil. potobhumi. naau dour hoise oxford biswobidyaloy (ketiyaba "dark blues" buli kuwa hoy) aaru cambridge biswobidyaloy (ketiyaba "light blues" buli kuwa hoy) ror maajot ek kaax-baai-side roying protijugita. ei protijugita prothombaror baabe 1829 sonot onusthito hoisil, aaru 1845 sonor poraa dokhyin-poschim londonor thems nodit championswip course onusthito hoise. cambridge rajotwo koraa champion hisape protijugitat ongxogrohon korisil, purbor bosoror protijugitat oxfordok doirghyor dwara porasto korisil, aanhate oxforde xamogrikbhabe xullota joyor xoite cambridgeor pundhorkhon joy korisil. 1869, 1870 aaru 1871 sonor resor baabe cambridge naau clubber xobhapoti aaru ruwar john goldiye kembrijok proxikhyon disil, aaru charls stokxokole porha ji aagor tinita resot cambridgeor baabe ror 'yoy korisil. oxfordor proxikhyokxokol aasil ess. di. 1868, 1869 aaru 1870 sonor dourot dark bluesor baabe ror "yoy" dodd koraa darbiswayar, ef. eis. 1870 aaru 1872 sonor bhitorot tinita resor baabe cokes koraa holl, 1857 aaru 1860 sonor resor maajot saribar ror 'bort wels risoli, admond waare (1857 aaru 1858 sonot oxfordok protinidhitwo koraa), frank uilan (1866 aaru 1869 sonor maajot saribar bijoyi ror' waar) aaru 1862 aaru 1863 sonor resot ror 'wo koraa walter breadford udget. zusef uilium chitty aasil resor umpire. teu 1849 sonot (march aaru disemborot) aaru 1852 sonor dourot dubarkoi oxfordor baabe dourisil. startertu aasil edward charlo. dolxomuh. oxfordor nabikxokolor gorh ujon aasil 11taa aai. di. 1. el. bi. (75.3 keji), ji teulukor bipokhyotkoi odhik. cambridgeor dolor sarita prakton blues aasil, jaar bhitorot aasil harbert edward roads ji resot teur tritiyo uposthiti aasil. oxforde 1874 sonor douror poraa dujon ruwarok eis-too ubhoti ohaa dekhisil. je. steiner aaru je. pi. upay. paniyo jolor mote, 1874 sonor xexor faale oxford biswobidyaloyor naau clube etaa "xukhmo nabik" prostut korisil, aaru bixex guruttopurno aasil naur prakton eaton captain tomm edwards-muxor ontorbhukti. iyar biporite, cambridgeor nabikxokol, juwa bosoror douror poraa maatro dujon ubhoti ohaar xoite, "xamogri" ror xoite xompurno hoisil... oti uscho order nohoy. dour. oxfordok paas bosoror bhitorot teulukor prothom naau dourot joyee hoh "boloi praak-douror sposto priyo buli gonyo koraa hoisil; poristhiti" beyaa uttor-poschim botah "ror xoite birup aasil kintu" nyajyo juwar "aasil. teuluke toss heruwaisil aaru cambridge modhyo-modhyo stationor poraa aarombho koriboloi nirbasito hoisil, oxfordok nodir xurer faale hostantor korisil. restu 1h13 bojat aarombho hoisil.em., aaru cambridge aarombhonire poraa odhik strokor haaror xoite netritwo loi bhaal aarombhoni korisil. ek minutor pisot aadha doirghyor aagot, paatol neela pray ek sposto panir xubidha aasil kintu xoktixali muur ghurai ohaa botahot bhagoruwa hoi porisil, aaru gotipothor sariufale onuragi podokhyepe dhori poriboloi aarombho korisil. protijugitakhonot pray ek maail durot, cambridgeor ejon kormosariye etaa slide bhangi pelaisil. krubur crab tree paab aaru hemmersmith brijot xoman aasil, aaru nodit bokrotar xubidhare, oxford sposto aasil aaru 22 minute 2 sekendor xomoyot doh doirghyore joy koriboloi aagbarhisil. 1869 sonor pisot eitu teulukor prothom bijoy aasil aaru ei eventot xamogrik obhilekhtu teulukor pokhyot 17-15 loi goisil. proxongo. nutxomuh gronthoponji

1875 saaler nauka protijogita oxford vishwavidyalaya ebong cambridge bishwobidyaloyer karmider modhye 32tomo nauka protijogita 1875 saaler 20shhey march thames nodiite onusthito hoy. cambridge krute charti blues theke oxforder duijon chhilo, porerti 1869 saaler reser porr theke konao joy chharai daude yaay. josepha uilium chitir umpire ekti daude, oxford 22 minit 2 sekender samaykale dosho doirghye jitechilo, evente samogrik recordti taader pokkhe 17-15 niyechilo. dauder somoy cambridge kru-rawr ekjon taar slide venge deyo. patabhumi. nauka protijogita holl oxford vishwavidyalaya (kokhono kokhono "darka blues" hisabe ullekh koraa hoy) ebong cambridge bishwobidyaloyer (kokhono kokhono "light blues" hisabe ullekh koraa hoy) modhye ekti parshwa-parshwa roying protijogita. 1829 saale prothom eyi protijogita onusthito hoy ebong 1845 saal theke dakkhin-poschim londoner thames nadeer championship course onusthito hachche. cambridge goto bochorer daude oxfordke doirghyer dick theke porajito korey bortoman champion hisabe daude giechilo, onnodike oxford samogrikbhabe sholti joy niye cambridger poneroti joy niye egiye chhilo. 1869, 1870 ebong 1871 saaler dauder jonno cambridge boat cluber sabhapati ebong roar john goldi ebong ager tinti dauder jonno kembridger jonno saari koraa charles stokes dwara cambridgeke proshikkhon deoa hoyechilo. oxforder kochra esha. dii. derbyshire jini 1868,1869 ebong 1870 saaler daude darka blues-err jonno saari korechilen, eff. eich. 1870 theke 1872 saaler modhye tinti dauder jonno coaks koraa holl, 1857 theke 1860 saaler modhye charbar roet koraa robbert oyelasa risley, 1857 theke 1858 saaler modhye edmond oyara (oxforder protinidhittokari), franc uilan (1866 theke 1869 saaler modhye charbar vijayi roar) ebong 1862 theke 1863 saaler daude roet koraa walter bradford udget. josepha uilium chitty chhilen reser umpire. tini 1849 saale (march oo decembere) ebong 1852 saaler daude duibar oxforder hoye daude ongsho niyechilen. starter chhilen edward sarla. doll. oxforder nabikder ozon chhilo taader protipokkher tulna gadey 11 pound (75.3 keji) beshi. cambridger doley charti praktan blues chhilo, jaar modhye harbert edward roads chhilen jini protijogitai taanr tritiya uposthiti toiri korchilen. 1874 saaler daud theke duijon roarke firey aste dekhechilo oxford. jeey. stenner ebong jeey. pii. upay. panian joler motey, 1874 saaler shesher dike oxford bishwobidyaloyer nauka club ekti "sukkho nabikdal" toiri korechilo ebong biseshbhabe ullekhjoggo chhilo nauka tomm edwards-moser praktan eaton captainer antarbhuktikaran. err biporite, cambridger kru, ager bochorer daud theke matro dujon firey eshe, "upadan" diye somponno hoyechilo... khub uchcho order noy. daud. panch bochore taader prothom nauka daud jetar jonno oxfordke praka-dauder sposhto pochonder hisabe bibechona koraa hoto; poristhiti "kharap uttor-poschim bataser" saathe samanjasyapurna chhilo tobey ekti "nyajya joar" chhilo. taaraa toss herey yaay ebong cambridge middlesex steshana theke shuru korar jonno nirbachito hoy, ebong oxfordke nadeer surer dikti hastantar korey. protijogita shuru hoy bella 1taa 13 minute.emm., ebong cambridge arow vall shuru korey, shuru thekei uchchotoro stroker haar niye netritto neyo. eka minuter porey ardhek doirgho egiye, halka neel pray ekti porishkar joler subidha chhilo kintu shaktishali headwinde klanto hoye porechilo ebong courser charpashe kancha podokkhepe dhora padte shuru korey. dauder pray eka myle porr, cambridge kru-rawr ekjon ekti slide venge deyo. krura kankda gacher pub ebong hatudi setur dwara samtal chhilo ebong nadeer bankoner subidha niye, oxford porishkar chhilo ebong 22 minit 2 sekender somoye dosho doirghye jitechilo. 1869 saaler porr etty taader prothom joy chhilo ebong evente samogrik recordti taader pokkhe 17-15-ayee niye yaay. reference. note granthapanji

naav daud 1875 oxford vishvavidyalaya aur cambridge vishvavidyalaya key chaalak dall key beach 32veen naav daud 20 march 1875 koo themus nadee parr hui. cambridge chaalak dall mein chaar blues they joe oxford key dou they, baad vaalaa 1869 kii daud key baad seey binaa kissy jeet key daud mein chalaa gayaa. joseph villium chitty dwara umpire kii gaee ack daud mein, oxford ney 22 minut 2 sekand key samay mein duss lambai seey jeet hassil kii, jisase ghatana mein samagr record unake paksh mein 17-15 hoe gayaa. cambridge chaalak dall mein seey ack ney daud key dauran apani slide toda dee. prishthabhoomi. naav daud oxford vishvavidyalaya (kabhi-kabhi "dark blues" key roop mein sandarbhit) aur cambridge vishvavidyalaya (kabhi-kabhi "light blues" key roop mein sandarbhit) key beach ack saath-saath naukaayan pratiyogita haye. yeh daud pahali baar 1829 mein aayojit kii gaee thee, aur 1845 seey dakshin-paschim landan mein themus nadee parr championship course parr aayojit kii gaee haye. cambridge ney pichhale varsh kii daud mein oxford koo lambai seey harakar maujooda champion key roop mein daud mein bhaag liya, jabaki oxford ney kull milakar solah jeet key saath cambridge key pandrah mein netritva kiya. cambridge koo 1869,1870 aur 1871 kii daud key liye cambridge boat club key adhyaksh aur rover johnn goldi dwara prashikshit kiya gayaa thaa, aur charles stokes ney padhaa thaa jinhone pichhali teen daud mein cambridge key liye row kiya thaa. oxford key coach aiss they. dee. darbishire jinhone 1868,1869 aur 1870 kii daud mein dark blues key liye roing kii thee. aich. 1870 aur 1872 key beach teen daudon key liye saha-vijeta holl, 1857 aur 1860 kii daudon key beach chaar baar daudane vaale robbert wells risley, admond warrey (1857 aur 1858 mein oxford kaa pratinidhitva kiya), frank vilan (1866 aur 1869 key beach chaar baar vijeta rover) aur walter bradford woodgate jinhone 1862 aur 1863 kii daudon mein bhaag liya thaa. races key liye umpire joseph villium chitty they. unhone 1849 (march aur disambar mein) aur 1852 kii daud mein dou baar oxford key liye daud lagaai thee. starter edward searl thaa. dall. oxford key chaalak dall kaa ausat vajan 11 st 12.375 lb (75.3 kigra) thaa, joe unake virodhiyon seey adhik thaa. cambridge key dall mein chaar poorv blues they, jinamen herbert edward roads bhee shamil they, joe daud mein apani teesari upasthiti banaa rahey they. oxford ney 1874 kii daud seey dou naavikon koo aich mein lautate dekhaa. jey. steiner aur jey. pee. raasta. peya jall key anusaar, 1874 key anta mein oxford vishvavidyalaya key nauka club ney ack "badhiya chaalak dall" kaa utpaadan kiya, aur vishesh roop seey ullekhaniya thaa kii naukaaon key poorv eaton kaptan tomm edwards-moss koo shamil kiya gayaa thaa. isake vipareet, cambridge key chaalak dall, pichhale varsh kii daud seey kewal dou lautane key saath, "samagri" key saath puuraa kiya gayaa thaa... bahut uchch crum kaa naheen. daud. paanch varshon mein apani pahali naav daud jeetane key liye oxford koo spasht poorv-daud pasandida maanaa jaataa thaa; paristhitiyaan "kharaab uttar-paschim havaa" key saath kharaab theen lekin ack "nishpaksh jwaar". way toss haar gaye aur cambridge ney oxford koo nadee key surre paksh koo saunpate hue midlex station seey shuru karane kaa faisala kiya. daud dopahar 1:13 baje shuru hui.aim., aur cambridge ney behtar shuruat kii, shuru seey hii uchch stroke darr key saath badhat banaa lii. ack minut key baad aadhe samay key baad, halke blues koo lagbhag ack spasht paani kaa laabh thaa, lekin tej havaa mein thuck gaye, aur pathyakram key aspas, rengane vaale kadmon seey pakade jaane lagey. daud mein lagbhag ack meal kii doori parr, cambridge chaalak dall mein seey ack ney ack slide toda dee. chaalak dall kekade key pedh key pub aur hathaude key pull parr barabar they, aur nadee mein modd key laabh key saath, oxford spasht they aur 22 minut 2 sekand key samay mein duss lambai seey jeet gaye. 1869 key baad seey yeh unaki pahali jeet thee aur iss ayojan mein samagr record koo unake paksh mein 17-15 leey gayaa. sandarbh. notes granth soochi

1875rahra dooni spardhe oxford vishvavidyaalaya mattu cambridge vishvavidyaalayada sibbandigala naduvina 32neey dooni spardheyu 1875rahra march march thames nadiya mele nadeyitu. cambridge tandavu oxfordn eradu doonigalige naalku bluesgalannu hondittu, eradaneyadu 1869rahra otada nantara yaavude geluvu padeyade spardhege hoyitu. joseph vilium chitty umpire maadida otada spardheyalli, oxford 22 nimisha 2 sekendugala avadhiyalli hattu uddagalinda geddu, pandyaavaliyallina ottare daakhaleyannu avara paravagi 17-15 ge kondoydaru. cambridge sibbandiyobbaru otada samayadalli avara slide annu muridaru. hinnele. dooni spardheyu oxford vishvavidyaalaya (kelavomme "dark blues" endu kareyalaaguttade) mattu cambridge vishvavidyaalaya (kelavomme "light blues" endu kareyalaaguttade) naduvina akkapakkada roying spardheyagide. ee otavannu modala baarige baarige nadesalaayitu mattu mattu nairtya london thams nadiya championship korsnalli nadesalaaguttide. hindina varshada otadalli oxfordannu uddadinda solisida cambridge, haali champiyangalagi spardhege praveshisidare, oxford ottaareyaagi hadinaaru geluvugalondige munnade sadhisi cambridgen hadinaidu pandyagalalli munnade saadhisitu. cambridge 1869,1870 mattu 1871rahra resgalige cambridge boat clubna adhyaksha mattu rover zaan goldi tarabeti niididaru mattu hindina mooru resgalalli cambridzgagi rove maadidda charles stokes avaru odidaru. oxfordn tarabetudaararu ess. dii. 1868, 1869 mattu 1870rahra resgalalli dark bluesgagi rove maadidda derbyshire, eff. etch. 1870 mattu 1872rahra naduve mooru resgalige cokes maadida haal, 1857 mattu 1860rahra resgala naduve naalku baari rove maadida robbert wells risley, edmond warrey (1857 mattu mattu oxford annu pratinidhisida), fraank villan (1866 mattu 1869rahra naduve naalku baari vijeta rover) mattu 1862 mattu 1863rahra resgalalli rove maadida walter broadford woodgate. joseph vilium chitty ee resge umpire aagiddaru. avaru avaru (march mattu decembernalli) mattu 1852rahra otadalli eradu baari oxfordge dooni suttiddaru. edward surl avaru aarambhikaragiddaru. sibbandi. oxford tandadavaru tamma eduraaligaliginta sarasari 11 pound (75.3 keey. zii) tukavannu hondiddaru. cambridgen tandavu naalku hindina bluesgalannu olagondittu, idaralli herbert edward roads kooda seriddaru, avaru otadalli moorane baarige kanisikondaru. 1874rahra otadinda ibbaru doonigaararu hindiruguvudannu oxford kanditu. zhe. steiner mattu zhe. pii. daari. paneeya neerina prakara, 1874rahra antyada velege oxford vishvavidyaalayada dooni club "uttama sibbandiyannu" utpaadisitu, mattu doonigala maaji etton capton tomm edwards-paachiyannu serisuvudu nirdishtavaada gamanavannu seleyitu. idakke vyatiriktavagi, hindina varshada otadinda kevala ibbaru hindirugida cambridgen sibbandiyannu "vastu" yondige poornagolisalaayitu... tumba unnata kramadallilla ". otada spardhe. aidu varsagalalli tamma modala dooni spardheyannu gellalu oxford annu spashta purva-otada nechchinavarendu pariganisalaagittu; paristhitigalu "asahya vayuvya gaali" yondige hondaanikeyaaguttiddavu aadare "nyaayayuta ubbaravilita" dondige hondikeyaguttiddavu. avaru toss sotu cambridge middlesex nildaanadinda prarambhisalu nirdharisi, oxfordge nadiya sarri bhagavannu hastaantarisidaru. madhyahna madhyahna spardhe praarambhavaayitu.emm., mattu cambridge uttama aarambhavannu needitu, aarambhadindalu hecchina stroke daradondige munnade saadhisitu. ondu nimishada nantara ardhadashtu munde, haguravaada neeli bannavu bahuteka spashtavaada neerina prayojanavannu hondittu aadare balavaada birugaaliya samayadalli danidittu, mattu haadiyalli hambalada hejjegalinda hidiyalu praarambhisitu. otada sumaru ondu maili dooradalli, cambridge sibbandiyobbaru slide annu muridaru. crab trea pub mattu suttigeya setuveya moolaka sibbandigalannu samanaagidalaayitu, mattu nadiya baguvikeya anukuladondige, oxford spashtavagittu mattu 22 nimisha 2 sekendugala samayadalli hattu uddagalinda gedditu. idu 1869rahra nantara avara modala vijayavagide mattu ee spardheyalli ottare daakhaleyannu avara paravagi 17-15 ge kondoydide. ullekhagalu. tippanigalu granthasoochi

1875 boat rays ooksfoord sarvakalaashaalayile jeevanakkarum kembridge sarvakalaashaalayile jeevanakkarum thammilulla 32-aamath boat rays 1875 march 20 nuu tamas nadiyil nadannu. kembridge crewill ooksfoordinte rund blues vare naalu blues undaayirunnu, randaamathethu 1869 malsarathinu sesham oru vijayavumillathe malsarathilekku pooyi. joseph vilyam chitti umpire cheytha oru malsarathil, ooksfoord 22 minitt 2 secondinullil patthu dairkhyathinu vijayichu, evantile mothatthilulla record 17-15 nuu anukoolamaayi. kembridge kroovile oraal oottathinide addehathinte slide thakarthu. pashchaathalam. ooksfoord sarvakalashaalayum (chilappol "dark blues" ennu vilikkappedunnu) kembridge sarvakalashaalayum (chilappol "laitt blues" ennu vilikkunnu) thammilulla oru side-bye-side roying malsaramaanu boat rays. 1829laanu aadyamaayi eee malsaram nadannathu, 1845 muthal thekkupadinjaaran landanile thames nadiyile chaambyanshippu kozhsilaanu ithu nadakkunnathu. kazhinja varshathe malsarathil ooksfoordine dairkhyathil paraajayappedutthiya kembridge nilavile chaambyanmaaraayi malsarathilekku praveshichappol ooksfoord pathinaar vijayangalumayi kembridjinte pathinanchilekku mothatthil munnilethi. 1869, 1870, 1871 malsarangalile kembridge boat club presidentum roverumaaya joonn goldy muun moonnu malsarangalil kembridjinaayi roow cheytha chaals stoxum kembridjine parisheelippichu. ooksfoordinte pariseelakar ezz. dii. 1868, 1869, 1870 malsarangalil dark bluesinaayi roying nadatthiya darbishire, eph. echu. 1870num 1872num idayil moonnu malsarangalil pankeduttha haal, 1857num 1860num idayil naalu thavana rove cheytha roobert wells risley, 1857lum 1858lum ooksfoordine prathinidheekaricha edmund vaar, 1866num 1869num idayil naalu thavana vijayikalaaya frank villan, 1862,1863 malsarangalil rove cheytha walter bradford woodgate ennivar pankedutthu. joseph vilyam chittiyaayirunnu malsarathinte umpire. 1849ll (march, desember) rund thavanayum 1852leeii malsarathilum addeham oxfordilekku kappal kayatti. edward serlil aayirunnu thudakkakkaaran. samghaamgangal. ooksfoord samghathinu avarude athiraalikalekkaal sharashari 11 poundu (75.3 kilogram) bharamundaayirunnu. malsarathil moonnaam thavana prathyakshappetta herbert edward roads ulppede naalu muun blues teamukal kaambridjinte samghathilundaayirunnu. 1874leeii oottathil ninnu rund rovezhs thirichethiyathu ooksfoord kandu. jeey. steynarum jeey. pii. vazhi. drink vaattar anusarichu, 1874 avasaanathode ooksfoord yooniversitti boat club oru "mikacha kroo" yeei nirmmichu, bottukalude muun eettan captanaaya toom edwards-mosine ulppeduthiyathaayirunnu prathyeka shradha. ithinu vipareethamaayi, kazhinja varshathe malsarathil ninnu rund perr maathram madangiyethiya kembridjinte samgham metteeriyal upayogichu poortthiyaakki... valare uyarnna kramatthilalla ". rays. anchu varshathinide avarude aadya boat rays vijayikkunnathinulla vyakthamaaya pree-rays favoritukalaayi ooksfoord kanakkaakkappettirunnu; saahacharyangal "mosham vadakkupadinjaaran kaatt" ennaal "nyayamaaya veliyettam" ennivayumaayi poruthappedunnavayaayirunu. avarkk toss nashtappedukayum kembridge middlesex steshanil ninnu aarambikkaan theerumaanikkukayum oaksfordinu nadiyude surry side kaimarukayum cheythu. uchaykku 1.33nuu malsaram aarambhichu.emm., uyarnna strock nirakkil thudakkam muthal leed nediya kembridge mikacha thudakkam kurichu. oru minittinusesham araa minittinusesham, neriya neelaykku eathaandu vyakthamaaya jalagunamundaayirunnu, pakshe sakthamaaya kaattil ksheenichathinaal, kozhsil chuttum kothicha padikalaal pidikkappedaan thudangi. oottathinte oru mile kazhinjappol kembridge samghathile oraal oru slide thakarthu. crab trea pabbilum hammersmith bridgilum kroo samanilayilayi, nadiyile valavinte nettatthode ooksfoord 22 minitt 2 secondil patthu dairkhyathil vijayikkukayum cheythu. 1869 nuu sheshamulla avarude aadya vijayamayirunnu ithu, koodaathe evantile mothatthilulla record 17-15 nuu anukoolamaayi. paraamarshangal. kurippukal grandhasoochika

1875chee nauka sharyat auxford vidyapithatil karmchari aanee cambridge vidyapithatil karmchari yanchyatil 32 vee nauka sharyat 20 march 1875 roji thams nadivar jhaali. cambridgechya karmchanyanmadhye oxfordchya doghanaivaji chaar blues hote, nantarche 1869 chya sharyatipasun ekahi vijay naan midavata sharyatit gele. joseph william chittine punch kelelya sharyatit, oxfordney 22 minite 2 sekandanchya velet daha lambine vijay midavala, jyamule yaa spardhetil ekoon vikram tyanchya bajoone 17-15 jhaala. cambridgechya eka karmchanyane sharyatidarmyan tyachi sarak modali. parshvabhoomi. nauka sharyat hii auxford vidyapith (kadhikadhi 'darqa blues' mhanoon olakhali jaate) aanee cambridge vidyapith (kadhikadhi 'light blues' mhanoon olakhali jaate) yanchyatil eka bajoo-bajuchi naukayan spardha aahe. hii sharyat pahilyanda 1829 madhye aayojit karnyat aalee hotee aanee 1845 pasoon nairutya londonmadhil thams nadivaril ajinkyapad sharyatit hii spardha aayojit kelee jaat aahe. mageel varshichya sharyatit oxfordcha dirgh antarane parabhav karoon cambridgene vidyaman vijeta mhanoon sharyatit pravesh keela, tarr oxfordney ekoon sola vijayansah cambridgechya pandhra paiki aaghadi ghetali. cambridgela 1869,1870 aanee 1871chya sharyatinsathi cambridge boat clubche adhyaksh aanee rover johnn goldi yanni prashikshan dile hote aanee charles stokes yanni mageel teen sharyatinmadhye cambridgesathi roing kele hote. oxfordche prashikshak ess. dii. 1868, 1869 aanee 1870 chya sharyatinmadhye gadad nilya rangasathi naukavihar karananya darbyshire, eff. etch. 1870 teey 1872 darmyan teen sharyatinsathi cocks kelele holl, 1857 teey 1860 darmyan chaar vela rove kelele robbert wells risley, edmond warr (1857 aanee 1858 madhye oxfordche pratinidhitva karnare), phrank vilan (1866 teey 1869 darmyan chaar vela vijete rover) aanee 1862 aanee 1863 chya sharyatinmadhye rove kelele walter bradford woodgate. joseph william chitty heey sharyatiche punch hote. 1849 madhye (march aanee decembermadhye) aanee 1852 chya sharyatit tyanni oxfordsathi donada naukavihar keela hota. edward searl haah aarambhakarta hota. karmchari. oxfordchya chamooche sarasari vajan 11 paund (75.3 kilo) hote, jeey tyanchya virodhkanpeksha jaast hote. cambridgechya chamoomadhye chaar majee blues hote, jyat herbert edward rods yancha samavesh hota, joou sharyatit tisra samna khelat hota. oxfordney 1874chya sharyatitoon done naukanayankar etch. jeey. steiner aanee jeey. pii. marg. pey panyanusar, 1874chya akheris auxford vidyapithachya boat clubney eka "uttam karmchari" tayar kele aanee botinchya tomm edwards-moss yaa majee etton captoncha samavesh haah vishesh lakshaniy hota. yaulat, mageel varshichya sharyatitoon keval done jann parat aalyane cambridgeche karmchari "samagri" neey purn jhaale... phaar uchch kramvarit nahee. sharyat. paach varshantil tyanchi pahili nauka sharyat jinkanyasathi oxfordla sharyatipurviche spasht aavadate manale jaat hote; paristhiti "asvachch vayavya vaara" parantu "vajvi bharati" shhee susangat hotee. tyanni nanefek gamavali aanee cambridgene middlesex sthanakapasun suruvat karnyacha nirnay ghetala aanee oxfordla nadichi surre bajoo dilee. dupari 1:13 vajata sharyatila suruvat jhaali.emm., aanee cambridgene changli suruvat kelee, suruvatipasunach uchch stroke darasah aaghadi ghetali. ardhya minitanantar, halakya nilya rangala jawaljawal panyacha fayda hota, parantu jordar vadali vaayaamadhye thakoon gele aanee teey tyaa margavarchya bhovtalichya khilkhilya payyanmule pakadale jaau lagale. sharyatichya sumare eka mail antaravar, cambridgechya eka karmchanyane eka sarak modali. crab trii pabmadhye aanee hammersmith brijvar karmchari samatulya hote aanee naditil vakyachya fayadhyamule auxford spasht hota aanee 22 minite 2 sekandanchya velet daha lambine jinkla. 1869 nantarcha haah tyancha pahila vijay hota aanee yaa spardhetil ekoon vikram tyanchya bajoone 17-15 varr nela. sandarbh. nondi granthasuchi

da boat race 1875 oxford vishwavidyalaya rar cambridge vishwavidyalayaka chalak dalharu bichko 32 aun dunga daud 20 march 1875 maa thames nadima bhaeko thiyo. cambridge chalak dalma oxfordka duika lagi chaar bluharu thie, pachhillo 1869 ko daudadekhi kunai jit bina daudama gayo. josef william chittidwara umpire garieko daudama, oxfordle 22 minet 2 secondko samayama das lambaile jityo, yass karyakramma samagra recordlai uniharuko pakshama 17-15 maa laijanchha. daudako kramama cambridgeka ek tolile unko slide todyo. prishthabhumi. dunga daud oxford vishwavidyalaya (kahilekaahin "dark blues" bhanera chininchha) rar cambridge vishwavidyalaya (kahilekaahin "light blues" bhanera chininchha) bichko chheuma-chheuma roing pratiyogita how. yo daud pahilo patak 1829 maa ayojit bhaeko thiyo, rar sann 1845 dekhi dakshinapashchim londonko themus nadima championship coursema ayojana hundai aeko chha. cambridge gata warshako daudama oxfordlai lambaile parajit gardai, wartaman championko rupma daudama gae, jabki oxfordle cambridgeko pandhrama sohra jitka sath samagrama netritwa gyoa. cambrieslai 1869,1870 rar 1871 ko daudaka lagi cambridge dunga clubka adhyaksha rar rower john goldile prashikshan dieka thie, rar charles stokesle padheka thie jasle aghillo tean daudama cambridgeka lagi row gareka thie. oxfordka prashikshakharu ess thie. dee. darbishire jasle 1868,1869 rar 1870 ko daudama dark blueska lagi roing gareka thie, ef. etch. sann 1870 rar 1872 kaa bichma tinawata daudaka lagi cokes gareka hull, sann 1857 rar 1860 ko daudaka bichma chaar patak roving gareka robert wells risley, sann 1857 rar 1858 maa oxfordko pratinidhitwa gareka admond warrey, sann 1866 rar 1869 ko bichma chaar patak vijeta robhar frank willan rar sann 1862 rar 1863 ko daudama roving gareka walter bradford woodgate. reska lagi umpire josef william chitty thie. unle sann 1849 (march rar december) rar 1852 ko daudama dui patak oxfordka lagi naukayan gareka thie. starter edward searl thie. dalharu. oxfordko chalakadalko ausat wazan 11 cent 12.375 pound (75.3 kilogram) thiyo, june uniharuka wipakshiharubhanda badhi thiyo. cambridgeko chalak dalma chaar purva bluharu thie, jasma herbert edward roads pani thie jo daudama afno tesro upasthiti banairaheka thie. oxfordle sann 1874 ko daudabata dui rowarharu echma farkeka dekhe. jey. steiner rar jey. pee. bato. piune paniko anusar, sann 1874 ko antyatira oxford vishwavidyalaya dunga cluble "ramro chalak dall" utpadan gyoa, rar vishesh rupma ullekhaniya thiyo dungaka purva atone kaptan tom adwards-mosko samawesh. yasako viparit, cambridgeko chalak dall, aghillo warshako daudabata matra dui zana farkeka thie, "samagri" sanga sampanna bhayo... dherai uccha arderko hoina. daud. oxfordlai paanch warshama afno pahilo dunga daud jitna spashta purva-daud manaparne maninthyo; awastha "kharab uttar-paschim hawa" tara "nishpaksha jwar" sanga mail khandaina. uniharule tus haare rar cambridgele midlesex stationbata suru garne nirnaya gare, oxfordlai nadiko surre paksha die. daud diunso 1ah13 maa suru bhayo.emm., rar cambridgele ramro suruwat garyo, uccha stroke darko sath surudekhi nai agrata leo. ek minetpachhi adha lambai agadi, halka nilo lagbhag paniko faida thiyo tara baliyo headwindma thakit thiyo, rar pathyakramko waripari, lukeka charanharule samatna thalyo. daudako lagbhag ek milema, cambridge chalak dalka ek janale slide tode. kryab trea pub rar hammersmith brijma chalak dall barabar thie, rar nadima baanchne faida liera, oxford spashta thiyo rar 22 minet 2 secondko samayama das lambaile jityo. yo sann 1869 pachhi uniharuko pahilo jiit thiyo rar yass pratiyogitama samagra recordlai uniharuko pakshama 17-15 maa laijanubhayo. sandarbhaharu. noteharu granthasuchi

1875rahr danga pratijogita oxford biswabidyalaja ebong cambridge biswabidyalajara karmacharimananka madhyare 32tama danga pratijogita 20 march 1875ray thames nadeere anusthita hoithila. kembrijra karmachari bargare chariti blues ebong oxfordra dui john thile, ebong 1869 masihar dauda parey, parabarti dala bina kaunasi bijajare ehi daudare anshagrahana karithile. joseph william chittinka dwara umpoyer hoithiba eka resare, oxford 22 minute 2 second samajare dasha lambare jitithile, jaahaa iventare samagrika rekardaku semananka sapakhyare 17-15 ku neijaithila . cambridge kru madhyaru jane dauda samajare taanka slide bhangithile. prusthabhumi. danga pratijogita heuchhi oxford biswabidyalaja (belebele "dark blues" bhabare janashuna) ebong cambridge biswabidyalaja (belebele "light blues" bhabare janashuna) madhyare eka parswa-parswa roing pratijogita . ehi pratijogita pratham thara paain 1829 masihare anusthita hoithila ebong 1845 masiharu dakhina-paschima londner thames nadeere championship korsare anusthita heuchhi. cambridge gata barshar daudare oxfordku dirgha samai dhari parasta curry, shasaka champion bhabare daudare prabesha karithibabele, oxford cambridger pandarati bijai sahita samagrika bhabare agrani thile. cambries 1869,1870 ebong 1871 rays paain cambries boat clubber sabhapati ebong rowar zohn goldinka dwara talim diajaithila, ebong charles stoke padhuthile jie purba tinoti resare cambries paain roe karithile . oxfordnka prashikhyakamane ess thile. dii. darbishajara jie 1868,1869 ebong 1870 resare dark blue paain roe karithile, f. etch. 1870ru 1872 madhyare tinoti dauda paain cokes karithiba hull, 1857ru 1860 madhyare chaari thara roing karithiba robert wels risley, admond waara (1857ru 1858ray oxfordku pratinidhitwa karithile), phranka willan (1866ru 1869 madhyare chaari thara bijai roing) ebong 1862ru 1863 madhyare roing karithiba walter bradford udget. ehi dauda paain umpoyer thile joseph william chitty. shay 1849 masihare (march ebong decemberare) ebong 1852 rays paain duithara oxford paain nauchalana karithile. aarambhakaree thile edward searl. dala. oxford kru harahari 11 tama <aai. dii. 1> pound (75.3 kilogram) ojana, semananka pratidwandinka apekhya adhika . kembrijnka dalare chaari john purbatana blue thile, jeunthire herbert edward roads madhya thile, jieki ehi daudare truteeja thara paain upasthita thile. oxford 1874 rays ru dui john rowaranku pherithibara dekhila, echa. jay. steiner ebong jay. pii. upaiah. paniah jala anujai, 1874 masiha shesh aadaku oxford biswabidyalajara danga club eka "sukshma nabika" prastuta karithila, ebong bisesh bhabe ullekhaneeah thila dangara purbatana etton captain tomm edwards-mosanku samil kariba. aparapakhyare, cambridger nabikamane, jeunmane purba barshar daudaru maatra duijana pherithile, "samagri" sahita sampurna hoithile..... bahuta uccha kramare nuhen. dauda. pancha barsha madhyare pratham thara paain danga daudare bijai heba paain oxfordku spust bhabe prack-dauda priya bolly bibechana karajauthila; paristhiti "kharap uttara-paschima pabana" sahita asantulita thila, kintu eka "swacha juar" thila. semane toss harithile ebong cambries midlex stationru arambha karibaku nishpatti neithile, oxfordnku nadira sarre parswa hastantara karithile. aparanha 1taa 13 minitre ehi pratijogita arambha hoithila.emm., ebong cambries bhal arambha karithila, eka uccha struck haara sahita aarambharu agrani neithila . eka minute parey adhaa lumb aagaku, haluka neela praiah eka spust jala subidha thila kintu prabala mundabanti ray klanta, ebong gatipathare, utkanthita padakhyepa dwara dharaa hebaku lagila . daudara praiah eka mile parey, cambridge kru madhyaru jane eka slide bhangithile. crab tri pub ebong hammersmith brij dwara kru samatala thile, ebong nadeere banknara faida sahita, oxford spust thile ebong 22 minute 2 second samajare dasha lambare jitithile . 1869 masiha parey ehaa semanankara pratham bijai thila ebong ehi iventare samagrika rekardaku semananka sapakhyare 17-15 ku neijaithila. sandarbha. note granthasuchi

kishti daud 1875 oxford university atey cambridge university dey amale darmiaan darmiaan kishti daud 20 march 1875 noon thames nadee utte hoee see. cambridge chaalak dall witch oxford dey doou laee chaar blues sunn, baad vaala 1869 dee daud toon binan jitte daud witch giaa see. josaf viliam chitty duaara umpiring keeti gaee daud witch, oxford neey 22 mint 2 skint dey samein witch dass lambai naal jitt prapat keeti, jiss naal iss mukabale witch samuccha ricard uhanan dey pakkh witch 17-15 hoow giaa. daud dauran cambridge chaalak dall dey ikk member neey uss dee slide todd ditti. pichokad. kishti daud oxford university (kaee vaar "dark blues" vajon janhiaa jaanda haii) atey cambridge university (kaee vaar "light blues" vajon janhiaa jaanda haii) dey vichkaar ikk side-baaee-side roying mukabala haii. ih daud pahili vaar 1829 witch aayojit keeti gaee see, atey 1845 toon dakkhan-pachmi london witch thames nadee utte championship course utte aayojit keeti jaa rahee haii. cambridge neey pichle saal dee daud witch oxford noon lambai naal haraa keey maujuda champion vajon daud witch hissa liaa, jadon kii oxford neey cambridge dey pandran toon solan jittan naal kull milaa keey agvai keeti. cambridge noon 1869,1870 atey 1871 deeaan daudan laee cambridge boat club dey pardhan atey rover jauhan goldi duaara sikhlai ditti gaee see, atey charles stokes neey padhiaa see jinhan neey pichliaan tinn daudan witch cambridge laee rooa keeta see. oxford dey coach aiss sunn. dee. darbyshire jiss neey 1868,1869 atey 1870 deeaan daudan witch dark blues laee rooa keeta see, f. aich. haal jiss neey 1870 atey 1872 dey vichkaar tinn daudan laee cox keeta see, robbert wells reesley jiss neey 1857 atey 1860 deeaan daudan dey vichkaar chaar vaar rooa keeta see, admond vaar (1857 atey 1858 witch oxford dee numaindagi keeti), frank willen (1866 atey 1869 dey vichkaar chaar vaar jetu roar) atey walter bradford woodgate jiss neey 1862 atey 1863 deeaan daudan witch rooa keeta see. daud laee umpire joseph viliam chitty sunn. uss neey 1849 (march atey dasambar) atey 1852 dee daud witch oxford laee doou vaar rooa keeta see. starter edward saral see. amale. oxford dey chaalak dall daa bhaar austan 11 aiss. dee. 1. aill. bee. (75.3 kilogram) see, joe unhan dey virodhiaan naalon vaddh see. cambridge dey chaalak dall witch chaar sabka blues sunn, jinhan witch herbert edward roads vee shamal sunn joe daud witch aapni tiji peshkari dey rahey sunn. oxford neey 1874 dee daud toon doou roaran noon aich witch waps vekhiaa. jey. steiner atey jey. pee. tarike naal. drinkwater dey anusar, oxford university boat club neey 1874 dey ant witch ikk "vadhiaa chaalak dall" tiaar keeta, atey vishesh taur 'teey nott curran vaali kishtiaan dey sabka eaton kaptan tomm edwards-moses noon shamal karna see. iss dey ulat, cambridge dey chaalak dall, pichle saal dee daud toon siraf doou waps aaunn dey naal, "samaggari" naal poora keeta giaa see... bahut ucche arder daa naheen ". daud. oxford noon panj saalan witch aapni pahili kishti daud jittan laee spasht pree-races pasandida manniaa jaanda see; halat "kharaab uttar-pachmi havaa" dey naal kharaab sunn parr ikk "nirpakh lahir" see. uh taas haar gaye atey cambridge neey middlesex station toon shuru curran daa faisla keeta, oxford noon nadee daa sarri paase saunp ditta. daud duphir 1:13 vaje shuru hoee.aim., atey cambridge neey bihtar shuruat keeti, shuru toon hii ucch stroke darr naal agvai keeti. ikk mint baad addhe lambe samein baad, halke neele rung daa lagbhag paanee daa faida see parr tez havaa witch thakk gaye sunn, atey course dey naal-naal, bhukhe kadman duaara fadey jaanh lagge sunn. daud dey lagbhag ikk meal baad, cambridge chaalak dall dey ikk member neey ikk slide todd ditti. chaalak dall kekade dey rukkh vaale pabb atey hathode dey pull duaara barabar sunn, atey nadee witch modd dey laabh naal, oxford sapshat sunn atey 22 mint 2 skint dey samein witch dass lambai naal jitt gaye. ih 1869 toon baad unhan dee pahili jitt see atey iss mukabale witch samuccha ricard unhan dey pakkh witch 17-15 hoow giaa. havale. notes pustak-suchi

naukaa-spardhaa 1875 oxford-vishvavidyaalayasya kembridge-vishvavidyaalayasya cha chaalakadalayoh madhye 32 tamam naukaa-spardhaam 1875 maarch 20 dinaanke thams-nadau abhavat. kembridge-chaalakadalasy chaturnam blues-varnasya oxford-pakshayoho dwau cha aasan, uttaratah 1869 tamavarshasya spardhayaha anantaram vijaya-vinaa spardhayam pravishtah. joseph vilium chitty ityanena ampair-krutaayaam spardhayam, oxford-varyaha 22 nimesha 2 second-kaalakhande dash-dirghataya vijayee abhavat, yena asmin spardhayam samagram abhilekham teshaam pakshe 17-15 abhavat. kembridge-dalasya ekaha dhaavane tasya slide-khandam bhangavaan. prushtabhoomau. naukadalaspardha oxford-vishvavidyaalayasya (kadaachit "dark blues" iti namna nirdishyate) tathaa kembridge-vishvavidyaalayasya (kadaachit "lait blues" iti namna nirdishyate) madhye paarshva-saha-naukayanaspardha asti. 1829 tame varshe prathamavaaram eshaa spardhaa ayojita, 1845 tamaat varshaat nairrutya-landan-nagarasya thams-nadyaah upari championship-korsu-madhye eshaa pratiyogitaa prachalati. kembridge-varyaha, poorvavarshasya spardhayam oxford-samsthaam dirghatabhihi parajitya, shaasak-vijetaaroopen spardhayam pravishtah, tathaa cha oxford-samsthayaa kembridge-samsthaayaah panchadash-spardhayam shohat vijayaihi samagratayaa netrutvam praaptam. kembridge-kreedaayaah prashikshanm kembridge-boat-club-ityasya adhyakshen, rover-ityanena cha 1869,1870,1871 tame varsheshu spardhaasu jaan goldie ityanena dattam, tathaa cha charles stokes-varyaha poorvatrayeshu spardhaasu kembridge-kridaayaam naukaavihaaram krutavaan. oxford ityasya prashikshakaah ess. aasan. dee. 1868, 1869, 1870 tame varsheshu dark blues-kreedaayaah krute naukaavihaaram krutavatee derbyshair, cha. haha. 1870 taha 1872 paryantam trishu spardhaasu cokes-krutah haal, 1857 taha 1860 paryantam chaturvaaram rove-krutah rabert-wells-risley, edmund-vaarre (1857 taha 1858 paryantam oxford-deshasya pratinidhitvam krutavaan), fraank-vilan (1866 taha 1869 paryantam chaturvaaram vijetah rover), 1862 taha 1863 paryantam rove-krutah valter-broadford-woodgate cha. joseph vilium chitty ityeshah asya spardhayaha umpair aasit. saha 1849 tame varshe (maarch-december-maase), 1852 tame varshe cha, oxford-krute dvivaaram naukaayaanam akarot. aarambhakah edward searl aasit. dalaani. oxford-naukaadale, teshaam vyaskaanaam apekshayaa, 11 tamah <aii. dii. 1> paund (75.3 kii. graa.) yaavat bhaarah aasit. kembridge ityasya dalasya chaturnam poorva-blues-kridaayaam aasit, yatra herbert edward roads iti spardhayam truteeyavaaram upasthitah aasit. oxford-nagare 1874 tame varshe spardhayaha dwau naukaavihaaraah echa.-madhye pratyaagatau. jey. steiner tathaa jey. pee. maargah. drinkwaater ityasya anusaaram, 1874 tamasya varshasya ante oxford-vishvavidyaalayasya boat-club ityanena "uttamah chaalakadalah" nirmitah, tathaa cha boat-taam edwards-mose ityasya poorva-etton-capton ityasya samaaveshanam visheshatayaa ullekhaneeyam aasit. tadviruddham, kembridge ityasya nausainikadalasya, poorvavarshasya spardhayaha kevalam dwau pratyaagatau, "samagrya" sampannah abhavat... naa tu ucchakramah. jaatih. oxford-nagaram panchavarsheshu prathamavaaram naukaayaan-spardhayam vijayam praaptum spashtatayaa poorva-spardhayaha priyah iti manyate sma; paristhitihi "dushta-vaayavya-vaayuh" ityanena saha asangatah aasit, parantu "nyayayuta-jwaarah" aasit. te taas-parajitaha, kembridge-nagaram midlesex-sthanakebhyah aarabhy, oxford-nagaram nadyaah surre-paarshvam dattavantah. pratiyogitaa aparaahne 1:13 vaadane arabdha.emm., tathaa kembridge uttamm arambham krutavaan, arambhat eva uccha-stroke-darena netrutvam praapnot. ardha-dirghatayaha anantaram, laghu-neelavarnasya praayah spashta-jalalaabhah aasit, parantu prabal-vaayu-vaaten ksheenah, tathaa cha gatipathasya paritah utkata-charanaihi graheetum aarabdhah. spardhayaha praayah ekamail-dooram yaavat, kembridge-dalasya ekaha chaalakadalah slide-bhangam krutavaan. kryaab tree pub ityatra, hathaudikaa-seturoopen cha dalaani samatulyaani aasan, nadyaah vrushtehe labhena oxford-nagaram spashtam aasit, 22 nimesha 2 sekendasya samaye dash-dirghatabhihi vijayam praapnot. 1869 tamaat varshaat param etat teshaam prathamam vijayam aasit, tathaa cha asmin spardhayam samagram abhilekham teshaam pakshe 17-15 iti praapnot. sandarbhah. tippanyah granthasuchi

1875 padagu pandhayam oxpordu palkalaikkazhagaththaich saerntha kuzhuvinarukkum cambridge palkalaikkazhagaththaich saerntha kuzhuvinarukkum idaiyilaana 32 vadhu padagup poatti 1875 maarch 20 andru thames nadhiyil nadaipettrathu. cambridge kuzhuvinar naanku blues muthal oxpordu irandu varai irunththanar, pinthaiyathu 1869 panthayaththilirunthu vettri peraamal panthayaththil nuzhainthathu. josaph villiyam chitty naduvaraaga irunththa panthayaththil, oxpordu 22 nimidangal 2 vinaadigalil paththu neelangalaal vettri pettraar, inththa nigazhvil ottumoththa saathanaiyai 17-15 kku saathagamaaga eduththaar. cambridge kuzhuvinaril oruvar panthayaththin poathu avarathu slide udaiththaar. pinnani. padagup poatti enbathu oxfordu palkalaikkazhagam (sila nerangalil "dark blues" endru kurippidappadugiradhu) mattrum cambridge palkalaikkazhagam (sila nerangalil "lyde blues" endru kurippidappadugiradhu) idaiyaeyaana oru pakkavaattu padaguppoatti poattiyaagum. inththa pandhayam muthanmuthalil 1829 aam aandil nadaipettrathu, 1845 muthal thenmaerku landanil ulla thames aattril saambiyanship poakkil nadaipettrathu. cambridge kadantha aandu panthayaththil oxfordai neelaththaal thoarkadiththu, aalum saambiyangalaaga panthayaththil nuzhainthaar, athae neraththil oxfordu ottumoththamaaga pathinaaru vetrtrikaludan cambridgin pathinainthu vetrtrikaludan munnilai vagiththaar. cambridge 1869,1870 mattrum 1871 panthayangkalukkaana cambridge padagu kilap thalaivarum roavararumaana john goldi mattrum munththaiya moontru panthayangkalil cambridjukku varisaippaduththiya charles stokes aakiyoaraal cambridge payittruvikkappattathu. oxfordu aniyin payirchiyaalarkal ess. dii. 1868, 1869 mattrum 1870 panthayangkalil dark blues poattikkaaka thuduppedutthaadiya darbishire, f. ech. 1870 mattrum 1872 kku idaiyil moontru panthayangkalukku inaikappatta haal, 1857 mattrum 1860 panthayangkalukku idaiyil naanku murai varisaippaduththiya robbert wells raisley, edmund warrey (1857 mattrum 1858 ill oxfordipe pirathinithiththuvappaduththinar), frank villan (1866 mattrum 1869 kku idaiyil naanku murai ventra rover) mattrum 1862 mattrum 1863 panthayangkalil varisaippaduththiya walder broadford wood caded. panthayaththirkaana naduvaraaga josaph villiyam chitty irunthaar. avar 1849 aam aandil (maarch mattrum disambaril) irandu murai oxfordu mattrum 1852 panthayaththirkaaka poattiyittaar. thodakka veerar edward cherl. kuzhuvinar. oxfordu kuzhuvinar saraasariyaaga 11 vadhu 12.375 elbi (75.3 kiloo) edai kondirunthanar, idhu avarkalin ethirigalai vida athigamaagum. cambridgin kuzhuvinar naanku munnaal blues kondirunthanar, idhil herbert edward roads udpada panthayaththil moontraavathu muraiyaaga thoantrinaar. oxfordu 1874 panthayaththilirunthu irandu rovers ech ill thirumbinaar. jay. stainer mattrum jay. puughal. vazhi. paana neeraip porutthavarai, 1874 aam aandin iruthiyil oxpordu palkalaikkazhaga padagu kilap oru "sirantha kuzhuvinarai" uruvaakkiyathu, maelum padagugalin munnaal eettan capton daam edvardu-moasaich serppathu kurippidaththakkathu. idharku maaraaga, munththaiya aandu panthayaththilirunthu irandu paer mattumae thirumbiya cambridgin kuzhuvinar, "porul" udan mudikkappattanar... miga uyarnththa varisaiyil alla ". inam. ainthu aandugalil thangal muthal padagu panthayaththai vella oxford thelivaana muun-pandhaya viruppamaanavargalaaga karudhappattanar; nilaimaigal oru "moasamaana vadamaerku kaattru" aanaal oru "niyayamaana alai" udan muranpattirunthana. avarkal taas ilanththathu mattrum cambridge nadu nilaiyaththilirunthu thodangath thaerntheduththu, aattrin suurii pakkatthai oxfordukku oppadaiththathu. pirpakal 1:13 manikku poatti thodangiyathu.emm., mattrum cambridge sirantha thodakkaththai aliththathu, adhiga stroke vigithaththudan thodakkaththilirunthae munnilai pettrathu. oru nimidaththirkup piragu arai neelaththirku, olii neela niram kittatthatta thelivaana neer nanmaiyaik kondirundhadhu, aanaal valuvaana thalaikaattril soarvaaga irunththathu, maelum poakkil ulla passie padigalaal pidikkath thodangiyathu. panthayaththil sumar oru mile thooram, cambridge kuzhuvinaril oruvar oru slide udaiththaar. nandu marak koodaththilum, sutthiyal baalaththilum kuzhuvinar saman seiyappattanar, maelum aattril valaivin nanmaiyudan, oxfordu thelivaaga irunththathu mattrum 22 nimidangal 2 vinaadigalil paththu neelangalaal ventrathu. idhu 1869 kkup piragu avarkalin muthal vetrtriyaagum, maelum inththa nigazhvil ottumoththa saathanaiyai 17-15 kku saathagamaaga kondu sentrathu. kurippugal. kurippugal nooliyal

1875 padava pandem oxford vishwavidyaalayam mariyu cambridge vishwavidyaalayam nundi sibbandi madhya 32va padava pootii 1875 marchi 20naa thames nadipai jarigindi. cambridge sibbandilo oxford yokka rendu naalugu blues unnaayi, rendodi 1869 nundi gelavakundane resuloki vellindi. joseph vilium chitty umpire chesina resulo, oxford 22 nimishala 2 sekanla samayamlo padhi podavulatho gelichi, eeventlo mottam rikaardunu 17-15 kuu teesukuvellindi. cambridge sibbandilo okaru resu samayamlo athani slidenu viricharu. nepathyam. padava pandem anedi oxford vishwavidyaalayam (konnisaarlu "dark blues" anie pilustaaru) mariyu cambridge vishwavidyaalayam (konnisaarlu "light blues" anie pilustaaru) madhya pakkapakkane jarige roying pootii. eee resu modatisaarigaa 1829loe jarigindi, 1845 nundi nairuti landanlooni thames nadipai championship courselo jarigindi. cambridge gatha samvatsaram resulo oxfordnu podavutho oodinchi, aadhipatya champiyanluga resuloki vellaadu, ayithe oxford mottam padahaaru vijayaalato cambridge yokka padihenu vijayaalato mundanjalo undhi. cambridge kuu 1869,1870 mariyu 1871 resulaku cambridge boat club adhyakshudu mariyu rover ayina zaan goldie sikshana icchaaru, mariyu munupati moodu resulalo cambridge kosam roow chesina charless stokes chadivaaru. oxford kochlu ess. dii. 1868, 1869 mariyu 1870 resulalo dark blues kosam roying chesina derbyshire, f. hetch. 1870 mariyu 1872 madhya moodu resulaku pootiipadina haall, 1857 mariyu 1860 resula madhya naalugusaarlu pootii chesina robbert wells risley, edmond warrey (1857 mariyu 1858loe oxfordku praatinidhyam vahinchaaru), fraank villan (1866 mariyu 1869 madhya naalugusaarlu vijaeta rover) mariyu 1862 mariyu 1863 resulalo pootii chesina walter broadford woodgate. joseph vilium chitty eee resuku ampairga vyavaharinchaaru. athanu 1849loe (marchi mariyu decemberlo) mariyu 1852loe rendusaarlu oxford kosam pootii paddadu. starter edward serl. sibbandi. oxford sibbandi sagatuna 11va (idi1) poundla (75.3 kejeelu) baruvu kaligi unnaaru, idhi vaari pratyarthula kante ekkuva. cambridge yokka sibbandilo naalugu maajee blues unnaayi, veetilo resulo thana moodava pradarsana chestunna herbert edward roads kooda unnaaru. oxford 1874 resu nundi iddaru roverlu tirigi ravadam chusindi, hetch. zhe. steiner mariyu zhe. pii. maargam. paaneeyaala prakaram, 1874 chivaralo oxford vishwavidyaalayam padava club oka "manchi sibbandini" utpatti chesindi, mariyu mukhyamgaa padavala maajee ayton kepten tomm edwards-moesnu cherchadam gamaninchadagga vishayam. dheeniki viruddhamgaa, cambridge yokka sibbandi, gatha samvatsaram resu nundi kevalam iddaru tirigi raavadamtho, "material" thoo puurtayimdi... chaalaa adhika arder kaadu. resu. aidu samvatsaraalalo vaari modati padava resunu gelavadaniki oxford spashtamaina prii-rays favouretga pariganinchabadindi; paristhitulu "dushta vaayuvya gaali" thoo pratikuulamgaa undevi, conny "sarasamaina aatupotlu" undevi. vaaru taas kolpoyi, cambridge middlex station nundi praarambhinchadaaniki enchukuni, oxfordku nadhi yokka sarri vaipu appaginchaaru. madhyahnam 1:13 gantalaku resu praarambhamaindi.emm., mariyu cambridge merugaina prarambhanni chesindi, adhika stroke retutho modati nundi aadhikyanni saadhinchindi. oka nimisham taruvaata sagam podavu, telikapati blues daadaapu spashtamaina neeti prayojanaanni kaligi undhi, conny balamaina gaalilo alasipoyindi, mariyu course chuttoo, ventade metlatho pattubadatam praarambhinchindi. resulo oka mailu dhooramlo, cambridge sibbandilo okaru oka slidenu viricharu. crob tree pub vadda mariyu hammermith vantena dwara sibbandini samam chesaaru, mariyu nadiloe vampu yokka prayojanamtho, oxford spashtamgaa undi, 22 nimishala 2 sekanla samayamlo padhi podavulatho gelichindi. idhi 1869 taruvaata vaari modati vijayam mariyu eeventlo mottam rikaardunu 17-15 kuu vaari anukuulamgaa teesukundi. suuchanalu. gamanikalu grandha pattika

kashti kii dodh 1875 oxford university aur camberge university kay amley kay darmiyan 32 wein kashti kii dodh 20 maarch 1875 kuu daryaae thamas parr hoyee. camberge kay amley mein oxford kay duu kay liye chaar blues thay moakhar alzikar 1869 kii dodh kay baad say baghair kasee jeeth kay dodh mein chalaa gayaa. jozaf waleem cheaty kii impired rees mein oxford nay 22 mint 2 second kay waqat mein duss lambayi say kamiyabi haasil kii aur avent mein majmuyi record kuu inn kay haqh mein 17-15 parr lay gayaa. camberge kay amley mein say eek nay rees kay doraan iss kii slide toad dee. piss manzar. kashti kii dodh oxford university (jasay baaz auqaat "daark blues" kahaa jaataa hay) aur university aaf camberge (jasay baaz auqaat "light blues" kahaa jaataa hay) kay darmiyan eek shanah bahh shanah kashti kaa muqabilah hay. yaha dodh pehli baar 1829 mein munaqid hoyee thee aur 1845 say janub maghrabi landan mein daryaae theemz parr champine ship kors parr munaqid how rahee hay. camberge nay pachlay saal kii dodh mein oxford kuu lambayi kay lahaaz say shakast day kirr maujudah champine kii haisiyat say dodh mein hasah liyaa jabkah oxford nay majmuyi toor parr solah jeeth kay saath camberge kay pandrah say aagay chull diyaa. camberge kuu jaan goldi nay tarbiyat dee thee juu camberge boat kalb kay sadr aur 1869yee 1870 aur 1871 kii reeson kay liye rowar thay aur charlis stocks nay padhaa jinhon nay pachli teen reeson mein camberge kay liye kashti chalayi thee. oxford kay coach aiss thay. ddee. daarbeshair jiss nay 1868yee 1869 aur 1870 kii reeson mein daark blues kay liye kashti chalayi thee f. aich. haal jiss nay 1870 aur 1872 kay darmiyan teen reeson kay liye coks kiyaa thaa raabart wells rasli jiss nay 1857 aur 1860 kii reeson kay darmiyan chaar baar kashti chalayi thee admond waar (1857 aur 1858 mein oxford kii numaindagi kii thee)yee frank walaan (1866 aur 1869 kay darmiyan chaar baar jeetnay waala kashti chalan) aur walter breadford wode gait jiss nay 1862 aur 1863 kii reeson mein kashti chalayi thee. rees kay impire jozaf waleem cheaty thay. inhon nay 1849 (maarch aur dasambar) aur 1852 kii dodh mein duu baar oxford kay liye kashti chalayi thee. aaghaz edward saral nay kiyaa. amley. oxford kay amley kaa ausat wazan 11 sent 12.375 pond (75.3 clogram) thaa juu inn kay mukhalifen say ziyadah thaa. camberge kay amley mein chaar saabiq blues shaamil thay jinn mein herbert edward roads bhee shaamil thay juu rees mein apnee teesri paishi kirr rahay thay. oxford nay 1874 kii dodh say duu kashti chalanay waalon kuu aich mein waps aatay dekha. jay. steiner aur jay. pee. raastah. drink waater kay mutabiq 1874 kay aakhir mein oxford university boat kalb nay eek "emdah emlah" tayaar kiyaa aur khaas toor parr nott kaa yaha thaa kahh kashtiyon kay saabiq aeton kaptaan tomm edwards mous kuu shaamil kiyaa gayaa thaa. iss kay barakas camberge kaa amlah pachlay saal kii dodh say sarf duu afraad kay waps aaney kay saath "mawaad" kay saath makmal hawaa... behat oonche arder kaa nahein. rees. oxford kuu paanch saalon mein apnee pehli kashti kii dodh jeetnay kay liye dodh say pehley kay waazah pasandidah samjha jaataa thaa. halaat "badniti parr mubni shamaal maghrabi hawaa" kay saath mutabiqat rakhtay thay leakin "munsifana lehar" kay saath. wah taas haar gayey aur camberge nay muddlesex station say sharoo karnay kaa faislah kiyaa aur oxford kuu daryaa kaa saray rakh sonpa. rees dopahar 1 bujj kirr 13 mint parr sharoo hoyee.ayem.yee aur camberge nay behatar sharoaat kii sharoo say hyee stroke kii ziyadah sharah kay saath bartari haasil kii. eek mint kay baad aadhay lambayi aagay halkay neelay rung kuu taqriba saaf paani kaa fayedah thaa leakin teez teez hawaa mein thakk gayey aur raastay kay ard gird kachlay hoay qadmon say pakday jaanay lagay. dodh kay taqriba eek meel baad camberge kay amley mein say eek nay eek slide toad dee. kekday kay darkhat kay pub aur hathoday kay pull kay zariye amley kuu baraabar kiyaa gayaa thaa aur daryaa mein moad kay fayede kay saath oxford saaf thaa aur 22 mint 2 second kay waqat mein duss lambayi say jeeth gayaa. 1869 kay baad yaha inn kii pehli fatah thee aur avent mein majmuyi record kuu inn kay haqh mein 17-15 parr lay gayee. hawalah jaat. nott kitabcha

00008e17ec7bd24b4f957168c7ce8fb21f4d3d5e2573d07f18b76a271f76d3bb

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32102757

Abdul-Wali al-Shameri

Abdul-Wali al-Shameri Yemeni diplomat Abdul-Wali al-Shameri () is a Yemeni diplomat, poet and writer. He quit his position as Ambassador to Egypt over the 2011 Yemeni uprising. Biography. He was born on 4 August 1956 in Shamir province, Taiz Governorate. He is a Yemeni poet and writer. He resigned from his position as the Ambassador of Yemen to the Arab Republic of Egypt on 19 March 2011. Chairman of the Forum of Arab intellectuals Cairo and Chairman of the Foundation for creativity and culture Sanaa. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

aabdul-waali aal-swameri aabdul-waali aal-swameri () ejon iyemeni kutnitibid, kobi aaru lekhok. 2011 sonor iyemeni bidruhor baabe teu ijiptot rastrodutor podor poraa podotyag korisil. jiwani. teur jonmo hoisil 1956 sonor 4 aagostot taiz rajyopalor swamir prodexot. teu egoraki iyemeni kobi aaru lekhok. 2011 sonor 19 marchot teu ijiptor aarob gonorajyot iyemenor rastrodutor podor poraa podotyag kore. aarob buddhijibir monchor odhyokhyo keiru aaru sristixilota aaru xongoskritir foundationor odhyokhyo xaana.

abdul-oyali all-shameri abdul-oyali all-shameri () ekjon iemeni kutnitik, cobby ebong lekhok. 2011 saaler iemeni bidroher karone tini mishore rashtroduter podo theke podotyag corren. jeeboni. tini 1956 saaler 4 august taiz prodesher shamir prodeshe jonmogrohon corren. tini ekjon iemeni cobby oo lekhok. tini 19shhey march 2011 saale arob projatontro mishore iyemener rashtroduter podo theke podotyag corren. arob buddhijibider forum kairo-err chairman ebong srijanshilata oo sangaskriti saanaa foundationer chairman.

abdul-valee all-shameri abdul-valee all-shameri () aek yemeni rajdwari, kavee aneey lekhak chhe. temane 2011naa yemeni badvaane kaarane egyptma rajdoot tarikenu potaanu pada chhodi didhu hatoo. jivancharitra. temno janm 4 august 1956naa roj taiz governoratena shamir praantmaa thayo hato. teo aek yemeni kavee aneey lekhak chhe. temane 19 march 2011naa roj egyptna aarab prajasattakma yamannaa rajdoot tarikenaa temnaa hodda parthee raajinaamu aapyu hatoo. arab bauddhikonaa manchana adhyaksh kairo aneey sarjansheelta aneey sanskruti maate foundation adhyaksh saanaa.

abdul-vallie all-shameri abdul-vallie all-shameri () ack yameni rajanyik, kavi aur lekhak hain. unhone 2011 key yaman vidroh key baad misra mein rajdoot key roop mein apana pada chhod diyaa. jeevani. unakaa janm 4 agast 1956 koo shameer praant, taaiz praant mein huaa thaa. way ack yameni kavi aur lekhak hain. unhone 19 march 2011 koo misra key arab ganarajya mein yaman key rajdoot key roop mein apane pada seey istifa dey diyaa. arab buddhijiviyon key munch key adhyaksh carro aur rachnaatmaktaa aur sanskriti key liye foundation key adhyaksh saanaa.

abdul-wallie all-shameri abdul-wallie all-shameri (<unk>) yemeni rajatantrika, kavi mattu barahagara. 2011rahra yemeni dangeya hinneleyalli aata eejiptina rayabhariyagi tamma sthaanavannu toredaru. jivanacharitre. avaru 1956rahra august 4randu taiz praantyada shameer praantyadalli janisidaru. aata yemeni kavi mattu barahagara. avaru 19 march 2011 randu arab ganarajya eejiptina yemen rayabhariyagi tamma sthanakke rajiname niididaru. arab buddhijivigala vedikeya adhyaksha kairo mattu srujanasheelate mattu samskrutigaagi foundation adhyaksharaada sanaa.

abdul-valee all-shameri abdul-valee all-shameri (<unk>) heey yemeni mutsaddi, kavee aanee lekhak aahet. 2011 chya yemeni uthavamule tyanni egyptmadhil rajdoot mhanoon aapale padd sodale. charitra. tyancha janm 4 august 1956 roji shameer prant, taiz governorate yethe jhaala. teey eka yemeni kavee aanee lekhak aahet. tyanni 19 march 2011 roji egyptchya arab prajasattakatil yamanchya rajdoot padacha rajinama deela. arab vicharvantanchya manchache adhyaksh kairo aanee sarjansheelata aanee sanskratichya sanstheche adhyaksh sannah.

abdul-walli all-sameri abdul-walli all-sameri () ek yemeni kutnitigya, kawi rar lekhak hun. unle sann 2011 ko yemeni vidrohaka karan egyptka lagi rajadutko rupma afno pada chhode. jiwani. unko janma 4 august 1956 maa taiz prantako shamir prantama bhaeko thiyo. uni ek yameni kawi rar lekhak hun. unle 19 march 2011 maa arab ganatantra egyptma yamanko rajadutko rupma afno padabata rajinama die. arab buddhijiwiharuko forumka adhyaksha kairo rar creativity rar sanskriti sanah foundationka adhyaksha.

abdul-waalee all-shameri abdul-waalee all-shameri (<unk>) jane yemeni kutaneetigya, kabi ebong lekhaka. 2011 ray yemeni bidrohaku nei shay egyptare rastradoota bhabare taanka padabee chadithile. jeebani. shay 1956 august 4 tarikhare taiz governorator shamir pradeshare janmagrahana karithile. shay jane yemeni kabi ebong lekhaka. shay 19 march 2011 ray arab ganarajya egyptare jemenanka rastradoota padaru istafa deithile. arab budhijeebeenka forum kyro adhyakhya ebong srujanasheelata ebong sanskruti saanaa paain foundationera adhyakhya.

abdul-valee all-shameri abdul-valee all-shameri (<unk>) ikk yaman dey diplomat, kavee atey lekhak hunn. uss neey 2011 dey yaman vidroh noon lae keey misser witch rajdoot dey roop witch aapna ahuda chhadd ditta see. jeevani. unhan daa janam 4 agast 1956 noon shameer soobe, taaiz governorate witch hoiaa see. uh ikk yaman kavee atey lekhak haii. unhan neey 19 march 2011 noon arab ganraj misser witch yaman dey rajdoot dey ahude toon astifa dey ditta see. arab budhijiviaan dey forum carro dey chairman atey foundation phaar creativity aind culture sanna dey chairman sunn.

abdul-valee all-shameri abdul-valee all-shameri (<unk>) ekaha yemenee-kootaneetidnyah, kavihi, lekhakah cha asti. 2011 tame varshe yemenee-vidrohasya karanat saha easypt-deshe rajadutatvena swasya sthaanam nivruttavaan. jeevanacharitram. tasya janma 1956 august 4 dinaanke taij-prantasya shameer-pradeshe abhavat. saha yemenee-kavihi, lekhakah cha asti. saha 19 maarch 2011 dinaanke easypt-deshasya arab-ganarajye yamana-deshasya rajadutatvena swasya padaat tyaagapatram adadat. arab-buddhijeevinaam forum-kairo-ityasya adhyakshah, rachanatmakata tathaa samskruti-samsthaa-saana-samsthaayaah adhyakshah cha.

abdul-vaali all-shameri abdul-vaali all-shameri (Abdul-Walli al-Samery) oru yemani raajathanthiri, kavignar mattrum ezhuththaalar aavaar. 2011 yemani kilarchiyin kaaranamaaga egipthukkaana thoothar padhaviyai avar rajinama seithaar. vaazhkkai varalaaru. avar august 4,1956 andru thais covernoratin shamir maagaanaththil piranthaar. avar oru yemani kavignarum ezhuththaalarum aavaar. avar 19 maarch 2011 andru egipthu arabu kudiyarasukkaana yeman thoothar padhaviyai rajinama seithaar. arabu arivujeevigal mandraththin thalaivarum, padaippaattral mattrum kalaachchaaraththirkaana arakkattalaiyin thalaivarumaana cairo.

abdul-valii all-shameri abdul-valii all-shameri (<unk>) oka yemeni doutyavetta, kavi mariyu rachayita. 2011 yemeni tirugubaatu kaaranamgaa egyptulo rayabariga unna thana padavini ayana vadulukunnaru. jeevita charitra. ayana 1956 augustu 4naa shameer provins, taiz governoratelo janminchaaru. ayana yemeni kavi mariyu rachayita. athanu 19 marchi 2011naa arab republic off egyptulo yemen rayabariga thana padaviki rajinama chesaadu. arab medhaavula forum chhairman kairo mariyu foundation pharr creativity und culture saanaa chhairman.

abad alwali alshamri abad alwali alshamri () eek yamni sifarat kaar shayer aur masnaf haine. inhon nay 2011 kii yamni baghawat kay baad misar mein safeer kay ahday say istefi day diyaa. sawanah umri. wah 4 agast 1956 kuu subah shameer tayiz governarate mein paida hoay. wah eek yamni shayer aur masnaf haine. inhon nay 19 maarch 2011 kuu arab jamhuria misar mein yaman kay safeer kay ahday say istefi day diyaa. arab danishwaron kay forum kay chairmeen aur foundation faar creativaty aind culture seena kay chairmeen.

0000909705766c73f761d74ebbf28a06281f0581b945cee3e5cd31bf8364f021

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40153554

Bubblegum Perfume

Bubblegum Perfume Bubblegum Perfume is the second compilation album by English alternative rock band Felt, released in 1990. It collects tracks from the band's singles and albums recorded for Creation Records between 1986 and 1988. Tracks 5, 8, 13, 16 and 19 are instrumental. In a review for Melody Maker, Bob Stanley described the album as "an excellent Felt primer for the uninitiated." In 2011 "Bubblegum Perfume" was reissued by Cherry Red with three changes to the track listing: track 12 was replaced by "Tuesday's Secret", track 14 by "Female Star", and track 15 by the instrumental "Fire Circle". References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

budwudor xugondhi 1990 sonot mukti puwa ingraji bikolpo rok bendor dwitiyo xongkolon elbam hoise babolgam perfume. ee 1986 sonor poraa 1988 sonor bhitorot sristir recordor baabe record koraa bendor ekok aaru elbamor poraa trekk xongroho kore. trekk 5,8,13,16 aaru 19 hoise badyojontro. xur nirmatar baabe ek porzaluchonat bobo stanlye elbamtuk "aarombho nokoraxokolor baabe ek utkristo primer buli bornona korisil." 2011 sonot trekk talikat tinita poribortonor xoite cheri rede "babolgam perfume" punor prokax korisiloh trekk 12koo "mongolbaror gupon", trekk 14koo "mohila taroka", aaru trekk 15koo badyojontro "fayar charkel"-e xoloni korisil.

budwud sugandhi 1990 saale muktiprapto, budwud-mathar sugandhi holl ingrezi bikalpa rock banned anubhuto dwitiya sangkalan album. etty 1986 theke 1988 saaler modhye record toirir jonno record koraa bander ekok ebong album theke track sangraha korey. track 5,8,13,16 ebong 19 holl jontro. surkarer jonno ekti porjalochonai, bobb stanly albumtike "shuru naa haoya byaktider jonno ekti durdanto anubhuto primer hisabe bornona korechen." 2011 saale "babalgam perfume" cherry reeda dwara track talika tinti poriborton soho punra prokashito hoyechiloh track 12 "mongolbarer secret" dwara protisthapito hoyechilo, track 14 "mohila tarka" dwara ebong track 15 jontro "fayara circle" dwara.

babalgam attar babalgam perfume aee angreji vaikalpik roqa benned dwara melvel beeju sankalan album chhe, jeey 1990maan rajoo thayu hatoo. teey 1986 aneey 1988nee vachche nirmaan records maate reqorda karaayela bendnaa singles aneey albumsmanthi track aektrit karey chhe. track 5,8,13,16 aneey 19 vaadhya chhe. melody macker maate aek samikshaamaa, boob stanly aaa aalbamne "sharuaat naa karnaaraao maate aek uttam anoobhavit primer" tareeke varnavyu hatoo." 2011maan "babalgam perfume" neey cherry reeda dwara track listingma trana ferfaro saathe fareethi rajoo karvaamaa aavyu hatuh track 12neey "mangalvaarnaa secret" dwara badalvama aavyu hatoo, track 14neey "femail staar" dwara aneey track 15neey instrumental "fayara circle" dwara badalvama aavyu hatoo.

bulbula itra babalgam perfume angreji vaikalpik rock baind dwara doosara sankalan album haye, jise 1990 mein jaari kiya gayaa thaa. yeh 1986 aur 1988 key beach nirmaan record key liye record kiye gaye baind key ekal aur albums seey track ekatra kartaa haye. track 5,8,13,16 aur 19 sahayak hain. melody maker key liye ack sameeksha mein, bobb steinly ney album koo "shuru naa kiye gaye logon key liye ack utkrisht anubhav primer key roop mein varnit kiya." 2011 mein "babalgam perfume" koo cherry redd dwara track listing mein teen badlaavon key saath phir seey jaari kiya gayaa thaah track 12 koo "mangalwar key gupt", track 14 koo "mahila starr" aur track 15 koo vaadya "fayer circle" dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa thaa.

babalgam sugandha babalgam perfume embudu 1990ralli bidugadeyaada inglish alternative rock byaand feeled naa eradane sankalana album aagide. idu 1986 mattu 1988rahra naduve srushti daakhalegaligaagi dhwanimudrisalaada bandna ekageetegalu mattu aalbamgalinda haadugalannu sangrahisuttade. haadugalu 5,8,13,16 mattu 19 vaadyagalaagive. raaga tayaarakara vimarsheyalli, baab stanly ee album annu "praarambhisadavarige atyuttamavaada primer endu bannisiddaare." 2011ralli "babalgam perfume" annu cherry redninda track listingnalli mooru badalaavanegalondige marumudrana maadalaayituh track 12 annu "mangalavaarada secret", track 14 annu "femail starr" mattu track 15 annu vaadya "fire circle" ninda badalaayisalaayitu.

bubblegam perfume 1990ll purathirangiya engleesh alternative roock baand feeldinte randaamathe samahara aalbamaan bubblegam perfume. 1986num 1988num idayil srishti recordukalkkaayi record cheytha baandinte singlesil ninnum aalbangalil ninnum trackukal shekharikkunnu. trackukal 5,8,13,16,19 enniva upakaranangalaan. melody makerkkulla oru avalokanathil, bob staanli albathe "aarambhikkaathavarkk oru mikacha feeld primer" ennu visheshippichu." 2011-ll track listtingil moonnu mattangalumaayi cherry redu "bubblegam perfume" veendum puratthirakki track 12 nuu pakaram "chovvaazhchayude rahasyam", track 14 nuu pakaram "sthree nakshatram", track 15 nuu pakaram "fayar sarkkil" enniva.

babalgam attar 1990 madhye pradarshit jhalela, 'babalgam perfume' haah ingraji paryayi rock band fieldcha dusra sankalan album aahe. too 1986 aanee 1988 darmyan nirmitichya nondisathi reecord kelelya bandchya ekeri aanee albammadhun ganee gola karato. 5,8,13,16 aanee 19 heey track vadya aahet. ragnirmatyasathi kelelya punaravalokanat, bobb stanly yanni yaa dhvanimudrikeche varnan "suru naan kelelya lokansathi eka utkrusht anubhav denara prathamik namuna" asey kele." 2011 madhye 'babalgam perfume' chey cherry redney punha prakashan kele aanee track listingmadhye teen badal keleh track 12 chya jaagi 'mangalvarche secret', track 14 chya jaagi 'fimmel starr' aanee track 15 chya jaagi 'phayar circle' heey vadya hote.

babalgam attar babalgam attar angreji vaikalpik ruck bandley 1990 maa jaari gareko dosro sankalan album how. yasale bandko ekal rar albumharubata trackharu sankalan gardacha june 1986 rar 1988 ko bichma sirjana recordharuka lagi record garieko thiyo. trackharu 5,8,13,16 rar 19 wadyayantraharu hun. melody nirmataka lagi garieko samikshama, bub stanlyle albumlai "suru nagarneharuka lagi utkrishta mahasus primer" ko rupma warnan gare." sann 2011 maa "babalgam attar" chery reddwara track suchima tinwata pariwartanharusahit punah jaari garieko thiyoh track 12 lai "mangalbarko gopya", track 14 lai "mahila tara", rar track 15 lai wadya "fire circle" dwara pratisthapan garieko thiyo.

babalgam sugandhi 1990 masihare muktilabha karithiba 'babalgam perfume' heuchhi ingraji bikalpa rock banned 'rahr dwiteeja sankalana album, jaahaa jaahaa 1988 madhyare record srusti paain record karajaithiba bander ekaka ebong alabamgudikaru track sangraha karithae. track 5,8,13,16 ebong 19 heuchhi sahajaka. melody mekarnka paain eka samikhyare, bub stanly ehi alabamku "arambha hoinathiba lokanka paain eka utkrusta anubhaba primer" bhabare barnana karithile." 2011 ray "babalgam perfume" track talikare tinoti paribartana sahita cherry redd dwara punah prakashita hoithilah track 12 ku "mangalabarara secret" dwara pratisthapita karajaithila, track 14 ku "mahila starr" dwara, ebong track 15 ku badyajantra "fire circle" dwara .

bulbula atar babalgam atar angrezi vikalpik raak baind duaara duji sangrah album haii, joe 1990 witch jaari keeti gaee see. ih 1986 atey 1988 dey vichkaar nirman ricard laee ricard keete gaye baind dey singles atey ailabman toon track ikattar kardi haii. track 5,8,13,16 atey 19 saaz hunn. dhun banaun vaale laee ikk samikhiaa witch, baub stanly neey album noon "anjaan lokan laee ikk shandar mahisus primer vajon darsaiaa." 2011 witch "babalgam atar" noon track suchi witch tinn tabdiliaan dey naal cherry redd duaara dubara jaari keeta giaa seeuuu track 12 noon "mangalwar dey gupat", track 14 noon "femail starr" atey track 15 noon saaz "fire chakkar" duaara badliaa giaa see.

babalgam perfume babalgam perfume iti aangl-vaikalpika-raak-vaadyavrundasya anubhutasya dwiteeyam sankalan-sangrahah asti, yat 1990 tame varshe prakaashitam aasit. etat 1986 taha 1988 paryantam nirmaana-abhilekhanartham abhilekhitaanaam vaadyavrundasya ekagitanam tathaa dhvanimudritanam gitanam sangrahanam karoti. geetaani 5,8,13,16,19 cha vaadyayantraani santi. raganirmatarasya samikshayam, baab stanly ityayam asya aalbam-ityasya varnanam "arambharahitanam krute utkrushtam anubhuta-praimar" iti akarot." 2011 tame varshe "babalgam perfume" iteedam cheree-redd ityanena punah prakaashitam, track-suchimadhye treeni parivartanaani cha abhavan-track 12 ityasya sthaane "mangalavaarasya seekret", track 14 ityasya sthaane "feemel starr", track 15 ityasya sthaane vaadyayantrasya "fair-circle" cha abhavat.

kumizhi vaasanai thiraviyangkal 1990 aam aandil veliyidappatta aangkila maattru raak isaikkuzhuvin irandaavathu thoguppu aalbam papulgam perfume aagum. idhu 1986 mattrum 1988 kku idaiyil padaippu pathivukalukkaaga pathivu seiyappatta isaikkuzhuvin ottraiyar mattrum aalbangkalilirunthu tracugalai sekarikkirathu. tracugal 5,8,13,16 mattrum 19 karuvigal. mellisai thayaarippaalarukkaana oru mathippaaivil, paap stanly inththa aalpaththai "thodangappadaathavargalukku oru sirantha unarvu brimer" endru vivaritthaar." 2011 aam aandil "kumizhi vaasanai tiravam" cherri redd moolam track pattiyalil moontru maattrangkaludan meendum veliyidappattathu track 12 kku pathilaaka "sevvaaikkizhamai ragasiyam", track 14 kku pathilaaka "penn natchatthiram" mattrum track 15 kku karuvi "thee vattam".

babul gumm perfume babul gumm perfume anedi anedi vidudalaina aangla pratyaamnaaya rock byaand yokka rendava sankalanam album. idhi 1986 mariyu 1988 madhya srushti recordula kosam record cheyabadina byaand yokka singles mariyu albumla nundi tracklanu sekaristundi. tracklu 5,8,13,16 mariyu 19 vaayidyaalu. sraavyata tayaareedaaru kosam oka sameekshalo, baab stanley eee albumnu "praarambhinchani vaariki adbhutamaina anubhootini kaliginche primer" gaa abhivarninchaaru." abhivarninchaaru." "babul gumm perfume" nuu cherry redd track jaabitaalo moodu maarpulatoe tirigi vidudala chesindi track 12 sthaanamlo "mangalavaaram rahasyam", track 14 sthaanamlo "mahilaa nakshatram" mariyu track 15 vaayidya "fair circle" dwara bharti cheyabadindi.

bubligam khushbo bubligam perfume angrezi muthbadil raak bend kaa dosra taleef album hay juu 1990 mein release hawaa thaa. yaha 1986 aur 1988 kay darmiyan takhliq kay record kay liye record kiye gayey bend kay singles aur albumz say track jamaa kartaa hay. track 5yee 8yee 13yee 16 aur 19 sazgaar haine. raag bananay waalay kay liye eek jaizay mein baab stenly nay album kuu "ghair sharoo shadah logon kay liye eek behtareen ahsaas primer" kay toor parr biyaan kiyaa." 2011 mein "bubligam perfume" kuu track listing mein teen tabdiliyon kay saath cheeri reed nay dobarah jaari kiyaa thaa: track 12 kuu "mangal kaa raaz"yee track 14 kuu "femal staar"yee aur track 15 kuu saaz "fayer circle" nay tabdil kiyaa thaa.

0000946c5455bb98e6bbf2be631cb5ea179cb9d34e41dfdbf3949a7e7ff09662

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2991299

Gove Saulsbury

Gove Saulsbury American politician Gove Saulsbury (May 29, 1815 – July 31, 1881) was an American physician and politician from Dover, in Kent County, Delaware. He was a member of the Democratic Party, and he served in the Delaware General Assembly and as Governor of Delaware. He led opposition to civil rights for African Americans in Delaware. Early life and family. Saulsbury was born in Mispillion Hundred, Kent County, Delaware, son of William and Margaret Ann Smith Saulsbury. His father was a descendant of the Salusbury Family of Wales, but changed the spelling of the name after the American Revolution due to his family's loyalist sympathies. He was the older brother of U.S. Senators Willard Saulsbury, Sr., and Eli Saulsbury and the uncle of U.S. Senator Willard Saulsbury, Jr. Gove Saulsbury attended Delaware College in Newark and graduated from the University of Pennsylvania Medical School in 1842. He married Rosina Jane Smith and had five children: Margaret, Olivia Smith, Rosa, Gove, and William. Saulsbury was a medical doctor and lived at the northwest corner of the Green in Dover. He and his family were members of the Methodist Church. Saulsbury's choice of religious denomination sparked some controversy within the family as both of his brothers were staunch Episcopalians. In 1861 he was President of the Delaware Medical Society. Professional and political career. Saulsbury was elected to the Delaware State Senate and served in the 1863/64 and 1865/66 sessions. He was the Speaker in the 1865/66 session and succeeded to the office of Governor of Delaware on the death of Governor William Cannon on March 1, 1865. Defeating James Riddle of New Castle County, he was elected to a full term in his own right in 1866, and continued in office until January 17, 1871. He was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention in 1876. With Saulsbury as governor, the Democratic Party took full control in Delaware. Strongly opposed to the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments to the U.S. Constitution, Saulsbury and the Democrats took every possible step to frustrate their implementation and deny the new rights given to African-Americans. This included the recommendation that African-Americans convicted of certain crimes be sold back into slavery. This fear-mongering was so successful that no Republicans were elected to the Delaware General Assembly in 1868, and hardly any were elected for many years thereafter. When Saulsbury's term was over, he wanted to assume the U.S. Senate seat held by his brother, Willard Saulsbury. Willard had compromised himself with a well-known drinking problem, and many wanted him replaced. Unfortunately for Gove Saulsbury, the third brother, Eli Saulsbury also wanted the seat. After much balloting in the General Assembly, it became apparent to Willard that he could not win, so he switched his votes to Eli, who consequently won. Gove Saulsbury returned to his medical practice full-time. Death and legacy. Saulsbury died at Dover and is buried at Wesley Methodist Church Cemetery. He was President of the Delaware Medical Society in 1861, and in 1873 was one of the founders of Wesley College in Dover. He was a strong and effective leader for a bitterly reactionary majority in Delaware, and his policies set the tone and the agenda for much political activity for a generation. According to Scharf, Saulsbury had "a deep sense of personal responsibility. He had a strong will and asserted his opinions earnestly and often, and as it seemed to those who differed with him, obstinately." Governor Robert J. Reynolds described him as "distinguished for his cunning. He was the slyest, cunningest man, and the most natural born politician Delaware ever produced." He was said to have "never apologized, compromised, or surrendered, unless it was in his interest." Almanac. Elections are held the first Tuesday after November 1. Members of the Delaware General Assembly took office the first Tuesday of January. State senators have a four-year term. The governor takes office the third Tuesday of January and has a four-year term.

govo saloxbori govo cho 'loswori (mey 29,1815-july 31,1881) aasil delaweror kent countyr dodd' bhaaror egoraki aamerikan sikitsok aaru rajneetibid. teu demkretik dolor xodosyo aasil, aaru teu delaware xadharon xobhat aaru delaware gowornor hisape xewa aagborhaisil. teu delawerot african aamerikanxokolor nagorik odhikaror birudhitar netritwo disil. prarombhik jiwan aaru poriyal. cho 'loswarir jonmo hoisil uilium aaru margaret eno smith cho' loswarir putro mispilion hoh 'ndo, kent county, delawerot. teur pitri welsor saruswari poriyalor bongxodhor aasil, kintu teur poriyalor onugoto xohanubhutir baabe aamerikan biplowor pisot naamtur baanan xoloni koraa hoisil. teu aapunar dangor bhatri aasil.ess. xenetar willord cho 'loswori, shro., aaru eli cho 'loswori aaru eur khurak.ess. xenetar willord cho 'loswori, juniyor. go 'bho cho' lworiye newarkor delawer collegeot odhyoyon korisil aaru 1842 sonot pensylvania biswobidyaloyor sikitsa bidyaloyor poraa snatok degree laabh korisil. teu ror 'china zen smithok biyaa koraisil aaru teulukor pasta xontan aasiloh margaret, olivia smith, ror' chaa, go 'bho aaru uilium. cho 'loswori egoraki sikitsok aasil aaru doveror xeujiyar uttor-poschim kunot baax korisil. teu aaru teur poriyal poddhotibadi girjar xodosyo aasil. cho 'losworir dhormiyo dhormor posondoi poriyalor bhitorot kichu bitorkor sristi korisil kiyonu teur bhatri duyu aasil nisthaban episcopalian. 1861 sonot teu delaware medical cho "saitir xobhapoti aasil. pexagot aaru rajnoitik jiwan. cho 'loswori delawer rajyik sinetoloi nirbasito hoisil aaru 1863/64 aaru 1865/66 odhibexonot xewa aagborhaisil. teu 1865/66 odhibexonot bokta aasil aaru 1865 sonor 1 marchot gowornor uilium kenonor mrityur pisot delaweror gowornoror karzaloyoloi xofol hoisil. niu kesol countyr james riddlock porasto kori, 1866 sonot teu nijor odhikarere xompurno karzokalor baabe nirbasito hoisil, aaru 1871 sonor 17 januaryloike karzokalot obyahot aasil. teu 1876 sonot gonotantrik rastriyo xonmilonor protinidhi aasil. cho 'losworik rajyopal hisape loi demkretik dole delawerot xompurno niyontron loisil. eur troyudox, soturdox aaru ponchodox xongxudhonir tibro birudhita korisil.ess. xongbidhan, cho 'loswori aaru demkretxokole teulukor rupayonok hotax koriboloi aaru african-aamerikanxokolok diya notun odhikarok oswikar koriboloi xokolu xombhob podokhyep loisil. iyar bhitorot kisuman oporadhor baabe duxi xabyosto african-aamerikanxokolok daxotwot bikri korar poramorxo ontorbhukto aasil. ei bhoy-prosar imaan xofol hoisil je 1868 sonot kunu republican delware xadharon xobhat nirbasito huwa nasil, aaru taar pisot bohu bosor dhori kunuwei nirbasito huwa nasil. jetiya cho 'lworir karjokal xex hoisil, teu eu grohon koribo bisarisil.ess. teur bhatri willord salosbariye senetor aaxon dokhol korisil. willarde xurapanor etaa xuporisito xomosyar xoite nijoke aapux korisil, aaru bohute teuk xoloni koribo bisarisil. durbhagyojonokbhabe tritiyo bhatri govo cho 'loswariyeu ei aaxontu bisarisil. xadharon xobhat bohu bhut diyar pisot willordor baabe sposto hoi porisil je teu joyee hoh "bob nuware, xeyehe teu nijor bhut eliloi xoloni korisil, ji pholsworupe joyee hoisil. govo cho 'losworiye teur xompurno xomoyor sikitsa proxikhyonoloi ubhoti aahisil. mrityu aaru uttoradhikar. cho 'lworir dodd' bharotor bhitorot mrityu hoisil aaru taat puroni poddhotibid baa huwat koo 'tor koborsthanot xomadhistho koraa hoisil. 1861 sonot teu delawer medical cho "saitir xobhapoti aasil, aaru 1873 sonot dodd" bhaaror wesoli collegeor onyotomo protisthapok aasil. teu delwareot tibro protikriyaxil xongkhyagoristhotar baabe ejon xoktixali aaru karzokori netaa aasil, aaru teur nitiye etaa projonmor baabe bohutu rajnoitik karzokolapor baabe swor aaru agenda nirdharon korisil. scarfor mote, cho 'lworir "byoktigoto dayitwor ek gobhir budh aasil. teur ek drirho issaxokti aasil aaru teur motamotbur antorikotare aaru praye prokax korisil, aaru jijone teur xoite motanoikyo korisil, teulukor mote drirhobhabe."gowornor robert je. rainoldse teuk "teur kouxolor baabe bixisto" buli bornona korisil. teu aasil ataitkoi dhurto, ataitkoi salak manuh, aaru etiyaloike jonmogrohon koraa ataitkoi swabhabik rajneetibid."teu ketiyau khyoma bisora nasil, aapuch koraa nasil baa aatmoxomorpon koraa nasil, jodihe xeya teur swarthot nasil buli kuwa hoisil." ponjika. 1 novemboror pisor prothom mongolbare nirbason onusthito hoy. delware xadharon xobhar xodosyoxokole januaryr prothom mongolbare karjobhar grohon kore. rajyik xenetaror karjokal chaari bosoriya. januaryr tritiyo mongolbare rajyopale karjobhar grohon kore aaru iyar karjokal chaari bosoriya hoy.

gove solsbury gov soulosbury (29 meey, 1815-31 julai, 1881) chhilen ekjon markin chikitsak ebong dover rajnitibid, kent county, delaoar. tini democratic partyr sadasya chhilen ebong tini delaoyarer sadharan porishode ebong delaoyarer governor hisabe dayitto palon korechilen. tini delaoare african americander nagrik adhikarer birodhitar netritto diyechilen. prathomik jeebon ebong poribar. solsbury mispillion handru, kent county, delaoare jonmogrohon corren, uilium ebong margareta ayana smith solsbury putro. taanr baba wellser salasbury poribarer bongshodhor chhilen, kintu taanr poribarer onugoto sahanubhutir karone american biplober porey namtir banan poriborton korechilen. tini upner borh bhai chhilen.esha. sinetara willard solsbury, esr., ebong elly solsbury ebong eu-err caca.esha. sinetara willard solsbury, junior. gov soulosbury neoarker delaoar college padashona corren ebong 1842 saale pensylvania medicale school vishwavidyalaya theke snatok hohn. tini rojina zena smithke biye corren ebong taanr panchti santan chhiloh margareta, olivia smith, roja, gov ebong uilium. solsbury ekjon chikitsak chhilen ebong dover sobuj ronger uttor-poschim koney thakten. tini ebong taanr poribar poddhotibadi girjar sadasya chhilen. solosberry dharmiya sampradai beche neoar vishayti poribarer modhye kichhu bitorker jonmo deyo kaaron taar dui bhaiyi chhilen kottor episcopalian. 1861 saale tini delaoar medicale societyr sabhapati hohn. peshagoto oo rajnaitik karmajiban. soulosbury delaoar rajyo sinete nirbachito hohn ebong 1863/64 ebong 1865/66 adhibeshone dayitto palon corren. tini 1865/66 adhibeshone bokta chhilen ebong 1865 saaler 1laa march governor uilium kamaner mrityur porr delaoyarer governor office sofol hohn. neu cassel kauntir james riddleke porajito korey, 1866 saale tini nijer adhikare ekti purno meyade nirbachito hohn ebong 1871 saaler 17ee januari porjonto office chhilen. tini 1876 saale ganotantrik jatiya sommeloner protinidhi chhilen. governor hisabe solsbury soho, democratic party delawarete sampurna niyantran niyechilo. eu-err trayodash, chaturdash ebong panchadash sangshodhanir teebro birodhita corren.esha. sangbidhan, solsbury ebong democratora taader bastobayone byarthota ebong african-americander deoa notun adhikar aswikar korar jonno sombhabbo samasta podokkhep niyechilo. err modhye kichhu nirdishto aporadhe doshi sabbosto african-americander abar dasotte bikri korar superish antarbhukta chhilo. eyi bhoy-prochar etotai sofol hoyechilo jey 1868 saale konao republican delwar sadharan porishode nirbachito hononi ebong err porey bohu bochor dhorey khub komoi keu nirbachito hoyechilen. jokhon solosberry meyad shesh hoye yaay, tokhon tini eu grohon korte cheyechilen.esha. sineter asonti taanr bhai willard solsbury dokhole chhilo. willard ekti suporichito modyopaner samasyar saathe nijeke aposh korechilen ebong oneke taake protisthapon korte cheyechilen. durbhagyoboshoto gov solsbury jonno, tritiya bhai, elly solsbury asonti cheyechilen. sadharan porishode onek bhot deoar porr, willarder kachhe etaa sposhto hoye othe jey tini jitote parben naa, taai tini taanr bhotguli elite poriborton corren, jini falaswarup joyee hohn. gove solsbury taanr purnakalin chikitsa onushilone firey asen. mrityu oo uttoradhikar. solsbury dovere maaraa zaan ebong sekhane taake purano poddhotibid baa hoatkot koborsthane somahito koraa hoy. tini 1861 saale delaoar medicale societyr sabhapati chhilen ebong 1873 saale dover wesley colleger onnotomo protisthata chhilen. tini dealwarer teebro protikriyashil sankhyagarishthatar jonno ekjon shaktishali ebong karjokor neta chhilen ebong taanr nitiguli ekti projonmer jonno onek rajnaitik karjokolaper soor ebong agenda nirdharan korechilo. scarfer motey, solosberry "byaktigato dayitter govir anubhuti chhilo. taanr dridha ichchashokti chhilo ebong tini antorikbhabe ebong prayashai taanr motamotke dridhobhabe byakto korechilen, ebong jaaraa taanr saathe motobirodh poshan korechilo taader kachhe etty dridhobhabe money hoyechilo."governor robbert jeey. rainolds taanke "taanr chalakir jonno bishishto" hisabe bornona korechen. tini chhilen sorbokaler sabcheye dhurto, chotur ebong sabcheye swabhabik jonmogoto rajnitibid."bolla hoy jey, tini" "kokhono khama channi, aposh korenni baa atmosomorpon korenni, jodi naa taa taanr swarthe hoy." panjika. 1 novemborer porer prothom mangalbar nirbachan onusthito hoy. delwar sadharan porishder sadasyara januarir prothom mangalbar dayitto grohon corren. rajyo cinetorder meyad chaar bochor. rajyapal januarir tritiya mangalbar dayitto grohon corren ebong taanr meyad chaar bochor.

gove sollsbury gove sollsbury (29 meey, 1815-31 julai, 1881) dovernaa qenta kaauntii, delawarena aek american chikitsak aneey rajkarani hataa. teo lokshaahi pakshna sabhy hataa aneey temane delaware saamanya sabhaama aneey delawarena governor tareeke sevaa aapee hatee. temane delawarema african americno maate nagrik adhikaaronaa virodhnu netrutva karyoo. praarambhik jeevan aneey kutumb. sollsburyno janm mispillion hundred, qenta kaauntii, delawarema thayo hato, jeey veeliyam aneey margareta aena smith sollsburyna putra hataa. temnaa pitaa velsanaa salasbury parivaarnaa vanshaj hataa, parantu temnaa parivaarni vafaadaar sahanubhutine kaarane american kraanti pachhi naamnee jodani badalee hatee. teey tamaaro moto bhaai hato.aesa. sanitors willard sollsbury, shree., aneey aelee sollsbury aneey yuu naa kaaka.aesa. senator willard sollsbury, juniyar. gove sollsbury newarknee delaware collegemaa abhyaas karyo aneey 1842maan university off pensylvania medical schoolmathi snaatak thayaa. temane roseena jaine smith saathe lagna karyaa aneey temne paanch baadako hataah margaret, olivia smith, rossa, gove aneey veeliyam. sollsbury aek tabibi doctor hataa aneey doverma greennaa uttarpashchim khunaamaa raheta hataa. teo aneey temno parivaar methodist churchna sabhyo hataa. sollsburyni dhaarmik sampradaayni pasandagiae parivaarmaa ketlaak vivaadone janm aapyo kaaran keey temnaa banne bhaaio kattar episcopalian hataa. 1861maan teo delaware medical societyna pramukh hataa. vyaavsaayik aneey raajkeey karkirdi. sollsbury delaware raajy senetmaa chuntaya hataa aneey 1863/64 aneey 1865/66 satromaa sevaa aapee hatee. teo 1865/66 satramaa vaktaa hataa aneey 1 march, 1865naa roj governor veeliyam kenannaa mrutyu parr delawarena governornaa karyalayma safal thayaa hataa. nyu kesal kaauntinaa james riddlene haraaveene, teo 1866maan potaana adheekarma sampoorn kaarykaad maate chuntaya hataa, aneey 17 january, 1871 sudhee karyalayma rahyaa hataa. teo 1876maan lokshaahi raashtriy sammelanmaa pratinidhi hataa. governor tareeke sollsbury saathe, demokretika party delawarema sampoorn niyantran melavyu. yunaa termaa, chaudma aneey pandarma sudhaaraano sakhat veerodh karyo hato.aesa. bandhaaran, sollsbury aneey lokshahivadioae temnaa amalikaranne nishfal banaavvaa aneey african-americanone aapvama aavela navaa adhikaarone nakaarvaa maate darek shakya pagalaa leedhaa. aamaa aevee bhalamanno samaavesh thaay chhe keey amuk gunaao maate dosheet theravama aavela african-americanone gulaamimaa paachha vechee devaamaa aave. aaa bhay felavvo aetalo safal rahyo keey 1868maan delaware general assemblyma koee prajasattak chuntaya naa hataa aneey teey pachhinaa ghanaa varsho sudhee bhagye jaj koee chuntaya hataa. jyaare sollsburyno kaarykaad puuro thayo, tyaare teey yuu dhaaran karvaa maangato hato.aesa. senetnee bethak temnaa bhaai willard sollsbury paase hatee. willarde potaani jaatne pivaanaa aek jaanita samasya saathe samadhan karyoo hatoo, aneey ghanaa loko tene badalvaa maangtaa hataa. kamanaseebe, gove sollsbury maate, trija bhaai, aelee sollsbury pann bethak ichchhata hataa. saamanya sabhaama ghanaa matdaan pachhi, teey spasht thaee gayoo keey teo jeetee shakyaa nahee, tethee temane temnaa mutt eleemaa fervyaa, jeey parinaame jeetya. gove sollsbury temnee tabibi practicemaa purn-samay maate paachha faryaa. mrutyu aneey vaarso. sollsburynu mrutyu dover khaate thayu hatoo aneey tene tyaan junaa methodist athavaa whatcoat kabrastaanmaa dafnavvama aavyo hato. teo 1861maan delaware medical societyna pramukh hataa aneey 1873maan doverma wesley collegena sthapakomana aek hataa. teo delawarema kadvi pratikriyashil bahumatee maate aek majboot aneey asarkarak netaa hataa, aneey temnee niteeoae aek pedhhi maate ghanee raajkeey pravrutee maate suur aneey agenda nakki karyo hato. scarf anusaar, sollsburyma "vyaktigat javabdarini undee bhaavnaa hatee. temnee paase majboot ichchhashakti hatee aneey temane nishthapurvak aneey vaaramvaar temnaa mantavyo parr bhaar mookyo hato, aneey jeo temnee saathe matbhed dharaavtaa hataa temne teey makkamataapurvak laagtu hatoo."governor roobert jeey. reinoldse temne "temnee chaalaaki maate vishisht" ganaavya hataa. teo sauthee dhoort, sauthee chalaak maanas aneey atyaar sudhimaa janmela sauthee swaabhaavik rajkarani hataa."aevu kahevama aavtu hatoo keey" "jyaan sudhee teey tenaa hitmaan naa hoya tyaan sudhee tene kyaarey maafee maangi naa hatee, samadhan karyoo naa hatoo athavaa aatmasamarpan karyoo naa hatoo"." panchang. 1 november pachhinaa pratham mangalvaare chuntanio yojaay chhe. delaware general assemblyna sabhyoae januaryna pratham mangalvaare hoddo sambhaalyo hato. rajyanaa senetaroni mudat chaar varshnee hoya chhe. rajyapal januaryna trija mangalvaare hoddo sambhaale chhe aneey teno kaarykaad chaar varshno hoya chhe.

gove sollsbury gove sollsbury (29 maee, 1815-31 julaai, 1881) kent county, delaware mein dover key ack americi chikitsak aur rajneta they. way loktaantrik party key sadasya they, aur unhone delaware aam sabhaa mein aur delaware key governor key roop mein kaary kiya. unhone delaware mein african amerikiyon key nagrik adhikaaron key virodh kaa netritva kiya. praarambhik jeevan aur parivaar. soulsbury kaa janm mispillion sou, kent county, delaware mein huaa thaa, joe villium aur margaret aine smith soulsbury key bete they. unake pitaa wells key salasbury parivaar key vanshaj they, lekin apane parivaar kii wafadar sahaanubhooti key kaaran americi kranti key baad naam kii vartani badal dee. vaha aapka badaa bhaai thaa.aiss. senator willard sollsbury, shree., aur ellie sollsbury aur yuu key chaacha.aiss. senator willard sollsbury, junier. gove sollsbury ney newark mein delaware college mein padhaai kii aur 1842 mein pensylvania medical school vishvavidyalaya seey snaatak kiya. unhone rosina jaine smith seey shaadi kii aur unake paanch bachche theh margaret, olivia smith, rossa, gove aur villium. sollusbury ack chikitsa chikitsak they aur dover mein harey rung key uttar-paschim koney mein rahate they. vaha aur unakaa parivaar paddhativaadi church key sadasya they. sollsbury key dhaarmik sampradaay key chayan ney parivaar key bheetar kuchh vivaad paida curr diyaa kyonki unake donon bhaai kattar episcopelian they. 1861 mein way delaware medical society key adhyaksh they. peshevar aur raajneetik jeevan. sollsbury koo delaware raajya senate key liye chunaa gayaa thaa aur unhone 1863/64 aur 1865/66 satron mein seva kii thee. way 1865/66 satra mein vaktaa they aur 1 march, 1865 koo governor villium cannon kii mrityu parr delaware key governor key karyalaya mein safal hue. nae mahal county key james riddle koo harakar, way 1866 mein apane swayam key adhikaar mein ack poorna karyakal key liye chune gaye, aur 17 janwari, 1871 taka karyalaya mein baney rahey. way 1876 mein loktaantrik rashtriya sammelan key liye ack pratinidhi they. governor key roop mein sollsbury key saath, democratic party ney delaware mein puuraa niyantran leey liya. yuu key terahaven, chaudahaven aur pandrahaven sanshodhan kaa purjor virodh kiya.aiss. samvidhaan, sollsbury aur loktantravadiyon ney apane karyanvayan koo whiffle karane aur african-amerikiyon koo diye gaye nae adhikaaron seey incar karane key liye harr sambhav kadam uthaaya. isamen yeh sifarish shamil thee kii kuchh apraadhon key liye doshi thaharaae gaye african-americi logon koo gulami mein vaapas betch diyaa jaae. yeh bhaya-prachaar itna safal rhaa kii 1868 mein koee bhee ganatantravaadi delaware aam sabhaa key liye naheen chunaa gayaa, aur usake baad kaee varshon taka shayed hii koee chunaa gayaa. jaba sollsbury kaa karyakal samaapt hoe gayaa, tou vaha yuu koo grahan karna chaahte they.aiss. senate kii seat unake bhaai willard sollsbury key paas thee. willard ney khud koo ack prasiddh sharaab kii samasya seey samjhauta kiya thaa, aur kaee loga chaahte they kii vaha badal jaae. durbhagya seey gove sollusbury key liye, teesare bhaai, ellie sollusbury bhee seat chaahte they. aam sabhaa mein bahut matdan key baad, yeh spasht hoe gayaa kii vaha jeet naheen sakate they, isaliye unhone apane vote ellie mein badal diye, joe parinamswarup jeet gaye. gove sollsbury purnakaalik chikitsa abhyaas mein laut aae. mrityu aur viraasat. sollsbury kii mrityu dover mein hui aur usey puraane methodist yaa watcoat kabristan mein dafnaya gayaa. way 1861 mein delaware medical society key adhyaksh they, aur 1873 mein dover mein wesley college key sansthapakon mein seey ack they. vaha ack majboot aur prabhaavi netaa they joe ack kadve pratikriyaavaadi bahumat key liye ack peedhi key liye bahut adhik raajneetik gatividhi key liye tone aur agenda nirdhaarit karate they. scarf key anusaar, sollsbury mein "vyaktigat jimmedaari kii gahari bhavna thee. unaki dridh ichchaashakti thee aur unhone apani raay koo gambhirta seey aur aksar vyakt kiya, aur jaisa kii unake saath matbhed rakhane vaalon koo lagata thaa, jiddi seey."governor robbert jey. reinolds ney unhein "apani chalakta key liye pratishthit" bataaya. vaha sabse chaalaak, sabse chaalaak aadami aur abb taka paida hue sabse swabhavik rajneta they."kahaa jaataa thaa kii unhone" kabhi bhee maafi naheen maangi, samjhauta naheen kiya, yaa aatmasamarpan naheen kiya, jaba taka kii yeh unake hita mein naa hoe." panchang. 1 navambar key baad pahale mangalwar koo chunaav aayojit kiye jaate hain. delaware aam sabhaa key sadasyon ney janwari key pahale mangalwar koo padbhar sambhala. raajya key senators kaa karyakal chaar saal kaa hotaa haye. rajyapal janwari key teesare mangalwar koo padbhar grahan karate hain aur unakaa karyakal chaar saal kaa hotaa haye.

gove sallsbury gove sallsbury (mayee 29,1815-julai 31,1881) delawaren kent kountiya doverna american vaidya mattu raajakaaraniyaagiddaru. avaru democratic pakshada sadasyaraagiddaru mattu delaware saamaanya sabheyalli mattu delawaren rajyapalaragi seve sallisidaru. avaru delavernalli african americannara nagarika hakkugala virodhavannu munnadesidaru. arambhika jeevana mattu kutumba. soulsbury avaru delawaren kent kountiya mispillion hundernalli janisidaru, vilium mattu margarate aun smith soulsbury avara maga. avara tande walesna salasbury kutumbada vamshastharaagiddaru, aadare avara kutumbada nishtaavanta sahanubhootiya kaaranadindaagi american kraantiya nantara hesarina kagunitavannu badalaayisidaru. aata nimma hiriya sahodaranagiddanu.ess. senetargalaada willard sallsbury, ess. aarr., mattu elie sallsbury mattu yuu avara chikkappa.ess. senator willard sallsbury, junier. gove sallsbury avaru newarkna delaware colleginalli vyasanga maadidaru mattu 1842ralli pensylvania vaidyakeeya shaaleyinda padavi padedaru. avaru rosina jaine smith avarannu vivaahavaadaru mattu margarate, olivia smith, rosa, gove mattu vilium emba aidu makkalannu hondiddaru. sallsbury obba vaidyakeeya vaidyaraagiddaru mattu dovernalliruva hasiru bannada vayuvya mooleyalli vaasisuttiddaru. avanu mattu avana kutumbavu methodist churchna sadasyaraagiddaru. salsburyavara dharmika pangadada aykeyu avara sahodararibbaroo nishtaavanta episkopaliyangalaagidda kaarana kutumbadalli kelavu vivaadagalannu huttuhaakitu. 1861ralli avaru delaware vaidyakeeya samajada adhyaksharaagiddaru. vruttipara mattu rajakiya vrattijeevana. soulsbury delaware raajya senetge aaykeyaadaru mattu 1863/64 mattu 1865/66 adhiveshanagalalli seve sallisidaru. avaru 1865/66 adhiveshanadalli bhashanakararagiddaru mattu 1865rahra march 1randu governor vilium firangiya maranada nantara delaware governor huddege uttaraadhikaariyaadaru. nyoo cassel kountiya james riddle avarannu solisi, 1866ralli tamma swanta hakkinalli poornaavadhige aaykeyaadaru mattu 1871rahra janavari 17ravarege adhikaaradalli munduvaredaru. avaru 1876ralli nadeda prajaprabhutva rashtriya samaveshada pratinidhiyaagiddaru. salsburyavaru raajyapaalaraagiddarinda, democratic pakshavu delavernalli sampoorna niyantranavannu padedukonditu. yuu. yuu. ge hadimoorane, hadinalkane mattu hadinaidane tiddupadigalannu balavagi virodhisidaru.ess. samvidhaana, sallsbury mattu prajaprabhutvavadigalu tamma anushthaanavannu viphalagolisalu mattu african-americannarige niidalaada hosa hakkugalannu nirakarisalu saadhyaviruva ella kramagalannu kaigondaru. idu kelavu aparaadhagalige shikshegolagaada african-americannarannu matte gulaamagirige marata maaduva shipharasannu olagondittu. ee bhaya-prachodaneyu eshtu yashasviyaayitendare 1868ralli delaware saamaanya sabhege yaavude repablikannaru aaykeyagiralilla mattu nantara aneka varshagalavarege yarobbaroo aaykeyagiralilla. salsburyavara adhikaravadhi mugida nantara, avaru yuu annu tegedukollalu bayasiddaru.ess. avara sahodara willard sallsbury avaru senet sthaanavannu hondiddaru. willard tannade aada prasiddha kudiyuva samasyeyondarondige raaji maadikondiddanu mattu anekaru avanannu badalisabekendu bayasiddaru. duradrushtavashat, moorane sahodaranaada elie sallsbury kooda ee sthaanavannu bayasiddanu. saamaanya sabheyalli hecchina matadaanada nantara, avaru gellalu sadhyavilla endu spashtavaayitu, aaddarinda avaru tamma matagalannu elige badalaayisidaru, avaru parinaamavaagi geddaru. gove sallsbury tamma purnaavadhiya vaidyakeeya vrattige maralidaru. saavu mattu parampare. sallsbury dovernalli nidhanaraadaru mattu allie haleya methodist athawa waat coat smashaanadalli samadhi maadalaayitu. avaru 1861ralli delaware vaidyakeeya samajada adhyaksharaagiddaru mattu 1873ralli dovernalliruva wesley collegina samsthaapakaralli obbaraagiddaru. avaru delavernalli tivravagi pratikriyaatmaka bahumatakke balavaada mattu parinamakari naayakaraagiddaru, mattu avara nitigalu ondu piligege hecchina rajakiya chatuvatikeya toone mattu kaaryasoochiyannu nigadipadisidavu. scarf prakara, sallsbury "vaiyaktika javabdariya aalavaada pragneyannu hondiddaru. aatanu balavaada ichchaashaktiyannu hondiddanu mattu tannondige bhinnabhipraya hondiddavarige toruttiddante, shraddheyinda mattu aagaagge tanna abhiprayagalannu drudhapadisidanu."governor robbert zhe. reynolds aatanannu "aatana kutantrakkagi vishishtavaadavanu" endu bannisiddaare. aata atyanta kutantrada, kutantrada vyakti mattu sahajavagiye huttida rajakarani."aata" "tanna hitasaktiya horatu endigoo kshameyachisalilla, raaji madikondilla athawa sharanagalilla" "endu helalaaguttade"." panchanga. november 1rahra nantarada modala mangalavaara chunavanegalu nadeyuttave. delaware saamaanya sabeya sadasyaru janavariya modala mangalavaara adhikara vahisikondaru. rajyada senetargalu naalku varshagala avadhiyannu hondiruttaare. raajyapaalaru janavariya moorane mangalavaara adhikara vahisikolluttaare mattu naalku varshagala avadhiyannu hondiruttaare.

gove sollsbury gove sollsbury (29 meey 1815-31 julai 1881) heey delawarechya kent countymadhil dover yetheel eka american vaidya aanee rajkarani hote. teey lokshahi pakshache sadasya hote aanee tyanni delaware mahasabhemadhye aanee delawareche rajyapal mhanoon kaam kele. tyanni delavermadhye african american lokanchya nagri hakkanna virodh keela. prarambhik jeevan aanee kutumb. vilyam aanee margaret aine smith sollsbury yancha mulga, delaware yetheel kent kauntichya mispillion hundred yethe sollsburycha janm jhaala. tyache vadil velsachya salasbury kutumbache vanshaj hote, parantu tyanchya kutumbachya nishthavant sahanubhootimule american krantinantar naav badalale. too tumcha motha bhau hota.ess. synet sadasya willard sollsbury, shree., aanee ellie sollsbury aanee yooche kaka.ess. sinetara willard sollsbury, junier. gove sollsbury yanni nevarkmadhil delaware mahavidhyalayat shikshan ghetale aanee 1842 madhye pensylvania vaidyakeey shaletoon padvi prapt kelee. tyanni rosina jaine smithshi lagn kele aanee tyanna paach mule jhalih margaret, olivia smith, rosa, gove aanee william. sollsbury heey eka vaidyakeey doctor hote aanee teey hiravalichya vayavya vayavya dovermadhye rahat hote. too aanee tyache kutumb heey paddhatvadi churchche sadasya hote. sollsbury yanni dharmik panthachi nivad kelyane kutumbat kahee vaad nirman jhaale kaaran tyanche donhi bhau kattar episcopelian hote. 1861 madhye teey delaware medical societyche adhyaksh hote. vyavsayik aanee rajkiy karkird. salsbury delaware rajya synetvar nivadoon aale aanee tyanni 1863/64 aanee 1865/66 satranmadhye kaam kele. teey 1865/66 satrat vakta hote aanee 1 march 1865 roji governor william cannonchya mrutyunantar delawarechya governorchya padavar yashasvi jhaale. nyu casal kauntichya james riddlela parabhoot karoon, 1866 madhye teey tyanchya swatachya adhikarat purn karyakalasathi nivadoon aale aanee 17 janewari 1871 paryant padavar rahile. teey 1876 madhye lokshahi rashtriy adhiveshanache pratinidhi hote. sollsbury rajyapal mhanoon asatana, democratic pakshane delavermadhye purn niyantran midavale. yuu. chya teravya, chaudavya aanee pandharavya durustila tivra virodh keela.ess. sanvidhan, sollsbury aanee lokshahivadyanni tyanchi amalbajavani nirashajanak karnyasathi aanee african-american lokanna dilele naveen adhikar nakarnyasathi sarvatopari pavale uchalali. yaat kahee gunhyansathi doshi tharalelya african-american lokanna punha gulamgirit vikanyachi shifaras samavisht hotee. hii bheeti pasaravane itake yashasvi jhaale qee 1868 madhye delaware sarvasadharan sabhet konatehi prajasattak nivadoon aale naheet aanee tyanantar anek varshe kvachitach konihi nivadoon aale. jevha sollsburycha karyakal sampala, tevha tyala yuu. swikarayacha hota.ess. tyanche bhau willard sollsbury yanchyakade sinetchi jaaga hotee. willardne daruchya eka suprasiddha samasyeshi tadjod kelee hotee aanee anekanna tyachi jaaga ghyavishi vatali hotee. durdaivane, janevarichya bhawala, ellie sollsburyla dekhil heey aasan havey hote. sarvasadharan sabhet sabhet matdananantar, too jinku shakat nahee heey spasht jhaale, mhanoon tyane aapali matey elikade valavali, jee parinami jinkley. gove sollsbury purnavel vaidyakeey saravat paratale. mrutyu aanee varsa. sollsburycha dover yethe mrutyu jhaala aanee tyala tethe junya methodist kinwa whatcoat smashanbhumit daphan karnyat aale. 1861 madhye teey delaware medical societyche adhyaksh hote aanee 1873 madhye teey dovermadhil wesley mahavidhyalayachya sansthapakanpaiki eka hote. delavermadhye tivra pratikriyavadi bahumatache teey eka majboot aanee prabhavi nete hote aanee tyanchya dhorananmule eka pidhisathi anek rajkiy ghadamodincha suur aanee ajenda nishchit jhaala. scarfchya matey, sollsburymadhye "vaiyaktik jababdarichi sakhol bhavna hotee. tyachyakade drudh ichchhashakti hotee aanee tyane aapale mutt pramanikpane aanee varanvar mandale aanee jeey tyachyashi matbhed karat hote tyanna teey jiddine vatat hote."governor robbert jeey. reynoldsney tyache varnan "tyachya chaturaisathi pratishthit" asey kele. too sarvat dhoort, sarvat chatur manus aanee aataparyant nirman jhalela sarvat naisargik rajkarani hota."tyachya hitashivay tyane kadhihi maafee magitali nahee, tadjod kelee nahee kinwa aatmasamarpan kele nahee, asey mhatale gele." panchang. 1 novembernantarchya pahilya mangalvari nivadanuka hotat. delaware sarvasadharan sabhechya sadasyanni janevarichya pahilya mangalvari padbhar swikarla. rajya sinetarsacha karyakal chaar varshancha asato. rajyapal janevarichya janevarichya mangalvari padbhar swikartat aanee tyancha karyakal chaar varshancha asato.

gobh salasberry gobha salasberry (meey 29,1815-july 31,1881) jane americae chikitsaka ebong dabber, kent county, delawerara rajneta thile. shay democratic partyra sadasya thile, ebong shay delawejara sadharana sabhare ebong delawejarara gabharnara bhabare karjya karithile. shay delawerere african aamerikeejamananka nagarika adikarara birodhara netrutwa neithile. prarambhika zeeban ebong paribara. salsabareenka janma mispillion handru, kent county, delawerere hoithila, jie william ebong margaret aann smith salsabareenka pua thile. taanka pita welsra salasberry paribarara jane banshadhar thile, kintu taanka paribarara biswasta sahanubhuti hetu americae biplaba parey namara banan paribartana karithile. shay aapananka budd bhai thile.ess. sinetara willard salasberry, shree., ebong elie salasbury ebong jayu rahr maamun.ess. sinetara willard salasberry, juniara. gobh sullsbury newarkara delawejara kalejare adhyajana karithile ebong 1842 ray pensilbhania medical skula biswabidyalajaru snataka hoithile. shay rosina zen smithnku bibaha karithile ebong pancha santan thileh margaret, olivia smith, rossa, gobh ebong william . salasberry jane daktari daktara thile ebong dovarare sabuja rangara uttara-paschima konare rahuthile . shay ebong taanka paribara paddhatibadee churcher sadasya thile. salasabereenka dharmika sampradayara chayan paribara madhyare kichhi bibada srusti karithila kaaran taanka dui bhai nisthabana episcopalian thile. 1861 masihare shay delawejara medical societyra adhyakhya thile. bruttigata ebong rajanaitika kyariyara. sullsbury delawejara rajya sinetaku nirbachita hoithile ebong 1863/64 ebong 1865/66 adhibeshanare karjya karithile. shay 1865/66 adhibeshanare bakta thile ebong march 1,1865 ray gabharnara william kyananka mrutyu parey delawera gabharnarnka karjyalajaku saphala hoithile. nutan casal kauntira james ridalanku parasta curry, shay 1866 ray niz adhikarare eka purna karjyakala paain nirbachita hoithile, ebong januari 17,1871 parjyanta padabeere rahithile. shay 1876 ray ganatantrika jatiah sammilaneere jane pratinidhi thile. salasabereenku rajyapala bhabe grahan curry, democratic party delawerere sampurna nijantrana neithila. jayu. aii. rahr trayodasha, chaturdasha ebong panchdash sanshodhanaku drudha birodha karithile.ess. sambidhana, salasberry ebong democratmane semanankara karjyakaritaku biphal kariba ebong african-aamerikeejamananku diajaithiba nutan adhikaraku pratyakhyana kariba paain samasta sambhabya padakhyepa neithile. ethire keteka aparadhare doshi sabyasta hoithiba african-aamerikeejamananku puni dasatware bikri kariba paain suparish antarbhukta thila. ehi bhaja-prachara ete saphala hoithila je 1868 ray delawejara sadharana parishadaku kaunasi republican nirbachita hoinathile, ebong taa 'parey bahu barsha parjyanta kehi nirbachita hoinathile . jetebele salasabereenka karjyakala shesh hoithila, shay jayu grahan karibaku chahunthile.ess. taanka bhai willard salasabereenka adheenare thiba sineta aasana. willard eka janashuna madyapana samasya sahita nijaku aposh bujhamana karithile, ebong aneka tanku badalaibaku chahunthile. durbhagyabashatah truteeja bhai, elie sullsbury madhya ehi aasana chahunthile. sadharana sabhare bahu matadana parey, wilardnka paain ehaa spust hoigala je shay jitiparibe naahin, tenu shay taanka bhot elinku badalaile, jie phalaswaroopa jitithile . gobh salasberry taanka daktari abhyasaku purnakalina pherithile. mrutyu ebong uttaradhikara. salasberry dovarare mrutyubarana karithile ebong sethare puruna methodist kimba whatcoat kabarasthanare tanku kabara diajaithila. shay 1861 ray delawejara medical societyra sabhapati thile, ebong 1873 ray doveror wesli colleger pratisthatanka madhyaru jane thile . delawerere tibra pratikrijasheela sankhyagarishthata paain shay jane shaktishali ebong prabhabasali neta thile, ebong taanka neeti eka pidhi paain aneka rajanaitika karjyakalapa paain swara ebong agenda sthira karithila . skarfanka anujai, salasabereenkara "byaktigata dajitwabodhara gabhira bhabana thila. tankara eka drudha ichhashakti thila ebong shay niz matamataku antarikatara saha ebong barambar pratipadita karithile, ebong jeunmane taanka sahita matabhed karuthile, semane zid dharithile."gabharnara robert jay. reinolds tanku "tankara chaturata paain bisista" bhabare barnana karithile. shay thile sabutharu chatur, chatur byakti, ebong janmaru janmita sabutharu swabhabika rajneta."shay" "kebe khyama maagi nathile, aposh bujhamana karinathile kimba atmasamarpana karinathile, jadi taaha taanka swarthare naah thila", "bolly kuhajaithila." panjika. navember 1 tarikh parey pratham mangalabara deane nirbachana anusthita hue. delawejara sadharana sabhara sadasyamane januarira pratham mangalabara deane karjyabhara grahan karithile. rajya cinetermananka karjyakala chaari barsha hoithae. rajyapala januari masser truteeja mangalabara deane dajitwa grahan karanti ebong tankara chaari barshar karjyakala rahichhi.

gove sullusbury gove soulsbury (29 maee, 1815-31 julai, 1881) ikk amriki doctor atey dover, cant kaoonti, delaware toon siasatdan see. uh democratic party dey member sunn, atey unhan neey delaware general assembly witch atey delaware dey governor vajon seva nibhai. unhan neey delaware witch african amrikiaan laee nagrik adhikaran dey virodh dee agvai keeti. mudhla jeevan atey parivaar. soulsbury daa janam mispillion saun, cant kaoonti, delaware witch hoiaa see, viliam atey margaret ainn smith soulsbury daa puttar see. uss dey pitaa wells dey salisbury parivaar dey vanshaj sunn, parr aapne parivaar dee vafadar hamdardi caarn amriki kranti toon baad naam dee spelling badal ditti gaee. uh tuhada vadda bharaa see.aiss. senator willard soulsbury, aiss., atey ellie soulsbury atey yuu daa chaacha.aiss. senator willard soulsbury, junier. gove soulsbury neey nevark dey delaware kaalaj witch padahi keeti atey 1842 witch university aaf pensylvania medical school toon graduation keeti. usne rosina jaine smith naal viaah karwa liaa atey uss dey panj bacche sanauu margaret, olivia smith, rossa, gove atey viliam. salsbury ikk medical doctor see atey dover witch harey dey uttar-pachmi coney witch rahinda see. uh atey uss daa parivaar vidhivadi church dey member sunn. salsbury dee dharmik samparda dee chonh neey parivaar dey ander kujh vivaad khadah qarr ditta kiunki uss dey doven bharaa cutted episcoplian sunn. sann 1861 witch uh delaware medical suciety dey pardhan sunn. peshevar atey rajneetak carrier. soulsbury noon delaware raaj dee senate laee chunhiaa giaa see atey usne 1863/64 atey 1865/66 saishanan witch seva nibhai see. uh 1 march, 1865 noon governor viliam cannon dee maut utte delaware dey governor dey daftar witch uttradhikari rahey atey navein casal kaoonti dey james riddle noon haraa keey 1866 witch aapne aap witch ikk poore karajkal laee chunhe gaye atey 17 janwari, 1871 takk ahude utte rahey. uh 1876 witch jamhuri rashtari sammelan dey delegate sunn. governor dey roop witch soulsbury dey naal, democratic party neey delaware witch poora controll lae liaa. yuu witch tervin, chaudvin atey pandravin sodh daa zordar virodh keeta.aiss. sanvidhan, soulsbury atey loktantri sangathanan neey aapne lagukaran noon asfal banaun atey african-amrikiaan noon ditte gaye navein adhikaran toon inkaar curran laee harr sambhav kadam chukke. iss witch ih sifarash vee shamal see kii kujh apradhan dey doshi african-amrikiaan noon gulami witch waps wetch ditta jaave. ih darr failaun vaali gall inni safal rahee kii 1868 witch koee vee gantantarvadi delaware general assembly laee naheen chunhiaa giaa see, atey iss toon baad shayed hii koee kaee saalan takk chunhiaa giaa see. jadon soulsbury daa karajkal khatam hoow giaa, taan uh yuu noon sambhalna chahunda see.aiss. uss dey bharaa, willard soulsbury duaara senate seet rakkhi gaee see. willard neey aapne aap noon sharab peenn dee ikk prasidh samassiaa naal samjhauta keeta see, atey bahut saare lock uss noon badalna chahunde sunn. badkismati naal, teeje bharaa, ellie soulsbury vee seet chahunde sunn. general assembly witch bahut ziaada voting toon baad, ih spasht hoow giaa kii uh naheen jitt sake, iss laee unhan neey aapniaan votan ellie noon dittiaan, joe natije vajon jitt gaye. gove soulsbury aapne poore samein dey medical abhiaas witch waps aaa giaa. maut atey virasat. salsbury dee maut dover vikhe hoee atey utthe uss noon purane vidhivadi jaan vatkot kabarstan witch dafnaiaa giaa. uh 1861 witch delaware medical suciety dey pardhan sunn, atey 1873 witch dover witch wesley kaalaj dey sansthapkan vicchon ikk sunn. uh delaware witch ikk tikkhe pratikriyashil bahumat laee ikk mazboot atey prabhavshali neta sunn, atey unhan deeaan nitiaan neey ikk peedhi laee bahut saariaan rajneetik gatividhiaan laee surr atey ejanda nirdharat keeta. sharf dey anusar, salsbury witch "nijji zimmevari dee dunghi bhavna see. uss dee ichha shakti mazboot see atey uss neey aapne vicharan noon dilon atey aksar zor dey keey pesh keeta, atey jiven kii unhan noon laggda see kii uh uss naal asehmat sunn."governor robbert jey. reinolds neey uss noon "aapni chalbazi laee vakkhra dassiaa. uh sabh toon chalak, chalak aadmi see, atey sabh toon kudrati siasatdan see joe hunn takk paida hoiaa see."kiha jaanda haii kii uss neey" kadey vee muafi naheen mangi, samjhauta naheen keeta, jaan aatam samarpan naheen keeta, jadon takk kii ih uss dey hitt witch naa howay." almanac. chonhan 1 navambar toon baad pahile mangalwar noon hundiaan hunn. delaware general assembly dey memberan neey janwari dey pahile mangalwar noon ahuda sambhaliaa. raaj dey senatoran daa karajkal chaar saal daa hunda haii. rajpal janwari dey teeje mangalwar noon ahuda sambhalda haii atey iss daa karajkal chaar saal daa hunda haii.

gove sallsbury gove-salsbury (mey 29,1815-julai 31,1881) kashchan amerikeeyah vaidyah, dover-nagarasya kent-kaunti-delaware-nagarasya raajaneetidnyah cha aasit. saha lokataantrikapakshasy sadasyah aasit, saha delaware-samanyasabhayam, delaware-ityasya rajyapalarupena cha karyam krutavaan. saha delaware-nagare aafrikan-american-jananam nagarika-adhikaranam virodhasya netrutvam krutavaan. praarambhikajeevanam tathaa parivaarah. soulsbury ityeshah mispilian-hund, kent-kaunti, delaware ityatra vilium tathaa margaret aan smit soulsbury ityetayoho putrena ajayata. tasya pitaa wells-nagarasya salasbury-parivaarasya vamshajaha aasit, parantu tasya parivaarasya nishtaavaan sahaanubhooteh karanat american-krantyaha anantaram naamnah vartaneem parivartitavaan. saha bhavatah jyeshtah bhrata aasit.ess. senator-willard salsbury, shree., tathaa elee salsbury tathaa cha yoo ityasya maama.ess. senator willard sallsbury, joo. gove-sallsbury ityeshah newark-nagarasya delaware-mahaavidyaalaye abhyanayt, 1842 tame varshe pensylvania-vishvavidyaalayaat vaidyakeeya-vidyaalayaat snaatakapadaveem praptavan. saha rosina-zen-smit ityenam parineetavaan, tasya pancha putraah aasanh margaret, olivia-smit, rosaa, gove, vilium cha. soulsbury ityeshah vaidyah aasit, tathaa cha dover-madhye harita-vrukshasya vaayavyakone nivasati sma. saha tasya parivaarah cha methodist-charch ityasya sadasyaah aasan. soulsbury ityasya dhaarmik-sampradaayasy chayanam kutumbe kinchitkashcha vivaadam udabhavayat yatah tasya dwau api bhrata drudah episcopalian aasit. 1861 tame varshe saha delaware-vaidyakeeya-sanghasya adhyakshah abhavat. vyavasayikam rajanaitikam cha vruttihi. soulsbury delaware-rajya-seenet-krute nirwaachitah, tathaa cha 1863/64 tathaa 1865/66 satreshu karyam krutavaan. saha 1865/66 satrasya vaktaa aasit, 1865 maarch 1 dinaanke governor vilium kenan ityasya mrutyoho anantaram delaware-ityasya governor-karyalayasya uttaraadhikaari abhavat. nyoo-kyaasal-kauntee ityasya james riddle ityenam parajayata, 1866 tame varshe swaswe purnakaalam yaavat nirwaachitah, 1871 janavaree 17 paryantam pade aviratah. saha 1876 tame varshe lokataantrik-rashtriya-sammelane pratinidhihi aasit. soulsbury-varyena rajyapalarupena, democratic-pakshah delaware-nagare poornam niyantranam praapnot. yoo ityasya trimshati, chaturdasha, panchadash samshodhanaanaam drudatayaa virodhah krutah.ess. samvidhaanah, salsbury, democrat ityete cha teshaam kaaryaanvayanam nirutsaahayitum, aafrikan-american-janaan pradattan nutanan adhikaran niraakartum cha sarvaan sambhavyan upayan akurvan. asmin katipayanam aparadhanam doshinaam aafrikan-american-janaah punah dasyarupena vikreeyante iti anushamsaam antarbhavati sma. etat bhayapracharanm etaavat safalam aasit yat 1868 tame varshe delaware-samanyasabhayaha krute naa republican-janaah nirwaachitaah, tadanantaram bahubhyah varshaani yaavat naa cha kechan nirwaachitaah. yadaa salsbury ityasya karyakalaha samaaptah, tadaa saha yu-padam angeekartum icchati sma.ess. tasya bhrata willard salsbury ityanena seenet-aasanam aasit. willard ityeshah prasiddhen madyapaanasya samasyaya saha swasyaah saha vilambam akarot, aneke tasya pratisthaapanam icchanti sma. durbhagyataya gove-salsbury ityasya krute truteeyah bhrata elee-salsbury api aasanam icchati sma. samanyasabhayam bahu matadananantaram, saha naa jitum shaknoti iti willard-varyena spashtam abhavat, ataha saha swasya mataan elee-prati parivartayat, yah tatphalaat vijayee abhavat. gove-salsbury purnakaalikam swachikitsaam prati pratyagatavan. mrutyuhu tathaa uttaradhikaraha. soulsbury dover ityatra mrutah, tatra puraatane methodist athavaa vaat kott-shmashaane samaadhisthah. saha 1861 tame varshe delaware-vaidyakeeya-sanghasya adhyakshah aasit, 1873 tame varshe dover-nagarasya wesley-mahaavidyaalayasya samsthaapakeshu anyatamah aasit. saha delaware-madhye teevra-pratikriyaavaadi-bahumatasya prabalah prabhaawasheelah cha netaa aasit, tasya neetih cha peedhau bahubhyah raajanaitik-kriyakalapanam swaram karyasuchim cha nirdhaarayanti sma. scarf ityasya matena, salsbury-madhye "vyaktigata-daayitvasya gahan-bhaawah aasit. tasya drudha icchaashaktihi aasit, svavichaaraan antarikataya, praayah cha pratipaadayat, tathaa cha tena saha bhinnabhiprayam janaan drudatayaa prateeyate sma."governor rabert jey. reynolds ityeshah tam "tasya chaalachaalanaay vishishtah" iti varnayat. saha sarwaadhikah chaalakah, chaturah, tathaa cha janmatah eva janitah saarwakaalikah rajanetaraha aasit."saha kadaapi kshamayachana naa krutavaan, aaposham naa krutavaan, sharanaagati naa cha krutavaan, yadi tasya hitam naasti." panchaamgah. nirvaachanam, navambaramaasasy 1 dinaankasya anantaram prathama-mangalavaasare bhavati. delaware-samanyasabhayaha sadasyaah janavareemaasasya prathama-mangalavaasare karyabharam sveekrutavantah. rajya-senator-ityeteshaam karyakalaha chaturwarsheeyah bhavati. rajyapalaha janavareemaasasya truteeya-mangalavaasare karyabharam sweekaroti, tasya karyakalaha chaturwarsheeyah bhavati.

govsalsbury gove salsbury (mae 29,1815-juulai 31,1881) oru america maruthuvar mattrum arasiyalvaathi aavaar, avar delaveril ulla kent kavundiyil ulla doveraich sernthavar. avar jananayagak katchiyin uruppinaraaga irunthaar, maelum avar delaware podhuchchabaiyilum, delaware aalunaraagavum paniyaattrinaar. delaveril aaprikka amerikkarkalukkaana sivil urimaigalukkaana ethirppai avar vazhinadaththinaar. aarambagaala vaazhkkai mattrum kudumbam. villiyam mattrum margared aann smith salsburyin maganaana delaware, kent kavundiyil ulla mispilion noottil salsbury piranthaar. avarathu thanthai wales salaspary kudumbaththin vazhiththoantral aavaar, aanaal avarathu kudumbaththin visuvaasamaana anuthaapangkal kaaranamaaga amerikkap puratchikkup piragu peyarin ezhuththuppizhaiyai maatrinaar. avar ungkal mooththa cakootharar.ess. senattarkal willard salsbury, thiru., mattrum elii salsbury mattrum ungkal maama.ess. senattar willard salsbury, juuniyar. gove salsbury nevaarkil ulla delaware kallooriyil payintru 1842 aam aandil benzylvania palkalaikkazhaga maruththuvap pallyil pattam pettraar. avar rosina jaine smitthai mananthaar, maelum ainthu kuzhandhaigalaip pettraar margared, olivia smith, roasaa, gove mattrum villiyam. salsbury oru maruththuvaraaga irunthaar, maelum pacchai niratthin vadamaerku moolaiyil vasiththu vanthaar. avarum avarathu kudumbaththinarum muraimai devalayaththin uruppinargalaaga irunththanar. salsbury madhap privaith thaerntheduththathu avarathu cakoothararkal iruvarum theevira ebiscopaliyarkalaaka irunthathaal kudumbaththirkul sila sarchaigalaith thoondiyathu. 1861 aam aandil avar delaware maruththuva sangaththin thalaivaraaga irunthaar. thozhilmurai mattrum arasiyal vaazhkkai. salsbury delaware maanila senattukku thernthedukkappattaar mattrum 1863/64 mattrum 1865/66 amarvugalil paniyaattrinaar. avar 1865/66 amarvil paechchaalaraaka irunthaar, maelum maarch 1,1865 andru covernor villiyam peerangkiyin maranaththin pinnar delaware covernor aluvalagaththirku vanthaar. puthiya koattai kavundiyin james ridilaith thoarkadiththaar, avar 1866 ill thanathu sontha urimaiyil muzhu kaalaththirku thernthedukkappattaar, maelum janavari 17,1871 varai pathaviyil thodarnthaar. avar 1876 ill jananaayaga thaesiya maanattin pirathinithiyaaga irunthaar. salsbury aalunaraaka irunththapoathu, jananayagak katchi delaware meethu muzhuk kattuppaattaik kaippattriyathu. yuu. ess. inn pathinmoondraavathu, pathinaankaavathu mattrum pathinainthaavathu thiruththankalai kadumaiyaaga ethirththathu.ess. arasiyalamaippu, salsbury mattrum jananayagak katchiyinar thangal amalaakkatthai aemaattruvatharkum, aaprikka-amerikkarkalukku valangkappatta puthiya urimaigalai marukkavum saathiyamaana anaitthu nadavadikkaigalaiyum eduththanar. sila kuttrangalil kuttravaaligalaaga arivikkapatta aaprikka-americkarkal meendum adimaiththanaththirku virkappada vaendum endra parinthuraiyum idhil adangkum. inththa achamoottum seyal migavum vetrtrikaramaaka irunththathu, 1868 aam aandil delaware podhuchchabaiyil kudiyarasuk katchiyinar yaarum thernthedukkappadavillai, adhan piragu pala aandugalukku yaarum thernthedukkappadavillai. salsburyin padhavikkaalam mudinthathum, avar yuu. aii aerka virumbinaar.ess. avarathu cakootharar willard salsbury senat aasanaththai vagiththaar. willard nanku ariyapatta kudipazhakkam pirachchanaiyudan thannai samarasam seithu kondaar, maelum palar avarai maattra virumbinar. thurathirshtavasamaaga, moontraavathu cakoothararaana elii salsbury antha irukkaiyai virumbinaar. podhuchchabaiyil adhiga vaakkalippukkup piragu, thannaal vettri pera mudiyaathu enbathu villaarttukkuth thelivaagath thoantriyathu, enavae avar thanathu vaakkugalai elikku maatrinaar, adhan vilaivaaga avar vettri pettraar. gove salsbury thanathu mulunaera maruththuva payirchikkuth thirumbinaar. maranam mattrum marabu. salsbury doveril iranthaar, angku pazhaiya methodist allathu vaat code kallaraiyil adakkam seiyappattaar. avar 1861 aam aandil delaware maruththuva sangaththin thalaivaraaga irunthaar, 1873 aam aandil doveril ulla wesley kallooriyin niruvanarkalil oruvaraaga irunthaar. avar oru valuvaana mattrum payanulla thalaivaraaga irunthaar, delaware endra kadumaiyaana pirpoakkuththanamaana perumbaanmaikku, avarathu kolgaigal oru thalaimuraikku adhiga arasiyal nadavadikkaikalukkaana thoniyaiyum nigazhchchi niralaium amaitthana. sharf puddy, salsbury "thanipatta poruppin aalamaana unarvaik kondirundhaar. avar oru valuvaana viruppatthaik kondirundhaar, maelum avarudan karutthu vaerupaadu kondavargalukkuth thoantriyapadi, avarathu karutthukkalai manappoorvamaagavum adikkadi valiyurutthinaar."aalunar robbert jay. rainolds avarai "avarathu thanthiraththirkaaga thanitthuvam vaainthavar" endru vivaritthaar. avar migavum muttaalthanamaana, thanthiramaana manithar mattrum iyarkaiyaagap pirantha arasiyalvaathi aavaar."avar" "thanathu nalanukkaaga illavittaal orupoathum mannippu ketkavo, samarasam seiyavo allathu saranadaiyavo illai"." panjangam. navambar 1aam thaethikkup piragu muthal sevvaaikkizhamai thaerthalkal nadaththappadugindrana. delaware podhuchchabai uruppinarkal janavari muthal sevvaaikkizhamai pathaviyaettranar. maanila senattarkalukku naanku aandu kaala avakaasam ullathu. aalunar janavari maathaththin moontraavathu sevvaaikkizhamai pathaviyaerpaar mattrum naanku aandu pathavikkaalaththaik kondullaar.

gove sallsbury gove sallsbury (mae 29,1815-juulai 31,1881) delaverloni kent kounteelooni doverku chendina oka american vaidyudu mariyu raajakeeyavetta. ayana democratic party sabhyudiga, delaware general assemblylo, delaware governorga panicheesaaru. delaverlo african americanla poura hakkulaku vyatiraekamgaa ayana naayakatvam vahinchaaru. prarambha jeevitam mariyu kutumbam. soulsbury vilium mariyu margaret aann smith soulsbury kumarudu delaverloni kent kounteelooni mispillion hundlo janminchaadu. athani tandri wales yokka salasbury kutumbaaniki chendina varasudu, conny athani kutumbam yokka vidheyata saanubhooti kaaranamgaa american viplavam taruvaata paeru yokka spellingnu marchadu. athanu meeku annaiah.ess. senatorlu villard sallsbury, sr., mariyu eli sallsbury mariyu yuu yokka maama.ess. senator willard sallsbury, juuniyar. gove sallsbury nevaarklooni delaware kalasalalo chadivi 1842loe pensylvania vaidya paatasaala vishwavidyaalayam nundi pattabhadrudayyaadu. athanu rosina jaine smithnu vivaham chesukunnadu mariyu aiduguru pillalu unnaru margaret, olivia smith, rosa, gove mariyu vilium. sallsbury oka vaidyudu mariyu doverlo aakupaccha yokka vaayuvya muulaloe nivasinchevaadu. athanu mariyu athani kutumbam methodist charchilo sabhyulu. athani sodarulu iddaroo drudamaina episcopalianlu kaavadamtho sallsbury mataparamaina varganni enchukovadam kutumbamlo kontha vivaadaaniki daariteesindi. 1861loe ayana delaware medical sosaiteeki adhyakshudiga unnaaru. vrutti mariyu raajakeeya jeevitam. sallsbury delaware rashtra senetku ennikayyaaru mariyu 1863/64 mariyu 1865/66 sessionlalo panicheesaaru. athanu 1865/66 samavesamlo speaker gaa unnadu mariyu marchi 1,1865naa governor vilium phirangi maranam taruvaata delaware governor kaaryaalayaaniki vijayam saadhinchaadu. nyuu kazil kounteeki chendina james ridilnu oodinchi, 1866loe thana sonta hakkutho puurti padaveekaalaaniki ennikayyaadu, 1871 janavari 17 varaku padaviloe konasagaru. athanu 1876loe prajaasvaamya jaateeya samavesaniki pratinidhigaa unnadu. sallsbury governorga, democratic party delaverlo puurti niyantrananu teesukundi. U kuu padamuudava, padnaalugo mariyu padihenava savaranalanu teevramgaa vyatiraekimchaaru.ess. rajyangam, sallsbury mariyu prajaasvaamyavaadulu tama amalunu nirutsaahaparachadaaniki mariyu african-americanlaku icchina kotta hakkulanu niraakarinchadaaniki saadhyamaina prati charyanu teesukunnaru. konni neeraalaku paalpadina african-americanlanu tirigi baanisatvaaniki vikrayinchaalani chesina sifaarsulu indulo unnaayi. eee bhayam-pracharam entha vijayavantamaindante 1868loe delaware general assembleaki republicanlu evaruu ennika kaaledu, aaa tarvaata chaalaa samvatsaraalu evaruu ennika kaaledu. sallsbury padaveekaalam mugisinappudu, athanu yuu nii sweekarinchalanukunnadu.ess. athani sodarudu willard sallsbury senate sthaanaanni kaligi unnadu. willard oka prasiddha madyapaana samasyatho raajee paddadu, mariyu chaalaa mandhi atanini bharti cheyaalani korukunnaru. duradrushtavasaattu gove sallsburyki, moodava sodarudu eli sallsbury kooda seatu korukunnadu. general assemblylo chaalaa oating taruvaata, athanu gelavaledani spashtamaindi, kabatti athanu thana otlanu eleeki marchadu, athanu tatphalitamgaa gelichaadu. gove sallsbury thana vaidya vrutti puurti samayam tirigi vacchaadu. maranam mariyu vaarasatvam. sallsbury dover vadda maraninchaadu mariyu akkada paatha methodist ledhaa vaat coat smasaanavaatikalo khananam cheyabaddaadu. athanu 1861loe delaware medical sosaiteeki adhyakshudiga unnadu, 1873loe doverloni wesley kalaasaala vyavasthaapakullo okadu. athanu delaverlo teevra praticharya majorityki balamaina mariyu samarthavanthamaina nayakudu, mariyu athani vidhanalu oka taraaniki chaalaa raajakeeya kaaryakalaapaalaku swaraanni mariyu ejendaanu nirdesinchaayi. sharf prakaram, sallsburyki "vyaktigata baadhyata yokka lothaina bhaavam undhi. aayanaku balamaina sankalpam undedi, ayana thana abhipraayaalanu hrudayapuurvakamgaa, tarachugaa, thanatho vibhedinchina vaariki mondi pattudalatho nokki chepparu."governor robbert zhe. reynolds aayananu "thana telivigala paniki vishishtudu" gaa abhivarninchaaru. athanu atyanta mosapuritamaina, telivaina vyakti, mariyu ippativaraku srushtinchina atyanta sahajamgaa janminchina raajakeeyavetta."athanu" "thana prayojanaala kosam tappa, ennadoo kshamaapanalu cheppaledu, rajipadaledu ledhaa longipoledu"." panchangam. november 1 taruvaata modati mangalavaaram ennikalu jarugutaayi. delaware general assembly sabhyulu janavari modati mangalavaaram baadhyatalu sweekarinchaaru. rashtra senatorlaku naalugu samvatsaraala padaveekaalam untundi. governor janavari moodava mangalavaaram baadhyatalu sweekaristaaru mariyu naalugu samvatsaraala padaveekaalam kaligi untaaru.

goyo salsbry gow solesbury (29 mayee 1815-31 jolayi 1881) kent county delaveer mein dover say taaluq rakhnay waala eek americi mualij aur seyasat daan thaa. wah democratic paarti kay rakan thay aur inhon nay delaveer general assembly mein aur delaveer kay governor kay toor parr khidmaat anjaam dain. inhon nay delaveer mein afriqi americiyon kay shehri haqoq kii mukhalifat kii qayadat kii. ibtadayi zindagi aur khaandaan. salsbry mispelin hund kent county delaveer mein paida hawaa waleem aur margaret aine samath salsbry kaa betaa. inn kay waalid wells kay salsbry khaandaan kay nasal parsat thay leakin inn kay khaandaan kii wafadar humdardi kii wajah say americi inqilaab kay baad naam kii hajay tabdil kirr dee gayein. wah aap kaa badaa bhayee thaa.aiss. senitors willard salisbury aiss aar.yee aur ailee salsbry aur aap kay chachaa.aiss. senitor willard salisbury juniyar. gow solesbury nay newarik kay delaveer college mein taleem haasil kii aur 1842 mein pensalvania medical school university say graduation kii. iss nay rozina jaine samath say shaadi kii aur iss kay paanch bachay thay: margaret aulioya samath rozaa gow aur waleem. salsbry eek tabee doctor thaa aur dover mein grain kay shamaal maghrabi konay mein rehta thaa. wah aur iss kaa khaandaan methodist charch kay arkaan thay. salsbry kay mazhabi farqay kay intekhaab nay khaandaan kay andar kachh tanazaat kuu janam diyaa keunkah iss kay donon bhayee sakht epscoplane thay. 1861 mein wah delaveer medical society kay sadr thay. paishah waranah aur seyasi carrier. salsbry delaveer riyasati senate kay liye muntakhib hoay aur inhon nay 1863/64 aur 1865/66 ajlason mein khidmaat anjaam dain. wah 1865/66 ajlaas mein specker thay aur yakam maarch 1865 kuu governor waleem cannon kii moth parr delaveer kay governor kay ahday parr faiz hoay. neo kesal county kay jaims ruddle kuu shakast day kirr wah 1866 mein apnay haqh mein makmal madat kay liye muntakhib huay aur 17 januri 1871 takk apnay ahday parr rahay. wah 1876 mein jamhuri qomi convention kay numayende thay. solesbury kay governor honay kay saath democratic paarti nay delaveer mein makmal control haasil kirr liyaa. yuu kii teerhawein chudhawein aur pandrahwen taramim kii sakht mukhalifat kii.aiss. aayeen salsbry aur democrats nay inn kay nafaz kuu mayus karnay aur afriqi americiyon kuu diye gayey nayey haqoq say ankaar karnay kay liye harr mumkin qadm uthaya. iss mein yaha sfarish bhee shaamil thee kahh baaz jaraim kay martakab afriqi americiyon kuu dobarah ghalami mein farokhat kirr diyaa jaaye. yaha khoof woo haraas atnaa kamiyab rehaa kahh 1868 mein delaveer general assembly kay liye koyee republican muntakhib nahein hawaa aur iss kay baad kayee saalon takk shayed hyee koyee muntakhib hawaa how. jabb salsbry kii madat khatam how gayee tuu wah yuu kuu sanbhalna chahta thaa.aiss. senate kii nashast inn kay bhayee willard salsbry kay paas thee. willard nay sharaab noshi kay eek maruf masilay say khood kuu samjhutah kiyaa thaa aur behat say loag asay tabdil karnaa chahtay thay. badqismati say gow solesbury kay liyay teesre bhayee ailee solesbury bhee yaha nashast chahtay thay. general assembly mein kaafi voting kay baad yaha waazah how gayaa kahh wah jeeth nahein saktay iss liye inhon nay apnay woat ailee mein tabdil kirr diye juu iss kay natijay mein jeeth gayey. gow solesbury kill waqti tabee mashq mein waps aagaye. moth aur miraas. salsbry kaa inteqal dover mein hawaa aur asay wahaan paraaney methodist yaa waat coat qabristan mein dafan kiyaa gayaa. wah 1861 mein delaveer medical society kay sadr thay aur 1873 mein dover mein vesli college kay baaniyon mein say eek thay. wah delaveer mein talkh rajaat pasand aksariyat kay liye eek mazboot aur mosar rehnuma thay aur inn kii policiyon nay eek nasal kay liye ziyadah tarr seyasi sargarmiyon kay liye sarr aur agenda tay kiyaa. sheeraf kay mutabiq salsbry mein "zaati zamah daari kaa gehra ahsaas thaa. iss kii mazboot marzi thee aur iss nay apnee raaye kuu mukhlisana aur aksar aur jaisa kahh inn logon kuu lagtaa thaa juu iss say ikhtelaaf kartay thay jakad kirr paish kiyaa."governor raabart jay. renolds nay asay "apnee chaal kay liye mamtaz" qaraar diyaa. wah abb takk paida honay waala sabb say badtamiz sabb say chalaak aadmi aur sabb say fitri paida honay waala seyasat daan thaa."kahaa jaataa hay kahh iss nay" "kabhi maafi nahein maangi samjhutah nahein kiyaa yaa hathiyar nahein daalay jabb takk kahh yaha iss kay mafaad mein naha how." almanak. intekhabat yakam nomber kay baad pehley mangal kuu hotay haine. delawar general assembly kay arakeen nay januri kay pehley mangal kuu ahdah sanbhala. riyasati senitors kii madat chaar saal hoti hay. governor januri kay teesre mangal kuu ahdah sanbhalta hay aur iss kii madat chaar saal hoti hay.

000096c7901af85c6cc7ecac22a12f26aa7285da36ba382c03e9f8843a66ffef

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30385324

Vikna Wind Farm

Vikna Wind Farm Vikna Wind Farm () was a wind farm located on Husfjellet, just west of the village of Garstad on the island Mellom-Vikna in the municipality of Nærøysund in Trøndelag county, Norway. The wind farm consisted of five wind turbines, with an installed capacity of (calculated as 3 x 0.4 MW + 2 x 0.5 MW), with an average annual production of . The wind farm began operation in 1991 and was owned by Nord-Trøndelag Elektrisitetsverk. It was decommissioned in 2015. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> External links. <templatestyles src="Stack/styles.css"/>

bikna bayu firm bikna wind firm () norober trondelag countyr noruysundo pouroxobhar dip melom-biknar garstad gaonr thik poschime husfjeletot owosthito etaa purbor bayu firm aasil. bayu pharmtut pasta bayu torbine aasil, jaar sthapito khyomota (3 x 0.4 megawatt + 2 x 0.05 megawatt hisape gonona koraa hoisil), jaar gorh barxik utpadon aasil 5 megawatt. bayu firmtu 1991 sonot aarombho hoisil aaru nord-trondelag electricitsobharkor malikanadhin aasil. 2015 sonot iyak baatil koraa hoisil.

bikina bayu khamar vikna wind firm () chhilo norwer trandelag kauntir neroisund pourosobhar melom-vikna dweeper gerstad gramer thhik poschime husfazelet-ayee abosthito ekti praktan bayu khamar. bayu khamarti panchti bayu turbine niye gothito, jaar ekti install khomota (3 x 0.40 megawatt + 2 x 0.05 megawatt hisabe ganana koraa hoy), jaar garh barshik utpadon chhilo 5 guno. 1991 saale bayu khamarti kaaj shuru korey ebong etty nord-trondelag electricitseverker malikanadhin chhilo. 2015 saale etty batil koraa hoy.

viknaa pawan pharma viknaa wind pharma () aee bhutpurv wind pharma hatoo, jeey norwena trandelag kaauntimaa neroysund nagarpalikama melom-viknaa taapu parr garsted gaamnee pashchimma hosphagelate parr stheet hatoo. pawan khetarma paanch pawan turbine samaavesh thato hato, jenee sthaapit kshamata (3 x 0.40 amdablue + 2 x 0.05 amdablue tareeke ganvaamaa aave chhe), jenu sarerash vaarshik utpaadan 5 amdablue hatoo. pawan farmnee kamgiri 1991maan sharoo thaee hatee aneey tenee maliki noord-trandeleg electricitatesworkni hatee. tene 2015maan nishkreey karvaamaa aavee hatee.

vikana pawan farm vikana pawan farm () ack poorv pawan farm thaa joe trondlag county, norwey mein nerosand kii nagarpalika mein dweep melom-vikna parr garsted key gaanv key thheek paschim mein husfazelet parr sthit thaa. pawan farm mein paanch pawan turbine shamil they, jinaki sthaapit kshamata (3 x 0.40 megawatt + 2 x 0.05 megawatt key roop mein ganana kii gaee), jiska ausat vaarshik utpaadan 5 megawatt thaa. pawan farm ney 1991 mein sanchaalan shuru kiya aur iska swaamitva nord-trondlag alectricitateswork key paas thaa. ise 2015 mein sevamukt curr diyaa gayaa thaa.

vikna wind form vikna wind form () embudu naar veya trendelog kountiya naresund purasabheyalliruva dweepa mellom-viknaada garstad graamada pashchimadalliruva hasphjeletnalliruva hindina wind form aagittu. wind form aidu wind turbinegalannu olagondittu, idara sthaapita saamarthyavu (3 x 0.4 megawatt + 2 x 0.05 megawatt endu lekka haakalaagide), sarasari varshika utpaadaneyondige. wind form 1991 ralli karyacharaneyannu praarambhisitu mattu nord-trondelog electriciteswork odetanadallittu. 2015ralli idannu raddupadisalaayitu.

vikna kaattaadi phaam norwayile trontelag kaundiyile neyroysandu munisippalittiyile melom-vikna dveepile gaarstaad graamathinu padinjaaru husfjelettil sthithi cheiyunna oru muun kaattaadippaadamaayirunnu vikna wind phaam. kaattaadippaadatthil anchu kaattaadiyanthrangal ulppedunnu, avayude sthaapitha sheshi (3 x 0.40 megawatt + 2 x 0.05 megawatt aayi kanakkaakkappedunnu), sharashari vaarshika ulppaadanam 5 kilowatt aanu. 1991 ll pravartthanam aarambhicha eee kaattaadi phaam nord-trontelag electrisittetswarkink udamasthathayilaayirunnu. 2015ll ithu nirthalaakki.

vikna pavanchakki vikna pawan pharm () heey norwechya trondelag countymadhil nerosand nagarpaliket melom-vikna betavaril garsted gavachya agadi paschimes hasafajeletvar sthit asalele eka purviche pawan pharm hote. pavanchakkimadhye paach pavanchakki hotya, jyanchi sthapit kshamata (3 x 0.40 megawatt + 2 x 0.05 megawatt mhanoon ganali jaate), sarasari varshik utpadan 5 megawatt hote. pavanchakkiche kaam 1991 madhye suru jhaale aanee tee nord-traundelag electriciteswarkchya malkichi hotee. 2015 madhye tee bund karnyat aalee.

vikna pawan farm bhikna wind farm () ek purva wind farm thiyo june trandelag county, narveko neroisundko nagarpalikako melom-bhikna tapuma garstad gaaunko paschimma husfazeletma awasthit thiyo. pawan farmama panchwata pawan turbineharu thie, jasko sthapit kshamata (3 x 0.40 megawatt + 2 x 0.05 megawatko rupma ganana garieko), jasko ausat warshik utpadan 5 megawatt thiyo. pawan farmle sann 1991 maa sanchalan suru suru rar yo nord-trondelag electricitseverkko swamitwama thiyo. yasalai sann 2015 maa kharez garieko thiyo.

bikina pabana farm bhikana wind farm () eka purbatana pabana farm thila jaahaa narawera trundelag kauntira nereisund pourapalikara melom-bhikana dwepare garstad gaanra thick paschimare hosphogelatere abasthita . pabana khetare panchti pabana turbine thila, jahara sthapita khyamata (3 x 0.40 megawatt + 2 x 0.05 megawatt bhabare ganana karajae), jahara harahari barshika utpadana thila. 1991 masihare pabana farm karjya arambha karithila ebong ehaa nord-trundelag electricitswork malikanare thila. thila। ehaaku uchheda karajaithila.

vikna wind farm vikna wind farm () ikk sabka wind farm see joe trondelag kaoonti, narve witch naeroisund dee municipality witch tapu melom-vikna utte garsted dey pind dey bilkul pachham witch husfjelet utte sathit see. wind farm witch panj wind turbines sunn, jinhan dee sathapit samratha (3 x 0.40 megawatt + 2 x 0.05 megawatt dey roop witch ginni gaee), jiss daa ausat salana utpadan 5 megawatt see. wind farm neey 1991 witch kamm karna shuru keeta atey iss dee malkiat naard-trondlag electricitateswork dee see. iss noon 2015 witch bnd qarr ditta giaa see.

viknaa pawan-krushihi viknaa wind-faarm () iti poorvam pawan-krushikshetram aasit, yat naarve-deshasya traundelaag-kauntee-nagarasya nereysand-nagarasya melom-viknaa-dweepe garstad-gramasya paschimadishi, hosphgelet-ityatra sthitam aasit. pawan-kshetrasya pancha pawan-turban-yukttaah aasan, (3 x 0.4 megavyat + 2 x 0.05 megavyat iti ganitam), yasya vaarshik-utpaadanam 5 megavyat iti aasit. 1991 tame varshe pawan-krushikshetrasya kaaryam aarabdham, tasya svaamitvam naard-trondelag alectriciteswork ityanena aasit. 2015 tame varshe tatt nishkaasitam.

vigna kaattraalai pannai vigna kaattraalai pannai () enbathu noarvaeyin trandelock kavundiyil ulla nereisand nagaraatchiyil ulla theevu melloam-vigna meethu ulla carstat kiraamaththirku maerkae ulla husfjelettil amainthulla oru munnaal kaattraalai pannaiyaagum. kaattraalaip panaiyil ainthu kaattraalai visaiyaazhigal irunththana, avattrin niruvapatta thiran (3 x 0.4 megawatt + 2 x 0.05 megawatt yena kanakkidappattathu), sarasari varudaanthira urpaththi. kaattru pannai 1991 aam aandil seyalpadath thodangiyathu mattrum nort-trandelock electricitetswerkirk sonthamaanathu. idhu 2015 ill panineekkam seiyappattathu.

vikna wind phaam vikna wind phaam () anedi naarvelooni trandelog kounteelooni nereysand munisipaalitiilooni dveepam mellom-viknaalooni garstad graamaaniki paschimaana unna husufzeletlo unna maajee wind phaam. pavana kshetramlo aidu pavana turbinelu undevi, vaati sthaapita saamarthyam (3 x 0.40 megaavaatlu + 2 x 0.05 megavatluga lekkinchabadindi), sagatu vaarshika utpatti 5 megaavaatlu. wind phaam 1991loe karyakalapalu praarambhinchindi mariyu nord-trandelog electriciteswork yajamanyamlo undhi. idhi 2015loe upasamharinchabadindi.

wakna wind faarm wakna wind faarm () eek sabqah wind faarm thaa juu naarway kii trondelg county mein neroisand kii baldiyah mein jazeeray melom-wakna parr garstad kay gaaon kay balkal maghrab mein hasafjelet parr waaqa thaa. wind faarm paanch wind turbines parr mushtamil thaa jiss kii nasb shadah salahiyat (3 x 4.4 megawatt + 2 x 0.5 megawatt kay toor parr shamaar kiyaa gayaa)yee jiss kii ausat salanah paidawar 5.5 megawatt thee. wind faarm nay 1991 mein kaam sharoo kiyaa aur iss kii malkiyat nord-travendlag electorsetates wark kay paas thee. asay 2015 mein khatam kirr diyaa gayaa thaa.

00009c097f499e9462d5abc272d89122b14b8c3cc413e15d913708d7693b89e6

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=73403570

Anthony J. Dias

Anthony J. Dias Retired ExxonMobil materials scientist Anthony J. Dias is a retired ExxonMobil materials scientist known for scientific contributions in polyolefins and elastomers which led to commercialized products. Education. Dias earned a B.S. in chemistry from Kean College in 1982. He earned a Ph.D. in Polymer Science and Engineering from the University of Massachusetts Amherst in 1987 under Prof. Thomas J. McCarthy. Career. Dias joined ExxonMobil Chemical Company in 1988 and has held both research and management responsibilities. His most cited scientific work concerned the development of metallocene catalysts on a nonreacting polystrene support to replace reactive silica supports. Dias retired in June 2021 as Chief Scientist. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

enthoni je. dias enthoni je. diace egoraki owoxorprapto exonmubil xamogri bigyani ji polio "lephin aaru ilasto" maarot boigyanik obodanor baabe jonajat jaar folot xamogrixomuh banijyik koraa hoisil. xikhya. diace e bi laabh korisil.ess. 1982 sonot kinn collegeor poraa roxayon bigyanot snatok degree laabh korisil.di. 1987 sonot mesasusets emharst biswobidyaloyor poraa polimar bigyan aaru obhijantrik bixoyot odhyapokor odhinot. thomas je. mccarthy. keriyar. dayaxe 1988 sonot exonmubil raxayonik companyt jugdan korisil aaru gowexona aaru byowosthapona duyuta dayitwo paalon korisil. teur ataitkoi uddhrito boigyanik kamtuwe protikriyaxil silika xomorthonor xoloni ek protikriya nokora polystrine xomorthonot metaluchin onughotokor bikaxor xoite jorito aasil. diace 2021 sonor june maahot mukhyo bigyani hisape owoxor grohon korisil.

anthony jeey. dias anthony jeey. dias ekjon abosarprapto exonmobil podartho bigyani jini polyolephine ebong illustomere boigyanik abodaner jonno porichito jaa ponnogulir banijyikkaran ghotay. shikkha. dias ekti bii orjon korechen.esha. 1982 saale keena college theke rasayane snatok hohn.dii. 1987 saale massachusets amherst vishwavidyalaya theke polymer sayensa anned engineering-ayee adhyapoker adhine. thomas jeey. mccarthy. pesha. dias 1988 saale exonmobil chemical companyte jog deena ebong gobeshona oo byabosthapona ubhoy dayittoi palon korechen. taanr sorbadhik uddhrito boigyanik kaajti protikriyashil silika support protisthapon korar jonno ekti aaa-protikriyashil polystyrene supporte metalosine onughotoker bikasher saathe somporkito. dias 2021 saaler june maase prodhan bigyani hisabe abosar grohon corren.

anthony jeey. dias anthony jeey. dias nivrutt exonemobil samagri vaignanik chhe, jeey polyolephine aneey elastomersmaa vaignanik yogdaan maate jaanita chhe, jeey vyaapaari utpaadno taraf doree gayaa hataa. shikshan. diase bii. kamaavyo hato.aesa. hato.aesa kiina collegemathi rasayanshastrama. temane piaech. dii. melvee hatee.dii. hatee.dii university off mesatusates amherstmanthi polymer science aneey angineeringma prophesara hethal. thomas jeey. mccarthy. karkirdi. dias dias exonemobil chemical companyma jodaayo hato aneey tene sanshodhan aneey vyavsthaapan banne javabdario sambhaali chhe. temnu sauthee vadhu tankvama aavelu vaignanik kaary pratikriyashil silika aadhaarne badalvaa maate biin-pratikriyashil polystyrene aadhaar parr metalosine utpreraknaa vikaas saathe sambandhit hatoo. dias juuna juuna mukhya vaignanik tareeke nivrutt thayaa hataa.

anthany jey. dias anthany jey. dias ack sevaanivritt exonmobil samagri vaigyaanik hain joe polyolephine aur elastomers mein vaigyaanik yogdan key liye jaane jaate hain, jisase vyaavsaayik utpaadon kaa nirmaan huaa. shiksha. dias ney bee arjit kiya.aiss. 1982 mein keane college seey rasayan vigyaan mein unhone phd kii.dee. 1987 mein massachusets amherst vishvavidyalaya seey polymer vigyaan aur engineering mein pro. thomas jey. mccarthy. carrier. dias 1988 mein exonmobil rasayanik company mein shamil hue aur unhone anusandhaan aur prabandhan donon jimmedariyan nibhai hain. unake sabse uddhrit vaigyaanik kaary pratikriyaasheel silika samarthan koo badalane key liye ack gair-pratikriyaasheel polystyrene samarthan parr dhaatu-kaal utprerak key vikas seey sambandhit they. dias juuna 2021 mein mukhya vaigyaanik key roop mein sevaanivritt hue.

anthony zhe. dias anthony zhe. dias nivrutta exon mobil vastugala vignaani aagiddu, paleolephingalu mattu elastomargalallina vaignaanika kodugegalige hesaruvaasiyaagiddu, idu vanijya utpannagalige kaaranavaayitu. sikshana. dias bii galisidaru.ess. 1982ralli keane kaalejininda rasaayanashaastradalli padavi padedaru. phd padedaru.dii. 1987ralli mastusets amherst vishvavidyaalayadinda polymer vignaana mattu engineeringnalli pro. thamus zhe. mccarthy. vrattijeevana. dias 1988ralli exanmobil rasayanika kampanige seridaru mattu samshoodhane mattu nirvahanaa javaabdaarigalannu nirvahisiddaare. pratikriyaatmaka silica bembalavannu badalisalu pratikriyisada polystyrene bembalada mele metalocene vegavardhakagala belavanigege sambandhisidante avara atyanta ullekhisalaada vaignaanika kelasa. dias 2021rahra joonnalli mukhya vignaaniyaagi nivruttaraadaru.

aanthani jeey. dias aanthani jeey. polyolephinukalilum elaastomarukalilum shaasthreeya sambhavanakal nalki vaanijyavalkkarikkappetta ulppannangalilekku nayicha viramicha exonmobil meteeriyals shaasthranjanaanu dias. vidyaabhyaasam. dias bii nedi.ezz. 1982ll keane collegil ninnu rasathanthrathil birudam nedi.dii. 1987ll masaachyusets aamherst sarvakalashaalayil ninnu polymer sayans aandu enchineeyaringil propha. thomas jeey. mccarthy. currier. 1988ll exonmobil kemikkal kambaniyil chernna dias gaveshana, maanejment utharavaadithangal vahichittundu. reactive silica sapporttukalkk pakaram noonn reacting polystreen sapporttil metaloseen kaattalistukalude vikasanavumayi bandhappettathaan addehathinte ettavum udharicha shaasthreeya pravartthanangal. dias 2021 juunil cheef sayantistaayi viramichu.

anthany jeey. diwa anthany jeey. dias heey nivrutt exonmobil samagri shastradnya aahet, jeey polyolephine aanee elastomersmadhil vaidnyanik yogdanasathi olakhale jaatat, jyamule vyavsayik utpadane tayar jhaali. shikshan. diasne bii. kamavale.ess. 1982 madhye keane mahavidhyalayatun rasayanshastrat. tyanni ph. dii. midavali.dii. 1987 madhye massatusates emherst vidyapithatun polymer vidnyan aanee abhiyantrikimadhye praa. thomas jeey. mccarthy. karkird. dias 1988 madhye exonmobil chemical companyt ruju jhaala aanee tyane sanshodhan aanee vyavasthapan yaa donhi donhi sambhalalya aahet. tyanche sarvat uddhrut vaidnyanik karya pratikriyashil silika aadharanchya jaagi pratikriya naan naan polystyrene aadharavar metalosine utprerakanchya vikasashi sambandhit hote. dias juuna 2021 madhye mukhya shastradnya mhanoon nivrutt jhaale.

anthony jey. dias anthony jey. dias ek sewaniwritta exonmobil samagri vaigyanik hun jo polyolephin rar elastomersma vaigyanik yogdanka lagi parichit chhan jasle wyawasayik utpadanharu nimtyayo. shiksha. diasle ae bee kamae.ess. sann 1982 maa keyne kalejbata rasayanshastrama unle piechdi gare.dee. 1987 maa massachusets amherst vishwavidyalayabata pro antargat bahulak vigyan rar engineeringma. thomas jey. mccarthy. currier. dias sann 1988 maa exonmobil chemical companyma samel bhae rar anusandhan rar wyawasthapan duwai jimmewariharu samhaleka chhan. unko sabaibhanda uddhrit vaigyanik karya pratikriyatmak silika samarthanharu pratisthapan garna gaira-pratikriyashil polystrine samarthanma metalocin utprerakharuko wikassanga sambandhit thiyo. dias june 2021 maa mukhya vaigyanikko rupma sewaniwritta bhae.

anthony jay. dias anthony jay. dias jane abasaraprapta exonmobil padartha baigyanika jie polyolephine ebong elastomargudikare baigyanika yogdan paain janashuna jaahaa banijyika utpada srusti karithila . sikhya. dias eka bii arjan karithile.ess. 1982 masihare keane kalejaru rasayan bigyanare shay pii. etch. dii. hassel karithile.dii. 1987 masihare massachusets amhorst biswabidyalajaru polymer bigyana ebong injinijaringre prafesaranka adheenare. thomas jay. mccarthy. kyariyara. dias 1988 ray exonmobil chemical companyre joga deithile ebong ubhaja gabeshana ebong parichalana dajitwa grahan karichanti. tankara sarbadhika uddhruta baigyanika karjya pratikrijasheela silica samarthanaku badalaiba paain eka anah pratikrijasheela polystyrene samarthan upare metalocin utpreraka bikash sahita jadita . dias june 2021 ray mukhya baigyanika bhabare absar neithile.

anthony jey. dies anthony jey. dies ikk sevamukt exonmobil samaggari vigiaani haii joe polyolifin atey elastomers witch vigiaanak yogdan laee janhiaa jaanda haii jiss naal vaparak utpaad paida hoye. sikkhiaa. dies neey bee.aiss. 1982 witch keane kaalaj toon rasayan vigiaan witch. usne ph. dee. keeti.dee. 1987 witch massachusets amherst university toon pro. thamas jey. mccarthy. carrier. dies 1988 witch exonmobil rasayanak company witch shamal hoiaa atey khoj atey parbandhan dovan zimmevariaan nibhaiaan hunn. uss daa sabh toon vaddh havala ditta giaa vigiaanak kamm pratikriyashil silika samarthan noon badlan laee ikk gair pratikriyashil polystyrene samarthan utte metallocene utprerak dey vikas naal sabandhat see. dies juun 2021 witch mukkh vigiaani vajon sevamukt hoye.

enthonee jey. deeyas enthonee jey. dias ityeshah nivruttah exanmobil-padaarth-vaidnyaanikah asti yah paleolifin-elastomer-madhye cha vaidnyaanik-yogadanartham prasidhah asti, yena vanijyikruta-utpaadaani utpannaani. shikshate. dias-varyaha e-bii-ankam praptavan.ess. 1982 tame varshe keen mahaavidyaalayaat rasayanashastre snaatakapadaveem praptavan.dee. 1987 tame varshe massachusets amherst-vishvavidyaalayaat pro. thaamas jey. makarthi. vruttihi. dias 1988 tame varshe exanmobil chemical kampanee ityasmin sammilitah, tathaa cha anusandhaana-vyavasthaapan-daayitvaani cha niravahat. tasya sarvaadhikam uddhrutam vaidnyaanikam karyam pratikriyaatmak-silica-adharanam sthaane abhikriyaa-rahita-polystyrene-samarthane metalocene-utprerakanam vikaasam prati sambaddham aasit. dias 2021 joon-maase mukhyavidnyaani rupena nivruttah abhavat.

anthoni jay. dias anthoni jay. dias oru oaivu pettra exonmobil porul vinjnaani aavaar, idhu paaliyoalipingal mattrum elastomergalil ariviyal pankalippukalukkaaka ariyappadugirathu, idhu vanigamayamaakkappatta thayaarippukalukku vazhivaguththathu. kalvi. dias oru pii pettraar.ess. 1982 aam aandil keane kallooriyil vaethiyiyalil pattam pettraar.dii. 1987 aam aandil massusets amherst palkalaikkazhagaththil polymer ariviyal mattrum poriyiyalil munaivar pattam pettraar. thamas jay. mccarty. thozhil. dias 1988 aam aandil exanmobil rasaayana niruvanaththil saernthaar mattrum aaraaichi mattrum maelaanmai poruppugal irandaiyum vagiththullaar. avarathu migavum maerkoal kaattapatta ariviyal panii, ethirvinaiyaattrum silica aatharavukalukku pathilaaka ethirvinaiyaattraatha polystyrene aatharavil uloagaviyal vinaiyookkigalin valarchchiyaip pattriyathu. dias juun 2021 ill thalaimai vinjnaaniyaaga oaivu pettraar.

anthony zhe. dias anthony zhe. dias oka retired exanmobil materials shaastravetta, idhi polyolyphinelu mariyu elastomerlalo shaastreeya sahakaaraaniki prasiddhi chendindi, idhi vaanijya utpattulaku daariteesindi. vidya. dias oka bii sampaadinchaadu.ess. sampaadinchaadu.ess keane kalaasaala nundi chemistrylo patta pondaaru. pihechdi pondaaru.dii. pondaaru.dii masachusets amherst vishwavidyaalayam nundi polymer sains und injaneeringlo professor aadhvaryamlo patta pondaaru. thamus zhe. mccarthy. vrutti. dias dias exon mobil chemical companylo cheraadu mariyu parisoedhana mariyu nirvahana baadhyatalanu rendintinee nirvahinchaadu. ayana atyanta udaharinchina shaastreeya parisoedhana reactive silika maddatudaarulanu bharti cheyadaaniki pratispandinchani polystyrene maddatudaarupai metalocene utprerakaala abhivruddhiki sambandhinchinadi. dias juun juun pradhana saastravettagaa padavee viramana chesaaru.

ainthoni jay. diyaas ainthoni jay. diyaas eek retired exon mobal metrail sciencedan haine juu pouli aulifin aur elstomers mein sciency sharakat kay liye jaana jaataa hay jiss kii wajah say tajarti masnuaat paida hoyein. taleem. diyaas nay eek bee haasil kiyaa.aiss. 1982 mein keenn college say chemistry mein. inhon nay pee aich ddee kii.ddee. 1987 mein professor kay tahat university aaf misachosts amherist say polimer science aur engineering mein. thamas jay. mccarthy. carrier. diyaas nay 1988 mein exon mobal kimiyayi company mein shamoliyat akhtiyar kii aur tehqeeq aur intezam donon kii zamah daariyan nabhaa rakhee haine. inn kaa sabb say ziyadah hawalah diyaa gayaa sciency kaam radh amal waali saleka sports kuu tabdil karnay kay liye ghair radh amal waali polastrian sport parr metalocene atprerik kii tarqi say mutaliq thaa. diyaas joone 2021 mein cheef sciencedan kay toor parr retire hoay.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3167330

Dunstaffnage Castle

Dunstaffnage Castle Castle in Argyll and Bute, Scotland, UK Dunstaffnage Castle () is a partially ruined castle in Argyll and Bute, western Scotland. It lies NNE of Oban, situated on a platform of conglomerate rock on a promontory at the south-west of the entrance to Loch Etive, and is surrounded on three sides by the sea. The castle and the nearby chapel ruin have been a Historic Scotland property since 1958. Both are Scheduled Ancient Monuments. The castle dates back to the 13th century, making it one of Scotland's oldest stone castles, in a local group which includes Castle Sween and Castle Tioram. Guarding a strategic location, it was built by the MacDougall lords of Lorn, and has been held since the 15th century by the Clan Campbell. To this day there is a hereditary Captain of Dunstaffnage, although they no longer reside at the castle. Dunstaffnage is maintained by Historic Environment Scotland, and is open to the public, although the 16th century gatehouse is retained as the private property of the Captain. The prefix "dun" in the name means "fort" in Gaelic, while the rest of the name derives from Norse "stafr-nis", "headland of the staff". History. Before Dunstaffnage. Before the construction of the castle, Dunstaffnage may have been the location of a Dál Riatan stronghold, known as Dun Monaidh, as early as the 7th century. It was recorded, by John Monipennie in 1612, that the Stone of Destiny was kept here after being brought from Ireland, and before it was moved to Scone Palace in 843. However, Iona and Dunadd are considered more likely, given their known connections with Dál Riatan and Strathclyde kings. Hector Boece records that the stone was kept at "Evonium", which has traditionally been identified with Dunstaffnage, although in 2010 the writer A. J. Morton identified Evonium with Irvine in Ayrshire. The MacDougalls. There was a castle here in the time of Somerled, Lord of the Isles. However, the castle became the seat of Duncan MacDougall, Lord of Lorn and grandson of Somerled in the second quarter of the 13th century. He had also travelled to Rome in 1237 and was the founder of nearby Ardchattan Priory. Duncan's son Ewen MacDougall inherited his father's title in the 1240s, and expanded the MacDougall influence, styling himself "King of the Isles" though that title belonged to the MacDonalds. It is probable that Ewen built the three round towers onto the castle, and constructed and enlarged the hall inside. Following Alexander III's repulse of the Norse influence in Argyll, the MacDougalls backed the Scottish monarchy, and Ewen's son Alexander was made the first sheriff of Argyll in 1293. However, they supported the Balliol side during the Wars of Scottish Independence which broke out a few years later. Robert Bruce defeated the Clan MacDougall at the Battle of the Pass of Brander in August 1308. After a brief siege, King Robert took control of the MacDougall castle of Dunstaffnage. He did not destroy it, as he did others, but appointed a constable and provisioned it, thinking to use it to guard the countryside and seaways. With the land he gave his friend, Angus Og Macdonald, Lord of the Isles, that included much of the MacDougall lands, including nearby Mull, the castle could be well used for that purpose by the Isleman. Royal fortress. Now a Crown property, Dunstaffnage was controlled by a series of keepers. James I seized the castle in 1431, following the Battle of Inverlochy, as his enemies were hiding inside. In 1455 James Douglas, 9th Earl of Douglas stayed at Dunstaffnage, on his way to treat with John MacDonald, Lord of the Isles. This followed James II's attack on Douglas power, and led to the signing of the Treaty of Westminster-Ardtornish. A later keeper, John Stewart of Lorn, was a rival of Alan MacDougall, and was stabbed by his supporters on his way to his marriage at Dunstaffnage Chapel in 1463, although he survived long enough to make his vows. Although MacDougall took the castle, he was ousted by James III, who granted Dunstaffnage to Colin Campbell, 1st Earl of Argyll in 1470. Clan Campbell. The Earls of Argyll appointed Captains to oversee Dunstaffnage, and keep it in readiness, on their behalf. Changes were made to the buildings, particularly the gatehouse, which was rebuilt around this time. The Campbells were loyal allies of the royal house, and Dunstaffnage was used as a base for government expeditions against the MacDonald Lords of the Isles, among others, during the 15th and 16th centuries. James IV visited Dunstaffnage on two occasions. Dunstaffnage saw action during the Civil War, holding out against Montrose's army in 1644. The castle was burned by royalist troops, following the failure of Argyll's Rising in 1685, against the Catholic James VII. During the Jacobite risings of 1715 and 1745, the castle was occupied by government troops. Flora MacDonald, who helped Bonnie Prince Charlie to escape from Scotland, was briefly imprisoned here while "en route" to imprisonment in London. According to W. Douglas Simpson the castle appears in Tobias Smollet's "Humphry Clinker", which although not naming Dunstaffnage, presents "a fair picture of life in the castle in the third quarter of the eighteenth century". Decline and restoration. The Campbells continued to add to the castle, building a new house over the old west range in 1725. However, the rest of the castle was already decaying. In 1810 an accidental fire gutted the gatehouse, and the Captains ceased to live here, moving to Dunstaffnage House some 2 km to the south-east. Tenants lived in the 1725 house within the castle until 1888. Restoration work was undertaken in 1903 by the Duke of Argyll, the castle's owner. This was followed in 1912 by a court case, in which the Court of Session ruled that Angus Campbell, the 20th hereditary Captain, had right of residence notwithstanding the Duke of Argyll's ownership. Works were delayed by World War I, and the planned total restoration was never completed. In 1958, the 21st Captain and the Duke agreed to hand the castle into state care, and it is now open to the public as a Historic Environment Scotland property. Description. Walls. Dunstaffnage is an irregular quadrangular structure of great strength, with rounded towers at three of the angles. It measures approximately , and has a circumference of about . The walls are of coursed rubble, with sandstone dressings, and stand up to 18 m (60 ft) high, including the conglomerate bedrock platform. The walls are up to 3 m (10 ft) thick, affording strong defence to this highly strategic location, guarding the entrance to Loch Etive and the Pass of Brander beyond, and today commanding a splendid view. The parapet walk, which once followed the whole of the walls, has been partially restored with new stone flags. The original parapet is now also gone. Arrow slits, later converted into gunloops, are the only openings. Brass cannon recovered from wrecked vessels of the Spanish Armada were once mounted on the walls. Round towers. Soon after the construction of the castle walls, three round towers were built on the north, east, and west towers. The north tower, or donjon, is the largest, comprising three or four storeys originally, and probably housed the lord's private apartments. The west tower is almost internal, barely projecting beyond the rounded corner of the curtain wall, and could only be entered via the parapet walk. The basement level contains a pit prison which was accessed from above. The east tower was almost completely rebuilt in the late 15th century as a gatehouse. Each tower was probably once topped by a conical roof. The gatehouse. The gatehouse was built by the Campbells in the late 15th century, replacing an earlier round tower in the east corner. It takes the form of a four-storey harled tower house, with the entrance passage running through half the vaulted basement, the other half forming guard rooms with arrow slits facing the gate. The present approach to the gate is by a stone stair, replacing an earlier drawbridge. The tower was remodelled in the 18th century to provide reception rooms and a private suite. The dormer windows at the top are capped by the pediments from the 1725 house (see below), and bear the date, the Campbell arms, and the initials AEC and DLC, for Aeneas Campbell, 11th Captain, and his wife Dame Lilias. The pediments were moved here during the 1903 restoration works. Internal ranges. The east range was located between the north and east towers, although only foundations remain. This was the principal range of buildings and contained a large hall above vaulted cellars. The hall had double-lancet windows, decorated with carved patterns, which were later blocked up; their outlines can be seen in the east curtain wall. A second range stood along the north-west wall, and would have been connected to the hall range by the donjon tower. The ground floor housed a kitchen. In 1725 the range was remodelled into a two-storey house, accessed via a stone stair, and topped with the dormer windows which now form part of the gatehouse. The well in front is original, although the large stone surround is of 19th century date. Dunstaffnage Chapel. A ruined chapel lies around to the south-west of the castle. This was also built by Duncan MacDougall of Lorn, as a private chapel, and features detailed stonework of outstanding quality. Experts believe that the chapel was built in the second quarter of the 13th century. The chapel is , and formerly had a timber roof. The lancet windows carry dog-tooth carving, and have fine wide-splayed arches internally. The chapel was already ruinous in 1740, when a burial aisle was built on to the east end, to serve as a resting place for the Campbells of Dunstaffnage. Captain of Dunstaffnage. Traditionally, an officer called the Hereditary Captain of Dunstaffnage is responsible for the castle and its defence. The office still exists, and to retain the title (now rather a sinecure without military significance), the incumbent is required to spend three nights a year in the castle. No other responsibilities or privileges now attach to the post. Castle ghost. A ghost, known as the "Ell-maid of Dunstaffnage", is said to haunt the castle. A type of gruagach, the ghost's appearances are said to be associated with events in the lives of the hereditary keepers. Notes. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

dunstafenage durgo dunstafnez kesol () hoise poschim scotlandor aargil aaru butot owosthito etaa angxikbhabe dhongxoprapto durgo. ee ubanor kaxot owosthito, jitu luch itibhor probexdwaror dokhyin-poschim dixot etaa prostabor uporot thoka ek gutbodho xilor monchot owosthito, aaru iyar tinifal xagore aaguri aase. ei durgo aaru usoror sepol dhongxaboxex 1958 sonor poraa scotlandor ek oitihaxik xompoti hoi aahise. duyutai nirdharito prasin smritixoudho. ei durgotu 13xo xotikar, jaar folot ee scotlandor ataitkoi puroni xilor durgoxomuhor bhitorot etaa hoi porise, ek sthaniyo gutor bhitorot, zo "too aase durgor suin aaru durgor tiyoram. kouxologot owosthan rokhya kori, iyak lornor maked 'goal lordse nirman korisil, aaru 15 xotikar poraa gusthi campbelor dwara onusthito hoi aahise. aajiu dunstafenageor bongxogot odhinayok aase, jodiu teuluk aaru durgotut baax nokore. oitihaxik poriwex scotlande dunstafenageor porisalona kore, aaru jonoxadharonor baabe mukoli, jodiu xurox xotikar gatehousetu captainor byoktigoto xompoti hisape rokha hoise. naamtur purbopod "donn" ror ortho gallic bhaxat "durgo", aanhate baaki naamtu nors "stephro-nix", "kormosarir mukhyo bhumi" ror poraa aahise. itihax. ondhokari huwar aagote. durgotu nirmanor purbe, dunstafnez hoyotu 7moo xotikar aarombhonite donn munaidh naamere jonajat etaa daal reatan durgor owosthan aasil. john monipenir dwara 1612 sonot lipibodho koraa hoisil je niyotir xiltu irelandor poraa onaar pisot aaru 843 sonot scone praxadoloi sthanantorito huwar aagote iyat rokha hoisil. obosye, dyal reatan aaru strathclide rojaxokolor xoite teulukor gyat xomporkor baabe aayuna aaru dunador xombhawona odhik buli gonyo koraa hoy. hector buyese lipibodho korise je xiltu "ivonium" too rokha hoisil, jaak poromporagotobhabe dunstafenageor xoite sinakto koraa hoise, jodiu 2010 sonot lekhok e. je. mortone ayaroswayarot evoniumok irvinor xoite sinakto korisil. maked 'gols. dippunjor probhu xomoreldor xomoyot iyat etaa durgo aasil. obosye, 13 xotikar dwitiyo soturthangxot ei durgotu lornor probhu aaru xomarldor naati dankan maked 'golor aaxon hoi porisil. teu 1237 sonot rumoloiu bhromon korisil aaru usoror ardsattan priyorir protisthapok aasil. dankanor putro iwen mcdogale 1240-ror doxokot pitrir upadhi uttoradhikari hisape laabh korisil, aaru mcdogalor probhab xomproxaron korisil, nijoke "dippunjor roja" ror rup disil jodiu xei upadhitu mcdonaldxokolor aasil. xombhobotoh iwene durgotur uporot tinita gulakar tawar nirman korisil, aaru bhitoror holtu nirman aaru xomproxarito korisil. alekjendar tritiyor aargilot norsor probhab proityakhyan korar pisot, maked 'gole scotlandor rajprojatik xomorthon korisil, aaru iwenor putro alekjendarok 1293 sonot aargilor prothom swerif koraa hoisil. obosye, keibosormanor pisot sko' tiss swadhinotar juddhor xomoyot teuluke balliol pokhyok xomorthon korisil. 1308 sonor aagosto maahot brender pasor juddhot robert bruche maked 'golok porasto korisil. ek xongkhipto oworudhor pisot roja roberte dunstafnezor maked' go 'lo durgor niyontron loisil. aanor dore teu iyak dhongxo koraa nasil, kintu ejon constable nijukti disil aaru iyak byobohar kori gramyo onchol aaru xagoriyo poth xurokhito korar kotha bhaabi iyar byowostha korisil. teu teur bondhu, dippunjor probhu engas oh 'go mcdonaldok diya maatir xoite, zo' too usoror muloke dhori maked 'golor besibhag bhumi ontorbhukto aasil, diptuwe xei uddesyor baabe ei durgotu bhaldore byobohar koribo parisil. rajokiyo durgo. etiya ek mukut xompoti, dunstafenage keibatau rokhyokor dwara niyontron koraa hoisil. 1431 sonot inverluchir juddhor pisot james aaiye ei durgotu dokhol korisil, kiyonu teur xotrubure bhitorot lukai aasil. 1455 sonot dogolasor 9moo aarl james dogolase dippunjor probhu john mcdonaldor xoite sikitsa koriboloi juwar pothot dunstafenejot aasil. iyar pisot doglas xoktir uporot dwitiyo jamesor aakromonor folot westminster-ardtornis sukti swakhyorito hoisil. poroborti xomoyot lornor john stewart naamor ejon rokhyok elaan maked 'gaalor protidondi aasil, aaru 1463 sonot dunstafenage sepolot teur bibaholoi juwar pothot teur xomorthokxokole teuk suri marisil, jodiu teu nijor protisruti paalon koriboloi jothesto xomoy jiyai aasil. jodiu maked 'gole durgotu dokhol korisil, teuk james tritiyoi khyomotasyut korisil, jiye 1470 sonot aargilor prothom aarl kolin campbelok dunstafenage prodan korisil. clain campbell. aargilor aarlexokole teulukor faalor poraa dunstafenageor totwawodhan koriboloi aaru iyak xaju rakhiboloi odhinayok nijukto korisil. ottalikaburot, bixexkoi gatehouseot poriworton koraa hoisil, jitu ei xomoisuwat punor nirman koraa hoisil. campbelbur rajproxador onugoto xohojugi aasil, aaru 15xo aaru 16xo xotikat aanor logote dippunjor mcdonald lordxokolor biruddhe sorkari obhijanor aadhar hisape dunstafenage byobohar koraa hoisil. james 4-e dubarkoi dunstafenage bhromon korisil. 1644 sonot montrusor xenar biruddhe juj di dunstafenage grihojudhor xomoyot podokhyep loisil. 1685 sonot ketholik james VII-ror biruddhe aargilor utthanor bifolotar pisot rajokiyo xoinyoi durgotu jwolai disil. 1715 aaru 1745 sonor jackbitor utthanor xomoyot, durgotu sorkari xoinyoi dokhol korisil. bob 'nee prince charlik scotlandor poraa polayon korat xohay koraa flo' raa mcdonaldok londonot karagaroloi juwar pothot iyat kichu xomoyor baabe karagarot bondi koraa hoisil. dobliu.-ror mote. doglas simpchonor ei durgotu tubius smolator "humphry clinker" too dekha yaay, ji jodiu dunstafenageor naam luwa naai, "ostadox xotikar tritiyo soturthangxot durgotur jiwanor ek nyajyo sobi uposthapon kore. hraax aaru punoruddhar. 1725 sonot puroni poschim porixoror uporot etaa notun ghor nirman kori campbelbure durgotut jug di thakil. obosye, durgotur baaki ongxo itimodhye khyoy hoi goi aasil. 1810 sonot ek durghotonakrome xonghotit huwa ognikande gatehouseok bhosmibhut kori tulisil, aaru odhinayokxokole iyat baax koraa bondho kori dokhyin-pubor pray 2 kilometer durotwot thoka ondhokari ghoroloi guchi goisil. 1888 sonoloike bharotixokole 1725 sonot durgor bhitorot thoka ghortut baax korisil. 1903 sonot durgotur maalik diuk owo aargile punoruddharor kaam haatot loisil. iyar pisot 1912 sonot ekhon aadalotor gusor ruju koraa hoisil, zo 'too odhibexon aadalote raay disil je je bongxogot odhinayok engas campbelor diuk owo aargilor malikana thokar swotweu baxosthanor odhikar aasil. prothom biswojudhor folot kambur polom hoisil, aaru porikolpito xompurno punoruddhar ketiyau xompurno huwa nasil. 1958 sonot, sonot captain aaru diuke durgotu rajyik xewar odhinot hostantor koriboloi xonmot hoisil, aaru ee etiya ek oitihaxik poriwex scotland xompoti hisape jonoxadharonor baabe mukoli koraa hoise. bornona. dewal. dunstafenage hoise brihot xoktir ek oniyomito soturbhuj gothon, zo 'too tinita kunot brittakar tawar aase. iyar porixor pray, aaru iyar porixor pray. dewalbur belepathare nirmito aaworonor xoite 18 mitter (60 fut) ukh, logote gutor bedarok platformor. dewalbur 3 mitter (10 fut)loike daath, ei uscho kouxologot owosthanor baabe xoktixali protirokya prodan kore, luch itibhor probexdwar aaru iyar bahirot brenderor paach rokhya kore, aaru aaji ek xundor drishyor aadex diye. exomoyot xomogro dewalor pisot ohaa perapet waaktu notun xilor potakare angxikbhabe punoruddhar koraa hoise. mool perapettuwu etiya aatori goise. poroborti xomoyot ganlupoloi rupantorit huwa teer sidroburhe ekmatro mukoli sthan. spanis aarmadar dhongxoprapto jahajor poraa uddhar koraa pitolor kaaman ebaar dewalot loguwa hoisil. gulakar tawar. durgor dewal nirmanor loge loge uttor, pubo aaru poschimor tawarot tinita gulakar tawar nirman koraa hoisil. northo tawar baa donjon ataitkoi dangor, zo 'too mulotoh tini baa chaari moholiya aasil, aaru xombhobotoh lordor byoktigoto apartment aasil. poschim towertu pray abhyontorin, pordar dewalor brittakar kunor bahirot ekebare prodorxon koraa nohoy, aaru kewol perapet waakor joriyotehe prowex koribo paari. basement storot etaa pitt karagar aase zo 'too uporor poraa prowex koraa hoisil. 15 xotikar xexor faale pubo towertu pray xompurnorupe punor nirman koraa hoisil. protitu tawar xombhobotoh ebaar xongkur sadere xirxosthanot aasil. gatehouse. 15 xotikar xexor faale campbelxomuhe pubo kunot etaa purbor gulakar tawaror thait gatehousetu nirman korisil. ee chaari moholiya xura thoka tawar housor rup loy, prowex pothtu aadha khilanjukto basementor maajere yaay, baaki adhatuwe gator faale thoka teer chidro thoka rokhyok kutha gothon kore. gator bortomanor prowex pothtu etaa xilor sirir dwara, ji aagor dro 'brijor xoloni. 18 xotikat obhyorthona kokhyo aaru etaa byoktigoto suit prodan koriboloi towertu punor nirman koraa hoisil. xirxot thoka dormar khirikibur 1725 sonor ghoror pedimentor dwara abrito koraa hoise (tolot sauk), aaru tarikh, campbelor baahu, aaru aaru captain anius campbell aaru teur potni dame liliasor baabe eisi aaru dlc aadixobdobur bohon kore. 1903 sonor punoruddharor kaamor xomoyot pedimentbur iyaloi sthanantor koraa hoisil. abhyontorin porixor. pubo porbotmala uttor aaru pubo tawaror maajot owosthito aasil, jodiu kewol vetihe baaki aase. eitu aasil ottalikaxomuhor prodhan porixor aaru iyat khilanjukto vandaror uporot etaa dangor holl aasil. holkhonot khudit aarhire xojuwa daabol-lenchet khiriki aasil, jibur pisoloi bondho koraa hoisil; pubor pordar dewalot xeiburor rupangkon dekha puwa yaay. dwitiyo porixortu uttor-poschim dewalor kaxot aasil, aaru dozon tawaror dwara holl porixoror xoite xongzukto hoh 'bob paare. tolor moholat etaa pakghor aasil. 1725 sonot ei porixortu ekhon dumholiya ghoroloi punor nirman koraa hoisil, zo 'too etaa xilor sirir joriyote prowex koraa hoisil, aaru uporot thoka khirikibure etiya gatehousor ongxo hisape porigonito hoisil. xonmukhor kuwatu mool jodiu iyar sariufale thoka dangor xiltu 19 xotikar. dunstafenage sepol. durgotur dokhyin-poschim dixot etaa dhongxoprapto sepol aase. eitu lornor dankan macdogaleu etaa byoktigoto sepol hisape nirman korisil, aaru iyat utkristo mandondor bixod xilor kaam aase. bixexogyoxokole biswax kore je sepoltu 13xo xotikar dwitiyo soturthangxot nirman koraa hoisil. sepoltu aase, aaru purbote iyar saad etaa kaathor aasil. lenchetor khirikiburot kukuror daator khudit ongxo thaake, aaru iyar bhitorot xukhmo bohol khilan aase. 1740 sonot sepoltu itimodhye dhongxatmok hoi porisil, jetiya pubo prantot etaa xomadhisthol nirman koraa hoisil, jaar folot dunstafageor campbelor baabe bisramor sthan hisape kaam koribo paari. dunstafenageor odhinayok. poromporagotobhabe, dunstafenageor bongxogot odhinayok naamor ejon bixoya durgotu aaru iyar protirokhyar baabe daybodho. karzaloitu etiyau aase, aaru upadhitu bojai rakhiboloi (etiya xamorik gurutwo obihone ek niramoy), dayitwobharijone bosorot tini raati durgotut kotabo lagibo. etiya podtur xoite aan kunu dayitwo baa bixexadhikar xonglogno nohoy. durgor bhut. dunstafenageor el-maid" naamere jonajat etaa bhutoi ei durgotur proti aakorxito buli kuwa hoy. ek prokaror ghura, bhutor uposthiti bongxogot rokhyokxokolor jiwanor ghotonaxomuhor xoite jorito buli kuwa hoy.

dunstaffnez durgo dunstaffnez durgo () poschim scotlander argil ebong boote ekti angshikbhabe dhongsoprapto durgo. etty obaner nikte abosthito, jaa loach etver probeshdwarer dakkhin-poschime ekti promontory upor ekti somostigoto pathorer platforme abosthito ebong tinn dick theke samudra dwara beshtito. durgo ebong nikatbarti chappel dhongshaboshesh 1958 saal theke ekti oitihasik scotland sampatti. ubhayi nirdharito prachin smritisoudho. durgoti 13shha shatabdir, jaa etike scotlander prachintama pathorer durgogulir modhye ekti korey toley, ekti sthaniya gosthite jaar modhye royeche durger suin ebong durger teorum. ekti kaushalgata abosthan rakkhar jonno, etty lorner mcdougle lords dwara nirmito hoyechilo ebong 15shha shatabdi theke gosthi campbell dwara onusthito hoye asche. aajo dunstaffnezer ekjon bongshogoto adhinayak royechen, jodio taaraa arr durge thaken naa. dunstaffnez oitihasik poribesh scotland dwara rakkhanabekkhan koraa hoy ebong jonosadharoner jonno unmukto, jodio 16 shotoker gatehousety captainer byaktigato sampatti hisabe bojay rakha hoy. naamer uposorgo "donn"-err ortho gelic bhasay "durgo", jekhane bucky namti norse "stuffor-nees", "lathigulir prodhan bhumi" theke eseche. itihas. ondhokare yawar agey. durgo nirmaner agey, dunstaffnez sombhoboto 7maum shatabdir godar dike dunn monaidh naame porichito ekti dull riatan durger abosthan chhilo. john monipeni 1612 khristabde likhechilen jey, ireland theke aanar porr ebong 843 khristabde skoona prasade sthanantorito howar agey niyatir patharti ekhane rakha hoyechilo. tobey, dyala reatan ebong strathclide rajader saathe taader porichito sangjoger karone ayna ebong dunadke sombhoboto beshi money koraa hoy. hector boes record korechen jey patharti "evonium"-ayee rakha hoyechilo, jaa oitijjogotobhabe dunstaffnez hisabe chinnito koraa hoyeche, jodio 2010 saale lekhok ayee. jeey. morton ireshire ivniumke arviner saathe chinnito korechilen. mcdogolguly. dweeppunjer prabhu somerlader somoye ekhane ekti durgo chhilo. zaihok, durgoti 13 shotoker dwitiya choturthangshe lorner prabhu ebong somerlader naati duncan mcdogaler asone porinoto hoy. tini 1237 khristabde romeow bhromon korechilen ebong nikatbarti aradchattan priory protisthata chhilen. dunkaner putro eoin mcdougle 1240-err doshke taanr pitar upadhi uttoradhikar sutre peyechilen ebong mcdougler probhabke prosarito korechilen, nijeke "dweeppunjer raja" hisabe sajiechilen jodio eyi upadhiti mcdonalder chhilo. sombhoboto euen durger upor tinti brittakar tower nirman korechilen ebong vitore holti nirman oo prosarito korechilen. tritiya alekjandar argille norse prabhab prottakhyan korar porr, mcdouglera scottish rajtantrake samarthan korechilo ebong 1293 saale iyener putro alekjandarke argiler prothom sherif koraa hoyechilo. tobey, koyek bochor porey scottish swadhinotar juddher somoy taaraa balliol pokkhoke samarthan korechilo. 1308 khristabder august maase brander paaser juddhe robbert bruce mcdougle gosthike porajito corren. ekti sangkhipto aborodher porr, raja robbert dunstaffnezer mcdougle durger niyantran grohon corren. tini onnoder moto etty dhongso korenni, tobey ekjon constable niyog korechilen ebong gramanchal oo samudrapath rakkhar jonno etty byabohar korar kotha bhebe etty sarbaraha korechilen. tini taanr bondhu angus oo mcdonald, dweeppunjer prabhu, jaake nikatbarti mull soho mcdougler beshirbhag jommy diyechilen, seii jommy diye durgoti seii uddeshye dweeppunjer dwara bhalbhabe byabohar koraa jete paare. rajakiya durgo. ekhon ekti mukut sampatti, dunstaffnez ekadhik rakkhak dwara niyantrita hoto. james prothom 1431 saale inverlochir juddher porr durgoti dokhol corren, kaaron taanr shatrura vitore lukiye chhilo. 1455 khristabde doglasser 9maum earl james doglass dweeppunjer prabhu john mcdonalder sange acharan korar pothe dunstaffnage abosthan corren. err porey doglass shaktir upor dwitiya jameser akraman ebong westminster-ardtornisher chukti swakkhorito hoy. poroborti ekjon rakkhak, lorner john stuart, allan mcdogaler protidwondi chhilen ebong 1463 saale dunstaffnez chyapele taanr biyete yawar pothe taanr somorthokra taanke chhurikaghato korey, jodio tini taanr shopoth neoar jonno jotheshto deergho somoy benche chhilen. jodio mcdugall durgoti dokhol korechilen, tobuo james tritiya taanke khomotachyuto korechilen, jini 1470 saale argiler 1maum earl collin campbelke dunstaffnez pradan korechilen. clan campbell. argiler arloguli taader pokkho theke dunstaffnez tadarki korar jonno ebong prostuto rakhar jonno adhinayak niyog korechilo. bhabangulite, bishesh korey gatehouse poriborton koraa hoyechilo, jaa eyi somoye punarnirman koraa hoyechilo. campbelguly rajporibarer onugoto mitro chhilo ebong 15shha oo 16shha shotabdite dweeppunjer mcdonald prabhuder biruddhe sarkari abhijaner vitti hisabe dunstaffnez byabohar koraa hoto. james choturtho doo 'barr dunstaffnez poridorshon korechilen. 1644 khristabde montroser senabahinir biruddhe ladai korey, grihojuddher somoy dunstaffnez podokkhep neyo. 1685 khristabde catholic james saptam-err biruddhe argiler utthaner byarthotar porr rajakiya sainyara durgoti pudiye deyo. 1715 ebong 1745 khristabder jacobite utthaner somoy, durgoti sarkari sainyader dwara dokhol koraa hoyechilo. flora mcdonald, jini bonny prince charlike scotland theke palate sahajyo korechilen, londone karabaser pothe sangkhipto somoyer jonno ekhane kararuddho hohn. dobleeu onusare. doglass simpson durgoti tobius smolleter "humphrey clinker"-ayee prodorshito hoyeche, jaa dunstaffnezer naam naa dileo "ashtadash shatabdir tritiya choturthangshe durger jeeboner ekti nyajya chitro" uposthapon korey. hrass ebong punoruddhar. 1725 saale purno poschim porbotmalar upor ekti notun baadi toiri korey campbelguly durge jog hotey thaake. tobey, durger bucky ongsho itimadhye kshay hoye jachchilo. 1810 khristabde ekti durghatanakrame agune gatehousety pudey yaay ebong captainra ekhane bosobas bondho korey deyo, dakkhin-purbo dike pray 2 kilometres doore ondhokare choley yaay. 1888 saal porjonto bhadatia durger modhye 1725 saaler barite bosobas korten. durger malik diuka off argil 1903 saale punoruddharer kaaj shuru corren. err porey 1912 saale ekti adaloter mamla hoy, jekhane daira adalat raay deyo jey jey bongshogoto captain angus campbeller bosobaser adhikar royeche, jodio diuka off argiler malikana chhilo. prothom bishwojuddher karone kajguli bilambito hoyechilo ebong porikolpito sampurna punoruddhar kokhonyi somponno hoyney. 1958 saale, saale captain ebong diuka durgoti rashtriya jotner haate tuley ditey sommoto hohn ebong etty ekhon oitihasik poribeshgoto scotlander sampatti hisabe jonosadharoner jonno unmukto. bornona. deyal. dunstaffnez holl tinti koney golakar tower soho bishal shaktir ekti aniyamita chaturbhuj kathamo. etty pray porimap korey ebong err poridhi pray. dewalguli belepathorer sajsajja soho dhongshostuper, ebong 18 mitter (60 foot) porjonto unchu, jaar modhye royeche sommilito bedarock platform. dewalguli 3 mitter (10 foot) puru, eyi atyanta kaushalgata abosthaner shaktishali protirokkha pradan korey, loach etver probeshdwar ebong err baire brander paske rakkha korey ebong aaz ekti durdanto drishyer nirdesh korey. parapet haanta, jaa eksamoy puro deyalke anusaran koroto, notun pathorer potaka diye angshikbhabe punoruddhar koraa hoyeche. asol parapettio ekhon choley geche. teerer chhidro, jaa porey bonduker lupe rupantarita hoy, ekmatro kholar jaiga. spanish naubahinir dhongsoprapto jahaz theke uddhar koraa pitaler kaman eksamoy deyale lagano chhilo. goal minner. durger deyal nirmaner porpori uttor, purbo ebong poschim dike tinti brittakar tower nirmito hoy. uttor tower baa dozon holl brihottomo, jaa mulat tinn baa chaar tolaa niye gothito ebong sombhoboto prabhur byaktigato apartment chhilo. poschim towerty pray abhyantarin, pordar deyaler golakar koner baire sobematro project koraa hoy ebong shudhumatra parapet hantar madhyome probesh koraa yaay. basement store ekti pitt karagar royeche jaa upor theke axes koraa hoyechilo. purbo towerty 15 shotoker shesher dike ekti probeshdwar hisabe pray sampurnarupe punarnirman koraa hoyechilo. protiti tower upore sombhoboto ekbar ekti shanku chhaad chhilo. gatehouse. purbo koney ekti purbo golakar tower poriborte 15 shotoker shesher dike campbelguly gatehousety toiri korechilo. etty ekti chartala kantajukto tower houser roop neyo, jaar probeshpothti khilanjukto basementer ardheker modhyo diye choley, bucky ardhekti geter dike teerer chhidro soho guard room gathon korey. geter bortoman pothti ekti pathorer sindi dwara, jaa ager ekti drobridgeke protisthapon korey. 18 shotoke abhyarthana kokkho ebong ekti byaktigato suite sorboraher jonno towerty punarnirman koraa hoyechilo. shirshe dormer janalaguli 1725 saaler baadir padiment dwara abrito (neeche dekhun), ebong tarikh, campbell bahu, ebong 11 tomo captain anius campbell ebong taar stree dame lilliuser jonno eisi ebong dlc naamer adyakkhar bohon korey. 1903 saaler punoruddharer kaajer somoy eyi padadeshguli ekhane sthanantorito hoyechilo. abhyantarin porisor. purbo porbotmala uttor oo purbo tower modhye abosthito chhilo, jodio shudhumatra vitti aboshishto royeche. etty chhilo bhabangulir prodhan porisor ebong khilanjukto vandarer upore ekti borh holl chhilo. holtite khodai koraa nidarshan diye sajjito double-lanset janala chhilo, jaa porey aboruddho koraa hoyechilo; taader ruprekha purbo pordar deyale dekha yaay. dwitiya porbotmalati uttor-poschim prachir borabor dandiye chhilo ebong etty holl renjer saathe dozon tower dwara sangjukto chhilo. nichtalai ekti rannaghar chhilo. 1725 khristabde eyi porbotmalati ekti dwitol barite punarnirman koraa hoy, ekti pathorer sindi diye probesh koraa yaay ebong upore arow norom janala diye sajjito koraa hoy jaa ekhon gatehouser ongsho. samoner kupti asol, jodio bishal pathorer charpashti 19 shotoker. dunstaffnez chappel. durger dakkhin-poschime ekti dhongsoprapto girja abosthito. etty ekti byaktigato chappel hisabe lorner duncan mcdogall dwara nirmito hoyechilo ebong etey asamanno maaner bistarito pathorer kaaj royeche. biseshoggora money corren jey, eyi chappelti 13shha shatabdir dwitiya choturthangshe nirmito hoyechilo. chappelti chhilo, ebong purbe ekti kaather chhaad chhilo. lanceter janalagulite kukurer daanter khodai koraa royeche ebong abhyantarinbhabe sukkho proshosto khilan royeche. 1740 khristabde chappelti itimodhyei dhongshattok hoye porechilo, jokhon purbo prante ekti samadhisthal nirmito hoyechilo, jaa ondhokare campbeller jonno bishramsthal hisabe kaaj korey. dunstaffnezer captain. oitijjogotobhabe, dunstaffnezer bongshogoto captain naame porichito ekjon kormokorta durgo ebong err protirokkhar jonno dayabaddha. officety ekhono vidyaman, ebong upadhiti dhorey rakhte (ekhon samrik tatporjo chharai ekti sinecure), dayittoprapto byaktike bochore tinn raat durge katate hoy. eyi poder sange ekhon onno konao dayitto baa biseshadhikar sangjukto noy. durgo bhuto. dunstaffnezer ell-maid" naame porichito ekti bhuto durgotike taadaa korey boley jaanaa yaay. eka dharaner nisthur, bhuter uposthiti bongshogoto rokkhokder jeeboner ghotonagulir saathe jukto boley money koraa hoy.

dunstaffanage killo dunstaffanage killo () aee pashchimi skotlendnaa argil aneey beautema aansheek reete khander killo chhe. teey obanna keenare aavelu chhe, jeey loach itivena praveshdvaarni dakshin-pashchimma aek promontary parr samooh khadaknaa munch parr aavelu chhe, aneey trana bajuae samudrathi gheraayelu chhe. aaa killo aneey najiknaa chappelno khander khander aitihasik skotlendnee meelkat chhe. banne anusuchit praachin smaarako chhe. aaa killo mandeer sadeeno chhe, jeey tene sthaaneek juthamaa skotlendnaa sauthee junaa pattharnaa killaaomaano aek banaave chhe, jemaa kesal sween aneey kesal teorumno samaavesh thaay chhe. vyuhaatmak sthaannee raksha kartaa, teey mcdoggle loards off lorne dwara banavvama aavyu hatoo, aneey praveshdwaar sadithi koodnaa campbell dwara yojvama aave chhe. aaje pann dunstaffanageno vaarsaagat kaptan chhe, jooe keey teo havey keellama raheta nathee. dunstaffanage aitihasik paryaavaran scotland dwara jalavama aave chhe, aneey teey jaaher janata maate khullu chhe, jooe keey aneey sadeena praveshdvaarne kaptaannee khangi meelkat tareeke jaalvi rakhvama aavyu chhe. naammaa upsarg "dunn" noow arth gallickma "killo" thaay chhe, jyaare baakeenu naam norse "stephara-nees" parthee aavyu chhe, jeey "staffany headland" chhe. itihas. dunstaffanage pahelaa. keellana nirmaan pahelaa, dunstaffanage dunstaffanage sadeeni sharuaatmaa dunn monaidh tareeke odakhaata daal riyaan gadhanu sthaan hoi shake chhe. john monipeni dwara dwara nondhvaamaa aavyu hatoo keey niyatinaa pattharne irelandthi lavvama aavyaa pachhi aneey aneey tene skoona pelesamaa khasedvama aavyaa teey pahelaa aheen rakhvama aavyo hato. jooe keey, dayle riyaan aneey strathclide raajaao saathena temnaa jaanita jodanone dhyanma rakheene, aayona aneey dunadne vadhu sambhaveet manvama aave chhe. hector bois nondhe chhe keey patthar "evonium" parr rakhvama aavyo hato, jene paramparagat reete dunstaffanage tareeke odakhvaamaa aave chhe, joke 2010 maan lekhak aee. jeey. mortne airshirema irvin saathe evoniumni odakh curry hatee. mcdoggles. tapuona swami somerladena samayma aheen aek killo hato. jooe keey, aaa killo mandeer sadeena beeja quarterma lornnaa swami aneey somerladena pautra dunken mcdogalnu sthaan bunny gayoo hatoo. temane temane romnee yaatra pann curry hatee aneey najiknaa ardachatan praayarinaa sthaapak hataa. dunkennaa putra even mcdogglene mcdogglene daykama temnaa pitaanu birud varsama malyun hatoo aneey temane mcdoggle prabhaavne vistrut karyo hato, potaani jaatne "tapuona raajaa" tareeke ganaavi hatee, joke teey khitaab mcdonaldsno hato. sambhav chhe keey ivene killa parr trana gola tower baandhya hataa aneey andarnaa holanu nirmaan aneey vistaran karyoo hatoo. alexander trijaanaa aargilma norse prabhaavno pratikaar karyaa pachhi, mcdogglese skotisha rajashahine teko aapyo hato aneey aneey evennaa putra alexanderne aargilnaa pratham sherif banavvama aavyaa hataa. jooe keey, temane skotisha svatantratana yuddho darmiyan beliyol pakshne teko aapyo hato, jeey thodaa varsho pachhi faatee nikalyo hato. roobert bruce august august brendernaa paasnee ladaima koodnaa mcdogglene haraavyo hato. tunkee gherabandhi pachhi, raajaa roberte dunstaffanageno mcdoggle killo kabaje karyo hato. tene anya lokonee jaim teno naash karyo nahee, parantu aek constableni nimanook curry aneey teno upyog graamy aneey dariyai maargoni suraksha maate karvaanu vichaaryu. temane temnaa mitra, angus aneey mcdonald, taapuna swaameene jeey jameen aapee hatee, jemaa najiknaa moll saheet motabhagni mcdoggle jameenno samaavesh thato hato, teey hetu maate keellano taapu dwara saaree reete upyog curry shakaay chhe. shaahee killo. havey taajnee meelkat, dunstaffanage shrenibaddh keepers dwara niyantrit karvaamaa aavtu hatoo. james pahelaae pahelaae inverlochini ladaai baad killo kabaje karyo hato, kaaran keey tenaa dushmano andar chhupayela hataa. hataa dagalasnaa dagalasnaa earl james douglus dunstaffanage khaate rokaaya hataa, jyaare teo tapuona swami john mcdonald saathe saarvaar karvaanaa hataa. aaa douglus sattaa parr james bijaanaa humla pachhi thayu aneey westminster-ardtornishni sandhee parr hastakshar karvaa taraf doree gayoo. paachhalthi rakhnar, lornnaa john stuart, aelan mcdogglena harif hataa, aneey aneey dunstaffanage chappel khaate temnaa lagna taraf jataa temnaa samarthako dwara temne chhari maaree devaamaa aavee hatee, joke teo temnee pratigya levaa maate purtaa samay sudhee tucky rahyaa hataa. mcdoggley killo kabaje karyo hovaa chhataa, tene james trija dwara haankee kadhvama aavyo hato, jemane jemane aargilnaa pratham earl collin campabelane dunstafenage aapyo hato. koodnaa campbell. aargilnaa earlese temnaa vatee dunstaffanageni dekhrekh raakhvaa aneey tene taiyar raakhvaa maate sukanioni nimanook curry hatee. imaaratomaa, khaas kareene praveshdvaarmaa ferfaro karvaamaa aavyaa hataa, jenu aaa samaynee aaspaas punnirman karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. campbell shaahee gharaanaana vafaadaar saatheeo hataa, aneey praveshdwaar aneey aneey sadee darmiyan anya loko vachche, tapuona mcdonald loards saame sarkari abhiyaano maate aadhaar tareeke dunstafenageno upyog thato hato. james IV beey prasangoae dunstaffanage mulakat leedhi hatee. dunstafenage gruh yuddh darmiyan kaaryvaahi curry hatee, hatee montroseni senaa saame ladat aapee hatee. hatee ketholik james VII saame aargilnaa udayni nishfaltaane pagale rajvi sainiko dwara keellane baadee nakhvama aavyo hato. 1715 aneey aneey jacobite punrutthaan darmiyan, keellama sarkari sainikoae kabajo jamaavyo hato. boonee prince charleyne skotlendmaanthi chhataki javama madad karnaar flora mcdonaldne londonma jailnaa maargmaa thodaa samay maate aheen qeda karvaamaa aavyo hato. W. anusaar. daglas simpson killo tobias smolletnaa "humprey clinker" maan dekhaay chhe, jeey dunstaffanage naam naa letaa pann "adhaarmee sadeena trija quarterma keellama jeevannu vaajbi cheetra" rajoo karey chhe. ghataado aneey punsthaapan. hatoo junaa pashchim parvatmala parr navoo ghar banaaveene, campabels keellama vadhaaro karvaanu chaalu raakhyu. jooe keey, baakino killo pahelethee jaj ksheen thaee rahyo hato. hato aakasmik aagne kaarane praveshdwaar baleene khaakh thaee gayoo hatoo aneey dakshin-purvamaa lagbhag 2 kimee door aavela andhariya makaanmaa jataa keptanoae aheen rahevaanu bundh curry didhu hatoo. bhaaduto 1888 sudhee keellani andar baareeo makaanmaa raheta hataa. keellana maaleek, aarkeelna duke dwara dwara punsthaapan kaary haath dharvaamaa aavyu hatoo. aaa pachhi pachhi aek adalati cases aavyo, jemaa satra adalate chukaado aapyo hato keey keey vaarsaagat kaptan angus campabelane aargilnee malikina duke hovaa chhataa rahevaano adhikaar chhe. pratham vishvyuddhne kaarane kaamoma veelamb thayo hato aneey aayojit sampoorn punsthaapan kyaarey purn thayu naa hatoo. hatoo, 1958maan kaptan aneey duke keellane raajyani sambhaalmaa sopavaa sammat thayaa hataa, aneey havey teey aitihasik paryaavaran scotland meelkat tareeke jaaher janata maate khullo chhe. varnan. diwalo. dunstaffanage aee trana khoonao parr golaakaar tower saathe, mahaan shaktinu aneeyameet chaturbhuj maalakhu chhe. teey aashre maape chhe, aneey teno parigh lagbhag chhe. diwalo reteena pattharni sajavat saathe kaatmaalni chhe, aneey 18 meater (60 foot) sudhee unchee chhe, jemaa samoohnaa pattharona manchano samaavesh thaay chhe. diwalo 3 meater (10 foot) jaadee chhe, jeey aaa atyant vyuhaatmak sthaanne majboot sanraxan pradaan karey chhe, loach itivena praveshdwaar aneey tenaathi aagad brendernaa paasnee raksha karey chhe, aneey aaje aek bhavya drashya dharaave chhe. parapet voqa, jeey aek samaye samagr divaalone anusaratee hatee, tene navaa pattharnaa dhvaj saathe aansheek reete punsthapit karvaamaa aavee chhe. mool parapet pann havey chaalyu gayoo chhe. teernaa cheera, jeey paachhalthi gunloopma rupantarit thayaa, teey ekmatra khoona chhe. spanish naukadalna bhangi padela jahajomathi malee aaveli pittalni topa aek samaye diwalo parr lagavvama aavee hatee. gola tower. keellani diwalona nirmaan pachhi tarat jaj, uttar, purv aneey pashchim tower parr trana golaakaar tower bandhvama aavyaa hataa. north tower athavaa donjan sauthee moto chhe, jemaa mulroope trana keey chaar maalno samaavesh thaay chhe, aneey kadaach swaaminaa khangi apartmentma rahe chhe. pashchim tower lagbhag aantarik chhe, jeey padadani divaalnaa golaakaar khoonethi bhagye jaj aagad vadhe chhe, aneey maatra parapet voqa dwara jaj pravesh curry shakaay chhe. bhonyarana starmaa aek khaado jail chhe, jene uparthi axes karvaamaa aavee hatee. praveshdwaar sadeena antamaa purveey towerne praveshdwaar tareeke lagbhag sampurnpane punnirman karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. darek towerni toach parr kadaach aek vakhat shanku aakaarni chhat hatee. dwaar. praveshdwaar praveshdwaar sadeena antamaa campabels dwara banavvama aavyu hatoo, jeey purv khunaamaa agaauna golaakaar towerne badale hatoo. teey chaar maalnun harrold tower housenun swaroop leey chhe, jemaa praveshdwaar adadhaa bhonyaramathi pasaar thaay chhe, anya adadhaa darvajani saame teernaa tukadao saathe rakshak oradaao banaave chhe. dwaar taraf haalno abhigam pattharni seedee dwara chhe, jeey agaauna drobridgene badale chhe. chhe sadimaa swaagat khand aneey khangi suit pradaan karvaa maate towernu punnirman karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. toach parnee darmer baareeo baareeo gharnaa pediments dwara dhankayeli chhe (neeche juo), aneey taarikh, campbell arms, aneey aneey capton anius campbell aneey tenee patnee dame lilias maate praarambhik aec aneey dlc dharaave chhe. chhe punsthaapan kaaryo darmiyan aaa pattharo aheen khasedvama aavyaa hataa. aantarik shrenee. purv shrenee uttar aneey purvnaa tower vachche stheet hatee, joke maatra paayo baakee chhe. aaa imaaratoni mukhya shrenee hatee aneey temaa bhonyarani upar aek moto khand hato. holamaa beey-lansetnee baareeo hatee, jeey kotareli patternthi shangarvama aavee hatee, jene paachhalthi avrodhit karvaamaa aavee hatee; temnee ruprekha purv padadani diwalma joee shakaay chhe. beejee shrenee uttar-pashchim diwal saathe oobhi hatee, aneey teey donzon tower dwara holl shrenee saathe jodaayelee hota. taleeye rasodu hatoo. hatoo aaa shreneene beey maalnaa makaanmaa punnirmeet karvaamaa aavee hatee, jemaa pattharni seedee dwara pravesh karvaamaa aavyo hato aneey tenee toach parr vadhu sunder baareeo hatee jeey havey praveshdvaarno bhaag chhe. aagalno koovo mool chhe, jooe keey pattharni vishaal aaspasni jagya jagya sadeeni chhe. dunstaffanage chappel. keellani dakshin-pashchimma aek khander mandeer aavelu chhe. aaa pann lornnaa dunken mcdoggle dwara aek khangi chappel tareeke banavvama aavyu hatoo, aneey temaa utkrusht gunvattaani vigatvaar pattharni kruteeo chhe. nishnatonu maanvu chhe keey aaa mandeer mandeer sadeena beeja quarterma bandhvama aavyu hatoo. aaa mandeer chhe, aneey agau temaa lakadani chhat hatee. lansetnee baareeo kootara-daantni kotarani karey chhe, aneey aantarik reete sunder paholi kamaano dharaave chhe. chhe aaa chappel pahelethee jaj vinashak hatoo, jyaare purv chhede dafanvidhi maate aek paankh bandhvama aavee hatee, jeey andhariyaona shibirni ghantadeeo maate aaraam sthal tareeke kaama karey chhe. dunstafenageno kaptan. paramparagat reete, vanshparamparagat kaptan tareeke odakhaato adheekari killo aneey tenaa sanraxan maate jawabdar hoya chhe. kaaryalay haju pann astitvamaa chhe, aneey khitaab jaalvi raakhvaa maate (havey lashkari mahatv vinaa aek sinecure), hoddedaarne keellama varshmaa trana raat vitavvi padey chhe. havey aaa pada saathe anya koee javabdario athavaa visheshaadhikaaro jodaayela nathee. killaanu bhoot. aek bhoot, jene "dunstaffanage aela-maid" tareeke odakhvaamaa aave chhe, teey keellane traas aape chhe. aek prakaarno kathor, bhutno dekhaav vaarsaagat rakhnaraona jeevanni ghatanao saathe sankalaayelo hovaanu kahevaay chhe.

dunstaffanage mahal dunstaffanage casal () paschimi scotland key argil aur beaute mein ack aanshik roop seey barbad mahal haye. yeh oban key paas sthit haye, joe loach etive key pravesh dwaar key dakshin-paschim mein ack pramukh bhaag parr ack saamoohik chattan key munch parr sthit haye, aur teen taraf seey samudra seey ghiraa huaa haye. mahal aur paas key chappel khandahar 1958 seey ack aitihaasik scotland sampatti rahey hain. donon anusoochit pracheen smaarak hain. mahal 13veen shatabdi kaa haye, joe ise scotland key sabse puraane patthar key mahalon mein seey ack banaata haye, ack sthaaniya samooh mein jisamen mahal sween aur mahal teorum shamil hain. ack ranneetik sthaan kii raksha karate hue, ise lorn key mcdoggle lords dwara banaaya gayaa thaa, aur 15 veen shatabdi seey kabile key campbelle dwara aayojit kiya jaataa rhaa haye. aaj taka dunstaffanage kaa ack vanshaanugat kaptan haye, halanki way abb mahal mein naheen rahate hain. dunstaffanage kaa rakharkhaav aitihaasik paryaavaran scotland dwara kiya jaataa haye, aur yeh janata key liye khula haye, halanki 16veen shatabdi key gatehouse koo kaptan kii niji sampatti key roop mein banaae rakhaa gayaa haye. naam mein upsarg "dunn" kaa arth gallic mein "kilaa" haye, jabaki baaki naam norse "steffer-niss", "karmchaariyon kii sheersh bhoomi" seey liya gayaa haye. itihas. dunstafenage seey pahale. mahal key nirmaan seey pahale, dunstaffanage 7veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein ack daal riyatan gadh kaa sthaan hoe sakata haye, jise dunn monedh key naam seey jaanaa jaataa haye. 1612 mein johnn monipeni dwara yeh darj kiya gayaa thaa kii niyati kaa patthar ireland seey laae jaane key baad aur 843 mein scone palace mein sthanantarit honey seey pahale yahaan rakhaa gayaa thaa. haalaanki, daill riyan aur strathclyde raajaon key saath unake gyaat sambandhon koo dekhate hue, ayona aur dunad koo adhik sambhavana maanaa jaataa haye. hector bois ney darj kiya haye kii patthar koo "avonium" mein rakhaa gayaa thaa, jise paaramparik roop seey dunstafenage key saath pahachaana gayaa haye, halanki 2010 mein lekhak aeye. jey. morton ney ireshire mein irvin key saath avonium kii pehchaan kii. mcdoggle. dweepon key swami somerlade key samay mein yahaan ack mahal thaa. haalaanki, mahal 13veen shatabdi kii doosari timahi mein lorn key swami aur somerlade key potey dunken mcdoggle kaa sthaan bunn gayaa. unhone 1237 mein rome kii yatra bhee kii thee aur way paas key arthatan prayori key sansthaapak they. dunken key bete even mcdogal koo 1240 key dashak mein apane pitaa kii upaadhi viraasat mein millie, aur unhone mcdogal prabhaav kaa vistaar kiya, khud koo "dweepon kaa raajaa" key roop mein pesh kiya, halanki yeh upaadhi mcdonals seey sambandhit thee. yeh sambhav haye kii aven ney mahal parr teen goal meenaron kaa nirmaan kiya, aur ander key holl kaa nirmaan aur vistaar kiya. alekjendar III key argil mein norse prabhaav seey nibatane key baad, mcdogal ney scotish rajshahi kaa samarthan kiya, aur even key bete alekjendar koo 1293 mein argil kaa pahala sheriff banaaya gayaa. haalaanki, unhone scotish swatantrata key yuddhon key dauran balliol paksh kaa samarthan kiya joe kuchh varshon baad shuru huaa. robbert broose ney agast 1308 mein brender darre kii ladaai mein kabile mcdogal koo haraaya. ack sankshipt gherabandi key baad, raajaa robbert ney dunstaffanage key mcdogal mahal parr niyantran curr liya. unhone ise nasht naheen kiya, jaisa kii unhone dusaron koo kiya, lekin ack sipahi niyukt kiya aur iska praavdhaan kiya, iska upayog graameen ilaakon aur samudri maargon kii raksha key liye karane key baare mein socha. dweepon key swami, apane mitra angus aur mcdonald koo dee gaee bhoomi key saath, jisamen paas key mull sahit adhikansh mcdoggle bhoomi shamil thee, mahal kaa upayog dweep dwara usa uddeshya key liye achchi tarah seey kiya jaa sakata thaa. shaahi kilaa. abb ack mukut sampatti, dunstaffanage koo keepers kii ack shrinkhala dwara niyantrit kiya jaataa thaa. james pratham ney 1431 mein inverlochi kii ladaai key baad mahal parr kabja curr liya, kyonki usake dushman ander chhipe hue they. 1455 mein dugglus key 9vein earl james dugglus dweepon key swami johnn mcdonald key saath ilaaj karane key liye dunstafenage mein rahey. isake baad dugglus shakti parr james dwiteeya key hamale key baad westminster-ordtornish kii sandhi parr hastakshar kiye gaye. ack baad key rakshak, lorn key johnn stevert, ellen mcdogal key pratidvandi they, aur 1463 mein dunstaffanage chappel mein unaki shaadi key liye jaate samay unake samarthakon dwara unhein chaku maar diyaa gayaa thaa, halanki way apani pratigya karane key liye lambe samay taka jeevit rahey. halanki mcdogal ney mahal parr kabja curr liya thaa, lekin unhein james III dwara bedkhal curr diyaa gayaa thaa, jinhone 1470 mein argil key pahale earl, collin campbelle koo dunstaffanage pradaan kiya thaa. kabile kii campbelle. argil key earl ney apani or seey dunstaffanage kii dekhrekh karane aur ise taiyar rakhane key liye kaptan niyukt kiye. imaraton mein badalaav kiye gaye, vishesh roop seey gatehouse, jise iss samay key aspas phir seey banaaya gayaa thaa. campbelle shaahi gharaane key wafadar sahayogi they, aur 15veen aur 16veen shatabdi key dauran, anya key saath-saath, dweepon key mcdonald prabhuon key khilaf sarkari abhiyaanon key liye ack aadhar key roop mein dunstaffanage kaa upayog kiya jaataa thaa. james IV ney dou avsaron parr dunstaffanage kaa daura kiya. dunstaffanage ney grihyuddh key dauran kaarravaai dekhi, 1644 mein montrose kii senaa key khilaf pradarshan kiya. catholic james VII key khilaf 1685 mein argil key uday kii viphalata key baad, mahal koo shaahi sainikon dwara jalaa diyaa gayaa thaa. 1715 aur 1745 key jacobite vidroh key dauran, mahal parr sarkari sainikon kaa kabja thaa. flora mcdonald, jinhone bonny prince charley koo scotland seey bhaagne mein madad kii, koo landan mein jail jaane key dauran kuchh samay key liye yahaan kaid curr liya gayaa thaa. doubleu key anusaar. dugglus simpson mahal tobias smollet key "humprey clinker" mein dikhaai detaa haye, joe halanki dunstaffanage kaa naam naheen letaa haye, lekin "athaarahavin shatabdi kii teesari timahi mein mahal mein jeevan kii ack uchit tasveer" prastut kartaa haye. girawat aur punarsthapana. 1725 mein puraane paschimi renz parr ack nayaa ghar banaate hue, campbelle ney mahal mein vriddhi karna jaari rakhaa. haalaanki, baaki mahal pahale seey hii kshay hoe rhaa thaa. 1810 mein ack aakasmik aag ney gatehouse koo jalaa diyaa, aur kaptanon ney yahaan rehna bund curr diyaa, dakshin-poorv mein lagbhag 2 kimmy door ack andhera ghar mein chaley gaye. kirayedar 1888 taka mahal key bheetar 1725 key ghar mein rahate they. 1903 mein mahal key malik, duke off argil dwara jeernoddhar kaa kaam shuru kiya gayaa thaa. isake baad 1912 mein ack adalati mamla saamane aaya, jisamen satra adalat ney faisala sunaaya kii 20vein vanshaanugat kaptan angus campbelle koo argil key swaamitva key duke key bavjood nivaas kaa adhikaar thaa. pratham vishva yuddh key kaaran karyon mein deree hui aur niyojit poorna bahaali kabhi poori naheen hui. 1958 mein, 21vein kaptan aur duke ney mahal koo raajya kii dekhbhal mein saunpane parr sahamati vyakt kii, aur abb yeh ack aitihaasik paryaavaran scotland sampatti key roop mein janata key liye khula haye. varnan. deevaaren. dunstafenage badee taakat kii ack aniyamit chaturbhuj sanrachana haye, jisamen teen konon parr goal meenaaren hain. yeh lagbhag maapata haye, aur isaki paridhi lagbhag haye. deevaaren malabe seey bunny hain, balua patthar kii poshak key saath, aur 18 meater (60 feat) taka oonchi hain, jisamen samooh aadhar chattan munch bhee shamil haye. deevaaren 3 meater (10 feat) taka motee hain, joe iss atyadhik ranneetik sthaan key liye majboot raksha pradaan karati hain, loach etive key pravesh dwaar aur brender key paas kii raksha karati hain, aur aaj ack shandar drishya kaa netritva karati hain. parapet walk, joe ack baar poori divaaron kaa anusaran kartaa thaa, koo nae patthar key jhandon key saath aanshik roop seey bahaal kiya gayaa haye. mool parapet bhee abb chalaa gayaa haye. teer key tukade, jinhen baad mein ganaloop mein parivartit curr diyaa gayaa, kewal udghaatan hain. spanish nausainik pott key khandahar jahaajon seey baramad peetal kii tope ack baar divaaron parr lagaai gaee thee. goal meenaaren. mahal kii divaaron key nirmaan key turant baad, uttar, poorv aur paschim meenaron parr teen goal meenaaren banaai gaeen. uttari meenar, yaa donzon, sabse badaa haye, jisamen mool roop seey teen yaa chaar manjilen hain, aur sambhavatah swami key niji apartment they. paschimi meenar lagbhag aantarik haye, joe mushkil seey parde kii deewaar key goal koney seey parey haye, aur kewal parapet walk key madhyam seey pravesh kiya jaa sakata haye. tahakhaane key star parr ack gaddha jail haye jise oopar seey pahuncha jaa sakata thaa. purvi meenar koo 15veen shatabdi key anta mein ack pravesh dwaar key roop mein lagbhag poori tarah seey punarnirmit kiya gayaa thaa. pratyek meenar key oopar shayed ack baar shankudhari chhat thee. dwaar. iss pravesh dwaar kaa nirmaan 15veen shatabdi key anta mein shivir kii ghanti dwara kiya gayaa thaa, joe purvi koney mein ack pahale key goal meenar kii jagah thaa. yeh ack chaar manjila harrold tower house kaa roop letaa haye, jisamen pravesh maarg aadhe tahakhaane seey hocker gujarta haye, baaki aadhaa dwaar key saamane teer key daraaron key saath gaard room banaata haye. gett key liye vartamaan drishtikon ack patthar kii seedhi seey haye, joe pahale key drobridge koo badalati haye. 18veen shatabdi mein swaagat kaksh aur ack niji suit pradaan karane key liye meenar kaa punarnirmaan kiya gayaa thaa. sheersh parr dormer khidakiyan 1725 key ghar key pediments seey dhaki hui hain (neeche dekhein), aur tarikh, campbelle baahon, aur 11vein kaptan anius campbelle aur unaki patni dame lilias key liye praarambhik aeye. ee. see. aur dee. ell. see. hain. 1903 key jeernoddhar karyon key dauran pediments koo yahaan sthanantarit kiya gayaa thaa. aantarik seemaaen. purvi shrinkhala uttar aur purvi meenaron key beach sthit thee, halanki kewal neenv bachee hui haye. yeh imaraton kii pramukh shrinkhala thee aur isamen tehkhaanon key oopar ack badaa kaksh thaa. holl mein nakkashidar pattern seey saji dou-lancet khidakiyan theen, jinhen baad mein avaruddh curr diyaa gayaa thaa; unaki ruprekha purvi parde kii deewaar mein dekhi jaa sakati haye. ack doosari shrinkhala uttar-paschim deewaar key saath khadee thee, aur ise donzon tower dwara holl renz seey jodaa gayaa hoga. bhootal parr ack rasoighar thaa. 1725 mein iss shrinkhala koo dou manjila ghar mein phir seey banaaya gayaa thaa, ack patthar kii seedhi key madhyam seey pahuncha gayaa thaa, aur oopar kii or gahari khidakiyan theen joe abb gatehouse kaa hissa hain. saamane kaa kuaan mool haye, halanki badaa patthar kaa chaaron or 19veen shatabdi kaa haye. dunstaffanage chappel. mahal key dakshin-paschim mein ack khandahar chappel sthit haye. ise lorn key dunken mcdoggle dwara ack niji chappel key roop mein bhee banaaya gayaa thaa, aur isamen utkrisht gunavatta kaa vistrit patthar kaa kaam haye. visheshagyon kaa maanana haye kii chappel kaa nirmaan 13veen shatabdi kii doosari timahi mein kiya gayaa thaa. chappel haye, aur pahale isaki chhat lakadi kii thee. lancet kii khidakiyon mein kutte key daanton parr nakkashi hoti haye, aur aantarik roop seey isamen maheen chaude mehrab hotey hain. 1740 mein chappel pahale seey hii vinashkari thaa, jaba purvi chhor parr ack dafan galiyara banaaya gayaa thaa, joe dunstafenage key shivir key liye ack vishram sthal key roop mein kaam kartaa thaa. dunstaffanage kaa kaptan. paaramparik roop seey, ack adhikaari jise vanshaanugat roop seey dunstafenage kaa kaptan kahaa jaataa haye, mahal aur isaki raksha key liye jimmedaar hotaa haye. karyalaya abhee bhee maujood haye, aur sheershak koo banaae rakhane key liye (abb sainya mahatva key binaa ack ilaaj), paddhari koo mahal mein saal mein teen raaten bitani padati hain. abb iss pada key saath koee anya jimmedaariyaan yaa visheshaadhikaar naheen judey hain. mahal bhoot. ack bhoot, jise "dunstaffanage kii ell-maid" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, koo mahal kaa shikaar bataaya jaataa haye. ack prakaar kaa kathorta, bhoot kii upasthiti koo vanshaanugat rakhwalon key jeevan kii ghatnaaon seey judaa huaa kahaa jaataa haye.

dunstaffnage kote dunstaffnage koteyu paschima scotlendna argil mattu byootnalliruva bhagashah palubidda kooteyaagide. idu obanna sameepadallide, idu loach ative praveshadvaarada nairtyadalliruva ondu melantastina mele samyojita bandeya vedikeya mele ide mattu mooru badigalli samudradinda aavrutavaagide. koteyu mattu hattirada prarthana mandirada avasheshavu 1958rindaloo aitihaasika scotlandna aastiyaagide. iveradoo nigadita praachina smaarakagalaagive. koteyu 13neey shatamanakke seride, idu scotlendna atyanta haleya kallina kotegalalli ondaagide, sthaliya gumpinalli koteya sween mattu koteya teorum annu olagondide. vyoohatmaka sthalavannu rakshisuva ee sthalavannu mcdogal lards off larne nirmisidaru mattu 15neey shatamaanadinda idannu clan camp bell nadesuttide. indigoo dunstafage vamshaparamparya nayakaniddane, aadaroo avaru koteyalli vasisuvudilla. 16neey shatamaanada dwaarawannu capton khasagi aastiyaagi ulisikondiddaroo, dunstaffnage annu aitihaasika parisara scotland nirvahisuttade mattu saarvajanikarige muktavaagide. ee hesarina purvapratyaya "dunn" endare gaylic bhasheyalli "kote" endartha, ulida hesaru norse "staffer-niss", "staff headland" ninda bandide. itihaasa. dunstaffnage maaduva modalu. koteya nirmaanada modalu, dunstaffnage 7neey shatamaanadashtu hindeye dunn monaid endu kareyalaaguva doll reaton bhadrakoteya sthalavagirabahudu. 1612ralli zaan manipenni, airlendninda tanda nantara mattu 843ralli adannu scone aramanege sthalaantarisuva modalu, ee vidhiya kallannu illi idalaagittu endu daakhalisiddaane. aadaagyoo, doll riyatan mattu strathclide rajarondige tilidiruva samparkagalannu gamanadallittukondu, ayona mattu dunadgalannu hecchu saadhyategalendu pariganisalaagide. hector boes ee kallannu "evonium" nalli idalaagittu endu daakhalisiddaare, idannu sampradayikavagi dunstaffnage endu gurutisalaagide, aadaagyoo 2010 ralli lekhakaru aa. zhe. marton avaru airashairnalli irvin jote evonium annu gurutisidaru. mcdogals. dweepagala wadeyanaada somerled kaaladalli illi ondu kote ittu. aadaagyoo, ee koteyu 13neey shatamaanada eradane traimasikadalli larne adhipati mattu somerledna mommaga dunken mcdogaln pithavaayitu. aata 1237ralli romge prayanisi, hattirada ardchattan prioriya samsthaapakaraagiddaru. dunken avara maga even mcdogal 1240rahra dasakadalli tanna tandeya birudannu aanuvamshikavaagi padedaru mattu mcdogal prabhaavavannu vistarisidaru, aaa birudu mcdonaldsge seriddaroo saha "dweepagala raaja" endu tammannu taavu roopisikondaru. even koteya mele mooru suttina gopuragalannu nirmisidanu mattu olaanganavannu nirmisi vistarisidanu embudu sambhavaneeyavaagide. aargilnalli norse prabhaavavannu alexander III himmettisida nantara, mcdogalgalu scottish rajaprabhutvavannu bembalisidaru, mattu 1293ralli even avara maga alexander avarannu argilna modala sheriff maadalaayitu. aadaagyoo, kelavu varshagala nantara praarambhavaada scottish swatantryada yuddhagala samayadalli avaru balliol tandavannu bembalisidaru. robbert broosanu 1308rahra augustinalli nadeda brander kaniveya kadanadalli mcdogal kulavannu solisidanu. ondu sankshipta muttigeya nantara, raaja robbert dunstaffnage naa mcdogal koteya niyantranavannu vahisikondanu. avanu itararante adannu nashapadisalilla, aadare obba constable annu nemisi adannu odagisidanu, adannu grameena mattu samudra maargagalannu rakshisalu balasalu yochisidanu. avanu tanna sneehita, dweepagala adhipatiyaada angus mattu mcdonaldge needida bhoomiyinda, hattirada mull seridante hecchina mcdogal bhoomiyannu olagondidda kooteyannu dweepawaasigalu aaa uddeshakkagi chennagi balasabahudaagittu. rajamanetanada kote. eega kireetada aastiyaagiruva dunstafage annu sarani keepargalu niyantrisuttiddaru. james I 1431ralli, avana shatrugalu olage adagikondidda kaarana, inverlochi kadanada nantara kooteyannu vashapadisikondanu. 1455ralli, daglasna 9neey earl james daglas, dweepagala adhipatiyaada zaan mcdonald avarondige chikitsegaagi hoguttiddaga dunstaffanagenalli tangiddaru. idu douglus shaktiya mele eradane jamesna daaliya nantara, mattu westminster-ardternish oppandakke sahi haakalu kaaranavaayitu. nantarada keeper, zaan stewart off larne, alan mcdogaln pratispardhiyagiddaru, mattu 1463ralli dunstaffnage chapelnalli avara maduvege hoguttiddaga avara bembaligaru avarannu iridaru, aadaroo avaru tamma pratijnegalannu maadalu saakashtu kaala badukulidaru. mcdogal kooteyannu vashapadisikondaru, avanannu james III padachyutagolisidanu, aata 1470ralli argilna 1neey earl collin camp belge dunstafageannu niididanu. clan camp bell. argilna arlgalu tamma paravagi dunstafage annu melvichaarane maadalu mattu adannu siddhavaagidalu nayakarannu nemisidaru. kattadagalli, visheshavaagi gatehousenalli badalaavanegalannu maadalaayitu, idannu ee samayadalli marunirmisalaayitu. camp belgalu rajamanetanada nishtaavanta mitraraashtragalaagiddavu mattu 15 mattu 16neey shatamanagalalli itarara jotege, dweepagala mcdonald prabhuvina viruddha sarkari dandayaatregalige dunstafage annu neleyaagi balasalaaguttittu. james IV eradu sandarbhagalalli dunstaffnage bheti niididaru. dunstaffnage antaryuddhada samayadalli, 1644ralli montrosna sainyada viruddha horadidanu. 1685ralli catholic james VII viruddha argilna udayada vaiphalyada nantara, kooteyannu rajaprabhutvada padegalu suttuhaakidavu. 1715 mattu 1745rahra jacobite dangegala samayadalli, kooteyannu sarkari padegalu aakramisikondiddavu. bony prince charleyu skaatlendninda tappisikollalu sahaaya maadida flora mcdonald, london serevasakke hoguttiddaga illi swalpa samayadavarege serevasakkolagadanu. prakara, doubleu. douglus simpson koteyu tobias smolletna "humpri clinker" nalli kaanisikolluttade, idu dunstafage annu hesarisadiddaroo, "hadinentane shatamaanada moorane traimasikadalli kooteyallina jeevanada nyaayayuta chithranavannu" prastutapadisuttade. kusita mattu marusthapane. 1725ralli haleya paschima shreniya mele hosa maneyannu nirmisuva moolaka, camp belgalu kooteyannu innashtu hechchisuttale iddavu. aadaagyoo, koteya ulida bhagavu eegaagale koleyuttittu. 1810ralli aakasmika benkiu dwaarawannu suttuhaakitu, mattu nayakaru illi vasisuvudannu nillisidaru, agneyakke sumaru 2 kii. mea. dooradalliruva dunstafage manege sthalaantaragondaru. 1888ravarege koteyolagina 1725rahra maneyalli baadigedaararu vaasisuttiddaru. koteya maalikaraada duke off argil 1903ralli punahsthapaneya kelasavannu kaigondaru. idara nantara 1912ralli nyaayaalayada prakaranavondu nadeyitu, idaralli 20neey aanuvamshika capton angus camp belge argilna duke malikatvada horataagiyoo vasisuva hakkide endu session nyaayaalayavu tirpu needitu. modalaneya mahayuddhadindagi kaamagaarigalu vilambavaadavu mattu yojita sampoorna punahsthapaneyu endigoo poornagondiralilla. 1958ralli, 21neey capton mattu duke kooteyannu rajyada aaraikege hastaantarisalu wappikondaru, mattu eega idu aitihaasika parisara scotland aastiyaagi saarvajanikarige muktavaagide. vivarane. godegalu. dunstaffnage embudu mooru konagalalli dundaada gopuragalannu hondiruva dodda shaktiya aniyamita chaturbhuja rachaneyagide. idu sarisumaaru alate maaduttade mattu sumaru suttalateyannu hondide. godegalu kallina avasheshagalinda koodiddu, maralugallina dressingalannu hondive mattu 18 mea (60 addi) ettaradavarege nintive, idaralli samyojita talada bandeya vedike kooda seride. godegalu 3 mea (10 addi) dappavagiddu, ee atyanta kaaryatantrada stalakke balavaada raksaneyannu odagisuttave, loach ative praveshadvaaravannu mattu adarachegina brander paas annu rakshisuttave mattu indu adbhutavaada notavannu niiduttade. omme idee godegalannu anusarisuttidda parapet vaak annu hosa kallina dhvajagalondige bhagashah punahsthaapisalaagide. moola parapet kooda eega hogide. baanada seelugalu, nantara ganloopgalaagi parivartisalpattavu, ivu maatra teredukolluttave. spanish naukaapadeya dhvamsagonda hadagugalinda vashapadisikonda hittaaleya phirangiyannu omme godegala mele alavadisalaagittu. dundaada gopuragalu. koteya godegala nirmaanada nantara, uttara, purva mattu paschima gopuragalalli mooru dundaada gopuragalannu nirmisalaayitu. uttara gopura athawa donzon, atyanta doddadagiddu, moolatah mooru athawa naalku antastugalannu olagondide, mattu bahushah lardsna khasagi apartmentgalannu hondittu. paschima gopuravu bahuteka aantarikavaagiddu, paradeya godeya dundaada mooleyannu meeri chalisuttade mattu parapet vaak moolaka maatra praveshisabahudu. nelamaaligeya mattavu pitt jailinondannu hondiddu, adannu melininda praveshisabahudu. purva gopuravannu 15neey shatamaanada koneyalli gatehouse aagi sampoornavaagi marunirmisalaayitu. prati gopuravu bahushah ondu kaaladalli shankuvinakarada meelchaavaniyinda melakke hogittu. dwara. purva mooleyalliruva hindina dundaada gopuravannu badalisi, 15neey shatamaanada koneyalli camp belgalu ee dwaarawannu nirmisidavu. idu naalku antastina haard gopurada roopavannu tegedukolluttade, praveshadvaaravu ardhadashtu nelamaaligeya moolaka haaduhoguttade, ulida ardhavu bagilige eduraagiruva baanada seelugalondige kaavalu kotadigalannu roopisuttade. ee dwarakke prastuta maargavu kallina mettilaagiddu, hindina dropridge annu badalaayisuttade. svaagata kotadigalu mattu khasagi kooneyannu odagisalu 18neey shatamaanadalli gopuravannu maruroopisalaayitu. meelbhaagadalliruva darmer kitakigalannu 1725rahra maneya pedimentgalinda muchchalaagide (kelage nodi), mattu dinanka, camp bell arms, mattu 11neey capton inious camp bell mattu avana patni dame liliasgagi ac mattu dlc emba modalaksharagalannu hondiruttade. 1903rahra punahsthapane karyagala samayadalli ee pedimentgalannu illige sthalaantarisalaayitu. aantarika shrenigalu. purva shreniyu uttara mattu purva gopuragala naduve nelegondittu, aadaagyoo adipayagalu maatra ulidive. idu kattadagala pramukha shreniyagittu mattu nelamaaligeya meliruva dodda sabhaanganavannu hondittu. sabhaanganavu kettida maadarigalinda alankarisalpatta eradu-lanchet kitakigalannu hondittu, nantara avugalannu nirbandhisalaayitu; avugala baahyarekhegalannu purva paradeya godeyalli kaanabahudu. eradane shreniyu vayuvya godeya uddakkoo nintide mattu donzon gopuradinda sabhaanganada shrenige samparka hondirabahudittu. nela mahadiyalli adugemaneyittu. 1725ralli ee shreniyannu eradu antastina maneyagi maruroopisalaayitu, kallina mettilugala moolaka praveshisalaayitu mattu eega gatehousen bhagavagiruva kitakia melittu. mumbhagadalliruva baaviyu mooladdaagide, aadaroo dodda kallina suttaloo 19neey shatamaanada kaaladdaagide. dunstaffnage chappel. koteya nairtya dikkinalli ondu palubidda prarthana mandiravide. idannu khasagi prarthana mandiravaagi larne dunken mcdogal nirmisidaru mattu atyuttama gunamattada vivaravaada kallina kelasavannu olagondide. ee prarthana mandiravannu 13neey shatamaanada eradane traimasikadalli nirmisalaagide endu tagnaru nambuttaare. ee prarthana mandiravu, mattu hinde marada chavaniyondannu hondittu. lanchet kitakigalu naayi-hallina kettaneyannu hondiruttave mattu aantarikavaagi uttamavaada agalavaada kamanugalannu hondiruttave. 1740ralli, dunstafage shibirada gantegala vishraanti sthalavagi kaaryanirvahisalu purva tudiyalli samadhi hazaaravannu nirmisidaaga, ee prarthana mandiravu eegaagale vinaashakaariyaagittu. dunstaffnage naa capton. sampradayikavagi, dunstafage naa aanuvamshika nayaka endu kareyalpaduva adhikariyu kote mattu adara raksaneya javaabdaariyannu hondiruttaane. kacheriyu innoo astitvadallide, mattu shirshikeyannu ulisikollalu (eega military pramukhyateyillada ondu chikitsa vidhana), adhikariyu varshakke mooru ratrigalannu koteyalli kaleyabekaguttade. eega huddege yaavude itara javaabdaarigalu athawa savalattugalu lagattisalaagilla. koteya preta. dunstafage naa ell-maid" endu kareyalpaduva pretavu kooteyannu kaaduttade endu helalaaguttade. ondu reetiya krooravaada, pretada notavu aanuvamshika palakara jeevanada ghatanegalondige sambandhiside endu helalaaguttade.

danstaafneju kotta padinjaaran skotlandile aargil aandu beauteyil bhaagikamaayi takarnna kottayaan danstaafneju kotta. loach etteevinte praveshana kavaadatthinte thekk-padinjaaru oru promontaryil samyojitha paarayude plaattphomil sthithi cheiyunna ithu obaanilaan sthithicheyyunnathu, koodaathe moonnu vashathum kadal kondu chuttappettirikkunnu. kotta aduthulla chaappal avashishtangalum 1958 muthal charitraparamaaya scotland swathaanu. iva randum purathana smaarakangalaanu. kotta 13-aamm noottaandilethaanu, ithu skotlandile ettavum pazhaya kallu kottakalilonnaakunnu, kotta sween kotta teoram ulppedunna oru praadeshika groupilaanu. thanthrapradhaanamaaya oru sthalathinu kaaval nilkkunna ithu macdowgal loards oof lorn nirmmichathaanu, pathinanjaam noottaand muthal ithu klaan campbel nadathivarunnu. kottayil thaamasikkunnillenkilum danstaafnejinte paarambarya kyapttan innum undu. pathinaram noottaandile gettu house kyaapttante swakaarya swathaayi nilanirtthiyittundengi danstaafneju charitraparamaaya paristhithi scotland paripaalikkunnu, pothujanangalkkayi thurannirikkunnu. perile "dunn" enna upasargathinu gaelic bhashayil "kotta" ennaanu ardham, backie peru norse "staaf-niss" enna "staafinte thalasthaanam" ennathil ninnaan uruthirinjathu. charithram. danstaafnejinu munbu. kottayude nirmmaanathinu munbu, ezhaam noottaandil thanne dunn monaid ennariyappettirunna oru dall riyaattan shakthikendrathinte sthaanamaayirunnirikkaam danstaafneju. irelandil ninnu konduvannathinusheshavum 843ll skoon kottaratthilekku maattunnathinumumbum vidhiyude kallu ivide sookshichirunnathaayi 1612ll joonn monipenni rekhappeduthiyittundu. ennirunnaalum, dull riyaattan, stratclide rajaakkanmaarumaayulla ariyappedunna bandham kanakkiledukkumbol iona dunad kooduthal saadhyathayullathayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. parambaraagathamaayi danstaafneju ennu thirichariyappedunna "evoniyathil" kallu sookshichirunnathaayi hector boys rekhappeduthunnu, ennirunnaalum 2010 ll ezhuthukaaran eiii. jeey. ireshareil irvinumaayi evonium undennu morttan thiricharinju. macdowgals. dveepukalude adipanaaya somerladinte kaalath ivide oru kotta undaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, 13-aamm noottaandinte randaam paadatthil lorninte prabhuvum somerladinte kochumakanum aaya dankaan mcdogalinte aasthaanamaayi eee kotta maari. 1237ll romilek yaatra cheytha addeham aduthulla ardchattan priyariyude sthaapakanaayirunnu. dankante makan eevan mcdoggle 1240-kalil pithaavinte padavi paarambaryamaayi nedukayum mcdoggle swaadheenam vipuleekarikkukayum aaa padavi makdonaaldukaludethaanekkum "dveepukalude rajaavu" ennu svayam roopappeduthukayum cheythu. kottayil moonnu vrithaakrithiyilulla gopurangal even nirmmikkukayum akathu haal nirmmikkukayum vipuleekarikkukayum cheythirikkaam. aargil mekhalayile norse swaadheenathe alexander moonnaaman pinthirippichathinethnu, mcdowgals scotish raajavaazhchaye pinthunachu, 1293-ll ivante makan alexanderine aargil shereefinte aadya sherifai niyamichu. ennirunnaalum, kurachu varshangalkk sesham pottippurapetta scotish swaathanthrya yudhangalil avar balliol pakshatthe pinthunachu. 1308 augustil brander churatthile yudhathil roobert broose mcdougal vamshathe paraajayappeduthi. oru hraswa uparodhathin sesham roobert rajaavu danstaafanejile mcdougal kottayude niyanthranam etteduthu. mattullavareppole addeham athu nasippichilla, marichu oru konstabiline niyamikkukayum athu grameena pradeshangalum kadaltheerangalum samrakshikkaan upayogikkumennu chinthikkukayum cheythu. addeham thante suhruthaaya dveepukalude prabhuvaya angus ooo mcdonaldinu nalkia bhoomiyil, aduthulla mull ulppede mcdoggle bhoomiyude bhooribhaagavum ulppedunnu, kottaye dveepukaarkku aaa aavashyathinaayi nannayi upayogikkaan kazhiyum. rajakeeya kotta. ippol oru kireeda swathaaya danstaafneju niyanthrikkunnath oru koottam keepparumaaraayirunnu. jaims onnaaman 1431-ll inverlochi yudhathethudarnnu, sathrukkal akathu olichirikkumbol kotta pidichedutthu. 1455-ll daglasile onpathaamathe earl jaims dougless dveepukalude prabhuvaya joonn mcdonaldumaayi chikilsaykkaayi danstaafnejil thaamasichu. dougless adhikaarathinethiraaya jaims randaamante aakramanathe thudarnnu westminstar-ardornish udambadi oppuvekkunnathilekk ithu nayichu. pinneedu lornile joonn stuvartt enna sookshippukaaran, alan mcdogalinte athiraaliyaayirunnu, 1463-ll danstaafnej chappalil vachu addehathinte vivaahathilekkulla yaathraamadhye addehathinte anuyaayikal addehathe kuthikkonnu, ennirunnaalum addeham thante prathinjakal cheyyaan vendathra kaalam athijeevichu. mcdowgall kotta pidichadakkiyenkilum, jaims moonnaaman addehathe purathaakki, 1470-ll aargil onnaam earl collin campbellinu danstaafaneju nalki. klaan campbel. aargilte karshakar danstaafanejinu melnottam vahikkanum avarkkuvendi athu sajjamayi sookshikkaanum captanmaare niyamichu. kettidangalil, prathyekichu eee samayathaan punarnirmmicha gettu hausil mattangal varuthiyathu. campbellukal raajakudumbathinte vishwastha sakhyakakshikalaayirunnu, 15,16 noottaandukalil dveepukalile mcdonald prabhukkanmaarkkethiraaya sarkkar paryaveshanangalude aditharayaayi danstaafneju upayogichirunnu. jaims naalaaman rund thavana danstaafneju sandarshichu. 1644ll montrosinte sainyathinethire poraadiya aabhyantharayudhasamayathu danstaafnej nadapadiyedutthu. 1685ll catholica jaims VII-nethire aargil uyarnnuvannathinethudarna kotta rajakeeya sainikar kathichu. kathichu 1715lum yaakobaayarude uyarchayude samayat, eee kotta sarkkar sainyathinte kaivashamaayirunnu. skotlandil ninnu rakshappedaan boony prins charley sahaayicha flora mcdonald landanile jayililekkulla yaathraamadhye ivide hrasvamaayi thadavilakkappettu. W prakaram. dougless simpson kotta tobias smolettinte "humphry clinkeril" prathyakshappedunnu, ithu danstaafnejinu peru nalkiyittillengilum "pathinettaam noottaandinte moonnaam paadatthile kottayile jeevithathinte nyayamaaya chithram" avatharippikkunnu. nirasikkukayum punasthaapikkukayum cheiyunnu. 1725ll pazhaya padinjaaran shreniyil oru puthiya veedu nirmmichukondu campbellukal kottayilekku kootticherkkappedunna thudarnnu. ennirunnaalum, kottayude backie bhagam ithinakam shayikkukayaayirunnu. 1810-ll oru aakasmika theepidittham gettu housine kathinashichu, captanmaar ivide thaamasikkunnath avasanippikkukayum thekk-kizhakk ekadesham 2 kilometer akaleyulla danstaafneju veettilekku maarukayum cheythu. 1888 vare 1725ll kottaykkullil vaadakakkaar thaamasichirunnu. 1903ll kottayude udamayaaya duke oof aargil aanu punarudhaarana pravartthanangal etteduthathu. ithinethudarnnu 1912-ll oru kodathi cases nadannu, athil 20-aamathe paarambarya captanaaya angus campbellinu aargil raajakumaarante udamasthaavakaasham undaayirunnittum thaamasathinulla avakaashamundenn kodathi vidhichu. onnaam lokamahaayudham kaaranam pravartthanangal vaikukayum aasoothrithamaaya poornnamaaya punarudhaarana pravartthanangal orikkalum poortthiyaakkaathirikkum cheythu. 1958-ll, 21-aamath captanum duke kottaye sarkkar paricharanatthinu kaimaran sammathichu, ithu ippol charitraparamaaya paristhithi scotland swathaayi pothujanangalkkayi thurannirikkunnu. vivaranam. mathilukal. moonnu konukalil vrithaakrithiyilulla gopurangalulla valia shakthiyulla kramarahithamaya chatushkona gadanayaanu danstaafneju. ithu ekadesham alakkunnu, ekadesham oru chuttalav undu. manalkkall dressingukalulla, coursade avashishtangalaal nirmmicha chumarukal, complomerate bedrock plaattphom ulppede 18 meter (60 adii) uyarathil nilkkunnu. 3 meter (10 adii) vare kattiyulla mathilukal, eee uyarnna thanthrapradhaanamaaya sthalathinu sakthamaaya prathirodham nalkunnu, loach etteevinte praveshana kavaadavum athinappurathulla brander churavum samrakshikkunnu, innu manoharamaaya kazhcha nalkunnu. orikkal mathilukal muzhuvan pinthudarnna paarapett nadattham puthiya kallu pathaakakal upayogichu bhaagikamaayi punasthaapichu. yadhaartha parapettum ippol illaathaayi. ambu cheettukal, pinneedu ganlooppukalaayi parivartthanam cheyyappettu, avaa maathramaan thurakkal. spanish naavikasenayude takarnna kappalukalil ninnu kandedutha pichala peeranki orikkal chuvarukalil gadippichirunnu. vrithaakrithiyilulla gopurangal. kottayude mathilukalude nirmmaanathinu thottupinnaale, vadakku, kizhakk, padinjaaru gopurangalil moonnu vrithaakrithiyilulla gopurangal nirmikkappettu. moonno naalo nilakal ulkkollunna ettavum valia gopuramaanu north gopuram allengil donchon, orupakshe lordinte swakaarya appaartmentukal undayirikkaam. padinjaaran gopuram eathaandu aantharikamaanu, thirasseela mathilinte vrithaakrithiyilulla moolaykk appurathekku maathram prakshepanam cheiyunnu, koodaathe paarapett nadathatthiloode maathrame praveshikkaan kazhiyoo. basement thalatthil mukalil ninnu praveshikkaavunna oru pitt jayil undu. pathinanjaam noottaandinte avasaanathil kizhakkan gopuram oru gettu hausaayi eathaandu poornnamaayum punarnirmikkappettu. oro gopuratthinum mukalil orupakshe oru konaakrithiyilulla melkoora undaayirunnirikkam. gettu house. pathinanjaam noottaandinte avasaanathil campbellukalaanu gettu house nirmmichathu, kizhakk moolayil munbathe vrithaakrithiyilulla gopuratthinu pakaram. naalu nilakalulla oru gopuratthinte roopathilaanu ithu nirmmichirikkunnathu, praveshana paatha pakuthiyolam nilavarayiloodeyum backie pakuthiyolam vaathilinu abhimukhamaayi ambu cheettukalulla kaaval murikalaayum maarunnu. gettilekkulla ippozhathe sameepanam oru kallu padiyaanu, munbathe drobridginu pakaramaan. sweekarana murikalum oru swakaarya suit nalkunnathinaayi pathinettaam noottaandil gopuram punarnirmmichu. mukalilulla dormer janalakal 1725-leeii veettil ninnulla pedimentukalaal moodappettirikkunnu (chuvade kaanuka), koodaathe theeyathi, campbel aayudangal, 11-aamm captanaaya ainiyas campbelinaayi essy, dlc ennee aadyaksharangal, addehathinte bhaarya daim lilias enniva vahikkunnu. vahikkunnu punarudhaarana pravarthanangalil eee pedimentukal ivide maatti. aantharika shreni. aditharakal maathrame avasheshikkunnulloovenkum kizhakk shreni vadakkum kizhakkum gopurangalkkidayilaanu sthithicheythirunnathu. ithu kettidangalude pradhana sreniyaayirunnu, koodaathe nilavarakalk mukalil oru valia haal undaayirunnu. haalil eratta lancet janalakalundaayirunnu, avaa kothupanikalode alankarichirunnu, avaa pinneedu block cheythu; avayude rooparekha kizhakkan thirasseela mathilil kaanaan kazhiyum. randaamathe shreni vadakku-padinjaaran mathilinaduthaayi nilakollukayum donchan gopuram haal renchumaayi bandhippikkukayum cheiyumaayirunnu. thaazhathe nilayil oru adukkala undaayirunnu. 1725-ll eee shreni rund nilakalulla oru veedaayi punarnirmmikkukayum oru kallu padiyiloode praveshikkukayum ippol gettu housinte bhagamaaya dormer janalakal upayogichu mukalil athikkukayum cheythu. valia kallu chuttupaadukal pathonpathaam noottaandilethaanennu karuthappedunnundengilum munvashathulla kinner yadhaarthamaanu. danstaafneju chaappal. kottayude thekk-padinjaaru bhagathaanu oru takarnna chaappal sthithi cheiyunnathu. lornile dankaan mcdoggle oru swakaarya chaappal enna nilayilum ithu nirmmichu, koodaathe mikacha nilavaaramulla vishadamaaya kallu panikalum ithil ulppedunnu. 13-aamm noottaandinte randaam paadatthilaanu eee chaappal nirmmichathennu vidagdhar vishwasikkunnu. chaappal undu, munbu oru thadi melkoora undaayirunnu. lancet janalakal naaya-pallu kothupanikal vahikkunnu, koodaathe akathu mikacha vishalamaaya kamaanangalund. 1740ll danstaafnejinte campbellukalude vishramasthalamaayi kizhakke attathu oru shmashana idanaazhi nirmmichappol chaappal ithinakam thanne nashichupoyirunnu. danstaafnejinte kyapttan. parambaraagathamaayi, danstaafnejinte paarambarya kyapttan ennu vilikkappedunna oru udyogasthanaanu kottayudeyum athinte prathirodhatthinteyum utharavaaditham vahikkunnath. oafees ippozhum nilanilkkunnu, padavi nilanirthaan (ippol sainika praadhaanyamillaatha oru chikitsa reethi), chumathalakkaaran varshathil moonnu raathrikal kottayil chelavazhikkendathundu. thasthikayumaayi mattu utharavaadithangalo aanukoolyangalo ippol cherthittilla. kotta pretham. danstaafnejinte ell-maid" ennariyappedunna oru pretham kottaye vettayaadunnathaayi parayappedunnu. orutharam krooramaaya prethatthinte roopam paarambarya sookshippukaarude jeevithathile sambhavangalumayi bandhappettirikkunnave parayappedunnu.

dunstaffanage killa dunstaffanage killa () haah paschim scotlandmadhil argil aanee beaute yetheel anshatah uddhvast jhalela killa aahe. teey obanchya jawal aahe, jeey loch etivechya praveshdvarapasun nairutyela eka shikharavar ektrit khadakachya vyaspithavar vasalele aahe aanee teen bajunni samudrane vedhalele aahe. killa aanee jawalche prathanagruhache avashesh hii 1958 pasoon scotlandchi aitihasik malmatta aahe. donhi anusuchit pracheen smarke aahet. haah killa 13 vya shatkatil aahe, jyamule too scotlandchya sarvat junya dagadi killyanpaiki eka aahe, sthanik gatamadhye jyat killyacha sween aanee killyacha teorum yancha samavesh aahe. mokyachya jaageche rakshan karat, too mcdoggle lords auph lornane bandhala hota aanee 15 vya shatkapasoon too kula campabeldware aayojit keela jaato. aajahi dunstaffanage eka aanuvanshik kaptan aahe, jaree teey aata killyat rahat naheet. jaree 16 vya shatkatil praveshdwar captainchi khajgi malmatta mhanoon rakhoon thewale gele asale, taree dunstaffanage dekhbhal aitihasik paryavaran skotlandware kelee jaate aanee teey lokansathi khule aahe. navatil 'dunn' yaa upasargala gelikmadhye 'killa' assa arth aahe, tarr urvarit naav norse 'steffer-nees', 'stuffchee mukhya bhoomi' yavarun aale aahe. itihas. dunstafenage karnyapurvi. killyachya bandhkamachya aadhi, dunstaffanage heey 7 vya shatkachya suruvatilach dunn monaidh mhanoon olakhalya olakhalya daal riyatanchya balekillache sthan asoo shakate. johnn monipenine 1612 madhye nondavale hote qee niyaticha dagad irelandmadhun aanalyanantar aanee 843 madhye too scone palacemadhye halavanyapurvi yethe thevanyat aala hota. tathapi, dall riyan aanee strathclide rajanshi tyanche dnyat sambandh lakshat gheta, ayona aanee dunad adhik sambhavya manale jaatat. hector bois yanni nondavale aahe qee haah dagad 'evonium' yethe thevanyat aala hota, joou paramparikpane dunstaffanage mhanoon olakhala gela aahe, jaree 2010 madhye lekhak aaa. jeey. mortenne aayarshayarmadhe evoniumla irvins olakhale. mcdoggle. betancha swami somerledchya kalat yethe eka killa hota. tathapi, 13 vya shatkachya shatkachya timahit haah killa lorncha swami aanee somerladecha natoo dunken mcdoggleche sthan banala. tyane 1237 madhye romcha pravasahi keela hota aanee too jawalchya ardchattan prayaricha sansthapak hota. dunkencha mulga even mcdogalla 1240 chya dashakat tyachya vadilanchi padvi varshane midali aanee tyane mcdogal prabhavacha vistar keela, jaree tee padvi mcdonaldschee asali taree swatahla 'betancha raja' mhanoon shailit dakhavale. ivenane killyavar teen goal manore bandhali aanee aat sabhagruh bandhale aanee mothe kele asanyachi shakyata aahe. alekzandar tisra yane aargilmadhil norse prabhawala virodh kelyanantar, mcdogalne scottish rajeshahila pathimba deela aanee 1293 madhye ivencha mulga alekzandar yala aargilcha pahila sherief banavanyat aale. tathapi, kahee varshannantar suru jhalelya scottish swatantryachya yuddhandarmyan tyanni balliol bajus pathimba deela. august 1308 madhye robbert brusney brander khindichya ladhait mcdogal kulala parabhoot kele. thodya kalasathi vedha ghatalyanantar, raja robertney dunstaffanage mcdogal killyavar taba midavala. itaranpramane tyane tyacha naash keela nahee, parantu eka hawaldar niyukt keela aanee grameen bhag aanee sagari marganchya rakshanasathi tyacha vapar karnyacha vichar karoon tyachi tartud kelee. tyane tyacha mitra, angus aanee mcdonald, betancha swami, jyala dilelya jaminisah, jyat jawalchya mols mcdogglechya bahutek jamini samavisht hotya, killyacha vapar dweepavasi tyaa uddeshasathi changlya prakare karoo shakat hote. shahee killa. aata mukut malmatta asalelya dunstaffanegevar rakhandaranchya malikeche niyantran hote. james pahila yane 1431 madhye inverlochichya yuddhanantar killa tabyat ghetala, kaaran tyache shatru aat lapoon basale hote. 1455 madhye, dagalasacha 9 vaa earl, james douglus, dunstaffanage yethe rahila, too betancha swami johnn mcdonald yachyashi upchar karnyasathi jaat hota. tyanantar james dusra yane dagalasachya sattevar hallah keela aanee westminster-ardtornishchya tahavar tahavar kelya. nantarcha rakshak, lorncha johnn stuart, haah elon mcdogalcha pratispardhi hota aanee 1463 madhye dunstaffanage chappel yethe tyachya lagnasathi jaat asatana tyachya samarthakanni tyachyavar chakoone vaar kele, jaree too tyachi shapath ghenyasathi barach kaal tikala. jaree mcdogalne killa tabyat ghetala asala taree, james tisra yane tyala hakaloon dile, jyane 1470 madhye aargilcha pahila earl, collin campabelala dunstaffanage dile. clan campbelle. aargilchya earlany dunstafnezwar dekhrekh thevanyasathi aanee tyanchya vatine teey tayar thevanyasathi karnadhar niyukt kele. imaratinmadhye, visheshtah praveshdvarat badal karnyat aale, jyachi yaa kalat punarbandhani karnyat aalee. chhavanichi ghanta hii rajgharanyache nishthavan mitra hotee aanee aanee aanee aanee shatkat itarambarobarach, betanchya mcdonald prabhunviruddhachya sarkari mohimansathi dunstaffanage aadhar mhanoon vapar keela jaat asey. james 4 yane done vela dunstaffanagela bhet dilee. dunstaffanagene yadavi yuddhadarmyan karvai kelee, 1644 madhye montrosechya sainyachya virodhat ladha deela. 1685 madhye catholic james VII viruddha aargilchya udayanantar ayashasvi jhalyanantar rajgharanyatil sainyane killa jaalala. 1715 aanee 1745 chya jacobite uthavadarmyan, killyavar sarkari sainyacha kabja hota. bonny prince charlila scotlandmadhun paloon jaanyas madat madat flora mcdonaldla londonchya turungat jaat asatana yethe kahee kaal turungat taknyat aale. doubleu. nusar. dugglus simpson haah killa tobias smolletchya 'humprey clinker' madhye disato, joou jaree dunstaffanage naav ghet nasla taree 'atharavya shatkachya shatkachya timahitil killyatil jivanache eka yogya chitra' sadar karato. ghat aanee punarsthapana. 1725 madhye junya paschim parvataranganvar naveen ghar bandhat, chhavanichya ghanta killyat aanakhi vaadh karat rahilya. tathapi, urvarit killa aadhich kshay hott hota. 1810 madhye eka aakasmik aagit praveshdwar jaloon khaq jhaale aanee senapati yethe rahane bund karoon aagneyela sumare 2 kiimii antaravar asalelya andharat andharat gharat gele. 1888 paryant bhadekaru killyatil 1725 chya gharat rahat hote. killyache malak, duke auph argil yanni 1903 madhye jirnoddhar karya haatee ghetale. tyanantar 1912 madhye eka nyayalayin khatala dakhal jhaala, jyamadhye satra nyayalayane nirnay deela qee qee aanuvanshik capton, angus campabelala, aargilchya malkichya duke asoonahi, rahanyacha adhikar aahe. pahilya mahayuddhamule kamanna vilamb jhaala aanee niyojit sampoorn jirnoddhar kadhihi purn jhaala nahee. 1958 madhye, madhye capton aanee duke yanni rajyachi kalji ghenyasathi killa sopavinyas sahmati darshavali aanee aata too aitihasik paryavaraniy scotland malmatta mhanoon lokansathi khula aahe. varnan. bhinti. dunstafenage hii prachand takadichi eka aniyamit chatushkoniy rachana aahe, jyachya teen konanvar golakar manore aahet. tyache mojmap andaje aahe aanee tyacha parigh sumare aahe. bhinti koradya koradya banalelya aahet, valukashma dressings aanee 18 meater (60 phoot) unchiparyant ubhya aahet, jyat samooh bedrock platform dekhil aahe. bhinti 3 meater (10 phoot) paryant jaad aahet, yaa atyant mokyachya thikanala majboot sanrakshn puravatat, loch itivechya praveshdwarala aanee tyapalikade branderchya khindiche rakshan karatat aanee aaj eka bhavya drushya darshavtat. ekekali sampoorn bhintinchya mage lagnari parapet chaal, naveen dagadi zendyansah anshatah punarsanchayit kelee gelee aahe. mool parapetahy aata nighun gela aahe. bananchya katyanche, nantar ganaloopmadhye rupantar jhalele, heey ekmev darvaje aahet. spanish naudalachya modkalis aalelya jahajanmadhun sapadalelya pitali tofanna ekada bhintinvar basavanyat aale hote. goal manore. killyachya bhinti bandhalyanantar lagechach uttar, purv aanee paschim paschim teen goal manore bandhanyat aalee. uttar manora kinwa donjan haah sarvat motha aahe, jyat moolatah teen kinwa chaar majale aahet aanee bahudha prabhuchi khajgi sadnika hotee. paschim manora jawaljawal antargat aahe, padadyachya bhintichya goal goal palikade kvachitach prakshepit hoto aanee keval parapet walkdware pravesh keela jaau shakato. talmajalyavaril talgharat eka khadda karagruh aahe, jyala varoon pravesh midavata aala hota. 15 vya shatkachya uttaradhat purv manorachi praveshdwar mhanoon jawaljawal purnapane punarbandhani karnyat aalee. pratyek yaa shikhar bahudha ekekali shankuchya aakarache chhat hote. darvaja. purv purv purvichya goal goal jaagi, 15 vya shatkachya uttaradhat campabelsdware praveshdwar bandhanyat aale hote. heey chaar majali harrold tower hausache roop ghete, praveshdwar ardhya khandak asalelya talgharatoon jaate, tarr urvarit ardha praveshdwarakade tond karoon bananchya chhidransah snrakshak kholya tayar karate. getkade sadhyacha marg dagadi dagadi aahe, joou purvichya drobridgechi jaaga gheto. 18 vya shatkat swagat kaksh aanee khajgi kholee upalabdh karoon denyasathi yaa yaa nutanikaran karnyat aale. varchya khidakya khidakya gharachya pedimentne jhakalelya aahet (khalee pahaa) aanee aanee capton anias campbelle aanee tyachi patni dame liliyassathi tarikh, campabelache haat aanee aii. eae. see. aanee dii. ell. see. heey aadyakshar aahet. 1903 chya jirnoddhar kamadarmyan heey talve yethe halavanyat aale hote. antargat shreni. purv parvatrang uttar aanee purv purv hotee, jaree keval paya shillak aahe. hii imaratinchi pramukh shreni hotee aanee tyat khandak asalelya talgharanchya varr eka motha sabhagruh hota. dalanat koreev namunyanni sushobhit kelelya duheri-lancet khidakya hotya, jyaa nantar bund karnyat aalya; tyanchi ruparesha purv padadyachya bhintimadhye disu shakate. dusari rang vayavya bhintivar ubhi hotee aanee tee donjan donjan sabhagruhachya ranges jodaleli asatee. talmajalyavar swayampakghar hote. 1725 madhye yaa parvatarangela done majali gharache rupantar karnyat aale, jyat dagadi shididware pravesh keela gela aanee varchya bajula khidakya hotya jyaa aata praveshdvarancha bhag banalya aahet. jaree dagadi bandhkamamule aavadalela motha parisar parisar shatkatil asala taree samoril vihir mool aahe. dunstaffanage chappel. killyachya nairutyela eka uddhvast church aahe. heey lornchya dunken mcdogglene eka khajgi prathanasthal mhanoon dekhil bandhale hote aanee tyat utkrusht darjache tapshilvar dagadi kaam aahe. tadnyanche asey mutt aahe qee heey prathanasthal 13 vya shatkachya shatkachya timahit bandhale gele hote. prathanagruh aahe aanee purvi tyache chhat lakadi hote. lansetchya khidkyanmadhye kutryachya datanvar koreev kaam asate aanee aatoon chhan rund kamani asatat. 1740 madhye heey prathanagruh aadhich uddhvast jhaale hote, jevha purv tokala dafanbindu bandhanyat aala hota, jeey dunstaffanage chhavanisathi vishrantiche thikan mhanoon kaam karat hote. dunstaffanagecha capton. paramparikpane, dunstaffanage aanuvanshik capton mhanoon olakhala jaanara adhikari killa aanee tyachya sanrakshanasathi jababdar asato. karyalay ajunahi astitvat aahe aanee heey padd kayam thevanyasathi (aata lashkari mahatva nasaleli eka upcharpaddhati), yaa padavar padavar vyaktila varshatoon teen ratri killyat ghalavane aavashyak aahe. aata yaa padashi itar konatihi jababdari kinwa visheshadhikar jodale jaat naheet. killyache bhoot. dunstaffanage ell-maid' mhanoon olakhala jaanara eka bhoot killyala tras dett asalyache mhatale jaate. eka prakarcha kroorpana, bhoot disane heey vanshparamparagat rakhandaranchya jivanatil ghatananshi sambandhit asalyache mhatale jaate.

dunstafenage mahal dunstafnez mahal () paschimi scotlandko argil rar beautema raheko anshik rupma dhwasta mahal how. yo obanko chheuma awasthit chha, loch itibhko praweshdwarko dakshin-paschimma euta promontaryma samuha chattanko platformma awasthit chha, rar tinaitira samudrale gherieko chha. mahal rar najikaiko chapel bhagnawashesh 1958 dekhi aitihasik scotland sampatti bhaeko chha. duwai anusuchit prachin smarakharu hun. mahal 13 aun shatabdiko how, jasle yasalai scotlandko sabaibhanda purano dhungako mahalharu madhye ek banaunchha, sthaniya samuhama jasma mahal sween rar mahal teorum samawesh chha. rannitik sthanko raksha gardai, yo learnka mcdougal lordsdwara nirman garieko thiyo, rar 15 aun shatabdidekhi kull campbeldwara ayojit garieko chha. ajasamma tyahan dunstafnezko wanshanugat kaptan chha, yadyapi tiniharu ab mahalma basdainan. dunstafnez aitihasik watawaran scotlandwara kayam rakhieko chha, rar janataka lagi khula chha, yadyapi 16 aun shatabdiko gatehouse kaptanko niji sampattiko rupma rakhieko chha. namko upasarga "dunn" ko artha gelikma "killa" how, jabki baanki naam nurse "staffer-niss", "stafko headland" batt aeko how. itihas. dunstafenage garnu aghi. mahalko nirman hunuaghi, dunstafnez 7 aun shatabdiko suruma dunn monaidh bhanera chinine dall rean gadhko sthan bhaeko huna sakchha. yo sann 1612 maa john monipenidwara record garieko thiyo kii niyatiko dhunga ayarlandbata lyaepachi yahan rakhieko thiyo, rar yasalai sann 843 maa scone darbarma sarinu aghi. tathapi, dyal rean rar strathclyde rajaharusangko uniharuko gyat sambandhalai dhyanma rakhdai, ayona rar dunadlai badhi sambhawana manincha. hector boisle record gare kii dhunga "evonium" maa rakhieko thiyo, june paramparagat rupma dunstafnagesanga pahichan garieko chha, yadyapi 2010 maa lekhak ae. jey. mortenle ersayarma irbhinsanga evoniumko pahichan gare. mcdogals. tapuharuka swami somerldko samayama yahan euta mahal thiyo. yadyapi, mahal 13 aun shatabdiko dosro quarterma learnka swami rar someraldka naati dunkon mcdogalko asson banyo. unle sann 1237 maa romko yatra pani gareka thie rar najikaiko ardachattan priyorika sansthapak thie. dankanka chhora even mcdogalle 1240 ko dashakma afno bubako upadhi virasatma pae, rar mcdogal prabhawa wistar gare, afulai "tapuharuko raja" shaili die, yadyapi tyo upadhi mcdonaldharuko thiyo. yo sambhawa chha kii evenle mahalma tinawata goal tawarharu nirman gare, rar bhitrako hull nirman rar wistar gare. alekjander III ko argilma nurse prabhawko pratikar pachhi, mcdogalharule scottish rajatantralai samarthan gare, rar ivenka chhora alekjanderlai sann 1293 maa argilko pahilo sheriff banaiyo. yadyapi, tiniharule scottish swatantratako yuddhako samayama baliyol pakshalai samarthan gare june kehi warshapachhi suru bhayo. robert brusle august 1308 maa brenderko pasko yudhama kull mcdagallai parajit gare. chhoto gherabandipachhi, raja robertle dunstafnezko mcdougal mahalko niyantran lie. unle yasalai arule garejhain nashta garenan, tara ek sipahi niyukta gare rar yasalai gramin rar samudri margharuko raksha garna prayog garne sochera yasako wyawastha gare. unle afno sathi, angus rar mcdonald, tapuharuka swamilai dieko jaminma, jasma najikaiko muel sahit dherai mcdougal jaminharu samawesh thie, mahallai tyas uddeshyaka lagi ailandle ramrosanga prayog garna sakthyo. shahi killa. ahile mukut sampatti, dunstafnez kiparharuko shrinkhaladwara niyantrit thiyo. james prathamle sann 1431 maa inbharlochiko yuddhapachhi mahal kabja gare, kinki unka shatruharu bhitra lukeka thie. sann 1455 maa dagalaska 9 aun earl james douglus dunstafenagema base, ailandka swami john mcdonaldsang upchar garne batoma. yo douglus shaktima james dwitiyako akraman pachhi bhayo, rar westminster-ardtornisko sandhima hastakshar bhayo. pachhi ek rakshak, learnka john stuart, alon mcdogalko pratidwandi thie, rar sann 1463 maa dunstafnez chyapalma unko wiwahako batoma unka samarthakharule unko chhura prahar gare, yadyapi uni afno pratigya garna lamo samayasamma baanche. yadyapi mcdogalle mahal kabja gare, unlai james III dwara nishkasana garieko thiyo, jasle 1470 maa argilko pahilo earl collin campbellai dunstafenage pradan gare. clan campbelle. argilka arlaharule dunstafenageko nirikshan garna rar uniharuko tarfabata yasalai tayar rakhna kaptanharu niyukta gare. bhawanharuma pariwartan gariyo, vishesh gari gatehouse, june yass samaya waripari punarnirman garieko thiyo. campbelharu shahi gharanaka wafadar sahayogiharu thie, rar dunstafnagelai 15aun rar 16aun shatabdima anya tapuharuka mcdonald prabhuko viruddhama sarkari abhiyanharuko adharka rupma prayog garieko thiyo. james IV ley dui patak dunstafnezko bhraman gare. sann 1644 maa montrosko sena viruddha dunstafenagele grihayudhako samayama karbahi dekhe. catholic james VII viruddha 1685 maa argilko udayako asafalata pachhi mahallai shahi senaharule jalae. sann 1715 rar 1745 ko jakobyte udayako samayama, mahal sarkari senaharule kabja gareka thie. bony prince charlilai scotlandbata bhagna maddat garne flora mcdonaldlai londonko jailma jaandai garda yahan kehi samayaka lagi kaid garieko thiyo. w anusar. douglus simpson mahal tobias smoletko "humphrey clinker" maa dekha pardachha, jasle dunstafnezko naam nadii pani "atharaun shatabdiko tesro quarterma mahalma jiwanko uchit chitra" prastut gardacha. hrass rar punarsthapana. campbelharule mahalma thap garna jaari rakhe, sann 1725 maa purano paschim dayarama nayan ghar nirman gare. yadyapi, mahalko baanki bhag pahile nai kshaya bhairaheko thiyo. sann 1810 maa akasmik agalagile gethauslai jalayo, rar kaptanharu yahan basna chhode, dakshin-purvama lagbhag 2 kilometer tadha dunstafnez gharma sare. bhadama lineharu sann 1888 samma mahalbhitrako 1725 gharma basthe. mahalka malik, dook aff argildwara sann 1903 maa jirnoddhar karya garieko thiyo. yo sann 1912 maa adalatko muddale pachhyaeko thiyo, jasma satra adalatle 20 aun wanshanugat kaptan angus campbellai argilko swamitwako duke bhae tapani niwasko adhikar raheko faisala garyo. pahilo vishwayuddhaka karan kamharu dhilai bhae, rar niyojit purna punarsthapana kahilyai pura bhaena. sann 1958 maa, 21 aun kaptan rar duke mahallai rajyako herchahma hastantaran garna sahamat bhae, rar yo ab aitihasik watawaran scotland sampattiko rupma janataka lagi khula chha. warnan. parkhalharu. dunstafenage thulo shaktiko aniyamit chaturbhuj sanrachana how, jasma tinawata konharuma goal tawarharu chhan. yasale lagbhag mapan gardacha, rar yasako paridhi lagbhag chha. parkhalharu dhungako dhiskan bhaeko, balaute dhungako dressingko sath, rar 18 mitter (60 fitt) aglo, sangathit bedrock platform sahit chhan. parkhalharu 3 mitter (10 fitt) baklo chhan, yass atyadhik rannitik sthanlai baliyo raksha pradan gardai, loch itibhko praweshdwar rar bahirko brenderko pasko raksha gardai, rar az ek bhawya drishya command gardai. ek patak sampurna parkhalharu pachhyaune pyarapet paidal, nayan dhungako jhanda liera anshik rupma punarsthapit garieko chha. muel pyarapet pani ahile gaeko chha. banka chhirkaharu, pachhi ganalupharuma rupantaran garieka, matra udghatanharu hun. spanis armadako bhagnawashesh bhaeka jahajharubata baramad bhaeko pitalko top ek patak parkhalharuma lagainthyo. goal tawarharu. mahalko parkhal nirman bhaepachi uttar, purva rar paschim towerharuma tinawata goal tawarharu nirman gariyo. uttari tower, wa donzon, sabaibhanda thulo how, jasma muel rupma tean wa chaar tala samawesh chhan, rar sambhawatah prabhuko niji apartmentharu thie. paschimi tower lagbhag antarik chha, parda parkhalko goal kunabhanda bahira mushkille prakshepan garieko chha, rar kewal pyarapet paidal margabata prawesh garna sakinchha. tahkhana starma pitt zell chha june mathiko bhagbata pahunch garieko thiyo. purvi tower 15 aun shatabdiko uttarardhama praweshdwarko rupma lagbhag purna rupma punarnirman garieko thiyo. pratyek tower sambhawatah ek patak shanku chhana dwara shirsha thiyo. dwar. purvi kunama raheko aghillo goal tawarlai pratisthapan gardai 15 aun shatabdiko uttarardhama campbelharule gatehouse nirman gareka thie. yasale chaar tale hard tower hausako roop linchha, praweshdwar adha bhalt garieko tahkhanabata bagchha, arko adha getko anuharma tir slitharu bhaeko gard kotha banaunchha. getko halko bato dhungako sindhidwara how, pahileko drabrijlai pratisthapan gardai. 18 aun shatabdima swagat kaksha rar niji suite pradan garna tawarko punarnirman garieko thiyo. shirshama raheka dormer jhyalharu 1725 ko gharko pedimentharudwara dhakieka chhan (tall hernuhos), rar miti, campbelle hatiyarharu, rar 11 aun kaptan anias campbelle, rar unaki shrimati dame liliaska lagi prarambhik aksharharu aec rar dielsi bokchhan. sann 1903 ko punarsthapana karyako kramama pedimentharu yahan sarieka thie. antarik sima. purvi shringkhala uttar rar purvi tawarharuko bichma awasthit thiyo, yadyapi jag matra baanki chha. yo bhawanharuko pramukh dayara thiyo rar yasama bhalt garieko tahkhana mathi thulo hull thiyo. halma nakkashidar dhanchaharule sajaieko double-lanset jhyalharu thie, jaslai pachhi awaruddha gariyo; tiniharuko ruparekha purvi pardako parkhalma dekhna sakinchha. dosro shringkhala uttar-paschim parkhalko chheuma ubhieko thiyo, rar donzon tawardwara hull dayarasanga jodieko hune thiyo. tallo talama bhansakotha thiyo. sann 1725 maa yass shringkhalalai dui tale gharma punarnirman garieko thiyo, dhungako sindhibata pugna sakinchha, rar dermer jhyalharule shirshama rakhieko thiyo june ahile gatehouseko bhag baneko chha. agadiko kuwa muel how, yadyapi thulo dhungako waripari 19 aun shatabdiko miti chha. dunstafenage chappel. mahalko dakshin-paschimma euta bhagnawashesh bhaeko girjaghar awasthit chha. yo pani learnko dunken mcdogaldwara niji chapalko rupma nirman garieko thiyo, rar utkrishta gunastarko wistrit dhungako kaam samawesh gardacha. vigyaharuko vishwas chha kii yo chapel 13 aun shatabdiko dosro quarterma nirman garieko thiyo. yo mandira chha, rar pahile kathko chhat thiyo. lansetka jhyalharuma kukur-daantko nakkashi hunchha, rar bhitri rupma ramro farakilo-play garieka mehrabharu hunchhan. sann 1740 maa yo mandira pahile nai vinashkari thiyo, jab dunstafenageko campbelharuka lagi vishram sthanko rupma purva chheuma euta chihanko galiyara banaieko thiyo. dunstafnezko kaptan. paramparagat rupma, dunstafnezko wanshanugat kaptan bhanine adhikari mahal rar yasako rakshaka lagi jimmewar hunchha. karyalaya ajhai pani awasthit chha, rar upadhi kayam rakhna (ahile sainya mahatwa binako ek sinecure), padadhikarile mahalma warshama tean raat bitaunu awashyak chha. padasanga ab kunai anya jimmewari wa visheshadhikarharu sanlagna chhainan. mahal bhut. dunstafnezko ell-maid" bhanera chinine bhutle mahallai sataunchha. ek prakarko grugacha, bhutko upasthiti wanshanugat sanrakshakharuko jiwanma bhaeka ghatanaharusanga sambandhit raheko bhaninchha.

dunstafnez durga dunstafnez durga () paschima scotlander argil ebong butere eka aanshika bhabe dhwansaprapta durga . ehaa obanra eka sthanare abasthita, jaahaa loach etibhra prabesha dwarara dakhina-paschimare eka promontory upare eka sangathita pathara mancha upare abasthita, ebong tini parsware samudra dwara paribestita . durga ebong nikatasta chappel bhagnabasesha 1958 masiharu eka aitihasika scotland sampatti hoi rahichhi. ubhaja anusoochita pracheen smaraki . ehi durga 13shaa shatabdiru arambha hoichhi, jaahaa ehaaku scotlander sabutharu puruna pathara durga madhyaru gotie kare, eka sthaniah gostheere jeunthire durga swin ebong durga teoram antarbhukta . eka rananaitika sthanara surakhya paain, ehaa learner makdaugal lords dwara nirmita hoithila, ebong 15shaa shatabdiru gosthi campbelle dwara anusthita hoiasuchhi . aaji parjyanta dunstafener jane banshanukramika captain achanti, jadio semane aau durgare ruhanti naahin . aitihasika paribesha scotland dwara dunstaffnez rakhyanabekhyana karajae, ebong janasadharananka paain khola achhi, jadio 16shaa shatabdir gatehouse captainka byaktigata sampatti bhabare bajaiah rakhajaichhi . namara upsarga "donn" rahr artha gelic bhasare "durga", jetebele kii abasista naama nurse "staffer-niss", "staffr headland" ru aasichhi. itihas. dunstafnez purbaru. durga nirmana purbaru, dunstafnez 7maha shatabdir prarambhare donn monaid naamare janashuna eka daal reattan durgara sthana hoithaipare . 1612 masihare zohn manipeninka dwara lipibadha karajaithila je, bhagya prastarati aajarlandaru anajiba parey ebong 843 masihare ehaaku scone prasadaku sthanantara karajiba purbaru ethaare rakhajaithila. tathapi, ayona ebong dunadnku adhika sambhabya bolly bibechana karajae, jehetu semanankara daal reattan ebong strathclide rajamananka sahita janashuna samparka rahichhi. hector boes record karichanti je patharati "evonium" ray rakhajaithila, jaahaa paramparika bhabare dunstafenage sahita chinhat hoichhi, jadio 2010 ray lekhaka aii. jay. morton aajarshajarare ibhonijamku irbhain sahita chinhat karithile. mcdogal. dwepapunjara prabhu somarlednka samajare ethaare eka durga thila . tebe, ehi durga 13shaa shatabdir dwiteeja chaturthangshare learner prabhu ebong somerlader naati dankan makdogalanka aasana palatithila. shay 1237 masihare rome madhya jatra karithile ebong nikatasta ardchattan praiorira pratisthata thile. dankanka pua ewen mcdogall 1240 dashakare taanka pitanka upadhi uttaradhikarare paithile, ebong mcdogall prabhabaku bistara karithile, nijaku "dwepapunjara raja" style karithile jadio sehi upadhi mcdonaldmanankara thila . sambhabatah yuen durga upare tinoti goal stambha nirmana karithile, ebong bhitara hull nirmana oh bistara karithile. argeel upare nursor prabhabaku prabhabaku pratyakhyana parey, makdougalmane scottish rajatantraku samarthan karithile, ebong iwennka pua alekajandarnku 1293 masihare argeel rahr pratham sherif karajaithila. tathapi, semane scottish swadheenata juddha samajare balliol pakhyaku samarthan karithile jaahaa kichhi barsha parey arambha hoithila . robart bruce 1308 augustre brender passes juddhare mcdogall gostheeku parasta karithile. eka sankhipta abarodh parey, raja robart dunstafenager mcdogall durgaku nijantrana karithile. shay ehaaku nust karinathile, jepari shay anyamananku karithile, kintu jane kanestabalanku nijukta karithile ebong ehaaku gramanchala ebong samudrapathara surakhya paain byabahara karibaku chinta karithile. shay taanka bandhu, aangus oh mcdonald, dwepapunjara prabhunku deithiba jami sahita, jeunthire nikatasta muel sameth adhikansha mcdogall jami antarbhukta thila, durgaku sehi uddeshyare dwepapunja dwara bhal bhabare byabahara karajaipariba . rajkiah durga. bartamana eka mukut sampatti, dunstafenezku aneka kiparnka dwara nijantrita karajauthila . james pratham 1431 masihare inverlochi juddha parey durgaku dakhal karithile, kaaran taanka shatrumane bhitare luchi rahithile. 1455 masihare dagalasra 9maha earl james douglass dunstafnageray rahithile, dwepapunjara adhipati zohn mcdonaldnka saha chikitsa kariba paain rastare. ehaa dougles shakti upare dwiteeja jemsanka aakraman parey hoithila, ebong ehaa westminster-ardtornish chukti swakhyarita hoithila. parabarti samajare learner jane rakhyak, zohn stewart, alan mcdogalanka pratidwandee thile, ebong 1463 masihare dunstaffnez chapelare taanka bibahaku jauthiba samajare taanka samarthakamane tanku chhureere aaghata karithile, jadio shay taanka shapath neba paain dirgha samai banchithile. jadio mcdogal durgaku adhikara karithile, tanku james truteejanka dwara bahishkara karajaithila, jie 1470 ray argiller 1maha earl collin kyampabelnku dunstafenz pradan karithile. clan campbell. argilnka arlamane dunstafenz tadarakh karibaku ebong semananka tarapharu ehaaku prastuta rakhiba paain adhinajaka nijukta karithile. kotha gudikare, bisesh curry prabesha dwarare paribartana karajaithila, jaahaa ehi samajare punarbara nirmana karajaithila. shibir ghanta rajaparibarara biswasta sahajogee thila, ebong 15shaa ebong 16shaa shatabdire anyamananka madhyare, dwepapunjara mcdonald prabhunka biruddhare sarkari abhijana paain dunstafenezku eka aadhara bhabare byabahara karajaithila. james chaturtha duithara dunstaffnez gasta karithile. 1644 masihare, dunstafenage gruhajudha samajare, mantrosnka sena biruddhare karjyanusthana grahan karithile. 1685 masihare, catholic catholic biruddhare aargilnka utthana biphal heba parey, rajkiah sainyabahinee dwara ehi durgaku jaali diajaithila. 1715 ebong 1745 masihare jakobaitanka utthana samajare, ehi durga sarkari sainyamananka dwara adhikruta hoithila. bony prince charlinku skatalyandaru khasi palaibare sahajya karithiba flora mcdonaldnku landanare karagaraku jiba baatare ethaare kichhi samai paain bandi karajaithila. waa. nka anujai. doglass simpson durgati tobias smoletnka "humpri klinkara" ray dekhajae, jaahaa dunstafenz naama nadei madhya "astadasha shatabdir truteeja chaturthangshare durgara jeebner eka sathik chitra" upasthapana kare . hrass ebong punaruddhara. 1725 masihare puruna paschima renz upare eka nutan ghara nirmana curry, campbelle durgare joga kariba jaari rakhithila. tathapi, durgara abasista ansha purbaru khyaja heuthila . 1810 masihare eka akasmika agnikanda dwaragruhaku jalai deithila, ebong adhinajakamane ethaare rahiba banda karideithile, dakhina-purbaku praiah 2 kilometer doorare thiba andhakarm gharaku chalijaithile. 1888 masiha parjyanta bhadatiamane durga madhyare thiba 1725 masihar ghare rahuthile. 1903 masihare durgara malika dick off argilnka dwara punaruddhara karjya haataku niajaithila. ehaa parey 1912 masihare eka adalat mamla hoithila, jeunthire court off session raiah deithile je je banshanukramika captain angas campabelnkara dick off argilnka malikana satwe rahibara adhikara achhi. pratham biswajudha karanaru karjya bilamba hoithila, ebong jojanabaddha sampurna punaruddhara kebe shesh hoinathila. 1958 masihare, masihare captain ebong dick ehi durgaku rajya jatnare hastantara karibaku raaji hoithile, ebong ehaa bartamana eka aitihasika paribesha scotland sampatti bhabare janasadharananka paain khola achhi . barnana. kanth. dunstafnez heuchhi eka aniyamita chatushkoniah gathan, jahara tinoti konare golakara tawara rahichhi. ehara mapa pakhapakhi, ebong ehara paridhi pakhapakhi. kanthagudika pathara pathara sahita, baluka pathara poshaka sahita, ebong 18 mitter (60 phuta) parjyanta uccha, sangathita bedrock platform sahita chhida hoichhi . kanthagudika 3 mitter (10 phuta) parjyanta mota, ehi uccha rananaitika abasthaku drudha pratirakhya pradan kare, loach itibhra prabesha dwara ebong brander passes bahare surakhya kare, ebong aaji eka chamatkara drushyaku nirdesh kare . ekada samagra kanthaku anusarana karuthiba parapet padacharanaku nutan pathara pataka sahita aanshika bhabare punaruddhara karajaichi . moola parapet madhya ebe chalijaichhi. teera khanda, jaahaa parey ganalupare rupantarita hoithila, heuchhi ekamatra khol. spanian armdar dhwansaprapta jahajaru uddhara hoithiba pitala tope thare kanthare lagajaithila . goal stambha. durga prachira nirmanara turanta parey, uttara, purba ebong paschima tawarare tinoti goal tawara nirmana karajaithila . uttara tawara, kimba donzon, sarbabruhata, jaahaa moolatah tini kimba chaari mahla nei gathita, ebong sambhabatah prabhunka byaktigata apartment thila . paschima tawarati praiah aabhyantareen, pardara kanthara goal kone bahare kebala prakhyepita hue, ebong kebala parapet chaliba madhyamare prabesha karajaipariba . tala mahalare eka pitt jail achhi jaahaaku uparu prabesha karajaithila . 15shaa shatabdir shesh bhagare purba tawaraku eka prabesha dwara bhabare praiah sampurna bhabare punahnirmana karajaithila. pratyeka tawara sambhabatah thare eka shankujukta chhaata dwara sheershare thila . dwara. purba konare thiba eka purba golakara tawaraku badalai 15shaa shatabdir shesh bhagare campbelle dwara ehi prabesha dwara nirmana karajaithila. ehaa eka chaari mahla bisista harlade tawara houses roop neichi, jeunthire prabesha pathati adhaa vulted basement dei gati karuchhi, anya adhaa gett aadaku teera kataa sahita gard room gathan kare . phatakaku bartamana eka pathara sidi dwara, eka purba drabridge badalai . 18shaa shatabdire ehi tawaraku punahnirmita karajaithila, jeunthire eka gharoi suite ebong swagata kaxa upalabdha hoithila. sheershare thiba dormer jharaka 1725 gharara pediment dwara aachadita hoichhi (tale dekhantu), ebong tarikh, campbell baahu, ebong 11 tama captain anias campbell, ebong taanka patni dame lilias paain ac ebong dlc aadi akhyara bahn kare . 1903 masihar punaruddhara karjya samajare ehi pedimentagudiku ethaare sthanantara karajaithila. aabhyantareen parisara. purba renz uttara ebong purba tawara madhyare abasthita thila, jadio kebala muladua baaki achhi . ehaa kothagudikara pramukh parisara thila ebong ethire khilanajukta bhandara upare eka budd hull thila . hull ray dui-lancet jharaka thila, khodita dhanchare sajjit, jaahaa parey abarodh karajaithila; semanankara ruparekha purba parda kanthare dekhajaipare . dwiteeja renz uttara-paschima kanth sahita thia hoithila, ebong donzon tawara dwara hull renz sahita sanjukta hoithiba . tala mahalare eka roshei ghara thila. 1725 masihare ehi parbatashreneeku eka dui mahla bisista ghare punahnirmita karajaithila, eka pathara sidi madhyamare prabesha karajaithila, ebong sheershare dormer jharaka thila jaahaa bartamana gatehouser ansha . sammukhasta kooati moola, jadio ehara charipakhare thiba bishala patharati 19shaa shatabdir atte. dunstafnez chappel . durgara dakhina-paschima digare eka dhwansaprapta church abasthita. ehaa madhya eka gharoi chappel bhabare learner dankan makdogalanka dwara nirmita hoithila, ebong utkrusta gunabatta bisista bistruta pathara karjyara baisistya . bisheshagyamane biswasa karanti je ehi church 13shaa shatabdir dwiteeja chaturthangshare nirmita hoithila. ehi mandirati rahichhi, ebong purbaru ehara chhaata kathara thila. lancet jharaka kukur-daanta khodita bahn kare, ebong aabhyantareen bhabare sukshma prasasta-khela khilan achhi . 1740 masihare ehi charchati purbaru hinn dhwansatmaka hoijaithila, jetebele purba parsware eka samadhi path nirmana karajaithila, jaahaa dunstafener shibir ghanta paain bishram sthana bhabare karjya karithila . dunstafnager captain. paramparika bhabe, banshanukramika bhabe dunstafener captain kuhajauthiba jane adhikari durga ebong ehara surakhya paain daie. karjyalaja ebe bii rahichhi, ebong upadhi bajaiah rakhiba paain (bartamana samarika gurutwa bina eka swatantra chikitsa), ehi padabeedhareenku durgare barshaku tini raati bitaibaku padithae. bartamana ehi padabee sahita anya kaunasi dajitwa kimba bisheshadhikara sanlagna hoinahin. durga bhuta. ell-maid off dunstafage" bhabare janashuna eka bhuta, durgaku shikara kare bolly kuhajae . eka prakarara bhajankara, bhutanka upasthiti banshanukramika rakhyakanka jeebanare ghatana sahita jadita bolly kuhajae .

dunstafnage kilha dunstaffnage casal () pachmi scotland dey argil atey beaute witch ikk anshak taur utte tabah hoiaa kilha haii. ih oban dey bilkul nede sathit haii, joe kii loach attive dey pravesh duaar dey dakkhan-pachham witch ikk promontary utte samooh chattan dey ikk munch utte sathit haii, atey tinn pasiaan toon samunder naal ghiriaa hoiaa haii. kilha atey nedley chappel daa khandar 1958 toon ikk itihasak scotland dee jaidad riha haii. doven anusuchit prachin smark hunn. ih kilha girjaghar sadee daa haii, jiss naal ih scotland dey sabh toon purane patthar dey kilhe vicchon ikk bann giaa haii, ikk sathanak samooh witch jiss witch kilha sween atey kilha teoram shamal hunn. ikk rannitak sathaan dee raakhi karde hoye, ih mcdoggle lards aaf loran duaara banaiaa giaa see, atey 15 veen sadee toon kabile dee campbell duaara aayojit keeta jaa riha haii. ajj takk dunstafnage daa ikk vanshvadi kaptan haii, halanki uh hunn kilhe witch naheen rahinde. dunstafnage noon itihasak vatavaran scotland duaara banayi rakkhiaa jaanda haii, atey janata laee khullah haii, halanki 16 veen sadee dey gatehouse noon kaptan dee nijji jaidad vajon barkarar rakkhiaa giaa haii. naam witch agetar "dunn" daa arth gallic witch "kilha" haii, jadon kii baaki naam naurs "steffer-niss", "staff dee headland" toon liaa giaa haii. itihaas. dunstafnage toon pahilan. kilhe dey nirman toon pahilan, dunstafnage dunstafnage sadee dey shuru witch ikk daal riatan gadah daa sathaan hoow sakda haii, jiss noon dunn monedh vajon janhiaa jaanda haii. ih 1612 witch john monipeni duaara daraj keeta giaa see kii kismat daa patthar ireland toon liaun toon baad atey 843 witch iss noon scone mahil witch lijaan toon pahilan itthe rakkhiaa giaa see. halanki, aaina atey dunad noon vadhere sambhavna manniaa jaanda haii, kiunki unhan dey dell reuton atey strathclide rajiaan naal jaane jaande sabndh hunn. hector boses neey ricard keeta haii kii patthar noon "evonium" witch rakkhiaa giaa see, jiss dee pachanh ravaiti taur utte dunstafnage naal keeti gaee haii, halanki 2010 witch lekhak neey ikk patthar likhiaa see. jey. morton neey ershire witch irvin naal evonium dee pachanh keeti. mcdoggles. tapuan dey maalak somerlade dey samein itthe ikk kilha see. halanki, ih kilha girjaghar sadee dey dooje chauthai witch loran dey maalak atey somerlade dey pote dunken mcdoggle dee seet bann giaa. uss neey 1237 witch rome dee yaatra vee keeti see atey uh nedley ardchatan priori daa sansthapak see. dunken dey puttar eeven mcdogal noon 1240 dey dahake witch aapne pitaa daa khitaab virasat witch miliaa, atey mcdogal prabhav daa vistaar keeta, aapne aap noon "tapuan daa raaja" daa roop ditta, halanki ih khitaab mcdonalds naal sabandhat see. ih sambhav haii kii eeven neey kilhe utte tinn goal burjan daa nirman keeta, atey andarle haal daa nirman atey vistaar keeta. sikander III dey argil witch naurs prabhav toon bhajjan toon baad, mcdoggles neey scottish rajtantar daa samarthan keeta, atey eeven dey puttar sikander noon 1293 witch argil daa pahila sheriff banaiaa giaa see. halanki, unhan neey scottish sutantarta dey yuddhan dauran balliol pakkh daa samarthan keeta joe kujh saalan baad shuru hoiaa see. robbert broos neey agast 1308 witch brender dey darre dee ladai witch kabile mcdoggle noon haraiaa. ikk sankhep gherabandi toon baad, raaja robbert neey dunstaffnage dey mcdoggle kilhe daa controll aapne hatth witch lae liaa. uss neey iss noon nasht naheen keeta, jiven kii usne doojiaan noon keeta, parr ikk constable niyukat keeta atey iss dee vivastha keeti, iss dee varton pendu atey samundari maargan dee raakhi laee curran baare sochiaa. uss zameen dey naal joe usne aapne dosat, angus atey mcdonald, tapuan dey maalak noon ditti see, jiss witch nedley mall samet bahut saariaan mcdoggle zaminan shamal sunn, kilhe dee varton tapu duaara iss udesh laee changi tarahan keeti jaa sakadi see. shaahi kilha. hunn ikk taaj dee jaidad, dunstafnage noon keepran dee ikk luddy duaara niyantrit keeta jaanda see. james pahile neey inverlochi dee ladai toon baad 1431 witch kilhe utte kabza qarr liaa see, kiunki uss dey dushman ander luke hoye sunn. sann 1455 witch dougles dey dey aral james dougles, tapuan dey maalak jauhan mcdonald naal ilaaj curran laee jaa rahey sunn. iss toon baad james II neey dougles shakti utte hamla keeta atey iss naal westminster-ardtornish dee sandhi utte hastakhar keete gaye. baad witch ikk rakkhiak, john stevert aaf laaran, ellen mcdoggle daa virodhi see, atey uss dey samarthakan duaara 1463 witch dunstaffnage chappel witch uss dey viaah laee jaande samein chaku maar ditta giaa see, halanki uh aapni sahun chukkan laee kaafi lambe samein takk bachiaa see. halanki mcdoggle neey kilhe noon aapne kabze witch lae liaa see, parr uss noon james III duaara bahr kaddh ditta giaa see, jiss neey 1470 witch argal dey pahile aral collin campbelle noon dunstafnage ditta see. kabile dee campbell. argil dey arlan neey dunstafnage dee nigrani curran atey iss noon aapni tarfon tiaar rakkhan laee kaptanan noon niyukat keeta. imaratan witch tabdiliaan keetiaan gaeeaan sunn, khaas karke gatehouse, jiss noon iss samein dey aas paas dubara banaiaa giaa see. campbell shaahi gharane dey vafadar sehyogi sunn, atey gatehouse atey atey sadee dauran tapuan dey mcdonald prabhuaan dey virudh sarkari muhimman laee dunstafnage dee varton keeti jaandi see. james IV neey doou maukiaan 'teey dunstafnage daa daura keeta. dunstafnage neey gharelu yuddh dauran karvai keeti, 1644 witch montros dee fauj dey virudh pardarshan keeta. catholic james VII dey virudh 1685 witch argil dey ubhaar dee asafalta toon baad, kilhe noon shaahi faujan duaara saad ditta giaa see. 1715 atey 1745 dey jacobite dey ubhaar dauran, kilhe utte sarkari faujan daa kabza see. flora mcdonald, jiss neey bonnie prince charley noon scotland toon bachann witch madad keeti, noon london witch jailh jaanh dey raste witch itthe sankhep roop witch qaid qarr liaa giaa see. w dey anusar dougles simpson kilha tobias smolt dey "humphrey clinker" witch dikhai dinda haii, joe kii dunstafnage daa naam naa lainde hoye vee, "atharvin sadee dee tiji timahi witch kilhe witch jeevan dee ikk nirpakh tasveer" pesh karda haii. girawat atey bahali. campbellan neey kilhe witch vaadha karna jaari rakkhiaa, 1725 witch purani pachmi rainz utte ikk navaan gharr banaiaa. halanki, baaki kilha pahilan hii shudd riha see. sann 1810 witch ikk durghatna naal agg laggan naal gett haaoos shudd giaa atey kaptanan neey itthe rahina bnd qarr ditta atey dakkhan-purab witch lagbhag 2 kilometer door dunstafnage haaoos witch chaley gaye. kiraedar 1888 takk kilhe dey ander 1725 dey gharr witch rahinde sunn. 1903 witch kilhe dey maalak, diook aaf argil duaara bahali daa kamm shuru keeta giaa see. iss toon baad 1912 witch ikk adalati case aaiaa, jiss witch adalat neey faisla sunaiaa kii kii vanshvadi kaptan angus campbelle noon, argil dee malkiat dey bavjood, nivas daa adhikar see. pahile vishav yuddh caarn kamman witch deree hoee atey yojnabadh kull bahali kadey puurii naheen hoee. 1958 witch, witch kaptan atey diook neey kilhe noon raaj dee dekhbhal witch saunpan laee sehmati pragtai, atey ih hunn ikk itihasak vatavaran scotland sampati vajon janata laee khullah haii. varnan. kandhan. dunstafnage mahaan taakat dee ikk aniyamit chaturbhuj banatar haii, jiss dey tinn konan utte goal tower hunn. ih lagbhag mapada haii, atey iss daa ghera lagbhag haii. kandhan malbe dey dhakk deeaan hunn, jiss witch patthar deeaan dressingan hunn, atey 18 meeter (60 futt) ucchi hunn, jiss witch samooh dey bedrock platform vee shamal hunn. kandhan 3 meeter (10 futt) takk motiaan hunn, iss ucch rannitak sathaan noon mazboot rakkhiaa pardan kardiaan hunn, loach attive dey pravesh duaar atey iss toon agge brender dey paas dee raakhi kardiaan hunn, atey ajj ikk shandar drish dee command kardiaan hunn. parapet vaak, joe ikk vaar puurii kandhan daa paalan karda see, noon navein patthar dey jhandiaan naal anshak taur 'teey bahaal keeta giaa haii. mool parapet vee hunn chalaa giaa haii. teer dey tukde, joe baad witch gunloop witch tabdil hoow gaye, siraf khulhan vaale hunn. spanish armada dey tabah hoye jahazan toon baramad pittal dee tope ikk vaar kandhan utte lagaai gaee see. goal tower. kilhe deeaan kandhan dey nirman toon turant baad, uttar, purab atey pachham dey burjan utte tinn goal buraj banaae gaye sunn. uttri tower, jaan donjan, sabh toon vadda haii, jiss witch asal witch tinn jaan chaar manzila hunn, atey shayed prabhu dey nijji apartment sunn. pachmi tower lagbhag andruni haii, mushkil naal parade dee kandh dey goal coney toon parey haii, atey siraf parapet vaak raahin dakhal keeta jaa sakda haii. basement paddhar witch ikk toye dee jailh haii jiss takk uppron pahunch keeti gaee see. purbi tower noon gatehouse sadee dey akheer witch ikk gatehouse vajon lagbhag puurii tarahan dubara banaiaa giaa see. harek tower shayed ikk vaar shanku chhatt naal sikhar 'teey see. darwaze daa gharr. gatehouse gatehouse sadee dey akheer witch campbellan duaara banaiaa giaa see, joe purbi coney witch ikk purane goal tower dee thaan lainda see. ih ikk chaar manzila harled tower haaoos daa roop lainda haii, jiss witch pravesh duaar addhe khambhe vaale basement vicchon langhda haii, baaki addha gett dey sahmane teer dey tukde vaale gaard room banaunda haii. gett takk daa maujuda pahunch ikk patthar dee paudi duaara haii, joe ikk purane daraa brij dee thaan laindi haii. haii। sadee witch iss tower noon mudd tiaar keeta giaa see taan joe reception room atey ikk private soot muhaiya karvaiaa jaa sake. sikhar 'teey domer khidkiaan 1725 dey gharr dey pediments duaara dhakkiaan gaeeaan hunn (hethan dekho), atey mitee, campbelle baahan, atey atey kaptan anius campbelle atey uss dee patni daim lilius laee ineus campbelle laee aaee. ee. see. atey dee. ail. see. dey pahile akkhar hunn. 1903 dey bahali dey kamman dauran pediments noon itthe lijaiaa giaa see. andruni seema. purbi rainz uttar atey purbi toweran dey vichkaar sathit see, halanki siraf neenh bachi haii. ih imaratan dee pramukh shreni see atey iss witch khambhiaan vaale tehriaan dey uppar ikk vadda haal see. haal witch dohre-lancet deeaan khidkiaan sunn, joe ukkariaan gaeeaan patternan naal sajaae gaye sunn, jinhan noon baad witch bnd qarr ditta giaa see; unhan dee roop rekha purbi parade dee kandh witch vekhi jaa sakadi haii. ikk duji rainz uttar-pachmi kandh dey naal khadhi see, atey donjan tower duaara haal rainz naal judee hoee see. hethli manzal 'teey rasoi see. 1725 witch iss rainz noon ikk doou manzila gharr witch dubara tiaar keeta giaa see, jiss takk ikk patthar dee paudi raahin pahunch keeti gaee see, atey iss dey sikhar utte sunder khidkiaan sunn joe hunn gatehouse daa hissa bann gaeeaan hunn. sahmane daa khooh asli haii, halanki vadda patthar patthar sadee daa haii. dunstafnage chappel. kilhe dey dakkhan-pachham witch ikk tabah hoiaa girjaghar sathit haii. ih ikk private chappel dey roop witch loran dey dunken mcdoggle duaara vee banaiaa giaa see, atey iss witch shandar gunwatta daa vistrit patthar daa kamm haii. maaharan daa mannana haii kii ih girjaghar girjaghar sadee dey dooje chauthai witch banaiaa giaa see. chappel haii, atey pahilan iss dee chhatt lakkad dee see. lancet deeaan khidkiaan kutte dey dandan dee nakkashi kardiaan hunn, atey andruni taur 'teey change chaude-played kamaan hunn. ih girjaghar 1740 witch pahilan hii tabah hoow chukka see, jadon purbi sire utte ikk dafnaun daa galiara banaiaa giaa see, taan joe dunstafnage dey campbellan laee aaram curran dee jagha vajon kamm keeta jaa sake. dunstafnage daa kaptan. ravaiti taur utte, ikk adhikari jiss noon dunstafnage daa vanshvadi kaptan kiha jaanda haii, kilhe atey iss dee rakkhiaa laee zimmevar hunda haii. daftar ajey vee maujood haii, atey sirlekh noon barkarar rakkhan laee (hunn fauji mahatta toon binan ikk ilaaj), ahudedar noon kilhe witch saal witch tinn raatan bitaun dee zaroorat hundi haii. iss ahude naal hunn koee horr zimmevariaan jaan vishesh adhikar naheen jude hunn. kilhe daa bhoot. ikk bhoot, jiss noon "dunstafnage dee ail-maid" vajon janhiaa jaanda haii, noon kilhe daa shikar manniaa jaanda haii. ikk kisam dee bhiaanakta, bhoot dee dikkh noon vanshvadi rakkhiakan dey jeevan witch ghatnavan naal jodiaa jaanda haii.

dunstaffnage durgah dunstaffnage-durgah () pashchim-scatland-deshasya aargil-tathaa beaut-madhye aamshikaroopena bhagtitah durgah asti. oban-nagarasya sameepe, loch-etive-ityasya praveshadvaarasya nairutyadishi, samavistruta-shilayaha manche sthitah, samudrena tribhihi pakshaih pariveshtitah asti. durgah, sameepasthah prarthana-mandirasya bhagnaavasheshah cha 1958 tamaat varshaat aitihaasika-scatland-sampattih asti. ubhau api anusoochit-prachina-smaarakaah santi. ayam durgah 13 shataabdyaam nirmitah asti, yena scatland-deshasya prachinatameshu shilanam durgeshu anyatamah asti, sthaniyagune, yatra sween-durgah, teoram-durgah cha antarbhavanti. vyoohaatmakasthaanasy rakshanarthm, etat mcdogal-lards-aaf-lorn ityanena nirmitam, 15 shataabdyaah kalat kulasya campbell ityanena aayojitam asti. adyaavadhi dunstafenage ityasya vamshaanugatah naayakah asti, yadyapi te durgasya nivaasinah naa santi. dunstaffnage iteedam aitihaasika-paryaawaran-scatland ityanena nirvahitam asti, tathaa cha janaanaam krute muktam asti, yadyapi 16 shataabdyaah dwaaragruham captain ityasya nijee-sampattiroopen rakshitam asti. naamnah upasarga "dunn" ityasya arthah gelic-bhashayam "durgah" iti, aparam naam nars-bhashayaha "staffer-niss" iti "staff-ityasya headland" ityatah nishpannam asti. itihaasah. dunstaffnage ityasya poorvam. durgasya nirmanat poorvam, dunstaffnage 7 shataabdyaah aarambhe, dunn-monaadh iti namna prasidhah daal-riyatan-durgasya sthaanam aasit. 1612 tame varshe jaan monipeni ityanena abhilekhitam yat niyatishilayaha ayarlyaand-deshaat aanayan, 843 tame varshe scan-prasadam prati sthanantarat poorvam cha atra rakshitam aasit iti, tathaapi, daal-riyatan tathaa strath-clad-raajaih saha jnaata-sambandhasya drushtyaa ayonaa tathaa dunad ityetayoho adhika-sambhavana asti iti manyate. hector boyas ityanena likhitam yat ayam shilah "avonium" ityatra rakshita aasit, yah paramparaagataroopen dunstaffnage ityanena saha abhidnyaapitah asti, yadyapi 2010 tame varshe lekhakah a. jey. morton ityeshah airshair-nagare irvain ityanena saha avonium iti ankayat. mcdogals iti. dvipanam swami somerlade ityasya kaale atra ekaha durgah aasit. parantu, 13 shataabdyaah dwiteeya-chaturthaamshe, laarn-prabhoho somerlade-ityasya pautrasya cha dankan-mcdogal ityasya aasanam abhavat. saha 1237 tame varshe rome-nagaram api pravaasam krutavaan, samipasthasya ardachattan-priyori ityasya samsthaapakah cha aasit. dankan ityasya putrah eeven mcdogal 1240 tame dashake swapituh upaadhim uttaradhikarat praptavan, tathaa cha mcdogal ityasya prabhaavasya vistaaram krutavaan, yadyapi saha upadhi mcdonalds-jananam aasit, tathaapi swayam "dvipanam raja" iti shaileekrutavaan. sambhawatah evena ityeshah durgasya upari trishu goladurgaan niramaat, antah sabhamandalam niramaat, vistaaram cha krutavaan iti. alekzaandar-III ityasya aargil-madhye nars-prabhaavasya nirakarananantaram, mcdougals-janaah skaatish-rajatantram samarthayan, tathaa cha eeven-ityasya putrah alexander ityeshah 1293 tame varshe aargil-ityasya prathamah sheriff-rupena niyuktah, parantu, kechan varshaanaam anantaram skaatish-swaatantryasya yuddheshu te balliol-pakshasya samarthanam krutavantah. robert broosah 1308 august-maase brender-paas-yuddhe mcdougal-vamshasya paraajayam praapnot. alpakalat pariveshtanaat anantaram raja rabert, dunstaffnage-nagarasya mcdougal-durgasya niyantranam sveekrutavaan. saha anyaih iva naa naa naa naa naa naa nashayat, parantu arakshakam niyuktvaa, graameen-samudra-marganam rakshanarthm tasya upayogam kartum vichaarayan, tasya vyavasthaa krutavaan. saha swamitram, dvipanam swami, engas o mcdonald ityasmai yat bhoomim adadat, yasmin sameepastham mull-sahitam adhikaamsham mcdogal-bhoomih antarbhavati sma, tasmin prayojanartham dweepasya raajah durgasya uttamah upayogah kartum shaknoti sma. raajadurgah. adhunaa mukutsampattih, dunstaffnage iteedam keeper-shrunkhalayaa niyantritam aasit. james prathamah 1431 tame varshe inverlochee-yuddhasya anantaram durgam gruheetavaan, yatah tasya shatruhu antah guptah aasit. 1455 tame varshe dougles-nagarasya 9 tamah earl-james dougles-varyaha dunstaffnage-nagare dvipanam adhipatinaa jaan mcdonalden saha upacharam kartum gacchan aasit. tadanantaram dougles-shaktteh upari james-dwiteeyasya akramanam abhavat, yena westminster-ardtornish-sandhihi abhavat. pashchat rakshaka, laarn-nagarasya jaan stevert, alan mcdogal ityasya pratidwandwi aasit, 1463 tame varshe dunstaffnage-prarthana-mandape tasya vivaahasya maarge tasya samarthakaih churikaaghaatah krutah, yadyapi saha svapratyashanam krute dirghakalam yaavat jeevitah aasit. yadyapi mcdogal ityeshah durgam gruheetavaan, tathaapi saha james-III ityanena nishkaasitah, yah 1470 tame varshe aargil ityasya prathama-earl-collin-kempbel-ityasmai dunstafenage-pradanam krutavaan. clan-campbell iti. aargil ityasya earl ityete, dunstafenage ityasya nirikshanartham, teshaam krute tatt sajjataya cha sthaapayitum cha nayakan niyuktavantah. bhavananam, visheshatah dwaaragruhasya, parivartanam krutam, yat asmin eva kaale punarnirmitam aasit. shibir-ghantaah raajagruhasya nishtaavantah mitraani aasan, 15 tame tathaa 16 tame shataabdyaam dvipanam mcdonald-prabhunam viruddham sarvakaareey-abhiyananam aadhaararoopen dunstaffnage ityasya upayogah krutah. james IV ityeshah dvivaaram dunstaffnage-nagaram gatavaan. dunstaffnage-varyaha gruhayuddhasya samaye 1644 tame varshe montros-ityasya senayaha viruddham kaaryam akarot. 1685 tame varshe catholic-james-VII ityasya viruddham aargil-ityasya udayasya viphalataayaah anantaram raaj-sainyaih durgah prajwaalayat. 1715 tathaa 1745 tame varshe yacobat-vidrohasya samaye, durgah sarwakaareeyasainikaih aakramitah aasit. bony prince charley ityasmai scatland-deshaat palaayanam kartum sahayyam krutah flora mcdonald ityeshah landan-nagare kaaraavaase "maarge" alpakalam yaavat atra kaaraavarodhitah aasit. tadanusaram doubleu. dougles simpsanah durgah tobias smollet ityasya "humphrey klinker" ityasmin drushyate, yat yadyapi dunstafenage ityasya naam naa dattam, tathaapi "ashtaadashashataabdyaah truteeya-chaturthaamshe durgasya jeevanasya nyaayyam chitram" prastooyati. kshayam punahsthaapanam cha. 1725 tame varshe puraatane pashchimashrenyaah upari nootanam gruham niramaat, shibir-bails ityete durgam prati nirantaram vardhante sma. tathaapi, durgasya sheshah bhaagah poorvamev kshiptah aasit. 1810 tame varshe aakasmik-agnyau dwaaram dagdham, tathaa cha senaapatih atra nivasitum naa vilamban, dakshinapoorvadishi praayah 2 kii. mee. doore dunstafage-gruham prati gatavantah. 1888 tamavarshaparyantam, 1725 tame varshe durgasya antah gruhasya bhaatakah nivasan. durgasya swami duke aaf aargil ityanena 1903 tame varshe punarnirmanakaryam krutam. tadanantaram 1912 tame varshe nyayalayasya prakaranam abhavat, yasmin satra-nyayalayaha 20 tamam vamshaparamparaagata-nayakam aangas-campbell ityasmai aargil ityasya duke ityasya svaamitvam satsu api nivaasasya adhikaarah aasit iti nirnayam akarot. prathamawishwayuddhen kaaryeshu vilambah abhavat, niyojitam poornam punarnirmanam kadaapi naa poornam abhavat. 1958 tame varshe 21 tamah capton tathaa duke cha durgam rajya-paricharyai samarpayitum sahamatau, adhunaa aitihaasika-paryaawaran-scatland-sampattiroopen etat janaan uddishya udghaatitam asti. varnanam. bhittayah. dunstaffnage iti vishaalashaktiyuktah aniyamitah chatushkoneeyah samrachanaa asti, yasya tribhujeshu koneshu vruttaakaaradurgaah santi. asya parimaapah praayah bhavati, paridhihi cha praayah bhavati. bhittayah shilaalekh-vinyaasaih saha, shilaalekh-nirmitaih khandaih nirmitaah santi, 18 mee. (60 feet) yaavat unnataah santi, yaasu samuhasya aadharashilaayaah manchah api asti. bhittayah 3 mee. (10 feet) yaavat sthoolaah santi, ete uccha-vyoohaatmak-sthanasya drudha-rakshanm kurvanti, loch-etive ityasya praveshadvaaram, tatah param brender-paas ityetam cha rakshayanti, adya cha bhavyam drushyam adadati. ekadaa sampoorn-bhittim anugacchati, parapet-vaak, nootanaih shilaadalaih saha aamshikaroopena punahsthaapitam asti. adhunaa mool-parapetaha api luptah asti. baana-chhidraani, ye pashchat gunloops-rupena parivartitaah, eva ekamaatraani dwaaraani santi. spen-deshasya nausainyasya bhagnaavasthaat praptat pittala-topaha ekadaa bhittau sthaapitah aasit. goladurgaani. durgasya bhitteh nirmananantaram uttar-poorva-pashchim-durgayoho trishu goladurganam nirmanam krutam. uttaragopuram athavaa donzon iti bruhattamam vartate, yasmin moolatah trayah vaa chatwaarah vaa mahalaah santi, praayah prabhoho nijee-nivasasthanani cha aasan. pashchimagopuram praayah aantarikam asti, paradaayaah vruttaakaarakonam atikramya praayah prakshepitam bhavati, kevalam parapet-vaak-dwara eva pravishitum shakyate sma. aadharastare ekam pitt-karagaram vartate yat oordhvatah prapyatam aasit. 15 shataabdyaah ante poorvagopuram praayah purnataya dwaaragruharoopen punarnirmitam. pratyekam gopuram praayah ekadaa shankuvrukshasya chhatena sheershe aasit. dwaaram. 15 shataabdyaah ante shibir-bails ityanena poorvakone poorvavruttaakaar-gopurasya sthaane dwaaragruham nirmitam. etat chaturmahilaah harled-tower-house-rupena bhavati, yatra praveshamaargah ardha-walt-basement-dwara pravahati, aparah ardhah dwaarasya sammukhe baana-chhidrayuktaah rakshaakakshah nirmeeyate. dwaaram prati vartamaanam sameepanam shilayaha sopanena bhavati, yat poorvasya drapridge ityasya sthaane asti. 18 shataabdyaam svaagata-kakshanam, nijee-kakshasya cha krute asya gopurasya punarnirmanam krutam. sheershe sthitaani darmer-kitikaah 1725 tame varshe gruhasya pediments-dwara aacchaaditaah santi (adhah pashyantu), tathaa cha 11 tamasya capton anias-kempbel, tasya patnee dem-lilias ityetayoho krute dinaankah, campbell arms, tathaa cha e. ee. sii. tathaa dii. ell. sii. iti aadyaksharaani dhaarayanti. 1903 tame varshe punahsthapanakaryakale atra paadapeetaani sthaanaantaritaah. aantarik-paridhihi. poorva-parwatah uttar-poorva-gopurayoho madhye aasit, yadyapi kevalam adharaha eva avashishtah asti. etat bhavananam pramukhashrenee aasit, tathaa cha stambhitastambhanam upari vishaalah sabhamandapah aasit. sabhaagruhe dvivrunda-deepa-jaalikaah aasan, ye utkeern-akrutya alankrutaah aasan, ye pashchat avaruddhaani aasan; poorva-paradadare teshaam ruparekham drashtum shakyate. vaayavya-bhitteh paarshve dwiteeyashrenee aasit, donjan-gopuren sabhamandalena saha sambadhah syaat. bhutalasya pakashalam aasit. 1725 tame varshe asya parvatamala dwitalagruharoopena punarnirmita, prastarashikharadwara abhigamyate, sheershe durgam janalaihi cha nirmitam, ye adhunaa dwaarasya bhagaha santi. agrabhaage sthitah koopah moolah asti, yadyapi asya paritah vishaalah shilayaha parisarah 19 shataabdyaah asti. dunstaffnage chaapel. durgasya nairutyadishi paritah ekaha bhagnaang-mandirah asti. etat lorn-nagarasya dankan-mcdogal ityanena api nijee-prarthana-gruharoopena nirmitam aasit, api cha utkrushta-gunavattaayuktasya vistruta-prastar-krutihi api asti. 13 shataabdyaah dwiteeya-chaturthaamshe idam mandiram nirmitam iti visheshadnyaah manyante. idam mandiram asti, poorvam cha kaashtasya chhatah aasit. lanset-jaalikaah kukkur-danta-utkeernanaani dhaarayanti, aantarikaroopen cha sookshmaani vistrutaani kamaanaani santi. 1740 tame varshe, yadaa dunstafage-shibirasya vishraamasthaanaroopen poorvatame sthaane samadhisthalam nirmitam, tadaa idam prarthanagruham poorvamev vinaashakam aasit. dunstaffnage ityasya captain. paramparaagataroopen, dunstaffnage ityasya vamshaanugata-naayakah iti namna prasidhah adhikaari durgasya rakshanasy cha daayitvam vahati. karyalayaha adyaapi asti, tathaa cha upaadhim dhaarayitum (adhunaa sainya-mahattvam vinaa ekena chikitsaa), shaasakah varshe treeni raatrayah durge vyateetum arhati. idaaneem padasya anyaani daayitvaani vaa visheshadhikarani vaa naa sanlagnaani santi. durgah bhootam. ell-medd aaf dunstafenage" iti namna prasidhah bhootah durgam vyaakulayati iti kathyate. ekaha prakaarah grugach, bhutasya swaroopam vamshaanugata-rakshakanam jeevanasya ghatanaabhih saha sambaddham iti kathyate.

dunstaffnage koattai dunstaffnage koattai () enbathu maerku scatlandin aarkil mattrum beautil ulla oru oralavu paazhadaintha koattaiyaagum. idhu oopaanin arugae amainthullathu, idhu loach ettaivin nuzhaivaayilin thenmaerkil oru promontaryil koottu paarai maedaiyil amainthullathu, maelum moontru pakkangkalilum kadalaal soozhappattullathu. koattaiyum arugilulla devalaya idipaadum 1958 muthal varalaattruch sirappumikka skaatlaanthu soththaaga irunthu varukintrana. irandum pandaiya ninaivuchchinnanggalaaga thittamidappattullana. koattai 13 aam noottraandaich saernthathu, idhu scatlandin palamaiyaana cull aranmanaigalil ontraakum, idhu oru ulloor kuzhuvil ullathu, idhil koattai sween mattrum koattai deorum adangkum. oru mooloabaaya iruppidaththaip paathukaakkum vagaiyil, idhu mactocal lards off lornal kattappattathu, maelum 15 aam noottraandil irunthu kulam campel moolam nadaththappadukirathu. avarkal inii koattaiyil vasikkavillai entraalum, intruvarai dunstaffnagin parambarai capton ullaar. 16 aam noottraandin nuzhaivaayil capton thanipatta soththaaga thakkavaikkappattirunthaal, varalaattruch sirappumikka scatlandin suttruchchoozhal moolam dunstaffnage paraamarikkappadukirathu, maelum idhu podhumakkalukku thirakkappattullathu. peyarin munnottu "dunn" endraal keylik mozhiyil "koattai" endru porul, athae neraththil meethamulla peyar norse "staffer-niss", "stappin headland" enbathilirunthu perappattathu. varalaaru. dunstaffnage seivatharku munbu. koattai kattappaduvadharku munbu, 7 aam noottraandin murpaguthiyil, thuun moanaith endru azhaikkappadum oru doll reaton koattaiyin iruppidamaaga dunstaffnage irunthirukkalaam. 1612 aam aandil john monefenniyaal, vithiyin cull ayarlaandhil irunthu kondu varapatta piragu, 843 aam aandil scone aranmanaikku maattrappaduvatharku munbu ingku vaikkappattathu endru pathivu seiyappattathu. iruppinum, ayana mattrum dunat aagiyavai doll reaton mattrum strathclite mannargaludanaana thodarbugalaik karuththil kondu, adhiga vaaippaagak karudhappadugindrana. hector poas, cull "evonium" ill vaikkappattathu endru pathivu seikiraar, idhu paarambariyamaaga dunstaffnage endru adaiyaalam kaanappattullathu, iruppinum 2010 aam aandil ezhuththaalar aee. jay. marton airshayaril irvinudan evoniyaththai adaiyaalam kandaar. mectocols. theevugalin aandavaraana somerlet kaalaththil ingku oru koattai irunththathu. iruppinum, 13 aam noottraandin irandaam kaalaandil somerlet paeranum, lornin pirabuvarumaana duncan mcdocallin irukkaiyaaka inththa koattai maariyathu. avar 1237 aam aandil roam nagarukkuch sendru arugilulla arthattan praiyari niruvanatthai niruvinaar. dunken magan eevan mactocal 1240 kazhil thanathu thanthaiyin pattatthai maraburimaiyaagap pettraar, maelum mactocal selvaakkai virivupaduththi, antha pattam maktonaaldugalukkuch sonthamaanathu entraalum, "theevugalin rajaa" endru thannai vadivamaiththuk kondaar. aranmanaiyin meethu moontru vatta koopurangalai eevan katti, ullae mandapaththai katti virivupaduththiyirukkalaam. argilil moontraam aleksaandar norse selvaakkai virattiyadithathaith thodarnthu, mectocols skaatlaanthu mudiyaatchiyai aathariththanar, maelum eevan magan aleksaandar 1293 ill aarkilin muthal sherippaaga niyamikkappattaar. iruppinum, sila aandugalukkup piragu skaatlaanthu suthanthirap poarkalin poathu avarkal paleol pakkatthai aathariththanar. robbert broose 1308 augustill brander kanavaai poaril macotogalai thoarkadiththaar. oru kurugiya muttrukaikkup piragu, mannar robbert dunstaffnage macotocal koattaiyai thanathu kattuppaattil eduththuk kondaar. avar mattravargalaip poala adhai azhikkavillai, aanaal oru constably niyamitthu, adhai kiraamappurangalaiyum kadaloarangalaiyum paathukaakka payanpaduththa ninaitthaar. avar thanathu nanbaraana theevugalin aandavaraana angus mattrum mcdonaldukku valangkiya nilaththudan, arugilulla muul udpada perumpaalaana mectocal nilangkalai ulladakkiyathu, koattai antha nokkaththirkaaga ailaemaanaal nanku payanpaduththappadalaam. arasa koattai. ippoathu oru kireedam soththaaga, dunstaffnage thodarchchiyaana keepparkalaal kattuppaduththappattathu. 1431 aam aandil james I, avarathu ethirigal ullae marainthirunthathaal, inverlochi poaraith thodarnthu koattaiyaik kaippatrinaar. 1455 aam aandil tucklassin 9 vadhu earl james tucklasses, theevugalin aandavaraana john mcdonaldudon sigitchaiyalikka sellum vazhiyil dunstaffnagel thangiyirunthaar. idhu duckless sakthi meethaana irandaam james thaakkuthalaith thodarnthu, westminster-ortornish oppanthaththil kaiyezhuththida vazhivaguththathu. pinnar oru keeper, lornin john stevard, alan mcdocallin poattiyaalaraaka irunthaar, maelum 1463 aam aandil dunstaffnage devalayaththil avarathu thirumanaththirku sellum vazhiyil avarathu aatharavaalarkalaal kutthappattaar, iruppinum avar thanathu sabatham seiya neenda kaalam uyir pilaiththaar. mectocal koattaiyaik kaippattriya poathilum, avar james III aall veliyaettrappattaar, avar 1470 aam aandil aarkilin muthal earl kolin campellukku dunstaffnage valangkinaar. kulam campel. aarkilin earls dunstaffnage maerpaarvaiyidavum, thangal saarbaaga adhai tayar nilaiyil vaiththirukkavum captaingalai niyamiththanar. kattidangalil, kurippaaga nuzhaivaayilil maattrangkal seiyappattana, idhu inththa neraththil meendum kattappattathu. mugaamthandugal arasa kudumbaththin visuvaasamaana koottaaligalaaga irunththana, maelum 15 mattrum 16 aam noottraandugalil theevugalin mcdonald pirabukkalukku ethiraana arasaangka payanangkalukku oru thalamaaga dunstaffnage payanpaduththappattathu. james IV irandu santharppangalil dunstaffnage parvaiyittaar. parvaiyittaar montrosin iraanuvaththirku ethiraaga ullnaattup poarin poathu dunstaffnage nadavadikkai eduththathu. eduththathu aarkil ezhuchchi perath thavariyathaith thodarnthu, catholica james james ethiraaga aranmanai arasa padaikalaal erikkappattathu. 1715 mattrum 1745 aam aandugalil yaakkoabiyargal ezhuchchiyadainththapoathu, inthak koattai arasaangkap padaikalaal aakkiramikkappattathu. scatlandil irunthu tappich sella poani ilavarasar chaarlikku udhaviya flora mcdonald, landanil siraikku sellum vazhiyil ingku sirithu kaalam siraiyil adaikkappattaar. W inn puddy. tucklasses simpson koattai tobias smolletin "humbry clinkeril" thoandrugirathu, idhu dunstaffnage endru peyaridavillai entraalum, "pathinettaam noottraandin moontraavathu kaalaandil koattaiyil vaazhkkaiyin niyayamaana padaththai" valangkukirathu. sarivu mattrum maruseeramaippu. 1725 aam aandil pazhaiya maerku malaiththodarin meethu oru puthiya veettaik katti, mugaambellgal thodarnthu koattaiyil serkkappattana. iruppinum, koattaiyin meethamulla pakuthikal aerkanavae sithainthu kondirunthana. 1810 aam aandil oru thartseyalaana thee nuzhaivaayilai eriththathu, maelum captaingal ingku vasippathai nirutthi, thenkizhakkil sumar 2 kii. mee. tholaivil ulla dunstaffnage veettirku kudipeyarnthanar. 1888 varai koattaiyil 1725 aam aandu veettil kuththagaithaarargal vasiththu vanthanar. 1903 aam aandil koattaiyin urimaiyalaraana aarkil ilavarasaraal maruseeramaippu panikal maerkollappattana. idhaith thodarnthu 1912 aam aandil oru neethimandra vazhakku, athil 20 vadhu parambarai capton angus cambell, aarkilin urimaiyin tuke irunththapoathilum, vasippatharkaana urimai iruppathaaka amarvu neethimandram theerppazhiththathu. muthalaam ulagap poarinaal panikal thaamathamaagina, thittamidappatta moththa maruseeramaippu orupoathum mudikkappadavillai. 1958 aam aandil, 21 vadhu captainum deukum koattaiyai arasu paraamarippukku oppadaikka oppukkondanar, maelum idhu ippoathu oru varalaattruch sirappumikka skaatlaanthu suttruchchoozhal soththaaga podhumakkalukku thirakkappattullathu. vilakkam. suvarkal. dunstaffnage enbathu moontru koonangalil vattamaana koopurangalaik konda periya valimaiyin ozhungkattra naarkara amaippu aagum. idhu thoaraayamaaga alavidappadukirathu, maelum sumar suttralavu ullathu. suvarkal manarkal alangaarangkaludan, paaraikal konda idipaadugalaal aanavai, maelum koottu adiththala maedai udpada 18 mee (60 addii) uyaram varai nirkindrana. suvarkal 3 mee (10 addii) thadiman varai ullana, inththa migavum mooloabaayamaana idaththirku valuvaana paathukaappai vazhangkukintrana, loach etive nuzhaivaayilaiyum adharku appaal branderine kanavaayaiyum paathukaakkintrana, intru oru arputhamaana kaatchiyaik kattalaiyidugindrana. oru kaalaththil muzhu suvarkalaiyum pinpattriya parabet nadai, puthiya cull kodigaludan oralavu meettedukkappattullathu. asal paaraapettum ippoathu poaivittathu. ambu pilavugal, pinnar thuppakki suzhalgalaaga maattrappattana, avai mattumae thirappukal. spaaniya kadarpadaiyin sithaintha kappalkalilirunthu meetkappatta piththalai beerangi oru kaalaththil suvarkalil poruththappattathu. vatta koopurangal. koattaich suvarkal kattapatta udanaeyae, vadakku, kilakku mattrum maerku koopurangalil moontru vatta koopurangal kattappattana. vadakku koopuram allathu donjon, migapperiyathu, muthalil moontru allathu naanku maadigalaik kondullathu, maelum anegamaaga aandavarin thanipatta adukumadi kudiyiruppugal irunththana. maerku koopuram kittatthatta ullnoakki ullathu, thiraicheelai suvarin vattamaana moolaiyaith thaandi arithaagavae ullathu, maelum parabet nadai vazhiyaaga mattumae nuzhiya mudiyum. adiththala mattaththil oru kuzhi siraichaalai ullathu, idhu maelae irunthu anugappattathu. kilakku koopuram 15 aam noottraandin pirpaguthiyil oru nuzhaivaayilaaga kittatthatta muzhumaiyaaga meendum kattappattathu. ovvoru koopuramum oru kaalaththil koombu kooraiyaal uchchiyil irunthirukkalaam. vaasal. kilakku moolaiyil irunththa munththaiya vatta koopuraththirku pathilaaka, 15 aam noottraandin pirpaguthiyil kaemppellgalaal nuzhaivaayil kattappattathu. idhu naanku maadi koopura illaththin vadivaththai edukkirathu, nuzhaivaayil paathai paathiyalavu adiththalaththin vazhiyaaga selkirathu, mattra paathi vaayilai ethirkolla ambu pilavugaludan paathukaappu araikalai uruvaakkukirathu. vaayilukku tharpoothaiya anugumurai oru cull padikkattu vazhiyaaga ullathu, idhu munththaiya izhuvaip baalaththirku pathilaaka ullathu. 18 aam noottraandil varavaerpu araikal mattrum oru thaniyar araiyai vazhangka koopuram maruvadivamaikkappattathu. maelae ulla dormer jannalgal 1725 veettin thuduppukalaal moodappattullana (keezhae kaanka), maelum thaethi, campel kaikal mattrum muthalezhuththukkal aesi mattrum dlc, 11 vadhu capton ineus campel mattrum avarathu manaivi dame lilias aakiyoarukku. aakiyoarukku aandu maruseeramaippu panikalin poathu inththa vandalgal ingku nagarththappattana. ull varambugal. kilakkuth thodar vadakku mattrum kilakku koopurangalukku idaiyil amainthirunthathu, iruppinum adiththalangkal mattumae ullana. idhu kattidangalin mukiya varambaaga irunththathu mattrum valaintha paathaala araikalukku maelae oru periya mandapaththaik kondirundhadhu. mandapaththil sethukkappatta vadivangkalaal alangarikkappatta irattai-lancet jannalgal irunththana, avai pinnar thadukkappattana; avattrin velippurangkalai kilakku thiraichchuvaraththil kanalaam. irandaavathu varambu vadamaerkuch suvarudan nindrathu, maelum idhu haal varambudan danjon koopurattaal inaikkappattirukkum. tharai thalaththil oru samaiyalarai irunththathu. 1725 aam aandil inththa malaiththodar irandu maadi veedaaga maruseeramaikkappattathu, oru cull padikkattu vazhiyaaga anugappattathu, maelum ippoathu nuzhaivaayilin oru paguthiyaaga irukkum kulirntha jannalgalaal maelae irunththathu. periya cull suttruppuram 19 aam noottraandaich saernthathaaga irunththaalum, munpuraththil ulla kinaru asal aagum. dunstaffnage devalayam. koattaiyin thenmaerkil oru paazhadaintha devalayam amainthullathu. idhu oru thaniyar devaalayamaaga lornin duncan mactocol enbavaraal kattappattathu, maelum idhu sirantha tharaththin virivaana cull vaelaigalaik kondullathu. inththa devalayam 13 aam noottraandin irandaam kaalaandil kattappattathaaga nipunarkal nambugindranar. devalayam ullathu, munbu oru maraa koorai irunththathu. lancet jannalgal naai-bull sirpangalaik kondullana, maelum udpuraththil sirantha agalamaana valaivugalaik kondullana. 1740 aam aandil devalayam aerkanavae azhivugaramaaga irunththathu, kilakku munaiyil oru adakkam idaikazhi kattappattathu, idhu dunstaffnage mugaamukku oaivedukkum idamaaga irunththathu. dunstaffnage capton. paarambariyamaaga, dunstaffnagin parambarai capton endru azhaikkappadum oru adhigaari koattaikkum adhan paathukaappukkum poruppaaka ullaar. aluvalagam innum ullathu, maelum pattatthaith thakkavaikka (ippoathu iraanuva mukkiyathuvam illaatha oru maruthuvam), pathaviyil iruppavar aandukku moontru iravugalai aranmanayil selavida vaendum. vaeru endhap poruppugalum salugaigalum ippoathu inthap pathaviyil inaikkappadavillai. koattai paei. denstaffnagin ell-meit" endru azhaikkappadum oru paei, koattaiyai vaettaiyaaduvathaagak koorappadugiradhu. oru vagaiyaana kodooramaana, paei thoattram parambarai paraamarippaalarkalin vaazhkkaiyil nigazhvugaludan thodarpudaiyathu endru koorappadugiradhu.

dunstaffnage koota dunstaffnage koota () paschima skaatlaandlooni argil mariyu beautlo paakshikamgaa naasanamaina koota. idhi oban yokka pakkane undhi, idhi loach ative pravesadvaaraaniki nairuti disalo oka promantarypai sammelana raathi vedikapai undhi mariyu moodu vaipula samudramtho chuttabadi undhi. koota mariyu sameepamloni praarthanaa mandiram shidhilaalu 1958 nundi chaaritraatmaka scatland aastigaa unnaayi. rendoo praacheena smaaraka chihnaluga unnaayi. eee koota 13va sataabdaaniki chendinadi, idhi scatland yokka puraatana raathi kotalalo okatigaa nilichindi, sthaanika samuuhamloo koota sween mariyu koota teorum unnaayi. vyuuhaatmaka pradaesaaniki rakshanagaa, dheenini macdogal lards off larne nirminchaaru, mariyu 15va sataabdam nundi clan camp bell chetha nirvahinchabadutondi. vaaru kotalo nivasinchanappatikii, eee roeju varaku dunstafage yokka vamsapaaramparya kepten unnadu. dunstaffnagenu chaaritraka paryaavarana scatland nirvahistundi, mariyu idhi prajalaku terichi untundi, ayinappatikee 16va sataabdapu gatehousenu kepten yokka vyaktigata aastigaa unchaaru. paerulooni "dunn" upasargaku galic bhaashalo "koota" anie ardham, migilina paeru norse "staffer-niss", "staff yokka headland" nundi vachindi. charitra. dunstaffnage mundu. koota nirmaanaaniki mundu, dunstaffnage 7va sataabdam praarambhamlo dunn monaid anie piluvabade doll reaton balamaina pradaesamgaa undavacchu. 1612loe zaan monipenni, vidhi raayini ireland nundi teesukuvacchina taruvaata, mariyu 843loe scone palescu taralinchadaaniki mundu ikkada unchinatlu namodu chesaaru. ayithe, doll riyatan mariyu strathclide raajulato telisina sambandhaalanu batti ayona mariyu dunad ekkuvagaa pariganinchabadataayi. hector boes eee raayini "evonium" vadda unchinatlu namodu chesadu, idhi saampradayakamgaa dunstafnezto gurtinchabadindi, ayithe 2010loe rachayita eah. zhe. morton ireshirelo irvin thoo evoniumnu gurtinchaadu. mcdougals. dveepaalaku adhipati ayina somerled kaalamlo ikkada oka koota undedi. ayithe, eee koota 13va sataabdam rendava traimaasikamlo somerled manavadu, lard off larne ayina dunken macdogal yokka sthaanamgaa maarindi. athanu 1237loe romku kooda prayaaninchaadu mariyu sameepamloni ardchattan priori sthaapakudu. dunken kumarudu even macdogal 1240laloe thana tandri birudunu vaarasatvamgaa pondaadu, mariyu macdogal prabhavanni vistarinchaadu, aaa birudu macdonaldlaku chendinadi ayinappatikee tananu taanu "deevula raaju" gaa marchukunnadu. eeven kotapai moodu gundrani gopuraalanu nirminchi, lopala haalnu nirminchi, vistarinchi undavacchu. aargillo norse prabhavanni alegzander III tippikottina taruvaata, macdogals scottish raacharikaaniki maddatu icchaaru, mariyu even kumarudu alegzander 1293loe argil yokka modati sheriefga niyaminchabaddaadu. ayithe, konni samvatsaraala taruvaata praarambhamaina scottish swaatantryam yuddhaala samayamlo vaaru balliol vaipuku maddatu icchaaru. aagashtu 1308loe brander kanuma yuddhamlo robbert broose macdogal vamsaanni oodinchaadu. kontakaalam muttadi tarvaata, dunstaffnage yokka macdogal kotanu raaju robbert swaadheenam chesukunnadu. athanu itarula maadirigaa daanini naasanam cheyaledu, conny oka constablenu niyaminchi, daanini graameena praantaalanu mariyu samudra maargaalanu kaapaadataaniki upayoginchaalani aalochistuu erpaatu chesaadu. athanu thana snehitudu, dveepaala prabhuvu ayina angus mariyu mcdonald kuu icchina bhoomitho, sameepamloni multho sahaa chaalaa macdogal bhoomulu unnaayi, kotanu aaa prayojanam kosam dveepam baga upayoginchukovachhu. raaja koota. ippudu oka kireetam aasti, dunstaffnage varusa keeparlache niyantrinchabadindi. james I 1431loe, inverlochi yuddham taruvaata, athani satruvulu lopala daakkunnanduna kotanu swaadheenam chesukunnadu. 1455loe daglasku chendina 9va earl james douglus dunstaffanagelo undipoyaadu, dveepaala prabhuvu zaan macdonaldto chikitsa cheyadaaniki velutundagaa. idhi douglus saktipai james II daadi taruvaata, westminster-ordtornish oppandampai santakam cheyadaaniki daariteesindi. taruvaata keeper ayina zaan stevert off larne, alan macdogal yokka pratyarthi, mariyu 1463loe dunstaffnage chappel vadda athani vivaahaaniki velutunnappudu athani maddatudaarulu atanini podicharu, ayinappatikee athanu thana pratignalu cheyadaaniki ekkuva kaalam jeevinchaadu. macdogal kotanu swaadheenam chesukunnappatiki, james III atanini tolaginchaadu, athanu 1470loe argil yokka 1va earl ayina collin camp belku dunstafagenu manjuru chesaadu. clan camp bell. argil yokka earls dunstafagenu paryaveekshinchadaaniki mariyu vaari tarapuna daanini siddhamgaa unchadaaniki nayakulanu niyaminchaaru. bhavanaalalo, mukhyamgaa gatehouselo maarpulu cheyabaddaayi, eee samayamlo punarnirminchabadindi. camp bellu raaja gruhaniki nammakamaina mitrulu, mariyu 15va mariyu 16va sataabdaalaloo dveepaalaku chendina mcdonald prabhuvulaku vyatiraekamgaa prabhutva dandayaatralaku dunstafagenu oka sthaavaramgaa upayoginchaaru. james IV rendu sandarbhaallo dunstaffnagenu sandarsinchaaru. dunstaffnage antaryuddham samayamlo charyanu chusindi, 1644loe montrose sainyaniki vyatiraekamgaa poraadaaru. 1685loe catholic james VIIకి vyatiraekamgaa argil yokka perugudala viphalamaina taruvaata, kotanu raacharika dalaalu tagalabettaayi. 1715 mariyu 1745loe jacobite tirugubaatu samayamlo, kotanu prabhutva dalaalu akraminchayi. boney prins chaarleeki scatland nundi tappinchukovadaaniki sahayapadina flora mcdonald, londonlo jailuku velutunnappudu ikkada kontakaalam khaidu cheyabaddaadu. W prakaram. douglus simpson koota tobias smollet yokka "humprey clinker" loe kanipistundi, idhi dunstafage paeru pettakapoyina, "paddenimidava sataabdam moodava traimaasikamlo kotalo jeevitam yokka sarasamaina chitraanni" andistundi. taggudala mariyu punaruddharana. 1725loe paatha paschima shrenipai kotta intini nirmistuu, camp bells kotaku jodinchadam konasaginchayi. ayithe, kotaloni migilina bhaagam appatike ksheenistoondi. 1810loe pramaadavasaattu sambhavinchina agnipramaadam dwaranni kalchivesindi, mariyu keptenlu ikkada nivasinchadam manesi, aagneyamlo sumaru 2 kilometres dhooramlo unna dunstafage intiki vellaaru. 1888 varaku koota lopala unna 1725 intlo addedaarulu nivasinchaaru. koota yajamani ayina argil duke 1903loe punaruddharana panulanu chepattaru. dheeni taruvaata 1912loe oka kortu kesu namodaindi, dheenilo argil yokka yajamanyam duke ayinappatikee 20va vamsapaaramparya kepten ayina angus campelku nivaasa hakku undani session kortu teerpu ichindi. modati prapancha yuddham kaaranamgaa panulu alasyamayyayi, pranaalikaabaddhamaina mottam punaruddharana ennadoo puurti kaaledu. 1958loe, 21va kepten mariyu duke kotanu rashtra samrakshanaku appaginchadaaniki angeekarinchaaru, mariyu idhi ippudu chaaritraatmaka paryaavarana scatland aastigaa prajalaku terichi undhi. vivarana. godalu. dunstaffnage anedi moodu koonaalaloo gundrani gopuraalato goppa balam kaligina kramarahita chaturbhuja nirmaanam. idhi sumaruga kolustundi, mariyu sumaru chuttukolata kaligi untundi. godalu isukaraayitho kuudina dustulu, 18 mea (60 aaa) etthu varaku, sammelana raathi vedikatho sahaa, shidhilaalatho unnaayi. godalu 3 mea (10 adugulu) mandam varaku untaayi, eee atyanta vyuuhaatmaka pradaesaaniki balamaina rakshananu andistaayi, loach ative pravesadvaaram mariyu brander paasnu kaapaadataayi mariyu nedu adbhutamaina drushyaanni andistaayi. okappudu mottam godalanu anusarinchina parapet nadaka, kotta raathi jendaalato paakshikamgaa punaruddharinchabadindi. asalu parapet kooda ippudu poyindi. baanam cheelikalu, taruvaata gunn looplugaa marchabaddayi, ivi matrame terachaapalu. spanish naukaadalaaniki chendina dhvamsamaina naukala nundi swaadheenam chesukunna ittadi firangulanu okappudu godalapai amarcharu. gundrani gopuraalu. koota godala nirmaanam jarigina ventane, uttara, thoorpu mariyu paschima gopuralapai moodu gundrani gopuraalu nirminchabaddaayi. uttara gopuram ledhaa donzone, atipeddadi, modata moodu ledhaa naalugu antastulato koodi, bahusha prabhuvu yokka private apaartmentlu undevi. paschima gopuram daadaapu antargatamgaa undhi, tera goda yokka gundrani muulaku minchi peddagaa kanipinchadu, mariyu parapet nadaka dwara matrame pravesinchavacchu. neelamaaligaloo paie nundi cherukune pitt jailu undhi. thoorpu gopuram 15va sataabdam chivaralo gatehousega daadaapu puurtigaa punarnirminchabadindi. prati gopuram bahusha okappudu sankuvu paikapputho agrasthaanamlo undedi. dwaaram. thoorpu muulaloe munupati gundrani gopuram sthaanamlo 15va sataabdam chivaralo camp bells dwaranni nirminchaayi. idhi naalugu antastula haard tower house roopaanni teesukuntundi, pravesha maargam sagam khajanato kuudina neelamaaliga gundaa velutundi, migilina sagam dwaaraaniki edurugaa baanam cheelikalu unna gaardu gadulanu yerparustundi. getku prastuta maargam oka raathi metla dwara, munupati vantena sthaanamlo undhi. 18va sataabdamloo reception gadulu mariyu private suutnu andinchadaaniki eee towernu punarnirminchaaru. paibhagamlo unna dormer kitikeelu 1725 inti nundi pedimentlatho kappabadi untaayi (krinda chudandi), mariyu thedhee, camp bell chetulu, mariyu 11 va kepten ineus camp bell, mariyu athani bhaarya dame lilias kosam esi mariyu dlc anae modati aksharaalanu kaligi untaayi. 1903 punaruddharana panula samayamlo eee pedimentlanu ikkadaku taralinchaaru. antargata shrenulu. thoorpu shreni uttara mariyu thoorpu gopuraala madhya undhi, ayithe punaadulu matrame migili unnaayi. idhi pradhana shreni bhavanalu mariyu khajanala neelamaaligala paina oka pedda sabhamandapam undedi. eee haalulo chekkina namuunaalatoe alankarinchabadina double-lanset kitikeelu undevi, taruvaata vaatini muusivaesaaru; vaati roopurekhalanu thoorpu tera godalo chudavachu. rendava shreni vaayuvya goda venta undhi, mariyu idhi donzone tower dwara haall shreniki anusandhaaninchabadi undedi. naela antastulo vantagadi undedi. 1725loe eee shrenini rendu antastula intini punarnirminchaaru, raathi metla dwara cherukovacchu, mariyu paina unna kitikeelu ippudu gatehouselo bhaagamgaa unnaayi. mundu unna baavi asaludi, ayithe pedda raathi chuttoo 19va sataabdam naatidi. dunstaffnage chappel. kotaku nairuti disalo oka shidhilamaina praarthanaa mandiram undhi. dheenini larnku chendina dunken macdogal kooda oka private chapelga nirminchaaru mariyu atyuttama naanhyata kaligina vivaranaatmaka raathi panini kaligi undhi. eee praarthanaa mandiram 13va sataabdam rendava traimaasikamlo nirminchabadindani nipunulu bhaavistunnaaru. eee praarthanaa mandiram, gatamlo kalapa paikappu kaligi undhi. lamset kitikeelu kukka-dantaala chekkadanni kaligi untaayi mariyu antargatamgaa chakkati vedalpu vampulu kaligi untaayi. 1740loe, dunstafage camp bells kosam vishraanti sthalamgaa upayoginchadaaniki, thoorpu chivara oka khananam nadava nirminchabadinappudu, chappel appatike naasanamaindi. dunstaffnage yokka kepten. saampradayakamgaa, dunstafage yokka vamsapaaramparya kepten anie piluvabade adhikari koota mariyu daani rakshanaku baadhyata vahistaaru. karyalayam ippatikee undhi, mariyu birudunu nilupukodaniki (ippudu sainika praamukhyata laeni chikitsa), adhikari kotalo samvatsaraaniki moodu raatrulu gadapavalasi untundi. ippudu eee postuku itara baadhyatalu ledhaa adhikaralu jodinchabadaledu. koota deyyam. dunstafage yokka ell-mide" anie piluvabade oka deyyam kotanu ventaadutundani chebutaaru. oka rakamaina krooramaina, deyyam yokka roopaalu vamsapaaramparya samrakshakula jeevithaalloni sanghatanalatho mudipadi unnayani chebutaaru.

denstafnage qalah denstafnage kesal () maghrabi scott lend kay argal aur beautay mein eek jazwi toor parr tabaah shadah qalah hay. yaha obaan kay balkal qareeb waaqa hay juu loach atio kay daakhli darwazay kay janub maghrab mein eek promontary parr ijtemayi chataan kay plait faarm parr waaqa hay aur teen taraf say samandar say gharaa hawaa hay. qalah aur qareebi cheepal kaa khandar 1958 say scott lend kii eek tarikhi malkiyat rehaa hay. donon tay shadah qadeem yaadgaarein haine. yaha qalah 13 wein sadee kaa hay juu asay scott lend kay qadeem tareen pathar kay qalaon mein say eek banata hay eek maqami grop mein jiss mein kesal sween aur kesal touram shaamil haine. eek strategic maqaam kii hifazat kartay huay asay mcdogal laard aaf lauran nay banaya thaa aur 15 wein sadee say klaan camp bail kay zeer ahtamam hay. aaj takk denstafnage kaa eek maurusi kaptaan hay halankah wah abb qalye mein nahein rehtay. denstafnage kuu tarikhi maahul kay zariye barqarar rakhaa jaataa hay aur yaha awaam kay liye khilaa hay halankah 16 wein sadee kay gait house kuu kaptaan kii najee malkiyat kay toor parr barqarar rakhaa gayaa hay. naam mein sabqah "dunn" kaa matlab gallic mein "qalah" hay jabkah baaqi naam norse "stepher-nees"yee "amley kaa head lend" say makhuz hay. tareekh. denstafnage say pehley. qalye kii tameer say pehley denstafnage 7 wein sadee kay awail mein eek dull riyaatan garh kaa maqaam rehaa hogaa jasay dunn monidh kay naam say jaana jaataa hay. jaan monipini nay 1612 mein yaha record kiyaa thaa kahh taqdir kaa pathar ireland say laaye jaanay kay baad aur 843 mein iss say pehley kahh asay scoon peels mein muntaqil kiyaa gayaa thaa yahaan rakhaa gayaa thaa. tahim ddaal riyaatan aur strathclyde baadshahon kay saath inn kay maruf rawabit kuu dekhtay huay aayuna aur donad kuu ziyadah amkaan samjha jaataa hay. hector bois nay record kiyaa hay kahh pathar kuu "avonium" parr rakhaa gayaa thaa jiss kii shanakhat rawayati toor parr denstafnage kay saath kii gayee hay halankah 2010 mein masnaf nay eek... jay. mortan nay air shayer mein avonium kii shanakhat aroon say kii. meek doggles. jazair kay maalk somerled kay zamanay mein yahaan eek qalah thaa. tahim yaha qalah 13 wein sadee kay dosray sah maahi mein dunkin mcdogal lauran kay maalik aur somerled kay potay kii nashast bunn gayaa. inhon nay 1237 mein room kaa bhee safar kiyaa thaa aur wah qareebi ardachtan prevery kay baanee thay. dunkin kay betay avine meek dogal kuu 1240 kii dahayi mein apnay waalid kaa khataab warasat mein milaa aur meek dogal kay asar woo rasokh kuu badhaya khood kuu "jazair kaa baadshah" kaa andaaz diyaa halankah yaha khataab meek donaldz say taaluq rakhta thaa. yaha mumkin hay kahh avine nay qalye parr teen goal minaar banaye aur andar haal kii tameer aur tausia kii. alegzender III kay aargal mein norse kay asar woo rasokh say ankaar kay baad meek doggles nay scotsh baadshahat kii himayat kii aur aiyon kay betay alegzender kuu 1293 mein aargal kaa pehla sheeraf banaya gayaa. tahim inhon nay scotsh aazadi kii jangon kay doraan beliol kii himayat kii juu chand saal baad sharoo hoyee. raabart brose nay agast 1308 mein brender kay daray kii jung mein qabeelay mcdogal kuu shakast dee. eek mukhtasir muhasire kay baad king raabart nay denstafnage kay mcdogal qalye kaa control sanbhaal liyaa. iss nay asay tabaah nahein kiyaa jaisa kahh iss nay dosron kuu kiyaa leakin eek constable muqarar kiyaa aur asay farahim kiyaa asay deehi elaqon aur samandari raaston kii hifazat kay liye istemaal karnay kay baaray mein socha. iss zameen kay saath juu iss nay apnay dost angus aur mcdonald jazair kay maalik kuu dee thee jiss mein meek dogal kii ziyadah tarr zaminein shaamil thein bashmol qareebi moll qalah kuu jazirah namaa iss maqsad kay liye achhi tarah say istemaal kirr saktaa thaa. shaahi qalah. abb eek taaj kii malkit denstafnage kuu cappers kii eek seerez kay zeer control thaa. jaims awal nay 1431 mein anwarlochi kii jung kay baad qalye parr qabzah kirr liyaa keunkah iss kay dashman andar chhapay hoay thay. 1455 mein doggles kay 9 wein aral jaims doggles denstafnage mein rahay jabb wah jazair kay maalk jaan mcdonald kay saath alaaj karnay jaa rahay thay. iss kay baad jaims dom nay diggles kii taaqat parr hamlah kiyaa aur vest minister-ardtoransh kay muahide parr dastakhat kiye. baad mein eek capper jaan stevart aaf lauran ailan meek dogal kaa hareef thaa aur 1463 mein denstafnage cheepal mein iss kii shaadi kii taraf jaatay hoay iss kay haamiyon nay asay chharaa ghonp diyaa halankah wah apnee qasm poori karnay kay liye kaafi deer takk zindah rehaa. agarcha meek dogal nay qalah parr qabzah kirr liyaa thaa leakin asay jaims III nay mazul kirr diyaa jiss nay 1470 mein aargal kay pehley aral colan camp bail kuu denstafnage kii ajazat dee. klaan camp bail. argal kay arlon nay denstafnage kii nigrani karnay aur apnee taraf say asay tayaar rakhnay kay liye kaptaan muqarar kiye. emaraton mein khaas toor parr gait house mein tabdiliyan kii gayein jasay iss waqat kay aas paas dobarah tameer kiyaa gayaa thaa. camp bail shaahi gharanay kay wafadar itehadi thay aur denstafnage kuu 15 wein aur 16 wein sadee kay doraan dosray jazair kay mcdonald maalkaan kay khalaaf hukumati mahmaat kay liye eek aday kay toor parr istemaal kiyaa jaataa thaa. jaims chaharam nay duu mawaqa parr denstafnage kaa dorah kiyaa. denstafnage nay khaanah jangi kay doraan kararwai dekhi 1644 mein montroz kii foj kay khalaaf muqabilah kiyaa. 1685 mein catholic jaims VII kay khalaaf aargal kay arooj kii nakami kay baad shaahi fojiyon nay qalye kuu jalaa diyaa thaa. 1715 aur 1745 kay jacobiyon kay arooj kay doraan qalye parr sarkaari fojiyon kaa qabzah thaa. flawara mcdonald jiss nay bony prince chaarli kuu scott lend say faraar honay mein madad kii thee kuu landan mein jail jaatay hoay yahaan mukhtasir toor parr qaid kirr diyaa gayaa thaa. dabliyo kay mutabiq. doggles simpson qalah tobias samolet kay "humphry klenkar" mein zahir hotaa hay juu agarcha denstafnage kaa naam nahein lay rehaa hay leakin "utharahwein sadee kii teesri sah maahi mein qalye mein zindagi kii eek munsifana tasveer" paish kartaa hay. zawal aur bahaali. camp bails nay qalye mein izafah jaari rakhaa 1725 mein paraaney maghrabi silsilay parr eek neeya gahar banaya. tahim baaqi qalah pehley hyee khatam how rehaa thaa. 1810 mein eek hadsati aag nay gait house kuu jalaa diyaa aur kaptanon nay yahaan rehna bund kirr diyaa janub mashriq mein taqriba 2 chlometer kay fasilay parr denstafnage house mein muntaqil how gayey. karayah daar 1888 takk qalye kay andar 1725 kay gahar mein rehtay thay. bahaali kaa kaam 1903 mein qalye kay maalik ddiok aaf aargal nay sharoo kiyaa thaa. iss kay baad 1912 mein eek adalati moqhadhima chalaa jiss mein adaalat nay faislah diyaa kahh ddiok aaf aargal kii malkiyat kay bawajood 20 wein maurusi kaptaan angus campable kuu rehaish kaa haqh haasil hay. pehli jung azeem kii wajah say kaamon mein takhir hoyee aur mansubah bund makmal bahaali kabhi makmal nahein hoyee. 1958 mein 21 wein kaptaan aur ddiok nay qalye kuu riyasati nigahdasht mein hawalay karnay parr ittefaq kiyaa aur abb yaha eek tarikhi mahuliyati scott lend property kay toor parr awaam kay liye khilaa hay. wazahat. dewarein. denstafnage bury taaqat kaa eek bay qayedah chothayi dahancha hay jiss kay teen zawiyon parr goal minaar haine. iss kii paimaish taqriba hoti hay aur iss kaa dairah taqriba hotaa hay. dewarein malbay say bunny haine reet kay pathar kii dressing kay saath aur 18 metter (60 fitt) takk oonchi haine bashmol ijtemayi bedrik plait faarm. dewarein 3 metter (10 fitt) motee haine juu iss intehayi strategic maqaam kuu mazboot dafaa farahim karti haine loach aito kay daakhli darwazay aur iss say aagay brander kay paas kii hifazat karti haine aur aaj eek shandar nizarah deeti haine. parapet waak juu eek baar poori dewaron kay peeche chalti thee kuu nayey pathar kay jhandon kay saath jazwi toor parr bahaal kiyaa gayaa hay. asl parapet bhee abb chalaa gayaa hay. teer kay takday jinhein baad mein gunn lopes mein tabdil kirr diyaa gayaa waahid iftatahi haine. hispanvi armada kay tabaah shadah bartanon say baraamad honay waali paital kii toop eek baar dewaron parr nasb kii gayee thee. goal minaar. qalye kii dewaron kii tameer kay foraa baad shamaal mashriq aur maghrab kay minaar parr teen goal minaar banaye gayey. naarth tower yaa donjan sabb say badaa hay juu asl mein teen yaa chaar manzilon parr mushtamil hay aur shayed maalik kay najee apartments mein thaa. maghrabi minaar taqriba androni hay bamashkal parday kii dewaar kay goal konay say aagay nikalta hay aur asay sarf parapet waak kay zariye daakhil kiyaa jaa saktaa hay. tehah khaaney kii satah parr eek garhay kii jail hay jiss takk oopar say rasayi haasil kii gayee thee. mashriqi minaar kuu 15 wein sadee kay aakhir mein eek gait house kay toor parr taqriba makmal toor parr dobarah tameer kiyaa gayaa thaa. harr tower kay oopar shayed eek baar makhruti chhat thee. darwazah. gait house 15 wein sadee kay aakhir mein camp bails kay zariye banaya gayaa thaa jiss nay mashriqi konay mein pehley goal tower kii jagah lee thee. yaha eek chaar manzilah tower house kii shakal akhtiyar kartaa hay jiss kaa daakhli raastah aadhay tehah khaaney say guzarta hay baaqi nasf darwazay kii taraf teer kay phatay hoay gaard room banatay haine. gait takk maujudah rasayi eek pathar kii seedhi say hay juu pehley kay draa barj kii jagah lay rahee hay. isteqbaliya kay kamray aur eek najee sout farahim karnay kay liye 18 wein sadee mein tower kuu dobarah banaya gayaa thaa. sabb say oopar kii dormer khadkiyon kuu 1725 kay gahar kay pediment say dahkaa hawaa hay (neechey dekhein)yee aur tareekh camp bail aarmz aur eliks aey ayee see aur ddee eel see anias camp bail 11 wein kaptaan aur iss kii bewi ddaim lalyaas kay liye haine. 1903 kay bahaali kay kaamon kay doraan pediments kuu yahaan muntaqil kiyaa gayaa thaa. androni hadood. mashriqi silsilah shamaal aur mashriqi towers kay darmiyan waaqa thaa halankah sarf bunyadein baaqi haine. yaha emaraton kaa bunyadi silsilah thaa aur iss mein tehah khaanon kay oopar eek badaa haal thaa. haal mein duu laansi kii khidkiyan thein juu khady hoyee shaklon say sajayi gayee thein jinhein baad mein bund kirr diyaa gayaa thaa vovo inn kaa khaakah mashriqi parday kii dewaar mein dekha jaa saktaa hay. eek dosri renj shamaal maghrabi dewaar kay saath khadee thee aur asay haal renj say donjan tower kay zariye jodaa gayaa hoga. nichli manzal parr eek bawarchi khaanah thaa. 1725 mein iss renj kuu duu manzilah gahar mein dobarah banaya gayaa jiss takk pathar kii seedhi kay zariye rasayi haasil kii gayee aur iss kay oopar naram khidkiyan thein juu abb gait house kaa hasah haine. saamney waala kanwein asl hay halankah iss kay ard gird kaa badaa pathar 19 wein sadee kaa hay. denstafnage cheepal. eek tabaah shadah cheepal qalye kay janub maghrab mein waaqa hay. yaha bhee lauran kay dunkin meek dogal nay eek najee cheepal kay toor parr banaya thaa aur iss mein shandar mayaar kaa tafsili pathar kaa kaam shaamil hay. mahireen kaa khayaal hay kahh yaha cheepal 13 wein sadee kay dosray sah maahi mein banaya gayaa thaa. cheepal hay aur pehley iss kii chhat lakdi kii thee. lenset kii khadkiyon mein katay kay daanaton kii nqashi hoti hay aur androni toor parr emdah choday mehraab hotay haine. cheepal pehley hyee 1740 mein tabaah kunn thaa jabb mashriqi saray parr eek tadfin kaa gulyarah banaya gayaa thaa taakah denstafnage kay camp bails kay liye aaraam kii jagah kay toor parr kaam kiyaa jaa sakay. denstafnage kaa kaptaan. rawayati toor parr eek afsar jasay denstafnage kaa maurusi kaptaan kahaa jaataa hay qalah aur iss kay dafaa kaa zamah daar hotaa hay. daftar abb bhee mojud hay aur laqab kuu barqarar rakhnay kay liye (abb foji ahmiyat kay baghair eek alaaj)yee ahdah daar kuu saal mein teen raatein qalye mein guzarni padti haine. iss ahday kay saath abb koyee dosri zamah daariyan yaa maraat mansalk nahein haine. qalah kaa bhoot. eek bhoot jasay "denstafnage kii eel meed" kay naam say jaana jaataa hay kahaa jaataa hay kahh wah qalye kuu preshan kartaa hay. eek qasm kii ghabrahat bhoot kii zahiri shakal kuu maurusi rakhwalon kii zindagiyon kay waaqiaat say mansalk kahaa jaataa hay.

00009e38b4f89abb0eef55f1455da53888fb4f9b1514c8dd3a5de2a5edb51a90

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=67831403

Archibald Gamble

Archibald Gamble Irish educator Archibald Gamble (1740–1784) was an Irish educator. Archibald Gamble was born to Sally Montgomery and Joseph Gamble near Banbridge, Ireland. Gamble spent some of his childhood in America and returned in 1768 to attend the College of Philadelphia. While studying for his bachelor's degree, he worked as a Latin tutor. He graduated in 1771 and the following year received a master's degree from the College of New Jersey. During the Revolutionary War, Gamble worked as an engineer under Major General Benjamin Lincoln and took part in the Siege of Charleston in South Carolina. In 1777, he married Mary Lisle, daughter of John Lisle of Philadelphia. Together they had four children: Sarah, Nancy, Archibald, and Thomas. Gamble returned to the University of Pennsylvania in 1782 as a professor of oratory and English language, a position which he held until he died in 1784. That same year, he was elected as a member of the American Philosophical Society. He is buried at the Laurel Hill Cemetery in Philadelphia. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

archibald juwa archibald gamble (1740-1784) ejon aairis xikhyabid aasil. irelandor benbrijor usorot chelee montgomeri aaru juxef gambler ghorot archibald gambler jonmo hoisil. juwai teur xoixowor kichu xomoy aamerikat otibahito korisil aaru 1768 sonot philadelphia collegeot porhiboloi ubhoti aahisil. snatok degreer baabe odhyoyon korar xomoyot teu letin xikhyok hisape kaam korisil. 1771 sonot teu snatok degree laabh kore aaru pisor bosor niu jarchi mohabidyaloyor poraa snatokuttor degree laabh kore. biplowi juddhor xomoyot, juwai mejor general benjamin linkonor odhinot ejon obhijonta hisape kaam korisil aaru dokhyin kerulinar charlestonor oworudhot ongxogrohon korisil. 1777 sonot teu philadelphier john lijler konya meree lijler xoite bibahpaxot aabodho hoy. ekeloge teulukor sarita xontan aasiloh sarah, nensee, archibald aaru thomas. 1782 sonot pensylvania biswobidyaloyoloi gambler boktrita aaru ingraji bhaxar odhyapok hisape ubhoti aahisil, jitu podobi teu 1784 sonot mrityu huwaloike rakhisil. xei bosorei teu aamerikan darxonik xomajor xodosyo hisape nirbasito hoisil. philadelphier lorel pahariya koborsthanot teuk xomadhistho koraa hoy.

archibald jua archibald jua (1740-1784) ekjon airish shikkhabid chhilen. irelander banbridger kachhe sally montgomeri ebong josepha juar ghore archibald juar jonmo hoy. jua taanr shoishober kichhu somoy america katiechilen ebong 1768 saale philadelphia college porar jonno firey asen. snatok degree orjoner somoy tini lattin shikkhok hisebe kaaj korten. tini 1771 saale snatok hohn ebong porer bochor neu jersey college theke snatakottar degree laav corren. biplobi juddher somoy, jua mejor general benzamin linkoner adhine engineer hisabe kaaj korechilen ebong dakkhin caroliner charlston aborodher ongsho hoyechilen. 1777 saale tini philadelphier john lisseler konna merry lisselke biye corren. eksange taader charti santan chhiloh saaraa, nancy, archibald ebong thomas. 1782 saale pensylvania bishwobidyaloye boktrita oo ingrezi bhasar adhyapak hisabe firey asen, jey podey tini 1784 saale mrityur augh porjonto adhisthito chhilen. ekoi bochor tini american darshonik samajer sadasya hisabe nirbachito hohn. philadelphier laurel hill koborsthane taanke somahito koraa hoyeche.

archibald jugar archibald jugar (1740-1784) aek irish shikshak hataa. archibald jugaarno janm irelandnaa benbridge najik selee montgomerry aneey joseph jugaarne tyaan thayo hato. jugarae potaanu baadpan americama vitaavyu aneey 1768maan filadelfiyani collegemaa bhanvaa maate parat faryaa. snatakni degree maate abhyaas karatee vakhate, temane lattin shikshak tareeke kaama karyoo hatoo. temane 1771maan snatakni padvi melvee aneey teey pachhinaa varshe college off nyu jarsimathi master degree melvee. krantikari yuddh darmiyan, jugar mejar general benjamin linkanni aagevanima ijner tareeke kaama karato hato aneey dakshin keroleenama charlestonni gherabandhima bhaag leto hato. 1777maan, temane filadelfiyana john lisleni putri meerii lisley saathe lagna karyaa. eksaathe temne chaar baadako hataah sarah, nancy, archibald aneey thomas. jugar 1782maan pensylvania universityma vaktrutva aneey angreji bhashana prophesara tareeke parat faryaa, jeey pada temane 1784maan temnaa mrutyu sudhee jaalvi raakhyu hatoo. teey jaj varshe, teo american philosophical societyna sabhy tareeke chuntaya hataa. temne filadelfiyana lorel hill kabrastaanmaa dafnavvama aavyaa chhe.

archibald juaa archibald juaa (1740-1784) ack ayrish shikshak thaa. archibald juaa kaa janm banbridge, ireland key paas saili montgomeri aur joseph juaa key ghar huaa thaa. juaa khelane vaale ney apana kuchh bachpan america mein bitaaya aur 1768 mein philadelphia key college mein bhaag lene key liye laut aae. apani snaatak kii degree key liye adhyayan karate hue, unhone ack lattin shikshak key roop mein kaam kiya. unhone 1771 mein snaatak kiya aur agale varsh college off nyu jersey seey master degree praapt kii. krantikari yuddh key dauran, juaa ney mejar general benjamin linken key tahat ack engineer key roop mein kaam kiya aur dakshin carolina mein charleston kii gherabandi mein bhaag liya. 1777 mein, unhone philadelphia key johnn lisley kii betty mairi lisley seey shaadi kii. unake chaar bachche theh saaraa, nancy, archibald aur thomas. juaa 1782 mein pensylvania vishvavidyalaya mein vaktritva aur angreji bhasha key professor key roop mein laut aaya, ack pada joe unhone 1784 mein apani mrityu taka rakhaa. usee varsh, unhein americi daarshanik samaaj key sadasya key roop mein chunaa gayaa. unhein philadelphia mein laurel pahaadi kabristan mein dafnaya gayaa haye.

archibald jooju archibald jujata (1740-1784) obba airish shikshakanagiddanu. archibald joojaatavu airlendna banbridge bully sally montgomeri mattu joseph jujatakke janisitu. joojaatavu tanna baalyada swalpa bhagavannu americadalli kaledide mattu 1768ralli philadelphia kaalejige hajaragalu maralitu. tamma padavigaagi adhyayana maduvaga, avaru lattin bodhakaragi kelasa maadidaru. avaru 1771ralli padavi padedaru mattu mundina varsha newjersey kaalejininda snatakottara padaviyannu padedaru. kraantikaari yuddhada samayadalli, joojaatavu majer general benjamin linken avara adiyalli enginiyar aagi kelasa maaditu mattu daksina kerolinada charleston muttigeyalli bhagavahisitu. 1777ralli, avaru philadelphiyaada zaan lisleyavara magalaada merrie lisleyannu vivaahavaadaru. ottaagi avarige naalku makkaliddaruh saaraa, nancy, archibald mattu thamus. 1782ralli pensylvania vishvavidyaanilayakke bhashana mattu inglish bhasheya pradhyapakaragi jooju maralitu, ee sthaanavannu avaru 1784ralli nidhanaraguvavaregu ulisikondaru. adhe varsha, avaru american tatvika samajada sadasyaraagi aaykeyaadaru. aatanannu philadelphiyaada laurel hill smashaanadalli samadhi maadalaagide.

archibald choothaattam archibald choothaattam (1740-1784) oru airish adthyaapakanaayirunnu. irelandile banbridginu sameepam saali montgomery, joseph ennivarkku archibald choothaattam janichu. choothaattam thante kuttikkaalatthinte kurachu kaalam amerikkayil chelavazhichu, 1768-ll philadelphia collegil cherunnathinayi madangi. birudaananthara birudathinaayi padikkumbol addeham oru laattin tutoraayi jolie cheythu. 1771ll birudam nediya addeham adutha varsham nyoojezhsi collegil ninnu birudaananthara birudam nedi. viplava yudhasamayathu, mejar general benchamin linkante keezhil enchineeyaraayi jolie cheythirunna choothaattam thekkan karolinayile chaalsttan uparodhathil pankedutthu. 1777-ll addeham filadelfiyayile joonn lislinte makalaaya merii lisline vivaham kazhichu. avarkk naalu makkalundaayirunnu saara, nancy, archibald, thomas. 1782ll pensylvania sarvakalashaalayil prabhashaka, engleesh bhaashayude professoraayi joomil thirichetthi, 1784ll marikkunnathuvare addeham aaa sthaanam vahichu. athe varsham thanne addeham american daarshanika samoohathile amgamaayi thiranjedukkappettu. filadelfiyayile loral hill semitheriyilaan addehathe samskarichathu.

archibald jugar archibald jugar (1740-1784) haah eka ayrish shikshak hota. irelandmadhil banbrijjaval sally montgomeri aanee joseph jugar yanchya potee archibald jugar khelala gela. jugarane tyache balpan americet ghalavale aanee 1768 madhye philadelphiya mahavidhyalayat jaanyasathi paratala. padvisathi shikat asatana tyanni lattin shikshak mhanoon kaam kele. tyane 1771 madhye padvi prapt kelee aanee pudhchya varshi tyala nyu jersey mahavidhyalayatun padvyuttar padvi midali. krantikari yuddhadarmyan, jugarane mejar general benjamin linken yanchya netrutvakhali abhiyanta mhanoon kaam kele aanee dakshin carolinatil charlestonchya vedhyat bhag ghetala. 1777 madhye tyane philadelphiyachya johnn lislechi mulgi merrie lisleshi lagn kele. tyanna chaar mule jhalih saara, nancy, archibald aanee thomas. 1782 madhye pensylvania vidyapithat vaktrutva aanee ingraji bhasheche pradhyapak mhanoon jugar paratala, jeey padd tyane 1784 madhye mrutyuparyant bhushavale. tyach varshi too american tatvik samajacha sadasya mhanoon nivadala gela. philadelphiyamadhil laurel hiill smashanbhumit tyala daphan karnyat aale aahe.

archibald juwa archibald juwa (1740-1784) ek iris shikshak thie. archibald juwa ayarlandko banbrij najikai selly montgomeri rar josef juwabata janmieko thiyo. juwa khelda afno balyakal americama bitae rar sann 1768 maa filadelfia kalejma padhna farkie. afno snatak degreeka lagi adhyayan garda, unle lattin shikshakko rupma kaam gare. unle sann 1771 maa snatak gare rar arko warsha college aff nyu jarsibata master degree prapta gare. krantikari yuddhako samayama, juwa mazer general benjamin linkanko netritwama engineerko rupma kaam kaam rar dakshin carolinama charlstonko gherabandima bhag leo. sann 1777 maa unle filadelfiaca john lisleki chhori merry lislesanga vivaha gare. sangai uniharuka chaar santan thieh sara, nancy, archibald rar thomas. zua sann 1782 maa pensylvania vishwavidyalayama waktritwa rar angreji bhashako pradhyapakko rupma farkie, june pada unle sann 1784 maa afno mrityu nabhaesamma samhaleka thie. tyahi warsha uni americi darshanik samajko sadasyako rupma nirvachit bhae. unlai filadelfiako larel hill kabristanma gadiyo.

archibald juaa archibald juaa (1740-1784) jane iris sikhyaka thile. airlander banbridge nikatare sally montgomeri ebong joseph juaa khelara ghare archibald juaa khela janma hoithila. juaa kheliba taanka piladinara kichhi samai aamerikare bitaithile ebong 1768 masihare philadelphia kalejare joga deba paain pherithile. snataka degree paain adhyajana karuthiba samajare shay jane latin sikhyaka bhabare karjya karithile. shay 1771 ray snataka hoithile ebong parabarti barsha college off nyu georcy ru snatakottara degree paithile. biplabee juddha samajare, juaa mejara general benjamin linkananka adheenare jane engineer bhabare karjya karithile ebong dakhina carolinara charlston abarodhare anshagrahana karithile. 1777 masihare shay philadelphiar zohn lislenka jhia merrie lislenku bibaha karithile. semanankara chaari santan thileh saaraa, nancy, archibald ebong thomas. juaa 1782 masihare pensilbhania biswabidyalajaku baktabya ebong ingraji bhasara professor bhabare pherithile, jaahaa shay 1784 masihare mrutyu parjyanta rakhithile. sehi barsha shay americae darshanika samajara sadasya bhabare nirbachita hoithile. tanku philadelphiar laurel pahad kabarasthanare kabara diajaichhi.

archibald juaa archibald juaa (1740-1784) ikk irish sikkhiak see. archibald juaa daa janam banbridge, ireland dey nede saili montgomeri atey joseph juye dey gharr hoiaa see. juaa khedan vaala aapna bachpan amrica witch bitaiaa atey 1768 witch fildelfia dey kaalaj witch padhan laee waps aaiaa. aapni bachelor dee digri laee padahde hoye, usne ikk latini tieutortur vajon kamm keeta. uss neey 1771 witch graduation keeti atey agle saal kaalaj aaf nioo jarsi toon maastar dee digri prapat keeti. inqalabi yuddh dauran, juaa neey mejar general benjamin linken dey adheen ikk engineer vajon kamm keeta atey dakkhni carolina witch charleston dee gherabandi witch hissa liaa. 1777 witch, uss neey fildelfia dey john lissel dee dhee mairi lissel naal viaah karvaiaa. uhanan dey chaar bacche sanauu sarah, nancy, archibald atey thoms. juaa 1782 witch pensylvania university witch bhashan atey angrezi bhasha dey professor vajon waps aaiaa, ikk ahuda jiss utte uh 1784 witch aapni maut takk riha. use saal, uh amriki darshnik samaaj dey member vajon chunhiaa giaa. uss noon fildelfia dey laurel pahadi kabarstan witch dafnaiaa giaa haii.

archibald-joodam archibald-joodam (1740-1784) ekaha airish-shikshaka aasit. archibald-joodam, airlaind-deshasya banbridge-nagarasya sameepe salli montgomeri-joseph-joodam cha ityetayoho krute ajayata. jooju-kreedaayaah baalyam amerikaadeshe eva vyateetam, 1768 tame varshe philadelphia-mahaavidyaalaye bhaagam graheetum pratyaagatam. snaatakapadaveem adhyayanakaale saha lattin-bhashayaha shikshakatvena karyam krutavaan. saha 1771 tame varshe snaatakapadaveem praptavan, tadanantaram varshe nyoo jersey-mahaavidyaalayaat snaatakottarapadaveem praptavan. krantikariyuddhe, joojuh measure-general benjamin-linkan ityasya adheene abhiyantruroopena karyam krutavaan, dakshina-kerolina-pradeshe charlston ityasya pariveshtane cha bhaagam praapnot. 1777 tame varshe saha fildelfia-nagarasya jaan-lisley ityasya putreem merry-lisley ityetam parineetavaan. teshaam militvaa chaarah putraah aasan-saara, nancy, archibald, thaamas cha. 1782 tame varshe pensylvania-vishvavidyaalayam vyaangya-bhashayaha anglabhashayaha cha praadhyaapakatven vyaangal-varyaha pratyagatavan, yat sthaanam saha 1784 tame varshe mrutyuparyantam niravahat. tasmin eva varshe saha american-philosophical-societyaah sadasyatvena nirwaachitah. saha philadelphia-nagarasya laarel-parvata-shmashaane samaadhisthah asti.

archibald soothaattam archibald soothaattam (1740-1784) oru airish kalviyaalar aavaar. archibald soothaattam ayarlaandhin banbridge arugae saali mondcomery mattrum josaph soothaattaththirku piranthathu. soothaattam thanathu kuzhandhaip paruvaththin sila kaalatthai americavil kazhiththathu, 1768 aam aandil philatelpia kallooriyil saerath thirumbinaar. ilangkalai pattappadippukkaagap padikkumpoathu, avar oru latheen aasiriyaraaga paniyaattrinaar. avar 1771 ill pattam pettraar, aduththa aandu neu jersey kallooriyil muthukalaip pattam pettraar. puratchip poarin poathu, mejar general benjamin lingen keezh oru poriyaalaraaka soothaattam paniyaattrinaar, maelum therku carolinavil charleston muttrukaiyil pankettraar. 1777 aam aandil, avar piladelpiyaavin john liceline magal maeri lysai mananthaar. avarkalukku saaraa, naansi, archibald mattrum thamas aagiya naanku kuzhandhaigal irunththanar. 1782 aam aandil benzylvania palkalaikkazhagaththil sorpozhivu mattrum aangkila mozhi paeraasiriyaraaga soothaattam thirumbinaar, inththa padhaviyai avar 1784 aam aandil irakkum varai vagiththaar. athae aandu, avar america thaththuva samoogaththin uruppinaraaga thernthedukkappattaar. avar piladelpiyaavil ulla laurel malai kallaraiyil adakkam seiyappattaar.

archibald joodam archibald joodam (1740-1784) oka airish vidyavetta. irelandloni banbridge sameepamlo saalii montgomeri mariyu joseph joodam aadataaniki archibald joodam janminchindi. joodam thana baalyamlo kontha bhaagam americalo gadipindi mariyu 1768loe philadelphia kalaasaalaku haajaru kaavadaaniki tirigi vachindi. thana bachelor degree kosam chaduvutunnappudu, athanu latin tuterga panicheesaadu. athanu 1771loe pattabhadrudayyaadu, marusati samvatsaram newjersey kalaasaala nundi masters degreeni pondaadu. viplavaatmaka yuddha samayamlo, majer general benzmin linkan aadhvaryamlo injaneergaa panichesi, dakshina karolinaloni charleston muttadilo palgonnaru. 1777loe, athanu philadelphiaku chendina zaan lissley kumarte maerii lisslenu vivaham chesukunnadu. veeriki naluguru pillalu unnaru saaraa, nancy, archibald mariyu thamus. 1782loe pensylvania vishwavidhyaalayaaniki prasanga mariyu aangla bhasha professorga tirigi vacchina joodam, 1784loe maraninche varaku aaa padaviloe konasagaru. adhe samvatsaram, athanu american taatvika samaajamlo sabhyudiga ennikayyaaru. ayana philadelphialoni laurel hill smasaanavaatikalo khananam cheyabaddaaru.

aarki baald jawaa aarki baald jawaa (1740-1784) eek aairish astaad thaa. aarki baald jawaa beenn burge ireland kay qareeb seeli montgomeri aur jozaf jawaa kay haan paida hawaa thaa. jawaa nay apnaa bachpan america mein guzara aur 1768 mein college aaf fladelfia mein taleem haasil karnay kay liye waps aayaa. apnee bachelor digri kay liye padhtay huay inhon nay laatini teuter kay toor parr kaam kiyaa. inhon nay 1771 mein graduation kiyaa aur aglay saal college aaf neo jarsi say maaster digri haasil kii. inqilabi jung kay doraan jawaa meejar general benjaman lankan kay maatehat eek engineer kay toor parr kaam kartaa thaa aur janubi carolina mein charliston kay muhasire mein hasah leeta thaa. 1777 mein iss nay fladelfia kay jaan lesli kii betty meeri lesli say shaadi kii. inn kay saath mill kirr chaar bachay hoay: saarah nainsi aarki baald aur thamas. jawaa 1782 mein pensalvania university mein taqarir aur angrezi zabaan kay professor kay toor parr waps aayaa yaha wah ahdah thaa juu inhon nay 1784 mein apnee moth takk barqarar rakhaa. asee saal wah american falasafi society kay rakan kay toor parr muntakhib hoay. inhein fladelfia kay laural hull qabristan mein dafan kiyaa gayaa hay.

0000a46930b301800ee095b9d7e65857ab2a9918da9202013a4489d2ff0d75ea

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5696159

Parker Ranch

Parker Ranch Working cattle ranch on the Island of Hawaii in the U.S. state of Hawaii Parker Ranch is a working cattle ranch on the Island of Hawaii in the U.S. state of Hawaii, now run by a charitable trust. History. The ranch was founded in 1847 and is one of the oldest ranches in the United States, pre-dating many mainland ranches in Texas and other southwestern states by more than 30 years. Spread across approximately of the island, Parker Ranch is among the nation's largest cattle ranches. A cowboy on the ranch is called a "paniolo" (Hawaiian language pronunciation of ), since the first cowboys were Spanish-speaking and came from Mexico. The Hawaiian language does not have the "s" sound. During World War II, part of the ranch was used as a United States Marine Corps training base called Camp Tarawa. The Second and Fifth Marine Divisions conducted training maneuvers there in preparation for the assault of Iwo Jima. The founder of the ranch was John Palmer Parker who assisted Kamehameha I in ridding the island of feral bulls and was granted land on which he established the ranch. From 1899 to 1937 it was managed by Alfred Wellington Carter (1867–1949). The last owner of the ranch, the actor Richard Smart, died in 1992. Since then the Ranch has been governed by the Parker Ranch Foundation Trust. The trust benefits the North Hawaii Community Hospital, Hawaii Preparatory Academy, Hawaii Community Foundation, and Parker School. Two of the ranch's historic homes, Puuopelu and Mana Hale, are open for free self guided tours at 66-1304 Mamalahoa Highway about one mile outside of Waimea town. This is also the location of the Corporate Headquarters. The Parker Ranch Arena and a racetrack are located off the Hawaii Belt Road at coordinates . The Ranch holds its annual July 4 Rodeo and Horses races at this Historic location. The Mauna Kea Beach Hotel, was developed and constructed by Laurance S. Rockefeller, on land purchased from Parker Ranch. Paniolo Cattle Company. Following a successful grass-fed beef trial on Hawaii Island, Parker Ranch and Ulupono Initiative announced the launch of the Paniolo Cattle Company, a joint venture aimed at statewide local beef production in March 2014. Paniolo Cattle Company began with 1,400 head of cattle to be raised at Parker Ranch. This represented the largest commitment of grass-fed beef by a single ranch in the state and increased the supply of grass-fed steers to the market by nearly 35 percent. The Paniolo Cattle Company grass fed beef can be found in island Safeway stores. 2020. According to president and CEO Dutch Kuyper, due to the COVID-19 pandemic Parker Ranch canceled their annual 4 July rodeo in 2020. They donated 6,500 pounds of grass-fed, ground beef to needy Hawaiians in Waimea. The Food Basket food bank gives it away at various locations in their Ohana Drops. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

parker res parker res hoise eu. e. ror hawai dipor etaa kormokhyom goru-moo 'horr kheti.ess. hawai rajyo, etiya etaa datobyo nyaxor dwara porisalito. itihax. ei restu 1847 sonot protistha koraa hoisil aaru ee aamerika juktorastror ataitkoi puroni resxomuhor bhitorot etaa, ji 30 bosorotkoiu odhik xomoyor purbe texus aaru onyanyo dokhyin-poschim rajyoxomuhor bohutu mool bhukhondor resxomuhor xoite xomporkito aasil. diptur pray xokolu thaite bistrito hoi thoka parker res hoise dexor xorbobrihot goru-moo 'horr khetir bhitorot onyotomo. resor ejon kaubayok "penio" lo "(hawaiyan bhaxar ussaron) buli kuwa hoy, kiyonu prothom kaubo" yoxokol spanis bhaxi aasil aaru maxic "ror poraa aahisil. hawaiyan bhaxat "ess" xobdo naai. dwitiyo biswojudhor xomoyot, resor etaa ongxo kemp torawa naamor aamerika juktorastror xamudrik bahinir proxikhyon ghaati hisape byobohar koraa hoisil. dwitiyo aaru ponchom xamudrik bibhage iwu jimaar aakromonor prostutir baabe taat proxikhyon kouxol porisalona korisil. resor protisthapok aasil john palmar parker jiye kamehameha prothomok bonoriya xaror diptu poriskar korat xohay korisil aaru teuk maati prodan koraa hoisil zo 'too teu restu sthapon korisil. 1899 sonor poraa 1937 sonoloike iyak alfred wellington cartere (1867-1949) porisalona korisil. resor xexor goraki maalik obhineta rechard smartor 1992 sonot mrityu hoisil. tetiyar poraa restu parker rengso foundation trustor dwara porisalito hoi aahise. ei nyaxe uttor hawai community sikitsaloy, hawai preparatory academy, hawai community foundation aaru parker schoolok upokrito kore. resor dutaa oitihaxik ghor, puupelu aaru maana haale, waimiya sohoror poraa pray ek maail bahirot 66-1304 mamalahuwa ghaipothot binamuliya swo-nirdexito bhromonor baabe mukoli. eitu korpo "retor mukhyo karzaloyor owosthanou. parker rengso erina aaru etaa restrek hawai belt rudor poraa aatorot sthanangkot owosthito. ei oitihaxik sthanot 4 julyr poraa barxik renche readyo 'aaru ghura dour onusthito kore. mouna keyaa bischo hotel, lo "rains ess-ror dwara bikoxito aaru nirman koraa hoisil. rockfelor, parker resor poraa kroy koraa maatit. penio "lu goru-moo" hoh company. hawai dipot xofol ghaah-puxit gumangxo porikhyar pisot, parker rengso aaru ulupunu udyuge 2014 sonor march maahot rajyik sthaniyo gumangxo utpadonor lokhyore ek jutiya udyug peniolu goru-jontu company aarombho korar ghuxona kore. peniolu goru-jontu companye parker rengsot paalon koriboloi 1,400 goru-jontur murobbir xoite aarombho korisil. ee rajyokhonor etaa ekok resor dwara ghaah-puxit gumangxor xorbobrihot protisrutik protinidhitwo korisil aaru bojaroloi ghaah-puxit steeror jugan pray 35 xotangxo briddhi korisil. penio "lu goru-moo" hoh companyr ghaahor mangxor maangxo dipor xephowe sto "roto puwa yaay. 2020. rastropoti aaru chi. ee. oh "daas kuaparor mote, koo" vid-19 mohamarir baabe parker renche 2020 sonot teulukor barxik 4 july rudio "baatil korisil. teuluke waimiyat thoka doridro hawaiyanxokolok 6,500 pound ghaah-puxit, maatir gumangxo daan korisil. food basket food bengke iyak bibhinno sthanot teulukor uhana dropxomuhot diye.

parker khamar parker khamar holl markin juktorashtrer hawai dweepe abosthito ekti gobadi poshu khamar.esha. hawai rajyo, ekhon ekti datobbo trust dwara porichalito. itihas. eyi khamarti 1847 saale protisthito hoyechilo ebong etty markin juktorashtrer prachintama khamargulir modhye ekti, jaa texus ebong anyanno dakkhin-poschim rajyer onek mool bhukhander khamargulir 30 bochorero beshi somoy agey theke royeche. dweeper pray samasta ongshe chhoriye thaka parker khamarti desher brihottomo gobadi poshu khamargulir modhye ekti. khamarer ekjon kauboyke "paniolo" (hawaiyan bhasar uchcharon) bolla hoy, kaaron prothom kauboyra spanishbhashi chhilo ebong mexico theke esechilo. hawaiyan bhasay "esha" shobdo nei. dwitiya bishwojuddher somoy, khamarer ekti ongsho markin juktorashtrer merrin corps proshikkhon ghanti hisabe byabohrito hoto jaake camp taraoa bolla hoto. dwitiya ebong pancham samudrik bibhagguli eo zima akromoner prostutir jonno sekhane proshikkhon kaushal porichalona korechilo. eyi khamarer protisthata chhilen john pamar parker, jini prothom kamehamehake bonno shander dweep theke mukti ditey sahayata korechilen ebong taanke jommy deoa hoyechilo jaar upor tini khamarti protistha korechilen. 1899 theke 1937 saal porjonto etty alfried wellington carter (1867-1949) dwara porichalito hoyechilo. khamarer shesh malik, abhineta richarda smart, 1992 saale maaraa zaan. tarpor theke khamarti parker khamar phaundeshana trust dwara porichalito hoy. trustee uttor hawai community hospital, hawai prostutimulok academy, hawai community phaundeshana ebong parker schoolke upokrito korey. khamarer duti oitihasik baadi, puopelu ebong maanaa haale, oyaimiya shohorer pray eka myle doore 66-1304 mamalahoa mahasadke binamulye swa-nirdeshito bhromoner jonno khola royeche. etty corporate sodor doftorer abosthano. parker khamar elaka ebong ekti restrack hawai belt roader kachhe sthanangke abosthito. eyi oitihasik sthane barshik 4thhaa julai rodio ebong ghodar dauder ayojan korey eyi khamarti. maona keya saikat hotelti laurence esha dwara unnoto ebong nirmito hoyechilo. parker khamar theke kenaa jomite rockfeller. paniolo gobadi poshu company. hawai dweepe ghas khawano gorur mangser sofol porikkhar porr, parker khamar ebong ulupono uddog 2014 saaler march maase rajyabyapi sthaniya gorur mangs utpadoner lakkhye ekti joutho uddog paniolo gobadi poshu sangostha chaalu korar ghoshana deyo. paniolo gobadi poshu sangosthati parker khamare 1,400 prodhan gobadi poshu niye shuru hoyechilo. etty rajyer ekti khamar dwara ghas-poshito gorur mangser brihottomo protishruti uposthapon korey ebong bajare ghas-poshito steer sarbaraha pray 35 shotangsho briddhi korey. paniolo gobadi poshu sangostha ghas khawano gorur mangs dweeper safeway storegulite pawa yaay. 2020. rashtrapati ebong ceo dutch quiper motey, covid-19 mahamarir karone parker khamar 2020 saale taader barshik 4 julai rodio batil korey. taaraa wimear abhabi hawaiyander 6,500 pound ghas khawano, ground gorur mangs daan korey. food basket food bank taader ohana dropgulite bivinno jaiga etty deyo.

parker pharma parker raanch aee yuu. aesa. maan havaai taapu parr kaaryarat pashu uchher chhe.aesa. havaai raajy, jeey havey aek sakhaavati trust dwara chalavvama aave chhe. itihas. aaa khetarni sthaapnaa sthaapnaa karvaamaa aavee hatee aneey teey united statesnaa sauthee junaa khetaromaanu aek chhe, jeey taxas aneey anya dakshinpashchim rajyoma 30 varshthi vadhu samaythi ghanaa mukhya bhumeena khetaroni taarikh dharaave chhe. lagbhag taapu parr felaayel parker pharma deshnaa sauthee motaa pashu uchhermaanu aek chhe. khetarma raheta kaauboyne "paniolo" (havaaiyan bhashano uchchaar) kahevama aave chhe, kaaran keey pratham kaauboy spanish bolata hataa aneey meksikothee aavyaa hataa. havaaiyan bhashama "aesa" avaaj nathee. beeja vishvyuddh darmiyan, khetarnaa bhagno upyog united statesnaa marine corps training bays tareeke thato hato jene camp taraava kahevaay chhe. beeja aneey paanchmaa dariyai vibhagoae ivo jimaanaa humalani taiyarima tyaan taaleem daavpech haath dharya hataa. aaa khetarnaa sthaapak john palmer parker hataa, jemane jungley baladona taapune mukt karvaamaa kamehameha prathamne madad curry hatee aneey temne jameen aapvama aavee hatee jenaa parr temane khetarni sthaapnaa curry hatee. 1899 thee 1937 sudhee tenu sanchalan alfred wellington carter (1867-1949) dwara karvaamaa aavtu hatoo. khetarnaa chhella maaleek, abhineta richard smartnu smartnu avsaan thayu hatoo. tyaarthi aaa khetarnu sanchalan parker raanch foundation trust dwara karvaamaa aave chhe. trustno laabh uttar havaai saamudaayik hospital, havaai praarambhik akaadmee, havaai samudaay foundation aneey parker schoolne thaay chhe. khetarnaa beey aitihasik gharo, puopelu aneey maanaa haale, vaimiya shahernee bahaar lagbhag aek mile door 66-1304 mamalahoa dhorimaarg parr mafat swa-maargdarshit pravaaso maate khulla chhe. aaa corporate headquarternu sthaan pann chhe. parker raanch erena aneey aek reesa track havaai pattana rastaathi door coordinates parr stheet chhe. aaa aitihasik sthal parr aaa pharma tenee vaarshik 4 julyna roj rodiyo aneey ghodaani dodnu aayojan karey chhe. maunaa keyaa beach hotel, laurence aesa dwara vikasavvama aneey bandhvama aavee hatee. rockfeller, parker farmmathi khareedeli jameen parr. paniolo pashu kampani. havaai taapu parr ghaasthee khavdavama aavela gomaansnee safal ajmayash baad, parker raanch aneey ulupono pahelae march march rajyavyapi sthaaneek gomaansnaa utpadanne dhyanma rakheene sanyukt saahas, paniolo pashu pedhhi sharoo karvaanee jaaherat curry hatee. paniolo pashu pedhhiae 1,400 pashuona vadaa saathe sharuaat curry hatee. aaa rajyamaa aek jaj khetar dwara ghaas-khavdavama aavtaa gomaansnee sauthee motee pratibaddhtaanu pratinidhitva karey chhe aneey bajaarmaa ghaas-khavdavama aavtaa steersnaa purvathaamaa lagbhag 35 takaano vadhaaro thayo chhe. paniolo pashu kampani ghaasthee khavadaavelu gomans taapu salaamati storsemaa malee shake chhe. 2020. pramukh aneey see. ee. oo. dutch kuyparnaa janaavya anusaar, covid-19 rogchaalaane kaarane parker raanche raanche temnee vaarshik 4 julai rodiyo rada curry hatee. teoae waimiyama jaruriyatmand havaaiyanne 6,500 pound ghaasthee khavdavama aavel, ground beef daanmaa aapyu hatoo. food basket food benk tene temnaa ohana tipaanmaa viveedh sthaloae aape chhe.

parker khet parker khet yuu. mein havaai dweep parr ack kaam karane vaalaa pashu khet haye.aiss. havaai raajya, abb ack dharmarth nyaas dwara chalaaya jaataa haye. itihas. iss khet kii sthaapana 1847 mein hui thee aur yeh sanyukt raajya america key sabse puraane kheton mein seey ack haye, joe texas aur anya dakshin-paschimi raajyon mein 30 seey adhik varshon seey kaee mukhya bhoomi key kheton seey pahale haye. dweep key lagbhag hisson mein faila parker khet desh key sabse badey pashu kheton mein seey ack haye. khet mein ack couboy koo "paniolo" (havaai bhasha kaa uchchaaran) kahaa jaataa haye, kyonki pahale couboy spanish bhashi they aur mexico seey aae they. havaai bhasha mein "aiss" dhwani naheen haye. dwiteeya vishva yuddh key dauran, khet key hisse kaa upayog sanyukt raajya america key samudri core prashikshan adde key roop mein kiya jaataa thaa jise camp tarawa kahaa jaataa thaa. dusare aur paanchven samudri prabhagon ney ivo jimaa key hamale kii taiyari mein vahaan prashikshan yuddhabhyas kiya. iss khet key sansthaapak johnn palmer parker they jinhone jangli bail key dweep koo hataane mein kamehameha aaee kii sahaayata kii aur unhein bhoomi dee gaee jiss parr unhone khet kii sthaapana kii. 1899 seey 1937 taka iska prabandhan alfred wellington carter (1867-1949) dwara kiya gayaa thaa. khet key antim malik, abhineta richard smart kii 1992 mein mrityu hoe gaee. taba seey khet koo parker khet foundation trust dwara niyantrit kiya jaataa haye. trust seey uttar havaai samudayik aspatal, havaai praarambhik akadami, havaai samudayik foundation aur parker school koo laabh hotaa haye. khet key dou aitihaasik ghar, puopelu aur maanaa haale, vemea shahar key baahar lagbhag ack meal door 66-1304 mamalahoa rajmarg parr muft swa-nirdeshit yaatraon key liye khule hain. yeh corporate mukhyalaya kaa sthaan bhee haye. parker khet kaa maidan aur ack restrack havaai belt sadak seey door nirdeshank parr sthit hain. iss aitihaasik sthaan parr 4 julaai koo vaarshik rodio aur ghodon kii daud aayojit kii jaati haye. mauna key beach hotal, laurence dwara vikasit aur nirmit kiya gayaa thaa. rockfeller, parker khet seey kharidi gaee bhoomi parr. paniolo pashu company. havaai dweep parr ghaas seey poshit gomans key safal pareekshan key baad, parker khet aur ulupono pahal ney march 2014 mein raajya bhar mein sthaaniya gomans utpaadan key uddeshya seey ack sanyukt udyam, paniolo maveshi company key shubharambh kii ghoshana kii. paniolo maveshi company ney 1,400 maveshiyon key pramukh key saath shuru kiya jise parker khet mein uthaaya jaayega. yeh raajya mein ack ekal khet dwara ghaas seey poshit gomans kii sabse badee pratibaddhata kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye aur bajar mein ghaas seey poshit steer kii aapoorti mein lagbhag 35 pratishat kii vriddhi hui haye. paniolo pashu company ghaas seey poshit gomans dweep surakshit dukaanon mein paaya jaa sakata haye. 2020. rashtrapati aur see. ee. oh. dutch kuypar key anusaar, covid-19 mahamari key kaaran parker khet ney 2020 mein apane vaarshik 4 julaai rodio koo radd curr diyaa. unhone vemea mein jaruratmand havaai logon koo 6,500 pound ghaas-poshit, ground gomans daan kiya. khaadya tokri khaadya baink ise vibhinn sthaanon parr apane ohana boondon mein detaa haye.

parkar form parkar ranch yuu yuu. esna hawai dweepadalli kelasa maaduva jaanuvaarugala kshetravagide.ess. hawai raajyavu eega datti samstheyinda nadesalpaduttide. itihaasa. ee kshetravannu 1847ralli sthaapisalaayitu mattu idu americada atyanta haleya kshetragalalli ondaagide, idu texas mattu itara nairtya rajyagalallina aneka mukhya bhoobhaagada kshetragalige 30 varshagaligoo hecchu kaala poorvabhaaviyaagide. dveepada sumaru bhagagalalli haradiruva parkar kshetravu deshada atidodda jaanuvaaru kshetragalalli ondaagide. modala kaubaaygalu spanish maatanaaduvavaraagiddu meksikodinda bandavaraagiruvudarinda, ee kshetradalliruva kaubay annu "paniolo" (hawaian bhasheya uchchaarane) endu kareyalaaguttade. hawaian bhasheyu "ess" shabdavannu hondilla. eradane mahayuddhada samayadalli, ee jameenina bhagavannu camp tarawa endu kareyalaaguva united states merine corps tarabeti neleyaagi balasalaaguttittu. eradane mattu aidane sagara vibhagagalu ivo zima daaliya tayaariyalli allie tarabeti tantragalannu nadesidavu. zaan pamar parkar ee jaanuvaaru kshetravannu sthaapisidanu, aata kaadu gooligala dweepawannu todeduhaakalu modalane kamehamehaage sahaaya maadidanu mattu aatanige bhoomiyannu nidalaayitu, adara mele aata ee jaanuvaaru kshetravannu sthaapisidanu. 1899rinda 1937ravarege idannu alfred wellington carter (1867-1949) nirvahisuttiddaru. ee krishi kshetravannu koneya maalikaraagidda nata richard smart 1992ralli nidhanaraadaru. andininda ee krishi kshetravannu parkar ranch foundation trust nirvahisuttide. ee trust uttara hawai samudaaya aspatre, hawai purvasiddhata academy, hawai samudaaya pratishtaana mattu parkar shaalege prayojanavannu niiduttade. ranchna eradu aitihaasika manegalu, puyopelu mattu maana hayley, vaimiya pattanada horabhagadalli sumaru ondu maili dooradalliruva 66-1304 mamalahova heddaariyalli uchita swayam nirdeshita pravasagalige muktavaagive. idu corporate pradhana kacheria sthalavoo aagide. parkar ranch arena mattu ondu rays track hawai belt rasteyinda dooradalli nirdeshaankagalalli sthitavagive. ee aitihaasika sthaladalli varshika julai 4randu ee kshetravu rhodeo mattu kudure otagalannu nadesuttade. mouna kee beach hotel annu laurence ess. avaru abhivraddhipadisidaru mattu nirmisidaru. rockfeller, parkar phaarmninda khareedisida bhoomiyalli. paniolo jaanuvaaru kampani. hawai dweepadalli hullu-tinnisida gomamsavannu yashasviyagi prayogisida nantara, parkar ranch mattu ulupono upakramavu 2014rahra marchnalli raajyavyaapi sthaliya gomamsa utpaadaneyannu guriyagirisikonda junty udyamavaada paniolo jaanuvaaru kampaniyannu prarambhisuvudagi ghoshisitu. parkar ranchnalli 1,400 jaanuvaarugalannu belesuvondige paniolo jaanuvaaru kampani praarambhavaayitu. idu rajyada onde ondu jaanuvaaru kshetravu hullina aahaarada gomamsada atidodda baddhateyannu pratinidhisitu mattu maarukattege hullina aahaarada steergala pooraikeyannu sumaru 35 pratishatadashtu hechchisitu. paniolo jaanuvaarugala kampani hullu tinnisida gomamsavannu dveepada surakshita angadigalli kaanabahudu. 2020. adhyaksha mattu sii. ii. oo dutch kuypar prakara, covid-19 saankraamika rogadindagi parkar ranch 2020 ralli tamma varshika julai 4 rodiyovannu raddugolisitu. avaru vaimiyada agatyaviruva havaayiyannarige 6,500 poundgalashtu hullu-tinnisida, nelada gomamsavannu daana maadidaru. aahaarada butty aahara bank adannu vividha stalagalalli tamma ohaanaa hanigalalli niiduttade.

parker ranch yuu. esile havaay dveepile oru kannukaali valarthumrigamaanu parker ranch.ezz. ippol oru chaarittabil trastt nadathunna havaay samsthaanam. charithram. texassileyum mattu thekkupadinjaaran samsthaanangalileyum niravadhi pradhana bhoopradeshangalude mechilppurangalkku 30 varshathilere munbulla eee mechilppurangal 1847 ll sthaapithamaayathum amerikkayile ettavum pazhaya mechilppurangalilonna. dveepinte ekadesham vividha bhaagangalil vyaapichukidakkunna parker ranch raajyathe ettavum valia kannukaali valarthumrigangalude mechilppurangalilonna. aadyathe kauboy spanish samsaarikkunnavarum meksikkoyil ninnullavarumayathinaal ranchile oru kauboyiye "paniolo" (havaian bhaashayude uchaaranam) ennu vilikkunnu. havaian bhaashaykk "ezz" shabdamilla. randaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu, raanchinte oru bhagam camp tarawa enna yunaittad stetts maraine corps pariseelana thaavalamaayi upayogichirunnu. randaamatheyum anchaamatheyum maraine divisionukal ivo jimayude aakramanathinulla thayyaareduppinaayi avide pariseelana thanthrangal nadatthi. eee raanchinte sthaapakan joonn palmer parker aayirunnu, addeham dveepile kaattupothukale mochippikkunnathil kamehameha onnaamane sahayikkukayum addeham ranch sthaapikkunnathinu bhoomi nalkukayum cheythu. 1899 muthal 1937 vare ithu kaikaaryam cheythath alfred vellington carteraanu (1867-1949). raanchinte avasana udamayaaya nadan richard smart 1992 ll marichu. athinusesham parker ranch foundeshan trasttaanu ranch bharikkunath. north havaay community ashupatri, havaay preparatory akkadami, havaay community foundeshan, parker school ennivaykku trastt prayojanam cheiyunnu. violile charitraparamaaya rund veedukalaaya poovopelu, manaa haale enniva vaimiya pattanatthinu oru mile akaleyulla 66-1304 mamalahova haiveyil soujanya svayam guided toorukalkkaayi thurannirikkunnu. korpparettu aasthaanathinte sthaanam koodiyaanithu. parker ranch areena oru rays track havaay beltt roadle ninnu kordinettukalil sthithicheyyunnu. eee charitraparamaaya sthalathu juulai 4 nuu vaarshika rodeo, kuthirappanthaya malsarangal nadathunnu. laurence ezz aanu mouna qee beach hotel vikasippikkukayum nirmmikkukayum cheythath. parker ranchil ninnu vangiya bhoomiyil rockfeller. paniolo kannukaali kambani. havaay dveepil pullu thinnaan kazhiyunna beef pareekshanam vijayakaramaayi nadannathinetthudarnnu, parker ranch ulupono samrambhavum 2014 maarchil samsthaanavyaapakamaayi praadeshika beef uthppaadanam lakshyamitulla samyuktha samrambhamaya paniolo kannukaali kambani aarambhikkumenn prakhyaapichu. parker ranchil 1,400 kannukaalikale valarthunnathinayi paniolo kannukaali kambani aarambhichu. ithu samsthaanathe orotta krishiyidathinte pullu thinnaan kazhiyunna gomamsam sambandhicha ettavum valia prathibaddhathaye prathinidheekarikkukayum pullu thinnaan kazhiyunna stiyarukalude vipani vitharanam ekadesham 35 sathamaanam vardhippikkukayum cheythu. paniolo kannukaali kambani pullu nalkunna beef dweep saphe way storukalil kaanam. 2020. presidentum sii. iii. oo dutch kuyparum parayunnathanusarichu, covid-19 mahamari kaaranam parker ranch 2020 juulai 4 nuu avarude vaarshika rodeo raddaki. avar vaimiyayile aavasyakkaaraaya havaayiyakkaark 6,500 poundu pullu thinnaan kazhiyunna, nilam vecha beef sambhavana cheythu. phudu baaskat phudu baank avarude ohaana thullikalil vividha sthalangalil ithu nalkunnu.

parker pharm parker ranch heey yuu. aii. madheel havai betavaril eka karyarat guranche shet aahe.ess. havai rajya, jeey aata eka dharmaday vishvast mandaladvare chalavale jaate. itihas. yaa shetjameenchee sthapana 1847 madhye jhaali hotee aanee texas aanee itar nairutya rajyanmadhil anek mukhya bhoomichya shetjamininshi 30 varshanhun adhik kaal purvasandhyela asalelya americetil sarvat junya shetjameeneenpaiki eka aahe. betavar sumare pasarlele, parker pharm heey deshatil sarvat mothya guranchya farmpaiki eka aahe. pahilya kauboy spanish bhashik hote aanee mexicohoon aalele asalyamule, shetatil cauboyla 'paniolo' (hawaiyan bhashetil uchchar) mhanatat. hawaiyan bhashet 'ess' aavaj nahee. dusya mahayuddhachya kalat, shetjaminicha kahee bhag united states mareen corps prashikshan tall mhanoon vaparla jaat asey jyala camp tarava mhanatat. dusya aanee pachvya sagari vibhaganni ivo jimachya hallyachya tayarisathi tethe prashikshan yuktya aayojit kelya. johnn palmer parker haah yaa shetjameencha sansthapak hota, jyane jangali bailanchya betavarun mukt honyasathi kamehameha pahila yala madat kelee aanee tyala jameen denyat aalee jyavar tyane shetjameen sthapan kelee. 1899 teey 1937 paryant tyache vyavasthapan alfried wellington carter (1867-1949) yanni kele. yaa shetjameencha shevatcha malak, abhineta richard smart, 1992 madhye maran pavala. tevhapasoon yaa shetjameenvar parker rench foundation trustche niyantran aahe. trustcha fayda uttar havai samudayik rugnalay, havai purvatayari akadami, havai samudayik pratishthan aanee parker schoola hoto. puopelu aanee maanaa haley hii shetjaminichi done aitihasik ghare, vemiya shaharachya baher sumare eka mail antaravar asalelya 66-1304 mamalahoa mahamargavar mofat swayam-margdarshit sahalisathi khulee aahet. corporate mukhyalayache dekhil heey thikan aahe. parker ranch erena aanee eka restrack havai pattyachya rastyajaval nirdeshankavar sthit aahet. yaa aitihasik thikani 4 julai roji varshik rodio aanee ghodyanchya sharyati aayojit kelya jaatat. mauna keya beach hottel, laurence ess. yanni vikasit aanee bandhale hote. rockfeller, parkarchya shetjaminitun kharedi kelelya jaminivar. paniolo pashu company. havai betavar gavatavar poshit gomansachya yashasvi chachaninantar, parker ranch aanee ulupono upkramane march 2014 madhye rajyavyapi sthanik gomans utpadanachya uddeshane sanyukt upkram asalelya paniolo guredhore companychi suruvat karanyachi ghoshana kelee. paniolo guredhore companychi suruvat 1,400 guranchya pramukhansah jhaali jee parker ranchmadhye vadhavali jaanar hotee. yamule rajyatil ekach shetamadhye gavatavar aadharit gomansachi sarvat mothee bandhilaki darshavili gelee aanee bajarat gavatavar aadharit steerscha puravatha sumare 35 takkyanni vadhala. paniolo guredhore companyche gavatyukt gomans betavaril surakshit dukananmadhye aadhalu shakate. 2020. adhyaksh aanee mukhya karyakari adhikari dutch quiper yanchya matey, covid-19 mahamarimule parker ranchane 2020 madhye tyancha varshik 4 julai rodio radd keela. tyanni vaymeyatil garajoo havaiyananna 6,500 paund gavat-poshit, ground gomans daan kele. annapadarthanchi basket asaleli ann banq teey tyanchya ohana thembanmadhye vividh thikani dete.

parker farm parker khet americako hawai tapuma raheko euta kaam garne gaiwastu khet how.ess. hawai rajya, ahile euta paropkari trustdwara sanchalit chha. itihas. yo khet sann 1847 maa sthapana bhaeko thiyo rar sanyukta rajya americako sabaibhanda purano khetharu madhye ek how, texas rar anya dakshinapashchimi rajyaharuma dherai mukhya bhumi khetharu 30 warsha bhanda badhi samaya pahileko how. tapuko lagbhag bhagma failieko, parker khet rashtrako sabaibhanda thulo gaiwastu khetharu madhye ek how. khetma raheka kaubwailai "paniolo" (hawaiyan bhashako uchcharan) bhaninchha, kinki pahilo kaubwaiharu spanis bhashi thie rar meksikobata aeka thie. hawaiyan bhashama "ess" awaz hundaina. dosro wishwayuddhako samayama, khetko ek bhag sanyukta rajya americako samudri core prashikshan adharko rupma prayog garieko thiyo jaslai camp tarawa bhaninchha. dosro rar panchaun samudri divisionle iwo jimako akramanko tayarika lagi tyahan prashikshan yuddhabhyas sanchalan gare. khetka sansthapak john palmer parker thie jasle kamehameha prathamlai jangali saandhuko tapubata mukta garna sahayog gare rar unlai jagga pradan gariyo jasma unle khet sthapana gare. sann 1899 dekhi 1937 samma yasalai alfred wellington carter (1867-1949) dwara wyawasthit garieko thiyo. khetko antim malik, abhineta richard smartko sann 1992 maa mrityu bhayo. tyasabeladekhi khet parker khet foundation trustdwara shasit chha. trustle uttar hawai samudayik aspatal, hawai preparatory ekedemy, hawai samudayik foundation, rar parker skullai faida puryaunchha. khetka dui aitihasik gharharu, puopelu rar manah hale, waimiya saharbata lagbhag ek mile bahira 66-1304 mamalahova rajmargma nih shulk swa-nirdeshit bhramanka lagi khula chhan. yo corporate mukhyalayako sthan pani how. parker khet khetra rar euta restrack hawai belt sadakbata tadha nirdeshankama awasthit chhan. yass aitihasik sthanma khetle warshik july 4 maa rodio rar ghodako daudharu ayojana gardacha. mauna keaa samudra tata hotel, lawrence ess dwara wiksit rar nirman garieko thiyo. parker khetbata kharid garieko jaminma rockfeller. paniolo gaiwastu company. hawai tapuma ghansama khuwaieko gaiko masu parikshanko safalpachhi, parker farm rar ulupono pahalle march 2014 maa rajyawyapi sthaniya gaiko masu utpadan garne uddeshyale sanyukta udyam paniolo gaiko masu company suru garne ghoshana garyo. paniolo gaiko masu company parker farmama hurkauna 1,400 gaiko tauko liera suru bhayo. yasale rajyako ekal khetdwara ghansama khuwaieko gomansko sabaibhanda thulo pratibadhatalai pratinidhitwa garyo rar bajarma ghansama khuwaieko stearko apurti lagbhag 35 pratishatle wriddhi garyo. paniolo gaiwastu company ghaansale poshit gomans tapu sefway storeharuma fela parne sakinchha. 2020. rashtrapati rar siio douch kuyarka anusar covid-19 mahamariko karan parker khetle 2020 maa afno warshik 4 july rodio radda garyo. uniharule waimiyama khaancho pareka hawaiyanharulai 6,500 pound ghaans-poshit, bhuin gomans daan gare. food basket food bankley yasalai vibhinna sthanma ohana dropma dinchha.

parker farm parker ranch heuchhi jayu. aii. rahr hawai dwepare eka karjyakhyama gaichash.ess. hawai rajya, bartamana eka databya trust dwara parichalita . itihas. ehi krushikhetrati 1847 masihare sthapita hoithila ebong ehaa americara sabutharu puruna krushikhetra madhyaru gotie, jaahaa texas ebong anya dakhina-paschima rajyara aneka mukhya bhukhandara krushikhetraku 30 barsharu adhika samai purbaru prastuta karithila. dwepara praiah sabuade byapta parker farm deshar sarbabruhat pashu farm madhyaru anyatama. pratham kaubajamane spenish bhashi thile ebong meksikoru aasithile, tenu ehi khetare thiba jane kaubajanku "paniolo" (hawaija bhasha uchharana) kuhajae. hawaijana bhasare "s" dhwani naahin. dwiteeja biswajudha samajare, ehi khetara kichhi anshaku camp tarawa namaka eka juktarastra americara samudrika bahini talim bases bhabare byabahruta hoithila . dwiteeja ebong pancham samudrika bibhaga eo zima akramanara prastuti paain sethare talim kaushala parichalana karithila. ehi khetara pratisthata thile zohn palmer parker, jieki kamehameha-1manku banya sasala dweparu mukti debare sahajya karithile ebong tanku jami pradan karajaithila, jeunthire shay khyeta pratistha karithile. 1899 ru 1937 parjyanta ehaa alfried welington carter (1867-1949) nka dwara parichalita hoithila. ehi khetara shesh malika, abhineta richard smart, 1992 masihare mrutyubarana karithile. sebetharu ehi khyeta parker ranch foundation trust dwara parichalita heuchhi. ehi trust uttara hawai gosthi daktarakhana, hawai prastuti ekademy, hawai gosthi foundation ebong parker skulaku labhanwita karithae. waimija sahara bahare praiah eka mile doorare thiba 66-1304 mamalahoa rajapathare, ehi khamrar duiti aitihasika ghara, puopelu ebong maanaa haale, maganare swajang-nirdeshita bhraman paain khola rahichhi. ehaa madhya corporate mukhyalajara sthana. parker ranch erena ebong eka restrack hawai belt rodru doorare sthanankare abasthita . ehi aitihasika sthanare ehi farm ehara barshika july 4 rodio ebong ghoda dauda ayojan kare . mouna keaa belabhumi hotel', larence ess. nka dwara bikashita ebong nirmita hoithila. parker farmru kinajaithiba jamire rockfeller. paniolo gaai company. hawai dwepare ghasare khuaithiba gomansa parikhyanara saphala parey, parker ranch ebong ulupono padakhyepa 2014 marchare rajyabyapee sthaniah gomansa utpadana uddeshyare eka milita udyoga paniolo gaai company arambha karibaku ghoshana karithile. paniolo gaai company parker ranchare palana karibaku 1,400 gainka munda sahita arambha hoithila . ehaa rajyara gotie farm dwara ghasa khuaiba gomansa paain sabutharu budd pratibaddhataku pratinidhitwa karithila ebong bajaarare ghasa khuaiba stiyara jogaana praiah 35 pratishata brudhi karithila. paniolo gaai company ghasare khuaithiba gomansa dwepa sephawe store milithae. 2020. rastrapati ebong sii. ee. oh. douch kyuparnka anujai, kovida-19 mahamari karanaru parker farm 2020 ray semanankara barshika 4 july rodioku batil karithila. semane ymr abhabi hawaijanamananku 6,500 pound ghasa khuaiba, ground gomansa daana karithile. khadya basket khadya byanka ehaaku bibhinna sthanare semananka ohana drop ray deithae .

parker khet parker rench yuu. aiss. witch havaai tapu utte ikk kamm curran vaala pashu rench haii.aiss. havaai raaj, joe hunn ikk charitable trust duaara chalaiaa jaanda haii. itihaas. iss khet dee sathapana sann 1847 witch keeti gaee see atey ih sanyukat raaj amrica dey sabh toon purane khetan vicchon ikk haii, joe taxas atey horr dakkhan-pachmi raajan witch 30 saalan toon vaddh samein toon bahut saare mukkh bhumi dey khetan toon pahilan haii. tapu dey lagbhag hissiaan witch failiaa hoiaa, parker farm desh dey sabh toon vadde pashu farm vicchon ikk haii. khet witch ikk kaoobuae noon "paniolo" (havaian bhasha daa ucharan) kiha jaanda haii, kiunki pahile kaoobuae spanish bolann vaale sunn atey mexico toon aae sunn. havaian bhasha witch "s" aavaaz naheen haii. dooje vishav yuddh dauran, khet dey hisse noon sanyukat raaj dey samundari coor sikhlai adhaar vajon vartiaa jaanda see jiss noon camp tarawa kiha jaanda see. dooje atey panjven samundari divisionan neey ivo jima dey hamle dee tiaari laee utthe sikhlai chaalan chalaiaan. iss khet daa sansthapak john palmer parker see jiss neey kamehmeha pahile noon jangli baldan dey tapu toon chhutkara paunh witch sahaita keeti atey uss noon zameen ditti gaee jiss utte uss neey khet dee sathapana keeti. 1899 toon 1937 takk iss daa parbandhan alfried wellington carter (1867-1949) duaara keeta giaa see. khet dey aakhri maalak, adakar richard smart dee 1992 witch maut hoow gaee see. udon toon khet park faranch foundation trust duaara niyantrit keeta jaanda haii. trust uttri havaai community hospital, havaai prepretory academy, havaai community foundation atey parker school noon laabh pahunchaunda haii. khet dey doou itihasak gharr, puopelu atey maana haale, vaimia shehar toon lagbhag ikk meal door 66-1304 mamalahoa rajmarg utte mufat sway-nirdeshit tour laee khulleh hunn. ih corporate headquarter daa sathaan vee haii. parker rench akhada atey ikk restrack havaai bellet road toon door nirdeshank utte sathit hunn. iss itihasak sathaan utte ih khet 4 julai noon aapni salana rodio atey ghodiaan deeaan daud daa ayojan karda haii. mauna keeaa beach hotel, laurence aiss duaara vikast atey banaiaa giaa see. rockifeller, parker khet toon kharidi gaee zameen utte. paniolo pashu company. havaai tapu utte ghaah naal khuae gaye beef dey safal azmaish toon baad, parker runch atey ulupono pahilkadmi neey paniolo pashu company dee shuruat dee ghoshna keeti, joe march 2014 witch raaj viaapi sathanak beef utpadan dey udesh naal ikk sanjha uddam haii. paniolo pashu company neey parker runch witch paalan laee 1,400 pashuaan dey mukhi naal shuruat keeti. ih raaj witch ikk single khet duaara ghaah-poshit beef dee sabh toon vaddi pratibadhta noon darsaunda haii atey markeet witch ghaah-poshit steer dee saplai witch lagbhag 35 pratishat daa vaadha hoiaa haii. paniolo pashu company ghaah naal khuae gaye beef noon tapu surakhiaa storan witch paaiaa jaa sakda haii. 2020. rashtarpati atey see. ee. ou. dutch quiper dey anusar, covid-19 mahamari caarn parker rench neey 2020 witch aapne salana 4 julai rodio noon radd qarr ditta. unhan neey viamia witch lodwand havaianan noon 6,500 pond ghaah-poshit, zamini beef daan keeta. food basket food baink iss noon vakkh-vakkh thaavan 'teey ohana boondan witch dinda haii.

parker-kshetram parker-rench iti samyuktarajyamerikadesha havaayee-dweepe sthitam karyashilam pashuraajyam asti.ess. havaayee-raajyam, adhunaa daatrutva-nyasena sanchaalitam asti. itihaasah. etat kshetram 1847 tame varshe sthaapitam aasit, tathaa cha samyuktarajyamerikadesha prachinatameshu kshetreshu anyatam asti, yat texas-deshasya, anyeshu dakshinapashchimarajyeshu cha anekeshu mukhyabhumisamagrishu kshetreshu 30 varshaanaam poorvam asti. dweepasya praayah sarvatra vyaaptaa parker-kshetram, deshasya bruhattameshu pashu-kshetreshu anyatam asti. pashukshetre kaubaay iti "paniolo" (havaayiyan-bhashayaha ucchaaranam) iti kathyate, yatah prathamam kaubaay iti spanish-bhaasheeyah meksiko-deshaat agatavan aasit. havaayiyan-bhashayam "ess" iti dhwanih naasti. dviteeyavishvayuddhe, asya kshetrasya bhaagah samyuktarajyamerika-deshasya mareen-carps-prashikshan-aadhaararoopen prayogitah aasit, yasya naam camp-tarava iti aasit. dwiteeyena panchamena cha samudreeyavibhaagaih, ivo-jimaa ityasya aakramanasy sajjataayaah krute tatra prashikshan-yuddhabhyasaha aayojitaah. jaan palmer parker ityeshah asya pashu-kshetrasya samsthaapakah aasit, yah kamehamehaa-prathamasya vanya-shaavakaih dweepebhyah mukttim kartum sahayyam krutavaan, tathaa cha tasya krute bhoomih dattah, yasmin saha pashu-kshetram asthaapayat. 1899 taha 1937 paryantam alfred wellington carter (1867-1949) ityanena asya prabandhanam krutam. pashu-kshetrasya antimah swami, abhinetaa richard smart, 1992 tame varshe mrutah. tatah param pashu-kshetrasya niyantranam parker-rench-foundation-trust ityanena kriyate. nyasasya labha uttar-havaai-samudayika-chikitsaalayam, havaai-praarambhika-akadami, havaai-samudayika-pratishtaanam, parker-vidyaalayam cha bhavati. pashuvrukshasya aitihaasikagruhadvayam, puopelu tathaa manahaale, vaimiyaa-nagaraat praayah ekamail-doore 66-1304 mamalahova-rajamarge nihshulka-swa-nirdeshita-paryatanartham udghaatitaah santi. eshah nigama-mukhyaalayasy sthaanam api asti. parker-rench-kshetram, res-track cha havaayi-belt-margat doore nirdeshaamkaroopena sthitaah santi. asmin aitihaasikasthaane vaarshikam julai-masasya 4 dinaanke rodiyo-kreedaayaah, ashva-spardhayaha cha ayojanam bhavati. maunaa kee beech hotel, laurence ess ityanena vikasitam, nirmitam cha aasit. rockfeller, parker-kshetraat krinita bhoomih. paniolo pashukampanee. havaayee-dweepe truna-aahar-gomamsa-parikshanasya safalataayaah anantaram, parker-rench tathaa ulupono-upakramah 2014 maarch-maase rajyavyapi-sthaniya-gomamsa-utpadanasya lakshyen samyukta-udyamasya paniyolo-pashupakshasya aarambhasy ghoshanaa krutavantah. parker-rench-madhye 1,400 pashupakshaih saha paniyolo-pashupakshasya aarambhah abhavat. anena raajye ekasmin kshetren truna-aahaarit-gomaamsah bruhattamam pratibadhataam darshitam, tathaa cha vipanyaam truna-aahaarit-steers ityasya aapoortih praayah 35 pratishatam vardhitaa. paniolo-pashunam kampanee-ityasya truna-pushta-gomaamsam dweepasya safeway-bhandaareshu drushyate. 2020. adhyakshasy tathaa sii. ee. o. dutch-kuypar ityasya matena, covid-19 mahamarina parker-rench-kshetrasya vaarshikam rodiyo 2020 julai-masasya 4 dinaanke nirastam abhavat. te vaimiyaa-nagarasya abhaabeebhyah havaayiyan-janaan 6,500 paund-yaavat truna-poshitam, bhushita-gomaamsam daanam akurvan. foodbasket foodbyaank, teshaam ohaanaa-drops madhye, vividhasthaaneshu tatt pradadaati.

poongaaval pannai bargarh pannai enbathu americavil havaai theevil ulla oru kaalnadai pannaiyaagum.ess. havaai maanilam, ippoathu oru thondu arakkattalaiyaal nadaththappadukirathu. varalaaru. inththa pannai 1847 aam aandil niruvappattathu mattrum americavin palamaiyaana pannaikalil ontraakum, idhu texas mattrum pira thenmaerku maanilangkalil ulla pala pirathaana nilaparappu pannaikalai 30 aandugalukkum maelaaga munbae thaethiyittathu. theevin thoaraayamaaga muzhuvathum paraviyirukkum, poongaaval pannai naattin migapperiya kaalnadai pannaikalil ontraakum. muthal coveboys spanish paesum mattrum mexicovilirunthu vanththavargal enbathaal, panaiyil oru kavpaai "paniolo" (havaai mozhi ucharippu) endru azhaikkappadugiraar. havaai mozhiyil "s" olii illai. irandaam ulagap poarin poathu, pannaiyin oru pakuthi camp darawa endru azhaikkappadum america kadal padai payirchi thalamaaga payanpaduththappattathu. irandaavathu mattrum ainthaavathu kadal pirivugal ivoa jima thaakkuthalukkaana thayaarippil angku payirchi soozhchchigalai nadaththina. inththa pannaiyin niruvanar john paamar bargarh aavaar, avar muthalaam kamehamehaavukku theevil ulla kaattu kaalaigalai agattra udhavinaar, maelum avar pannaiyai niruviya nilam vazhangkappattathu. 1899 muthal 1937 varai idhu alfred wellington carder (1867-1949) enbavaraal nirvagikkappattathu. pannaiyin kadaisi urimaiyalaraana nadigar richard smart 1992 aam aandil iranthaar. appoathirunthu pannai bargarh pannai arakkattalai arakkattalaiyaal nirvagikkappadukirathu. arakkattalai vadakku havaai samooga maruthuvamanai, havaai ayaththa akaadami, havaai samooga arakkattalai mattrum bargarh palli aagiyavattrirku payanalikkirathu. pannaiyin irandu varalaattru illangkalaana poovoapaelu mattrum manaa haalae, vaimiya nagaraththirku veliyae oru mile tholaivil ulla 66-1304 mamalahova nedunjaalaiyil ilavasa suya vazhikaattappatta suttruppayanangkalukku thiranthirukkum. idhu peruniruvana thalaimaiyagaththin iruppidamaagum. poongaavukkaana pannai arangkam mattrum oru panthayap paathai havaai belt saalaiyil ulla ayaththa munaigalil amainthullana. inththa pannai adhan varudaanthira juulai 4 rhodeo mattrum kudhirai panthayangkalai inththa varalaattru idaththil nadaththukirathu. mavuna kiah kadarkarai hootal, laurence ess. avarkalaal uruvaakkappattu kattappattathu. rockfeller, bargarh pannaiyilirunthu vaangkappatta nilaththil. paniolo kaalnadai niruvanam. havaai theevil vetrtrikaramaana puul unavalikappatta maattiraichi soathanaiyaith thodarnthu, bargarh pannai mattrum ulubono munmuyarchi maarch 2014 ill maanilam muzhuvathum ulloor maattiraichi urpaththiyai nokkamaagak konda oru koottu muyarchiyaana paniolo kaalnadai niruvanatthaith thodanguvathaaga ariviththathu. paniolo kaalnadai niruvanam 1,400 kaalnadaigaludan thodangiyathu. idhu maanilaththil oray oru panaiyil puul unavalikkum maattiraichchiyin migapperiya arppanipaik kurikkirathu mattrum puul unavalikkum steeyargalin viniyoagaththai kittatthatta 35 sathaveetham athikariththathu. paniolo kaalnadai niruvanam puul uuttappatta maattiraichchiyai theevu paathukaappup paathai kadaigalil kanalaam. 2020. janathipathi mattrum thalaimai nirvaaga adhigaari duchu quiberin koottruppadi, koovit-19 thottrunoai kaaranamaaga barker pannai 2020 aam aandil thangal varudaanthira juulai 4 rodiovai rathu seithathu. avarkal vaimiaavil ulla thaevaippadugira havaayiyargalukku 6,500 pavundugal puul uuttappatta, tharaiyil maattiraichchiyai nankodaiyaaga vazhangkinar. unavu koodai unavu vangki adhai palvaeru idangkalil thangal ohaanaa sottugalil valangkukirathu.

parker gaddibeedu parker ranch anedi yuu. ess looni hawai dveepamlo panichese pasuvula gaddibeedu.ess. hawai rashtram, ippudu oka swachchanda samsthachae nirvahinchabadutondi. charitra. eee gaddibeedu 1847loe sthaapinchabadindi mariyu idhi united statesloni puraatana gaddibeedulalo okati, idhi texas mariyu itara nairuti raashtraalloni aneka pradhana bhuubhaaga gaddibeedulaku 30 samvatsaraalaku paiga mundu naatidi. dveepamlo dadapuga vistarinchi unna parker gaddibeedu desamloni atipedda pasuvula gaddibeedulalo okati. modati koubaaylu spanish matladevaru mariyu mexico nundi vachinavaaru kabatti, gaddibeeduloni koubaaynu "paniolo" (hawai bhaashalo uchchaarana) anie pilustaaru. hawai bhaashalo "s" dhwani ledhu. rendava prapancha yuddham samayamlo, gaddibeedulo kontha bhaganni camp tarawa anie piluvabade united states merine corps sikshanaa sthaavaramgaa upayoginchaaru. rendava mariyu aidava samudra vibhagalu ivo jima daadiki sannahakamgaa akkada sikshanaa yuktulanu nirvahinchaayi. eee gaddibeedu sthaapakudu zaan pamar parker, athanu adavi eddula dveepaanni tolaginchadamlo modati kamehamehaaku sahayam chesaadu mariyu athanu gaddibeedunu sthaapinchina bhoomini manjuru chesaadu. 1899 nundi 1937 varaku dheenini alfred wellington carter (1867-1949) nirvahinchaaru. gaddibeedu yokka chivari yajamani, natudu richard smart, 1992loe maraninchaaru. appati nundi gaddibeedu parker ranch foundation trust chetha paalinchabadutondi. eee trust uttara hawai community hospital, hawai preparatory academy, hawai community foundation mariyu parker paatasaalalaku prayojanam chekuurustumdi. ranch yokka rendu chaaritraka gruhalu, puyopelu mariyu manaa haale, vaimiya pattanaaniki oka mailu velupala unna 66-1304 mamalahova haive vadda uchita sweeya maargadarsaka paryatanala kosam terichi unnaayi. corporate pradhana karyalayam kooda idhe. parker ranch arena mariyu oka rays track hawai belt rodduku dhooramgaa coordinatelaloo unnaayi. eee chaaritraatmaka pradaesamloe vaarshika juulai 4naa rodeo mariyu gurrapu pandeelanu eee gaddibeedu nirvahistundi. mouna kii beach hotelnu laurence ess. abhivruddhi chesi nirminchaaru. parker gaddibeedu nundi konugolu chesina bhoomipai rockfeller. paniolo pasuvula samstha. hawai dveepamlo gaddi tinipinchina goddu maamsam vijayavantamaina pareeksha taruvaata, parker ranch mariyu ulupono chorava marchi 2014loe raashtravyaapta sthaanika goddu maamsam utpattini lakshyamgaa chesukunna joint venture ayina paniolo pasuvula samsthanu praarambhinchinatlu prakatinchindi. parker gaddibeedulo penchadaaniki 1,400 pasuvula adhipatitho paniolo pasuvula samstha praarambhamaindi. idhi raashtramlo oke gaddibeedu dwara gaddi tinipinche goddu maamsam yokka atipedda nibaddhatanu suuchistumdi mariyu marketku gaddi tinipinche steerla sarafaraanu daadaapu 35 saatam penchindi. paniolo pasuvula samstha gaddi tinipinchina goddu mamsanni dveepam surakshita dukaanaalaloo chudavachu. 2020. adhyakshudu mariyu ceo dutch kuypar prakaram, covid-19 mahammari kaaranamgaa parker ranch 2020loe vaari vaarshika juulai 4 rodeonu raddu chesindi. vaaru vaimiyaaloni avasaramaina havaiyanlaku 6,500 poundla gaddi tinipinchina, ground gomamsanni viraalamgaa icchaaru. phud basket phud byaank daanini vividha pradaesaalaloo vaari ohaanaa chukkalalo istundi.

parkar kheet parkar raanch yuu aiss mein hawai jazeeray parr eek kaam karnay waala maveshiyon kaa kheet hay.aiss. hawai kii riyasat juu abb eek khairati trust kay zeer intezam hay. tareekh. kheet kii bunyaad 1847 mein rakhee gayee thee aur yaha riyasathaye muthadah kay qadeem tareen kheeton mein say eek hay juu taxas aur deegar janub maghrabi riyasaton mein behat say meen lend kheeton say 30 saal say ziyadah pehley kaa hay. jazeeray kay taqriba tamaam hasoon mein phaila hawaa parkar kheet milk kay sabb say baday maveshiyon kay kheeton mein say eek hay. kheet mein eek charwahay kuu "peneolo" (hawai zabaan kaa talfaz) kahaa jaataa hay keunkah pehley charwahay hispanvi bolnay waalay thay aur mexico say aayey thay. hawai zabaan mein "s" aawaz nahein hay. dosri jung azeem kay doraan kheet kaa eek hasah riyasathaye muthadah kay mirian coor training bees kay toor parr istemaal kiyaa jaataa thaa jasay camp tarawa kahaa jaataa thaa. dosray aur panchwen samandari devisions nay aivo jeema kay hamlay kii tayari kay liye wahaan tarbiti mashqein kein. kheet kaa baanee jaan palmer parkar thaa jiss nay jazeeray kuu jangli bailon say najaat dilanay mein kumhamah awal kii madad kii aur asay zameen dee gayee jiss parr iss nay kheet qayem kiyaa. 1899 say 1937 takk iss kaa intezam alfared wellington carter (1867-1949) kay zariye kiyaa jaataa thaa. kheet kay aakhri maalk adakaar richard smart 1992 mein inteqal kirr gayey. tubb say kheet parkar raanch foundation trust kay zeer intezam hay. trust say naarth hawai community hospital hawai prepretory academy hawai community foundation aur parkar school kuu fayedah hotaa hay. kheet kay duu tarikhi gahar popilo aur maanaa haall vemiya shehar say taqriba eek meel baahir 66-1304 mamalahua hayee way parr mufta seilf guided torr kay liye khalay haine. yaha corporate head kwarter kaa maqaam bhee hay. parkar rench airina aur eek rees track hawai bellet road say door nqat parr waaqa haine. kheet iss tarikhi maqaam parr apnee salanah 4 jolayi kuu rudio aur ghodon kii dodh kaa anaqad kartaa hay. monaa kiyah beach hotal larns aiss kay zariah tayaar aur tameer kiyaa gayaa thaa. rockfeller parkar kheet say kharidi gayee zameen parr. peneolo catals company. hawai jazeeray parr gahaas say khilaya gayaa gaaye kaa gosht kii kamiyab aazmaish kay baad parkar raanch aur alopono pehal nay peneolo cattle company kay aaghaz kaa aalaan kiyaa juu eek mushtarkah mansubah hay jiss kaa maqsad maarch 2014 mein riyasat bhar mein maqami gaaye kaa gosht tayaar karnaa hay. peneolo cattle company nay parkar rench mein paalnay kay liye 1,400 maveshiyon kay sarbarah kay saath aaghaz kiyaa. yaha riyasat mein eek hyee kheet kay zariye gahaas say khilaya jaanay waala gaaye kaa gosht kii sabb say bury waabistagi kii numaindagi kartaa hay aur bazaar mein gahaas say khilaya jaanay waalay steer kii farahami mein taqriba 35 faisad izafah hawaa hay. peneolo maveshiyon kii company gahaas say khilaya hawaa gaaye kaa gosht jazeeray kay saif way stores mein paaya jaa saktaa hay. 2020. sadr aur see ayee awo dich kapar kay mutabiq coved-19 wabayi amraz kii wajah say parkar rench nay 2020 mein apnaa salanah 4 jolayi kaa rudio mansukh kirr diyaa. inhon nay vemiya mein zarurat mund hawai baashindon kuu 6,500 pound gahaas say khilaya hawaa ground beef atiyah kiyaa. foud basket foud benak asay mukhtalif maqamat parr apnay auhana bondon mein deeta hay.

0000a46be9bd5b2b5b68c441dd8195cb33db569bf86a5bc80c5eda202a949770

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53606340

Kim McCraw

Kim McCraw Canadian film producer Kim McCraw (born c. 1969) is a Canadian film producer and co-founder of the Montreal-based production company micro_scope, with Luc Déry. She was born in Granby, Quebec, and after graduating from Cégep de Granby became a director's assistant. McCraw met Dery while working on a short film in Granby. It was in 2004 that she joined the micro_scope team as a producer, and subsequently became a co-shareholder. With Dery, McCraw specialized in "smart, high-end pics designed to attract interest outside Canada". Their films "Incendies" (2010) and "Monsieur Lazhar" (2011) both won the Genie Award for Best Motion Picture, and both were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. McCraw co-produced "Inch'Allah" and personally went to Jordan to work on the film. She later produced "Gabrielle" (2013), which competed at the Locarno Film Festival. Filmography. Her films include: <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css"/> References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

kim mekokro kim mekokro '(jonmo) ejon kanadian solositro projujok aaru montoriyel-bhittik projujona company maikro "scoper xoho-protisthapok, jaar logot luk darry aase. teur jonmo hoisil grenbi, kiubekot, aaru sejep di grenbir poraa snatok degree laabh korar pisot teu egoraki porisalokor xohayok hoisil. mekro "ee granwit ekhon suti solositrot kaam kori thokar xomoyot derik log paisil. 2004 sonot teu projujok hisape maikro "scope dolot jugdan korisil, aaru poroborti xomoyot xoho-ongxidar hoi porisil. derir xoite, mekokro "kanadar baahiror aagroh aakorxon koriboloi design koraa smart, uscho-maanor sobixomuh" too bixexotwo laabh kore. teulukor sobi "incendies" (2010) aaru "monsiur laajor" (2011) duyutai shrestho solsitror baabe jinn botaa laabh korisil, aaru duyutai shrestho bidexi bhaxar solositror baabe academy botar baabe monunit hoisil. mekokro "ee" inch 'allah "ror xoho-projujona korisil aaru byoktigotobhabe sobikhonot kaam koriboloi jordanoloi goisil. pisoloi teu "gabriel" (2013) projujona korisil, ji lukornu solositro mohutxowot protidondita korisil. solositrographi. teur solositroxomuhor bhitorot aaseh

qima macro qima macro (jonmo) ekjon kanadian cholochchitro projojok ebong montrial-vittik prajojana sangostha micro scoper soho-protisthata, looke derir saathe. tini cubecker granobite jonmogrohon corren ebong sejepa dii granby theke snatok howar porr porichaloker sahokari hohn. granobite ekti swalpodoirgho cholochchitre kaaj korar somoy macro sange derir dekha hoy. 2004 saale tini projojok hisabe micro-scope doley jog deena ebong porobortikale soho-angshidar hohn. derry soho, macro "kanadar baire agroho akarshan korar jonno design koraa smart, uchcho-maaner chhobigulite" biseshoggo. taader cholochchitro 'insendies "(2010) ebong' monseur lodger" (2011) ubhayi sera cholochchitro bibhage zini puraskar jiteche ebong ubhayi sera bideshi bhasar cholochchitrer jonno academy puroskarer jonno manoneet hoyeche. macro 'inch' allah 'soho-prajojana korechilen ebong byaktigatabhabe cholochchitre kaaj korar jonno jordane giechilen. porey tini 'gabrielle' (2013) prajojana corren, jaa locarno cholochchitro utsabe protidwondita korechilo. philmography. taar cholochchitrogulir modhye royeche

kiima mccrow kiima mccrow (janm) aek kenediyan film nirmata aneey montriyal-aadharit production kampani micro _ skopnaa saha-sthaapak chhe, jemaa luke darry chhe. teneeno janm granby, kyubekma thayo hato aneey sejep dii granbymathi snaatak thayaa pachhi teey digdarshakni sahayak bunny hatee. macrow granbyma tunkee film parr kaama karatee vakhate darryne malyaa hataa. hataa teo micro-skopa team nirmata tareeke jodaya hataa aneey tyarbad saha-bhagidar banyaa hataa. darry saathe, mccrow "kenedani bahaar rus aakarshva maate rachaayel smart, uchch-antanaa chitroma" nishnaat chhe. temnee filmo 'incendies' (2010) aneey 'monsure lazaar' (2011) banneae shreshth chalchitra maate jeanny award jeetyo hato aneey bannene shreshth videshi bhashani film maate academy award maate namankit karvaamaa aavee hatee. mccroay "inch 'allah" noon saha-nirmaan karyoo hatoo aneey vyaktigat reete film parr kaama karvaa maate jordana gayaa hataa. baadmaa temane 'gabrille' (2013) noon nirmaan karyoo, jene lokaarno film festivalmaa bhaag leedho hato. philmography. temnee feelmoma nichenaano samaavesh thaay chheh

kima macra kima macrow (janm) ack kanadai film nirmaata aur montrial-adharit utpaadan company micro _ scope key saha-sansthaapak hain, jisamen luke derry haye. unakaa janm grenby, quebeck mein huaa thaa aur sejep dee grenby seey snaatak honey key baad way ack nirdeshak kii sahayak bunn gaeen. macrow kii mulakat granby mein ack laghu film parr kaam karate hue hui. yeh 2004 mein thaa kii vaha ack nirmaata key roop mein micro-scope team mein shamil huin, aur baad mein ack saha-sharedharak bunn gaeen. derry key saath, mccrow "kanada key baahar ruchi aakarshit karane key liye design kii gaee smart, uchch-anta vaali tasveeron" mein visheshagyata rakhta haye. unaki filmon "incendies" (2010) aur "monsier laazar" (2011) donon ney sarvshreshth chalchitra key liye jeaney puraskar jeetaa, aur donon koo sarvshreshth videshi bhasha kii film key liye akadami puraskar key liye namankit kiya gayaa thaa. macrow ney "inch 'allah" kaa saha-nirmaan kiya aur vyaktigat roop seey film parr kaam karane key liye jorden gaye. baad mein unhone "gabriel" (2013) kaa nirmaan kiya, jisane locarno film samaroh mein bhaag liya. filmography. unaki filmon mein shamil hainh

kim mekra kim mekra (janana) kenadaada chalanachitra nirmaapaka mattu montrial moolada nirmaana kampani micro scopena saha-samsthaapakaraagiddu, luke deriyondige iddaare. aake quebechna granbielli janisidaru mattu sejep dii granbiyinda padavi padeda nantara nirdesakara sahaayakaraadaru. granbielli kiruchitravondaralli kelasa maduvaga mekra avaru deriyannu bhetiyaadaru. bhetiyaadaru avaru microscope tandavannu nirmaapakaraagi seridaru mattu taruvaaya saha-paludararadaru. deriyondige, mekra "kenadaada horage aasaktiyannu akarshisalu vinyasagolisalada smart, unnata-mattada chitragalalli" parinati hondide. avara chalanachitragalaada "incendies" (2010) mattu "mansiyur lajhar" (2011) eradoo atyuttama chalanachitrakkagi jeaney prashastiyannu geddukondavu mattu eradoo atyuttama videshi bhasheya chalanachitrakkagi academy prashastige namanirdeshanagondavu. mekra "inchalla" annu saha-nirmisidaru mattu vaiyaktikavagi chalanachitradalli kelasa maadalu jordange hodaru. nantara avaru "gabrielle" (2013) annu nirmisidaru, idu locarno chalanachitrotsavadalli spardhisitu. chalanachitragala patti. avara chalanachitragalu seriveh

kiim mccrow oru canadian chalachithra nirmmathaavum montriyal aasthaanamaayulla nirmmaana kambaniyaaya micro skoppinte sahasthaapakanumaanu kiim mccrow (jananam). cubeckile granbyil janicha avar segep dii granbyil ninnu birudam nediya sesham oru samvidaayakante sahayiyaayi. granbyil oru hraswachithrathil pravarthikkumbozhaanu mekro deriye kandumuttiyath. 2004-laanu avar micro scope teamil oru nirmmathaavaayi cherukayum pinneedu oru saha-ohari udamayaakukayum cheythath. deriyumaayi, "kaanadaykk purathu thaalparyam aakarshikkunnathinayi roopakalppana cheytha smart, hye-end chithrangal" yill prathyeka vaidagdhyam nediya mekro. avarude chithrangalaaya "insendies" (2010), "monsiyar lusher" (2011) enniva mikacha chalachithrathinulla jeaney award nedukayum mikacha videsha bhasha chithrathinulla akkadami awardinu naamanirddesham cheyyappedukayum cheythu. macro 'inchalla' sahanirmmikkukayum chithratthil pravartthikkaan vyakthiparamayi jordanilekku pookukayum cheythu. pinneedu avar nirmmicha "gabrielle" (2013) locarno philim festivalil malsarichu. philingraphy. avarude sinimakalil iva ulppedunnu

kiim macrow kiim macrow (janm) haah canadacha chitrapat nirmata aanee montriyal-aadharit nirmiti company micro _ skopacha saha-sansthapak aahe, jyachi look derry aahe. ticha janm granby, quebeck yethe jhaala aanee sejep dii granby yethoon padvi ghetalyanantar tee digdarshakachi sahayyak bunley. macrochy bhet darrishy granbymadhye eka laghupatavar kaam kartana jhaali. 2004 saalee tee micro-scope sanghat nirmati mhanoon sameel jhaali aanee tyanantar saha-bhagdharak bunley. derries, macrow "canadabaheril swarasya aakarshit karnyasathi tayar kelelya smart, uchch-darjachya chhayachitranmadhye" vishesh aahe. tyanchya 'incendies' (2010) aanee 'monsier lazar' (2011) yaa donhi chitrapatanni sarvotkrusht chitrapatasathi jeanny puraskar jinkla aanee donhi chitrapatanna sarvotkrusht paradeshi bhashetil chitrapatasathi akadami puraskarasathi namankan midale. macroney 'inch' allah 'chee saha-nirmiti kelee aanee chitrapatavar kaam karnyasathi too swatah jordenla gela. tyanantar tine 'gabriel' (2013) chee nirmiti kelee, jee locarno chitrapat mahotsavat sahbhagi jhaali. chitrapatalekhan. tichya chitrapatanmadhye khaleel goshtincha samavesh aaheh

kim macrou kim macra (janma) ek canadian film nirmata rar montrial-adharit utpadan company micro _ scopeka saha-sansthapak hun, jasma look derry chhan. uni grenby, cubecma janmieki thiin rar sejep day grenbybata snatak garepachhi nirdeshakko sahayak banin. granbima chhoto chalchitrama kaam garda macrale derilai bhete. sann 2004 maa uni micro scope tolima nirmatako rupma samel bhain rar pachhi saha-seyarholder banin. deriko sath, macrale "canada bahira chaso akarshit garna design garieko smart, uccha-anta chitraharu" maa visheshagyata prapta gareko chha. uniharuka chalchitra "incendies" (2010) rar "monseur lajhar" (2011) duwaile utkrishta chalchitrako lagi jini puraskar jiteka thie, rar duwailai utkrishta videshi bhashako chalchitrako lagi ekedemy puraskarka lagi namangkan garieko thiyo. macrale "inch 'allah" ko saha-nirman gare rar wyaktigat rupma chalchitrama kaam garna jorden gae. unle pachhi "gabriel" (2013) nirman garin, jasle locarno film festivalma pratispardha pratispardha. filmography. unka chalchitraharuma samawesh chhanh

kimm macro kimm macro (janma) jane canadia chalachitra nirmata ebong montreal-aadharita prodoxon company micro scopra saha-pratisthata, luke derinka saha. shay kyubekra granbire janmagrahana karithile ebong sejep dii granbiru snataka heba parey nirdeshakanka sahajaka hoithile. granbire eka khudra chalachitrare kaama karuthiba samajare macra 'derry' nku bhetithile. 2004 masihare shay jane nirmata bhabe micro scope dalare joga deithile ebong parabarti samajare jane saha-anshidara hoithile. derry sahita, macro "kanada bahare agraha akarshana kariba paain design hoithiba smart, haai-end phato" ray bisheshagya . semanankara chalachitra 'incendies "(2010) ebong' monsier lajhara" (2011) ubhaja shrestha chalachitra paain zin puraskara jitithile, ebong ubhaja shrestha bideshi bhasha chalachitra paain ekademy puraskara paain manoneet hoithile. macro "inch 'allah" rahr saha-prajojana karithile ebong byaktigata bhabe ehi chalachitrare kaama kariba paain jordan jaithile. parey shay "gabrielle" (2013) nirmana karithile, jaahaa locarno chalachitra mahostabare pratidwandita karithila. philmography. taanka chalachitragudika madhyare rahichhih

kimm macra kimm mccra (janam) ikk canadian film nirmata atey montrial adharat production company micro _ scope daa sahi-sansthapak haii, jiss witch look deeri haii. uh granby, cuback witch paida hoee see atey sejep dee granby toon graduate honn toon baad ikk nirdeshak dee sahaik bann gaee see. macra dee mulakat dairi naal granby witch ikk laghu film utte kamm karde hoye hoee hoee. ih 2004 witch see kii uh ikk nirmata dey roop witch micro scope team witch shamal hoee, atey baad witch ikk sahi-hissedar bann gaee. derry dey naal, macra "canada toon bahr dilchaspi aakarshit curran laee tiaar keetiaan gaeeaan chusat, ucch-padhri tasviran" witch mahr haii. unhan deeaan filman "insandies" (2010) atey "monsear lazar" (2011) dovan neey sarbottam motion picture laee jeanny award jittiaa, atey dovan noon sarbottam videshi bhasha dee film laee academy award laee namzad keeta giaa see. macra neey "inch 'allah" daa sahi-nirman keeta atey nijji taur' teey film 'teey kamm curran laee jorden gaye. baad witch uss neey "gabrill" (2013) daa nirman keeta, jiss neey locarno film festival witch hissa liaa. philmography. uss deeaan filman witch shamal hann

kim mekraa kim mccra (janma) kashchan kenada-deshasya chalacchitranirmaataa tathaa montriyal-aadhaaritasy macrow-scope iti nirmaanasamsthaayaah saha-samsthaapakah asti, yasya look-derry iti samsthaa asti. saa cubec-nagarasya granby-nagare ajayata, sejep-day-granby-nagare snaatakapadaveem praapya nirdeshakasya sahaayakah abhavat. granby-nagare laghuchalachchitre karyam kurvan mekraa, derry ityanena saha militavaan. 2004 tame varshe saa macrow-scope-dale nirmaatruroopen sammilitaa, tadanantaram saha-bhagadharika abhavat. derry ityanena saha, mekraa "kyanada-deshaat bahihi ruchim aakarshayitum parikalpitanam smart, uccha-antima-chitreshu" visheshadnyah asti. teshaam chalacchitraani "incendies" (2010), "monseur lazar" (2011) cha uttamachalacchitrasya jeenee-puraskaram praaptavantah, ubhau api sarvashreshta-videsheey-bhasha-chalacchitrasya krute akadami-puraskaaraay naamaankitaah abhavan. mekraa "inchallaa" iti chalacchitrasya saha-nirmaanam akarot, tathaa cha chalachchitre karyam kartum vyaktigataroopen jordan-nagaram gatavaan. pashchat saa "gabriel" (2013) iteedam nirmaati, yat locarno-chalacchitra-mahotsave spardhaam krutavatee. chalacchitra-rachanaa. tasyaah chalacchitreshu antarbhavanti.

kiim megra kiim megra (pirappu) oru kanadiya thiraippada thayaarippaalar mattrum montrial adippadaiyilaana thayaarippu niruvanamaana micro scopin inai niruvanar aavaar. avar kwebekin granbyil piranthaar, sejeb dii granbyil pattam pettra piragu iyakkunarin udhaviyaalaraanaar. megra granbyil oru kurumpadaththil panipuriyum poathu deriyai sandhiththaar. 2004 aam aandil thaan avar micro scope kuzhuvil oru thayaarippaalaraaga saernthaar, pinnar inai bangkuthaararaanaar. terri udan, megra "kanadaavukku veliyae aarvatthai eerkkum vagaiyil vadivamaikappatta smart, uyarnilai padangkalil" nibunaththuvam pettrathu. avarkalin thiraippatankalaana "incentices" (2010) mattrum "maansiyar lusher" (2011) aagiya irandum sirantha thiraippataththirkaana jeaney viruthai ventrana, maelum irandum sirantha velinaattu mozhi padaththirkaana akaadami viruthukku parinthuraikkappattana. megra "angullah" endra thiraippataththai inainthu thayaaritthaar, maelum thanipatta muraiyil padaththil paniyaattra jordanukkuch sentraar. pinnar avar "capriel" (2013) endra thiraippataththaith thayaaritthaar, idhu locarno thiraippada vizhaavil poattiyittathu. thiraippadaviyal. avarathu thiraippatankal pinvarumaaru

kimm mccra kimm mccra (jananam) oka kenadian chalanachitra nirmaata mariyu montrial aadhaarita nirmaana samstha micro _ scope yokka saha vyavasthaapakudu, looke dereetho. aame cubecloni granbylo janminchindi, segep dii granby nundi pattabhadruraalaina taruvaata darsakudi sahayakudu ayyindi. granbylo oka laghu chitramlo panichestunnappudu mccra derryni kalusukunnadu. kalusukunnadu aame micro-scopelo nirmaatagaa cheraaru, aaa tarvaata saha-vaatadaarugaa maararu. dereetho, mccra "kenada velupala aasaktini aakarshinchadaaniki roopondinchina smart, hye-end pictures" loe pratyekata kaligi undhi. vaari chitraalu "incendies" (2010) mariyu "mansiyur lazar" (2011) rendoo uttama chalana chitramgaa jeaney avaardunu geluchukunnayi, mariyu rendoo uttama videshee bhasha chitramgaa academy avaarduku nominate cheyabaddaayi. mccra "inchullah" nuu saha-nirminchaaru mariyu eee chitramlo panicheyadaaniki vyaktigatamgaa jordan vellaaru. taruvaata aame "gabrielle" (2013) nuu nirminchindi, idhi locarno film festivallo potipadindi. philmography. aame chitraalalo ivi unnaih

kumm macra kumm macra (paidaishi) eek canadian film producer aur montriyal parr mubni production company micro _ scope kay shareek baanee haine jiss mein lick dairi hay. wah granby cuback mein paida hoyee thee aur segape ddee grenby say graduation karnay kay baad director kii assistent bunn gayee. macra kii mulaqat dree say iss waqat hoyee jabb wah grenby mein eek mukhtasir film parr kaam kirr rahay thay. yaha 2004 mein thaa kahh wah eek producer kay toor parr micro _ scope team mein shaamil hoyein aur baad mein shareek shayer holder bunn gayein. dree kay saath macra "canada say baahir dilchaspi kuu raghib karnay kay liye design kii gayee hoshiyar aalee darjay kii tasavir" mein maharat rakhta hay. inn kii filmon "encendez" (2010) aur "monsiver lazaar" (2011) donon nay behtareen motion pakchar kaa jeanny aiward jeetaa aur donon kuu behtareen ghair milki zabaan kii film kay academy aiward kay liye namzad kiyaa gayaa. macra nay "inch allah" kuu mushtarkah toor parr prodios kiyaa aur zaati toor parr film parr kaam karnay kay liye jorden gayey. baad mein inhon nay "gabriel" (2013) prodios kii jiss nay locarno film festival mein hasah liyaa. filmgrafi. inn kii filmon mein shaamil haine:

0000a4b7debe639b098ecc78ea73955184663b79de884c94971f911ca6755dd1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25627109

Dromkeen ambush

Dromkeen ambush Ambush during the Irish War of Independence The Dromkeen ambush took place on 3 February 1921, during the Irish War of Independence, at Dromkeen in County Limerick. The Irish Republican Army (IRA) ambushed a Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC) patrol, killing 11 policemen. Ambush. The ambush was carried out by the flying columns of the East and Mid Limerick Brigades IRA, some 40 riflemen, under the command of Donnocha O'Hannigan commander of East Limerick Brigade Flying Column and Richard O'Connell commander of the Mid Limerick Brigade. Some time earlier the RIC had found the arms dump of the Mid-Limerick Brigade. Only one IRA volunteer—Liam Hayes—was wounded. Only two of the RIC got away. Nine were killed in action and another two were executed after being taken prisoner. Three of the dead RIC officers were Irish and the rest were British Black and Tans. In reprisal, British forces burnt ten homes and farms in the area. It has been claimed that three of the RIC dead were executed after they had surrendered. Particular suspicion for this alleged killing of prisoners has fallen on Maurice Meade, a former British soldier who was captured by the Germans in the First World War and had joined Roger Casement's Irish Brigade. In reprisal, at least eight local properties were destroyed. In February 2009, up to 2,000 people turned up for the unveiling of a memorial to the ambush. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

dromkin aakosmik aakromon 1921 sonor 3 februaryt aairisor swadhinota juddhor xomoyot county limerikor dromkinot dromkin aakosmik aakromon xonghotit hoisil. aairis republican xenabahini (aai. aar. e.)-e etaa rajokiyo aairis constabulary (rick) toholor uporot aakosmik aakromon kori 11 john aarokhyik hotya kore. aakosmik aakromon. pubo limeric brigedor uron stombhor donusa oh 'hanigan commander aaru modhyo limeric brigedor rechard oh' connel commanderor netritwot pubo aaru modhyo limeric brigedor uron stombhor iraa, pray 40john riflemanor dwara ei aakosmik aakromon xomponno koraa hoisil. kichu xomoyor aagote dhonixokole modhyo-limeric brigedor ostro-xostro uddhar korisil. kewol ejon aaira sessaxewok-liam heyes-aahot hoisil. dhonixokolor maatro dujonhe aatori goisil. karjyokolapot nojonok hotya koraa hoisil aaru aan dujonok bondi kori luwar pisot mrityudondo diya hoisil. mrito dhonowan bixoyar bhitorot tinijon aairis aasil aaru bakixokol aasil britis koo 'laa aaru taan. protixudhot, britis bahiniye oncholtut dohkhon ghor aaru kheti pothar jwolai disil. daabi koraa hoise je nihot dhonowanxokolor bhitorot tinijonok aatmoxomorpon korar pisot mrityudondo diya hoisil. bondixokolor ei kothito hotyar baabe bixex xondeh prothom biswojudhot germanxokole bondi koraa aaru ror 'gaar kesmentor aairis brigedot jugdan koraa ejon prakton britis xoinik mouris meder uporot porise. protixudhot komeu aathta sthaniyo xompoti dhongxo koraa hoisil. 2009 sonor februaryt, 2,000 lukor poraa odhik luk ei aakosmik aakromonor smritixoudho unmusonor baabe uposthito hoisil. proxongo.

dromkin otorkito akraman 1921 saaler 3 february airish swadhinota juddher somoy county limeriker dromkin-ayee dromkin otorkito akraman sanghatito hoy. airish projatontrer senabahini (aaee. arr. ayee) ekti rajakiya airish constabulary (ritch) toholke otorkito akraman korey, 11 john policeke hotya korey. otorkito akraman. purbo limeric brigader flying kolamer donocha oo 'hanigan commander ebong mida limeric brigader richarda oo' connell commander-err netritte purbo oo modhyo limeric brigader udanta kolam irar pray 40 john rifleman dwara otorkito akraman chalano hoyechilo. kichhu somoy agey dhanira modhyo-limeric brigader ostrer stupo khunje peyechilo. ekmatro ira swechchasebok-liam hayes-ahoto hohn. matro dujon dhonee paliye geche. nayajan abhijane nihoto hohn ebong arow dujonke bondee korey hotya koraa hoy. mrito dhonee kormokortader modhye tinjan airish ebong bakira british krishnanga oo taan chhilen. protishodher jonno british bahini elakar dashti baadi oo khamar pudiye deyo. daabi koraa hoyeche jey, atmosomorpon korar porr tinn dhonike mrityudanda deoa hoyechilo. bondider eyi kothito hotyar jonno bishesh sandeha mauris mider upor porechilo, ekjon praktan british sainik jini prothom bishwojuddhe germander dwara bondee hoyechilen ebong roser kesmenter airish brigade jog diyechilen. protishodher jonno ontoto atti sthaniya sampatti dhongso koraa hoy. 2009 saaler februaryte, pray 2,000 manush ekti smritisoudho unmochan korte esechilen. reference.

dromkin ghaat dromkin ghaat 3 februari februari roj, irish svatantrataa sangram darmiyan, kaauntii limerickma dromkin khaate thayo hato. ayrish prajasattak senaa (iraa) aee shaahee ayrish constabulary (ritch) patrolling parr humalo karyo, jemaa 11 poliskarmio maarya gayaa. humalo karoo. purv limeric brigade flying kolam aneey madhya limeric brigednaa commander ritchard oo 'konelnaa command hethal purv aneey madhya limeric brigednaa udataa stambho, aashre 40 rifleman dwara humalo karvaamaa aavyo hato. thodaa samay pahelaa ameerne mida-limeric brigednaa hathiyaaro malee aavyaa hataa. maatra aek iraa svayamsevak-liam hays-ghaayal thayo hato. maatra beey jaj samruddh loko bhaagi gayaa. nava karyvahima maarya gayaa hataa aneey anya bene kedee banaavya pachhi faansi aapvama aavee hatee. mrut shrimant adhikariomathi trana ayrish hataa aneey baakinaa british kaalaa aneey taana hataa. badalo levaa maate, british daloae aaa vistaarmaa dass gharo aneey khetaro baadee nakhya hataa. aevo daavo karvaamaa aavyo chhe keey trana ameer mrutakone aatmasamarpan karyaa pachhi faansi aapvama aavee hatee. kedeeoni aaa katheet hatyaa maate khaas shankaa mauris meede parr puddy chhe, jeey aek bhutpurv british sainik hato, jene pratham vishva yuddhmaa germano dwara pakadvama aavyo hato aneey teey rojar casementnee irish brigadema jodaayo hato. badalo levaa maate ochhama ochhi aath sthaaneek meelakato nasht karvaamaa aavee hatee. februari februari, 2,000 loko sudhee aaa humalana smaaraknaa anaavaran maate aavyaa hataa. sandarbho.

dromkin ghaat 3 farwari 1921 koo, ayrish swatantrata sangram key dauran, county limeric mein dromkin mein, dromkin ghaat lagaa. ayrish ganarajya kii senaa (iraa) ney ack shaahi ayrish constabulary (ritch) gashti dall parr ghaat lagaakar hamla kiya, jisamen 11 puliskarmi maare gaye. ghaat lagaayen. purvi limeric brigade flying collum key commander donocha oh 'hannigan aur mid limeric brigade key commander richard oh' connell kii kamaan mein poorv aur madhya limeric brigade iraa key udate stambhon, kuchh 40 rifleman dwara ghaat lagaaya gayaa thaa. kuchh samay pahale ameeron koo madhya-limeric brigade key hathiyaron kaa dher milaa thaa. kewal ack iraa swayamsevak-liam hess-ghayal huaa thaa. kewal dou ameer door chaley gaye. nau loga kaarravaai mein maare gaye aur dou anya koo kaidi banaae jaane key baad fansi dey dee gaee. mrit ameer adhikaariyon mein seey teen ayrish they aur baaki british ashwet aur taana they. pratishodh mein, british balon ney kshetra mein duss gharon aur kheton koo jalaa diyaa. yeh daavaa kiya gayaa haye kii teen ameer mritakon koo aatmasamarpan karane key baad maar diyaa gayaa thaa. kaidiyon kii iss kathit hatyaa key liye vishesh sandeh mauris meede parr padaa haye, joe ack poorv british sanic thaa jise pratham vishva yuddh mein germans ney pakad liya thaa aur roser casement kii ayrish brigade mein shamil hoe gayaa thaa. pratishodh mein, cumm seey cumm aathh sthaaniya sampattiyon koo nasht curr diyaa gayaa. farwari 2009 mein, 2,000 loga ghaat key smaarak key anaavaran key liye aae. sandarbh.

dromkeen honchudaali 1921rahra phebravari 3randu, airish swatantrya sangraamada samayadalli, kaunti limericna dromkeennalli dromkeen honchudaali nadeyitu. airish ganarajyada seeneyu (aii. aarr. aa.) rajamanetanada airish constabulary (rick) gastu tiruguvikeya mele honchudaaliyalli 11 polisarannu konditu. honchudaali. purva limeric brigadene flying kalamna donocha oo 'hannigan commander mattu mid limeric brigadene richard oo' connell commander netrutvadalli purva mattu madhya limeric brigedgala airaa, sumaru 40 raifal mengala haaruva kaalamgalu honchudaaliyannu nadesidavu. swalpa samayada hinde srimantaru mid-limeric brigadene shastrastragalannu kandukondiddaru. obba ira svayamsevaka-liam hayes-maatra gayagondaru. kevala ibbaru srimantaru maatra doora hodaru. ombattu mandi karyacharaneyalli kollalpattaru mattu innoo ibbarannu sereyalugalannagi maadida nantara galligerisalaayitu. satta srimanta adhikarigalalli moovaru airish aagiddaru mattu ulidavaru british kappu mattu thaan aagiddaru. pratikaaravaagi, british padegalu aaa pradeshada hattu manegalu mattu totagalannu suttuhaakidavu. satta srimantaralli moovarannu avaru sharanaada nantara galligerisalaagide endu helalaagide. modalane mahayuddhadalli germannaru serehididu roser casementna airish brigedge serida maaji british sainika mauris meede mele kaidigala ee aapaadita hatyeya nirdishta anumaanavu biddide. pratikaaravaagi, kanishta entu sthaliya aastigalannu naashapadisalaayitu. 2009rahra phebravariyalli, honchudaaliya smaarakavannu anaavaranagolisalu 2,000 janaru agamisidaru. ullekhagalu.

dromkeen pathiyirunnu 1921 februvari 3 nuu airish swaathanthryasamarasamayath kaundi limericile dromekeenil dromkeen pathiyirunnu akramanam nadannu. airish republican armi (aii. aarr. eiii) oru royal airish constabulary (rick) patrollingine akramikkukayum 11 poleesukaare kollukayum cheythu. pathiyiripp. eest limeric brigade flying kolatthile donocha oo 'hannigan commanderinteyum midu limeric brigedinte richard oo' koonal commanderinteyum neethrthwathil 40 oolam riflemanmaarulla eest, midu limeric brigades irayude flying kolangalaanu pathiyirunnu akramanam nadathiyathu. kurachu kaalam munbu midu-limeric brigedinte aayudangal sambannar kandethiyirunnu. oru aii. aarr. eiii sannadhapravarthakan-liam hays-maathramaan parikkettathu. dhanikaraya randuper maathramaan rakshappettath. onpathu perr vadhikkappedukayum mattu randupere thadavilaakkiya sesham vadikkukayum cheythu. maricha dhanikaraya udyogastharil moonnu perr airish vamsajarum bakkiyullavar britiish black aandu taann vamsajarum aayirunnu. prathikaaratthil britiish sainyam pradeshathe patthu veedukalum krishiyidangalum kathichu. maricha dhanikaraya moonnu perr keezhadangiyathinu sheshamaan vadhikkappettathenn avakaashappedunnu. onnaam lokamahaayudhathil jarmmankaar pidikoodukayum rogger kesmentinte airish brigadil cherukayum cheytha muun britiish sainikanaaya mouris meedeyaan thadavukaare konnuvennu aaropikkappedunna eee kolapaathakatthinte prathyeka samshayam. prathikaaratthil kuranjathu ettu praadeshika swathukkalengilum nasippikkappettu. 2009 februvariyil, 2,000 perr vare pathiyirunnu nadatthiya aakramanathinte smaarakathinte anaachaadanathinaayi ethi. paraamarshangal.

dromkin hallah ayrish swatantryaladhyadarmyan, 3 februwari 1921 roji, county limerickmadhil dromkin yethe dromkin hallah jhaala. ayrish prajasattak sainyane (aay. aar. aii.) shahee ayrish constabulary (aar. aay. see.) gast gast dalavar hallah keela, jyat 11 police thaar jhaale. ghatpat. purv limeric brigedchya uddan pathakache commander donocha oo 'honeygun aanee madhya limeric brigedche commander richard oo' connell yanchya netrutvakhali purv aanee madhya limeric brigade irachya uddan pathkandware, sumare 40 riflemanani haah hallah keela. kahee kalapurvi shrimantanna madhya-limeric brigedche shastra sapadale hote. liam heyas haah iracha keval eka svayamsevak jakhami jhaala. keval done shrimant paloon gele. karvait nauu thaar jhaale aanee aanakhi doghanna kaidi banavalyanantar fashi denyat aalee. mrut shrimant shrimant teen ayrish hote aanee urvarit british kaale aanee taan hote. badala mhanoon, british sainyane parisaratil daha ghare aanee shete jaalali. mrutanpaiki teen shrimantanni aatmasamarpan kelyanantar tyanna fashi denyat aalee assa dawa keela jaat aahe. kaidyanchya yaa kathit hatyebabatcha vishesh sanshay mauris meede yaa majee british sainikavar padala aahe, jyala pahilya mahayuddhat germananni pakadale hote aanee too roser kesmentchya ayrish brigedmadhye sameel jhaala hota. badala mhanoon kiman aath sthanik malmatta nasht karnyat aalya. februwari 2009 madhye, hallyachya smarakachya anavaranasathi 2000 lock aale hote. sandarbh.

dromkin ghaat drumkin ghaat 3 february 1921 maa, iris swatantrata yuddhako samayama, county limericko drumkinma bhaeko thiyo. ayrish republican armi (ira) ley shahi ayrish constabulary (rick) gastimathi akraman gari 11 zana prahariharuko hatya hatya. akraman. purva limerick brigade flying stambhaka commander donocha o 'hannigan rar madhya limerick brigedka commander richard o' konelko commandma purva rar madhya limerick brigade iraka udan stambhaharu, lagbhag 40 riflemanharule ghaat lagae. kehi samayaghi dhaniharule madhya-limerick brigedko hatiyar fela pareka thie. ira swayamsewak-liam hess-matra ghaite bhaeka thie. dhanimadhye dui zana matra bhage. karbahima nau janako mrityu bhayo rar anya dui janalai bandi banaiepachhi mrityudanda diiyo. mritak dhani adhikariharu madhye tinjana iris thie rar baanki britis callo rar taan thie. pratishodhma, britis senale yass kshetraka das ghar rar khetharu jalae. mritakmadhye tinjana dhanile atmasamarpan garepachhi mrityudanda diieko dabi garieko chha. kaidiharuko yass kathit hatyako lagi vishesh shanka mauris medma pareko chha, ek purva britis sipahi jo pahilo vishwayuddhama germanharule samateka thie rar roser kesmentko iris brigedma samel bhaeka thie. pratishodhma kamtima atha sthaniya sampattiharu nashta gariyo. february 2009 maa, 2,000 janasamma manisharu ghatko smarakko anawaran garna aeka thie. sandarbhaharu.

drumkin atarkita aakraman 1921 masiha februari 3 tarikhare airisra swadheenata sangram samajare, county limerikar drumkin thaare drumkin aakraman hoithila. iris republican armi (aai. aarr. aii.) eka rajkiah iris constabulary (rick) patrolling upare atarkita aakraman karithila, jeunthire 11 john police karmachari nihata hoithile. aakraman. purba limeric brigedara flynga kalmar commander donocha oh 'hanigan ebong mid limeric brigedara commander richard oh' konelanka nirdeshare purba ebong madhya limeric brigedara udanta stambha ira, praiah 40 riflemenanka dwara ehi aakraman karajaithila. kichhi samai purbaru dhanimane mid-limeric brigedara astrashastra dump paithile. kebala jane ira swechasebee-liam heyas-ahata hoithile. kebala dui john dhani khasi palaithile. karjyanusthanare naaa john nihata hoithile ebong anya duijananku bandi curry fashi diajaithila. mruta dhani adhikarimananka madhyaru tini john airish thile ebong abasista british kalaa ebong taan thile. pratisodhare, british sena sehi anchalara dashati ghara ebong khyeta jaali deithile. daabi karajaichi je, mruta tinijana dhani byakti atmasamarpana kariba parey fashi diajaithila. bandeemananka ehi kathita hatya paain bisesh sandeha maris midenka upare padichi, jane purbatana british sainika jieki pratham biswajuddhare germanamananka dwara bandi hoithile ebong roser kesmenter airish brigedare joga deithile. pratisodhare, ati kamare athati sthaniah sampatti nust karajaithila. februari 2009 ray, praiah 2,000 lock atarkita akramanara eka smaraki unmochan paain joga deithile. sandarbha.

dronkin ghaat dronkin ghaat 3 farvari 1921 noon, irish sutantarta sangram dauran, county limeric dey dronkin vikhe hoiaa see. irish republican aarmi (aaee. aar. aii.) neey ikk shaahi irish constablery (rick) gashti dall utte ghaat laa keey hamla keeta, jiss witch 11 pulis vaale maare gaye. hamla. purbi limeric brigade dey flying kaalam dey commander donocha ou 'hannigan atey maddh limeric brigade dey commander richard ou' connell dee command heth purbi atey maddh limeric brigade iraa dey flying kalman, lagbhag 40 rifleman duaara ghaat laa keey hamla keeta giaa see. kujh samaan pahilan amiran noon maddh-limeric brigade dey hathiaaran daa dump miliaa see. siraf ikk iraa volunteer-liam hess-zakhmi hoiaa see. siraf doou ameer bach nikle. karvai witch naun maare gaye atey doou horaan noon kaidi banaae jaanh toon baad fansi dey ditti gaee. maare gaye ameer adhikariaan vicchon tinn irish sunn atey baaki british kaale atey taan sunn. badla lainn witch, british faujan neey khetar witch dass gharan atey khetan noon saad ditta. ih daava keeta giaa haii kii meron vaale tinn amiran noon aatam samarpan curran toon baad fansi dey ditti gaee see. kaidiaan dee iss kathit hattiaa daa vishesh shakk mauris meede utte piaa haii, ikk sabka british sipahi jiss noon pahile vishav yuddh witch germanan neey fadd liaa see atey rojar casement dee irish brigade witch shamal hoow giaa see. badla lainn witch ghatto-ghatt atth sathanak sampatiaan noon tabah qarr ditta giaa. farvari 2009 witch, 2,000 takk lock hamle dee yadgar daa udghatan curran laee aae sunn. havale.

dromkeen-ghaatah 1921 februvari 3 dinaanke, airish-deshasya swatantrataayaah yuddhakaale, kaunti-limerick-nagarasya dromkeen-nagare, dromkeen-ghaatah abhavat. airish-republican-senayaha (aii. aar. e.) raaj-airish-constabulary (rick) ityasya gastee-sainyasya upari ghaatah krutah, yena 11 arakshakah mrutaah. ghaatah. poorva-limerick-brigade-eraayaah, madhya-limerick-brigade-iraa ityasya, praayah 40 raifal-menn-ityeteshaam, poorva-limerick-brigade-flying-kaalam-ityasya donnochaa o 'hannigan-commander-ityasya, madhya-limerick-brigade-ityasya richard o' konnel-commander-ityasya cha netrutve, uddayantah stambhaah, ghaatah akurvan. kinchitkalam poorvam dhanavaan madhya-limerick-brigade ityasya shastranam nikshepam praapnot. kevalam ekaha iraa-svayamsevakaha-liam heyas-eva vranitah. kevalam dwau dhanavaan eva apagataah. nava karmane mrutaah, anye dwau cha bandee bhutva vadhitaah. mruteshu dhanikeshu adhikaarishu trayah airish-janaah aasan, anye cha british-krushnavarneeya-taan-janaah aasan. pratikarartham british-sainikaah asmin kshetre dash gruhaani, krushikshetraani cha prajwaalayan. mrutaanaam dhanikanam trayah sharanaagatyah vadhitaah iti pratipaaditam asti. prathamavishvayuddhe german-janaihi gruheetah, rogger kesment ityasya airish brigade-madhye sammilitah cha mauris meede iti poorva-british-sainikah, bandinaam kathita-vadhasya vishaye visheshah samshayah aasit. pratikaararoopen, nyunatinyoonam ashta sthaniyasampattayaha nashtaah abhavan. 2009 februvari-maase, 2000 yaavat janaah aakasmik-aakramanasy smarakasya anaavaranaartham aagataah. sandarbhah.

tromkeen pathungkiyirunthu 1921 pipravari 3 andru, airish suthanthirap poarin poathu, kavundi limerickil ulla tromkeenil tromkeen pathungkiyirunthu thaakkuthal nadanthathu. airish kudiyarasu iraanuvam (airaa) oru arasa airish constablery (rick) roanththup paniyil eedupattathu, idhil 11 poaleeskaarargal kollappattanar. pathungkiyirunthu. kilakku limeric padaippirivu vimaanappadai thalapathiyaana donocha ooo 'hannigan mattrum matthiya limeric padaippirivu thalapathi richard ooo' konnal aagiyoarin thalaimaiyin keezh kilakku mattrum nadu limeric padaippirivugalin eeraa, sumar 40 riflemankalin parakkum neduvarisaigalaal pathungkiyirunthu thaakkuthal nadaththappattathu. sila kaalaththirku munbu rick mitt-limeric padaippirivin aayuthak kuviyalaik kandupiditthaar. oray oru iraa thannaarvalar-liam hayes-kaayamadaindhaar. panakkaararkalil iruvar mattumae thappiyoodinar. onbathu paer nadavadikkaiyil kollappattanar, maelum iruvar kaithiyaaga alaiththuch sellappatta piragu thookkilidappattanar. iranththa panakkaara athikaarigalil moontru paer airish mattrum meethamullavargal british karuppu mattrum daangal aavar. pazhivaangkum nadavadikkaiyaaga, british padaikal anthap paguthiyil ulla paththu veedugalaiyum pannaikalaiyum eriththana. iranththa panakkaararkalil moontru paer saranadaintha piragu thookkilidappattathaaka koorappadugiradhu. kaithigal kollappattathaagak koorappadum inthak kolaikaana kuripitta santhegam, muthal ulagap poaril jermaniyargalaal pidikkapattu, rojar casement airish padaippirivil saerntha munnaal british sippaayaana mouris meede meethu vilunththathu. pazhivaangkum nadavadikkaiyaaga, kurainthathu ettu ulloor sothukkal azhikkappattana. pipravari 2009 ill, pathungkiyirunthu oru ninaivuchchinnathai thiranthu vaippatharkaaga 2,000 paer varai thirandanar. kurippugal.

dromekien aakasmika daadi 1921 fibravari 3naa airish swaatantrya yuddham samayamlo, county limerickloni dromekien vadda dromekien aakasmika daadi jarigindi. airish republic sainyam (ira) oka raayal airish constabulary (rick) gasteepai merupudaadi chesi, 11 mandhi pooliisulanu champindi. aakasmika daadi. thoorpu limeric brigade flying kaalam yokka donocha oo 'hannigan commander mariyu mid limeric brigade yokka richard oo' connell commander aadhvaryamlo thoorpu mariyu madhya limeric brigades iraa yokka egire colums, sumaru 40 raifilmenlu eee aakasmika daadini nirvahinchaaru. kontakaalam mundu rick mid-limeric brigade yokka aayudhaala dumpnu kanugonnaru. oka iraa volunteer-liam hayees-matrame gayapaddaru. dhanavantulalo iddaru matrame tappinchukunnaaru. tommidi mandhi charyalo champabaddaru mariyu maroe iddarini khaidiigaa teesukunna taruvaata uriteesaaru. chanipoyina dhanavanthulaina adhikaarulalo mugguru airish, migilina vaaru british nallajati, thaan. prateekaaramgaa, british dalaalu aaa praantamlooni padhi illanu, polaalanu tagalabettaayi. chanipoyina dhanavantulalo mugguru longipoyina tarvaata uriteeyabaddaarani paerkonnaaru. khaideela hatyaku pratyeka anumanam modati prapancha yuddhamlo germanlu bandhinchi roser casement yokka airish brigadelo cherina maajee british sainikudu mauris meedepai padindi. prateekaara charyalo kaneesam enimidi sthaanika aastulu dhvamsamayyaayi. fibravari 2009loe, aakasmika daadiki smaaraka chihnanni aavishkarinchadaaniki 2,000 mandhi varaku vacchaaru. suuchanalu.

dromkin gahaat lagaa kirr hamlah dromkin gahaat lagaa kirr hamlah 3 faroori 1921 cow aairish jung aazadi kay doraan county lemaric kay dromkin mein hawaa. aairish republican aarmi (aayee aar aey) nay shaahi aairish constablery (aar aayee see) gasht parr gahaat lagaa kirr hamlah kiyaa jiss mein 11 police ahalkaar halaak how gayey. gahaat lagaa kirr. yaha gahaat lagaa kirr hamlah mashriqi lemark brigade kay flying kaalim kay commander donocha awo hanigan aur wast lemark brigade kay commander richard awo koneel kii kamaan mein mashriqi aur wast lemark brigade aayee aar aey kay adnay waalay kalmon taqriba 40 rifil meenon nay kiyaa. kachh arsah pehley ameeron kuu mudd lemaric brigade kay hathiyaron kaa dump milaa thaa. sarf eek aayee aar aey razakar-liam hees-zakhmi hawaa. sarf duu ameer bhaag gayey. noow kararwai mein maaray gayey aur deegar duu kuu qaidi banaye jaanay kay baad phansi day dee gayee. marnay waalay ameer afsaran mein say teen aairish thay aur baaqi bartanvi seeyah faam aur taan thay. inteqami kararwai mein bartanvi afwaj nay elaqay mein duss gharoon aur kheeton kuu jalaa diyaa. yaha daawi kiyaa gayaa hay kahh marnay waalay ameer afraad mein say teen kuu hathiyar daalnay kay baad phansi day dee gayee thee. qaidiyon kay iss mubinah qatal kaa khaas shabah eek saabiq bartanvi spahi morisi meed parr padaa hay jasay pehli jung azeem mein germanon nay pakad liyaa thaa aur wah rogar casement kii aairish brigade mein shaamil how gayaa thaa. inteqami kararwai mein kumm az kumm aath maqami amlaak tabaah kirr dee gayein. faroori 2009 mein gahaat lagaa kirr kiye gayey hamlay kii yaadgaar kii nqab kashayi kay liye 2,000 takk loag jamaa hoay. hawalah jaat.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14413127

Reservoir Dog

Reservoir Dog Reservoir Dog is the seventh album by rapper Schoolly D. The album was released in 1995 via PSK Records and was produced by Schoolly D and Grizz Bear & Devine. Reviews were mostly positive; however, like his previous albums, the album was a commercial failure and did not chart on any album charts. The album featured one single, “Nigger Entertainment.” References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

jolaxoy kukur repar schooly di-ror xoptom elbamtu hoise rejarweyar dog. ei elbamtu 1995 sonot pske recordsor joriyote mukoli koraa hoisil aaru schoolor di aaru griz beyar endo devine projujona korisil. xomaluchonaxomuh besibhag itibasok aasil; obosye, teur purbor elbamxomuhor dore, elbamtu banijyikbhabe bifol hoisil aaru kunu elbam chartot sthan laabh koraa nasil. elbamtut etaa ekok, "nigor entertainment" aasil."

joladhar kukur reservoir dogg holl rapper school dii-err saptam album. albumty 1995 saale pii. esha. keey recorder madhyome mukti paay ebong school dii ebong griz bear anned debhaina dwara projojito hoy. porjalochonaguli beshirbhag itibachak chhilo; tobey, taar ager albumer moto, albumty ekti banijyik byarthota chhilo ebong konao album charte sthan payni. albumtite ekti ekok, "niger binodan" chhilo."

jalashay kootaro rapper school dii. noon saatmu album 'reservoir dogg' chhe. aaa album 1995maan pii. aesa. keey. records dwara rajoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo aneey tenu nirmaan shaalaakiy dii aneey griz bair anned devine dwara karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. sameekshao mote bhaage hakaaraatmak hatee; jooe keey, temnaa agaauna aalbamoni jaim, album vyaavsaayik reete nishfal rahyu hatoo aneey koipan album chartma sthaan paamyu naa hatoo. aaa aalbamma aek single "niger entertainment" hatoo."

jalaashay kutta raper schooly dee kaa satwan album reservoir dogg haye. album koo 1995 mein pee. aiss. key. record key madhyam seey jaari kiya gayaa thaa aur ise schooly dee aur griz bear aind devine dwara nirmit kiya gayaa thaa. sameekshaaen jyaadaatar sakaratmak theen; haalaanki, unake pichhale albums kii tarah, album ack vyaavsaayik viphalata thee aur kissy bhee album chart parr chart naheen thee. album mein ack ekal, "niger entertainment" shamil thaa."

jalaashayada naayi reservoir dogg rapar school dii. avara elane album aagide. ee album annu 1995ralli pii. ess. keey. records moolaka bidugade maadalaayitu mattu idannu shaala dii mattu griz bair & devine nirmisidaru. vimarshegalu hechchaagi sakaaraatmakavaagiddavu; aadaagyoo, avara hindina aalbangalante, ee album vanijyikavagi viphalavaayitu mattu yaavude album chartgalalli sthana padeyalilla. ee album ondu single, "neiger manaranjane" yannu olagondittu."

reservoir naaya rapper school dii. yude ezhaamathe aalbamaan reservoir dogg. 1995ll pii. ezz. keey records vazhi puratthirakkiya eee aalbam school dii, griss bear & devine ennivar chernnaanu nirmmichathu. avalokanangal kooduthalum anukoolamaayirunnu; ennirunnaalum, addehathinte muun aalbangaleppole, aalbam vaanijyaparamaayi paraajayappedukayum aalbam chaarttukalil idam nedaathirikkukayum cheythu. aalbathil oru single, "neiger entertainment" undaayirunnu."

jalashay kutra rapper school dii. chaa 'jalashay kutra' haah satva album aahe. haah album 1995 madhye pii. ess. keey. recordsdware prakashit karnyat aala aanee tyachi nirmiti shaley dii aanee griz bayer andd devine yanni kelee. samikshane bahutek sakaratmak hotee; tathapi, tyachya mageel albampramanech, album vyavsayikdrushtya ayashasvi tharala aanee konatyahi album chartvar aala nahee. yaa dhvanimudrikamadhye eka ekal, 'niger entertainment' asey vaishishtya hote."

jalashaya kukur reserwire dog rapper schooly diko sataun album how. album sann 1995 maa pie. ess. key. recordharu marfat jaari garieko thiyo rar schooley dee rar griez bear anned debhaindwara nirman garieko thiyo. samikshaharu prayaha sakaratmak thie; tathapi, unko aghillo albumharu jastai, album wyawasayik rupma asafal bhayo rar kunai pani album chartma chart bhaena. albumma euta ekal, "nigera manoranjan" prastut garieko thiyo."

jalabhandara kukur rijarawer dogg heuchhi rapara skula dii. nka saptama album . ehi album 1995 ray pii. ess. kee. record madhyamare muktilabha karithila ebong skula dii ebong griez bear & devin dwara nirmita hoithila . samikhya mukhyatah sakaratmaka thila; tebe, taanka purba album pari, album eka byabasajika biphalata thila ebong kaunasi album chartre sthana paai nathila . ehi alabamare gotie ekaka, "nigar manoranjan" pradarshita hoithila."

sarovar kutta rapper school dee. dee sattvin album 'reservoir dogg' haii. ih album 1995 witch pee. aiss. keey. recordan raahin jaari keeti gaee see atey iss daa nirman schoolly dee atey griz beear aind devine duaara keeta giaa see. samikhiaavan ziaadaatar skaratmak sunn; halanki, uss deeaan pichliaan ailabman dee tarahan, album ikk vaparak asafalta see atey kise vee album chaart utte chaart naheen see. album witch ikk single, "niggar manoranjan" shamal see."

jalashaya-kutraa reservoir-daag iti rapper-schoolli-dee ityasya saptamah aalbam asti. 1995 tame varshe pee. ess. key. abhilekhanasy madhyamena etat aalbam pradarshitam, vidyaalayee dii tathaa griz berr end devin ityetaih cha nirmitam. sameekshaasu bahudhaa sakaratmakam aasit; tathaapi, tasya poorvavartee-aalbam-ityetaani iva, etat aalbam vyaavasaayikaroopen asaphalam aasit, tathaa cha kasyaapi aalbam-chaart-madhye naa sthaanam avaapnot. asmin aalbam madhye "nigar-manoranjanam" iti ekam geetam aasit.iti.

neerththaekka naai ropper palli dii. yinn aezhaavathu aalbam neerththekkam naai aagum. inththa aalbam 1995 aam aandil pii. ess. kae pathivukal moolam veliyidappattathu mattrum palli dii mattrum griss piyar & devine thayaariththathu. vimarsanangkal perumpaalum nermaraiyaaga irunththana; iruppinum, avarathu munththaiya aalbangkalaip poalavae, inththa aalbamum vaniga reethiyaaga thoalviyadainthathu mattrum endha aalbam tharavarisaiyilum idam peravillai. inththa aalpaththil oru ottrai, "nicker entertainment" idampettrathu.entraar.

jalasaya kukka reservoir dogg anedi rapar school dii. yokka edava album. eee album 1995loe psc recordula dwara vidudalaindi mariyu dheenini paatasaala dii mariyu griz bair & devine nirminchaaru. sameekshalu ekkuvagaa sanukoolamgaa unnaayi; ayithe, athani munupati albumla maadirigaane, eee album vaanijyaparamgaa viphalamaindi mariyu yea album chaartlloonuu sthaanam pondaledu. eee albumlo oka single, "neiger entertainment" undhi.anie.

zakhirah karnay waala kitaa reservire ddaag reeper schoolly ddee kaa saatwaan album hay. yaha album 1995 mein pee aiss kay records kay zariye jaari kiyaa gayaa thaa aur asay schoolly ddee aur greez bayer aind devine nay tayaar kiyaa thaa. jaizay ziyadah tarr masbat thay vovo tahim inn kay pachlay albumz kii tarah album bhee tajarti toor parr nakaam rehaa aur kasee bhee album kay chaart parr chaart nahein banaa. album mein eek single "nigar entertainment" shaamil thaa.”

0000a6f70b96b67156bf108e357873f145155482cfed178ff6fcf6688f27a3f5

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24689303

Edward Wilkins Waite

Edward Wilkins Waite English painter Edward Wilkins Waite RBA (14 April 1854 – 1924) was a prolific English landscape painter. Waite was born in Leatherhead, Surrey, the son of the Rev. Edward Waite, MA, and his wife Cleopha Julia (née Dukes) – there were six sons and two daughters in total. His grandfather William Watkin Waite was a miniaturist, his father an amateur watercolourist, and three of his brothers – Charles, Harold and Arthur – also became artists. He was educated at the Mansion House Grammar School in Leatherhead. In 1874 he travelled to Ontario, Canada, to work as a lumberjack. On his return he took up painting as a profession, exhibiting often at the Royal Academy, London, from 1878 to 1919. He also exhibited at many other major galleries, in London and the regions, and became a member of the Royal Society of British Artists (RBA) in 1893. In 1891, Waite married Barbara Isabella Tait (1862–1950). They had one son and two daughters. They lived at Peaslake and Abinger Hammer, in Surrey, before moving to Woolhampton in Berkshire in 1910. They moved back to Surrey and then East Sussex in 1915. Waite died in Fittleworth, Sussex, in 1924. Waite was a landscape painter and worked in oils. Much of his output depicts rural scenes in his native Surrey.

edward wilkins white edward wilkins white aar. bi. e. (14 april 1854-1924) ejon proxidho ingraji bhu-drishyo sitroxilpi aasil. weitor jonmo hoisil samorar murot, xure, rebhor putro. edward weit, maa, aaru teur potni cleofa julia (nee deoks)-muth soijon putro aaru dugoraki konya aasil. teur kokak uilium watkin white ejon khyudro sitroxilpi aasil, teur pitri ejon opesadari jolorongobid aasil, aaru teur tinijon bhatri-charls, harrold aaru aartharu xilpi hoisil. teu samorar murot thoka meson house gramar skulkhonot xikhya laabh korisil. 1874 sonot teu lumberjek hisape kaam koriboloi kanadar ontoriyuloi jatra korisil. ubhoti ohaar pisot teu 1878 sonor poraa 1919 sonoloike londonor royel academyt praye prodorxoni di sitrokolar britti hisape kaam korisil. teu london aaru oncholxomuhor aan bohutu prodhan galleryt prodorxon korisil aaru 1893 sonot britis xilpir royel sosaitir (aar. bi. e) xodosyo hoisil. 1891 sonot weite barbara isabela teit (1862-1950)-koo biyaa koraisil. teulukor ejon putro aaru dugoraki konya aasil. 1910 sonot birkswire ulhemptonoloi juwar aagote teuluke saret thoka motor aaru ebinger haturit baax korisil. 1915 sonot teuluk saare aaru taar pisot pubo susexoloi ubhoti goisil. 1924 sonot susexor fittleworthot weitor mrityu hoisil. weite ejon bhu-drishyo sitroxilpi aasil aaru telot kaam korisil. teur prostutit teur sthaniyo xurit gramyo drishyoxomuhor besibhagoi sitrito koraa hoise.

edward wilkins weit edward wilkins weit arr. bii. ayee (14 april 1854-1924) chhilen ekjon bishishto ingrez prakritik drishyer chitroshilpi. weit chamdar mathay jonmogrohon korechilen, surre, rever putro. edward weit, maa, ebong taar stree cleopha julia (nee diuka)-moat chhoy chhele ebong dui meye chhilo. taanr pitamaha uilium watkin weit chhilen ekjon khudroshilpi, taanr baba chhilen ekjon apeshadar jalarangbid ebong taanr tinn bhai-charles, harrold ebong arthar-oo shilpi hoyechilen. tini letherheade myanashana house byakaran bidyalaye shikkhito hoyechilen. 1874 saale tini kanadar ontariote lumberjack hisabe kaaj korte zaan. firey aasaar porr tini 1878 theke 1919 saal porjonto londoner rayyal academyte prayashai chitrokormer prodorshoni corren. tini london ebong anchalgulite anyanno onek borh galleryteo prodorshon corren ebong 1893 saale british shilpider rayyal societyr (rba) sadasya hohn. 1891 saale, white barbara isabella teitke (1862-1950) biye corren. taander eka putro oo dui konna chhilo. 1910 saale barkshire ulhamptone yawar agey taaraa surerite motor ebong abinger hatudi byabohar koroto. 1915 saale taaraa surerite firey yaay ebong tarpor east sussexe firey yaay. 1924 saale weit fittleworth, sussexe maaraa zaan. weit ekjon prakritik drishyer chitroshilpi chhilen ebong teler kaaj korten. taanr beshirbhag output taanr sthaniya surer gramin drishyoguli chitrito korey.

edward wilkins weit edward wilkins weit aar. bii. aee. (14 april 1854-1924) aek vipul angreji landscape chitrakaar hataa. weitno janm chamadana maathaama thayo hato, surre, revno putra. edward weit, maa, aneey tenee patnee cleopha julia (nee duke)-coole chh putro aneey beey putreeo hatee. temnaa daadaa veeliyam watkin weit laghuchitrakaar hataa, temnaa pitaa aek kalapremi jalvarnkar hataa aneey temnaa trana bhaaio-charles, hayrold aneey arther pann kalakaro banyaa hataa. temane mention house vyaakaran shaalaama chaamadaani maathaama shikshan melavyu hatoo. 1874maan temane lumberjack tareeke kaama karvaa maate kenedana ontariyoni yaatra curry hatee. parat faryaa baad temane 1878thee 1919 sudhee londonni royal academyma ghanivaar pradarshan kareene paintingne vyavsaay tareeke apnaavyu hatoo. temane london aneey pradeshomaa anya ghanee motee galleryoma pann pradarshan karyoo hatoo aneey 1893maan british kalakarona royal sosayati (aar. bii. aee.) naa sabhy banyaa hataa. 1891maan, weitae barbara isabella tett (1862-1950) saathe lagna karyaa. temne aek putra aneey beey putreeo hatee. teo 1910maan berkshirema woolhamptonma jataa pahelaa surremaa vataana aneey abinger hemarmaan raheta hataa. teo 1915maan surre aneey pachhi purv susexma paachha faryaa. weit 1924maan fittleworth, susexma mrutyu pamya. weit landscape painter hataa aneey telmaa kaama kartaa hataa. temnaa motabhagna outputma temnaa mool sureemaa graameen drashyo darshavvama aavyaa chhe.

edward wilkins wait edward wilkins white aar. bee. aeye. (14 aprail 1854-1924) ack vipul angreji paridrishya chitrakaar they. weit kaa janm chamade key sir mein huaa thaa, surre, rev kaa betaa. edward weit, maa, aur unaki patni cleopha julia (nee duke)-kull chhah bete aur dou betiyaan theen. unake daadaa villium watkin weit ack laghuchitrakaar they, unake pitaa ack shaukiya jall-rangkar they, aur unake teen bhaai-charles, harrold aur arther-bhee kalakar bunn gaye. unhone haveli house grammer school mein chamade key sir mein shiksha praapt kii thee. 1874 mein unhone ack lakadi key bartan key roop mein kaam karane key liye ontario, kanada kii yatra kii. apani vaapsee parr unhone 1878 seey 1919 taka landan kii shaahi akadami mein aksar chitrakala kaa pradarshan kiya. unhone landan aur kshetron mein kaee anya pramukh deerghaon mein bhee pradarshan kiya, aur 1893 mein british kalakaron (aar. bee. aeye.) key shaahi samaaj key sadasya bunn gaye. 1891 mein, weit ney barbara isabella tett (1862-1950) seey shaadi kii. unake ack betaa aur dou betiyaan theen. way 1910 mein berkshire mein woolhampton jaane seey pahale surre mein mutter aur abinger hathaude mein rahate they. way 1915 mein surre aur phir east sussex mein vaapas chaley gaye. weit kii 1924 mein fittleworth, sussex mein mrityu hoe gaee. weit ack paridrishya chitrakaar they aur telon mein kaam karate they. unake adhikansh pradarshan mein unake mool suree mein graameen drishyon koo darshaaya gayaa haye.

edward wilkins waite edward wilkins white aarr. bii. aa. (april 14,1854-1924) obba samruddha inglish bhoodrushya varnachitrakaararaagiddaru. wait charmada taleyalli janisidanu, surre, rev maga. edward waite, maa, mattu avana hendati cleopha julia (nee dukes)-ottu aaru gandu mattu ibbaru hennu makkaliddaru. avara ajja vilium watkin white obba miniaturist aagiddaru, avara tande havyasi jalavarna kalaavidaraagiddaru mattu avara moovaru sahodararaada charles, harrold mattu orther saha kalaavidaraadaru. aata mahalu maney vyakarana shaleyalli charmada taleyalli sikshana padedaru. 1874ralli aata kenadaada ontaariyoge prayanisi, marada dimmi kelasa maadidaru. hindirugida nantara avaru chitrakaleyannu vrattiyaagi kaigettikondaru, 1878 rinda 1919 ravarege london raayal academiyalli aagaagge pradarshana niididaru. avaru london mattu pradeshagalallina aneka itara pramukha gallerigalalli pradarshana niididaru mattu 1893 ralli british kalaavidara raayal society (rba) sadasyaraadaru. 1891ralli, barbara isabella tite (1862-1950) avarannu vivaahavaadaru. avarige obba maga mattu ibbaru putriyariddaru. avaru 1910ralli berkshiren wool hamptonge teraluva modalu surreyalliruva batani mattu abinger hammernalli vaasisuttiddaru. avaru 1915ralli surrege mattu nantara purva susexge maralidaru. 1924ralli sussexna fittleworthnalli wait nidhanaraadaru. wait obba bhoodrushya varnachitrakaararaagiddaru mattu tailagalalli kelasa maaduttiddaru. avara hecchina pradarshanavu avara sthaliya sarreyalli grameena drashyagalannu chithrisuttade.

edward wilkins kaathirikkunnu edward wilkins veytt aarr. bii. eiii (14 epril 1854-1924) oru mikacha engleesh landscape chithrakaaranaayirunnu. revinte makanaaya sureriyil letherheadilaanu veytt janichathu. edward veytt, maa, bhaarya cleopha juuliya (nee dukes)-motham aarr aanmakkalum rund penmakkalum undaayirunnu. addehathinte muthachan vilyam vaatkin veytt oru miniyecharistum pithaav oru amachwar vaattar kalar worker addehathinte moonnu sahodaranmaraaya chaals, harrold, arther ennivarum kalakaaranmaaraayi. maalikayile grammer skoolilaanu addeham letherheadle vidyaabhyaasam nediyathu. 1874ll addeham oru lambarjaakkaayi kaanadayile ontaariyoyilekku pooyi. thirichethiya addeham 1878 muthal 1919 vare landanile royal academyil palappozhum pradarshippichukondu chitrakala oru thozhilaayi ettedukkukayum landanilum pradeshangalilum mattu niravadhi pradhana gaalarikalilum pradarshippikkukayum 1893 ll britiish aarttistukalude royal sosaittiyil (rba) amgamaakukayum cheythu. 1891-ll weyit barbera isabella taittine (1862-1950) vivaham kazhichu. avarkk oru makan rund penmakkalum undaayirunnu. 1910ll berkshareile wolhamptonilekku maarunnathinumumbu avar sureriyile peaserlekkilum abinger hammerilum thaamasichu. avar 1915ll surailekkum thudarnnu eest sussexilekkum madangi. 1924ll sussexile fittilvarthil veytt marichu. oru landscape painteraayirunna veytt ennakalil jolie cheythirunnu. addehathinte uthppannangalil bhooribhaagavum grameena ramgangal addehathinte janmanaadaaya sooriyil chithreekarikkunnu.

edward wilkins vaat pahat aahe edward wilkins weit aar. bii. aii. (14 april 1854-1924) heey eka utkrusht ingraji landscape chitrakar hote. revhcha mulga surre, ledarhedmadhye waitecha janm jhaala. edward weit, maa aanee tyachi patni cleopha julia (nee dukes)-ekoon sahaa mule aanee done mulee hotya. tyache aajoba william watkin weit heey laghupatkar hote, tyache vadil haushi jalwarnkar hote aanee tyache teen bhau-charles, harrold aanee arther-dekhil kalakar jhaale. tyanche shikshan havelichya vyakaran shalet chamadyachya mathyavar jhaale. 1874 madhye tyanni canadatil auntario yethe lumberjack mhanoon kaam karnyasathi pravas keela. paratalyanantar tyanni 1878 teey 1919 yaa kalat londonchya royal akadamimadhye anekada chitrakala pradarshanasathi eka vyavasay mhanoon suruvat kelee. london aanee itar pradeshantil itar anek pramukh dalananmadhyehi tyanni pradarshan dile aanee 1893 madhye british kalakaranchya royal societyche (aar. bii. aii.) sadasya jhaale. 1891 madhye, weitne barbara isabela tetshee (1862-1950) lagn kele. tyanna eka mulga aanee done mulee hotya. 1910 madhye berkshiremadhil woolhampton yethe jaanyapurvi teey surremadhil pital aanee abinger hammer yethe rahat hote. teey 1915 madhye surre aanee nantar east susax yethe parat gele. weit 1924 madhye fittleworth, susax yethe maran pavale. wait heey landscape chitrakar hote aanee telanmadhye kaam karayache. tyachya bahutansh nirmitimadhye tyachya mool suremadhye grameen drushye darshavili aahet.

edward wilkins apekhya karichanti edward wilkins wait aarr. bii. aii. (14 april 1854-1924) jane prachurjaprapta ingraji landscape chitrakar thile. wait charma munda ray janmagrahana karithile, surre, rebh nka pua . edward wait, maa, ebong taanka patni cleopha julia (nee dukes)-mote chhaa pua ebong dui jhia thile . taanka jejebapa william watkin wait jane khudra chitrakar thile, taanka pita jane shaukija jalarangi kalakara thile, ebong taanka tini bhai-charles, harrold ebong arther madhya kalakara hoithile. shay mahal ghara byakarana bidyalajare chamada mundare sikhya laabh karithile. 1874 masihare shay eka lumberjack bhabe kaama kariba paain kanadara ontario jaithile. feriba parey shay eka brutti bhabare chitrakala arambha karithile, 1878 ru 1919 parjyanta londner rayal ekademire aneka thara pradarshan karithile. shay london ebong anchalara anyanya aneka pramukh gyalereere madhya pradarshan karithile, ebong 1893 ray british kalakaranka rayal society (rba) rahr sadasya hoithile. 1891 masihare, wait barbara isabella tett (1862-1950) nku bibaha karithile. semanankara gotie pua ebong duiti jhia thile. 1910 masihare barkasajarara ulahampatanku jiba purbaru semane surrere thiba matarasabu ebong abingara hatudire rahuthile. semane 1915 masihare surre ebong taa 'parey purba susaksaku pherigale. 1924 masihare wait fittleworth, susaksare mrutyubarana karithile. wait jane landscape chitrakar thile ebong telare kaama karuthile. tankara adhikansha utpada taanka sthaniah surre grameena drushyaku chitrana kare .

edward wilkins udeek qarr riha haii edward wilkins wait aar. bee. aii. (14 aprail 1854-1924) ikk ugghe angrezi landscape chittarkar sunn. wait daa janam chamde dey sir witch hoiaa see, suree, rev daa puttar. edward wait, maan, atey uss dee patni cleofa julia (nee dukes)-kull chhe puttar atey doou dhiaan sunn. uss dey daada viliam watkin wait ikk laghu chittarkar sunn, uss dey pitaa ikk shukin water colorist sunn, atey uss dey tinn bharaa-charles, haerold atey arther-vee kalakar bann gaye. uss neey mahil dey gharr dey viaakaran school witch chamde dey sir witch sikkhiaa prapat keeti see. 1874 witch uh ikk lumberjack vajon kamm curran laee ontario, canada gaye. aapni vaapsee utte usne ikk peshe vajon painting noon shuru keeta, 1878 toon 1919 takk aksar raail academy, london witch pradarshit keeta. usne london atey khetran witch kaee horr pramukh galleries witch vee pradarshit keeta, atey 1893 witch british kalakaran dee raail suciety (aar. bee. aii.) daa member bann giaa. sann 1891 witch, wait neey barbara isabella tett (1862-1950) naal viaah karvaiaa. uhanan daa ikk puttar atey doou dhiaan sunn. uh 1910 witch berkshire witch woolhampton jaanh toon pahilan surre witch mutter atey abinger hammer witch rahinde sunn. uh 1915 witch surre atey firr purbi susex witch waps chaley gaye. wait dee 1924 witch fittleworth, susex witch maut hoow gaee. wait ikk landscape chittarkar see atey tail witch kamm karda see. uss dey ziaadaatar output witch uss dey jaddi suree witch pendu drishan noon darsaiaa giaa haii.

edward wilkins vett edward wilkins vett aar. bee. e. (14 april 1854-1924) ekaha prachuryam praaptah aangl-bhoodrushya-chitrakaarah aasit. vett ityasya janma ledar-head ityasmin abhavat, surre, rev ityasya putrah. edward vett, maa, tasya patnee cleopha julia (nee dukes) cha-aahaty shut putraah dwau putriyau aasan. tasya pitaamah vilium watkin vett laghuchitrakaarah aasit, tasya pitaa shaukia jalavarnakaarah aasit, tasya trayah bhraataah-charles, harold, aarthar-cha-api kalaakaarau abhavan. saha ledar-hayd ityasmin bhavana-gruha-vyaakaran-vidyaalaye shikshitah. 1874 tame varshe saha lambarajaak-rupena karyam kartum kenada-deshasya ontario-nagaram gatavaan. pratyaagatya saha chitrakalaam vruttiroopena sveekrutya 1878 taha 1919 paryantam landan-nagarasya rayal-akadami-madhye praayah pradarshayat. saha landan-nagare, pradesheshu cha anyeshu anekeshu pramukheshu gyalarishu api pradarshanm krutavaan, 1893 tame varshe british-kalakaranam rayal-societyaah (aar. bee. e.) sadasyah abhavat. 1891 tame varshe vett-varyaha barbera isabella tait (1862-1950) ityetam parineetavaan. teshaam ekaha putrah, dwau putraah cha aasan. 1910 tame varshe barkshair-nagarasya wool-hampton-nagaram prati gantum poorvam te surre-nagarasya peersleck-ebinger-hammer-ityatra nivasanti sma. te 1915 tame varshe surre-nagaram prati, tatah east-susex-nagaram prati cha aagacchan. vett 1924 tame varshe sussex-nagarasya fitlwort-nagare mrutah. vett ityeshah bhoodrushya-chitrakaarah aasit, taila-kshetreshu karyam cha krutavaan. tasya adhikaamsham utpaadanam tasya sthaniya-surre ityasmin graameen-drushyaani varnayati.

edward wilkins edward wilkins whide aarr. pii. aee (aepral 14,1854-1924) oru sirantha aangkila nilaparappu ooviyar aavaar. weid thoal thalai, suurrae, revin maganil piranthaar. edward vaettai, maa, mattrum avarathu manaivi cleaba juulia (nee dukes)-moththam aaru magangalum irandu magalgalum irunththanar. avarathu tatta villiyam vaatkin vaettai oru miniature, avarathu thanthai oru amechur watercolour, mattrum avarathu moontru cakoothararkal-charles, haarold mattrum aarthar-kooda kalaignargalaaga aanaargal. avar maaligaiyin ilakkanap pallyil thoal thalaikkul kalvi payintraar. 1874 aam aandil avar kanadaavin onrariyoavukku oru marakkattaiyaaga vaelai seiya payanam seithaar. thirumbi vantha piragu, 1878 muthal 1919 varai landanil ulla raayal akaadamiyil ooviyam varaivathai oru thozhilaaga eduththuk kondaar. lundon mattrum piraanthiyangkalil ulla pala mukiya kaatchiyagangalilum avar kaatchippadutthinaar, maelum 1893 ill british kalaignargalin raayal societyil (aarr. pii. aee) uruppinaraaga aanaar. 1891 aam aandil, barbara isabella dietai (1862-1950) tirumanam seithu kondaar. avarkalukku oru magan mattrum irandu magalgal irunththanar. 1910 aam aandil perkshireil ulla woolhamptonukkuch selvatharku munbu avarkal suurraeyil ulla pattani mattrum abinkar suthiyalil vaazhnththanar. avarkal 1915 aam aandil suurrae mattrum pinnar kilakku sussexuku thirumbinar. waid 1924 aam aandil sussexil ulla fiddleworthyl iranthaar. vaey oru nilaparappu ooviyar mattrum enneigalil paniyaattrinaar. avarathu veliyeettin perumbaguthi avarathu sontha suurii graamappura kaatchigalai siththarikkirathu.

edward wilkins weit edward wilkins white aarr. bii. yea (april 14,1854-1924) oka goppa aangla prakruti drushyam chitrakaarudu. veyite tholu thalalo janminchaadu, surre, rev kumarudu. edward wait, maa, mariyu athani bhaarya cleopha julia (nee dukes)-mottam aruguru kumaarulu mariyu iddaru kumartelu unnaaru. athani taata vilium watkin white oka chinna kalakarudu, athani tandri oka autsaahika jalavarna kalakarudu, mariyu athani mugguru sodarulu-charless, harrold mariyu orther-kooda kalaakaarulu ayyaru. athanu lether head loe bhavana gruha vyaakarana paatasaalalo chaduvukunnadu. 1874loe ayana oka kalapaga panicheyadaaniki kenadaaloni antarioku vellaaru. tirigi vacchina taruvaata athanu 1878 nundi 1919 varaku landanlooni raayal academylo tarachugaa chitralekhanaanni pradarsinche vruttini chepattadu. athanu london mariyu praantaalalo aneka itara pradhana gallerylalo kooda pradarsanalu icchaadu mariyu 1893loe british kalaakaarula raayal society (rba) loe sabhyudayyadu. 1891loe, barbara isabella tite (1862-1950) nuu vivaham chesukunnaru. vaariki oka kumarudu, iddaru kumartelu unnaaru. vaaru 1910loe berkshireloni woolhamptonku velladaaniki mundu sarreloni peerlek mariyu abinger hammer vadda nivasinchaaru. vaaru 1915loe sarrelo tirigi vellaaru, aapai eest sussexku vellaaru. 1924loe sussexloni fittleworthlo wait maraninchaadu. wait oka prakruti drushyam chitrakaarudu mariyu noonelalo panichesevaadu. athani avutputlo ekkuva bhaagam athani sthaanika sarrelo graameena drushyaalanu varnistundi.

edward walkanz intezar kirr rahay haine edward walkanz weat aar bee aey (14 apreel 1854-1924) eek shandar angrezi zameen kii tazyeen kaa masoor thaa. weat chamday kay sarr mein paida hawaa saray riyo kaa betaa. edward weat maa aur iss kii bewi cleofa joliya (nee deoks)-kill chh betay aur duu betiyan thein. inn kay daada waleem waatkin weat eek manee artist thay inn kay waalid eek shoqia waater clerst thay aur inn kay teen bhayee-charlis herold aur aarthar-bhee fankaar bunn gayey. inhon nay haweeli house grimer school mein chamday kay sarr mein taleem haasil kii. 1874 mein inhon nay lakdi kay jeek kay toor parr kaam karnay kay liye oontario canada kaa safar kiyaa. wapsi parr inhon nay penting kuu eek paishay kay toor parr sharoo kiyaa 1878 say 1919 takk landan kii raail academy mein aksar numaish kii. inhon nay landan aur khaton mein kayee deegar bury gallerion mein bhee numaish kii aur 1893 mein raail society aaf british artists (aar bee aey) kay rakan bunn gayey. 1891 mein weat nay barbra asabila tyte (1862-1950) say shaadi kii. inn kaa eek betaa aur duu betiyan thein. 1910 mein bark shayer kay oon hampton mein muntaqil honay say pehley wah saray mein patters leek aur abangar hathoday mein rehtay thay. wah 1915 mein saray aur phir aist susex mein waps chalay gayey. viet kaa 1924 mein fital warth susex mein inteqal hawaa. weat eek zameen kii tazyeen kay masoor thay aur teel mein kaam kartay thay. inn kii ziyadah tarr aaot putt inn kay aabayi saray mein deehi munazir kuu zahir karti hay.

0000a77c347412ca748b8d6f7ce9043f6731002504cec739d34eed8f703b09a6

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40506377

2007 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship squads

2007 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship squads

2007 yuu. ee. aff. aeye. europeeya under-19 football championship daste

2007 yuu. eae. eff. aii. european 19 varshankhalil football ajinkyapad sangh

2007 yuu. ee. eff. aii. european under-19 football championship teaman

0000ae1c36ad90dd1e8d29c15684ec85d531160039d27fd3dbb0d50fc940398c

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki?curid=6821

Presidential Radio Address - 31 July 1993

Presidential Radio Address - 31 July 1993 <templatestyles src="Header/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="Header/main block/styles.css" />← Good morning. Five months ago in my State of the Union Address to Congress, I pledged to the American people that I would do my best to fulfill the campaign commitment of 1992 to change the way Washington works. That means reviving our economy by reducing our deficit; cutting spending; reversing trickle-down economics by asking the wealthiest Americans to pay their fair share of taxes; increasing incentives to business to create new jobs; helping the working poor; and renewing the skills and productivity of our workers, our students, and our children. Now the Members of both Houses of Congress are preparing to decide on a final version of my economic growth plan that meets the objectives I discussed when I presented it 5 months ago. This plan will contain the largest reduction in our deficit in the Nation's history. With nearly one quarter of a trillion dollars in real, enforceable spending cuts, every new dollar of taxes will be matched by a dollar of spending cuts. And 80 percent of the new taxes now will be raised from individuals earning over $200,000 a year. No working family earning less than $180,000 will pay more in income taxes. That will be a real change from the trickle-down economics of the past dozen years. The average family will pay only one tax, less than a dime a day in an energy tax devoted entirely to deficit reduction. That's about $33 a year for a family of four with an income of $40,000 or $50,000 a year. I think that's a modest and fair price to pay for the change we seek and the progress we're making. We pledged to have the lightest possible burden on the middle class; and I thinkthat, we have done. Because we need the private sector to grow, the plan provides investments in job-creating capacities of American business and in the education and skills of our people. For example, the plan supports small business by dramatically increasing the tax incentive they get to invest in their own operations. Under this plan, more than 90 percent of the small businesses in America will actually be eligible for a reduction in their taxes. The plan also gives other incentives to business for new plant and equipment, to invest in research and development for high-tech firms, to invest in new fast-growing firms that create so many of our jobs. And perhaps most important to many middle class families, this plan opens the doors of college for millions of families by reforming the student loan program and making college affordable again to all Americans. We do all this without imposing harmful cuts on programs that benefit older Americans, and building a better future for our children without asking unreasonable sacrifice from their grandparents. It's time for Congress to pass this plan. It's time for Washington to show the courage to change, just as people all across America are showing that kind of courage. This week I had the honor of meeting with many Americans who are taking personal responsibility for making their lives and our country even better. On Monday, I attended a conference in Chicago where workers and managers talked about how they can work together to improve the quality of their goods and services, increase the strength and security of their own jobs and incomes. I met an executive from Missouri who turned around a failing plant by sharing information with employees about the company's performance. When the employees understood the big picture, they did even better at their jobs. And I met a woman from Detroit who got a job as a machinist after enrolling in a 6-year advanced training program. When she completes the program, she'll have the equivalent of a master's degree in engineering. On Wednesday, I met with more than 60 corporate executives who support my economic growth plan. Many of them are Republicans who will have to pay higher taxes under the plan. But they made the hard-headed economic decision that their companies, their shareholders, and their country will be better off with this economic plan because it means lower deficits, lower interest rates, and a more stable environment to grow. As the chief executive officer of one of these corporations said, it's time to quit fooling around and pass the plan. And I want to tell you about one more group of people who are quiet heroes in our economy. On Thursday, I met with three families who work hard for low wages. Thanks to the earned-income tax credit, which under this plan reduces the tax burden on low income workers, they can support their children without going on welfare. This plan increases that earned-income tax credit so that we can finally tell every working parent in America: If you work full time and you have children at home, we will lift you out of poverty. This will have more to do with encouraging people to get off welfare and go to work than anything else we've done. I'm proud that so many people have the courage to learn new skills, to choose work over welfare, to look beyond the old divisions between labor and management, between Democrats and Republicans, to the things that unite us as Americans. These people are ready to change. As your Senators and Representatives conclude work on our budget, I'd like to say a special word to each of you listening to me today. There's been a lot of misinformation about this economic plan. Now you know the truth: $500 billion in deficit reduction, equally divided between cuts and revenues; 80 percent of the new revenue is going to the top 1.2 percent of our people; a trust fund so that all the money goes to reduce the deficit; real investments to help the working poor, to help middle class families sending their children to college, without undue cuts on the elderly. This is a new economic direction for our country. If you want it, if you want the jobs it will provide and the growth for our economy, you must make your voices heard. Tell your Senators and Representatives that this plan, with its deficit reduction, with its lower interest rates, with its investment in private sector jobs, means more jobs and a better future for America, and it is time to pass it. Thank you for listening.

rastropotir readyo 'xombudhon-31 july 1993 Â xubho probhat. paas maah aagote congressot mur state owo dyo unionor xombudhonot moi aamerikar jonoxadharonok protisruti disilu je waswingtonor kaam-kaajor poddhoti xoloni korar baabe 1992 sonor prosaror protisruti puron korr baabe moi mur xorbosrestho chesta korim. iyar ortho hoise aamar obhab hraax kori aamar orthonitik punorujjibito koraa; byoy hraax koraa; dhoni aamerikanxokolok teulukor nyajyo ongxo korr porixudh koriboloi koi orthonitir poriworton koraa; notun sakori sristi korr baabe byowoxayoloi prerona briddhi korr; sromik doridroxokolok xohay koraa; aaru aamar sromik, aamar xikhyarthi aaru aamar xixuxokolor dokhyota aar utpadonxilota punor bikax. etiya congressor ubhoy xodonor xodosyoxokole mur orthonoitik bikax porikolponar suranto xongoskoronor xiddhanto luwar baabe prostuti solai aase ji moi 5 maah aagote uposthapon korar xomoyot alusona koraa uddesyoxomuh puron korr baabe. ei porikolponat dexor itihaxot aamar obhab xorbobrihot hraax paab. prokrito, bolowot koribo poraa byoy hraxor pray ek trilion dollar ek soturthangxor xoite, koror protitu notun dollar ek dollar byoy hraxor xoite mill koraa hoh 'bob. aaru etiya notun koror 80 xotangxo bosori 200,000 dolarotkoi odhik uparjon koraa byoktixokolor poraa briddhi koraa hoh 'bob. 180, 000 dolarotkoi komm uparjon koraa kunu kormorot poriyale odhik aayokor dibo nalage. xeitu hoh "bob juwa dozon bosoror orthonitir poraa ek prokrito poriworton. gorh poriyale kewol etaa korr dibo, xompurnorupe obhab hraxor baabe utxorgito xokti korot doinik ek poyoxatkoi komm. 40, 000 dollar baa 50,000 dollar aay koraa sarijon lukor etaa poriyalor baabe ee bosori pray 33 dollar. moi bhabu je aami bisora poriworton aaru aami kori thoka progotir baabe eitu etaa xamanyo aaru nyajyo mulyo. aami modhyobitto shrenir uporot xombhobpor ataitkoi komm buja peluwar protisruti disilu; aaru moi bhabu je, aami korisu. jihetu aami byoktigoto khondor bikaxor proyujon, xeyehe ei porikolponai aamerikar byowoxayor sakori sristir khyomota aaru aamar jonoxadharonor xikhya aaru dokhyotat biniyug prodan kore. udahoronsworupe, ei porikolponai khyudro byowoxaixomuhok teulukor nijor karjyot biniyug koriboloi laabh koraa korr prerona natokiyobhabe briddhi kori xomorthon kore. ei porikolponar odhinot, aamerikar 90 xotangxotkoiu odhik khyudro byoboxai prokritote teulukor korr hraxor baabe jugyo hoh 'bob. ei porikolponai notun prokolpo aaru xojulir baabe byowoxayok onyanyo preronau prodan kore, uscho-projukti protisthanxomuhor gowexona aaru bikaxot biniyug koriboloi, notun drutogotit bikaxxil protisthanxomuhot biniyug koriboloi jiye aamar bohutu sakoririr sristi korr baabe. aaru xombhobotoh bohu modhyobitto poriyalor baabe ataitkoi guruttopurno, ei porikolponai saatro rino karzoxusir xongskar xadhon kori aaru mohabidyaloyok xokolu aamerikanor baabe punor xulobh kori laakh laakh poriyalor baabe mohabidyaloyor duwar mukoli kore. aami ei xokolubur boyosko aamerikanxokolor baabe upokari karzoxusir uporot kyotikarok chaa noporakoi aaru aamar xixuxokolor baabe teulukor daada-deutakor poraa ojouktik tyag bisorar obihone ek unnot bhobisyot gorhi tular joriyote koru. congressor baabe ei porikolponatu grihit korar xomoy aahi porise. xomogro aamerikar manuhe jenekoi xei dhoronor xahox dekhuwaise, thik tenedorei waswingtonor babeu poribortonor xahox dekhuwar xomoy aahise. ei xoptahot moi bohutu aamerikanor xoite xakhyat korar xonman laabh korilu jixokole teulukor jiwan aaru aamar dexok aaru unnot korar baabe byoktigoto dayitwo grohon korise. xumbare, moi sikagut ek xonmilonot ongxogrohon korisilu zo 'too sromik aaru porisalokxokole teulukor xamogri aaru xewar mandondo unnot koriboloi, teulukor nijor sakori aaru uparjonor xokti aaru nirapotta briddhi koriboloi kenedore ekeloge kaam koribo paare xei bixoye alusona korisil. moi misourir ejon karzobahik log paisilu jiye companyr prodorxonor bixoye kormosarixokolor xoite tothyo bhag botora kori etaa bifol prokolpor poriworton ghotaisil. jetiya kormosarixokole dangor sobitu buji paisil, teuluke teulukor sakorit aaru bhaal korisil. aaru moi detoroitor egoraki mohilak log paisilu jiye 6 bosoriya unnot proxikhyon karzoxusit naam bhorti korar pisot jontrobid hisape sakori paisil. jetiya taai ei karzoxusi xompurno koribo, tetiya taai obhijantrik bixoyot snatokuttor degreer xomotulyo degree laabh koribo. budhbare moi mur orthonoitik bikax porikolponak xomorthon koraa 60 jonoru odhik korpo 'rett karzobahik log paisilu. teulukor bohutokei hoise republican, jixokole ei porikolponar odhinot odhik korr dibo lagibo. kintu teuluke kothur porisrom kori ei orthonoitik xiddhanto loisil je teulukor company, teulukor ongxidar aaru teulukor dex ei orthonoitik porikolponar xoite bhaal hoh 'bob kaaron iyar ortho hoise komm lukchan, komm xutor haar, aaru briddhir baabe odhik xusthir por poriwex. ei nigomxomuhor etaar mukhyo karzobahi bixoyajone kuwar dore, etiya buka bonai porikolponatu grihit korar xomoy. aaru moi aapunalukok aan etaa gutor bixoye koo 'bob bisaru ji aamar orthonitir xanto nayok. brihospotibare moi tinita poriyalok log paisilu jixokole komm dormohar baabe kothur porisrom kore. ei porikolponar odhinot komm aay koraa sromikxokolor uporot koror buja hraax koraa uparjon-aay korr creditor baabe dhonyobad, teuluke kolyanor baabe juwa nuhuwakoi teulukor xontanok xohay koribo paare. ei porikolponai uparjon koraa-aay korr credit briddhi kore jaate aami owoxexot aamerikar protijon kormorot pitri-matrik koo 'bob paruh jodi aapuni xompurno xomoy kaam kore aaru aapunar ghorot xontan aase, aami aapunak doridrotar poraa mukto korim. aami koraa aan jikunu kamotkoi iyak manuhok kolyanor poraa aatori kamoloi jaboloi utxahito korar xoite odhik xomporko thakibo. moi gourowanwito je bohutu lukor notun dokhyota xikiboloi, kolyanor poriworte kaam basoni koriboloi, shrom aaru byowosthaponar maajot puroni bibhajonor baahire, gonotantrik aaru republicanxokolor maajot, aamerikan hisape aamak ekotrito koron korr bixoiburoloi saboloi xahox aase. ei lukoxokol poribortonor baabe xaju. aapunalukor xenetar aaru protinidhixokole aamar bajetor kaam xex korar loge loge, moi aaji mur kotha xuni aapunaluk proityekoke etaa bixex kotha koo 'bob bisaru. ei orthonoitik porikolponar bixoye bohutu bhul tothyo puwa goise. etiya aapunaluke xotyotu jaaneh 500 billion dollar obhab hraax, ji korton aaru rajhor maajot xomanbhabe bibhokto; notun rajhor 80 xotangxo aamar jonoxadharonor xirxo 1.20 xotangxoloi goi aase; ek nyax puji jaate xokolu dhon obhab hraax koriboloi yaay; sromik doridroxokolok xohay korr baabe prokrito biniyug, modhyobitto poriyale bridhoxokolor uporot onusito koron nuhuwakoi teulukor xontanxokolok kolejoloi pothiuwat xohay korr baabe. eyaa aamar dexor baabe ek notun orthonoitik dix. jodi aapuni bisare, jodi aapuni bisare je ee prodan koribo poraa sakori aaru aamar orthonitir bikax, aapuni aapunar konthoswor xunibo lagibo. aapunar xenetar aaru protinidhixokolok kouk je ei porikolpona, iyar obhab hraxor xoite, iyar komm xutor haaror xoite, byoktigoto khondor sakorir biniyugor xoite, aamerikar baabe odhik sakori aaru ek unnot bhobisyotor ortho, aaru iyak grihit korr xomoy hoise. xuniboloi diyar baabe dhonyobad.

rashtropotir betar bhashon-31 julai 1993 Â shubh sokal. panch maas agey congresse amar steta off dya union bhashone aami markin jonogoner kachhe protishruti diyechilam jey, 1992 saaler procharonar protishruti purone aami amar jothasadhyo chesta korob jaate washingtoner kaajkormer poddhoti poribortito hoy. err ortho holl amader ghatoti hrass korey amader orthonitike punorujjibito koraa; byoy hrass koraa; dhonee americander korer nyajya ongsho ditey boley orthonitike biporitmukhi koraa; notun kormosongsthan srishtir jonno byabosai pranodana briddhi koraa; shramajibi doridroder sahayata koraa; ebong amader shromik, amader chhatro ebong amader shishuder dokkhota oo utpadonshilota punarnabikaran koraa. ekhon congresser ubhoy kokkher sadasyara amar orthonoitik probriddhi porikolponar ekti chudanta sangaskaraner siddhanta neoar prostuti nichchen jaa 5 maas agey aami jokhon etty uposthapon karechilam tokhon aami jey uddeshyoguli niye alochona karechilam taa puron korey. eyi parikalpana desher itihase amader ghatoti sabcheye beshi hrass korbe. eka trillion dollar pray eka choturthangsho prokrito, prayogyogya byoy hraser saathe, protiti notun dollar corr eka dollar byoy hraser saathe milit hobey. ebong ekhon notun korer 80 shotangsho bochore 2,00,000 dollar beshi uparjankari byaktider kachh theke badano hobey. 180, 000 dollar qama aykari konao karmajibi poribar aykar beshi debe naa. etty goto koyek dozon bochorer orthonoitik abosthar theke ekti prokrito poriborton hobey. garh poribarti shudhumatra ekti corr debe, jaa sampurnarupe ghatoti hraser jonno nibedito jalani korer modhye diney eka poisaro qama. 40, 000 markin dollar baa bochore 50,000 markin dollar aykari chaar sadasyer ekti poribarer jonno etty bochore pray 33 markin dollar. aami money corry amra jey poriborton chaai ebong jey aggrogoti korchi taar jonno etty ekti porimito ebong nyajya mulya. amra modhyobittoder upor jotota sombhob halka bojha chapanor protishruti diyechilam ebong aami money corry, amra taa korechi. jehetu amader besarkari khettrer bikash prayojan, taai eyi porikolponati markin byabosar kormosongsthan srishtikari sokkhomota ebong amader jonogoner shikkha oo dokkhotai biniyog pradan korey. udahoronsorup, porikolponati chhoto byabosagulike taader nijaswa kriyakalape biniyog korar jonno corr pranodana natokiyobhabe baadiye sahayata korey. eyi porikolponar aota, americar 90 shotangshero beshi chhoto byabosa taader corr komanor jogyo hobey. eyi porikolponati notun karkhana oo saranjamer jonno, uchcho-prajukti sangosthagulir jonno gobeshona oo unnoyone biniyog korte, notun druto bordhonshil sangosthagulite biniyog korte anyanno pranodanao deyo jaa amader onek kormosongsthan toiri korey. ebong sombhoboto onek modhyobitto poribarer jonno sabcheye guruttopurno, eyi porikolponati chhatro rino karmasuchir sangoskar ebong samasta americander jonno kolejke abar sashrayi korey tolar madhyome lokkho lokkho poribarer jonno colleger darja khule deyo. amra boyosko americander upokar korey emon kormosuchigulite khotikarok katchant arop naa korey ebong taader dada-dadir kachh theke ajouktik tyag sweekar naa korey amader shishuder jonno ekti unnoto bhabishyato toiri naa korey eyi samasta kichhu corry. congresser eyi porikolponati pusses korar somoy eseche. washingtoner poribortoner sahos dekhanor somoy eseche, thhik jemon america judey manush eyi dharaner sahos dekhache. eyi saptahe aami onek americander saathe dekha korar somman peyechilam jaaraa taader jeebon ebong amader deshke arow unnoto korar jonno byaktigato dayitto nichchen. sombar aami shikagote ekti sommelone ongsho niyechilam jekhane shromik oo byabosthapokera taader ponno oo porishebar maan unnoto korte, taader nijaswa chakri oo ayer shakti oo nirapatta badate kibhabe eksange kaaj korte paare seey somporke kotha bolechilo. aami misaurir ekjon nirbahir saathe dekha korechi jini companyr kormokhomota somporke karmider saathe tothyo bhag korey niye ekti byartho karkhanar dike ghuriye diyechilen. kormocharira jokhon borh chitro bujhte perechilen, tokhon taanra taander kaaje arow valo kaaj korechilen. ebong detroiter eka mohilar sange amar dekha hoy, jini 6 bochorer unnoto proshikkhon kormosuchite naam nothibhukto korar porr jontrobidyar chakri peyechilen. jokhon seey programti shesh korbe, tokhon taar engineeringye snatakottar degreer samatulya hobey. budhbar aami 60 jonero beshi corporate executiver sange dekha korechi, jaaraa amar orthonoitik probriddhi porikolponake samarthan korey. taader modhye onekei republican, jaader eyi porikolponar aota beshi corr ditey hobey. kintu taaraa kathorbhabe orthonoitik siddhanta niyechilo jey taader company, taader shareholder ebong taader desh eyi orthonoitik porikolponar saathe arow vall hobey kaaron err ortho holl qama ghatoti, qama suder haar ebong briddhir jonno arow sthitishil poribesh. eyi corporationgulir modhye ektir prodhan nirbahi kormokorta jemon bolechen, ekhoni boka banano chhede deoar ebong porikolponati pusses korar somoy. ebong aami apnader arow ekti gosthir kotha bolte chaai jaaraa amader orthonitite nirab nayak. brihospotibar aami tinti poribarer sange dekha corry jaaraa qama betoner jonno kathor parishram korey. uparjito-aykar crediter jonno dhonnobad, jaa eyi porikolponar adhine nimno ayer shromikder upor korer bojha hrass korey, taaraa kalyaner dike naa giye taader santander samarthan korte paare. eyi porikolponati arjito aykar creditke baadiye toley jaate amra abosheshe americar protiti karmajibi abhibhabokke bolte paarih upney jodi purnakalin kaaj corren ebong upner barite santan thaake, tahle amra aponake daridro theke mukto korob. err sange amader koraa onno jey konao kaajer cheye manushke kalyan theke sorey aste ebong kaaje jete utsahito korar somporko beshi. aami gorbito jey, onek manusher notun dokkhota shekhar, kalyaner poriborte kaaj beche neoar, shrom oo byabosthaponar modhye purano bibhajonke chhadiye, democrat oo republicander modhye, american hisabe amader ekotrito korey emon vishaygulir dike nojor deoar sahos royeche. eyi lokera poribortoner jonno prostuto. apnader sinetara ebong protinidhira jokhon amader budget niye kaaj shesh korchen, aami aaz apnader protteke amar kotha shonara jonno ekti bishesh kotha bolte chaai. eyi orthonoitik parikalpana somporke onek bhul tothyo royeche. ekhon apnara satyati jaanenh 500 billion dollar ghatoti hrass, jaa somanbhabe hrass ebong rajaswer modhye bhag koraa hoyeche; notun rajaswer 80 shotangsho amader sheersho 1 dashamik 2 shotangsho manusher kachhe jachche; ekti trust tehbil jaate samasta ortho ghatoti komate yaay; prokrito biniyog shramajibi doridroder sahajyo korar jonno, modhyobitto poribargulike taader santander college pathanor jonno, boyoskoder upor ajotha kaata chharai. etty amader desher jonno ekti notun orthonoitik diknirdeshna. upney jodi chaan, upney jodi chaan jey etty amader orthonitir jonno kormosongsthan ebong probriddhi pradan korbe, tahle aponake aboshyoi upner kanthaswar shunte hobey. upner sinetara ebong protinidhider bolun jey, ghatoti hrass, qama suder haar, besarkari khettre biniyoger sange eyi porikolponar ortho holl arow beshi chakri ebong americar jonno arow valo bhabishyat, ebong ekhoni taa pusses korar somoy. shonara jonno dhonnobad.

pramukhpadnu rediyo sambodhan-31 julai 1993 Â shubh savaar. paanch maheena pahelaa kongresamaa maaraa state off dhaa union sambodhanmaa, meyn american lokone vachan aapyu hatoo keey huun washingtonni kaamgirini reet badalvaa maate 1992nee zumbeshni pratibaddhtaane purn karvaa maate maaraa shreshth prayaaso kareesh. teno arth aee keey aapani khaadh ghataadine aapana arthtantrane punarjivit karavu; kharchamaa ghataado karvo; sauthee dhaneek americanone karveraano yogya hisso chukavva maate kaheene aarthik mandeene ultavi devee; navee nokarionu sarjan karvaa maate vyavsaayne protsaahan aapvu; kaama kartaa garibone madad karvee; aneey aapana kaamdaaro, aapana vidhyarthio aneey aapana baadakoni kushalataa aneey utpadaktanu navikaran karavu. havey kongresnaa banne gruhonaa sabhyo maaree aarthik vikaas yojnana anteem sanskaran parr nirnay levani taiyari curry rahyaa chhe jeey meyn 5 maheena pahelaa rajoo karyaa hataa tyaare charcha karelaa udeshone purn karey chhe. aaa yojnathi deshnaa itihaasmaa aapani khaadhmaa sauthee moto ghataado thashe. kharab dollarnaa lagbhag aek chaturthansh vaastavik, laagu curry shakaay tevaa kharchamaa ghataada saathe, karveraanaa darek navaa dollarne kharchamaa ghatadana dollar saathe sarkhavvama aavashe. aneey havey navaa karveraanaa 80 takaa darr varshe 200,000 dollarthi vadhuni kamaani karatee vyakteeo pasethi vadharvama aavashe. 180, 000 dollarthi ochhi kamaani karato koee pann kaama karato parivaar aavkaverama vadhu chukavani nahee karey. teey chhella dozen varshnaa aarthik mandithi vaastavik parivartan hashe. sarerash parivaar maatra aek jaj qara chukavashe, jeey sampurnpane khaadh ghatadva maate samarpeet urjaa veraamaa divasma aek dime karataa pann ochho chhe. 40, 000 dollar athavaa 50,000 dollarni vaarshik aavak dharaavtaa chaar sabhyona parivaar maate teey darr varshe aashre 33 dollar chhe. maney laage chhe keey aapane jeey ferfar ichchhiae chhiae aneey jeey pragatee curry rahyaa chhiae tenaa maate teey aek saamanya aneey vaajbi keemat chhe. amey madhyam varg parr shakya tetalo hadvo boj uthaavvaanu vachan aapyu hatoo aneey maney laage chhe keey amey teey karyoo chhe. kaaran keey aapane khangi kshetrane vikasaavavaani jaroor chhe, aaa yojnaa american vyavsayni rojgaari sarjan kshamatao aneey aapana lokonaa shikshan aneey kushaltama rokaan pradaan karey chhe. udaaharan tareeke, aaa yojnaa naana vyavsaayne temnee potaani kaamgirima rokaan karvaa maate maltaa karvera protsaahanmaa natyatmak reete vadhaaro kareene teko aape chhe. aaa yojnaa hethal, americama 90 takaathi vadhu naana vyavasaayo vaastavma temnaa karveraamaa ghataada maate paatra hashe. aaa yojnaa navaa plant aneey saadhno maate vyavsaayne anya protsaahno pann aape chhe, uchch takneeki pedhheeo maate sanshodhan aneey vikasma rokaan karvaa maate, navee zadapthi vikasatee pedhhiomaa rokaan karvaa maate keey jeey aapani ghanee nokarionu sarjan karey chhe. aneey kadaach ghanaa madhyam vargnaa parivaaro maate sauthee mahatvapurn, aaa yojnaa vidhyarthi loona karykrama sudhaaro kareene aneey collegene fareethi tamaam americno maate parvade tevee banaaveene laakho parivaaro maate collegena darvaja khole chhe. amey aaa badhu vruddh americanone laabh aaptaa kaarykramo parr haanikaarak kaap laadhya vinaa aneey amara baadako maate temnaa daadaa-daadi pasethi gervajbi balidan puchhyaa vinaa vadhu saaraa bhavishyanu nirmaan karyaa vinaa kareeae chhiae. congress maate aaa yojnaa pasaar karvaano samay aavee gayo chhe. havey washington maate parivartanni himmat bataavvaano samay aavee gayo chhe, jaim keey samagr americama loko teey prakaarnee himmat bataavi rahyaa chhe. aaa athvaadiye maney ghanaa americanone malvaanu sanmaan malyun jeo temnaa jeevan aneey aapana deshne vadhu saaru banaavvaa maate vyaktigat javabdari laee rahyaa chhe. somvaare, meyn shikagoma aek parishadma haajari aapee hatee jyaan kaamdaaro aneey manageroae temnee chijavastuo aneey sevaaoni gunvattaa sudhaarvaa, temnee potaani nokareeo aneey aavaknee taakaat aneey surakshama vadhaaro karvaa maate teo kevee reete saathe maleene kaama curry shake teey vishe vaat curry hatee. huun misaurina aek executivene malyo hato, jemane companyna karmchaareeo saathe companyna pradarshan vishe maahitee shhare kareene nishfal plantne fervi deedho hato. jyaare karmchaareeo motoo cheetra samjee gayaa, tyaare teoae temnee nokarimaa vadhu saaru pradarshan karyoo. aneey huun detroitnee aek maheelane malee jene 6 varshnaa adhyatan taaleem karykrama nondhani karyaa pachhi yantrakaar tareeke nokri malee. jyaare tenee kaarykram purn karashe, tyaare tenee paase ijnerimaa master degreeni samkaksh hashe. budhvaare huun 60thee vadhu corporate executivesne malyo hato jeo maaree aarthik vikaas yojnaane teko aape chhe. temaanna ghanaa prajasattak chhe jemane yojnaa hethal vadhu qara chukavvo padashe. parantu temane sakhat aarthik nirnay leedho keey temnee companyo, temnaa sherdhaarako aneey temno desh aaa aarthik yojnaa saathe vadhu saaree reete kaama karashe kaaran keey teno arth aee chhe keey ochhi khaadh, neecha vyaaj daro aneey vikaas maate vadhu stheer vatavaran. aamathi aek corporation mukhya kaarykaari adhikaareeae kahyoo tema, havey moorkh banaavvaanu chhodi devaano aneey yojnaa pasaar karvaano samay aavee gayo chhe. aneey huun tamane lokonaa vadhu aek jooth vishe janavva mangu chhu jeey aapana arthtantramaa shaant nayako chhe. guruvaare huun trana parivaarone malyo jeey ochha vetan maate sakhat mahenat karey chhe. kamaayela aavkaverana dhiranne kaarane, jeey aaa yojnaa hethal ochhi aavak dharaavtaa kaamdaaro parr karveraano boj ghataade chhe, teo kalyan parr gayaa vinaa temnaa baadakone teko aapee shake chhe. aaa yojnaa kamaani karel aavkaverani creditmaa vadhaaro karey chhe jethee amey aakhare americama darek kaama kartaa matapitane kahee shakeeaeh jooe tame purn samay kaama karoo chho aneey tamara ghare baadako chhe, too amey tamane garibimathi bahaar kaadhishu. amey jeey kanee pann karyoo chhe tenaa karataa aaney lokone kalyanmathi bahaar nikalvaa aneey kaama parr javaa maate protsaahit karvaa saathe vadhu sambandh hashe. maney garv chhe keey ghanaa lokomaa navee kushalataa shikhvani, kalyan parr kaama pasand karvaanee, shram aneey vyavsthaapan vachchena junaa vibhagothi aagad, lokshahivadio aneey prajasattakvadio vachche, americno tareeke aapanne aek karatee vastuo taraf jovani himmat chhe. aaa loko badalvaa maate taiyar chhe. jyaare tamara senetaro aneey pratinidhio amara budget parr kaama karvaanu samaapt karey chhe, tyaare huun aaje maaree vaat saambhaltaa tamaramathi darekne aek khaas shabd kaheva mangu chhu. aaa aarthik yojnaa vishe ghanee khotee maahitee aapvama aavee chhe. havey tame satya jaano chhoh $500 abajno khaadh ghataado, jeey kaap aneey aavak vachche samaan reete vahenchaayelo chhe; navee aavakno 80 takaa hisso aapana tochnaa 1.2 takaa lokone jaee rahyo chhe; aek trust fund keey jethee tamaam paisa khaadh ghatadva maate jaay; kaamdaar garibone madad karvaa maate vaastavik rokaan, madhyam vargnaa parivaarone temnaa baadakone college mokalvaa maate madad karvaa maate, vruddho parr anoochit kaap mookyaa vinaa. aapana desh maate aaa aek navee aarthik disha chhe. jooe tame ichcho chho, jooe tame ichcho chho keey tenaathi jeey nokareeo malashe aneey aapana arthtantramaa vrudhdhi thashe, too tamaare tamaaro avaaj uthavvo jaj joiae. tamara senetaro aneey pratinidhione janaavo keey aaa yojnaa, tenaa khaadhmaa ghataada saathe, tenaa neecha vyaaj daro saathe, khangi kshetrani nokariomaa tenaa rokaan saathe, vadhu nokareeo aneey america maate vadhu saaraa bhavishyano arth chhe, aneey teey pasaar karvaano samay chhe. sambhalva badal aabhaar.

rashtrapati kaa radio sambodhan-31 julaai 1993 Â shubh prabhaat. paanch maheene pahale congress koo apane state off dha union sambodhan mein, maine americi logon seey vaadaa kiya thaa kii main washington key kaam karane key tareeke koo badalane key liye 1992 key abhiyaan kii pratibaddhata koo puuraa karane key liye apani poori koshish karunga. iska matlab haye kii hamaare ghaate koo cumm karke hamari arthavyavastha koo punarjeevit karna; kharch mein katauti karna; sabse ameer amerikiyon koo karon key apane uchit hisse kaa bhugtan karane key liye kahakar arthavyavastha koo ulatana; naee naukariyon kaa srijan karane key liye vyavasaay koo protsaahan badhaana; kamkaji garibon kii madad karna; aur hamaare shramikon, hamaare chhatron aur hamaare bachchon key kaushal aur utpaadaktaa koo navinikrit karna. abb congress key donon sadanon key sadasya merrie aarthik vikas yojana key antim sanskaran parr nirnay lene kii taiyari curr rahey hain joe una uddeshyon koo puuraa kartaa haye jinn parr maine 5 maheene pahale charcha kii thee. iss yojana seey desh key itihas mein hamaare ghaate mein sabse badee kamee aaegi. ack kharab dollar key lagbhag ack chauthai vaastavik, lagu karane yogya kharch katauti key saath, karon key pratyek nae dollar kaa ack dollar kharch katauti seey milan kiya jaayega. aur abb nae karon kaa 80 pratishat prati varsh 200,000 dollar seey adhik kamaane vaale vyaktiyon seey badhaaya jaayega. 180, 000 dollar seey cumm kamaane vaalaa koee bhee kamkaji parivaar aaykar mein adhik bhugtan naheen karega. yeh pichhale darjan varshon key aarthik mandee seey vaastavik badalaav hoga. ausat parivaar kewal ack curr kaa bhugtan karega, joe poori tarah seey ghaate mein kamee key liye samarpit oorjaa curr mein ack dinn mein ack paise seey bhee cumm hoga. yeh 40,000 dollar yaa 50,000 dollar prati varsh kii aaya vaale chaar logon key parivaar key liye lagbhag 33 dollar prati varsh haye. mujhe lagata haye kii humm joe badalaav chaahte hain aur joe pragati curr rahey hain, usake liye yeh ack mamuli aur uchit keemat haye. hamane madhyam varg parr sabse halka bojh daalane kaa sankalp liya aur mujhe lagata haye kii hamane aisaa kiya haye. kyonki hamein niji kshetra key vikas kii aavashyakta haye, yeh yojana americi vyavasaay kii rojgar srijan kshamataon aur hamaare logon kii shiksha aur kaushal mein nivesh pradaan karati haye. udaaharan key liye, yeh yojana chhote vyavasaay koo apane swayam key sanchaalan mein nivesh karane key liye milane vaale curr protsaahan koo naatakiya roop seey badhaakar sahaayata karati haye. iss yojana key tahat, america mein 90 pratishat seey adhik chhote vyavasaay vaastav mein apane karon mein kamee key liye paatr honge. yeh yojana nae sanyantra aur upkaranon key liye vyavasaay koo anya protsaahan bhee detee haye, uchch takneek farmon key liye anusandhaan aur vikas mein nivesh karane key liye, naee teji seey badhati farmon mein nivesh karane key liye joe hamari kaee naukariyon kaa srijan karati hain. aur shayed kaee madhyam varg key parivaaron key liye sabse mahatvapurna, yeh yojana chhaatr rinn karyakram mein sudhaar karke aur college koo sabhi amerikiyon key liye phir seey kifayati banaakar laakhon parivaaron key liye college key darwaaje kholati haye. humm yeh sub badey amerikiyon koo labhanvit karane vaale karyakramon parr hanikarak katauti kiye binaa karate hain, aur apane bachchon key liye unake daadaa-daadi seey anuchit balidan maange binaa ack behtar bhavishya kaa nirmaan karate hain. congress key liye iss yojana koo paarit karane kaa samay aaa gayaa haye. yeh washington key liye badalane kaa saahas dikhaane kaa samay haye, jaise kii poore america mein loga iss tarah kaa saahas dikhaa rahey hain. iss saptah mujhe kaee amerikiyon seey milane kaa sammaan milaa joe apane jeevan aur hamaare desh koo aur bhee behtar banaane kii vyaktigat jimmedaari leey rahey hain. somwar koo, maine shikago mein ack sammelan mein bhaag liya, jahan shramikon aur prabandhakon ney iss baare mein baat kii kii way apani vastuon aur sevaaon kii gunavatta mein sudhaar karane, apani naukariyon aur aaya kii taakat aur suraksha badhaane key liye kaise milkar kaam curr sakate hain. main misauri key ack karyakari seey milaa jisane company key pradarshan key baare mein karmchaariyon key saath jaankaari saajha karke ack asafal sanyantra koo badal diyaa. jaba karmchaariyon ney badee tasveer koo samajha, tou unhone apane kaam mein aur bhee behtar pradarshan kiya. aur main detroit kii ack mahila seey milaa jise 6 saal key unnat prashikshan karyakram mein namankan karane key baad ack machinist key roop mein naukari millie. jaba vaha karyakram puuraa karegi, tou usake paas engineering mein master degree key barabar hogi. budhwar koo, main 60 seey adhik corporate adhikaariyon seey milaa joe merrie aarthik vikas yojana kaa samarthan karate hain. unamen seey kaee ganatantravaadi hain jinhen yojana key tahat adhik karon kaa bhugtan karna hoga. lekin unhone yeh kathor aarthik nirnay liya kii unaki companiyan, unake sharedharak aur unakaa desh iss aarthik yojana key saath behtar hoga kyonki iska matlab haye kii cumm ghaata, cumm byaaj darr aur badhane key liye adhik sthir vatavaran. jaisa kii inmein seey ack nigam key mukhya karyakari adhikaari ney kahaa, yeh samay murkhtapurna kaam karna chhodane aur yojana koo paarit karane kaa haye. aur main aapako logon key ack aur samooh key baare mein bataana chaahata huun joe hamari arthavyavastha mein shaant naayak hain. guruwar koo main teen parivaaron seey milaa joe cumm vetan key liye kadee mehnat karate hain. arjit-aaykar credit key kaaran, joe iss yojana key tahat cumm aaya vaale shramikon parr curr key bojh koo cumm kartaa haye, way kalyan parr gaye binaa apane bachchon kaa samarthan curr sakate hain. yeh yojana arjit-aaykar credit koo badhaati haye taaki humm anta mein america mein harr kamkaji maataa-pitaa koo bataa sakenh yadi aap purnakaalik kaam karate hain aur aapke ghar mein bachche hain, tou humm aapako garibi seey baahar nikaalenge. iska adhik sambandh logon koo kalyan seey baahar nikalane aur kaam parr jaane key liye protsaahit karane seey hoga, joe hamane kuchh bhee kiya haye. mujhe garv haye kii itane saare logon mein nae kaushal seekhane, kalyan key bajaay kaam chunane, shram aur prabandhan key beach puraane vibhajan seey parey, loktantriyon aur ganarajyiyon key beach, una cheejon koo dekhane kaa saahas haye joe hamein amerikiyon key roop mein ekjut karati hain. yeye loga badalane key liye taiyar hain. jaise hii aapke senator aur pratinidhi hamaare bajat parr kaam samaapt curr rahey hain, main aaj aap mein seey pratyek koo ack vishesh shabd kahana chahunga. iss aarthik yojana key baare mein bahut saaree galat soochanaaen dee gaee hain. abb aap sachchai jaanate hainh ghaate mein 500 arab dollar kii kamee, katauti aur rajaswa key beach samaan roop seey vibhajit; nae rajaswa kaa 80 pratishat hamaare sheersh 1.2 pratishat logon koo jaa rhaa haye; ack trust fund taaki saaraa paisa ghaate koo cumm karane key liye jaae; vaastavik nivesh kamkaji garibon kii madad karane key liye, madhyam varg key parivaaron koo apane bachchon koo college bhejane mein madad karane key liye, bujurgon parr anuchit katauti kiye binaa. yeh hamaare desh key liye ack naee aarthik disha haye. yadi aap ise chaahte hain, yadi aap chaahte hain kii isase rojgar mille aur hamari arthavyavastha kaa vikas hoe, tou aapako apani aavaaj sunani chaahiye. apane senators aur pratinidhiyon koo bataaen kii iss yojana key saath, apane ghaate mein kamee key saath, apani cumm byaaj daron key saath, niji kshetra kii naukariyon mein apane nivesh key saath, america key liye adhik naukariyon aur behtar bhavishya kaa matlab haye, aur yeh ise paarit karane kaa samay haye. sunane key liye dhanyavaad.

adhyakshiya radeo bhashana-31 julai 1993 Â shubhodaya. aidu tingala hinde congressinalli nanna state off dhii union bhashanadalli, naanu americada janarige 1992rahra abhiyaanada baddhateyannu puraisalu nanna kailaadashtu prayatnisuttene endu pratigne maadiddene. idarartha namma korateyannu kadime maaduva moolaka namma aarthikateyannu punarujjeevanagolisuvudu; vechchavannu kaditagolisuvudu; srimanta americannaru tamma nyaayayuta palannu pavatisuvante keluva moolaka aarthikateyannu hintirugisuvudu; hosa udyogagalannu srashtisalu vyaparakke proothsaahavannu hechchisuvudu; dudiyuva badavarige sahaaya maaduvudu; mattu namma kaarmikaru, namma vidyaarthigalu mattu namma makkala kaushalya mattu utpaadakateyannu navikarisuvudu. eega congressna eradoo sadanagala sadasyaru nanna arthika belavanigeya yojaneya antima aavruttiyannu nirdharisalu tayari nadesuttiddaare, adhu naanu 5 tingala hinde adannu prastutapadisidaaga charchisida uddeshagalannu pooraisuttade. ee yojaneyu raashtrada itihaasadalle namma korateya atidodda kaditavannu olagondiruttade. sumaru ondu trillion daalargala kaalu bhagadashtu naija, jarigolisabahudada vechcha kaditagalondige, prati hosa dollar terigegalannu ondu dollar vechcha kaditadondige hondisalaaguttade. mattu eega hosa terigegala shekada 80rashtannu varshakke $200,000kkinta hecchu galisuva vyaktigalinda hechchisalaaguttade. 180, 000 dollar ginta kadime galisuva yaavude dudiyuva kutumbavu aadaaya terigeyannu hecchu pavatisuvudilla. idu kaleda hanneradu varshagala aarthikateya kusitadinda nijavaada badalaavaneyaagalide. sarasari kutumbavu kevala ondu terigeyannu pavatisuttade, idu sampoornavaagi korateyannu kadime maadalu misalaagiruva indhana terigeyalli dinakke ondu paiseginta kadime. andare varshakke $40,000 athawa $50,000 aadaayavannu hondiruva naalku janara kutumbakke varshakke sumaru $33. naavu bayasuva badalaavane mattu naavu maaduttiruva pragatige idu sadharana mattu nyaayayuta beleyagide endu naanu bhavisuttene. madhyama vargada mele saadhyavaadashtu haguravaada horeyannu honduvudaagi naavu pratigne madiddeve; mattu naavu adannu madiddeve endu naanu bhavisuttene. namage khasagi valayavu beleyabekagiruvudarinda, ee yojaneyu americada vyaapaarada udyoga srushtisuva samarthyagalalli mattu namma janara sikshana mattu kaushalyagalalli hoodikegalannu odagisuttade. udaaharanege, ee yojaneyu sanna udyamagalige tamma swanta karyacharanegalalli hoodike maadalu avaru padeyuva terige proothsaahavannu naatakiyavaagi hechchisuva moolaka bembala niiduttade. ee yojaneya adiyalli, americaadallina 90 pratishatakkinta hecchu sanna udyamagalu tamma terige kaditakke arharagiruttare. ee yojaneyu hosa sthaavara mattu upakaranagaligaagi, haitek samsthegalige samshoodhane mattu abhivraddhiyalli hoodike maadalu, namma aneka udyogagalannu srushtisuva hosa vegavagi beleyuttiruva samsthegalalli hoodike maadalu itara proothsaahagalannu niiduttade. mattu bahushah aneka madhyama vargada kutumbagalige atyanta mukhyavaada ee yojaneyu vidyarthi saala kaaryakramavannu sudhaarisuva moolaka mattu ellah americannarige kaaleju kaigetukuvante maaduva moolaka lakshaantara kutumbagalige collegina bagilugalannu tereyuttade. hiriya americannarige prayojanavaguva karyakramagala mele hanikaraka kaditagalannu vidhisade mattu namma makkalige avara ajja-ajjiyinda asamanjasavaada tyagavannu kelade uttama bhavishyavannu nirmisade naavu idellavannoo maadutteve. congress ee yojaneyannu angeekarisuva samaya bandide. americadaadyanta janaru aaa reetiya dhairyavannu torisuttiruvanteye, badalaaguva dhairyavannu torisuva samaya idu. ee vaara tamma jivanavannu mattu namma deshavannu innashtu uttamagolisuva vaiyaktika javaabdaariyannu tegedukolluttiruva aneka americannarannu bhetiyaguva gaurava nanage sikkitu. somavaara, naanu chikagodalli nadeda sammelanadalli bhagavahisi, allie kaarmikaru mattu vyavasthaapakaru tamma saraku mattu sevegala gunamattavannu sudharisalu, tamma swanta udyogagalu mattu aadaayagala bala mattu bhadrateyannu hechhisalu hege ottaagi kelasa maadabahudu embudara bagge matanadidaru. naanu misauriya kaaryanirvahakarannu bhetiyaade, avaru kampaniya kaaryakshamateya bagge udyogigalondige maahitiyannu hanchikolluva moolaka viphalavaada ghatakavannu tirugisidaru. udyogigalu dodda chithranavannu arthamadikondaga, avaru tamma kelasadalli innoo uttamavaagi kaaryanirvahisidaru. mattu naanu detroitne mahileyannu bhetiyaade, avaru 6 varshagala munduvarida tarabeti kaaryakramadalli daakhalaada nantara yantrashaastragnaraagi udyoga padedaru. aake programme annu poornagolisidaaga, aake engineeringnalli snatakottara padavige samaanavaada padaviyannu hondiruttaare. budhavaaradandu, nanna arthika belavanigeya yojaneyannu bembalisuva 60kkoo hecchu corporate kaaryanirvahakarannu naanu bhetiyagiddene. avaralli anekaru ee yojaneya adiyalli hecchina terigegalannu pavatisabekada ripablikangalagiddare. aadare avaru tamma kampanigalu, tamma sherudaararu mattu tamma deshavu ee arthika yojaneyondige uttama sthitiyalliruttave emba kathina arthika nirdhaaravannu tegedukondaru ekendare idarartha kadime korategalu, kadime buddy daragalu mattu beleyalu hecchu sthiravaada vatavarana. ee nigamagalli wandara mukhya karyanirvahaka adhikariyu helidante, idu moorkharaguvudannu bittu yojaneyannu angeekarisuva samayavagide. mattu naanu nimage namma aarthikateyalli mooka naayakaraagiruva janara mattondu gumpina bagge helalu bayasuttene. guruvaara, naanu kadime vetanakkagi kashtapattu dudiyuva mooru kutumbagalannu bhetiyaade. ee yojaneya adiyalli kadime aadaayada karmikara melina terige horeyannu kadime maaduva aadaaya terige creditge dhanyavaadagalu, avaru kalyanakke hogade tamma makkalannu pooshisabahudu. ee yojaneyu galisida aadaaya terige saalavannu hechchisuttade, idarindaagi naavu antimavagi americada pratiyobba dudiyuva poshakarige helabahudu neevu purna samaya kelasa maaduttiddare mattu nimma maneyalli makkalannu hondiddare, naavu nimmannu badatanadinda horategeyutteve. naavu maadida ella kelasagaliginta idu janarannu kalyanadinda horabaralu mattu kelasakke hogalu proothsaahisuvudarondige hecchu sambandhavannu hondiruttade. hosa kaushalyagalannu kaliyalu, kalyanakkinta kelasavannu ayke maadalu, kaarmika mattu nirvahaneya naduvina haleya vibhajanegalannu meeri, prajaprabhutvavadigalu mattu republicannara naduvina, amerikannaragi nammannu oggoodisuva vishayagalannu noduva dhairyavannu aneka janaru hondiddaare endu naanu hemmepaduttene. ee janaru badalaagalu siddharagiddare. nimma senetargalu mattu pratinidhigalu namma budgetna kelasavannu muktaayagolisuttiruvaaga, indu nanna matannu keluttiruva nimmalli pratiyobbarigoo naanu ondu vishesha padavannu helalu bayasuttene. ee arthika yojaneya bagge saakashtu tappu maahitigalive. eega nimage satya gottagideh $500 shatakoti korate kadita, kadita mattu aadaayada naduve samanavagi hanchikeyaagide; hosa aadaayada 80 pratishatavu namma agra 1.20 pratishata janarige hoguttide; ellah hanavu korateyannu kadime maadalu hoguva trust fund; dudiyuva badavarige sahaaya maadalu, madhyama vargada kutumbagalu tamma makkalannu kaalejige kaluhisalu sahaaya maadalu, vruddhara mele anagatya kaditavillade, nijavaada hoodike. idu namma deshada hosa arthika dikkagide. neevu bayasidare, adhu odagisuva udyogagalu mattu namma aarthikateya belavanigeyannu neevu bayasidare, neevu nimma dhwaniyannu kelisabeku. ee yojaneyu, adara korateya kaditadondige, kadime baddidaragalondige, khasagi valayada udyogagalalli adara hoodikeyondige, hecchina udyogagalu mattu americakke uttama bhavishyavannu soochisuttade mattu adannu angeekarisuva samaya idaagide endu nimma senetargalu mattu pratinidhigalige tilisi. keliddakkagi dhanyavaadagalu.

presidential radio prasangam-1993 juulai 31 Â suprabhatham. anchu maasam munbu kongrasine abhisambodhana cheythukondu, washington pravartthanareethiyil maattam varuthunnathinulla 1992leeii prachaarana prathibaddhatha niravettaan njaan paramavadhi sramikkumennu njaan american janathayodu prathijnjayedutthu. athinartham nammude kammi kurachukondu nammude sambadvyavasthaye punarujeevippikkuka; chelavu vettikkuraykkuka; ettavum sambannaraaya amerikkakkarodu avarude nyayamaaya nikuthi vihitam nalkaan aavashyappedunnathiloode saambathikashaasthram pinnott kondupookuka; puthiya thozhilavasarangal srishtikkaan bisinessinu prothsaahanangal vardhippikkuka; jolie cheiyunna pavappettavare sahayikkuka; nammude thozhilaallikaludeyum vidyaarthikaludeyum kuttikaludeyum kazhivukalum uthppaadanakshamathayum puthukkuka. ippol kongrassinte irusabhakalileyum amgangal 5 maasam munbu njaan avatharippichappol charcha cheytha lakshyangal niravettunna ente saambathika valarchaa padhathiyude anthima pathipp theerumaanikkaan thayyaaredukkukayaanu. eee padhathi raajyathinte charithratthile ettavum valia kammi kuraykkum. oru trilyan dollarinte naalilonn yadhaarthavum nadappilakkaavunnathumaaya chelavu vettikkuravukalode, oro puthiya dollar nikuthiyum oru dollar chelavu vettikkuravukalumaayi poruthappedum. puthiya nikuthiyude 80 sathamaanavum ippol prathivarsham 200,000 dollaril kooduthal sambaadikkunna vyakthikalil ninnu uyarthum. 180, 000 dollaril thaazhe varumaanamulla oru jolicheyyunna kudumbavum aadaayanikuthi kooduthal adaykkilla. kazhinja dussen varshathe saambathika vyavasthayil ninnulla yadhaartha mattamaayirikkum athu. oru sharashari kudumbam oru nikuthi maathrame nalkoo, oru divasam oru paisayil thaazhe, kammi kuraykkunnathinu poornnamaayum neekkivacha oorjja nikuthiyil. athaayath 40,000 dollar allengil 50,000 dollar prathivarsham varumaanamulla naalu peradangunna oru kudumbatthinu prathivarsham ekadesham 33 dollar. naam aagrahikkunna maattatthinum naam kaivarikkunna purogathikkum nalkenda mithavum nyayavumaaya vilayaanithenn njaan karuthunnu. madhyavargathinu saadhyamaaya ettavum bharam kuraykkumennu njangal prathijnjayedutthu; athu njangal cheythuvennu njaan karuthunnu. namukk svakaaryamekhala valarendathinaal, american bisinasinte thozhilavasarangal srishtikkunnathinum nammude janangalude vidyaabhyaasathilum naipunyathilum nikshepam eee padhathi nalkunnu. udaaharanathinu, avarude swantham pravarthanangalil nikshepikkaan labhikkuna nikuthi prothsaahanatthil naadakeeyamaayi vardhanavu varuthunnathiloode cherukida bisinasukale eee padhathi pinthunaykkunnu. eee padhathi prakaram amerikkayile 90 sathamaanathiladhikam cherukida bisinasukalkkum avarude nikuthiyilavinu arhathayund. puthiya plaantukalkkum upakaranangalkkumayi bisinessinu mattu prolsaahanangalum padhathi nalkunnu, haitek sthaapanangalude gaveshanathilum vikasanathilum nikshepikkuka, nammude niravadhi thozhilavasarangal srishtikkunna athivegam valarunna puthiya sthaapanangalil nikshepikkuka. orupakshe pala madhyavarga kudumbangalkkum ettavum pradhanappetta eee padhathi, vidyaarthi vaaypa padhathi parishkarikkukayum koleju ellah amerikkakkaarkkum thaangavunna vilaykk labikkukayum cheythukondu dasalakshakkanakkinu kudumbangalkk kolejukalude vaathilukal thurakkunnu. prayamaaya amerikkakkaarkk prayojanam cheiyunna padhathikalil doshakaramaaya vettikkuravukal chumathaathe, avarude muthasshimaaril ninnu yukthirahithamaya thyagam aavasyappedaathe nammude kuttikalkk mikacha bhaavi kettippadukkathe njangal ithellaam cheiyunnu. kongras eee padhathi pasakenda samayamaanith. amerikkayiludaneelamulla aalukal atharam dhairyam kaanikkunnathupole, maattathinulla dhairyam kaanikkanulla samayamaanith. eee aazhcha avarude jeevithavum nammude raajyavum kooduthal mechappeduthunnathinulla vyakthiparamaaya utharavaaditham ettedukkunna niravadhi amerikkakkaarumaayi koodikkaazhcha nadathaanulla bahumati enikku labhichu. thinkalaazhcha, chikkaagoyil nadanna oru konfaransil njaan pankedutthu, avide thozhilaallikalum maanejarmaarum avarude charakkukaludeyum sevanangaludeyum gunanilavaaram mechappeduthunnathinum avarude swantham joliyudeyum varumaanathinteyum shakthiyum surakshyum vardhippikkunnathinum engane orumichu pravarthikkaamennu samsaarichu. kambaniyude prakadanathekkurichulla vivarangal jeevanakkarumaayi pankitt parajayappetta oru plaant thirinja misouriyil ninnulla oru executivine njaan kandumutty. valia chithram manasilakkiya jeevanakkar avarude joliyil kooduthal mikacha prakadanam kaazhchavachu. 6 varshathe advanced training prograamil chernna sesham mesheenist aayi jolie labhicha detroyittil ninnulla oru sthriye njaan kandumutty. aval prograam poortthiyaakkumbol, avalkk enchineeyaringil birudaananthara birudatthinu thulyamaaya yogyatha labikkum. budhanaazhcha, ente saambathika valarchaa padhathiye pinthunaykkunna 60-ladhikam korpparettu executiveukalumaayi njaan koodikkaazhcha nadatthi. avaril palarum republicanmaaraanu, avarkk padhathikku keezhil uyarnna nikuthi nalkendivarum. ennaal avarude kambanikalum avarude ohari udamakalum avarude raajyavum eee saambathika padhathiyil mikachavaraayirikkumennu avar kadinamaaya saambathika theerumaanam eduthu, kaaranam ithu kuranja kammi, kuranja palisanirakku, valaraan kooduthal sthirathayulla anthareeksham enniva ardhamaakkunnu. eee korppareshanukalilonninte cheef executive officer paranjathupole, viddikal aakkunnath upekshichu padhathi nadappaakkenda samayamaanith. nammude sambadvyavasthayile nisshabda naayakanmaraaya oru koottam aalukalekkurich koodi njaan ningalodu parayaan aagrahikkunnu. vyaazhazhcha, kuranja vethanathinaayi kadinaadhvaanam cheiyunna moonnu kudumbangalumaayi njaan koodikkaazhcha nadatthi. eee padhathikku keezhil thaazhnna varumaanamulla thozhilaallikalude nikuthi bharam kuraykkunna varumaana-aadaayanikuthi kredittinu nandi, avarkk kshemathilekku pookaathe avarude kuttikale pinthunaykkaan kazhiyum. eee padhathi aaa varumaana-aadaayanikuthi credit vardhippikkunnu, athuvazhi amerikkayile jolie cheiyunna oro maathaapithaakkalodum namukk oduvil parayaan kazhiyum ningal muzhuvan samaya jolicheyyukayum ningalkk veettil kuttikalundengil, njangal ningale daaridryathil ninnu uyarthum. njangal cheytha mattenthinekkaalum kshemathil ninnu pinmaranum jolic pookaanum aalukale prolsaahippikkunnathi ithinu kooduthal bandhamund. puthiya kazhivukal padikkaanum shemathinu pakaram jolie thiranjedukkaanum, thozhilaalliyum maanejmentum thammilulla pazhaya vibhajanagalkkappuram, janaadhipathyavaadikalum republicanmaarum thammilulla, amerikkakkar enna nilayil namme onnippikkunna kaaryangalilekku nokkaanum niravadhi aalukalkk dhairyamundenn njaan abhimaanikkunnu. eee aalukal marran thayyaaraan. ningalude senattarmaarum prathinidhikalum njangalude bajattil pravartthanam avasaanippikkumbol, innu njaan parayunnath kelkkunna ningalodu oororutharodum oru prathyeka vaakk parayaan njaan aagrahikkunnu. eee saambathika padhathiyekkurichu dhaaraalam thettaaya vivarangal vannittundu. ippol ningalkk sathyam ariyaam 500 bilyan dollar kammi kuraykkuka, vettikkuravukalum varumaanavum thammil thulyamaayi vibhajikkuka; puthiya varumaanathinte 80 sathamaanavum nammude janangalude 1.2 sathamaanam perkku pookunnu; ellah panavum kammi kuraykkunnathinu oru trastt fund; jolie cheiyunna pavappettavare sahayikkunnathinum, praayamaayavare anaavashyamaayi vettikkuraykkathe thangalude kuttikale kolejilekku ayaykkunnathinum idatharam kudumbangale sahayikkunnathinum, thozhilaallikalude panam kuraykkunnathinulla yadhaartha nikshepam. ithu nammude raajyathin oru puthiya saambathika dishayaanu. ningalkk athu venamenkil, athu nalkunna thozhilavasarangalum nammude sambadvyavasthayude valarchayum venamenkil, ningalude shabdam kelppikkanam. kammi kurachathinaalum kuranja palisha nirakkinalum svakaaryamekhalayile jolikalile nikshepathodeyum eee padhathi kooduthal thozhilavasarangalum americaykku mechappetta bhaviyum nalkunnuvennum athu pasakenda samayamanithennum ningalude senattarmaarodum prathinidhikalodum parayuka. kettathinu nandi.

rashtrapatinche redio bhashan-31 julai 1993 Â suprabhat. paach mahinyanpurvi majhya steet auph daad union bhashanat mea american janatela vachan dile hote qee 1992 chya mohimetil washingtonchya kamkajachya paddhati badalanyachya vachanbaddhatechi purtata karnyasathi mea sarvatopari prayatna karen. yacha arth aapali toot qamee karoon aaplya arthvyavasthela punarujjivit karane; kharchat kapat karane; shrimant americananna karancha yogya vaataa denyas sangoon aarthik mandiche valan ghene; naveen rojgar nirman karnyasathi vyavasayala protsahan dene; kaam karananya garibanna madat karane; aanee aapale kamgar, aapale vidyarthi aanee aaplya mulanchi kaushalye aanee utpadakta nutanikaran karane. aata congresschya donhi sabhagruhanche sadasya majhya aarthik vikas yojanechya antim aavruttivar nirnay ghenyachi tayari karat aahet, jee mea 5 mahinyanpurvi sadar kelee tevha charcha keleli uddishte purn karate. yaa yojnet deshachya itihasatil aaplya tutitil sarvat mothee ghat hoil. kharab dollarschya jawaljawal eka chaturthansh vastavik, amalbajavani karnyayogya kharchat kapat jhalyamule, pratyek naveen dollarvaryl karanchi barobari kharchat eka dollarchya kapatishi hoil. aanee aata naveen karanpaiki 80 takke curr varshala 2,00,000 dollarspeksha jaast utpann asalelya vyaktinkadun vadhavale jaatil. 180, 000 dollarpeksha qamee utpann asalelya konatyahi kaam karananya kutumbala aaykarat jaast bharava laganar nahee. gelya dazanbhar varshanchya aarthik mandichya tulanet haah eka kharaa badal asel. sarasari kutumb keval eka curr bharel, joou purnapane toot qamee karnyasathi samarpit urja karamadhye divasala eka paishapeksha qamee asel. 40, 000 dollar kinwa 50,000 dollar varshik utpann asalelya chaar jananchya kutumbasathi teey varshala sumare 33 dollar aahe. aamhala havah asalela badal aanee aamhi karat asalelya pragatisathi hii eka mafak aanee vajvi kimmat aahe asey mallah vatate. madhyamvargavar shakya titka halka boja takanyache aamhi vachan dile aanee mallah vatate qee, aamhi teey kele aahe. aamhala khajgi kshetrachi vaadh aavashyak asalyane, hii yojana american vyavasayachya rojgar nirmiti kshamatemadhye aanee aaplya lokanchya shikshan aanee kaushalyanmadhye guntavanuk pradan karate. udaharanarth, hii yojana chhotya vyavasayanna tyanchya swatachya kamat guntavanuk karnyasathi milananya curr protsahanat lakshaniy vaadh karoon madat karate. yaa yojneantargat, americetil 90 takkyanhun adhik lahan vyavasay pratyakshat tyanchya karanmadhye kapat karnyas patra asateel. hii yojana vyavasayala naveen prakalp aanee upkaranansathi, uchch-tantradnyan companyansathi sanshodhan aanee vikasat guntavanuk karnyasathi, naveen vegane vadhana companyanmadhye guntavanuk karnyasathi itar protsahan dekhil dete, jyamule aaplya anek nokya nirman hotat. aanee anek madhyamvargiy kutumbansathi kadachit sarvat mahattvachi, hii yojana vidyarthi karj karyakramat sudharana karoon aanee mahavidhyalay serve american lokanna punha parvadanare karoon lakho kutumbansathi mahavidhyalayache darvaje ughadate. vruddha american lokanna fayda honanya karyakramanvar hanikarak kapat ladlyashivay aanee aaplya mulansathi tyanchya aajee-aajobankadun anuchit tyag naan vicharta changle bhavishya ghadavalyashivay aamhi heey serve karato. hii yojana manjur karanyachi vel kongresasathi aalee aahe. jyapramane sampoorn americetale lock asha prakarche dhairya dakhavit aahet, tyach prakare washingtonne badalanyache dhairya dakhavanyachi vel aalee aahe. yaa aathvadyat mallah anek american lokanna bhetanyacha sanman midala, jeey tyanche aanee aapala desh adhik changla karnyasathi vaiyaktik jababdari ghet aahet. somwari mea shikago yethe jhalelya eka parishadela upasthit hoto, jithe kamgar aanee vyavasthapak tyanchya vastoo aanee sevancha darja sudharanyasathi, tyanchya swatachya nokya aanee utpannachi takad aanee suraksha vadhavanyasathi teey ekatra kase kaam karoo shakatat yabaddal bolale. mea misaurichya eka karyakari adhikaonyala bhetalo jyane companychya kamgiribaddal karmcharyanna mahitee deuun apayashi tharalelya karkhanyache valan ghetale. jevha karmchanyanna mothe chitra samajale, tevha tyanni tyanchya nokyanmadhye aanakhi changli kamgiri kelee. aanee mea detroitmadhil eka mahilela bhetalo jyala 6 varshanchya pragat prashikshan karyakramat navanondani kelyanantar yantrakar mhanoon nokri midali. jevha tee abhyaskram purn karel, tevha tichyakade abhiyantrikimadhil padvyuttar padvichya barobarichi padvi asel. budhwari mea 60 hoon adhik corporate adhikanyanna bhetalo jeey majhya aarthik vikas yojanela pathimba detat. tyapaiki barechjan prajasattak aahet jyanna yojneantargat jaast curr bharava lagel. parantu tyanni kathor vichar karoon aarthik nirnay ghetala qee tyanchya kampanya, tyanche bhagdharak aanee tyancha desh yaa aarthik yojnesah adhik changle asateel kaaran yacha arth qamee toot, qamee vyajdar aanee vadhanyasathi adhik sthir vatavaran aahe. yapaiki eka mahamandalachya mukhya karyakari adhikaone mhatalyapramane, aata murkhapana sodanyachi aanee yojana manjur karanyachi vel aalee aahe. aanee mallah tumhala aanakhi eka lokanchya gatabaddal sangayache aahe, jeey aaplya arthvyavasthet shant nayak aahet. guruwari mea teen kutumbanna bhetalo, jeey qamee vetanasathi kathor parishram ghetat. kamavalelya-praptikar patamule, jyamule yaa yojneantargat qamee utpann asalelya kamgaranvaril curr boja qamee hoto, teey kalyanasathi naan jaata tyanchya mulanna aadhar deu shakatat. hii yojana kamavalelya aaykar creditmadhye vaadh karate jenekarun aamhi shevati americetil pratyek kaam karananya palakanna sangu shakooh jarr tumhi purnavel kaam karat asal aanee tumchya gharee mule asateel tarr aamhi tumhala garibeetoon baher kadhu. yacha sambandh aamhi kelelya itar konatyahi goshtipeksha lokanna kalyanasathi baher padnyas aanee kamavar jaanyas protsahit karnyashi adhik asel. mallah abhiman aahe qee anek lokanmadhye naveen kaushalye shikanyache, kalyanapeksha kaam nivadanyache, kamgar aanee vyavasthapan yanchyatil junya vibhajananchya palikade, lokshahivadi aanee prajasattak yanchyatil, american mhanoon aaplyala ekatra aanananya goshtinkade pahanyache dhairya aahe. heey lock badalayala tayar asatat. tumche synet sadasya aanee pratinidhi aamchya arthsankalpavar kaam sampavat asatana, aaj majhe mhanane aikananya tumchya pratyekala mea eka vishesh shabd sangu ichchito. yaa aarthik yojnebabat anek chukichi mahitee denyat aalee aahe. aata tumhala satya maheet aaheh 500 abj dollarschee toot qamee karane, jeey kapat aanee mahasool yanchyat samaan pramanat vibhagalele aahe; naveen mahasulachya 80 takke rakkam aaplya 1.2 takke lokankade jaat aahe; eka vishvast nidhi jenekarun serve paise toot qamee karnyasathi jaatil; kamgar garibanna madat karnyasathi, madhyamvargiy kutumbanna tyanchya mulanna mahavidhyalayat pathvanyasathi madat karnyasathi, vruddhanvar anavashyak kapat naan karata kharee guntavanuk. aaplya deshasathi hii eka navee aarthik disha aahe. jarr tumhala teey havey asel, jarr tumhala teey deu kartil asha nokya havya asateel aanee aaplya arthvyavasthela vikas havah asel tarr tumhi tumcha aavaj aikavala pahije. tumchya synet sadasyanna aanee pratinidhinna sanga qee hii yojana, toot qamee jhalyamule, qamee vyajdaransah, khajgi kshetratil nokyanmadhil guntavanukisaha, adhik nokya aanee amerikesathi changle bhavishya aahe aanee tee manjur karanyachi vel aalee aahe. aikalyabaddal dhanyavad.

rashtrapatiko radio sambodhan-31 july 1993 â shubh prabhat. paanch mahinaaghi congresslai dieko union sambodhanma maile americi janatalai wassingtonko kaam garne tarika pariwartan garna sann 1992 ko abhiyan pratibadhata pura garna sakdo prayas garne wacha garen. yasako artha hamro ghatalai cum garera hamro arthatantralai punarjiwit garnu; kharcha katauti; dhani amerikiharulai karko uchit hissa tirna agraha garera arthik mandilai ultaunu; nayan rojgari sirjana garna wyawasayalai protsahan badhaunu; kaam garne garibharulai maddat garnu; rar hamra kamadarharu, hamra vidyarthiharu rar hamra bachchaharuko seep rar utpadakatwa nawikaran garnu. ab congresska duwai sadanka sadasyaharule mero arthik vikas yojanako antim sanskaranma nirnaya garne tayari gariraheka chhan jasle maile 5 mahina pahile prastut garda chhalfal gareko uddeshyaharu pura gardacha. yo yojanale rashtrako itihasma hamro ghatama sabaibhanda thulo kami lyaunechha. ek trillion dollarko lagbhag ek chauthai wastawik, lagu garna sakine kharcha katautiko sath, pratyek nayan dollar karharu kharcha katautiko ek dollarsanga milnechha. rar ab nayan karko 80 pratishat ek warshama $200,000 bhanda badhi kamaune wyaktiharubata uthainechha. $180,000 bhanda cum kamaune kunai pani kaam garne pariwarle ayakarma badhi tirne chhaina. tyo vigat darjanaun warshako arthik awasthabata wastawik pariwartan hunechha. ausat pariwarle ghata ghatauna purna rupma samarpit urja karma ek dinma ek paisabhanda cum matra curr tirnecha. $40,000 wa $50,000 prati warshako amdani bhaeko chaar janako pariwarka lagi yo lagbhag $33 prati warsha how. malai lagchha kii hamile khojiraheka pariwartan rar hamile gariraheko pragatiko lagi bhuktan garna yo ek samanya rar uchit mulya how. hamile madhyam wargama sabaibhanda halka bojha parney wacha garyaun; rar malai lagchha, hamile gareka chhaun. hamilai vikas garna niji kshetrako awashyakta bhaekale, yojanale americi wyawasayako rojgari sirjana garne kshamata rar hamra janatako shiksha rar kaushalma lagani pradan gardacha. udaharanka lagi, yojanale sanah wyawasayalai uniharule afnai sanchalanma lagani garna paune curr protsahanlai natakiya rupma badhaera samarthan gardacha. yass yojanaantargat, americaka 90 pratishatbhanda badhi sanah wyawasayaharu wastawma afno karma katautika lagi yogya hunechhan. yass yojanale nayan plant rar upkaranharuka lagi wyawasayalai anya protsahanharu pani dinchha, uccha-tech farmaharuka lagi anusandhan rar vikasma lagani garna, nayan druta-badhdo farmaharuma lagani garna jasle hamro dherai rojgari sirjana gardacha. rar sayed dherai madhyamwargiya pariwarharuka lagi sabaibhanda mahatwapurna, yo yojanale vidyarthi rina karyakramma sudhar garera rar kalejlai sabai amerikiharuka lagi feri kifayati banaera lakhaun pariwarharuka lagi collegeko dhoka kholchha. hammy yo sabai wriddha amerikiharulai faida puryaune karyakramharuma hanikarak katautiharu natirekai rar hamra bachchaharuko lagi uniharuko hajurbubata anuchit balidan natirekai ramro bhawishya nirman nagari gardachaun. congressle yo yojana parit garne samaya aeko chha. yo wassingtonka lagi pariwartanko sahas dekhaune samaya how, jasari americabharika manisharule tyas prakarko sahas dekhaundaichan. yass hapta maile dherai amerikiharusanga bhetne samman paeko chhu jasle afno jiwan rar hamro desh ajha ramro banauna wyaktigat jimmewari liiraheka chhan. sombar, mahm sikagoma bhaeko euta sammelanma sahabhagi bhaen jahaan kamdar rar prabandhakharule afna saman rar sewaharuko gunastar sudhar garna, afnai rojgari rar ayako shakti rar suraksha badhauna kasari sangai kaam garna sakinchha bhanne bare kura gare. maile misaurika ekjana karyakarilai bheteko chhu jasle companyka karmachariharusanga companyko pradarshanko barema jankari sajha garera asafal plantlai ghumaeka thie. jab karmachariharule thulo taswir bujhchan, uniharule afno kamma ajha ramro gare. rar maile detroitki aut mahilalai bheteko chhu jasle 6 warshako unnat prashikshan karyakramma bharna garepachhi messinistko rupma jagira paeki thiin. jab unle karyakram pura garchhin, unisanga engineeringma master degree barabar hunechha. budhbar maile 60 bhanda badhi corporate karyakariharusanga bhet garen jasle mero arthik vikas yojanalai samarthan garchhan. timadhye dherai zana republican chhan jasle yojanaantargat uccha curr tirnuparnecha. tara uniharule kada arthik nirnaya gare kii uniharuka companyharu, uniharuka seyardharakharu rar uniharuko desh yass arthik yojanasanga ramro hunechha kinbhane yasako artha cum ghata, cum byaj darharu, rar badhnaka lagi adhik sthira watawaran how. yee nigamharu madhye ekka pramukh karyakari adhikarile bhanejhain, yo murkha banaune chhodne rar yojana parit garne samaya how. rar mahm tapainlai manisharuko arko samuhako barema bhanna chahanchhu jo hamro arthatantrama shanta nayakharu hun. bihibar maile tinn pariwarsanga bhet garen jasle cum talabka lagi kada parishram garchhan. yass yojanaantargat cum aya bhaeka kamadarharuma karko bojha cum garne arjit-ayakar creditlai dhanyawad, uniharule kalyanma najaera afna bachchaharulai samarthan garna sakchhan. yass yojanale tyo arjit-ayakar credit badhaunchha taaki hammy antatah americaka pratyek kaam garne abhibhawaklai bhanna sakchhaunh yadi tapain purna samaya kaam garnuhunchha rar tapainka gharma bachchaharu chhan bhane, hammy tapainlai garibibata bahira nikalnechhaun. hamile gareka anya kunai pani kambhanda manisharulai kalyanbata bahira niscan rar kamma zahn protsahit garnasanga yasako badhi sambandha hunechha. malai garva chha kii dherai manisharuma nayan sipharu sikna, kalyanko satta kaam chhanauta garna, shram rar wyawasthapan bichko purano vibhajanbhanda bahira, democrats rar ripablikanharu bitch, hamilai amerikiharuko rupma ekjut garne chijharu herne sahas chha. yee manisharu pariwartanka lagi tayar chhan. tapainka sinetarharu rar pratinidhiharule hamro budgetma kaam samapta garda, mahm az mero kura sundai tapainharu pratyeklai euta vishesh shabda bhanna chahanchhu. yass arthik yojanaka barema dherai galat suchanaharu aeka chhan. ab tapainlai satya thaha chha-ghata ghatauna $500 billion, katauti rar rajaswama saman rupma vibhajit; nayan rajaswako 80 pratishat hamra shirsha 1.20 pratishat manisharuma jandaichha; euta trust kosh taaki sabai paisa ghata cum garna janchha; kaam garne garibharulai maddat garna, madhyam wargiya pariwarharulai afna chhorachhoriharulai college pathauna maddat garna, wridhaharuma anuchit katauti nagari. yo hamro deshka lagi nayan arthik disha how. yadi tapain yasalai chahanuhunchha bhane, yadi tapainle yasale pradan garne rojgari rar hamro arthatantrako wriddhi chahanuhunchha bhane, tapainle afno awaz sunnuparchha. afna sinetarharu rar pratinidhiharulai bhannuhos kii yo yojana, yasako ghata ghataune, yasako cum byaj darharu, niji kshetrako jagirharuma yasako laganika sath, thap rojgari rar americaka lagi ramro bhawishya how, rar yo yasalai parit garne samaya how. sunnubhaekoma dhanyawad.

rastrapatinka redio abhibhashana-31 july 1993 Â subha sakaala. pancha maasa purbaru kangresaku deithiba moe state off dee union abhibhashanare, mun americae janasadharananku pratishruti deithili je washington karjya karibara saileere paribartana aaniba paain 1992 rahr abhijana pratishruti purana karibaku mun more sarbashrestha chesta karibi. ehara artha heuchhi ammer neant hrass curry, kharcha hrass curry, sabutharu dhani aamerikeejamananku semananka uchita ticks debaku kahi, arthabyabasthara abanati ghataiba, nooa nijukti srusti kariba paain byabasajaku prostahana brudhi, shramajibi garibanku sahajya kariba, ebong ammer sramika, ammer chhatrachhatri ebong aama pilamananka dakhyata ebong utpadanasheelataku nabikarana kariba. ebe kangresara ubhaja gruhara sadasyamane more arthika abhibruddhi yojanara eka chudanta sanskarana upare nishpatti nebaku prastuta heuchhanti jaahaa 5 maasa purbaru mun ehaaku upasthapana kariba samajare alochana karithiba uddeshyaku purana kare . ehi yojana dwara deshar itihasare ammer niantare sabutharu budd hrass ghatiba. eka trillion dollarer praiah eka chaturthansha bastaba, lagujogya kharcha hrass sahita, pratyeka nutan dollar ticks eka dollar kharcha hrass sahita mela khaiba . ebong bartamana nutan ticks madhyaru 80 pratishata barshika $200,000 ru adhika aaja karuthiba byaktinka thaaru brudhi karajiba. 180, 000 dalararu comm aaja karuthiba kaunasi karjyajeebee paribara adhika aajakara debe naahin. ehaa gata dozen barshar arthika mandabastha thaaru eka prakruta paribartana heba. harahari paribara kebala gotie ticks pradan kariba, jaahaa sampurna bhabe neant hrass paain utsargeekruta shakti tikasare dinaku eka daimaru comm. jaahaa chaari janiaa paribara paain barshika praiah $33 atte, jahara aaja $40,000 kimba $50,000 barshika. mun bhabuchhi aame chahunthiba paribartana ebong aame karuthiba pragati paain ehaa eka sadharana ebong uchita mulya. aame madhyabitta berg upare jathasambhaba haluka bojha pakaiba paain pratishruti deichu; ebong mun bhabuchhi, aame taaha karichhu. jehetu aame gharoi khetrara bikash aabasyaka karu, ehi yojana americae byabasajara nijukti srusti khyamata ebong aama lokanka sikhya ebong dakhyata khetrare nibesh pradan kare . udaharana swaroopa, ehi yojana khudra byabasajaku semananka niz karjyare nibesh kariba paain miluthiba ticks prostahanaku natakiah bhabe brudhi curry sahajata karithae. ehi yojana adheenare, americara 90 pratishataru adhika chhot byabasai bastabare semananka ticks hrass paain jogya hebe. ehi yojana nutan karkhana ebong upakarana paain byabasajaku anyanya prostahana madhya deithae, uccha-baishajika sansthagudikara gabeshana ebong bikashare nibesh kariba, nutan druta abhibruddhishila sansthagudikare nibesh kariba jaahaa ammer aneka nijukti srusti kare . ebong aneka madhyabitta paribara paain bodhahue sabutharu gurutwapurna, ehi yojana chhatra runa karjyakramare sanskara aani ebong kalejaku puni samasta aamerikejanka paain sulabh curry lakhya lakhya paribara paain colleger dwara kholichhi. aame bayaska aamerikeejamananku labhanwita karuthiba karjyakram upare khyatikaraka catt laagu nakari ebong semananka jejebapa-jejema 'nka thaaru ajauktika balidana naah maagi aama pilamananka paain eka unnat bhabisyata nirmana nakari esabu karuchhu. congress paain ehi jojanaku parita karibara samai aasichhi. saaraa americara lokamane jepari sehi prakarara sahasa dekhauchhanti, sehibhali paribartana paain sahasa dekhaiba paain washington paain ehaa samai. ehi saptahare mote aneka aamerikeejanku bhetibara sammana milithila jeunmane niz jeebanaku ebong aama deshaku ahuri unnat kariba paain byaktigata dajitwa neuchhanti. sombar deane, mun chikagore eka sammilaneere joga deithili, jeunthare sramika ebong parichalakamane semananka samagri ebong sebara gunabattare unnati aaniba, niz chakiri ebong ayara shakti ebong surakhya brudhi kariba paain kipari ekathi karjya kariparibe shay bishajare alochana karithile. mun misaurira jane karjyanirbaheenku bhetithili jie companyra karjyakarita bishajare karmacharinka saha suchana bantiba dwara eka biphal plantaku badalai deithile. jetebele karmacharimane budd chitra bujhithile, semane niz karjyare ahuri bhal pradarshan karithile. ebong mun detroitra jane mahilanku bhetithili jie 6 barshar unnat talim karjyakramare naama lekhaiba parey jane jantrapati bhabare chakiri paithile. jetebele shay karjyakram samapta karibe, shay injinijaringre snatakottara degree sahita samaana hebe . budhbar deane mun 60ru adhika corporate karjyanirbaheenku bhetithili, jeunmane more arthika abhibruddhi jojanaku samarthan karuthile. semananka madhyaru aneka heuchhanti ganatantrabadee, jeunmananku ehi yojana adheenare adhika ticks debaku padiba. kintu semane kathina arthika nishpatti neithile je semanankara company, semanankara anshidara ebong semananka desh ehi arthika yojana sahita bhal hebe kaaran ehara artha heuchhi comm neant, comm sudha haara ebong abhibruddhi paain eka adhika sthira paribesha . ehi karporesanagudika madhyaru gotie companyra mukhya karjyanirbahee adhikari kahichanti je, ebe samai aasichhi je apana murkhata kariba chhadi ehi jojanaku karjyakaree karantu. ebong mun aapananku aau eka gosthi bishajare kahibaku chaahen jeunmane aama arthabyabasthare neerab najaka atanti. gurubara deane, mun tinoti paribaraku bhetithili jeunmane comm majuri paain kathina parisrama karanti . aaja-aajakara credit paain dhanyabada, jaahaa ehi yojana adheenare swalpa aajakaree shramikanka upare ticks bojha hrass kare, semane kalyana nakari semananka pilamananku samarthan kariparibe . ehi yojana sehi aaja-aajakara credit ku brudhi kare jaahaa dwara aame sheshare americara pratyeka karjya karuthiba pitamatanku kahiparibaha jadi apana purnakalina kaama karanti ebong aapananka ghare pila achanti, tebe aame aapananku daridryaru bahara karibu. aame jaahaa kichhi karichhu taaha apekhya, kalyanaru doorei rahiba ebong kamaku jiba paain lokanku utsahita kariba sahita ehara adhika samparka rahiba. mun garbita je ete sankhyaka lokanka pakhare nutan kaushala shikhibara, kalyana paribarte kaama chayan karibara, shrama ebong parichalana madhyare puruna bibhajanaku atikrama curry, democrat ebong ripablikanka madhyare, american bhabare aamaku ekjut karuthiba jinishaku dekhiba paain sahasa achhi. ehi lokamane paribartana paain prastuta achanti. jetebele aapananka sinetara ebong pratinidhimane aama budget upare kaama shesh karuchanti, mun aaji moe kathaa sunuthiba aapanamananka pratyekanku eka swatantra sabda kahibaku chaahen. ehi arthika yojana bishajare aneka bhul suchana diajaichhi. ebe aapanamane satya janantihi $500 billion neant hrass, jaahaa hrass ebong rajaswa madhyare samaana bhabe bibhakta; nutan rajaswara 80 pratishata aama lokanka shirsha 1-2 pratishataku jauchhi; eka trust panthi jaahaa dwara samasta artha neant hrass paain jauchhi; prakruta nibesh shramajibi garibanku sahajya kariba paain, madhyabitta paribaraku semananka pilamananku college pathaiba paain sahajya kariba paain, bajaskamananka upare anuchita hrass nakari. ehaa aama desh paain eka nutan arthika diga. jadi apana ehaa chahunchhanti, jadi apana chahunchhanti je ehaa dwara rojgar miliba ebong aama arthabyabasthara abhibruddhi heba, tebe apana niz swara nischai sunantu. aapananka sinetara ebong pratinidhimananku kuhantu je ehi yojana, ehara neant hrass sahita, ehara comm sudha haara sahita, gharoi khetrara chakirire ehara nibesh sahita, adhika chakiri ebong america paain eka unnat bhabisyata, ebong ehaaku parita karibara samai aasichhi. sunithibaru dhanyabada.

rashtarpati daa radio sambodhan-31 julai 1993 Â shubh sware. panj maheene pahilan congress noon aapne state aaf dii union sambodhan witch, main amriki lokan naal vaada keeta see kii main 1992 dee muhim dee vachanbadhta noon poora curran laee aapni puurii koshish karanga taan joe washington dey kamm curran dey tarike noon badliaa jaa sake. iss daa arth haii aapne ghaate noon ghataa keey saadi arthvivastha noon mudd surjit karna; kharchiaan witch katauti karna; sabh toon ameer amrikiaan noon taxes daa aapna uchit hissa adaa curran laee kahi keey arthvivastha noon ultauna; naviaan naukariaan paida curran laee carobar noon protsahan denna; kammkaji gariban dee madad karna; atey saade mazdooran, saade vidiaarthiaan atey saade bacchiaan dey hunar atey utpadakta noon naviauna. hunn congress dey doven sadnan dey member merrie aarthik vikas yojna dey antim sanskaran 'teey faisla lainn dee tiaari qarr rahey hunn joe unhan udeshan noon poora karda haii jinhan dee main 5 maheene pahilan charcha keeti see. iss yojna naal desh dey itihaas witch saade ghaate witch sabh toon vaddi qamee aavegi. ikk trillion dallar dey lagbhag ikk chauthai dey naal, lagu curran yog kharchiaan witch katauti, taxes dey harr navein dallar daa ikk dallar dey kharchiaan witch katauti naal mail hovega. atey hunn navein taxes daa 80 pratishat pratee saal $200,000 toon vaddh dee kamai curran vaale viaktiaan toon vadhaiaa javega. 180, 000 dallar toon ghatt kamai curran vaala koee vee kammkaji parivaar aamdan taiks witch ziaada bhugtan naheen karega. ih pichle darjan saalan dey arth shastar toon ikk asal tabdili hovegi. ausat parivaar siraf ikk taiks adaa karega, ikk dinn witch ikk paise toon vee ghatt, ikk puurii tarahan ghaate witch qamee laee samarpit energy taiks witch. ih 40,000 dallar jaan 50,000 dallar pratee saal dee aamdan vaale chaar lokan dey parivaar laee lagbhag 33 dallar pratee saal haii. main sochda haan kii aseen joe tabdili chahunde haan atey joe pragati qarr rahey haan, uss laee bhugtan curran laee ih ikk mamuli atey uchit keemat haii. aseen maddh varag utte sabh toon halka bojh paunh daa vaada keeta see atey main sochda haan kii aseen keeta haii. kiunki saanoon nijji khetar dey vikas dee zaroorat haii, iss laee ih yojna amriki carobar deeaan rozgaar sirjan deeaan samrathavan atey saade lokan dee sikkhiaa atey hunar witch nivesh pardan kardi haii. udaharan dey laee, ih yojna chhote karobaran noon aapne khud dey sanchalan witch nivesh curran laee prapat taiks protsahan noon nataki dhang naal vadha keey sahaita kardi haii. iss yojna dey tehat, amrica witch 90 pratishat toon vaddh chhote carobar asal witch aapne taxes witch qamee dey yog honge. ih yojna navein plantan atey upkarnan laee carobar noon horr protsahan vee dindi haii, ucch-takniki farman laee khoj atey vikas witch nivesh curran laee, naviaan tezi naal vadh rahiaan farman witch nivesh curran laee joe saadiaan bahut saariaan naukariaan paida kardiaan hunn. atey shayed bahut saare maddh varag dey parivaran laee sabh toon mahattavpuran, ih yojna vidiaarthi loane program witch sudhar karke atey saare amrikiaan laee kaalaj noon firr toon kifaiti bnaa keey lakkhan parivaran laee kaalaj dey darwaze kholhdi haii. aseen ih sabh vadde amrikiaan noon laabh pahunchaun vaale programan witch nuksandeh katauti keete binan karde haan, atey aapne bacchiaan laee unhan dey daada-daadi toon annuchit balidan mange binan bihtar bhavikh daa nirman karde haan. ih samaan congress laee iss yojna noon paas curran daa haii. ih samaan washington laee badlan dee himmat darsaun daa haii, jiven kii poore amrica dey lock iss tarahan dee himmat dikha rahey hunn. iss hafte mainoon bahut saare amrikiaan naal milann daa sanman miliaa joe aapne jeevan atey saade desh noon horr bihtar banaun dee nijji zimmevari lae rahey hunn. somwar noon, main shikago witch ikk conferences witch hissa liaa jitthe mazdooran atey parbandhakan neey iss baare gall keeti kii uh aapniaan vastan atey sevavan dee gunwatta witch sudhar curran, aapniaan naukariaan atey aamdan dee taakat atey surakhiaa noon vadhaun laee kiven mill keey kamm qarr sakde hunn. main misauri dey ikk karajkari noon miliaa jiss neey company dey pardarshan baare karamchariaan naal jankari sanjhi karke ikk asfal plant noon badal ditta. jadon karamchari vaddi tasveer noon samajhade sunn, taan unhan neey aapne kamm witch horr vee bihtar pardarshan keeta. atey main detroit dee ikk aurat noon miliaa jiss noon 6 saal dey unnat sikhlai program witch dakhla lainn toon baad ikk machinist vajon naukari millie. jadon uh program poora karegi, taan uss cole engineering witch maastar dee digri dey barabar hovega. budhwar noon main 60 toon vaddh corporate karajkari adhikariaan naal mulakat keeti joe merrie aarthik vikas yojna daa samarthan karde hunn. unhan vicchon bahut saare gantantarvadi hunn jinhan noon yojna dey tehat vadhere taiks adaa karne painge. parr unhan neey sakhat mihnat naal aarthik faisla liaa kii unhan deeaan companyan, unhan dey sharedharak atey unhan daa desh iss aarthik yojna naal bihtar honge kiunki iss daa arth haii ghatt ghaata, ghatt viaaj daraan atey vadhan laee vadhere sathir vatavaran. jiven kii inhan vicchon ikk corporation dey mukkh karajkari adhikari neey kiha, ih samaan haii kii tusin bevakoof banauna chhadd dio atey yojna noon paas crow. atey main tuhanun lokan dey ikk horr samooh baare dassna chahunda haan joe saadi arthvivastha witch chupp-chaap naaik hunn. veervar noon main tinn parivaran noon miliaa joe ghatt tankhah laee sakhat mihnat karde hunn. kamai-aamdan taiks credit daa dhanvad, jiss naal iss yojna dey tehat ghatt aamdan vaale mazdooran utte taiks daa bojh ghatt hunda haii, uh bhalai utte gaye binan aapne bacchiaan daa paalan poshan qarr sakde hunn. ih yojna uss kamai-aamdan taiks credit noon vadhaundi haii taan joe aseen aakharkar amrica witch harr kamm curran vaale maata-pitaa noon dass skiae jey tusin poore samein laee kamm karde hoow atey tuhade gharr witch bacche hunn, taan aseen tuhanun garibi toon bahr kaddhange. iss daa vadhere sabndh lokan noon bhalai toon door rahinn atey kamm 'teey jaanh laee utshahit curran naal hovega joe aseen kujh vee keeta haii. mainoon maann haii kii bahut saare lokan witch navein hunar sikkhan, bhalai dee bajaae kamm dee chonh curran, laber atey parbandhan darmiaan puraniaan vandan toon parey, democrats atey republicans darmiaan, uhanan cheezan vall vekhan dee himmat haii joe saanoon amrikiaan vajon ikjutt kardiaan hunn. ih lock badlan laee tiaar hunn. jiven kii tuhade senator atey numainde saade buzzet utte kamm khatam qarr rahey hunn, main ajj merrie gall sunade hoye tuhade vicchon harek noon ikk vishesh shabad kahina chahunda haan. iss aarthik yojna baare bahut saaree galat jankari ditti gaee haii. hunn tusin sachchai noon janade how 500 billion dallar daa ghaata ghatauna, katauti atey maaliye witch barabar vandiaa hoiaa; navein maaliye daa 80 pratishat saade choti dey 1.2 pratishat lokan noon jaa riha haii; ikk trust fund taan joe saara paisa ghaate noon ghataun laee jaave; asal nivesh kammkaji gariban dee madad curran laee, maddh varag dey parivaran noon aapne bacchiaan noon kaalaj bhejan witch madad curran laee, bazurgan utte belodi katauti keete binan. ih saade desh laee ikk naveen aarthik disha haii. jey tusin chahunde hoow, jey tusin uh naukariaan chahunde hoow joe iss naal pardan hongiaan atey saadi arthvivastha daa vikas, taan tuhanun aapni aavaaz zaroor sunani chahidi haii. aapne senatoran atey numaindiyan noon dasso kii iss yojna daa arth haii kii iss dey ghaate witch qamee, ghatt viaaj daraan, nijji khetar deeaan naukariaan witch nivesh, amrica laee vadhere naukariaan atey bihtar bhavikh, atey iss noon paas curran daa samaan aaa giaa haii. sunan laee dhanvad.

raashtrapati-radio-abhibhashanam-31 julai 1993 Â suprabhaatam. panchamaasapoorvam kaangres-pakshasya krute mama state-aaf-da-union-bhashane, mayaa amerikaadeshasy janaan prati pratijnaam krutam yat 1992 tame varshe washington-nagarasya kaaryapaddhatim parivartayitum abhiyanasya pratibadhataam pooryitum yathaashakti prayataami iti. arthaat, asmakam nyunatam nyooneekruty, vyayasya nyunikaranam krutvaa, dhanika american-janaan karasya uchitam bhaagam daatum prarthayitva, aarthik-mandaam prativartayitvaa, nootan-rojagaar-nirmanartham vyavasaayaay protsaahanam vardhitvaa, shramajeevee-daridranam sahayyam krutvaa, asmakam karmacharinam, asmakam chhatranam, asmakam balakanam cha kaushalasya utpadakatayaha cha naveekaranam. idaaneem kaangres-pakshasya ubhayasabhaayaah sadasyaah mama aarthik-vikasa-yojanaa antimarupena nirnetum sajjaha santi, yat 5 maasapoorvam yadaa aham tasya prastuteekrutam tatt uddeshyan poorayati. iyam yojanaa rashtrasya itihaase asmakam nyunatayaha bruhattamam nyunatam saadhayishyati. vaastavikaroopen, pravartaneeya-vyaya-kshatehe praayah eka-chaturthaamsham, pratyekasya nootan-daalar-karasya tulanam vyaya-kshatehe eka-daalar-dwara bhavishyati. adhunaa nootan-karanam 80 pratishatam prativarsham $200,000 taha adhikam arjayantah vyaktayah vardhante. 180, 000 $taha nyoonam dhanam praaptam kimapi karmachaarinah parivaarah aayakararoopen adhikam naa daatum shaknoti. gatashataabdavarshaanaam alpa-patana-arthashastraat tatt vaastavikam parivartanam bhavishyati. saamaanyaparivaaraah kevalam ekam karam dadati, pratidinam eka-diamat nyoonam oorjaa-karam purnataya nyunatayai samarpayati. $40,000 athavaa $50,000 prativarsham ayayuktasya chaturshu-parivaarasya krute tatt prativarsham praayah $33 bhavati. vayam yat parivartanam icchaamah, tasya, pragatihi cha daatum etat samanyam nyaayyam cha moolyam iti aham manyate. madhyamavargasya upari yathaashakti laghutaram bhaarah bhavet iti pratijnaam krutavantah, tathaa cha vayam tatt krutavantah iti mama dharana asti. yato hii asmakam vikasaya nijeekshetrasy aavashyakataa asti, eshaa yojanaa amerikaadeshasy vyavasaayasya rojagaar-srushtehe kshamatasu, asmakam jananam shikshaayaam kaushaleshu cha nivesham pradadaati. yathaa, yojanaa laghu-vyavasaayasya samarthanam karoti, swakaaryakriyeshu niveshaartham praaptam curr-protsaahakam naatakeeyaroopen vardhayati. asya yojanayaha antargatam amerikaadeshasy 90 pratishatatah adhikaah laghu-vyavasaayaah vastutah swakar-nyunatayaha paatraah bhavishyanti. iyam yojanaa nutananam samyantranam upakaranaam cha krute, uccha-tantrajnaana-samsthanam krute samshodhane vikaase cha nivesham kartum, nootaneshu drutagatyaa vardhamaaneshu samsthaasu nivesham kartum, ye cha asmakam anekaan udyogaan srushtayanti, vyavasaayaay anyaan protsahan api pradadaati. bahubhyah madhyamavargaparivaranam krute sambhawatah sarvaadhikam mahattvapoornam, eshaa yojanaa, chaatra-runa-kaaryakrame sudharam krutvaa, mahaavidyaalayam punah sarwebhyah american-jananam krute sulabham krutvaa, laksh-laksh-parivaaraanaam krute mahaavidyaalayasya dwaaraani udghaatayati. vayasko american-jananam hitaya karyyakrameshu hanikaram kshatam naa krutvaa, tathaa cha swasyaah balanam krute uttamm bhavishyam nirmaatum, pitamahi-mataram vinaa avivekapooritam tyaagam naa prarthayitva, vayam etavan kurwantah. kaangres-pakshasya iyam yojanaa anumodayitum samayah asti. yaavat sampoorne amerikaadeshasy janaah etaadrusham dhairyam darshayanti tathaiva, parivartanasya dhairyam darshayitum washington-nagarasya samayah asti. asmin saptaahe, swajeevanasya, asmakam deshasya cha unnatehe krute vyaktigatam daayitvam sveekrutya, bahavah american-janaah militum abhibhootavantah. somavaasare, aham chikaago-nagare ekasmin sammelane upasthitah, yatra karmachaarinah vyavasthaapakaah cha svavastunam sevaam cha gunavattaam vardhayitum, swakarmanaam ayasya cha balasya surakshayaha cha vardhane katham militvaa karyam kartum shaknuvanti iti charchama. aham misauree-nagarasya ekena karyakarinim militavaan yah kampenee-karyakshamatayaha vishaye karmachaaribhih saha suchanam vitarisya asafal-samyantram paryavartayat. yadaa karmachaarinah bruhad-chitram avabodhan, tadaa te swakaaryakshetre api uttamm krutavantah. tathaa aham detroit-nagarasya ekaa mahilaam militavaan yaa 6 varsheeyasya unnata-prashikshan-kaaryakrame namankanam krutvaa yantrakarinyaha rupena karyam praapnot. yadaa saa karyakramam samaapyate tadaa saa abhiyaantrike snaatakottarapadaveem samatulyam praapsyati. budhavaasare, aham 60 taha adhikaah corporate-adhikaarinah militavaan ye mama aarthik-vikasa-yojanayaha samarthanam kurvanti. teshu bahavah republican-janaah santi ye yojanayaha antargatam adhikakarm daatum arhanti. parantu te kathor-aarthik-nirnayam akurvan yat teshaam kampenee-samsthah, teshaam bhagadharakaha, teshaam deshah cha asyaah aarthik-yojanayam uttamm bhavishyanti, yatah asya arthah nyoon-nyunata, nyoon-byaaj-daraha, vardhayitum adhika-sthira-vaataavaranam cha asti. yathaa eteshu ekasmin nigamasya mukhyakaaryakaari adhikaarinah avadat yat, bhramanam viramayitvaa yojanam sweekrutum samayah asti. api cha aham bhavate anyasya janasamoohasy vishaye kathayitum icchaami yah asmakam arthavyavasthaayaam nishshabdah naayakah asti. guruvaasare aham nyoonavetanaartham shramancha kurvataam trayanam parivaran militavaan. arjita-aay-curr-runasya karanat, yat asya yojanayaha antargatam nyoon-aay-karmacharinam curr-bhaaram nyooneekartum shaknoti, te kalyanartham naa gacchan svaputranam poshanam kartum shaknuvanti. eshaa yojanaa arjita-aayakar-runam vardhayati yena vayam antatah amerikaadeshasy pratyekam karmachaarinah matapitaram kathayitum shaknuvantihi yadi bhavaan purnakaalikam karyam karoti tathaa cha bhavatah gruhe santatihi santi tarhi vayam bhavantam daridryat muktavantah. asya adhikah sambandhah, vayam krutaanaam anyeshu kasyaapi apekshayaa, jananam kalyanakaryat mukttam karyam kartum cha protsaahayitum bhavishyati. aham garvam jaanaami yat eteshaam janeshu nootanaani kaushalaani shikshayitum, kalyanasya apekshayaa karyasya chayanam kartum, shramasya vyavasthaapanasya cha madhye, democrat-republican-jananam madhye, american-rupena asman ekam kurvataam vishayeshu, puratanam vibhaajanam ateetum, saahasam asti iti. ete janaah parivartanaay sajjaah santi. bhavatah senator-pratinidhihi cha asmakam aayavyayikasya karyam samapya adya mama vaartaam shrotum pratyekaay ekam vishesham vaakyam vakttum icchaami. asya aarthik-yojanaa vishaye bahwyah apaprachaaraah abhavan. idaaneem bhavaan satyam jaanaati-$500 billion-vyaya-nyunata, yat kshatehe raajaswasya cha madhye samaanaroopen vibhajita asti; nootan-raajaswasya 80 pratishatam bhaagam asmakam 1.2 pratishatam jananam krute gacchati; nyasa-nidhihi yena sarvam dhanam nyunatam nyooneekartum gacchati; vaastavikam nivesham shramajeevee-daridranam krute, madhyamawarg-parivaaraanaam krute, vruddhaanaam krute anuchitam kshatam vinaa, swasantatibhyah mahaavidyaalayam preshayitum, sahayyartham bhavati. asmakam deshasya krute eshaa nootanah aarthikah dishaa asti. yadi bhavaan tatt icchati, yadi bhavaan tatt daatum icchati, asmakam arthavyavasthaayaah vruddhihi cha icchati, tarhi bhavaan swaswaram avashyam shrutavyam. swasya senator-pratinidhim cha vadatu yat, nyunata-nyunata, nyoon-byaaj-daraha, nijee-kshetrasya kaaryeshu niveshah, iti asya yojanaa amerikaadeshasy krute adhika-karyani, uttama-bhavishyam cha iti, tathaa cha tatt paaritum samayah asti iti. shraavayutaam ityasmai dhanyavaadam.

janathipathi vanoli urai-juulai 31,1993 Â good marning. ainthu maathangkalukku munbu congressil naan aattriya maanila ontriya uraiyil, washington seyalpadum muraiyai maattruvatharkaana 1992 aam aandin prachchaara uruthippaattai niraivaettra ennaal mudintha anaiththaiyum seivaen endru america makalukku uruthiyaliththaen. athaavathu namathu pattraakkuraiyaik kuraippathan moolam namathu porulaathaaraththai puthuppippathu; selavinangalaik kuraippathu; panakkaara americkarkal thangal niyayamaana varigalai seluththumpadi kaettukkolvathan moolam porulaathaaraththai maattriyamaippathu; puthiya vaelaigalai uruvaakka vanigaththirku ookkuvippugalai athikarippathu; uzhaikkum aezhaikalukku uthavuvathu; namathu thozhilaazhargal, namathu maanavargal mattrum namathu kuzhandhaigalin thirankal mattrum urpathtiththiranai puthuppippathu. ippoathu congressin iru avaikalin uruppinargalum enathu porulaathaara valarcchith thittaththin iruthi pathippaith theermaanikkath tayaaraagi varukintranar, idhu 5 maathangkalukku munbu naan munvaiththapoathu vivaathiththa kurikkoalgalai poorthi seikirathu. inthath thittam naattin varalaattril namathu pattraakkuraiyin migapperiya kuraippaik kondirukkum. kittatthatta oru trillion dollarkalil kaall pangku unmaiyana, amalpaduththakoodiya selavuk kuraippugaludan, ovvoru puthiya dollar varigalum oru dollar selavuk kuraippugaludan porunthum. ippoathu puthiya varigalil 80 sathaveetham aandukku 200,000 dollarukkum athigamaaga sambaathikkum thaninaparkalidamirunthu uyarththappadum. 180, 000 dollarukkum kuraivaaga varumaanam eettum endha vaelai seiyum kudumbamum varumaana variyai athigamaaga seluththaathu. kadantha dajan kanakkaana aandugalin porulaathaaraththil irunthu idhu oru unmaiyana maattramaaka irukkum. sarasari kudumbam oru varii mattumae seluththum, idhu pattraakkuraiyaik kuraippatharkaaga muttrilum odhukkappatta erisakthi variyil oru naalaikku oru paisaavirkum kuraivaagum. athaavathu 40,000 dollar allathu 50,000 dollar aandu varumaanam konda naanku paer konda kudumbaththirku aandukku sumar 33 dollar aagum. naam virumbum maattraththirkum naam seiyum munnaettraththirkum idhu oru mithamaana mattrum niyayamaana vilai endru naan ninaikkiraen. naduththara varkkaththirku saathiyamaana sumaiyai miga laesaakkuvathaaka naangkal uruthiyaliththoam; adhai naangkal seithom endru naan ninaikkiraen. thaniyar thurai valara vaendum enbathaal, inthath thittam america vanigaththin vaelaivaaippai uruvaakkum thirankalilum, namathu makkalin kalvi mattrum thirankalilum muthaleedugalai valangkukirathu. eduththukkaattaaga, inthath thittam siru vanigangkalukku thangal sontha seyalpaadugalil muthaleedu seiya kidaikkum varii ookkaththai viyaththagu muraiyil athikarippathan moolam aatharikkirathu. inthath thittaththin keezh, americavil ulla siru vanigangkalil 90 sathaveethaththirkum athikamaanavarkal unmaiyil thangal varikalaik kuraippatharku thaguthiyudaiyavargalaaga iruppaargal. puthiya thozhirchaalai mattrum ubakaranangkalukkaana vanigaththirkum, uyar thozhilnutpa niruvanangalukkaana aaraaichi mattrum maempaattil muthaleedu seivatharkum, namathu pala vaelaigalai uruvaakkum vaekamaaka valarnthu varum puthiya niruvanangalil muthaleedu seivatharkum inthath thittam pira ookkuvippugalai valangkukirathu. pala naduththara varkka kudumbangalukku miga mukkiyamaana inththa thittam, maanavar cuddon thittatthai seerthiruththuvathan moolamum, anaitthu amerikkarkalukkum kalluri meendum malivu vilaiyil vazhangkuvathan moolamum million kanakkaana kudumbangalukku kallooriyin kadhavugalaith thirakkirathu. vayathaana amerikkarkalukku payanalikkum thittangalukku theengku vilaivikkum vettukkalai vithikkaamal, engkal kuzhandhaigalin tatta paattikalidamirunthu niyaayamattra thiyaagaththaik ketkaamal avarkalin sirantha ethirkaalaththai uruvaakkaamal idhaiyellaam seikiroam. inthath thittatthai congress niraivaettra vaendiya neram idhu. america muzhuvathum ulla makkal antha vagaiyaana thairiyatthaik kaattuvathu poalavae, maattraththirkaana thairiyatthaik kaatta washingtonukku idhu neram. inththa vaaram thangal vaazhkkaiyaiyum namathu naattaiyum innum sirappaaga maattruvatharkaana thanipatta poruppai aetrtrukkonda pala amerikkarkalai santhikkum perumai enakku kidaiththathu. thinkalandru, naan sikakovil nadantha oru maanaatil kalandhu kondaen, angku thozhilaazhargalum maelaalargalum thangal porutkal mattrum sevaigalin tharatthai maempaduththuvatharkum, thangal sontha vaelaigal mattrum varumaanangkalin valimaiyaiyum paathukaappaiyum athikarippatharkum evvaaru ontrinainthu seyalpada mudiyum enbathu pattri paesinar. misouriyaich saerntha oru nirvaagiyai naan chandiththen, avar niruvanaththin seyalthiran kuriththa thagavalkalai oozhiyargaludan pagirnthu kolvathan moolam thoalviyadaintha aalaiyai maatrinaar. oozhiyargal periya padaththai purinthukondapoathu, avarkal thangal vaelaiyil innum sirappaagach seithanar. naan tetroitich saerntha oru pennai chandiththen, avar 6 aandu maempatta payirchith thittaththil saerntha piragu iyanththiraviyalaaraaka vaelai pettraar. aval thittatthai mudikkumpoathu, aval poriyiyalil muthukalaip pattaththirku samamaanathaip peruvaal. puthankizhamai andru, enathu porulaathaara valarcchith thittatthai aatharikkum 60kkum maerpatta peruniruvana nirvaagigalai naan chandiththen. avarkalil palar kudiyarasukkaarargal, avarkal thittaththin keezh adhiga varigalai seluththa vaendiyirukkum. aanaal avarkal thangal niruvanangal, pangkuthaararkal mattrum thangal naadu inththa porulaathaarath thittaththudan sirappaaga irukkum endru kadinamaana porulaathaara mudivai eduththanar, aenenil idhu kuraindha pattraakkurai, kuraindha vatti vigithangkal mattrum valara migavum nilaiyaana soozhal aagiyavattraik kurikkirathu. inththa niruvanangalil ontrin thalaimai nirvaaga adhigaari kooriyadhu poal, muttaalthanathai vittuvittu thittatthai niraivaettra vaendiya neram idhu. maelum namathu porulaathaaraththil amaithiyaana heeroakkalaaka irukkum maelum oru kuzhu pattri naan ungkalukkuch solla virumbukiraen. viyaalakkizhamai, kuraindha uuthiyaththirkaaka kadumaiyaaga uzhaikkum moontru kudumbangalai naan chandiththen. inthath thittaththin keezh kuraindha varumaanam konda thozhilaazhargal meethaana varich sumaiyaik kuraikkum varumaana varik cuddon moolam, avarkal nalanpuri seiyaamal thangal kuzhandhaigalai aatharikka mudiyum. inthath thittam sambaathiththa varumaana varik kadanai athikarikkirathu, ithanaal americavil panipuriyum ovvoru pettroarukkum iruthiyaaka naam solla mudiyum neengkal mulunaera vaelai seithaal, ungkalukku veettil kuzhandhaigal irunthaal, naangkal ungkalai varumaiyilirunthu uyarththuvom. naangkal seitha mattra ellaavattraiyum vida nalanpuri thuraiyilirunthu vilagi vaelaikkuch sella makkalai ookkuvippathoadu idhu adhiga thodarpudaiyathaaga irukkum. puthiya thirankalaik katrukkolvatharkum, nalvaazhvai vida vaelaiyaith thaerntheduppatharkum, thozhilaazhar mattrum nirvaagaththirku idaiyilaana pazhaiya pilavugalukku appaal, jananayagak katchiyinarukkum kudiyarasuk katchiyinarukkum idaiyae, amerikkarkalaaka nammaith ontrinaikkum vishayangkalaip paarppatharkum palarukku thyrium ullathu enbathil naan perumitham kolgiraen. inththa makkal maattraththirku thayaaraaga ullanar. ungkal senattarkalum pirathinithikalum engkal varavuselavuth thittaththirkaana paniyai mudikkumpoathu, intru naan solvathaik kaetkum ungkal ovvoruvarukkum oru sirappu vaarththaiyaich solla virumbukiraen. inththa porulaathaarath thittam kuritthu niraiya thavaraana thagavalkal ullana. ippoathu ungkalukkuth therintha unmai ennaventraal 500 billion dollar pattraakkurai kuraippu, kuraippukkum varuvaayukkum idaiyae samamaagap pirikkappadukirathu; puthiya varuvaayil 80 sathaveetham namathu makkalin muthal 1.20 sathaveethaththirku selkirathu; anaitthu panamum pattraakkuraiyaik kuraikka oru arakkattalai nidhi; uzhaikkum aezhaikalukku uthavuvatharkaaka unmaiyana muthaleedugal, vayathaanavargal meethu thevaiyattra vettukkal illaamal, naduththara varkka kudumbangal thangal kuzhandhaigalai kallurikku anuppa uthavuvatharkaaka. idhu namathu naattin porulaathaaraththirku oru puthiya thisaiyaagum. neengkal virumbinaal, adhu vazhangkum vaelaigal mattrum namathu porulaathaaraththin valarchchiyai neengkal virumbinaal, ungkal kuralgalai neengkal kaetka vaendum. pattraakkurai kuraippu, kuraindha vatti vigithangkal, thaniyar thurai vaelaigalil muthaleedu, adhiga vaelaigal mattrum amerikkaavirku sirantha ethirkaalam aagiyavattraik kurikkum endru ungkal senattarkal mattrum pirathinithigalukkuch sollungal, adhai niraivaettra vaendiya neram idhu. kaettatharku nandri.

adhyaksha radeo prasangam-31 juulai 1993 Â subhodayam. aidu nelala kritam congress loe naa state off dhi union prasangamlo, washington pani vidhananni maarchadaaniki 1992 naati prachara nibaddhatanu neraverchadaaniki neenu naa vanthu krushi chestaanani american prajalaku pratigna chesaanu. antey mana lotunu tagginchadam dwara mana aardhika vyavasthanu punaruddharinchadam; kharchulanu tagginchadam; atyanta dhanavanthulaina americanlu tama pannu vatanu chellinchamani adagadam dwara aardhika vyavasthanu tippikottadam; kotta udyogaalanu srushtinchadaaniki vyaapaaraaniki prothsaahakaalanu penchadam; sraamika paedalaku sahayam cheyadam; mariyu mana kaarmikulu, mana vidyaarthulu mariyu mana pillala naipunyaalu mariyu utpaadakatanu punaruddharinchadam. ippudu congress ubhaya sabhala sabhyulu naa aardhika vruddhi pranaalika yokka tudi samskarananu nirnayinchadaaniki siddhamavutunnaaru, idhi neenu 5 nelala kritam samarpinchinappudu charchinchina lakshyalaku anugunamgaa untundi. eee pranaalika dhesha charitralo mana lotulo atipedda taggimpunu kaligi untundi. daadaapu trillion dollarlalo naaluginta oka vanthu vaastavamaina, amalu cheyagala vyaya taggimpulatoe, prati kotta dollar pannulu oka dollar vyaya taggimpulatoe saripolutaayi. ippudu kotta pannulaloo 80 saatam samvatsaraaniki $200,000 kante ekkuva sampaadinche vyaktula nundi penchabadutundi. 180, 000 dollarla kante takkuva sampaadinche yea pani chese kutumbam aadaayapu pannu kante ekkuva chellinchadu. gatha dozenu samvatsaraala aardhika vyavasthalo vacchina asthirata nundi idhi nijamaina maarpu avutundi. sagatu kutumbam oka pannu matrame chellistundi, puurtigaa lotu taggimpuku ketaayinchina indhana pannuloo rojuku oka paisa kante takkuva. $40,000 ledhaa $50,000 samvatsara aadaayam unna naluguru sabhyula kutumbaaniki idhi samvatsaraaniki sumaru $33. manam korukune maarpuku, manam chestunna purogatiki chellinchadaaniki idhi niraadambaramaina, sarasamaina dhara anie neenu bhaavistunnaanu. madhyataragati meeda saadhyamainanta telikapati bhaaram padutundani memu pratigna chesaamu; mariyu memu chesaamu anie neenu anukuntunnanu. manaku praivaetu rangam vruddhi chendaalsina avasaram unnanduna, eee pranaalika american vyaparam yokka udyoga-srushtinche samarthyalalo mariyu mana prajala vidya mariyu naipunhyaalalo pettubadulanu andistundi. udaaharanaku, eee pranaalika chinna vyaapaaraalaku vaari swantha karyakalapalalo pettubadi pettadaniki vaariki labhinche pannu prothsaahaanni natakeeyamgaa penchadam dwara maddatu istundi. eee pranaalika kinda, americaloni 90 saataaniki paiga chinna vyaparalu vaastavaaniki tama pannulanu tagginchukovadaaniki arhulu avutaaru. kotta karmagaralu mariyu parikaraala kosam vyaapaaraaniki, haitek samsthala kosam parisoedhana mariyu abhivruddhilo pettubadulu pettadaniki, mana udyogaalanu srushtinche kotta vaegamgaa abhivruddhi chendutunna samsthalalo pettubadulu pettadaniki eee pranaalika itara prothsaahakaalanu kooda andistundi. aneka madhyataragati kutumbaalaku bahusha atyanta mukhyamainadi, eee pranaalika vidyaarthi runa karyakramanni samskarinchadam dwara mariyu kalaasaalanu americanlandariki tirigi sarasamainadigaa cheyadam dwara lakshalaadi kutumbaalaku kalaasaala talupulu terustundi. vruddha americanlaku prayojanam chekurche karyakramalapai haanikaramaina kothalu vidhinchakundaa, mariyu vaari taataamaamala nundi asamanjasamaina tyaagam adagakunda maa pillalaku merugaina bhavishyattunu nirminchakundaa memu ivanni chestaamu. congress eee pranaalikanu aamodinchaalsina samayam aasannamaindi. america antataa prajalu aaa rakamaina dhairyanni choopistunnatle, washington maaradaaniki dhairyanni chuupimchaalsina samayam idhi. eee vaaram tama jeevitaalanu mariyu mana deshaanni marinta meruguparachadaaniki vyaktigata baadhyata vahistunna chaalaa mandhi americanlanu kalise gowravam naaku labhinchindi. somavaaram, neenu chikagolo jarigina oka samavesaniki hajarayyanu, akkada kaarmikulu mariyu nirvaahakulu tama vastuvulu mariyu sevala naanhyatanu meruguparachadaaniki, tama sonta udyogaalu mariyu aadaayaala balam mariyu bhadratanu penchadaaniki elaa kalisi panicheyagalaro charchinchaaru. neenu misoureeki chendina oka executivenu kalisanu, athanu company paniteeru gurinchi udyogulato samacharanni panchukovadam dwara viphalamaina plaantnu tippaaru. udyogulu pedda chitraanni ardham chesukunnappudu, vaaru tama udyogaalalo marinta merugga panicheesaaru. neenu detroitku chendina oka mahilanu kalisanu, aame 6 samvatsaraala adhunaatana sikshanaa kaaryakramamlo cherina taruvaata mationistga udyogam pondindi. aame programme puurti chesinappudu, aame injaneeringlo masters degreeki samaanamaina degreeni kaligi untundi. budhavaram naadu, naa aardhika vruddhi pranaalikaku maddatugaa nilichina 60 mandiki paiga corporate executivelanu kalisanu. vaarilo chaalaa mandhi republicanlu, vaaru eee pranaalika kinda adhika pannulu chellinchaalsi untundi. conny vaaru tama companylu, vaari vaataadaarulu mariyu vaari desham eee aardhika pranaalikatoe merugga untayane kathinamaina aardhika nirnayam teesukunnaru, endukante dheeni ardham takkuva lotulu, takkuva vaddii raetlu mariyu vruddhi chendadaaniki marinta sthiramaina vaataavaranam. eee corporationlalo okadaaniki chendina cheef executive officer cheppinatlugaa, mosam cheyadam manesi, pranaalikanu aamodinche samayam idhi. mariyu mana aardhika vyavasthalo nissabda naayakulaina maroe vyaktula samuuham gurinchi neenu meeku cheppalanukuntunnanu. guruvaram naadu, takkuva vetanam kosam kashtapadi panichese moodu kutumbaalanu neenu kalisanu. eee pathakam kinda takkuva aadaaya kaarmikulapai pannu bharanni tagginche aadaaya-pannu credit kaaranamgaa, vaaru sankshemam kosam vellakundaa tama pillalanu pooshinchagalaru. eee pranaalika aaa sampaadinchina-aadaayapu pannu creditnu penchutundi, tadwara memu chivaraku americaloni prati pani chese tallidandrulaku cheppagalam meeru puurti samayam pani chesthe mariyu meeku intlo pillalu unte, memu mimmalni pedarikam nundi bayataku teesukuvastaamu. idhi manam chesina anni panula kante sankshemam nundi bayatapadataaniki mariyu paniki velladaaniki prajalanu prothsahinchadamtho ekkuva sambandham kaligi untundi. kotta naipunhyaalanu neerchukoevadaaniki, sankshemam kante panini enchukoovadaaniki, kaarmika mariyu nirvahana madhya paatha vibhajanalanu daati, prajaasvaamyavaadulu mariyu republicanla madhya, americanlugaa manalni ekam chese vishayalanu chuse dhairyam chaalaa mandiki undani neenu garvistunnaanu. eee prajalu maaradaaniki siddhamgaa unnaaru. mea senatorlu mariyu pratinidhulu maa budjetpai panini mugistunnappudu, eee roeju naa maata vintunna meelo prati okkariki neenu oka pratyeka maata cheppalanukuntunnanu. eee aardhika pranaalika gurinchi chaalaa tappudu samacharam undhi. ippudu meeku nijam telusu $500 billionla lotu taggimpu, kothalu mariyu aadaayaala madhya samanamga vibhajinchabadindi; kotta aadaayamlo 80 saatam mana prajalalo agra 1.20 saatam mandiki velutondi; mottam dabbu lotunu tagginchadaaniki vellae trust fund; sraamika paedalaku sahayam cheyadaaniki, madhyataragati kutumbaalu tama pillalanu kalaasaalaku pampadaaniki sahayam cheyadaaniki, vruddhulapai anavasaramaina kothalu lekunda. idhi mana deshaaniki kotta aardhika dhisha. meeku kavalante, adhi andinche udyogaalu mariyu mana aardhika vyavasthaku vruddhi kavalanukunte, meeru mea gonthu vinipinchaali. eee pranaalika, daani lotu taggimputoe, takkuva vaddii retlatho, private ranga udyogaalalo pettubaditho, ekkuva udyogaalu mariyu americaku merugaina bhavishyattu anie, daanini aamodinche samayam aasannamaindani mea senatorlu mariyu pratinidhulaku cheppandi. vinnanduku dhanyavaadaalu.

sadarati redio khataab-31 jolayi 1993 Â gudd marning. paanch maah qabal congress say apnay steat aaf dee union khataab mein mein nay americi awaam say waadah kiyaa thaa kahh mein washington kay kaam karnay kay tareeqe kuu tabdil karnay kay liye 1992 kii muham kay azam kuu poraa karnay kii poori koshish karoon gaa. iss kaa matlab hay apnay khasaray kuu kumm karkay hamaari maeshat kuu bahaal karnaa vovo ikhrajat mein kamee vovo ameer tareen americiyon say teks kaa apnaa munsifana hasah adaa karnay kuu kahah kirr maeshat kuu altna vovo nayee mulazimatein paida karnay kay liye karobar kuu maraat mein izafah karnaa vovo kaam karnay waalay gharibon kii madad karnaa vovo aur hamaray karkanon hamaray talbaa aur hamaray bachon kii maharaton aur paidawari salahiyat kuu tajdid karnaa. abb congress kay donon aiwanon kay arakeen miray iqtesadi tarqi kay mansubay kay hatmi warzan parr faislah karnay kii tayari kirr rahay haine juu inn maqasid kuu poraa kartaa hay jinn parr mein nay 5 maah qabal paish kiyaa thaa. iss mansubay say milk kii tareekh mein hamaray khasaray mein sabb say bury kamee waaqa hogi. eek trailin ddaalar kay taqriba eek chothayi haqeeqi qaabil nafaz ikhrajat mein katotiyon kay saath teks kay harr nayey ddaalar kaa eek ddaalar kay ikhrajat mein katoti say muqabilah kiyaa jaaye gaa. aur abb nayey tekson kaa 80 faisad inn afraad say badhaya jaaye gaa juu salanah 200,000 ddaalar say ziyadah kamatay haine. koyee bhee kaam karnay waala khaandaan juu 180,000 ddaalar say kumm kamata how ankam teks mein ziyadah adaa nahein karay gaa. yaha guzashta darjan saalon kii girti hoyee maeshat say eek haqeeqi tabdili hogi. ausat khaandaan sarf eek teks adaa karay gaa juu kahh tawanayi teks mein eek dunn mein eek paisay say bhee kumm hoga juu makmal toor parr khasaray mein kamee kay liye waqaf hay. yaha chaar afraad parr mushtamil khaandaan kay liye taqriba 33 ddaalar salanah hay jiss kii aamadni 40,000 ddaalar yaa 50,000 ddaalar salanah hay. miray khayaal mein yaha eek mamuli aur munasib qeemat hay jiss kii adayegi humm jiss tabdili kii talaash kirr rahay haine aur juu paish raft humm kirr rahay haine iss kii. humm nay matusat tabqe parr sabb say halka mamkanah bojh daalnay kaa ahed kiyaa vovo aur majhay lagtaa hay kahh humm nay kiyaa hay. chonkah hamein tarqi kay liye najee shobay kii zarurat hay iss liye yaha mansubah americi karobar kii rozgaar paida karnay kii salahiyaton aur hamaray logon kii taleem aur maharaton mein sarmayah kaaree farahim kartaa hay. misaal kay toor parr yaha mansubah chhotay karobar kuu dramayi toor parr teks kii targhib mein izafah karkay madad kartaa hay juu inhein apnay kaamon mein sarmayah kaaree karnay kay liye milti hay. iss mansubay kay tahat america mein 90 faisad say ziyadah chhotay karobar darasil apnay tekson mein kamee kay ahal hoan gay. yaha mansubah karobar kuu nayey plant aur aalat kay liyay hayee teek farmon kay liye tehqeeq aur tarqi mein sarmayah kaaree karnay nayee teezi say badhti hoyee farmon mein sarmayah kaaree karnay kay liye deegar maraat bhee deeta hay juu hamaari behat see mulazimatein paida karti haine. aur shayed behat say matusat tabqe kay khandanon kay liye sabb say aham yaha mansubah studant lune prograam mein aslahaat karkay aur college kuu tamaam americiyon kay liye dobarah sastee banaa kirr laakhon khandanon kay liye college kay darwazay kholta hay. humm yaha sabb baday americiyon kuu fayedah pahunchanay waalay programon parr nqsan dhah katoti aayed kiye baghair kartay haine aur apnay bachon kay liye inn kay daada daadi say ghair maqool qurbani maangay baghair behatar mustaqabil kii tameer kartay haine. congress kay liye iss mansubay kuu manzoor karnay kaa waqat aagiya hay. abb waqat aagiya hay kahh washington tabdili kii hamat dikhaye jiss tarah puray america mein loag iss tarah kii hamat kaa mazahirah kirr rahay haine. iss haftay majhay behat say americiyon say milnay kaa aizaz milaa juu apnee aur hamaray milk kuu behatar bananay kii zaati zamah daari lay rahay haine. peer cow mein nay shikago mein eek conference mein sharkat kii jehaan karkanon aur muntazmin nay iss baaray mein baath kii kahh wah apnay saamaan aur khidmaat kay mayaar kuu behatar banaaney apnee mulazimaton aur aamadni kii taaqat aur salamati kuu badhanay kay liye kisay mill kirr kaam kirr saktay haine. mein nay masuri kay eek execto say mulaqat kii jiss nay company kii karkardgi kay baaray mein mulazimin kay saath malumat shayer karkay eek nakaam plant kuu pilt diyaa. jabb mulazimin nay bury tasveer kuu samjha tuu inhon nay apnay kaam mein aur bhee behatar karkardgi kaa mazahirah kiyaa. aur mein detervite kii eek khaatun say milly jasay 6 saalah advanced training prograam mein daakhlah leenay kay baad machinist kii nokari mill gayee. jabb wah prograam makmal karay gee tuu iss kay paas engineering mein maaster digri kay baraabar hoga. badh kay rooz mein nay 60 say ziyadah corporate exectose say mulaqat kii juu miray iqtesadi tarqi kay mansubay kii himayat kartay haine. inn mein say behat say republican haine jinhein mansubay kay tahat ziyadah teks adaa karnaa paray gaa. leakin inhon nay sakht mahnat say maashi faislah kiyaa kahh inn kii companiyan inn kay shayer holders aur inn kaa milk iss iqtesadi mansubay say behatar hoan gay keunkah iss kaa matlab hay kumm khasarah kumm sharah suud aur tarqi kay liye ziyadah mustahkam maahul. jaisa kahh inn corporations mein say eek kay cheef execto officer nay kahaa abb waqat aagiya hay kahh aap bay waqoof banana chhod dain aur iss mansubay kuu manzoor karein. aur mein aap kuu logon kay eek aur garwah kay baaray mein batana chahta hoan juu hamaari maeshat mein khamush herow haine. jamaraat cow mein teen khandanon say milaa juu kumm ajrat kay liye sakht mahnat kartay haine. kamayi hoyee ankam teks creadt kii badolat jiss kay tahat kumm aamadni waalay karkanon parr teks kaa bojh kumm hotaa hay wah falaah woo behbood parr jaanay kay baghair apnay bachon kii madad kirr saktay haine. yaha mansubah kamayi hoyee ankam teks creadt mein izafah kartaa hay taakah humm aakhir kaar america mein harr kaam karnay waalay waldeen kuu bataa sakein: agar aap kill waqti kaam kartay haine aur aap kay gahar mein bachay haine tuu humm aap kuu gharbat say baahir nikaal dain gay. iss kaa ziyadah taaluq logon kuu falaah woo behbood say hatnay aur kaam parr jaanay kii targhib deenay say hoga juu humm nay kiyaa hay. majhay fakhar hay kahh behat say logon mein nayee maharatein seekhnay falaah woo behbood kay bajaye kaam kaa intekhaab karnay mahnat aur intezamiya kay darmiyan praani taqsim say aagay democrats aur republicanz kay darmiyan inn cheezon kuu dekhnay kii hamat hay juu hamein batoor americi muthad karti haine. yaha loag tabdili kay liye tayaar haine. jabb aap kay senitors aur numayende hamaray bujjet parr kaam khatam kirr rahay haine tuu mein aaj meeri baath sunnay waalay aap mein say harr eek say eek khaas lafz kehna chahta hoan. iss iqtesadi mansubay kay baaray mein behat see ghalat malumat haine. abb aap kuu haqeeqat malum how gayee hay: 500 arb ddaalar kay khasaray mein kamee juu katoti aur aamadni kay darmiyan yaksaan toor parr taqsim hay vovo nayee aamadni kaa 80 faisad hamaray 1.2 faisad logon kay paas jaa rehaa hay vovo eek trust fund taakah tamaam raqam khasaray kuu kumm karnay mein jaaye vovo haqeeqi sarmayah kaaree mahnat kash gharibon kii madad kay liyay matusat tabqe kay khandanon kuu apnay bachon kuu college bhejnay mein madad karnay kay liyay buzurgon parr blajwaz katoti kay. yaha hamaray milk kay liye eek nayee iqtesadi samat hay. agar aap chahtay haine agar aap chahtay haine kahh iss say juu mulazimatein farahim hoan aur hamaari maeshat kii tarqi how tuu aap kuu apnee aawaz sunani chahiye. apnay senitors aur numaindon kuu batayein kahh iss mansubay kay saath iss kay khasaray mein kamee iss kii kumm sharah sood kay saath najee shobay kii mulazimaton mein iss kii sarmayah kaaree kaa matlab hay mazeed mulazimatein aur america kay liye behatar mustaqabil aur abb asay manzoor karnay kaa waqat aagiya hay. sunnay kay liye shakriyah.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12259343

Dialling (mathematics)

Dialling (mathematics) In somewhat archaic applied mathematics, dialling is the mathematics required to create a sundial face to determine solar time based on the position of the sun. Those skilled in the art were referred to as dialists or gnomonists, the latter derived from the word gnomon, which was a device that used a shadow as an indicator. The mathematician William Oughtred published a book, "Easy Method of Mathematical Dialling", around 1600. Samuel Walker (1716–1782) was a Yorkshire mathematician and diallist. In his later years, Thomas Jefferson was known to practice dialling as a mental exercise. Professor of astronomy at Gresham College (London, UK), Samuel Foster (d. 1652), developed reflex dialling, which describes a device of his own invention: a sundial capable of reflecting a spot of light onto the ceiling of a room. Etymology. The word "dial" derives from the Latin term "dialis" ("daily"), and comes from the fact that a sundial throws a shadow related to the time of day. It was also used to describe the gear in a medieval clock which turned once per day. Notes. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

dialing (gonito) kichu porimane puroni proyugik gonitot, dialing hoise xurjyor owosthanor uporot bhitti kori xour xomoy nirdharon koriboloi etaa sandiyel mukh sristi koriboloi proyujoniyo gonito. ei kolar dokhyoxokolok dialist baa gnomonist buli kuwa hoisil, pisortu gnomon xobdotur poraa udbhob hoisil, ji aasil etaa xojuli jiye sayak xusok hisape byobohar korisil. gonitobid uiliyame 1600 sonor aaxe-paxe "ganitik dialingor xohoj poddhoti" naamor ekhon grontho prokax korisil. semuwel waakaar (1716-1782) ejon iyorkoswayaror gonitobid aaru dialist aasil. teur poroborti bosorburot, thomas jefersone dialing koratu ek manoxik byayam hisape onuxilon koriboloi porisito aasil. greswam kolej (london, iuke) ror jyotirbigyanor odhyapok, semuwel foster (mrityu. 1652), reflex dialing bikoxito korisil, jiye teur nijor abiskaror etaa xojuli bornona korisiloh etaa kuthar sador uporot puhoror etaa daag protipholito koriboloi xokhyom etaa sandiyel. byutpotti. dial" xobdotu letin xobdo "dialys" ("doinik") ror poraa aahise, aaru ee etaa sundiyale dinor xomoyor xoite xomporkito etaa saya pelai diyar poraa aahise. iyak modhyojugiyo ghorit geartu bornona koriboloiu byobohar koraa hoisil ji protidine ebaar ghuri aahisil.

dialing (gonito) kichuta prachin proyogik gonite, dialing holl soorjer abosthaner upor vitti korey sour somoy nirdharoner jonno ekti sundial phesa toiri korar jonno prayojaniya gonito. shilpe dokkho byaktider dialist baa gnomonist hisabe ullekh koraa hoto, porerti gnomon shobdo theke udbhuto hoyechilo, jaa ekti jontro chhilo jaa ekti chhaya keey suchak hisabe byabohar koroto. ganitobid uilium udit 1600 saaler dike "ganitik dialingyer sahaj poddhoti" naame ekti boi prakash korechilen. samuel waker (1716-1782) chhilen ekjon earkshire ganitobid ebong dialist. poroborti bochorgulite, thomas jefferson dialingke ekti mansik byayam hisabe anushilan korar jonno porichito chhilen. gresham colleger (london, juktorajyo) jyotirbigyaner adhyapak samuel foster (mrityu. 1652), reflex dialing toiri corren, jaa taanr nijer abishkarer ekti jontro bornona koreh ekti suryaghadi jaa ekti ghorer chhade alor ekti daag protifolito korte sokkhom. byutpatti. dial" shobdoti lattin shobdo "dialys" ("daeenik") theke eseche ebong etty eseche eyi satya theke jey ekti sundial diner somoyer saathe somporkito ekti chhaya feley. etty madhyayugiya ghadite gear bornona korteo byabohrito hoto jaa diney ekbar ghuroto.

dialing (ganeet) ketlaak anshe praachin laagu ganeetma, dialing aee suryanee sthitinaa aadhare saur samay nakki karvaa maate suryanee sapaati banaavvaa maate jaroori ganeet chhe. kalaama kooshal lokone samvadshastrio athavaa gnyanvadio tareeke odakhvaamaa aavtaa hataa, jeey shabd nomon parthee utaree aavyo hato, jeey aek aevu upkaran hatoo jeey chhayano soochak tareeke upyog karatu hatoo. ganeetshastri viliyamae viliyamae aaspaas "gaanitik dialingni saral paddhati" naamnu pustak prakashit karyoo hatoo. semual walker (1716-1782) yorkshirena ganeetshastri aneey dialyst hataa. temnaa pachhinaa varshomaa, thomas jefferson mansik kasrat tareeke dialingni practices karvaa maate jaanita hataa. graysham college (london, yuke) khaate khagolshaastranaa prophesara, semuel phostara (aaa. 1652), reflex dialing vikasaavyu, jeey tenee potaani shodhnaa upkarannu varnan karey chheh aek suryakanaa jeey oradani chhat parr prakashna sthaanne pratibimbit karvaamaa saksham chhe. vyutpatti. dial" shabd lattin shabd "dialys" ("dainik") parthee aavyo chhe, aneey teey aee hakeekat parthee aavyo chhe keey suryprakash divasnaa samay saathe sambandhit padchhaayo fenke chhe. teno upyog madhyayugin ghadiyaalmaa geeyarnu varnan karvaa maate pann thato hato jeey divasma aek vaar fervaay chhe.

dialing (ganit) kuchh hudd taka puratan anuprayukt ganit mein, soorya kii sthiti key aadhar parr saur samay nirdhaarit karane key liye ack suryamukhi chehra banaane key liye aavashyak ganit dialing haye. kalaa mein kushal logon koo dialist yaa gnomonist key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa thaa, baad vaalaa shabd gnomon seey liya gayaa thaa, joe ack upkaran thaa joe ack sanketak key roop mein chhaaya kaa upayog kartaa thaa. ganitshastri villium ney 1600 key aspas ack pustak prakaashit kii, "ganitiya dialing kii aasaan vidhi". saimuel walker (1716-1782) ack yorkshire key ganitshastri aur dialist they. apane baad key varshon mein, thomas jefferson koo ack mansik vyayam key roop mein dial karane kaa abhyaas karane key liye jaanaa jaataa thaa. gresham college (landan, yuke) mein khagol vigyaan key professor, saimuel foster (dee. 1652), ney reflex dialing vikasit kii, joe unake apane aavishkaar key ack upkaran kaa varnan kartaa haih ack suryakana joe ack kamare kii chhat parr prakaash key ack sthaan koo pratibimbit karane mein saksham haye. vyutpatti. dial" shabd lattin shabd "dialys" ("dainik") seey nikla haye, aur iss tathya seey aataa haye kii ack suryakana dinn key samay seey sambandhit chhaaya fenkta haye. iska upayog madhyayugeen ghadee mein gear kaa varnan karane key liye bhee kiya jaataa thaa joe prati dinn ack baar mudati thee.

dialing (ganita) svalpamattige puraatana anvayika ganitashaastradalli, suryana sthaanada aadhaarada mele soura samayavannu nirdharisalu suryana mumbhagavannu rachisalu agatyaviruva ganitashaastravu dialing aagide. kaleyalli parinataraadavarannu samvaadakaararu athawa gnomonistgalu endu ullekhisalaaguttittu, eradaneyadu gnoman emba padadinda bandide, idu neralannu soochakavaagi balasuva saadhanavaagittu. ganitashaastragna vilium saad 1600rahra sumaarige "ganitada dialing maaduva sulabha vidhana" emba pustakavannu prakatisidaru. samuel walker (1716-1782) yorkshire ganitashaastragna mattu dialyst aagiddaru. thamus jefferson avaru tamma nantarada varsagalalli dialing annu manasika vyayaamavaagi abhyasa maaduttiddaru. gresham colleginalli (london, yuke) khagolashastrada pradhyapaka, samuel foster (maa. 1652), reflexes dialing annu abhivraddhipadisidaru, idu avara swanta aavishkaarada saadhanavannu vivarisuttadeh kooneya chaavaniya mele belakina sthalavannu pratibimbisuva saamarthyavannu hondiruva suryana belakannu. vyutpatti. dial" emba padavu lattin pada "dialys" ("daili") ninda bandide, mattu suryana belakannu hagalina samayakke sambandhisida neralu eseyuttade emba amshadinda bandide. madhyakaalina gadiyaaradalli dinakke omme tiruguva gair annu vivarisalu saha idannu balasalaaguttittu.

dialing (kanakk) oru paridhivare purathanamaaya praayogika ganithashaasthrathil, sooryante sthaanathe adisthaanamaakki soura samayam nirnnayikkaan oru sooryamukham srishtikkaan aavashyamaaya ganithashaasthramaanu dialing. kalayil vaidagdhyamullavare dialystukal allengil gnomonistukal ennu vilikkunnu, randaamathethu gnomon enna vakkil ninnu uruthirinjathaanu, ithu oru nizhal oru soochakamaayi upayogicha upakaranamaayirunnu. ganithashaasthranjanaaya vilyam 1600 oode "eesi methed oof maathamaattikkal dialing" enna pusthakam prasidheekarichu. saamuval wacker (1716-1782) oru yorkshare ganithashaasthranjanum dayallistumaayirunnu. thante pilkkala varshangalil, thomas jefezhsan oru maanasika vyaayaamamaayi dialing parisheelikkunnathaayi ariyappettirunnu. gresham kolejile (lunden, yuke) jyotishaasthra professor, saamuval phosttar (maama. 1652), reflex dialing vikasippichu, ithu swantham kandupiduthathinte oru upakaranathe vivarikkunnu oru muriyude melkkoorayil prakaashatthinte oru binduvine prathifalippikkaan kazhivulla oru sandiyal. padavyuthpathishaasthram. dial" enna vaakk laattin padamaaya "dialys" ("dainamdinam") ennathil ninnaan uruthirinjathu, oru sooryakanthi pakal samayavumaayi bandhapetta oru nizhal eriyunnu enna vasthuthayil ninnaan ithu varunnath. oru madhyakala gadikaarathil gearine vivarikkaanum ithu upayogichirunnu, athu divasathil orikkal thirinju.

dialing (ganeet) kahee pramanat puratan upayojit ganitamadhye, suryachya sthitivar aadharit saur vel nirdharit karnyasathi suryaprakash chehara tayar karnyasathi aavashyak asalele ganeet dialing aahe. kaleteel kushalanna sanvadak kinwa dnyanvadi mhanoon sambodhale jaat asey, nantarcha shabd dnyanmon yaa shabdavarun aala hota, jeey eka asey upkaran hote jyat chhaya haah eka soochak mhanoon vaparla jaat asey. ganitshastradnya williamne 1600 chya sumaras 'ganiteey dialingchi sopee paddhat' heey pustak prakashit kele. samuel walker (1716-1782) heey yorkshireche ganitshastradnya aanee dialist hote. tyachya nantarchya varshant, thomas jefferson haah eka mansik vyayam mhanoon dial karnyacha sarav karnyasathi olakhala jaat asey. gresham mahavidhyalayatil (london, yooke) khagolshastrache pradhyapak, samuel foster (dii. 1652), reflex dialing vikasit kele, jeey tyachya swatachya shodhachya yantrache varnan karateh kholichya chhatavar prakashachi jaaga paravartit karnyas saksham suryaprakash. vyutpatti. dial haah shabd lattin shabd dialys (dainik) pasoon aala aahe aanee suryakiran divasachya veleshi sambandhit chhaya fekate yaa vastusthitivarun aala aahe. madhyayugeen ghadyalat, jeey divasatoon ekada firate, tyaa upkaranache varnan karnyasathi dekhil yacha vapar keela jaat asey.

dialing (ganit) kehi hadasamma puratan lagu ganitma, suryako sthitiko adharma saurya samaya nirdharan garna suryako anuhar sirjana garna awashyak ganitlai dialing bhaninchha. kalama kushalharulai dialist wa gnomonistharu bhanera chininthyo, pachhillo shabda gnomonbata liieko thiyo, june ek upkaran thiyo jasle chhayalai suchakko rupma prayog garthyo. ganitashastri williamle sann 1600 ko asapas "ganitiya dialingko sajilo vidhi" namak pustak prakashit gare. samuel waker (1716-1782) ek yorksayarka ganitashastri rar dialist thie. afno pachhilla warshaharuma, thomas jefersonlai manasik wyayamko rupma dialing abhyas garna chininthyo. gresham college (london, belayat) maa khagol vigyanka pradhyapak, samuel foster (dee. 1652), reflex dialing wiksit gare, jasle afnai awishkarko upkaran warnan gardachhah kothako chhatma prakashko sthan pratibimbit garna saksham ek sundial. wyutpatti. dial" shabda lattin shabda "dialys" ("dainik") batt aeko how, rar yo tathyabata aeko how kii suryako prakashle dinko samayasanga sambandhit chhaya fyaankdachha. yo madhyayugin ghadima gear warnan garna pani prayog garieko thiyo june prati dina ek patak ghumaunchha.

dajaling (ganita) kichhi matrare pracheen prajoga ganitare, dajaling heuchhi surjyanka abasthana aadhaarare saura samai nirdharana kariba paain eka surjyamukhi mukh srusti kariba paain aabasyaka ganita . kalaare kushalimananku dialist kimba gnomonist bhabare ullekha karajaithila, parabarteeti gnomon shabdaru utpanna hoithila, jaahaa eka upakarana thila jaahaa eka chhaja eka suchaka bhabare byabahara karuthila . 1600 masiha pakhapakhi ganitabida william 'iz method off matmetical dajaling' namaka eka pustaka prakash karithile. samuel waakar (1716-1782) jane yorkshire ganitagya ebong dialist thile. parabarti barshagudikare, thamas jefferson eka manasika byayam bhabe dajaling abhyasa kariba paain janashuna thile. gresham college (london, britten) ray jyotirbigyanara professor, samuel fuster (mru. 1652), reflexes dajaling bikashita karithile, jaahaa taanka niz udbhabanara eka upakarana barnana kareh eka suryaloka eka kotharira chhaata upare alokar eka sthana pratiphalita karibaku sakhyama . byutpatti. dial" shabdati latin sabda "dialys" ("dainika") ru aasichhi, ebong ehaa ehi tathyaru aasichhi je eka surjyakirana dinara samai sahita jadita eka chhaja phingithae . madhyajugeeja ghadire gijaraku barnana karibaku madhya ehaa byabahruta hoithila jaahaa dinaku thare ghuruthila .

dialing (ganit) kujh hadd takk puratan lagu ganit witch, dialing uh ganit haii joe suraj dee sathiti dey adhaar teey surji samaan nirdharat curran laee ikk suraj daa chihra banaun laee lodinda haii. qalaa witch kushal lokan noon dialist jaan gnomonist kiha jaanda see, baad vaala shabad gnomon toon liaa giaa see, joe ikk upkaran see jiss witch ikk sanketak vajon ikk shaddo dee varton keeti jaandi see. ganit shastari viliam noon 1600 dey aas paas "ganit dialing daa assan tarika" namak ikk kitaab prakashit curney chahidi see. semual vaakar (1716-1782) ikk yorkshire ganit shastari atey dialist see. aapne baad dey saalan witch, thamas jefferson noon ikk mansik abhiaas vajon dialing daa abhiaas curran laee janhiaa jaanda see. gresham kaalaj (london, yuke) witch khagol vigiaan dey professor, semual foster (dee. 1652), neey reflex dialing viksit keeti, joe uss dee aapni kaadh dey ikk upkaran daa varnan kardi haiyav ikk suraj dee dhund joe ikk kamre dee chhatt utte parkash dey sathaan noon darsaun dey samrath haii. shabdawali. dial" shabad latini shabad "dialys" ("rozana") toon baniaa haii, atey iss tatth toon aaiaa haii kii ikk suraj dee dhund dinn dey samein naal sabandhat ikk parchhavan suttdi haii. iss dee varton madhkali ghadi witch geear daa varnan curran laee vee keeti jaandi see joe pratee dinn ikk vaar badaldi see.

dial-ganitam (ganitam) kinchitkalam puraatan-upayojita-ganiteshu, suryasya sthityaah aadhaaren suryasya samayasya nirdharanartham suryasya mukhasya nirmanartham aavashyakam ganitam dialing iti asti. kalaakshetre kushalaah samvaadakaah athavaa gnomonist iti nirdishtah aasan, uttaratah gnomon iti shabdat vyutpannah, yat sanketaroopen chaayaam prayuktam yantram aasit. ganitashaastradnyah vilium-godred ityeshah 1600 tame varshe "ganitasya dialing-ityasya sulabha-paddhatihi" iti pustakam prakashitavan. syaamuyel vaakar (1716-1782) ityeshah yorkshair-nagarasya ganitashaastradnyah, dialist cha aasit. swasya uttaravarsheshu thaamas jefferson ityayam dialing-abhyaasam manasika-vyaayaamaroopen kartum prasidhah aasit. greshaam mahaavidyaalaye (landan, yoo. key.) khagolashaastrasy pradhyapakaha, syaamuyel foster (mru. 1652), reflex dialing iteedam vikasitavaan, yat tasya aavishkaarasya yantram varnayati-ekam suryakantihi yat kakshasya upari prakashasthanam pratibimbitum arhati. vyutpattih. dial" iti padam lattin-bhashayaha "dialys" ("dainikam") ityatah vyutpannam asti, tathaa cha suryakiranasya dinakaalasy chaayaa bhavati iti tathyaat udbhootah asti. madhyayugeen-gadiyaarasy upakaranasy varnanaay api asya upayogah krutah, yat pratidinam ekavaaram parivartate sma.

dialing (kanitham) oralavu palamaiyaana payanpaattu kanithaththil, dialing enbathu suriyanin nilaiyin adippadaiyil sooriya neraththai theermaanikka oru sooriya mugaththai uruvaakkath thevaiyaana kanithamaagum. kalaiyil thiramaiyaanavarkal dialystugal allathu chnomonistugal endru kurippidappattanar, pinthaiyathu cnomon endra vaarththaiyilirunthu perappattathu, idhu oru nizhalai oru kurikaattiyaagap payanpaduththiya oru saathanamaagum. kanidhaviyalaalar villiyam 1600 aam aandil "kanitha dialingin elithaana murai" endra puththagaththai veliyittaar. saamuvel wacker (1716-1782) oru yorkshire kanidhaviyalaalarum dialistum aavaar. thamas jefferson thanathu pirkaala aandugalil, dialing payirchiyai oru mana payirchiyaagap payirchi seithaar. gresham kallooriyil (lundon, englaanthu) vaniel paeraasiriyar, saamuvel faster (ii. 1652), reflex dialingai uruvaakkinaar, idhu avarathu sontha kandupidippin oru saathanaththai vivarikkirathuh oru araiyin kooraiyil oliyin pulliyaip pirathipalikkum thiran konda oru sooriya olii. sorpirappiyal. dial" endra soll latheen vaarthaiyaana "dialys" ("thinasari") enbathilirunthu perappattathu, maelum oru sooriya olii naall neeraththudan thodarpudaiya nizhalai veesukirathu endra unmaiyilirunthu varukirathu. oru naalaikku oru murai thirumbum idaikkaala kadikaaraththil kier vivarikkavum idhu payanpaduththappattathu.

dialing (ganitam) kontavaraku puraatana anuvartita ganitamlo, suuryuni sthaanam aadhaaramgaa soura samayanni nirnayinchadaaniki suuryakaanti mukhanni srushtinchadaaniki avasaramaina ganitam dialing. kalalo naipunhyam kaligina vaarini dialystlu ledhaa gnomonistlu anie pilustaaru, rendodi gnomon anae padam nundi udbhavinchindi, idhi needanu suuchikagaa upayoginche parikaram. ganita shaastravetta vilium 1600 loe "ganita dialing yokka sulabhamaina paddhati" anae pustakaanni prachurinchaaru. shamyul walker (1716-1782) oka yorkshire ganita shaastravetta mariyu dialyst. thana taruvaati samvatsaraallo, thamus jefferson dialingnu manasika vyayaamamgaa abhyasinchaevaadu. gresham kalaasaala (london, yuke) loe khagola shaastra professor, shamyul foster (mama. 1652), reflexes dialingnu abhivruddhi chesaaru, idhi thana sonta aavishkarana yokka parikaranni vivaristundihi gadhi paikappupai kaanti macchanu pratibimbimchagala saamarthyam kaligina suuryakaanti. vyutpatti. dial" anae padam latin padam "dialys" ("rojuvaaree") nundi vachindi, mariyu suuryakaanti pagati samayaniki sambandhinchina needanu visurutundane vaastavam nundi vachindi. idhi madhyayuga gadiyaaramlo rojuku okasari tirige gernu vivarinchadaaniki kooda upayoginchabadindi.

dialing (riyaazi) kasee hadd takk qadeem itlaaqi riyaazi mein dialing wah riyaazi hay juu soraj kii position kii bunyaad parr shamsi waqat kaa tayeen karnay kay liye cindial fees bananay kay liye darkaar hay. funn mein maharat rakhnay waalon kuu dialist yaa gnomonist kahaa jaataa thaa moakhar alzikar lafz gunomon say makhuz thaa juu eek aisa aalah thaa jiss mein saayah kuu asharay kay toor parr istemaal kiyaa jaataa thaa. riyaazi daan waleem nay 1600 kay aas paas "riyaziyati dialing kaa aasaan tariqah" naami eek kitaab shaye kii. simoil waakar (1716-1782) yarkshire kay riyaazi daan aur dialist thay. apnay baad kay saalon mein thamas jefferson kuu dialing kuu zahni warzish kay toor parr karnay kay liye jaana jaataa thaa. gresham college (landan bartaniah) mein falkiyaat kay professor simoil foster (woo. 1652)yee nay reflex dialing tayaar kii juu iss kii apnee aijaad kay eek aalay kuu biyaan karti hay: eek sandel juu kamray kii chhat parr roshni kay eek maqaam kii akaasi karnay kii salahiyat rakhta hay. siftiyat. lafz "dial" laatini astalah "ddaals" ("rozanah") say makhuz hay aur iss haqeeqat say aataa hay kahh soraj kii roshni dunn kay waqat say mutaliq saayah daalti hay. asay qaroon wastee kii ghadi mein gair kuu biyaan karnay kay liye bhee istemaal kiyaa jaataa thaa juu dunn mein eek baar ghomti thee.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12328449

Deir Ballut

Deir Ballut Deir Ballut () is a Palestinian town located in the Salfit Governorate in the northern West Bank, south west of Nablus. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, it had a population of 3,873 in 2017. Location. Deir Ballut is located west of Salfit. It is bordered by Kafr ad Dik to its east, Al Lubban al Gharbi to the south, Kafr Qasem to the west, and Rafat to the north. History. Sherds from the Iron Age, Roman, Byzantine, Umayyad/Abbasid and Crusader/Ayyubid eras have been found here. The "great valley" of "Wadi Deir Ballut" was identified by Charles William Wilson (1836–1905) as the boundary between Judaea and Samaria, as defined by first-century historian Josephus. Arab geographer Yaqut al-Hamawi records in 1226 that "Deir al-Ballut was a village of district around ar-Ramla." Ottoman era. In the 18th and 19th centuries, Deir Ballut belonged to the highland region known as Jūrat ‘Amra or Bilād Jammā‘īn. Situated between Dayr Ghassāna in the south and the present Route 5 in the north, and between Majdal Yābā in the west and Jammā‘īn, Mardā and Kifl Ḥāris in the east, this area served, according to historian Roy Marom, "as a buffer zone between the political-economic-social units of the Jerusalem and the Nablus regions. On the political level, it suffered from instability due to the migration of the Bedouin tribes and the constant competition among local clans for the right to collect taxes on behalf of the Ottoman authorities.” In 1838, it was noted as a Muslim village, "Deir Balut", in "Jurat Merda", south of Nablus. In 1870 Victor Guérin found it to be a village of one hundred and fifty people. However, judging by the extent of the ruins that covered the hill where it stood, Guérin thought it had once been a large city. Most houses were built with large stones. In 1882 the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) described it as "a small village, partly ruinous, but evidently once a place of greater importance, with rock-cut tombs. The huts are principally of stone. The water supply is from wells." To the west of the village are rock-tombs, from a Christian age. WWI and British Mandate era. During World War I, Deir Ballut was the site of a minor engagement between Turkish and British troops on March 12, 1918. In the 1922 census of Palestine Deir Ballut had a population of 384 inhabitants, all Muslim, rising to 532 in the 1931 census, still all Muslim, in a total of 91 houses. In the 1945 statistics the population was 720, all Muslim while the total land area was 14,789 dunams, according to an official land and population survey. Of this, 508 dunams were for plantations and irrigable land, 3,488 for cereals, while 63 dunams were classified as built-up (urban) areas. Jordanian era. In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements, Deir Ballut came under Jordanian rule. In 1961, the population was 1,087. Post-1967. Since the Six-Day War in 1967, Deir Ballut has been under Israeli occupation. After the 1995 accords, 5.2% of village land was classified as Area B, the remaining 94.8% as Area C. Israel has confiscated 171 dunums of village land in for the Israeli settlements of Peduel and Alei Zahav. By 2020, there were reports about untreated sewage from the nearby Israeli settlements of Leshem, Peduel and Beit Aryeh-Ofarim being dumped on Deir Ballut land. In January 2021 the Israeli military authority had some 3,000 olive trees planted by the villagers uprooted. Many has been planted as long as 15 years earlier. The destruction,on the grounds that the area in question was, in Israeli law, Israeli state property, took place six days after a legal appeal had been made against the order. The authorities then stated that the uprooting occurred before knowledge of the filed appeal papers came to their notice. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> Bibliography. <templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />

der bolut deir belut () hoise nobolsor dokhyin-poschim dixot uttor poschim paaror selfit governorateot owosthito ekhon pelestiniyo sohor. pelestiniyo kendriyo porixongkhya byurur mote, 2007 sonot iyar jonoxongkhya aasil 3,195 john. owosthan. deyar belut sulfitor poschim dixot owosthito. iyar pube kafro aad dick, dokhyine aal lubban aal ghorbi, poschime kafro kasem aaru uttore rafator xeema aase. itihax. iyat louho jugor swerd, ruman, byzantine, umayad/aabobaxid aaru crucheder/ayubid jug puwa goise. waadi deir belut" ror "mohan upotyoka" koo charls uilium uilsone (1836-1905) judia aaru somoriyar maajor xeema hisape sinakto korisil, prothom xotikar itihaxbid juchefase iyar xongya disil. aarob bhugulbid jakut aal-hamawiye 1226 sonot lipibodho korisil je "deir aal-bollut aar-ramolar aaxe-paxe thoka jilaar ekhon gaau aasil." automan jug. 18xo aaru 19xo xotikat, deer bolut uschobhumi oncholor aasil jaak jurat 'aamora baa bilad jaammo' inn buli jonaa yaay. dokhyinot der ghaxana aaru uttorot bortomanor 5 nong pothor maajot aaru poschimot majdal iyaba aaru pubot jaammo 'inn, marda aaru kiffle harisor maajot owosthito, ei oncholtuwe roy marumor mote, "jerujalem aaru nobols oncholor rajnoitik-orthonoitik-xamajik gutxomuhor maajot ek bafar jo' noo hisape kaam korisil. rajnoitik porzayot, beduin jonojatir probrojon aaru automan kortripokhyor hoi korr xongroho korar odhikaror baabe sthaniyo bongxor maajot nirontor protijugitar baabe ee osthirotar xonmukhin hoisil." 1838 sonot iyak nobolsor dokhyine "jurat meroda" too "deer balut" naamor ekhon musolman gaau hisape ullekh koraa hoisil. 1870 sonot victor gurine iyak ex ponchaxjon lukor ekhon gaau buli bisari paisil. obosye, paharkhon ji thait thiyo hoi aasil xei thaikhon aawori thoka dhongxawoxexor porixor onuxori bisar kori, gurine bhabisil je ee exomoyot ekhon dangor sohor aasil. besibhag ghor dangor dangor xilore nirman koraa hoisil. 1882 sonot pefor poschimiya pelestain (ess. dobliu. pi.)-ror joripot iyak "etaa xoru gaau, angxikbhabe dhongxatmok, kintu spostobhabe exomoyot odhik guruttopurno sthan, xilot kotaa xomadhir xoite" buli bornona koraa hoisil. kuwabur mulotoh xilor. panir jugan kuwar poraa hoy."gaukhonor poschim dixot khristan jugor xil-xomadhi aase. dobliu dobliu aai aaru britis mandate jug. prothom biswojudhor xomoyot, 1918 sonor 12 marchot turkey aaru britis xoinyor maajot ek xoru xomporkor sthan aasil deir belut. 1922 sonor pelestain deer belutor lukopiyolot muth 384 john baxinda aasil, xokolu musolman, 1931 sonor lukopiyolot 532 jonoloi briddhi paisil, etiyau xokolu musolman, muth 91 taa ghorot. 1945 sonor porixongkhya onuxori jonoxongkhya aasil 720 john, xokolu musolman aasil aanhate muth bhumi eleka aasil 14,789 dunom, ek sorkari bhumi aaru jonoxongkhya joreep onuxori. iyar bhitorot 508taa dunom bagisa aaru joloxinchonjugyo bhumir baabe aasil, 3,488taa khadyoxosyor baabe aasil, aanhate 63taa dunom nirmito (nogoriya) onchol hisape shrenibodho koraa hoisil. jordanian jug. 1948 sonor aarob-ijorail juddhor pisote aaru 1949 sonor juddhobiroti suktir pisot, deir belut jordanian xaxonor odhinot aahisil. 1961 sonot jonoxongkhya aasil 1,087 john. 1967 sonor pisot. 1967 sonot choy diniya juddhor poraa, deir belut ijorailor dokholot aase. 1995 sonor suktir pisot, gaur 5.2% bhumik eleka kho hisape shrenibodho koraa hoisil, baaki <aai. di. 1> koo eleka go hisape shrenibodho koraa hoisil. ijoraile peduwel aaru aalei jahawor ijoraili boxotir baabe 171 dunom gaonr bhumi jobdo korise. 2020 sonor bhitorot usoror ijoraili boxoti lesem, padual aaru bait aariyeh-oh 'farimor poraa proxarito nuhuwa nolaa-paanee deri belut maatit pelai diyar baatori puwa goisil. 2021 sonor januaryt ijorailor xamorik kortripokhyoi gaonbaxiye pray 3,000 jolofai goch rupon korisil. bohutu 15 bosor purbe rupon koraa hoise. dhongxo, ei bhittit je prosno koraa oncholtu ijoraili aain onuxori, ijoraili rajyik xompoti aasil, aadexor biruddhe aainee aabedon korar choy dinn pisot xonghotit hoisil. kortripokhyoi tetiya koichil je daakhil koraa aabedon potroxomuh teulukor dristigusor huwar aagotei utkhat huwar ghotona xonghotit hoisil.

deir balut deir balut () ekti palestinian shohor jaa nobolaser dakkhin poschime uttor poschim teere sulfit governorate abosthito. palestiner kendriya porisongkhyan beuro motey, 2007 saale err jonosongkha chhilo 3,195 john. abosthan. deir balut sulfiter poschime abosthito. err purbe kaphra adiq, dakkhine all luban all gharbi, poschime kaphra kasem ebong uttore rafat abosthito. itihas. louho juger shared, roman, byzantine, umaiya/abbasid ebong crusader/ayubid juger shared ekhane pawa geche. prothom shatabdir itihasbid josephuser sangya anujayi, "oyadi deir balut"-err "greta valley"-keey charles uilium willson (1836-1905) judia ebong samaria modhye seemana hisabe chinnito korechilen. arob bhugolbid iaquit all-hamaui 1226 saale nothibhukto korechen jey "deir all-balut chhilo arr-ramler ashepasher ekti zela." automan jug. 18shha oo 19shha shotabdite, deir balut uchchobhumi anchaler ontorgoto chhilo jaa joot 'amra baa bilad jammo' inn naame porichito. dakkhiner daare ghasa ebong uttore bortoman 5 nong pother modhye ebong poschime majdal iyaba ebong purbe jamman, morda ebong kiffle hariser modhye abosthito, eyi anchalti itihasbid roy maromer motey, "jeruzalem ebong nobolas anchaler rajnaitik-orthonoitik-samajik unitgulir modhye ekti buffer joone hisabe kaaj korechilo. rajnaitik porjaye, beduin upojatider abhibasan ebong automan kortripokkher pokkho theke corr adayer adhikarer jonno sthaniya gosthigulir modhye kromagoto protijogitar karone etty osthitishilotar shicker hoyechilo." 1838 saale, etty nabluser dakkhine jurat merda-teey ekti muslim grama, "deir balut" hisabe ullekh koraa hoyechilo. 1870 saale victor guerine etike eksho panchash joner ekti grama boley money corren. tobey, pahadti jekhane dandiyechilo sekhane jey dhongshaboshesh royeche taar poriman bitcher korey, guerine bhebechilen jey etty eksamoy ekti borh shohor chhilo. beshirbhag badiyi borh pathor diye toiri koraa hoyechilo. 1882 saale pefer poschima palestiner jorip (esha. dobleeu. pii) etike "ekti chhoto grama, angshikbhabe dhongshattok, kintu sposhtotoi eksamoy pathor kaata samadhi soho brihottor gurutter sthan hisabe bornona koreche. kundegharguli mulat pathorer. joll sarbaraha hoy koop theke."gramer poschime pathorer samadhi royeche, jaa khristan juger. dabludabluai ebong british mandate jug. prothom bishwojuddher somoy, deir balut chhilo 1918 saaler 12ee march turkey ebong british sainyader modhye ekti chhotokhato sangharsher sthan. 1922 saaler palestiner deyar baluter jonogonona anujayi, moat jonosongkhar 384 john basinda chhilen, sokolei musalman, 1931 saaler jonogonona anujayi 532 john, ekhono moat 91tii barite samasta musalman. 1945 saaler porisongkhyan anujayi jonosongkha chhilo 720, jekhane moat jomir poriman chhilo 14,789 dunom, ekti sarkari jommy oo jonosongkha samikkha onusare. err modhye 508tii dunom chhilo chashabad oo secher jogyo jomir jonno, 3,488tii chhilo khaddoshosyer jonno, ebong 63tii dunom chhilo nirmito (shahure) elaka hisabe shreniboddho. jordanian jug. 1948 saaler arob-israeli juddher poriprekkhite ebong 1949 saaler juddhobiroti chuktir porr, deir balut jordanian shasoner adhine aase. 1961 saale jonosongkha chhilo 1,087 john. 1967 saaler porr. 1967 saale chhoy diner juddher porr theke, deir balut israeli dokholdaritter adhine royeche. 1995 saaler chuktir porr, gramer jomir 5.2% elaka bii hisabe shreniboddho koraa hoyechilo, bucky 94.8% elaka shee hisabe shreniboddho koraa hoyechilo. israel peduel ebong alei jahaver israeli bosotigulir jonno gramer 171 dunum jommy bajeyapta koreche. 2020 saaler modhye, lessem, peduel ebong beit ariye-ofarimer nikatbarti israeli bosotiguli theke oporishodhito payahnishkashan byabostha deir balut jomite feley deoar khobor pawa geche. 2021 saaler januaryte israeli samrik kortripokkho grambasider dwara upore fela pray 3,000 jalpai gaachh ropon korechilo. 15 bochor agey porjonto anekguli gaachh lagano hoyeche. israeler aaine, jey elakati israeler rashtriya sampatti chhilo, eyi karone dhongsoti adesher biruddhe aini apil korar chhoy deane porey hoyechilo. kortripokkho tokhon boley jey, dayer koraa apiler kagajpatra taader nojore aasaar agei upore fela hoyechilo.

deear belut dair baloot () aee palestinian shaher chhe jeey uttar pashchim keenare, nabalasni dakshin pashchimma stheet chhe. palestinian central beuro off statistics anusaar, anusaar tenee vastee 3,195 hatee. sthaan. dair belut salfitni pashchimma stheet chhe. tenee purvamaa kaafra adha dick, dakshinma all lubban all gharbee, pashchimma kaafra kasem aneey uttarmaa raafat chhe. itihas. loah yugnaa shareds, rooman, byzantine, umayaad/abbasid aneey crusader/ayubid yug aheen malee aavyaa chhe. vaadee dair baloot" nee "mahaan kheen" neey charles veeliyam willson (1836-1905) dwara judia aneey samaria vachcheni sarhad tareeke odakhvaamaa aavee hatee, jeey pratham sadeena itihaaskaar josephus dwara vyakhyayit karvaamaa aavee hatee. arab bhugolvettaa yaakut all-hamaaviae all-hamaaviae nondhyu hatoo keey "deir all-ballut aee arr-ramlani aaspaas jillaanu aek gaam hatoo." ottoman yug. yug aneey aneey sadimaa, dair bullot uchch pradeshno hato, jene 'juraa' amra athavaa 'bilad jamma' naamthi odakhvaamaa aave chhe. dakshinma dayar ghasaana aneey uttarmaa vartmaan maarg 5 vachche aneey pashchimma majdal yaba aneey purvamaa jamma, mardaa aneey kiffle harris vachche stheet, aaa vistaar itihaaskaar roya maromna janaavya anusaar, "jerusalem aneey nabalas pradeshona raajkeey-aarthik-saamaajik aekamo vachchena buffer zoan tareeke sevaa aapto hato. raajkeey stare, teey bedoin janjationa sthalaantar aneey ottoman sattavalao vatee qara vasoolvaanaa adhikaar maate sthaaneek koodo vachche satat spardhaane kaarane asthirtathi pidaatu hatoo." hatoo.”, teey nabalasni dakshine "juraat merda" maan muslim gaam "deir baalut" tareeke nondhayu hatoo. hatoo victor gurinne teey aekaso pachaas lokonu gaam malyun. jooe keey, jyaan teey ubhoo hatoo teey tekreene aavari letaa khanderoni hadne dhyanma letaa, gyurene vichaaryu keey teey aek samaye motoo shaher hatoo. motabhagna makaano motaa pattharothi bandhvama aavyaa hataa. hataa pefnaa pashchimi palestine (aesa. doubleu. pii.) naa sarvekshanmaa tene "aek naanu gaam, anshatah vinashak, parantu dekheeti reete aek samaye vadhu mahatvanu sthal, khadak-qata kabaro saathe" tareeke varnavama aavyu hatoo. zupadio mukhyatve pattharni hoya chhe. paanino purvatho koovaomathi aave chhe."gaamnee pashchimma khristi yugnaa khadako chhe. doubleu. doubleu. aaee. aneey british janadesh yug. pratham vishvyuddh darmiyan, 12 march, march roj turkey aneey british sainiko vachche naanee athadaamannu sthal deir bullot hatoo. hatoo palestine deear balatnee vastee ganatarimaa coole 384 rahevasio hataa, jeey tamaam muslim hataa, jeey jeey vastee ganatarimaa vadheene 532 thayaa hataa, haju pann tamaam muslimo coole 91 gharomaa hataa. hataa aankadao anusaar vastee 720 hatee, jyaare coole jameen vistaar 14,789 dunum hato, jeey sattavaar jameen aneey vastee sarvekshan mujab chhe. temathi 508 dunum vaavetar aneey sinchai yogya jameen maate, 3,488 anaaj maate, jyaare 63 dunamne bilt-up (shaheri) vistaaro tareeke vargikrut karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. jordnian yug. yug aarab-israeli yuddhnaa pagale aneey aneey yuddhviram karaaro pachhi, dair bullot jordnian shaasan hethal aavyu. aavyu vastee 1,087 hatee. 1967 pachhi. pachhi chh divasnaa yuddh pachhi, deeyar bullot israeli kabaja hethal chhe. chhe karaar pachhi, gaamnee jameenna 5.2% vistaarne bii tareeke vargikrut karvaamaa aavyo hato, baakini 94.8% vistaarne see tareeke vargikrut karvaamaa aavyo hato. israele peduel aneey allie zahavni israeli vasaahato maate gaamnee 171 dunum jameen japt curry chhe. 2020 sudhimaa, najiknaa israeli vasahatomathi lesham, peduel aneey bait erih-ofarimmathi saarvaar naa karaayel gutterne deeyar belut jameen parr fenkvaamaa aavee hovaana ahevaalo hataa. january january israeli lashkari sattamandale gaamloko dwara lagbhag 3,000 oliv vruksho ropvaamaa aavyaa hataa. ghanaa 15 varsh pahelaa jetla laambaa samaythi vaavetar karvaamaa aavyu chhe. aaa vinaash, aee aadhaar parr keey jeey vistaarmaa prashna hato, israeli kayadama, israeli raajyani meelkat, aadesh saame kaanuni apil karvaamaa aavyaa pachhi chh divas pachhi thayo hato. sattavalaoae pachhi janaavyu hatoo keey dakhal karelaa apeelnaa kagadoni jaana temnaa dhyanma aave teey pahelaa ukhaadi fenkvani ghatnaa bunny hatee.

dair ballot deir balloot () ack philistine shahar haye joe nabalas key dakshin paschim mein uttari paschim tata mein salfit governor mein sthit haye. philistine key kendriya saankhyiki beuro key anusaar, 2007 mein isaki jansankhya 3,195 thee. sthaan. dier balloot salfit key paschim mein sthit haye. isaki seemaaen isake poorv mein kaafar adha dick, dakshin mein all lubban all gharbi, paschim mein kaafar qaasim aur uttar mein rafaat seey lagati hain. itihas. lauh yug key shered, roman, byzantine, umyad/abasid aur crusader/ayubid yug yahaan paae gaye hain. vaadi deir balloot" kii "mahaan ghaati" kii pehchaan charles villium willson (1836-1905) ney pahali shatabdi key itihaaskaar josephus dwara paribhaashit kiye gaye juda aur samaria key beach kii seema key roop mein kii thee. arab bhoogolvetta yakut all-hamavi ney 1226 mein darj kiya kii "deir all-ballut arr-ramla key aspas jile kaa ack gaanv thaa." ottoman yug. 18veen aur 19veen shatabdi mein, devar balloot uchch bhoomi kshetra seey sambandhit thaa jise jooraat 'amra yaa bilaad jammi key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa. itihaaskaar roy marom key anusaar, dakshin mein dayar ghasana aur uttar mein vartamaan maarg 5 key beach aur paschim mein majdal yaba aur poorv mein jamma, marda aur kiffle haris key beach sthit, yeh kshetra "jerusalam aur nabalas kshetron kii raajneetik-aarthik-samajik ikaaiyon key beach ack buffer zone key roop mein kaary kartaa thaa. raajneetik star parr, beduin janjaatiyon key pravaas aur ottoman adhikaariyon kii or seey curr ekatra karane key adhikaar key liye sthaaniya kulon key beach nirantar pratispardha key kaaran ise asthirta kaa saamana karna padaa." 1838 mein, ise nabalas key dakshin mein "juraat merda" mein ack muslim gaanv, "deir balut" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa. 1870 mein victor guerine ney ise ack sou pachas logon kaa gaanv paaya. haalaanki, usa pahaadi koo cover karane vaale khandharon kii seema koo dekhate hue, jahaan yeh khadaa thaa, gurin ney socha kii yeh ack baar ack badaa shahar thaa. adhikansh ghar badey pattharon seey baney they. 1882 mein paschimi palestine (aiss. doubleu. pee.) key pee. aff. key sarvekshan ney ise "ack chhota saa gaanv, aanshik roop seey vinashkari, lekin spasht roop seey ack baar adhik mahatvapurna sthaan, chattanon mein tarashi gaee kabron key saath" key roop mein varnit kiya. jhopadiyan mukhya roop seey patthar kii hoti hain. paani kii aapoorti kuon seey hoti haye."gaanv key paschim mein ack isai yug seey chattan-makbare hain. doubleu. doubleu. aaee. aur british janadesh yug. pratham vishva yuddh key dauran, 12 march, 1918 koo turkey aur british sainikon key beach ack mamuli muthbhed kaa sthal deir balloot thaa. 1922 kii janganana mein palestine deir balloot kii aabaadi 384 nivaasiyon kii thee, sabhi musalman, 1931 kii janganana mein 532 taka badh rahey they, abhee bhee sabhi musalman, kull 91 gharon mein. 1945 key aankadon mein aabaadi 720 thee, jabaki kull bhoomi kshetra 14,789 dunam thaa, ack aadhikarik bhoomi aur jansankhya sarvekshan key anusaar. inmein seey 508 dunam baganon aur sinchai yogya bhoomi key liye they, 3,488 anaaj key liye they, jabaki 63 dunam koo nirmit (shahari) kshetron key roop mein vargeekrit kiya gayaa thaa. jordnian yug. 1948 key arab-israel yuddh key baad, aur 1949 key yuddhaviram samjhauton key baad, dair balloot jorden key shasson key tahat aaya. 1961 mein, jansankhya 1,087 thee. 1967 key baad. 1967 mein chhah divasiya yuddh key baad seey, devar balloot israel key kabje mein haye. 1995 key samjhauton key baad, gaanv kii bhoomi kaa 5.2% kshetra bee key roop mein vargeekrit kiya gayaa thaa, shesh 94.8% kshetra see key roop mein. israel ney peduel aur allie zahav kii israeli bastiyon key liye gaanv kii 171 dunam bhoomi jabt curr lii haye. 2020 taka, lesham, peduel aur bett aarya-ofrim kii aas-paas kii israeli bastiyon seey anupachaarit maljal key baare mein reportein dee gaeen, jinhen devar balloot bhoomi parr fenk diyaa gayaa thaa. janwari 2021 mein israel key sainya pradhikaran ney graminon dwara lagbhag 3,000 zaitoon key pedh lagaae they. kaee 15 saal pahale taka lagaae gaye hain. vinash, iss aadhar parr kii vicharadhin kshetra, israel key kaanoon mein, israel raajya kii sampatti thee, adesh key khilaf kanuni appeal kiye jaane key chhah dinn baad huaa thaa. adhikaariyon ney taba kahaa kii daayar appeal patron kii jaankaari unake sangyaan mein aaney seey pahale hii ukhaad fenkane kii ghatana hui.

dier ballot dier balut () embudu nablasna nairtya dikkina uttara paschima dandeyalliruva solphit praantyadalliruva ondu palestinian pattanavagide. palestiniyada kendriya ankiamshagala ilaakheya prakara, 2007ralli idara janasankhyeyu 3,195 aagittu. sthala. dier ballot salfitna pashchimadallide. idara purvakke coffer addiq, dakshinakke all lubban all gharbi, paschimakke coffer cassem mattu uttarakke rafat gadiyannu hondide. itihaasa. kabbinada yugada sherdgalu, roman, byzantine, umayad/abbasid mattu crusader/ayubid yugagalu illi kandubandive. modala shatamaanada itihaasakaara josephus vyaakhyaanisidante, "vaadi deer ballot" naa "grate valley" annu charles vilium willson (1836-1905) juda mattu samaria naduvina gadiyagi gurutisiddaare. arab bhoogolashaastragna yakut all-hamavi 1226ralli "deer all-balloot arr-ramla suttamuttalina jilleya ondu graamavaagittu" endu daakhalisiddaare." ottoman yuga. 18 mattu 19neey shatamanagalalli, deer balat, jurat 'amra athawa bilad jammeen endu kareyalaaguva ettarada pradeshakke serittu. dakshinadalli dair ghassana mattu uttaradalli prastuta maarga 5rahra naduve mattu pashchimadalli majdal yaba mattu poorvadalli jamma, mardah mattu kiffle haaris naduve iruva ee pradeshavu, itihaasakaara raay marom prakara, "jerusalem mattu nablas pradeshagala rajakiya-arthika-samajika ghatakagala naduvina buffer valayavagi kaaryanirvahisitu. rajakiya mattadalli, bedoin budakattu janangadavara valase mattu ottoman adhikaarigala paravagi terige sangrahisuva hakkugaagi sthaliya budakattugala naduve nirantara spardheyindaagi idu asthirateyinda balalitu." 1838ralli, idannu nablasna dakshinadalliruva jurat merda emballi "deer balut" emba muslim graamavendu gurutisalaayitu. 1870ralli victor guerin idannu noora aivattu janara graamavendu kandukondaru. aadaagyoo, adhu nintiruva bettavannu aavarisiruva avasheshagala vyaaptiyannu aadharisi, idu ondu kaaladalli dodda nagaravagittu endu guerin bhavisidaru. hecchina manegalannu dodda kallugalinda nirmisalaagittu. 1882ralli pephna paschima palastinina (ess. doubleu. pii) samiksheyu idannu "ondu sanna graama, bhagashah naashavaada, aadare spashtavagi ondu kaaladalli hecchu pramukhyateya sthala, kallina kallina samadhigalu endu vivariside. gudisalugalu mukhyavaagi kallininda madalpattive. neeru sarabaraju bavigalindale aguttade."hallia pashchimadalli christian yugadinda bande-samadhigalive. doubleu. doubleu. aii mattu british aadeshada yuga. modalane mahayuddhada samayadalli, 1918rahra march 12randu turkish mattu british padegala naduvina sanna nishchitaarthada sthalavaada dier ballot. 1922rahra janaganatiyalli palastin deer balootna janasankhyeyu 384 nivasigalannu hondittu, ellaroo muslimaraagiddaru, 1931rahra janaganatiyalli 532kke airidaru, innoo ellah muslimaru, ottu 91 manegalallittu. 1945rahra ankiamshagala prakara, janasankhyeyu 720 aagittu, ellah muslimaru, aadare adhikruta bhoomi mattu jansankhyeya samiksheya prakara ottu bhoo pradeshavu 14,789 dunum aagittu. idaralli 508 dunamgalu totagaarike mattu neeravari bhoomigaagi, 3,488 dhanyagaligagi, mattu 63 dunamgalannu nirmita (nagara) pradeshagalendu vargeekarisalaagide. jordanian yuga. 1948rahra arab-isreli yuddhada hinneleyalli, mattu 1949rahra kadanavirama oppandagala nantara, deer ballot jordanian aadalitada adiyalli banditu. 1961ralli, janasankhyeyu 1,087 aagittu. 1967rahra nantara. 1967rahra aaru dinagala yuddhada nantara, deer ballot isreli aakramanadallide. 1995rahra oppandada nantara, graamada bhumiya shekada 5.2rashtannu pradesha bii endu vargeekarisalaayitu, ulida <aii. dii. 1> annu pradesha sii endu vargeekarisalaayitu. isrel peduel mattu allie jahavgala isreli vasaahatugaligaagi 171 dunamgalashtu graama bhoomiyannu vashapadisikondide. 2020rahra hottige, hattirada isreli vasaahatugalaada leshem, peduel mattu beat arye-ofaarimgalinda samskarisada olacharandiyannu dier ballot bhoomiyalli eseyuva varadigalu bandavu. 2021rahra janavariyalli isreli military praadhikaaravu gramastharu sumaru 3,000 olive maragalannu nettiddaru. 15 varshagalashtu hindeye anekavannu nedalaagittu. isreli kaanooninalli, ee pradeshavu isreli rajyada aastiyaagittu emba aadhaarada mele, aadeshada viruddha kanunubaddha melmanavi sallisida aaru dinagala nantara ee vinaashavu nadeyitu. melmanavi patragalu tamma gamanakke baruva modale beru tegeyuvikeyu sambhaviside endu adhikaarigalu nantara helidaru.

dheer ballot nablasinu thekk padinjaaru vadakkupadinjaaran theerathu saalphit govarnarettil sthithi cheiyunna oru palasteen pattanamaan dair ballot (). palestine central beuro oof statistiks anusarichu 2007ll ividuthe janasamkhya 3,195 aayirunnu. sthalam. saalfittinu padinjaraanu dair ballot sthithi cheiyunnathu. kizhakk caffer addiq, thekk alle lubban alle gharbi, padinjaaru caffer khaasem, vadakku rafat ennivayaanu athirthikal. charithram. irumbukaalathe sherdukal, roman, baisantain, umayyad/abbazid, kurishuyudha/ayyubid kaalaghattangal enniva ivide kandethiyittundu. onnaam noottaandile charitrakaaranaaya josephus nirvachichathupole, "vaadi deer ballot" enna "grettu vaali" yeei chaals vilyam vilson (1836-1905) yoodayaykkum samariyaykkum edayilulla athirthiyaayi thiricharinju. arab bhoomishaasthranjanaaya yakut alle-hamavi 1226-ll rekhappeduthunnathu "arr-ramlakku chuttumulla oru jillaamandalamaayirunnu dheer alle-ballut" ennaanu." automan yugam. 18, 19 noottaandukalil, dair balloot jurathu 'amra allengil bilad jummin ennariyappedunna malayora mekhalayil pettathaayirunnu. thekk dair ghasaanaykkum vadakku ippozhathe root 5 num idayilum padinjaaru majdal yabaykkum kizhakk jummin, mardah, kiffle harris ennivaykkum idayilum sthithi cheiyunna eee pradesham charitrakaaranaaya rooy marom parayunnathanusarichu, "jarusalemileyum nablas pradeshangalileyum rashtreeya-saambathika-saamoohika unitukalkkidayilulla oru buffer sonaayi pravarthichu. rashtreeya thalatthil, beduin gothrangalude kudiyettavum ottomaan adhikaarikalkk vendi nikuthi pirikkanulla avakaashathinaayi praadeshika vamshangal thammilulla nirantharamaaya malsaravum moolam athu asthiratha anubhavichu." 1838ll nablasinu thekk "jurat merda" yill "dheer balut" enna oru musleem graamamaayi ithu ariyapettu. 1870-ll victor guerine ithu nootti ambathu aalukalulla oru graamamaayi kandethi. ennirunnaalum, athu nilkkunnidatthe kunninte avashishtangalude vyaapthi vilayiruthumbol, ithu oru kaalath oru valia nagaramaayirunnuvennu guerine karuthi. mikka veedukalum valia kallukal kondaanu nirmmichathu. 1882-ll pephinte padinjaaran palasteen (ezz. dablyu. pii) sarway ithine "oru cheria graamam, bhaagikamaayi nashicha, pakshe orikkal kooduthal praadhaanyamulla sthalamaayirunna, paara vettiyathaaya shavakudeerangalulla oru cheria graamam" ennaanu visheshippichathu. kudilukal pradhaanamaayum allukondullathaanu. kinarukalil ninnaan jalavitharanam."graamatthinte padinjaaru kristhyan kaalaghattatthile paaramalakalund. ibluedablue, britiish maandett yugam. onnaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu, 1918 march 12 nuu turkish, britiish sainikar thammilulla cheria ettumuttalinte sthalamaayirunnu dair ballot. 1922leeii palestine dair baloot sensus prakaram motham 91 veedukalil 384 nivaasikalulla, ellaavarum musleengalaayirunna, 1931leeii sensus prakaram 532 aayi uyarnnu, ippozhum ellaavarum musleengalaanu. 1945leeii sthithivivarakkanakkukali janasamkhya 720 aayirunnu, motham muslim ayirikke motham bhoopradesam 14,789 dunaamukalaanennu oru audyogika bhoomi, janasamkhyaa sarway parayunnu. ithil 508 dunamukal thottangalkkum jalasechana bhoomikkum vendiyullathum 3,488 daanyangalkkumullathum 63 dunamukale nirmmitha (nagara) pradesangalaayi tharamthirickunnu. jordanian yugam. 1948leeii arab-israel yudhathinte pashchaathalatthilum 1949leeii vedinirthal kararukalkkusheshavum deer ballot jordanian bharanathin keezhilaayi. 1961ll ividuthe janasamkhya 1,087 aayirunnu. 1967nuu sesham. 1967leeii aarr divasathe yuddham muthal, dair ballot israayelinte adhiniveshathilaanu. 1995leeii udambadikku sesham graamabhoomiyude 5.2 sathamaanam pradeshathe bii ennum backie pradeshathe sii ennum tharamthirichu. israeli vaasasthalangalaaya pedual, alii sahaav ennivaykkaayi 171 doonam gramabhoomi israel kanduketty. 2020 aayappozhekkum, aduthulla israeli vaasasthalangalaaya leshem, peduval, bait aarye-oofaarim ennivayil ninnulla samskarikkappedaatha malinajalam dair ballot bhoomiyil valicheriyunnathayi reportukal undaayirunnu. 2021 januvariyil israel sainika authority gramavaasikal natta 3,000 olivu marangal pizhutherinju. 15 varsham munbe palathum nattupidippichittundu. israel niyamaprakaaram, israel samsthaana swathaayirunna pradeshatthinte peril utharavinethire niyamaparamaaya appeel nalki aarr divasathinu sheshamaan nasham sambhavichathu. phayal cheytha appeel pepparukalekkurichu ariyunnathinu munbaanu pizhutheriyal nadannathennu adhikrithar paranju.

diyar ballot dair ballot () heey nabalasachya nairutyela uttar paschim paschim salphit governoratemadhye sthit eka palestini shahar aahe. palestinian kendriya sankhyiki karyalayanusar, 2007 madhye tyachi loksankhya 3,195 hotee. thikan. dier ballot heey salfitchya paschimes aahe. tyachya purvela kaafar adha dick, dakshinela all lubban all gharbi, paschimela kaafar kasem aanee uttarela rafat yaa seema aahet. itihas. lohyugatil shared, roman, byzantine, umayyad/abbasid aanee yoddha/ayubid yug yethe sapadale aahet. pahilya shatkatil itihaskar josephasne paribhashit kelyapramane, 'vaadee dair ballot' chya 'gret valley' chee olakh charles william willson (1836-1905) yanni judia aanee samaria yanchyatil seema mhanoon kelee hotee. arab bhoogolvetta yakut all-hamavi yane 1226 madhye nond kelee qee "deir all-balloot heey arr-ramalachya aaspasche jilhyache eka gaav hote." ottoman yug. yug aanee aanee shatkat, devarchi gotee, jurat amra kinwa bilad jammin mhanoon olakhalya olakhalya dongral pradeshachi hotee. dakshinela dayar ghasana aanee uttarela sadhyacha marg 5 darmyan aanee paschimela majdal yaba aanee purvela jamman, marda aanee kiffle haris darmyan vasalelya yaa kshetrane itihaskar roy marom yanchya matey, jerusalem aanee nabalas pradeshanchya rajkiy-aarthik-samajik ghatakanmadhil eka snrakshak kshetra mhanoon kaam kele. rajkiy staravar, beduin jamatinche sthalantar aanee ottoman ottoman vatine curr gola karnyachya hakkasathi sthanik kulanmadhye satat hott asalelya spardhemule tyala asthiratecha samna karava lagla." 1838 madhye, nabalasachya dakshines asalelya jurat meradamadhye, "derr baloot" heey eka muslim gaav mhanoon tyachi nond jhaali. 1870 madhye victor gurinla teey ekashe pannas lokanche gaav aadhalale. tathapi, donger jithe ubha hota tyaa bhagala vyapalelya avasheshanchya vyapticha andaj lavtana, gurinla vatale qee teey ekekali eka mothe shahar hote. bahutansh ghare mothya dagadanni bandhali gelee hotee. 1882 madhye pefchya paschim palestinechya (ess. doubleu. pii.) sarvekshanat tyache varnan "eka lahan gaav, anshatah vidhvansak, parantu spashtapane ekekali adhik mahattvache thikan, dagadat koralelya kabarinsah" asey kele gele. zopadya pramukhyane dagadi aahet. panyacha puravatha vihirinmadhun hoto."gavachya paschimela khrishchan yugatil dagadi thadgya aahet. wwy aanee british janadesh yug. pahilya mahayuddhachya kalat, 12 march 1918 roji turkey aanee british sainyatil kirkol sangharshache thikan dier ballot hote. 1922 chya palestine dear ballotchya jangananenusar, ekoon 384 rahivasi, serve muslim, 1931 chya jangananenusar 532 paryant vadhoon, ajunahi serve muslim, ekoon 91 gharanmadhye hote. hote aakadevarinusar loksankhya 720 hotee, serve muslim hote tarr adhikrut jameen aanee loksankhya sarvekshananusar ekoon bhukshetra 14,789 dunam hote. yapaiki 508 dunam lagwad aanee sinchanayogya jaminisathi, 3,488 trundhanyansathi, tarr 63 dunam bandhalele (shahari) kshetra mhanoon vargikrut karnyat aale hote. jordnian yug. yug arab-israyali yuddhachya parshvabhumivar aanee aanee yuddhabandi kararanantar, dair ballot jordonchya rajvatit aala. 1961 madhye loksankhya 1,087 hotee. 1967 nantar. 1967 madheel sahaa divasanchya yuddhapasun, dair ballot israyali tabyat aahe. 1995 chya kararanantar, grameen jaminichya 5.2% kshetrache buub mhanoon vargikaran karnyat aale, tarr urvarit 94.8% kshetrache qa mhanoon vargikaran karnyat aale. israyalane peduel aanee allie zahavchya israyali vasahatinsathi 171 dunam grameen jameen japt kelee aahe. 2020 paryant, leshem, peduel aanee bett areh-opharim yaa jawalchya israyali vasahatinmadhil prakriya naan kelelya sandpanyachi devachya galachya jaminivar fekali jaat asalyachya batamya aalya. janewari 2021 madhye israyali lashkari pradhikaranane pradhikaranane lavaleli sumare 3,000 olivechi zaade upatoon takali. anekanchi lagwad 15 varshanpurvipasun kelee gelee aahe. israyali kayadyanusar, sambandhit kshetra israyali rajyachi malmatta hotee yaa aadharavar, aadeshachya virodhat kayadeshir apeal kelyanantar sahaa divasanni haah vidhvans jhaala. dakhal kelelya apeal kagadpatranchi mahitee tyanchya nidarshanas yenyapurvich heey ukhadun takane ghadale asey asey sangitale.

diyar baluta deira baluta () nabalasko dakshin paschimma uttari paschim kinarma salfit prantama awasthit euta palestini sahar how. palestini kendriya tathyanka byuroka anusar sann 2007 maa yasako janasankhya 3,195 thiyo. sthan. derr ballot salfitko paschimma awasthit chha. yasako purvama cafer adah dick, dakshinma all lubban all gharbi, paschimma cafer kasem rar uttarma rafatle gherieko chha. itihas. falam yugka sheradharu, roman, byzantine, umayyad/abbasid rar crusader/ayubid yugharu yahan fela pareka chhan. wadi derr baluta" ko "great bhyali" lai charles william wilson (1836-1905) ley pahilo shatabdika itihaskar josephasle paribhashit gareanusar judia rar samaria bichko simanako rupma pahichan gareka thie. arab bhugolvid yakut all-hamawile sann 1226 maa "deira all-ballut arr-ramla warparko jillako gaaun thiyo" bhani record gareka chhan." ottoman yug. 18aun rar 19aun shatabdima, deira baluta uccha bhumi kshetrako thiyo jaslai jurat amara wa bilad jammaina bhaninchha. dakshinma dayar ghasana rar uttarma wartaman marga 5 ko bichma rar paschimma majdal yaba rar purvama jamman, marda rar kiffle harisko bichma awasthit yass kshetrale itihaskar roya maromka anusar "jeruselam rar nabalas kshetraharuka rajnitik-arthik-samajik ekaiharu bichko buffer joneko rupma sewa गऱ्यो।. rajnitik starma, beduin janajatiharuko basainsarai rar ottoman adhikariharuko tarfabata curr sankalan garne adhikarka lagi sthaniya kulharu bitch nirantar pratispardhaka karan yasale asthirata bhognupareko thiyo." sann 1838 maa, yo nabalasko dakshinma "jurat marda" maa raheko muslim gaaun "deira balut" ko rupma ullekha garieko thiyo. sann 1870 maa wictor gurinle yasalai ek saya pachas janasankhyako gaaun bhaeko pae. yadyapi, yo ubhieko pahadlai dhakne bhagnawasheshko wistarlai dhyanma rakhdai, gurinle soche kii yo kunai samaya thulo sahar thiyo. adhikansh gharharu thula dhungale baneka thie. sann 1882 maa paschimi palestine (swp) ko pefko sarwekshanle yasalai "euta sano gaaun, anshik rupma vinashkari, tara spashta rupma kunai samaya chattan katieka chihanharu bhaeko thulo mahatwako thaaun" bhanera warnan gareko thiyo. jhupadiharu mukhyataya dhungaka hun. paniko apurti kuwabata hunchha."gaaunko paschimma isai yugka chattanka chihanharu chhan. wwi rar britis janadesh yug. pratham wishwayuddhako samayama, deira baluta march 12,1918 maa turkey rar britis senaharu bichko sano sanlagnatako sthal thiyo. sann 1922 ko palestine derr balutko janaganama kull 91 wata gharma 384 zana basinda thie, sabai muslim, sann 1931 ko janaganama 532 maa badhera, ajhai pani sabai muslim thie. sann 1945 ko tathyankama janasankhya 720 thiyo, sabai muslim thie jabki kull bhumi khetra 14,789 dunam thiyo, ek adhikarik bhumi rar janasankhya sarwekshan anusar. timadhye 508 dunam bagan rar sinchai yogya bhumiko lagi, 3,488 annaka lagi, jabki 63 dunamlai nirmit (sahari) kshetraharuko rupma wargikrit garieko thiyo. jordnian yug. sann 1948 arab-israeli yuddhako prishthabhumima, rar sann 1949 ko yuddhaviram samjhautaharu pachhi, deira baluta jordenko shasanma ayo. sann 1961 maa janasankhya 1,087 thiyo. sann 1967 pachhi. sann 1967 maa chha dine yuddhadekhi, deira ballot israeli kabjama raheko chha. sann 1995 ko samjhauta pachhi, gaaunko bhumiko 5.2% khetra kha rar baanki 94.8% khetra gaga ko rupma wargikrit garieko thiyo. ijarayalle peduel rar alie jahawako israeli bastiharuka lagi 171 dunam gaaunko jagga zafat gareko chha. sann 2020 sammama, lessem, peduel rar beitt arye-ofarimko najikaiko israeli bastiharubata upchar nagarieko dhallai deira balluta bhumima fyaankne khabarharu aeka thie. janawari 2021 maa israeli sainya pradhikaranle gaunleharule lagbhag 3,000 jaitunka rukhharu ropeka thie. dherai 15 warsha pahiledekhi nai ropieka chhan. israeli kanunma, israeli rajyako sampatti thiyo bhanne adharma, adeshko viruddhama kanuni apil garieko chha dina pachhi vinash bhaeko thiyo. adhikariharule tyasapachhi bhane kii dayar garieko appeal kagajatharuko jankari uniharuko dhyanakarshan hunu aghi nai ukhalieko thiyo.

derr ballot deira baluta () heuchhi eka palestinian sahara jaahaa nabalasra dakhina-paschimare uttara paschima koolare salphit governaretare abasthita. palestinian kendriah parisankhyana byurora tathya anujai, 2007 masihare ehara janasankhya 3,195 thila. sthana. diar baluta salfitter paschimare abasthita . ehara purbare kafra addiq, dakhinare all lubban all gharbi, paschimare kafra kasem ebong uttarare rafat rahichhi. itihas. lauha jugara shird, roman, byzantine, umayad/abbasid ebong crusader/ayyubid juga ethaare milichi . pratham shatabdir aitihasika josephasnka dwara byakhya karajaithiba anusare, charles william wilson (1836-1905) nka dwara "waadi deir baluta" rahr "mahan upatyaka" ku judia ebong samaria madhyare seema bhabare chinhat karajaithila. arab bhugolabid jakuta all-hamawi 1226 masihare lipibadha karichanti je "deira all-baluta aara-ramla aakhapaakhare eka zillah gramm thila." automan juga. 18shaa ebong 19shaa shatabdire, deira baluta uchchabhumi anchalara thila, jaahaa 'jurat' amra 'kimba' bilad jamma 'inn' naamare janashuna. dakhinare daare ghasana ebong uttarare barttamanara marga 5 madhyare ebong paschimare mazdal jaba ebong purbare jamman, marda ebong kiffle harris madhyare abasthita, ehi anchala, aitihasika raiya maromanka anujai, jerujelmar rajanaitika-arthanaitika-samajika unit ebong noubles anchala madhyare eka buffer john bhabare karjya karithila . rajanaitika starare, beduin janajatira sthanantarana ebong automan kartupakhyanka tarapharu ticks adaiah karibara adhikara paain sthaniah gosthi madhyare nirantara pratijogita hetu ehaa asthiratara shikara hoithila." 1838 masihare, ehaa nabalasra dakhinare "zurat merda" ray eka musalman gramm, "deir balut" bhabare ullekha karajaithila. 1870 masihare victor gerin ehaaku eka shaha pachash lock bisista eka gramm bolly abishkara karithile. tebe, pahadati jeunthi rahithila, sehi sthanare thiba bhagnabaseshara parimanaku bichara curry, gerin bhabile je ehaa eka samajare eka budd sahara thila. adhikansha ghara budd budd patharare nirmita hoithila. 1882 masihare pephnka paschima palestine (ess. wa. pii.) sarbekhyana ehaaku "eka chhot gaan, aanshika bhabe dhwansasheela, kintu spastatah ekada adhika gurutwapurna sthana, pathara katithiba samadhi sahita" bhabare barnana karithila. ehi jhupadigudika mukhyatah patharare tiari. kooaru jala jogaana hoithae."gaanra paschima digare khristian jugara pathara-samadhi rahichhi. dablyu. dablyu. aai. ebong british janadesh juga. pratham biswajudha samajare, diar baluta 12 march 1918 ray turkey ebong british sainyanka madhyare eka chhot sangharshara sthana thila . 1922 masihar palestine deira balutra janganana anusare, ehara janasankhya 384 thila, jeunthire samaste musalman thile, jaahaa 1931 masihar janganana anusare anusare brudhi paithila, tathapi samasta musalman, mote mote ghare. eka sarkari jami ebong janasankhya sarbekhyana anujai, 1945rahr parisankhyanare janasankhya 720 thila, samasta musalman hoithibabele mote jami khetra thila 14,789 dunam. ethimadhyaru ethimadhyaru dunam brukhyaropana ebong jalasechan jogya jami paain, paain shasya paain, ebong ebong dunamaku nirmita (saharanchal) anchala bhabe bargeekruta karajaithila. zardaniah juga. 1948 arab-israela juddha parey ebong 1949 judhabirati rajinama parey, deira baluta zardanara shasson adheenare asithila. 1961 masihare, janasankhya 1,087 thila. 1967 masiha parey. 1967 masihare chhaa dinia juddha paratharu, deira baluta israela dakhalare rahichhi. 1995rahr chukti parey, gramm jamira 5.2% anchalaku 'bii' ebong abasista 'aai. dii. 1' ku 'sii' anchala bhabe bargeekruta karajaithila. israela peduel ebong alei jahabra israeli basati paain 171 dunam gramm jamiku jabata karichhi. 2020 masiha suddha, nikatabartee israelara leshem, peduel ebong bett arih-opharim bastira aparisodhita barjyabastu diar ballot jamire phingi diajauthiba khabara asithila. januari 2021 ray israela samarika kartrupakhya gramabaseenka dwara praiah 3,000 alibh gacha ropana karithile. aneka 15 barsha purbaru ropana karajaichi . ehi adesh biruddhare eka aaingata abedan karajibara chhaa deane parey, ehi binash, ehi aadhaarare je ehi anchala israela aainare, israela rajya sampatti thila, ghatithila. kartrupakhya ehaa parey kahithile je dakhal karajaithiba abedan patragudika semananka najaraku asiba purbaru mulapocha hoithila.

diar bellet deir bellet () ikk philistini shehar haii joe nubbles dey dakkhan-pachham witch uttri pachmi kandhe witch solphit governorate witch sathit haii. filasteen dey kendri ankada daftar dey anusar, 2007 witch iss dee aabadi 3,195 see. sathaan. dair bellet solphit dey pachham witch sathit haii. iss deeaan haddan purab witch kaafar aadd dick, dakkhan witch all luban all gharbi, pachham witch kaafar kasem atey uttar witch rafat naal laggdiaan hunn. itihaas. lohe dey yugg dey shared, roman, byzantine, umyad/abasid atey crusader/ayubi yugg itthe mille hunn. vaadi deir bellet" dee "mahaan ghaati" dee pachanh charles viliam wilson (1836-1905) duaara yahudia atey samaria dey vichkaar dee seema vajon keeti gaee see, jiven kii pahili sadee dey itihaskar josephus duaara paribhashit keeta giaa see. arab bhugolkar yakut all-hamavi neey 1226 witch daraj keeta kii "deir all-baloot arr-ramla dey aale-duaale zilhe daa ikk pind see." ottoman yugg. yugg atey atey sadee witch, deir blute ucche bhumi khetar naal sabandhat see jiss noon jurat 'amra jaan bilaad jamma' ainn vajon janhiaa jaanda see. dakkhan witch dair ghassana atey uttar witch maujuda maarag 5 dey vichkaar atey pachham witch majdal yaba atey purab witch jammain, marda atey kiffle haaris dey vichkaar sathit, ih khetar itihaskar raae marom dey anusar, "yerushalam atey nubbles khetran deeaan rajneetik-aarthik-smajik ikaiaan dey vichkaar ikk buffer zone vajon kamm karda see. rajneetak paddhar utte, iss noon beduin kabiliaan dey parvas atey ottoman adhikariaan vallon taiks ikkatha curran dey adhikar laee sathanak kabiliaan darmiaan nirantar mukabale caarn asthirta daa sahmana karna piaa." sann 1838 witch, iss noon nubbles dey dakkhan witch "jurat marda" witch ikk muslim pind, "deir balut" vajon janhiaa jaanda see. 1870 witch witter guerin neey iss noon ikk saun panjah lokan daa pind paaiaa. halanki, pahadi noon dhakkan vaale khandran dee hadd noon vekhdiaan, jitthe ih khadah see, gurin neey sochiaa kii ih kadey ikk vadda shehar see. ziaadaatar gharr vadde pathran naal baney sunn. 1882 witch pachmi falastin (aiss. w. pee.) dey pee. ee. eff. dey sarvekhan neey iss noon "ikk chhota jiha pind, anshak taur 'teey vinashkari, parr spasht taur' teey ikk vaar vadhere mahattavpuran sathaan, chattan naal kattiaan kabran dey naal dassiaa. ih jhaunpdiaan mukkh taur utte patthar deeaan hunn. paanee dee saplai khoohan toon hundi haii."pind dey pachham witch isai yugg dey chattan dey makbare hunn. w w aaee atey british adesh yugg pahile vishav yuddh dauran, 12 march, 1918 noon turki atey british faujan darmiaan ikk mamuli mukabale daa sathaan dair bellet see. 1922 dee falastini dair bellet dee mardamshumari witch kull 91 gharan witch 384 vasnikan dee aabadi see, saare musalman, joe 1931 dee mardamshumari witch vadh keey 532 hoow gaee see, ajey vee saare musalman hunn. 1945 dey ankadiaan witch aabadi 720 see, saare musalman sunn, jadon kii ikk adhikarat zameen atey aabadi sarvekhan anusar kull zamini khetarfal 14,789 dunam see. iss vicchon 508 dunam paude lagaun atey sinchai yog zameen laee sunn, 3,488 anaaj laee sunn, jadon kii 63 dunam noon billet-upp (shahiri) khetran vajon shrenibadh keeta giaa see. jarden daa yugg. 1948 dey arab-israeli yuddh dey maddenazar, atey 1949 dey jangbandi samjhotiaan toon baad, deir bellet jarden dey shasan adheen aaa giaa. sann 1961 witch, aabadi 1,087 see. 1967 toon baad. 1967 witch chhe dinan dee jung toon baad, deir bellet israeli kabze heth riha haii. 1995 dey samjhotiaan toon baad, pind dee zameen daa 5.2% khetar bee vajon shrenibadh keeta giaa see, baaki 94.8% khetar see vajon shrenibadh keeta giaa see. israeel neey peduel atey allie zahav deeaan israeli bastiaan laee pind dee 171 dunam zameen zabat qarr laee haii. 2020 takk, leshem, peduel atey bett aarih-ofrim deeaan nedley israeli bastiaan toon ann-sancharit severage baare reportan aaiaan sunn joe diar bellet zameen utte suttiaan jaa rahiaan sunn. janwari 2021 witch israeli fauji authority neey pind vasiaan duaara lagaae gaye lagbhag 3,000 zaitun dey rukkhan noon ukhaad suttiaa see. bahut saare 15 saal pahilan lagaae gaye hunn. iss aadhar utte kii swal daa khetar, israeli kanoon witch, israeli raaj dee jaidad see, tabahi, adesh dey virudh kanunni apeel keete jaanh dey chhe dinan baad hoee see. adhikariaan neey firr kiha kii daair apeel kagazan dee jankari unhan dey dhiaan witch aaunn toon pahilan hii ih ulanghna hoee.

der-byaalat derr-ballat () naam palastini-nagaram asti yat nablas-nagarasya nairutyadishi uttarapashchimatte salfit-praante sthitam asti. palestiny-deshasya kendriya-saankhyikee-vibhaagasya anusaaram 2007 tame varshe asya janasankhyaa 3,195 aasit. sthaanam. dier-ballat salfit ityasya paschimadishi sthitah asti. asya poorvadishi kaafra-ad-deek, dakshinadishi all-lubban-all-gharbee, paschimadishi kaafra-kasema, uttardishi rafatah cha santi. itihaasah. lohayugeh roman, bassantain, umayyad/abbaasid, crusader/ayyubid yugasya shirds ityete atra praaptaah santi. vaadee deer ballat" ityasya "gret-vyaalee" iteedam charles vilium willson (1836-1905) ityanena yoodaya-samaria-deshayoho madhye sima iti ankitam, yathaa prathamashataabdyaah itihaasakaarah josephus ityanena vyaakhyitam. arab-bhoogoladnyah yaakut all-hamaavee 1226 tame varshe likhati yat "deer all-balloot, arr-ramla ityasya paritah mandalasya graamah aasit." ottoman yugah. 18 tame 19 tame cha shataabdyaam, dera-ballutah, juraat-amraa athavaa bilaad-jammaa 'inn iti namna prasidhah ucchabhoomi-pradesha aasit. dakshinadishi dayaraghasana-ityasya uttardishi vartamaanamaargasya cha 5 ityasya madhye, paschimadishi majdal-yaba-ityasya poorvadishi jammoo-mardaa-kiffle-haaris-ityetayoho madhye cha sthitah ayam pradesha, itihaasakaarasy rayamarom ityasya matena, "jeroosalam-rajyasya raajanaitik-aarthik-samajika-ekakanam nablas-pradeshanam cha madhye buffer-john iti rupena karyam krutavaan. raajanaitikastare, bedoyin-janajatinam pravaasasya karanat, ottoman-adhikarinam pakshatah karasangrahanasy adhikarasya krute sthaniya-kulanam madhye nirantaram spardhayaha cha karanat asthirataa peeditah.iti. 1838 tame varshe, nablas ityasya dakshinadishi "juraat merdaa" ityasmin "deer baloot" iti muslim-graamah iti prasidhah aasit. 1870 tame varshe victor guerine ityanena etat ekashata-panchashat jananam graamah iti dnyaatam. parantu, yatra parwatah sthitah aasit, tatra sthitanam bhagnaavasheshaanaam vyaaptim prati drushtvaa, guerin ityeshah ekadaa vishaalam nagaram aasit iti avadat. adhikaamshaah gruhaani bruhad shilaihi nirmeeyante sma. 1882 tame varshe pef ityasya pashchim-palestain-deshasya (ess. doubleu. pee.) sarvekshanam etat "ekam laghumahalam, aamshikam vinaasham, parantu ekadaa spashtatayaa mahatee mahattvapurna, shilaa-kruta-samaadhisaukhyayuktah iti varnayat. kuteeraah mukhyataya shilayaha santi. jalaapoortih koopaat bhavati."gramasya paschimadishi christian-yugasya shilaa-samaadhih santi. doubleu doubleu aaee tathaa british-janaadesh-yugah. prathamavishvayuddhe, 1918 maarch 12 dinaanke turkee-british-sainikayoho madhye dier-ballat iti laghu-yuddhasthalam aasit. 1922 tame varshe palestain-der-balat-ityasya janaganananusaram, 384 nivaasinah, sarve muslim-janaah, 1931 tame varshe janagananayam 532 yaavat vardhante, adyaapi sarve muslim-janaah, aahaty 91 gruheshu aasan. 1945 tame varshe adhikruta-bhoomi-janasankhyaa-sarvekshanasya anusaaram, asya janasankhyaayaah 720 aasit, sarve muslim-janaah, tathaa cha kula-bhookshetram 14,789 dunaam-janaah aasan. eteshu 508 dunaam-kshetraani udyaanebhyah, sinchitabhoomibhyah cha, 3,488 dhaanyaani, 63 dunaam-kshetraani nirmitaani (nagaraani) kshetraani iti vargeekrutaah aasan. jordanian yugah. 1948 tame varshe arab-isrel-yuddhasya anantaram, 1949 tame varshe yuddhaviraama-kararasya anantaram, deer-ballat-varyaha jordanian-shasanasya adheenah abhavat. 1961 tame varshe asya janasankhyaa 1,087 aasit. 1967 tame varshe. 1967 tame varshe shanmasasya yuddhaat aarabhy, deer-byaalat-nagaram isrel-deshasya aakramane asti. 1995 tame varshe sandhehe anantaram graamabhomyaah 5.2% bhaagah kshetra-khah iti, avashishtah 94.8% bhaagah kshetra-gah iti vargeekrutah. isrel-deshah peduyel-aley-zahaav-deshayoho isrel-deshayoho nivasasthananam krute 171 dunam-graamabhomim abhigruheetavaan. 2020 tamavarshaparyantam, samipasthanam leshem, peduyel, bett aarye-opharim ityetayoho isrel-nivasasthananam anupachaarit-malanirgamanasy vishaye vaartaah aasan, ye deer-ballat-bhoomau nikshiptaani aasan. 2021 janavaree-maase israyelee-sainya-praadhikaranen graamavaasinah praayah 3,000 aaliv-vrukshaah upujyanta. aneke 15 varshapoorvam eva ropitavantah. isrel-deshasya vidhihi, yat kshetram isrel-deshasya rajya-sampattih iti, tasya aadhaaren, aadeshasy viruddham vidhi-apeel-ityasya shanmasanantaram, vinaashah abhavat. tatah adhikaarinah avadat yat, dakhilitanam apeel-patranam suchanayaha poorvamev pruthakkaranam abhavat iti.

dier pallat dier pallat () enbathu naplessin thenmaerkil vadakku maerkuk karaiyil ulla salfit covernoratil amainthulla oru balastinian nagaram aagum. balastinian matthiya pullivivara paniyagaththin koottruppadi, 2007 aam aandil idhan makkal thogai 3,195 aaga irunththathu. idam. dier pallat salfittukku maerkae amainthullathu. idhan kilakkil kafr add tick, therkil all luppan all karbi, maerkil kafr kasem mattrum vadakkil rafat aagiyavai ellaikalaaka ullana. varalaaru. irumbuk kaalatthaich saerntha sherts, romanian, byzantine, umayad/abassat mattrum siluvaip poaraali/ayupit sagaapthangkal ingku kaanappadugindrana. vaadi deer pallat" inn "periya pallatthaakku" muthal noottraandin varalaattraasiriyar josephus varaiyaruththapadi, youdeya mattrum samariavukku idaiyilaana ellaiyaaka charles villiyam vilsonol (1836-1905) adaiyaalam kaanappattathu. arabu puviyiyalaar yaaguth all-hamavi 1226 aam aandil "deer all-pallat enbathu arr-ramlaavaich suttriyulla maavattaththin kiraamamaaga irunththathu" endru pathivu seikiraar." oottoamaan sagaaptham. 18 mattrum 19 aam noottraandugalil, deer pallat jurat 'amra allathu bilad jamman endru azhaikkappadum malaippaangkaana piraanthiyaththaich saernthathu. therkil dair kasana mattrum vadakkil tharpoothaiya paathai 5 kku idaiyil, maerkil majtal yaba mattrum kilakkil jamman, marda mattrum kiffle haaris idaiyae amainthulla inththa pakuthi, varalaattraasiriyar raai maaram puddy, "jerusalem mattrum nablas piraanthiyangkalin arasiyal-porulaathaara-samooga pirivugalukku idaiyilaana idaiyaga mandalamaaga" seyalpattathu. arasiyal mattaththil, pedouyin pazhangkudiyinarin idampeyarvu mattrum oottoamaan athikaarigalin saarbaaga varigalai vasoolikkum urimaikkaaga ulloor kulangalidaiye nilaiyaana poatti kaaranamaaga adhu sthiraminmaiyal paathikkappattathu." 1838 aam aandil, idhu nablasukku therkae ulla "jurat merta" ill ulla oru musleem graamamaana "deer palut" endru kurippidappattathu. 1870 aam aandil victor quirin idhu noottru aimpathu paer konda kiraamamaaga irunththathu. iruppinum, adhu irunththa malaiyai ulladakkiya idipaadugalin alavaip porutthu, adhu oru kaalaththil oru periya nagaramaaga irunththathaaka curran ninaitthaar. perumpaalaana veedugal periya karkalaal kattappattana. 1882 aam aandil beff merkaththiya balastinathin kanakkeduppu (ess. doublue. pii) idhai "oru siriya gramam, oralavu azhivukaramaanathu, aanaal oru kaalaththil adhiga mukkiyathuvam vaaintha idam, paarai vettapatta kallaraigal endru vivariththathu. kudisaigal perumpaalum kallal aanavai. kinarugalilirundhu thanneer varukirathu."kiraamaththin maerkae oru christhava kaalatthaich saerntha paarai kallaraigal ullana. doublue. doublue. aii mattrum british aanai sagaaptham. muthalaam ulagap poarin poathu, maarch 12,1918 andru turkiya mattrum british thurupukkalukku idaiyilaana oru siriya eedupaattin thalamaaga dier pallat irunththathu. 1922aam aandu makkal thogai kanakkeduppinpadi, balastina deer pallat makkal thogai 384 aaga irunththathu, anaivarum muslimgal, 1931aam aandu makkal thogai kanakkeduppinpadi 532 aaga uyarnththanar, innum anaitthu muslimgalum moththam 91 veedugalil irunththanar. 1945aam aandin pullivivarangkalinpadi, makkal thogai 720 aaga irunththathu, moththa muslimgal, athae neraththil moththa nilaparappu 14,789 thunaamgalaaga irunththathu, oru athikaarappoorva nilam mattrum makkal thogai kanakkeduppinpadi. ivatrtril, 508 thunaamgal thoattangal mattrum neerppaasana nilangalukkaagavum, 3,488 thaaniyangalukkaagavum, 63 thunaamgal kattapatta (nagarppura) paguthikalaakavum vagaippaduththappattana. jordanian sagaaptham. 1948 arabu-israeliya poarin pinnaniyil, 1949 poarniruththa oppanthangkalukkup piragu, dier pallat jordanian aatchiyin keezh vanthathu. 1961ill, makkal thogai 1,087 aaga irunththathu. 1967kkup piragu. 1967ill aaru naall poarukkup piragu, dair pallat israeliya aakiramippin keezh ullathu. 1995aam aandu udanpadikkaikkup piragu, grama nilaththin 5.2 sathaveetham parappalavu b endrum, meethamulla 94.8% parappalavu c endrum vagaippaduththappattathu. israeliya kudiyaettranggalaana pediyuval mattrum alii jahaavukkaaga 171 dunn grama nilangkalai israel parimuthal seithullathu. 2020aam aandukkul, arugilulla israeliya kudiyaettranggalaana leshem, pediyuval mattrum beat arye-ofarim aagiyavattrilirunthu suththikarikkappadaatha kazhivuneer dier pallat nilaththil kottappaduvadhaaga seithigal vanthana. janavari 2021 ill israeliya iraanuva athikaaraththaal kiraamavaasigal sumar 3,000 olive marangkalai vaeroadu pidungkinar. 15 aandugalukku munbu varai pala nadappattullana. israeliya sattappadi, antha pakuthi israeliya arasin soththaaga irunththathu endra adippadaiyil, inththa uttaravukku ethiraaga sattappoorva maelmuraiyeedu seiyappatta aaru naatkalukkup piragu inththa azhivu aerpattathu. thaakkal seiyappatta melmuraiyeettu aavanangkal thangal kavanaththirku varuvatharku munbae vaer agattral nadanthathaaga athikaarikal pinnar theriviththanar.

dier ballot deer ballot () anedi nablasku nairuti disalo uttara paschima odduna unna salfit governoratelo unna paalastiinaa pattanam. paalastiinaa central beuro off statistics prakaram, 2007loe dheeni janabha 3,195gaa undhi. sthaanam. deer ballot salfitku paschimaana undhi. dheeniki thoorpuna coffer adh dick, dakshinaana all lubban all gharbi, paschimaana coffer khasem mariyu uttaraana rafat sarihaddulugaa unnaayi. charitra. inupa yuganiki chendina sherds, roman, byzantine, umayad/abbasid mariyu crusader/ayyubid yugaalu ikkada kanugonabaddayi. modati sataabdapu charitrakaarudu josephus nirvachinchinatlugaa, "vaadi deer ballot" yokka "goppa loya" nuu charless vilium willson (1836-1905) juda mariyu samaria madhya sarihaddugaa gurtinchaaru. arab bhougolika shaastravetta yakut all-hamavi 1226loe "deer all-ballat arr-ramla chuttoo unna jilla graamam" anie namodu chesaaru." ottoman shakam. 18va mariyu 19va sataabdaalaloo, deer ballat anedi jurat 'amra ledhaa bilad jammeen anie piluvabade ettaina praantaaniki chendinadi. dakshinaana dair ghassanaku, uttaraana prastuta maargam 5kii madhya, paschimaana majdal yaba, thoorpuna jammeen, mardah, kiffle haaris madhya unna eee praantam, charitrakaarudu raay marom prakaram, "jerusalem mariyu nablas praantaala raajakeeya-aardhika-saamaajika vibhagala madhya buffer jonga panichesindi. raajakeeya sthaayilo, bedouin tegala valasalu mariyu ottoman adhikaarula tarapuna pannulu vasoolu chese hakku kosam sthaanika vamsaala madhya nirantara pootii kaaranamgaa idhi asthirathatho baadhapadindi." 1838loe, idhi nablasku dakshinaana unna zurat merda loe "dheer balut" anae muslim graamamgaa gurtinchabadindi. 1870loe victor guerin dheenini noota yaabhai mandhi janabha kaligina graamamgaa kanugonnadu. ayithe, adhi unna kondanu kappi unchina sidhilaala paridhini batti choosthe, idhi okappudu pedda nagaramgaa undani guerin bhaavinchaadu. chaalaa illu pedda raallatho nirminchabaddaayi. 1882loe peff yokka paaschaatya paalastiinaa (ess. doubleu. pii) survey dheenini "oka chinna graamam, paakshikamgaa naasanamaina, conny spashtamgaa okappudu ekkuva praamukhyata kaligina pradaesam, raathi-kosina samadhulu" gaa varninchindi. gudiselu pradhanamgaa raatitoe untaayi. neeti sarafara baavula nundi vastundi."graamaaniki paschimaana kraistava yugam nundi rock-samadhulu unnaayi. WWI mariyu british aadhesha yugam. modati prapancha yuddham samayamlo, 1918 marchi 12naa turkish mariyu british dalaala madhya chinna nischitaartham jarigina pradaesam deer ballot. 1922 janabha lekkala prakaram paalastiinaa deer ballot janabha 384 mandhi nivaasitulu, mottam muslim, 1931 janabha lekkala prakaram 532 kuu perigindi, ippatikee mottam muslimlu, mottam 91 illalo unnaaru. 1945 ganaamkaala prakaram janabha 720, mottam muslimlu kaga, mottam bhuubhaagam 14,789 dunamlu, adhikaarika bhoomi mariyu janabha survey prakaram. veetilo 508 dunamlu thotala pempakam mariyu neetipaarudala bhoomi kosam, 3,488 trunadhaanyaalu, 63 dunamlu built-up (pattana) praantalugaa vargeekarinchabaddaayi. jordanian shakam. 1948 arab-izrael yuddham nepathyamlo, 1949 yuddha viramana oppandaala taruvaata, deer ballot jordanian paalanaloki vachindi. 1961loe janabha 1,087gaa undhi. 1967 taruvaata. 1967loe aaru rojula yuddham nundi, deer ballot izrael aakramanalo undhi. 1995 oppandaala taruvaata, graama bhoomilo 5.2% praantaanni bii gaa, migilina 94.8% praantaanni sii gaa vargeekarinchaaru. izrael peduel mariyu aalii jahav yokka izrael sthaavaraala kosam 171 dunum graama bhoomini swaadheenam chesukundi. 2020 natiki, sameepamloni izrael sthaavaraala nundi suddhi cheyani muruguneeti paarudala, pedule mariyu beat aarye-ofaarimlanu deer ballat bhoomipai padestunnatlu nivedikalu vachayi. 2021 janavarilo izrael sainika adhikaram graamastulu sumaru 3,000 olive chetlanu nataru. chaalaa varaku 15 samvatsaraala kritam nataru. eee vidhvamsam, izrael chattamlo, izrael rashtra aasti anae kaaranamtho, eee uttarvuku vyatiraekamgaa chattaparamaina appeal chesina aaru rojula tarvaata jarigindi. daakhalu chesina appeal patraalu tama drushtiki rakamunde vaerpaatuku paalpaddaarani adhikarulu paerkonnaaru.

deer bellet deer bellet () falastin kaa eek qasbah hay juu naablis kay janub maghrab mein shamali maghrabi kinaray mein salft governarate mein waaqa hay. falastin kay markazi idaarah shumariyat kay mutabiq 2007 mein iss kii aabadi 3,195 thee. maqaam. deer bellet salft kay maghrab mein waaqa hay. iss kii sarhadein iss kay mashriq mein kaafar aldaq janub mein allabban alghaarbi maghrab mein kaafar qaasim aur shamaal mein rafaat say milti haine. tareekh. lohay kay door kay sheeder roman buzenteen amyaad/abaasi aur saleebi/aayubi door kay sheeder yahaan paaye gayey haine. waadi deer bellet" kii "azeem waadi" kii shanakhat charlis waleem walasan (1836-1905) nay yahudah aur saamriya kay darmiyan sarhad kay toor parr kii thee jaisa kahh pehli sadee kay morakh jozaf nay biyaan kiyaa hay. arab geografiya daan yaqut alhamavi nay 1226 mein darj kiyaa kahh "deer albalot arr ramlah kay aas paas zalaa kaa eek gaaon thaa." usmani door. 18 wein aur 19 wein sadee mein deer baalt kaa taaluq pahaadi elaqay say thaa jasay johrat aamra yaa blaad jaamaa kay naam say jaana jaataa hay. janub mein daayar ghasana aur shamaal mein maujudah raastah 5 kay darmiyan aur maghrab mein majdal yaaba aur mashriq mein jaamaa mard aur kafal kafal kay darmiyan waaqa yaha alaqah morakh raaye maaroom kay mutabiq "eroshulam aur naablis kay elaqon kii seyasi woo iqtesadi woo samaji akayiyon kay darmiyan eek buffer zoon kay toor parr kaam kartaa thaa. seyasi satah parr asay bedween qabail kii hijrat aur usmani hakaam kii taraf say teks wasool karnay kay haqh kay liye maqami qabeelon kay darmiyan muslisil muqabilay kii wajah say adam istehkaam kaa saamna karnaa padaa.” 1838 mein asay naablis kay janub mein "jorat mardah" mein eek muslim gaaon "deer baloot" kay toor parr jaana jaataa thaa. 1870 mein faatah gory nay asay eek sue pachaas afraad parr mushtamil gaaon paaya. tahim pahaadi kay ahaatay mein mojud khandraat kii hadd kuu dekhtay huay jehaan yaha khadee thee gairan nay socha kahh yaha kabhi eek badaa shehar thaa. ziyadah tarr makanaat baday pathron say banaye gayey thay. 1882 mein paif kay maghrabi falastin (aiss dabliyo pee) kay sarway nay asay "eek chhota saa gaaon jazwi toor parr tabaah kinn leakin zahir hay kahh eek baar ziyadah ahmiyat kii jagah chataan say katay hoay qabron kay saath" kay toor parr biyaan kiyaa. jhunpadiyan ziyadah tarr pathar kii haine. paani kii farahami kanwein say hoti hay."gaaon kay maghrab mein eisayi door kay chataan kay maqbaray haine. dabliyo dabliyo aayee aur bartanvi mendate kaa door. pehli jung azeem kay doraan deer bellet 12 maarch 1918 kuu turk aur bartanvi fojiyon kay darmiyan eek mamuli tasadam kaa maqaam thaa. 1922 kii mardam shumari mein falastin kay deer bellet kii aabadi 384 baashindon parr mushtamil thee tamaam musliman juu 1931 kii mardam shumari mein badh kirr 532 how gayee abb bhee tamaam musliman kill 91 gharoon mein. 1945 kay aidaad woo shamaar mein aabadi 720 thee tamaam musliman jabkah kill zamini raqbah 14,789 donam thaa eek sarkaari zameen aur aabadi kay sarway kay mutabiq. iss mein say 508 donum baghat aur aabpashi kay qaabil zameen kay liye thay 3,488 anaaj kay liye thay jabkah 63 donum kuu built app (shehri) elaqon kay toor parr darjah bund kiyaa gayaa thaa. jardinai door. 1948 kii arab israel jung kay tanazar mein aur 1949 kay jung bundi kay muahidon kay baad deer bellet ardan kii hukmarani mein aaa gayaa. 1961 mein aabadi 1,087 thee. 1967 kay baad. 1967 mein chh rozah jung kay baad say deer bellet israel kay qabze mein hay. 1995 kay muahidon kay baad gaaon kii 5.2 faisad zameen kuu raqbah bub kay toor parr darjah bund kiyaa gayaa thaa baaqi 94.8% kuu raqbah c kay toor parr darjah bund kiyaa gayaa thaa. israel nay padweel aur alee zahaw kii israeli bastiyon kay liye gaaon kii 171 donum zameen zabt kirr lee hay. 2020 takk lesham pediol aur beeth areeh afreem kii qareebi israeli bastiyon say ghair alaaj shadah severage kay baaray mein itlaat mosul hoyein juu deer bellet kii zameen parr phaink dee gayein. januri 2021 mein israeli foji atharti nay dehatiyon kay zariye taqriba 3,000 zeeton kay darkhat lagaye thay jinhein akhaad phainka gayaa thaa. behat say 15 saal pehley takk lagaye gayey haine. tabahi iss bunyaad parr kahh zeer bahas alaqah israeli qanoon kay mutabiq israeli riyasati malkiyat thee hakam kay khalaaf qanuni apeel kiye jaanay kay chh dunn baad hoyee. hakaam nay phir kahaa kahh dayer apeel kay kaghizat kay inn kay notes mein aaney say pehley hyee judd say akhaad phainka gayaa.

0000b4b43436cd7a98ff59fcd892dafab0f3d336ef3bc3838b76b89e0b87b284

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=232223

Mezuzah

Mezuzah Piece of parchment in a decorative case A mezuzah ( "doorpost"; plural: <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />מְזוּזוֹת‎ mezuzot) is a piece of parchment inscribed with specific Hebrew verses from the Torah, which Jewish followers of Rabbinical Judaism affix to the doorposts of their homes. These verses are the Biblical passages in which the use of a mezuzah is commanded ( and ); they also form part of the Shema prayer. In mainstream Rabbinic Judaism, a "mezuzah" must generally be placed in every doorway in the home, with some exceptions such as bathrooms (which are not a living space) and small closets. The "klaf" is prepared by a qualified scribe (""sofer stam"") who has undergone training, both in studying the relevant religious laws, and in the more practical parts, i.e. carving the quill and practising writing. The verses are written in black indelible ink with a special quill pen made either from a feather or, now quite rare, a reed. The "klaf" is then rolled up and placed inside the case. Etymology. In the Bible, the word "mezuzah" only refers to the two 'doorposts' or 'doorjambs' of a door, the upright posts on either side of it which support the lintel, and appears in various contexts unrelated to any religious commandment or parchment. The word later acquired the modern meaning of piece of parchment in post-Biblical Hebrew due to the Deuteronomy commandment above requiring to write verses on doorposts. The word's origin is disputed: Purpose. In the Biblical verses where the mezuzah command is found, the purpose is educational, to constantly remind a person of God's commandments: <templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />And these words, which I command thee this day, shall be upon thy heart; and thou shalt teach them diligently unto thy children, and shalt talk of them when thou sittest in thy house, and when thou walkest by the way, and when thou liest down, and when thou risest up. And thou shalt bind them for a sign upon thy hand, and they shall be for frontlets between thine eyes. And thou shalt write them upon the door-posts of thy house, and upon thy gates. In later generations, though, the mezuzah began to be interpreted as an apotropaic device, protecting the house from forces of evil. A culture-comparative analysis suggests that the objects placed on domestic thresholds often bear the function of an amulet repelling the broadly understood evil. Some early Rabbinic sources (including JT Megillah 4:12, BT Bava Metziya 102a, and BT Pesahim 113b) explicitly witness the belief in the anti-demonic function of mezuzot. While some Jewish sources indicate that mezuzah is construed as a device protecting against divine anger, others vehemently reject such an interpretation. The belief in the protective power of mezuzah is prevalent in modern times as well. In the 1970s after a series of terrorist attacks in Ma'alot, the representatives of Chabad-Lubavitch started the campaign for the systematic checking of mezuzahs. The general assumption underlying the action was that adhering to the "mitzvot" would guarantee personal safety. According to various pieces of sociological research, approximately three-quarters of adults in Israel believe that the mezuzah literally guards their houses. Design. The mezuzah must be written on parchment (klaf) by a specially trained scribe (sofer). Additional inscriptions. It is customary to write two inscriptions on the back of the parchment: "Shaddai", ["Almighty"] one of the biblical names of God, also serves here as an acronym for "Shomer Daltot Yisrael", "Guardian of Israel's doors". Many mezuzah cases are also marked with the Hebrew letter <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />ש‎ (Shin), for "Shaddai". "" is a Caesar cipher—a one-letter shift—of the third, fourth, and fifth words of the Shema, "Adonai, Eloheinu, Adonai", "The Lord, our God, the Lord"; it is written on the back of the case, opposite the corresponding words on the front. This inscription dates from the 11th century and is found among the "Hasidei Ashkenaz" (medieval German Jewish mystics). The Sephardic custom (minhag) leaves out the phrase , and only the Hebrew word ("Shaddai") is written on the back of the mezuzah. This follows the Shulchan Aruch and the writings of the Rambam. The Ashkenazi custom of writing both phrases, however, was supported in the writings of the Remo. (Yoreh De'ah 288:15) In this regard it is worthwhile to refer to the often cited passage from Rambam's "Mishneh Torah" which states: It is a common custom to write [God's name,] Shaddai, on the outside of a mezuzah opposite the empty space left between the two passages. There is no difficulty in this, since [the addition is made] outside. Those, however, who write the names of angels, other sacred names, verses, or forms, on the inside [of a mezuzah] are among those who do not have a portion in the world to come. Not only do these fools nullify the mitzvah, but furthermore, they make from a great mitzvah [which reflects] the unity of the name of the Holy One, blessed be He, the love of Him, and the service of Him, a talisman for their own benefit. They, in their foolish conception, think that this will help them regarding the vanities of the world. Mezuzah cases. While the most important part of the mezuzah is the "klaf", or the parchment, and not the case itself, designing and producing mezuzah cases has been elevated to an art form over the ages. Mezuzah cases are produced from a wide variety of materials, from silver and precious metals, to wood, stone, ceramics, pewter, and even polymer clay. Some dealers of mezuzah cases will provide or offer for sale a copy of the text that has been photocopied onto paper; this is not a kosher (valid) mezuzah, which must be handwritten onto a piece of parchment by a qualified scribe. Practices. Affixing the mezuzah. Position and integrity. According to "halakha", the "mezuzah" should be placed on the right side of the door or doorpost, in the upper third of the doorpost (i.e., approximately shoulder height), within approximately of the doorway opening. Care should be taken to not tear or damage the parchment or the wording on it, as this will invalidate the "mezuzah", which is considered Torah. Angle. Where the doorway is wide enough, many Ashkenazi Jews tilt the mezuzah so that the top slants toward the room into which the door opens. This is done to accommodate the variant opinions of Rashi (1040–1105) and of his grandson, Rabbeinu Tam, as to whether it should be placed vertically (Rashi) or horizontally (Rabbeinu Tam), and also to imply that God and the Torah (which the mezuzah symbolizes) are entering the room. The compromise solution was suggested by Rabbi Jacob ben Asher (c. 1269 – c. 1343). Most Sephardi Jews, Mizrahi Jews and other non-Ashkenazi Jews affix the mezuzah vertically, though Spanish and Portuguese Jews living in countries where the majority of Jews are Ashkenazim usually place it slanting. Time. Generally, "halakha" requires Jews living in the diaspora (i.e., outside of the Land of Israel) to affix a "mezuzah" within 30 days of moving into a rented house or apartment. For a purchased home or apartment in the diaspora, or a residence in Israel (owned or rented), the mezuzah is affixed immediately upon moving in. The reason for this difference is that there is an assumption that when a Jew lives in Israel, Israel shall remain their permanent residence, whereas a home in the diaspora is temporary. Blessing. The procedure is to hold the "mezuzah" against the spot upon which it will be affixed, then recite a blessing: <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />בָּרוּךְ אַתָּה יי אֱלֹהֵינוּ מֶלֶךְ הָעוֹלָם, אֲשֶׁר קִדְּשַׁנוּ בְּמִצְו‌ֹתָיו וְצִוָּנוּ לִקְבּוֹעַ מְזוּזָה‎ Blessed are You, Lord our God, King of the Universe, Who sanctified us with His "mitzvot", and commanded us to affix a "mezuzah". Any Jew can recite the blessing, provided they are old enough to understand the significance of the "mitzvah". After the blessing, the "mezuzah" is attached. When affixing several "mezuzot", it is sufficient to recite the blessing once, before affixing the first one. Touching the mezuzah. Whenever passing through the doorway, many people touch a finger to the mezuzah as a way of showing respect to God. Many people also kiss their finger after touching it to the mezuzah. Checking the parchment. Many observant Jews from all Jewish denominations have a qualified scribe check the mezuzot parchments for defects (such as small tears or faded lettering) at least twice every seven years. This job can be done by a sofer (scribe) or by anyone with similar training. A sofer also can make new mezuzot parchments which are in accordance with Jewish law. Karaite and Samaritan mezuzah. This article deals mainly with the "mezuzah" as it is used in Rabbinic Judaism, but Karaite Judaism and Samaritanism have their own traditions. In Karaite Judaism the Deuteronomic verse "And you shall write them on the doorposts of your houses and your gates" () is interpreted to be a metaphor and not as referring to the Rabbanite "mezuzah". Thus Karaites do not traditionally use "mezuzot", but put up a small plaque in the shape of the two Tablets of the Law with the Ten Commandments. In Israel, where they might try not to make other Jews feel uncomfortable, many Karaites make an exception and place a mezuzah on their doorpost as well. The Karaite version of the "mezuzah" is fixed to the doorways of public buildings and sometimes to private buildings, too. The Samaritans interpret the deuteronomic commandment to mean displaying any select text from the Samaritan version of the five Books of Moses. This can contain a blessing or a particularly holy or uplifting message. In the past they placed a stone plaque inscribed with the Ten Commandments above the house door, some examples dating back to the Byzantine (4th–7th century) and Early Muslim (7th–11th century) periods being now shown in the Israel Museum in Jerusalem. Nowadays a Samaritan "mezuzah" is usually made of either marble, a wooden plate, or a sheet of parchment or high quality paper, on which they inscribe select verses from the Samaritan Torah. This they place either above the house door, or inside the house, in the entrance hall or at a prominent place on a large wall. These "mezuzot" are found in every Samaritan household as well as in the synagogue. Today some Samaritans would also use a Jewish-style mezuzah case and place inside it a small written Samaritan scroll, i.e. a text from the Samaritan Torah, written in the Samaritan alphabet. The more such "mezuzot" there are in the house, the better it is considered to be. Legal battles in the U.S.. The Jewish practice of affixing a mezuzah to the entranceway of a residential unit was rarely challenged in the United States or Canada, However, in Chicago in 2001, a condominium association at Shoreline Towers banned "mats, boots, shoes, carts or objects of any sort… outside unit entrance doors", which by board vote in 2004 was interpreted to be absolute. Shoreline Towers management removed the hallway mezuzot of condominium tenants. Complaints were subsequently filed with the Chicago Commission on Human Relations, Illinois Attorney General, and U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, alleging housing discrimination on the basis of religion. Shoreline Towers was not the sole condominium association in Chicago with such a restriction, although one of them agreed to modify its rule. On reading a news report of the mezuzah dispute, Chicago alderman Burton Natarus drafted an amendment to the city's municipal code which made it illegal for a renter or owner of an apartment, house, or condo to be prohibited from "placing or affixing a religious sign, symbol or relic on the door, door post or entrance." Although there was opposition, it became law in Chicago that December. The first such legislation in North America, it included a maximum $500 fine for its violation. Notwithstanding this legislation, in 2006, a federal court judge determined that the rule did not violate the Federal Fair Housing Act; the district court upheld the opinion on appeal in 2008; in 2009, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 7th Circuit in Chicago reversed the 2008 decision, and the case proceeded. Meanwhile, records of the "Chicago Jewish Star" were unsuccessfully subpoenaed, and Illinois' anti-SLAPP legislation was applied. In 2011, a confidential settlement to the Shoreline Towers disputes was achieved. In 2006, a more narrowly focused amendment to the state's Condominium Property Act was initiated by Illinois Senator Ira Silverstein, the first such state law. In 2006, a woman in a condo building in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, was instructed to remove the mezuzah from her hallway unit and threatened with a fine. After a lengthy legal battle, the condo association was found guilty of discrimination. In 2008, House Bill 995, an amendment to the Florida Condominium Act, modeled on the Illinois state legislation, became law. In Texas in 2007, a couple living in Houston was instructed to "remove the item attached to your door frame" to avoid violating association rules. A legal battle ensued, during which a U.S. District Court judge ruled in 2008 on behalf of the condo association. Subsequently, the couple turned to Texas House of Representatives member Garnet F. Coleman. His bill to protect such religious displays, as introduced in 2009, was not adopted, but in June 2011 a slightly revised version (HB1278) was signed into law by Texas Governor Rick Perry. A bill designed to prevent mezuzah bans nationwide was proposed in 2008 (H.R. 6932) by U.S. Congressman Jerrold Nadler. It never became law. Citations. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

mejuja mejuja ("duwarpusto"; bohubornoh mejujut) hoise turar nirdisto hibru podor xoite khudit ek sormopotror tukura, jitu raabi judaijomor ihudi onugamixokole teulukor ghoror duwarpustot loguwa hoy. ei podbur hoise bibleor onusched zo 'too mejuja byoboharor aadex diya hoy (aaru); xeiburu swema prarthonar ongxo. mulxutir rabiyo judaijmot, xadharonote ghoror protitu duwarot "mejuja" ror byowostha koribo lagibo, kisuman byotikrom jene snanagar (ji baxosthan nohoy) aaru xoru almari. cluff" ejon jugyo lekhok ("sofar stem") ror dwara prostut koraa hoy jiye praxongik dhormiyo aain odhyoyon korar khetrot proxikhyon laabh korise, aaru odhik byowoharik ongxo, orthat.ee. kuwil khudit koraa aaru likhaar onuxilon koraa. ei podbur koo 'laa oporiboniyo sait likha hoy zo' too etaa bixex kuwil penn thaake jitu hoy palokor poraa toiyar koraa hoy baa, etiya jothesto birol, etaa noll. taar pisot "cluff" tu ghurai luwa hoy aaru gusoror bhitorot rokha hoy. byutpotti. bibleot, "mejuja" xobdotuwe kewol etaa duwaror dutaa 'duwarpusto' baa 'duwarjambo' koo bujay, iyar duyufale thoka pune podbur ji lintelok xomorthon kore, aaru kunu dhormiyo aadex baa persmentor xoite xomporkito nuhuwa bibhinno proxongot dekha yaay. ei xobdotuwe pisoloi bibleor uttor-hibrut persmentor aadhunik ortho laabh korisil kaaron uporor duteronomy aadexot duwarpustot sloke likhaar proyujon hoisil. xobdotur utpotti bitorkitoh uddesyo. bibleor podburot zo 'too mejuja aadex puwa yaay, uddesyotu hoise xikhyamulok, ejon byoktik nirontor isworor aadexbur monot pelai diyah poroborti projonmot, jodiu, mejujak etaa opo "tropaik jontro hisape byakhya koraa aarombho koraa hoisil, ji ghortuk dusto xoktir poraa rokhya korisil. ek xongoskriti-tulonamulok bislexone poramorxo diye je ghoruwa ximar uporot rokha bostumane praye bistritobhabe buji puwa beyatu protihot koraa etaa torpor karjyo bohon kore. kisuman prarombhik rabinik utxo (je. ti megillah 4:12, bi. ti. babha metzia 102e, aaru bi. ti. pesahim 113bi xoho) mejujutor proti-demaniyo karjyor uporot biswax spostobhabe xakhyi. kisuman ihudi xutroi ingito diye je mejujak oisworik khongro poraa xurokhya diya ek xojuli hisape gonyo koraa hoy, aan kisumane ene byakhyak tibrovabe nakoch kore. mejujar xurokhyamulok xoktir uporot biswax aadhunik xomoyotou prosolito. 1970-ror doxokot malut keibatau xontraxbadi aakromonor pisot sabad-lubabhisor protinidhixokole mejujahor poddhotigot porikhyar baabe obhijan aarombho korisil. ei karjyor ontorbhukto xadharon dharonatu aasil je "mitzbhot" maani solile byoktigoto xurokhyar nischoyota dibo. xomajotatwik gowexonar bibhinno ongxor mote, ijorailor pray tini-soturthangxo praptoboyosko luke biswax kore je mejujai akhyorikbhabe teulukor ghor rokhya kore. design. mejuja ejon bixexbhabe proxikhito lekhok (cho 'faar) ror dwara sormopotro (cluff) too likhibo lagibo. otirikto xilalipi. sormopotror pisfale dutaa xilalipi likhaar protha aaseh "xadai, isworor bibleor naamxomuhor bhitorot etaa, iyat" "swomar dultot ijorail" "," "ijorailor duwaror obhibhawok" "ror xongkhipto naam hisapeu kaam kore. bohutu mejuja gusorot "swaddai" ror baabe hebru sithi (swin) ror xoite sinhito koraa hoy. "" etaa sijar sifar-etaa aakhoror xifto-swemar tritiyo, soturtho, aaru ponchom xobdor, "" edunai, eluheinu, edunai "," lord, aamar iswor, lord "; eitu gusoror pisfale likha hoy, xonmukhor xongslisto xobdor biporite. ei xilalipi 11xo xotikar aaru "hasidei axkenaz" (modhyojugiyo german ihudi rohosyobadi) ror maajot puwa yaay. sephardik protha (minhag)-e bakyangxotu eri diye, aaru mejujar pisfale kewol hebru xobdo ("swadai") likha hoy. eitu sulson aaru rambamor likhoni onuxoron kore. obosye, duyuta bakyangxo likhaar axkenaji prothatu remur lekhat xomorthito hoisil. (iyureh dey 'aah 288:15) ei khetrot rambamor "mishneh turah" ror poraa praye uddhrito ongxotu ullekh koratu upojukto zo 'too kuwa hoiseh dutaa pothor maajot eri thoka khaali thair biporite mejujar bahirot [isworor naam,] swaddai likhatu etaa xadharon protha. iyat kunu oxubidha naai, kiyonu bahirot [xongzujon koraa hoy]. obosye, jixokole [mejujar] bhitorot dutaxokolor naam, onyanyo pobitro naam, podd baa rup likhi thaake, teuluk ohaa prithibit kunu ongxo nothoka lukoxokolor bhitorot aase. ei murkhoxokole kewol mitzwak baatil korai nohoy, todupori, teuluke ek mohan mitzbhar poraa [ji protipholito kore] pobitrojonor naamor oikyo, teur prem, aaru teur xewa, teulukor nijor laabhor baabe ek tabijman. teuluke, teulukor murkho dharonat, bhaabe je ee teulukok prithibir bhyanitir xondorbhot xohay koribo. mejujar ghotona. ihudi jogotot mejuja loguwar aadex byapokbhabe onuxoron koraa hoy, aanoki ihudixokoleu jixokole dhormiyobhabe paalon nokore. jodiu mejujar guruttopurno ongxotu hoise "cluff", baa sormopotro, aaru kestuwei nohoy, mejuja kesxomuhor design aaru utpadon jug jug dhori ek kolaa rupoloi unnit koraa hoise. mejujar roxbur rupali aaru mulyowan dhaatur poraa kaath, xil, siramik, piutar, aanoki polimar kleloike bibhinno dhoronor xamogrir poraa utpadon koraa hoy. mejujar kisuman dilore kagojot photu kopi koraa likhonir etaa protilipi prodan baa bikrir baabe prodan koribo; eitu kuxor (boidho) mejuja nohoy, jitu ejon jugyo lekhokor dwara kagojor tukurat haatere likhibo lagibo. onuxilon. mejuja logai. sthiti aaru xotota. halkha" onuxori, "mejuja" duwar baa duwarpustor xufale, duwarpustor uporor tritiyangxot (i.ee., pray kandhor uschota), duwar mukoli huwar pray bhitorot. persment baa taar uporot thoka xobdobur jaate singi nayay baa khyoti nokore taar jotno lo "bob laage, kiyonu ee" mejuja "koo oboidho koribo, jaak turah buli gonyo koraa hoy. kunu. zo 'too duwarkhon jothesto bohol, bohutu axkenaji ihudiye mejujak enedore nomai jaate uporor ongxotu duwar khula kuthar faale ulti yaay. iyak raxi (1040-1105) aaru teur naati rabbinu taamor bhinno motamotor xoite khaap khuwar baabe koraa hoy, iyak ulombobhabe (raxi) baa onubhumikbhabe (rabbinu taam) sthapon koribo laage ney nalage, aaru logote iswor aaru turaa (jitu mejujai protik kore) kuthat prowex korise buliu xusay. robbi jacob benn esore (chi. 1269-chi. 1343). besibhag sephardi ihudi, mijurahi ihudi aaru onyanyo oh-axkenaji ihudiye mejujak ulombobhabe xonglogno kore, jodiu spanis aaru portugij ihudixokole besibhag ihudi aaxkenajim thoka dexot baax kore. xomoy. xadharonote, "halkha" too probrojonkari lukoxokolor maajot baax koraa ihudixokolor proyujon hoy (orthat.ee.ijorailor dexor bahirot) bhara ghor baa apartmentoloi juwar 30 dinor bhitorot "mejuja" loguwa. probrojonkarir maajot etaa kroy koraa ghor baa apartment, baa ijorailot etaa baxosthan (malikanadhin baa bhara) ror baabe, mejujatu taat prowex korar loge loge loguwa hoy. ei parthokyor kaaron hoh 'lo je jetiya ejon ihudi ijorailot baax kore, tetiya ijorail teur sthayi baxosthan hoi thakibo, aanhate probrojonkarixokolor etaa ghor osthayi. axirbad. prokriyatu hoh 'lo "mejuja" tu ji sthanot loguwa hoh' bob taar biporite dhori rokha, taar pisot etaa axirbad paath koraa. jikunu ihudiye axirbad paath koribo paare, jodihe teuluk "mitzbha" ror gurutwo buji puwar baabe jothesto puroni hoy. axirbador pisot, "mejuja" xonglogno koraa hoy. jetiya keibatau "mejujut" loguwa hoy, tetiya prothomtu loguwar aagote ebaar axirbadtu abritti koratu jothesto. mejujak sporxo koraa. jetiyai duwardwaror maajere paar hoi yaay, bohu luke isworor proti xonman prodorxonor upay hisape mejujak aanguli sporxo kore. bohutu luke mejujat aangulito sporxo korar pisotou sumbon kore. persmenttu porikhya korok. xokolu ihudi projatixomuhor bohu porzobekhyok ihudir usorot ejon jugyo lekhok thaake jiye proti xaat bosorot komeu dubarkoi trutir baabe mejuj 'tot parsmentxomuh (jene xoru sokupani baa biborno okhyor) porikhya kore. ei kaamtu ejon cho 'faar (scribe) baa ekedhoronor proxikhyon thoka jikunu byoktiye koribo paare. ejon cho 'faare ihudi aain onuxori notun mejuj' tot parchmentou toiyar koribo paare. karait aaru xomoritan mejuja. ei probondhotuwe mulotoh "mejuja" ror xoite xomporkito kiyonu iyak rabiyo judaijmot byobohar koraa hoy, kintu karait judaijom aaru xomoritanbador nijoswo porompora aase. karait judaijmot "aaru aapuni xeibur aapunar ghoror duwarpusto aaru aapunar duwarot likhibo" () podtu robbanait "mejuja" koo ullekh korar poriworte etaa rupok buli byakhya koraa hoy. xeyehe karaite poromporagotobhabe "mejujut" byobohar nokore, kintu dohta aagyar xoite aainor dutaa folokor aakritir etaa xoru folok raakhe. ijorailot, zo 'too teuluke aan ihudixokolok oswosti onubhob nokoraboloi chesta koribo paare, bohutu karaite iyar byotikrom kore aaru teulukor duwarpustotu mejuja raakhe. mejuja" ror karait xongoskorontu rajohuwa ottalikaxomuhor duwarpoth aaru ketiyaba byoktigoto ottalikaxomuhotu loguwa hoy. xomoritanxokole duteronomic aadexok byakhya kore jaar ortho hoise muser pasta kitapor xomoritan xongoskoronor poraa jikunu nirbasito paath prodorxon koraa. iyat etaa axirbad baa bixexkoi pobitro baa utthanmulok barta thakibo paare. otitot teuluke ghoror duwaror uporot dohta aagyare khudit etaa xilor folok rakhisil, kisuman udahoron byzantine byzantine xotika) aaru prarombhik musolman (7moo-11xo xotika) xomoyor bortoman jerujalemor ijorail xongrohaloyot dekhuuwa hoise. aajikali ejon xomoritan "mejuja" xadharonote marble, kaathor plate, baa persmentor ekhon xeat baa uscho mandondor kagojore toiyar koraa hoy, jaar uporot teuluke xomoritan turar poraa nirbasito sloke likhibo paare. iyak teuluke hoy ghoror duwaror uporot, baa ghoror bhitorot, prowexdwarot baa etaa dangor dewalor uporot etaa bixisto sthanot raakhe. ei "mejujut" protitu somoritan ghoror logote xomajgrihotu puwa yaay. aaji kisuman xomoritane ihudi xoilir mejuja kex byobohar koribo aaru iyar bhitorot etaa xoru likhito xomoritan scroll rakhibo, orthat.ee. xomoritan turahor poraa etaa paath, xomoritan bornomalat likha. ghortut jimanei odhik "mejuj" "thaake, ximanei bhaal buli gonyo koraa hoy. iut aainee juddho.ess.. ekhon awaxik gutor prowexdwarot mejuja loguwar ihudi prothak aamerika juktorastro baa kanadat khubo komoi proityahban jonuwa hoisil, obosye, 2001 sonot sikagut, upokulor tawarot thoka ek condominium ess "siyesyone" mett, boot, jutaa, gaari baa jikunu dhoronor bostu nixidho korisil... ekok probexdwaror baahiror ", jaak 2004 sonot board bhutor dwara nirbhorxil buli byakhya koraa hoisil. upokulor tawar byowosthaponai condominium bharotiyoxokolor holwe mejuj 'tot aatorai pelaisil. poroborti xomoyot sikagu commission ono human relations, ilinoyor etornee general aaru eu.-too obhijug daakhil koraa hoisil.ess. dhormor bhittit griho nirmanor boixomyor obhijug utthapon kori griho nirman aaru nogor unnoyon bibhag. upokuliyo towerbur ene nixedhagyar xoite sikagur ekmatro condominium xongstha nasil, jodiu teulukor maajor ejon iyar niyom xongxudhon koriboloi xonmot hoisil. mejuja bibador etaa baatori protibedon porhi, sikagu elderman barton nataruse sohoror pour kudot ek xongxudhonir khosora prostut korisil jiye bharate baa etaa apartment, ghor, baa condor malikor baabe "duwar, duwar baa prowexdwarot dhormiyo sinho, protik baa dhongxaboxex sthapon baa loguwatu nixidho korisil."jodiu birudhita aasil, tothapiu xei disemborot sikagut ee aain hoi porisil. uttor aamerikat ene dhoronor prothomtu aain, iyar ulonghonor baabe xorbadhik 500 dollar jorimona ontorbhukto koraa hoisil. ei aainor swotweu, 2006 sonot, ekhon federal aadalotor nyayadhixoi nirdharon korisil je ei niyomtuwe federal feyar housing aain ulonghon koraa naai; 2008 sonot jilaa aadalote aapeelor uporot motamotu xomorthon korisil; 2009 sonot, eu.ess. sikagur 7moo charkitor baabe aapeelor aadalote 2008 sonor xiddhantotu xoloni korisil, aaru gusortu aagbarhisil. ifale, "sikagu ihudi taroka" ror tothyoxomuh bifolbhabe xomorthon koraa hoisil, aaru ilinoyor slyap-birudhi aain proyug koraa hoisil. 2011 sonot, upokulor tawar bibador ek guponiyo nispotti koraa hoisil. 2006 sonot, rajyokhonor condominium xompoti aainor ek odhik xongkusito kendribhut xongxudhoni ilinoy sinetor iraa silversteine aarombho korisil, ji ene prothom rajyik aain. 2006 sonot fluoridar pho 'rt laderdalor etaa condo buildingto thoka egoraki mohilak teur holwe unitor poraa mejujak atoraboloi nirdex diya hoisil aaru jorimonar bhabuki diya hoisil. digholiya aainee juddhor pisot, condo ess "siyesyontuk boixomyor baabe duxi xabyosto koraa hoisil. 2008 sonot, ilinoy rajyik aainor aadorxore flo "rida cond" miniyam aainor xongxudhoni, house bill 995, aain hoi pore. 2007 sonot texaxot, houstonot baax koraa dompotihalok "aapunar duwaror framor xoite xonglogno xamogritu atoraboloi" nirdex diya hoisil jaate xongothonor niyomxomuh ulonghon nokore. ek aainee juddho xonghotit hoisil, jaar xomoisuwat etaa eu.ess. 2008 sonot condo ess "siyesyonor hoi jilaa aadalotor nyayadhixoi raay disil. poroborti xomoyot, dompotihal texus house owo protinidhir xodosyo garnet ef-loi ghuri aahisil. colleman. 2009 sonot proborton koraa dhormiyo prodorxonixomuh xurokhito korar baabe teur bidheyok grohon koraa huwa nasil, kintu 2011 sonor june maahot texer gowornor rick periye olop xongxudhito xongskoron xongskoron aainot swakhyor korisil. dexbyapi mejuja nixedhagya protirudh koriboloi 2008 sonot etaa bidheyok prostawito koraa hoisil (eis.aar. 6932) by u.ess. congressmen gerold naadolor. ee ketiyau aain hoi uthaa nasil.

mejuja mejuja ("darjar khunti"; bohubochonoh mejujot) holl torah theke nirdishto ibriya ayat soho khodai koraa chormopotrer ekti tukro, jaa rabbi judaismer ihudi anusarira taader baadir darjar khuntigulite lagiye deyo. eyi ayatguli baibeler anuchched jekhane mejujar byaboharer adesh deoa hoy (ebong); egulio shamer prarthonar ongsho. muldhara rabbider judaay, ekti "mejuja" sadharonoto baadir protiti dorjai sthapon koraa aboshyok, kichhu byatikram jemon bathroom (jaa thucker jaiga noy) ebong chhoto almari. cluff" ekjon jogyatasampanna lekhok ("soafer styama") dwara prostuto koraa hoy, jini prasongik dharmiya aain adhyayaner jonno ebong arow byaboharik ongshe, arthat, ubhoy khettrei proshikkhon niyechen.ee. quill khodai koraa ebong lekhar anushilan koraa. padguli kaalo abismaraniya kalite lekha hoy, jaar modhye ekti bishesh quill kolom hoy palok theke toiri hoy baa, ekhon besh biral, ekti noll. cluff" tarpor roll up koraa hoy ebong keser vitore sthapon koraa hoy. byutpatti. baibele, "mejuja" shobdoti shudhumatra ekti darjar duti 'darjar khunti' baa 'darjar faand' bojhai, err ubhoy pasher soja khuntiguli jaa lintelke samarthan korey ebong konao dharmiya adesh baa chormopotrer saathe somporkito noy emon bivinno prosonge prodorshito hoy. uporer duteronomy adesher karone eyi shobdoti porey baibeler poroborti hibrute chormopotrer tukrotir adhunik ortho orjon korey jaar jonno darjar khuntigulite padguli lekhar prayojan hoy. shobdotir utpotti bitorkitoh uddeshya. baibeler podogulite jekhane mejuja adesh pawa yaay, uddeshyoti shikkhamulak, ekjon byaktike kromagoto issorer adeshguli money koriye deoah jodio, poroborti projonmogulite, mejuzake ekti apatro jontro hisabe byakhya koraa shuru hoy, jaa ghortike ashubh shakti theke rakkha korey. ekti sangaskriti-tulonamulok bishleshan theke jaanaa yaay jey, gharoa seamer upor rakha bastuguli prayashai ekti tabu-err kaaj bohon korey jaa byapokbhabe bojha mondoke protihoto korey. kichhu prathomik rabbi utso (jetty megillah 4:12, bitty bava metzia 102ayee, ebong bitty pesahim 113bii soho) sposhtobhabe mejujoter birodhi-demonic karjokaritar biswaser sakkhi. jodio kichhu ihudi sootro ingito korey jey mejuzake oissorik krodher biruddhe surakkhar ekti jontro hisabe bibechona koraa hoy, onnora eyi dharaner byakhyake tibrovabe prottakhyan korey. mejujar surakkhamulak shaktir proti biswas adhunik somoyeo procholito. 1970-err doshke malote ekadhik santrasi humler porr, chabad-lubavicher protinidhira mejuzader niyamatantrik checkinger jonno abhijan shuru korey. eyi podokkheper antarnihito sadharan dharonati chhilo jey "mitzvot" meney chola byaktigato surakkhar nischayata debe. samajtattik gobeshonar bivinno ongsho onusare, israeler pray tinn-choturthangsho praptoboyosko biswas corren jey mejuja akkhorik orthe taader badiguli pahara deyo. design. mejuja aboshyoi ekjon biseshbhabe proshikkhito lekhok (soafer) dwara chormopotrer (cluff) upor lekha uchito. atirikto shilalipi. chormopotrer pichhone duti shilalipi lekhar protha royeche "issorer baibeler namgulir modhye ekti," "shaddai" ", [" "sorboshoktiman" "], ekhane" "shomarh daltot izrael" "," "israeler darjar abhibhabok" "err sangkhipto roop hisabeo kaaj korey. onek mejujar khettre "shaddai"-err jonno hibru akkhar (sheen) diye chinnito koraa hoy. "" ekti sijara saifara-ekti eka-akkharer shift-shamer tritiya, choturtho ebong pancham shobdo, "" adonai, eloheinu, adonai "," "" prabhu, amader isshor, prabhu "; etty mamler pichhone lekha hoy, samoner sangshlishto shobder biporite. eyi shilalipiti 11shha shatabdir ebong "hasidei ashkenaz" (madhyayugiya german ihudi rahasyabadi)-err modhye pawa yaay. sephardic protha (minhag) bakyangshoti chhede deyo ebong mejujar pichhone cable hibru shobdo ("shaddai") lekha thaake. etty shulchan aruch ebong rambamer lekhake anusaran korey. tobey, ubhoy bakyangsho lekhar ashkenazi prothati remo-rawr lekhay somorthito chhilo. (ioraha deey 'aaho 288:15) eyi khettre rambamer "missioneh torah" theke prayashai uddhrito ongshoti ullekh koraa upojukto jaa boleh duti pother modhye khaali jaigar biporite ekti mejujar baire [issorer naam,] shaddai lekha ekti sadharan protha. etey konao asubidha nei, kaaron [sanjojan koraa hoy] baire. tobey, jaaraa [mejujar] abhyantare fereshtagon, anyanno pobitro naam, ayat baa rooper naam lekhen, taader modhye royechen jaader agami bishwe konao ongsho nei. eyi bokara cable mitzava-keey batil korey naa, borong arow, taaraa ekti mohan mitzava theke toiri korey [jaa protifolito korey] pobitro byaktir naamer oikyo, dhonno hoke seey, taar bhalobasa ebong taar seba, taader nijaswa subidhar jonno ekti tabiz. taaraa taader bokami dharonai money korey jey etty taader bishwer ohongkar somporke sahajyo korbe. mejujar mamlaguli. ihudi jogote mejuja laganor adesh byapokbhabe anusaran koraa hoy, emonki ihudirao jaaraa dharmiyabhabe palon korey naa. jodio mejujar guruttopurno ongsho holl "cluff", baa chormopotro, ebong cases nijei noy, mejujar kesguli design ebong utpadan jug jug dhorey ekti shilpe unnito hoyeche. mejujar kesguli roupyo ebong mulyaban dhatu theke shuru korey kaatth, pathor, syramic, puter ebong emonki polymer kadamati porjonto bivinno dharaner upokoron theke toiri koraa hoy. mejujar kichhu byabasayi kagoje photocopy koraa patthyer ekti anulipi sarbaraha baa bikrir prostab debe; etty koshar (boidho) mejuja noy, jaa aboshyoi ekjon jogyo lekhoker dwara chormopotrer tukrote haate lekha uchito. anushilan. mejuja lagano. abosthan ebong sotota. halkha" onusare, "mejuja" darja baa darjar khuntir dunn dike, darjar khuntir uporer tritiyangshe (i.ee., pray kandher uchchota), pray darja kholar modhye. chormopotroti jaate chhinde naa yaay baa taate lekha shabdaguli jaate khotigrosto naa hoy, sedike kheyal rakha uchito, kaaron etty "mejuja" keey aboidho korey debe, jaa torah hisabe bibechito hoy. koona. jekhane darjati jotheshto proshosto, sekhane onek ashkenazi ihudi mejuzake emanbhabe heliye deyo jaate uporer ongshoti seii ghorer dike sorey yaay jekhane darjati khole. etty russie (1040-1105) ebong taar naati rabbinu taamer vinno motamoter saathe samanjasyapurna korar jonno koraa hoy, etty ullombobhabe (russie) baa onubhumikbhabe (rabbinu taam) sthapon koraa uchito kina, ebong etio bojhanor jonno jey isshor ebong torah (jaa mejuja protik) ghore probesh korche. eyi aposher samadhaner poramorsho diyechilen rabbi jacob beena aasher (shee. 1269-shee. 1343). beshirbhag sephardi ihudi, mizrahi ihudi ebong anyanno aaa-ashkenazi ihudi mejuzake ullombobhabe sangjukto korey, jodio spanish ebong portugij ihudira emon deshgulite baas korey jekhane beshirbhag ihudi ashkenazim sadharonoto etike tirjok korey rakhe. somoy. sadharonoto, "halkha"-rawr jonno probasi ihudider bosobaser prayojan hoy (arthat.ee., israeler jomir baire) bhada baadi baa apartmente yawar 30 diner modhye ekti "mejuja" lagano. probasider croy koraa baadi baa apartment baa israele ekti basosthaner (malikanadhin baa bhada) jonno, mejujati sthanantorito howar saathe saathe lagano hoy. eyi parthokyer kaaron holl jey, ekti dharona royeche jey, jokhon ekjon ihudi israele bosobas korbe, tokhon israel taar sthayi basosthan thakbe, jekhane probasider ekti baadi asthayi. ashirbad. poddhotiti holl "mejuja" keey jey sthane lagano hobey taar biruddhe dhorey rakha, tarpor ekti ashirbad paatth korah jey konao ihudi ashirbad paatth korte paare, jodi taaraa "mitzva"-rawr tatporjo bojhar jonno jotheshto vayasi hoy. ashirbader porr, "mejuja" sangjukto koraa hoy. jokhon besh koyekti "mejujot" lagano hoy, tokhon prothomti laganor agey ekbar ashirbad paatth koraa jotheshto. mejuzake sporsho koraa. jokhoni darja diye yaay, onek looka issorer proti somman dekhanor upay hisabe mejujar dike ekti angul sporsho korey. oneke mejuzake sporsho korar porey taader angulke chumbano korey. chormopotro porikkha korun. samasta ihudi sampradayer onek porjobekkhok ihudider proti shaat bochore ontoto dubar mejujot chormopotrer truti (jemon chhoto ashru baa biborno akkhar) porikkha korar jonno ekjon jogyo lekhok thaake. eyi kaajti ekjon soafer (lekhok) baa anurup proshikkhonprapto jey keu korte paren. ekjon soafer notun mejujot charmapatrao toiri korte paare jaa ihudi aain onusare. karait ebong samaritan mejuja. eyi nibondhoti mulat "mejuja" niye alochona korey kaaron etty rabbi judaay byabohar koraa hoy, tobey karait judaybad ebong summeritanismer nijaswa oitijhyo royeche. karait judayam-ayee "ebong upney seguli upner baadir ebong upner geter darjar khuntigulite likhben" () ekti roopok hisabe byakhya koraa hoyeche ebong rabani "mejuja"-keey ullekh koraa hoyney. eibhabe karaitra oitijjogotobhabe "mejujot" byabohar korey naa, tobey dashti adesh soho aainer duti foloker akare ekti chhoto folock sthapon korey. israele, jekhane taaraa onno ihudider aswastikar bodh naa korar chesta korte paare, onek karai ekti byatikram korey ebong taader darjar khuntir uporo ekti mejuja rakhe. mejuja"-err karait sangaskaranti sarkari bhabangulir probeshdware ebong kokhono kokhono byaktigato bhabanguliteo lagano hoy. samaritanra duteronomic adeshke byakhya korey moshir panchti boiyer samaritan sanskaran theke jey konao nirbachito patthyo prodorshon korar ortho. etey ekti ashirbad baa biseshbhabe pobitro baa utthankari barta thakte paare. atite taaraa baadir darjar upore dashti adesh khodai koraa ekti pathorer folock sthapon korechilo, kichhu udaharan byzantine byzantine shatabdi) ebong prathomik muslim (7maum-11shha shatabdi) samaykaler jaa ekhon jeruzalemer israel jadughare dekhano hachche. azkal samaritan "mejuja" sadharonoto marble, kaather plate baa chormopotrer ekti sheet baa uchchomaner kagaj diye toiri koraa hoy, jaar upor taaraa samaritan torah theke nirbachito ayatguli likhe deyo. etty taaraa hoy baadir darjar upore, athoba baadir vitore, probeshdware athoba ekti borh deyaler upor ekti bishishto jaiga rakhe. eyi "mejujot" protiti samari poribarer pashapashi upasonaloye pawa yaay. aaz kichhu samaritan ihudi-shailir mejuja cases byabohar korey ebong err vitore ekti chhoto likhito samaritan scroll sthapon korey, arthat.ee. samaritan bornomalai lekha samaritan torah theke ekti patthyo. barite joto beshi "mejujot" thakbe, toto vall boley money koraa hobey. eu-teey aini ladai.esha.. ekti abasik uniter probeshdware mejuja laganor ihudi protha markin juktorashtro baa kanada khub komoi challenge koraa hoyechilo, tobey, 2001 saale shikagote, shoreline tower ekti condominium association madur, boot, juto, gaadi baa konao dhoroner bostu nishiddho korechilo... ekok probeshdwarer baire, "jaa 2004 saale boarder bhoter madhyome porom boley byakhya koraa hoyechilo. upokulborti tower byabosthaponar pokkho theke condominium bhadateder holway mejujot sariye deoa hoy. porobortikale shikago kamishana ono human relations, ilinoy attorney general ebong eu-teey abhijog dayer koraa hoyechilo.esha. abason oo nogor unnayan bibhag, dhormer vittite abason baisamyer abhijog eneche. upokulborti tawarguli eyi dharaner nishedhaggar saathe shikagote ekmatro condominium samiti chhilo naa, jodio taader modhye ekti err niyam sangshodhan korte sommoto hoyechilo. mejuja birodher ekti sangbad protibedon porar porr, shikago alderman barton nataras shohorer pour sanghitai ekti sangshodhanir khasda toiri corren jaa bhadate baa konao apartment, baadi baa condor maliker jonno "darja, darja poosta baa probeshdware konao dharmiya chinno, protik baa dhongshaboshesh sthapon baa lagano nishiddho korey."jodio birodhita chhilo, kintu seii decembere shikagote etty aaine porinoto hoy. uttor america eyi dharaner prothom aain, err longghoner jonno sorbochcho 500 dollar jarimana antarbhukta chhilo. eyi aain sotteo, 2006 saale, ekti federal adaloter bicharok nirdharan korechilen jey eyi niyamti federal feyara housing act langghan korey naa; zela adalat 2008 saale apiler motamot bohal rakhe; 2009 saale, eu.esha. shikagote 7maum sarkiter apil adalat 2008 saaler siddhantoke ulte deyo ebong mamlati egiye yaay. edike, "shikago ihudi tarka"-rawr recordguli byarthobhabe tolob koraa hoyechilo ebong ilinoyer anty-slap aain prayog koraa hoyechilo. 2011 saale, upokulborti tower birodher ekti gopaniya nishpotti koraa hoyechilo. 2006 saale, ilinoy sinetara ira silverstein dwara rajyer condominium sampatti aainer ekti sangkirnobhabe kendribhuto sangshodhani shuru koraa hoyechilo, jaa eyi jatiya prothom rajyo aain. 2006 saale, floridara phorta lauderdale ekti condo buildinge eka mohilake taar holway unit theke mejuja sariye feller nirdesh deoa hoyechilo ebong jarimana korar humki deoa hoyechilo. deergho aini ladaiyer porr, condo associationke baisamyer jonno doshi sabbosto koraa hoy. 2008 saale, house bill 995, florida condominium aainer ekti sangshodhani, ilinoy rajyo aainer model, aaine porinoto hoy. 2007 saale texuse, houstoney bosobaskari eka dompotike samitir niyam langghan edate "upner darjar framey sangjukto jinisti sariye feller" nirdesh deoa hoyechilo. ekti aini ladai shuru hoy, jaar somoy ekti eu.esha. 2008 saale zela adaloter bicharok condo associationer pokkho theke raay deena. porobortikale, eyi dampati texuser house off representatives-err sadasya garnet eff-ayee porinoto hohn. colleman. 2009 saale probortito eyi dharaner dharmiya prodorshon rakkhar jonno taanr bilti grihito hoyney, tobey 2011 saaler june maase texuser governor rick perry dwara ekti samanno sangshodhito sanskaran sanskaran aaine swakkhorito hoyechilo. 2008 saale deshbyapi mejuja nishedhagga protirodher jonno ekti bill prostab koraa hoyechilo (eich.arr. 6932) dwara.esha. congressman gerold nadler. etty kokhono aaine porinoto hoyney.

mezuza mezuza ("darvajani chokee"; bahuvachanah mezuzot) aee charmpatrano aek tukado chhe, jemaa torahni chokkas hibru pankteeo kotarvaamaa aavee chhe, jeey rabbi yahudi dharmnaa yahudi anuyaayeeo temnaa gharoni darvajani chokee parr chontade chhe. aaa pankteeo biblenaa margo chhe jemaa mezuzahno upyog karvaano aadesh aapvama aavyo chhe (aneey); teo shema praathnaano pann bhaag chhe. mukhya pravaahnaa rabbi judism, saamanya reete gharnaa darek darvajama "mezuza" mookavo aavashyak chhe, jemaa ketlaak apvaado chhe jaim keey bathroom (jeey rahevani jagya nathee) aneey naanee kabaat. claff" aek laaykaat dharaavtaa lekhak ("" sophara stame "") dwara taiyar karvaamaa aave chhe, jemane sambandhit dhaarmik kaayadaono abhyaas karvaa maate taaleem leedhi hoya aneey vadhu vyavhaaru bhagoma, etale keey ".ee. rajaai kotarvi aneey lekhanno abhyaas karvo. aaa pankteeo kaalee amit shaahimaa lakhvaamaa aavee chhe, jemaa aek khaas rajaaini payne hoya chhe jeey kaan too pinchhamathi athavaa havey ekdam durlabh, aek dorithi banavvama aave chhe. pachhi "claff" neey valaank aapvama aave chhe aneey kesanee andar mukvaamaa aave chhe. vyutpatti. biblema, "mezuza" shabd maatra darvajani beey 'darvajani chokee' athavaa 'darvajani thambhala' noow ullekh karey chhe, tenee banne baajuni seedhi thambhalaao jeey lintalne teko aape chhe, aneey koipan dhaarmik aagnaa athavaa charmpatra saathe asambandhit viveedh sandarbhomaa dekhaay chhe. aaa shabd paachhalthi baybalnaa hibru pachhinaa bhagma charmpatranaa tukadaano aadhunik arth praapt karyo kaaran keey uparnee punarniyamni aagnane kaarane darvajani chokee parr chhando lakhvaani jaroor hatee. aaa shabdni utpatti vivaadit chheh hetu. bibleni panktioma jyaan mezuza aadesh jovaa maley chhe, teno hetu shaikshanik chhe, vyakteene satat bhagvanni aagnaoni yaad apaavvih joke, pachhini pedhhiomaa, mezuzahne aek apotropike upkaran tareeke arthghatan karvaanu sharoo thayu, jeey gharne dusht shaktiothi rakshan aape chhe. sanskruti-tulnaatmak vishleshan soochave chhe keey sthaaneek threashold parr mukvaamaa aaveli vastuo ghanivaar vyaapak reete samjee shakaay tevee dushtataane door karatee taavijnu kaary karey chhe. ketlaak praarambhik rabbi stroto (jeey. tii. megillah 4:12, bii. tii. baava metzia 102aee, aneey bii. tii. pesahim 113bii saheet) mezuzotna rakshasi veerodhi kaaryamaa manyatana spashtpane sakshi chhe. jyaare ketlaak yahudi stroto soochave chhe keey mezuzahne daivi krodh saame rakshan aaptaa saadhan tareeke ganvaamaa aave chhe, anya loko aavaa arthghatanne jordaar reete nakaari kaadhe chhe. mezuzahni rakshanatmak shakteema maanyata aadhunik samayma pann prachaleet chhe. 1970naa daykama malotma shrenibaddh aatankvadi humalaao pachhi, chabaad-lubavichna pratinidhioae mezuzahni vyavsthit tapaas maate abhiyaan sharoo karyoo hatoo. aaa kaaryvaahi antargat saamanya dhaarnaa aee hatee keey "mitzwatt" noon paalan karvaathi vyaktigat salamatini banydhari malashe. samajshastriy sanshodhannaa viveedh bhaago anusaar, israelma aashre trana chaturthansh pukht vayanaa loko maane chhe keey mezuza shaabdik reete temnaa gharoni raksha karey chhe. design. mezuza charmpatra (claff) parr khaas prashikshit lekhak (sophara) dwara lakhvu aavashyak chhe. vadharana shilalekho. charmpatrani paachhal beey shilalekho lakhvaani prathaa chheh "bhagvanna biblenaa namomanu aek, shaddi", "[" "sarvshaktimaan" "], aheen" "israelnaa darvajana rakshak" "shommer daltot israel" "naa tunkakshar tareeke pann kaama karey chhe". ghanaa mezuzahna kissaaomaa "shaddai" maate hibru akshar (paankh) pann chinhit karvaamaa aave chhe. "" aek seasure sipher chhe-aek aksharni paalee-shemana trija, chothaa aneey paanchmaa shabdomathi, "" edonai, eloheinu, edonai "," "" bhagvaan, aapana bhagvaan, bhagvaan "; teey kesanee paachhal, aagalnaa anuroop shabdoni saame lakhaayel chhe". aaa shilalekh 11mee sadeeno chhe aneey "hasidei ashcanase" (madhyayugin german yahudi rahasyavadio) maan jovaa maley chhe. sephardic rivaaj (minhag) aaa shabdsamuhne chhodi deey chhe, aneey mezuzahni paachhal maatra hibru shabd ("shaddai") lakhvaamaa aave chhe. aaa shulchan aarach aneey rambamna lakhaanone anusare chhe. joke, banne shabdsamuho lakhvaani ashkenazi prathaane remonaa lakhanoma teko aapvama aavyo hato. (yoreh deey 'aaha 288:15) aaa sambandhma rambamna "mishneh torah" maanthi vaaramvaar tankvama aavela maargno sandarbh levo yogya chhe jeey janaave chheh beey margo vachche khaalee jagyani saame mezuzani bahaar [bhagvaannu naam,] shaddai lakhvaano aek saamanya rivaaj chhe. aamaa koee mushkeli nathee, kaaran keey [umero karvaamaa aave chhe] bahaar. jooe keey, jeo [mezuzahni] andar duto, anya pavitra naamo, chhando athavaa swaruponaa naam lakhe chhe, teo aevaa lokomaa saamel chhe jaimno aagaami vishvamaa koee bhaag nathee. aaa moorkh loko maatra mitzwahne jaj nabud kartaa nathee, parantu vadhumaa, teo aek mahaan mitzwahmanthi [jeey pratibimbit karey chhe] pavitra vyaktinaa naamnee aektaane, teey dhanya hoya, teno prem aneey tenee sevaa, temnaa potaana laabh maate aek tavij banaave chhe. teo, temnee moorkh kalpanama, vichaare chhe keey aaa temne vishwani mithyabhignata ange madad karashe. mezuzahna kissaao. mezuza lagaavvaani aagnanu yahudi vishvamaa vyaapakpane paalan karvaamaa aave chhe, yahudeeo dwara pann jeo dhaarmik reete paalan kartaa nathee. jyaare mezuzahno mahatvapurn bhaag "claff" athavaa charmpatra chhe, aneey pote cases nathee, mezuzahna kesonee rachnaa aneey utpadanne yugothi aek qalaa swarupma unnat karvaamaa aavyu chhe. mezuzahna cases chaandi aneey kimmatee dhaatuothi maandine laakada, patthar, syramics, peaver aneey polymer maatee sudhini viveedh samagrimathi banavvama aave chhe. mezuzahna ketlaak dealero kaagad parr photocopy karvaamaa aavela lakhanni nakal pradaan karashe athavaa vechaan maate ofara karashe; aaa kosher (maany) mezuza nathee, jeey laaykaat dharaavtaa lekhak dwara charmpatranaa tukada parr haaththee lakhaayel hovi joiae. prathaao. mezuzahne lagaaveene. sthitee aneey akhanditataa. halkha" anusaar, "mezuza" baaranu athavaa darvajani chokadini jamani bajuae, darvajani chokadinaa upala trija bhagma (etale keey.ee., khabhaani unchai), darvajana khulvani lagbhag andar. charmpatra athavaa tenaa parnaa shabdone faadi naa nakhva athavaa nuksan naa pahonchadva maate kaaljee levee joiae, kaaran keey aaa "mezuza" neey amanya banaavshe, jene torah manvama aave chhe. khoono. jyaan darvaajo purato paholo chhe, tyaan ghanaa aeshkenaazi yahudeeo mezuzane namaave chhe jethee toach jeey oradama darvaajo khule chhe tenee taraf namaay. aaa raashee (1040-1105) aneey tenaa pautra, rabbinu taamnaa viveedh mantavyone samavva maate karvaamaa aave chhe, keey shun tene oobhi (raashee) athavaa aadee (rabbinu taam) rakhvi joiae, aneey teey pann soochave chhe keey bhagvaan aneey torah (jeey mezuza prateek chhe) oradama pravesh curry rahyaa chhe. samadhanno ukel rabbi jacob bayne aeshar (see. 1269-see. 1343). motabhagna sephardii yahudeeo, mizrahi yahudeeo aneey anya biin-ashkenazi yahudeeo mezuzane oobhi reete jode chhe, jooe keey spanish aneey portugies yahudeeo aevaa deshomaa rahe chhe jyaan motabhagna yahudeeo ashkenazim chhe. samay. saamanya reete, "halkha" maate diasporama raheta yahudioni jaroor padey chhe (etale keey.ee., israelni jameenni bahaar) bhaadana makaan athavaa apartmentma sthalaantar karyaana 30 divasni andar "mezuza" lagaavvu. diasporama khareedela ghar athavaa apartment maate, athavaa israelma rahethaan (maliki athavaa bhaadana) maate, mezuza sthalaantar karyaa pachhi tarat jaj chontadvama aave chhe. aaa tafavatnu kaaran aee chhe keey aevee dhaarnaa chhe keey jyaare koee yahudi israelma rahe chhe, tyaare israel tenu kaayamee nivassthan raheshe, jyaare diasporama ghar kaamchalaau chhe. aashirvaad. prakriyaa aee chhe keey "mezuza" neey teey sthal parr pakadi rakhvama aave chhe jenaa parr tene lagavvama aavashe, pachhi aashirvaadnu pathan karvu koipan yahudi aashirvaadnu pathan curry shake chhe, jooe teo "mitzwah" noon mahatv samjavaa maate purtaa vruddh hoya. aashirvaad pachhi, "mezuza" jodvama aave chhe. jyaare ketlank "mezuzot" chontadvama aave chhe, tyaare prathamne chontadta pahelaa aekvaar aashirvadno paath karvo puratu chhe. mezuzane sparsha karvo. jyaare pann darvaja parthee pasaar thaay chhe, tyaare ghanaa loko bhagvanne maana aapvani reet tareeke mezuzani aangaline sparsha karey chhe. ghanaa loko mezuzane sparsha karyaa pachhi temnee aangaline chumban pann karey chhe. charmpatra tapaso. tamaam yahudi sampradayona ghanaa paalela yahudeeo paase darr saat varshe ochhama ochha beey vaar khaameeo (jaim keey naana aansu athavaa zankha aksharo) maate mezuzot charmpatrani tapaas karvaa maate laayak lekhak hoya chhe. aaa kaama sophara (lekhak) athavaa samaan taaleem dharaavati koipan vyaktee dwara curry shakaay chhe. sophara navaa mezuzot charmpatro pann banaavi shake chhe jeey yahudi kaayada anusaar chhe. carite aneey samaritan mezuza. aaa lekh mukhyatve "mezuza" saathe sambandhit chhe kaaran keey teno upyog rabbi yahudi dharmamaa thaay chhe, parantu carite yahudi dharm aneey sumritnismni potaani paramparaao chhe. carite judism deuteronomic schlock "aneey tame temne tamara gharo aneey tamara darvajani chokeeo parr lakhsho" () noon arthghatan roopak tareeke karvaamaa aave chhe, rabbi "mezuza" noow ullekh karvaa maate nahee. aama, carites paramparagat reete "mezuzot" noow upyog kartaa nathee, parantu dass aagnao saathe kaayadaani beey taktionaa aakarma aek naanee taktee mooke chhe. israelma, jyaan teo anya yahudione asvasthata naa anubhavaavaano prayaas curry shake chhe, ghanaa kaareeo apvaad banaave chhe aneey temnee darvajani chokee parr pann mezuza mooke chhe. mezuza" noon carite sanskaran jaaher imaaratona darvaja aneey ketalikvaar khangi imaarato maate pann nishchit karvaamaa aave chhe. samaritan loko deuteronomic aagnanu arthghatan karey chhe jeno arth mosesnaa paanch pustakonaa samaritan sanskaranmathi koipan pasand karel lakhaan pradarshit karvaano thaay chhe. aamaa aashirvaad athavaa khaas kareene pavitra athavaa utthaankaari sandesh hoi shake chhe. bhutkaalmaa teoae gharnaa darvajani upar dass aagnao saathe kotareli pattharni taktee mookie hatee, jemaa byzantine (chothee-saatmee sadee) aneey praarambhik muslim (saatmee-11mee sadee) samaygalana ketlaak udaaharano havey jerusalemnaa israel sangrahalayma darshavvama aavyaa chhe. aajkaal samaritan "mezuza" saamanya reete aaras, lakadani thaali athavaa charmpatrani sheet athavaa uchch gunvattavala kagalmathi banavvama aave chhe, jenaa parr teo samaritan torahmathi pasand karelee pankteeo lakhe chhe. aaa teo kaan too gharnaa darvajani upar, athavaa gharnee andar, praveshdvaarmaa athavaa motee diwal parr koee agranee jagyae mooke chhe. aaa "mezuzot" darek sumritton gharmaa temaj sabhasthanma jovaa maley chhe. aaje ketlaak samaritan yahudi shaileena mezuza kesano pann upyog kartaa aneey tenee andar aek naanu lekheet samaritan scroll, etale keey.ee. samaritan torahno aek lakhaan, samaritan mulaksharma lakhaayel chhe. gharmaa aaa prakaarnaa "mezuzot" jetla vadhu hashe, tetalu jaj saaru manvama aavashe. yuu. aesa. maan kaanuni ladaaio.aesa.. rahenank ekamnaa praveshdwaar parr mezuza lagaavvaani yahudi prathaane united states athavaa kenedama bhagye jaj padkarvama aavee hatee, jooe keey, 2001 maan shikagoma, shoreline towers khaatena condominium associatione saadadio, boot, pagarkhaa, gaadeeo athavaa koipan prakaarnee vastuo parr pratibandh mookyo hato... aekam pravesh darvajani bahaar, "jeey 2004maan boardnaa mutt dwara nirpeksh hovaanu arthghatan karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. kinara parnaa towersnaa managemente condominium bhaadutonaa hollway mezuzotne door karyaa hataa. tyarbad manav sambandho parr shikago commission, eleanois atterni general aneey yuu.aesa. aavaas aneey shaheri vikaas vibhag, dharmnaa aadhare aavaas bhedbhavno aarop mooke chhe. aavaa pratibandh saathe shoreline towers shikagoma ekmatra condominium sangathan naa hatoo, jooe keey temathi aek tenaa niyamma ferfar karvaa maate sammat thayu hatoo. mezuza vivaadno samachar ahewal vaanchya pachhi, shikago alderman burton nataruse shahernaa municiple kodmaa sudhaaraano musaddo taiyar karyo hato, jene bhaadut athavaa apartment, ghar athavaa kondonaa malikne "darvaja, darvajani chokee athavaa praveshdwaar parr dhaarmik nishani, prateek athavaa avshesh mukavaa athavaa jodvaa" parr pratibandh mookyo hato."veerodh hovaa chhataa, teey decemberma shikagoma kaayado bunny gayo. uttar americama aaa prakaarno pratham kaayado, tenaa ullanghan maate mahattam $500 dandano samaavesh thaay chhe. aaa kaayada hovaa chhataa, 2006 maan, federal courtnaa nyayadhishe nakki karyoo keey aaa niyam federal phera housing aektanu ullanghan karato nathee; jilla adalate 2008 maan apil parnaa abhiprayne samarthan aapyu; 2009 maan, yuu.aesa. shikagoma 7mee circuit maate apeelnee adalate 2008naa nirnayne ultavi deedho aneey cases aagad vadhyo. darmiyan, "shikago yahudi staar" naa recordne asafal reete summons pathavvama aavyaa hataa, aneey ileenoisno thappad veerodhi kaayado laagu karvaamaa aavyo hato. 2011maan, kinara parnaa towernaa vivaadonu goopt samadhan praapt thayu hatoo. 2006maan, rajyanaa condominium property aektama vadhu sankuchit reete kendrit sudhaaro ileenoisna senator iraa silverstein dwara sharoo karvaamaa aavyo hato, jeey aaa prakaarno pratham raajy kaayado hato. 2006maan, floridana phorta lauderdalema condo buildingma aek maheelane tenaa hollway unitmathi mezuzane door karvaanee soochnaa aapvama aavee hatee aneey dandnee dhamki aapvama aavee hatee. laambi kaanuni ladaai pachhi, condo sangathanne bhedbhaav maate dosheet theravama aavyu hatoo. 2008maan, eleanois rajyanaa kaayada parr aadharit florida condominium aektama sudhaaro, house bill 995 kaayado banyo. taxasma 2007maan, hustonma raheta aek dampatine sangathannaa niyamonu ullanghan taalvaa maate "tamara darvajani frame saathe jodaayelee vastune door karvaa" soochnaa aapvama aavee hatee. aek kaanuni ladaai sharoo thaee, jeey darmiyan yuu.aesa. jilla adalatna nyayadhishe 2008maan condo association vatee chukaado aapyo hato. tyarbad, aaa dampati taxas house off representativesna sabhy garnet aef. taraf valyaa. colleman. 2009maan rajoo karaayela aavaa dhaarmik pradarshanona rakshan maatena temnaa beelne apnavvama aavyu naa hatoo, parantu juuna 2011maan taxasna governor rick peree dwara sahej sudharela sanskaran (aechbee1278) parr hastakshar karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. mezuza parr deshbharma pratibandhne rokvaa maate 2008maan aek bill rajoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo (aech.aar. 6932) yuu dwara.aesa. congressmen gerold nedler. teey kyaarey kaayado banyo nathee.

mezuza mezuza ("dwaar chauki"; bahuvachanah mezuzot) torah seey vishisht hibru chhandon key saath utkeern charmpatra kaa ack tukada haye, jise rabbiyon key yahudi anuyaayi apane gharon key darwaaje kii chaukhatiyon parr chipakaate hain. yeye chhand bibil key ansh hain jinamen mezuza key upayog kii aagya dee gaee haye (aur); way bhee sheema prarthana kaa hissa hain. mukhyadhara key rabbiyon key judawad mein, ack "mezuza" koo aam taur parr ghar key harr darwaaje mein rakhaa jaanaa chaahiye, kuchh apvaadon key saath jaise kii snanghar (joe rahane kii jagah naheen hain) aur chhoti almari. claff" ack yogya lekhak ("sopher stame") dwara taiyar kiya jaataa haye, jisane praasangik dhaarmik kaanoonon kaa adhyayan karane aur adhik vyaavhaarik bhaagon mein, donon mein prashikshan liya haye.ee. quill koo tarashna aur lekhan kaa abhyaas karna. chhand kaali amit syaahi mein likhe gaye hain jisamen ack vishesh rajaai kalam yaa tou ack pankh seey banaai gaee haye yaa, abb kaafee durlabh, ack reed haye. claff" koo phir oopar ghumaaya jaataa haye aur mamle key ander rakhaa jaataa haye. vyutpatti. bible mein, "mezuza" shabd kewal ack darwaaje kii dou 'dorpost' yaa 'dorjamb' koo sandarbhit kartaa haye, isake donon taraf kii seedhi chaukiyaan joe lintel kaa samarthan karati hain, aur vibhinn sandarbhon mein dikhaai detee hain joe kissy bhee dhaarmik aagya yaa charmpatra seey asambandhit naheen hain. iss shabd ney baad mein uttar-bibil key hibru mein charmpatra key tukade kaa aadhunik arth praapt curr liya kyonki oopar dee gaee vyavasthaavivaran aagya key kaaran darwaaje kii chaukhiyon parr chhand likhane kii aavashyakta thee. shabd kii utpatti vivaadit haih uddeshya. bibil key chhandon mein jahan mezuza adesh paaya jaataa haye, uddeshya shaikshik haye, lagaatar ack vyakti koo bhagwan kii aagyaon kii yaad dilaanah halanki, baad kii peedhiyon mein, mezuza koo ack apotropyc upkaran key roop mein vyakhya kii jaane luggy, joe ghar koo burai kii taakton seey bachaata haye. ack sanskriti-tulanaatmak vishleshan seey pataa chalata haye kii gharelu seema parr rakhee gaee vastuen aksar vyaapak roop seey samajhi gaee burai koo door karane vaale ack tabij kaa kaary karati hain. kuchh praarambhik rabbik srot (jey. tii. megillah 4:12, bee. tii. baava metzia 102aeye, aur bee. tii. pesahim 113bee sahit) spasht roop seey mezuzot key virodhi-rakshasi kaary mein vishvaas key gawah hain. jabaki kuchh yahudi sroton seey sanket milata haye kii mezuza koo divya krodh seey bachaav karane vaale upkaran key roop mein maanaa jaataa haye, anya loga iss tarah kii vyakhya koo jordar roop seey aswikar karate hain. mezuza kii surakshaatmak shakti mein vishvaas aadhunik samay mein bhee prachalit haye. 1970 key dashak mein malot mein aatankvaadi hamalon kii ack shrinkhala key baad, chabad-lubawich key pratinidhiyon ney mezuzah kii vyavasthit jaanch key liye abhiyaan shuru kiya. kaarravaai mein antarnihit samanya dhaarana yeh thee kii "mitzwoat" kaa paalan karane seey vyaktigat suraksha kii guaranti hogi. samajshastriya shodh key vibhinn tukadon key anusaar, israel mein lagbhag teen-chauthai vayaskon kaa maanana haye kii mezuza sachmuch unake gharon kii raksha kartaa haye. design. mezuza koo charmpatra (claff) parr ack vishesh roop seey prashikshit lekhak (sopher) dwara likhaa jaanaa chaahiye. atirikt shilalekh. charmpatra key peechhe dou shilalekh likhane kii pratha haih "bhagwan key bibil key naamon mein seey ack, shadai," "[sarvashaktimaan], yahaan" "schomer daltot yisrael" "key liye ack sankshipt naam key roop mein bhee kaary kartaa haye, joe" "israel key darvaajon kaa sanrakshak" "haye. kaee mezuza mamalon koo "shaddai" key liye hibru akshar (shinn) key saath bhee chihnit kiya jaataa haye. "" ack seasure sifer haye-ack akshar kii shift-shema key teesare, chauthe aur paanchven shabdon kaa, "" adonai, alohinu, adonai "," prabhu, hamaare bhagwan, prabhu "; yeh mamle key peechhe likhaa gayaa haye, saamane key sambandhit shabdon key vipareet. yeh shilalekh 11veen shatabdi kaa haye aur "hasidei ashkenaaz" (madhyayugeen german yahudi rahasyavaadi) key beach paaya jaataa haye. sephardic rivaaj (minhag) vakyansh koo chhod detaa haye, aur kewal hibru shabd ("shaddai") mezuza key peechhe likhaa jaataa haye. yeh shulchan aruch aur rambam key lekhan kaa anusaran kartaa haye. haalaanki, donon vakyanshon koo likhane kii ashkenazi pratha kaa samarthan remo key lekhan mein kiya gayaa thaa. (yorah dey 'aaha 288:15) iss sambandh mein rambam key "mishneh torah" seey aksar uddhrit ansh kaa ullekh karna saarthak haye joe kahata haih donon maargon key beach khaali jagah key saamane ack mezuza key baahar [bhagwan kaa naam,] shaddai likhana ack aam pratha haye. isamen koee kathinaaee naheen haye, kyonki [jodd diyaa gayaa haye] baahar. haalaanki, joe loga [mezuza key] ander swargadooton, anya pavitra naamon, chhandon yaa roopon key naam likhate hain, way una logon mein seey hain jinka aaney vaale sansar mein koee hissa naheen haye. yeye moorkh naa kewal mitzwah koo radd karate hain, balki isake alawa, way ack mahaan mitzwah seey banaate hain [joe darshaata haye] pavitra key naam kii ekataa, vaha dhanya hoe, uska pyaar, aur usaki seva, apane swayam key laabh key liye ack tavij. way apani murkhtapurna avadharana mein sochate hain kii isase unhein duniya key ahankar key baare mein madad milegi. mezuza mamle. mezuza lagaane kii aagya kaa vyaapak roop seey yahudi duniya mein paalan kiya jaataa haye, yahaan taka kii yahudi bhee joe dhaarmik roop seey paalan naheen karate hain. jabaki mezuza kaa mahatvapurna hissa "claff" yaa charmpatra haye, aur khud mamla naheen haye, mezuza mamalon koo design aur utpaadan karna yugon seey ack kalaa roop mein unnat kiya gayaa haye. mezuza key mamle chaandi aur keemati dhatuon seey laker lakadi, patthar, cheeni mitty, puter aur yahaan taka kii bahulak mitty taka vibhinn prakaar kii samagriyon seey utpaadit hotey hain. mezuza mamalon key kuchh vikreta usa paath kii ack prati pradaan karenge yaa bikri key liye prastaav denge jise kagaj parr photocopy kiya gayaa haye; yeh kosher (vaidh) mezuza naheen haye, jise ack yogya lekhak dwara charmpatra key tukade parr hastalikhit kiya jaanaa chaahiye. abhyaas. mezuza koo chipkana. sthiti aur akhandata. halkha" key anusaar, "mezuza" koo darwaaje yaa darwaaje kii chauki key daaeen or, darwaaje kii chauki key oopari teesare hisse mein rakhaa jaanaa chaahiye (i.ee., lagbhag kandhe kii oonchaai), dwaar key lagbhag khulane key bheetar. iss baat kaa dhyaan rakhaa jaanaa chaahiye kii charmpatra koo faad naa jaae yaa usa parr likhe shabdon koo nuksan naa pahunche, kyonki yeh "mezuza" koo amaanya curr dega, jise torah maanaa jaataa haye. konn. jahan dwaar kaafee chauda haye, vahaan kaee ashkenazi yahudi mezuza koo jhukaate hain taaki oopar kaa hissa usa kamare kii or jhuk jaae jisamen darwaja khulata haye. yeh raashi (1040-1105) aur usake potey, rabbinu taam key vibhinn vichaaron koo samaayojit karane key liye kiya jaataa haye, kii kyaa ise urdhvaadhar (raashi) yaa kshaitij (rabbinu taam) rakhaa jaanaa chaahiye, aur yeh bhee ingit karane key liye kii bhagwan aur torah (jise mezuza prateek kartaa haye) kamare mein pravesh curr rahey hain. rabbi jacob bayne asher (see. 1269-see. 1343). adhikansh sephardi yahudi, mijrahi yahudi aur anya gair-ashkenazi yahudi mezuza koo urdhvaadhar roop seey chipakaate hain, halanki una deshon mein rahane vaale spanish aur purtagaali yahudi jahaan adhikansh yahudi ashkenazim hain, aamtaur parr ise tirchha rakhate hain. samay. aam taur parr, "halkha" key liye pravaasi (i.ee., israel kii bhoomi key baahar) kiraaye key ghar yaa apartment mein jaane key 30 dinon key bheetar ack "mezuza" chipkana. pravaasi samudaay mein khareede gaye ghar yaa apartment, yaa israel mein ack nivaas (swaamitva yaa kiraaye parr) key liye, mezuza koo sthanantarit karane key turant baad chipkaya jaataa haye. iss antar kaa kaaran yeh haye kii ack dhaarana haye kii jaba koee yahudi israel mein rahata haye, tou israel uska sthaayi nivaas banaa rahega, jabaki pravaasi mein ack ghar asthaayi haye. aashirvaad. prakriya yeh haye kii jiss sthaan parr ise lagaaya jaayega, usake khilaf "mezuza" koo pakad curr phir ack aashirvaad kaa paath kiya jaaeh koee bhee yahudi aashirvaad kaa paath curr sakata haye, basharte kii way "mitzwah" key mahatva koo samajhane key liye paryaapt umr key houn. aashirvaad key baad, "mezuza" sanlagn haye. jaba kaee "mezuzot" chipakaate hain, tou pahale koo chipakaane seey pahale ack baar aashirvaad kaa paath karna paryaapt hotaa haye. mezuza koo chhoote hue. jaba bhee darwaaje seey gujarate hain, tou kaee loga bhagwan kaa sammaan karane key tareeke key roop mein mezuza kii ungli koo chhoote hain. kaee loga mezuza koo chhoone key baad apani ungli koo choom bhee lete hain. charmpatra kii jaanch karein. sabhi yahudi sampradayon key kaee paryavekshak yahoodiyon key paas harr saat saal mein cumm seey cumm dou baar doshon (jaise chhote aansuu yaa feeke akshar) key liye mezuzot charmpatra kii jaanch karane key liye ack yogya lekhak hotaa haye. yeh kaam ack sopher (lekhak) yaa isi tarah key prashikshan vaale kissy bhee vyakti dwara kiya jaa sakata haye. ack sopher nae mezuzot charmpatra bhee banaa sakata haye joe yahudi kaanoon key anusaar hain. carite aur samaritan mezuza. yeh lekh mukhya roop seey "mezuza" seey sambandhit haye kyonki iska upayog rabbiyon key yahudi dharm mein kiya jaataa haye, lekin kaaraai yahudi dharm aur samri dharm kii apani paramparaaen hain. carite judawad mein "aur aap unhein apane gharon aur apane darvaajon kii chaukhiyon parr likhenge" () kii vyakhya ack roopak key roop mein kii jaati haye naa kii rabbani "mezuza" key sandarbh mein. iss prakaar carites paaramparik roop seey "mezuzot" kaa upayog naheen karate hain, lekin duss aagyaon key saath kaanoon kii dou pattiyon key aakar mein ack chhoti pattika lagaate hain. israel mein, jahan way anya yahoodiyon koo asahaj mahsoos naa karaane kii koshish curr sakate hain, kaee carites ack apavaad banaate hain aur apani darwaaje kii chauki parr bhee ack mezuza rakhate hain. mezuza" kaa carite sanskaran saarvajanik bhavanon key dwaar aur kabhi-kabhi niji bhavanon key liye bhee taya kiya jaataa haye. sumritance ney deuteronomic commandment kii vyakhya karane kaa matlab moosa kii paanch pustakon key sumritance sanskaran seey kissy bhee chuninda paath koo pradarshit karna haye. isamen ack aashirvaad yaa vishesh roop seey pavitra yaa utthaan sandesh hoe sakata haye. ateet mein unhone ghar key darwaaje key oopar duss aagyaon key saath ack patthar kii pattika rakhee, kuchh udaaharan byzantine (chauthi-saatvin shatabdi) aur praarambhik muslim (saatvin-gyaarahavin shatabdi) avadhi key hain joe abb jerusalam mein israel sangrahalaya mein dikhaae jaa rahey hain. aajkal ack samri "mezuza" aamtaur parr yaa tou sangamarmar, ack lakadi kii plate, yaa charmpatra yaa uchch gunavatta vaale kagaj kii ack sheet seey banaa hotaa haye, jiss parr way samri torah seey chuninda chhand likhate hain. ise way yaa tou ghar key darwaaje key oopar, yaa ghar key ander, pravesh dwaar mein yaa ack badee deewaar parr ack pramukh sthaan parr rakhate hain. yeye "mezuzot" harr samri gharaane key saath-saath aradhanalaya mein bhee paae jaate hain. aaj kuchh samaritan yahudi shally key mezuza cases kaa bhee upayog karate they aur isake ander ack chhota saa likhit samaritan scroll rakhate they.ee. samaritan torah seey ack paath, samaritan varnamala mein likhaa gayaa haye. ghar mein jitna adhik "mezuzot" hoga, utanaa hii behtar maanaa jaayega. yuu mein kanuni ladaai.aiss.. sanyukt raajya yaa kanada mein ack aavaasiya ikai key pravesh dwaar parr mezuza lagaane kii yahudi pratha koo shayed hii kabhi chunauti dee gaee thee, haalaanki, 2001 mein shikago mein, tatvarti towers parr ack condominium association ney "chataai, joote, joote, gaadiyan yaa kissy bhee prakaar kii vastuon" parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa thaa... ikai key pravesh dwaar key baahar, "jise 2004 mein board key vote dwara nirpeksh maanaa gayaa thaa. tatvarti tower prabandhan ney condominium kiraayedaron key dalan mezuzot koo hataa diyaa. baad mein maanav sambandhon parr shikago aayog, ilinois attorney general aur yuu key paas shikaayaten daayar kii gaeen.aiss. awas aur shahari vikas vibhaag, dharm key aadhar parr awas bhedbhaav kaa aarop lagaata haye. iss tarah key pratibandh key saath tateey tower shikago mein ekmatra condominium sangathan naheen thaa, halanki unamen seey ack isake niyam koo sanshodhit karane key liye sahmat thaa. mezuza vivaad kii ack samachar report padhane parr, shikago alderman berton nataras ney shahar key nagarpalika sanhita mein ack sanshodhan kaa masauda taiyar kiya, jisane kiraaedaar yaa kissy apartment, ghar, yaa kondo key malik key liye "darwaaje, darwaaje yaa pravesh dwaar parr ack dhaarmik sanket, prateek yaa avashesh rakhane yaa chipakaane" seey pratibandhit karane koo avaidh banaa diyaa."halanki virodh thaa, lekin yeh disambar mein shikago mein kaanoon bunn gayaa. uttari america mein iss tarah kaa pahala kaanoon, isake ullanghan key liye adhikatam $500 kaa jurmana shamil thaa. iss kaanoon key bavjood, 2006 mein, ack sanghiya adalat key nyayadhish ney nirdhaarit kiya kii niyam sanghiya nishpaksh awas adhiniyam kaa ullanghan naheen kartaa haye; jilaa adalat ney 2008 mein appeal parr raay koo barkarar rakhaa; 2009 mein, yuu.aiss. shikago mein 7vein circuit key liye appeal kii adalat ney 2008 key faisale koo ulat diyaa, aur mamla aage badhaa. iss beach, "shikago yahudi starr" key record koo asafal roop seey samman diyaa gayaa, aur ilinois key anty-slap kaanoon koo lagu kiya gayaa. 2011 mein, tatvarti tower vivaadon kaa ack gopaniya samadhan hassil kiya gayaa thaa. 2006 mein, raajya key condominium sampatti adhiniyam mein ack adhik sankeern kendrit sanshodhan ilinois senator iraa silverstein dwara shuru kiya gayaa thaa, joe iss tarah kaa pahala raajya kaanoon thaa. 2006 mein, florida key fort lauderdale mein ack condo imarat mein ack mahila koo apane dalan ikai seey mezuza koo hataane kaa nirdesh diyaa gayaa aur jurmana lagaane kii dhamki dee gaee. ack lambi kanuni ladaai key baad, kondo association koo bhedbhaav kaa doshi paaya gayaa. 2008 mein, house bill 995, florida condominium adhiniyam mein ack sanshodhan, ilinois raajya kaanoon parr model, kaanoon bunn gayaa. texas mein 2007 mein, huston mein rahane vaale ack jode koo nirdesh diyaa gayaa thaa kii way "aapke darwaaje key frame seey judee vastu koo hataa dein" taaki sangathan key niyamon kaa ullanghan karane seey bachaa jaa sakey. ack kanuni ladaai hui, jisake dauran ack yuu.aiss. jilaa adalat key nyayadhish ney 2008 mein kondo association kii or seey faisala sunaaya. baad mein, dampati texas house off representatives key sadasya garnet aff mein badal gaye. colleman. 2009 mein pesh kiye gaye iss tarah key dhaarmik pradarshanon kii raksha key liye unake vidheyak koo apanaaya naheen gayaa thaa, lekin juuna 2011 mein texas key governor rick perry dwara thodaa sanshodhit sanskaran (aich. bee. 1278) parr hastakshar kiye gaye they. mezuza pratibandh koo desh bhar mein rokane key liye ack vidheyak 2008 mein prastaavit kiya gayaa thaa (aich.aar. 6932) dwara yuu.aiss. congress key sadasya gerold nadler. yeh kabhi kaanoon naheen banaa.

mejujhaa mejujhaa ("bagilina kamba"; bahuvachanah mejujot) embudu toraada nirdishta heebroo padyagalannu kettalaada charmakaagadada tundu, idannu rabbina yahoodi dharmada yahoodi anuyayigalu tamma manegala bagilina kambagalige antisuttaare. ee padyagalu bybalna bhaagagalaagive, idaralli mejuja balakeyannu aadeshisalaagide (mattu); avu shema prarthaneya bhaagavoo aagive. mukhyavahiniya rabbi yahoodi dharmadalli, snaanagruhagalu (vaasada sthalavallada) mattu sanna kapatinantaha kelavu vinayitigalondige, samanyavagi maneya pratiyondu bagilalloo "mejuja" annu idabeku. claff" annu arha lekhaki ("" sopher stam ") siddhapadisuttare, avaru sambandhita dharmika kaanunugalannu adhyayana maduvalli tarabeti padediddaare, mattu hecchu prayogika bhagagalalli, andare.ii. quill annu kettuvudu mattu baravanigeyannu abhyasa maaduvudu. ee padyagalannu kappu alisalaagada shayiyalli bareyalaagiddu, vishesha quill pennu garigalinda athawa eega bahala aparoopada, ondu kolaveyinda tayaarisalaaguttade. nantara "claff" annu suttikondu cases olage irisalaaguttade. vyutpatti. baibalnalli, "mejujhaa" emba padavu bagilina eradu 'bagilina kambagalu' athawa 'bagilina kambagalannu' maatra soochisuttade, adara eradoo badiyalliruva neravaada kambagalu lintel annu bembalisuttave mattu yaavude dharmika aagne athawa charmakaagadakke sambandhavillada vividha sandarbhagalalli kaanisikolluttave. melina deuteronomy aagneyu bagilina kambagala mele padyagalannu bareyuva agatyaviruvudarinda ee padavu nantara bybalna nantarada heebroodalli charmakaagadada tundu emba aadhunika arthavannu padedukonditu. padada moolavu vivadaspadavagideh uddesha. mejujhaa aagneyu kandubaruva bybalna padyagalalli, vyaktiyobbanige devara aagnegalannu nirantaravagi nenapisuva uddeshavu shaikshanikavagideh aadaagyoo, nantarada piligegalalli, mejujavannu dushta shaktigalinda maneyannu rakshisuva apotropoic saadhanavendu vyaakhyaanisalu praarambhisitu. ondu samskruti-holike vishleshaneyu, deshiya mitigala mele irisalaagiruva vastugalu samanyavagi vishaalavaagi arthaisikolluva dushtavannu himmettisuva taayitada kaaryavannu hondive endu soochisuttade. kelavu arambhika rabbi moolagalu (jetty megilla 4:12, biti bawa metzia 102aa, mattu biti pesahim 113bii seridante) mejujatna rakshasa-virodhi kaaryadalli nambikege spashtavagi saakshiyaagive. kelavu yahoodi moolagalu mejujavannu daivika koopadinda rakshisuva saadhanavendu arthaisidare, itararu antaha vyaakhyaanavannu tivravagi tiraskarisuttaare. mejujaada rakshanaatmaka shaktiya melina nambikeyu aadhunika kaaladallu prachalitavaagide. 1970rahra dasakadalli malotinalli sarani bhayotpadaka daaligala nantara, chabad-lubavichna pratinidhigalu mejujhaagala vyavasthita tapaasanegaagi abhiyaanavannu praarambhisidaru. mitzwoat" ge baddhavaagiruvudu vaiyaktika surakshateyannu khataripadisuttade embudu ee kramada aadhaaravaagiruva saamaanya uheyagittu. samaajashaastriya samshoodhaneya vividha tunukugala prakara, isrelna sumaru mukkaalu bhagadashtu vayaskaru mejujhaa aksarashah tamma manegalannu rakshisuttade endu nambuttaare. vinyasa. mejujhaavannu charmakaagadada mele (claff) visheshavaagi tarabeti padeda barahagara (sopher) bareyabeku. hechchuvari shasanagalu. charmakaagadada himbhagadalli eradu shasanagalannu bareyuvudu rudhiyaagideh "devara bybalna hesarugalalli ondaada" "shaddai" "[sarvashakta" "], illi" "isrelna bagilugala raksaka" "shomer daltot isrel" "naa sankshipta roopavaagi kaaryanirvahisuttade". aneka mejujhaa prakaranagalannu "shaddai" gaagi heebroo aksara (shinn) ninda gurutisalaagide. "" idu seaser sipher-ondu aksharada shift-shemaada moorane, nalkane mattu aidane padagalaada "" adonai, eloheenu, adonai "," lard, namma devaru, lard "; idannu prakaranada himbhagadalli, mumbhagadalliruva anugunavaada padagalige viruddhavaagi bareyalaagide". ee shaasanavu 11neey shatamaanaddaagide mattu idu "hasidi ashkenaz" (madhyakaalina german yahoodi atindriyavaadigalu) nalli kandubaruttade. sephardic paddhatiyu (minhag) ee padaguchchavannu bittubiduttade mattu mejujaada himbhagadalli kevala heebroo padavannu ("shadday") bareyalaaguttade. idu shulchan aruch mattu rambamna barahagalannu anusarisuttade. aadaagyoo, eradoo nudigattugalannu bareyuva ashkenazi paddhatiyannu remo barahagalli bembalisalaagide. (yoreh dhe 'aaa 288:15) ee nittinalli, rambamna "mishneh torah" ninda padhe padhe ullekhisalaada bhagavannu ullekhisuvudu upayuktavaagideh eradu maargagala naduve ulidiruva khaali jaagada eduru mejujaada horabhagadalli [devara hesaru,] shadday bareyuvudu saamaanya sampradaayavaagide. idaralli yaavude tondare illa, ekendare [serpadeyannu] horage maadalaaguttade. aadaagyoo, [mejujaada] olabhaagadalli devategala, itara pavitra hesarugala, padyagala athawa rupagala hesarugalannu bareyuvavaru mumbaruva jagattinalli yaavude bhagavannu hondiradavaralli seriddaare. ee murkharu mitzwawannu raddugolisuvudallade, pavitrana hesarina ekateyannu pratibimbisuva [idu] dodda mitjwaadinda, aatana preeti mattu aatana seveyu, tamma swanta prayojanakkagi ondu taayitavannu maaduttaare. avaru, tamma moorkhatanada parikalpaneyalli, idu prapanchada vyaanitigala bagge avarige sahaaya maaduttade endu bhavisuttare. mejujhaa prakaranagalu. mejujhaavannu antisuva aagneyannu yahoodi jagattinalli vyaapakavaagi anusarisalaaguttade, dhaarmikavaagi palisada yahoodigaloo saha. mejujaada pramukha bhagavendare "claff" athawa charmakaagada, mattu swatah alla, mejujhaa kesgalannu vinyaasagolisuvudu mattu utpaadisuvudu yugayugagalinda kalaa prakarakke airisalpattide. mejujhaa kesgalannu belli mattu amoolya lohagalinda hididu marah, kallu, ceramics, puter mattu polymer jedimanninavarege vividha vastugalinda utpaadisalaaguttade. mejujhaa prakaranagala kelavu vitarakaru kagadada mele photocopyannu maadalaada pathyada pratiyannu odagisuttaare athawa maratakke niiduttaare; idu kosher (maanya) mejuja alla, idannu arha barahagara charmakaagadada mele kaiyinda bareyabeku. abhyasagalu. mejujhaavannu antisuvudu. sthana mattu samagrate. halakha" dha prakara, "mejuja" annu baagilu athawa bagilina kambada balabhagadalli, bagilina kambada melina moorane bhagadalli idabeku (andare.ii., sumaru bhujada ettara), bagilina tereyuvikeya sumaru olage. charmakagadavannu athawa adara melina padagalannu hariduhaakadante athawa haanigolagaagadante nodikollabeku, ekendare idu tora endu pariganisalaada "mejujhaa" annu amanyagolisuttade. koona. baagilu saakashtu agalavagiruvaga, aneka ashkenazi yahoodigalu mejujavannu baagilannu tereyuva kooneya kadege melininda baguvante tirugisuttaare. rashiya (1040-1105) mattu avana mommaga rabbenu tamm avara vibhinn abhiprayagalige anugunavagi, adannu lambavaagi (raashi) athawa addalaagi (rabbenu tamm) idabeke emba bagge mattu devaru mattu torah (mejujhaa sanketisuva) kooneyannu praveshisuttiddaare endu soochisalu idannu maadalaaguttade. raaji parihaaravannu rabbi jacob benn asher (sii. 1269-sii. 1343). bahupalu sephardy yahoodigalu, mijhraahi yahoodigalu mattu itara ashkenazi allada yahoodigalu mejujavannu lambavaagi antisuttaare, aadaagyoo spanish mattu portugees yahoodigalu bahupalu yahoodigalu ashkenaajhimgaliruva desagalalli vasisuttiddare. samaya. samanyavagi, "halakha" ge valasigaralli vasisuva yahoodigala agatyaviruttade (andare.ii., isrel deshada horage) baadige maney athawa apartmentge sthalaantaragonda 30 dinagalolage "mejuja" annu antisuvudu. valasegaararalli khareedisida maney athawa apartment athawa isrelnalli vasisuva (malikatvada athawa baadige) nivaasakkaagi, mejujavannu sthalaantaragonda takshana antisalaaguttade. ee vyatyaasakke kaaranavendare, obba yahoodi isrelnalli vasisuvaga, isrel avana/avala shaashvata nivaasavaagi uliyuttade, aadare valasigaralli ondu maney tatkalikavagiruttade emba uheyide. aashirvaada. mejuja" annu antisalaaguva stalakke viruddhavaagi hididittukolluvudu, nantara aashirvaadavannu pathisuvudu ee vidhaanavaagide yaavude yahoodigalu "mitzwa" dha mahatvavannu arthamaadikolluvashtu vayassadavaragiddare, aashirvaadavannu pathisabahudu. aashirvaadada nantara, "mejuja" annu lagattisalaaguttade. halavaaru "mejujot" annu antisuvaga, modalaneyadannu antisuva modalu, omme aashirvaadavannu pathisidare saaku. mejujavannu sparshisuvudu. dwaarada moolaka haduhoguvagalella, aneka janaru devarige gouravavannu torisuva maargavaagi mejujaada beralannu sparshisuttare. aneka janaru tamma beralannu mejujavannu sparshisida nantara adannu chumbisuttaare. charmakagadavannu parisheelisi. ellah yahoodi pangadagala aneka gouravaanvita yahoodigalu prati elu varshagaligomme kanishta eradu baari doshagaligaagi (sanna kanneeru athawa masukaada aksharagalantaha) mejujot charmakaagadagalannu parishilisalu arha lekhakarannu hondiruttaare. ee kelasavannu obba lekhaka (barahagara) athawa idhe reetiya tarabetiyannu hondiruva yaaraadaru maadabahudu. sopher yahoodi kaanoonige anugunavagi hosa mejujot charmakaagadagalannu saha tayaarisabahudu. carite mattu samaritan mejuja. ee lekhanavu mukhyavaagi "mejuja" dha bagge vyavaharisuttade, ekendare idannu rabbi yahoodi dharmadalli balasalaaguttade, aadare carite yahoodi dharma mattu samaritan dharmavu tammade aada sampradaayagalannu hondive. mattu neevu avugalannu nimma manegala mattu nimma dwaaragala bagila mele bareyabeku" () emba deuteronomic padyavannu rabbani "mejuja" annu ullekhisuvante alla, roopakavendu arthaisalaaguttade. heegaagi, carroitgalu sampradayikavagi "mejujot" annu balasuvudilla, aadare hattu aagnegalondige kaanoonina eradu phalakagala akaaradalli ondu sanna phalakavannu haakuttaare. isrelnalli, allie avaru itara yahoodigalige ahitakaravagadante maadalu prayatnisabahudu, aneka caritegalu idakke apavaadavannu maaduttaare mattu tamma bagilina chavaniya mele mejujavannu iduttaare. mejujhaa" dha carite aavruttiyannu saarvajanika kattadagala bagilugalige mattu kelavomme khasagi kattadagaligoo jodisalagide. samaritannaru deuteronomic aagneyannu mosesna aidu pustakagala samaritan aavruttiya yaavude aayda pathyavannu pradarshisuvudu endartha. idu aashirvaada athawa visheshavaagi pavitra athawa unnatigerisuva sandeshavannu hondirabahudu. hinde avaru maneya bagilina mele hattu aagnegalannu kettida kallina phalakavannu irisidaru, byzantine (4 neey-7 neey shatamana) mattu arambhika muslim (7 neey-11 neey shatamana) avadhigalige sambandhisida kelavu udaaharanegalannu eega jerusalemna isrel vastusangrahaalayadalli torisalaagide. ittichina dinagalli samaritan "mejujhaa" annu samanyavagi amrutashile, marada tatteyinda athawa charmakaagada athawa uttama gunamattada kagadadinda tayaarisalaaguttade, adara mele avaru samaritan toraadinda aayda padyagalannu bareyuttaare. idannu avaru maneya bagilina mele, athawa maneya olage, pravesha dwaaradalli athawa dodda godeya mele pramukha sthaladalli iduttaare. ee "mejujot" galu prati samaaryada maneyallu mattu sinagaog nalliyu kandubaruttave. indu kelavu samaritannaru yahoodi-sailiya mejuja prakaranavannu saha balasuttaare mattu adarolage sanna likhita samaritan suruliyannu iduttaare, andare.ii. samaritan varnamaleyalli bareyalaada samaritan toraadinda ondu pathya. antaha "mejujot" galu maneyalli eshtu hecchu iruttaveyo, ashtu uttamavendu pariganisalaaguttade. yuu. esnalli kaanoonu horaatagalu.ess.. vasati ghatakada praveshadvaarakke mejujavannu antisuva yahoodigala abhyaasavu united states athawa kenadaadalli viralavaagi savaalu haakalpattitu, aadaagyoo, 2001 ralli chikagodalli, karavali gopuragalallina condominium sanghavu chapegalu, bootugalu, bootugalu, bandigalu athawa yaavude reetiya vastugalannu nishedhisitu... nishedhisitu mandaliya matada moolaka sampoorna endu vyakhyaanisalaada "horagina ghataka pravesha dwaaragalu". kadalatirada gopuragala nirvahaneyu condominium badigedarara hazaarada mejujot annu tegeduhaakitu. taruvaaya chikago manava sambandhagala aayoga, ileanois attorney general mattu yuu.ess. vasati mattu nagaraabhivruddhi ilakhe, dharmada aadhaarada mele vasati taaratamyavannu aaropisuttade. kadalatirada gopuragalu antaha nirbandhavannu hondiruva chikagoda ekaika condominium sanghavagiralilla, aadaagyoo avugalalli ondu adara niyamavannu maarpadisalu oppikonditu. mejuja vivaadada suddi varadiyannu odida nantara, chikagoda alderman burton natarus nagarada purasabheya samhitege tiddupadiyannu rachisidaru, idu badigedara athawa apartment, maney athawa kandoda malikarige "baagilu, bagilina kamba athawa praveshadvaarada mele dharmika chihne, chihne athawa avasheshavannu iduvudannu athawa antisuvudannu nishedhisuvudannu kaanunubaahiragolisitu."virodhaviddaroo, aaa decembernalli idu chikagodalli kaanoonaagitu. uttara americadalli antaha modala shaasanavu, adara ullanghanege garishta $500 dandavannu olagondittu. ee shaasanada horataagiyoo, kaanoonu, federal nyaayaalayada nyayadhisharu ee niyamavu federal fair housing act annu ullanghisuvudilla endu nirdharisidaru; jilla nyaayaalayavu masoodeyannu melmanaviya abhiprayavannu ettihididide; colleman, yuu.ess. chikagoda 7neey circuitna melmanavi nyaayaalayavu 2008rahra tirpannu hintegedukonditu mattu prakaranavu munduvariyitu. etanmadhye, "chikago yahoodi nakshatra" dha daakhalegalannu viphalavagi summons nidalaayitu, mattu ileanoisn slap-virodhi shaasanavannu anvayisalaayitu. anvayisalaayitu, karavali gopuragala vivaadagalige gaupya parihaaravannu saadhisalaayitu. kaanoonu, rajyada condominium aasti kaydege hecchu sookshmavaada kendrikruta tiddupadiyannu ileanoisn senator ira sylverstein praarambhisidaru, idu antaha modala raajya kaanoonu. kaanoonu, floridada fort laderdelnalliruva condo kattadadalliruva mahileyobbalige tanna hazaarada ghatakadinda mejujavannu tegeduhaakuvante soochisalaayitu mattu danda vidhisuva bedarike haakalaayitu. sudirgha kaanoonu horaatada nantara, condo sanghavu taaratamyada tappitastharendu saabitaayitu. masoodeyannu, ileanois raajya shaasanada maadariyalli florida condominium kaayidege tiddupadi maadida house bill 995, kaanoonaagitu. kaanoonaagitu texasnalli, hustonnelli vasisuva dampatigalige sanghada niyamagalannu ullanghisuvudannu tappisalu "nimma bagilina choukattige jodisalaada vastuvannu tegeduhakalu" suchane nidalaayitu. kaanoonu horaatavu nadeyitu, aaa samayadalli yuu.ess. condo sanghada paravagi jilla nyaayaalayada nyayadhisharu masoodeyannu tirpu niididaru. taruvaaya, dampatigalu texas house off representatives sadasya garnet eff. colleman. colleman parichayisalaadante, antaha dharmika pradarshanagalannu rakshisuva avara masoodeyannu angikarisalaagalilla, aadare 2011rahra joonnalli swalpa parishkruta aavruttiyannu (etch. bii. 1278) texas governor rick perri kaanoonaagi sahi haakidaru. rashtravyapi mejuja nishedhavannu tadeyalu vinyasagolisalada masoodeyannu masoodeyannu prastaapisalaayitu (etch.aarr. 6932) yuu.ess. congressina jerold nodler. adhu endigoo kanoonagilla.

mesusa rabbinikkal yoodaayisathinte jootha anuyaayikal avarude veedukalude vaathilppadikalil ottichirikkunna thorayil ninnulla prathyeka hebru vaakyangal alekhanam cheytha oru paarchmentaanu mesusa ("dorpost"; bahuvachanam mesusot). eee vaakyangal mesoosayude upayogam kalpikkunna baibil bhagangalaanu (oppam); avayum shema praarthanayude bhagamaanu. mukhyadharaa rabbinik joothamathathil, kulimuri (leaving space allathava), cheria alamarakal enniva ozhike, veettile ellah vaathilukalilum oru "mesusa" saadhaaranayaayi sthaapikkanam. prasakthamaaya matha niyamangal padikkunnathilum kooduthal praayogika bhagangalilum pariseelanam nediya oru yogyathayulla ezhuthukaaranaanu (sopher staam) "claff" thayyarakkunnathu.iii. kvillu kothupaniyum ezhuthum pariseelikkuka. thooval kondo ippol valare apoorvamaaya oru nanalil ninno nirmmicha prathyeka kvillu pena upayogichu maayatha karutha mashiyilaanu vaakyangal ezhuthiyirikkunnathu. claff" pinneedu uruttukayum kesinullil vaykkukayum cheiyunnu. padavyuthpathishaasthram. bybilil, "mesusa" enna vaakk oru vaathilinte rund 'dorpostukal' allengil 'dorjambukal', lintaline pinthunaykkunna athinte iruvashathumulla neraaya posttukal, eathenkilum mathaparamaya kalppanayumaayo paarchmentumaayo bandhamillaattha vividha sandarbhangalil prathyakshappedunnu. dorpostukalil vaakyangal ezhuthendathundennu mukalil paranja deuteronomy kalppana kaaranam eee vaakk pinneedu bybilinu sheshamulla ebraiah bhashayil paarchment kashanathinte aadhunika ardham nedi. eee vaakkinte uthbhavam tharkkathilaanu lakshyam. mesusa kalppana kaanapedunna baibil vaakyangalil, oru vyakthiye daivathinte kalppanakalekkurichu nirantharam ormmippikkuka ennathaanu vidyaabhyaasaparamaaya uddeshyam ennirunnaalum, pilkkala thalamurakalil, mesusa oru apotropic upakaranamaayi vyaakhyaanikkaan thudangi, ithu dushtashakthikalil ninnu veedine samrakshikkunnu. oru saamskaarika-thaarathamya vishakalanam soochippikkunnathu gaarhika paridikk mukalil sthaapichirikkunna vasthukkal palappozhum vishaalamaayi manassilaakkappedunna thinmaye pinthirippikkunna oru thaaythalatthinte pravartthanam vahikkunnu ennaanu. chila aadyakaala rabbinik srothassukal (jeey. tii. megilla 4:12, bii. tii. baava metsiya 102eiii, bii. tii. pesahim 113bii ennivayulppede) mesoosottinte paishachika virudha pravarthanatthilulla vishwaasathinu vyakthamaayi saakshyam vahikkunnu. chila jootha srothassukal soochippikkunnathu mesusa daivika kopatthil ninnu samrakshikkunna oru upakaranamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu, mattullavar atharam vyaakhyaanam shakthamayi nirasikkunnu. mesoosayude samrakshana shakthiyilulla vishwaasam aadhunika kaalathum prachaaratthilundu. 1970kalil maalottile bheekaraakramanangalude oru parambaraykku sesham, chabad-lubaavichinte prathinidhikal mesoosakalude chittayaya parishodhanaykkaayi pracharanam aarambhichu. mittswot" paalikkunnath vyakthiparamaaya suraksha urappaakkumennaayirunnu eee pravarthanatthinu adisthaanamaaya pothuvaaya anumaanam. vividha saamoohika gaveshanangal anusarichu, israelile muthirnnavaril ekadesham mukkal bhaagavum mesusa aksharaarthatthil avarude veedukal samrakshikkunnuvennu vishwasikkunnu. design. prathyeka pariseelanam labhicha oru ezhuthukaari (sopher) mesusa paarchmentil (claff) ezhuthanam. adhika likhithangal. paarchmentinte pinbhaagathu rund likhithangal ezhuthunnathu pathivaann "daivathinte baibil naamangalilonnaya shaddaay", "[sarvvashakthan], israelinte vaathilukalude rakshaadhikaariyaaya" "shomer daltott israel" "ennathinte churukkapperaayum ivide varthikkunnu". pala mesusa kesukalilum "shaddaay" ennathinu hebru aksharam (shiin) adayaalappeduthiyittundu. "" oru seaser siffer-oru akshara shift-shemayude moonnaamatheyum naalaamatheyum anchaamatheyum vaakkukalil, "" adonai, elohainu, adonai "," karthaav, nammude daivam, karthaav "; ithu kesinte pinbhaagathu, munvashathe anubandha vaakkukalkk ethirvashathu ezhuthiyittundu". pathinonnam noottaandil nirmmicha eee likhitham madhyakala jarmman jootha nigoodathayilppetta hasidi ashkenaasil (madhyakala jarmman jootha mistikkukal) kaanapedunnu. sephardic aacharam (minhag) eee vaachakam ozhivaakkunnu, mesoosayude pinbhaagathu hebru vaakk ("shaddaay") maathrame ezhuthiyittulloo. ithu sulchan arukkineyum raambathinte rachanakaleyum pinthudarunnu. ennirunnaalum, rund vaakyangalum ezhuthunna ashkenazi aachaarathe remoyude rachanakalil pinthunaykkunnu. (yoreh dhey 'aaa <aii. dii. 1>) ekkaaryathil rambaminte "mishneh thora" ll ninnu palappozhum udharicha bhagam paraamarshikkunnath moolyavathaanu rund bhaagangalkkidayil avasheshikkunna shoonyamaaya sthalathinu ethirvashathu oru mesoosayude purathu [daivathinte peru,] shaddaay ezhuthunnathu oru saadhaarana aachaaramaan. purathu [kootticherkkal] cheythathinaal ithil budhimuttukalonnumil. ennirunnaalum, [mesoosayude] ullil maalaakhamaarudeyum mattu vishudha perukaludeyum vaakyangaludeyum roopangaludeyum perukal ezhuthunnavar varum lokathil oru pankumillaatthavaril ulppedunnu. eee viddikal mittswaye asaadhuvaakkuka mathramalla, vishudhante naamatthinte aikyathe prathifalippikkunna oru valia mittsvayil ninnu avar nirmmikkukayum cheiyunnu, avan anugrahikkappette, avanodulla snehavum avante sevanavum, avarude swantham nettathinaayulla oru talisman. thangalude viddithamaaya sangalppathil, ithu lokathinte midhyaadhaaranakalekkurichu thangale sahaayikkumenn avar karuthunnu. mesusa kesukal. mesusa adichelppikkanamenna kalppana juthalokathu, mathaparamayi paalikkaatha juthanmaar polum vyaapakamaayi pinthudarunnu. mesoosayude pradhana bhagam "claff" allengil paarchmentaanenkilum, mesusa kesukal roopakalppana cheyyukayum nirmmikkukayum cheiyunnathu kaalakramena oru kalaaroopamaayi uyarthappettu. velliyum vilayeriya lohangalum muthal maram, kallu, seramics, puter, polymer kalimannu vare vaividhyamaarnna vasthukkalil ninnaan mesusa kesukal nirmmikkunnath. mesusa kesukalude chila dealermar pepparil photocopy cheytha vaachakathinte oru pakarpp nalkukayo vilppanaykku nalkukayo cheyyum; ithu oru kosher (saadhuvaaya) mesusa allah, ithu oru yogyathayulla ezhuthukaari oru paarchmentil kaikondu ezhuthanam. reethikal. mesusa adichu. sthaanavum samagrathayum. halakha" anusarichu, "mesusa" vaathilinteyo vaathil posttinteyo valathuvashath, vaathil posttinte mukalile moonnilonnil (i.iii.ekadesham tholinte uyaram), vaathil thurakkunnathinte ekadesham akathu. ithu thorayayi kanakkaakkappedunna "mesusa" yeei asaadhuvaayi mattumennathinaal parchmentino athile vaakkukalo keerukayo keduvaruthukayo cheyyaathirikkaan shradhikkanam. angle. vaathil mathiyaya veethiyullidathu, niravadhi ashkenazi juthanmaar mesusa chariykkunnu, angane vaathil thurakkunna muriyilekku mukalile bhagam charinjirikkunnu. raashi (<aii. dii. 1>), addehathinte kochumakan rabbeenu thaaminte vyathyastha abhipraayangal ulkkollunnathinum athu lambamaayi (raashi) sthaapikkanamo atho thirascheenamaayi (rabbeenu thaaminte) sthaapikkanamo ennathinekkurichum daivavum torayum (mesusa pratheekappeduthunna) muriyil praveshikkunnundennu soochippikkunnathinumaaya ithu cheiyunnathu. rabbi jacob benn asher (sii. 1269-sii. 1343). bhooribhaagam sephardi juthanmaarum misrahi juthanmaarum mattu ashkenazi ithara juthanmaarum mesusa lambamaayi gadippikkunnu, ennirunnaalum bhooribhaagam juthanmaarum ashkenaasimukalulla rajyangalil thamasikkunna spanish, porchugees juthanmaar saadhaaranayaayi athine charinjathaayi sthaapikkunnu. samayam. saadhaaranayaayi, "halakha" ennathinu pravaasikalil thamasikkunna juthanmaar aavasyamaanu (athaayath.iii.israel raajyathin purathu) oru vaadaka veettilekko apartmentilekko maari 30 divasathinullil oru "mesusa" ottikkaan. pravaasikalil ninnu vangiya oru veedino apartmentino allengil israelile oru thaamasthalatthino (udamasthathayilullatho vaadakaykkeduthatho), thamasam marria udan thanne mesusa ottichirikkunnu. oru joothan israelil thaamasikkumbol, israel avante/avalude sthira thaamasthalamaayi thudarumennum pravaasikalil oru veedu thaalkkaalikamaanennum oru anumaanam undu ennathaanu eee vyathyaasathinte kaaranam. anugraham. mesusa" athu ottichirikkunna sthalathu pidikkukayum thudarnnu oru anugraham chollukayum cheyyuka ennathaanu nadapadikramam mittswa" yude praadhaanyam manassilakkaan kazhiyunna praayamundengil eathoru juthan anugraham paarayanam cheyyaan kazhiyum. anugrahathinushesham, "mesusa" gadippichirikkunnu. niravadhi "mesusot" ottikkumbol, aadyathethu ottikkunnathin munbu oru thavana anugraham cholliyal mathi. mesusa sparsikkuka. vaathililoode kadannupokumbozhellaam, daivathodu bahumanam prakadippikkunnathinula oru maargamaayi palarum mesusayilekku viral thodunnu. palarum avarude viral messusayil sparshichathin sesham chumbikkukayum cheiyunnu. paarchment parisodhikkuka. ellah jootha vibhagangalil ninnumulla pala joothanmaarkkum ezhu varshathilorikkal kuranjathu randuthavanayenkilum mesusot paarchmentukal (cheria kannuneer allengil mangiya aksharangal polullava) parisodhikkaan yogyathayulla oru ezhuthukaari undu. eee jolie oru sopher (ezhuthukaari) allengil samanamaaya pariseelanamulla arcum cheyyaam. oru sopharinu jootha niyamathinu anusrithamaayi puthiya mesusot paarchmentukalum nirmmikkaan kazhiyum. kaarayattum samarittan messusa. eee lekhanam pradhaanamaayum "mesusa" yekkurichaanu kaikaaryam cheiyunnathu, kaaranam ithu rabbinik joothamathathil upayogikkunnu, ennaal kaarayit joothamathathinum samarittanisathinum avarudethaaya paarambaryangalundu. kaarayit yoodaayisathil "ningalude veedukaludeyum ningalude kavaadangaludeyum vaathilthottikalil ningal avaa ezhuthanam" () enna duteronomic vaakyam oru roopakamaayi vyaakhyaanikkappedunnu, allathe rabbanian "mesusa" yeei paraamarshikkunnathaayittal. athinaal carrier parambaraagathamaayi "mesusot" upayogikkunnilla, marichu patthu kalppanakalulla niyamatthinte rund phalakangalude aakruthiyil oru cheria phalakam sthaapikkunnu. israelil, mattu juthanmaarkku aswasthathayundaakkaathirinkkin avar shramichekkaavunna, pala kaaraayattukalum oru apavaadam undaakkukayum avarude vaathilppadiyil oru mesusa sthaapikkukayum cheiyunnu. mesusa" yude kaarayit pathipp pothu kettidangalude vaathilukalilum chilappol swakaarya kettidangalilum sthaapichittundu. mosheyude anchu pusthakangalude samarittan pathippil ninnu thiranjeduttha eathenkilum vaachakam pradarshippikkuka ennarthathilaanu samarittanmaar duteronomic kalpanaye vyaakhyaanikkunnath. ithil oru anugrahamo prathyekichu vishudhamo unnamanaparamo aaya sandesham adangiyirikkaam. munkaalangalil avar veedinte vaathilin mukalil patthu kalppanakal alekhanam cheytha oru shilaaphalakam sthaapichu, baisaantain (4-7 noottaand), aadyakaala muslim (7-11 noottaand) kaalaghattangalile chila udaaharanagal ippol jarusalemile israel myoosiyathil pradharshippichirikkunnu. innu oru samarittan "mesusa" saadhaaranayaayi marble, thadi plate, allengil paarchment sheett allengil uyarnna nilavaaramulla paper enniva upayogichaanu nirmmikkunnath, athil avar samarittan thorayil ninnu thiranjeduttha vaakyangal ezhuthunnu. avar ithu onnukil veedinte vaathilin mukaliloo allengil veedinullil, praveshana haalilo allengil oru valia mathilile oru pradhana sthalatho sthaapikkunnu. eee "mesusot" ellah samarittan kudumbangalilum sinagogilum kaanapedunnu. innu chila samarittanmaar jootha shailiyilulla mesusa cases upayogikkukayum athinullil oru cheria samarittan churul sthaapikkukayum cheyyum, athaayath.iii. samarittan aksharamalayil ezhuthiya samarittan thorayil ninnulla oru vaachakam. atharam "mesusot" veettil ethratholam undo athra nallath ennu kanakkaakkappedunnu. yuu. esile niyama poraattangal.ezz.. oru residential yoonittinte praveshana kavaadatthil mesusa ottikkunna jootha sambradaayam americayilo canadayilo apoorvvamaayi maathrame velluvilikkappettilletti, ennirunnaalum, 2001 ll chikkaagoyil, theeradesha gopurangalile oru contominium association "payakal, boottukal, shoos, cartukal allengil eathenkilum tharatthilulla vasthukkal" nirodhichu... 2004-ll board vottu vazhi samboornnamennu vyaakhyaanikkappetta yoonit praveshanakavaadangalkku purathulla ". theeradesha gopurangalude maanejment contominium kudiyaanmaarude idanaazhi mesusot neekkam cheythu. pinneedu chikkago kammeeshan oonn human relations, illinois attorni general, yuu.ezz. mathatthinte adisthaanathil bhawana vivechanamundennu aaropich bhawana, nagaravikasana vakupp. atharamoru niyanthranamulla chikkagoyile eaka contominium association theeradesha gopurangalaayirunnilla, ennirunnaalum avayilonnu athinte niyamam parishkkarikkan sammathichu. mesusa tharkkathekkurichulla oru warta report vaayichathinusesham, chikkago alderman burton naattaras nagaratthinte munisippal codil oru bhedagathi thayyarakki, ithu oru appaartment, veedu allengil kondoyude vaadakakkaarano udamayo vaathililo vaathil posttiloo praveshana kavaadatthilo oru mathaparamaya adayaalam, chihnam allengil avashishtam sthaapikkunnathino ottikkunnathino nirodhikkunnath niyamavirudhamaakki."ethirppundaayirunnegilum desemberil ithu chikkaagoyil niyamamaayi maari. vadakke amerikkayile aadyathe niyamanirmmaanathil, athinte lamghanathinu paramavadhi 500 dollar pizha ulppedunnu. eee niyamanirmmanam undaayirunnittum, 2006-ll oru federal kodathi jadji eee niyamam federal fair housing act lamghikkunnillennu nirnnayichu; 2008-ll jilla kodathi appeelil abhiprayam sharivachu; 2009-ll yuu.ezz. chikkagoyile ezhaam sarkyuttinaayulla appeel kodathi 2008 leeii theerumaanam asaadhuvaakkukayum cases thudarukayum cheythu. athesamayam, "chikkago jootha nakshathratthinte" rekhakal paraajayappettukond summons ayaykkappedukayum illinoyisinte adii virudha niyamanirmmanam prayogikkukayum cheythu. 2011ll theeradesha gopura tharkkangalkk rahasyamaaya oru pariharam kaivarichu. 2006-ll, samsthaanathinte contominium property aaktil kooduthal sookshumamaayi shradha kendreekaricha oru bhedagathi, illinois senattar ira silverstein aarambhichu, ithu atharathilulla aadyathe samsthaana niyamamaan. 2006ll floridayile fort loaderdalile oru conto kettidatthile oru sthreek avarude hallway yoonittil ninnu mesusa neekkam cheyyaan nirddesham nalkukayum pizha eedaakkumennu bheeshanippeduthukayum cheythu. neenda niyama poraattatthinu sesham conto association vivechanathinu kuttakkaaranaanennu kandethi. 2008-ll, illinois samsthaana niyamanirmmaanatthinte maathrkayil florida contominium niyamathile oru bhedagathiyaaya house bill 995 niyamamaayi maari. 2007ll texacil, hyoosttanil thamasikkunna oru dambathikalkku association niyamangal lamghikkunnathu ozhivakkaan "ningalude vaathil chattakodinodu chertthirikkunna inam neekkam cheyyaan" nirddesham nalki. oru niyamayuddham nadannu, aaa samayat oru yuu.ezz. conto associatione prathinidheekarichu 2008ll jilla kodathi jadji vidhi prasthaavichu. pinneedu, dambathikal texes house oof representatives amgamaaya gaarnett eph. colman. 2009ll avatharippicha atharam mathaparamaya pradarshanangal samrakshikkunnathinulla addehathinte bill amgeekarikkappettilla, ennaal 2011 juunil texas govarnor rick perry cheruthaayi parishkaricha pathippil (echbi1278) oppuvachu. raajyavyaapakamaayi mesusa nirodhanam thadayunnathinaayi roopakalppana cheytha oru bill 2008 ll nirddeshikkappettu (echu.aarr. 6932) yuu.ezz. kongrassukaaran jerold nadler. athu orikkalum niyamamaayi mariyittilla.

mezuza mezuza ("darachi chaukat"; bahuvachanah mezuzot) haah charmpatracha eka tukada aahe jyavar torahmadhil vishisht ibri shlok koralele aahet, jeey rabbi jyoo dharmache jyoo anuyayi tyanchya gharachya daranchya chaukatinvar chikatavtat. hii vachane baybalmadhil parichhed aahet jyamadhye mezuza vaparanyachi aadnya dilee aahe (aanee); tee dekhil shema prathanecha bhag aahet. mukhya pravahatil rabbi jude dharmat, snangruhe (jee rahanyachi jaaga nahee) aanee lahan kapat yasarkhya kahee apavad vagalata, samanyatah gharatil pratyek praveshdvaravar 'mezuza' thewala jaane aavashyak aahe. claff' haah eka patra lekhak ('sopher stam') tayar karato, jyane sambandhit dharmik kayadyancha abhyas karnyasathi aanee adhik vyavharik bhaganmadhye, mhanje, prashikshan ghetale aahe.eae. rajai koreev karane aanee lekhanacha sarav karane. hii vachane kalya amit shaine lihili aahet, jyat eka tarr pankhanpasun kinwa aata agadi durmil asalelya eka nalapasoon banavalelya vishesh rajaichya pens. tyanantar 'claff' gundalala jaato aanee kesachya aat thewala jaato. vyutpatti. baybalmadhye, "mezuza" haah shabd keval darvajachya done 'darvajyachya khamb' kinwa 'darvajyachya khamb' chaa sandarbh deto, tyachya donhi bajunchya saral khamb jeey lintelala aadhar detat aanee konatyahi dharmik aadnyeshi kinwa charmpatrashi sambandhit nasalelya vividh sandarbhat disatat. yaa shabdala nantar baybalmadhil ibri bhashetil charmpatrachya tukadyacha aadhunik arth midala kaaran vareel anuvad aadnyenusar darvajavar shlok lihine aavashyak hote. yaa shabdacha ugam vadgrast aaheh uddesh. baybalmadhil shlokanmadhye jethe mezuza aadnya aadhalate, tyacha uddesh shaikshanik aahe, ekhadya vyaktila satat devachya aadnyanchi aathvan karoon deneh matra, nantarchya pidhyanmadhye, mezuzacha arth dusht shaktinpasun gharache rakshan karnare eka apotropike sadhan mhanoon lavala jaau lagla. sanskruti-tulanatmak vishleshan asey suchavate qee gharguti threasholdver thevalelya vastoo bahudha vyapakpane samajalya gelelya white goshtila door door tagache karya karatat. kahee suruvatichya rabbi strotanni (jeey. tii. megillah 4:12, bii. tii. bava metzia 102aii aanee bii. tii. pesahim pesahim. yasah) mezuzotchya rakshasavirodhi karyavarcha vishvas spashtapane pahila aahe. kahee jyoo srot asey soochit karatat qee mezuza haah daivi krodhapasun sanrakshn denare sadhan aahe, tarr itar lock assa arth jordarpane nakartat. mezuzachya sanrakshanatmak shaktivarcha vishvas aadhunik kalatahi prachalit aahe. 1970 chya dashakat malotmadhil dahashatvadi hallyanchya malikenantar, chabad-lubavichya pratinidhinni mezuzanchya paddhatshir tapasanisathi moheem suru kelee. yaa krutimadhye antarbhut asaleli sarvasadharan dharana ashee hotee qee 'mitzwhat' chey palan kelyane vaiyaktik surakshitatechi hummy milel. samajshastriy sanshodhanachya vividh bhagannusar, israyalmadhil andaje teen chaturthansh praudhancha assa vishvas aahe qee mezuza aksharshah tyanchya gharanche rakshan karatat. rachana. mezuza heey charmpatravar (claff) vishesh prashikshit lekhakane (sopher) lihile pahije. atirikt shilalekh. charmpatrachya magchya bajula done shilalekh lihinyachi pratha aaheh "devachya baybalmadhil navanpaiki eka asalele" "shaddi" "[sarvashaktiman], yethe" "israyalachya darvajanche snrakshak" "shomer daltot israyal" "chey sankshipt roop mhanoon dekhil vaparale jaate". mezuzachya anek prakarananmadhye 'shaddai' sathee ibri aksharane (pindali) dekhil chinhankit kele jaate. "" heey shimachya varchya, chauthya aanee pachvya shabdanche seasure sipher aahe-eka akshari shift-"" adonai, elohenu, adonai "," "" daad laurd, avar godd, daad laurd "; heey kesachya mageel bajus, samoril sambandhit shabdanchya viruddha lihile aahe". haah shilalekh 11 vya shatkatil aahe aanee haah 'hasidei ashkenaz' (madhyayugeen german jyoo goodhvadi) madhye aadhalato. sephardic pratha (minhag) haah vakyansh sodoon dete aanee mezuzachya mageel bajus fakt hibru shabd ("shaddai") lihila jaato. heey shulchan aarook aanee rambamachya lekhnamagche aahe. tathapi, donhi vakye lihinyachya ashkenazi pratheche samarthan remochya likhanat karnyat aale hote. (yoreh deey 'aah 288:15) yaa sandarbhat rambamchya 'mishneh torah' madheel varanvar uddhrut kelelya parichhedacha sandarbh ghene yogya tharel, jyat mhatale aaheh done margandarmyan uralelya rikamya jagechya samore mezuzachya baher [devache naav,] shaddai lihine hii eka samanya pratha aahe. yaat konatihi adchan nahee, kaaran [jodani kelee jaate] baher. tathapi, jeey [mezuzachya] aateel bajus devdutanchi nave, itar pavitra nave, shlok kinwa roop lihitat, teey teey jagaat jyanchyakade bhag nahee, tyanpaiki aahet. heey moorkh keval mitzwah radd karat naheet, tarr tyavyatirikt, teey eka mahan mitzavahmadhun [jeey pratibimbit karate] pavitra vyaktichya navachi ekata, too dhanya asso, tyache prem aanee tyachi seva, tyanchya swatachya fayadhyasathi eka tavij. tyanchya moorkh sankalpanet tyanna vatate qee yamule tyanna jagachya labadpanababat madat hoil. mezuza prakarane. mezuza lavnyachi aadnya jyoo jagaat mothya pramanat palali jaate, agadi dharmik palan naan karnare jyoo lokahi. mezuzacha mahattvacha bhag 'claff' kinwa charmpatra aahe, aanee swatah cases nahee, mezuza prakarananchi rachana aanee nirmiti hii yuganuyugin qalaa prakarat vadhavali gelee aahe. mezuzache cases chandi aanee maulyavan dhatunpasun teey lakud, dagad, matichi bhandi, piootar aanee polymer chikanmatiparyant vividh prakarchya samagritoon tayar kele jaatat. mezuza prakarananche kahee vikrete kagdavar chhayaprati kelelya majkurachi prat deu kartil kinwa vikrisathi deu kartil; haah kosher (vaidh) mezuza nahee, joou patra lekhakane charmpatrachya tukadyavar hatane lihila pahije. sarav. mezuza chikatavane. sthitee aanee sachoti. halkha" nusar, "mezuza" darvajachya kinwa darvajyachya ujavya bajula, darvajyachya varchya varchya bajula (i.eae., andaje khandyachi unchi), praveshdwar ughadanyachya andaje aat. charmpatra kinwa tyavarchya shabdanche nuksan honar nahee kinwa fadoo naye yachee kalji ghetali pahije, kaaran yamule 'mezuza' avaidh hoil, jyala torah manale jaate. coone. jithe darvaja puresa rund aahe, tithe anek ashkenazi jyoo mezuza jhukavatat jenekarun darvaja darvaja kholichya dishene varcha bhag zukato. rashee (1040-1105) aanee tyacha natoo rabbinu taam yanchi bhinn matey samavoon ghenyasathi, tee ubhya (rashee) kinwa aadvya (rabbinu taam) thevavi qee nahee heey sanganyasathi aanee dev aanee torah (jeey mezuzache prateek aahe) kholeet pravesh karat aahet heey soochit karnyasathi heey kele jaate. rabbi jacob baine asher (ii. 1269-ii. 1343). bahutek sephardi jyoo, mizrahi jyoo aanee itar ashkenazi nasalele jyoo mezuza anulambapane chikatavtat, jaree bahutek jyoo ashkenazim asalelya deshanmadhye rahnare spanish aanee portugij jyoo lock sahasa tyala tirkas thevatat. vel. samanyatah, 'halkha' sathee diasporamadhye hustonmadhye jyoo lokanchi aavashyakta asate (mhanje.eae., israyalachya bhoomichya baher) bhadyachya gharat kinwa sadniket gelyanantar 30 divasanchya aat 'mezuza' chikatavane. sthalantaritanmadhye kharedi kelele ghar kinwa sadnika kinwa israyalmadhil nivassthanasathi (malakiche kinwa bhadyane dilele), mezuza aat gelyavar lagech chikatalela asato. yaa farkache kaaran asey aahe qee jevha ekhada jyoo israyalmadhye rahato, tevha israyal tyache/tiche kayamche nivassthan raheel, tarr diasporamadhye ghar tatpurte asate. aashirvad. jyaa thikani teey chikatalele asel tyaa thikani 'mezuza' dharoon thevanyachi prakriya aahe, nantar aashirvad paath karah jarr teey 'mitzwah' chey mahatva samajoon ghenyaitake vayaskar asateel tarr konatahi jyoo aashirvad paath karoo shakato. aashirvadanantar, 'mezuza' jodala jaato. anek 'mezuzot' chikatavtana, pahila chikatavanyapurvi ekada aashirvad paath karane purese asate. mezuzala sparsh karane. jevha jevha daratoon jaat asatat, tevha anek lock dewala aadar darshavanyacha eka marg mhanoon mezuzala boat sparsh karatat. anek lock mezuzala boat sparsh kelyanantar tyache chumban dekhil ghetat. charmpatra tapasa. serve jyoo panthanmadhil anek palanare jyoo lock, darr saat varshanni kiman donada mezuzot charmpatrat dosh (jase qee lahan ashru kinwa fikat akshare) tapasanyasathi patra lekhak asatat. heey kaam sopher (lekhak) kinwa tatsam prashikshan asaleli konihi karoo shakate. eka sopher jyoo kayadyanusar naveen mezuzot charmpatra dekhil banavoo shakato. carite aanee samaritan mezuza. haah lekh pramukhyane 'mezuza' shhee sambandhit aahe kaaran too rabbi judiasmadhye vaparla jaato, parantu karai judism aanee summeritismchya tyanchya swatachya parampara aahet. karai jude dharmat 'aanee tumhi teey tumchya gharanchya aanee tumchya darvajanchya darkhuttyanvar liha' () yaa deuteronomic shlokala roopak mhatale jaate, rabbi 'mezuza' chaa sandarbh mhanoon nahee. asha prakare karai paramparikpane 'mezuzot' vaparat naheet, parantu daha aadnyansah kayadyachya done falakanchya aakarachi eka chhoti falee lavtat. israyalmadhye, jithe teey itar jyoo lokanna aswasth naan karnyacha prayatna karoo shakatat, tethe anek karai apavad tharatat aanee tyanchya darkhuna varr dekhil mezuza thevatat. mezuza' chee carite aavrutti sarvajanik imaratinchya praveshdvaranvar aanee kadhikadhi khajgi imaratinna dekhil lavali jaate. samaritan lock, moshechya paach pustakanchya samaritan aavruttitil konatahi nivadak majkoor pradarshit karane assa arth lavnyasathi, deuteronomic aadnyecha arth lavtat. yaat aashirvad kinwa visheshtah pavitra kinwa utthan karnara sandesh asoo shakato. purvi tyanni gharachya daravar daha aadnya koraleli eka dagadi fiti thewali hotee, jee byzantine byzantine shatak) aanee suruvatichya muslim muslim shatak) kalatil kahee udaharane aata jerusalemmadhil israyal sangrahalayat dakhavali jaat aahet. aajkal samaritan 'mezuza' sahasa ektar sangamarvari, lakadi thalee kinwa charmpatra kinwa uchch darjachya kagadachya patrapasoon banavala jaato, jyavar teey samaritan torahmadhun nivadak shlok lihitat. teey heey ektar gharachya daravar, kinwa gharachya aat, praveshdvarat kinwa mothya bhintivar ekhadya pramukh thikani thevatat. heey "mezuzot" pratyek samaritan gharat tasech sabhasthanat aadhaltat. aaj kahee samaritan jyoo shailitil mezuza cases dekhil vaparat aanee tyat eka lahan likhit samaritan scroll, mhanje.eae. samaritan varnamalemadhye lihilela samaritan torahmadhil eka majkoor. gharat jitke jaast asey 'mezuzot' asateel, titke changle manale jaeel. yuu. aii. madheel kayadeshir ladhaya.ess.. nivasi unitchya praveshdvaravar mezuza chikatavanyachya jyoo prathes united states kinwa canadamadhye kvachitach aavhan dile gele hote, tathapi, 2001 madhye shikagomadhye, kinarpattichya kinarpattichya condominium sanghatnene 'chataya, boot, boot, gadya kinwa konatyahi prakarchya vastunvar bandee ghatali... unitchya praveshdvaranchya baher, 'jeey 2004 madhye mandalachya matanusar nirpeksh asalyache samajale gele. kinarpattichya kinarpattichya vyavasthapan condominium bhadekarunchya dalan mezuzotla kadhoon takte. tyanantar shikago manavadhikar aayog, eleanoy atterney general aanee yuu.ess. gruhnirman aanee shahari vikas vibhag, dharmachya aadhare gruhnirman bhedbhav kelyacha aarop karat aahe. asha nirbandhansah kinarpattiche manore hii shikagomadhil ekmev condominium sanghatana navhati, jaree tyapaiki ekane tyachya niyamat badal karnyas sahmati darshavali. mezuza vadacha vrutt ahwal vachalyanantar, shikagochya alderman berton natarasne shaharachya nagarpalika sanhitet durusticha masuda tayar keela, jyamule bhadekaru kinwa sadnika, ghar kinwa gharmalkala daar, daar kinwa praveshdvaravar dharmik chinh, chinh kinwa avashesh thevanyas kinwa chikatavanyas manai karane bekaydeshir tharale."virodh jhaala asala taree tyaa decembermadhye too shikagomadhye kayada banala. uttar americetil asha prakarcha haah pahilach kayada hota, jyamadhye tyachya ullanghanasathi jastit jaast $500 dand samavisht hota. haah kayada asoonahi, 2006 madhye, federal nyayalayachya nyayadhishanni tharavale qee haah niyam federal phair housing kayadyache ullanghan karat nahee; jilha nyayalayane 2008 madhye apilavaril mutt kayam thewale; 2009 madhye, yuu.ess. shikagomadhil shikagomadhil circuitchya apeal nyayalayane nyayalayane nirnay ulatala aanee khatala pudhe gela. darmyan, 'shikago jyoo taara' chya nondi ayashasvi tharalya aanee eleanoycha thappadvirodhi kayada lagoo karnyat aala. 2011 madhye, kinarpattichya kinarpattichya vivadancha eka gopaneey todga kadhanyat aala. 2006 madhye, eleanoychya sinetara iira silverstein yanni rajyachya condominium malmatta kayadyat adhik sankuchitpane kendrit keleli durusti suru kelee, joou assa pahila rajya kayada hota. 2006 madhye, florida yetheel phorta lauderdale yetheel condo imaratitil eka mahilela tichya dalanatoon mezuza kadhanyachya soochana denyat aalya aanee dand thothavanyachi dhamki denyat aalee. pradirgh kayadeshir ladhainantar, condo sanghatanela bhedbhavasathi doshi tharvanyat aale. 2008 madhye, eleanoy rajya kayadyavar aadharit florida condominium kayadyatil durusti, haus biil 995, kayada banala. 2007 madhye texasmadhye, hustonmadhye hustonmadhye eka jodpyala sanghatanechya niyamanche ullanghan talhanyasathi 'tumchya darala jodaleli vastoo kadhoon taknyachya' soochana denyat aalya hotya. eka kayadeshir ladhai jhaali, jyaa darmyan eka yuu.ess. jilha nyayalayachya nyayadhishanni 2008 madhye condo associationchya vatine nikal deela. tyanantar, heey jodape texas haus auph representativesche sadasya garnet eff. coleman. 2009 madhye sadar kelyapramane, asha dharmik pradarshananchya sanrakshanasathiche tyanche vidheyak sweekarle gele nahee, parantu juuna 2011 madhye texasche governor rick peree yanni kinchit sudharit aavruttivar (etch. bii. 1278) swakshari kelee. mezuza bandee rokhanyasathi deshbharat tayar kelele vidheyak 2008 madhye prastavit karnyat aale hote (etch.aar. 6932) yu.ess. congress sadasya gerold nadler. too kadhihi kayada jhaala nahee.

mejuja mejuja ("dhokako khutta"; bahuwachanah mejujot) torahaka wishishta hibru padaharu utkirnit charmapatrako tukra how, june rabbini yahudi dharmaka yahudi anuyayiharule afno gharko dhokako khuttama tanschhan. yee padaharu bibleya khandaharu hun jasma mejujako prayogko adesh diieko chha (rar); tiniharu pani sema prarthanako bhag hun. mukhyadharako rabbik judawadma, "mejuja" samanyataya gharko harek dhokama rakhnuparchha, kehi apawadharu jastai snanghar (june basne thaaun hoina) rar sanah alamariyan. claff" ek yogya lekhak ("" sofer stam "") dwara tayar garieko chha jasle sandarbhik dharmik kanunharuko adhyayan garna, rar adhik wyawaharik bhagharuma, arthat, duwaima prashikshan lieko chha.ei. quill nakkasi rar lekhan abhyas garnuhos. padaharu callo amitt masima lekhieka chhan jasma vishesh quill paine yaa tata pakhabata banaieko chha wa, ahile ekdam durlabh, euta null. tyasapachhi "claff" lai ghumaera kesabhitra rakhinchha. wyutpatti. biblema, "mejuja" shabdale dhokako dui 'dhokako chauki' wa 'dhokako jamba' lai matra bujhaunchha, yasako duwai chheuma sidha khuttaharu jasle lintellai samarthan gardacha, rar kunai pani dharmik agya wa charmapatrasanga asambandhit vibhinna sandarbhaharuma dekha pardachha. yass shabdale pachhi bibleya hibruma charmapatrako tukrako adhunik artha prapta garyo kinbhane mathiko wyawasthawiwaran adeshle dhokako khuttama padaharu lekhna awashyak thiyo. shabdako utpatti vivadit chhah uddeshya. bibleya padaharuma jahaan mejuja adesh painchha, uddeshya shaikshik chha, ek wyaktilai nirantar parameshwarka agyaharu samjhauneh yadyapi, pachhika pustaharuma, mejujalai dushta shaktiharubata gharlai bachaune apotropike upkaranko rupma wyakhya garna thalyo. ek sanskriti-tulanatmak vishleshanle sujhawa dinchha kii gharelu thresholdma rakhieka wastuharule prayaha wyapak rupma bujhne dushtatalai hatauna ek tabijko karya gardacha. kehi prarambhik rabbik srotharu (jetty megillah 4:12, beaty bawa metzia 102ae, rar beaty pesahim 113bee sahit) spashta rupma mejujotko virodhi-demonic karyama wishwasko sakshi hun. jabki kehi yahudi srotharule mejujalai ishwariya krodhbata jogaune upkaranko rupma wyakhya garieko sanket gardacha, arule yasto wyakhyalai kada rupma aswikar garchhan. mejujako surakshatmak shaktima vishwas adhunik samayama pani prachalit chha. sann 1970 ko dashakma malotma shringkhalabadha atankawadi akramanpachi chabad-lubabhichka pratinidhiharule mejujaharuko wyawasthit janchka lagi abhiyan suru gare. karyako antarnihit samanya dharana yo thiyo kii "mitzbhot" ko palanale wyaktigat surakshako guarantee dinchha. samajashastriya anusandhanka vibhinna anshaharuka anusar, israelka lagbhag tean chauthai wayaskaharu mejujale shabdik rupma afno gharko raksha garchhan bhanne vishwas garchhan. design. mejuja charmapatra (claff) maa vishesh rupma prashikshit lekhak (sofer) dwara lekhieko hunuparchha. atirikta shilalekhharu. charmapatrako pachhadi duiwata shilalekh lekhne chalan chhah "parameshwarko bibleya namharu madhye ek, saddai", "[" "sarvashaktiman" "], yahan" "ijarayalko dhokako sanrakshak, somer daltot israel" "ko sankshipta namko rupma pani kaam gardacha. dherai mejujaka kesharu "saddi" kaa lagi hibru akshar (sine) ley pani chinha lagainchha. "" ek sijar sifer-ek aksharko shift-sema ko tesro, chautho, rar panchaun shabdaharu, "" edonai, elohenu, edonai "," prabhu, hamro bhagawan, prabhu "; yo kesko pachhadi lekhieko chha, agadi sambandhit shabdaharuko viparit. yo shilalekh 11 aun shatabdiko how rar "hasidei askenaz" (madhyayugin german yahudi rahasyawadiharu) madhye painchha. cephardic pratha (minhag) ley wakyansh chhodchha, rar kewal hibru shabda ("saddai") mejujako pachhadi lekhieko chha. yasale sulchan aruch rar rambamko lekhanlai pachhyauncha. tathapi, duwai wakyanshharu lekhne askenazi prathalai remoko lekhanma samarthan garieko thiyo. (yoreha day 'aha 288:15) yass sandarbhama rambamko "mishneh torah" batt prayaha uddhrit khandalai sandarbha garnu sarthak chha jasma bhanieko chhah dui margharu bichma baanki raheko khali thaaunko viparit mejujako bahiri bhagma [bhagawanko naam,] saddi lekhnu euta samanya chalan how. yasama kunai kathinai chhaina, kinki [thap garieko chha] bahira. tathapi, jasle swargadutharu, anya pawitra namharu, padaharu, wa rupharuko namharu [mejujako] bhitra lekhchan tiniharu tiniharumadhe ek hun jasko aune sansarma kunai bhag chhaina. yee murkhaharule mitzwahlai matra radda gardainan, tara yasabahek, tiniharule ek mahan mitzwahbata banaunchhan [jasle pratibimbit gardacha] pawitrako namko ekta, dhanya hose, unko prem, rar unko sewa, afnai faidako lagi ek tavij. tiniharu, uniharuko murkha awadharanama, sochchan kii yasale uniharulai sansarko mithyaprathaharuko barema maddat garnechha. mejujah kesharu. mejuja taangne adesh yahudi sansarma wyapak rupma palan garinchha, yahudiharu pani jo dharmik rupma palan gardainan. jabki mejujako mahatwapurna bhag "claff", wa charmapatra how, rar cases nai hoina, mejujaka kesharu design rar utpadan yugayugharuma ek kala rupma badhaieko chha. mejujaka kesharu chaandi rar bahumulya dhatuharubata kath, dhunga, cyremic, puter, rar polymer matosamma vibhinna prakarka samagriharubata utpadan garinchha. mejujah keska kehi dillerharule kagajma photocopy garieko pathko pratilipi pradan wa bikrika lagi prastawa garnechan; yo koshera (manya) mejujah hoina, june yogya lekhakdwara charmapatrako tukrama hastalikhit hunuparchha. abhyasharu. mejujalai tangdai. sthiti rar akhandata. halakha" anusar, "mejuja" dhoka wa dhokako chheuko dayan chheuma, dhokako chheuko mathillo tesro bhagma rakhnuparchha (i.ei., lagbhag kaandhako uchai), dhoka kholne lagbhag bhitra. charmapatra wa yasama raheko shabdalai fadna wa kshati nahos bhanne khyal rakhnuparchha, kinki yasale "mejuja" lai amanya parnecha, jaslai torah manincha. kone. jahaan dhoka paryapta chauda chha, dherai askenazi yahudiharule mejujalai jhukeka chhan taaki mathillo dhoka kholne kothatira jhukeko chha. yo rashi (1040-1105) rar unka naati rabbinu tamko bhinna rayaharu samayojan garna garinchha, yasalai thado (rashi) wa terso (rabbinu taam) rakhnuparchha kii bhanera, rar bhagawan rar torah (jaslai mejujahle pratik gardacha) kothama prawesh gardaichhan bhanne pani sanket garna garinchha. samjhauta samadhan rabbi jacob bayne esera (see. 1269-see. 1343). adhikansh seyfardi yahudiharu, mizrahi yahudiharu rar anya gaira-askenazi yahudiharule mejujalai thado rupma tanschhan, yadyapi spainy rar portugali yahudiharu adhikansh yahudiharu askenazim bhaeka deshharuma basobas garchhan. samaya. samanyataya, "halakha" kaa lagi prawasiharuma basne yahudiharu awashyak pardachha (arthat.ei., ijarayalko bhumi bahira) bhadako ghar wa apartmentma sarne 30 dina bhitra "mejuja" tansna. prawasima kharid garieko ghar wa apartment, wa israelma niwas (swamitwa wa bhadama) kaa lagi, mejuja bhitra sarda turuntai tansinchha. yo bhinnatako karan yo how kii jab ek yahudi israelma baschha, israel usako sthayi niwas rahanechha, jabki diasporama ghar asthayi hunchha. ashirwad. prakriya bhaneko "mejuja" lai taansine thaunma samatnu how, tyasapachhi ashirwad padhnuhosh kunai pani yahudile ashirwad path garna sakchhan, yadi tiniharu "mitzwah" ko mahatwa bujhna paryapta umerka chhan bhane. ashirwadpachhi, "mejuja" sanlagna hunchha. dherai "mejujot" tangda, pahilo taangnu aghi ek patak ashirwadko path garnu paryapta hunchha. mejujalai chhune. jab pani dhokabata gujranchhan, dherai manisharule bhagawanlai samman garne tarikako rupma mejujama aunlaa chhunchhan. dherai manisharule afno aunlaalai mejujama chhuepachhi chumban pani garchhan. charmapatra jaanch garnuhos. sabai yahudi sampradayaka dherai paryawekshak yahudiharusanga pratyek saat warshama kamtima dui patak doshaharuka lagi (jastai sanah aansu wa faid aksharharu) mejujot charmapatraharu jaanch garna yogya lekhak hunchhan. yo kaam sofer (lekhak) wa yastai prashikshan bhaeka jo kohile garna sakchhan. soferle nayan mejujot charmapatra pani banauna sakchha june yahudi kanuna anusar chhan. carite rar samaritan mejuja. yo lekhle mukhyataya "mejuja" sanga sambandhit chha kinki yo rabbik judawadma prayog garinchha, tara carite judawad rar samaritanijamko afnai parampara chha. carite judawadma deuteronomic pada "rar tapainle tiniharulai afno ghar rar tapainko dhokaharuko dhokama lekhnuhunecha" () lai rupakko rupma wyakhya garieko chha rar rabbani "mejuja" lai sandarbha garne rupma hoina. yasari karaiharule paramparagat rupma "mejujot" prayog gardainan, tara das agyaharusahit wyawasthako dui pattika akarko sano pattika lagaunchhan. israelma, jahaan tiniharule anya yahudiharulai asahaj mahasus garauna nachaheko prayas garna sakchhan, dherai karaiharule apawad banaunchhan rar uniharuko dhokako chaukima pani mejuja rakhchhan. mejuja" ko carite sanskaran sarvajanik bhawanharuko dhokama rar kahilekaahin niji bhawanharuma pani lagainchha. samaritanharule moseska panchwata pustakharuko samaritan sanskaranbata kunai pani chayan garieko path pradarshan garne arthama deuteronomic agyako wyakhya garchhan. yasama ashirwad wa vishesh gari pawitra wa utthan sandesh huna sakchha. vigatma uniharule gharko dhokako mathi das agyaharu utkirna bhaeko dhungako pattika rakhe, byzantine (chautho-sataun shatabdi) rar prarambhik muslim (sataun-11aun shatabdi) kalka kehi udaharanharu ahile jeruselamko israel sangrahalayama dekhaieka chhan. ajkal samari "mejuja" samanyataya sangamarmar, kathko plate, wa charmapatrako panah wa uccha gunastarko kagajbata banainchha, jasma uniharule samari torahabata chayan garieka padaharu lekhchan. yasalai tiniharule yaa tata gharko dhokako mathi, wa ghar bhitra, prawesh kakshama wa thulo parkhalma pramukh thaunma rakhchhan. yee "mejujot" pratyek samari gharpariwarka sathai sabhagharma painchha. az kehi samaritanharule yahudi shailiko mejuja cases pani prayog garchhan rar yasako bhitra euta sano likhit samaritan scroll rakhchhan, arthat.ei. samari warnamalama lekhieko samari torahako path. gharma jati dherai yasta "mejujot" hunchhan, tyati nai ramro manincha. yuma kanuni ladainharu.ess.. awasiya ekaiko praweshdwarma mejuja taangne yahudi abhyaslai sanyukta rajya america wa canadama wirlai chunauti diieko thiyo, yadyapi, sann 2001 maa sikagoma, tatiya towerharuma raheko condominium associationle "chatai, boot, jutta, cart wa kunai pani prakarka wastuharu" pratibandhit गऱ्यो।... ekai prawesh dwarharu bahira, "jaslai sann 2004 maa board bhotdwara nirapeksha bhanera wyakhya garieko thiyo. kinarko tower wyawasthapanle condominium bhadama lineharuko halwe mejujot hataeko chha. pachhi manav sambandhasambandhi shikago ayog, eleanois mahanyayadhiwakta, rar yuma ujuriharu dayar gariyo.ess. awas tatha sahari vikas vibhagle dharmako adharma awas bhedbhawko arop lagaeko chha. tatiya tawarharu sikagoma yasto pratibandhako sath ekmatra condominium sangha thiena, yadyapi tiniharu madhye ek yasako niyam parimarjan garna sahamat bhayo. mejuja wiwadko samachar report padhda, sikago alderman berton natarasle saharko nagarpalika sanhitama sanshodhanko masyauda tayar parey jasle bhadama line wa apartment, ghar, wa kandoko maliklai "dhoka, dhoka post wa praweshdwarma dharmik chinha, pratik wa awashesh rakhna wa tansna nishedh garna awaidh banayo."yadyapi tyahan virodh thiyo, yo decemberma sikagoma kanuna banyo. uttari americama yasto pahilo kanuna, yasale yasako ullanghanka lagi adhikatam $500 jariwana samawesh garyo. yass kanunko bawajud, 2006 maa, ek sanghiya adalat nyayadhishle nirnaya gare kii niyamle sanghiya nishpaksha awas aina ullanghan garena; zilla adalatle 2008 maa apilma rayalai kayam rakhyo; 2009 maa, yu.ess. sikagoko 7 aun circuitka lagi apilko adalatle 2008 ko nirnayalai ultaeko thiyo, rar mudda agadi badhyo. yasaibich, "sikago yahudi tara" ko recordharu asafal rupma samansama rakhieko thiyo, rar ilinoisko anty-slap kanuna lagu garieko thiyo. sann 2011 maa, tatarekha tower wiwadharuko gopya samadhan prapta bhaeko thiyo. sann 2006 maa, rajyako condominium sampatti ainama thap sankirna rupma kendrit sanshodhan eleanois cineter ira silversteindwara suru garieko thiyo, yasto pahilo rajya kanuna. sann 2006 maa floridako fort laderdaleko condo bhawanma aut mahilalai unko halwe unitbata mejuja hatauna nirdeshan diieko thiyo rar jariwana garne dhamki diieko thiyo. lamo kanuni ladainpachhi condo association bhedbhawko doshi pyeo. sann 2008 maa, eleanois rajya kanunko modelma banaieko florida condominium ainako sanshodhan, house bill 995, kanuna banyo. texasma sann 2007 maa, hyustanma basne dampatilai sanghaka niyamharu ullanghan garnabata bachna "tapainko dhokako framema jodieko wastu hatauna" nirdeshan diieko thiyo. euta kanuni ladain bhayo, jasko samayama ek yu.ess. zilla adalatka nyayadhishle sann 2008 maa condo associationko tarfabata faisala sunae. pachhi, dampati texas house aff representativeska sadasya garnett efma farkie. colleman. sann 2009 maa prastut garieko dharmik pradarshanharuko sanrakshanka lagi unko vidheyaklai apanaieko thiena, tara june 2011 maa texaska governer rick perile thorai sanshodhit sanskaran (hb1278) maa hastakshar gare. mejuja pratibandhalai deshwyapi rupma roknako lagi design garieko vidheyak sann 2008 maa prastawa garieko thiyo (etch.arr. 6932) dwara yu.ess. congresska neta gerold nadler. yo kahilyai kanuna banna sakena.

mejuja mejuja ("dwarposta"; bahubachanah mejujot) heuchhi charmapatra eka khanda jeunthire torara nirdista hibru pada khodita hoichhi, jaahaa rabbi ihudi dharmara ihudi anugamimane semananka gharara dwarapostare laganti . ehi padagudika heuchhi bibler anuchheda jeunthire mejuja byabahara karibaku nirdesh diajaichhi (ebong); segudika madhya shema prarthanara anshabisesha . mukhyadharara rabbi judaijmare, eka "mejuja" sadharanatah gharara pratyeka dwarare rakhiba aabasyaka, kichhi byatikrama sahita jepariki bathroom (jaahaa eka rahiba sthana nuhen) ebong chhot almari . claff" jane jogya lekhaka ("" sopher stam "") nka dwara prastuta karajae jie ubhaja prasangika dharmika ine adhyajanare talim neichanti, ebong adhika byabaharika bhagare, i.ee. quill khodita kariba ebong lekhiba abhyasa kariba. ehi padagudika kalaa abismaraniah kaali sahita eka bisesh quill kalam sahita lekhajaichhi jaahaa eka palakaru tiari hoichhi kimba bartamana eka birala, eka nall . ehapare "claff" ku luchai cases bhitare rakhajae . byutpatti. baibalare, "mejuja" sabda kebala eka dwarara duiti 'dwarposta' kimba 'dwarajamba' ku suchita kare, ehara ubhaja parsware sidha post jaahaa lintelaku samarthan kare, ebong kaunasi dharmika adesh kimba charmapatra sahita asampurna bibhinna sandarbhare dekhajae . ehi shabdati parey biblera parabarti hibrur charmapatra adhunika artha hassel karithila kaaran uparokta duteronomy adesh dwarapostare pada lekhiba aabasyaka kare . shabdar utpatti bibadiah ateh uddeshya. bibler padagudikare jeunthare mejuja adesh mile, ehara uddeshya heuchhi sikhyaneeah, jane byaktinku nirantara bhabare bhagabananka adesh bishajare maneh pakaibah parabarti pidhire, mejujaku eka apotropike upakarana bhabare byakhya karajiba arambha hoithila, jaahaa gharaku dusta shaktiru rakhya karuthila . eka sanskruti-samatulya bishleshanaru janapadichhi je gharoi seemarekha upare rakhajaithiba bastugudika prajatah byapaka bhabe bujhithiba mandaku pratihata karuthiba eka tablar karjya bahn karithae. keteka prarambhika rabbi utsa (jay. tii. megillah 4:12, bii. tii. babha metzia 102aii, ebong bii. tii. pesahim 113bii sameth) spust bhabare mejujotara birodhi-danab karjya upare biswasaku sakhi karanti . keteka ihudi sutra suchaithanti je mejujanku dibya krodharu rakhya karibara eka upakarana bhabe bibechana karajae, anyamane ebhali byakhyaku tibratara saha pratyakhyana karithanti. adhunika samajare madhya mejujara surakhya shakti upare biswasa prachlita. 1970 dashakare malotare ekadhika aatankabadee aakraman parey, chabad-lubabhich pratinidhimane mejuja gudikar byabasthita jancha paain abhijana arambha karithile. ehi karjyanusthanara antarnihita sadharana dharana thila je "mitjwat" ku palana kariba byaktigata surakhyara guaranti deba. samajabigyana sambandheeah bibhinna gabeshana anusare, israelara praiah tini chaturthansha bayaska biswasa karanti je mejuja aakhyarika arthare semananka ghara surakhya karanti . design. mejuja charmapatra (claff) ray jane swatantra talimprapta lekhaka (sopher) nka dwara lekhajiba aabasyaka . atirikta abhilekha. charmapatra pachapate duiti abhilekha lekhiba pratha rahichhih "ishwaranka bible naama madhyaru anyatama," "saddai", "[" "sarbashaktimana" "], ethaare" "israelara dwarara rakhyak, shomer daltot israela" "rahr sankhipta roop bhabare madhya karjya kare . aneka mejuja mamla madhya hibru akhyara (sheen) sahita chinhita hoichhi, "shadai" paain . "" eka sijara sipher-eka akhyara sift-shemarh truteeja, chaturtha ebong pancham sabda, "" adonai, elohenu, adonai "," prabhu, ammer bhagaban, prabhu; ehaa mamlar pacha bhagare lekhajaichhi, sammukh bhagare anuroopa shabdar bipareet . ehi shilalekha 11shaa shatabdir ebong "hasidei askenaz" (madhyajugeeja german ihudi rahasyabadee) mananka madhyare dekhibaku milithae. sephardic pratha (minhag) ehi bakyangshaku chadideithae, ebong kebala hibru sabda ("shadai") mejujara pachapate lekhajae . ehaa shulchan aracha ebong rambamar lekhaku anusarana kare . tebe, ubhaja bakyansha lekhibara ashkenazi pratha remonka lekhare samarthita hoithila . (yora dee 'aaha <aai. dii. 1>) ehi pariprekheere rambamnka "mishneh torah" ru barambar uddhruta anshaku ullekha kariba sarthaka jaahaa kahichhih duiti marga madhyare thiba khaali sthanara bipareet digare eka mejujara bahare [bhagabananka naama,] shadai lekhiba eka sadharana pratha . ethire kaunasi asubidha naahin, kaaran [jodajauchhi] bahare. tebe, jeunmane [mejuja] bhitare debadoota, anya pabitra naama, pada kimba ruper naama lekhanti, semananka madhyare agami duniaare semanankara kaunasi ansha naahin. ehi murkhamane kebala mitjawaku radda karanti naahin, barang ehaa byatita, semane eka mahan mitjawaru [jaahaa pratiphalita kare] pabitra byaktinka namara ekataa, shay aasheerbadaprapta huantu, taanka prem, ebong taanka seba, niz laabh paain eka tabij . semane, semanankara murkha dharanare, bhabanti je ehaa semananku duniaara ahankara bishajare sahajya kariba . mejuja mamla. eka mejuja lagaibara adesh ihudi duniaare byapaka bhabare anusarana karajae, epariki ihudeemane jeunmane dharmika bhabare palana karanti naahin . jadio mejujara gurutwapurna ansha heuchhi "claff", kimba charmapatra, ebong mamla nuhen, mejuja cases design ebong utpadana juga jugare eka kalaa roopaku unneet hoichhi . rupa ebong mulyabana dhaatu thaaru arambha curry kaath, pathara, syramic, piwatar ebong epariki polymer mruttika parjyanta bibhinna prakarara samagriru mejuja cases utpadana karajae . mejuja mamlar keteka dealer kagajare phatokapi hoithiba pathyara eka kapi pradan karibe kimba bikrai paain prastaba debe; ehaa koshar (baidha) mejuja nuhen, jaahaa jane jogya lekhakanka dwara charmapatra eka khandare haatare lekhajiba aabasyaka . abhyasa. mejuja lagantu. sthiti ebong akhandata. halakha" anujai, "mejuja" ku dwara kimba dwarapostara dahana parsware, dwarapostara upara truteejangshare (i.ee., praiah kandh uchchata), dwara kholibara praiah bhitare . charmapatra kimba sethire thiba shabdaku jepari chiri naah hue kimba khyati naah hue sethiprati dhyana deba uchita, kaaran ehaa "mejuja" ku abaidha karideba, jaahaaku torah bolly bibechana karajae . kone. jeunthare dwara yathesta prasasta, aneka ashkenazi ihudi mejujaku tanithanti jaahaa dwara uparar anshati dwara kholiba kothari aadaku jhulithae . raashi (1040-1105) ebong taanka naati rabbinu tamanka bhinna mataku samil kariba paain ehaa karajae, ehaaku ullamb bhabare (raashi) kimba anubhumika bhabare (rabbinu tama) rakhiba uchit kii naahin, ebong ehaa madhya suchita kariba paain je bhagaban ebong torah (jaahaaku mejuja pratika kare) kothareere prabesha karuchanti . raabi jacob bayne aashar (c. 1269-sii. 1343). adhikansha sephardi ihudi, mizrahi ihudi ebong anya anah-ashkenazi ihudeemane mejuja ku ullamb bhabare laganti, jadio adhikansha ihudi ashkenazim thiba deshare rahuthiba spanian ebong portugeej ihudeemane ehaaku sadharanatah tirjaka rakhanti . samai. sadharanatah, "halakha" paain prabaseenka madhyare rahuthiba ihudeemanankara abashyakata thaae (arthat.ee., israela desh bahare) eka bhada ghara kimba apartmentku jibaara 30 deane madhyare eka "mejuja" lagaiba. prabaseenka dwara kraiah karajaithiba ghara kimba apartment, kimba israelare eka basasthana (malikanadhin kimba bhada) paain, mejuja prabesha kariba parey turanta lagajaithae. ehi parthakyara kaaran heuchhi je jane ihudi jetebele israelare ruhanti, setebele israela tankara sthajee basasthana rahiba, jetebele kii prabaseenka madhyare eka ghara asthajee . ashirbada karantu. prakrijati heuchhi "mejuja" ku jeun sthanare ehaa lagajiba sehi sthanare rakhiba, taa 'parey eka ashirbada paath karantuhu jekaunasi ihudi ehi ashirbada paath kariparibe, jadi semane "mitjabha" rahr gurutwa bujhiba paain yathesta bayaska hoithanti. ashirbada parey, "mejuja" sanlagna hue . aneka 'mejujot "lagaiba samajare, prathamati lagaiba purbaru thare ashirbada paath kariba yathesta. mejuja sparsha karantu. jetebele bii dwara dei jaanti, aneka lock bhagabananku sammana dekhaiba paain mejuja aadaku aanguthi sparsha karanti . aneka lock niz aanguthiku mejuja chhuinba parey chumban madhya karithanti. charmapatra jancha karantu. samasta ihudi sampradayara aneka parjyabekhyaka ihudeenka pakhare jane jogya lekhaka achanti jie mejujot charmapatraku prati saata barshare atikamre duithara truti (jepariki chhot luh kimba bibarna akhyara) paain jancha karanti . ehi kaama jane sopher (lekhaka) kimba samaana talim thiba jekaunasi byaktinka dwara karajaipariba . jane sopher madhya nutan mejujot charmapatra tiari kariparibe jaahaa ihudi ine anujai . carite ebong samaritan mejuja. ehi nibandhati mukhyatah "mejuja" bishajare barnana kare kaaran ehaa rabbi judaijamre byabahruta hue, kintu carite judism ebong somaritanbadar nijaswa parampra achhi . carite judaijmare 'ebong apana segudiku aapananka gharara dwarabandha ebong aapananka dwarare lekhibe' () ku eka rupaka bhabare byakhya karajaichi ebong rabbaniah "mejuja" ku ullekha kariba bhabare nuhen . tenu karaimane paramparika bhabe "mejujot" byabahara karanti naahin, kintu dashati adesh sahita einer duiti phalaka aakarare eka chhot phalaka laganti . israelare, jeunthare semane anya ihudeemananku asahaja anubhaba nakaribaku chesta kariparanti, aneka carite eka byatikrama karanti ebong semananka dwarabandhare madhya eka mejuja rakhanti . mejuja" rahr carite sanskarana sarbajaneena attalikara dwara ebong belebele gharoi attalika paain madhya sthira . samaritanamane deuteronomic adeshar byakhya karanti jahara artha moshenka panchti pustakara samaritan sanskaranaru kaunasi chajnit pathya pradarshan kariba . ethire eka ashirbada kimba eka bisesh pabitra kimba utthanakaree barta thaipare . ateetare semane gharara dwara upare dashati adesh khodita eka pathara phalaka rakhithile, kichhi udaharana byzantine (4rtha-7maha shatabdi) ebong prarambhika musalman (7maha-11shaa shatabdi) samaira, jaahaa bartamana jerujelmar israela sangrahalajare pradarshita heuchhi. ajikali eka samaritan "mejuja" sadharanatah marble, kaath plate, kimba charmapatra eka sheet kimba uccha gunabatta kagajare tiari hue, jeunthire semane samaritan toraru manoneet pada lekhanti . ehaaku semane gharara dwara upare, kimba ghara bhitare, prabesha dwarare kimba eka budd kanth upare eka pramukh sthanare rakhanti . ehi "mejujot" sabu samari paribara tatha samajagruhare dekhibaku milithae. aaji kichhi samaritan madhya eka ihudi saileera mejuja cases byabahara karibe ebong ehaa bhitare eka chhot likhita samaritan scroll rakhibe, arthat.ee. samaritan toraru eka pathya, samaritan barnamalare lekhajaichhi . ghare jete adhika "mejujot" rahiba, sete bhal bolly bibechana karajiba. jayu. aii. ray aaingata ladhei.ess... eka abasic unitor prabesha pathare mejuja lagaibara ihudi pratha juktarastra america kimba kanadare kwachit challenge karajaithila, tathapi, 2001 ray chikagore, upakula tawarare eka condominium association "maat, jota, jota, gaadi kimba kaunasi prakarara jinish nishedha karithila ..... ekaka prabesha dwara bahare, "jaahaa 2004 ray board bhot dwara nirapekhya bolly byakhya karajaithila . upakulija tawara parichalana condominium bhadatianka halwe mejujot ku hatai deithila . parabarti samajare chikago commission aun human relations, eleanois atterni general ebong jayu.ess. abas ebong saharanchal bikash bibhaga, dharma aadhaarare abas vedabhaba abhijoga karichhi. ebhali pratibandhaka sahita upakulija tawara chikagore ekamatra condominium association nathila, jadio semananka madhyaru jane ehara niam sanshodhana karibaku raaji hoithile . mejuja bibadara eka khabara report padhiba parey, chikago alderman berton natarus saharar poura sanhitare eka sanshodhana draft karithile jaahaa eka apartment, ghara kimba kandora bhada kimba malikanka paain "dwara, dwara post kimba prabesha dwarare eka dharmika chinha, pratika kimba abashesh rakhiba kimba lagaiba" nishedha kariba beaina karithila ."jadio birodha thila, decemberare ehaa chikagore aainare parinata hoithila. uttara aamerikare ebhali pratham ine, ehara ullanghana paain sarbadhika $500 zarimana antarbhukta . ehi ine satwe, 2006 ray, eka sangheeah adalat bicharapati sthira karithile je ehi niam sangheeah fair hausing adhinijamaku ullanghana kare naahin; zillah adalat 2008 ray apil upare matamataku samarthan karithile; 2009 ray, jayu.ess. chikagore 7maha circuit paain apil court 2008 rahr nishpattiku olata karideithila ebong mamla aagaku badhila . iti madhyare, "chikago ihudi tarka" rahr recordgudika biphal bhabe sommons pathajaithila, ebong eleanoire anty-slap ine laagu karajaithila. 2011 masihare, upakula tawara bibadara eka gopaneeah samadhan hassel karajaithila. 2006 masihare, eleanoy sinetara ira silverstainka dwara rajyara condominium sampatti aainare eka sankhipta dhyana kendrit sanshodhana arambha karajaithila, jaahaa epari pratham rajya ine . 2006 masihare, floridara fort ladaradelare thiba eka condo bildingre thiba jane mahilanku taanka halwe junitaru mejuja hataibaku nirdesh diajaithila ebong zarimana debaku dhamaka diajaithila. eka dirgha aaingata ladhei parey, condo aasosiesanaku vedabhaba paain doshi sabyasta karajaithila. 2008 ray, eleanois rajya ine upare model hoithiba florida condominium adhiniyamara eka sanshodhana, house bill 995 aainare parinata hoithila . 2007 masihare teksasare, houstenre rahuthiba eka dampatinku "aapananka dwara frameray sanlagna jinishaku hataibaku" nirdesh diajaithila jaahaa sangha niam ullanghanaku edaiba . eka aaingata ladhei hoithila, jeun samajare eka jayu.ess. zillah adalat bicharapati 2008 ray condo association tarapharu raiah deithile. parabarti samajare, ehi dampati texas house off representativesara sadasya garnet aif. coleman. 2009 ray prabartita hoithiba ehipari dharmika pradarshanara surakhya paain taanka bill gruheeta hoinathila, kintu june 2011 ray texas gabharnar rick perinka dwara eka samanya sanshodhita sanskarana (echbi1278) aainare swakhyara karajaithila. deshabyapee mejuja nishedhadeshaku rokiba paain 2008 ray eka bill prastaba diajaithila (haha.aarr. 6932) dwara jayu.ess. congress sadasya gerold nadler. ehaa kebe bii aainare parinata hoinathila.

mezuza mezuza ("darwaze dee chauki"; bahuvachan mezuzot) perchment daa ikk tukda haii jiss utte torah deeaan vishesh ibrani aaitan ukkariaan hoiaan hunn, joe rabbi yahudi dharam dey yahudi parocar aapne gharan deeaan darwaze deeaan chaukiaan utte lagaunde hunn. ih aaitan bible dey hisse hunn jinhan witch mezuza dee varton daa hukam ditta giaa haii (atey); uh vee shamaa prarthna daa hissa hunn. mukkh dhaara dey rabbi yahudi dharam witch, ikk "mezuza" aam taur utte gharr dey harr darwaze witch rakkhiaa jaanha chahida haii, kujh apvadan jiven kii bathroom (joe rahinn dee jagha naheen hunn) atey chhotiaan almariaan. claff" ikk yog lekhak ("sopher stam") duaara tiaar keeta jaanda haii jiss neey sabandhat dharmik kanoonan daa adhiaen curran atey vadhere viharak hissiaan witch sikhlai prapat keeti haii.ee. rajaai utte nakkashi karna atey likhan daa abhiaas karna. ih aaitan kaali amitt siaahi witch likhiaan gaeeaan hunn jiss witch ikk vishesh quill paen jaan taan ikk khambhan toon banaiaa giaa haii jaan, hunn kaafi durlabh, ikk reed haii. firr "claff" noon roll keeta jaanda haii atey case dey ander rakkhiaa jaanda haii. shabdawali. bible witch, "mezuza" shabad siraf ikk darwaze deeaan doou 'darwaze deeaan chotiaan' jaan 'darwaze dey jamban' noon darsaunda haii, iss dey doven paase siddhiaan chotiaan joe lintel daa samarthan kardiaan hunn, atey vakkh-vakkh prasangan witch dikhai dindiaan hunn joe kise vee dharmik hukam jaan parchi naal sabandhat naheen hunn. iss shabad neey baad witch bible dey baad dey hibru witch parcham dey tukde daa aadhunik arth prapat qarr liaa kiunki uppar ditte bivastha saar dey hukam witch darwaze deeaan chotiaan utte aaitan likhan dee zaroorat see. shabad dee utpati vivadgrast haiyav udesh. bible deeaan aaitan witch jitthe mezuza daa hukam milda haii, udesh sikkhiaatmak haii, ikk viakati noon lagatar parmatma dey aadeshan dee yaad divaunay halanki, baad deeaan peedhiaan witch, mezuza noon ikk apotropic upkaran vajon viaakhiaa keeti jaanhi shuru hoow gaee, joe gharr noon burai deeaan taktan toon bachaunda haii. ikk sabheyachar-tulnatmak vishleshan sujhaa dinda haii kii gharelu thresholdan utte rakkhiaan gaeeaan vastuaan aksar viaapak taur utte samajhi gaee burai noon door curran vaale taveet daa kamm kardiaan hunn. kujh mudhle rabbi sarot (jiss witch jey. tii. magillah 4:12, bee. tii. baava metzia 102aii, atey bee. tii. pesahim pesahim shamal hunn) spasht taur 'teey mezuzot dey shaitan-virodhi kaaraj witch vishwas dey gawah hunn. jadon kii kujh yahudi sarot sanket dinde hunn kii mezuza noon ishwari gusse toon bachaun vaale ikk upkaran vajon manniaa jaanda haii, doosre iss tarahan dee viaakhiaa noon zordar dhang naal radd karde hunn. mezuza dee surakhiaa shakti witch vishwas aadhunik samein witch vee prachlit haii. 1970 dey dahake witch malot witch ladiwar attvadi hamliaan toon baad, chabad-lubawich dey numaindiyan neey mezuza dee yojnabadh jaanch laee muhim shuru keeti. karvai dey andarli aam dharna ih see kii "mitzwoat" dee palna nijji surakhiaa dee grunty devegi. samaaj shastari khoj dey vakkh-vakkh tukdiaan dey anusar, israeel witch lagbhag tinn-chauthai baalag mannade hunn kii mezuza shabdik taur 'teey aapne gharan dee raakhi karde hunn. design. mezuza noon ikk vishesh taur utte sikkhiat lekhak (sopher) duaara perchment (claff) utte likhiaa jaanha chahida haii. vadhu shilalekh. parche dey pichle hisse utte doou shilalekh likhan dee reet haiyav "shaddai, [" "sarabshaktiman" "] bible dey parmeshur dey naavan vicchon ikk, itthe" "shomer daltot israeel" "," "israeel dey darwaziaan dey sarprast" "laee ikk sankhep roop vajon vee kamm karda haii. bahut saare mezuza mamlian noon "shaddai" laee ibrani akkhar (shinn) naal vee chinhit keeta giaa haii. "ikk seasure sipher-ikk akkhar dee shift-shamaa dey teeje, chauthe atey panjven shabdan daa," adonai, elohenu, adonai "," prabhu, saada devta, prabhu "; ih case dey pichle paase, sahmane vaale anusari shabdan dey ulat likhiaa giaa haii. ih shilalekh shilalekh sadee daa haii atey "hasidi ashkenaaz" (madhkali german yahudi rahasswadi) witch paaiaa jaanda haii. sephardic rivaaj (minhag) vakansh noon chhadd dinda haii, atey mezuza dey pichle paase siraf ibrani shabad ("shaddai") likhiaa jaanda haii. ih shulchan aadd atey rambam deeaan likhtan daa paalan karda haii. halanki, doven vakansh likhan dey ashkenazi rivaaj daa samarthan remo deeaan likhtan witch keeta giaa see. (yoreh dey 'aah 288:15) iss sabndh witch rambam dey "mishneh torah" toon aksar havala ditte gaye hisse daa havala denna saarthak haii joe kahinda haiyav dovan rastiaan dey vichkaar chaddi gaee khaali jagha dey sahmane ikk mezuza dey baharle hisse witch [rabb daa naam,] shaddai likhna ikk aam rivaaj haii. iss witch koee mushkal naheen haii, kiunki [jode] bahr keeta giaa haii. parr, uh lock joe [mezuza dey] ander dootan, horr pavittar naavan, aaitan jaan roopan dey naam likhade hunn, unhan witch shamal hunn jinhan daa aaunn vaale sansar witch koee hissa naheen haii. ih moorakh naa siraf mitzwah noon nasht karde hunn, balki iss toon ilava, uh ikk mahaan mitzwah toon banaunde hunn [joe darsaunda haii] pavittar dey naam dee ekta, uh dhann howay, uss daa piaar, atey uss dee seva, aapne laabh laee ikk taveet. uh aapni murakhtapuran dharna witch sochde hunn kii iss naal unhan noon sansar deeaan viarth gallan baare madad milegi. mezuza dey mamle. yahudi sansar witch mezuza lagaun dey hukam dee viaapak taur utte palna keeti jaandi haii, ithon takk kii yahudi vee joe dharmik taur utte palna naheen karde hunn. jadon kii mezuza daa mahattavpuran hissa "claff" jaan parchun haii, naa kii case, mezuza dey mamlian noon design curran atey tiaar curran noon sadiaan toon ikk qalaa roop witch uccha chukkiaa giaa haii. mezuza dey case chaandi atey keemati dhaatan toon lae keey lakkad, patthar, vasraviks, piootar atey ithon takk kii polymer mitty takk kaee tarahan deeaan samaggariaan toon tiaar keete jaande hunn. mezuza mamlian dey kujh dealer uss paath dee ikk kaapi pardan karange jaan vikri laee pesh karange jiss dee photocopy kagaz utte keeti gaee haii; ih ikk kosher (jaaiz) mezuza naheen haii, jiss noon ikk yog lekhak duaara parche dey tukde utte hatth naal likhiaa jaanha chahida haii. abhiaas. mezuza noon lagauna. sathiti atey akhandta. halkha" dey anusar, "mezuza" darwaze jaan darwaze dee chauki dey sajje paase, darwaze dee chauki dey uparle teeje hisse witch (i.ee., lagbhag modha dee uchaee), darwaze dey khulhan dey lagbhag ander. iss gall daa dhiaan rakkhiaa jaanha chahida haii kii perchment jaan iss utte shabdan noon nuksan naa pahunche, kiunki ih "mezuza" noon ayog qarr devega, jiss noon torah manniaa jaanda haii. konn. jitthe darwaza kaafi chauda haii, bahut saare ashkenazi yahudi mezuza noon jhukaunde hunn taan joe upparla hissa uss kamre vall jhuk jaave jiss witch darwaza khulhda haii. ih rashee (1040-1105) atey uss dey pote, rabbinu taam dey vakkh-vakkh vicharan noon anukool banaun laee keeta jaanda haii, kii qee iss noon lambkari (rashee) jaan khitiji (rabbinu taam) rakkhiaa jaanha chahida haii, atey ih vee darsaun laee kii bhagwan atey torah (jiss noon mezuza darsaunda haii) kamre witch dakhal hoow rahey hunn. samjhauta hall rabbi jacob baine ashar (see. 1269-see. 1343). ziaadaatar sephardi yahudi, mizrahi yahudi atey horr gair-ashkenazi yahudi mezuza noon lambkari dhang naal jodade hunn, halanki spanish atey puratgali yahudi unhan deshan witch rahinde hunn jitthe ziaadaatar yahudi ashkenazim hunn, aam taur utte iss noon jhukaunde hunn. samaan. aam taur utte, "halkha" laee parvasiaan witch rahinn vaale yahudiaan dee zaroorat hundi haii (i.ee., israeel dee dharti toon bahr) kiraae dey gharr jaan apartment witch jaanh dey 30 dinan dey ander ikk "mezuza" lagauna. parvasiaan witch kharide gaye gharr jaan apartment, jaan israeel witch nivas (malkiat jaan kiraae) laee, mezuza noon jaanh toon turant baad chipkaiaa jaanda haii. iss antar daa caarn ih haii kii ikk dharna haii kii jadon koee yahudi israeel witch rahinda haii, taan israeel uss daa sathayi nivas rahega, jadon kii parvasiaan witch ikk gharr asthai haii. ashirvaad. prakiriaa ih haii kii "mezuza" noon uss jagha dey virudh rakkhiaa jaave jiss utte iss noon lagaiaa javega, firr ikk ashirvaad daa paath keeta javea koee vee yahudi ashirvaad daa paath qarr sakda haii, basharte uh "mitzwah" dee mahatta noon samjhan laee kaafi umar dey honn. ashirvaad toon baad, "mezuza" jodiaa jaanda haii. jadon kaee "mezuzot" chipkaunde hoow, taan pahile noon chipkaun toon pahilan, ikk vaar ashirvaad daa paath karna kaafi hunda haii. mezuza noon chhuhna. jadon vee darwaze toon langhde hunn, bahut saare lock pramatma daa sanman curran dey tarike vajon mezuza noon ikk ungli noon chhuhde hunn. bahut saare lock aapni ungli noon chhuhan toon baad uss noon choom vee lainde hunn. parchment dee jaanch crow. saare yahudi sampardavan dey bahut saare nirikhan curran vaale yahudiaan cole harr satt saalan witch ghatto ghatt doou vaar nuksan (jiven kii chhote hanjhu jaan madham akkhar) laee mezuzot parchan dee jaanch curran laee ikk yog lekhak hunda haii. ih kamm ikk sopher (lekhak) jaan isey tarahan dee sikhlai vaala koee vee viakati qarr sakda haii. ikk sopher navein mezuzot parchun vee bnaa sakda haii joe yahudi kanoon dey anusar hunn. carrett atey samritan mezuza. ih lekh mukkh taur utte "mezuza" naal sambandhit haii kiunki ih rabbi yahudi dharam witch vartiaa jaanda haii, parr carrett yahudi dharam atey samrivad deeaan aapniaan parampravan hunn. carite yahudi dharam witch "atey tusin uhanan noon aapne gharan atey aapne darwaziaan deeaan chaunkiaan utte likhoge" () dee viaakhiaa ikk roopak vajon keeti jaandi haii naa kii rabbwasi "mezuza" daa havala dinde hoye. iss tarahan kaaraai ravaiti taur utte "mezuzot" dee varton naheen karde, parr dass hukman dey naal kanoon deeaan doou takhtiaan dey aakaar witch ikk chhoti takhti lagaunde hunn. israeel witch, jitthe uh horr yahudiaan noon asuvidhajanak mahisus naa karaun dee koshish qarr sakde hunn, bahut saare karaai ikk apvaad banaunde hunn atey aapni darwaze dee chauki utte vee ikk mezuza rakkhde hunn. mezuza" daa carite sanskaran jantak imaratan dey darwaziaan atey kaee vaar nijji imaratan laee vee lagaiaa jaanda haii. samarian lock deutronomic hukam dee viaakhiaa karde hunn jisda arth haii moosa deeaan panj kitaban dey samri sanskaran toon kise vee chunhe hoye paath noon pradarshit karna. iss witch ikk ashirvaad jaan ikk vishesh taur utte pavittar jaan unnati sandesh hoow sakda haii. ateet witch uhanan neey gharr dey darwaze dey uppar dass hukman naal ukkari ikk patthar dee takhti rakkhi, kujh udaharnan byzantine (chauthi-sattvin sadee) atey shuruati musalman musalman sadee) dey samein deeaan hunn joe hunn yerushalam dey israeel ajaib gharr witch dikhaiaan jaa rahiaan hunn. ajj-kallh ikk samarian "mezuza" aam taur utte jaan taan sangamarmar, ikk lakkad dee plate, jaan perchment dee ikk sheet jaan ucch gunwatta vaale kagaz toon baniaa hunda haii, jiss utte uh samarian torah toon chunhiaan gaeeaan aaitan likhade hunn. ih uh jaan taan gharr dey darwaze dey uppar, jaan gharr dey ander, pravesh duaar witch jaan ikk vaddi kandh utte ikk pramukh jagha utte rakkhde hunn. ih "mezuzot" harr samri gharr dey naal-naal prarthna sathaan witch vee paae jaande hunn. ajj kujh samarian ikk yahudi-shaili dey mezuza case dee varton vee karde sunn atey iss dey ander ikk chhota jiha likhiaa samarian scroll, i.ee. samarian varanmala witch likhiaa samri torah daa ikk paath. gharr witch jinna ziaada "mezuzot" hunda haii, ona hii bihtar manniaa jaanda haii. yuu witch kanunni ladaiaanaes.. rihaishi ikai dey pravesh duaar utte mezuza lagaun dey yahudi abhiaas noon sanyukat raaj jaan canada witch ghatt hii chunhauti ditti gaee see, halanki, 2001 witch shikago witch, samundari kandhe dey toweran utte ikk condominium association neey "chatai, boot, juttiaan, gaddiaan jaan kise vee kisam deeaan cheezan" utte pabandi lagaa ditti see... ikai dey pravesh duaaran dey bahr, "jiss noon 2004 witch board vott duaara nirantar manniaa giaa see. samundari kandhe dey toweran dey parbandhan neey condominium kiraedaran dey halway mezuzot noon hataa ditta. baad witch shikaitan manukkhi sambandhan baare shikago commission, eleanois attarney general atey yuu.aiss. housing atey shahiri vikas vibhag, dharam dey adhaar 'teey rihaishi vitkare daa dosh lagaa riha haii. shoreline tower shikago witch ajihi pabandi vaala iklauta condominium association naheen see, halanki unhan vicchon ikk iss dey niyam noon sodhan laee sehmat hoiaa. mezuza vivaad dee ikk khabar report noon padhan 'teey, shikago alderman berton natters neey shehar dey mioonspal code witch ikk sodh daa kharda tiaar keeta jiss neey kiraedar jaan kise apartment, gharr jaan condo dey maalak laee "darwaze, darwaze dee chauki jaan pravesh duaar' teey ikk dharmik chinnh, chinnh jaan nishani noon rakkhan jaan lagaun toon manahi noon gair kanunni bnaa ditta."halanki virodh see, parr ih uss dasambar witch shikago witch kanoon bann giaa. uttri amrica witch ajiha pahila kanoon, iss witch ulanghna laee vaddh toon vaddh $500 daa jurmana shamal see. iss kanoon dey bavjood, 2006 witch, ikk sanghi adalat dey jajj neey nirdharat keeta kii niyam sanghi nirpakh housing aikat dee ulanghna naheen karda; zilha adalat neey 2008 witch apeel utte raae noon barkarar rakkhiaa; 2009 witch, yuu.aiss. shikago witch witch circut laee apeel dee adalat neey 2008 dey faisle noon ulta ditta atey mamla agge vadhiaa. iss dauran, "shikago yahudi starr" dey ricard noon asfal roop witch samman bhejiaa giaa see, atey eleanois dey thappad-virodhi kanoon lagu keete gaye sunn. saal 2011 witch, samundari kandhe dey toweran dey vivadan daa ikk gupat niptara keeta giaa see. saal 2006 witch, raaj dey condominium property aikat witch ikk vadhere sankhep kendrit sodh eleanois senator iraa silverstein duaara shuru keeti gaee see, joe kii pahila ajiha raaj kanoon see. saal 2006 witch, florida dey fort lauderdale witch ikk condo imaarat witch ikk aurat noon aapne halway unit toon mezuza noon hataun daa nirdesh ditta giaa see atey jurmane dee dhamki ditti gaee see. ikk lambi kanunni ladai toon baad, condo association noon vitkare daa doshi paaiaa giaa. 2008 witch, haaoos bill 995, florida condominium aikat witch ikk sodh, joe kii eleanois raaj dey kanoon dey adhaar teey tiaar keeti gaee see, kanoon bann giaa. taxas witch 2007 witch, hoston witch rahinn vaale ikk jode noon association dey niyaman dee ulanghna toon bachann laee "tuhade darwaze dey frame naal judee cheez noon hataun" dee nirdesh ditti gaee see. ikk kanunni ladai hoee, jiss dauran ikk yuu.aiss. zilha adalat dey jajj neey 2008 witch condo association vallon faisla sunaiaa see. baad witch, ih jodda taxas haaoos aaf representatives dey member garnet eff. vall mudd giaa. colleman. ajihe dharmik pardarshanan dee surakhiaa laee uss daa bill, jiven kii 2009 witch pesh keeta giaa see, noon apnaiaa naheen giaa see, parr juun 2011 witch taxas dey governor rick pairi duaara ikk thodah sodhiaa hoiaa sanskaran (aich. bee. 1278) kanoon witch hastakhar keeta giaa see. desh bharr witch mezuza pabandiaan noon rokann laee tiaar keeta giaa ikk bill 2008 witch prastavit keeta giaa see (aich.aar. 6932) duaara.aiss. congress member gerold nedler. ih kadey vee kanoon naheen baniaa.

mejuzah mezuza ("dwaarastambhah"; bahuvachanah mezuzot) iti charmapatrasya ekaha khandah asti yasmin toraah ityasya vishishtaani hibroo-shlokaani utkeernaani santi, ye rabbinik-yahoodee-matasya yahoodee-anuyaayibhih svagruhasya dwaarastambheshu utkeernaani bhavanti. etaani shlokaani bable-khandaah santi yeshu mezuzah ityasya prayogah aadnyaapitah asti (tathaa); te api shemaa-prarthanayaha bhaagah santi. mukhyadharayaha rabbi-joodaayijm ityasmin, samanyataya gruhasya pratyekasmin dwaarasya krute "mezuza" iti padam sthapaniyam, kaanichan apavaadaah yathaa snaanagruhaani (yaani nivasasthanani naa santi), laghuvastraani cha. claff" iteedam yogyena lekhaken ("sopher stam") nirmitam asti yah prasangika-dhaarmik-niyamanam adhyayanartham, adhika-vyaavahaarik-bhaageshu cha prashikshanm praptavan asti.ee. quill-nakkashi, lekhanasy abhyaasah cha. padyaani krushna-amit-shaayi-dwara likhitaah santi, yatra vishesham quill-penam asti, yat pakshena nirmitam asti athavaa adhunaa atyantam durlabham asti, nalikaa. tatah "claff" iti luntitam, prakaranasya antah sthaapyate. vyutpattih. bable-madhye "mezuza" iti shabdah kevalam dwaarasya 'dwaarastambhe' athavaa 'dwaarastambhe' ityetadwayam soochayati, tasya paarshve ubhayoho nidarshaah stambhaah, ye lintel-ityasya samarthanam kurvanti, tathaa cha kasyaapi dhaarmik-aajnayaa vaa charmapatrena vaa saha asambaddheshu vividhaani sandarbheshu drushyante. pashchat, idam padam bable-uttar-hibroo-bhashayam charmapatrasya khandasya aadhunikam artham avaapnot, yatah upari pradattasy dwiteeyopabandhasya aadnyaayaah karanat dwaarastambheshu padyaani likhitum aavashyakam aasit. asya shabdasya utpattih vivadita asti. uddeshyam. bable-padyeshu yatra mezuza-aajnaam drushyate, tasya uddeshyah shikshaatmakah asti, vyaktim eeshvarasya aagyaanaam nirantaram smaarayitumh. parantu, pashchat peedhishu, mezuza-ityasya vyaakhyaam apotropac-yantraroopen kartum aarabdham, yat gruham dushtashaktayahbhya rakshayati sma. samskruti-samatulya-vishleshanam soochayati yat gruha-seemaasu sthaapitaah vastooni praayah vyaapakaroopen bodhite dushtatam viraktum taaveej-rupena karyam kurvanti iti. kechan praarambhik-rabbi-mulani (jey. tea. megillaah 4:12, bee. tea. bava metzia 102e, bee. tea. pesaahim 113bee cha) mejuzot ityasya rakshasi-virodhee-kaarye vishvaasasya spashtatayaa sakshyam kurvanti. kechan yahudisrotaha soochayanti yat mezuza iti daivika-krodhaat rakshayitum yantraroopen vyaakhyaayate iti, anye cha etaadrusham vyaakhyaam drudatayaa niraakaroti. mezuzah ityasya rakshaatmakashaktau vishvaasaha adhunikakale api prachalati. 1970 tame dashake malot-nagare bhayotpaadak-akramananam shrunkhalaayaah anantaram chabad-lubaavich-ityasya pratinidhayah mezuzah-ityeteshaam vyavasthita-nirikshanartham abhiyanam aarabhant. kriyayaha antarnihitah samanyaha dharana aasit yat "mitzwot" ityasya paalanam vyaktigatasurakshaayaah pratyaabhootih bhavishyati iti. samaajashaastreey-shodhasya vividha-khandanam anusaaram, isrel-deshasya praayah chaturthah trishah vayaskaah manyante yat mezuza-janaah aksharashah swagruhaani rakshayanti iti. rachanaa. mezuza iti charmapatrasya (claff) upari vishesha-prashikshita-lekhaken (sopher) likhaneeyam bhavati. atiriktaani shilalekhaha. charmapatrasya prushtabhaage dwau shilalekhaha likhitum prathayaha asti. "shaddaayi", [sarwashaktimaanah] iti devasya bable-naameshu anyatamah, atra "shomer daltot yisraayel" ityasya, "isrel-dwaranam rakshaka" ityasya sankshiptaroopena api karyam karoti. aneke mezuza-prakaranaani "shaddaayi" ityasya hebru-aksharen (shinn) api ankitaah santi. "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" ayam shilalekhah 11 shataabdyah asti, "hasidei ashkenaaz" (madhyayugeen-german-yahoodee-rahasyavaadinah) madhye drushyate. cephardic-reetih (minhag) padam nishkaasayati, kevalam hibroo-shabdah ("shaddaay") mezuzah ityasya prushtabhaage likhitah asti. etat shulchan-aarachasy, rambam ityasya cha lekhanasy anugunam bhavati. tathaapi, dwayoh vaakyaamshayoho lekhanasy ashkenazi-prathaa remo ityasya lekhaneshu samarthitaa aasit. (yoreha dey 'aaha 288:15) asmin vishaye rambam ityasya "mishneh toraah" ityatah praayah uddhrutam khandam ullekhayitum upayuktam asti, yasmin likhitam asti - dwayoh margayoho madhye avashishtasya riktasthaanasya viruddham mezuzah ityasya bahihi [devasya naam,] shaddai iti likhitum samanyapratha asti. asmin kimapi kashtam naasti, yatah bahihi [samyojanam krutam]. parantu ye [mezuzah ityasya] antah dutanam, anyaanaam pavitraanaam namanam, padanam, rupanam vaa naamaani likhanti te bhavishye jagate naa bhaaginah santi. ete moorkhah naa kevalam mitzwa-ityetam nishphalam kurvanti, apitu api cha te mahat mitzwa-ityanena nirmaati, yat pavitrasya naamnah aikyam pratiphalishyati, dhanyah saha, tasya prema, tasya sevaa cha, swaprayojanaartham taaveejah. te, murkhakalpanaayaam, chintayanti yat etat vishvasya vyamohanam vishaye teshaam sahayyam karishyati iti. mezuzah-prakaranaani. mezuza-upabandhasya aadnyaayaah vyaapakaroopen anusaranam yahudee-jagate bhavati, yahudee-janaah api ye dhaarmikaroopen naa paalayanti te. yadyapi mezuzah ityasya mahattwapoornah bhaagah "claff" athavaa charmapatrah asti, naa tu prakaranam, mezuzah-prakarananam vinyaasah utpaadanam cha yugaanuyugebhyah kalaarooparoopen vardhate. mezuza-khandaah rajat-bahumulya-dhaatubhyah, kaashtam, shilam, mrunmaya-dhaatuh, puter, paalimar-kle ityadinam vividha-saamagrim utpadyante. mezuza-prakarananam kechan vikretaarah kaagade photocopy krutasya paathasya pratilipim pradaasyanti vaa vikrayaartham prastooyanti vaa; etat koshar (vaidham) mezuza naa asti, yat yogya-lekhaken charmapatrasya khande hastalikhitam bhavet. abhyaasah. mejuzah iti upabandhayati. sthitihi akhandata cha. halakha" ityasya anusaaram, "mejuza" iti dwaarasya vaa dwaarastambhasya vaa dakshinabhaage, dwaarastambhasya upari truteeye sthaane sthaapayet (i.ee., praayah bhujasya oordhvataa), dwaarasya udghaatanasy praayah antargate. charmapatrasya vaa tasya padasya vaa kshatam vaa naa bhavet iti saavadhaanam kartavyam, yatah etena "mezuza" iti amaanyam bhavishyati, yat toraa iti manyate. konaha. yatra dwaaram paryaaptam vishaalam bhavati tatra bahavah ashkenazi-yahudee-janaah mezuzah-nagaram vataha kurvanti yena uparibhaagam dwaaram udghatitasya prakoshtam prati vataha bhavati. raashi (1040-1105) tathaa tasya pautrasya rabbeenu tam ityasya bhinna-mataan yojayitum etat kriyate, yat tatt oordhvaadhararoopen (raashi) athavaa anubhoomikaroopen (rabbeenu tam) sthaapayet vaa iti, tathaa cha eeshwarah toraah (yasya mezuza prateekam) cha prakoshte praveshyante iti api soochayitum etat kriyate. rabbi-jacob-benn-aashar ityanena (c. 1269-c. 1343). adhikaamshaah sephardi-yahoodee, mijrahi-yahoodee, anye ashkenazi-anya-yahoodee cha mezuza-nagaram oordhvaadhararoopen samlagnavantah, yadyapi spanish-portugees-yahoodee-janaah desheshu nivasanti yatra adhikaamshah yahoodee-janaah ashkenazim-janaah santi, te praayah tam tiryakaroopen sthaapayanti. kaalah. samanyataya "halakha" ityasmin pravaaseshu nivasantah yahudijanaha aavashyakaah bhavanti (i.ee.(isrel-deshasya bahihi) bhatakagruham vaa apartment-madhye vaa sthanantarasya 30 divasaanaam antare "mezuza" iti mudranam kartum. pravaasinah kretrugruhasya vaa nivasasthanasya vaa, athavaa isrel-deshe nivaasasya (svaamitvam vaa bhaatakam vaa) krute, mejuza-nagaram praveshtvaa tatkshanameva sthaapyate. asya bhedasya karanam yat yadaa kashchan yahoodee israel-deshe nivasati, tadaa isrel-deshah tasya/tasyaah sthaayeenivaasah bhavishyati iti dharana asti, parantu pravaasinah nivaasah asthaayeeh bhavati iti. aasheervaadah. prakriya asti yat "mezuza" iteedam yatra sthaapyate tasmin sthaane dhaarayitum, tatah aasheervaadam pathitumh. yah kashchit yahoodeeh aasheervaadam pathitum shaknoti, yadi saha "mitzwa" ityasya mahattvam graheetum paryaaptah vruddhah bhavati. aashirvaadaanantaram "mezuza" sambaddham asti. yadaa aneke "mezuzot" iti upabandhayanti tadaa prathamam upabandhanaat poorvam ekavaaram aasheervaadasy pathanam paryaaptam bhavati. mezuzah ityetam sparsham karotu. yadaa cha dwaaram gacchanti, bahavah janaah eeshwaram sammaanayitum mejuzah-kshetram anguleem sparshanti. aneke mejuzah-anguleem sparshayitvaa chumbayanti. charmapatrasya parikshanam karotu. sarwebhyah yahoodee-sampradayanam bahavah nirikshita-yahudijanaha prati saptavarshe nyunatinyoonam dvivaaram mejuzot-charmapatraani doshayuktaani (yathaa laghu-ashravah athavaa mlan-aksharaani) iti pareekshayitum yogyah lekhakah sthaapayanti. etat karyam sopher (lekhakah) ityanena vaa tatsadrusha-prashikshanm praapten kasyaapi dwara kartum shakyate. sopher ityeshah nootanaani mejuzot charmapatraani api nirmaatum shaknoti, ye yahoodee-niyamaanugunam bhavanti. carrat tathaa samaritaan mezuzah. ayam lekhah mukhyataya "mezuza" ityetasya vishaye asti yatah rabbi-judism ityasmin asya upayogah bhavati, parantu carrat-judism, samaritanisam cha swakeeyaah paramparaah santi. carrat-judism ityasmin "tathaa bhavaan taan svagruhanam dwaarastambheshu, swadwaareshu cha likhaati" iti deuteronomic-padyam rabbani-"mezuza" ityasya ullekharoopen naa tu roopakaroopen vyaakhyitam asti. evam carrat-janaah paramparaagataroopen "mezuzot" ityasya upayogam naa kurvanti, parantu dashaajnaabhihi saha vyavasthaayaah dwayoh phalakayoh aakaarasy laghuphalakam sthaapayanti. isrel-deshe, yatra te anyaan yoodaan asaukhyaan naa kartum prayatante, tatra bahavah carrat-janaah apavaadam kurvanti, teshaam dwaarapute api mejuza sthaapayanti. mezuza" ityasya carrat-samskaranam saarwajanik-bhavananam dwaaraani, kadaachit nijee-bhavanaani api sthaapitam asti. samaritaan-janaah, moshe ityasya panchagrantheshu samaritaan-samskaranaat kasyaapi chayanam paatham pradarshayitum, deuteronomic-aadnyaayaah vyaakhyaam kurvanti. asmin aasheervaadah vaa visheshatayaa pavitrah vaa unnatidaayakah vaa sandesha bhavet. poorvam te gruhadwaarasya upari dash aajnaayuktaan shilalekhaha sthaapayan, kechan udaaharanaani baizain (4-7 shataabdyaah), praarambhik-muslim (7-11 shataabdyaah) kaalasy santi, ye adhunaa jeroosalam-nagarasya isrel-sangrahaalaye pradarshitaah santi. adhunaa samaritaan-"mezuza" iti samanyataya marble-shilaya, kaashtaphalakayaa, charmapatrasya patrayaa vaa uccha-gunavattaayukt-kagadena vaa nirmitam asti, yasmin te samaritaan-toraah-ityasya chyan-padyaani likhanti. etat te gruhasya dwaarasya upari, gruhasya antah, praveshagruhe athavaa vishaalasya bhitteh upari pramukhasthaane sthaapayanti. etaani "mezuzot" ityete pratyekam samaritaanagare gruhe api cha sabhaamandape cha drushyante. adyatve kechan samaritaan-janaah yahoodee-shaileeh mezuza-prakaranam api upayujya tasya antah ekaha laghuhu likhitah samaritaan-scroll, arthaat sthaapayanti sma.ee. samaritaan-varnamaalaayaam likhitasya samaritaan-toraah ityasya ekaha granthah. gruhe yathaa "mejuzot" iti "mejuzot" iti "mejuzot" iti "mejuzot" iti "mejuzot" iti "mejuzot" iti "mejuzot" iti "mejuzot" iti "mejuzot" iti "mejuzot" iti "mejuzot" iti "mejuzot" iti "mejuzot" iti "mejuzot" iti "mejuzot" iti "mejuzot" iti "mejuzot" iti "mejuzot" iti "mejuzot" iti "mejuzot" iti "mejuzot" mejuzot "iti" mejuzot "mejuzot" iti "mejuzot" mejuzot "iti" mejuzot "mejuzot" mejuzot "iti" mejuzot "mejuzot" mejuzot "iti" mejuzot "mejuzot" mejuzot iti. yu. e. madhye kaanooni-yuddhaani.ess.. samyuktarajyamerikadesha athavaa kenada-deshe niwaas-ghatake praveshadvaaraa mejuza-pralepasya yahudee-prathayaha praayah naa cha chunautee aasit, tathaapi 2001 tame varshe chikaago-nagare, samudratata-gopureshu sthitasya condominium-sanghah "chapaha, bootah, shoot, carts athavaa kasyaapi prakarasya vastooni vaa nishedhayat... ekakam praveshadvaarasya bahihi ", yat 2004 tame varshe board-matadwara nirapeksham iti vyaakhyitam. samudratata-gopur-vyavasthaapanam condominium-bhatakanam haalve-mejuzot-iteedam apasarayat. tadanantaram chikaago-maanav-sambandha-aayoge, ileanois-mahaanyaayaadhivaktru-jane, yoo. cha ityatra cha abhiyogaani preshitaani.ess. aawaas-nagarawikaas-vibhaagah, dharmasya aadhaaren aawaas-bhedabhaavasya aropam karoti. shikaago-nagare samudratata-gopuraani eva ekamaatram condominium-sangham naa aasit, yatra etaadrusham pratibandham aasit, yadyapi teshu ekaha tasya niyamasya samshodhanaartham sahamatah aasit. mejuza-vivaadasya vaartaaprastaavasy patanaanantaram, chikaago-alderman-berton-natarus-varyaha nagarasya nagarapalika-samhitaayaam samshodhanam prakashayat, yena bhatakasya vaa apartment, gruhasya, athavaa kando-ityasya swaameeh vaa "dwaarasya, dwaara-postasya, praveshadvaaraa vaa dhaarmikam chihnam, chihnam athavaa avashesham sthaapayitum vaa sthaapayitum vaa nishedhah iti avaidhah abhavat."yadyapi virodhah aasit, tathaapi tasmin december-maase shikaago-nagare ayam vidhihi abhavat. uttaramerikadeshe etaadrushah prathamah vidhihi aasit, tasya ullamghanasya krute adhikatamm $500 jarimana aasit. etam vidhaanam satsu api, 2006 tame varshe, ekaha sangheey-nyayalaya-nyayadhishaha nirdharitavan yat ayam niyamah sangheey-nyaya-aawaas-adhiniyamasya ullanghanam naa karoti iti; 2008 tame varshe mandal-nyayalayaha apeel-vishaye abhiprayam samarthayat; 2009 tame varshe, yoo. e.ess. shikaago-nagarasya 7 tama-paripathasya apeel-nyayalayaha 2008 tame varshe nirnayam apasarayat, tathaa prakaranam agre cha gatam. etadatirichya "chikaago-jyuyish-starr" ityasya abhilekhaah asafalaroopena samansam ayujya, ileanois-deshasya cha chaapa-virodheevidhihi api prayujyata. 2011 tame varshe, samudratata-gopur-vivaadaanaam gupta-samadhanam abhavat. 2006 tame varshe, rajyasya condominium-sampatti-adhiniyamasya adhika-sankeerna-kendreekruta-samshodhanam ileanois-senator iraa silverstein ityanena arabdha, yat prathamam rajya-vidhihi aasit. 2006 tame varshe florida-rajyasya fort-lauder-dell-nagarasya condo-bhavanasya ekaa mahilaa swasya haalve-vibhaagaat mejuza-nagaram nishkaasayitum nirdeshitaa, tathaa cha jarimana vidhayitum dhamanyat. deergha-vidhi-yuddhanantaram, condo-sanghah bhedabhaavasya aparaadhe iti dnyaatah. 2008 tame varshe, ileanois-rajyasya vidhaanasya pratirupena, florida-condominium-adhiniyamasya samshodhanam, house-bill 995, vidhihi abhavat. 2007 tame varshe texas-nagare, hyoostan-nagare nivasatah dampatee, sanghaniyamanam ullamghanaat nivaarayitum "bhavatah dwaarasya frame ityanena saha samlagnam vastum nishkaasayitum" nirdeshitah. ekaha vidhi-yuddhah abhavat, yasmin a-yu iti aasit.ess. 2008 tame varshe mandal-nyayalayasya nyayadhishaha condo-sanghasya pakshatah nirnayam adadat. tadanantaram dampatee texas-deshasya pratinidhi-sabhaayaah sadasyam garnet ef-ityasmai pratyarpayat. colleman. 2009 tame varshe yathaa praavartitam, etadrushanam dhaarmik-pradarshanam rakshanarthm tasya vidheyakam naa sweekrutam, parantu 2011 tame varshe joon-maase texas-deshasya governor rick peree ityanena alpam samshodhitam samskaranam (echa. bee. 1278) vidhim sweekrutam. 2008 tame varshe (haha.) raashtrawyaapeen mejuza-nishedhasya nivaaranaartham parikalpitam vidheyakam prastaavitam aasit.aar. 6932) dwara.ess. kaangres-sadasyah gerold nadler. kadaapi vidhihi naa abhavat.

mesusa mesusa ("kadhavu munai"; panmai mesjot) enbathu thoaraavilirunthu kuripitta heepru vasanangkaludan porikkapatta oru kaakithath thundu aagum, idhu rabeeniya yootha mathaththaip pinpattrupavargalin yootharkalin veedugalin kadhavuch suvarottigalil ottappadugirathu. inththa vasanangkal bible paththigal, idhil oru mesusaavaip payanpaduththuvathu kattalaiyidappadugiradhu (mattrum); avai sema praarththanaiyin oru paguthiyaagum. pirathaana rabeeniya yootha mathaththil, oru "mesusa" podhuvaaga veettin ovvoru kadhavilum vaikkappada vaendum, sila vithivilakkukaludan kuliyalaraigal (avai vaazhkkai idam alla) mattrum siriya alamaarigal. claff" enbathu oru thaguthi vaaintha ezhuththaalaraal ("" sofar stam ") thayaarikkappadukirathu, avar thodarpudaiya mathach sattangalaip padippathilum, maelum nadaimuraip pakuthikalilum, athaavathu, payirchikku utpaduththappattullaar.eee. kuyil sethukkuthal mattrum ezhuthuthal payirchi. inththa vasanangkal karuppu azhiyaatha maii kondu ezhuthappattullana, oru irakilirunththu seiyappatta oru sirappu kuyil paenaa allathu ippoathu migavum arithaana oru naanal. claff" pinnar uruttapattu kaesirkul vaikkappadukirathu. sorpirappiyal. bible, "mesusa" endra soll oru kadhavin irandu 'kadhavuch suvarottigal' allathu 'kadhavuch suvarottigal', lindalai aatharikkum adhan irupuramum ulla sengkuththaana suvarottigal mattrum endhavoru madhak kattalai allathu paarchmenttudan thodarpillaatha palvaeru soozhalgalil mattumae thoandrugirathu. inththa varththai pinnar bibleukkup pinththaiya hebroovil parchment thundin naveena arththaththaip pettrathu, aenenil maelae ulla tuteronomy kattalaikku kadhavuch suvarottigalil vasanangkalai ezhutha vaendum. inththa vaarthaiyin thoattram sarchaikkuriyathu noakkam. mesusa kattalai kaanappadum bible vasanangkalil, noakkam kalvi, kadavulin kattalaigalai oru nabar thodarnthu ninaivootta iruppinum, pirkaala thalaimuraigalil, mesusa oru abotrophica saathanamaaga vilakkappadath thodangiyathu, idhu veettai theeya sakthigalilirunthu paathukaakkirathu. oru kalaachaara-opeettu pakuppaaivu, ullnaattu varambugalil vaikkapattulla porutkal perumpaalum paravalaaka purinthu kollapatta theemaiyai virattum oru thaayaththu seyalpaattaik kondullana endru koorukirathu. sila aarambagaala rabinic aathaarangkal (jaedi megilla 4:12, pidi paavaa medjiah 102aee, mattrum pidi besahim 113pii udpada) messotin demonic ethirppu seyalpaattil nambikkaiyai velippadaiyaagak kaankindrana. sila yootha aathaarangkal mesuza theiveega koopaththilirunthu paathukaakkum oru karuviyaaga karudhappaduvadhaagak kurippidugindrana, mattravargal aththagaiya vilakkatthai kadumaiyaaga niraagarikkindranar. mesuzaavin paathukaappu sakthi meethaana nambikkai naveena kaalaththilum paravalaaka ullathu. 1970kazhil malottil thodarchchiyaana bayangaravaatha thaakkuthalkalukkup piragu, sabad-lubavichin pirathinithikal mesuzavai muraiyaana muraiyil saribaarkka prachchaaraththaith thodangkinar. midswoad" aip pinpattruvathu thanipatta paathukaappukku uththaravaatham alikkum enbathu nadavadikkaiyin adippadai podhu anumaanamaagum. samoogaviyal aaraaychchiyin palvaeru paguthikalinpadi, israelil ulla sumar mukkalvasi periyavarkal mesusa unmaiyil thangal veedugalai paathukaappathaaka nambukiraargal. vadivamaippu. mesusa paarchmendil (claff) oru sirappu payirchi pettra scripe (sofar) ezhuthappada vaendum. koodudhal kalvettugal. kaakithaththin pinpuraththil irandu kalvettugalai ezhuthuvathu vazhakkam "kadavulin bible peyarkalil ontraana shadoy, [" "sarvavallamai" "], israelin kadhavugalin paathukaavalaraana" "shomer daltot israel" "enbatharkaana surukkamaagavum ingku seyalpadugirathu". pala mesusa vazhakkugal "shadoy" enbatharkaana hebru ezhuththudan (shinn) kurikkappadugindrana. "" oru seaser saifar-oru ezhuththu maattram-shemavin moontraavathu, naankaavathu mattrum ainthaavathu vaarththaigal, "" adonai, eloheenu, adonai "," "" iraivan, engkal kadavul, iraivan "; idhu vazhakkin pinpuraththil ezhuthappattullathu, munpuraththil ulla thodarpudaiya vaarththaigalukku ethiraaga". inththa kalvettu 11 aam noottraandaich saernthathu mattrum "hasidi ashkenas" (idaikkaala jerman yootha maayavaathigal) matthiyil kaanappadugiradhu. sephartic vazhakkam (minhack) sottrodarai vittu veliyaerukirathu, maelum hebru varththai ("shadoy") mattumae mesuzaavin pinpuraththil ezhuthappattullathu. idhu sulson aruch mattrum raambaththin ezhuththukkalaip pinthodarkirathu. iruppinum, irandu sottrodargalaiyum ezhuthuvatharkaana ashkenasi vazhakkam, removin ezhuththukkalil aatharikkappattathu. (yoreh thae 'aaa 288:15) idhu thodarbaaga, rambamin "mishne torah" enbathilirunthu adikkadi maerkoal kaattapatta paththiyaik kurippiduvathu payanullathu, idhu koorukirathu irandu paathaikalukku idaiyil enjchiyirukkum vetrtru idaththirku ethirae oru mesuzaavin velippuraththil [kadavulin peyar,] shadoy ezhuthuvathu oru podhuvaana vazhakkamaagum. idhil endha siramamum illai, aenenil [koodudhalaaga] veliyae seiyappadugirathu. iruppinum, [mesuzavin] ullae devathootharkalin peyarkal, pira punitha peyarkal, vasanangkal allathu vadivangkalai ezhuthupavargal varavirukkum ulagil oru pangaik kondiraathavargalil adangkuvar. inththa muttaalgal mitzavai rathu seivathu mattumallaamal, maelum, avarkal oru periya mitsaavilirunthu [idhu pirathipalikkirathu] punitharin peyarin ottrumaiyai, avar aaseervathikkappattum, avarathu anbu, avarathu saevai, thangal sontha nanmaikkaaga oru thaayaththu. avarkal, thangal muttaalthanamaana karuththil, idhu ulagin maayaigal kuritthu avarkalukku udhavum endru ninaikkiraarkal. mesusa vazhakkugal. mesuzavai inaikka vaendum endra kattalai yootha ulagil paravalaaka pinpattrappadukirathu, madha reethiyaaga pinpattraatha yootharkal kooda. mesuzaavin mukiya pakuthi "claff" allathu parchment aagum, aanaal vazhakku alla, mesuza vazhakkukalai vadivamaiththu urpaththi seivathu kaalangaalamaaga oru kalai vadivamaaga uyarththappattullathu. mesusa kaeskal velli mattrum vilaimathippattra uloagangkal muthal maram, cull, matpaandangkal, beauter mattrum polymer kaliman varai palvaeru vagaiyaana porutkalilirunthu thayaarikkappadugindrana. mesusa vazhakkukalil sila virpanaiyaalargal kaakithaththil pugaippadam edukkappatta uraiyin nagalai vazhangkuvaargal allathu virpanaikku vazhangkuvaargal; idhu oru kosher (sellupadiyaagum) mesusa alla, idhu oru thaguthi vaaintha ezhuththaalaraal kaakithaththin oru thundil kaiyal ezhuthappada vaendum. nadaimuraigal. mesuzavai ottuthal. nilai mattrum nermai. halakka" puddy, "mesusa" kadhavu allathu kadhavuch saavadiyil valathu pakkaththil, kadhavuch saavadiyil mael moontril vaikkappada vaendum (i.eee., thoaraayamaaga thoalpattai uyaram), kadhavu thirappin thoaraayamaaga ullae. parchment allathu adhan meethu ulla vaarththaigalai kizhikkavoa sethappaduththavoo koodaathu, aenenil idhu thoaraavaagak karudhappadum "mesuza" aii sellaathu. koonam. kadhavu poathumaana agalamaaga irukkum idaththil, pala ashkenasi yootharkal mesuzavai saaiththu, kadhavu thirakkum araiyai noakki mael saainthu selkiraargal. idhu raashi (1040-1105) mattrum avarathu paeran rabeenu thaam aagiyoarin maarupatta karutthukkalukku idamalikka seiyappadugirathu, idhu sengkuththaaga (raashi) allathu kidaimattamaaga (rabeenu thaam) vaikkappada vaendumaa enbathu kuriththum, maelum kadavulum thoaraavum (mesusa kurikkum) araikkul nuzhaigiraargal enbathaiyum kurikkirathu. samarasath theervai rabii jacob penn aashar (chii. 1269-c. 1343). perumpaalaana sefardi yootharkal, misrahi yootharkal mattrum pira ashkenasi allaatha yootharkal mesuzavai sengkuththaaga inaikkiraargal, iruppinum spanish mattrum poarththukeesiya yootharkal perumbaanmaiyaana yootharkal ashkenasim ulla naadugalil vasikkintranar. neram. podhuvaaga, "halakka" kku pulampeyarnthoaril vasikkum yootharkal thaevaippadugiraargal (athaavathu.eee.israel naattirku veliyae) oru vaadagai veedu allathu adukumadi kudiyiruppukkuch sendra 30 naatkalukkul oru "mesusa" vaippathu. pulampeyarnthoaril vaangkiya veedu allathu adukumadi kudiyiruppu allathu israelil ulla oru illam (sonthamaana allathu vaadagaikku), mesuza udanadiyaaga nagarnthavudan ottappadugirathu. inththa vaerupaattirkuk kaaranam, oru youther israelil vasikkum poathu, israel avarathu niranthara vathividamaaga irukkum, athae neraththil pulampeyarnthoaril oru veedu thartkaaligamaanathu endra anumaanam ullathu. aasirvaatham. mesuza" vaii adhu ottappadum idaththirku ethiraaga vaiththiruppathu, pinnar oru aaseervaathaththai oothuvathu seyalmuraiyaagum midswavin" mukkiyatthuvaththaip purinthukollum alavukku avarkal vayathaanavargalaaka irunthaal, endha yootharum aaseervaathaththai oothalaam. aaseervaathaththirkup piragu, "mesuza" inaikkappattullathu. pala "messusot"-aii ottumpoathu, muthal aaseervaathaththai ottuvatharku munbu, oru murai aaseervaathaththai oothuvathu poathumaanathu. mesuzavaith thoduthal. kadhavu vazhiyaagach chellumpoathellaam, kadavulukku mariyaathai seluththum oru vazhiyaaga palar mesusaavukku oru viralaith thodugiraargal. palar thangal viralai mesuzavaith thotta piragu muththamidugiraargal. parchmentai saripaarkkavum. anaitthu yootha pirivugalaiyum saerntha pala yootharkal aezhu aandugalukku oru muraiyaavathu irandu muraiyaavathu kuraipaadugalukkaana (siriya kanneer allathu mangalaana ezhuththukkal poantravai) messusot paarchchmentkalai saribaarkka oru thaguthi vaaintha ezhuththaalaraik kondullanar. inththa vaelaiyai oru sofar (scripe) allathu idhae poantra payirchi pettra evarum seiyalaam. oru sofar yootha sattaththinpadi puthiya mesjot paarchchmentkalaiyum uruvaakka mudiyum. carite mattrum samarittan mesuza. inththa katturai mukkiyamaaga "mesuza" pattri vivarikkirathu, aenenil idhu rabeeniya yootha mathaththil payanpaduththappadukirathu, aanaal carite yootha madham mattrum samaritanism avattrin sontha marabukalaik kondullana. karaatthiya yootha mathaththil, "ungkal veedugalin kadhavugalin meethu avattrai ezhutha vaendum, ungkal vaayilgal" () enbathu oru uruvagamaaga vilakkappadukirathu, aanaal rabbaniya "mesuza" aik kurikkavillai. enavae, kaariyargal paarambariyamaaga "mesjot" endra sollaip payanpaduththuvathillai, aanaal paththu kattalaigaludan sattaththin irandu palagaikalin vadivaththil oru siriya kalvettai vaikkiraargal. israelil, mattra yootharkalukku sankataththai aerpaduththaamal irukka avarkal muyarchi seiyalaam, pala kaaraittukal oru vithivilakkaaga thangal veettu vaasalil oru mesusaavaiyum vaikkiraargal. mesusa" inn carite pathippu podhu kattidangalin kadhavugalilum, sila nerangalil thaniyar kattidangalilum poruththappattullathu. moasaeyin ainthu puththagangkalin samarittan pathippilirunthu thernthedukkappatta endha uraiyaiyum kaanbikka vaendum endru samarittangal tuteronomic kattalaiyai vilakkukiraargal. idhu oru aaseervaathaththai allathu kurippaaga punithamaana allathu uyarththum seithiyaik kondirukkalaam. kadantha kaalaththil avarkal veettu kadhavukku maelae paththu kattalaigaludan porikkapatta oru cull kalvettai vaiththanar, byzantine (4-7 aam noottraandu) mattrum aarambagaala musleem (7-11 aam noottraandu) kaalakattangalaich saerntha sila eduththukkaattukal ippoathu jerusalemil ulla israel arungaatchiyagaththil kaattappattullana. ippoathellaam oru samaaridan "mesusa" podhuvaaga palingku, marath thattu allathu kaakitham allathu uyarthara kaakithath thaazh aagiyavattraal seiyappadugirathu, athil avarkal samaaridan thoaraavilirunthu thernthedukkappatta vasanangkalai ezhuthukiraargal. idhai avarkal veettin kadhavukku maelae, allathu veettirkul, nuzhaivaayil mandapaththil allathu oru periya suvaril oru mukiya idaththil vaikkiraargal. inththa "messusot" ovvoru samariya veettilum, jeba aalayaththilum kaanappadugindrana. intru sila samaarittaangal yootha paani mesusa vazhakkaip payanpaduththuvaargal, maelum atharkul oru siriya ezhuthappatta samarittan surulai vaippaargal, athaavathu.eee. samaaridan doravilirunthu oru urai, samaaridan ezhuththukkalil ezhuthappattullathu. veettil idhupoandra "mesjot" evvalavu athigamaaga irukkirathoa, adhu siranthathu endru karudhappadugiradhu. yuu. aee. will sattap poarkal.ess.. oru kudiyiruppu alagin nuzhaivaayilil oru mesuzavai inaikkum yootha nadaimuraiyai america allathu kanadaavil arithaagavae sawal seiyappattathu, iruppinum, 2001 aam aandil sikakovil, kadarkarai koopurangalil ulla oru contominium sangam "paaikal, boods, shoos, kaardugal allathu endha vagaiyaana porutkalaiyum thadai seithathu... alagu nuzhaivaayilgalukku veliyae, "idhu 2004 aam aandil vaariyaththin vaakkalippin moolam muzhumaiyaanathu endru vilakkappattathu. kadarkarai koopurangal nirvaagam contominium kuththagaithaarargalin hallway mesusottai agattriyathu. pinnar manitha uravugal kuriththa sikago aanaiyam, illinoys atterney general mattrum yuu.ess. veettuvasathi mattrum nagarppura maempaattuth thurai, madhaththin adippadaiyil veettuvasathi paagupaadu iruppathaaka kuttram saattiyathu. aththagaiya kattuppaattudan sikakovil ulla oray contominium sangam kadarkarai koopurangal alla, iruppinum avattril ondru adhan vithiyai maattra oppukkondathu. mesusa thagaraaru pattriya oru seithi arikkaiyaip padiththapoathu, sikago alterman burton nadaras nagarin nagaraatchi kuriyeettil oru thiruththaththai uruvaakkinaar, idhu oru vaadagaithaarar allathu oru abartment, veedu allathu candovin urimaiyalarukku "oru madha adaiyaalam, chinnam allathu ninaivuchchinnathai kadhavu, tabal allathu nuzhaivaayilil vaippathu allathu ottuvathu" thadaiseiyappattathu."ethirppu irunththapoathilum, adhu disambaril sikakovil sattamaaga maariyathu. vada americavil idhupoandra muthal sattam, adhan meeralukkaaga athigapatchamaaga $500 abaraatham vithikkappattathu. inththa sattam irunththapoathilum, 2006 aam aandil, oru koottaatchi neethimandra neethipathi inththa vidhi koottaatchi niyayamaana veettuvasathi sattaththai meeravillai endru theermaaniththaar; 2008 aam aandil maelmuraiyeedu kuriththa karutthai mavatta neethimandram uruthi seithathu; 2009 aam aandil, yuu.ess. sikakovil ulla 7 vadhu suttrukkaana melmuraiyeettu neethimandram 2008 aam aandin mudivai maattriyamaithathu, maelum vazhakku thodarnthathu. idharkidaiyil, "sikago yootha natchatthiram" pattriya pathivukal thoalviyuttrana, maelum illinoisin slaap ethirppu sattam payanpaduththappattathu. 2011 aam aandil, kadarkarai koopurangal thodarpaana sarchaigalukku oru ragasiya theervu ettappattathu. 2006 aam aandil, maanilaththin contominium soththurimaich sattaththil migavum kurugiya kavanam seluththiya thiruththam illinoys senattar iraa sylversteinol thodangappattathu, idhu poantra muthal maanila sattam. 2006 aam aandil, ploaridaavin fort laudertale ulla oru condo kattidaththil oru penn, thanathu hallway unitilirunthu mesuzavai agattra arivurutthappattaar, maelum abaraatham vithikkappadum endru achurutthappattaar. oru neenda sattap poarukkup piragu, condo sangam paagupaadu kaattiyatharkaaga kuttravaali endru kandariyappattathu. 2008 aam aandil, illinoai maanilach sattaththin maathiriyaaga florida contominium sattaththin thirutthamaana havus masodha 995, sattamaaga maariyathu. 2007 aam aandil texacil, howstonil vasikkum oru thambathiyinarukku sanga vithigalai meeruvathaith thavirppatharkaaga "ungkal kadhavu sattagaththudan inaikappatta porulai agattra" arivuruththappattathu. oru sattap poar nadanthathu, adhan poathu oru yuu.ess. mavatta neethimandra neethipathi 2008 aam aandil condo association saarbaaga theerppaliththaar. pinnar, inththa jody texas pirathinithikal sabai uruppinar cornet eff. coleman. 2009 aam aandil arimugappaduththappatta aththagaiya madhak kaatchigalaip paathukaappatharkaana avarathu masodha aetrtrukkollappadavillai, aanaal juun 2011 ill sattru thirutthappatta pathippu (ech. pii. 1278) texas covernor rick perriyaal sattamaaga kaiyezhuththidappattathu. naadu muzhuvathum mesusa thadaikalaith thaduka vadivamaikappatta oru masodha 2008 ill munmozhiyappattathu (ech.aarr. 6932) moolam u.ess. congress uruppinar jerault natler. adhu orupoathum sattamaaga maravillai.

mejuja mejuja ("dorpost"; bahuvachanam mejujot) anedi torah nundi nirdishta hebru shlokaalatho chekkabadina parchment mukka, idhi rabbini judaism yokka yoodu anucharulu vaari illa dorpostulaku atikistaaru. eee shlokaalu baibil bhagalu, dheenilo mejuja vadakam aadesinchabadindi (mariyu); avi kooda sheema praarthanalo bhaagamgaa untaayi. pradhana sravanti rabbinik judayijamlo, snaanapu gadulu (ivi nivaasa sthalam kaadu) mariyu chinna almaralu vanti konni minahaayimpulato, saadhaaranamgaa intlooni prati dwaaramlo "mejuja" nuu unchaali. sambandhita mataparamaina chattalanu adhyayanam cheyadamlo mariyu marinta aacharanaatmaka bhagalalo, antey, sikshana pondina arhata kaligina lekhakudu (sopher stam) "claff" nuu tayaaru chestaaru.ii. quill chekkadam mariyu vraase abhyasam. eee shlokaalu nallati cheragani siraatho oka eekatho tayaaru chesina pratyeka quill penn ledhaa ippudu chaalaa arudaina, oka naanem thoo vrayabaddayi. claff" nuu aapai chuttabadi kesu lopala unchutaaru. vyutpatti. bybillo, "mejuja" anae padam oka talupu yokka rendu 'door postlu' ledhaa 'dorzambs' nuu matrame suuchistumdi, daaniki iruvaipula unna nitaruga unna postlu lintelku maddatu istayi mariyu yea mataparamaina aagna ledhaa paarchmentku sambandham laeni vividha sandarbhaallo kanipistaayi. eee padam taruvaata baibil anantara hebrulo parchment mukka yokka aadhunika ardhaanni pondindi, endukante paina perkonna dviteeyopadesam aadesam dwaarapu postulapai shlokaalu vrayadam avasaram. padam yokka muulam vivadaspadamga undih uddesam. mejuja aagna kanipinche baibil shlokaalalo, uddesyam vidyaaparamainadi, oka vyaktini nirantaram devuni aagnalanu gurthu cheyadamh ayithe, taruvaati taraalalo, mejujanu oka apotropic parikaramgaa ardham chesukovadam praarambhamaindi, idhi intini dushta saktula nundi rakshistundi. oka samskruti-tulanaatmaka vislaeshanha desheeya parimitulapai unchina vastuvulu tarachugaa vistrutamgaa ardham chesukunna chedunu tippikotte taayettu yokka paniteerunu kaligi untaayani suuchistumdi. konni prarambha rabbinik muulaalu (jeti megilla 4:12, biti bawa metzia 102eah, mariyu biti pesahim pesahim thoo sahaa) mejujot yokka anty-demonic functionpy nammakanni spashtamgaa chustayi. konni yoodula muulaalu mejuja daivika kopam nundi rakshinche saadhanamgaa bhaavinchabadutundani suuchistumdagaa, itarulu atuvanti vivarananu teevramgaa tiraskaristaaru. mejuja yokka rakshana saktipai nammakam aadhunika kaalamlo kooda prabalamgaa undhi. undhi malotlo varusa ugravaada daadula taruvaata, chabad-lubawich pratinidhulu mejujaalanu kramabaddhamgaa tanikhi cheyadaaniki pracharam praarambhinchaaru. mitzwatt" kuu kattubadi undatam vyaktigata bhadrataku haamii istundani charyaku antarleenamgaa unna saadhaarana bhavana. vividha saamaajika parisoedhanala prakaram, ijraayellooni sumaru moodonthula mandhi peddalu mejuja aksharala tama illanu kapadukuntarani nammutaaru. design. mejuja nuu parchment (claff) paie pratyaekamgaa sikshana pondina lekhakudu (sopher) vrayali. adanapu saasanaalu. parchment venuka bhaagamlo rendu saasanaalu vrayadam aachaaram "shadday, devuni baibil paerlaloo okati, [" "sarvasaktimantudu" "], ikkada" "shomer daltot izrael", "izrael talupula samrakshakudu" "kuu sankshipta naamamgaa kooda panichestundi". aneka mejuja kesulanu "shadday" kosam hebru letter (shinn) thoo kooda gurtistaaru. "" idhi seasure saifar-oka aksharam shift-shema yokka moodava, nalgava mariyu aidava padaalu, "" adonai, eloheenu, adonai "," lard, maa devudu, lard "; idhi kesu venuka bhaagamlo, mundu bhaagamlo sambandhita padaalaku vyatiraekamgaa vraayabadindi". eee saasanam 11va sataabdaaniki chendinadi mariyu "hasidi ashkenaz" (madhyayuga german yoodu aadhyaatmikavettalu) loe kanugonabadindi. sephardic aacharam (minhag) eee padabandhaanni vadilivestundi, mariyu mejuja venuka bhaagamlo hebru padam ("shadday") matrame vraayabadutundi. idhi shulchan aruch mariyu rambam rachanalanu anusaristundi. ayithe, rendu padabandhaalanu vraase ashkenazi aachaaraaniki remo rachanalalo maddatu labhinchindi. (yoreh dhee 'haha 288:15) eee vishayamlo rambam yokka "mishneh thoraa" nundi tarachugaa udaharinchabadina bhaganni soochinchadam viluvainadi, idhi ilaa perkondih rendu maargaala madhya migili unna khaalii sthalaaniki edurugaa mejuja velupala [devuni paeru,] shadday vrayadam oka saadhaarana aacharam. [adanamgaa] bayata cheyabadinanduna indulo etuvanti ibbandi ledhu. ayithe, [mejuja] lopali bhaagamlo devatala paerlu, itara pavitra paerlu, shlokaalu ledhaa roopaalanu vraase vaaru raboye prapanchamlo oka bhaagam laeni vaarilo unnaaru. eee moorkhulu mitzwanu raddu cheyadame kakunda, vaaru pavitrudi paeru yokka aikyatanu pratibimbimchae goppa mitzwanu [idhi] tayaaru chestaaru, athanu aasiirvadimchabadaali, athani prema mariyu athani seva, vaari swantha prayojanam kosam oka tollisman. vaaru, vaari moorkhamaina bhaavanalo, idhi prapanchamlooni ahankaaraalaku sambandhinchi vaariki sahaayapadutundani bhaavistaaru. mejuja kesulu. mataparamgaa paatinchani yoodulu kooda mejujanu atikinchaalane aagnanu yoodula prapanchamlo vistrutamgaa anusaristaaru. mejuja yokka mukhyamaina bhaagam "claff" ledhaa parchment, mariyu kesu kaadu, mejuja kesulanu roopondinchadam mariyu utpatti cheyadam yugaluga oka kalaaruupaaniki penchabadindi. mejuja kesulanu vendi mariyu viluvaina lohala nundi kalapa, raayi, syramics, puter mariyu polymer bankamatti varaku aneka rakaala padaarthaala nundi utpatti chestaaru. mejuja kesula yokka kontamandi dealerlu kaagitampai photocopy cheyabadina text kaapeeni andistaaru ledhaa ammakaniki istaaru; idhi kosher (chellubaatu ayye) mejuja kaadu, idhi arhata kaligina lekhakudu chethitho parchment mukkapai vraayabadaali. abhyasalu. mejujanu atikinchadam. sthaanam mariyu samagrata. halakha" prakaram, "mejuja" nuu talupu ledhaa talupu postku kudi vaipuna, talupu postku eguva moodava bhaagamlo unchaali (i.ii., sumaru bhujam etthu), talupu teravadaaniki sumaru lopala. charmapatraanni chimpiveyakunda ledhaa debbatinakunda jaagratta vahinchaali, endukante idhi thoraa gaa pariganinchabade "mejuja" nuu chelladu chestundi. konam. talupu taginanta vedalpugaa unna chota, chaalaa mandhi ashkenazi yoodulu mejujanu vangi, talupu teriche gadhi vaipu paibhagam vangi untundi. raashi (1040-1105) mariyu athani manavadu rabbeenu tamm yokka vibhina abhipraayaalaku anugunamgaa, daanini niluvugaa (raashi) ledhaa addamgaa (rabbeenu taam) unchala vadda anae daanipai, mariyu devudu mariyu thoraa (mejuja suuchimchaedi) gadiloki pravesistunnayani kooda suuchimchadaaniki idhi jarugutundi. raajee parishkaranni rabbi jacob benn ausher (c. 1269-c. 1343). chaalaa mandhi sephardi yoodulu, mizrahi yoodulu mariyu itara ashkenazi kaani yoodulu mejujanu niluvugaa atikistaaru, ayithe spanish mariyu portugees yoodulu ekkuva mandhi yoodulu ashkenazimlu unna deshaalalo nivasistunnaaru, saadhaaranamgaa daanini valuga unchutaaru. samayam. saadhaaranamgaa, "halakha" kuu pravaasulalo nivasinche yoodulu avasaram (antey.ii.izrael bhoomi velupala) adde illu ledhaa apaartmentloki maarina 30 rojullopu "mejuja" nii atikinchadam. pravaasulalo konugolu chesina illu ledhaa apartment kosam, ledhaa ijraayellooni nivaasam (yaajamaanyamloni ledhaa addeku teesukunna) kosam, mejuja ventane amarchabadutundi. eee vyatyaasaaniki kaaranam emitante, oka yoodu ijrayello nivasistunnappudu, izrael athani/aame shaashwata nivasamga untundani, ayithe pravaasulalo illu taatkaalikam anie oka ooha undhi. aasiirvaadam. mejuja" nii adhi atikinchabade pradaesaaniki vyatiraekamgaa pattukuni, aapai oka aasiirvaadaanni pathinchadam prakriyah mitzwa" yokka praamukhyatanu ardham chesukovadaniki taginanta vayassu unnatlayithe, yea yoodudainaa aaa aasiirvaadaanni pathinchavachhu. aasiirvaadam taruvaata, "mejuja" jatacheyabadutundi. aneka "mejujot" nii atikinchinappudu, modatidaanni atikinche mundu, okasari aasiirvaadam pathinchadam saripotundi. mejujanu taakadam. dwaaram gundaa vellinappudalla, chaalaa mandhi prajalu devuniki gowravam choopinche maargamgaa mejujaaku oka vaelini taakutaaru. chaalaa mandhi prajalu tama vaelini mejujaaku taakina tarvaata kooda muddu pettukuntaaru. paarchmentnu tanikhi cheyandi. anni yoodula tegalaku chendina chaalaa mandhi gamaninche yoodulu prati edu samvatsaraalaku kaneesam rendusaarlu lopaala kosam (chinna kanneellu ledhaa masakabaarina aksharalu vantivi) mejujot paarchmentlanu tanikhi cheyadaaniki arhata kaligina lekhakudini kaligi untaaru. eee panini sopher (scrib) ledhaa ilanti sikshana unna evarainaa cheyavachu. oka sopher yoodula chattaniki anugunamgaa kotta mejujot paarchmentlanu kooda tayaaru cheyavachu. carite mariyu samaritan mejuja. eee vyaasam pradhanamgaa "mejuja" thoo vyavaharistundi, endukante idhi rabbinik judayijamlo upayoginchabadutundi, conny caroit judaism mariyu samaritanism vaari swantha sampradaayaalanu kaligi unnaayi. caroit yooda matamlo "mariyu meeru vaatini mea illa dwaaraalapai mariyu mea dwaaraalapai vraasukoovaali" () anae niyantrutva padyam oka roopakamgaa ardham chesukobadindi, rabbani "mejuja" nii suuchistunnatlu kaadu. anduvalla kaaraitlu saampradayakamgaa "mejujot" nuu upayogincharu, conny padhi aagnalato chattam yokka rendu palakala aakaaramlo oka chinna falakaanni unchutaaru. ijrayello, vaaru itara yoodulaku asoukaryaanni kaliginchakundaa undataaniki prayatninchavacchu, chaalaa mandhi kaaraitlu dheeniki minahaayimpu istaaru mariyu vaari talupu meeda kooda mejuja unchutaaru. mejuja" yokka carite version prabhutva bhavanala talupulaku mariyu konnisaarlu private bhavanalaku kooda amarchabadi untundi. moses yokka aidu pustakaala samaritan samskarana nundi edainaa enchukunna vachananni pradarsinchadam anie samaritanlu deuteronomic aagnanu ardham chesukuntaru. idhi oka aasiirvaadam ledhaa mukhyamgaa pavitramaina ledhaa uttejakaramaina sandesaanni kaligi undavacchu. gatamlo vaaru inti talupu paina padhi aagnalato chekkabadina raathi falakaanni unchaaru, byzantine (4 va-7 va sataabdam) mariyu prarambha muslim (7 va-11 va sataabdam) kaalaaniki chendina konni udaaharanalu ippudu jerusalemloni izrael museumlo chuupimchabaddaayi. eee rojullo samaritan "mejuja" saadhaaranamgaa palarayi, chekka palaka ledhaa parchment ledhaa adhika naanhyata gala kaagitamto tayaaru cheyabadutundi, daanipai vaaru samaritan thoraa nundi enchukunna shlokaalanu vraastaaru. dheenini vaaru inti talupu paina, ledhaa inti lopala, pravesha haallo ledhaa pedda godapai pramukha pradaesamloe unchutaaru. eee "mejujot" prati samaritan intilo alaage yoodula mandiramlo kanipistaayi. nedu kontamandi samaritanlu yoodu-shaili mejuja kesunu kooda upayogistaaru mariyu daani lopala oka chinna vraatapuurvaka samaritan scrollnu unchutaaru, antey.ii. samaritan varnamaalalo vraayabadina samaritan thoraa nundi oka vachanam. intlo entha ekkuva "mejujot" unte, adhi antha manchidigaa pariganinchabadutundi. yuu loe chattaparamaina yuddhalu.ess.. nivaasa unit pravesadvaaraaniki mejujanu atikinche yoodula paddhati united states ledhaa kenadaalo chaalaa arudugaa savaalu cheyabadindi, ayithe, ayithe chikagolo, teerapraanta towerla vadda unna oka condominium association "chapalu, bootlu, bootlu, bandlu ledhaa yea vidhamaina vastuvulanu nishedhinchindi... unit pravesha dwaaraala velupala, "idhi "idhi boardu ootu dwara sampuurnamgaa ardham cheyabadindi. teerapraanta towerla nirvahana candominium addedaarula hallway mejujotnu tolaginchindi. aaa taruvaata chikago commission aann human relations, illinais attarney general mariyu yuu.ess. gruhanirmaana mariyu pattana abhivruddhi vibhagam, matam aadhaaramgaa gruha vivakshanu aaropistondi. atuvanti parimititoe chikagoloni ekaika candominium association teerapraanta towerlu kaavu, ayinappatikee vaatilo okati daani niyamanni savarinchadaaniki angeekarinchindi. mejuja vivaadam yokka vaartaa nivedikanu chadivina taruvaata, chikago alderman burton natarus nagaram yokka munisipal kodku oka savarananu roopondinchaadu, idhi addedaaru ledhaa apartment, illu ledhaa cando yajamanini "talupu, talupu ledhaa pravesha dwaaram meeda mataparamaina gurthu, chihnam ledhaa avasheshaanni unchadam ledhaa atikinchadam" nishedhinchadaanni chattaviruddham chesindi."vyatiraekata unnappatikee, adhi decemberlo chikagolo chattamgaa maarindi. uttara americalo ituvanti modati chattam, daani ullanghanaku garishtamgaa $500 jarimana vidhinchabadindi. eee chattam unnappatikee, chattam, oka samakhya nyayasthaanam nyaayamuurti eee niyamam samakhya nyaayamaina gruhanirmaana chattanni ullanghinchadani nirnayinchaaru; billu appeelpai jilla nyayasthaanam abhiprayanni samarthinchindi; coleiman, yuu.ess. chikagoloni 7va circuit kosam appeella kortu 2008 nirnayaanni tippikottindi, mariyu kesu munduku saagindi. intalo, "chikago yoodu nakshatram" yokka recordulu viphalamayyayi, mariyu illinais yokka slap vyatiraeka chattam vartinchabadindi. juun, teerapraanta towerla vivaadaalaku rahasya parishkaram saadhinchabadindi. chattam, rashtra condominium aasti chattaniki marinta irukaina kendrikruta savarananu illinais senator iraa sylverstein praarambhinchaaru, idhi atuvanti modati rashtra chattam. chattam, floridaloni fort lauderdaleni oka cando bhavanamlo unna oka mahilaku, aame hallway unit nundi mejujanu tolaginchaalani aadesinchi, jarimana vidhistaamani bedirinchaaru. sudeergha nyaya poraatam taruvaata, cando association vivakshaku paalpadinatlu nirdhaarinchabadindi. billu, illinais rashtra chattampai roopondinchina florida condominium chattaniki savarana ayina house billu 995, chattamgaa maarindi. maarindi texaslo, hyoostanlo nivasistunna oka jantaku association nibandhanalanu ullanghinchakundaa undataaniki "mea door frameku jatacheyabadina vastuvunu tolaginchamani" aadesaalu ivvabaddaayi. oka chattaparamaina yuddham jarigindi, aaa samayamlo oka yuu.ess. jilla kortu nyaayamuurti billu cando association tarapuna teerpu icchaaru. aaa taruvaata, eee janta texas house off representatives member garnet eff. coleiman. coleiman pravesapettinatlugaa, atuvanti mataparamaina pradarsanalanu rakshinchadaaniki ayana roopondinchina billu aamodinchabadaledu, conny juun juun koddigaa savarinchina samskarana samskarana paie texas governor rick perri santakam chesaaru. desavyaaptamgaa mejuja nishedhaalanu nivaarinchadaaniki roopondinchina billu billu pratipaadinchabadindi (hetch.aarr. 6932) dwara yuu.ess. congress sabhyudu gerald nadler. adhi ennadoo chattamgaa maaraledu.

mezojah mezojah ("darwazay kii choki" vovo jamaa: mezozoot) chamach kaa eek tukda hay jiss parr toraa kii makhsus ibrani aayaat kandah haine juu rabini yahudiyat kay yahudi pirokar apnay gharoon kay darwazon parr lagatay haine. yaha aayaat bible kay wah hasay haine jinn mein mezzah kay istemaal kaa hakam diyaa gayaa hay (aur) vovo wah bhee shimah duaa kaa hasah haine. markazi dhaaray kay rabiqi yahudiyat mein aam toor parr gahar kay harr darwazay parr "mezojah" rakhaa jaana chahiye kachh mustasniyat jeesay baath room (juu rehney kii jagah nahein haine) aur chhoti almariyan. claaf" eek ahal likhaari ("" soofar steam ") kay zariye tayaar kiyaa jaataa hay jiss nay mutaliqah mazhabi qawanin kaa mutalah karnay aur ziyadah emli hasoon mein yauni donon mein tarbiyat haasil kii how.ayee. koyal kuu tarashna aur likhnay kii mashq karnaa. aayaat seeyah anmat seeyahi mein likhee gayee haine jiss mein eek khaas koyal qalam hotaa hay juu yaa tuu pankh say banaya jaataa hay yaa abb kaafi nayaab eek reed say banaya jaataa hay. iss kay baad "claaf" kuu oopar lapeta jaataa hay aur kees kay andar rakhaa jaataa hay. siftiyat. bible mein lafz "mezojah" say maraad sarf darwazay kii duu 'darwazay kii choki' yaa 'darwazay kay khambe' haine iss kay donon taraf seedhay khambe juu lantal kii himayat kartay haine aur mukhtalif seyaq woo sabaaq mein zahir hotay haine jinn kaa kasee bhee mazhabi hakam yaa chamcha say koyee taaluq nahein hay. iss lafz nay baad mein post bible habro mein chamach kay takday kay jadeed maanee haasil kirr liye keunkah oopar diye gayey astasna kay hakam mein darwazay kii chokhaton parr aayaat likhnay kii zarurat thee. lafz kii asl mutnazah hay: maqsad. bible kii aayaat mein jehaan mezzah kaa hakam milta hay iss kaa maqsad taleemi hay kasee shaqs kuu muslisil khadaa kay hakmon kii yaad dilana: tahim baad kii naslon mein mezojah kii tashrih eek ghair mamuli aalah kay toor parr kii jaanay lagee juu gahar kuu barayee kii quwaton say bachata hay. saqafat kay taqabili tajziye say patah chalta hay kahh gharilo dehliz parr rakhee gayee ashyaa aksar wasee paimanay parr samjhi jaanay waali barayee kuu door karnay waalay tatheer kaa kaam karti haine. kachh ibtadayi rabini zaraye (bashmol jay tye meglah 4:12yee bee tye bawa metzia 102 aey aur bee tye paisaham 113 bee) waazah toor parr mezzot kay shaitani mukhalif faal mein yaqeen kaa mashahidah kartay haine. jabb kahh kachh yahudi zaraye batatay haine kahh mezzah kuu alhee ghasey say bachanay waalay eek aalah kay toor parr samjha jaataa hay dosray iss tarah kii tashrih kuu sakhti say mustarid kartay haine. mezzah kii hifazati taaqat parr yaqeen jadeed door mein bhee raej hay. 1970 kii dahayi mein maalut mein dehshat girdanah hamlon kay eek silsilay kay baad chaabid-labaweech kay numaindon nay mezojah kii manzam jaanch kay liye muham sharoo kii. iss amal kii bunyadi amumi mafruzah yaha thaa kahh "matzot" parr amal piraa honay say zaati hifazat kii zamanat milay gee. samaji tehqeeq kay mukhtalif hasoon kay mutabiq israel mein taqriba teen chothayi balighon kaa khayaal hay kahh mezozah lafzi toor parr inn kay gharoon kii hifazat kartaa hay. design. mezzah kuu kasee khaas toor parr tarbiyat yaaftah likhaari (saafi) kay zariye chamach (claaf) parr likhaa jaana chahiye. izaafi naushtah jaat. chamcha kay pachlay hasay parr duu naushtah jaat likhnay kaa rawaj hay: "khadaa kay bible kay naamon mein say aike" "shadayi" "yee [" "qaadir mutliq" "]yee yahaan" "israel kay darwazon kay muhafiz shomar daltot israel" "kay mukhfif kay toor parr bhee kaam kartaa hay. behat say mezojah keeson kuu "shadayi" kay liye ibrani haraf (pandli) say bhee nashaan zad kiyaa jaataa hay. "" eek seezar sifer hay-eek haraf kii shift-sheema kay teesray choothay aur panchwen alfaz kaa "" adoonayi allohano adoonai "yee" rabb humara khadaa rabb "vovo yaha kees kay pachlay hasay mein likhaa gayaa hay saamney waalay mutaliqah alfaz kay barakas. yaha naushtah 11 wein sadee kaa hay aur "hasdi ashkanaz" (qaroon wastee kay german yahudi sufiyana) mein paaya jaataa hay. seiferdik rawaj (manhag) iss jamley kuu chhod deeta hay aur sarf ibrani lafz ("shadayi") mezozah kay pachlay hasay parr likhaa jaataa hay. yaha sholchan aroch aur rambam kii tehreeron kay baad aataa hay. tahim donon jamley likhnay kay ashkanazi rawaj kii himayat remo kii tehreeron mein kii gayee thee. (yuriyah dee aah 288:15) iss silsilay mein rambam kay "masnah toraa" say aksar hawalah diye gayey iqtebas kaa hawalah deena qaabil qadr hay jiss mein kahaa gayaa hay: donon guzargahon kay darmiyan khaali jagah kay saamney mezzah kay baahir [khadaa kaa naam] shadayi likhna eek aam rawaj hay. iss mein koyee dushwari nahein hay keunkah [izafah kiyaa gayaa hay] baahir. tahim juu loag [mezzah kay] andar farishton deegar muqadas naamon aayaat yaa shaklon kay naam likhtay haine wah inn logon mein shaamil haine jinn kaa aaney waali duniya mein koyee hasah nahein hay. yaha bay waqoof naha sarf matzwa kuu kaladam qaraar deetay haine balkah iss kay alawah wah eek azeem matzwa say banatay haine [juu muqadas kay naam kay itehad kii akaasi kartaa hay]yee mubarik how wah iss kii mahbat aur iss kii khadmat apnay fayede kay liye eek talisman. wah apnay ahmaqana tasavur mein soochtay haine kahh iss say duniya kii fazool baaton kay hawalay say inn kii madad hogi. mezozah kay muamilat. yahudi duniya mein mezzah laganay kay hakam kii baday paimanay parr peervi kii jaati hay yahaan takk kahh yahudi bhee juu mazhabi toor parr amal nahein kartay haine. agarcha mezojah kaa aham hasah "claaf" yaa chamcha hay aur khood muamilah nahein mezojah keeson kuu design karnay aur tayaar karnay kuu sadiyon kay saath eek aart faarm mein badhaya gayaa hay. mezozah kay kees chaandi aur qeemati dhaaton say lay kirr lakadi pathar seramics puter aur yahaan takk kahh polimer mutty takk mukhtalif qasm kay mawaad say tayaar kiye jaatay haine. mezojah keeson kay kachh dealer iss mutan kii eek kaapi farahim karein gay yaa farokhat kay liye paish karein gay jiss kii foto kaapi kaghiz parr kii gayee hay. yaha koshar (darsat) mezojah nahein hay jasay kasee ahal likhaari kay zariye chamday kay takday parr haath say likhna zaruri hay. tarz amal. mezzah lagaana. position aur diyanat daari. halakha" kay mutabiq "mezozah" darwazay yaa darwazay kii choki kay daayein taraf darwazay kii choki kay opri teesre hasay mein rakhaa jaana chahiye (i.ayee.yee taqriba kandhay kii oonchayi)yee darwazay kay khilnay kay taqriba andar. iss baath kaa khayaal rakhna chahiye kahh chamach yaa iss parr mojud alfaz kuu phaad naha jaaye yaa nqsan naha pahunchay keunkah iss say "mezzah" kuu kaladam qaraar day diyaa jaaye gaa jasay toraa samjha jaataa hay. zawiyah. jehaan darwazah kaafi chodaa hay behat say ashkanazi yahudi mezozah kuu jhakaa deetay haine taakah oopar kaa rakh iss kamray kii taraf jhakaa how jiss mein darwazah khilta hay. yaha rashee (1040-1105) aur iss kay potay rubbino taam kii mukhtalif raaye kuu adjust karnay kay liye kiyaa jaataa hay kahh aayaa asay amudi (rashee) yaa afqi (rubbino taam) rakhaa jaana chahiye aur yaha bhee zahir karnay kay liye kahh khadaa aur toraa (jiss kii mezzah alaamat hay) kamray mein daakhil how rahay haine. samjhute kaa hall rabee jacob beenn aishar (c. 1269-c. 1343). ziyadah tarr saifardi yahudi mazarahi yahudi aur deegar ghair ashkanazi yahudi mezojah kuu amudi toor parr chapkatay haine halankah hispanvi aur partagali yahudi inn mamalik mein rehtay haine jehaan ziyadah tarr yahudi ashkanazam haine aam toor parr asay jhukao daar rakhtay haine. waqat. aam toor parr "halakha" kay liye tarkeen watan mein rehney waalay yahudi darkaar hotay haine (yauni.ayee.yee israel kii sarzamin say baahir) karaye kay makaan yaa apartment mein muntaqil honay kay 30 dunn kay andar "mezojah" lagaana. daspora mein kharida hawaa gahar yaa apartment yaa israel mein rehaish gaah (malkiyat yaa karayah parr) kay liyay mezojah daakhil honay kay foraa baad lagaa diyaa jaataa hay. iss farq kii wajah yaha hay kahh yaha mafruzah hay kahh jabb koyee yahudi israel mein rehta hay tuu israel iss kii mustaqil rehaish gaah rahay gaa jabkah daspora mein eek gahar aarizi hay. barkat. tariqah kaar yaha hay kahh "mezzah" kuu iss jagah parr pakda jaaye jiss parr asay lagaya jaaye gaa phir eek naamat padhein: koyee bhee yahudi iss naamat kii talawat kirr saktaa hay bashartikah iss kii amar atnee how kahh wah "matzwa" kii ahmiyat kuu samajh sakay. barkat kay baad "mezzah" mansalk hoti hay. jabb kayee "mezozot" chapkatay haine tuu pehley kuu chapkanay say pehley eek baar barkat kii talawat karnaa kaafi hay. mezojah kuu chhona. jabb bhee darwazay say guzartay haine behat say loag khadaa kii azat karnay kay eek tareeqe kay toor parr mezzah kii taraf angli chhotay haine. behat say loag apnee angli kuu mezojah say chhonay kay baad asay bosah bhee deetay haine. parchment cheek karein. tamaam yahudi farqon say taaluq rakhnay waalay behat say mashahidah karnay waalay yahudi harr saat saal mein kumm az kumm duu baar nqayes (jeesay chhotay aanso yaa dhandlay haroof) kay liye mezozot kay chamchon kii jaanch karnay kay liye eek ahal masnaf rakhtay haine. yaha kaam eek saafi (likhaari) yaa asee tarah kii tarbiyat yaaftah koyee bhee shaqs kirr saktaa hay. eek saabin nayey mezozot chamach bhee banaa saktaa hay juu yahudi qanoon kay mutabiq haine. kaariti aur saamri mezojah. yaha mazmun bunyadi toor parr "mezojah" say mutaliq hay keunkah yaha rabiqi yahudiyat mein istemaal hotaa hay leakin karaeti yahudiyat aur saamriyat kii apnee rawayaat haine. karaeti yahudiyat mein deuteronomic aayat "aur aap inhein apnay gharoon aur apnay darwazon kii chokhaton parr likhein gay" () kii tashrih eek isteyarah kay toor parr kii jaati hay naha kahh rabiah "mezojah" kay hawalay say. iss tarah karyayi rawayati toor parr "mezozoot" kaa istemaal nahein kartay haine balkah duss hakmon kay saath qanoon kii duu takhtiyon kii shakal mein eek chhoti see takhti lagatay haine. israel mein jehaan wah dosray yahudiyon kuu bay cheen naha karnay kii koshish kirr saktay haine behat say karyayi mustasni haine aur apnay darwazay kii choki parr bhee mezozah rakhtay haine. mezojah" kaa kaariti warzan awami emaraton kay darwazon aur baaz auqaat najee emaraton kay liye bhee lagaya jaataa hay. saamri loag deuteronomic hakam kii tashrih kartay haine jiss kaa matlab mosi kii paanch kitaabon kay saamri warzan say kasee bhee muntakhib mutan kuu zahir karnaa hay. iss mein koyee naamat yaa khaas toor parr muqadas yaa huslah afza paigham how saktaa hay. maazi mein inhon nay eek pathar kii takhti rakhee jiss parr gahar kay darwazay kay oopar duss ahkaam kandah thay kachh misalein bazantini (chothi-saatwein sadee) aur ibtadayi muslim (saatwein-gayarahwein sadee) kay adwaar kii haine juu abb eroshulam kay israel museum mein dikhayi jaa rahee haine. aaj kill eek saamri "mezojah" aam toor parr yaa tuu sing marmar lakdi kii plait yaa chamach kii eek sheet yaa aalee mayaar kay kaghiz say banaya jaataa hay jiss parr wah saamri toraa say muntakhib aayaat likhtay haine. asay wah yaa tuu gahar kay darwazay kay oopar yaa gahar kay andar daakhli haal mein yaa kasee bury dewaar parr kasee numayan jagah parr rakhtay haine. yaha "mezozoot" harr saamri gharanay kay saath saath ibadat gaah mein bhee paaye jaatay haine. aaj kachh saamri yahudi tarz kaa mezojah kees bhee istemaal kartay aur iss kay andar eek chhota saa tehriri saamri tomaar yauni rakhein gay.ayee. saamri toraa kaa eek mutan juu saamri haroof tehji mein likhaa gayaa hay. gahar mein iss tarah kay "mezozot" jitnay ziyadah hoan gay atnaa hyee behatar samjha jaaye gaa. yuu mein qanuni ladaiyan.aiss.. rehaishi yount kay daakhli darwazay parr mezojah laganay kay yahudi rawaj kuu america yaa canada mein shaaz woo naadir hyee challenge kiyaa gayaa thaa tahim 2001 mein shikago mein saahili towers parr eek condomanium aisosi aishan nay chataiyon joton joton gaadiyon yaa kasee bhee qasm kii ashyaa parr pabandi lagaa dee... yount kay daakhli darwazon kay baahar "jasay 2004 mein board woat kay zariye mutliq samjha gayaa thaa. saahili towers intezamiya nay condomanium karayah daaron kay haal way mezozot kuu hataa diyaa. baad mein shikago commission baraye insani taluqat aleenwaye attarni general aur yuu mein shikayaat darj kii gayein.aiss. mohkamah housing aind arban deolapment mazhab kii bunyaad parr housing kay saath imtiyazi salok kaa alzaam lagaata hay. saahili towers shikago mein iss tarah kii pabandi kay saath waahid condomanium aisosi aishan nahein thay halankah inn mein say eek nay iss kay asul mein tarmim karnay parr ittefaq kiyaa. mezojah tanazah kii eek khabar padhnay parr shikago kay ulderman berton nataris nay shehar kay municiple code mein eek tarmim kaa masudah tayaar kiyaa jiss nay kasee apartment makaan yaa kando kay karayah daar yaa maalik kay liye darwazay darwazay kii choki yaa daakhli darwazay parr mazhabi nashaan alaamat yaa nashaan rakhnay yaa laganay say manaa karnaa ghair qanuni banaa diyaa."agarcha mukhalifat thee leakin yaha asee dasambar mein shikago mein qanoon bunn gayaa. shamali america mein iss tarah kii pehli qanoon saazi iss mein iss kii khalaaf warzi kay liye ziyadah say ziyadah 500 ddaalar jarmanah shaamil thaa. iss qanoon saazi kay bawajood 2006 mein eek wafaqi adaalat kay jajj nay faislah kiyaa kahh yaha qayedah wafaqi munsifana housing aikat kii khalaaf warzi nahein kartaa hay. zulayi adaalat nay 2008 mein apeel parr raaye kuu barqarar rakhaa. 2009 mein yuu.aiss. shikago mein 7 wein circuit kay liye apeel kii adaalat nay 2008 kay faislay kuu alt diyaa aur moqhadhima aagay badhaa. darein asnaa "shikago yahudi sataray" kay record kuu nakaam toor parr saman kiyaa gayaa aur aleenwaye kay ainti sleep qanoon saazi kaa itlaaq kiyaa gayaa. 2011 mein saahili towers kay tanazaat kaa eek khafiya tasfiya haasil kiyaa gayaa. 2006 mein riyasat kay condomanium property aikat mein eek ziyadah tung taujah markoz tarmim aleenwaye kii senitor airaa slorestein nay sharoo kii thee juu iss tarah kaa pehla riyasati qanoon thaa. 2006 mein fluoreda kay fort lauderdale mein eek kando building mein eek khaatun kuu hidayat dee gayee kahh wah apnay haal way yount say mezozah kuu nikaal day aur jarmanay kii dhamki dee. eek taweel qanuni jung kay baad kando aisosi aishan kuu imtiyazi salok kaa mujaram paaya gayaa. 2008 mein house bull 995yee fluoreda condomanium aikat mein eek tarmim juu aleenwaye riyasati qanoon saazi kay mutabiq hay qanoon bunn gayaa. 2007 mein taxas mein hewston mein rehney waalay eek joday kuu hidayat dee gayee thee kahh wah aisosi aishan kay qawanin kii khalaaf warzi say bachnay kay liye "apnay darwazay kay freem say mansalk aaitam kuu hataa dain". eek qanuni jung sharoo hoyee jiss kay doraan eek yuu.aiss. zulayi adaalat kay jajj nay 2008 mein kando aisosi aishan kii jaanib say faislah sanaya. baad mein joday nay taxas house aaf representitose kay mumber garnet aif kaa rakh kiyaa. colman. iss tarah kii mazhabi numaishon kay tahfuz kay liye iss kaa bull jaisa kahh 2009 mein mutaarif karaya gayaa thaa manzoor nahein kiyaa gayaa thaa leakin joone 2011 mein taxas kay governor rakk peeri nay qadray nazar saani shadah warzan (aich bee 1278) parr dastakhat kirr kay qanoon banaa diyaa thaa. milk bhar mein mezojah kii pabandi kuu roknay kay liye eek bull 2008 mein tajweez kiyaa gayaa thaa (aich.aar. 6932) bazariah yuu.aiss. congress meen jairald nedler. yaha kabhi qanoon nahein banaa.

0000bf12e48e7b24760657ef4cc1b180eb13897baeb4a16fac6f1f27b06cdd11

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47648689

WJS

WJS WJS may refer to: Topics referred to by the same term <templatestyles src="Dmbox/styles.css" /> This page lists associated with the title .

dobliu. je. ess. dobliu. je. ess.-e ullekh koribo paareh

doubleu. jeey. ess. doubleu. jeey. ess. chaa sandarbh asoo shakatoh

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wjs doubleu. jey. ess. ityasya ullekhah bhaveth

0000c691ee8c33d5799f29b44e48bfb2432a4fbf4e6bc3150509ab3ecc98dde3

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Alpine Club Museum

Alpine Club Museum The Alpine Club Museum () in Innsbruck, Austria is a museum dedicated to the history of alpinism. Located in the Hofburg in the Altstadt section of the city, the museum is owned by the Austrian Alpine Club (ÖAV). In 2009, the museum was assessed as "excellent" for the Tyrolean and Austrian Museum Prizes, and was also nominated for the European Museum Prize in 2010. History. The Alpine Club Museum was opened in 1911 in a former villa on the River Isar in Munich as the "Alpine Museum", following a key resolution by the German and Austrian Alpine Club in 1907. In 1944 it was destroyed by shelling, but fortunately the majority of the collection had already been moved to Tyrol in Austria. It was not until 1973, however, that the ÖAV had a part of the collection displayed in the Palace of Thurn and Taxis in Maria Theresia Straße. From 1977 the museum was located on the third floor of the newly built Alpine Club house in Wilhelm Greil Straße. In 1993 the exhibition floor was changed structurally and in 1996 they began to produce their own exhibitions. In 2002, the "Year of the Mountains", an exhibition was displayed for the first time in the public arena ("Vertical - The Innsbruck Northern Mountain Chain. An Exhibition in the City"). After the Alpine Club had moved to a new building in 2008 the old exhibition area was no longer available and a cooperative agreement was reached with the Hofburg whereby the permanent exhibition, "Mountains - an Incomprehensible Passion" ("Berge, eine unverständliche Leidenschaft"), would be displayed on an area of 700 m² on the first floor until 2012.

alpine club xongrohaloy ostriyar insbrukot thoka alpine club museum () hoise alpinijomor itihaxor proti xomorpito ek xongrohaloy. sohorkhonor altstad ongxor hofbergot owosthito ei xongrohaloitu austrian alpine clubber (oh "oh" bho) malikanadhin. 2009 sonot xongrohaloituk tyrolian aaru austrian xongrohaloy puroskaror baabe "utkristo" hisape mulyayon koraa hoisil, aaru 2010 sonot europiyo xongrohaloy puroskaror babeu monunit koraa hoisil. itihax. 1907 sonot german aaru austrian alpine clubber ek guruttopurno xiddhantor pisot 1911 sonot miunikhor isor nodir uporot thoka etaa purbor bhilat "alpine xongrohaloy" hisape alpine club xongrohaloy mukoli koraa hoisil. 1944 sonot iyak gulaborxonor folot dhongxo koraa hoisil, kintu xoubhagyokrome xongrohor besibhag itimodhye ostriyar tairuloloi sthanantorito koraa hoisil. obosye 1973 sonoloike oh 'bhor xongrohor etaa ongxo maria theresia stresor tharno aaru texir praxadot prodorxito hoisil. 1977 sonor poraa xongrohaloitu wilhelm grail stressot notunkoi nirmito alpine club housor tritiyo moholat owosthito aasil. 1993 sonot prodorxonir mojiyatu gathonigotobhabe xoloni koraa hoisil aaru 1996 sonot teuluke nijakoi prodorxoni prostut koriboloi aarombho korisil. 2002 sonot, "porbotor bosor", prothombaror baabe rajohuwa khetrot ("ulombo-insbrak uttor porbot sringkhol") etaa prodorxoni prodorxon koraa hoisil. sohorkhonot etaa prodorxoni "). 2008 sonot alpine clubtu etaa notun bhowonoloi sthanantorito huwar pisot puroni prodorxoni elekatu aaru upolobdho nasil aaru hofbergor xoite ek xomobay suktit uponeet hoisil jaar joriyote sthayi prodorxoni, "porbot-ek budhgomyo aabeg" ("barz, aain unverstandlise leidensaft"), 2012 sonoloike prothom moholat 700 borgo mitter eleka prodorxon koraa hoh 'bob.

alpine club jadughar austria insbrooke abosthito alpine club museum () holl alpinismer itihaser proti nibedito ekti jadughar. shohorer ultstad bibhager hofberge abosthito eyi jadugharti austrian alpine cluber (ov) malikanadhin. 2009 saale, jadughartike tyrolean ebong austrian jadughar puroskarer jonno "chamatkar" hisabe mulyayan koraa hoyechilo ebong 2010 saale europea jadughar puroskarer jonnou manoneet hoyechilo. itihas. 1907 saale german oo austrian alpine cluber ekti mool prostaber porey 1911 saale munikher isara nadeer ekti praktan vilay alpine club jadugharti "alpine jadughar" hisabe khola hoyechilo. 1944 saale etty golabarshaner madhyome dhongso hoye yaay, tobey soubhagyaboshoto sangraher beshirbhag ongsho itimadhye austria tyreley sthanantorito hoyechilo. 1973 saal porjonto abashya, ov sangraher ekti ongsho maria theracia strusser thurn ebong taxie prasade prodorshito chhilo. 1977 saal theke jadugharti uilhelm grill strusse soddo nirmito alpine club houser tritiya tolay abosthito chhilo. 1993 saale prodorshonir mejhe kathamogotovabe poribortito hoy ebong 1996 saale taaraa taader nijaswa prodorshoni toiri korte shuru korey. 2002 saale, "porbotmalar bochor", ekti prodorshoni prothombarer jonno jonosadharoner khettre prodorshito hoyechilo ("ullamba-insbrook uttor porboto srinkhala. shohore ekti prodorshoni "). 2008 saale alpine clubti ekti notun bhobone sthanantorito howar porey purano prodorshoni elakati arr upolobdho chhilo naa ebong hofberger saathe ekti somobai chukti hoyechilo jaar madhyome sthayi prodorshoni, "porboto-ekti bodhgamya abeg" ("borge, aain unverstandliche leidenshuft"), 2012 saal porjonto prothom tolay 700 borgo mitter elaka prodorshito hobey.

alpine club museum austriyana insbrookma aavelu alpine club museum () alpinismna itihaasne samarpeet aek sangrahalay chhe. shahernaa ultstead vibhagma hofbergma stheet aaa sangrahalay austrian alpine club (öav) nee malikinu chhe. 2009maan, sangrahaalayne tyrolean aneey austrian sangrahalay puraskaaro maate "uttam" tareeke mulyankan karvaamaa aavyu hatoo, aneey 2010maan european sangrahalay puraskar maate pann namankit karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. itihas. 1907maan german aneey austrian alpine club dwara mukhya tharaavne pagale 1911maan myunichnaa isaar nadee parnaa bhutpurv vilaamaa alpine club museum kholvaamaa aavyu hatoo. 1944maan teey shaling dwara naash paamyu hatoo, parantu sadbhagye sangrahno motaabhaagno hisso austriyama tyrolma khasedvama aavyo hato. joke, 1973 sudhee ovnee paase sangrahno aek bhaag maria theracia strezmaa thurn aneey taxiona mahelmaan pradarshit karvaamaa aavyo hato. 1977thee aaa sangrahalay wilhem greel strezmaa navaa bandhvama aavela alpine club housena trija maale aavelu hatoo. 1993maan pradarshan maalakhu malkhakiy reete badalvama aavyu hatoo aneey 1996maan teoae potaana pradarshno banaavvaanu sharoo karyoo hatoo. 2002maan, "parvatona varsh", jaaher kshetramaa pratham vakhat aek pradarshan pradarshit karvaamaa aavyu hatoo ("oobhi-dhaa insbrook uttari parvatmala". shaherma aek pradarshan "). 2008maan alpine club navee imaaratmaa sthalaantarit thayaa pachhi juno pradarshan vistaar havey uplabdh nahoto aneey hofberg saathe sahakaari karaar karvaamaa aavyo hato, jemaa kaayamee pradarshan, "parvato-aek agamya jusso" ("burge, aain unverstandliche leadenshaft"), 2012 sudhee pratham maal parr 700 choras meternaa vistaarmaa pradarshit karvaamaa aavashe.

alpine club sangrahalaya austriya key insbrook mein alpine club sangrahalaya () alpinism key itihas koo samarpit ack sangrahalaya haye. shahar key altstad khand mein hofberg mein sthit, sangrahalaya austriyai alpine club (öav) key swaamitva mein haye. 2009 mein, sangrahalaya koo tyrolean aur austriyai sangrahalaya puraskaron key liye "utkrisht" key roop mein mulyankan kiya gayaa thaa, aur 2010 mein europeeya sangrahalaya puraskar key liye bhee naamit kiya gayaa thaa. itihas. alpine club sangrahalaya koo 1911 mein munich mein isaar nadee parr ack poorv vilaa mein "alpine sangrahalaya" key roop mein khola gayaa thaa, joe 1907 mein german aur austriyai alpine club dwara ack pramukh sankalp key baad thaa. 1944 mein ise golabari seey nasht curr diyaa gayaa thaa, lekin saubhagya seey sangrah kaa adhikansh hissa pahale hii austriya mein tyrol mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. haalaanki, yeh 1973 taka naheen thaa kii ov key sangrah kaa ack hissa maria theracia strais mein thurn aur taxis key mahal mein pradarshit kiya gayaa thaa. 1977 seey sangrahalaya wilhelm greel strais mein navanirmit alpine club house kii teesari manjil parr sthit thaa. 1993 mein pradarshani key tala koo sanrachanaatmak roop seey badal diyaa gayaa aur 1996 mein unhone apani pradarshaniyon kaa nirmaan karna shuru kiya. 2002 mein, "pahaadon kaa varsh", saarvajanik kshetra mein pahali baar ack pradarshani pradarshit kii gaee thee ("urdhvaadhar-saraay uttari parvat shrinkhala. shahar mein ack pradarshani "). 2008 mein alpine club key ack naee imarat mein sthanantarit honey key baad purana pradarshani kshetra abb upalabdh naheen thaa aur hofberg key saath ack sahakaari samjhauta kiya gayaa thaa, jisake tahat sthaayi pradarshani, "pahaad-ack samajh seey baahar junoon" ("burge, aine unverstellike leadenshaft"), 2012 taka pahali manjil parr 700 varg meater key kshetra mein pradarshit kiya jaayega.

alpine club museum aastriyaada insbraknalliruva alpine club museum () alpinisamna itihaasakke misalaagiruva vastusangrahaalayavaagide. nagarada altstat vibhagada hafbergnalliruva ee vastusangrahaalayavu austrian alpine club (ov) odetanadallide. odetanadallide, ee vastusangrahaalayavannu tyrolean mattu austrian vastusangrahalaya prashastigalige "atyuttama" endu moulyamaapana maadalaayitu mattu mattu european vastusangrahalaya prashastige naamanirdeshanagonditu. itihaasa. itihaasa german mattu austrian alpine klabgala pramukha nirnayada nantara nantara myunichna isar nadiya melina hindina villaadalli alpine club vastusangrahaalayavannu "alpine vastusangrahalaya" endu tereyalaayitu. tereyalaayitu idu shell daaliyinda naashavaayitu, aadare adrishtavashat sangrahada bahupalu bhagavannu eegaagale aastriyaada tyrolgay sthalaantarisalaagittu. aadaagyoo, 1973 ravarege, maria theracia strasnalliruva thurn mattu taxigala aramaneyalli pradarshisalaada sangrahaneya ondu bhagavannu ov hondiralilla. hondiralilla ee vastusangrahaalayavu wilhelm grill strasnalliruva hosadaagi nirmisalaada alpine club housena moorane mahadiyallide. mahadiyallide pradarshanada mahadiyannu rachanaatmakavaagi badalaayisalaayitu mattu mattu avaru tammade aada pradarshanagalannu nirmisalu praarambhisidaru. praarambhisidaru, "parvatagala varsha" emba pradarshanavannu modala baarige saarvajanika rangadalli pradarshisalaayitu ("lamba-insbruck uttara parvata sarapali". nagaradalli ondu pradarshana "). ") alpine club hosa kattadakke sthalaantaragonda nantara haleya pradarshana pradeshavu innu munde labhyaviralilla mattu hafbergnondige sahakari oppandavannu maadikollalaayitu, adara moolaka shaashvata pradarshanavaada "parvatagalu-grahisalaagada utsaaha" ("burge, ain unverstandliche leidenshaft") annu annu modala mahadiyalli 700 chadara meater pradeshadalli pradarshisalaayitu.

alpine club museum aalpinisathinte charithrathinaayi samarppichirikkunna oru myusiyamaanu austriyayile insbruckile alpine club museum. nagaratthile altstad vibhaagathile hofbergill sthithi cheiyunna museum austriyan alpine klabbinte (oovu) udamasthathayilaanu. 2009ll museum tyrolean, austriyan museum sammaanagalkk "mikacha" aayi vilayiruthappedukayum 2010ll europian museum sammaanathin naamanirddesham cheyyappedukayum cheythu. charithram. 1907-ll jarmman, austriyan alpine klabbinte oru pradhana prameyathetthudarnnu 1911-ll myoonikkile izar nadiyile oru muun villayil "alpine museum" enna peril alpine club museum thurannu. 1944-ll ithu shellakramanathil nasippikkappettu, pakshe bhagyavashaal shekharathinte bhooribhaagavum ithinakam austriyayile tyrolelake mattappettu. ennirunnaalum, 1973 vare maria therasia stresseyile thurn kottaaratthilum taxikalilum pradharshippichirunna shekharathinte oru bhagam oovinu undaayirunnilla. 1977 muthal wilhem greel strasheyil puthuthayi nirmmicha alpine club housinte moonnaam nilayilaanu museum sthithicheyyunnathu. 1993ll exhibition floor gadanaaparamaayi maattukayum 1996ll avar svanthamaayi exhibitionukal nirmmikkaan thudangukayum cheythu. 2002-ll, "parvathangalude varsham", pothu vediyil aadyamaayi oru pradarshanam pradharshippichu ("lambamaayi-insbruck vadakkan parvatha shringhala. nagaratthil oru pradarshanam "). 2008 ll alpine club oru puthiya kettidatthilekku maariyathinusesham pazhaya exhibition eriya labhyamallathaavukayum hofbergumaayi oru sahakarana karaarilethukayum cheythu, athiloode sthiramaaya exhibition, "parvathangal-manassilakkaan kazhiyaatha abhinivesham" ("berj, ainn unverstandlish leadenshaft"), 2012 vare onnaam nilayil 700 chathurashra meter visthruthiyil pradarshippikkum.

alpine club sangrahalay austriyatil insbrook yetheel alpine club sangrahalay () heey alpinismchya itihasala samarpit eka sangrahalay aahe. shaharachya altstad vibhagat hofbergmadhye sthit asalele heey sangrahalay austriyan alpine clubchya (öav) malakiche aahe. 2009 madhye, yaa sangrahalayache moolyankan tyrolean aanee austriyan sangrahalay puraskaransathi 'utkrusht' mhanoon karnyat aale aanee 2010 madhye european sangrahalay puraskarasathi dekhil tyache namankan karnyat aale. itihas. 1907 madhye german aanee austriyan alpine clubney kelelya eka mahattvachya tharavanantar 1911 madhye myoonichmadhil isar nadivaril eka purvichya vhilamadhye alpine club sangrahalay "alpine sangrahalay" mhanoon ughadanyat aale. 1944 madhye too golabarine nasht jhaala, parantu sudaivane sangrahatil bahutansh bhag aadhich austriyatil tyrollmadhye halavanyat aala hota. tathapi, 1973 paryant, maria theracia strassbadheel thurn aanee taxichya rajvadyat pradarshit kelelya sangrahatil eka bhag ovkade navhata. 1977 pasoon heey sangrahalay wilheim grail straz yetheel navyane bandhanyat aalelya alpine club hausachya hausachya majalyavar hote. 1993 madhye pradarshanacha majala sanrachanatmakaritya badalanyat aala aanee 1996 madhye tyanni swatache pradarshan tayar karnyas suruvat kelee. 2002 madhye, 'parvatanche varsh', sarvajanik kshetrat prathamach eka pradarshan pradarshit karnyat aale ('anulamb-daad insbrook northern mounton cheen'. shaharatil eka pradarshan "). 2008 madhye alpine club naveen imaratit gelyanantar june pradarshan kshetra aata upalabdh navhate aanee hofbergsobat eka sahkari karar karnyat aala hota, jyamadhye kayamswarupi pradarshan, 'parvat-eka agamya aavad' ('burge, eyen unverstandlyche leidenshaft'), 2012 paryant pahilya majalyavar 700 chauras meterchya kshetravar pradarshit kele jaeel.

alpine club sangrahalaya insbrook, astriyama raheko alpine club sangrahalaya () alpinismko itihaslai samarpit euta sangrahalaya how. saharko altstad khandako hofbergma awasthit, sangrahalaya astrian alpine club (öav) ko swamitwama chha. sann 2009 maa, sangrahalayalai tyrolean rar astrian sangrahalaya puraskarka lagi "utkrishta" ko rupma mulyankan garieko thiyo, rar sann 2010 maa europeli sangrahalaya puraskarka lagi pani manonit garieko thiyo. itihas. sann 1907 maa german rar astrian alpine clubko pramukh prastawapachi myunikhko isar nadima raheko purva bhilama sann 1911 maa alpine club sangrahalaya kholieko thiyo. sann 1944 maa yo golabarile dhwasta bhaeko thiyo, tara saubhagyawas sangrahako adhikansh bhag pahile nai astriyako tyrolma sarieko thiyo. yadyapi, yo sann 1973 samma thiena kii obhsanga maria theracia strasko tharna rar taxiharuko darbarma pradarshit sangrahako ek bhag thiyo. sann 1977 dekhi yo sangrahalaya wilheim grail strassma nawanirmit alpine club hausako tesro talama awasthit thiyo. sann 1993 maa pradarshani floor sanrachanatmak rupma pariwartan garieko thiyo rar sann 1996 maa uniharule afnai pradarshaniharu utpadan garna thale. sann 2002 maa, "parwatharuko warsha", sarvajanik kshetrama pahilo patak pradarshani pradarshan garieko thiyo ("thado-insbrok uttari parwat shringkhala. saharma euta pradarshani "). sann 2008 maa alpine club nayan bhawanma sarepachhi purano pradarshani khetra ab upalabdha thiena rar hafbargasanga sahakari samjhauta bhaeko thiyo jasma sthayi pradarshani, "pahad-ek agamya josh" ("berge, enn unverstandliche leadenshaft"), 2012 samma pahilo talama 700 warga mitterko kshetrama pradarshan garinechha.

alpine club sangrahalaja astriyara insbrukre thiba alpine club museum () heuchhi alpinismra itihasaku samarpita eka museum. saharar altstadt bibhagara hafabargare abasthita, sangrahalajati astrian alpine club (öav) rahr malikanare achhi . 2009 masihare, ehi sangrahalajaku tyrolian ebong astrian sangrahalaja puraskara paain "utkrusta" bhabare mulyankana karajaithila, ebong 2010 masihare europeah sangrahalaja puraskara paain madhya manoneet hoithila. itihas. 1907 masihare german ebong astrian alpine club dwara eka pramukh sankalpa parey 1911 masihare alpine club sangrahalajaku "alpine sangrahalaja" bhabare munichara isara nadee upare eka purbatana bhilare kholajaithila. 1944 masihare ehaa golabarud dwara nust hoijaithila, kintu soubhagyabashatah sangrahara adhikansha purbaru astriara tyrolaku sthanantarita hoisarithila . tebe 1973 masiha parjyanta, owara sangrahara eka ansha mariah theracia strasser thurn ebong taxie prasadare pradarshita hoithila. 1977 masiharu ehi sangrahalaja wilhelm grail strass thaare naba nirmita alpine club houser truteeja mahalare abasthita thila. 1993 masihare pradarshani floraku dhanchagata bhabare paribartana karajaithila ebong 1996 masihare semane nijaswa pradarshani utpadana arambha karithile. 2002 masihare, "parbatar barsha", pratham thara paain sarbasadharana khetrare eka pradarshani pradarshita hoithila ("ullamb-insbrock uttara parbata shrunkhala. saharare eka pradarshani "). 2008 ray alpine club eka nutan attalika ku sthanantarita heba parey puruna pradarshani khetra aau upalabdha nathila ebong hufberg sahita eka samabai chuktinama hoithila jeunthire sthajee pradarshani, "parbata-eka abastaba abeg" ("burge, aain anbharstendliche leadenschaft"), 2012 parjyanta pratham mahalare 700 berg kii. mea. anchalare pradarshita heba .

alpine club ajaib gharr alpine club ajaib gharr () insburk, austria witch ikk ajaib gharr haii joe alpinism dey itihaas noon samarpit haii. shehar dey ultstad bhaag witch hofberg witch sathit, ajaib gharr austrian alpine club (öav) dee malkiat haii. sann 2009 witch, ajaib gharr noon tyrolean atey austriaai ajaib gharr puraskaran laee "shandar" vajon mulankan keeta giaa see, atey 2010 witch european ajaib gharr puraskar laee vee namzad keeta giaa see. itihaas. alpine club ajaib gharr noon 1911 witch munich witch isaar nadee utte ikk sabka vilaa witch "alpine ajaib gharr" vajon kholhiaa giaa see, 1907 witch german atey austria dey alpine club duaara ikk pramukh matey toon baad. 1944 witch iss noon golabari naal nasht qarr ditta giaa see, parr khushkismat haii kii sangrah daa bahuta hissa pahilan hii austria witch tyrol witch tabdil qarr ditta giaa see. ih 1973 takk naheen see, halanki, kii ov cole maria theracia strasse witch tharan atey taxies dey mahil witch pradarshit sangrah daa ikk hissa see. 1977 toon ajaib gharr wilham greel stress witch navein baney alpine club haaoos dee tiji manzal 'teey sathit see. sann 1993 witch pardarshani dey farsh noon dhanchagat taur utte badliaa giaa see atey sann 1996 witch uhanan neey aapniaan pradarshaniaan daa nirman karna shuru qarr ditta see. 2002 witch, "pahadan daa saal", ikk pardarshani pahili vaar jantak khetar witch pradarshit keeti gaee see ("vertical-insbruck uttri pahadi luddy. shehar witch ikk pardarshani "). 2008 witch alpine club dey ikk naveen imaarat witch chaley jaanh toon baad purana pardarshani khetar hunn upalbadh naheen see atey hofberg naal ikk sehkari samjhauta keeta giaa see jiss naal sathayi pardarshani, "pahaad-ikk agiaat janoon" ("baraj, ainn unverstandlyche leidenshaft"), noon pahili manzal utte 700 varag meeter dey khetar witch 2012 takk pradarshit keeta javega.

alpain club sangrahaalayah aastriyaadeshasy insbruck-nagare sthitam alpain-club-sangrahaalayah () alpinisam-itihasaya samarpitam sangrahaalayah asti. nagarasya altstat-vibhaagasya hofberg-nagare sthitah ayam sangrahaalayah austrian-alpain-club (ov) ityasya svaamitvam praapnot. 2009 tame varshe, etat sangrahaalayam tarolean-austrian-sangrahaalay-puraskaranam krute "utkrushtam" iti moolyaankitam, 2010 tame varshe europiya-sangrahaalay-puraskaarasy krute api naamaankitam. itihaasah. 1907 tame varshe german-austrian-alpain-club-dwara pramukha-sankalpasya anantaram 1911 tame varshe myunich-nagarasya isaar-nadyaah poorva-vilaayaam "alpain-sangrahaalayah" iti namna alpain-club-sangrahaalayah udghaatitah. 1944 tame varshe golabari-dwara ayam nashtah abhavat, parantu saubhaagyena sangrahasya adhikaamshah bhaagah poorvamev aastriyaadeshasy tairol-nagare sthanantaritaha aasit. 1973 tamavarshaparyantam, tathaapi, maria theracia strais-nagarasya thurn-prasade, taxie-kshetre cha pradarshitasya sangrahasya bhaagah ov-nagarasya aasit. 1977 tamaat varshaat etat sangrahaalayam vilhelm-greyil-strais-nagare navanirmitasya alpain-club-house ityasya truteeyastare sthitam aasit. 1993 tame varshe pradarshanee-kshetrasya samrachanaatmakaparivartanam abhavat, 1996 tame varshe te swakeeyaah pradarshanani nirmaatum aarabhant. 2002 tame varshe, "parvatanam varsham" iti, saarvajanikakshetre prathamavaaram pradarshanee pradarshita ("oordhvaadharam-insbruck-uttaraparvatashrunkhalaa"). nagare pradarshanee "). 2008 tame varshe alpain-club-samsthaa nootanam bhavanam agruhnaat, tatah param puratanam pradarshanikshetram naa upalabhyat, hofberg-nagaren saha sahakaar-sahamatihi api abhavat, yasmin sthayee-pradarshanee, "parwataah-ekam agamya-bhaavam" ("burge, ain unverstandliche leadenshaft"), prathamastare 700 700 kshetre 2012 paryantam pradarshita bhavishyati.

albine kilap arungaatchiyagam austriavin inspruckil ulla albine kilap arungaatchiyagam () albinisaththin varalaattrukku arppanikappatta oru arungaatchiyagamaagum. nagarin altstat pirivil ulla haafarkkil amainthulla inththa arungaatchiyagam aasthriya albine kilapukku (öav) sonthamaanathu. 2009 aam aandil, inththa arungaatchiyagam tyrolean mattrum aasthriya arungaatchiyaga parisugalukku "siranthathu" endru mathippidappattathu, maelum 2010 aam aandil iroappiya arungaatchiyaga parisukkum parinthuraikkappattathu. varalaaru. albine kilap arungaatchiyagam 1911 aam aandil munichchil ulla aisaar aattril ulla oru munnaal villaavil "albine arungaatchiyagam" endru thirakkappattathu, 1907 aam aandil jerman mattrum aasthriya albine kilappin oru mukiya theermaanaththaith thodarnthu. 1944 aam aandil adhu shell thaakkuthalaal azhikkappattathu, aanaal athirshtavasamaaga sekarippin perumbaguthi aerkanavae aasthriyaavil ulla diroluku maattrappattathu. iruppinum, 1973 varai, maria therasia strassil ulla thirun aranmanai mattrum taxigalil kaatchikku vaikkapatta sekarippin oru paguthiyai oov vaiththirukavillai. 1977 muthal inththa arungaatchiyagam wilhelm grail strassil puthithaaga kattapatta albine kilap havusin moontraavathu maadiyil amainthullathu. 1993 aam aandil kankaatchi thalam kattamaippu reethiyaaga maattrappattathu, 1996 aam aandil avarkal thangal sontha kankaatchigalai tayaarikkath thodangkinar. 2002 aam aandil, "malaikalin aandu", oru kankaatchi muthal muraiyaaga podhu arangkil kaatchippaduththappattathu ("sengkuththu-inspruck vadakku malaiththodar. nagaraththil oru kankaatchi "). 2008 aam aandil albine kilap oru puthiya kattidaththirku maattrappatta piragu, pazhaiya kankaatchi pakuthi inii kidaikkavillai, maelum hafarbarkudan oru kootturavu oppantham ettappattathu, idhan moolam niranthara kankaatchi, "malaikal-oru purinthukolla mudiyaatha aarvam" ("perj, ainn unverstandlich leidenshoft"), muthal maadiyil 700 sathura meettar parappalavil 2012 varai kaatchippadutthappadum.

alpine club museum austrialoni insbruck looni alpine club museum () anedi alpinism charitraku ankitam cheyabadina museum. nagaramloni altstadt vibhaagamlo hafberglo unna eee museum austrian alpine club (ov) yajamanyamlo undhi. 2009loe, eee museum tyrolean mariyu austrian museum bahumatulaku "adbhutamainadi" gaa anchanaa veyabadindi, mariyu 2010loe european museum bahumatiki kooda nominate cheyabadindi. charitra. 1907loe german mariyu austrian alpine club keelaka teermaanam taruvaata, myoonichlooni isar nadipai unna oka puurva villaalo alpine club museum 1911loe "alpine museum" gaa praarambhinchabadindi. 1944loe idhi shell daaditoe naasanam cheyabadindi, conny adrushtavasaattuu sekaranalo ekkuva bhaagam appatike austrialoni tyrolku taralinchabadindi. ayithe, 1973 varaku, maria theratia strassloni thurn pales mariyu taxilalo pradarsinchabadina sekaranalo ov oka bhaganni kaligi undhi. 1977 nundi eee museum wilhelm grail strasslo kottagaa nirminchina alpine club house yokka moodava antastulo undhi. 1993loe exhibition floor nirmanatmakamga maarchabadindi mariyu 1996loe vaaru tama sonta pradarsanalanu tayaaru cheyadam praarambhinchaaru. 2002loe, "parvataala samvatsaram", oka pradarsana modatisaarigaa bahiranga vedikalo pradarsinchabadindi ("niluvu-insbruck uttara parvata golusu". nagaramlo oka pradarsana "). 2008loe alpine club kotta bhavananiki maarina taruvaata paatha pradarsana praantam ikapai andubaatulo ledhu mariyu hafbergto sahakaara oppandam kudirindi, dheenilo shaashwata pradarsana, "parvataalu-oka apaaramaina abhiruchi" ("berge, ine unverstandliche leidenshaft"), 2012 varaku modati antastulo 700 chadarapu meterla vistiirnamloo pradarsinchabadutundi.

alpayan kalb museum insburk austriya mein waaqa alpayan kalb museum () eek museum hay juu alpenism kii tareekh kay liye waqaf hay. shehar kay altistedt hasay mein hofberg mein waaqa yaha ajayeb gahar austrain alpayan kalb (öav) kii malkiyat hay. 2009 mein museum kuu tyroline aur austriya kay museum anaamaat kay liye "behtareen" qaraar diyaa gayaa aur 2010 mein asay europi museum anaam kay liye bhee namzad kiyaa gayaa. tareekh. alpayan kalb museum 1911 mein meunakh mein daryaae asaar parr eek saabiq walaa mein "alpayan museum" kay toor parr khola gayaa thaa juu 1907 mein german aur austriya kay alpayan kalb kii eek aham qarardad kay baad thaa. 1944 mein asay golah baari say tabaah kirr diyaa gayaa thaa leakin khush qasmati say majmuah kii aksariyat pehley hyee austriya kay tyrol mein muntaqil kirr dee gayee thee. tahim yaha 1973 takk nahein thaa kahh awaw kay paas maariyah theresia strawby mein tharan aur taxiyon kay mahal mein numaish kay liye jamaa kardah saamaan kaa eek hasah thaa. 1977 say yaha ajayeb gahar walaheem grail strace mein nayey banaye gayey alpayan kalb house kii teesri manzal parr waaqa thaa. 1993 mein numaishi farsh kuu saakhti toor parr tabdil kirr diyaa gayaa aur 1996 mein inhon nay apnee numaishein tayaar karnaa sharoo kirr dain. 2002 mein "pahaadon kaa saal"yee pehli baar awami medaan mein eek numaish kii numaish kii gayee ("amudi-insburk shamali pahaadi silsilah. shehar mein eek numaish "). 2008 mein alpayan kalb kay eek nayee emarat mein muntaqil honay kay baad praana numaishi elaqah abb dastiyaab nahein thaa aur hofberg kay saath eek bahami taawan kaa muahidah kiyaa gayaa thaa jiss kay tahat mustaqil numaish "pahaad-eek naqabil fehm jazbah" ("burge eyen inversitandliche leadenshaft")yee 2012 takk pehli manzal parr 700 marbaa metter kay raqbe parr numaish kii jaaye gee.

0000cd9354e4f930272f0fa7d05c8534535b4ab7a933962d74cbe3ebd359a2db

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31855020

Robert Adams (sculptor)

Robert Adams (sculptor) English sculptor and designer (1917–1984) Robert Adams (5 October 1917 – 5 April 1984) was an English sculptor and designer. Whilst not widely known outside of artistic circles, he was nonetheless regarded as one of the foremost sculptors of his generation. In a critical review of a retrospective mounted by the Gimpel Fils gallery in London in 1993, Brian Glasser of "Time Out" magazine described Adams as "the neglected genius of post-war British sculpture", a sentiment echoed by Tim Hilton in the "Sunday Independent", who ranked Adams' work above that of his contemporaries, Ken Armitage, Reg Butler, Lynn Chadwick and Bernard Meadows. Education and early life. Adams attended the village school in Hardingstone, Northamptonshire, now a suburb of the town of Northampton. He lived there until 1951. He left school at age 14 and did various manual jobs, firstly as a van-boy for a printer and later with the agricultural engineering company, Cooch & Sons, where experience gained in crafting metals proved useful in his later artistic creations. From 1937 to 1946 he attended evening classes part-time in life drawing and painting at the Northampton School of Art. During the Second World War, Adams was a conscientious objector, but joined the Civil Defence as a fire warden. Career. Some of his first sculptures were exhibited in London between 1942 and 1944 as part of group shows by artists working for Civil Defence In April 1946 he exhibited fourteen of his early oil portraits in the Northampton Public Library. Between 23 November 1947 and 3 January 1948, he held his first one-man exhibition at Gimpel Fils Gallery, 84 Duke Street, London. From 1949 until 1959 he taught at the Central School of Art and Design in London. Whilst there he came into contact with Victor Pasmore and artists such as Kenneth Martin and Mary Martin who were pursuing the development of Constructivist ideas in Britain. In the period 1950 to 1980 he was recognised as one of Britain's foremost abstract sculptors. His work was exhibited at the Venice Biennale in 1952 and again when he represented Britain with a retrospective occupying two galleries in 1962. Some of his works are in the Tate Britain collection and the modern art in New York, Rome, and Turin, the São Paulo Museum of Modern Art and several other locations worldwide but he is virtually unknown in his home town. "Apocalyptic Figure" was commissioned by the Arts Council England for the Festival of Britain in 1951. Some of his large-scale sculptures can be seen at The Custom House, London, Heathrow Airport, Shell Mex House, London, and the Musiktheater im Revier, Gelsenkirchen, Germany. One of his works is in the Contemporary Art Museum of Macedonia. He had a retrospective at the Northampton Art Gallery in 1971. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

robert adams (bhaskorjoxilpi) robert adams (5 octobor 1917-5 april 1984) ejon ingraj bhaskorjoxilpi aaru designor aasil. jodiu kolatmok sokror bahirot byapokbhabe porisito nohoy, tothapiu teuk teur projonmor onyotomo aagxarir bhaskorjoxilpi hisape gonyo koraa hoisil. 1993 sonot londonor zimpel fils gallerye sthapon koraa ek purbo-porjyaluchonamulok porzaluchonat "time out" alusonir briyan glaxere adamsok "juddho-poroborti britis bhaskorjyor owohelito protibha" buli bornona korisil, jitu bhawona "xanode independent" too team hiltone protidhwonito korisil, jiye edamsor kaamok teur xomoxamoyik kenn armitage, regg baatolor, linn seduik aaru bernard trinobhumir uporot sthan disil. xikhya aaru prarombhik jiwan. edame northamptonswayaror hardingstonor gaonr bidyaloyot porha-xuna korisil, ji etiya northampton sohoror etaa uponogor. 1951 sonoloike teu taat baax korisil. 14 bosor boyoxot teu bidyaloy eri bibhinno hostosalito sakori korisil, prothome ejon printeror baabe bhen-boy hisape aaru pisot krixi obhijantrik company, kuch endo sonxor xoite, zo 'too dhaatu nirmanot laabh koraa obhigyota teur poroborti kolatmok sristit upojugi promanito hoisil. 1937 sonor poraa 1946 sonoloike teu northampton skool owo artot jiwan chitro aaru sitrokolar xondhiyar shrenit ongxo-xomoy odhyoyon korisil. dwitiyo biswojudhor xomoyot adams ejon bibekban birudhi aasil, kintu ognirokhyir rokhyok hisape oxamorik protirokhyat jugdan korisil. keriyar. 1942 sonor poraa 1944 sonor bhitorot teur kisuman prothom bhaskorzo londonot oxamorik protirokhyar baabe kaam koraa xilpixokole dolgoto prodorxonir ongxo hisape prodorxon korisil. 1946 sonor aprilot teu northampton rajohuwa puthibhoralot teur prarombhik souddota telor chitro prodorxon korisil. 1947 sonor 23 novemboror poraa 1948 sonor 3 januaryr bhitorot teu londonor 84 diuk streetor zimpel fils galleryt teur prothom ek-byoktir prodorxoni onusthito korisil. 1949 sonor poraa 1959 sonoloike teu londonor centrel skool owo art endo designot xikhyokota korisil. taat thokar xomoyote teu victor pasmur aaru keneth martin aaru meree martinor dore xilpixokolor xongosporxoloi aahisil jixokole britainot gothonmulok dharonar bikax onuxoron kori aasil. 1950 sonor poraa 1980 sonoloike teuk britainor onyotomo aagxarir bimurto bhaskorjoxilpi hisape swikriti diya hoisil. 1952 sonot venis binalot teur kaam prodorxito hoisil aaru punor 1962 sonot teu britainok protinidhitwo kori dutaa gallery dokhol korisil. teur kisuman kormor rupxomuh hoise-nework, room aaru turinor tet britain xongroho aaru aadhunik kolaa, aadhunik kolar cho "paulu xongrohaloy aaru biswojuri aan keibatau sthanot aase jodiu teu nijor nogorot pray ogyat. "1951 sonot britain utxowor baabe englandor kolaa porixode "apocalyptic figure" ror kaam aarombho korisil. teur kisuman brihot bhaskorzo londonor custom house, hithro 'bimanbondor, xel max house, london, aaru germanyr galchenkirsenor musicotheter imm ribhiyarot dekha puwa yaay. teur etaa xilpokormo macedonier xomoxamoyik kolaa xongrohaloyot aase. 1971 sonot northampton art galleryt teu etaa punorikhyon korisil.

robbert adams (bhaskar) robbert adams (5 octobor 1917-5 april 1984) chhilen ekjon ingrez bhaskar ebong designer. jodio shoilpik britter baire byapokbhabe porichito chhilen naa, tobuo taanke taanr projonmer onnotomo shirshosthaniyo bhaskar hisabe bibechona koraa hoto. 1993 saale londoner zimpel fills galleryte sthapito ekti purboborti porjalochonai, "time out" magaziner bryan glasser adamske "juddho-poroborti british bhaskorjer abohelito protibha" hisabe bornona korechen, jaa team hillton dwara protidhonito ekti anubhuti "sunday independent", jini adamser kaajke taar somosamoyik keena armitage, reega buttler, lynne chadwick ebong bernard trinobhumir upore sthan diyechilen. shikkha ebong prathomik jeebon. adams northumptonshire hardingstoner gramer schoole padashona korechilen, jaa ekhon northampton shohorer ekti shohortolite abosthito. tini 1951 saal porjonto sekhane bosobas corren. 14 bochor boyse tini school chhede deena ebong bivinno manual chakri corren, prothome ekti printer jonno vyana-boy hisabe ebong porey krishi prakaushal sangostha, coach anned sons-ayee, jekhane dhatu toirite prapto obhiggota taanr poroborti shoilpik srishtite karjokor promanito hoy. 1937 theke 1946 saal porjonto tini northampton school off arte life droying ebong painting-err ongsho-somoy sandhyay classe ongsho niyechilen. dwitiya bishwojuddher somoy, adams ekjon bibekban birodhi chhilen, kintu ekjon fayara warden hisabe civille defence-ayee jog diyechilen. pesha. 1942 theke 1944 saaler modhye nagrik protirokkhar jonno kaaj koraa shilpider dwara group shoyer ongsho hisabe taanr prothom bhaskorjogulir koyekti londone prodorshito hoyechilo. 1946 saaler aprile tini nordampton public libraryte taanr prathomik 14tii toilo protikriti prodorshon corren. 1947 saaler 23shhey navembar theke 1948 saaler 3raa januarir modhye tini londoner 84 diuka streeter zimpel fills galleryte taanr prothom eka-byakti prodorshoni ayojan corren. 1949 theke 1959 saal porjonto tini londoner central school off art anned designe shikkhokota corren. sekhane thakakalin tini victor pamore ebong keneth martin oo merry martiner moto shilpider sangosparshe asen, jaaraa brittene gathanmulak dharonar bikash ghotate cheyechilen. 1950 theke 1980 saal porjonto tini brittener onnotomo bishishto bimurto bhaskar hisabe swikrito chhilen. 1952 saale venis bienale taanr kaaj prodorshito hoy ebong abar 1962 saale duti gallery dokhol korey tini brittener protinidhitto corren. taanr kichhu kaaj juktorajyer tett sangraha ebong neu eork, roam ebong turin-err adhunik shilp, adhunik shilper saao paolo jadughar ebong bishwobyapi anyanno besh koyekti sthane royeche tobey tini taanr nijer shohore karjoto ajana. "1951 saale brittener utsaber jonno artasa council ingland kortrik "apocalyptic figure" chaalu koraa hoy. taanr kichhu borh akarer bhaskorjo londoner custom house, hithro bimanbandar, shale makes house, london ebong germanyr zelsenkirchener musictheatre eam riviere dekha yaay. taanr ekti kaaj macedonier somosamoyik shilp jadughare royeche. 1971 saale nordampton art galleryte taanr ekti purboborti kaaj chhilo.

roobert addams (shilpkar) roobert addams (5 october 1917-5 april 1984) aek angreji shilpkar aneey designer hataa. kalaatmak vartuloni bahaar vyaapakpane jaanita naa hovaa chhataa, temne temnee pedhhinaa agranee shilpkaromana aek tareeke ganvaamaa aavtaa hataa. hataa londonma gimpel fills gallery dwara sthaapit purvalakshi samikshaamaa, "time out" saamyikna bryan glasseray addamsne "yuddh pachhinaa british shilpnee upekshit pratibha" tareeke varnavyu hatoo, jeey laagani "sunday independent" maan tima hilton dwara padgho padvama aavee hatee, jemane addamsna kaaryane temnaa samkalin, qena armitage, regler, lyne chedwick aneey bernard ghaasnaa medanothi upar sthaan aapyu hatoo. shikshan aneey praarambhik jeevan. addamse hardingstone, northamptonshirema gaamnee shaalaama haajari aapee hatee, jeey havey northampton nagarnu upnagar chhe. teo 1951 sudhee tyaan rahyaa. temane 14 varshnee ummare shaala chhodi deedhi aneey viveedh haaththee kaama karyoo, pahelaa aek printer maate vaan-boya tareeke aneey pachhithi krushee ijneri kampani, cooch anned suns saathe, jyaan dhaatuoni banavatma melvelo anoobhav temnee pachhini kalaatmak rachnaaomaa upyogi saabit thayo. 1937 thee 1946 sudhee temane northampton school off artmaan jeevan chitrakaam aneey chitrakamma saanjnaa vargomaa bhaag leedho hato. beeja vishvyuddh darmiyan, addams aek pramanik vandhajanak hataa, parantu fayara warden tareeke nagrik sanrakshanma jodaya hataa. karkirdi. nagrik sanraxan maate kaama kartaa kalakaro dwara jooth pradarshanna bhagroope 1942 aneey 1944 nee vachche londonma temnaa ketlaak pratham shilponu pradarshan karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. april april temane northampton jaaher pustakalayma temnaa praarambhik telnaa chaud chitronu pradarshan karyoo hatoo. 23 november 1947 aneey 3 january january vachche, temane londonna 84 duke street khaate gimpel fills gallery khaate temnu pratham aek-maanas pradarshan yojyu hatoo. 1949 thee 1959 sudhee temane londonma central school off aart anned designma bhanaavyu hatoo. tyaan teo victor pasmore aneey keneth martin aneey meerii martin jevaa kalakarona samparkma aavyaa hataa jeo britainma rachnaatmak vichaarona vikasne anusartaa hataa. 1950 thee 1980 naa samaygalama temne britananaa agranee amoort shilpkaromana aek tareeke odakhvaamaa aavyaa hataa. temnaa kaamnu pradarshan pradarshan venis dhvivarshikma karvaamaa aavyu hatoo aneey fareethi jyaare temane temane beey galleryo parr kabajo kareene breetannu pratinidhitva karyoo hatoo. temnee ketalik kruteeo britananaa sangrah aneey newyork, rooma aneey turinma aadhunik qalaa, aadhunik kalaana saao paulo sangrahalay aneey vishvbharnaa anya sthaloae chhe parantu teo temnaa vatanmaa lagbhag agnaat chhe. "apocalyptic figure" neey neey britananaa tahevaar maate arts council ingland dwara niyukt karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. temnaa ketlaak motaa paaye shilpo custom house, london, heathro airport, shhale makes house, london aneey musicatheter emier, galsenkirchen, germanyma joee shakaay chhe. temnee aek krutee macedonia samkalin qalaa sangrahalayma chhe. chhe northampton aart galleryma temnee purvalakshi mulakat hatee.

robbert addams (moortikaar) robbert addams (5 octuber 1917-5 aprail 1984) ack angreji moortikaar aur designer they. halanki kalaatmak halakon key baahar vyaapak roop seey naheen jaanaa jaataa thaa, phir bhee unhein apani peedhi key agrani murtikaaron mein seey ack maanaa jaataa thaa. 1993 mein landan mein gimpel fills gallery dwara sthaapit ack purvavyaapi sameeksha mein, "time out" patrika key bryan glasser ney addams koo "yuddh key baad kii british murtikala kii upekshit pratibha" key roop mein varnit kiya, ack bhavna joe tima hilton dwara "sandey independent" mein pratidhwanit hui, jinhone addams key kaam koo apane samkaaleenon, caine armitage, regg butler, linn chadwick aur bernard ghaas key maidanon seey oopar rakhaa. shiksha aur praarambhik jeevan. addams ney hardingstone, northamptonshire mein gaanv key school mein padhaai kii, joe abb northumpton shahar kaa ack upnagar haye. way 1951 taka vahaan rahey. unhone 14 saal kii umr mein school chhod diyaa aur vibhinn shaaririk naukariyon mein kaam kiya, pahale ack printer key liye ack vaine-boy key roop mein aur baad mein krishi engineering company, cooch aind suns key saath, jahan dhatuon key nirmaan mein praapt anubhav unaki baad kii kalaatmak rachanaon mein upayogi saabit huaa. 1937 seey 1946 taka unhone northumpton school off art mein jeevan chitrakaari aur chitrakala mein shaam kii kakshaon mein bhaag liya. dwiteeya vishva yuddh key dauran, addams ack kartavyanishth aapattikarta they, lekin ack agnishaman adhikaari key roop mein nagrik raksha mein shamil hoe gaye. carrier. 1942 aur 1944 key beach landan mein nagrik suraksha key liye kaam karane vaale kalakaron dwara saamoohik pradarshan key hisse key roop mein unaki kuchh pahali moortiyon kaa pradarshan kiya gayaa thaa. aprail 1946 mein unhone northumpton saarvajanik pustakalaya mein apane chaudah praarambhik tail chitron kaa pradarshan kiya. 23 navambar 1947 aur 3 janwari 1948 key beach, unhone landan key 84 duke street mein gimpel fills gallery mein apani pahali ack-vyakti pradarshani kaa ayojan kiya. 1949 seey 1959 taka unhone landan key kendriya kalaa aur design vidyalaya mein padhaaya. vahaan way victor pasmore aur keneth martin aur mairi martin jaise kalakaron key sampark mein aae joe britten mein rachanaatmak vichaaron key vikas kaa peechha curr rahey they. 1950 seey 1980 kii avadhi mein unhein britten key pramukh amoort murtikaaron mein seey ack key roop mein maanyata dee gaee thee. unake kaam koo 1952 mein venis dvivaarshik mein pradarshit kiya gayaa thaa aur phir seey jaba unhone 1962 mein dou deerghaon parr kabja karane vaale purvavyaapi key saath britten kaa pratinidhitva kiya thaa. unaki kuchh kritiyaan newyork, rome aur turin mein tett britten sangrah aur aadhunik kalaa, aadhunik kalaa key saao paulo sangrahalaya aur duniya bhar mein kaee anya sthaanon parr hain, lekin way apane grih shahar mein lagbhag agyaat hain. "sarvanashkari aakriti" koo 1951 mein britten key utsav key liye kalaa parishad ingland dwara commission kiya gayaa thaa. unaki kuchh badey paimaane kii moortiyon koo custom house, landan, heathrow havaai adde, shale makes house, landan aur music theatre imm revear, zelsenkirchen, germany mein dekhaa jaa sakata haye. unaki ack kriti macedonia key samkaaleen kalaa sangrahalaya mein haye. 1971 mein northumpton art gallery mein unhone purvavyaapi pradarshan kiya thaa.

robbert audums (shilpi) robbert audums (5 october 1917-5 april 1984) obba inglish shilpi mattu vinyasakaragiddaru. kalaatmaka valayagala horage vyaapakavaagi parichitaraagadiddaroo, aatanannu tanna piligeya agraganya shilpigalalli obbarendu pariganisalaagittu. 1993ralli london jimpal phil galleryalli daakhalaada ondu vimarshaatmaka vimarsheyalli, "time out" niyatakaalikeya brian glasser avaru audums avarannu "yuddhaanantarada british silpakaleya nirlakshyada pratibhe" endu bannisidaru, ee bhavaneyannu "sunday independent" nalli tim hilton pratidhvanisitu, avaru audums avara kelasavannu tamma samakaalinaraada kenn armitage, regler, linn chadwick mattu bernard medosginta melaagi sthana niididaru. sikshana mattu arambhika jeevana. aadamgalu eega northampton pattanada upanagaravagiruva northamptonshiren hardingstonnalliruva hallia shaleyalli vyasanga maadidaru. avaru allie 1951 ravarege vaasisuttiddaru. avaru 14 neey vayassinalli shaaleyannu toredaru mattu vividha kaipidi udyogagalannu maadidaru, modalu mudrakakkagi wyaan-baay aagi mattu nantara krishi engineering kampani, cooch & sansnalli, allie lohagalannu tayaarisuvalli padeda anubhavavu avara nantarada kalaatmaka srashtigalalli upayuktavaayitu. 1937rinda 1946ravarege aata northampton school off artnalli jeevana rekhaachitra mattu chitrakaleyalli sanje taragatigalige bhagashah haajaraagiddaru. eradane mahayuddhada samayadalli, audums atmasakshiya virodhiyagiddaru, aadare agnishamaka dalada mukhyastharaagi nagarika rakshanege seridaru. vrattijeevana. 1942 mattu 1944rahra naduve landannalli nagarika rakshanegaagi kelasa maaduva kalaavidara gumpu pradarshanagala bhagavagi avara kelavu modala shilpagalannu pradarshisalaayitu. 1946rahra aprilnalli aata northampton saarvajanika granthaalayadalli tamma arambhika taila bhaavachitragala hadinaalku chitragalannu pradarshisidaru. 1947rahra november 23rinda 1948rahra janavari 3rahra naduve, avaru london 84 duke streetnalliruva gimpel phil galleryalli tamma modala one-myaan pradarshanavannu nadesidaru. 1949rinda 1959ravarege avaru london central school off art und designalli kalisidaru. alliddaaga aata victor pasmore mattu britannalli rachanaatmaka vichaaragala abhivraddhiyannu munduvarisuttidda kenneth martin mattu merrie martin avarantaha kalavidarondige samparkakke bandaru. 1950rinda 1980rahra avadhiyalli aata britannina agraganya amoorta shilpigalalli obbarendu gurutisalpattaru. avara kelasavannu 1952 ralli venis bainelnalli pradarshisalaayitu mattu 1962 ralli eradu gallerigalannu aakramisikondidda avaru britannannu pratinidhisidaaga. avara kelavu krutigalu newyork, roam mattu turinnalliruva aadhunika kale, aadhunika kaleya savo paulo vastusangrahalaya mattu vishvadaadyanta halavaaru itara stalagalalli ive, aadare avaru tamma swanta pattanadalli bahuteka aparichitaragiddare. "1951ralli britton utsavakkagi inglendna arts kaunsilninda "apocalyptic figure" annu niyojisalaayitu. avara kelavu dodda pramanada shilpagalannu custom house, london, heathro airport, shell mex house, london mattu musictheatre emier, zelsenkirchen, germaniyalli kaanabahudu. avara ondu kruti samakaalina kalaa vastusangrahaalayavaada macedoniadallide. 1971ralli aata northampton art galleryalli purvanvaya pradarshanavannu hondiddaru.

roobert adams (shilpi) oru engleesh shilpiyum designarumaayirunnu roobert adams (5 october 1917-5 epril 1984). kalaparamaaya vrithangalkku purathu parakke ariyappedaatha addeham thante thalamurayile munnira silpikaliloraalaayi kanakkaakkappettirunnu. 1993ll landanile jimpel phils gallery sthaapicha oru munkaala avalokanathil, time outtu maasikayude bryan glasser aadamsine "yudhaananthara britiish shilpathinte avaganikkapetta prathibha" ennu visheshippichu, timm hilton "sanday indipendant" enna pusthakatthil prathidhvanicha eee vikaaram, aadamsinte srishtikalkku thante samakalikaraaya kenn aarmittej, regg buttler, lyne chadwick, bernard pulmedukal ennivayekkaal mukalilaanu sthaanam nalkiyathu. vidyaabhyaasavum aadyakaala jeevithavum. ippol northaamptan pattanatthinte praanthapradeshamaaya northaamptanshayarile haardingstanile grama skoolilaanu adams padichathu. 1951 vare addeham avide thaamasichu. 14-aamm vayassil school patanam upekshichu, vividha kaikondu jolikal cheythu, aadyam oru printarinaayi vaan-booy aayum pinneedu kaarshika enchiniyaring kambaniyaaya koochu & sansil, avide lohangal nirmikkunnathil nediya anubhavam addehathinte pilkkala kalaparamaaya srishtikalil upayogapradamaayi. 1937 muthal 1946 vare addeham northaamptan school oof artle life droingle paintingilum part time sayahna klaasukalil pankedutthu. randaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu, aadams oru aathmaarthamaaya ethirppukaaranaayirunnu, pakshe sivil defencil fayar wardenaayi chernnu. currier. 1942num 1944num idayil sivil defencinaayi pravartthikkunna kalakaaranmaarude group shokalude bhaagamaayi addehathinte aadya silpangalil chilath landanil pradharshippichirunnu. 1946 eprilil addeham thante aadyakaala enna chhaayaachitrangalil pathinaalu northaamptan public libraryil pradharshippichu. 1947 november 23num 1948 januvari 3num idayil landanile 84 duke streettile jimpel phils galleryil addeham thante aadya ottayaal pradarshanam nadatthi. 1949 muthal 1959 vare addeham landanile central school oof art aandu designil padippichu. avidevechu addeham victor pasmorumaayum brittanil kanstrakttivist aashayangalude vikasanam pinthudarunna kennathu martin, merii martin thudangiya kalakaaranmaarumaayum sanbarkkam pulartthi. 1950 muthal 1980 vareyulla kaalayalavil brittanile ettavum pramukha amoortha silpikaliloraalaayi addeham amgeekarikkappettu. 1952ll venis binale addehathinte srishtikal pradarshippikkukayum 1962ll rund gaalarikal ulkkollunna oru munkaala nireekshanathode addeham brittane prathinidheekarikkukayum cheythu. addehathinte chila kruthikal tettu brittan shekharathilum newyork, roome, tourin ennividangalile aadhunika kalayilum, saavo poulo museum oof moden artilum lokamembaadumulla mattu niravadhi sthalangalilum undu, pakshe addehathinte swantham pattanatthil addeham phalatthil anjjaathanaanu. "1951ll britiish arts kaunsil englandaanu "apocalyptic figure" kammeeshan cheythath. addehathinte chila valia thothilulla shilpangal landanile kasttam house, heathro airport, landanile shell meks house, germmaniyile jelsenkirchenile music thiyettar imm revear ennividangalil kaanam. addehathinte oru kruthi samakaalika art myoosiyamaaya maasidoniyayilaan. 1971ll northaamptan art galleryil addehathinu oru retrospective undaayirunnu.

robbert edams (shilpkar) robbert admus (5 aktoobar 1917-5 april 1984) heey eka ingraji shilpkar aanee designer hote. kalatmak vartulabaher teey farse prasiddha nasale taree, tarihi tyanna tyanchya pidhitil agraganya shilpkaranpaiki eka manale jaat asey. 1993 madhye londonmadhil gimpel fills galleryne kelelya purvalakshi samikshet, 'time out' niyatkalikachya bryan glasserne admusche varnan 'yuddhottar british shilpakalechi durlakshit pratibha' asey kele, jyacha pratidhvani team hiltonne 'sande independent' madhye deela, jyane admuschya kamala tyachya samkalin, qeena armitage, regg butler, lyne chadwick aanee bernard medojpeksha varr sthan dile. shikshan aanee prarambhik jeevan. edams yanni hardingstone, northamptonshire yetheel gavatil shalet shikshan ghetale, jeey aata northumpton shaharache upnagar aahe. 1951 paryant teey tethe rahile. vayachya 14 vya varshi tyanni shaala sodali aanee vividh sharirik kaame kelee, pratham mudrakasathi vanne-boy mhanoon aanee nantar krishi abhiyantriki company, kooch andd sansmadhye, jithe dhatunchya nirmitimadhye midavalela anubhav tyanchya nantarchya kalatmak nirmitimadhye upayukt tharala. 1937 teey 1946 paryant teey northampton school auph aartmadhye jeevan rekhachitra aanee chitrakala yaa vishayatil sanyachya varganna anshakalik upasthit rahile. rahile mahayuddhachya kalat, edams eka pramanik virodhak hota, parantu agnishaman adhikari mhanoon nagri sanrakshn dalat sameel jhaala. karkird. nagri sanrakshanasathi kaam pathpurava kalakaranchya samoohik pradarshanacha bhag mhanoon 1942 teey 1944 darmyan londonmadhye tyanchya kahee pahilya shilpanche pradarshan karnyat aale hote. april 1946 madhye tyanni northampton sarvajanik granthalayat tyanchi chauda suruvatichi telchitre pradarshit kelee. 23 november 1947 teey 3 janewari 1948 darmyan, tyanni londonmadhil 84 duke street yetheel gimpel fills gallery yethe tyanche pahile eka-vyakti pradarshan aayojit kele. 1949 teey 1959 paryant tyanni londonchya central school auph aart andd designmadhye adhyapan kele. tethe asatana too victor pasmore aanee brittenmadhye rachnatmak kalpananchya vikasacha pathpurava pathpurava keneth martin aanee merrie martin sarkhya kalakaranchya samparkat aala. 1950 teey 1980 yaa kalat tyanna brittonchya agraganya amoort shilpkaranpaiki eka mhanoon manyata midali. 1952 madhye venis dvivarshik samarambhat aanee punha 1962 madhye done gallerieswar purvalakshi prabhavane brittonche pratinidhitva kartana tyanche kaam pradarshit karnyat aale. tyachya kahee kalakruti, newyork, rome aanee turin yetheel aadhunik qalaa, aadhunik kaleche saao paulo sangrahalay aanee jagbharatil itar anek thikani aahet, parantu tyachya mool gavee too aksharshah adnyat aahe. "1951 madhye brittonchya mahotsavasathi englandchya qalaa parishadene 'apocalyptic figure' chee sthapana kelee hotee. tyanchi kahee mothya pramanavarchi shilpe custom haus, london, heathro vimantal, shale makes haus, london aanee musicatheatre iim revier, jelsenkirchen, germany yethe pahili jaau shakatat. tyanchi eka kalakruti macedoniachya samkalin qalaa sangrahalayat aahe. 1971 madhye northampton aart gallerymadhye tyanni purvalakshi abhyas keela hota.

robert addams (murtikar) robert addams (5 october 1917-5 april 1984) ek angreji murtikar rar designer thie. kalatmak circle bahira wyapak rupma parichit nabhae pani, unlai afno pustaka agrani murtikarharu madhye ek manincha. sann 1993 maa londonko zimpel fills gallerydwara sthapit ek purvavyapi samikshama, "time out" patrikaka bryan glasserle adamslai "yuddhapachhiko britis murtikla ko upekshit pratibha" ko rupma warnan gare, yo bhawana team hiltonle "sunday independent" maa pratidhwanit gare, jasle adamsko kamlai afna samakalinharu, keyne armitage, regg buttler, lyne chadwick rar bernard ghasko maidanharu bhanda mathi sthan die. shiksha rar prarambhik jiwan. adamsle hardingstone, northamptonshireko gaaunko vidyalayama padhe, june ahile northampton saharko upanagar how. uni sann 1951 samma tyahan base. unle 14 warshako umerma vidyalaya chhode rar vibhinna manual kamharu gare, pahile printerka lagi bhyan-bwaiko rupma rar pachhi krishi engineering company, kuch anned sansasanga, jahaan dhatuharu banaunama prapta anubhav unko pachhiko kalatmak srishtiharuma upayogi sabit bhayo. sann 1937 dekhi 1946 samma unle northampton schol aff artma jiwan rekhachitra rar chitrakalama saanjhako kakshaharuma bhag lie. dosro wishwayuddhako samayama, addams ek kartawyanishtha apatti garne wyakti thie, tara fire wardenko rupma nagarik rakshama samel bhae. currier. nagarik surakshaka lagi kaam garne kalakarharule samuha pradarshanko bhagko rupma 1942 rar 1944 ko bichma londonma unka kehi pahilo murtiharu pradarshan garieko thiyo. april 1946 maa unle northampton sarvajanik pustakalayama afno prarambhik tel chitraharu madhye chaudhawata pradarshan gare. 23 november 1947 rar 3 janawari 1948 ko bichma, unle londonko 84 duke streetko zimpel fills galleryma afno pahilo ek-wyakti pradarshani ayojana gare. sann 1949 dekhi 1959 samma unle londonko central schol aff art anned designma padhaeka thie. tyahan hunda uni wictor pasmore rar keneth martin rar merry martin jasta kalakarharusanga samparkama ae jasle belayatma rachanatmak wicharharuko vikaslai pachhyaundai thie. sann 1950 dekhi 1980 ko awadhima unlai belayatka pramukh amurta murtikarharu madhye ekko rupma manyata diieko thiyo. unko kaam sann 1952 maa bhenis dwiwarshikma pradarshan garieko thiyo rar feri jab unle sann 1962 maa dui galleryharu kabja gardai purvavyapi rupma belayatko pratinidhitwa gare. unka kehi kritiharu tett britten sangraha rar newyork, rome rar turinko adhunik kala, adhunik kalako sao paulo sangrahalaya rar vishwawyapi anya dherai sthanharuma chhan tara uni afno grihanagarma lagbhag agyat chhan. "sann 1951 maa belayatko mahotsavka lagi kala parishad englandle "apocalyptic figure" ko ghoshana gareko thiyo. unka kehi thula-thula murtiharu custom house, london, hithro airport, shale makes house, london rar musictheater imm revier, zelsenkirchen, germanyma dekhna sakinchha. unko euta kriti macedoniaco samakalin kala sangrahalayama chha. sann 1971 maa northampton art galleryma unle purvavyapi kaam gareka thie.

robert adamus (shilpi) robert adamus (5 october 1917-5 april 1984) jane ingreja shilpi ebong designer thile. kalatmaka berg bahare shay byapaka bhabare janashuna naah thile madhya tanku taanka pidhira anyatama agrani shilpi bhabare bibechana karajauthila . 1993 masihare londner zimpel fills gallery dwara sthapita eka purbabarti samikhyare, "time out" patrikara brian glasser aadamsanku "juddha parabarti british vaskarjyara abahelita pratibha" bhabare barnana karithile, eka bhabana jaahaa team hillton dwara pratidhwanita hoithila "rabibara swadheena", jie adamsanka karjyaku taanka samasamajika, caine armitage, regg buttler, lyn chadwick ebong bernard trinabhumi thaaru adhika sthana deithile . sikhya ebong prarambhika zeeban. adamus northamptonshire, jaahaa bartamana northampton saharar eka upakanth, hardingstonra gramm bidyalajare adhyajana karithile. shay sethare 1951 masiha parjyanta rahithile. 14 barsha bajasare shay bidyalaja chadithile ebong bibhinna hastachalita chakiri karithile, prathame eka printer paain bhyan-baiah bhabare ebong parey krushi injinijaring company, kutch ebong suns sahita, jeunthare dhaatu tiari karibare prapta abhigyata taanka parabarti kalatmaka srustire upajogee pramanita hoithila . 1937 ru 1946 parjyanta shay northampton skul off artre life draing ebong pentingre sandhya shreneere ansha-samai joga deithile. dwiteeja biswajudha samajare, adamus jane bibekabana aapatti thile, kintu jane agnisham warden bhabare nagarika pratirakhya baahineere joga deithile. kyariyara. କ୍ଯ଼ାରିଯ଼ର। 1944 masiha madhyare tankara keteka pratham bhaskarjya landanare nagarika surakhya paain karjya karuthiba kalakaramananka dwara ajojita gosthi pradarshanara anshabisesha bhabe pradarshita hoithila. 1946 masiha april maasare shay taanka prarambhika prarambhika taila pratikruti northampton public laibrereere pradarshita karithile. 1947 masiha navember navember 1948 masiha januari 3 tarikh madhyare shay londner 84 diuka streeter zimpel fills gyalereere nijara pratham eka-byakti pradarshani ayojan karithile. 1949 ru 1959 parjyanta shay londner central skula off art anded design ray padhaithile. sethare shay victor pasmore ebong keneth martin ebong merry martinanka pari kalakaranka sansparshare aasithile jeunmane britenare gathanabadi bichar bikash anusarana karuthile . 1950 ru 1980 masiha madhyare shay brittener anyatama pramukh bimurta shilpi bhabare swekruti paithile. taanka karjya 1952 ray bhenis binale ray pradarshita hoithila ebong puni jetebele shay 1962 ray duiti gallery dakhal curry eka purbabarti britten pratinidhitwa karithile . tankara keteka kruti brittener tett sangraha ebong nyujarka, rome ebong turinra adhunika kalaa, adhunika kalaara sao paolo sangrahalaja ebong biswabyapee anyanya sthanare achhi kintu shay taanka niz saharare prajatah ajana . "1951 masihare britten utsaba paain kalaa parishad englanda dwara "apocalyptic figure" nijukta karajaithila. tankara kichhi budd dharanara murti custom houses, london, hithro bimanbandar, cell makes houses, london ebong musicthiator imm rivijara, zelsenkirchen, germanyre dekhajaipare . tankara gotie kruti macedonier samasamajika kalaa sangrahalajare achhi . 1971 masihare northampton art gyalereere tankara eka purba-samikhya thila.

robbert addams (murtikar) robbert addams (5 aktubar 1917-5 aprail 1984) ikk angrezi murtikar atey designer see. halanki uh kalatmak chakkar toon bahr viaapak taur 'teey naheen jaane jaande sunn, firr vee unhan noon aapni peedhi dey pramukh murtikaran vicchon ikk manniaa jaanda see. 1993 witch london witch gimple phils gallery duaara sathapit ikk pichokad dee aalochnatmak samikhiaa witch, "time aaoot" magazine dey bryne glasser neey addams noon "yuddh toon baad dee british murti dee angauli pratibha" vajon darsaiaa, ikk bhavna joe timm hilton duaara "sandey independent" witch goonji, jiss neey addams dey kamm noon aapne samkali, caine armitage, regg buttler, linn chedwick atey bernard ghaah dey maidanan toon uppar rakkhiaa. sikkhiaa atey mudhla jeevan. aadamz neey hardingstone, northamptonshire, joe hunn northampton shehar daa ikk upnagar haii, witch pind dey school witch padahi keeti. uh 1951 takk utthe rahey. unhan neey 14 saal dee umar witch school chhadd ditta atey vakkh-vakkh hatthin kamm keete, pahilan ikk printer laee ikk vain-buaae vajon atey baad witch khetibadi engineering company, cooch aind sunts naal, jitthe dhaatan banaun witch prapat tajraba unhan deeaan baad deeaan kalatmak rachnavan witch labhdaik saabat hoiaa. 1937 toon 1946 takk uh northampton school aaf aart witch life drauing atey painting witch shaam deeaan classes witch bhaag lainde rahey. dooje vishav yuddh dauran, aadamz ikk zamir vaala virodh curran vaala see, parr ikk fire warden vajon sival defence witch shamal hoow giaa. carrier. uss deeaan kujh pahiliaan murtiaan 1942 atey 1944 dey vichkaar london witch sival defence laee kamm curran vaale kalakaran duaara group shoa dey hisse vajon pradarshit keetiaan gaeeaan sunn. aprail 1946 witch uhanan neey northampton public library witch aapne chaudan shuruati tail chittran noon pradarshit keeta. 23 navambar 1947 atey 3 janwari 1948 dey vichkaar, unhan neey aapni pahili ikk-aadmi pardarshani gimple phils gallery, 84 diook street, london witch aayojit keeti. 1949 toon 1959 takk unhan neey london dey central school aaf aart aind design witch padaiaa. utthe uh victor pasmore atey caneth martin atey mairi martin varge kalakaran dey samparak witch aaiaa joe britten witch rachnatmak vicharan dey vikas daa pichha qarr rahey sunn. 1950 toon 1980 dey arse witch uhanan noon britten dey pramukh amurat murtikaran vicchon ikk vajon maanta ditti gaee see. uss daa kamm 1952 witch venis binell witch pradarshit keeta giaa see atey firr jadon usne 1962 witch doou galleries utte kabza curran vaale pichokad naal britten dee numaindagi keeti see. uss deeaan kujh rachnavan britten dey sangrah atey newyork, rome atey turin witch aadhunik qalaa, aadhunik qalaa dey saao paulo ajaib gharr atey dunia bharr witch kaee horr sathanan witch hunn parr uh aapne grahi shehar witch lagbhag anjaan haii. "apocalyptic figure" noon arts consul england duaara 1951 witch britten dey tiuhar laee commission keeta giaa see. uss deeaan kujh vadde paddhar deeaan murtiaan custom haaoos, london, heathrow havaai adde, shell maikas haaoos, london atey music theatre imriever, jailsonkirchen, germany witch vekhiaan jaa sakdiaan hunn. uss dee ikk rachna macedonia dey samkali qalaa ajaib gharr witch haii. uss neey 1971 witch northampton aart gallery witch ikk pichokad dee gall keeti see.

rabert aadams (shilpakaar) rabert aadams (5 october 1917-5 april 1984) aangl-shilpi, vinyaasakah cha aasit. yadyapi kalaatmak-vruttaat bahihi vyaapakaroopen naa prasidhah, tathaapi saha swaprajanmasya agraganya-shilpishu anyatamah iti manyate sma. 1993 tame varshe landan-nagarasya zimpel-fills-gallery-dwara sthaapitasya poorvavyaapeesy vimarshaatmakasameekshayaam, "taim-aut" patrikaayaah bryan-glasser-varyaha aadams-ityenam "yuddhottarasy british-shilpakalaayaah upekshita-pratibhaa" iti varnayat, yat "sunday-indipendend" ityasmin timm-hilton ityanena pratidhwanitam aasit, yah aadams-ityasya kaaryam swasya samakalinam kenn-armitage, regg-buttler, linn-chaadwick, bernard-medos ityetayoho apekshayaa shreshtam iti ankitavaan. shikshaam tathaa praarambhikajeevanam. aadams ityeshah nortampton-nagarasya hardingstone-nagarasya graamavidyaalaye abhyanayt, yat adhunaa northampton-nagarasya upnagaram asti. saha 1951 tamavarshaparyantam tatra nivasat. 14 varsheeyah vidyaalayaat nishkaasy, prathame mudrakasya vyaan-baay-rupena, anantaram krushi-abhiyaantriki-kampanee, kooch-and-suns-madhye cha vividhaani hastachaalitaani karyani krutavaan, yatra dhaatu-nirmanasya praaptah anubhawah tasya pashchat kalaatmak-srushtau upayogee abhavat. 1937 taha 1946 paryantam saha northampton-school aaf art ityatra sayankale jeevan-chitrakarme chitrakarme cha amshakaalika-vargeshu upasthitah. dviteeyavishvayuddhe aadams-varyaha atmasakshya virodhakah aasit, parantu agni-rakshakatvena nagarika-rakshane sammilitah. vruttihi. 1942 taha 1944 paryantam tasya kaanichan prathamaani shilpaani landan-nagare nagarikarakshartham kaaryam kurvataam kalaakaaraih saamoohik-pradarshanasy bhagarupena pradarshitaah. 1946 april-maase saha northampton-saarwajanik-pustakaalaye swasya prarambhikanam taila-chitraanaam chaturdashah pradarshanm krutavaan. 1947 tamavarshasya november-masasya 23 dinaankaat 1948 tamasya varshasya janavareemaasasya 3 dinaankaparyantam saha landan-nagarasya 84 duke-street-nagarasya zimpel-fills-gallery-madhye swasya prathamam ekavyakti-pradarshanm ayojitavan. 1949 taha 1959 paryantam saha landan-nagarasya kendriya-kalaa-vinyaas-vidyaalaye adhyapayat. tatra saha victor pasmore ityanena saha, kenneth martin, merry martin ityaadayah kalaakaaraih saha samparkarat, ye britton-deshe rachanaatmak-vichaaraanaam vikaasam kurwantah aasan. 1950 taha 1980 paryantam kaale saha britton-deshasya agraganya-amurta-shilpishu anyatamah iti manyataya khyaatah. tasya krutihi 1952 tame varshe venis-dvivaarshika-kridaayaam pradarshita, punah yadaa saha 1962 tame varshe poorvaanvayena chitrashaalaadwayam paryaveshtya britton-deshasya pratinidhitvam krutavaan. tasya kaanichan rachanaah tett-britton-sangrahasya, nyooyaark-nagarasya rome-tourin-nagarasya aadhunikakalaayah sangrahasya cha, aadhunikakalaayah saavo-paalo-sangrahaalayasy cha, vishvavyaapinyaaha anyeshu cha keshuchit sthaaneshu santi, parantu saha swanagarasya vastutah adnyaatah asti. "1951 tame varshe britton-utsavasya krute arts-council-england ityanena "apocalyptic-figure" iti namakam niyuktam aasit. tasya kaanichan bruhad-shilpaani custom-house, landan, heethro-vimaanasthaanakam, shell-makes-house, landan, music-theater-imm-revier, gelsenkirchen, germany ityeteshu drushyante. tasya ekaha krutihi macedonia-nagarasya samakaaleen-kalaa-sangrahaalaye asti. 1971 tame varshe northampton-art-gallery ityatra tasya purvaavalokanam aasit.

robbert audums (sirpi) robbert audums (5 october 1917-5 aepral 1984) oru aangkila sirpi mattrum vadivamaippaalar aavaar. kalai vattaarangkalukku veliyae paravalaaka ariyappadaatha poathilum, avar thanathu thalaimuraiyin munnani sirpikalil oruvaraaga karudhappattaar. 1993 aam aandil landanil ulla jimbal fills caloriol porutthappatta oru pinnoakkiya mathippaaivil, "time awood" paththirigaiyin praiyan classer audumsai "poarukkup pinththaiya british sirpaththin purakkanikkappatta maethai" endru vivaritthaar, idhu "chande intefentent" ill dimm hiltanol ethiroliththathu, avar thanathu samagaalaththavargal, kenn armidage, reclar, linn saatvik mattrum bernard medos aagiyavattrai vida audumsin padaippugalai tharavarisaippadutthinaar. kalvi mattrum aarambagaala vaazhkkai. audums ippoathu northampton nagaraththin puranagarp paguthiyaana northamptonshire hardingstonil ulla graamap pallyil payintraar. avar 1951 varai angku vaalnththaar. 14 vayathil palliyai vittu veliyaeri, palvaeru kaimurai vaelaigalaich seithaar, muthalil oru pirindarukku vaen-paai aagavum, pinnar vivasaaya poriiyal niruvanamaana kooch & suns udan, angku uloagangkalai vadivamaippathil pettra anubavam avarathu pirkaala kalai padaippugalil payanullathaaka irunththathu. 1937 muthal 1946 varai avar northampton kalaip pallyil vaazhkkai varaithal mattrum ooviyaththil maalai vaguppugalil pakuthi neramaaga payintraar. irandaam ulagap poarin poathu, audums oru manasaatchiyaana ethirppaalaraaka irunthaar, aanaal theeyanaippu veeraraaga sivil paathukaappil saernthaar. thozhil. avarathu muthal sirpangalil sila 1942 mattrum 1944 kku idaiyil landanil sivil paathukaappukkaaga panipuriyum kalaignargalin kuzhu nigazhchchigalin oru paguthiyaaga kaatchikku vaikappattana. aepral 1946 ill avar thanathu aarambagaala ennei uruvappadangkalil pathinaanku uruvappadangkalai northampton podhu noolagaththil kaatchippadutthinaar. 1947 navambar 23 muthal 1948 janavari 3 varai, landanil ulla 84 tuke streetle ulla jimbal fills caloryil thanathu muthal oru nabar kankaatchiyai avar nadaththinaar. 1949 muthal 1959 varai avar landanil ulla matthiya kalai mattrum vadivamaippu pallyil karpitthaar. angku avar victor basmore mattrum kennath martin mattrum maeri martin poantra kalaignargaludan thodarbu kondaar, avarkal brittanil aakkapoorvamaana yoasanaikalin valarchchiyaip pinthodarnthu vanthanar. 1950 muthal 1980 varayilaana kaalakattathil avar brittanin munnani surukka sirpikalil oruvaraaga angkeekarikkappattaar. avarathu padaippugal 1952 aam aandil venis binaleyil kaatchikku vaikappattana, meendum avar 1962 aam aandil irandu kaatchiyagangalai aakkiramiththiruntha pinnoakkiya kaatchiyagangaludan pirittanai pirathinithiththuvappaduththiya. avarathu padaippugalil sila brittan nattuth thoguppu mattrum newyorg, roam mattrum durinil ulla naveena kalai, naveena kalaiyin saavo paaloa arungaatchiyagam mattrum ulagengkilum ulla pala idangkalil ullana, aanaal avar thanathu sontha nagaraththil kittatthatta ariyappadavillai. "abocalyptic figure" 1951 aam aandil brittan thiruvizhaavirkaaga englaandhin kalaik kuluvaal niyamikkappattathu. avarathu sila periya alavilaana sirpangalai landanil ulla custom havus, heathro vimaana nilaiyam, shell mex havus, lundon mattrum germanyin jelsenkerchen, music theater imiyar aagiyavattril kanalaam. avarathu padaippugalil ondru samagaala kalai arungaatchiyagamaana macetoniavil ullathu. 1971 aam aandil northampton kalaikkoodaththil avar oru pinnoakkiya kaatchiyaik kondirundhaar.

robbert audums (shilpi) robbert audums (5 october 1917-5 april 1984) oka aangla shilpi mariyu designer. kalaatmaka vargaala velupala vistrutamgaa teliyakapoyinappatiki, athanu thana taraaniki chendina agrashreni shilpulalo okarigaa pariganinchabaddaadu. 1993loe landanlooni gimpel fills gallerylo oka sameekshalo, "time avt" patrikaku chendina brian glasser aadamsnu "yuddhaanantara british silpakala yokka nirlakshyam cheyabadina medhavi" gaa abhivarninchaaru, eee bhavanni "sunday independent" loe tim hilton pratidhvaninchaaru, ayana audums yokka panini thana samakaaleenulu, kenn armitage, ressler, linn chadwick mariyu bernard medos kante ekkuvagaa rank chesaaru. vidya mariyu prarambha jeevitam. audums northamptonshireloni hardingstoneloni graama paatasaalalo chadivaaru, idhi ippudu northampton pattanaaniki shivaaru praantam. athanu 1951 varaku akkade nivasinchaadu. athanu 14 samvatsaraala vayassulo paatasaalanu vidichipettadu mariyu vividha manueval udyogaalu chesaadu, modata printer kosam vyaan-baay gaa mariyu taruvaata vyavasaya injaneering company, cooch & suns thoo, lohalanu tayaaru cheyadamlo pondina anubhavam athani taruvaati kalaatmaka srushtulalo upayogakaramgaa niroopinchabadindi. 1937 nundi 1946 varaku athanu northampton school off artlo life droying mariyu paintingloo saayantram taragatulaku hajarayyadu. rendava prapancha yuddham samayamlo, audums manassakshiga vyatirekinchevaadu, conny agnimaapaka sibbandigaa poura rakshanalo cheraadu. vrutti. poura rakshana kosam panichestunna kalaakaarula samuuha pradarsanalalo bhaagamgaa 1942 mariyu 1944 madhya londonlo ayana modati shilpaalalo konni pradarsinchabaddaayi. 1946 eprillo athanu northampton public librarylo thana prarambha chamuru chitraalalo padnaalugu chitraalanu pradarsinchaadu. 1947 november 23 mariyu 1948 janavari 3 madhya, athanu landanlooni 84 duke streat looni gimpel phil gallerylo thana modati vann-myaan exhibitionnu nirvahinchaadu. 1949 nundi 1959 varaku ayana landanlooni central school off art und designlo bodhinchaaru. akkada athanu victoria pasmore mariyu britainlo nirmaanaatmaka aalochanala abhivruddhini konasagistunna kenneth martin mariyu maerii martin vanti kalaakaarulato parichayam erpadindi. 1950 nundi 1980 varaku kaalamlo athanu britton yokka agra nairoopya shilpulalo okarigaa gurtinchabaddadu. 1952loe venis byennallo ayana chesina panini pradarsinchaaru, 1962loe rendu gallerylanu aakraminchina britanku ayana praatinidhyam vahinchaaru. athani konni rachanalu newyork, rome mariyu turin looni aadhunika kala, aadhunika kala yokka saavo paalo museum mariyu prapanchavyaaptamgaa aneka itara pradaesaalaloo unnaayi, conny athanu thana sonta pattanamlo dadapuga teliyadu. "1951loe britton panduga kosam arts council ingland chetha "apocalyptic figure" niyaminchabadindi. athani konni pedda ettuna silpaalanu custom house, london, heathro airport, shell mex house, london mariyu musictheter emier, zelsenkirchen, germanylo chudavachu. athani rachanalalo okati samakaaleena art museum off macedonialo undhi. 1971loe northampton art gallerylo ayana oka puurvaanvaya pradarsananu nirvahinchaaru.

raabart addams (mujasmah saaz) raabart addams (5 aktobar 1917-5 apreel 1984) eek angrez mujasmah saaz aur designar thaa. agarcha fankarana halqon say baahir baday paimanay parr nahein jaana jaataa thaa iss kay bawajood inhein apnee nasal kay sarkardah mujasmah saazon mein say eek samjha jaataa thaa. 1993 mein landan mein jampal filz gallery kay zariye paish kardah eek maazi kay jaizay mein "tyme aaot" megzin kay brine glasser nay addams kuu "jung kay baad kay bartanvi mujasme kii nazar andaaz shadah zahanat" kay toor parr biyaan kiyaa yaha ahsaas tumm hilton nay "sunday independent" mein dohraya jiss nay addams kay kaam kuu apnay humm asar keenn armitage reeg butler linn cheedok aur bernard gahaas kay medanon say balatar darjah diyaa. taleem aur ibtadayi zindagi. addams nay harding stoone northampton shayer kay gaaon kay school mein taleem haasil kii juu abb northampton qasbey kaa eek mazafati elaqah hay. wah 1951 takk wahaan rahay. inhon nay 14 saal kii amar mein school chhod diyaa aur mukhtalif dasti mulazimatein kein pehley eek prenter kay liye ween bawaae kay toor parr aur baad mein zarayi engineering company coach aind saans kay saath jehaan dhaaton kii dastkari mein haasil kiyaa gayaa tajarbah inn kii baad kii fankarana takhliqat mein mufeed saabat hawaa. 1937 say 1946 takk inhon nay northampton school aaf aart mein life drying aur penting mein shaam kii classes mein hasah liyaa. dosri jung azeem kay doraan addams eek mukhlis aiteraz kanandah thay leakin inhon nay fayer warden kay toor parr soul defense mein shamoliyat akhtiyar kii. carrier. inn kay kachh pehley mujasme 1942 aur 1944 kay darmiyan landan mein shehri dafaa kay liye kaam karnay waalay funkaron kay grop show kay hasay kay toor parr numaish kay liye rakhay gayey thay. apreel 1946 mein inhon nay northampton publik library mein apnee ibtadayi teel kii chodah tasavir kii numaish kii. 23 nomber 1947 aur 3 januri 1948 kay darmiyan inhon nay apnee pehli eek aadmi kii numaish jampal filz gallery 84 ddiok strait landan mein munaqid kii. 1949 say 1959 takk inhon nay landan kay central school aaf aart aind design mein padhaya. wahaan rehtay hoay inn kaa raabtah victor pasmor aur keenth maartan aur meeri maartan jeesay funkaron say hawaa juu bartaniah mein tamiri nazaryaat kii tarqi kii peervi kirr rahay thay. 1950 say 1980 kay arsey mein inhein bartaniah kay sabb say aham tajridi mujasmah saazon mein say eek kay toor parr tasleem kiyaa gayaa. inn kay kaam kii numaish 1952 mein wens beneel mein kii gayee thee aur phir jabb inhon nay 1962 mein duu gallerion parr qabzah kartay hoay bartaniah kii numaindagi kii thee. inn kay kachh kaam teat bartaniah kay majmuay aur neo yaark room aur torn mein jadeed aart jadeed aart kay saao paolo museum aur duniya bhar mein kayee deegar maqamat parr mojud haine leakin wah apnay aabayi shehar mein emli toor parr namalum haine. "apocalliptic figure" kuu 1951 mein bartaniah kay tehwaar kay liye arts konsal england nay commission kiyaa thaa. inn kay kachh baday paimanay kay mujasme custom hows landan haithro airport sheel meks hows landan aur music theater imm revier jailsankarchan germani mein dekhay jaa saktay haine. inn kaa eek kaam mesidonia kay asree aart museum mein hay. 1971 mein northampton aart gallery mein inn kaa eek piss manzar thaa.

0000d0f302dda19277522be0c22aeb95defa776ddc48dada2c2b7aaeb7b277e7

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63087747

Barbara Pollet

Barbara Pollet Austrian tennis player Barbara Pollet (born 17 May 1963) is an Austrian former professional tennis player. Pollet, who comes from Salzburg, played in two Federation Cup ties for Austria in 1985, against Japan and the USSR. While competing on the professional tour she reached a career high singles ranking of 192 in the world, which was attained in 1986. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

barbara pollet barbara pollet (jonmo 17 meey 1963) ekjon austrian praktan peshadar tennis kheload. pollet, jini salzberg theke esechen, 1985 saale austria hoye japan ebong eu. esha. esha. arr-err bipokkhe duti phedareshana cup taiye khelechilen. peshadar sofore protidwondita korar somoy tini bishwer 192-err kormojiboner uchcho ekok rankingye pouchechilen, jaa 1986 saale orjon koraa hoyechilo.

barbara pollet barbara pollet (janm 17 meey 1963) aek austrian bhutpurv vyaavsaayik tennis khelaadi chhe. salzbergthi aavtaa pollet, pollet austriya maate japan aneey yuu. aesa. aesa. aar. saame beey federation cup taaima ramyaa hataa. vyaavsaayik pravasma bhaag letee vakhate teo vishwani vishwani karkidrini uchch singles ranking parr pahonchi gayaa hataa, jeey jeey praapt thaee hatee.

barbera polettu oru austriyan muun professional tennies kalikkaranaanu barbera polettu (jananam 17 meyy 1963). salsburgill ninnulla polettu 1985ll japan yuu. ezz. ezz. aarr. num ethire austriyaykku vendi rund federation kapp malsarangal kalichu. professional touril malsarikkumbol avar loka singlesil 192-aamm rankilethi, athu 1986-ll nedi.

barbara polate barbara polate (janma 17 meey 1963) jane astriara purbatana pesadara tennis khelali. salzbergru asithiba pollet 1985 masihare astrelia paain japan ebong jayu. ess. ess. aarr. bipakhyare duiti federation cop tye khelithile. bruttigata gastare pratidwandita kariba samajare shay bisware 192 rahr kyariyara uccha singalsa rankingare pahanchithile, jaahaa 1986 ray hassel karajaithila .

barbara pollet barbara pollet (janam 17 maee 1963) ikk austria daa sabka peshevar tennis khidari haii. salzberg toon aaunn vaale polate neey 1985 witch austria laee japaan atey yuu. aiss. aiss. aar. virudh doou federation kapp mukabale khede sunn. peshevar daure witch hissa lainde hoye uh vishav witch 192 dee crear dee ucch singles ranking 'teey pahunch gaee, joe 1986 witch prapat keeti gaee see.

barbera pollet barbera pollet (janma 17 mey 1963) ekaha austrian-poorva-vyaavasaayik-tennis-kreedakah asti. salzberg-nagaraat aagatah pollet, 1985 tame varshe aastriyaadeshasy krute japaan-deshasya yoo. ess. ess. aar-deshasya viruddham dwayoh federation-cup-tai-madhye kreeditavaan. vyavasayikayatrayam spardhaam kurvantee saa jagate 192 iti vruttijeevanasya uccha-ekala-shreneem avaapnot, yat 1986 tame varshe praaptam.

barbara pollat barbara pollet (prappu 17 mae 1963) oru aasthriya munnaal thozhilmurai dennis veerar aavaar. sallsburkaich saerntha pollet, 1985 aam aandil aastriyaavukkaaga jappan mattrum yuu. ess. ess. aarr. kku ethiraaga irandu federation kooppai poattikalil vilaiyaadinaar. thozhilmurai suttruppayanaththil poattiyidum poathu avar ulagalavil 192 vadhu uyarmatta ottraiyar tharavarisaiyai adainthaar, idhu 1986 ill adainthathu.

0000d4b56244099b41b1e70a1e56b2cc814665f94113bd59647379cb137243a7

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki?curid=239567

Albanië

Albanië Afrikaans. Etymology. From . Dutch. Etymology. From .

albania africans. byutpotti. poraa. dusch. byutpotti. poraa.

african bhasha. byutpatti. theke. dutch. byutpatti. theke.

african bhaasha. vyutpatti. maanthi. dutch. vyutpatti. maanthi.

albani africans. vyutpatti. seey. dutch. vyutpatti. seey.

albani africans. vyutpatti. ninda. dutch. vyutpatti. ninda.

aafrikkan bhashakal. padavyuthpathishaasthram. ninnu. dutch. padavyuthpathishaasthram. ninnu.

albani aafriketil. vyutpatti. pasoon. dutch. vyutpatti. pasoon.

albany africance. wyutpatti. batt. douch. wyutpatti. batt.

african bhasha. byutpatti. ru. douch. byutpatti. ru.

african bhasha. shabdawali. toon. dutch. shabdawali. toon.

albani-africans iti. vyutpattih. ityatah. dutch-deshah. vyutpattih. ityatah.

aaprikkaavaich saernthavargal. sorpirappiyal. irunthu. duchu. sorpirappiyal. irunthu.

albani africans. vyutpatti. nundi. dutch. vyutpatti. nundi.

afriqi zabaan. siftiyat. say. dich. siftiyat. say.

0000d56561620150f014c2b6ba2ba9d3e88f326682de87aff1935dd7264e5840

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32920228

Le songe d'une nuit d'été

Le songe d'une nuit d'été Le songe d'une nuit d'été ("A Midsummer Night's Dream") is an opéra-comique in three acts composed by Ambroise Thomas to a French libretto by Joseph-Bernard Rosier and Adolphe de Leuven. Although it shares the French title for Shakespeare's play, "A Midsummer Night's Dream", its plot is not based on the play. Shakespeare himself is a character in the opera as are Elizabeth I and Falstaff. Performance history. The opera was premiered on 20 April 1850 by the Opéra-Comique at the second Salle Favart in Paris. The role of Elizabeth was intended for Delphine Ugalde, who was too ill to sing at the premiere but later took over the part. English commentators often find certain aspects of the plot in questionable taste. However, the opera was very successful in France. It was revived at the Opéra-Comique on 22 September 1859 and again during the International Exposition of 1867 with Marie Cabel, Victor Capoul, Léon Achard, and Pierre Gailhard in the cast. A revised version was mounted on 17 April 1886 with Adèle Isaac as the Queen. According to "The New York Times" reviewer in Paris, she acted "with rare discretion and dignity, and the wide scope of the register taxed by the composer is wonderfully served by her natural voice, in which the low tones are as full and reliable as the upper notes are easy, sweet, and flutelike. Her perfect vocalization permits the wildest flights into the most elevated realm of stacatti and trill, while the many dramatic recitatives are just as well served by her sure instinct and by the homogeneous quality and range of her registers. From the beginning to the end, even in the taxation of the cadenze of the second act, her full, rich tones were as sure, as melodious, as velvety, and as flexible as if she were not accomplishing almost impossible feats of execution." The cast also included Victor Maurel as Shakespeare and the baritone Émile-Alexandre Taskin as "the stout, ponderous … Falstaff, and the extension of his voice permits him to give full value to the part originally written for a bass." Internationally, the opera was first performed in Liège on 24 March 1851, Brussels on 27 September 1851, New Orleans in 1851, and Frankfurt (in German) on 22 April 1852. In New York it was presented by the New Orleans company in French on 21 June 1852 at Niblo's Garden. It was not well received by the critic of the "Spirit of the Times" (26 June 1852), who wrote: "Queen Elizabeth, Falstaff, and Shakespeare are introduced under the most ridiculous circumstances, and in absurd relations to each other. We could forgive our Gallic friends for scandalizing Queen Bess and rendering fat Jack ridiculous, but to profane the memory of the sweet Swan of Avon by introducing his name into such balderdash is at once an insult to all who reverence him and an evidence that the French are wholly ignorant of his glorious works. Poor fellows!" The opera was first presented in English in New York on 15 October 1877 in a translation by M. A. Cooney. Other international first performances include Vienna (in German) on 12 January 1854, Berlin (in German) on 2 February 1854, Geneva in March 1854, Buenos Aires on 7 October 1854, Barcelona on 1 August 1868, Lisbon on 10 April 1878, Mexico on 24 April 1879, Padua (in Italian) on 24 February 1897, and Glasgow (in English as "A Poet's Dream", translated by W. B. Kingston) on 18 February 1898. Twentieth-century performances include a revival in Paris at the Trianon-Lyrique on 12 November 1915, one in Lille as late as 13 February 1936, and another in Brussels on 27 September 1937. The opera was revived (for the inauguration of the Channel Tunnel) on 7 May 1994 at the Théâtre Impérial de Compiègne by Pierre Jourdan and was later released on DVD. Setting: Sixteenth-century England Synopsis. Act 1. "The Tavern of the Siren in Richmond, London" In some unexplained way Queen Elizabeth and Olivia, her maid of honor, were separated from the royal cortège in the park at Richmond. Having been pursued by sailors, they take refuge in a tavern, where they find William Shakespeare, surrounded by his comrades, occupied in drinking. The Queen, who is masked, tries in vain to recall to the mind of the poet a sense of better things. He mocks at her preaching, and goes on drinking. Presently he rolls under the table, and presents a shocking spectacle of intoxication. Elizabeth orders Sir John Falstaff, governor of Richmond Palace, to transport Shakespeare to the park surrounding that palace. Act 2. "The park of Richmond Palace" It is night; the waters of the lake, the moonlight shining through the branches of the trees, the general effect of a deep forest, all combine to confuse the senses of Shakespeare upon his awakening. He hears harmonious sounds; presently he sees a white form, and a voice is heard. It is that of his muse, who reproaches him for his neglect and his threatened abandonment of her. The poet, instantly captivated by the apparition, soon perceives that his good genius is no other than a charming woman. He advances towards her, and Olivia, terrified by the situation in which the Queen has placed herself by impersonating the apparition, substitutes herself for her royal mistress. Latimer, an admirer of Olivia is nearby and having seen Shakespeare's responses, and despite the poet's protests, challenges him to a duel. The encounter takes place immediately, and after a few passes Latimer falls. Olivia is dismayed, and, joined by the Queen, betrays the royal incognita. Shakespeare, who believes that he has killed Lord Latimer, takes flight and throws himself into the river. He is fished out in a faint and carried to his lodgings. Act 3. "Whitehall Palace" The Queen orders Sir John and the other actors in this nocturnal comedy to forget everything that they have seen, and then sends for Shakespeare. The poet immediately imagines that the Queen is in love with him. He arrives transported with rapture and finds himself received and mocked as a dreamer. Elizabeth alone has pity upon his despair, and says to the poet: "But for you the events of this night shall be a dream to all the world," meaning, no doubt, that in that night's happenings the inspiration should be found for Shakespeare's exquisite fantasy, "A Midsummer Night's Dream". References. Notes <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> Sources

lo 'gaan di' niu di 'ete ley sunge di 'uno nuit di' ete ("grishmokalin nixar xopun") hoise embroise thomase rosona koraa tinita karjyor uporot thoka ek opera-komik ji jo 'seph-bernard ror "chir aaru edolphe di leuvenor dwara rosona koraa hoise. jodiu ee swexpiyaror naatok "e midxamor nights dream" ror baabe forasi xirunam bhag kore, iyar kahinitu natoktur uporot aadharito nohoy. swexpiyar nijei uperar etaa soritro, jene elizabeth aai aaru falstaf. prodorxonor itihax. uperatur prothom prodorxon 1850 sonor 20 aprilot perisor dwitiyo chell favertot upora-komike korisil. elijebethor bhumikatu delphin ugalder baabe aasil, ji primiyarot gaab porar baabe oti oxustho aasil kintu pisot ongxotu grohon korisil. ingraji bhaisyokarixokole praye kahinitur kisuman dix prosnojukto swadere bisari paay. obosye, franceot operatu oti xofol hoisil. 1859 sonor 22 septemborot upora-komikot aaru punor 1867 sonor antohrastriyo prodorxonir xomoyot meree kebel, victor kepul, lion assard aaru piyer gailhardor xoite iyak punorujjibito koraa hoisil. 1886 sonor 17 aprilot edele aizak rani hisape etaa xongxudhito xongskoron sthapon koraa hoisil. perisor "dyo nework times" ror porzaluchonakarir mote, teu "birol bibesona aaru morjyadare obhinoy korisil", aaru xurkare korr diya ponjiyonor bistrito porixortu teur swabhabik konthoswore asoritbhabe poriwexon korisil, zo 'too nimno sworbur uporor sworburor dore xompurno aaru nirbhorjugyo hoy. teur nikhut konthoswore ataitkoi uscho stor aaru trilor khetroloi bonyo bimanor onumoti diye, aanhate bohutu natokiyo abritti teur nischito probritti aaru teur rejistaror xomojatiyo guno aaru porixoror dwara bhaldore xewa aagborhai. aarombhonir poraa xexoloike, aanoki dwitiyo karjyor cadenger korot, teur xompurno, xomridho sworbur nischito aasil, xuriyar dore, mokhomolor dore, aaru nomoniyo zen teu mrityudondor pray oxombhob krititwo xompadon koraa nasil."obhineta-obhinetrixokolor bhitorot swexpiyaror rupot victor moo" rail aaru beritun emil-alexandro taskin "" dyo stout, tondaras "" ror rupotu aasil. .. falstaf, aaru teur konthosworor xomproxarone teuk mulotoh etaa bejor baabe likha ongxotuk xompurno mulyo diboloi onumoti diye." antohrastriyo porzayot, operatu prothombaror baabe 1851 sonor 24 marchot liz, 27 septemborot brachels, 1851 sonot niu orlins, aaru 22 april 1852-too frankfurt (german bhaxat) too poriwexon koraa hoisil. niuyorkot niu orlins companye forasit 21 june 1852-too nibolur bagisat uposthapon korisil. xomoyor aatma" (26 june 1852) ror xomalusokor dwara iyak bhaldore grohon koraa huwa nasil, jiye likhisiloh "rani elizabeth, falstaf aaru swexpiyarok ataitkoi haisyorxomulok poristhitit aaru ijone xijonor xoite ojouktik xomporkot porisoy koruwa hoy. aami aamar gaalik bondhuxokolok rani besok opobad diya aaru sorbir jaakok haisyorox korar baabe khyoma koribo paaru, kintu ene baldasot teur naamtu proborton kori evonor mitha hongxor smriti opobitro koratu eke xomoyote teuk xonman koraa xokolure baabe opoman aaru forasixokole teur gourobujjwol kamxomuhor bixoye xompurno ogyo buli proman kore. doridro bondhuxokol!"uperatu prothombaror baabe ingrajit niuyorkot 1877 sonor 15 octoborot em. ror dwara onubad kori uposthapon koraa hoisil. e. kuni. onyanyo antohrastriyo prothom prodorxonxomuhor bhitorot aase 1854 sonor 12 januaryt vienna (german bhaxat), 1854 sonor 2 februaryt barlin (german bhaxat), 1854 sonor marchot geneva, 1854 sonor 7 octoborot buyenus airs, 1868 sonor 1 aagostot barcheluna, 1878 sonor 10 aprilot lixbon, 1879 sonor 24 aprilot maxic ', 1897 sonor 24 februaryt paduwa (italy bhaxat), aaru ingrajit glaxogu (dobliu. bi. 1898 sonor 18 februaryt kingston). bingxo xotikar prodorxonxomuhor bhitorot 1915 sonor 12 novemborot trianon-lairikor perisot punorujjibito koraa, 1936 sonor 13 februaryr xexor faale lilir etaa, aaru 1937 sonor 27 septemborot brachelsot aan etaa. uperatu punorujjibito koraa hoisil (senel xurongor udwudhonor baabe) 1994 sonor 7 mey 'too piere jordanor thetre imperial di compigenot aaru pisot dividito mukoli koraa hoisil. xorangxo. 1 nong aain. "londonor rismondot thoka dyo towern owo dyo sairen" kichu osposto dhorone rani elizabeth aaru teur xonmaniyo daxi oliviak rismondor udyanot thoka rajokiyo cortageor poraa prithok koraa hoisil. nabikxokole onuxoron korar pisot, teuluke etaa xuraghorot aashroy loy, zo 'too teuluke uilium swexpiyarok paay, teur xohokormixokole aaguri aase, modyopanot byosto. mukha pindhi thoka raniye kobigorakir monot bhaal bostur ek onubhob monot pelai diboloi byortho chesta kore. teu taair prosarok upohax kore, aaru modyopan kori thaake. bortoman teu tebulor tolot ghuri aase, aaru nisajukto ek aasorit drishyo uposthapon korise. elizabeth rismond pelesor gowornor chaar john falstafok swexpiyarok xei praxador sariufalor udyanoloi loi juwar nirdex diye. aain 2. "rismond pelesor udyan" eitu nixa; hrodor paanee, gosor dalburor maajere jiliki thoka sondraluk, gobhir oronyor xadharon probhab, xokoluwe millie swexpiyaror setonak teur jagrot huwar uporot bibhranto kore. teu xurosporxomulok xobdo xunise; bortoman teu etaa bogaa rup dekhe, aaru etaa konthoswor xuna yaay. eitu teur monor kotha, jiye teuk teur owohela aaru teuk tyag korar bhabukir baabe ninda kore. ei drishyot totkhyonat aakorxito hoi kobigorakiye oti xunkalei onubhob kore je teur bhaal protibha egoraki aakorxoniyo mohilar baahire aan eku nohoy. teu taair faale aagbarhi yaay, aaru raniye nijoke prokax kori thoka poristhitit aatongkit hoi oliviai taair rajokiyo upopotnir xoloni nijoke loy. olivier premi letimar usorote aase aaru swexpiyaror xohari dekhi aase, aaru kobir protibador pisotu teuk dwondojudhor baabe proityahban jonay. ei mukhamukhi totkhyonat hoy, aaru keitaman pasor pisot letimar pore. olivia hotax hoy, aaru ranir xoite millie rajokiyo ogyatkormir xoite biswaxghatokota kore. swexpiyar, ji biswax kore je teu lord letimarok hotya korise, teu uri yaay aaru nijoke nodit pelai diye. teuk ek khyin owosthat dhori uliyai teur baxosthanoloi loi juwa hoy. aain 3. "whitehol praxad" raniye chaar john aaru ei nixar koutukor aan obhinetaxokolok teuluke dekha xokolubur paahori jaboloi aadex diye, aaru taar pisot swexpiyaror baabe pothiyai diye. kobigorakiye totkhyonat kolpona kore je ranigoraki teur premot porise. teu repsar loi aahe aaru nijoke grohon koraa aaru xopun dekha hisape upohax koraa dekha yaay. elijebethe teur hotaxar uporot xohanubhuti dekhuwai aaru kobik koyoh "kintu aapunar baabe ei nixar ghotonabur xomogro biswor baabe etaa xopun hoh 'bob", orthat, kunu xondeh naai je xei nixar ghotonaburot swexpiyaror utkristo kolponar baabe onuprerona puwa usit, "grishmokalin nixar xopun. proxongo. nutxomuh utxoxomuh

gantir gaan leey songe dii 'oon newt dii' etey ("ekti modhyo grisser raater swapno") holl josepha-bernard roseer ebong adloff dii leuvener dwara rachito ambrois thomas too ayee french libreto dwara rachito tinti abhinoyer ekti apera-comic. jodio etty shakespeare natoker jonno farasi shironam bhag korey niyeche, "ekti modhyo grisser raater swapno", err plot natoker upor vitti korey noy. shakespeare nijei operar ekti choritro jemon elizabeth aaee ebong falstuff. kormokhomotar itihas. aperati 20 april 1850 saale pyariser dwitiya salle faverte opera-comic dwara premiere koraa hoyechilo. elizabether bhumikati delphin ugalder jonno chhilo, jini premiere somoy gaan gaite khub oshustho chhilen kintu porey ongshoti grohon korechilen. ingrez bhashyokarra prayashai kothopokothoner kichhu dick sondehojonok swade khunje paan. tobey, aperati france khub sofol hoyechilo. 1859 saaler 22shhey septembara opera-komike ebong 1867 saaler antorjatik prodorshonite merry cabell, victor capul, lyon atchard ebong piyer gailharder saathe etty punorujjibito hoyechilo. 1886 saaler 17ee april runny hisabe adel isaker saathe ekti sangshodhito sanskaran sthapon koraa hoyechilo. pyariser "dya neu eork times" porjalochoker motey, tini biral bichokkhonota ebong morjadar saathe abhinoy korechilen ebong surkarer dwara corr dharjo nibondhoner bistrito sujogti taar swabhabik kontho dwara ashchorjojonokbhabe poribeshon koraa hoy, jekhane nimno swarguli tototai purno ebong nirbhorjoggo jotota uporer notguli sahaj, mishti ebong flutelike. taar nikhunt kanthaswar stuckatty ebong triller sabcheye unchu anchale bonno udangulike anumati deyo, jekhane onek natakiya abritti taar nischito probritti ebong taar register samajatiya gunoman ebong parisima dwara thhik temonyi poribeshon koraa hoy. shuru theke shesh porjonto, emonki dwitiya kaajer cadenzer korer khettreo, taar purno, samriddha surguli nischito chhilo, jemon surela, makhmaler moto ebong namanian chhilo jeno seey pray asambhab safalya orjon korchilo naa."abhinetader modhye shakespeare choritre victor murel ebong barritone emil-alexander tuskin" "dya stoot, tonders" "hisabe antarbhukta chhilo... falstuff ebong taar kanthaswarer samprasaran taake mulat ekti beser jonno lekha ongshotike sampurna mulya deoar anumati deyo." antorjatikbhabe, aperati prothom 1851 saaler 24shhey march liz-ayee, 27shhey septembara 1851 saale brassels-ayee, 1851 saale neu orleans-ayee ebong 22shhey april 1852 saale frankfurt (german bhasay)-ayee poribeshito hoy. neu iyarke etty 21shhey june 1852 saale neu orleans company dwara farasi bhasay niblo 'shha gardene uposthapito hoy. somoyer atma" (26 june 1852)-err somalochok etty bhalbhabe grohon korenni, jini likhechenoh "runny elizabeth, falstuff ebong shakespeareke sabcheye hasyokor poristhitite ebong eke oporer saathe ajouktik somporker modhye proborton koraa hoyeche. runny beske kolongkito korar jonno ebong phyata jacke hasyokor korar jonno amra amader gallic bondhuder khama korte paari, tobey eyi dharaner bulderdashe taar naam proborton korey avoner mishti rajhanser smritike apobitro koraa ekbare seii sokoler apoman jaaraa taake shroddha korey ebong ekti proman jey farasira taar gauravamaya kajguli somporke sampurna oggo. garib manush!"aperati prothom ingrezite neu iyarke 1877 saaler 15ee octobor emm dwara anubade uposthapon koraa hoyechilo. ayee. coney. anyanno antorjatik prothom prodorshonir modhye royeche 12ee januari 1854-ayee vienna (german bhasay), 2raa february 1854-ayee barlin (german bhasay), 1854-err march maase geneva, 7ee octobor 1854-ayee buenos ayres, 1laa august 1868-ayee barcelona, 10ee april 1878-ayee lisbon, 24shhey april 1879-ayee mexico, 24shhey february 1897-ayee padua (italiya bhasay) ebong glasgo (ingrezite "kobir swapno" hisabe, jaa dobleeu. bii. kingston) 18 february 1898 saale. bingsho shatabdir performancer modhye royeche 1915 saaler 12ee navembar trianon-lirike pyarise ekti punarujjiban, ekti 1936 saaler 13ee february lilite ebong onnoti 1937 saaler 27shhey septembara brasselse. aperati punorujjibito hoyechilo (channel sudanger udwodhoner jonno) 1994 saaler 7ee meey piyer jordaner theater imperial dii compigene ebong porey dvd-teey mukti paay. sarsongkhep. aain 1. "londoner richmonde dya teveron off dya sairen" "" kichhu abyakta upaye runny elizabeth ebong olivia, taar sammaniya poricharika, richmonder parker rajakiya court theke prithak hoye giechilo. nabikder dwara anusaran koraa holey, taaraa ekti saraikhana ashray neyo, jekhane taaraa uilium shakespeareke khunje paay, taar comrader dwara beshtito, modyopaner modhye byasto. runny, jini mukhoshdhari, kobir money arow vall jiniser anubhuti smaran korar jonno britha chesta corren. seey taar procharer upor upohas korey ebong madyapan korey. bortomane seey tabiler niche ghurche ebong nesher ekti mormantik drishya uposthapon korche. elizabeth richardmond prasader governor syara john falstafke shakespeareke seii prasader ashepasher parke niye yawar nirdesh deena. aain 2. "richmond palacer uddan" etty raat; hroder joll, gacher shakhagulir modhyo diye ujjal chaander alo, govir boner sadharan prabhab, soboi shakespeare indriyogulike taar jagoroner upor bibhranto korar jonno ekotrito korey. seey surela shobdo shunte paay; bortomane seey ekti saadaa roop dekhte paay ebong ekti kanthaswar shona yaay. etty taar monn, jey taar abohela ebong taake porityag korar humkir jonno taake tiroskar korey. cobby, tatkhonikbhabe eyi drishye mugdho hoye, shighroi bujhte paren jey taanr vall protibha ekjon akarshaniya mohila chhada arr keu noy. seey taar dike agrasar hoy, ebong olivia, jey poristhitite runny nijeke chhoddobesh dharon korey rekhechilen taate atongkito hoye, taar rajakiya upopotni hisabe nijeke protisthapon korey. olivier ekjon bhokto latimer kachakachii royechen ebong shakespeare protikriya dekhechen ebong kobir protibad sotteo taanke dwandwer sammukhin hotey bolechen. sangharshati abilambe ghote ebong koyek paaser porey latimer porey yaay. olivia hotash hoy, ebong ranir saathe jog diye rajakiya oggatporichoyke biswasghatokota korey. shakespeare, jini biswas corren jey tini lord latimerke hotya korechen, tini paliye zaan ebong nijeke nodiite feley deena. taake ekti agyan abosthai dhora hoy ebong taar thucker jaiga niye yawa hoy. aain 3. "hoaitahal prasad" runny syara john ebong eyi nishachar comedir anyanno abhinetader nirdesh deena jey taaraa jaa dekhechen taa bhule zaan ebong tarpore shakespeare kachhe pathan. cobby totkkhonat kalpana corren jey runny taanr preme porechen. seey rapture niye aase ebong nijeke ekjon swapnadrashta hisabe grohon ebong upohas koraa khunje paay. elizabeth ekai taar hotashar proti karuna prakash corren ebong kobir kachhe bolenoh "kintu upner jonno eyi raater ghotonaguli samasta bishwer kachhe ekti swapno hobey", jaar ortho, konao sandeha nei, jey seii raater ghotonagulite shakespeare chamatkar kalpana, "ekti modhyo grisser raater swapno"-err anuprerana pawa uchito. reference. note sootro

tame koinaa maate geet gano chho leey songe dii 'yune neut dii' aete ("unaalaani madhya raatrinu swapna") aee trana krutyomaa opera-comic chhe, jeey embroise thomas dwara joseph-bernard rossier aneey adolph dii leuven dwara french libretomaa rachvaamaa aavyu chhe. joke teey shakespearena naatak "aaa midsummer night 'saes dream" maate french sheershak dharaave chhe, tema chhataa teno kathaavastu naatak parr aadharit nathee. shakespeare pote operama elizabeth pratham aneey falstaff jevaa paatra chhe. pradarshanno itihas. operaanu premiere 20 april april roj opera-comic dwara pereesmaa beeja seela favourt khaate karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. elizabethni bhoomika delphin ugald maate hatee, jeey premiyarmaa gaava maate khoob beemar hatee parantu baadmaa teey bhaag leedho hato. angreji tikakaro ghanivaar kathaavastuna amuk paasao shankaspad swaadma shodhe chhe. joke, opera francemaa khoob jaj safal rahyu hatoo. 22 september september roj opera-comic khaate aneey fareethi fareethi aantarrashtriy pradarshan darmiyan meerii cabell, victor kepaul, lyon achard aneey pier galhard saathe tene punarjivit karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. sudharel sanskaran 17 april april roj edele isakne raanee tareeke sthaapit karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. pereesmaa "dhaa nyu york times" naa samikshak anusaar, temane "durlabh vivekbuddhi aneey garima saathe" abhinay karyo hato, aneey sangeetkaar dwara qara ladvama aavela nondhaayela shabdno vishaal avkaash temnaa koodarti avaaj dwara adbhut reete puuro padvama aave chhe, jemaa neecha swar jetla jaj sampoorn aneey vishvasneey hoya chhe tetalaa jaj upala swar saral, madhur aneey vaansali jevaa hoya chhe. teneenu sampoorn gaayan stekati aneey trilnaa sauthee unchaa kshetramaa jungley udaanone manjuri aape chhe, jyaare ghanaa naatkeey pathan teneeni chokkas vrutti dwara aneey teneena rajistarni sajateey gunvattaa aneey shrenee dwara saaree reete sevaa aape chhe. sharuaatthi anta sudhee, beeja adhiniyamnaa cadenzna karveraamaa pann, teneena sampoorn, samruddh suur etalaa jaj nishchit hataa, jetla madhur, makhmali aneey etalaa jaj lavcheek hataa keey jaane teey amalnaa lagbhag ashaky parakramne purn curry rahee naa hoya."kalakaroma shakespeare tareeke victor maurel aneey barriton emil-alexandre taskinno" "dhaa stout, tonders" "tareeke pann samaavesh thaay chhe"... falstaff, aneey tenaa avaajnu vistaran tene mulroope baas maate lakhaayela bhagne sampoorn moolya aapvani manjuri aape chhe." aantarrashtriy stare opera saupratham 24 march braselsamaa roj leejmaa, 27 september braselsamaa roj braselsamaa, braselsamaa roj nyu orleansma aneey 22 april juuna roj frankfurt (germanma) maan rajoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. newyorkma teey 21 juuna juuna roj nyu orleans kampani dwara franchmaa niblona bagichaamaa rajoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. spirit off dhaa times" (26 juuna 1852) naa vivechak dwara tene saaro pratisaad malyo naa hato, jemane lakhyu hatoo keh "raanee elizabeth, falstaff aneey shakespearene sauthee hasyaspad sanjogomaa aneey aekbeeja saathe vaahiyaat sambandhomaa rajoo karvaamaa aavyaa chhe. amey amara gaaleek meetrone raaneene badnam karvaa aneey charabinaa jackne hasyaspad banaavvaa maate maaf curry shakeeae chhiae, parantu aavaa baldardashmaa tenu naam dakhal kareene avonnaa meethee hansnee yaadne apveetra karvee aee badhaa maate apmaan chhe jeey tene aadar karey chhe aneey aek puraavo chhe keey french tenaa bhavya kaaryothi sampurnpane ajaan chhe. garib saatheeo!"opera saupratham 15 october october roj newyorkma angrejeemaa aema dwara anuvaadmaa rajoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. aee. koonee. anya aantarrashtriy pratham pradarshanmaa 12 january october roj vienna (germanma), 2 februari october roj berlin (germanma), march october roj geneva, 7 october october roj buenos ires, 1 august august roj barcelona, 10 april april roj lisban, 24 april april roj meksiko, 24 februari februari roj padua (italianma) aneey glassgo (angrejeemaa "kaveena swapna" tareeke doubleu. bii. kingsten) 18 februari februari roj. visamee sadeena pradarshanmaa 12 november november roj pereesmaa trianon-lyric khaate punrutthaanno samaavesh thaay chhe, aek 13 februari februari antamaa leeleema aneey beeju 27 september september roj braselsamaa. operaane 7 meey meey roj piyare jordana dwara threatrey imparial dii compigne khaate punarjivit karvaamaa aavyu hatoo (chenal tunnelnaa udghaatan maate) aneey baadmaa tene dvd parr rajoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. saransh. adhiniyam 1. "londonna richmandma sayarannee veeshee" ketalik naa samjaay tevee reete raanee elizabeth aneey olivia, teneeni sanmaannee nokarani, richmond khaatena udhyanma shaahee courtagethi alag thaee gayaa hataa. khalasio dwara pichho karvaamaa aavtaa, teo aek visheemaa aashray leey chhe, jyaan teo veeliyam shakespearene temnaa saathiothi gheraayela, daaru pivama vyast juae chhe. raanee, jeey dhankpichhodo paherelee hoya chhe, teey kaveena manmaa vadhu saaree vastuoni bhaavnaa yaad karvaano vyarth prayaas karey chhe. teey tenaa updeshni majaak udaave chhe aneey daaru peeto rahe chhe. haalmaa teey table neeche farato hoya chhe, aneey nashano aaghatjanak dekhaav rajoo karey chhe. elizabeth richmond pelesanaa governor surr john falstaffne shakespearene teey mahelnee aaspasna parkma laee javaano aadesh aapyo hato. adhiniyam 2. "richmond pelesanu udhyaan" teey raat chhe; talaavnu paanee, vrukshoni shakhaomathi chamakato chandraprakash, undaa jangalni saamanya assar, aaa badhaa shakespeareni indriyone tenaa jagruti parr munjhavanma mooke chhe. teey sumelbharya avaajo saambhale chhe; haalmaa teey aek safed swaroop juae chhe, aneey aek avaaj sambhalvama aave chhe. teey tenaa sangeetnu chhe, jeey tenee upeksha aneey teneene tyajee devani dhamki maate tene thapako aape chhe. kavee, tarat jaj aaa drashyathi moheet thaee jaay chhe, toonk samayma jaj samaje chhe keey tenee saaree pratibha aek mohak maheela sivaay beeju kanee nathee. teey tenee taraf aagad vadhe chhe, aneey raaniae potaane bhootni nakal kareene jeey paristhitimaa mookie chhe tenaathi durry gayelee olivia, potaani shaahee rakhaatni jagyae potaane badale mooke chhe. latimer, oliviana prashansak najikma chhe aneey shakespearena pratisaado joyaa chhe, aneey kaveena veerodh chhataa, tene dhvandhvayuddh maate padkaar aape chhe. encounter tarat jaj thaay chhe, aneey thodaa paas pachhi latimer padey chhe. olivia nirash thaay chhe, aneey raanee saathe jodaaine shaahee guptataane vishvaasghaat karey chhe. shakespeare, jeey maane chhe keey tene looard latimerne maaree nakhyo chhe, teey udaan bharey chhe aneey potaane nadimaa fenki deey chhe. tene bebhaan haalatmaa bahaar kadhvama aave chhe aneey tenaa rahethanma laee javama aave chhe. adhiniyam 3. "whitehall payless" raanee surr john aneey aaa nishachar komedeena anya kalakarone aadesh aape chhe keey teo jeey badhu joyu chhe teey bhooli jaay, aneey pachhi shakespearene mokale. kavee tarat jaj kalpanaa karey chhe keey raanee tenaa premmaa chhe. teey harshollas saathe aave chhe aneey potaane praapt thato aneey swapnadrashtaa tareeke majaak udaavto juae chhe. elizabeth ekalaa jaj tenee nirasha parr dayaa karey chhe, aneey kaveene kahe chheh "parantu tamara maate aaa raatnee ghatanao samagr vishva maate aek swapna hashe", etale keey, koee shankaa nathee, keey teey raatnee ghatanaoma shakespeareni utkrusht kalpanaa maate prernaa malvee joiae, "unaalaani madhya raatnu swapna". sandarbho. nondho stroto

ack geet key liye leey songe dee 'yoon neut dee' aite ("ack madhya garmi kii raat kaa sapana") teen krityon mein ack opera-comic haye jise ambrois thomas dwara joseph-bernard rossier aur adolph dee leuven dwara ack french libretto key liye rachit kiya gayaa haye. haalaanki yeh shekspeare key naatak "ack madhya garmi kii raat kaa sapana" key liye francisi sheershak saajha kartaa haye, lekin iska kathaanak naatak parr adharit naheen haye. shekspeare swayam opera mein ack charitra hain jaise kii elizabeth pratham aur falstaff. pradarshan kaa itihas. opera kaa premiere 20 aprail 1850 koo peris mein dusare saile favourt mein opera-comic dwara kiya gayaa thaa. elizabeth kii bhoomika delphin ugald key liye thee, joe premiere mein gaane key liye bahut beemar thee, lekin baad mein usane hissa leey liya. angreji tippanikar aksar kathaanak key kuchh pahaluon koo sandigdh swaad mein paate hain. haalaanki, opera france mein bahut safal rhaa. ise 22 sitambar 1859 koo opera-comic mein punarjeevit kiya gayaa thaa aur phir 1867 key antarrashtriya pradarshani key dauran mairi cabell, victor kaipaul, lyon achard aur kalakaron mein pier gelhard key saath. ack sanshodhit sanskaran 17 aprail 1886 koo raani key roop mein edele isaq key saath sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. peris mein "dha nyu york times" sameekshak key anusaar, unhone durlabh vivek aur garima key saath abhinay kiya, aur sangeetkaar dwara curr lagaae gaye register kaa vyaapak daira unaki praakritik aavaaj dwara adbhut roop seey parosa jaataa haye, jisamen nichale swar utane hii poorna aur vishvasaniya hotey hain jitna kii oopari swar aasaan, madhur aur bansuri jaise hotey hain. unakaa sahee mukharta sabse oonche kshetra mein jangli udaanon kii anumati detee haye, jabaki kaee naatakiya paath unaki nishchit pravritti aur unake rajistaron kii sajaatiya gunavatta aur seema dwara achchi tarah seey parose jaate hain. shuru seey anta taka, yahaan taka kii dusare adhiniyam key cadenz key karadhan mein bhee, unake poorna, samriddh swar utane hii nishchit they, utane hii madhur, utane hii makhmali aur utane hii lacheele they jaise kii vaha nishpaadan key lagbhag asambhav karnamon koo puuraa naheen curr rahee thee."kalakaron mein shekspeare key roop mein victor maurel aur" "dha stout, tonders" "key roop mein barritone emel-alexandre taskin bhee shamil they... falstaff, aur unaki aavaaz kaa vistaar unhein mool roop seey ack baas key liye likhe gaye hisse koo puuraa moolya dene kii anumati detaa haye." antarrashtriya star parr, opera pahali baar 24 march 1851 koo lease mein, 27 sitambar 1851 koo brussels mein, 1851 mein nyu orleans mein aur 22 aprail 1852 koo frankfurt (german mein) mein prastut kiya gayaa thaa. newyork mein ise 21 juuna 1852 koo niblo key bageeche mein french mein nyu orleans company dwara prastut kiya gayaa thaa. usa samay kii bhavna" (26 juuna 1852) key aalochak ney ise achchi tarah seey sweekaar naheen kiya, jinhone likhaah "raani elizabeth, falstaff aur shekspeare koo sabse hasyaspad paristhitiyon mein pesh kiya gayaa haye, aur ack dusare key saath betuke sambandhon mein. humm apane pitti mitron koo raani bases koo badnam karane aur motaa jack hasyaspad banaane key liye maaf curr sakate hain, lekin avon key meethe huns kii smriti koo iss tarah key balderdash mein pesh karna una sabhi kaa upman haye joe uska sammaan karate hain aur ack saboot haye kii francisi unake shandar karyon seey poori tarah seey anjaan hain. garib saathi!"opera pahali baar 15 octuber 1877 koo newyork mein angreji mein aim dwara anuvaad mein prastut kiya gayaa thaa. aeye. cooney. anya antarrashtriya pradarshanon mein 12 janwari 1854 koo vienna (german mein), 2 farwari 1854 koo berlin (german mein), march 1854 mein jineva, 7 octuber 1854 koo buenos aayars, 1 agast 1868 koo barcelona, 10 aprail 1878 koo lisban, 24 aprail 1879 koo mexico, 24 farwari 1897 koo padua (italvi mein) aur glassgo (angreji mein ack kavi key sapane key roop mein) shamil hain, jinka anuvaad doubleu. bee. kingsten) 18 farwari 1898 koo. beesavin shatabdi key pradarshanon mein 12 navambar 1915 koo trannon-lyric mein peris mein ack punruddhar shamil haye, ack 13 farwari 1936 key anta mein lilly mein, aur doosara 27 sitambar 1937 koo brussels mein. opera koo 7 maee 1994 koo piyare jorden dwara threatrey imperial dee compiagon mein punarjeevit kiya gayaa thaa (channel surang key udghaatan key liye) aur baad mein ise dvd parr jaari kiya gayaa thaa. saransh. adhiniyam 1. "landan key richmond mein cyron kaa bhojanalaya" kuchh aspasht tareeke seey raani elizabeth aur olivia, unaki sammaanit naukarani, richmond mein park mein shaahi court seey alag hoe gaye they. naavikon dwara peechha kiye jaane key baad, way ack saraay mein sharan lete hain, jahan way villium shekspeare koo apane sathiyon seey ghire hue, sharaab peene mein vyast paate hain. raani, joe nakabposh haye, kavi key dimag mein behtar cheejon kii bhavna koo yaad karane kii vyarth koshish karati haye. vaha usake prachaar kaa mazaak udaataa haye, aur sharaab peetaa rahata haye. vartamaan mein vaha mez key neeche ludhak jaataa haye, aur nashe kaa ack chaunkaane vaalaa tamasha prastut kartaa haye. elizabeth ney richmond palace key governor surr johnn falstaff koo adesh diyaa kii way shekspeare koo usa mahal key aspas key park mein leey jaaen. adhiniyam 2. "richmond palace kaa udyaan" yeh raat haye; jheel kaa paani, pedon kii shaakhaon key madhyam seey chamakati chandrama kii roshni, ack gahare jangal kaa samanya prabhaav, sabhi milkar shekspeare kii indriyon koo unake jaagaran parr bhramit karate hain. vaha saamanjasyapurna aavaazen sunata haye; vartamaan mein vaha ack safed roop dekhta haye, aur ack aavaaz sunee jaati haye. yeh usaki bhavna haye, joe usaki upeksha aur usey chhodane kii dhamki key liye usey fatkaar lagaati haye. kavi, joe turant bhoot seey mohit hoe jaataa haye, jald hii samajh jaataa haye kii usaki achchi pratibha ack aakarshak mahila key alawa aur koee naheen haye. vaha usaki or badhata haye, aur olivia, usa sthiti seey bhayabheet haye jisamen raani ney khud koo bhoot kaa pratiroop banaakar rakhaa haye, apani shaahi malkin key liye khud koo pratisthaapit karati haye. latimer, joe olivia kaa prashansak haye, paas mein haye aur shekspeare kii pratikriyaon koo dekhane key baad, aur kavi key virodh key bavjood, usey dwandwayuddh key liye chunauti detaa haye. muthbhed turant hoti haye, aur kuchh paas key baad latimer gir jaataa haye. olivia nirash hoe jaati haye, aur raani key saath milkar shaahi agyaat koo dhokha detee haye. shekspeare, joe maanata haye kii usane lord latimer koo maar daala haye, udaan bharata haye aur khud koo nadee mein fenk detaa haye. usey ack behosh mein pakada jaataa haye aur usake awas mein leey jaaya jaataa haye. adhiniyam 3. "whitehall mahal" raani surr johnn aur iss nishaachar comedy key anya abhinetaon koo adesh detee haye kii way sub kuchh bhool jaaen joe unhone dekhaa haye, aur phir shekspeare koo bhejen. kavi turant kalpana kartaa haye kii raani usase pyaar karati haye. vaha harshollas key saath pahunchata haye aur khud koo ack sapane dekhane vaale key roop mein praapt aur upahaasit paataa haye. akele elizabeth koo hii usaki nirasha parr dayaa aatee haye, aur vaha kavi seey kahati haih "lekin aapke liye iss raat kii ghatanaaen poori duniya key liye ack sapana hongi", jiska arth haye, koee sandeh naheen, kii usa raat kii ghatnaaon mein shekspeare kii utkrisht kalpana key liye prerana milani chaahiye, "ack madhya garmi kii raat kaa sapana. sandarbh. notes srot

ee haadugalu leey saange dii 'yun neut dii' ete ("besigeya madhyada ratriya kanasu") embudu joseph-bernard rossier mattu adolph dii luven avarinda french libretoge ambrois thamus rachisida mooru krutigalalli opera-kaamik aagide. idu shakespearen nataka "aa midsummer nites dream" ge french shirshikeyannu hanchikondaru, adara kathaavastuvu naatakavannu adharisilla. shakespeare swatah operaadallina elizabeth aii mattu fallstaff patravagide. pradarshanada itihaasa. ee operaavannu 1850rahra april 20randu parisna eradane salle favourtnalli opera-kaamik prathama pradarshana needitu. elizabeth patravu delphin ugaldegagi uddeshisalaagittu, avaru prathama pradarshanadalli hadalu tumba anarogyadinda balaluttiddaru aadare nantara aaa bhagavannu vahisikondaru. inglish vyakhyanakararu kathaavastuvina kelavu amshagalannu prashnarha abhiruchiyalli kandukolluttaare. aadaagyoo, ee opera fransonalli bahala yashasviyaayitu. 1859rahra september 22randu opera-kaamiknalli mattu 1867rahra antararashtriya pradarshanada samayadalli merrie cabell, victor capoul, lyon archard mattu pier gailhard patravargadondige idannu punarujjeevanagolisalaayitu. 1886rahra april 17randu, adele isaq raniyagi, parishkruta aavruttiyannu alavadisalaayitu. parisna "dhii newyork times" vimarshakara prakara, avaru "aparoopada vivechane mattu ghanateyondige" natisidaru, mattu samyojakarinda terige vidhisalaada nondaniya vyapaka vyaaptiyannu aakeya naisargika dhwaniyu adbhutavaagi pooraisuttade, idaralli kadime svaragalu poornavaagiruttave mattu vishvaasaarhavaagiruttave melina svaragalu sulabha, sihiyagiruttave mattu flutelic aagiruttave. aakeya paripurna gaayanavu atyanta ettarada pradeshavaada stockatty mattu trilge atyanta vilakshanavaada haaraatagalannu anumatisuttade, aadare aneka natakiya pathanagalu aakeya khachitavaada pravrutti mattu aakeya registergala ekaroopada gunamatta mattu vyaaptiyinda uttamavaagi kaaryanirvahisuttave. aarambhadinda koneyavarege, eradane krutiya cadenzan terigeyalloo saha, avala purna, srimanta svaragalu khachitavaagiddavu, sumadhuravaagiddavu, velvetiyante mattu avalu bahuteka asaadhyavaada kaaryagalannu saadhisadiddante hondikolluvantittu."patravargadalli shakespearen patradalli victor maurel mattu barritone emil-alexandre taskin" "dhii stout, tanders" "aagiddaru"... fallstaff, mattu avana dhwaniya vistaraneyu moolatah basgagi bareyalaada bhagakke purna moulyavannu needalu anuvu maadikoduttade." antaaraashtriya mattadalli, ee operaavannu modala baarige 1851rahra march 24randu lease, 27 september 1851randu brasels, 1851ralli nyoo orleans mattu 1852rahra april 22randu frankfurtnalli pradarshisalaayitu. newyorknalli idannu frenchina nyoo orleans kampaniyu 1852rahra zoon 21randu niblose gardennalli prastutapadisitu. idannu "aaa kaalada chaitanya" dha vimarshakaru (zoon 26,1852) chennagi sweekarisalilla, avaru barediddaareh "raani elizabeth, fallstaff mattu shakespeare avarannu atyanta haasyaaspada sandarbhagalalli parichayisalaagide, mattu paraspara asambaddha sambandhagalalli. raani bess avarannu apakirtigolisiddakkagi mattu fyaat jack annu haasyaaspadavaagisiddakgi naavu namma gallic sneehitarannu kshamisabahudu, aadare antaha balderdashge avana hesarannu parichayisuva moolaka evanna sihi hamsada smaraneyannu apavitragolisuvudu avanannu gouravisuva ellarigoo avamaanavaagide mattu french avana vaibhavada krutigala bagge sampoornavaagi agnaani embudakke saakshiyaagide. badavaraada hudugare!"operaavannu modala baarige inglishnalli newyorknalli 1877rahra october 15randu emm. aa. coney. itara antaaraashtriya modala pradarshanagalalli janavari 12,1854 randu vienna (german bhasheyalli), phebravari 2,1854 randu burlin (german bhasheyalli), march 1854 ralli geneeva, october 7,1854 randu buenos airs, august 1,1868 randu barcelona, april 10,1878 randu lisban, april 24,1879 randu mexico, phebravari 24,1897 randu paduwa (italian bhasheyalli), mattu glasgo (inglishnalli kaviya kanasu endu anuvaadisalaagide. bii. kingston) 18 phebravari 1898 randu. ippattane shatamaanada pradarshanagalalli 1915rahra november 12randu trainon-lirikeyalli parisonalli nadeda punarujjeevana, 1936rahra phebravari 13rahra koneyalli lilleyalli nadeda ondu mattu 1937rahra september 27randu braselsonalli nadeda mattondu pradarshanagalu serive. operaavannu (channel surangada udghaatanege) 1994rahra mayee 7randu pier jourdon avara theatrey imperial dii kampigennalli punarujjeevanagolisalaayitu mattu nantara dividiyalli bidugade maadalaayitu. saramsha. act 1. "london richmandnalliruva dhii towern off dhii sairan" kelavu vivarisalaagada reetiyalli raani elizabeth mattu aakeya gouravaanvita daasiyaada olivia avarannu richmandnalliruva udyaanavanada rajamanetanada angaladinda berpadisalaayitu. naavikaru avarannu bennattida nantara, avaru ondu hotelinalli ashraya padeyuttaare, allie avaru vilium shakespeare avarannu kandukolluttaare, avara odanaadigalinda suttuvarididdaare, madyapaanadalli nirataraagiddaare. mukhwada dharisiruva raani, kaviya manassinalli uttama vishayagala pragneyannu nenapisikollalu vyarthavaagi prayatnisuttaale. avanu aakeya upadeshavannu apahasya maaduttaane mattu madyapana maaduttale iruttaane. prastuta aata mejina kelage suttuttaane mattu maadaka dravyada aghatakari drashyavannu prastutapadisuttaane. shakespearenannu aaa aramaneya suttamuttalina udyaanavanakke sagisalu elizabeth, richard aramaneya governor surr zaan fallstafge adeshisuttale. act 2. "" "dhii park off richmond palace" "" idu ratri; sarovarada neeru, maragala kombegala moolaka holeyuva chandrana belaku, aalavaada kaadina saamaanya parinama, ivellavoo saeri shakespearen indriyagalannu avana jagrutiya mele gondalagolisuttave. aata saamarasyada shabdagalannu keluttaane; prastuta aata bili roopavannu noduttaane mattu ondu dhwaniyannu kelalaaguttade. tanna nirlakshyakkagi mattu avalannu tyajisuva bedarikegaagi avanannu dooshisuvude avana chintaneya vishayavaagide. aaa drashyadinda takshanave aakarshitaraada kavi, tanna uttama pratibhe akarshaka mahileyallade berenu alla endu shighradalle grahisuttaane. avanu avala kadege munnadeyuttaane, mattu raani tannannu taanu kanisikolluva sthitiyinda bhayabheetaraada olivia, tanna rajamanetanada preyasige badaliyaagi tannannu taanu badalisikolluttaale. oliviyaada abhimaniyada latimer hattiradalliddu, shakespearen pratikriyegalannu nodidanu mattu kaviya pratibhatanegala horataagiyoo, avanannu dvandvayuddhakke savaalu hakidanu. encounter takshanave nadeyuttade, mattu kelavu pasgala nantara latimer beeluttade. olivia niraashegondalu, mattu raniyondige saeri, raaja guptateyannu vanchisuttaale. taanu lard latimer nannu kondiddene endu nambuva shakespeare, odihogi nadiyalli tannannu taanu eseyuttaane. avanannu moorcheyalli hidiyalaaguttade mattu avana vasatigruhagalige karedoyyalaaguttade. act 3. "white haal aramane" raani surr zaan mattu ee ratriya haasyadallina itara natarige avaru nodida ellavannoo maretu nantara shakespearige kaluhisuvante adeshisuttare. raani tannannu pritisuttaale endu kavi takshanave uhisuttaane. avanu harshodgaaradondige saagisalpaduttaane mattu tannannu taanu sweekarisikondiddannu mattu kanasannu kandavanante apahasya maadiruvudannu kandukolluttaane. elizabeth obbale tanna hataasheya mele karune toruttaane mattu kaviyavarige heege heluttaaleh "aadare nimage ee ratriya ghatanegalu idee jagattige ondu kanasaagiruttave", andare, aaa ratriya ghatanegalli shakespearen sogasaada kalpanegaagi sphurti sigabeku embudaralli sandehavilla, "besigeya madhyada kanasina kanasu". ullekhagalu. tippanigalu moolagalu

oru puthiya divasam leeii songe dii 'yun newt dii' ette ("oru venalkkaala raathriyude swapnam") joseph-bernard rossier adolph dii luvan chernnu ambroise thomas oru franch librattoikku rachicha moonnu kruthikalulla oru opera-komikkaanu. shakespeareude naadakamaaya "eiii midu summer naitts dream" enna franch thalakkett ithu pankidunnundenkilum, athinte ithivritham naadakatthe adisthaanamaakkiyullathalla. elisabath onnaaman, falstaaf ennivareppole shakespeare oopparayile oru kathapaathramaanu. prakadana charithram. 1850 epril 20 nuu paareesile second saale favartil ooppara-comic eee oopparayude pradarshanam nadatthi. premiyaril paadaan kazhiyaatha vidhathil asukhabaadhithanaayirunna delphin ugaldeyude vesham elisabathinte vesham aayirunnu, ennaal pinneedu aaa vesham etteduthu. engleesh niroopakar palappozhum ithivrithathinte chila vashangal samshayaaspadamaaya abhiruchiyil kandethunnu. ennirunnaalum, fraansil ooppara valare vijayakaramaayirunnu. 1859 septambar 22 nuu opera-komikkilum 1867 leeii anthaaraashtra pradarshanatthilum merii cabell, victor kapol, liyon achard, piyar gailhard ennivar abhinayichukondu ithu punarujjeevippichu. 1886 epril 17 nuu adele isak raajnjiyaayi oru parishkaricha pathipp sthaapichu. paareesile "newyork times" niroopakan parayunnathanusarichu, avar "apoorva vivechanaadhikaarathodum anthassode koodi" pravarthichu, koodaathe samgeethasamvidhaayakan nikuthi chumathunna rajisttarinte vishalamaaya vyaapthi avalude swaabhaavika shabdathaal athbhuthakaramaayi sevikkunnu, athil thaazhnna tonukal poornnavum vishwasaneeyavumaanu. avalude thikanja shabdaprayogam ettavum uyarnna stakatti, trill mekhalakalilekku ettavum krooramaaya parakkalukal anuvadikkunnu, athesamayam niravadhi naadakeeya paarayanangal avalude urappulla sahajavabodhavum avalude rajisttarukalude ekeekritha gunanilavaaravum shreniyum nannayi sevikkunnu. thudakkam muthal avasaanam vare, randaamathe aaktinte cadensinte nikuthiyil polum, avalude poornnavum sambannavumaaya svarangal urappullathum, maduramullathum, velvetti pole, aval nadappaakkunnathinte asaadhyamaaya nettangal kaivarikkaathathupole vazhakkamullathumaayirunnu."shakespeareyi victor morel" "dhii stautt, tonderes" "aayi baaritton emily-alexandre tasksin abhinethaakkalil ulppedunnu"... falstaf addehathinte shabdathinte vipuleekaranavum oru bassinaayi aadyam ezhuthiya bhaagathinu poornna moolyam nalkaan addehathe anuvadikkunnu." anthaaraashtra thalatthil, 1851 march 24 nuu leejilum 1851 septambar 27 nuu brasselsilum 1851 epril 22 nuu nyoo orliyansilum (jarmman bhashayil) frankfurtilum ooppara aadyamaayi avatharippichu. newyorkkil 1852 juun 21 nuu nyoo oorliyans kambani franch bhashayil ithu avatharippichu. aaa kaalathe aathmaav" ennathine vimarshichavar (1852 juun 26) ithine vendavidham sweekarichirunnilla, addeham ezhuthi "elisabath raajnjiyum falstaf shakespeare ettavum parihasyamaaya saahacharyangalilum parasparam asambandhamaaya bandhangalilum parichayappeduthappettavar. kween besine apakeerthippeduthiyathiyum phaatt jacq parihasyamaakkiyathinum nammude gallic suhruthukkalodu namukk shamikkaam, ennaal atharam balderdashil avante peru avatharippichu avante madhuramulla hamsathinte oormmaye ashudhamaakkunnathu addehathe bahumaanikkunna ellaavareyum apamaanikkunnathaan, koodaathe franchukaar addehathinte mahathaaya pravarthanangalekkurichu poornnamaayum anjaraanu ennathinte thelivaanu. pavam koottukaar!"1877 october 15 nuu newyorkkil emm. aarr. aarr. ennayaalude vivarthanathilaan ooppara aadyamaayi engleeshil avatharippichathu. eiii. koonii. 1854 januvari 12 nuu vienna (jarmman bhashayil), 1854 februvari 2 nuu berlin (jarmman bhashayil), 1854 maarchil jeneeva, 1854 october 7 nuu buenous airs, 1868 august 1 nuu barsalona, 1878 epril 10 nuu lisbon, 1879 epril 24 nuu meksikoo, 1897 februvari 24 nuu paduva (itaaliyan bhashayil), 1897 februvari 24 nuu dablyu vivarthanam cheytha "oru kaviyude swapnam" enna nilayil glasgo (engleeshil) ennivayaanu mattu anthaaraashtra aadya prakadanangal. bii. kingsttan) 1898 februvari 18nuu. irupathaam noottaandile prakadanangalil 1915 november 12 nuu trianon-lyricile paareesile punarujjeevanavum 1936 februvari 13 nuu lilleyilum 1937 septambar 27 nuu brasselsilum mattonn ulppedunnu. 1994 meyy 7 nuu piyar jorden theattar imperial dii kompiyagneyil ooppara punarujeevippikkukayum pinneedu dvdyil purathirakkukayum cheythu. sangraham. niyamam 1. "landanile richmandile sairan bhakshanashala" chila vishadeekarikkappedaatha reethiyil elisabath raajnjiyum avalude oonar velakkariyaaya oliviyayum richmandile paarkkile rajakeeya courtagil ninnu verpettu. naavikar pinthudarnna avar oru bhakshanashalayil abhayam thedukayum avide thante sakhaakkalaal chuttapetta vilyam shakespeare madyapikkunnathaayi kandethukayum cheiyunnu. mukhammoodi dharicha raajnji kaviyude manassil mechappetta kaaryangalude oru bodham ormmippikkaan vyarthamaayi shramikkunnu. avan avalude prasamgatthe parihasikkukayum madyapikkukayum cheiyunnu. ippol avan meshaykkadiyil urundukondu lahariyude njettikkunna oru kazhcha avatharippikkunnu. shakespeare aaa kottaarathinu chuttumulla paarkkilekk kondupokaan richmond kottaaratthile gavarnaraaya sarr joonn falstaffinode elisabath utharavittu. act 2. "richmond kottaaratthinte paarkk" ithu raathriyaan; thadaakatthile vellam, marangalude shaakhakaliloode thilangunna chandraprakasham, aazhathilulla vanathinte pothuvaaya prabhavam ennivayellaam chernnu shakespearinte unarvil indriyangale aashayakkuzhappathilaakkunnu. avan souhaarddaparamaaya shabdangal kelkkunnu; ippol avan oru velutha roopam kaanunnu, oru shabdam kelkkunnu. avante avagananaykkum avale upekshikkumennu bheeshanippeduthiyathinum avane nindikkunnathu avante myoosintethaanu. thante nalla prathibha oru aakarshakayaaya sthreeyallathe mattonnumallenn aaa drishyathil aakrishtanaaya kavi taamasiyaathe manassilakkunnu. avan avalude aduthekku neengunnu, raajnji prathyakshanaayi svayam nirtthiya saahacharyathil bhayann oliviya avalude rajakeeya yajamaanathikk pakaram svayam maarunnu. oliviyayude aaraadhakanaaya laattimar aduthaanu, shakespeareude prathikaranangal kandukond, kaviyude athirppukalkkidayilum, oru yudhathinu addehathe velluvilikkunnu. ettumuttal udan thanne nadakkukayum kurachu kadannukalkk sesham laattimar veezhukayum cheiyunnu. oliviya niraasanaakukayum raajnjiyodoppam chernnu rajakeeya anjjaathane vanchikkukayum cheiyunnu. thaan laattimar prabhuvine konnuvennu vishwasikkunna shakespeare parannuyarnnu nadiyilekku svayam eriyunnu. avane oru mayakkathil pidikoodi thante thaamasasthalathekku kondupookunnu. niyamam 3. "whitehall kottaram" raajnji sarr joninodum eee rathrikaala komadiyile mattu abhinethaakkalodum avar kandathellaam marakkaan utharavidukayum thudarnnu shakespeare ayaykkukayum cheiyunnu. raajnji thannodu pranayathilaanennu kavi udan sangalppikkunnu. avan aaveshathode athicherukayum oru swapnakkaaranaayi sweekarikkappedukayum parihasikkappedukayum cheiyunnu. elisabathinu maathram addehathinte nirashayil sahathaapamund, kaviyodu parayunnu "ennaal eee raathriyile sambhavangal ningalkk lokamembaadum oru swapnamaayirikkum", athaayath, aaa raathriyile sambhavangalil shakespearinte athimanoharamaaya faantasikku prachodanam kandethanam ennathil samshayamilla, "oru venalkkaala raathriyude swapnam". paraamarshangal. kurippukal srothassukal

eka naveen parvatil ganee leey songe dii 'yun neut dii' ete ("unhalyachya madhyatil ratriche swapna") hii joseph-bernard rossier aanee edolph dii leuven yanni tayar kelelya teen krutinpaiki eka opera-comic aahe. jaree shakespearechya 'aaa midsomer nite' sha dream 'yaa natakache french shirshak tyat samayik asale, taree tyache kathanak yaa natkavar aadharit nahee. shakespeare swatah operamadhil eka patra aahe, tasech elizabeth pahili aanee falstaff aahet. kamgiricha itihas. opera-komikdware 20 april 1850 roji parismadhil agadi salley faywartmadhye auperacha pratham pradarshan karnyat aala. elizabethchi bhoomika delphine ugaldesathi hotee, jee pratham pradarshanat ganyasathi khoop aajari hotee parantu nantar tine tee bhoomika sweekarli. ingraji bhashyakaranna kathankatil kahee pailu anekada sanshayaspad vatatat. tathapi, aupera francemadhye khoop yashasvi jhaala. 22 september 1859 roji opera-comicmadhye aanee punha 1867 chya aantarrashtriy pradarshanadarmyan kalakaranmadhye merrie cabell, victor capole, lyon echard aanee pier gelhards tyache punarujjivan karnyat aale. 17 april 1886 roji edele isaq hii ranee mhanoon sudharit aavrutti basavanyat aalee. parismadhil 'daad newyork times' chya samikshakanusar, tine 'durmil vivekbuddhine aanee sanmanane' kaam kele aanee sangitkarane curr aakarlelya nondinchya vistrut vyaptila tichya naisargik aavajane aashcharyakarakpane seva dilee aahe, jyamadhye khalchya swaranche swar titkech purn aanee vishvasarh aahet jitke varchya swaranche swar sope, god aanee basarisarkhe aahet. tichya paripoorn gayanamule stacketty aanee trilchya sarvat unch kshetrat sarvat jaast udya udavata yetat, tarr anek natyamay gayan tichya nishchit antahpreranedware aanee tichya nondinchya eksandh gunavattedvare aanee shrenidware agadi changlya prakare vaparale jaatat. agadi suruvatipasun shevatparyant, agadi agadi krutichya cadenzchya curr aakaranimadhyehi, tiche purn, samruddha swar titkech nishchit, titkech madhur, makhmali aanee titkech lavchik hote, jase qee tee jawaljawal ashakya kamgiri purn karat nahee."kalakaranmadhye shakespearechya bhoomiket victor maurel aanee baritone emil-aleksandre taskincha" "daad stout, tunderes" "mhanoon samavesh hota"... falstaff aanee tyachya aavajacha vistar tyala moolatah basasathi lihilelya bhagala purn moolya denyas anumati deto." aantarrashtriy staravar, opera pahilyanda lease yethe 24 march 1851 roji, braseels yethe 27 september 1851 roji, nyu orleans yethe 1851 madhye aanee frankfurt yethe (german bhashet) 22 april 1852 roji sadar karnyat aala. newyorkmadhye nyu orleans companyne 21 juuna 1852 roji niblochya baget french bhashet sadar keela. spirit auph daad time' chya tikakarane (26 juuna 1852) yala changla pratisad deela nahee, jyane lihileh 'ranee elizabeth, falstaff aanee shakespeare yanchi olakh sarvat hasyaspad paristhitit aanee ekmekanshi nirathak sambandhanmadhye jhaali aahe. queen besachi badnami kelyabaddal aanee fatt jacquela hasyaspad banavalyabaddal aapan aaplya gallic mitranna maaf karoo shakato, parantu asha balderdshmadhye tyache naav samavisht karoon evonchya god hanschi aathvan apavitra karane haah ekach velee tyacha aadar aadar sarvancha upman aahe aanee french tyachya gauravshali karyambaddal purnapane adnyani aahet yacha purava aahe. garib mitranno!"15 aktoobar 1877 roji newyorkmadhye emm. chya anuvadat hii aupera pahilyanda ingerjit sadar karnyat aalee. aaa. cooney. itar aantarrashtriy pahilya sadarikarananmadhye 12 janewari 1854 roji vienna (germanmadhye), 2 februwari 1854 roji berlin (germanmadhye), march 1854 madhye jineva, 7 aktoobar 1854 roji buenos ires, 1 august 1868 roji barcelona, 10 april 1878 roji lisban, 24 april 1879 roji mexico, 24 februwari 1897 roji padua (italianmadhye) aanee glassgo (ingrajimadhye 'kavinche swapna' mhanoon, jyacha anuvad doubleu. buub. kingsten) 18 februwari 1898 roji. visavya shatkatil sadarikarananmadhye 12 november 1915 roji parismadhil trianon-lyric yetheel punarujjivan, 13 februwari 1936 roji lilimadhye eka aanee 27 september 1937 roji braselsmadhye dusare punarujjivan yancha samavesh aahe. 7 meey 1994 roji piyare jorden yanni theater imperial dii compigney yethe auperache punarujjivan kele (vahini bogdyachya udghatanasathi) aanee nantar too devidiver pradarshit karnyat aala. saransh. kayada 1. "londonchya richmandmadhil cyronchi bhojanshala" kahee naan spasht jhalelya prakare ranee elizabeth aanee tichi sanmananiy dasee olivia yanna richmond yetheel udyanatil shahee prantapasoon vegale karnyat aale. navikanni pathlag kelyanantar, teey eka vihireet aashray ghetat, jithe tyanna vilyam shakespeare aadhalato, joou tyachya sathidaranni vedhalela, madyapanat vyagra aahe. mukhavata ghataleli ranee, kavichya manat changlya goshtinchi bhavna aathavanyacha vyarth prayatna karate. too tichya pracharavar vinod karato aanee daroo pitt rahato. sadhya too tablakhali firat asato aanee nasheche eka dhakkadayak drushya sadar karato. elizabethne richardmand palaceche governor surr johnn falstaff yanna shakespearela tyaa rajvadyachya sabhovatalachya udyanat nenyache aadesh dile. adhiniyam 2. "richmond palaceche udyan" tee ratra aahe; talavache paanee, zadanchya fandyanmadhun chamkanara chandroday, khol jangalatil samanya parinam, heey serve miloon shakespearechya jagrutatevar indriyanna gondhalat taktat. too susanvadi aavaj aikato; sadhya tyala eka pandhare roop disate aanee eka aavaj aikoo yeto. tyachya durlakshabaddal aanee teela sodoon denyachi dhamki dilyabaddal tyachi ninda karnara too tyachya manacha aahe. tyaa drushyane lagech mohit jhalelya kaveela lavkarach samajate qee tyachi changli pratibha hii eka aakarshak stree aahe. too tichyakade jaato aanee ranine jyaa paristhitit swatahla tyaa rupachi veshbhusha karoon thewale aahe, tyamule ghabaroon olivia tichya shahee malikechi jaaga ghete. oliviacha chahata latimer jawalach aahe aanee tyane shekspeareche pratisad pahile aahet aanee kavicha nishedh asoonahi tyala dvandvayuddhasathi aavhan dile aahe. chakmak lagech hote aanee kahee pasnantar latimer padato. olivia nirash hote aanee ranichya sobat shahee gupt vyaktishi vishvasaghat karate. shakespeare, jyala asey vatate qee tyane laurd latimerla thaar marle aahe, too udato aanee swatahla nadeet fekato. tyala beshuddhavasthet pakadale jaate aanee tyachya nivassthani nele jaate. adhiniyam 3. "whitehall palace" ranee surr johnn aanee yaa ratrichya vinodi chitrapatatil itar kalakaranna tyanni pahilele serve kahee visaroon jaanyache aadesh dete aanee nantar shakespearela pathavate. kavee lagech kalpana karato qee ranee tyachya premat aahe. too anandane vahoon nenyat yeto aanee swapnalu mhanoon swatahla swikarlele aanee upahasit aadhalato. keval elizabethla tyachya nairashyachi dayaa yete aanee tee kaveela mhanate, "pann tumchyasathi yaa ratrichya ghatana sampoorn jagasathi eka swapna asateel", mhanje, tyaa ratrichya ghatananmadhye shakespearechya utkrusht kalpanaramya, "unhalyachya madhyaratriche swapna" sathee prerana midayala havee yaat shanka nahee. sandarbh. nondi srot

kunai pani dina kunai pani ley songe dee 'yun neut dee' ete ("ek madhya garmi ratko sapana") josef-bernard rossier rar adolf day lyubhendwara ambrois thomasdwara rachana garieko francelli libretoma tinn karyaharuma opera-hasya how. yadyapi yasale shakespeareko natak "ek madhya garmi ratko sapana" ko lagi francelli shirshak sajha gardacha, yasako kathanak natakma adharit chhaina. elizabeth pratham rar falstaff jastai operama shekspeare afai pani ek charitra hun. pradarshanko itihas. operako premiere 20 april 1850 maa perisko second salle fewartma opera-commexdwara garieko thiyo. elizabethko bhumika delphin ugaldka lagi thiyo, jo premiyarma gauna dherai birami thie tara pachhi unle yo bhumika lie. angreji tippanikarharule prayaha kathawastuka kehi pakshaharu shankaspad swadma bhettaunchhan. yadyapi, opera francema dherai safal bhayo. yasalai 22 september 1859 maa opera-kamikma punarjiwit garieko thiyo rar feri 1867 ko antarrashtriya pradarshaniko samayama maari cabelle, wictor capul, leone achard, rar piyare gelhard castma thie. ek sanshodhit sanskaran 17 april 1886 maa edele isaklai raniko rupma rakhieko thiyo. perisma "da nyu york times" samikshakka anusar, unle "durlabh wiwek rar maryadaka sath" abhinaya garin, rar sangitkardwara curr lagaine rajistarko wistrit dayara unko prakritik awazdwara ashcharyajanak rupma sewa diinchha, jasma cum tonharu bharapardo rar bharapardo hunchhan. unko uttam swarle stakati rar trilko sabaibhanda uccha kshetrama jangali udanharulai anumati dinchha, jabki dherai natakiya pathharu unko nishchit sahaj prawritti rar unko rajistarharuko sajatiya gunastar rar dayaradwara ramrosanga sewa garinchha. surudekhi antyasamma, dosro karyako cadenzko karma pani, unko purna, samridha swarharu nishchit thie, madhur, makhamali rar lachilo thie jasto kii unle karyanwayanko lagbhag asambhawa karyaharu pura gariraheki chhainan."kalakarharuma shakespeareko rupma wictor maurel rar baritone emil-aleksandre taskinlai" "da stout, thula" "ko rupma pani samawesh garieko thiyo... falstaff, rar unko awajko wistarle unlai muel rupma baska lagi lekhieko bhaglai purna mulya dina anumati dinchha." antarrashtriya starma opera pahilo patak 24 march 1851 maa liz, 27 september 1851 maa brasels, 1851 maa nyu earleans rar 22 april 1852 maa frankfurt (germanma) maa pradarshan garieko thiyo. nyu yorkama yasalai 21 june 1852 maa nyu earleans companyle francelima prastut gareko thiyo. yasalai "samayaka atma" (26 june 1852) kaa alochakle ramrosanga swagat garenan, jasle lekheh "rani elizabeth, falstaff rar shakespearelai sabaibhanda hasyaspad paristhitima, rar ekarkasangko betuka sambandhama parichaya garaieko chha. hammy hamra gallic sathiharulai rani beslai badnam gareko rar fatt jacklai hasyaspad banaekoma maff garna sakchaun, tara yasto balderdasma unko naam parichaya garaera ebhonko mitho hansako samjhanalai apawitra garnu turuntai unko samman garne sabaiko apaman how rar franceliharu unko bhawya karyaharubata purna rupma anajan chhan bhanne praman how. garib sathiharu!"opera pahilo patak 15 october 1877 maa newyorkma angrejima emdwara anuwadma prastut garieko thiyo. ae. kuni. anya antarrashtriya pahilo pradarshanharuma 12 janawari 1854 maa bhiyana (germanma), 2 february 1854 maa berlin (germanma), march 1854 maa jenebha, 7 october 1854 maa buenos ires, 1 august 1868 maa barcelona, 10 april 1878 maa lisban, 24 april 1879 maa meksiko, 24 february 1897 maa padua (italianma), rar glasgo (angrejima "kawiko sapana" ko rupma, w dwara anuwad garieko. bee. kingston) 18 february 1898 maa. bisaun shatabdika pradarshanharuma 12 november 1915 maa trainan-lyricma perisma punarutthan, euta 13 february 1936 ko antyama lilima, rar arko 27 september 1937 maa braselsma samawesh chha. opera punarjiwit garieko thiyo (channel tanelko udghatanka lagi) 7 mey 1994 maa piyare jordendwara theater imperial day compigenma rar pachhi dividima jaari garieko thiyo. saransh. adhiniyam 1. "londonko richmondma raheko da tewarn aff da cyrene" kehi aspashta tarikama rani elizabeth rar unko sammanko dasi olivialai richmondko parkma shahi courtzbatt alag garieko thiyo. nawikharule pachhyaepachi, tiniharule euta sarabama sharan linchhan, jahaan uniharule william shakespearelai afna sathiharule gherieko, raksi piune kamma wyasta bhettaunchhan. mukhawaran pareki ranile kawiko manma ramro kuraharuko bhawana samjhan wyartha prayas garchhin. usale unko pracharko majak udaunchha, rar piuna janchha. hall uni tablemuni lunginchhan, rar nashako euta stabdha parney drishya prastut garchhan. elizabethle richmond pyaleska governer sear john falstaflai shakespearelai tyas darbar warparko parkma laijan adesh die. adhiniyam 2. "richmond darbarko park" yo raat how; talko pani, rukhka dandaharubata chamkiraheko chandramako prakash, gahiro jangalko samanya prabhawa, sabai milera shakespeareko chetanalai unko jagaranma bhramit gardacha. usale samanjasyapurna awazharu sunchha; hall usale seto roop dekhcha, rar awaz sunchha. yo unko dhyan how, jasle unko upeksha rar unko parityagko dhamkika lagi unlai ninda gardacha. kawi, turuntai pretdwara mohit, chaandai nai bujhdachan kii unko asal pratibha ek akarshak mahila bahek aru kehi hoina. uni unitira aghi badhchan, rar olivia, ranile bhutko pratirup banaera afulai rakheko awasthabata daraera, afnie shahi malkinko lagi afulai pratisthapan gardacha. oliviaka prashansak latimer najikai chhan rar shakespeareko pratikriya dekheka chhan, rar kawiko virodhko bawajud unlai dwandwayuddhako chunauti dinchhan. muthbhed turuntai hunchha, rar kehi pass pachhi latimer khascha. olivia nirash hunchha, rar ranisanga milera shahi agyatlai dhoka dinchha. shekspeare, jasle afule leard latimerlai mareko vishwas garchhan, udchhan rar afulai nadima fyankchhan. usalai behos awasthama bahira nikalinchha rar usako awasma lagincha. adhiniyam 3. "whitehall darbar" ranile sear john rar yass nishachar kamedika anya abhinetaharulai uniharule dekheka sabai kura birsin adesh dinchhin, rar tyasapachhi shakespearelai pathaunchhin. kawile turuntai rani aafusanga premma pareki chhan bhanne kalpana garchha. uni harshollaska sath aipugchhan rar afulai sapana dekhneko rupma swagat rar thatta garieko paunchhan. elizabethlai matrai unko nirashama daya lagchha, rar kawilai bhanchhinh "tara tapainka lagi yass ratka ghatanaharu sara sansarka lagi sapana hunechhan", yasako artha, kunai sha isca chhaina, kii tyas ratka ghatanaharuma shakespeareko utkrishta kalpanaka lagi prerana fela parnupardacha, "ek madhya garmi ratko sapana. sandarbhaharu. noteharu srotharu

nooa dinara geeta leey songe dii 'unn nuit dii' ete ("eka grishma ratrira swapna") heuchhi eka opera-kamika, jeunthire tinoti abhinai rahichhi, jaahaa embroise thomasnka dwara rachita ebong joseph-bernard rosier ebong adolph dii lyubhenka dwara rachita. jadio ehaa shakespijaranka nataka paain farasi shirshakaku anshidara kare, "grishma madhyaratrira swapna", ehara plut nataka upare aadharita nuhen . shakespeare nije operare eka charitra, jepari elizabeth pratham ebong falstaff. pradarshan itihas. ehi apera 1850 masiha april maasa 20 tarikhare pyarisra dwiteeja salle fawartare opera-kamika dwara pratham pradarshita hoithila. elijabethanka bhumika delphin ugaldenka paain uddista thila, jie primijarare geeta gaiba paain bahuta asustha thile kintu parey ehi anshaku grahan karithile . ingraji tippaneekaramane prajatah kahanira keteka diga sandehajanak swadare khojanti . tebe, ehi apera francere besh saphala hoithila. 1859 masiha september 22 tarikhare opera-kamikre ebong 1867 masihar antarjatija pradarshani samajare, ethire maari cabell, victor kapul, lyon achard ebong pier gelhard abhinai karithile. 1886 masiha april 17 tarikhare eka sanshodhita sanskaranaku raanee bhabe aadele isaknka saha sthapana karajaithila. pyarisare "daa nyujarka times" sameekhyakanka anujai, shay birala bichara ebong marjyadara saha abhinai karithile, ebong sangeetakaranka dwara ticks adaiah karajaithiba panjikara byapaka parisara chamatkara bhabare taanka swabhabika swara dwara paribesana karajae, jeunthire nimna swaragudika setiki purna ebong biswasaneeja jepariki upara swaragudika sahaja, mitha ebong bangeeja . tankara purna kanthaswara sabutharu uccha stakati ebong tril khetraku banya udanaku anumathi deithae, jetebele aneka natakiah aabrutti taanka nischita prabrutti ebong taanka rejistarara samajatiah gunabatta ebong parisara dwara thick bhabare paribesana karajae . aarambharu shesh parjyanta, epariki dwiteeja adhiniyamara cadenger tikasare madhya, tankara purna, samruddha swara setiki nischita thila, jetiki madhur, makhmali ebong ete namaniah thila je shay praiah asambhaba karjya sampadana karu nahanti."kalakaramane madhya shakespeare bhabare victor morel ebong baritone emil-aleksandre taskinnku" "daa stout, chintajanaka" "bhabare antarbhukta karithile..... falstaff, ebong taanka swarara samprasarana tanku moolatah eka baas paain likhita anshaku sampurna mulya debaku anumathi die ." antarjatija starare, apera pratham thara paain 1851 masiha march 24 tarikhare lijre, 27 september 1851ray braselsre, 1851 masihare nyu arlinsre, ebong 1852 masiha april 22 tarikhare frankfurt (german bhasare) ray paribeshana karajaithila. nyujarkare ehaaku nyu orleans company dwara 1852 masiha june 21 tarikhare niblonka udyanare french bhasare upasthapana karajaithila. samaira atma" (26 june 1852) rahr samalochakanka dwara ehaa bhal bhabare grahan karajai nathila, jie lekhithileh "raanee elizabeth, falstaff ebong shakespijaranku sabutharu hasyaspada paristhitire ebong paraspara sahita ajauktika samparkare prabartita karajaichi. raanee besku badnam kariba ebong fatt jack ku hasyaspada kariba paain aame ammer gallic bandhunku khyama kariparibu, kintu epari baldardasare taanka naamaku parichai karai aabhan rahr mitha hansara smrutiku apabitra kariba sehi samastankara upman ebong eka pramana je faraseemane taanka gaurabamai karjya bishajare sampurna agya . gariba sathigana!"apera prathame ingrajire nyujarkare 15 october 1877 ray emm dwara eka anubadare upasthapita hoithila . aii. kunee. anya antarjatija pratham pradarshan madhyare 12 januari 1854 ray bhiena (germanre), 2 februari 1854 ray berlin (germanre), march 1854 ray jenebha, 7 october 1854 ray buenos aires, 1 august 1868 ray barcelona, 10 april 1878 ray liswan, 24 april 1879 ray mexico, 24 februari 1897 ray padua (italeejare), ebong glasgo (ingrajire "eka kabitara swapna" bhabare, waa. bii. kingston) 18 februari 1898 ray. binsha shatabdir pradarshan madhyare 12 navember 1915 ray trianon-lirikare pyarisare eka punaruddhara antarbhukta, gotie 13 februari 1936 ray lilly ray, ebong anyati 27 september 1937 ray braselasare . opera punarjeebita hoithila (channell tunneller udghatan paain) 7 meey 1994 ray pier jordan dwara theatre imperial dii kampijenare ebong parey dibhidire muktilabha karithila . saransha. adhiniam 1. "londner richmondre thiba" "daa tebharn off daa sairan" "" kichhi aspasta upaajare raanee elizabeth ebong taanka sammananiah daasee olivianku richmond parkre thiba rajkiah kortajaru alga karajaithila. nabikamane semananku anusarana kariba parey semane eka sarabasanare ashrai nianti, jeunthare semane william shakespijaranku taanka sathimananka dwara gheri rahithiba, madyapanare byasta thiba dekhanti. raanee, jieki mukha pindhichhanti, kabinka manare eka unnat jinishar bhabanaku maneh pakaibaku byarta chesta karanti . shay taa 'rahr pracharaku parihas kare, ebong madyapana curry chalithae. bartamana shay tebul tale luchiki, nishar eka ashcharjyajanaka drushya upasthapana karanti . elizabeth richardmond pyalesra gabharnara saar zohn falstafanku shakespijaranku sehi prasad charipakhare thiba parkaku paribahana karibaku nirdesh deichhanti. adhiniam 2. "richmond pyalesra park" ehaa raati; hradara jala, gachara shakhagudika madhyare ujjwala chandra aloka, eka gabhira junglera sadharana prabhaba, samaste mishi shakespijaranka indrijagudiku taanka jagaranare bibhranta karanti . shay sumadhur sabda shune; bartamana shay eka dhalaa roop dekhanti, ebong eka swara sunajae . ehaa tankara moojara, jie tanku taanka abahela ebong tanku parityaga karibara dhamaka paain ninda karanti . ehi drushya dwara akrusta hoi kabi shighra anubhaba karanti je tankara uttam pratibha aau kehi nuhnti barang jane aakarshaneeah mahila. shay taanka aadaku agrasara huanti, ebong olivia, jeun paristhitire raanee nijaku bhuta bhabare upasthapana karichanti, sethire bhajabhita hoi, taanka rajkiah upapatneenka paain nijaku badalai dianti . aliviaara jane prashansaka latimer nikatare achanti ebong shakespijaranka pratikrija dekhichhanti, ebong kabinka birodha satwe, tanku eka dwandwajudha paain aahwana deichhanti. ehi encounter turanta hoithae, ebong kichhi passes parey latimer padijae . alibhia hatash hue, ebong raninka sahita mishi rajkiah agyataku biswasa kare . shakespeare, jie biswasa karanti je shay lord latimaranku hatya karichanti, udanti ebong nijaku nadeere phingi dianti . tanku eka murchhita abasthare dharajae ebong taanka basagruhaku neijae . adhiniam 3. "whitehall prasad" raanee saar zohn ebong ehi nishachar kamedira anya abhinetamananku semane dekhithiba samasta jinish bhulijibaku nirdesh dianti, ebong taa 'parey shakespijaranku pathanti . kabi turanta kalpana karanti je raanee taanka sahita premare achanti. shay rapture sahita paribahanare pahanchanti ebong nijaku swapnadrasta bhabare grahan ebong parihas karajauthiba dekhanti . taanka hatasha upare kebala elijabethankara karuna rahichhi, ebong shay kabinku kahantih "kintu aapananka paain ehi ratira ghatanagudika samagra biswa paain eka swapna heba", arthat, ethire kaunasi sandeha naahin je sehi ratira ghatanagudikare shakespijaranka chamatkara kalpana, "grishma madhyaratrira swapna" paain prerana miliba uchita. sandarbha. note utsa

ih geet kujh samaan pahilan hii leey songe dee 'yoon neut dee' ette ("ikk maddh garmi dee raat daa supna") tinn rachnavan witch ikk opera-kamedi haii joe ambroise thamas duaara joseph-bernard rossier atey adolf dee liooven duaara ikk franch libretto laee tiaar keeti gaee haii. halanki ih shakespeare dey natak laee franch sirlekh sanjha karda haii, "ikk maddh garmi dee raat daa supna", isda kathanak natak utte adharat naheen haii. shakespeare khud opera witch ikk paatar haii jiven kii elizabeth I atey falstaff hunn. pardarshan daa itihaas. opera daa premiere 20 aprail 1850 noon paris witch dooje saile fewart witch opera-kamik duaara keeta giaa see. elizabeth dee bhumika delphin ugalde laee see, joe premiere witch gaaun laee bahut bimar see parr baad witch iss hisse noon sambhal liaa. angrezi tippnikar aksar kahani dey kujh pahiluaan noon shakki suaad witch labhde hunn. halanki, opera france witch bahut safal riha. iss noon 22 satambar 1859 noon opera-kamik witch atey 1867 dey antarashtari pardarshani dauran mairi cable, victor capaul, leone aichaard atey peear gelhard naal dubara surjit keeta giaa see. ikk sodhiaa hoiaa sanskaran 17 aprail 1886 noon raanee dey roop witch aidal isaak dey naal mount keeta giaa see. paris witch "dha newyork times" samikhiak dey anusar, uss neey durlabh vivek atey sanman naal kamm keeta, atey sangeetkar duaara taiks lagaae gaye register daa vishal daira uss dee kudrati aavaaz duaara shandar dhang naal pesh keeta jaanda haii, jiss witch ghatt tone jinne poore atey bharoseyog hunde hunn upparle nott assan, mitthe atey bansuri varge hunde hunn. uss dee sampuran aavaaz stacketti atey trill dey sabh toon ucche khetar witch jangli udanan dee aagiaa dindi haii, jadon kii bahut saare nataki paath uss dee nishchat pravirti atey uss dey registran dee ikko jihi gunwatta atey seema duaara changi tarahan seva pardan karde hunn. shuru toon ant takk, ithon takk kii dooje aikat dey cadenz dey taiks witch vee, uss dey poore, ameer tone inne hii pakke sunn, jinne sunder, makhmali atey inne lachakdaar sunn jiven kii uh fansi dey lagbhag asambhav karnamiaan noon poora naheen qarr rahee see."kalakaran witch shakespeare dey roop witch victor maurel atey baritone emil-aleksandre taskin noon" mazboot, vicharsheel "vajon vee shamal keeta giaa see... falstaff, atey uss dee aavaaz daa vistaar uss noon mool roop witch ikk baas laee likhe gaye hisse noon poora mull denh dee aagiaa dinda haii." antarashtari paddhar utte opera pahili vaar 24 march 1851 noon leej witch, 27 satambar 1851 noon brasals witch, 1851 witch nioo orleans witch atey 22 aprail 1852 noon frankfurt (german witch) witch pesh keeta giaa see. iss noon "samein dee aatma" (26 juun 1852) dey aalochak duaara changi tarahan prapat naheen keeta giaa, jiss neey likhiaao "raanee elizabeth, falstaff atey shakespeare noon sabh toon hasohine haaltan witch atey ikk dooje naal betuke sabandhan witch pesh keeta giaa haii. aseen aapne gallic dostan noon raanee bases noon badnam curran atey faet jaik noon hasohina banaun laee maaf qarr sakde haan, parr ajihe balderdash witch uss daa naam pesh karke aivan dey mitthe huns dee yaad noon apvittar karna uhanan saariaan daa apman haii joe uss daa satikar karde hunn atey iss gall daa saboot haii kii franch uss dey shandar kamman toon puurii tarahan anjaan hunn. garib sathio!"opera pahili vaar 15 aktubar 1877 noon newyork witch angrezi witch pesh keeta giaa see. aii. kuni. horr antarashtari pahiliaan peshkariaan witch 12 janwari 1854 noon vienna (german witch), 2 farvari 1854 noon barlin (german witch), march 1854 witch jeneva, 7 aktubar 1854 noon buenos irus, 1 agast 1868 noon barcelona, 10 aprail 1878 noon lisban, 24 aprail 1879 noon mexico, 24 farvari 1897 noon padua (italian witch) atey angrezi witch glasgo (ikk kavee daa supna) shamal hunn, jisda anuvad w duaara keeta giaa haii. bee. kingsten) 18 farvari 1898 noon. veehvin sadee dey pardarshan witch 12 navambar 1915 noon paris witch trianon-lyric vikhe ikk punar surjiti shamal haii, ikk 13 farvari 1936 noon lillie witch atey dooja 27 satambar 1937 noon brasals witch. opera noon 7 maee 1994 noon peear jorden duaara theatre impriyal dee compigan vikhe mudd surjit keeta giaa see atey baad witch iss noon dvd utte jaari keeta giaa see. sankhep. aikat 1. "london dey richmond witch cyron dee saraan" kujh anjaan tarike naal maharani elizabeth atey olivia, uss dee naukrani, noon richmond vikhe park witch shaahi courtage toon vakkh qarr ditta giaa see. malahan duaara pichha keete jaanh toon baad, uh ikk sharnarthi witch panaah lainde hunn, jitthe uh viliam shakespeare noon aapne sathiaan naal gher keey, sharab peenn witch rujhe hoye paunde hunn. raanee, joe nakabposh haii, kavee dey munn witch bihtar cheezan dee bhavna noon yaad curran dee viarth koshish kardi haii. uh uss dey prachar daa mazak udaunda haii, atey sharab peenda rahinda haii. iss vele uh mez dey hethan ghumda haii, atey nashaa daa ikk hairan curran vaala tamasha pesh karda haii. elizabeth neey richmond palace dey governor sarr jauhan falstaff noon shakespeare noon uss mahil dey aale duaale dey park witch lijaan daa adesh ditta. aikat 2. "richmond mahil daa park" ih raat haii; jheel daa paanee, rukkhan deeaan tehniaan vicchon chamkadi chandrama dee roshni, ikk dunghe jangal daa aam prabhav, ih saare mill keey shakespeare deeaan indriaan noon uss dey jaagan utte ulajhan witch paa dinde hunn. uh sadbhavna valiaan aavazan sunada haii; varatman witch uh ikk chitta roop vekhda haii, atey ikk aavaaz sunee jaandi haii. ih uss dey mantar daa haii, joe uss dee angahili atey uss noon chaddan dee dhamki laee uss dee ninda karda haii. kavee, joe iss bhoot toon turant mohit hoow jaanda haii, jaldi hii mahisus karda haii kii uss dee changi pratibha koee horr naheen balki ikk manmohak aurat haii. uh uss vall vadhada haii, atey olivia, uss sathiti toon dardi haii jiss witch raanee neey aapne aap noon pratishtha daa roop ditta haii, aapni shaahi malkan dee thaan laindi haii. olivia daa parshansak latimer nede haii atey shakespeare dey pratikaram noon vekh keey, atey kavee dey virodh dey bavjood, uss noon ikk dwandwayuddh laee chunhauti dinda haii. mukabala turant hunda haii, atey kujh paasan toon baad latimer dhiggda haii. olivia nirash hoow jaandi haii, atey raanee naal mill keey shaahi agneeta naal dhokha kardi haii. shakespeare, joe mannada haii kii uss neey lard latimer noon maar ditta haii, uddada haii atey aapne aap noon nadee witch sutt dinda haii. uss noon behosh haalat witch bahr kaddhiaa jaanda haii atey uss dey rihaish witch lijaiaa jaanda haii. aikat 3. "whitehall mahil" raanee sarr jauhan atey iss raat dee kamedi dey horr adakaran noon adesh dindi haii kii uh uh sabh kujh bhull jaanh joe unhan neey dekhiaa haii, atey firr shakespeare noon bhejdi haii. kavee turant kalpana karda haii kii raanee uss naal piaar kardi haii. uh ratth naal pahunchada haii atey aapne aap noon ikk supna dekhan vaale vajon prapat atey mazak keeta hoiaa paunda haii. ikalli elizabeth noon hii uss dee nirasha utte taras aaunda haii, atey kavee noon kahindi haiyav "parr tuhade laee iss raat deeaan ghatnavan saare sansar laee ikk supna hongiaan", bhaav, binan shakk, uss raat deeaan ghatnavan witch shakespeare dee shandar kalpana, "ikk maddh garmi dee raat daa supna" laee prerna labbhi jaanhi chahidi haii. havale. notes sarot

ekam geetam naa jaayate. leey songe dii 'yune newt dii' ete ("greeshmakaalasy raatrau swapnam") iti embroyis thaamas ityanena joseph-bernard rossier tathaa adolph dii leuven ityanena french-libreto-krutau trayanam krutau operaa-kaamik asti. yadyapi shekspiyar ityasya "a mid-sammar-nats-dream" iti natakasya french-sheershakam samaanaroopen asti, tathaapi asya kathanakam natakasya aadhaaren naa asti. operaayaam shekspiyar-varyaha api ekaha paatrah asti, tathaiva elizaabet-prathamah, falstaff cha. pradarshanasy itihaasah. operaa-krutyaah prathamapradarshanm 20 april 1850 tame dine pyaris-nagare dwiteeya-salle-fewart-madhye operaa-kaamik ityanena krutam. elizabeth ityasya paatram delphin ugaalde ityasya krute aasit, yah prathamapradarshane geetam gaayitum ateeva roginah aasit parantu pashchat tatt bhaagam sveekrutavaan. aangl-bhashyakaraha praayah kathaavastunah katipayaan pakshan prashnaarthak-svaadena pashyanti. parantu, france-deshe operaa ateeva saphalah abhavat. 1859 september 22 dinaanke operaa-kaamik ityasmin punah punarutthanam krutam, punah 1867 tame varshe antarashtriyapradarshane cha maaree kebal, victor capole, leone echard, piyare galhard cha kalaakaaraih saha. 1886 april 17 dinaanke edel isaak raajnaa saha ekam samshodhitam samskaranam sthaapitam. da nyoo yaark tams" iti pyaris-nagarasya samikshakasya matena saa "durlabh-vivekaadhikaaren, gauravena cha" abhinayam akarot, tathaa cha sangeetakaaren karam vidhite panjikaranasya vistruta-paridhihi tasyaah swaabhaawik-dhvanyaa adbhutatayaa pradatta asti, yasmin nimna-swarah uta poornah vishvasaneeyaha cha bhavati yathaa upari-swarah sulabhah, madhurah, bamsuri-sadrushah cha bhavanti. tasyaah paripurna-gayanam, stacati tathaa trill ityetayoho atyantam unnatakshetre vanyatama-uddayanan anumanyate, yadyapi anekaani naatakeey-paathaani tasyaah nishchit-pravruttyaa, tasyaah abhilekhanam sajaateey-gunaihi, shrenyaah cha tathaiva prayujyante. prarambhat antaparyantam, dwiteeya-adhiniyamasya kedenz ityasya curr-vyavasthaayaam api tasyaah poorna-samruddha-swarah uta nishchayah, uta madhurah, uta makhamalah, uta lavacheekah cha aasit, yathaa saa praayah asaadhyaani nishpaadanaani naa saadhayati sma."paatravargah shekspiyar ityasya paatratah victor maurel, barritone-emil-alexandre taskin cha" da stout, tanderus "iti paatraih api abhineetah... falstaff, tasya dhwanyaah vistaarah cha tam moolatah baas-krute likhitasya bhagasya poornam moolyam daatum anumanyate." antarashtriyarupena, operaa prathamavaaram 1851 maarch 24 dinaanke leej-nagare, 1851 september 27 dinaanke brasals-nagare, 1851 april 22 dinaanke nyoo orleans-nagare, frankfurt (german-bhashayam) ityatra cha pradarshitam. nyuyaark-nagare nyoo orleans-kampanee ityanena french-bhashayam 1852 joon 21 dinaanke niblos-udyaane etat pradarshitam. spirit aaf da tams" ityasya (26 joon 1852) vimarshakah etat naa sveekrutavaan, yah likhati yat "raajnee elizaabet, falstaff, shekspiyar cha atyantam hasyaspada-paristhitishu, parasparam asangata-sambandheshu cha parichitaah santi. queen bess ityasya nindaam krutvaa fyaat-jyaak-ityenam haasyam krutavantah iti karanat asmaabhih gaal-mitraani kshamyante, parantu evan-ityasya madhura-hamsasya smrutyaam etaadrushe balder-daash ityasmin tasya naam praavartayitvaa apavitram kartum tatt eva tasya adaram kurvataam sarvanam apamaanah, tathaa french-janaah tasya vaibhavapurnakaryanam vishaye purnataya adnyaataah iti pramaanam. daridraah mitraani!"operaa prathamavaaram 1877 october 15 dinaanke nyuyaark-nagare anglabhashayam emm. dwara anuvaaditen pradarshitam. a. koonee. anyeshu antarashtriya-prathama-pradarshanani santi-12 janavaree 1854 dinaanke viyannaa (german-bhashayam), 2 februvari 1854 dinaanke berlin (german-bhashayam), maarch 1854 tame varshe jenevaa, 7 october 1854 dinaanke buenos ers, 1 august 1868 dinaanke barcelona, 10 april 1878 dinaanke lisban, 24 april 1879 dinaanke meksiko, 24 februvari 1897 dinaanke paduva (italian-bhashayam), glasgo (aangl-bhashayam "kavinaam swapnam" iti doubleu. dwara anuvaaditam. kha. kingston) 18 februvari 1898 dinaanke. vimshatishataabdyaah pradarshanani 1915 tame varshe november-masasya 12 dinaanke trainan-lyric-nagare pyaris-nagare punarujjeevanam, 1936 tame varshe februvari-masasya 13 dinaanke lille-nagare ekam, 1937 tame varshe september-masasya 27 dinaanke brasals-nagare anyam cha, iti antarbhavanti. 1994 tame varshe mey-masasya 7 dinaanke piyare-jordan ityanena theatrey imperial-day-kampeegne ityatra operaa-natakasya punarujjeevanam (chaanal-tunnel-udghatanartham) krutam, anantaram dee. vee. dee. ityatra pradarshitam. saaraamshaha. adhiniyamah 1. "da tewarn aaf da sairen inn richmond, landan" iti." raajnee elizaabet, tasyaah paricharika olivia cha, keshuchit avyaktaroopen, richmond-nagarasya udyaane rajagruhat pruthak abhavan. nausainikaih anudhavanat, te ekasmin bhojanaalaye ashrayam kurvanti, yatra te vilium shekspiyar ityenam, tasya sahacharaihi pariveshtitam, madyapaanena vyagram drushyante. raajnee, yaa mukhavarana asti, kavyaah manasi uttama-vishayeshu bhaavam smaryitum vyartham prayatate. saha tasyaah upadeshasya upahaasam karoti, madyapanam cha karoti. samprati saha mejaihi adhah paribhramati, maadakadravyaah ekaha aghatakaraha drushyam api pradarshayati. elizaabet, richarmand-prasadasya rajyapalam surr jaan falstaff ityenam, shekspiyar-varyam tasya prasadasya paritah udyaanam prati gantum aadeshayati. adhiniyamah 2. "richmond-prasadasya udyaanam" raatrih asti; sarovarasya jalam, vrukshaanaam shaakhaasu prakashamanam chandraprakashah, gabheeravanasya saamaanyaprabhaavah, sarve militvaa shekspiyar ityasya jagaranasya indrian bhramayanti. saha samarasya-dhwanayah shrutavaan, samprati saha shvetaroopam drushtavaan, swarah cha shrutah. tasya dhyanasya eva, yah tasya upekshayaha, tasyaah parityaagasya cha shankayaha karanat tam nindayati. tatkshanameva drushyena mohitah kavihi sheeghramev pratyabhidnyaat yat tasya uttama-pratibhaa anyatama naa apitu aakarshak-mahilaa asti iti. saha tasyaah prati agre gacchati, tathaa cha olivia, raajnee swaswaroopam prakatya swasyaah sthityaa bhayanaya, swarajapatni sthanapannavati. alivia-deshasya prashamsakah latimer ityeshah sameepe eva asti, shekspiyar-varyasya pratikriyam drushtvaa, kavyaah virodhah satsu cha, tam dwamdwayuddhasya krute aavhaanayati. sangamah tatkshanameva bhavati, katipayasya paas-ityasya anantaram latimer-patati. olivia nirashaya, rajnya saha militvaa raaj-ajnaata-vyaktim vanchayati. shekspiyar, yah lard latimer ityenam hatavaan iti vishvasati, saha uddiya nadau sveshaam nikshepayati. saha moorchhite sthaane matsyam dharya swagruham prati nyavete. adhiniyam 3. "shveta-bhavana-prasadaha" raajnee, asmin nishaachar-hasya-chalachchitre saar-jaan ityenam anyaan abhinetrun cha, te pashyan sarvam vismarayitum aadesham dadati, tatah shekspiyar-varyam preshayati. raajnee tam preme asti iti kavihi tatkshanameva kalpayati. saha harshodghaatanen saha aagacchati, swapnadrashta iva sweeyam upahaasam cha karoti. elizaabet eva tasya nirashayaha vishaye karunaam karoti, tathaa kaveem vadati, "parantu bhavatah krute asya raatryaah ghatanaah sampornalokasya krute swapnaani bhavanti" iti, arthaat, nihsandehe, tasmin raatryaah ghatanasu shekspiyar ityasya utkrushtasya kalpanaah, "greeshmakaalasy madhyaraatreh swapnam" iti preritaah bhaveyuhu iti. sandarbhah. tippanyah srotah.

oru paadalai oru paadalai oru paadalai oru paadalai oru paadalai oru paadalai oru paadalai oru paadalai oru paadalai oru paadalai oru paadalai oru paadalai oru paadalai oru paadalai oru paadalai oru paadalai oru paadalai oru paadalai oru paadalai oru paadalai oru paadalai oru paadalai oru paadalai oru paadalai oru paadalai oru paadalai oru paadalai oru paadalai oru paadalai oru paadalai oru paadalai oru paadalai oru paadalai oru paadalai oru paadalai oru paadalai oru paadalai oru paadalai oru paadalai oru paadalai oru paadalai oru paadalai oru paadalai oru paadalai oru paadalai oru paadalai leeii sange dii 'yunae neut dii' aedae ("oru nadu koadai eravin kanavu") enbathu josaph-bernard rossier mattrum adolfay dii luven aakiyoaraal ambroise thamas oru pirenchu libretovukku moontru seyalgalil iyatrtrappatta oru ooperaa-kaamik aagum. shakespearin naadagamaana "oru nadu koadai eravin kanavu" endra pirenchu thalaippai idhu pagirnthu kondaalum, adhan kadhaikkalam naadagaththai adippadaiyaagak kondathalla. shakespeare thaanae oopaeraavil elisabeth I mattrum falstoff poantra oru kathaapaaththiramaaga ullaar. seyalthiran varalaaru. inththa ooparaa aepral 20,1850 andru paarisil nadantha irandaavathu salle fawartle ooperaa-kaamik moolam thiraiyidappattathu. elisabeththin paaththiram delphin ugaaldaekkaaga vadivamaikkappattathu, avar premiyaril paaduvatharku migavum noaivaaippattirunthaar, aanaal pinnar anthap paguthiyai eduththuk kondaar. aangkila varnanaiyaalargal perumpaalum kadhaikkalaththin sila amsangkalai kelvikkuriya suvai kondathaagak kaankiraargal. iruppinum, inththa ooparaa brancil migavum vetrtrikaramaaka irunththathu. idhu septumber 22,1859 andru ooperaa-kaamik ill pudhuppikkappattathu, maelum 1867 aam aandin sarvadesa kankaatchiyin poathu maeri cable, victor capole, leone achard mattrum piyari caylord aakiyoarudan meendum pudhuppikkappattathu. thirutthappatta pathippu 1886 aepral 17 andru adile aisak raaniyaaga poruththappattathu. paarisil ulla "thii newyorg times" vimarsagarin koottruppadi, avar "ariya viruppaththudanum kanniyaththudanum" naditthaar, maelum isaiyamaippaalaraal varii vithikkappadum pathivin parantha noakkam avarathu iyarkaiyaana kuralaal arputhamaaga vazhangkappadukirathu, idhil kuraindha thonigal muzhu mattrum nambagamaanavai mael kurippugal elithaanavai, inimaiyaanavai mattrum pullaangkuzhal poantravai. avarathu sariyaana kural koduppadhu migavum uyarnththa nilaiyaana stacotti mattrum trillirkul kaattumiraandittanamaana vimaanangkalai anumathikkirathu, athae neraththil pala viyaththagu sorpozhivugal avarathu uruthiyaana ullunarvaalum, avarathu pathivaedugalin oray maathiriyaana tharam mattrum varambaalum nanku saevai seigindrana. thodakkam muthal iruthi varai, irandaavathu seyalin cadensin varivithippil kooda, avarathu muzhu, valamaana thonigal uruthiyaaka irunththana, mellisai, velvetti mattrum negizhvaanavai, aval kittatthatta saaththiyamattra seyalgalai niraivaettravillai enbathu poal."nadigargalil shakespearaaga victor mourel mattrum paritone emil-alexandre taskin" "thii stowd, toderes" "endrum adangkuvar"... falstoff, mattrum avarathu kuralin neettippu muthalil oru paasukkaaka ezhuthappatta pakuthikku muzhu mathippaik kodukka avarai anumathikkirathu." sarvadesa alavil, inththa ooparaa muthanmuthalil 1851 maarch 24 andru leej, 27 septumber 1851 andru pressels, 1851 ill neu arleans mattrum 22 aepral 1852 andru frankfurt (jerman mozhiyil) aagiyavattril nigazhththappattathu. newyoarkil idhu 21 juun 1852 andru pirenchu mozhiyil neu arleans niruvanatthaal niplovin thoattaththil vazhangkappattathu. anthak kaalaththin aavi" (juun 26,1852) endra vimarsagaraal idhu nanku varavaerkappadavillai, avar ezhuthinaar "raani elisabeth, falstoff mattrum shakespeare migavum abaththamaana soozhnilaigalil arimugappaduththappattanar, maelum oruvarukkoruvar abaththamaana uravugalil. raani bezai avathooraaka vilakkiyatharkaagavum, koluppu jackai abaththamaaga aakkiyatharkaakavum namathu piththa nanbarkalai naam mannikka mudiyum, aanaal aththagaiya balterdashil avarathu peyarai arimugappaduththuvathan moolam aevanin inippu swanin ninaivai avamathippathu avarai mathikkum anaivarukkum oray neraththil avamathippaakum, maelum pirenchukkaararkal avarathu pugazhpettra padaippugalaip pattri muttrilum ariyavillai enbatharkaana saantraagum. aezhai thoazharkalae!"inththa ooparaa muthanmuthalil aangkilaththil newyoarkil 1877 october 15 andru emm. auuu. cooney. pira sarvadesa muthal nigazhchchigalil janavari 12,1854 andru vienna (jerman mozhiyil), pipravari 2,1854 andru berlin (jerman mozhiyil), maarch 1854 ill jeneeva, october 7,1854 andru buenos ires, august 1,1868 andru parcelona, aepral 10,1878 andru lispen, aepral 24,1879 andru mexico, pipravari 24,1897 andru paduvaa (itaaliya mozhiyil), mattrum clasco (aangkilaththil oru kavignarin kanavu endru mozhipeyarkkappattathu) aagiyavai adangkum. pii. kingsten) pipravari 18,1898 andru. irupathaam noottraandin nigazhchchigalil 1915 navambar 12 andru paarisil trianan-lyric endra idaththil oru marumalarchi, 1936 pipravari 13 aam thaethi lillil ondru, 1937 septumber 27 aam thaethi presselsil mattrondru aagiyavai adangkum. ooparaa 7 mae 1994 andru piyarae jhardanal thirae imperial dii kambeejinil pudhuppikkappattathu (saenal surangappaathaiyin thodakkaththirkaaga) pinnar dvdyil veliyidappattathu. surukkam. sattam 1. "landanil ulla richmandil ulla thii davern off thii sairan" sila vivarikkappadaatha vazhiyil raani elisabeth mattrum avarathu panippen olivia aagiyoar richmandil ulla poongaavil ulla arasa aranmanaiyilirunthu pirikkappattanar. maalumigalaal pinthodarappatta avarkal, oru unavagaththil thanjam pukunthu, angku villiyam shakespearike kaankiraargal, avarathu thoazharkalaal soolappattu, kudippazhakkaththil eedupattullanar. mugamoodi anintha raani, kavignarin manathil sirantha vishayangkalin unarvai ninaivukoora veenaaga muyarchikkiraar. aval pirasangkikkirathai avar kaelii seikiraar, madhu arunthukiraar. tharpoothu avar maejaiyin keezh urundu, poathaippazhakkaththin athirchchiyoottum kaatchiyai valangkukiraar. elisabeth, richmond aranmanaiyin aalunaraana john fallstaffai shakespearai antha aranmanaiyaich suttriyulla poongaavukku kondu sella uttaravittaar. sattam 2. "richmond aranmanaiyin poongaa" idhu iravu; aeriyin neer, marangkalin kilaigal vazhiyaaga pirakaasikkum sandhira olii, aalamaana kaattin podhuvaana vilaivu, anaiththum shakespearin pulangalai avarathu vizhippunarvil kuzhappugindrana. avar inakkamaana oligalaik ketkiraar; tharpoothu avar oru vellai vadivaththaip paarkkiraar, oru kural ketkappadugiradhu. avarathu purakkanippukkaagavum, avalaik kaividuvadhaaga achchuruththiyatharkaakavum avaraik kandikkum avarathu isai adhu. kavignar, udanadiyaaga thoattraththaal kavarnthizhukkappattu, viraivil thanathu nalla maethai oru azhagaana pennaith thavira vaeru illai enbathai unarkiraar. avar avalai noakki munnaerukiraar, raani thoattramalippathan moolam thannai nilainirutthiya soolnilaiyaal peethiyadaintha olivia, thanathu arasa ejamanikku pathilaaka thannai maattrikkolkiraar. oliviaavin rasigaraana laudimer arugil irukkiraar, shakespearin pathilkalaip paarthuvittu, kavignarin ethirppukkal irunththapoathilum, avarai oru sandaikku sawal vidugiraar. inthach santhippu udanadiyaaga nigazhkirathu, maelum sila kadanthu sendra piragu ladymer vizhugirathu. olivia thigaikkiraar, raaniyudan saernthu, arasa arivaaliyai aemaattrukiraar. lard laadimaraik kondruvittathaaga nambum shakespeare, paranthu sendru aattril thannaith thaanae veechik kolgiraar. avar mayakaththil meenpidiththu avarathu thangkumidangalukku alaiththuch sellappadugiraar. sattam 3. "vellai maaligai" raani inththa iravu nagaichchuvaiyil ulla aiyaa john mattrum pira nadikarkalukku avarkal paarththa anaiththaiyum maranthu pinnar shakespearukku anuppukiraar. raani thannai kaathalippathaaga kavignar udanadiyaaga karpanai seikiraar. avar magizhchchiyudan kondu sellappadugiraar, maelum thannai oru kanavu kaanbavaraagap peruvathaiyum kaelii seivathaiyum kaankiraar. elisabeth mattumae thanathu virakthiyin meethu irakkam kaattukiraar, maelum kavignaridam koorukiraar "aanaal inththa eravin nigazhvugal ungkalukku ulagam muzhuvatharkum oru kanavaaga irukkum", athaavathu, santhegaththirku idamintri, antha eravin nigazhvugalil shakespearin nerththiyaana karpanaikku uthvaegam kidaikka vaendum, "oru koadai nadu eravin kanavu". kurippugal. kurippugal aathaarangkal

eee patanu leey saange dii 'yun neut dii' ete ("vesavi madhya raatri kala") anedi joseph-bernard rossier mariyu adolph dii luven rachinchina moodu rachanalalo oka opera-comic, dheenini ambrois thamus tuu eah french libreto swaraparichaaru. shakespeare yokka natakam "eah mid summer nites dream" kosam french sheershikanu panchukunnappatiki, daani kathaamsam natakam aadhaaramgaa kaadu. shakespeare swayamgaa operaalo elizabeth I mariyu fallstaff vanti paatra. pradarsana charitra. eee opera 1850 april 20naa paarislooni rendava salle fowertloo opera-comic dwara pradarsinchabadindi. elizabeth paatra delphin ugalde kosam uddesinchabadindi, athanu premierlo paadataaniki chaalaa anaarogyamtho unnadu, conny taruvaata aaa bhaganni teesukunnadu. aangla vyaakhyaatalu tarachugaa kathalooni konni amsaalanu prashnaarthakamaina ruchilo kanugontaaru. ayithe, eee opera fraanslo chaalaa vijayavantamaindi. idhi 1859 septembaru 22naa opera-comic vadda punaruddharinchabadindi mariyu 1867loe antarjaateeya pradarsana samayamlo maerii cabell, victor capoul, leone archard mariyu pier gailhardlatho taaraaganamlo punaruddharinchabadindi. savarinchina samskarananu 1886 april 17naa raanigaa adel isak thoo amarcharu. paarislooni "dhi newyork times" sameekshakudi prakaram, aame arudaina abheeshtaanusaaram mariyu gowravamtho natinchindi, mariyu swarakarta pannu vidhinchina register yokka vistruta paridhini aame sahaja swaram adbhutamgaa andistundi, dheenilo takkuva swaraalu antagaa nindi untaayi mariyu nammadaginavi, eguva swaraalu sulabhamgaa, teepigaa mariyu flutelicga untaayi. aame paripuurna swaram atyanta ettaina praantamaina stackatti mariyu trillloki atyanta krooramaina vimanalanu anumatistundi, ayithe aneka naatakeeya paaraayanaalu aame khachitamaina pravrutti mariyu aame registerla sajatiya naanhyata mariyu paridhi dwara baga upayogapadataayi. modati nundi chivari varaku, rendava charya yokka cadenz yokka pannuloo kooda, aame puurti, goppa swaraalu khachitamgaa, sraavyamgaa, velveteegaa mariyu aame daadaapu asaadhyamaina vijayaalanu saadhinchalekapoyinatlugaa saralamgaa undevi."taaraaganamlo shakespearega victor maurel mariyu" "dhi stout, tanders" "gaa baritone emile-alexandre task kooda unnaayi"... fallstaff, mariyu athani vois yokka podigimpu, modata baas kosam vraayabadina bhaagaaniki puurti viluva ivvadaaniki atanni anumatistundi." antarjaateeyamgaa, opera modatisaarigaa 1851 marchi 24naa lease loe, 1851 september 27naa brassels loe, 1851 april 22naa nyuu orleans loe, mariyu frankfurt (german loe) loe pradarsinchabadindi. newyorklo dheenini frenchloni nyuu orleans company 1852 juun 21naa niblose guardenlo pradarsinchindi. aaa kaalapu aatma" (26 juun 1852) vimarsakudu dheenini baga sweekarinchaledu, athanu ilaa vraasaadu "raani elizabeth, fallstaff mariyu shakespeare atyanta haasyaaspada paristhitulalo parichayam cheyabaddaaru, mariyu okaritho okaru asambaddhamaina sambandhaalalo unnaaru. queen besnu apakeerti chesinanduku mariyu futt jaak nuu hasyaspadamga chesinanduku mana gallic snehitulanu manam kshaminchagalam, conny atuvanti balderdushlo athani paerunu parichayam cheyadam dwara awan yokka teepi swan yokka gnaapakaanni apavitram cheyadam anedi atanni gowravinche vaarandarikee avamanamga untundi mariyu french athani adbhutamaina rachanala gurinchi puurtigaa agnaanamgaa undani rujuvu chestundi. paedha mitrulara!"opera modatisaarigaa aanglamlo newyork loe 1877 aktobaru 15naa emm. eah. cooney. itara antarjaateeya modati pradarsanalalo 12 janavari 1854naa vienna (german bhaashalo), 2 fibravari 1854naa berlin (german bhaashalo), marchi 1854loe geniva, 7 october 1854naa buenous ires, 1 augustu 1868naa barcelona, 1878 april 10naa lisban, 1879 april 24naa mexico, 1897 fibravari 24naa paduva (italianlo), mariyu glassgo (aanglamlo oka kavi kalaga) unnaayi, veetini doubleu. bii. kingston) 18 fibravari 1898naa. iravayyava sataabdapu pradarsanalalo 1915 november 12naa trainan-lyriclo paarislo punarujjeevanam, 1936 fibravari 13 chivarilo lillelo okati, 1937 september 27naa brasselslo marokati unnaayi. opera punaruddharinchabadindi (chaanal tunnell praarambhotsavam kosam) 1994 mae 7naa piere jourdon chetha theatray imperial dii compignay vadda mariyu taruvaata DVDloe vidudala cheyabadindi. saaraamsam. chattam 1. "landanlooni richmandloni dhi towern off dhi sairan" kontavaraku vivarinchaleni vidhamgaa raani elizabeth mariyu aame gourava parichaarika ayina olivia, richmond vadda paarkulooni raaja courtez nundi vaeru cheyabaddaaru. naavikulu vembadinchina taruvaata, vaaru oka sarassulo aasrayam pondutaaru, akkada vaaru vilium shakespeare kanugontaaru, athani sahacharulu chuttoo, madyapaanamlo nimagnamai unnaaru. musugu dharinchina raani, kavi manasulo manchi vishayaala bhavanni gurthuchesukovadaaniki vyardhamgaa prayatnistundi. aame bodhanu chuusi athanu egataali chestaadu, madyam sevistune untaadu. prastutam athanu table kinda tirugutuu, matthu yokka digbhraantikaramaina drushyaanni pradarsistaadu. shakespeare aaa rajabhavanam chuttoo unna udyaanavanaaniki ravana cheyamani elizabeth richard pales governor surr zaan fallstaffnu aadesistundi. chattam 2. "" "dhi park off richmond pales" "" idhi raatri; sarassu yokka neeru, chetla kommala gundaa prakaasinchae chandrakanti, lothaina adavi yokka saadhaarana prabhavam, annee kalisi shakespeare yokka indriyaalanu athani melkolupu meeda gandaragolaniki guri chestaayi. athanu saamarasyapoorvakamaina sabdaalanu vintaadu; prastutam athanu tellani roopaanni chustadu, mariyu oka swaram vinabadutundi. thana nirlakshyam mariyu aamenu vidichipettamani bedirinchinanduku atanni nindinchedi athani sangeetame. aaa drushyamtho takshaname aakarshitudaina kavi, thana manchi medhavi oka aakarshanheeyamaina mahila tappa marevaro kaadani twaralone grahistaadu. raani tanani taanu aaa roopamgaa marchukunna paristhitiki bhayapadi, aame vaipu munduku saagutuu, thana raaja yajamaniki badulugaa tananu taanu maarchukuntundi. alivia abhimani ayina latimer sameepamlo unnadu mariyu shakespeare pratispandanalanu chushadu, mariyu kavi nirasanalu unnappatikee, atanni dvandvayuddhaaniki savaalu chestaadu. encounter ventane jarugutundi, mariyu konni paas la tarvaata latimer padipotundi. olivia niraasa chendhi, raani thoo kalisi, raaja agnaatavaasini mosam chestundi. taanu lard latimernu champanani namme shakespeare, paaripoyi nadiloe padavestaadu. atanni muurchaloo pattukuni athani basa sthalaalaku teesukuvelataaru. chattam 3. "white haall pales" raani eee ratriputa jarige haasyamlo surr zaan mariyu itara natulanu vaaru chusina pratidaanni marchipovalani aadesinchi, aapai shakespeareku pamputundi. raani thanatho premalo undani kavi ventane oohistaadu. athanu harshamtho ravana cheyabadi, tananu taanu sweekarinchukoni, oka kalalu kanee vyaktigaa egataali cheyabaddadani telusukuntaadu. elizabeth okkare thana niraasapai jaali chooputundi, mariyu kavitho ilaa chebutundihi "conny meeku eee raatri sanghatanalu prapanchaaniki oka kala avtayi", antey, aaa raatri sanghatanalalo shakespeare yokka sunnitamaina kalpanaku prerana dorakali, "vesavi madhya raatri kala". suuchanalu. gamanikalu muulaalu

eek dunn pehley kii baath hay lee songay ddee yune newat ddee aett ("eek wast mosam garma kii raat kaa khwaab") teen aamaal mein eek opra mazahiya hay jasay ambrois thamas nay jozaf bernard rozeer aur adolf ddee levine kay zariah eek francisi libreto kay liye tartib diyaa hay. agarcha iss kaa anwaan shakespear kay dramay "aey mudd summer nights dream" kay liye francisi hay leakin iss kaa plaat iss dramay parr mubni nahein hay. shakespear khood opera mein eek kirdaar hay jaisa kahh alzabth awal aur falstaff haine. karkardgi kii tareekh. opera kaa premier 20 apreel 1850 kuu peers mein dosray seelay fevert mein opra kaamik kay zariye kiyaa gayaa thaa. alzabth kaa kirdaar delfen agladay kay liye thaa juu premier mein gaaney kay liye behat beemaar thee leakin baad mein iss nay yaha kirdaar sanbhala. angrezi mubsareen aksar plaat kay kachh pahluwon kuu qaabil aiteraz zaiqah mein paatay haine. tahim opera france mein behat kamiyab rehaa. asay 22 satambar 1859 kuu opra kaamak mein aur phir 1867 kii beenn alaqwami numaish kay doraan meeri cable victor keepol leone aard aur paiyar geel haard kay saath dobarah zindah kiyaa gayaa. eek nazar saani shadah warzan 17 apreel 1886 kuu edeal aizaak kay saath malkah kay toor parr nasb kiyaa gayaa thaa. peers mein "dee neo yark times" kay jaizah leenay waalay kay mutabiq iss nay "nayaab sawabdid aur waqaar kay saath" kaam kiyaa aur composure kay zariah teks aayed kardah register kay wasee dairah kaar kuu iss kii fitri aawaz say hairat angez toor parr paish kiyaa jaataa hay jiss mein nichley toone atnay hyee bharay aur qaabil aetemad hotay haine jitna kahh opri nott aasaan meethay aur bansari kii tarah hotay haine. iss kii behtareen aawaz sticati aur trull kay sabb say oonche dairay mein jangli parwazon kii ajazat deeti hay jabkah behat say dramayi talawaton kuu iss kii yaqeeni jablat aur iss kay register kay yaksaan mayaar aur renj say achhi tarah say khadmat milti hay. sharoo say aakhir takk yahaan takk kahh dosray aikat kay cadens kay teks mein bhee iss kay makmal bharpur lehjay atnay hyee yaqeeni atnay hyee sareeli atnay hyee mukhmil aur atnay hyee lachakdar thay jeesay wah phansi kay taqriba namumkin karnamon kuu poraa nahein kirr rahee thee."cast mein batoor shakespear victor moril aur" "dee stout thunders" "kay toor parr baritone emil-elexandry taask shaamil thay... falstaf aur iss kii aawaz kii tausia asay asl mein baas kay liye likhay gayey hasay kuu makmal qadr deenay kii ajazat deeti hay." beenn alaqwami satah parr opera pehli baar 24 maarch 1851 kuu leej mein 27 satambar 1851 kuu barsalz mein 1851 mein neo orleans mein aur 22 apreel 1852 kuu frankfurt (german mein) mein paish kiyaa gayaa. neoyork mein asay 21 joone 1852 kuu neo orleans company nay francisi mein paish kiyaa. asay "spirt aaf dee times" (26 joone 1852) kay nqad nay achhi tarah say qabool nahein kiyaa jiss nay likhaa: "malkah alzabath falstaf aur shakespear kuu intehayi mazhakah khaiz halaat mein aur eek dosray kay saath mazhakah khaiz taluqat mein mutaarif karaya gayaa hay. humm apnay gaali doston kuu malkah bees kuu badnaam karnay aur motay jeek kuu mazhakah khaiz bananay kay liye maaf kirr saktay haine leakin iss tarah kay baldardish mein iss kaa naam mutaarif karaatey hoay aiyon kay meethay huns kii yaad kuu badnaam karnaa eek saath inn sabb kii toheen hay juu iss kaa ehteram kartay haine aur iss baath kaa sabut hay kahh francisi iss kay shandar kaamon say makmal toor parr laalmi mein haine. gharib loag!"opera pehli baar 15 aktobar 1877 kuu neoyork mein angrezi mein ayem kay tarjumah mein paish kiyaa gayaa thaa. aey. konee. deegar beenn alaqwami pehli performans mein 12 januri 1854 kuu wayana (german mein)yee 2 faroori 1854 kuu barlan (german mein)yee maarch 1854 mein geniva 7 aktobar 1854 kuu beunce airz 1 agast 1868 kuu barsalona 10 apreel 1878 kuu lazban 24 apreel 1879 kuu maxico 24 faroori 1897 kuu padwa (atalvi mein)yee aur glassgo (angrezi mein batoor "eek shayer kaa khwaab"yee jiss kaa tarjumah dabliyo nay kiyaa hay. bub. kingsten) 18 faroori 1898 kuu. beswein sadee kii performans mein 12 nomber 1915 kuu peers mein trinoon-lerek mein bahaali shaamil hay eek 13 faroori 1936 kuu lalee mein aur dosra 27 satambar 1937 kuu barsalz mein. opera kuu 7 mayee 1994 kuu theater imperial ddee compain mein paiyar jorden kay zariah bahaal kiyaa gayaa (chinal tunnel kay iftatah kay liye) aur baad mein asay ddee wee ddee parr jaari kiyaa gayaa. khalasah. aikat 1. "landan kay shehar richmond mein sairan kaa sharaab khaanah" kasee naha kasee tarah malkah alzabth aur aulioya juu iss kii nokarani thee kuu richarmand kay paark mein shaahi sahan say alg kirr diyaa gayaa. malahon kay taaqib mein wah eek sharaab khaaney mein panah leetay haine jehaan wah waleem shakespear kuu apnay saathiyon say gharaa hawaa sharaab noshi mein masruf paatay haine. malkah juu nqab posh hay shayer kay zahan mein behatar cheezon kaa ahsaas yaad karnay kii bay sood koshish karti hay. wah iss kii tabligh kaa mazaaq adaata hay aur sharaab peeta rehta hay. iss waqat wah meez kay neechey ghomta hay aur nashah kaa eek chonka deenay waala tamashah paish kartaa hay. alzabth nay richard mahal kay governor sarr jaan falstaff kuu hakam diyaa kahh wah shakespear kuu iss mahal kay ard gird kay paark mein lay jayein. aikat 2. "paark aaf richmond peels" yaha raat hay vovo jheel kaa paanee darkhaton kii shakhon say chamakti chaandani gehrey jangal kaa amumi asar yaha sabb mill kirr shakespear kay bedari parr inn kay hawaas kuu aljhatay haine. wah humm aahing aawazein santaa hay vovo phee alhaal wah eek safed shakal dekhta hay aur eek aawaz sunee jaati hay. yaha iss kii ibadat gaah kii baath hay juu asay iss kii nazar andaaz karnay aur asay turk karnay kii dhamki parr milamat kartaa hay. shayer juu fouri toor parr iss manzar say mutasir how jaataa hay jald hyee mahsus kartaa hay kahh iss kii achhi zahanat koyee aur nahein balkah eek dilkash aurat hay. wah iss kii taraf badhta hay aur aulioya iss surathaal say khufzadah hay jiss mein malkah nay khood kuu iss zahiri shakal mein paish kiyaa hay apnee shaahi maalkin kii jagah lay leeti hay. latimer juu aulioya kaa eek parastaar hay qareeb hay aur shakespear kay radamil kuu deekh kirr aur shayer kay ahtajaj kay bawajood asay duu tarfah jung kaa challenge deeta hay. tasadam fouri toor parr hotaa hay aur chand guzargahon kay baad latimer girr jaataa hay. aulioya mayus how jaati hay aur malkah kay saath mill kirr shaahi incugneta kuu dhokah deeti hay. shakespear jiss kaa maanna hay kahh iss nay laard latimer kuu maar daala hay adtaa hay aur khood kuu daryaa mein phaink deeta hay. asay bay hosh haalat mein pakad kirr iss kay rehaish gaahon mein lay jayaa jaataa hay. aikat 3. "waait haal mahal" malkah iss raat kii mazahiya film mein sarr jaan aur deegar adakaron kuu hakam deeti hay kahh wah wah sabb kachh bhool jayein juu inhon nay dekha hay aur phir shakespear kuu bhejti hay. shayer foraa tasavur kartaa hay kahh malkah iss say mohabat karti hay. wah repture kay saath pahunchta hay aur khood kuu eek khwaab dekhnay waalay kay toor parr qabool aur mazaaq udatay hoay paataa hay. sarf alzabth kuu hyee iss kii mayusi parr raham aataa hay aur wah shayer say kehti hay: "leakin aap kay liye iss raat kay waaqiaat poori duniya kay liye eek khwaab hoan gay"yee yauni iss mein koyee shakk nahein kahh iss raat kay waaqiaat mein shakespear kay shandar tasaur "wast mosam garma kii raat kaa khwaab" kay liye tehreek milni chahiye. hawalah jaat. nott zaraye

0000d5955ade88c2c200fb43850fe6be3cb9c4b61d16f6c8e3c6e3cf530739a1

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki?curid=1040333

Provincial Government Act, 1961/1987-04-01

Provincial Government Act, 1961/1987-04-01 <templatestyles src="Header/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="Header/main block/styles.css" /> as amended by Provincial Executive Committees Act, No. 28 of 1962 Constitution Amendment Act, No. 65 of 1962 Constitution Amendment Act, No. 9 of 1963 Provincial Councils and Executive Committees Act, No. 22 of 1963 Coloured Persons Education Act, No. 47 of 1963 Provincial Executive Committees Act, No. 64 of 1963 Indians Education Act, No. 61 of 1965 Constitution Amendment Act, No. 83 of 1965 Pension Laws Amendment Act, No. 102 of 1965 Constitution Amendment Act, No. 37 of 1966 Second Finance Act, No. 58 of 1966 Constitution Amendment Act, No. 9 of 1967 Separate Representation of Voters Amendment Act, No. 50 of 1968 Pension Laws Amendment Act, No. 79 of 1968 Powers and Privileges of Provincial Councils Amendment Act, No. 37 of 1969 General Law Amendment Act, No. 101 of 1969 Constitution Amendment Act, No. 1 of 1971 Pension Laws Amendment Act, No. 93 of 1971 Provincial Finance and Audit Act, No. 18 of 1972 Provincial Affairs Act, No. 61 of 1972 General Law Amendment Act, No. 102 of 1972 Constitution and Elections Amendment Act, No. 79 of 1973 General Law Amendment Act, No. 62 of 1973 Parliamentary Service Act, No. 33 of 1974 Constitution Amendment Act, No. 48 of 1974 Second Pension Laws Amendment Act, No. 77 of 1974 Exchequer and Audit Act, No. 66 of 1975 Constitution Amendment Act, No. 60 of 1976 Financial Relations Act, No. 65 of 1976 Constitution Amendment Act, No. 30 of 1977 Proclamation No. R. 249 of 1977 Second Black Laws Amendment Act, No. 102 of 1978 Constitution Amendment Act, No. 99 of 1979 Pension Laws Amendment Act, No. 100 of 1979 Republic of South Africa Constitution Third Amendment Act, No. 28 of 1980 Republic of South Africa Constitution Second Amendment Act, No. 31 of 1980 Railways and Harbours Acts Amendment Act, No. 67 of 1980 Republic of South Africa Constitution Amendment Act, No. 70 of 1980 Republic of South Africa Constitution Fourth Amendment Act, No. 74 of 1980 Republic of South Africa Constitution Fifth Amendment Act, No. 101 of 1980 Republic of South Africa Constitution Amendment Act, No. 40 of 1981 Republic of South Africa Constitution Second Amendment Act, No. 101 of 1981 Constitution Amendment Act, No. 99 of 1982 Provincial Affairs Act, No. 88 of 1983 Republic of South Africa Constitution Act, No. 110 of 1983 Constitution Amendment Act, No. 105 of 1984 Constitutional Affairs Amendment Act, No. 104 of 1985 Provincial Government Act, No. 69 of 1986 [Preamble and Parts I–V repealed by s. 101 of Act No. 110 of 1983.] <section begin="s66to83"/> Part VI. The Provinces. [Ss. 66–83 repealed by s. 22 of Act No. 69 of 1986.] <section end="s66to83"/> <section begin="s84"/><templatestyles src="center/styles.css" /> "Powers of Provincial Councils." <templatestyles src="Sidenote/styles.css"/>Powers of provincial councils. 84. (1) Subject to the provisions of this Act, the Financial Relations Act, 1976 (Act No. 65 of 1976), and the assent of the State President as hereinafter provided, and except in so far as the provisions of Part IV of the Republic of South Africa Constitution Act, 1983, have under section 98 (3) ("a") of the last-mentioned Act been declared to apply to any ordinance or other law of the province, a provincial council may make ordinances in relation to matters coming within the following classes of subjects, namely— ("a") direct taxation within the province in order to raise revenue for provincial purposes; ("b") the borrowing of money on the sole credit of the province with the consent of the State President and in accordance with regulations framed by Parliament; [Para. ("b") amended by s. 33 ("a") of Act No. 101 of 1980.] ("c") education, other than higher education, education for Coloured persons as defined in section "one" of the Coloured Persons Education Act, 1963, education for Indians as defined in section "one" of the Indians Education Act, 1965, and Black education, until Parliament otherwise provides; [Para. ("c") amended by s. 37 of Act No. 47 of 1963, by s. 36 of Act No. 61 of 1965, and by s. 17 of Act No. 102 of 1978.] ("d") agriculture to the extent and subject to the conditions defined by Parliament; ("e") the establishment, maintenance and management of hospitals and charitable institutions; ("f")(i) municipal institutions, divisional councils and other local institutions of a similar nature; (ii) any institutions or bodies other than such institutions as are referred to in sub-paragraph (i), which have in respect of any one or more areas (whether contiguous or not) situated outside the area of jurisdiction of any such institution as is referred to in sub-paragraph (i), authority and functions similar to the authority and functions of such institutions as are referred to in the said sub-paragraph, or authority and functions in respect of the preservation of public health in any such area or areas, including any such body as is referred to in section "seven" of the Public Health Act, 1919 (Act No. 36 of 1919); ("f"A) the assistance which a province may, with the approval of the State President, render to any other state, territory, province or the territory of South West Africa or to any institution or body contemplated in paragraph ("f") and established in any other province; [Para. ("f"A) inserted by s. 4 of Act No. 61 of 1972 and substituted by s. 1 of Act No. 30 of 1977 and by s. 2 ("a") of Act No. 31 of 1980.] ("f"B) the assistance which any institution or body contemplated in paragraph ("f") may, with the approval of the State President, render to any other state, territory, province or the territory of South West Africa; [Para. ("f"B) inserted by s. 2 ("b") of Act No. 31 of 1980.] ("f"C) the assistance regarding civil defence which any institution or body contemplated in paragraph ("f") may, with the approval of the administrator concerned, render to any such institution or body established in any other province, and the assistance which any institution or body so contemplated may with such approval render for the relief of the distress of persons who are or will be affected by an event declared to be a disaster under section 26 of the Fund-raising Act, 1978 (Act No. 107 of 1978); [Para. ("f"C) inserted by s. 2 ("b") of Act No. 31 of 1980 and substituted by s. 1 ("a") of Act No. 88 of 1983.] ("g") local works and undertakings within the province, other than railways and harbours, and other than such works as extend beyond the borders of the province and subject to the power of Parliament to declare any work a national work and to provide for its construction by arrangement with the provincial council or otherwise; [Para. ("g") amended by s. 33 ("b") of Act No. 101 of 1980.] ("h") roads, outspans, ponts and bridges, other than bridges connecting two provinces; ("i") markets and pounds; ("j") fish and game preservation, subject to the provisions of section "fourteen" of the Sea Fisheries Act, 1940 (Act No. 10 of 1940); ("k") the imposition of punishment by fine or imprisonment for enforcing any law or any ordinance of the province made in relation to any matter coming within any of the classes of subjects enumerated in this section. [Para. ("l") and ("m") repealed by s. 22 of Act No. 69 of 1986.] [Sub-s. (1) amended by s. 101 of Act No. 110 of 1983.] (2) An ordinance passed by a provincial council in relation to any matter referred to in paragraph ("f") of subsection (1) may provide― ("a") for the appointment by the administrator of the province concerned, or any specified authority, of the members or any number of the members of any institution or body contemplated in that paragraph; ("b") for the area of jurisdiction of an institution contemplated in subparagraph (i) of that paragraph to comprise one or more areas (whether contiguous or not). [Sub-s. (2) substituted by s. 1 ("b") of Act No. 88 of 1983.] [Sub-s. (3) deleted by s. 33 ("c") of Act No. 101 of 1980.] <section end="s84"/> <section begin="s85to121"/>[Ss. 66–93 repealed by s. 22 of Act No. 69 of 1986.] [Parts VII–VIIIA repealed by s. 101 of Act No. 110 of 1983.] [Ss. 107–109 repealed by s. 101 of Act No. 110 of 1983.] [S. 110 repealed by s. 22 of Act No. 69 of 1986.] [Ss. 111–113 repealed by s. 101 of Act No. 110 of 1983.] [S. 114 repealed by s. 22 of Act No. 69 of 1986.] [Ss. 115–118 repealed by s. 101 of Act No. 110 of 1983.] [Ss. 119–121 and the Schedule repealed by s. 22 of Act No. 69 of 1986.]<section end="s85to121"/>

pradexik sorkar aain, 1961/1987-04 -01 xongxudhon koraa onuxori pradexik karzobahi xomiti aain, nong. 1962 sonor 28 xongbidhan xongxudhoni aain, nong. 1962 sonor 65 xongbidhan xongxudhoni aain, nong. 1963 sonor 9 pradexik porixod aaru karzobahi xomiti aain, nong. 1963 sonor 22 rongin byokti xikhya aain, nong. 1963 sonor 47 pradexik karzobahi xomiti aain, nong. 1963 sonor 64 bharotiyo xikhya aain, nong. 1965 sonor 61 xongbidhan xongxudhoni aain, nong. 1965 sonor 83 pension aain xongxudhoni aain, nong. 1965 sonor 102 xongbidhan xongxudhoni aain, nong. 1966 sonor 37 dwitiyo bitto aain, nong. 1966 sonor 58 xongbidhan xongxudhoni aain, nong. 1967 sonor 9 bhutar xongxudhoni aainor prithok protinidhitwo, nong. 1968 sonor 50 pension aain xongxudhoni aain, nong. 1968 sonor 79 pradexik porixodor khyomota aaru bixexadhikar xongxudhoni aain, nong. 1969 sonor 37 xadharon aain xongxudhoni aain, nong. 1969 sonor 101 xongbidhan xongxudhoni aain, nong. 1971 sonor 1 pension aain xongxudhoni aain, nong. 1971 sonor 93 pradexik bitto aaru audit aain, nong. 1972 sonor 18 pradexik bixoy aain, nong. 1972 sonor 61 xadharon aain xongxudhoni aain, nong. 1972 sonor 102 xongbidhan aaru nirbason xongxudhoni aain, nong. 1973 sonor 79 xadharon aain xongxudhoni aain, nong. 1973 sonor 62 xongxodiyo xewa aain, nong. 1974 sonor 33 xongbidhan xongxudhoni aain, nong. 1974 sonor 48 dwitiyo pension aain xongxudhoni aain, nong. 1974 sonor 77 rajkux aaru audit aain, nong. 1975 sonor 66 xongbidhan xongxudhoni aain, nong. 1976 sonor 60 bittiyo xomporko aain, nohoy. 1976 sonor 65 xongbidhan xongxudhoni aain, nong. 1977 sonor 30 ghuxona nong. aar. 1977 sonor 249 dwitiyo koo 'laa aain xongxudhoni aain, nong. 1978 sonor 102 xongbidhan xongxudhoni aain, nong. 1979 sonor 99 pension aain xongxudhoni aain, nong. 1979 sonor 100 dokhyin africa gonorajyo xongbidhan tritiyo xongxudhoni aain, nong. 1980 sonor 28 dokhyin africa gonorajyo xongbidhan dwitiyo xongxudhoni aain, nong. 1980 sonor 31 rey "lowe aaru bondor aain xongxudhoni aain, nong. 1980 sonor 67 dokhyin africa gonorajyo xongbidhan xongxudhoni aain, nong. 1980 sonor 70 dokhyin africa gonorajyo xongbidhan soturtho xongxudhoni aain, nong. 1980 sonor 74 dokhyin africa gonorajyo xongbidhan ponchom xongxudhoni aain, nong. 1980 sonor 101 dokhyin africa gonorajyo xongbidhan xongxudhoni aain, nong. 1981 sonor 40 dokhyin africa gonorajyo xongbidhan dwitiyo xongxudhoni aain, nong. 1981 sonor 101 xongbidhan xongxudhoni aain, nong. 1982 sonor 99 pradexik bixoy aain, nong. 1983 sonor 88 dokhyin africa gonorajyor xongbidhan aain, nong. 1983 sonor 110 xongbidhan xongxudhoni aain, nong. 1984 sonor 105 xangbidhanik bixoy xongxudhoni aain, nong. 1985 sonor 104 pradexik sorkar aain, nong. 1986 sonor 69 [prodhan aaru ongxo i-v s-ror dwara baatil koraa hoise. 101 nong aain. 1983 sonor 110.] ongxo vi. prodexxomuh. [ess. ess. 66-83 s-ror dwara baatil koraa hoise. aain nong 22. 1986 sonor 69.] "pradexik porixodor khyomota." pradexik porixodor khyomota. 84. (1) ei aainor bidhanxomuh xapekhye, bittiyo xomporko aain, 1976 (aain nong. 1976 sonor 65), aaru iyat iyar pisot prodan koraa rajyik rastropotir xonmoti, aaru dokhyin africa gonorajyor xongbidhan aain, 1983-ror soturtho ongxor byowosthaxomuhor baahire, xexore ullekh koraa aainor dhaara 98 (3) ("koo") ror odhinot prodexor jikunu odhyadex baa aan aainot projujyo buli ghuxona koraa hoise, etaa pradexik porixode nimnolikhito shrenir bixoyor bhitorot ohaa bixoixomuhor xondorbhot odhyadex pronoyon korr onumoti dibo paare, jene - (koo) pradexik uddesyor baabe raajoh briddhir baabe prodexor bhitorot proityokhyo korr; (kho) rajyik rastropotir xonmotire aaru xongxodor dwara prostut koraa niyomawoli onuxori prodexor ekmatro rinot dhon rino luwa; [peraa. ("kho") cho-ror dwara xongxudhito. 33 nong aainor ("koo"). 1980 sonor 101.] (go) uscho xikhyar baahire xikhya, rongin byokti xikhya aain, 1963-ror "ek" khondot xongyayito rongin byoktir baabe xikhya, bharotiyo xikhya aain, 1965-ror "ek" khondot xongyayito bharotiyoxokolor baabe xikhya, aaru xongxodor onyo byowostha nuhuwaloike koo 'laa xikhya; [peraa. ("go") cho-ror dwara xongxudhito. aain nong 37. 1963 sonor 47, ess. aain nong 36. 1965 sonor 61, aaru ess. aain nong 17. 1978 sonor 102.] (gho) xongxodor dwara nirdharito sortoxomuhor xeema aaru odhinotat krixi; (ngo) sikitsaloy aaru datobyo protisthanxomuhor protistha, rokhyonabekhyon aaru byowosthapona; (cho) (koo) pour protisthan, bibhagiyo porixod aaru eke dhoronor onyanyo sthaniyo protisthan; (ii) upo-onusched (i) too ullekh koraa protisthanxomuhor baahire aan jikunu protisthan baa xongstha, jaar upo-onusched (i) too ullekh koraa jikunu protisthanor ektiyar khyetror bahirot owosthito jikunu ek baa ekadhik onchol (xonglogno houk baa nohouk) ror khetrot, ukto upo-onusched (i) too ullekh koraa protisthanxomuhor korr korr korr kortritwo aar xoite mill thoka kortritwo aare kaam aaru karjyo, baa rajohuwa swasthyo aain, 1919 (aain nong nong. 1919 sonor 36); (cho) rastropotir onumudonot ekhon prodexoi aan jikunu rajyo, bhukhondo, prodex baa dokhyin poschim africar bhukhondo baa onusched (cho) too bibesona koraa aaru aan jikunu prodexot sthapito jikunu protisthan baa nikotok prodan koribo poraa xohay; [peraa. ("f" a) s-ror dwara xonnibisto koraa. 4 nong aain. 1972 sonor 61 aaru iyar thait ess. 1 nong aain. 1977 sonor 30 aaru ess. 2 ("koo") aain nong. 1980 sonor 31.] (cho) onusched (cho) too bibesona koraa jikunu protisthan baa xongsthai rastropotir onumudonot aan jikunu rajyo, bhukhondo, prodex baa dokhyin poschim africar bhukhondok prodan koribo poraa xohay; [peraa. ("f" b) s-ror dwara xonnibisto koraa hoy. 2 nong aainor ("kho"). 1980 sonor 31.] (cho) onusched (cho) too bibesona koraa jikunu protisthan baa xongsthai xongslisto proxaxokor onumudonore aan jikunu prodexot sthapito ene jikunu protisthan baa nikotok nagorik protirokya xompor khetrot ji xohay aagborhabo paare, aaru ene onumudonore bibesona kore jikunu protisthan baa nikaye puji xongrohon aain, 1978 (aain nong. 1978 sonor 107); [peraa. ("f" c) s-ror dwara xonnibisto koraa hoy. 2 nong aainor ("kho"). 1980 sonor 31 nong aaru iyar thait ess. 1 nong aainor ("koo"). 1983 sonor 88.] (cho) rey "lopoth aaru bondoror baahire prodexor bhitorot sthaniyo kaam aaru udyug, aaru prodexor ximar baahire xomproxarito huwa kaamor baahire aaru xongxodor khyomotar odhinot jikunu kaamok rastriyo kaam hisape ghuxona koraa aaru pradexik porixodor xoite baa onyo kunu byowosthar dwara iyar nirmanor byowostha korr byowostha korr baabe byowostha korr byowostha korr byowostha korr baabe; [peraa. ("cho") cho-ror dwara xongxudhito. 33 nong aainor ("kho"). 1980 sonor 101.] ("jo") dutaa prodexok xongzug koraa dolongro baahire poth, bohirbhag, pont aaru dolong; ("koo") bojar aaru pound; ("je") xagoriyo mean paalon aain, 1940 (aain nong. 1940 sonor 10); ("key") ei khondot ullekh koraa bixoyor jikunu shrenir bhitorot ohaa jikunu bixoyor xondorbhot prodexor jikunu aain baa odhyadex bolbot korar baabe jorimona baa karadondor xasti aarup koraa. [peraa. ("l") aaru ("m") s ror dwara baatil koraa hoy. aain nong 22. 1986 sonor 69.] [upo-ess. (1) ess-ror dwara xongxudhito. 101 nong aain. 1983 sonor 110.] (2) upodhara (1) ror onusched ("cho") too ullekh koraa jikunu bixoyor xondorbhot pradexik porixode grihit koraa odhyadexot ullekh thakibo paare - (koo) xongslisto prodexor proxaxoke baa kunu nirdisto kortritwor dwara xodosyo baa xei onuschedot bibesona koraa jikunu protisthan baa xongsthar jikunu xongkhyok xodosyor nijuktir baabe; ("kho") xei onuschedor upo-onusched (i) too bibesona koraa protisthanor khetrokhyetror baabe ek baa totudhik khyetro (xonglogno houk baa nohouk) ontorbhukto koraa. [upo-ess. (2) s dwara protisthapito. 1 nong aainor ("kho"). 1983 sonor 88.] [upo-ess. (3) ess-ror dwara mosi peluwa. 33 nong aainor ("go"). 1980 sonor 101.] [ess. ess. 66-93 s-ror dwara baatil koraa hoise. aain nong 22. 1986 sonor 69.] [ongxo VIII-VIIA-koo s-ror dwara baatil koraa hoise. 101 nong aain. 1983 sonor 110.] [ess. ess. 107-109 s-ror dwara baatil koraa hoise. 101 nong aain. 1983 sonor 110.] [ess. 110 cher dwara baatil koraa hoisil. aain nong 22. 1986 sonor 69.] [ess. ess. 111-113 s-ror dwara baatil koraa hoise. 101 nong aain. 1983 sonor 110.] [ess. 114 ess-ror dwara baatil koraa hoisil. aain nong 22. 1986 sonor 69.] [ess. ess. 115-118 s-ror dwara baatil koraa hoise. 101 nong aain. 1983 sonor 110.] [ess. ess. 119-121 aaru xusitu s-ror dwara baatil koraa hoisil. aain nong 22. 1986 sonor 69.]

pradeshik sarkar aain, 1961/1987-04 -01 dwara sangshodhito pradeshik karjonirbahi committy aain, nong. 1962 saaler 28 sangbidhan sangshodhani aain, nong. 1962 saaler 65 sangbidhan sangshodhani aain, nong. 1963 saaler 9 pradeshik porishod ebong karjonirbahi committy aain, nong. 1963 saaler 22 rongin byakti shikkha aain, nong. 1963 saaler 47 pradeshik karjonirbahi committy aain, nong. 1963 saaler 64 bharatiya shikkha aain, nong. 1965 saaler 61 sangbidhan sangshodhani aain, nong. 1965 saaler 83 penashana aain sangshodhani aain, nong. 1965 saaler 102 sangbidhan sangshodhani aain, nong. 1966 saaler 37 dwitiya ortho aain, nong. 1966 saaler 58 sangbidhan sangshodhani aain, nong. 1967 saaler 9 bhotar sangshodhani aainer prithak protinidhitto, nong. 1968 saaler 50 penashana aain sangshodhani aain, nong. 1968 saaler 79 pradeshik porishod sangshodhani aainer khomota oo biseshadhikar, nong. 1969 saaler 37 sadharan aain sangshodhani aain, nong. 1969 saaler 101 sangbidhan sangshodhani aain, nong. 1971 saaler 1 penashana aain sangshodhani aain, nong. 1971 saaler 93 pradeshik ortho oo nirikkha aain, nong. 1972 saaler 18 pradeshik vishay aain, nong. 1972 saaler 61 sadharan aain sangshodhani aain, nong. 1972 saaler 102 sangbidhan oo nirbachan sangshodhani aain, nong. 1973 saaler 79 sadharan aain sangshodhani aain, nong. 1973 saaler 62 sangsadiya porisheba aain, nong. 1974 saaler 33 sangbidhan sangshodhani aain, nong. 1974 saaler 48 dwitiya penashana aain sangshodhani aain, nong. 1974 saaler 77 sarkari koshagar oo nirikkha aain, nong. 1975 saaler 66 sangbidhan sangshodhani aain, nong. 1976 saaler 60 arthik somporko aain, naa. 1976 saaler 65 sangbidhan sangshodhani aain, nong. 1977 saaler 30 ghoshana nong. arr. 1977 saaler 249 dwitiya kaalo aain sangshodhani aain, nong. 1978 saaler 102 sangbidhan sangshodhani aain, nong. 1979 saaler 99 penashana aain sangshodhani aain, nong. 1979 saaler 100 dakkhin africa projatontro sangbidhaner tritiya sangshodhani aain, nong. 1980 saaler 28 dakkhin africa projatontro sangbidhan dwitiya sangshodhani aain, nong. 1980 saaler 31 rail oo bondor aain sangshodhani aain, nong. 1980 saaler 67 dakkhin africa projatontrer sangbidhan sangshodhani aain, nong. 1980 saaler 70 dakkhin africa projatontrer sangbidhaner choturtho sangshodhani aain, nong. 1980 saaler 74 dakkhin africa projatontrer sangbidhaner pancham sangshodhani aain, nong. 1980 saaler 101 dakkhin africa projatontrer sangbidhan sangshodhani aain, nong. 1981 saaler 40 dakkhin africa projatontro sangbidhan dwitiya sangshodhani aain, nong. 1981 saaler 101 sangbidhan sangshodhani aain, nong. 1982 saaler 99 pradeshik vishay aain, nong. 1983 saaler 88 dakkhin africa projatontrer sangbidhan aain, nong. 1983 saaler 110 sangbidhan sangshodhani aain, nong. 1984 saaler 105 sangbidhanik vishay sangshodhani aain, nong. 1985 saaler 104 pradeshik sarkar aain, naa. 1986 saaler 69 [prostabona ebong ongsho aaee-vee esha dwara batil koraa hoyeche. 101 nong aain. 1983 saaler 110.] ongsho vi. prodeshguli. [esha. esha. 66-83 s dwara batil koraa hoyeche. 22 nong aain. 1986 saaler 69.] "pradeshik porishodgulir khomota." pradeshik porishodgulir khomota. 84. (1) eyi aainer bidhan sapekkhe, arthik somporko aain, 1976 (aain nong. 1976 saaler 65), ebong erpore rajyo rashtropotir sammati, ebong dakkhin africa projatontrer sangbidhan aain, 1983-err choturtho ongsher bidhanguli byatito, shesh ullikhito aainer 98 (3) ("qaa") dharar adhine prodesher konao adhyadesh baa anyanno aainer khettre prajojya boley ghoshana koraa hoyeche, ekti pradeshik porishod nimnolikhito shrenir vishaygulir modhye assa vishaygulir bishoye adhyadesh toiri korte paare, jothah - (qaa) pradeshik uddeshye rajaswa briddhir jonno prodesher modhye prottokkho corr; (kho) rajyo rashtropotir sommotite ebong sangsad kortrik praneet probidhan onusare prodesher ekmatro riner upor ortho dhaar koraa; [pyara. ("kho") esha dwara sangshodhito. 33 (qaa) nong aainer. 1980 saaler 101.] (goo) uchcho shikkha byatito shikkha, 1963 saaler bornobisishto byaktider jonno shikkha, bharatiya shikkha aain, 1965-err "eka" dharay sangyayita bharatiyader jonno shikkha ebong sangsad onno konao bidhan naa koraa porjonto krishna shikkhar byabostha; [pyara. ("goo") esha dwara sangshodhito. 37 nong aain. 1963 saaler 47, esha. 36 nong aain. 1965 saaler 61, ebong esha. aain nong-err 17 nong. 1978 saaler 102.] (gho) sangsad kortrik nirdharito shorto sapekkhe krishi; (ngo) hospital oo datobbo protisthan protistha, rakkhanabekkhan oo porichalona; (choo) (qaa) pour protisthan, bibhagiya porishod ebong anurup prokritir anyanno sthaniya protisthan; (2) upo-anuchched (1) ayee ullikhito protisthan byatito onno coone protisthan baa sangostha, jaar upo-anuchched (1) ayee ullikhito konao protisthaner ekhtiar khettrer baire abosthito eka baa ekadhik elaka (sanglagna baa sanglagna naa-oo) somporke kortripokkho ebong ukto upo-anuchchede ullikhito protisthangulir kortritto oo karjabolir anurup kaajkormo, baa jonosastho aain, 1919 (aain nong nong)-err "shaat" dharay ullikhito konao sangostha soho, jonosastho sanrakkhaner khettre kortripokkho oo karjaboli. 1919 saaler 36); (choo) rashtroprodhaner anumodankrame coone pradesh onno coone rajyo, anchal, pradesh baa dakkhin-poschim africar anchal baa anuchchede (choo) bibechona koraa ebong onno coone prodeshe protisthito coone protisthan baa sangosthake jey sahayata pradan korte paare; [pyara. ("f" a) s dwara sonnibeshito. 4 nong aain. 1972 saaler 61 ebong esha dwara protisthapito. 1 nong aain. 1977 saaler 30 ebong esha. 2 ("qaa") aain nong. 1980 saaler 31.] (choo) (choo) anuchchede ullikhito coone protisthan baa sangostha, rashtroprodhaner anumodankrame, dakkhin-poschim africar onno coone rajyo, anchal, pradesh baa anchalke jey sahayata pradan korte paare; [pyara. ("f" b) s dwara sonnibeshito. 2 ("kho") nong aainer. 1980 saaler 31.] (choo) nagrik protirokkha sangkranta jey sahayata (choo) anuchchede ullikhito coone protisthan baa sangostha, sangshlishto proshashoker anumodankrame, onno coone prodeshe protisthito coone protisthan baa sangosthake pradan korte parbe ebong jey sahayata eibhabe bibechito coone protisthan baa sangostha tehbil sangraha aain, 1978 (aain nong. 1978-err 107); [pyara. ("f" c) s dwara sonnibeshito. 2 ("kho") nong aainer. 1980 saaler 31 ebong esha dwara protisthapito. 1 ("qaa") aain nong. 1983 saaler 88.] (chho) railpoth oo bondor byatito prodesher abhyantare sthaniya kaaj oo uddog ebong prodesher seemana chhadiye bistrito kaaj byatito ebong sangsader khomota sapekkhe jey konao kaajke jatiya kaaj ghoshana koraa ebong pradeshik counciler saathe byabostha korey baa onno konovabe err nirmaner byabostha koraa; [pyara. ("zii") esha dwara sangshodhito. 33 ("kho") nong aainer. 1980 saaler 101.] (zaa) duti prodeshke sangjuktokari setu byatito sadak, bahirangan elaka, pont ebong setu; ("qaa") bazar ebong pound; ("jeey") samudra motsyo aain, 1940-err "chaudda" dharar bidhan sapekkhe machh oo khela sanrakkhan (aain nong. 1940 saaler 10); (tough) eyi dharay ullikhito bishoyer jey coone shrenir modhye assa konao bishoye prodesher konao aain baa adhyadesh karjokor korar jonno jarimana baa karadanda dwara shasti arop. [pyara. ("l") ebong ("m") s dwara batil koraa hoyeche. 22 nong aain. 1986 saaler 69.] [upo-esha. (1) esha dwara sangshodhito. 101 nong aain. 1983 saaler 110.] (2) upo-dhara (1) err anuchched (choo) ayee ullikhito jey coone bishoye pradeshik porishod kortrik grihito adhyadesher bidhan hotey paare - (qaa) sangshlishto prodesher proshashok athoba coone nirdishto kortripokkho kortrik sadasya baa seii anuchchede ullikhito coone protisthan baa sangosthar jey coone sankhyak sadasya niyoger jonno; (kho) oi anuchcheder upo-anuchched (1)-ayee ullikhito konao protisthaner ekhtiar khettrer jonno eka baa ekadhik khettro (sanglagna hoke baa naa hoke) niye gothito. [upo-esha. (2) esha dwara protisthapito. 1 ("kho") aain nong. 1983 saaler 88.] [upo-esha. (3) esha dwara muche fela hoyeche. 33 nong aainer ("goo"). 1980 saaler 101.] [esha. esha. 66-93 s dwara batil koraa hoyeche. 22 nong aain. 1986 saaler 69.] [ongsho VIII-VIII dwara batil koraa hoyeche. 101 nong aain. 1983 saaler 110.] [esha. esha. 107-109 s dwara batil koraa hoyeche. 101 nong aain. 1983 saaler 110.] [esha. 110 dwara batil koraa hoyeche. 22 nong aain. 1986 saaler 69.] [esha. esha. 111-113 s dwara batil koraa hoyeche. 101 nong aain. 1983 saaler 110.] [esha. 114 dwara batil koraa hoyeche. 22 nong aain. 1986 saaler 69.] [esha. esha. 115-118 s dwara batil koraa hoyeche. 101 nong aain. 1983 saaler 110.] [esha. esha. 119-121 ebong samaysuchiti esha dwara batil koraa hoyeche. 22 nong aain. 1986 saaler 69.]

praantiy sarkaar adhiniyam, 1961/1987-04 -01 dwara sudharel praantiy kaarykaari sameeti adhiniyam, nann. 1962noow 28moow bandhaaran sudhara adhiniyam, nann. 1962noow 65 bandhaaran sudhara adhiniyam, nann. 1963noow 9 praantiy parishado aneey kaarykaari sameeteeo adhiniyam, nann. 1963noow 22 rangeen vyaktee shikshan adhiniyam, nann. 1963noow 47 praantiy kaarykaari sameeti adhiniyam, nann. 1963noow 64 bhaartiy shikshan adhiniyam, nann. 1965noow 61 bandhaaran sudhara adhiniyam, nann. 1965noow 83 pension kaayada sudhara adhiniyam, nann. 1965noow 102 bandhaaran sudhara adhiniyam, nann. 1966noow 37 beejo nanakiy kaayado, nann. 1966noow 58 bandhaaran sudhara adhiniyam, nann. 1967noow 9 matdaar sudhara adhiniyamnu alag pratinidhitva, nann. 1968naa 50 pension kaayada sudhara adhiniyam, nann. 1968noow 79 praantiy parishad sudhara adhiniyamni sattao aneey visheshaadhikaaro, nann. 1969noow 37 saamanya kaayado sudhara adhiniyam, nann. 1969noow 101 bandhaaran sudhara adhiniyam, nann. 1971noow 1 pension kaayada sudhara adhiniyam, nann. 1971noow 93 praantiy naanaa aneey audit kaayado, nann. 1972noow 18 praantiy baabto adhiniyam, nann. 1972noow 61 saamanya kaayado sudhara adhiniyam, nann. 1972noow 102 bandhaaran aneey chuntani sudhara adhiniyam, nann. 1973noow 79 saamanya kaayado sudhara adhiniyam, nann. 1973noow 62 sansadeey sevaa adhiniyam, nann. 1974noow 33 bandhaaran sudhara adhiniyam, nann. 1974noow 48 beejo pension kaayado sudhara kaayado, nann. 1974noow 77 sarkari tijori aneey audit kaayado, nann. 1975noow 66 bandhaaran sudhara adhiniyam, nann. 1976noow 60 nanakiy sambandho adhiniyam, nann. 1976noow 65 bandhaaran sudhara adhiniyam, nann. 1977naa 30 jaahernama nann. aar. 1977noow 249 beeja kaalaa kaayada sudhara adhiniyam, nann. 1978noow 102 bandhaaran sudhara adhiniyam, nann. 1979noow 99 pension kaayada sudhara adhiniyam, nann. 1979naa 100 dakshin africanu prajasattak bandhaaran trijo sudhaaro kaayado, nann. 1980noow 28 dakshin africanu prajasattak bandhaaran beejo sudhaaro adhiniyam, nann. 1980noow 31 railway aneey bandar kaayada sudhara adhiniyam, nann. 1980noow 67 dakshin africana prajasattak bandhaaran sudhara adhiniyam, nann. 1980noow 70 dakshin africanu prajasattak bandhaaran chotho sudhaaro kaayado, nann. 1980noow 74 dakshin africanu prajasattak bandhaaran paanchmo sudhaaro adhiniyam, nann. 1980noow 101 dakshin africana prajasattak bandhaaran sudhara adhiniyam, nann. 1981naa 40 dakshin africanu prajasattak bandhaaran beejo sudhaaro adhiniyam, nann. 1981noow 101 bandhaaran sudhara adhiniyam, nann. 1982naa 99 praantiy baabto adhiniyam, nann. 1983noow 88 dakshin africana prajasattak bandhaaran adhiniyam, nann. 1983noow 110 bandhaaran sudhara adhiniyam, nann. 1984noow 105 bandhaaraniy babtonaa sudhara adhiniyam, nann. 1985noow 104 praantiy sarkaar adhiniyam, nann. 1986noow 69 [prastaavnaa aneey bhaag I-V neey s dwara rada karvaamaa aavyaa. 101noow kaayado nann. 1983naa 110.] bhaag vi. praanto. [ss. 66-83 neey s dwara rada karvaamaa aavyu. adhiniyam nann. 22. 1986naa 69.] "praantiy parishadoni sattao." praantiy parishadoni sattao. 84. (1) aaa adhiniyamni jogvaaione aadheen, nanakiy sambandh adhiniyam, 1976 (adhiniyam nann. 1976noow 65), aneey aheen pachhi pradaan karvaamaa aaveli rajyanaa rashtrapatini sammatee, aneey jyaan sudhee dakshin africa prajasattak bandhaaran adhiniyam, 1983naa bhaag IVnee jogvaaio, praantnaa koipan vatahukam athavaa anya kaayadaane laagu padey tevu chhella ullekheet adhiniyamni kalam 98 (3) ("aee") hethal jaaher karvaamaa aavee hoya tyaan sudhee, praantiy parishad vishhayonaa neechena vargomaa aavtee babtonaa sambandhma vatahukmo banaavi shake chhe, etale keey - (aaa) praantiy hetuo maate aavak vadhaarvaa maate praantnee andar seedho karvero; ("bii") rajyanaa rashtrapatini sammatee saathe aneey sansad dwara ghadvama aavela niyamo anusaar praantnaa ekmatra dhiraan parr naanaa uchhinaa levaa; [peraa. ("bii") aesa dwara sudharel. adhiniyam nann. 33 ("aaa"). 1980noow 101.] ("see") uchch shikshan sivaaynu shikshan, rangeen vyaktee shikshan adhiniyam, 1963nee kalam "aek" maan vyakhyayit rangeen vyakteeo maatenu shikshan, bhaartiy shikshan adhiniyam, 1965nee kalam "aek" maan vyakhyayit bhartiyo maatenu shikshan aneey sansad anyatha jogvai karey tyaan sudhee kaalaa shikshan; [peraa. ("see") aesa dwara sudharel. 37noow kaayado nann. 1963naa 47, aesa. adhiniyam nann. 36. 1965naa 61, aneey aesa. adhiniyam nann. 17. 1978nee 102.] ("dii") sansad dwara nirdharit sharatone aadheen aneey aadheen krushee; (ee) hospitalo aneey sakhaavati sansthaaoni sthaapnaa, jaalvani aneey vyavsthaapan; (chaa) (i) nagarpalika sansthao, vibhagiy parishado aneey samaan prakrutini anya sthaaneek sansthao; (2) petaa-parichchhed (1) maan ullekheet sansthao sivaaynee koipan sansthao athavaa sansthao, keey jeey petaa-parichchhed (1) maan ullekheet hoya tevee koee pann sansthaana adhikarkshetrana vistaarni bahaar stheet koee aek athavaa vadhu vistaaro (sanlagn hoya keey naa hoya) naa sandarbhma hoya, teey sattaamandal aneey kaaryo, jeey uparokt petaa-parichchhed (1) maan ullekheet hoya tevee sansthaaoni sattaa aneey kaaryo jevee jaj hoya, athavaa jaaher aarogya adhiniyam, 1919 (adhiniyam nann. 1919 naa 36); (chaa) rajyanaa rashtrapatini manjuri saathe praant anya koee raajy, pradesh, praant athavaa dakshin pashchim africana pradeshne athavaa fakra (chaa) maan vichaarelee aneey anya koee praantmaa sthaapit koipan sanstha athavaa sansthaane jeey sahaay aapee shake chhe; [peraa. ("f" a) s dwara dakhal karvaamaa aave chhe. 4noow kaayado nann. 1972noow 61 aneey aesa dwara badalvama aavyo. 1 adhiniyam nann. 1977naa 30 aneey aesa. adhiniyam nann. naa 2 ("aaa"). 1980naa 31.] (chaa) fakra (chaa) maan vichaarel koipan sanstha athavaa sanstha, rajyanaa rashtrapatini manjuri saathe, dakshin pashchim africana anya koee raajy, pradesh, praant athavaa pradeshne jeey sahaay aapee shake chhe; [peraa. ("f" b) s dwara dakhal karvaamaa aave chhe. adhiniyam nann. naa 2 ("bii"). 1980naa 31.] (chaa) nagrik sanraxan sambandhit sahaay keey jeey fakra (chaa) maan vichaarel koipan sanstha athavaa sanstha, sambandhit vahivatkartani manjuri saathe, anya koee praantmaa sthaapit aavee koipan sanstha athavaa sansthaane pradaan curry shake chhe, aneey jeey sahaay aaa reete vichaarel koipan sanstha athavaa sanstha aavee manjuri saathe bhandol ubhoo adhiniyam, 1978 (adhiniyam nann. 1978 noow 107); [peraa. ("f" c) s dwara dakhal karvaamaa aave chhe. adhiniyam nann. naa 2 ("bii"). 1980noow 31 aneey aesa dwara badalvama aavyo. adhiniyam nann. 1 ("aaa"). 1983naa 88.] ("jee") railway aneey bandaro sivaay praantnee andar sthaaneek kaaryo aneey saahso, aneey praantnee sarahadoni bahaarnaa kaaryo sivaaynaa anya kaaryo aneey koipan kaaryane raashtriy kaary jaaher karvaanee aneey praantiy parishad saathe vyavastha kareene athavaa anyatha tenaa nirmanni jogvai karvaanee sansadni sattaane aadheen; [peraa. ("jee") aesa dwara sudharel. adhiniyam nann. 33 ("bii"). 1980noow 101.] ("aech") beey praantone jodata pulo sivaaynaa rastaao, baahy vistaaro, pont aneey pulo; ("i") bajaaro aneey pound; ("jeey") dariyai matsyodhyog adhiniyam, 1940 (adhiniyam nann. 1940 naa 10); ("keey") aaa vibhagma ullekheet vishhayonaa koipan vargmaa aavtee koipan baabatnaa sambandhma banaavel praantnaa koipan kaayada athavaa koipan vatahukamne laagu karvaa badal dund athavaa kednee sajaa laadvi. [peraa. ("l") aneey ("m") neey s dwara rada karvaamaa aave chhe. adhiniyam nann. 22. 1986naa 69.] [petaa-aesa. (1) aesa dwara sudharel. 101noow kaayado nann. 1983naa 110.] (2) petaa kalam (1) naa fakra ("aef") maan ullekheet koipan baabatnaa sambandhma praantiy parishad dwara pasaar karaayel vatahukam puurii paadee shake chhe - ("qa") sambandhit praantnaa vahivatkartaa athavaa koee chokkas sattadhikari dwara sabhyoni athavaa teey fakrama vichaarel koipan sanstha athavaa sansthaana sabhyoni sankhyaabandh nimanook maate; ("bii") teey fakraanaa petaa fakra (i) maan dhyanma levaamaa aavela sansthaana adhikarkshetrana kshetra maate aek athavaa vadhu kshetro (sanlagn hoya keey naa hoya) noow samaavesh thaay chhe. [petaa-aesa. (2) s dwara badalvama aave chhe. adhiniyam nann. 1 ("bii"). 1983naa 88.] [petaa-aesa. (3) aesa dwara kaadhee nakhvama aave chhe. adhiniyam nann. 33 ("see"). 1980noow 101.] [ss. 66-93 neey s dwara rada karvaamaa aavyu. adhiniyam nann. 22. 1986naa 69.] [bhaag VIII-VIII dwara rada karvaamaa aavel. 101noow kaayado nann. 1983naa 110.] [ss. 107-109 neey s dwara rada karvaamaa aavyu. 101noow kaayado nann. 1983naa 110.] [aesa. 110 dwara rada karvaamaa aavyu. adhiniyam nann. 22. 1986naa 69.] [ss. 111-113 neey s dwara rada karvaamaa aavyu. 101noow kaayado nann. 1983naa 110.] [aesa. 114 dwara rada karvaamaa aavyo. adhiniyam nann. 22. 1986naa 69.] [ss. 115-118 neey s dwara rada karvaamaa aavyu. 101noow kaayado nann. 1983naa 110.] [ss. 119-121 aneey anusuchi s dwara rada karvaamaa aavee. adhiniyam nann. 22. 1986naa 69.]

praantiya sarkaar adhiniyam, 1961/1987-04 -01 dwara sanshodhit praantiya karyakari samitiyaan adhiniyam, nam. 1962 kaa 28 samvidhaan sanshodhan adhiniyam, nam. 1962 kaa 65 samvidhaan sanshodhan adhiniyam, nam. 1963 kaa 9 praantiya parishaden aur karyakari samitiyaan adhiniyam, nam. 1963 kaa 22 rangeen vyakti shiksha adhiniyam, nam. 1963 kaa 47 praantiya karyakari samitiyaan adhiniyam, nam. 1963 kaa 64 bhaaratiya shiksha adhiniyam, nam. 1965 kaa 61 samvidhaan sanshodhan adhiniyam, nam. 1965 kaa 83 pension kaanoon sanshodhan adhiniyam, nam. 1965 kaa 102 samvidhaan sanshodhan adhiniyam, nam. 1966 kaa 37 doosara vitt adhiniyam, nam. 1966 kaa 58 samvidhaan sanshodhan adhiniyam, nam. 1967 kaa 9 matadaata sanshodhan adhiniyam kaa alag pratinidhitva, nam. 1968 kaa 50 pension kaanoon sanshodhan adhiniyam, nam. 1968 kaa 79 praantiya parishadon kii shaktiyaan aur visheshaadhikaar sanshodhan adhiniyam, nam. 1969 kaa 37 samanya kaanoon sanshodhan adhiniyam, nam. 1969 kaa 101 samvidhaan sanshodhan adhiniyam, nam. 1971 kaa 1 pension kaanoon sanshodhan adhiniyam, nam. 1971 kaa 93 praantiya vitt aur lekha pariksha adhiniyam, nam. 1972 kaa 18 praantiya mamle adhiniyam, nam. 1972 kaa 61 samanya kaanoon sanshodhan adhiniyam, nam. 1972 kaa 102 samvidhaan aur chunaav sanshodhan adhiniyam, nam. 1973 kaa 79 samanya kaanoon sanshodhan adhiniyam, nam. 1973 kaa 62 sansadiya seva adhiniyam, nam. 1974 kaa 33 samvidhaan sanshodhan adhiniyam, nam. 1974 kaa 48 doosara pension kaanoon sanshodhan adhiniyam, nam. 1974 kaa 77 sarkari khajaana aur lekha pariksha adhiniyam, nam. 1975 kaa 66 samvidhaan sanshodhan adhiniyam, nam. 1976 kaa 60 vittiya sambandh adhiniyam, nam. 1976 kaa 65 samvidhaan sanshodhan adhiniyam, nam. 1977 kaa 30 ghoshana sam. aar. 1977 kaa 249 doosara kaalaa kaanoon sanshodhan adhiniyam, nam. 1978 kaa 102 samvidhaan sanshodhan adhiniyam, nam. 1979 kaa 99 pension kaanoon sanshodhan adhiniyam, nam. 1979 kaa 100 dakshin africa ganarajya samvidhaan teesara sanshodhan adhiniyam, nam. 1980 kaa 28 dakshin africa ganarajya samvidhaan doosara sanshodhan adhiniyam, nam. 1980 kaa 31 railway aur bandargah adhiniyam sanshodhan adhiniyam, sam. 1980 kaa 67 dakshin africa ganarajya samvidhaan sanshodhan adhiniyam, nam. 1980 kaa 70 dakshin africa ganarajya samvidhaan chautha sanshodhan adhiniyam, nam. 1980 kaa 74 dakshin africa ganarajya samvidhaan paanchvaan sanshodhan adhiniyam, nam. 1980 kaa 101 dakshin africa ganarajya samvidhaan sanshodhan adhiniyam, nam. 1981 kaa 40 dakshin africa ganarajya samvidhaan doosara sanshodhan adhiniyam, nam. 1981 kaa 101 samvidhaan sanshodhan adhiniyam, nam. 1982 kaa 99 praantiya mamle adhiniyam, nam. 1983 kaa 88 dakshin africa ganarajya samvidhaan adhiniyam, nam. 1983 kaa 110 samvidhaan sanshodhan adhiniyam, nam. 1984 kaa 105 samvaidhaanik mamle sanshodhan adhiniyam, nam. 1985 kaa 104 praantiya sarkaar adhiniyam, nam. 1986 kaa 69 [prastaavana aur bhaag I-V koo aiss dwara nirast kiya gayaa. adhiniyam sam. 101. 1983 kaa 110.] bhaag vi. praanton. [ss. 66-83 koo s dwara nirast kiya gayaa. adhiniyam sam. key 22. 1986 kaa 69.] "praantiya parishadon kii shaktiyaan." praantiya parishadon kii shaktiyaan. 84. (1) iss adhiniyam key praavdhaanon key adheen, vittiya sambandh adhiniyam, 1976 (adhiniyam sam. 1976 kaa 65), aur raajya key rashtrapati kii sahamati, jaisa kii isake baad pradaan kiya gayaa haye, aur jahaan taka dakshin africa ganarajya samvidhaan adhiniyam, 1983 key bhaag IV key praavdhaanon koo chhodkar, antim ullikhit adhiniyam kii dhaara 98 (3) (aeye) key tahat praant key kissy adhyadesh yaa anya kaanoon parr lagu honey key liye ghoshit kiya gayaa haye, ack praantiya parishad vishayon key nimnalikhit vargon key bheetar aaney vaale mamalon key sambandh mein adhyadesh banaa sakati haye, arthaat - (que) praantiya uddeshyon key liye rajaswa badhaane key liye praant key bheetar pratyaksh karadhan; (kha) raajya key rashtrapati kii sahamati seey aur sansad dwara banaae gaye viniyamon key anusaar praant key ekmatra rinn parr dhana udhaar lena; [paira. ("kha") aiss dwara sanshodhit. adhiniyam sam. kaa 33 ("que"). 1980 kaa 101.] (gaga) uchch shiksha key alawa shiksha, rangeen vyaktiyon key liye shiksha, jaisa kii rangeen vyakti shiksha adhiniyam, 1963 kii dhaara "ack" mein paribhaashit haye, bhaaratiya shiksha adhiniyam, 1965 kii dhaara "ack" mein paribhaashit bhaartiyon key liye shiksha aur ashwet shiksha, jaba taka kii sansad anyatha praavdhaan naheen karati haye. [paira. ("gaga") aiss dwara sanshodhit. adhiniyam sam. 37. 1963 kaa 47, aiss. adhiniyam sam. key 36. 1965 kaa 61, aur aiss. adhiniyam sam. 17. 1978 kaa 102.] (gha) sansad dwara paribhaashit sharton key adheen krishi; (dana) aspatalon aur dharmarth sansthanon kii sthaapana, rakharkhaav aur prabandhan; (chaa) (i) nagarpalika sansthaan, mandal parishad aur isi tarah key anya sthaaniya sansthaan; (ii) aisee sansthaon key alawa koee bhee sanstha yaa nikaay, joe upa-paira (i) mein nirdisht hain, joe kissy bhee sanstha key adhikaar kshetra key baahar sthit kissy ack yaa adhik kshetron (chaahe way nikatvarti houn yaa naa houn) key sambandh mein hain, joe aise sansthanon key pradhikaran aur karyon key samaan hain joe ukt upa-paira (i) mein nirdisht hain, yaa saarvajanik swaasthya adhiniyam, 1919 (adhiniyam sankhya 1) kii dhaara "7" mein nirdisht kissy bhee nikaay sahit kissy aise kshetra yaa kshetron yaa kshetron mein saarvajanik swaasthya key sanrakshan key sambandh mein pradhikaran aur kaary karate hain. 1919 kaa 36); (chaa) vaha sahaayata joe koee praant, raajya key rashtrapati kii manjuri seey, kissy anya raajya, kshetra, praant yaa dakshin paschim africa key kshetra koo yaa paragraph (chaa) mein vichaar kii gaee kissy sanstha yaa nikaay koo pradaan curr sakata haye aur kissy anya praant mein sthaapit curr sakata haye; [paira. ("f" a) s dwara antahsthaapit. adhiniyam sam. 4. 1972 kaa 61 aur aiss dwara pratisthaapit. adhiniyam sam. kaa 1. 1977 kaa 30 aur aiss. adhiniyam sam. kaa 2 ("que"). 1980 kaa 31.] (chaa) vaha sahaayata joe anuchhed (chaa) mein vichaar kii gaee koee sanstha yaa nikaay, raajya key rashtrapati kii manjuri seey, kissy anya raajya, kshetra, praant yaa dakshin paschim africa key kshetra koo pradaan curr sakata haye; [paira. ("f" b) s dwara daala gayaa. adhiniyam sam. kaa 2 ("kha"). 1980 kaa 31.] (chaa) nagrik raksha key sambandh mein sahaayata joe koee bhee sanstha yaa nikaay, paira (chaa) mein parikalit, sambandhit prashaasak key anumodan seey, kissy anya praant mein sthaapit kissy aisee sanstha yaa nikaay koo pradaan curr sakata haye, aur vaha sahaayata joe iss prakaar parr vichaar kii gaee koee bhee sanstha yaa nikaay, aise anumodan seey una vyaktiyon key sankat seey raahat key liye pradaan curr sakati haye joe nidhi-sangrah adhiniyam, 1978 (adhiniyam sam. 1978 kaa 107); [paira. ("f" c) s dwara daala gayaa. adhiniyam sam. kaa 2 ("kha"). 1980 kaa 31 aur aiss dwara pratisthaapit. adhiniyam sam. kaa 1 ("que"). 1983 kaa 88.] (chha) railway aur bandargaahon key alawa praant key bheetar sthaaniya kaary aur upakram, aur aise karyon key alawa joe praant kii seemaon seey parey faile hue hain aur kissy bhee kaam koo rashtriya kaary ghoshit karane aur praantiya parishad key saath vyavastha dwara isake nirmaan key liye praavdhaan karane kii sansad kii shakti key adheen hain; [paira. ("jee") aiss dwara sanshodhit. adhiniyam sam. key 33 ("kha"). 1980 kaa 101.] ("za") dou praanton koo jodane vaale pulon key alawa sadaken, baahari kshetra, pont aur pull; ("i") bajar aur pound; ("jey") samudri matsya paalan adhiniyam, 1940 (adhiniyam sam. 1940 kaa 10); ("key") iss dhaara mein ullikhit vishayon key kissy bhee varg key bheetar aaney vaale kissy bhee mamle key sambandh mein banaae gaye praant key kissy kaanoon yaa kissy adhyadesh koo lagu karane key liye jurmana yaa karawas dwara dund adhiropit karna. [paira. ("l") aur ("m") koo s dwara nirast kiya gayaa. adhiniyam sam. key 22. 1986 kaa 69.] [upa-aiss. (1) aiss dwara sanshodhit. adhiniyam sam. 101. 1983 kaa 110.] (2) upa-dhaara (1) key paira (chaa) mein nirdisht kissy bhee mamle key sambandh mein praantiya parishad dwara paarit adhyadesh mein nimnalikhit praavdhaan kiye jaa sakate hain - (que) sambandhit praant key prashaasak yaa kissy nirdisht pradhikari dwara sadasyon kii niyukti key liye yaa usa anuchhed mein vichaar kiye gaye kissy sansthaan yaa nikaay key sadasyon kii sankhya key liye; ("kha") usa anuchhed key upa-anuchhed (i) mein vichaar kiye gaye kissy sansthaan key adhikaar kshetra key liye jisamen ack yaa adhik kshetra (chaahe way sannihit houn yaa naa houn) shamil houn. [upa-aiss. (2) aiss dwara pratisthaapit. adhiniyam sam. kaa 1 ("kha"). 1983 kaa 88.] [upa-aiss. (3) aiss dwara hataa diyaa gayaa. adhiniyam sam. kaa 33 ("gaga"). 1980 kaa 101.] [ss. 66-93 koo s dwara nirast kiya gayaa. adhiniyam sam. key 22. 1986 kaa 69.] [bhaag VIII-VIII dwara nirast. adhiniyam sam. 101. 1983 kaa 110.] [ss. 107-109 koo s dwara nirast kiya gayaa. adhiniyam sam. 101. 1983 kaa 110.] [aiss. 110 aiss dwara nirast kiya gayaa. adhiniyam sam. key 22. 1986 kaa 69.] [ss. 111-113 koo s dwara nirast kiya gayaa. adhiniyam sam. 101. 1983 kaa 110.] [aiss. 114 aiss dwara nirast kiya gayaa. adhiniyam sam. key 22. 1986 kaa 69.] [ss. 115-118 koo s dwara nirast kiya gayaa. adhiniyam sam. 101. 1983 kaa 110.] [ss. 119-121 aur anusuchi koo s dwara nirast curr diyaa gayaa. adhiniyam sam. key 22. 1986 kaa 69.]

praantiya sarkaarada kaayide, 1961/1987-04 -01 tiddupadi maadidante praantiya kaaryakaari samitigala kaayide, namm. 1962rahra 28 samvidhaana tiddupadi kayde, namm. 1962rahra 65 samvidhaana tiddupadi kayde, namm. 1963rahra 9neey praantiya mandaligalu mattu kaaryakaari samitigala kaayide, namm. 1963rahra 22 bannada vyaktigala sikshana kayde, namm. 1963rahra 47 praantiya kaaryakaari samitigala kaayide, namm. 1963rahra 64 bhaaratiya sikshana kaayide, namm. 1965rahra 61 samvidhaana tiddupadi kayde, namm. 1965rahra 83 pinchani kaanunugala tiddupadi kayde, namm. 1965rahra 102 samvidhaana tiddupadi kayde, namm. 1966rahra 37 eradane hanakasu kayde, namm. 1966rahra 58 samvidhaana tiddupadi kayde, namm. 1967rahra 9 matadaarara pratyeka pratinidhya tiddupadi kayde, namm. 1968rahra 50 pinchani kaanunugala tiddupadi kayde, namm. 1968rahra 79 praantiya mandaligala tiddupadi kaydeya adhikaragalu mattu savalattugalu, namm. 1969rahra 37 saamaanya kaanoonu tiddupadi kayde, namm. 1969rahra 101 samvidhaana tiddupadi kayde, namm. 1971rahra 1 pinchani kaanunugala tiddupadi kayde, namm. 1971rahra 93 praantiya hanakasu mattu lekkaparishodhana kaayide, namm. 1972rahra 18 praantiya vevahaaragala kayde, namm. 1972rahra 61 saamaanya kaanoonu tiddupadi kayde, namm. 1972rahra 102 samvidhaana mattu chunawana tiddupadi kayde, namm. 1973rahra 79 saamaanya kaanoonu tiddupadi kayde, namm. 1973rahra 62 samsadeeya sewa kayde, namm. 1974rahra 33 samvidhaana tiddupadi kayde, namm. 1974rahra 48 eradane pinchani kaanunugala tiddupadi kayde, namm. 1974rahra 77 bokkasa mattu lekkaparishodhana kayde, namm. 1975rahra 66 samvidhaana tiddupadi kayde, namm. 1976rahra 60 hanakasu sambandhagala kayde, namm. 1976rahra 65 samvidhaana tiddupadi kayde, namm. 1977rahra 30 ghoshane sankhye. aarr. 1977rahra 249 eradane kappu kaanunugala tiddupadi kayde, namm. 1978rahra 102 samvidhaana tiddupadi kayde, namm. 1979rahra 99 pinchani kaanunugala tiddupadi kayde, namm. 1979rahra 100 daksina africa ganarajyada samvidhaanada moorane tiddupadi kaayide, namm. 1980rahra 28 daksina africa ganarajyada samvidhaanada eradane tiddupadi kaayide, namm. 1980rahra 31 railway mattu bandaru kaayidegala tiddupadi kaayide, namm. 1980rahra 67 daksina africa ganarajyada samvidhaana tiddupadi kaayide, namm. 1980rahra 70 daksina africa ganarajyada samvidhaanada nalkane tiddupadi kaayide, namm. 1980rahra 74 daksina africa ganarajyada samvidhaanada aidane tiddupadi kaayide, namm. 1980rahra 101 daksina africa ganarajyada samvidhaana tiddupadi kaayide, namm. 1981rahra 40 daksina africa ganarajyada samvidhaanada eradane tiddupadi kaayide, namm. 1981rahra 101 samvidhaana tiddupadi kayde, namm. 1982rahra 99 praantiya vevahaaragala kayde, namm. 1983rahra 88 daksina africa ganarajyada samvidhaana kaayide, namm. 1983rahra 110 samvidhaana tiddupadi kayde, namm. 1984rahra 105 saamvidhaanika vevahaaragala tiddupadi kayde, namm. 1985rahra 104 praantiya sarkaarada kaayide, namm. 1986rahra 69 [pithike mattu bhagagalu aii-vii annu ess ninda raddugolisalaagide. 101neey kaayide namm. 1983rahra 110.] bhaaga vii. praantyagalu. [ess. ess. 66-83 annu s ninda raddugolisalaagide. 22neey kaayide namm. 1986rahra 69.] "praantiya mandaligala adhikaragalu." praantiya mandaligala adhikaragalu. 84. (1) ee adhiniyamada upabandhagalige olapattu, hanakasu sambandhagala adhiniyama, 1976 (adhiniyama sankhye. 1976rahra 65), mattu illi innu munde odagisalaadante raajya adhyaksara wappigeyannu mattu daksina africa ganarajyada samvidhaana kayde, 1983rahra nalkane bhagada nibandhanegalannu horatupadisi, koneyadaagi tilisalaada kaayideya 98 (3) (aa) neey prakaranada adiyalli praantyada yaavude sugreevaagne athawa itara kaanoonige anvayisuttade endu ghooshisalaagiruva mattige, praantiya mandaliyu ee kelagina vargada vishayagalolage baruva vishayagalige sambandhisidante sugreevaagnegalannu maadabahudu, endareh (aa) praantiya uddeshagaligaagi aadaayavannu hechchisuva saluvaagi praantyadolage nera terige vidhisuvudu. (bii) raajya adhyaksara oppigeyondige mattu samsattu roopisida niyamagalige anusaaravaagi praantyada ekaika saalada mele hanavannu saala padeyuvudu; [pyara. ("bii") ess. ninda tiddupadi maadalaagide. 33 (aa) kaayide namm. 1980rahra 101.] (sii) unnata shikshanavannu horatupadisi, 1963rahra varnabheda vyaktigala sikshana kaydeya "ondu" vibhagadalli vyakhyaanisalaada varnabheda vyaktigalige sikshana, 1965rahra bhaaratiya sikshana kaydeya "ondu" vibhagadalli vyakhyaanisalaada bhaaratiyarige sikshana mattu samsattu anyatha upabandhisuvavarege kappu sikshana; [pyara. ("sii") ess ninda tiddupadi maadalaagide. 37neey kaayide namm. 1963rahra 47, ess. 36neey kaayide namm. 1965rahra 61, mattu ess. 17neey kaayide namm. 1978rahra 102.] (dii) samsattu vyaakhyaanisida sharattugalige olapattu mattu vyaaptige krishi; (ii) aaspatregalu mattu datti samsthegala sthaapane, nirvahane mattu nirvahane; (eff) (aii) purasabheya samsthegalu, vibhagiya mandaligalu mattu idhe reetiya itara sthaliya samsthegalu; (ii) (i) neey upa-parichchedadalli ullekhisalaada yaavude samstheya adhikara vyaaptiya pradeshada horage iruva yaavude ondu athawa hecchina pradeshagalige (sameepadallirali athawa illadirali) sambandhisidante, (i) neey upa-parichchedadalli ullekhisalaada yaavude samsthegalige athawa samsthegalige sambandhisidante, saarvajanika aarogya kayde, 1919rahra "elu" neey prakaranadalli ullekhisalaada yaavude nikayavannu olagondante, sadari upa-parichchedadalli ullekhisalaada yaavude samsthe athawa pradeshagalalli saarvajanika aarogya samrakshanege sambandhisidante pradhikara mattu kaaryagalannu hondiruva yaavude samsthe athawa praadhikaaravannu athawa praadhikaaravannu hondiruva yaavude samsthe athawa samsthegalige sambandhisida yaavude praadhikaaravannu athawa kaaryagalannu hondiruva (aii) neey upa-parichchedadalli ullekhisalaada yaavude samsthe athawa itara samsthegalannu horatupadisi (aii) neey upa-parichchedadalli ullekhisalaada yaavude samsthegalu athawa samsthegalu athawa samsthegalu, (aii) neey upa-parichchedadalli ullekhisalaada yaavude ondu athawa itara samsthegalu athawa samsthegalu, (aii) neey upa-parichchedadalli ullekhisalaada yaavude ondu athawa itara samsthegalu athawa samsthegalu, (aii) neey upa-parichchedadalli ullekhisalaada yaavude samstheya adhikara vyaaptiya horage iruva yaavude ondu athawa itara yaavude pradeshavannu hondiruva yaavude ondu athawa hecchina pradeshavannu hondiruva yaavude (aii), (aii), (aii) neey upa-parichchedadalli ullekhisalaada yaavude samstheya adhikara vyaaptige olapattiyannu 1919rahra 36); (eff) ondu praantyavu, raajya adhyaksara anumodaneyondige, yaavude raajya, pradesha, prantya athawa nairtya aafrikaada praantyakke athawa paragraph (eff) nalli pariganisalaada mattu yaavude itara praantyadalli sthaapisalaada yaavude samsthe athawa samsthege niidabahudaada sahaaya; [pyara. ("eff" aa) annu ess. ninda serisalaagide. 4neey kaayide namm. 1972rahra 61 mattu adara badalige ess. 1neey kaayide namm. 1977rahra 30 mattu ess. 2 (aa) kaayide sankhye. 1980rahra 31.] (eff) (eff) parichchedadalli pariganisalaada yaavude samsthe athawa samstheyu, raajya adhyaksara anumodaneyondige, yaavude itara raajya, pradesha, prantya athawa nairtya aafrikaada pradeshakke niidabahudaada sahaaya; [pyara. ("eff" bii) ess moolaka serisalaagide. 2 (bii) kaayide sankhye. 1980rahra 31.] (eff) (eff) parichchedadalli pariganisalaada yaavude samsthe athawa samstheyu, sambandhita aadalitagaarara anumodaneyondige, yaavude itara praantyadalli sthaapisalaada yaavude samsthe athawa samsthege niidabahudaada nagarika rakshanege sambandhisida neravu mattu haage pariganisalaada yaavude samsthe athawa samstheyu, antaha anumodaneyondige, nidhisangraha adhiniyama, 1978rahra (adhiniyama sankhye. 1978rahra 107); [pyara. ("eff" sii) annu ess. ninda serisalaagide. 2 (bii) kaayide sankhye. 1980rahra 31 mattu adara badalige ess. 1 (aa) kaayide sankhye. 1983rahra 88.] (zii) praantyadolagina sthaliya kaaryagalu mattu udyamagalu, railway mattu bandarugalannu horatupadisi, mattu praantyada gadigalannu meeri vistarisiruvantaha kaaryagalannu horatupadisi mattu yaavude kelasavannu rashtriya kaaryavendu ghoshisalu mattu praantiya parishattinondige vyavasthe maaduva moolaka athawa itara reetiyalli adara nirmanakke avakasha kalpisalu samsattina adhikaarakke olapattiruvudu; [pyara. ("zii") annu ess. ninda tiddupadi maadalaagide. 33 (bii) kaayide sankhye. 1980rahra 101.] ("etch") eradu praantyagalannu samparkisuva setuvegalannu horatupadisi, rastegalu, horaanganagalu, pantgalu mattu setuvegalu; ("aii") maarukattegalu mattu poundgalu; ("zhe") samudra meenugaarike kayde, 1940rahra (kayde sankhye. 1940rahra 10); ("keey") ee prakaranadalli namoodisalaada vishayagala yaavude vargadolage baruva yaavude vishayakke sambandhisidante praantyada yaavude kaanoonu athawa yaavude sugreevaagneyannu jarigolisidakkagi danda athawa jailu siksheya moolaka siksheyannu vidhisuvudu. [pyara. ("l") mattu ("m") galannu s ninda raddupadisalaagide. 22neey kaayide namm. 1986rahra 69.] [upa-ess. (1) ess. moolaka tiddupadi maadalaagide. 101neey kaayide namm. 1983rahra 110.] (2) (1) neey upaprakaranada ("eff") pyaaraadalli ullekhisalaada yaavude vishayakke sambandhisidante praantiya parishattu angeekarisida sugreevaagneyu ee kelaginavugalannu odagisabahuduh (aa) sambandhita praantyada aadalitaadhikaariyu athawa yaavude nirdishta praadhikaaravu aaa paragraphnalli pariganisalaada yaavude samsthe athawa samstheya sadasyara athawa yaavude sankhyeya sadasyara nemakakkagi; (bii) aaa paragraphne (aii) neey upapakaranadalli pariganisalaada samstheya adhikara vyaaptiya pradeshavu ondu athawa hecchina pradeshagalannu (adhu sameepadallirali athawa illadirali) olagondirabeku. [upa-ess. (2) s ninda badalisalaagide. 1 (bii) kaayide sankhye. 1983rahra 88.] [upa-ess. (3) s ninda alisalaagide. 33 (sii) kaayide sankhye. 1980rahra 101.] [ess. ess. 66-93 annu s ninda raddugolisalaagide. 22neey kaayide namm. 1986rahra 69.] [bhagagalu VIII-VIII annu s ninda raddupadisalaagide. 101neey kaayide namm. 1983rahra 110.] [ess. ess. 107-109 annu s ninda raddugolisalaagide. 101neey kaayide namm. 1983rahra 110.] [ess. 110 annu ess ninda raddupadisalaagide. 22neey kaayide namm. 1986rahra 69.] [ess. ess. 111-113 annu s ninda raddugolisalaagide. 101neey kaayide namm. 1983rahra 110.] [ess. 114 annu ess ninda raddupadisalaagide. 22neey kaayide namm. 1986rahra 69.] [ess. ess. 115-118 annu s ninda raddugolisalaagide. 101neey kaayide namm. 1983rahra 110.] [ess. ess. 119-121 mattu velaapattiyannu s ninda raddugolisalaagide. 22neey kaayide namm. 1986rahra 69.]

pravishya gavanment niyamam, 1961/1987-04 -01 bhedagathi cheytha prakaram pravishya executive kammittikalude niyamam, nambar. 1962leeii 28 bharanaghadanaa bhedagathi niyamam, illa. 1962leeii 65 bharanaghadanaa bhedagathi niyamam, illa. 1963leeii 9 pravishya kaunsilukalum executive kammittikalum niyamam, nambar. 1963leeii 22 kalar pezhsans ejyukkeshan act, nambar. 1963leeii 47 pravishya executive kammittikalude niyamam, nambar. 1963leeii 64 indian vidyaabhyaasa niyamam, illa. 1965 leeii 61 bharanaghadanaa bhedagathi niyamam, illa. 1965leeii 83 pension niyama bhedagathi niyamam, nambar. 1965leeii 102 bharanaghadanaa bhedagathi niyamam, illa. 1966leeii 37 randaam dhanakaarya niyamam, illa. 1966leeii 58 bharanaghadanaa bhedagathi niyamam, illa. 1967leeii 9 vottarmaarude prathyeka praathinidhyam bhedagathi niyamam, nambar. 1968leeii 50 pension niyama bhedagathi niyamam, nambar. 1968leeii 79 pravishya kaunsilukalude adikaarangalum aanukoolyangalum bhedagathi niyamam, nambar. 1969leeii 37 pothu niyama bhedagathi niyamam, illa. 1969leeii 101 bharanaghadanaa bhedagathi niyamam, illa. 1971leeii 1 pension niyama bhedagathi niyamam, nambar. 1971leeii 93 pravishya dhanakaarya, ooditt niyamam, nambar. 1972leeii 18 pravishya kaarya niyamam, nambar. 1972 leeii 61 pothu niyama bhedagathi niyamam, illa. 1972leeii 102 bharanaghadanayum thiranjeduppu bhedagathi niyamavum, nambar. 1973leeii 79 pothu niyama bhedagathi niyamam, illa. 1973leeii 62 paarlamentari sarvees act, nambar. 1974leeii 33 bharanaghadanaa bhedagathi niyamam, illa. 1974leeii 48 randaam pension niyama bhedagathi niyamam, nambar. 1974leeii 77 khajanaavum oodittum niyamam, nambar. 1975leeii 66 bharanaghadanaa bhedagathi niyamam, illa. 1976leeii 60 saambathika bandha niyamam, illa. 1976leeii 65 bharanaghadanaa bhedagathi niyamam, illa. 1977leeii 30 prakhyapana nambar. aarr. 1977leeii 249 randaam black loss bhedagathi niyamam, illa. 1978leeii 102 bharanaghadanaa bhedagathi niyamam, illa. 1979leeii 99 pension niyama bhedagathi niyamam, nambar. 1979leeii 100 republic oof dakshinaafrikka bharanaghadanayude moonnaam bhedagathi niyamam, nambar. 1980leeii 28 republic oof dakshinaafrikka bharanaghadanayude randaam bhedagathi niyamam, nambar. 1980leeii 31 railway aandu harbers acts bhedagathi niyamam, nambar. 1980leeii 67 republic oof dakshinaafrikka bharanaghadanaa bhedagathi niyamam, nambar. 1980leeii 70 republic oof dakshinaafrikka bharanaghadanayude naalam bhedagathi niyamam, nambar. 1980leeii 74 republic oof dakshinaafrikka bharanaghadanayude anchaam bhedagathi niyamam, nambar. 1980leeii 101 republic oof dakshinaafrikka bharanaghadanaa bhedagathi niyamam, nambar. 1981leeii 40 republic oof dakshinaafrikka bharanaghadanayude randaam bhedagathi niyamam, nambar. 1981leeii 101 bharanaghadanaa bhedagathi niyamam, illa. 1982leeii 99 pravishya kaarya niyamam, nambar. 1983leeii 88 republic oof dakshinaafrikka bharanaghadanaa niyamam, nambar. 1983leeii 110 bharanaghadanaa bhedagathi niyamam, illa. 1984leeii 105 bharanaghadanaakaarya bhedagathi niyamam, nambar. 1985leeii 104 pravishya gavanment niyamam, illa. 1986leeii 69 [aamukhavum bhagangal aii-vii yum ezz raddaki. 101-aamm nambar niyamam. 1983leeii 110.] bhagam vi. pravishyakal. [ezz. ezz. 66-83 s kondu raddaki. act nambar 22. 1986 leeii 69.] "pravishya kaunsilukalude adikaarangal." pravishya kaunsilukalude adikaarangal. 84. (1) eee niyamathile vyavasthakalkku vidheyamaayi, 1976 leeii saambathika bandha niyamam (niyamam nambar. 1976leeii 65), inimuthal vyavastha cheythirikkunnathupole samsthaana presidentinte sammatham, 1983leeii republic oof dakshinaafrikka konstityooshan aaktinte bhagam IV-leeii vyavasthakal prakaram avasaanamaayi soochippicha aaktinte sekshan 98 (3) (eiii) prakaram pravishyayile eathenkilum ordinansino mattu niyamathino baadhakamaanennu prakhyaapichirikkunnu ozhike, oru pravishya kaunsilinu inipparayunna vishayangalude vibhagangalkkullil varunna kaaryangalumaayi bandhappett oordinansukal undakkaam, athaayath (eiii) pravishya aavasyangalkkaayi varumanam vardhippikkunnathinaayi pravisyaykkullil nerittulla nikuthi; (bii) samsthaana presidentinte sammathathodeyum paarlament roopeekaricha chattangalkkanusrithamaayum pravishyayude eaka kredittil ninnu panam kadam vaanguka; [paaraa. ("bii") ezz. 33 (eiii) act nambar. 1980leeii 101.] (sii) unnathavidyaabhyaasam ozhikeyulla vidyaabhyaasam, 1963leeii varnnavargakkaarude vidyaabhyaasa niyamathile "onnu" vibhaagathil nirvachichirikkunna varnnavargakkarkkulla vidyaabhyaasam, 1965leeii indian vidyaabhyaasa niyamathile "onnu" vibhaagathil nirvachichirikkunna indiakkaarkkulla vidyaabhyaasam, paarlament vyavastha cheiyunnathuvare karuthavarggakkaarkkulla vidyaabhyaasam; [paaraa. ("sii") ezz. 37-aamm nambar niyamam. 1963leeii 47, seey. act nambar 36. 1965 leeii 61, ezz. act nambar 17. 1978leeii 102.] (dii) paarlament nirvachicha vyavasthakalkku vidheyamaayum paridhi vare krishi; (iii) aashupathrikaludeyum jeevakaarunya sthaapanangaludeyum sthaapanam, paripalanam, paripalanam; (eph) (aii) munisippal sthaapanangal, divisional kaunsilukal, samanamaaya swabhaavamulla mattu praadeshika sthaapanangal; (ii) (i)-aamm upapakaranathil paraamarshichirikkunna eathenkilum sthaapanathinte adhikaaraparidhikk purathulla onno athiladhikamo pradesangalumaayi (adutho allaatheyo) bandhapetta eathenkilum sthaapanangalo sthaapanangalo allatha eathenkilum sthaapanangalo sthaapanangalo, melpparanja upapakaranathil paraamarshichirikkunna eathenkilum sthaapanangalude adhikaaraparidhikk purathulla adikaaravum pravartthanangalum, allengil pothujanaarogya niyamathile 1919-aamm vakupp "ezhu"-aamm vakuppil paraamarshichirikkunna eathenkilum sthaapanam ulppede eathenkilum pradeshatho pradeshatho pothujanaarogya samrakshanavumaayi bandhapetta adikaaravum pravartthanangalum, adikaaravum. 1919 leeii 36); (eph) samsthaana presidentinte amgeekaarathode oru pravishya mattethenkilum samsthaanathino pradeshatthino pravishyaykko thekk padinjaaran aafrikkayude pradeshatthino khandikayil (eph) pariganichu mattethenkilum pravisyayil sthaapithamaaya eathenkilum sthaapanathino sthaapanathino nalkunna sahayam; [paaraa. ("f" a) s cherkkunnu. act nambar 4. 1972 leeii 61 nuu pakaram ezz. act nambar 1. 1977leeii 30 umm seey. act nambarinte 2 (eiii). 1980leeii 31.] (eph) khandikayil (eph) pariganikkunna eathenkilum sthaapanathino sthaapanathino samsthaana presidentinte amgeekaarathode mattethenkilum samsthaanathino pradeshatthino pravishyaykko thekkupadinjaaran aafrikkayude pradeshatthino nalkaan kazhiyunna sahayam; [paaraa. ("f" b) s cherkkunnu. act nambarinte 2 (bii). 1980leeii 31.] (eph) (eph) khandikayil pariganicha eathenkilum sthaapanathino sthaapanathino bandhapetta bharanaadhikaariyude amgeekaarathode mattethenkilum pravisyayil sthaapithamaaya eathenkilum sthaapanathino sthaapanathino nalkaan kazhiyunna sivil prathirodhavumaayi bandhapetta sahayavum, angane pariganicha eathenkilum sthaapanathino sthaapanathino atharam amgeekaarathode dhanasamaaharana niyamam 1978 (niyamam nambar 26) prakaram duranthamaayi prakhyapikkappetta oru sambhavam moolam baadhikkappedukayo baadhikkappedukayo cheiyunna vyakthikalude durithatthil ozhivakkaan nalkunna sahayavum. 1978leeii 107); [paaraa. ("f" c) s cherkkunnu. act nambarinte 2 (bii). 1980leeii 31nuu pakaram ezz. 1 (eiii) act nambar. 1983leeii 88.] (jii) railway thuramukhangalum ozhikeyulla pravisyaykkullile praadeshika pravartthanangalum samrambhangalum, pravishyayude athirthikalkkappurathekka vyaapichukidakkunna pravartthanangal ozhikeyullathum eathenkilum pravartthanatthe deseeya pravartthanamaayi prakhyapikkaanum pravishya kaunsilumaayulla krameekaranatthiloodeyo mattoo athinte nirmmaanathinu vyavastha cheiyuvaanum paarlamentinte adhikaarathinu vidheyamaayathumaaya pravartthanangal; [paaraa. ("jii") ezz. kondu bhedagathi cheythu. 33 (bii) act nambar. 1980leeii 101.] ("echu") rund pravishyakale bandhippikkunna paalangal ozhikeyulla roadukal, outspanse, pondukal, paalangal; ("i") vipanikalum poundukalum; ("jeey") 1940leeii zee fisheries aaktinte "pathinaalu" vakupp prakaram malsyavum kalikalum samrakshikkuka (act nambar. 1940 leeii 10); ("keey") eee vakuppil paraamarshichirikkunna vishayangalude eathenkilum vibhagathinullil varunna eathenkilum vishayavumaayi bandhappett pravishyayude eathenkilum niyamamo oordinansoo nadappilaakkunnathinu pizhayo thadavo shikshayo chumathuka. [paaraa. ("l") umm ("m") umm s kondu raddaakkunnu. act nambar 22. 1986 leeii 69.] [sub-ezz. (1) ezz. 101-aamm nambar niyamam. 1983leeii 110.] (2) upavibhagam (1) leeii khandikayil ("eph") paraamarshichirikkunna eathenkilum vishayavumaayi bandhappett oru pravishya kaunsil pasakia oru oordinansil inipparayunna vyavasthakal nalkiyekkaam (eiii) bandhapetta pravishyayude bharanadhikariyo eathenkilum nirddishta adhikariyo amgangaleyo aaa khandikayil pariganikkunna eathenkilum sthaapanathilo sthaapanathilo ulla amgangalude ennatheyo niyamikkunnathin; (bii) aaa khandikayude (aii) upapankathil pariganichirikkunna oru sthaapanathinte adhikaaraparidhiyilulla mekhalaykku onno athiladhikamo mekhalakal (adutho allaatheyo) ulppeduthanam. [sub-ezz. (2) ezz upayogichu maattisthaapikkappedunnu. 1 (bii) act nambar. 1983leeii 88.] [sub-ezz. (3) ezz. 33 (sii) act nambar. 1980leeii 101.] [ezz. ezz. 66-93 s kondu raddaki. act nambar 22. 1986 leeii 69.] [bhagangal VIII-VIIIIA ezz raddaki. 101-aamm nambar niyamam. 1983leeii 110.] [ezz. ezz. 107-109 s kondu raddaki. 101-aamm nambar niyamam. 1983leeii 110.] [ezz. 110 ezz raddaki. act nambar 22. 1986 leeii 69.] [ezz. ezz. 111-113 s kondu raddaki. 101-aamm nambar niyamam. 1983leeii 110.] [ezz. 114 ezz raddaki. act nambar 22. 1986 leeii 69.] [ezz. ezz. 115-118 s kondu raddaki. 101-aamm nambar niyamam. 1983leeii 110.] [ezz. ezz. 119-121, shedule s raddaki. act nambar 22. 1986 leeii 69.]

prantiy sarkar kayada, 1961/1987-04 -01 tyanusar sudharana prantiy karyakari samityancha kayada, kra. 1962 chaa 28 sanvidhan durusti kayada, kra. 1962 chaa 65 sanvidhan durusti kayada, kra. 1963 chaa 9 prantiy parishada aanee karyakari samitya kayada, kra. 1963 chaa 22 rangeet vyaktincha shikshan kayada, kra. 1963 chaa 47 prantiy karyakari samityancha kayada, kra. 1963 chaa 64 bharatiy shikshan kayada, kra. 1965 chaa 61 sanvidhan durusti kayada, kra. 1965 chaa 83 nivruttivetan kayada durusti kayada, kra. 1965 chaa 102 sanvidhan durusti kayada, kra. 1966 chaa 37 dusra vitt kayada, kra. 1966 chaa 58 sanvidhan durusti kayada, kra. 1967 chaa 9 matdar durusti kayadyache swatantra pratinidhitva, kra. 1968 chaa 50 nivruttivetan kayada durusti kayada, kra. 1968 chaa 79 prantiy parishadanchya adhikar aanee visheshadhikar durusti kayada, kra. 1969 chaa 37 samanya kayada durusti kayada, kra. 1969 chaa 101 sanvidhan durusti kayada, kra. 1971 chaa 1 nivruttivetan kayada durusti kayada, kra. 1971 chaa 93 prantiy vitt aanee lekhaparikshan kayada, kra. 1972 chaa 18 prantiy vyavhar kayada, kra. 1972 chaa 61 samanya kayada durusti kayada, kra. 1972 chaa 102 sanvidhan aanee nivadanuk durusti kayada, kra. 1973 chaa 79 samanya kayada durusti kayada, kra. 1973 chaa 62 sansadiy seva kayada, kra. 1974 chaa 33 sanvidhan durusti kayada, kra. 1974 chaa 48 dusra nivruttivetan kayada durusti kayada, kra. 1974 chaa 77 sarkari khajinyacha aanee lekhaparikshan kayada, kra. 1975 chaa 66 sanvidhan durusti kayada, kra. 1976 chaa 60 vittiy sambandh kayada, kra. 1976 chaa 65 sanvidhan durusti kayada, kra. 1977 chaa 30 ghoshana kra. aar. 1977 chaa 249 dusra kaala kayada durusti kayada, kra. 1978 chaa 102 sanvidhan durusti kayada, kra. 1979 chaa 99 nivruttivetan kayada durusti kayada, kra. 1979 chaa 100 dakshin africa prajasattak sanvidhan tisari durusti kayada, kra. 1980 chaa 28 dakshin africa prajasattak sanvidhan dusari durusti kayada, kra. 1980 chaa 31 railway aanee bandar kayada durusti kayada, kra. 1980 chaa 67 dakshin africa prajasattak sanvidhan durusti kayada, kra. 1980 chaa 70 dakshin africa prajasattak sanvidhan chauthi durusti kayada, kra. 1980 chaa 74 dakshin africa prajasattak sanvidhan pachvi durusti kayada, kra. 1980 chaa 101 dakshin africa prajasattak sanvidhan durusti kayada, kra. 1981 chaa 40 dakshin africa prajasattak sanvidhan dusari durusti kayada, kra. 1981 chaa 101 sanvidhan durusti kayada, kra. 1982 chaa 99 prantiy vyavhar kayada, kra. 1983 chaa 88 dakshin africa prajasattak sanvidhan kayada, kra. 1983 chaa 110 sanvidhan durusti kayada, kra. 1984 chaa 105 ghatanatmak vyavhar durusti kayada, kra. 1985 chaa 104 prantiy sarkari kayada, kra. 1986 chaa 69 [prastavna aanee bhag I-V heey ess. neey radd kele. 101 kayada kra. 1983 chaa 110.] bhag vi. prant. [ess. ess. 66-83 ess dware radd kele gele. 22 kayada kra. 1986 chaa 69.] "prantiy parishadanche adhikar." prantiy parishadanche adhikar. 84. (1) yaa kayadyachya tartudinchya adheen rahoon, vittiy sambandh kayada, 1976 (kayada kra. 1976 chaa 65) aanee tyanantar yethe pradan kelyapramane rajya adhyakshanchi sammati aanee dakshin africa prajasattak sanvidhan adhiniyam, 1983 chya bhag 4 chya tartudi vagalata, shevatchya namood kelelya kayadyachya kalam 98 (3) (aaa) antargat prantachya konatyahi adhyadeshala kinwa itar kayadyala lagoo asalyache ghoshit kele gele aahe, prantiy parishad khaleel varganchya vishayanmadhye yenanya babinchya sandarbhat adhyadesh aanoo shakate, mhanje - (aaa) prantiy uddeshansathi mahasool vadhavanyasathi prantantargat thet curr aakarani; (buub) rajya adhyakshanchya sammatine aanee sansadene tayar kelelya niyamannusar prantachya ekmev karjavar paise udhar ghene; [parra. ("buub") ess. neey sudharit kele. 33 (aaa) kayada kra. 1980 chaa 101.] (qa) uchch shikshanavyatiriktache shikshan, varnavarniy vyakti shikshan kayada, 1963 chya kalam ekmadhye paribhashit kelele rangvarniy vyaktinsathiche shikshan, bharatiy shikshan kayada, 1965 chya kalam ekmadhye paribhashit kelele bharatiyansathiche shikshan aanee sansadene anyatha tartud kareparyantche krishnavarniy shikshan; [parra. ("qa") ess dware sudharit. 37 kayada kra. 1963 chaa 47, ess. kayada kra. 36. 1965 chaa 61, aanee ess. kayada kra. 17. 1978 chaa 102.] (daad) sansadene nishchit kelelya atinchya maryadeparyant aanee adheen rahoon shetee karane; (eae) rugnalaye aanee dharmaday sansthanchi sthapana, dekhbhal aanee vyavasthapan; (chaa) (1) nagarpalika sanstha, vibhagiy parishada aanee tatsam swarupachya itar sthanik sanstha; (2) uppera (1) madhye sandarbhit asalelya sansthanvyatirikt, jyaa sanstha kinwa sanstha, jyaa konatyahi sansthechya adhikarkshetrachya kshetrabaher asalelya konatyahi eka kinwa adhik kshetranchya (sanlagn asso kinwa naso) sandarbhat aahet, tyaa sanstha kinwa sanstha, jyaa, sarvajanik aarogya kayada, 1919 (kayada kra. 1919 chaa 36); (chaa) rajya adhyakshanchya manyatesah, ekhada prant, dakshin paschim aafrikechya itar konatyahi rajyala, pradeshala, prantala kinwa pradeshala kinwa parichhed (chaa) madhye vichar kelelya aanee itar konatyahi prantat sthapan kelelya konatyahi sansthela kinwa sansthela deu shakel ashee madat; [parra. ("eff" aii) ess dware samavisht kele. 4 kayada kra. 1972 chaa 61 aanee ess. neey badalale. 1 kayada kra. 1977 chaa 30 aanee ess. 2 (aaa) kayada kra. 1980 chaa 31.] (chaa) parichhed (chaa) madhye vichar keleli konatihi sanstha kinwa sanstha, rajya adhyakshanchya manyatesah, dakshin paschim aafrikechya itar konatyahi rajyala, pradeshala, prantala kinwa pradeshala deu shakel ashee madat; [parra. ("eff" bii) ess dware samavisht kele. 2 (buub) kayada kra. 1980 chaa 31.] (chaa) parichhed (chaa) madhye vichar keleli konatihi sanstha kinwa sanstha, sambandhit prashasakachya manyatesah, itar konatyahi prantat sthapan kelelya asha konatyahi sansthela kinwa sansthela nagri sanrakshanasandarbhat jee madat deu shakel aanee asha prakare vichar keleli konatihi sanstha kinwa sanstha, nidhi ubharani kayada, 1978 (kayada kra. 1978 chaa 107); [parra. ("eff" see) ess dware samavisht kele. 2 (buub) kayada kra. 1980 chaa 31 aanee ess. neey badalale. 1 (aaa) kayada kra. 1983 chaa 88.] (chh) railway aanee bandaranvyatirikt prantatil sthanik kaame aanee upkram aanee prantachya simepalikade vistarlelya kamanvyatirikt aanee konatyahi kamala rashtriy kaam ghoshit karnyachya sansadechya adhikarachya adheen rahoon aanee prantiy parishadeshi kinwa itar vyavasthedvare tyachya bandhkamachi tartud karane; [parra. ("jee") ess dware sudharit. 33 (buub) kayada kra. 1980 chaa 101.] ("etch") done prantanna jodana pulanvyatirikt raste, bahya pradesh, khamb aanee pool; ("i") bajar aanee pound; ("jeey") sagari matsyapalan kayada, 1940 chya kalam "chaudavya" chya tartudinchya adheen rahoon matsya aanee khel sanrakshn (kayada kra. 1940 chaa 10); ("keey") yaa kalmat namood kelelya vishayanchya konatyahi vargantargat yenanya konatyahi prakaranachya sandarbhat prantatil konatahi kayada kinwa konatahi adhyadesh lagoo kelyabaddal dand kinwa turungvasachi shiksha thothavane. [parra. ("l") aanee ("m") heey s neey radd kele. 22 kayada kra. 1986 chaa 69.] [up-ess. (1) ess. dware sudharit. 101 kayada kra. 1983 chaa 110.] (2) upakalam (1) chya parichhed ("chaa") madhye sandarbhit kelelya konatyahi prakaranachya sandarbhat prantiy parishadene sammat kelela adhyadesh pudhil tartudi karoo shakel - (aaa) sambandhit prantachya prashaskane kinwa konatyahi nirdisht pradhikaranane, sadasyanchi kinwa tyaa parichhedat vichar kelelya konatyahi sansthechya kinwa sansthechya sadasyanchi sankhya kitee asel, asha niyuktisathi; (buub) tyaa parichhedachya (1) yaa upapatalat vichar kelelya sansthechya adhikarkshetrachya kshetrasathi, jyamadhye eka kinwa adhik kshetrancha samavesh asel (teey sanlagn asso kinwa naso). [up-ess. (2) ess neey pratisthapit kele. 1 (buub) kayada kra. 1983 chaa 88.] [up-ess. (3) ess. dware hatvale. 33 (qa) kayada kra. 1980 chaa 101.] [ess. ess. 66-93 ess dware radd kele gele. 22 kayada kra. 1986 chaa 69.] [bhag VIII-VIIII neey radd kele. 101 kayada kra. 1983 chaa 110.] [ess. ess. 107-109 ess dware radd kele gele. 101 kayada kra. 1983 chaa 110.] [ess. 110 ess neey radd kele. 22 kayada kra. 1986 chaa 69.] [ess. ess. 111-113 ess dware radd kele gele. 101 kayada kra. 1983 chaa 110.] [ess. 114 ess dware radd kele. 22 kayada kra. 1986 chaa 69.] [ess. ess. 115-118 ess dware radd kele gele. 101 kayada kra. 1983 chaa 110.] [ess. ess. 119-121 aanee velapatrak ess dware radd kele. 22 kayada kra. 1986 chaa 69.]

prantiya sarkar adhiniyam, 1961/1987-04 -01 dwara sanshodhit prantiya karyakari samiti adhiniyam, nan. 1962 ko 28 sanvidhan sanshodhan adhiniyam, nan. 1962 ko 65 sanvidhan sanshodhan adhiniyam, nan. 1963 ko 9 prantiya parishad rar karyakari samiti adhiniyam, nan. sann 1963 ko 22 rangin wyakti shiksha adhiniyam, nan. sann 1963 ko 47 prantiya karyakari samiti adhiniyam, nan. 1963 ko 64 bharatiya shiksha adhiniyam, nan. sann 1965 ko 61 sanvidhan sanshodhan adhiniyam, nan. sann 1965 ko 83 penson kanuna sanshodhan adhiniyam, nan. sann 1965 ko 102 sanvidhan sanshodhan adhiniyam, nan. sann 1966 ko 37 dosro witta adhiniyam, hoina. sann 1966 ko 58 sanvidhan sanshodhan adhiniyam, nan. 1967 ko 9 matadata sanshodhan adhiniyamko chhuttai pratinidhitwa, nan. sann 1968 ko 50 penson kanuna sanshodhan adhiniyam, nan. sann 1968 ko 79 prantiya parishad sanshodhan ainako shakti rar visheshadhikar, nan. sann 1969 ko 37 samanya kanuna sanshodhan adhiniyam, nan. sann 1969 ko 101 sanvidhan sanshodhan adhiniyam, nan. sann 1971 ko 1 penson kanuna sanshodhan adhiniyam, nan. sann 1971 ko 93 prantiya witta rar lekhaparikshan aina, nan. sann 1972 ko 18 prantiya mamila aina, nan. 1972 ko 61 samanya kanuna sanshodhan adhiniyam, nan. 1972 ko 102 sanvidhan rar nirvachan sanshodhan aina, nan. sann 1973 ko 79 samanya kanuna sanshodhan adhiniyam, nan. sann 1973 ko 62 sansadiya sewa adhiniyam, nan. sann 1974 ko 33 sanvidhan sanshodhan adhiniyam, nan. sann 1974 ko 48 dosro penson kanuna sanshodhan adhiniyam, nan. 1974 ko 77 sarkari khajana rar lekhaparikshan aina, nan. sann 1975 ko 66 sanvidhan sanshodhan adhiniyam, nan. sann 1976 ko 60 wittiya sambandha aina, hoina. sann 1976 ko 65 sanvidhan sanshodhan adhiniyam, nan. sann 1977 ko 30 ghoshana nan. arr. sann 1977 ko 249 dosro callo kanuna sanshodhan adhiniyam, hoina. sann 1978 ko 102 sanvidhan sanshodhan adhiniyam, nan. 1979 ko 99 penson kanuna sanshodhan adhiniyam, nan. sann 1979 ko 100 dakshin africako ganatantra sanvidhan tesro sanshodhan aina, nan. sann 1980 ko 28 dakshin africako ganatantra sanvidhan dosro sanshodhan aina, nan. sann 1980 ko 31 railway rar bandargah adhiniyam sanshodhan adhiniyam, nan. sann 1980 ko 67 dakshin africako ganatantra sanvidhan sanshodhan aina, nan. sann 1980 ko 70 dakshin africako ganatantra sanvidhan chautho sanshodhan aina, nan. sann 1980 ko 74 dakshin africako ganatantra sanvidhan panchaun sanshodhan aina, nan. sann 1980 ko 101 dakshin africako ganatantra sanvidhan sanshodhan aina, nan. sann 1981 ko 40 dakshin africako ganatantra sanvidhan dosro sanshodhan aina, nan. sann 1981 ko 101 sanvidhan sanshodhan adhiniyam, nan. sann 1982 ko 99 prantiya mamila aina, nan. 1983 ko 88 dakshin africako ganatantra sanvidhan adhiniyam, nan. sann 1983 ko 110 sanvidhan sanshodhan adhiniyam, nan. sann 1984 ko 105 sanwaidhanik mamila sanshodhan aina, nan. sann 1985 ko 104 prantiya sarkar adhiniyam, nan. sann 1986 ko 69 [prastawana rar bhagharu I-V dwara kharez gariyo. adhiniyam nan. 101. sann 1983 ko 110.] bhag vi. prantaharu. [ss. 66-83 dwara nirasta. adhiniyam nan. 22 ko. sann 1986 ko 69.] "prantiya parishadharuko adhikar." prantiya parishadharuko adhikar. 84. (1) yass adhiniyamko prawadhanharuko adhinma, wittiya sambandha adhiniyam, 1976 (adhiniyam nan. (6) sann 1976 ko 65), rar yasapachhi wyawastha garieanusar rajya rashtrapatiko sahamati, rar jahansamma dakshin africa ganatantra sanvidhan adhiniyam, 1983 ko bhag 4 ko prawadhanharu bahek, prantako kunai adhyadesh wa anya kanunma lagu hune antim ullekha garieko adhiniyamko dhara 98 (3) ("kaka") antargat ghoshana garieko chha, prantiya parishadle nimna wargaka vishayaharubhitra aune mamilaharuko sambandhama adhyadesh banauna sakchha, arthat - (kaka) prantiya uddeshyaka lagi rajaswa badhauna prantabhitra pratyaksha curr; (kha) pradesh rashtrapatiko sahamatima rar sansadle banaeko niyamanusar prantako ekmatra creditma paisa udharo line; [para. ("kha") ess dwara sanshodhit. adhiniyam nan. ko 33 ("kaka"). sann 1980 ko 101.] (gaga) uccha shiksha bahek shiksha, rangin wyakti shiksha adhiniyam, 1963 ko dhara "ek" maa paribhashit rangin wyaktiharuka lagi shiksha, bharatiya shiksha adhiniyam, 1965 ko dhara "ek" maa paribhashit bharatiyaharuka lagi shiksha, rar callo shiksha, sansadle anyatha wyawastha nagaresamma; [para. ("gaga") ess dwara sanshodhit. adhiniyam nan 37. 1963 ko 47, ess dwara. adhiniyam nan. 36 ko. sann 1965 ko 61, rar ess dwara. adhiniyam nan 17. sann 1978 ko 102.] (gha) sansadwara paribhashit sartaharuko sima rar adhinma krishi; (ng) aspatal rar paropkari sansthaharuko sthapana, marmat rar wyawasthapan; (cha) (kaka) nagarpalika sanstha, vibhagiya parishad rar saman prakritika anya sthaniya sansthaharu; (kha) upa-anucched (i) maa ullekha garieka kunai pani sansthako kshetradhikar khetra bahira awasthit kunai ek wa badhi kshetraharu (chahe sanlagna hose wa nahos) ko sandarbhama raheko, upa-anucched (i) maa ullekha garieko kunai pani sanstha bahekaka kunai pani sanstha wa nikayaharu, ukta upa-anucchedma ullekha garieka sansthaharuko pradhikaran rar karyaharu jastai pradhikaran rar karyaharu, wa sarvajanik swasthya adhiniyam, 1919 (adhiniyam nan. sann 1919 ko 36); (cha) kunai prantale, rajya rashtrapatiko anumodanma, kunai anya rajya, khetra, pranta wa dakshin paschim africako kshetralai wa anucched (cha) maa vichar garieko rar kunai anya prantama sthapit kunai sanstha wa nikayalai pradan garna sakne sahayata; [para. ("f" a) s dwara sammilit. adhiniyam nan 4. 1972 ko 61 rar ess dwara pratisthapit. adhiniyam nan. 1. sann 1977 ko 30 rar ess. adhiniyam nan. ko 2 ("kaka"). sann 1980 ko 31.] (cha) anucched (cha) maa vichar garieko kunai pani sanstha wa nikayale rajya rashtrapatiko anumodanma kunai anya rajya, khetra, pranta wa dakshin paschim africako kshetralai pradan garna sakne sahayata; [para. ("f" b) s dwara sammilit. adhiniyam nan. ko 2 ("kha"). sann 1980 ko 31.] (cha) anucched (cha) maa vichar garieko kunai pani sanstha wa nikayale sambandhit prashasakko anumodanma kunai anya prantama sthapit tyasto sanstha wa nikayalai pradan garna sakne nagarik raksha sambandhi sahayata, rar tyasto swikriti liera tyasto sanstha wa nikayale kosh sankalan adhiniyam, 1978 (adhiniyam nan. 1978 ko 107); [para. ("f" c) s dwara sammilit. adhiniyam nan. ko 2 ("kha"). sann 1980 ko 31 rar ess dwara pratisthapit. adhiniyam nan. ko 1 ("kaka"). 1983 ko 88.] (chha) pradeshbhitraka sthaniya karya rar upakramharu, railway rar bandargahaharu bahek, rar prantako simabhanda bahira failieko rar sansadko shaktiko adhinma raheko kunai pani karyalai rashtriya karya ghoshana garne rar prantiya parishadsanga wyawastha garera wa anyatha yasako nirmanka lagi wyawastha garne karyaharu bahek; [para. ("g") dwara sanshodhit s. adhiniyam nan. ko 33 ("kha"). sann 1980 ko 101.] ("hah") dui prantalai jodne पुलbahekkakaा sadak, bahiri bhag, pont rar pulharu; ("i") bazar rar pound; ("jey") samudri matsyapalan adhiniyam, 1940 (adhiniyam nan. sann 1940 ko 10); ("key") yass khandama ullikhit wishayako kunai pani wargabhitra aune kunai pani vishayama prantako kunai kanuna wa adhyadesh lagu garekoma jariwana wa karawasdwara sajaya. [para. ("l") rar ("m") s dwara nirasta. adhiniyam nan. 22 ko. sann 1986 ko 69.] [upa-ess. (1) ess dwara sanshodhit. adhiniyam nan. 101. sann 1983 ko 110.] (2) upadafa (1) ko anucched ("cha") maa ullekha garieko kunai pani wishayako sambandhama prantiya parishadle parit gareko adhyadeshle - (kaka) sambandhit prantaka prashasak wa kunai nirdishta pradhikaridwara sadasyaharuko wa tyas anucchedma vichar garieko kunai pani sanstha wa nikayaka sadasyaharuko kunai pani sankhyama niyuktika lagi; ("kha") tyas anuchchhedko upa-anucched (i) maa vichar garieko sansthako kshetradhikarko kshetraka lagi ek wa badhi kshetraharu (chahe sanlagna hose wa hoina) samawesh garna. [upa-ess. (2) ess dwara pratisthapit. adhiniyam nan. ko 1 ("kha"). 1983 ko 88.] [upa-ess. (3) ess dwara hataieko. adhiniyam nan. ko 33 ("gaga"). sann 1980 ko 101.] [ss. 66-93 dwara nirasta. adhiniyam nan. 22 ko. sann 1986 ko 69.] [bhag VIII-viiia dwara nirasta. adhiniyam nan. 101. sann 1983 ko 110.] [ss. 107-109 dwara nirasta. adhiniyam nan. 101. sann 1983 ko 110.] [ess. 110 ess dwara nirasta. adhiniyam nan. 22 ko. sann 1986 ko 69.] [ss. 111-113 dwara nirasta. adhiniyam nan. 101. sann 1983 ko 110.] [ess. 114 ess dwara nirasta. adhiniyam nan. 22 ko. sann 1986 ko 69.] [ss. 115-118 dwara nirasta. adhiniyam nan. 101. sann 1983 ko 110.] [ss. 119-121 rar anusuchi s dwara nirasta gariyo. adhiniyam nan. 22 ko. sann 1986 ko 69.]

pradeshika sarkar adhiniam, 1961/1987-04 -01 dwara sanshodhita pradeshika karjyanirbahee kamiti adhiniam, nong. 1962rahr 28 sambidhana sanshodhana adhiniam, nong. 1962rahr 65 sambidhana sanshodhana adhiniam, nong. 1963rahr 9 pradeshika parishad ebong karjyanirbahee kamiti adhiniam, nong. 1963rahr 22 rangina byakti sikhya adhiniam, nong. 1963rahr 47 pradeshika karjyanirbahee kamiti adhiniam, nong. 1963rahr 64 bharatiah sikhya adhiniam, nong. 1965rahr 61 sambidhana sanshodhana adhiniam, nong. 1965rahr 83 penson ine sanshodhana adhiniam, nong. 1965rahr 102 sambidhana sanshodhana adhiniam, nong. 1966rahr 37 dwiteeja artha adhiniam, nong. 1966rahr 58 sambidhana sanshodhana adhiniam, nong. 1967rahr 9 bhotara sanshodhana adhiniyamara pruthaka pratinidhitwa, nong. 1968rahr 50 penson ine sanshodhana adhiniam, nong. 1968rahr 79 pradeshika parishad sanshodhana adhiniam, nong. 1969rahr 37 sadharana ine sanshodhana adhiniam, nong. 1969rahr 101 sambidhana sanshodhana adhiniam, nong. 1971rahr 1 penson ine sanshodhana adhiniam, nong. 1971rahr 93 pradeshika artha ebong audit adhiniam, nong. 1972rahr 18 pradeshika byapara adhiniam, nong. 1972rahr 61 sadharana ine sanshodhana adhiniam, nong. 1972rahr 102 sambidhana ebong nirbachana sanshodhana adhiniam, nong. 1973rahr 79 sadharana ine sanshodhana adhiniam, nong. 1973rahr 62 sansadeeah seba adhiniam, nong. 1974rahr 33 sambidhana sanshodhana adhiniam, nong. 1974rahr 48 dwiteeja penson ine sanshodhana adhiniam, nong. 1974rahr 77 sarkari koshagara ebong audit adhiniam, nong. 1975rahr 66 sambidhana sanshodhana adhiniam, nong. 1976rahr 60 arthika samparka adhiniam, nong. 1976rahr 65 sambidhana sanshodhana adhiniam, nong. 1977rahr 30 ghoshana nong. aarr. 1977rahr 249 dwiteeja kalaa ine sanshodhana adhiniam, nong. 1978rahr 102 sambidhana sanshodhana adhiniam, nong. 1979rahr 99 penson ine sanshodhana adhiniam, nong. 1979rahr 100 dakhina africa ganarajya sambidhana truteeja sanshodhana adhiniam, nong. 1980rahr 28 dakhina africa ganarajya sambidhana dwiteeja sanshodhana adhiniam, nong. 1980rahr 31 relabai ebong bandara adhiniam sanshodhana adhiniam, nong. 1980rahr 67 dakhina africa ganarajya sambidhana sanshodhana adhiniam, nong. 1980rahr 70 dakhina africa ganarajya sambidhana chaturtha sanshodhana adhiniam, nong. 1980rahr 74 dakhina africa ganarajya sambidhana pancham sanshodhana adhiniam, nong. 1980rahr 101 dakhina africa ganarajya sambidhana sanshodhana adhiniam, nong. 1981rahr 40 dakhina africa ganarajya sambidhana dwiteeja sanshodhana adhiniam, nong. 1981rahr 101 sambidhana sanshodhana adhiniam, nong. 1982rahr 99 pradeshika byapara adhiniam, nong. 1983rahr 88 dakhina africa sambidhana adhiniam, nong. 1983rahr 110 sambidhana sanshodhana adhiniam, nong. 1984rahr 105 sambidhanika byapara sanshodhana adhiniam, nong. 1985rahr 104 pradeshika sarkar adhiniam, nong. 1986rahr 69 [prastabana ebong bhaga I-V ku s dwara radda karajaichi. 101 nong adhiniam. 1983rahr 110.] bhaga-vi. pradeshagudika. [ess. ess. 66-83 s dwara radda hoichhi. adhiniam nong. 22. 1986rahr 69.] "pradeshika parisadara khyamata." pradeshika parisadara khyamata. 84. (1) ehi adhiniyamara byabasthagudika bashabarti rahi, arthika samparka adhiniam, 1976 (adhiniam nong. 1976rahr 65), ebong ethaare parabarti byabastha anujai rajya rastrapatinka sammati, ebong dakhina africa sambidhana adhiniam, 1983rahr chaturtha bhagara byabastha byatita, shesh-ullikhita adhiniyamara dhaara 98 (3) ("qa") anujai pradeshar kaunasi adhyadesha kimba anya aainare laagu bolly ghoshana karajaichi, eka pradeshika parishad nimnalikhita shrenira bishai madhyare asuthiba bishai sambandhare adhyadesha pranajan karipariba, jathaa - (qa) pradeshika uddeshyare rajaswa brudhi kariba uddeshyare pradesh madhyare pratyakhya ticks; (kha) rajya rastrapatinka sahamati ebong sansada dwara praneeta nijamabali anujai pradeshar ekamatra runa upare artha runa neba; [paara. ("kha") ess dwara sanshodhita. 33 ("qa") adhiniam nong. 1980rahr 101.] (gaag) uccha sikhya byatita sikhya, rangina byakti sikhya adhiniam, 1963rahr dhaara "eka" ray byakhya karajaithiba rangina byaktinka paain sikhya, bharatiah sikhya adhiniam, 1965rahr dhaara "eka" ray byakhya karajaithiba bharateejamananka paain sikhya, ebong sansada anya byabastha naah kariba parjyanta kalaa sikhya; [paara. ("gaag") ess dwara sanshodhita. adhiniam nong. 37rahr. 1963rahr 47, ess. adhiniam nong. 36. 1965rahr 61, ebong ess. ine nong. 17. 1978rahr 102.] (gha) sansada dwara nirdharita sarttabalira seema parjyanta ebong ehara bashabarti rahi krushi; (nan) daktarakhana ebong databya anusthanagudikara pratistha, rakhyanabekhyana ebong parichalana; (chaa) (qa) pourapalika pratisthana, divisional parishad ebong samaana prakrutira anyanya sthaniah anusthana; (2) upa-anuchheda (1) ray suchita anusthana byatita anya kaunasi anusthana kimba sanstha, jahara kaunasi eka kimba adhika khetra (sanlagna heu kimba naah heu) sambandhare, upa-anuchheda (1) ray suchita kaunasi anusthanara adhikara khetra bahare abasthita, ukta upa-anuchhedare suchita anusthanagudikara pradhikarana ebong karjya sahita samaana kartrupakhya ebong karjya, kimba janaswasthya adhiniam, 1919 (adhiniam nong. 1919 rahr 36); (chaa) rajya sabhapatinka anumodanakrame kaunasi pradesh anya kaunasi rajya, anchala, pradesh kimba dakhina-paschima africar anchalaku kimba anuchheda (chaa) ray bichara karajaithiba ebong anya kaunasi pradeshare sthapita kaunasi anusthana kimba sansthaku pradan karuthiba sahajata; [paara. ("f" a) s dwara bhartti hoichhi. 4 nong adhiniam. 1972rahr 61 ebong ess dwara pratisthapita . 1 nong adhiniam. 1977rahr 30 ebong ess. 2 ("qa") adhiniam nong. 1980rahr 31.] (chaa) anuchheda (chaa) ray bichara karajaithiba kaunasi sanstha kimba sanstha, rajya rastrapatinka anumodanare, anya kaunasi rajya, anchala, pradesh kimba dakhina-paschima africar anchalaku pradan karuthiba sahajata; [paara. ("f" b) s dwara bhartti hoichhi. 2 ("kha") adhiniam nong. 1980rahr 31.] (chaa) nagarika pratirakhya sambandheeah sahajata, jaahaa anuchheda (chaa) ray bichara karajaithiba kaunasi sanstha kimba sanstha, samprukta prashasakanka anumodanare, anya kaunasi pradeshare sthapita kaunasi sanstha kimba sansthaku pradan karipariba, ebong panthi sangraha adhiniam, 1978 (adhiniam nong. 1978 rahr 107); [paara. ("f" c) s dwara bhartti hoichhi. 2 ("kha") adhiniam nong. 1980rahr 31 ebong ess dwara pratisthapita . 1 ("qa") adhiniam nong. 1983rahr 88.] (chha) relpath ebong bandara byatita, pradesh madhyare sthaniah karjya ebong upakram, ebong pradeshar seema bahare prasarita karjya byatita, ebong kaunasi karjyaku jatiah karjya ghoshana kariba ebong pradeshika parishad sahita byabastha dwara ehara nirmana paain byabastha kariba paain sansadara khyamatara bashabarti; [paara. ("g") s dwara sanshodhita. 33 ("kha") adhiniam nong. 1980rahr 101.] ("haha") duiti pradeshaku sanjoga karuthiba setu byatita sadaka, bahya khetra, pont ebong setu; ("i") bajaara ebong pound; ("jay") samudrika matsyachasha adhiniam, 1940rahr dhaara "chaud" rahr byabastha anujai maacha ebong khela sanrakhyana (adhiniam nong. 1940 rahr 10); ("kee") ehi dharare barnita bishajara kaunasi shreni madhyare asuthiba kaunasi bishai sambandhare pradeshara kaunasi ine kimba kaunasi adhyadesha laagu kariba paain zarimana kimba carabas dwara dandadesh laagu kariba. [paara. ("l") ebong ("m") s dwara batil hoichhi. adhiniam nong. 22. 1986rahr 69.] [upa-ess. (1) ess dwara sanshodhita. 101 nong adhiniam. 1983rahr 110.] (2) upa-dapha (1) rahr anuchheda ("chaa") ray suchita kaunasi bishai sambandhare eka pradeshika parishad dwara parita eka adhyadesha pradan karipare - (qa) samprukta pradeshar prashasaka kimba kaunasi nirdista kartupakhyanka dwara sadasya kimba sehi anuchhedare bichara karajaithiba kaunasi anusthana kimba sansthara kaunasi sankhyaka sadasyanka nijukti paain; ("kha") sehi anuchhedara upa-anuchheda (1) ray bichara karajaithiba kaunasi anusthanara adhikara khetra paain, jaahaa eka kimba adhika khetra (sanlagna heu kimba naah heu) ku antarbhukta kariba. [upa-ess. (2) s dwara pratisthapita . 1 ("kha") adhiniam nong. 1983rahr 88.] [upa-ess. (3) ess dwara apasarana karajaichi. 33 ("sii") adhiniam nong. 1980rahr 101.] [ess. ess. 66-93 s dwara radda hoichhi. adhiniam nong. 22. 1986rahr 69.] [bhaga-VII-VIIIIଏଏଏ dwara radda hoichhi. 101 nong adhiniam. 1983rahr 110.] [ess. ess. 107-109 s dwara radda hoichhi. 101 nong adhiniam. 1983rahr 110.] [ess. 110ku ess. dwara batil karajaithila. adhiniam nong. 22. 1986rahr 69.] [ess. ess. 111-113 s dwara radda hoichhi. 101 nong adhiniam. 1983rahr 110.] [ess. 114ku ess. dwara batil karajaithila. adhiniam nong. 22. 1986rahr 69.] [ess. ess. 115-118 s dwara radda hoichhi. 101 nong adhiniam. 1983rahr 110.] [ess. ess. 119-121 ebong anusuchi s dwara radda hoichhi. adhiniam nong. 22. 1986rahr 69.]

subai sarkaar aikat, 1961/1987-04 -01 jiss witch sodh keeti gaee haii subai karajkari kametiaan aikat, nann. 1962 daa 28 sanvidhan sodh aikat, nann. 1962 daa 65 sanvidhan sodh aikat, nann. 1963 daa 9 subai kaunsalan atey karajkari kametiaan aikat, nann. 1963 daa 22 rangeen viaktiaan dee sikkhiaa aikat, nann. 1963 daa 47 subai karajkari kametiaan aikat, nann. 1963 daa 64 bharti sikkhiaa aikat, nann. 1965 daa 61 sanvidhan sodh aikat, nann. 1965 daa 83 pension kanoon sodh aikat, nann. 1965 daa 102 sanvidhan sodh aikat, nann. 1966 daa 37 dooja vitt aikat, nann. 1966 daa 58 sanvidhan sodh aikat, nann. 1967 daa 9 votar sodh aikat dee vakkhari numaindagi, nann. 1968 daa 50 pension kanoon sodh aikat, nann. 1968 daa 79 subai kaunsalan sodh aikat deeaan shaktiaan atey vishesh adhikar, nann. 1969 daa 37 aam kanoon sodh aikat, nann. 1969 daa 101 sanvidhan sodh aikat, nann. 1971 daa 1 pension kanoon sodh aikat, nann. 1971 daa 93 subai vitt atey audit aikat, nann. 1972 daa 18 subai mamle aikat, nann. 1972 daa 61 aam kanoon sodh aikat, nann. 1972 daa 102 sanvidhan atey chonh sodh aikat, nann. 1973 daa 79 aam kanoon sodh aikat, nann. 1973 daa 62 sansadi seva aikat, nann. 1974 daa 33 sanvidhan sodh aikat, nann. 1974 daa 48 dooja pension kanoon sodh aikat, nann. 1974 daa 77 sarkari khazane atey audit aikat, nann. 1975 daa 66 sanvidhan sodh aikat, nann. 1976 daa 60 vitti sambandh aikat, nann. 1976 daa 65 sanvidhan sodh aikat, nann. 1977 daa 30 ailaan nann. aar. 1977 daa 249 dooja qaala kanoon sodh aikat, nann. 1978 daa 102 sanvidhan sodh aikat, nann. 1979 daa 99 pension kanoon sodh aikat, nann. 1979 daa 100 dakkhni africa ganraj sanvidhan tiji sodh aikat, nann. 1980 daa 28 dakkhni africa ganraj sanvidhan dee duji sodh aikat, nann. 1980 daa 31 railway atey bandargah aikat sodh aikat, nann. 1980 daa 67 dakkhni africa ganraj sanvidhan sodh aikat, nann. 1980 daa 70 dakkhni africa ganraj sanvidhan chauthi sodh aikat, nann. 1980 daa 74 dakkhni africa ganraj sanvidhan panjvin sodh aikat, nann. 1980 daa 101 dakkhni africa ganraj sanvidhan sodh aikat, nann. 1981 daa 40 dakkhni africa ganraj sanvidhan dee duji sodh aikat, nann. 1981 daa 101 sanvidhan sodh aikat, nann. 1982 daa 99 subai mamle aikat, nann. 1983 daa 88 dakkhni africa ganraj sanvidhan aikat, nann. 1983 daa 110 sanvidhan sodh aikat, nann. 1984 daa 105 sanvidhanak mamlian dee sodh aikat, nann. 1985 daa 104 subai sarkaar aikat, nann. 1986 daa 69 [prastavna atey bhaag I-V noon s duaara radd qarr ditta giaa. aikat nann. 101 1983 daa 110.] bhaag vi. subiaan witch. [aiss. aiss. 66-83 noon s duaara radd keeta giaa. aikat nann. 22 1986 daa 69.] "subai kaunsalan deeaan shaktiaan." subai kaunsalan deeaan shaktiaan. 84. (1) iss aikat dey upbandhan dey adheen, vitti sambandh aikat, 1976 (aikat nann. (shh) atey raaj dey pardhan dee sehmati, jiven kii iss toon baad ditti gaee haii, atey jithon takk dakkhni africa ganraj sanvidhan aikat, 1983 dey bhaag 4 dey upbandhan noon chhadd keey, aakhri zikar keete gaye aikat dee dhaara 98 (3) (aii) dey tehat soobe dey kise vee ordinance jaan horr kanoon utte lagu honn daa ailaan keeta giaa haii, ikk subai consul heth likhe vishiaan dey vargan dey ander aaunn vaale mamlian dey sabndh witch ordinance bnaa sakadi haii, arthaat - (aii) subai udeshan laee malia vadhaun laee soobe dey ander siddha taiks; (aaa) raaj dey rashtarpati dee sehmati naal atey sansad duaara banaae gaye niyaman anusar soobe dey iklaute credit utte paise udhaar laina; [paira. ("aaa") aiss duaara sodhiaa giaa. aikat nann. 33 (aii). 1980 daa 101.] (<unk>) ucch sikkhiaa toon ilava sikkhiaa, rangeen viaktiaan laee sikkhiaa jiven kii rangeen viaktiaan dee sikkhiaa aikat, 1963 dee dhaara "ikk" witch paribhashit keeti gaee haii, bharti sikkhiaa aikat, 1965 dee dhaara "ikk" witch paribhashit bhartiaan laee sikkhiaa atey kaali sikkhiaa, jadon takk sansad horr vivastha naheen kardi; [paira. ("c") s duaara sodhiaa giaa. aikat nann. 37 1963 daa 47, aiss. aikat nann. 36 1965 daa 61, atey aiss. aikat nann. 17 1978 daa 102.] ("shh") khetibadi sansad duaara paribhashit shartan dee hadd takk atey adheen; ("ee") hospitals atey daani sansthavan dee sathapana, rakkh-rakhaa atey parbandhan; (eff) (i) mioonspal sansthavan, divisional kaunsalan atey isey kisam deeaan horr sathanak sansthavan; (2) upp-paira (1) witch darsaae gaye sansthanan toon ilava koee horr sansthan jaan sansthan, joe kise ajihi sanstha dey adhikar khetar toon bahr sathit kise ikk jaan ikk toon vaddh khetran (bhaven naal laggde honn jaan naa honn) dey sabndh witch, jiven kii upp-paira (1) witch darsaiaa giaa haii, ajihe sansthanan dey adhikar khetar dey samaan adhikar atey kaaraj karda haii, joe kii upp-paira (1) witch darsaae gaye hunn, jaan jantak sihat aikat, 1919 (aikat nann. 1919 daa 36); (eff) uh sahaita joe koee sooba, raaj dey rashtarpati dee pravangi naal, kise horr raaj, khetar, prant jaan dakkhan pachmi africa dey khetar jaan paira (eff) witch vichaar keeti gaee kise sanstha jaan sanstha noon pardan qarr sakda haii atey kise horr soobe witch sathapit keeti jaa sakadi haii; [paira. ("f" a) s duaara paaiaa giaa. aikat nann. 1972 daa 61 atey aiss duaara badliaa giaa. aikat nann. 1977 daa 30 atey aiss. aikat nann. dey 2 ("aii"). 1980 daa 31.] (eff) uh sahaita joe koee vee sanstha jaan sanstha paira (eff) witch vicharan toon baad raaj dey rashtarpati dee pravangi naal kise horr raaj, khetar, prant jaan dakkhan-pachmi africa dey khetar noon pardan qarr sakadi haii. [paira. ("f" b) s duaara paaiaa giaa. aikat nann. dey 2 ("bee"). 1980 daa 31.] (eff) sival rakkhiaa sabandhi sahaita joe koee vee sanstha jaan sanstha paira (eff) witch vichaar keeti gaee haii, sabandhat parshasak dee pravangi naal kise horr soobe witch sathapit ajihi sanstha jaan sanstha noon pardan qarr sakadi haii, atey uh sahaita joe koee vee sanstha jaan sanstha ajihi pravangi naal uhanan viaktiaan dey dukkh toon raahat laee pardan qarr sakadi haii joe fund ikkatha curran dey aikat, 1978 (aikat nann. 1978 daa 107); [paira. ("f" c) s duaara paaiaa giaa. aikat nann. dey 2 ("bee"). 1980 daa 31 atey aiss duaara badliaa giaa. aikat nann. 1 ("aii"). 1983 daa 88.] (jee) railway atey bandargahan toon ilava soobe dey ander sathanak kamm atey uddam, atey ajihe kamman toon ilava joe soobe deeaan sarhaddan toon bahr faile hoye hunn atey kise vee kamm noon rashtari kamm ghoshit curran atey subai consul naal parbandh karke jaan horr kise tarahan iss dey nirman dee vivastha curran dee sansad dee shakti dey adheen hunn; [paira. ("g") s duaara sodhiaa giaa. aikat nann. 33 ("bee"). 1980 daa 101.] ("aich") doou subiaan noon joden vaale pulan toon ilava sadkan, baahari hisse, pont atey pull; ("i") baazaar atey pond; ("jey") samundari machhi paalan aikat, 1940 (aikat nann. 1940 daa 10); ("keey") iss section witch ginne gaye vishiaan dey kise vee varag dey ander aaunn vaale kise vee mamle dey sabndh witch banaae gaye kise kanoon jaan soobe dey kise ordinance noon lagu curran laee jurmane jaan qaid dee sazaa. [paira. ("l") atey ("m") noon s duaara radd keeta giaa. aikat nann. 22 1986 daa 69.] [upp-aiss. (1) aiss duaara sodhiaa giaa. aikat nann. 101 1983 daa 110.] (2) upp-dhaara (1) dey paira ("eff") witch darsaae gaye kise vee mamle dey sabndh witch subai consul duaara paas keeta giaa ikk ordinance pardan qarr sakda haii - (aii) sabandhat soobe dey parshasak, jaan kise vishesh adhikari duaara memberan dee niyukti laee jaan uss paire witch vichaar keete gaye kise sanstha jaan sanstha dey memberan dee ginti laee; (aaa) uss paira dey upp-paira (i) witch vichaar keete gaye kise sanstha dey adhikar khetar laee ikk jaan ikk toon vaddh khetran (bhaven naal laggde honn jaan naa) noon shamal karna. [upp-aiss. (2) s duaara badliaa giaa. aikat nann. 1 ("bee"). 1983 daa 88.] [upp-aiss. (3) aiss duaara hataiaa giaa. aikat nann. 33 ("see"). 1980 daa 101.] [aiss. aiss. 66-93 noon s duaara radd keeta giaa. aikat nann. 22 1986 daa 69.] [bhaag VIII-VIIII noon s duaara radd keeta giaa. aikat nann. 101 1983 daa 110.] [aiss. aiss. 107-109 noon s duaara radd keeta giaa. aikat nann. 101 1983 daa 110.] [aiss. 110 noon aiss duaara radd qarr ditta giaa. aikat nann. 22 1986 daa 69.] [aiss. aiss. 111-113 noon s duaara radd keeta giaa. aikat nann. 101 1983 daa 110.] [aiss. 114 noon aiss duaara radd qarr ditta giaa. aikat nann. 22 1986 daa 69.] [aiss. aiss. 115-118 noon s duaara radd keeta giaa. aikat nann. 101 1983 daa 110.] [aiss. aiss. 119-121 atey anusuchi noon s duaara radd qarr ditta giaa. aikat nann. 22 1986 daa 69.]

prantiya-shaasan-adhiniyamah 1961/1987-04 -01 yathaa samshodhitah prantiyakaryakari-samiti-adhiniyamah nam. 1962 tame varshe 28 samvidhaana-samshodhana-adhiniyamah nam. 1962 tame varshe 65 samvidhaana-samshodhana-adhiniyamah nam. 1963 tame varshe 9 prantiya-parishadah tathaa karyakari-samitihi adhiniyamah nam. 1963 tamavarshasya 22 varnavarneeyaah vyakti-shiksha-adhiniyamah, nam. 1963 tame varshe 47 prantiyakaryakari-samiti-adhiniyamah nam. 1963 tame varshe 64 bhaarateey-shiksha-adhiniyamah, naa. 1965 tame varshe 61 samvidhaana-samshodhana-adhiniyamah nam. 1965 tame varshe 83 nivruttivetana-vidhi-samshodhana-adhiniyamah, nam. 1965 tame varshe 102 samvidhaana-samshodhana-adhiniyamah nam. 37 1966 dwiteeya-vitta-adhiniyamah, naa. 1966 tame varshe 58 samvidhaana-samshodhana-adhiniyamah nam. 1967 tame varshe 9 matadata-samshodhana-adhiniyamasya pruthak pratinidhitvam, nam. 50 1968 nivruttivetana-vidhi-samshodhana-adhiniyamah, nam. 79 1968 praanteey-parishadanam adhikaar-visheshaadhikaar-samshodhana-adhiniyamah nam. 1969 tame varshe 37 samanya vidhi-samshodhana-adhiniyam, nam. 1969 tame varshe 101 samvidhaana-samshodhana-adhiniyamah nam. 1971 tame varshe nivruttivetana-vidhi-samshodhana-adhiniyamah, nam. 1971 tame varshe 93 prantiya-vitta-lekhapariksha-adhiniyamah nam. 1972 tame varshe 18 prantiyakarya-adhiniyamah nam. 1972 tame varshe 61 samanya vidhi-samshodhana-adhiniyam, nam. 1972 tame varshe 102 samvidhaana-nirvaachan-samshodhana-adhiniyamah nam. 1973 tame varshe 79 samanya vidhi-samshodhana-adhiniyam, nam. 1973 tamavarshasya 62 samsadeeyasevaa adhiniyam, nam. 1974 tame varshe 33 samvidhaana-samshodhana-adhiniyamah nam. 1974 tame varshe 48 dwiteeya-nivruttivetana-vidhi-samshodhana-adhiniyamah, nam. 1974 tame varshe 77 rajakosha-lekhapariksha-adhiniyamah nam. 1975 tame varshe 66 samvidhaana-samshodhana-adhiniyamah nam. 1976 tame varshe 60 vitteey-sambandha-adhiniyamah, nam. 65 1976 samvidhaana-samshodhana-adhiniyamah nam. 1977 tame varshe 30 ghoshanaa nam. aar. 1977 tame varshe 249 dwiteeya-krushna-vidhi-samshodhana-adhiniyamah, nam. 1978 tame varshe 102 samvidhaana-samshodhana-adhiniyamah nam. 1979 tame varshe 99 nivruttivetana-vidhi-samshodhana-adhiniyamah, nam. 1979 tame varshe 100 dakshina-africa-ganarajyasya samvidhaanasya truteeya-samshodhana-adhiniyamah, nam. 1980 tame varshe 28 dakshina-africa-ganarajyasya samvidhaanasya dwiteeya-samshodhana-adhiniyamah, nam. 31 1980 rail-naukaashraya-adhiniyam-samshodhana-adhiniyamah nam. 1980 tame varshe 67 dakshina-africa-ganarajyasya samvidhaana-samshodhana-adhiniyamah, nam. 1980 tame varshe 70 dakshina-africa-ganarajyasya samvidhaanasya chaturthasamshodhanam adhiniyamah, nam. 1980 tame varshe 74 dakshina-africa-ganarajyasya samvidhaanasya panchamasamshodhanah adhiniyamah, nam. 1980 tame varshe 101 dakshina-africa-ganarajyasya samvidhaana-samshodhana-adhiniyamah, nam. 1981 tame varshe 40 dakshina-africa-ganarajyasya samvidhaanasya dwiteeya-samshodhana-adhiniyamah, nam. 1981 tame varshe 101 samvidhaana-samshodhana-adhiniyamah nam. 1982 tame varshe 99 prantiyakarya-adhiniyamah nam. 1983 tame varshe 88 dakshina-africa-ganarajyasya samvidhaana-adhiniyamah, nam. 1983 tame varshe 110 samvidhaana-samshodhana-adhiniyamah nam. 1984 tame varshe 105 samvidhaana-karya-samshodhana-adhiniyamah nam. 1985 tame varshe 104 prantiya-sarvakaareey-adhiniyamah, nam. 1986 tame varshe 69 [prastaavanaam bhagan cha aii-vee iti cha ess dwara nirasitaani. adhiniyam nam. 101. 1983 tame varshe 110.] bhaag-vi. prantaha. [ess. ess. 66-83 dwara nirasitam. adhiniyam nam. 22. 1986 tame varshe 69.] "prantiya-parishadanam adhikaarah." prantiya-parishadanam adhikaarah. 84. (1) asya adhiniyamasya upabandhaanaam adheenah vitteey-sambandha-adhiniyamah, 1976 (adhiniyamah nam. 1976 tamasya varshasya 65), tathaa tatah param yathaa vyavasthaam krutam, rajya-raashtrapateh sahamatihi, tathaa dakshina-africa-ganarajyasya samvidhaana-adhiniyamasya 1983 tamasya varshasya chaturthabhagasya upavidhaah, prantasya kasyaapi adhyaadeshasy vaa anyeshu vidhihi vaa laagooh iti antima-ullikhita-adhiniyamasya dhaaraa 98 (3) ("a") ityasya antargatam ghoshitaah santi, taavat vihaay, prantiya-parishadah nimnalikhita-varga-vishayanam madhye agacchamananam vishayanam vishayeshu adhyadeshan nirmaatum shaknoti, yathaa - (qa) prantiya-prayojanartham raajaswam vardhayitum prantasya antah pratyaksha-karaha; (kha) rajya-raashtrapateh sammatayaa, samsadena nirmiyamananam viniyamaanaam anusaaram, prantasya ekamaatra-runasya dhanasya runam; [paraa. ("kha") dwara samshodhita. 33 ("a") adhiniyam nam. 1980 tame varshe 101.] (ga) ucchashikshaayaah atiriktam shiksha, varnavarneeyaah vyakti-shiksha-adhiniyamasya 1963 ityasya "eka" khande yathaa paribhaashitam, varnavarneeyaah vyakti-shiksha, bhaarateey-shiksha-adhiniyamasya 1965 ityasya "eka" khande yathaa paribhaashitam, bhaarateey-shiksha, tathaa ashveta-shiksha, yaavat samsadena anyathaa upabandha naa bhavati, [paraa. ("ga") dwara samshodhita. adhiniyam nam. 37. 1963 tamasya varshasya 47, ess. dwara. adhiniyam nam. 36. 1965 tame varshe 61, tathaa cha ess. adhiniyam nam. 17. 1978 tame varshe 102.] (gha) samsadena paribhashitanam shartanam vyaapteh adhinatam cha krushihi; (nana) chikitsalayanam tathaa paropakarisamsthananam sthapana, rakshanm, prabandhanam; (cha) (i) nagarapalika-samsthah, vibhaageey-parishadah, anye cha samaanaprakrutihi sthaaneeyasamsthah; (ii) upapakara (i) madhye nirdishtaani samsthah atirichya anyaani samsthah vaa samsthah, yasyaah (sanlagnaani vaa naa vaa) kshetraani, yathaa (i) upapakara (1) madhye nirdishtaani, teshaam adhikarakshetrat bahihi sthitaani santi, praadhikaranam, karyani cha, yathaa samsthanam pradhikarasya, karyanam, yathaa uktasya upapakara-madhye nirdishtaani, atha vaa saarwajanik-swaasthya-samrakshanasya vishaye athiti, karyanam cha, jaann-swaasthya-adhiniyamah 1919 (adhiniyamah nam. 1919) ityasya 36); (cha) rajya-raashtrapateh anumodanena, dakshina-pashchim-africa-deshasya anyasya rajyaya, pradeshaay, pradeshaay vaa, anucchedasya (cha) madhye chintite anyasmin pradeshe sthaapitaay samsthaayai vaa samsthaayai vaa yat sahayyam praantah daatum shaknoti; [paraa. ("cha" a) ess dwara antahsthaapitam. adhiniyam nam. 4. 1972 tamasya varshasya 61 tathaa cha ess dwara pratisthaapitam. adhiniyam nam. 1977 tamasya varshasya 30 tathaa ess. adhiniyam nam 2 ("a"). 1980 tame varshe 31.] (cha) anucchedasya (cha) madhye vicharita samsthaa vaa samsthaa, rajya-raashtrapateh anumodanena, dakshina-pashchim-africa-deshasya anyasya rajyaya, pradeshaay, prantaya vaa yat sahayyam daatum shaknoti; [paraa. ("cha" kha) ess dwara antahsthaapitam. adhiniyam nam 2 ("kha"). 1980 tame varshe 31.] (cha) nagarikarakshayaha vishaye, (cha) paricchede (cha) vicharita samsthaa vaa nikaayah, sambaddhasy prashasakena anumodanena, anyasmin pradeshe sthaapitam samsthaam vaa nikayam vaa daatum shaknoti, tathaa cha nidhi-sanchaya-adhiniyamah, 1978 ityasya dhaaraa 26 ityasya antargatam vipattaa iti ghoshitena ghatanaya prabhaavitaanaam vaa janaanaam kashtasya nivaaranaartham, etaadrushee anumodanena, etaihi samsthayaa vaa nikaayen vaa yat sahayyam daatum shaknoti (adhiniyamah nam. 1978) ityasya 107); [paraa. ("cha" ga) ess dwara antahsthaapitam. adhiniyam nam 2 ("kha"). 1980 tamasya varshasya 31 tathaa cha ess dwara pratisthaapitam. 1 ("a") adhiniyam nam. 1983 tame varshe 88.] (chha) relmaargasya, naukaashrayasya cha atiriktam, prantasya antah sthaniyakaryani, upakramah cha, tathaa cha prantasya simayam bahihi vistaaritaah karyani atirichya, kasyaapi karyam rashtriyakaryam iti ghoshayitum, prantiyaparishadaha vyavasthayaa vaa anyathaa tasya nirmanasya vyavasthaa kartum cha samsadena shaktteh adheenah; [paraa. ("g") dwara samshodhita. 33 ("kha") adhiniyam nam. 1980 tame varshe 101.] ("haha") praantadwayam yojayantah setuhu atirichya maargaah, baahyapradeshaah, ponts, setuhu cha; ("i") vipanyah tathaa paund; ("jey") matsyam tathaa creedaa-samrakshanam, samudra-matsyapaalan-adhiniyamah, 1940 ityasya dhaaraa "chaturdashah" ityasya upabandhanam adheenam (adhiniyamah nam. 10 1940); ("key") asmin khande ullikhitaanaam vishayanam kasyaapi vargeshu aanetum kasyaapi vishaye, prantasya kasyaapi vidhim vaa adhyaadesham vaa pravartayitum jurmaanena karavasena vaa dandah. [paraa. ("l") tathaa ("m") cha s dwara nirasitaani. adhiniyam nam. 22. 1986 tame varshe 69.] [upa-ess. (1) dwara samshodhita. adhiniyam nam. 101. 1983 tame varshe 110.] (2) upa-dhaaraa (1) ityasya anucchedah (cha) madhye nirdishtasya kasyaapi vishayasya vishaye prantiya-parishadah paaritah adhyadeshah upabandhm kartum shaknoti - (qa) sambaddhasy prantasya prashasakena, athavaa kasyaapi nirdishta-pradhikarena, sadasyanam niyukteh krute athavaa tasmin paricchede vicharita kasyaapi samsthaa athavaa nikayasya sadasyanam sankhyaayaah krute; ("kha") tasya anucchedasya upapalle (i) madhye paryalochita samsthaayaah adhikaarakshetrasy krute ekam athavaa adhikaani kshetraani (sanlagnaani vaa naa vaa) yojayitum. [upa-ess. (2) ess dwara pratisthaapit. 1 ("kha") adhiniyam nam. 1983 tame varshe 88.] [upa-ess. (3) ess dwara apasaaritam. 33 ("ga") adhiniyam nam. 1980 tame varshe 101.] [ess. ess. 66-93 dwara nirasitam. adhiniyam nam. 22. 1986 tame varshe 69.] [bhaag-VIII-VIII dwara nirasitam. adhiniyam nam. 101. 1983 tame varshe 110.] [ess. ess. 107-109 dwara nirasitam. adhiniyam nam. 101. 1983 tame varshe 110.] [ess. 110 dwara nirasitam. adhiniyam nam. 22. 1986 tame varshe 69.] [ess. ess. 111-113 dwara nirasitam. adhiniyam nam. 101. 1983 tame varshe 110.] [ess. 114 dwara nirasitam. adhiniyam nam. 22. 1986 tame varshe 69.] [ess. ess. 115-118 dwara nirasitam. adhiniyam nam. 101. 1983 tame varshe 110.] [ess. ess. 119-121 tathaa anusoocheeh s dwara nirasitah. adhiniyam nam. 22. 1986 tame varshe 69.]

maagaana arasuch sattam, 1961/1987-04 -01 thirutthappattapadi maagaana nirvaagak kuzhukkal sattam, enn. 1962aam aandin 28aam aandu arasiyalamaipputh thirutthach sattam, enn. 1962 inn 65 arasiyalamaipputh thirutthach sattam, enn. 1963aam aandin 9aam thaethi maagaana sabaikal mattrum nirvaagak kuzhukkal sattam, enn. 1963aam aandin 22aam aandu vanna nabarkal kalvich sattam, enn. 1963 inn 47 maagaana nirvaagak kuzhukkal sattam, enn. 1963 inn 64 inthiya kalvich sattam, illai. 1965 inn 61 arasiyalamaipputh thirutthach sattam, enn. 1965 inn 83 oaivoothiyach sattath thirutthach sattam, enn. 1965 inn 102 arasiyalamaipputh thirutthach sattam, enn. 1966aam aandin 37aam aandu irandaavathu nidhich sattam, illai. 1966 inn 58 arasiyalamaipputh thirutthach sattam, enn. 1967aam aandin 9aam thaethi vaakkaalar thirutthach sattaththin thanii pirathinithiththuvam, enn. 1968 inn 50 oaivoothiyach sattath thirutthach sattam, enn. 1968 inn 79 maagaana sabaikalin athikaarangkal mattrum salugaigal thirutthach sattam, enn. 1969 inn 37 pothuch sattath thirutthach sattam, enn. 1969aam aandin 101aam aandu arasiyalamaipputh thirutthach sattam, enn. 1971aam aandin 1aam thaethi oaivoothiyach sattath thirutthach sattam, enn. 1971aam aandin 93aam aandu maagaana nidhi mattrum thanikkaich sattam, enn. 1972aam aandin 18aam thaethi maagaana vivagaarangkal sattam, enn. 1972aam aandin 61aam aandu pothuch sattath thirutthach sattam, enn. 1972aam aandin 102aam aandu arasiyalamaippu mattrum thaerthal thirutthach sattam, enn. 1973 inn 79 pothuch sattath thirutthach sattam, enn. 1973aam aandin 62aam aandu naadaalumandra saevaich sattam, enn. 1974aam aandin 33aam aandu arasiyalamaipputh thirutthach sattam, enn. 1974aam aandin 48aam aandu irandaavathu oaivoothiyach sattath thirutthach sattam, enn. 1974 inn 77 karuvoolam mattrum thanikkaich sattam, enn. 1975aam aandin 66aam aandu arasiyalamaipputh thirutthach sattam, enn. 1976aam aandin 60aam aandu nidhi uravugal sattam, illai. 1976aam aandin 65aam aandu arasiyalamaipputh thirutthach sattam, enn. 1977aam aandin 30aam thaethi pirakadanam enn. aarr. 1977aam aandin 249aam aandu irandaavathu karuppu sattath thirutthach sattam, illai. 1978 inn 102 arasiyalamaipputh thirutthach sattam, enn. 1979 inn 99 oaivoothiyach sattath thirutthach sattam, enn. 1979 inn 100 thennaappirikkak kudiyarasu arasiyalamaippu moontraam thirutthach sattam, enn. 1980aam aandin 28aam thaethi thennaappirikkak kudiyarasu arasiyalamaippu irandaavathu thirutthach sattam, enn. 1980aam aandin 31aam thaethi rayilway mattrum thuraimugach sattath thirutthach sattam, enn. 1980 inn 67 thennaappirikkak kudiyarasu arasiyalamaipputh thirutthach sattam, enn. 1980 inn 70 thennaappirikkak kudiyarasu arasiyalamaippu naankaavathu thirutthach sattam, enn. 1980 inn 74 thennaappirikkak kudiyarasu arasiyalamaippu ainthaavathu thirutthach sattam, enn. 1980aam aandin 101aam aandu thennaappirikkak kudiyarasu arasiyalamaipputh thirutthach sattam, enn. 1981aam aandin 40aam aandu thennaappirikkak kudiyarasu arasiyalamaippu irandaavathu thirutthach sattam, enn. 1981aam aandin 101aam aandu arasiyalamaipputh thirutthach sattam, enn. 1982aam aandin 99aam aandu maagaana vivagaarangkal sattam, enn. 1983 inn 88 thennaappirikkak kudiyarasu arasiyalamaippuch sattam, enn. 1983 inn 110 arasiyalamaipputh thirutthach sattam, enn. 1984 inn 105 arasiyalamaippu vivagaarangkal thirutthach sattam, enn. 1985aam aandin 104aam aandu maagaana arasuch sattam, illai. 1986 inn 69 [munnurai mattrum pakuthikal I-V aii s aall rathu seithanar. 101aam enn sattam. 1983 inn 110.] pakuthi vi. maakaanangkal. [ess. ess. 66-83 s aall rathu seiyappattathu. sattam enn 22. 1986 inn 69.] "maagaana sabaikalin athikaarangkal." maagaana sabaikalin athikaarangkal. 84. (1) inthach sattaththin vithigalukku udpattu, nidhi uravugal sattam, 1976 (sattam enn. 1976aam aandin 65aam enn), mattrum ingku inimael vazhangkappattapadi maanilath thalaivarin opputhalum, 1983aam aandu thennaappirikkak kudiyarasin arasiyalamaippuch sattaththin pakuthi IV-inn vithigal, kadaisiyaagak kurippidapatta sattaththin pirivu 98 (3) (auuu) inn keezh maagaanaththin endhavoru avasarach sattaththirkum allathu pira sattaththirkum porunthum endru arivikkappattathaith thavira, oru maagaana sabai pinvarum pirivugalukkul varum vishayangkal thodarbaaga avasarach sattangalai uruvakkalaam, athaavathu - (auuu) maagaana nokkangkalukkaaga varuvaayai uyarththuvatharkaaka maagaanaththirkul neradi varivithippu; (aaa) maanilath thalaivarin opputhaludan mattrum naadaalumandraththaal uruvaakkappatta vithimuraigalinpadi maagaanaththin oray kadanil cuddon vaangkuthal; [baaraa. ("aaa") ess moolam thiruththappattathu. 33 (auuu) sattam enn. 1980aam aandin 101aam aandu.] (ii) uyarkalvi thavira, 1963aam aandu vannaththavar kalvich sattaththin "ondru" pirivil varaiyarukkapattulla vannaththavar kalvi, inthiyak kalvich sattam 1965aam aandin "ondru" pirivil varaiyarukkapattulla inthiyarkalukkaana kalvi, naadaalumandram vaeru vithigalai vazhangkum varai karuppinak kalvi, [baaraa. ("chii") ess moolam thiruththappattathu. 37aam enn. 1963aam aandin 47aam, ess. sattam enn 36. 1965 inn 61, mattrum ess. sattam enn 17. 1978 inn 102.] (eee) naadaalumandram varaiyarutthulla nibanthanaigalukku udpattu vivasaayam seithal. (uuu) maruththuvamanaigal mattrum thondu niruvanangalai niruvuthal, paraamariththal mattrum nirvagiththal; (f) (i) nagaraatchi niruvanangal, koatta sabaikal mattrum idhae poantra pira ullaatchi niruvanangal; (ii) (i) aam utpirivil kurippidappattullapadi, aethaenum oru niruvanaththin athikaara varampirku veliyae amainthulla ondru allathu adharku maerpatta pakuthikal (adhu ondrudan ondru inaikkappattaalum illaavittaalum) kuritthu, podhu sugaathaarach sattam, 1919 (sattam enn. 1919 inn 36); (f) oru maagaanam, maanilath thalaivarin opputhaludan, vaeru endha maanilaththirkum, pirathaesaththirkum, maagaanaththirkum allathu thenmaerku aaprikkaavin pirathaesaththirkum allathu paththi (f) ill pariseelikkappatta endhavoru niruvanaththirkum allathu amaippukkum vaeru endha maagaanaththilum niruvapatta endhavoru maagaanaththirkum vazhangkakkoodiya udhavi; [baaraa. ("f" a) s aall serugappattathu. sattam enn 4. 1972 inn 61 mattrum ess moolam maattrappattathu. sattam enn 1. 1977aam aandin 30aam mattrum ess. 2 (auuu) sattam enn. 1980aam aandin 31aam thaethi.] (f) paththi (f) ill pariseelikkappatta endhavoru niruvanamum allathu amaippum, maanila janaathipathiyin opputhaludan, vaeru endha maanilaththirkum, piraanthiyaththirkum, maagaanaththirkum allathu thenmaerku aaprikkaavin piraanthiyaththirkum vazhangkakkoodiya udhavi; [baaraa. ("f" b) s aall serugappattathu. 2 ("b") sattam enn. 1980aam aandin 31aam thaethi.] (f) kudimakkal paathukaappu thodarpaana udhaviyai, paththi (f) ill pariseelikkappatta endhavoru niruvanamoa allathu amaippo, sambanthappatta nirvaagiyin opputhaludan, vaeru endha maagaanaththilum niruvapatta aththagaiya niruvanam allathu amaippu etharkum valangkalaam, maelum nidhi thirattum sattam, 1978 inn pirivu 26 inn keezh paerazhivu endru arivikkapatta oru sambavaththaal paathikkappattulla allathu paathikkappadavirukkum nabarkalin thuyaratthai nivaaranam seiya avvaaru pariseelikkappatta endhavoru niruvanamoa allathu amaippo aththagaiya opputhaludan valangkalaam (sattam enn. 1978 inn 107); [baaraa. ("f" c) s aall serugappattathu. 2 ("b") sattam enn. 1980aam aandin 31aam thaethi mattrum adharku pathilaaka ess. 1 (auuu) sattam enn. 1983ill 88.] (uuu) maagaanaththirkul ulla rayilway mattrum thuraimugangalaith thavira ullaatchi panikal mattrum niruvanangal, maagaanaththin ellaikalukku appaal virivupaduthappatta vaelaigalaith thavira, endhavoru vaelaiyaiyum thaesiya paniyaaga arivikkavum, maagaana sabaiyudan aerpaadu seithu allathu vaeru vazhiyilum adhan kattumaanaththirku aerpaadu seiyavum naadaalumandraththin athikaaraththirku udpattu; [baaraa. ("g") s aall thiruththappattathu. 33 ("pii") sattam enn. 1980aam aandin 101aam aandu.] ("ech") irandu maakaanangkalai inaikkum paalangkalaith thavira, saalaigal, velippurangkal, paantkal mattrum paalangkal; ("i") santhaigal mattrum pavundugal; ("jay") kadal meenvalach sattam, 1940 (sattam enn. 1940 inn 10); ("kae") inthap pirivil kurippidapattulla paadappirivugalil aethaenum ontrirkul varum endhavoru visayamum thodarbaaga maagaanaththin endhavoru sattaththaiyum allathu endhavoru avasarach sattaththaiyum amalpaduththiyatharkaaga abaraatham allathu siraiththandanai vithikkappaduthal. [baaraa. ("l") mattrum ("m") s aall rathu seiyappadugirathu. sattam enn 22. 1986 inn 69.] [thunai-ess. (1) ess. aall thiruththappattathu. 101aam enn sattam. 1983 inn 110.] (2) utpirivu (1) inn paththi ("eff") ill kurippidapattulla endhavoru visayamum thodarbaaga oru maagaana sabaiyaal niraivettrappatta avasarach sattam pinvarumaaru vazhangalaam (auuu) sambanthappatta maagaanaththin nirvaagiyinaal allathu kuripitta athikaaram aethaenum oruvaraal, antha paththiyil kurippidapattulla uruppinarkal allathu aethaenum oru niruvanam allathu amaippin uruppinargalin ennikkaiyai niyamanam seivatharkaaga; (aaa) antha paththiyin utpirivu (i) ill kurippidapattulla oru niruvanaththin athikaara varampirku, ondru allathu adharku maerpatta pakuthikal (adhu ondrudan ondru inaikkappattaalum illaavittaalum) udpadum. [thunai-ess. (2) s aall maattrappattathu. 1 ("b") sattam enn. 1983ill 88.] [thunai-ess. (3) s aall neekkappattathu. 33 ("chii") sattam enn. 1980aam aandin 101aam aandu.] [ess. ess. 66-93 s aall rathu seiyappattathu. sattam enn 22. 1986 inn 69.] [pakuthi VIII-viiia s aall rathu seiyappattathu. 101aam enn sattam. 1983 inn 110.] [ess. ess. 107-109 s aall rathu seiyappattathu. 101aam enn sattam. 1983 inn 110.] [ess. 110 ess moolam rathu seiyappattathu. sattam enn 22. 1986 inn 69.] [ess. ess. 111-113 s aall rathu seiyappattathu. 101aam enn sattam. 1983 inn 110.] [ess. 114 ess moolam rathu seiyappattathu. sattam enn 22. 1986 inn 69.] [ess. ess. 115-118 s aall rathu seiyappattathu. 101aam enn sattam. 1983 inn 110.] [ess. ess. 119-121 mattrum attavanai s aall rathu seiyappattathu. sattam enn 22. 1986 inn 69.]

praantiiya prabhutva chattam, 1961/1987-04 -01 savarinchina vidhamgaa praantiiya karyanirvahaka kamiteela chattam, nem. 1962 naati 28 rajyanga savarana chattam, nem. 1962 yokka 65 rajyanga savarana chattam, nem. 1963 naati 9 praantiiya mandalulu mariyu karyanirvahaka kamiteela chattam, nem. 1963 naati 22 rangurangula vyaktula vidya chattam, nem. 1963 naati 47 praantiiya karyanirvahaka kamiteela chattam, nem. 1963 yokka 64 bharatiya vidya chattam, nem. 1965loe 61 rajyanga savarana chattam, nem. 1965loe 83 pension chattaala savarana chattam, nem. 1965 yokka 102 rajyanga savarana chattam, nem. 1966 naati 37 rendava aardhika chattam, nem. 1966 yokka 58 rajyanga savarana chattam, nem. 1967 naati 9 otarla savarana chattam yokka pratyeka praatinidhyam, nem. 1968 yokka 50 pension chattaala savarana chattam, nem. 1968 yokka 79 praantiiya mandalula savarana chattam yokka adhikaralu mariyu adhikaralu, nem. 1969 naati 37 saadhaarana chatta savarana chattam, nem. 1969 yokka 101 rajyanga savarana chattam, nem. 1971 yokka 1 pension chattaala savarana chattam, nem. 1971 naati 93 praantiiya aardhika mariyu audit chattam, nem. 1972 yokka 18 praantiiya vyavahaaraala chattam, nem. 1972 yokka 61 saadhaarana chatta savarana chattam, nem. 1972 yokka 102 rajyangam mariyu ennikala savarana chattam, nem. 1973 yokka 79 saadhaarana chatta savarana chattam, nem. 1973 yokka 62 parliamentary servies act, nem. 1974 yokka 33 rajyanga savarana chattam, nem. 1974 yokka 48 rendava pinchanu chattaala savarana chattam, nem. 1974 yokka 77 khajanalu mariyu audit chattam, nem. 1975 yokka 66 rajyanga savarana chattam, nem. 1976 yokka 60 aardhika sambandhaala chattam, nem. 1976 yokka 65 rajyanga savarana chattam, nem. 1977 naati 30 prakatana nem. aarr. 1977 naati 249 rendava nalla chattaala savarana chattam, nem. 1978 yokka 102 rajyanga savarana chattam, nem. 1979loe 99 pension chattaala savarana chattam, nem. 1979 yokka 100 republic off south africa rajyangam moodava savarana chattam, nem. 1980 naati 28 republic off south africa rajyangam rendava savarana chattam, nem. 1980 yokka 31 railways und harbers acts savarana chattam, nem. 1980 naati 67 republic off south africa rajyanga savarana chattam, nem. 1980 naati 70 republic off south africa rajyangam naalugo savarana chattam, nem. 1980loe 74 republic off south africa rajyanga aidava savarana chattam, nem. 1980 yokka 101 republic off south africa rajyanga savarana chattam, nem. 1981loe 40 republic off south africa rajyangam rendava savarana chattam, nem. 1981loe 101 rajyanga savarana chattam, nem. 1982loe 99 praantiiya vyavahaaraala chattam, nem. 1983loe 88 republic off south africa rajyanga chattam, nem. 1983loe 110 rajyanga savarana chattam, nem. 1984 yokka 105 rajyanga vyavahaaraala savarana chattam, nem. 1985loe 104 praantiiya prabhutva chattam, nem. 1986loe 69 [upodghaatam mariyu bhagalu I-V luu s dwara raddu cheyabaddaayi. 101va chattam nem. 1983loe 110.] bhaagam vi. praavinsulu. [ss. 66-83 s dwara raddu cheyabadindi. chattam nem. 22. 1986loe 69.] "praantiiya mandalula adhikaralu." praantiiya mandalula adhikaralu. 84. (1) eee chattam yokka nibandhanalaku lobadi, aardhika sambandhaala chattam, 1976 (chattam namm. 1976 yokka 65), mariyu ikkada ikapai andinchina rashtra adhyakshudi aamodam, mariyu republic off south africa constitution act, 1983 yokka paart IV looni nibandhanalu, chivaraga perkonna chattam yokka section 98 (3) ("eah") kinda provins yokka edainaa ordinance ledhaa itara chattaniki vartistundani prakatinchabadinanta varaku, provincial council eee krindi vargaala vishayaala lopala vachhe vishayaalaku sambandhinchi ordinancelanu tayaaru cheyavachu, avi - (eah) praantiiya prayojanaala kosam aadaayaanni penchadaaniki provins lopala pratyaksha pannu; (bii) rashtra adhyakshudi sammatitoe mariyu paarlamentu roopondinchina nibandhanalaku anugunamgaa provins yokka ekaika credit meeda dabbunu appuga teesukovadam; [paaraa. ("bii") ess dwara savarinchabadindi. chattam nem. 33 ("eah"). 1980loe 101.] (sii) unnata vidya kakunda vidya, 1963 naati varna vyaktula vidya chattam looni "oka" vibhaagamlo nirvachinchina varna vyaktula vidya, bhaaratheeyula vidya chattam, 1965 looni "oka" vibhaagamlo nirvachinchina bhaaratheeyula vidya, mariyu paarlamentu itara nibandhanalanu andinche varaku nallajati vidya; [paaraa. ("sii") ess dwara savarinchabadindi. chattam nem. 37. 1963 naati 47, s. chattam nem. 36. 1965 yokka 61, mariyu s. chattam nem. 17. 1978loe 102.] (dii) paarlamentu nirvachinchina sharatulaku lobadi, antha varaku vyavasayam; (ii) aasupatrulu mariyu swachchanda samsthala sthaapana, nirvahana mariyu nirvahana; (eff) (ii) purapalaka samsthalu, divisional councils mariyu ilanti swabhaavam gala itara sthaanika samsthalu; (ii) upa-paeraa (i) loe suuchimchina edainaa samstha yokka adhikara paridhi praantaaniki velupala unna edainaa okati ledhaa anthakante ekkuva praantaalaku (prakkane unnaa ledhaa kakapoyina) sambandhinchi, upa-paeraa (i) loe suuchimchina edainaa samstha yokka adhikara paridhi praantaaniki velupala unna edainaa samsthalu ledhaa samsthalu, paina perkonna upa-peraalo suuchimchina samsthala adhikaram mariyu vidhulaku samaanamaina adhikaram mariyu vidhulu, ledhaa prajaarogya chattam, 1919 (chattam namm. 1919 yokka 36); (eff) oka provins, rashtra adhyakshudi aamodamto, edainaa itara rashtram, bhuubhaagam, provins ledhaa nairuti africa bhuubhaagaaniki ledhaa paeraa (eff) loe pariganinchabadi, edainaa itara provincelo sthaapinchabadina edainaa samstha ledhaa samsthaku andinche sahayam; [paaraa. ("f" a) s dwara choppinchabadindi. 4va chattam nem. 1972 yokka 61 mariyu s dwara bharti cheyabadindi. chattam nem. 1977 naati 30 mariyu ess. chattam nem. 2 ("eah"). 1980 naati 31va.] (eff) paeraa (eff) loe pariseelinchina yea samstha ledhaa samstha ayina, rashtra adhyakshudi aamodamto, yea itara rashtram, bhuubhaagam, provins ledhaa nairuti africa bhuubhaagaaniki ivvagala sahayam; [paaraa. ("f" b) s dwara choppinchabadindi. 2 ("bii") chattam nem. 1980 naati 31va.] (eff) poura rakshanaku sambandhinchi, paeraa (eff) loe pariseelinchina yea samstha ledhaa samstha, sambandhita nirvaahakudi aamodamto, maray itara provincelo sthaapinchabadina atuvanti samstha ledhaa samsthaku andinchavacchu, mariyu nidhula sekarana chattam, 1978 (chattam nem. 1978 yokka 107); [paaraa. ("f" c) s dwara choppinchabadindi. 2 ("bii") chattam nem. 1980 yokka 31 mariyu s dwara bharti cheyabadindi. chattam nem. 1 ("eah"). 1983 loe 88.] (zii) railway mariyu naukaasrayaalu kakunda, provins lopala sthaanika panulu mariyu samsthalu, mariyu provins sarihaddulaku minchi vistarinchina panulu kakunda, edainaa panini jaateeya panigaa prakatinchadaaniki mariyu praantiiya mandalitho erpaatu dwara ledhaa itara vidhamgaa daani nirmaanaaniki veelu kalpinchadaaniki paarlamentu adhikaaraaniki lobadi; [paaraa. ("g") s dwara savarinchabadindi. chattam nem. 33 ("bii"). 1980loe 101.] ("hetch") rendu praavinsulanu kalipe vantenalu kakunda roadlu, velupali praantaalu, pontlu mariyu vantenalu; ("i") marketlu mariyu poundlu; ("zhe") chepalu mariyu aata samrakshana, samudra matsya chattam, 1940 looni section "padnaalugu" nibandhanalaku lobadi (chattam namm. 1940 yokka 10); ("keey") eee vibhaagamlo perkonna vishayaala vargalalo deeninainaa lopaliki teesukuvacche edainaa vishayaniki sambandhinchi chesina edainaa chattam ledhaa provins yokka edainaa ordinancenu amalu chesinanduku jarimana ledhaa jailu siksha vidhinchadam. [paaraa. ("l") mariyu ("m") luu s dwara raddu cheyabaddaayi. chattam nem. 22. 1986loe 69.] [sub-ess. (1) ess dwara savarinchabadindi. 101va chattam nem. 1983loe 110.] (2) upavibhaagam (1) looni paeraa ("eff") loe suuchimchina edainaa vishayaniki sambandhinchi praantiiya mandali aamodinchina ordinance eee krindi vidhamgaa andinchavacchuhu (eah) sambandhita provins administrator ledhaa edainaa nirdishta adhikaram, sabhyula niyamakam kosam ledhaa aaa peraalo pariganinchina edainaa samstha ledhaa samstha yokka sabhyula sankhya kosam; (bii) aaa paeraalooni upa paeraa (ii) loe pariganinchabadda oka samstha yokka adhikara paridhi kosam okati ledhaa anthakante ekkuva praantaalanu (pakkapakkane unnaa ledhaa kakapoyina) kaligi undaali. [sub-ess. (2) s dwara bharti cheyabadindi. chattam nem. 1 ("bii"). 1983 loe 88.] [sub-ess. (3) s dwara tolaginchabadindi. chattam nem. 33 ("sii"). 1980loe 101.] [ss. 66-93 s dwara raddu cheyabadindi. chattam nem. 22. 1986loe 69.] [bhagalu VIII-VIIII S dwara raddu cheyabaddaayi. 101va chattam nem. 1983loe 110.] [ss. 107-109 s dwara raddu cheyabadindi. 101va chattam nem. 1983loe 110.] [ess. 110 dwara raddu cheyabadindi. chattam nem. 22. 1986loe 69.] [ss. 111-113 s dwara raddu cheyabadindi. 101va chattam nem. 1983loe 110.] [ess. 114 dwara raddu cheyabadindi. chattam nem. 22. 1986loe 69.] [ss. 115-118 s dwara raddu cheyabadindi. 101va chattam nem. 1983loe 110.] [ss. 119-121 mariyu schedule s dwara raddu cheyabadindi. chattam nem. 22. 1986loe 69.]

soobayi hukumat aikat 1961/1987-04 -01 jaisa kahh tarmim kii gayee hay soobayi execto committean aikat number. 1962 kaa 28 aayeen mein tarmim aikat nahein. 1962 kaa 65 aayeen mein tarmim aikat nahein. 1963 kaa 9 soobayi konsalen aur execto committean aikat number. 1963 kaa 22 rangeen afraad kaa taleemi qanoon number. 1963 kaa 47 soobayi execto committean aikat number. 1963 kaa 64 indenz ajucation aikat nahein. 1965 kaa 61 aayeen mein tarmim aikat nahein. 1965 kaa 83 pension qawanin tarmim aikat number. 1965 kaa 102 aayeen mein tarmim aikat nahein. 1966 kaa 37 dosra maaliyaati qanoon nahein. 1966 kaa 58 aayeen mein tarmim aikat nahein. 1967 kaa 9 voters amendment aikat kii alaihdah numaindagi number. 1968 kaa 50 pension qawanin tarmim aikat number. 1968 kaa 79 soobayi konsalon kay akhtiyarat aur maraat tarmim aikat number. 1969 kaa 37 general laah amendment aikat nahein. 1969 kaa 101 aayeen mein tarmim aikat nahein. 1971 kaa 1 pension qawanin tarmim aikat number. 1971 kaa 93 soobayi fanans aind audet aikat number. 1972 kaa 18 soobayi amoor aikat number. 1972 kaa 61 general laah amendment aikat nahein. 1972 kaa 102 aayeen aur intekhabat mein tarmim aikat number. 1973 kaa 79 general laah amendment aikat nahein. 1973 kaa 62 parlimani saros aikat number. 1974 kaa 33 aayeen mein tarmim aikat nahein. 1974 kaa 48 dosra pension qawanin tarmim aikat number. 1974 kaa 77 khazanay aur audet aikat number. 1975 kaa 66 aayeen mein tarmim aikat nahein. 1976 kaa 60 maaliyaati taluqat aikat nahein. 1976 kaa 65 aayeen mein tarmim aikat nahein. 1977 kaa 30 aalaan number. aar. 1977 kaa 249 dosra bleek laaz amendment aikat nahein. 1978 kaa 102 aayeen mein tarmim aikat nahein. 1979 kaa 99 pension qawanin tarmim aikat number. 1979 kaa 100 jamhuria janubi afriqah aayeen teesri tarmim aikat number. 1980 kaa 28 jamhuria janubi afriqah aayeen kii dosri tarmim aikat number. 1980 kaa 31 railway aur bandargah aikat tarmim aikat number. 1980 kaa 67 jamhuria janubi afriqah aayeen mein tarmim aikat number. 1980 kaa 70 jamhuria janubi afriqah aayeen chothi tarmim aikat number. 1980 kaa 74 jamhuria janubi afriqah aayeen kii panchwen tarmim aikat number. 1980 kaa 101 jamhuria janubi afriqah aayeen mein tarmim aikat number. 1981 kaa 40 jamhuria janubi afriqah aayeen kii dosri tarmim aikat number. 1981 kaa 101 aayeen mein tarmim aikat nahein. 1982 kaa 99 soobayi amoor aikat number. 1983 kaa 88 jamhuria janubi afriqah kaa aayeeni aikat number. 1983 kaa 110 aayeen mein tarmim aikat nahein. 1984 kaa 105 aayeeni amoor tarmim aikat number. 1985 kaa 104 soobayi hukumat aikat nahein. 1986 kaa 69 [paishgi aur hasah I-V kuu s kay zariye mansukh kirr diyaa gayaa. aikat number 101. 1983 kaa 110.] hasah vi. soobon mein. [aiss aiss. 66-83 s kay zariye mansukh kiyaa gayaa. aikat number 22. 1986 kaa 69.] "soobayi konsalon kay akhtiyarat." soobayi konsalon kay akhtiyarat. 84. (1) iss aikat kii dafaat kay taabaa maaliyaati taluqat aikat 1976 (aikat number. (1976 kaa 65)yee aur riyasati sadr kii manzori jaisa kahh iss kay baad farahim kii gayee hay aur sawaye iss kay kahh jehaan takk jamhuria janubi afriqah kay aayeen aikat 1983 kay hasah 4 kii dafaat kay tahat aakhri mazkur aikat kii dafah 98 (3) ("aey") kay tahat soobay kay kasee ordinance yaa deegar qanoon parr laago honay kaa aalaan kiyaa gayaa hay eek soobayi konsal mandarjah zeel zamron kay mazamin kay andar aaney waalay muamilat kay silsilay mein ordinance banaa sakti hay yauni - ("aaa") soobayi maqasid kay liye mahsul badhanay kay liye soobay kay andar braah raast mahsul vovo (bub) riyasati sadr kii razamandi say aur parliament kay zariye banaye gayey zabiton kay mutabiq soobay kay waahid creadt parr raqam adhaar leena. [piraa. ("bub") s kay zariye tarmim shadah. aikat number 33 ("aey"). 1980 kaa 101.] ("jeej") aalee taleem kay elawah taleem rangeen afraad kay liye taleem jaisa kahh rangeen afraad taleemi aikat 1963 kay section "winn" mein biyaan kiyaa gayaa hay hindustaniyon kay liye taleem jaisa kahh indeen ajucation aikat 1965 kay section "winn" mein biyaan kiyaa gayaa hay aur seeyah faam taleem jabb takk kahh parliament dosri soorat mein farahim naha karay. [piraa. ("c") s kay zariye tarmim shadah. aikat number 37. 1963 kaa 47yee bazariah aiss. aikat number 36. 1965 kaa 61yee aur aiss. aikat number 17. 1978 kaa 102.] ("daad") parliament kii taraf say mutayin sharaet kii hadd takk aur inn kay taabaa zaraat vovo ("haah") hospitalon aur khairati idaaron kaa qayaam deekh bhaal aur intezam vovo ("f") (i) municiple adaaray devisional konsalen aur asee noiyat kay deegar maqami idaarey. (2) aisey idaaron kay elawah koyee bhee idaarah yaa idaarah jinn kaa hawalah zeeli paragraph (1) mein diyaa gayaa hay juu kasee aisey idaarey kay dairah akhtiyar kay elaqay say baahir waaqa kasee eek yaa ziyadah elaqon (chahay wah malhaqah how yaa naha how) kay silsilay mein how jiss kaa akhtiyar aur afaal aisey idaaron kay akhtiyar aur afaal say miltay jaltay hoan jaisa kahh mazkurah zeeli paragraph (1) mein mazkur haine yaa aisey kasee elaqay yaa elaqon mein sehat aamah kay tahfuz kay silsilay mein akhtiyar aur afaal bashmol koyee aisa idaarah jiss kaa hawalah publik health aikat 1919 (aikat number 1) kay section "7" mein diyaa gayaa hay. 1919 kaa 36) vovo (f) wah amdaad juu koyee subah riyasati sadr kii manzori say kasee dosri riyasat alaqay soobay yaa janub maghrabi afriqah kay elaqay yaa paragraph (f) mein zeer ghoor aur kasee dosray soobay mein qayem kasee idaarey yaa idaarey kuu farahim kirr saktaa hay. [piraa. ("f" a) s kay zariye daakhil kiyaa gayaa. aikat number 4. 1972 kaa 61 aur iss kay bajaye aiss. aikat number 1. 1977 kaa 30 aur aiss. aikat number kaa 2 ("aey"). 1980 kaa 31.] (pha) wah amdaad juu koyee idaarah yaa idaarah paragraph (pha) mein zeer ghoor hay riyasati sadr kii manzori say kasee dosri riyasat alaqay soobay yaa janub maghrabi afriqah kay elaqay kuu farahim kirr saktaa hay. [piraa. ("f" b) s kay zariye daakhil kiyaa gayaa. aikat number 2 ("bub"). 1980 kaa 31.] (f "c) shehri dafaa say mutaliq amdaad juu koyee idaarah yaa idaarah paragraph (f) mein zeer ghoor hay mutaliqah muntazim kii manzori say kasee dosray soobay mein qayem kasee aisey idaarey yaa idaarey kuu farahim kirr saktaa hay aur wah madad juu koyee idaarah yaa idaarah iss tarah say zeer ghoor iss tarah kii manzori say inn afraad kii preshani say najaat kay liye farahim kirr saktaa hay juu fund rezing aikat 1978 (aikat number 1) kii dafah 26 kay tahat tabahi qaraar diye gayey waaqiye say mutasir haine yaa hoan gay. 1978 kaa 107) vovo [piraa. ("f" c) s kay zariye daakhil kiyaa gayaa. aikat number 2 ("bub"). 1980 kaa 31 aur iss kay bajaye aiss. aikat number 1 ("aey"). 1983 kaa 88.] ("jee") railway aur bandargahon kay elawah soobay kay andar maqami kaam aur adaaray aur aisey kaamon kay elawah juu soobay kii sarhadon say baahir takk phailay hoay haine aur parliament kay akhtiyar kay taabaa haine kahh wah kasee kaam kuu qomi kaam qaraar day aur soobayi konsal kay saath yaa dosri soorat mein intezam kay zariye iss kii tameer kii farahami karay. [piraa. ("jee") aiss kay zariye tarmim shadah. aikat number 33 ("bub"). 1980 kaa 101.] ("haah") duu soobon kuu jodnay waalay palon kay elawah sadkein aaot speen pont aur pull vovo ("i") bazaar aur pound vovo ("jeej") machli aur kheel kaa tahfuz juu samandari maahi geeri aikat 1940 (aikat number. 1940 kaa 10) vovo ("kay") iss section mein mazkur mazamin kay kasee bhee tabqe kay andar aaney waalay kasee muamile kay silsilay mein banaye gayey soobay kay kasee qanoon yaa ordinance kuu naafiz karnay kay liye jarmanay yaa qaid kii sazaa kaa nafaz. [piraa. ("l") aur ("m") s kay zariye mansukh kiyaa gayaa. aikat number 22. 1986 kaa 69.] [zeeli aiss. (1) aiss kay zariye tarmim shadah. aikat number 101. 1983 kaa 110.] (2) zeeli dafah (1) kay paragraph ("f") mein mazkur kasee bhee muamile kay silsilay mein soobayi konsal kii taraf say manzoor kardah ordinance mein yaha altazam how saktaa hay kahh - ("aaa") mutaliqah soobay kay muntazim yaa kasee makhsus atharti kay zariah arakeen kii taqriri yaa iss paragraph mein zeer ghoor kasee idaarey yaa idaarey kay arakeen kii taadad kay liye vovo ("bub") kasee idaarey kay dairah akhtiyar kay elaqay kay liye jiss parr iss paragraph kay zeeli paragraph (1) mein ghoor kiyaa gayaa hay kahh wah eek yaa ziyadah elaqon parr mushtamil how (chahay wah malhaqah how yaa naha how). [zeeli aiss. (2) s kay zariah tabdil kiyaa gayaa. aikat number 1 ("bub"). 1983 kaa 88.] [zeeli aiss. (3) s kay zariye hazaf kiyaa gayaa. aikat number 33 ("see"). 1980 kaa 101.] [aiss aiss. 66-93 s kay zariye mansukh kiyaa gayaa. aikat number 22. 1986 kaa 69.] [hasah VIII-VIII S kay zariah mansukh kiyaa gayaa. aikat number 101. 1983 kaa 110.] [aiss aiss. 107-109 s kay zariye mansukh kiyaa gayaa. aikat number 101. 1983 kaa 110.] [aiss. 110 kuu aiss kay zariye mansukh kiyaa gayaa. aikat number 22. 1986 kaa 69.] [aiss aiss. 111-113 s kay zariye mansukh kiyaa gayaa. aikat number 101. 1983 kaa 110.] [aiss. 114 kuu aiss kay zariye mansukh kiyaa gayaa. aikat number 22. 1986 kaa 69.] [aiss aiss. 115-118 s kay zariye mansukh kiyaa gayaa. aikat number 101. 1983 kaa 110.] [aiss aiss. 119-121 aur sheedol kuu s kay zariye mansukh kirr diyaa gayaa. aikat number 22. 1986 kaa 69.]

0000d81ba38943d598de8942c7a837dec1b967c3e32c539d4792c09d3fcbd034

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7258846

Vicious Cycle (album)

Vicious Cycle (album) Vicious Cycle is the twelfth studio album by Lynyrd Skynyrd, released in 2003. It was the first album recorded by the band following the death of original bassist Leon Wilkeson, who appears on two songs, "The Way" and "Lucky Man", and the song "Mad Hatter" is a tribute to him. The album is the first to feature bassist Ean Evans, the first mainstream album with Michael Cartellone on drums (who had previously appeared on "Christmas Time Again"), and the last album that guitarist Hughie Thomasson played on before he died. It included the single "Red, White & Blue" which peaked at number 27 on the US Mainstream Rock charts. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

dusto sokro (elbam) 2003 sonot mukti puwa visicical hoise liniard skynardor dwadox studio 'elbam. mool basisto liun uilkesonor mrityur pisot bende record koraa eitu prothom elbam aasil, ji "dyo wey" aaru "laaki menn" naamor dutaa geetot dekha goisil aaru "medd hetter" gittu teur proti sroddhanjoli. ei elbamtut prothombaror baabe basisto eno evance, drumsot michael cartelunor xoite prothom mulxuti elbam (ji aagote "khristomas time egein" too uposthito hoisil), aaru guiteraster hiugi tho 'masone teur mrityur aagote poriwexon koraa xex elbam. iyat "ronga, bogaa aaru neela" naamor ekoktu ontorbhukto aasil ji aamerika juktorastror mulxutir rok chartot 27 nomborot uponeet hoisil.

dushtochokro (album) 2003 saale muktiprapto linird skienarder dwadosh studio album holl vish saikela. mool bassist leone wilkeson, jini "dya oye" ebong "lucky myana" naame duti gaane uposthito chhilen, taanr mrityur porr etty banned dwara record koraa prothom album ebong "myada hatter" ganti taanr proti shroddha. albumtite prothom bassist enn evance, drumsey michael cartelone soho prothom muldhara album (jini agey "chrismus time again"-ayee uposthito chhilen) ebong shesh album jaa guiterbadok hyugi thomason taar mrityur agey bajiechilen. err modhye "laal, saadaa ebong neel" ekok antarbhukta chhilo jaa markin muldhara rock charte 27 nombore pouchechilo.

dusht chakra (album) veeshh chakra aee linird skynirdnu baarmu studiyo album chhe, jeey 2003maan rajoo thayu hatoo. mool bassist leone wilksonna mrutyu pachhi benned dwara reqorda karaayel teey pratham album hatoo, jeey beey geeto, "dhaa weey" aneey "lucky meena" parr dekhaay chhe, aneey geet "meeyd hetter" temne shraddhaanjali chhe. aaa aalbamma bassist aena evance darshavvama aavyu chhe, jeey drum parr michael cartelon saathenu pratham mukhya pravaahnu album chhe (jeey agau "chrismus time again" parr dekhaayu hatoo), aneey chhellu album chhe jeey gitaarvaadak hyugi thomasne temnaa mrutyu pahelaa vagaadyu hatoo. temaa single "reeda, white anned blue" noow samaavesh thato hato, jeey yuu. aesa. naa mukhya pravaahnaa roqa chartma 27maa krame pahonchyu hatoo.

dushchakra (album) 2003 mein jaari kiya gayaa, vishit saikil, linned skined kaa baarahavaan studio album haye. yeh mool bassist leone wilkson kii mrityu key baad baind dwara record kiya gayaa pahala album thaa, joe dou geeton, "dha way" aur "lucky maine" parr dikhaai detaa haye, aur geet "maid hatter" unake liye ack shraddhanjali haye. album mein bassist en evance koo shamil karane vaalaa pahala album haye, joe drum parr michael cartelon key saath pahala mukhyadhara kaa album haye (joe pahale "chrismus time agen" parr dikhaai diyaa thaa), aur antim album joe gitarvadak hyugi thomson ney apani mrityu seey pahale bajaaya thaa. isamen ekal "laal, safed aur neela" shamil thaa joe americi mukhyadhara key rock chart parr 27vein sthaan parr thaa.

vishachakra (album) visha saikal embudu embudu bidugadeyaada linird skienirdna hanneradane studio album aagide. idu moola baas vaadaka lyon wilkeson avara maranada nantara byaand dhwanimudrisida modala album aagide, avaru "dhii way" mattu "lakki myaan" emba eradu hadugalalli kanisikolluttare mattu "myaad hatter" haadu avarige gouravavagide. ee album bassist een evance annu olagonda modala album aagide, drumsnelly micheal cartelone (ee hinde "chrismus time egain" nalli kanisikondidda) mattu guitar vaadaka hugee thamason avaru saayuva modalu nudisida koneya album. idu yuu. ess. mukhyavahiniya rock chartgalalli 27neey sthaanavannu talupida ekageeteyaada "kempu, bili mattu neeli" annu olagondittu.

vishachakram (aalbam) 2003ll purathirangiya linird skainirdinte panthrandaamatthe studiyo aalbamaan vishwa saikkil. "dhii way", "lucky maan" ennee rund gaanangalil prathyakshappedunna yadhaartha baas vaadakanaaya liyon vilksante maranathethudarnnu baand record cheytha aadyathe aalbamaanith, koodaathe "maadu haattar" enna gaanam addehathodulla aadaravaanu. baastuvaan een evans aadyamaayi avatharippikkunna eee aalbam, drumsil maikkal cartalloninoppam (munbu "chrismus time egen" ll prathyakshappetta) aadyathe mukhyadharaa albavum, gitaarist hyugi thomasan marikkunnathin munbu avatharippicha avasana aalbavumaan. athil "redu, vaitt & blue" enna ekagaanam ulppedunnu, athu yuu. ezz. mukhyadharaa roock chaarttukalil 27-aamm sthaanathethi.

dushtchakra (album) 2003 madhye pradarshit jhalela, linird skynirdcha 'vish cycle' haah barava studio album aahe. mool bassist leone wilksonchya mrutyunantar bandney reecord kelela haah pahila album hota, joou 'daad weey' aanee 'lucky mann' yaa done ganyanvar disato aanee 'madd hatter' heey gaane tyala shraddhanjali aahe. haah album bassist en evancecha pahila, drumwar maykal carteloncha pahila mukhya pravahatil album (joou purvi 'khrismas time agen' varr disala hota) aanee gitarvadak hyoogi thomsonne tyachya mrutyupurvi vajavalela shevatcha album aahe. tyat 'laal, pandhara aanee nila' yaa ekeri chitrapatacha samavesh hota, joou amerikechya mukhya pravahatil rock chartmadhye 27 vya kramankavar pohochala.

dushta chakra (album) vish chakra linird skynardko bahraun studio album how, june 2003 maa rilij bhaeko thiyo. yo muel bassist leone wilksonko mrityupachhi bandwara record garieko pahilo album thiyo, jo dui githaruma dekha parchhan, "da wey" rar "lucky myan", rar geet "myad hatter" unlai shraddhanjali how. albumma bassist enn evance, drumma micheal cartelonko sath pahilo mukhyadharako album (jo pahile "christmas time agena" maa dekha pareka thie), rar gitarwadak hoogy thomasanle afno mrityu hunu aghi bajaeko antim album chha. yasama ekal "rato, seto rar nilo" samawesh thiyo june americako mukhyadharako ruck chartma 27 nambarma pugeko thiyo.

dusta chakra (album) 2003 ray muktilabha karithiba linird skynardnka dwadasha studio album heuchhi bisha cycle. moola bassist leone wilkesanka mrutyu parey ehaa banned dwara record karajaithiba pratham album thila, jie duiti geeta, "we" ebong "lucky myan" ray dekhajanti, ebong geeta "madd hutter" taanka prati eka shradhanjali . ehi alabamare bassist ian ivansanku pratham thara paain pradarshita karajaithila, pratham mukhyadharara album jeunthire dramare michael cartelon thile (jie purbaru "christmas time egen" ray upasthita hoithile), ebong shesh album jaahaa guiterbadaka huggy thomason taanka mrutyu purbaru paribeshana karithile. ethire ekaka "laal, dhalaa ebong neela" antarbhukta thila jaahaa americara mukhyadharara rock chartre 27 nambarare pahanchithila.

dusht chakkar (album) dusht chakkar linird skinered dee barahvin studio album haii, joe 2003 witch jaari keeti gaee see. ih mool bassist leone wilkeson dee maut toon baad baind duaara ricard keeti gaee pahili album see, joe doou geetan, "way" atey "lakki maen" witch dikhai dindi haii, atey geet "maid hatter" uss noon shardhanjali haii. ih album bassist ainn evance noon pesh curran vaali pahili album haii, joe kii drums utte michael cartelon dey naal pahili mukkh dhaara dee album haii (joe pahilan "christmas time again" utte dikhai ditti see), atey aakhri album jiss utte guitarist haggi thomson neey aapni maut toon pahilan khediaa see. iss witch single "laal, chitta atey neela" shamal see joe us dey mukkh dhaara dey raak chaart utte 27 ven number utte pahunch giaa see.

dushtachakrm (aalbam) visha-chakram linird-scanired ityasya dvaadasha-studio-aalbam asti, 2003 tame varshe pradarshitam. mool-bassist-leone-wilkeson ityasya mrutyoho anantaram bend ityanena dhwanimudritam prathamam aalbam aasit, yah "da ve" tathaa "lakee myaan" iti dwayoh geetayoh drushyate, tathaa "myaad-hatter" iti geetam tasya prati shraddhaanjali asti. asmin aalbam madhye prathamam bassist-een eevaans iti, drums-vaadyasya upari mckell cartelon ityanena saha (yah poorvam "chrismus-taim-egen" ityasmin abhoot) prathamam mukhyadharayaha aalbam, antimam aalbam cha asti yat gitaar vaadakah hyoogee thaamasan ityeshah mrutyoho poorvam abhyanayt. asmin "raktavarnah, shwetawarnah, neelavarnah" iti ekakam cha antarbhavati yat amerikaadeshasy mukhyadharayaha raak-chaart-madhye 27 tame sthaane aasit.

theeya suzharchi (aalbam) 2003 aam aandil veliyidappatta linert skinertin pannirandaavathu studio aalbam theeya suzharchi aagum. asal bassist leone wilkeson iranththathaith thodarnthu isaikkuzhuvaal pathivu seiyappatta muthal aalbam idhuvaagum, avar "thii vae" mattrum "lakki maen" endra irandu paadalkalil thoandrugiraar, maelum "maed hatter" paadal avarukku anjali seluththukirathu. inththa aalpaththil muthanmuthalil bassist een eevans idampettraar, trumkalil michael cardellonudan (munbu "christhumas time meendum" ill thoantriyavar) muthal pirathaana aalbam, mattrum kittar kalaignar hucky tamasan irappatharku munbu paadiya kadaisi aalbam. idhil "sivappu, vellai mattrum neelam" endra ottraip padamum adangkum, idhu america pirathaana raak tharavarisaiyil 27 vadhu idaththaip pidiththathu.

visha chakram (album) visha saikil anedi anedi vidudalaina linird skienered yokka pannendava studio album. idhi "dhi vae" mariyu "lakki myaan" anae rendu paatalalo kanipinche asalu bassist leone wilkeson maranam taruvaata byaand record chesina modati album, mariyu "myaad hatter" paata ataniki nivaali. eee albumlo bassist een evans, drums meeda maikhel cartellon (gatamlo "chrismus time egen" loe kanipinchina) thoo modati pradhana sravanti album, mariyu guitarist hyugi thamason maraninche mundu vaayinchina chivari album unnaayi. indulo "erupu, telupu & neelam" anae single kooda undhi, idhi yuu. ess. pradhana sravanti rock chaartulalo 27va sthaanaaniki cherukundi.

shaitani cycle (album) shaitani cycle lenaid siknard kaa barahwan studio album hay juu 2003 mein release hawaa thaa. yaha asl baasist leone walkasan kii moth kay baad bend kii taraf say record kiyaa gayaa pehla album thaa juu duu gaanon "dee way" aur "lakee meen" parr zahir hotaa hay aur gaana "meed heater" inn kay liye eek kharaaj tehseen hay. yaha album baasist aine avens kuu paish karnay waala pehla album hay juu drum parr michael cartilon kay saath pehla markazi dhaaray kaa album hay (juu pehley "karsams tyme reegan" parr namodar hawaa thaa)yee aur aakhri album hay jiss parr gtarst huggy thamson nay apnee moth say pehley adaa kiyaa thaa. iss mein waahid "sarkh safed aur neela" shaamil thaa juu americi markazi dhaaray kay raak charts parr 27 wein number parr pahunch gayaa.

0000da0942abda93ea1e7a17a37094d5b2a8c27c342ae3a31f8a892f5b8979bb

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27978662

Polenovo

Polenovo Polenovo is the Museum Estate of Vasily Polenov. It is situated at the high right bank of the Oka river in the Tula Region, Russia. The estate (called Borok at that time) was acquired by Polenov in 1891. The white three-storied house was designed by Polenov himself. It was built in 1892. After the death of Polenov in 1927 his relatives transferred all his collections and property to the state. The House Museum was established in 1939. It was renamed into Museum Estate of V.D. Polenov in 1950s. In 1983 the Estate was turned into State Memorial History, Art and Natural Museum Reserve. Vasily Polenov's great-granddaughter Natalia Polenova has been director of the museum since 2011. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

polinuvu polinuvu hoise vesili polinuvor xongrohaloy. ee rasiyar tulaa oncholor ukaa nodir ukh xu paarot owosthito. 1891 sonot polenve ei xompoti (xei xomoyot borok buli kuwa hoisil) odhigrohon korisil. bogaa tini moholar ghortu nijei polenve design korisil. 1892 sonot iyak nirman koraa hoisil. 1927 sonot polenvor mrityur pisot teur atmiyoxokole teur xokolu xongroho aaru xompoti rajyoloi sthanantor korisil. 1939 sonot ei griho xongrohaloitu sthapon koraa hoisil. iyar naam xoloni kori bhi. ror xongrohaloy xompoti rokha hoisil.di. 1950-ror doxokot polenov. 1983 sonot ei xompotituk rajyik smarok itihax, kolaa aaru prakritik xongrohaloy xongrokhito sthanoloi rupantorit koraa hoisil. bhasili polenvor natini natalia polinuva 2011 sonor poraa xongrohaloyor xonsalok hoi aahise.

polinovo polinovo holl vasily polynover jadughar. etty russier tula anchale oka nadeer uchcho dunn teere abosthito. 1891 saale polenov estate (seii somoye borok naame porichito) adhigrahan corren. saadaa tintala baadir naksha korechilen polenov nijei. etty 1892 saale nirmito hoyechilo. 1927 saale polenver mrityur porr taanr atmiyara taanr samasta sangraha oo sampatti rajye hastantar corren. house museumty 1939 saale protisthito hoyechilo. etir naam poriborton korey museum esteta off vee koraa hoyechilo.dii. 1950-err doshke polenov. 1983 saale estateeke rashtriya smritisoudho itihas, shilp oo prakritik jadughare porinoto koraa hoy. vasily polenver natni natalia polinova 2011 saal theke jadughar porichalok.

polinovo polinovo aee vesili polinovni sangrahalay estate chhe. teey russiana tulaa pradeshmaa okaa nadeena unchaa jamnaa kaanthe aavelu chhe. estate (teey samaye borok tareeke odakhaati) 1891maan polynov dwara hastgat karvaamaa aavee hatee. safed trana maalnun ghar polynov dwara pote design karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. tenu nirmaan 1892maan thayu hatoo. 1927maan polinovna mrutyu pachhi temnaa sambandhioae temnaa tamaam sangrah aneey sampatti rajyamaa sthaanaantarit curry hatee. house museumni sthaapnaa 1939maan karvaamaa aavee hatee. tenu naam badaline museum estate off vee. rakhvama aavyu hatoo.dii. 1950naa daykama polynov. 1983maan aaa estatene raajy smaarak itihas, qalaa aneey koodarti sangrahalay anaamatmaa feravaamaa aavee hatee. vesili polinovni prapautri natalia polinova 2011thee sangrahaalayni nirdeshak chhe.

polinovo polinovo vasily polinov kaa sangrahalaya haye. yeh roose key tulaa kshetra mein oka nadee key oopari daahine kinare parr sthit haye. 1891 mein polinov ney iss sampatti (jise usa samay borok kahaa jaataa thaa) kaa adhigrahan kiya thaa. safed teen manjila ghar kaa design khud polinov ney banaaya thaa. iska nirmaan 1892 mein kiya gayaa thaa. 1927 mein polinov kii mrityu key baad unake rishtedaron ney unake sabhi sangrah aur sampatti koo raajya mein sthanantarit curr diyaa. house museum kii sthaapana 1939 mein kii gaee thee. iska naam badalkar museum estate off vee curr diyaa gayaa thaa.dee. 1950 key dashak mein polinov. 1983 mein iss sampatti koo raajya smaarak itihas, kalaa aur praakritik sangrahalaya bhandar mein badal diyaa gayaa thaa. vasili polinov kii parpoti natalia polinova 2011 seey sangrahalaya kii nideshak rahee hain.

polenovo polenovo embudu vasily polenov naa vastusangrahaalayada estate aagide. idu rashyaada tula pradeshadalli okaa nadiya ettarada bala dandeyallide. aaa estate annu (aaa samayadalli borok endu kareyalaaguttittu) kareyalaaguttittu) polenov swadhinapadisikondanu. bili mooru antastina maneyannu swatah polenov vinyaasagolisidaru. idannu idannu nirmisalaayitu. nirmisalaayitu polenov marana hondida nantara aatana sambandhikaru aatana ellah sangrahanegalu mattu aastiyannu rajyakke vargaayisidaru. ee vastusangrahaalayavannu vastusangrahaalayavannu sthaapisalaayitu. idannu museum estate off vii endu marunamakarana maadalaayitu.dii. 1950rahra dasakadalli polenov. polenov ee estate annu raajya smaaraka itihaasa, kale mattu naisargika vastusangrahalaya meesalu pradeshavannagi parivartisalaayitu. vasily polenov avara marimommagalu natalia polenova avaru avaru vastusangrahaalayada nirdeshakaragiddare.

polynovo vasily polanovinte museum estettaanu polynovo. russiayile thula mekhalayile oka nadiyude uyarnna valath theerathaanu ithu sthithi cheiyunnathu. 1891ll polenov eee estettu (akkaalat borock ennu vilikkapettu) ettedukkukayum velutha moonnu nilakalulla veedu roopakalppana cheythath polenov thanne aanu. 1892laanu ithu nirmmichathu. 1927ll polynovinte maranashesham bandhukkal addehathinte ellah shekharangalum swathukkalum samsthaanathinu kaimari. 1939laanu house museum sthaapithamaayathu. vii. yude museum estettu ennu punarnaamakaranam cheythu.dii. 1950kalil polynov. 1983ll eee estettu samsthaana smaaraka charithram, kala, prakrithi museum reserve aayi maatti. vasily polenovinte kochumakal natalia polenova 2011 muthal myoosiyathinte directoraan.

polinovo polynovo hii vasily polinovchi sangrahalay malmatta aahe. heey russiachya tula pradeshat oka nadichya ujavya kathavar vasalele aahe. 1891 madhye polynovne hii malmatta (tyaveli borok mhanoon olakhali jaat hotee) vikat ghetali. ghetali teen majali gharachi rachana polynovne swatah kelee hotee. 1892 madhye teey bandhanyat aale. 1927 madhye polinovchya mrutyunantar tyachya natevaikanni tyache serve sangrah aanee malmatta rajyat hastantarit kelee. 1939 madhye haus museumchi sthapana karnyat aalee. tyache naav badaloon museum istet auph vhee. asey karnyat aale.dii. 1950 chya dashakat polynov. 1983 madhye yaa malmatteche rajya smarak itihas, qalaa aanee naisargik sangrahalay rakheev madhye rupantar karnyat aale. vasily polinovchi naat naat natalia polinova 2011 pasoon sangrahalayache sanchalak aahet.

polinobho polenobho bhasili polenobhko sangrahalaya sampatti how. yo rusko tula kshetrama oka nadiko uccha dayan kinarma awasthit chha. sampatti (tyas samayama borok bhaninthyo) polenobhle sann 1891 maa adhigrahan gareka thie. seto tean tale ghar polenov afaile design gareka thie. yo sann 1892 maa nirman garieko thiyo. sann 1927 maa polinobhko mrityupachhi unka afantaharule unka sabai sankalan rar sampatti rajyama hastantaran gare. house museum sann 1939 maa sthapana bhaeko thiyo. yasalai v ko museum astatema punah namkaran garieko thiyo.dee. 1950 ko dashakma polinov. sann 1983 maa yass sampattilai rajya smarak itihas, kala rar prakritik sangrahalaya arakshama parinat garieko thiyo. bhasili polenobhki prapautri natalia polenobha sann 2011 dekhi sangrahalayako nirdeshak hun.

polinovo polinovo heuchhi bhasili polinovara sangrahalaja sampatti. ehaa rushiaara tula anchalare oka nadira uccha dahana koolare abasthita. 1891 masihare polinovanka dwara ehi estate (sehi samajare boroka kuhajauthila) adhigrahan karajaithila. dhalaa tini mahla bisista ehi gharara design polinova nije karithile. ehaa 1892 masihare nirmita hoithila. 1927 masihare polinovnka mrutyu parey taanka samparkeejamane tankara samasta sangraha ebong sampatti rajyaku hastantara karithile. ehi gruha sangrahalaja 1939 masihare sthapita hoithila. ehara naama paribartana curry 'bhi' rahr sangrahalaja sampatti rakhajaithila.dii. 1950 dashakare polinov. 1983 masihare ehi sampattiku rajya smaraki itihas, kalaa ebong prakrutika sangrahalaja sanrakhyanare parinata karajaithila. bhasili polinovnka ananatuni natalia polinova 2011 masiharu sangrahalajara nirdeshaka achanti.

polinovo polnovo vasily polnov dee ajaib gharr sampati haii. ih roos dey tula khetar witch oka nadee dey ucche sajje kandhe utte sathit haii. iss astet (jiss noon uss samein borok kiha jaanda see) noon 1891 witch polenov duaara haasal keeta giaa see. chitte tinn manzila gharr noon khud polenov duaara design keeta giaa see. ih 1892 witch banaiaa giaa see. 1927 witch polnov dee maut toon baad uss dey rishtedaran neey uss dey saare sangrah atey jaidad noon raaj witch tabdil qarr ditta. haaoos museum dee sathapana 1939 witch keeti gaee see. iss daa naam badal keey ajaib gharr astet witch badal ditta giaa see.dee. 1950 dey dahake witch polinov. sann 1983 witch iss astet noon raaj dey itihasak yadgar, qalaa atey kudrati ajaib gharr reserve witch badal ditta giaa see. vasily polnov dee padpoti natalia polnova 2011 toon ajaib gharr dee director haii.

polinovo polenovo iti vasily polenov ityasya sangrahaalay-sampattih asti. ayam russia-deshasya tulaa-pradeshe okaa-nadyaah oordhvadakshinatate sthitah asti. 1891 tame varshe polinov ityanena sampattih (tasmin samaye borok iti namna prasidhah) adhigrahitaa aasit. shveta-tri-mahaadwayam gruham polinov ityanena svayameva parikalpitam aasit. 1892 tame varshe asya nirmanam krutam. 1927 tame varshe polinov ityasya mrutyoho anantaram tasya parijanah tasya sarvaani sangrahaani sampattih cha rajyaya sthanantarayan. 1939 tame varshe gruha-sangrahaalayasy sthapana abhavat. tasya naam parivartya vi. sangrahaalay-sampattih iti krutam.dee. 1950 tame dashake polenov. 1983 tame varshe eshaa sampattih rajya-smaarak-itihaasah, kalaa, praakrutika-sangrahaalay-aarakshit-sthalam cha abhavat. vasily polenov ityasya prapautree natalia polenova 2011 tamaat varshaat sangrahaalayasy nirdeshaka asti.

polenovo polenovo enbathu vaasili polenovin arungaatchiyaga estate aagum. idhu russiavin thula piraanthiyaththil oagaa aattrin uyar valathu karaiyil amainthullathu. 1891 aam aandil polenov inththa thoattaththai (antha neraththil porok endru azhaikkappattathu) kaiyagappadutthinaar. vellai moontru maadi veettai polenov thaanae vadivamaithaar. idhu 1892ill kattappattathu. 1927ill polenov iranththa piragu avarathu uravinargal avarathu vasoolgal mattrum sothukkal anaiththaiyum maanilaththirku maattrinar. inththa arungaatchiyagam 1939 aam aandil niruvappattathu. idhu vii. inn arungaatchiyaga estate endru marupeyaridappattathu.dii. 1950kazhil polanov. 1983 aam aandil inththa estate maanila ninaivu varalaaru, kalai mattrum iyarkai arungaatchiyaga kaappagamaaga maattrappattathu. vaasili polenovin kollup paerakkuzhandhai nadalia polenova 2011 muthal arungaatchiyagaththin iyakkunaraaka irunthu varukiraar.

polinovo polinovo anedi vasily polinov yokka museum estate. idhi rashyaalooni tulaa praantamloo okaa nadhi yokka kudi odduna undhi. aaa samayamlo borok anie piluvabade eee estatenu 1891loe polinov swaadheenam chesukunnadu. tellani moodu antastula intini polinov swayamgaa roopondinchaaru. dheenini 1892loe nirminchaaru. 1927loe polinov maranam taruvaata athani bandhuvulu athani sekaranalu mariyu aastulannintini raashtraaniki badilee chesaaru. house museum 1939loe sthaapinchabadindi. dheeniki vii. museum estatega paeru maarchabadindi.dii. 1950laloe polinov. 1983loe eee estatenu rashtra smaaraka charitra, kala mariyu sahaja museum reservga marcharu. vasily polinov yokka manumaralu natalia polinova 2011 nundi museum directorga unnaaru.

polinovo polinovo vesli polynof kaa museum steat hay. yaha roos kay elaqay tolaa mein daryaae okaa kay opri daayein kinaray parr waaqa hay. steat (jasay iss waqat borak kahaa jaataa thaa) polynof nay 1891 mein haasil kiyaa thaa. safed teen manzilah gahar khood polynof nay design kiyaa thaa. yaha 1892 mein tameer kiyaa gayaa thaa. 1927 mein polynof kii moth kay baad iss kay rishtah daaron nay iss kay tamaam majmuay aur jayedad riyasat kuu muntaqil kirr dee. house museum 1939 mein qayem kiyaa gayaa thaa. iss kaa naam badal kirr museum steat aaf wee rakhaa gayaa.ddee. 1950 kii dahayi mein polynof. 1983 mein iss steat kuu riyasati yaadgaar tareekh aart aur qadarti ajayeb gahar kay zakhayer mein tabdil kirr diyaa gayaa. vesli polynof kii padpoti nataliya polinova 2011 say museum kii director haine.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10453190

Jacopo di Cione

Jacopo di Cione 14th century Italian painter Jacopo di Cione (c. 1325 – c. 1399) was an Italian Gothic period painter in the Republic of Florence. Life and career. Born in Florence between 1320 and 1330, he is closely associated with his three older brothers Andrea di Cione di Arcangelo (called Orcagna), Nardo di Cione and Matteo di Cione. The di Cione (pronounced dee choh’ nay) brothers often worked collaboratively. Jacopo lived in the popolo Sancte Marie Novelle and, later in life, in the popolo Sancti Laurentii. In 1366–68 Jacopo worked on a large chamber in the guildhall of the judges and notaries, Florence (a surviving altarpiece with Crucifixion is in the National Gallery, London). After Andrea's death in 1368 Jacopo took over some of his brother's commissions, for example guaranteeing to complete a painting of the Virgin and assuming responsibility for the altarpiece of St Matthew, both for the Orsanmichele, Florence. He enrolled in the Arte dei Medici e Speziali in 1369, and was one of the consuls of the guild in 1384, 1387 and 1392. Jacopo also worked regularly with the painter Niccolò di Pietro Gerini. In 1370–71 they produced the polyptych for the high altar of the church of San Pier Maggiore, Florence. Niccolò was paid for the overall design, while Jacopo seems to have been responsible for the narratives. The altarpiece is one of the largest commissioned in fourteenth-century Florence, and was probably commissioned by the Albizzi family. The twelve main panels of the altarpiece are in the National Gallery, London, but the predella showing scenes from the life of Saint Peter has been dispersed. The two painters again collaborated in 1372–73 on the large panel of the Coronation of the Virgin commissioned by the mint of Florence, and in 1386 they received the commission for a fresco of the Annunciation for the council chamber in the Palazzo dei Priori, Volterra. Between 1378 and 1380 Jacopo worked in the Florence Cathedral – he is recorded as Matteo guarantor – and continued to procure marble for the cathedral workshop after his brother's death. Later Jacopo probably also executed gilding decoration for twelve marble statues for the jamb of the main porch, and completed other work in the cathedral. In 1382 and 1385 Jacopo is recorded working at the Loggia dei Priori, Florence, and in 1386 he provided four panel paintings to the Avignon office of the merchant Francesco di Marco Datini from Prato. In 1391 Jacopo painted the altar for the Church of San Lorenzo in Florence (now in the Honolulu Museum of Art). He died in Florence, after 2 May 1398 and before 1400. Claims for restitution. In 2020 di Cione's "Madonna Nursing the Christ Child with Saints Lawrence and Margaret" was the object of a settlement between the estate of Hester Diamond and heir of August Liebmann Mayer, a German Jewish art historian and curator who was killed at Auschwitz in 1944. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

jackpu di chiyo 'noo jekupu di chiyo 'noo (chi. 1325-chi. 1399) fluorence gonorajyor ejon italy gothik jugor sitroxilpi aasil. jiwan aaru keriyar. 1320 sonor poraa 1330 sonor bhitorot fluorenceot jonmogrohon koraa teur tinijon dangor bhatri andrea di chiyo 'noo di aarkengjelu (orokagna buli kuwa hoy), nardo di chiyo' noo aaru metiu di chiyo 'nor xoite ghonistho xomporko aase. di siyun (di su 'naai buli kuwa hoy) bhatrixokole praye xohojugitamulokbhabe kaam korisil. jackpuwe pupulu senkote meree uponyaxot aaru poroborti jiwanat pupulu chenkti lorentit baax korisil. 1366-68-too jackpuwe fluorenceor bisarok aaru nutorixokolor gildholor etaa dangor chamberot kaam korisil (crucifixonor xoite etaa jiyai thoka bedikar tukura londonor nesnel galleryt aase). 1368 sonot andrear mrityur pisot jackpuwe teur bhatrir kisuman kaamor dayitwo grohon korisil, udahoronsworupe kumarir chitro xompurno korar nischoyota aaru orsanmisel, fluorence duyutare baabe saint methiur beditar dayitwo grohon korisil. teu 1369 sonot arte dei medisi ee spagialit naambhorti korisil aaru 1384,1387 aaru 1392 sonot gildor ejon konsal aasil. jackpuwe sitroxilpi nikulu di pitro 'gerinir xoiteu niyomitbhabe kaam korisil. 1370-71 too teuluke fluorenceor charch owo chaan piyer megiyo "ror ukh bedir baabe polyptic prostut korisil. xamogrik designor baabe nik 'lo' koo dhon diya hoisil, aanhate jek 'pu bornonar baabe daybodho aasil zen laage. soturdox xotikar fluorenceot nijukto koraa ataitkoi dangor bedir tukuraburor bhitorot ei tukuratu onyotomo, aaru xombhobotoh albiji poriyale iyak nijukto korisil. bedorir tukurar barta mukhyo penel londonor nesnel galleryt aase, kintu saint pitaror jiwanor drishyo dekhuuwa predelak bistarito koraa hoise. duyujon sitroxilpiye punor fluorenceor takxalor dwara nijukto kumarir rajyabhixekor brihot panelot 1372-73 too xohojugita korisil, aaru 1386 sonot teuluke volterar peleju dei pro "reet porixodor chamberor baabe ghuxonar etaa freskur baabe commission laabh korisil. 1378 sonor poraa 1380 sonor bhitorot jackpuwe fluorence kethedrelot kaam korisil-teuk metiu gerantor hisape lipibodho koraa hoise-aaru teur bhatrir mrityur pisot cathedral kormoxalar baabe marble kroy obyahot rakhisil. pisoloi jackpuwe xombhobotoh mool barandar jombor baabe barta marbolor murtir baabe xunor xojjau xomponno korisil, aaru kethedrelor onyanyo kaam xompurno korisil. 1382 aaru 1385 sonot jekup "-e fluorenceor logiya dei pro" reet kaam kori thokar tothyo lipibodho koraa hoy aaru 1386 sonot teu pratur poraa ohaa byowoxayi francesco di marku detinir avignon karzaloyoloi sarita penel painting prodan korisil. 1391 sonot jackpuwe fluorenceor chaan lorenz 'girjar baabe bedikhon rong korisil (bortoman honululu museum owo artot aase). 1398 sonor 2 mey 'ror pisot aaru 1400 sonor aagote fluorenceot teur mrityu hoy. punoruddharor daabi. 2020 sonot di siyunor "meduna nersing dyo khristo siled uith saints laurence endo margaret" hester hirar xompoti aaru 1944 sonot ousevitzot nihot huwa german ihudi kolaa itihaxbid aaru curator aagosto libeman meyaror uttoradhikaror maajot ek nispottir uddesyo aasil.

jacopo dii seon jacopo dii seon (shee. 1325-shee. 1399) florence projatontrer ekjon italiya gothik juger chitroshilpi chhilen. jeebon oo karmajiban. 1320 theke 1330 khristabder modhye florence jonmogrohonkari tini taanr tinn borh bhai andreya dii seon dii archangelo (jaake orokagona bolla hoy), nardo dii seon ebong mattio dii seoner saathe ghonisthobhabe jukto. dii seon (dii choo 'naai uchcharito) bhaiyera prayashai sahojogitamulakbhabe kaaj korten. jacopo popolo santy merry novell ebong poroborti jeebone popolo santy laurentite bosobas korten. zacopo bicharok ebong notarider gildhole ekti borh chembare kaaj korechilen, florence (krushbiddhokoron soho ekti benche thaka bedir tukro londoner jatiya galleryte royeche). 1368 khristabde andrea mrityur porr jacopo taanr bhaiyer kichhu dayitto grohon corren, udahoronsorup kumarir ekti chitrokormo sampurna korar nischayata deoa ebong seenta mathieuer bedir tukro, ubhayi orsanmichel, florencer jonno dayitto grohon koraa. tini 1369 khristabde arte dei medisi ee spigialite bhorti hohn ebong 1384,1387 oo 1392 khristabde gilder ekjon consul chhilen. jacopo chitroshilpi nicolo dii pietro jerinir sangeo niyamita kaaj korten. 1370-71-ayee taaraa florencer shaan piyer magior girjar unchu bedir jonno polyptic toiri korechilo. samogrik nakshar jonno nikoloke ortho pradan koraa hoyechilo, onnodike jacopo bornonar jonno dayee boley money hoy. chaturdash shatabdir florence nirmito sabcheye borh bedir tukrogulir modhye ekti holl eyi bedir tukro, ebong sombhoboto albiji poribar dwara etty chaalu koraa hoyechilo. bedir tukro baroti prodhan panel londoner jatiya galleryte royeche, tobey seenta pieter jeeboner drishyoguli dekhano prodellake chhoriye deoa hoyeche. dui chitroshilpi abar florencer takshal dwara nijukto kumarir rajyabhisheker borh panelle 1372-73-ayee sahojogita korechilen ebong 1386 saale taaraa voltera palejo dei prairite council chembarer jonno ghoshanar ekti frescore jonno kamishana peyechilen. 1378 theke 1380 khristabder modhye jacopo florence cathedrale kaaj korechilen-tini mattio guaranter hisabe nothibhukto-ebong taanr bhaiyer mrityur poreo cathedral kormoshalar jonno marble sangraha chaliye zaan. porey jacopo sombhoboto prodhan barander jamber jonno baroti marble murtir jonno swarnalangkarer sajjao sampadan korechilen ebong cathedrale anyanno kaaj somponno korechilen. 1382 ebong 1385 saale jacopo florencer lagia dei prairite kaaj korechilen boley nothibhukto koraa hoyeche ebong 1386 saale tini prato theke bonik francesco dii marco datinir avignon office charti panel painting sarbaraha korechilen. 1391 khristabde jacopo florencer shaan lorenzor girjar jonno bediti aanken (bortomane hanolulu museum off arte). tini florence 2 meey 1398 khristabder porr ebong 1400 khristabder agey maaraa zaan. khotipuroner daabi. 2020 saale dii seoner "madona nursing dya christ child uith cents laurence anned margareta" hester diamonder esteta ebong 1944 saale aushvitze nihoto german ihudi shilp itihasbid ebong curator august liebman mayer uttoradhikarir modhye ekti nishpottir uddeshya chhilo.

jacopo dii sion jacopo dii sion (see. 1325-see. 1399) prajasattak florencemaa italian gothik samaygalana chitrakaar hataa. jeevan aneey karkirdi. 1320 aneey 1330 nee vachche florencemaa janmela, teo temnaa trana motaa bhaaio andrea dii sion dii arkengilo (jene orkegna kahevaay chhe), nardo dii sion aneey mettiyo dii sion saathe gaadh reete sankalaayela chhe. dee sion (uchchaaran dii choo 'neey) bhaaio ghanivaar sahyogthi kaama kartaa hataa. jacopo popolo sancti meerii navalkathaamaa aneey pachhinaa jeevanma popolo sancti laurentyma raheta hataa. 1366-68 maan jacopo nyayadhisho aneey notarionaa gildholema aek motaa chamber parr kaama karyoo hatoo, florence (vadhastambh saatheni hayaat vedeeni tukadi national gallery, londonma chhe). 1368maan andreana mrutyu pachhi, jacopo temnaa bhaina ketlaak kaama sambhaalyaa, udaaharan tareeke, kumarikanu cheetra purn karvaanee banydhari aapvi aneey saint methyuni vedeeni javabdari levee, banne orsenmichel, florence maate. temane 1369maan arte dei medisi ee spezialima nondhani karaavi hatee aneey 1384,1387 aneey 1392maan teo sanghnaa vanijya dutmaanaa aek hataa. jakopoae chitrakaar nikolo dii pitro gereeni saathe pann niyamitpane kaama karyoo hatoo. 1370-71 maan teoae florencenaa seena pier megeor churchnee unchee vedee maate polypticnu utpaadan karyoo. nikolone ekandar design maate chukavani karvaamaa aavee hatee, jyaare jacopo varnano maate jawabdar hovaanu janaay chhe. aaa yagnavedi chaudami sadeena florencemaa kaaryarat sauthee motaa yagnomaanu aek chhe, aneey kadaach teey albizi parivaar dwara kaaryarat karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. yagnavedini baar mukhya penal londonni raashtriy galleryma chhe, parantu sant pietarnaa jeevannaa drashyo darshaavati predella vikherai gaee chhe. banne chitrakaaroae fareethi florencenaa tankshaal dwara niyukt kumarikana rajyabhishekni motee penal parr 1372-73 maan sahyog karyo, aneey 1386 maan temne pelezo dei priory, volterama council chamber maate jaaheratna bhintchitra maate commission malyun. 1378 aneey 1380 nee vachche jacopo florence cathedralma kaama karyoo hatoo-teo mettiyo guaranter tareeke nondhaayela chhe-aneey temnaa bhaina mrutyu pachhi cathedral workshop maate aaraspahanni khareedi karvaanu chaalu raakhyu hatoo. paachhalthi jacopo kadaach mukhya mandapma baar aarasnee murteeo maate sonaani sajavat pann curry hatee aneey cathedralma anya kaama purn karyoo hatoo. 1382 aneey 1385maan jacopo logeeya dei prayori, florence khaate kaama karyoo hovaanu nondhvaamaa aavyu chhe aneey 1386maan temane pratothi vepaari francesco dii marco detinyni avignan officene chaar penal paintings pradaan curry hatee. 1391maan jacopo florencemaa saana lorenzona church maate (havey honolulu museum off artmaan) vedeene rangyu hatoo. 2 meey 1398 pachhi aneey 1400 pahelaa teo florencemaa mrutyu pamya hataa. valtar maate daavao. 2020maan dii seeonnee "medonaa nursing dhaa christ child with saints laurence anned margareta" aee hester diamondni sampatti aneey german yahudi qalaa itihaaskaar aneey curator august libman mayernaa vaarasdaar vachche samadhanno hetu hato, jenee 1944maan oshwitzma hatyaa karvaamaa aavee hatee.

jacopo dee seon jacopo dee seon (see. 1325-see. 1399) florence ganarajya mein ack italvi gothik kaal key chitrakaar they. jeevan aur currier. 1320 aur 1330 key beach florence mein paida hue, vaha apane teen badey bhaaiyon andrea dee seon dee archangelo (jise orcagna kahaa jaataa haye), nardo dee seon aur mattio dee seon key saath nikatata seey judey hue hain. dee seon (uchchaaran dee chou 'ney) bhaai aksar sahyog seey kaam karate they. jacopo popolo sancte mairi upanyaas mein rahate they aur baad mein jeevan mein popolo sancti laurenti mein rahate they. 1366-68 mein jacopo ney nyayadhishon aur notary key gildhall mein ack badey kaksh parr kaam kiya, florence (croose parr chadhaae jaane key saath ack jeevit vedi rashtriya gallery, landan mein haye). 1368 mein andrea kii mrityu key baad jacopo ney apane bhaai key kuchh karyon koo apane haath mein leey liya, udaaharan key liye kunwari kii ack painting koo puuraa karane kii guaranti aur sent mait kii vedi key liye jimmedaari lete hue, donon orsenichel, florence key liye. unhone 1369 mein arte dei medisi ee spigially mein dakhila liya, aur 1384,1387 aur 1392 mein sangh key vanijya dooton mein seey ack they. jacopo ney chitrakaar nicolo dee pitro gerini key saath bhee niyamit roop seey kaam kiya. 1370-71 mein unhone saine pier magior, florence key church kii oonchi vedi key liye polyptic kaa utpaadan kiya. nicolo koo samagr design key liye bhugtan kiya gayaa thaa, jabaki jacopo kathaaon key liye jimmedaar prateet hotaa haye. yeh vedi chaudahavin shatabdi key florence mein sabse badey commission mein seey ack haye, aur shayed albizi parivaar dwara commission kiya gayaa thaa. vedi key baarah mukhya panel rashtriya gallery, landan mein hain, lekin sant peater key jeevan key drishyon koo dikhaane vaale predella koo titar-bitar curr diyaa gayaa haye. donon chitrakaron ney phir seey florence key taksal dwara commission kiye gaye kunwari key rajyabhishek key badey panel parr 1372-73 mein sahyog kiya, aur 1386 mein unhein palazzo dei priory, voltera mein parishad kaksh key liye ghoshana key bhitti chitra key liye commission praapt huaa. 1378 aur 1380 key beach jacopo ney florence cathedral mein kaam kiya-unhein mattio guaranter key roop mein darj kiya gayaa haye-aur apane bhaai kii mrityu key baad cathedral karyashala key liye sangamarmar kii khareed jaari rakhee. baad mein jacopo ney shayed mukhya baramade key jumb key liye baarah sangamarmar kii moortiyon key liye soney kii sajawat bhee kii, aur cathedral mein anya kaam puuraa kiya. 1382 aur 1385 mein jacopo koo logia dei priory, florence mein kaam karate hue darj kiya gayaa haye, aur 1386 mein unhone prato seey merchant franco dee marco datiny key avignon karyalaya koo chaar panel painting pradaan kiye. 1391 mein jacopo ney florence mein saine lorenzo key church key liye vedi koo chitrit kiya (abb honolulu kalaa sangrahalaya mein). 2 maee 1398 key baad aur 1400 seey pahale unaki mrityu florence mein hui. kshatipurti key liye daave. 2020 mein dii sion kaa "sent laurence aur margaret key saath isai bachche kii dekhbhal karane vaalaa madona" hester heere kii sampatti aur ack german yahudi kalaa itihaaskaar aur curator august libman meyer key uttaradhikari key beach ack samjhaute kaa uddeshya thaa, joe 1944 mein aushwitz mein maare gaye they.

jacopo dii seon jacopo dii seon (sii. 1325-sii. 1399) florence ganarajyada italian gothik avadhiya varnachitrakaararaagiddaru. jeevana mattu vrutti. 1320 mattu 1330rahra naduve florensionalli janisida aata tanna moovaru hiriya sahodararaada andrea dii seon dii arcangelo (orkagna endu kareyalpaduva), nardo dii seon mattu mattio dii seon avarondige nikata sambandha hondiddaane. dii seon (dii choo 'neey endu uchcharisalaaguttade) sahodararu aagaagge sahayogadinda kelasa maaduttiddaru. jacopo popolo sancte merrie novelleyalli mattu nantarada jeevanadalli popolo sancte laurentiyalli vaasisuttiddaru. jacopo, nyayadhisharu mattu notarigala gilled haalnalliruva dodda kooneyondaralli kelasa maadidaru, florence (shilubegerisuvikeyondige ulidiruva balipeethada tunuku london national galleryallide). 1368ralli andrea marana hondida nantara, jacopo tanna sahodarana kelavu kaaryagalannu vahisikondanu, udaaharanege kanyeya varnachitravannu poornagolisuva bharavase mattu florencen orsaanmichelgaagi saint myaathyooda balipeethada javaabdaariyannu vahisikondanu. aata 1369ralli arte dee medisi ii spegiolige serikondanu mattu 1384,1387 mattu 1392ralli gildna kansulgalalli obbanaagiddanu. jacopo varnachitrakaara nicolo dii pietro jeriniyondige niyamitavagi kelasa maadidaru. avaru florencen syaan pier maggior churchna ettarada balipeetakkaagi polyptic annu nirmisidaru. ottare vinyasakkagi nikologe hana nidalaagiddare, jacopo niroopanege kaarana endu toruttade. balipeethada tunuku hadinalkane shatamaanada florensionalli niyojisalaada atidodda krutigalalli ondaagide mattu bahushah idannu aalbijhi kutumbavu niyojiside. balipeethada hanneradu mukhya phalakagalu london national galleryallive, aadare saint peater avara jeevanada drashyagalannu torisuva predellaavannu chadurisalaagide. ibbaru varnachitrakaararu mattomme florencen tankasaaleyinda niyojisalpatta kanyeya pattaabhishekada dodda phalakadalli 1372-73 nalli sahakarisidaru mattu 1386 ralli avaru volteraada palazzo dee priyoriyalli council chamberge ghoshaneya hasichitrakkagi aayogavannu padedaru. 1378 mattu 1380rahra naduve jacopo florence cathedralnalli kelasa maadidaru-aata mattio guaranter endu daakhalisalaagide-mattu tamma sahodarana maranada nantara cathedral karyagarakkagi amrutashileyannu khareedisuvudannu munduvaresidaru. nantara jacopo bahushah mukhya mukhamantapada jambgaagi hanneradu amrutashileya pratimegalige chinnada alankaaravannu saha kaaryagatagolisidaru mattu cathedralnalli itara kelasagalannu poornagolisidaru. 1382 mattu 1385ralli jacopo florencen lagzia dee priyoriyalli kelasa maadiruvudannu daakhalisalaagide mattu 1386ralli aata praatodinda vyapari francesco dii marco datiny avignon kacherige naalku phalaka varnachitragalannu odagisidaru. 1391ralli jacopo florencen syaan lorenzo charchgaagi balipeethavannu chithrisidanu (eega honolulu museum off artnalli). aata 1398rahra mayee 2rahra nantara mattu 1400kkinta modalu florensionalli nidhanaraadaru. marupavatigagi bedikegalu. 2020ralli dii seon "saints laurence mattu margarate avarondige kristana maguvannu shushrooshisuva madonna" vu hester diamond estate mattu 1944ralli ashwitznalli kollalpatta german yahoodi kalaa itihaasakaara mattu melvichaaraka august libman meyarna uttaradhikariya naduvina oppandada uddeshavaagittu.

jacopo dii siyoon jacopo dii siyoon (sii. 1325-sii. 1399) republic oof florencile oru itaaliyan gothik kaalaghattatthile chithrakaaranaayirunnu. jeevithavum thozhilum. 1320num 1330num idayil florencil janicha addeham thante moonnu mootha sahodaranmaraaya andrea dii siyoon dii arcajelo (orkkaagna ennu vilikkunnu), nardo dii siyoon, maattiyo dii siyoon ennivarumaayi adutha bandhamund. dii siyoon (dee choo 'neey ennu ucharikkappedunnu) sahodaranmaar palappozhum sahakaranathode pravarthichu. jacopo poppolo saankte maari novalilum pinneedu jeevithathil poppolo saankti lorentiyilumaanu thaamasichirunnathu. florencile jadjimaarudeyum nottarikaludeyum gildhalile oru valia arayil jacopo jolie cheythu (kroosheekaranathodukoodiya oru balipeetam landanile deseeya galleryil nilanilkkunnu). 1368-ll andreayude maranashesham jacopo thante sahodarante chila commissionukal etteduthu, udaaharanathinu kanyakayude oru painting poortthiyaakkumennu urappu nalkukayum florencile oorsaanmishel enna sthalathinu vendi sent maatteevinte balipeetatthinte utharavaaditham ettedukkukayum cheythu. 1369ll arte dhey medisi iii specialil chernna addeham 1384,1387,1392 varshangalil eee samghathinte konsalmaaril oraalaayirunnu. nicolo dii pietro jeriniyenna chithrakaaranodoppam jacopo pathivayi pravarthichu. florencile saan piyar magior palliyude uyarnna balipeetathinaayi avar polyptic nirmmichu. mothatthilulla roopakalppanaykku nicoloic panam nalkiyengilum aakhyaanangalkk utharavaadikal jacopo aanennu thonnunnu. pathinalam noottaandile florencil kammeeshan cheytha ettavum valia balithadaakangalilonnaanu eee balithankam, orupakshe ithu albisi kudumbamaanu kammeeshan cheythath. balipeetathinte panthrand pradhana paanalukal landanile naashanal galleryilaanu, ennaal vishudha peettarinte jeevithathile ramgangal kaanikkunna predella chitharikkidakkunnu. rund chithrakaaranmaarum veendum florence mint niyogicha kanyakayude kireedadhaaranatthinte valia panalil 1372-73 ll sahakarichu, 1386 ll volterayile palasso deyy priyoriyile kaunsil chembarinulla prakhyaapanatthinte oru frescoikulla kammeeshan avarkk labhichu. 1378num 1380num idayil florence cathedralil jolie cheythirunna jacopo, addeham maattiyo gaarantaraayi rekhappeduthappettirukku-sahodarante maranashesham cathedral varkshoppinaayi marble vaangunnath thudarnnu. pinneedu jacopo pradhana poomukhatthinte jambinaayi panthrand marble prathimakalk swarnna alankaaram nadathukayum cathedralil mattu jolikal poortthiyaakkukayum cheythu. 1382-lum 1385-lum florencile logia deyy prori-yill jolie cheythirunna jacopo, 1386-ll addeham francesco dii marco daattiniyude avinan offeesil naalu paanal paintingukal nalki. 1391-ll florencile saan lorenzo pallikkayi (ippol honolulu museum oof artle) jacopo balipeetam varachu. 1398 meyy 2nuu sheshavum 1400nuu munbum addeham florencil vachu marichu. thirichadavinulla avakaashavaadangal. 2020ll dii seoninte "kristhuvinte kunjine vishudharaaya laurencinum maargarattinumoppam paricharikkunna madona" enna chithram hesttar diamondinte estettum 1944ll ooshvitsil kollapetta jarmman jootha kalacharithrakaaranum curettarumaaya august libman meyarinte anantharaavakaashiyum thammilulla othutheerppinte lakshyamayirunnu.

jacopo dii sayan jacopo dii sayon (see. 1325-ii. 1399) heey florence prajasattakatil italian gothick kalatil chitrakar hote. jeevan aanee karkird. 1320 teey 1330 darmyan florencemadhye janmalela too tyachya teen mothya bhavanshi jawalcha sambandh thevato, andrea dii sion dii archengillo (jyala orcagna mhanatat), nardo dii sion aanee mattio dii sion. dii sion (dii choo 'neey asey uchcharale jaate) bandhu anekada sahkaryane kaam karayache. jakopo popolo senkte merrie novelmadhye aanee nantarchya aayushyat popolo senkti laurentymadhye rahat hota. jakopone nyayadhish aanee notarinchya gildhallmadhil eka mothya kakshavar kaam kele, florence (vadhastambhasah eka jiwant vedicha tukada national gallery, londonmadhye aahe). 1368 madhye andreachya mrutyunantar jakopone tyachya bhavachya kahee jababdanya haatee ghetalya, udaharanarth, kumariche chitra purn karanyachi hummy dene aanee seent mathyuchya vedichya tukadyachi jababdari swikarane, donhi aursenmichel, florencesathi. tyane 1369 madhye aart dei medisi eae spezialimadhye pravesh ghetala aanee 1384,1387 aanee 1392 madhye too gildchya vanijyadutanpaiki eka hota. jacopone chitrakar nikolo dii pitro jerinisobatahi niyamitpane kaam kele. 1370-71 madhye tyanni florencemadhil sann pier magiore charchchya unch vedisathi polyptic tayar kele. ekoon rachnesathi nikolola paise dile gele hote, tarr jyakopo kathankansathi jababdar asalyache disate. vedicha tukada haah chaudavya shatkatil florencemadhil sarvat mothya kamanpaiki eka aahe aanee bahudha albizi kutumbane kaam kele asave. vedichya tukadyache baaraa mukhya puttle londonchya national gallerymadhye aahet, parantu sant pieter yanchya jivanatil drushye darshavinara predela vikhurla gela aahe. donhi chitrakaranni punha 'id1' madhye florencechya pudinadware niyukt kelelya kumarichya rajyabhishekachya mothya patalavar sahkarya kele aanee 1386 madhye tyanna voltera yetheel palazzo dei priory yetheel parishad kakshasathi ghoshanechya bhittichitrasathi commission midale. 1378 teey 1380 darmyan jacopone florence cathedralmadhye kaam kele-tyala mattio guarantor mhanoon nondavale gele aahe-aanee tyachya bhavachya mrutyunantar cathedral karyashalesathi sangamarvari kharedi karane suru thewale. nantar jacopone kadachit mukhya mandapatil jambasathi sangamarvarichya baaraa putalyansathi sonyache alankarhi kele aanee cathedralmadhil itar kaame purn kelee. 1382 aanee 1385 madhye jacopone logia dei prayori, florence yethe kaam kelyachi nond aahe aanee 1386 madhye tyane pratochya merchant francesco dii marco detinichya evinon karyalayala chaar panel paintings pradan kelee. 1391 madhye jacopone florencemadhil sann laurenzo charchsathi (aata honolulu qalaa sangrahalayat) vedivar rangavale. 2 meey 1398 nantar aanee 1400 purvi too florencemadhye maran pavala. paratfedisathi dave. 2020 madhye dii sioniche 'madona nursing daad khraist child with sents laurence andd margaret' hester hikyachi malmatta aanee 1944 madhye aushwitz yethe thaar jhalelya german jyoo qalaa itihaskar aanee curator august libman meyarcha varas yanchyatil tadjodicha uddesh hota.

jacopo dii seon jacopo dii seon (sii. 1325-sii. 1399) florence ganarajyara jane italiah gothik samaira chitrakar thile. zeeban ebong brutti. 1320 ru 1330 masiha madhyare florencere janmagrahana karithiba shay taanka tini budd bhai andrea dii sioni dii archangelo (orkagna namaka), nardo dii sioni ebong matteo dii sioninka saha ghanistha bhabare jadita . dii seon (dii cho 'naai uchharana) bhaimane prajatah sahajogamoolaka bhabare karjya karuthile . jacopo popolo sante merry nobhelare ebong parabarti jeebanare popolo santy larentire rahuthile. aai. dii. 1' ray jacopo florencere thiba bicharapati ebong notarinka gildahalare eka budd kothareere kaama karithile (crucificson sahita eka banchithiba bedira khanda londner jatiah gyalereere achhi). 1368 masihare aandrianka mrutyu parey jacopo taanka bhainka kichhi dajitwa grahan karithile, udaharana swaroopa kumarinka eka chitrakala sampurna karibara guaranti ebong cent mathyunka jagyabedi khanda paain dajitwa grahan karithile, ubhaja orsanmichel, florence paain . shay 1369 masihare arte dei medisi ee specially ray naama lekhaithile, ebong 1384,1387 ebong 1392 masihare gilder jane consal thile. jacopo chitrakar nicolo dii pitro gerininka saha madhya nijamita bhabare karjya karithile. 1370-71 ray semane florencer shaan pier magior churcher uccha jagyabedi paain polyptic utpadana karithile. samagrika design paain nikolonku artha pradan karajaithila, jetebele kii jacopo barnana paain daie bolly janapade . chaturdasha shatabdir florencere nijukta hoithiba sarbabruhata jagyabedi madhyaru ehi jagyabedi heuchhi anyatama, ebong sambhabatah albiji paribara dwara nijukta hoithila . bedira barati mukhya panel londner jatiah gyalereere achhi, kintu cent pitaranka jeebner drushya darshaithiba predella bikhipta hoichhi . dui chitrakar punithare florencer pudina dwara nijukta kumarinka rajyabhishekara bruhata pyanelare 1372-73 ray sahjog karithile, ebong 1386 ray semane volterara palazzo dei praireere parishad kaxa paain eka fresco paain commission grahan karithile. 1378 ru 1380 masiha madhyare jacopo florence cathedralare kaama karithile-tanku matteo guaranter bhabare lipibadha karajaichi-ebong taanka bhainka mrutyu parey cathedral karmasala paain marble kraiah jaari rakhithile . parabarti samajare jacopo bodhahue mukhya baranda jamba paain barati marble murti paain golding sajja madhya karjyakaree karithile, ebong cathedralare anyanya karjya samapta karithile . 1382 ebong 1385 masihare jacopo florencer logia dei priori thaare karjya karuthiba record karajaichi ebong 1386 masihare shay pratore banika francesco dii marco detinira abhiganan karjyalajaku charoti panel penting pradan karithile. 1391 masihare jacopo florencer shaan lorenzo church paain jagyabedi ranga karithile (bartamana honolulu museum off artre). shay florencere, 2 meey 1398 parey ebong 1400 purbaru mrutyubarana karithile. punaruddhara paain daabi. ଦାବି। dii sionnka "madona nursing dee khrista child with cents lawrence anded margaret" hester heera sampatti ebong ebong ousewitz thaare nihata hoithiba german ihudi kalaa itihasagya tatha curator august libman mejarnka uttaradhikareenka madhyare eka bujhamanara uddeshya thila.

jacopo dee seon jacopo dee seon (see. 1325-see. 1399) florence ganraj witch ikk italvi gothik period chittarkar see. jeevan atey carrier. 1320 atey 1330 dey vichkaar florence witch paida hoiaa, uh aapne tinn vadde bharavan andrea dee seon dee archangelo (jiss noon orcagna kiha jaanda haii), nardo dee seon atey mattio dee seon naal nediyon judiaa hoiaa haii. dee seon (ucharan dee chou 'neey) bharaa aksar sehyogi taur' teey kamm karde sunn. jacopo popolo sanct mairi nawal witch rahinda see atey baad witch jeevan witch popolo sanct laurenti witch rahinda see. jacopo neey jajjan atey notariaan dey gildhall, florence (saleeb dey naal ikk bachi hoee jagvedi daa tukda national gallery, london witch haii) witch ikk vadde chamber utte kamm keeta. sann 1368 witch andrea dee maut toon baad jacopo neey aapne bharaa dey kujh commission sambhal lae, udaharan vajon kuaari dee ikk painting noon poora curran dee grunty ditti atey cent maithyu dee jagvedi dee zimmevari sambhali, doven orsenmechale, florence laee. uss neey 1369 witch arte deei medisi ee specially witch dakhla liaa atey 1384,1387 atey 1392 witch gilled dey kaunsalan vicchon ikk see. jacopo neey chittarkar nicolo dee pietro jarini naal vee niyamit taur utte kamm keeta. uhanan neey sainn peear magior, florence dey church dee ucchi jagvedi laee polyptic tiaar keeta. nicolo noon samuche design laee bhugtan keeta giaa see, jadon kii japda haii kii jacopo birtantan laee zimmevar see. ih jagvedi chaudvin sadee dey florence witch sabh toon vadde commission keete gaye tukdiaan vicchon ikk haii, atey shayed albizi parivaar duaara commission keeta giaa see. jagvedi dey baaran mukkh panel national gallery, london witch hunn, parr cent pieter dey jeevan dey drishan noon darsaun vaale predela noon khinda ditta giaa haii. dovan chittarkaran neey firr toon florence dey taksal duaara commission keete kuaari dey tajposhi dey vadde panel 'teey 1372-73 witch sahiyog keeta, atey 1386 witch unhan noon plazzo deei prayori, voltera witch consul chamber laee ghoshna dey ikk fresco laee commission prapat hoiaa. 1378 atey 1380 dey vichkaar jacopo neey florence girjaghar witch kamm keeta-uss noon mattio guaranter vajon daraj keeta giaa haii-atey aapne bharaa dee maut toon baad girjaghar workshop laee sangamarmar dee khareed jaari rakkhi. baad witch jacopo neey shayed mukkh baramade dey jumb laee baaran sangamarmar deeaan murtiaan laee sone dee sajawat vee keeti, atey girjaghar witch horr kamm poora keeta. 1382 atey 1385 witch jacopo noon laugia deei prayori, florence witch kamm karde hoye daraj keeta giaa haii atey 1386 witch usne prato toon vapari francesco dee marco datiny dey avinan daftar noon chaar panel painting pardan keetiaan. sann 1391 witch jacopo neey florence witch sainn lorenzo dey church (hunn honolulu qalaa ajaib gharr witch) laee jagvedi noon pent keeta. 2 maee 1398 toon baad atey 1400 toon pahilan florence witch uhanan dee maut hoow gaee. muaavze laee arziaan. 2020 witch dee seon daa "madona nursing dha christ child vid cents laurence aind margaret" hester heere dee jaidad atey ikk german yahudi qalaa itihaskar atey curator, agast libman mayer dey vaaras, joe 1944 witch aushwitz vikhe maare gaye sunn, dey vichkaar ikk samjhaute daa udesh see.

jaakopo dee seon jaakopo dee seon (c. 1325-c. 1399) florence-ganarajyasya italian-gothik-kaalasy chitrakaarah aasit. jeevanam tathaa vruttihi. 1320 taha 1330 paryantam florence-nagare janma praapnot, saha swasya trayah agrajaihi andrea dii seon dii aarkaanjelo (orkagna iti namna prasidhah), nardo dii seon, mattio dii seon ityetaih saha nikatayaa sambadhah asti. dee-siyonah (dee-cho-ney iti ucchaaritah) bhraataah praayah sahayogena karyam kurvanti sma. jaakopo popolo-senkte-maaree-novel-nagare, tathaa cha pashchat jeevane popolo-senkte-laurenti-nagare cha nivasati sma. 1366-68 madhye jaakopo, nyayadhishanam notary-ityeteshaam cha gilled-haal-madhye, florence-ityatra, vishaal-prakoshte karyam krutavaan (crucificson-yuktah avashishtah yadnyapeetah, landan-nagarasya rashtriya-gallery-madhye asti). 1368 tame varshe andrea ityasya mrutyoho anantaram, jaakopo swabhraatasya kaanichan karyani swyakarot, yathaa kanyayaha chitranam poornam kartum aashwastah, tathaa cha sent-myathyoo ityasya yadnyavedyaah daayitvam cha swyakarot, ubhayoho orsan-michela, florence ityasya krute. saha 1369 tame varshe arte-dee-medisi-e-speziali ityasmin namankanam krutavaan, 1384,1387,1392 cha varshe cha gilled ityasya rajaduteshu anyatamah aasit. jaakopo ityeshah chitrakaarena nikolo dii pietro gerinee ityanena saha niyamitaroopen karyam krutavaan. 1370-71 madhye te florence-nagarasya saan-peer-maggior-charch ityasya uccha-yadnyavedyaah krute polyptic-yantram nirmitavantah. samagravinyaasasya krute nikolo ityasya krute dhanam dattam aasit, yaakopo iti varnanaay uttaradaayi aasit iti bhaasate. chaturdashashatabdyam florence-nagare sthaapiteshu bruhattameshu yadnyapeetheshu anyatam asti, sambhawatah albizi-parivaaren niyuktam aasit. yadnyavedyaah dvaadasha mukhyafalakaani landan-nagarasya rashtriya-chitrashalayam santi, parantu sent-peater ityasya jeevanasya drushyaani darshayatah pradellaa vikshiptah asti. chitrakarau punah florence-pudinadwara niyuktasya kanyayaha rajyabhishekasya vishaal-falakasya upari 1372-73 ityasmin sahayogam krutavantau, 1386 tame varshe cha voltera-nagarasya palaazo-deee-prayari-nagare council-prakoshtasya udghoshanaa-bhittichitrasya krute aayogam praaptavantau. 1378 taha 1380 paryantam jaakopo florence-kethedral-madhye karyam krutavaan-saha mettiyo-guaranter iti abhilekhitah asti-tathaa cha swabhraatasya mrutyoho anantaram kethedral-karyashalayaha krute marble-shilaam aharanam nirantaram krutavaan. pashchat jaakopo sambhawatah mukhyadwaarasya jamba-krute dvaadasha-marble-pratimanam swarna-alankaranam api nishpaadayat, tathaa cha kethedral-madhye anyaani karyani api sampurna. 1382 tathaa 1385 tame varshe jaakopo ityayam florence-nagarasya lagia-dee-prayori-ityatra karyam kurvan abhilekhitah asti, 1386 tame varshe saha praato-nagarasya merchant-francesco-dee-maarko-detiny ityasya evinaan-karyalayaya chatwaarah falaka-chitraani pradadat. 1391 tame varshe jaakopo ityayam florence-nagarasya saan lorenzo-charch ityasya krute (adhunaa honolulu-kalaa-sangrahaalaye) yadnyavedim chitrayat. saha florence-nagare, 2 mey 1398 dinaankasya anantaram 1400 varshaat poorvam cha mrutah. punarbharanaay aagrah. 2020 tame varshe dii-seon ityasya "madona narsing da crast chaild vit sents laurence and margaret" iti hester-daimand-ityasya sampattih, 1944 tame varshe aashvitj-nagare maaritah german-jyuyish-kalaa-itihaasakaarah curator cha august-libman-meyar ityasya uttaraadhikaari cha iti siddhaantasy uddeshyam aasit.

jagobo dii seon jagobo dii seon (chii. 1325-chii. 1399) florence kudiyarasil oru itaaliya koathik kaala ooviyar aavaar. vaazhkkai mattrum thozhil. 1320 mattrum 1330 kku idaiyil plorence nagaril pirantha ivar, thanathu moontru mooththa cakoothararkalaana andrea dii seon dii aarkaanjaloa (argagna endru azhaikkappadugiraar), nardo dii seon mattrum mattio dii seon aakiyoarudan nerukkamaaga thodarpudaiyavar. dii seon (dii choow 'nae endru uchcharikkappadukirathu) cakoothararkal perumpaalum oththuzhaippudan panipurinthanar. jacobo poppo senty maeri navalil vaalnththaar, pinnar vaazhkkaiyil, poppo senty laurentyil vaalnththaar. florence (siluvaiyil araiyapatta oru palipeedam landanil ulla thaesiya kaatchiyagaththil ullathu), neethipathigal mattrum noattarigalin gildhall oru periya araiyil jacobo paniyaattrinaar. 1368 aam aandil andrea iranththa piragu, jacobo thanathu cakoothararin sila commissiongalai eduththuk kondaar, eduththukkaattaaga kanniyin ooviyaththai mudippatharku uththaravaatham aliththal mattrum saint maeththaevin palipeedaththin poruppai aetrtrukkondal, arsonmichel, plorence aagiya irandirkum. avar 1369 aam aandil arde dii medisi ii specialiyil saernthaar, maelum 1384,1387 mattrum 1392 aam aandugalil sangaththin thootharkalil oruvaraaga irunthaar. jacobo ooviyar nicolo dii pietro jeriniyudanum thavaraamal paniyaattrinaar. ill 1370-71 avarkal florence chaan piyar magior devalayaththin uyarnththa palipeedaththirkaana polypticai thayaariththanar. ottumoththa vadivamaippirkaaga nicolo panam seluththappattathu, athae neraththil jacobo kadhaikku poruppaaka irunththathaakath therikirathu. inththa palipeedam pathinaankaam noottraandin florence ill niyamikkapatta migapperiya ontraakum, maelum idhu anegamaaga albiji kudumbaththaal niyamikkappattirukkalam. palipeedaththin pannirandu mukiya palagaikal landanil ulla thaesiya kaatchiyagaththil ullana, aanaal saint peettarin vaazhkkaiyin kaatchigalaik kaattum breedella sitharadikkappattullathu. irandu ooviyargalum meendum florence pudhinaavaal niyamikkapatta kanniyin mudisoottalin periya kuzhuvil 1372-73 ill oththuzhaiththanar, maelum 1386 aam aandil avarkal volteraavil ulla palaso deyy munnoariyil ulla council araikaana arivippin suvaroviyaththirkaana kamishanaip pettranar. 1378 mattrum 1380 kku idaiyil jacobo florence katheetralil paniyaattrinaar-avar mattio uththaravaathiyaaga pathivu seiyappattullaar-maelum avarathu cakootharar iranththa piragu cathetral pattaraikku palingku kolmudhal seithaar. pinnar jacobo pirathaana mandapaththin jambirkaaga pannirandu palingku silaigalukkaana thanga alangaaraththaiyum niraivaettrinaar, maelum katheetralil mattra vaelaigalaiyum muditthaar. 1382 mattrum 1385 aam aandugalil jacobo florence nagarin logia deyy munnurimaiyil panipurinthathaaga pathivu seiyappattullathu, maelum 1386 aam aandil avar piraadoavilirunthu vanikar francesco dii marco tatiniyin avignon aluvalagaththirku naanku paenal oviyangkalai valangkinaar. 1391 aam aandil jacobo plorence chaan lorenzo thevaalayaththirkaana palipeedaththai varainthaar (ippoathu honalulu kalai arungaatchiyagaththil ullathu). avar 1398 mae 2aam thaethikkup piragu mattrum 1400aam aandukku munbu plorence nagaril iranthaar. thiruppich seluththuvatharkaana koorikkaikal. 2020 aam aandil dii seon "punitharkal laurence mattrum margared aakiyoarudan kiristhuvin kuzhandhaiyai paraamarikkum madona" hester vairaththin estate mattrum 1944 aam aandil ashvitzil kollapatta jerman yootha kalai varalaattraasiriyarum kankaanippaalarumaana august leapman maeyarin vaarisukku idaiyilaana oru oppanththaththin nokkamaaga irunththathu.

jacopo dii seon jacopo dii seon (c. 1325-c. 1399) florence republicklo italian gothik kaalapu chitrakaarudu. jeevitam mariyu vrutti. 1320 mariyu 1330 madhya florencelo janminchina ayana thana mugguru annayyalu andrea dii seon dii arcongelo (orkagna anie pilustaaru), nardo dii seon mariyu matteo dii seonlatho sannihita sambandham kaligi unnaaru. dii seon (dii choe 'nae anie uchcharistaaru) sodarulu tarachugaa sahakaaramtho panicheesaaru. jacopo popolo sancti maerii navalalo mariyu taruvaata jeevitamlo, popolo sancti laurenteelo nivasinchaadu. jacopo, florence looni nyaayamuurtulu mariyu notariila gilled haallooni oka pedda gadilo panicheesaaru (siluva veyadamtho migili unna balipeetam landanlooni national gallerylo undhi). undhi) andrea maranam taruvaata jacopo thana sodarudi yokka konni kameeshanlanu chepattadu, udaaharanaku kanya yokka paintingnu puurti cheyadaaniki haamii ivvadam mariyu seyint mathue yokka balipeetam yokka baadhyatanu sweekarinchadam, rendintikee orsammichel, florence. athanu athanu arte dii medisi ii spegially cheraadu mariyu 1384,1387 mariyu mariyu gilled consules loe okadu. jacopo chitrakaarudu nikolo dii pietro jerini thoo kooda kramam tappakunda panicheesaaru. vaaru florenceloni shaan peer maggior charchi yokka ettaina balipeetam kosam polypticnu utpatti chesaaru. mottam roopakalpana kosam nikolo chellinchabadindi, ayithe jacopo kathanaalaku baadhyata vahinchinatlu telustondi. balipeetam padunaalugava sataabdapu florencelo niyaminchabadina atipedda vaatilo okati, mariyu bahusha albizzi kutumbanche niyaminchabadindi. balipeetam yokka pannendu pradhana falakaalu landanlooni national gallerylo unnaayi, conny seyint peater jeevitamlooni drushyaalanu choopinche predella chedaragottabadindi. iddaru chitrakaarulu mallii florence pudiinaa niyaminchina kanya pattabhishekam yokka pedda panelpy 1372-73 loe sahakarinchaaru, mariyu mariyu vaaru voltera looni palajjo dii priyorilooni council chhambar kosam prakatana yokka kudyachitram kosam kamishannu andukunnaru. 1378 mariyu 1380 madhyakaalamlo jacopo florence cathedrallo panicheesaadu-athanu matteo guaranterga namodu cheyabaddaadu-mariyu thana sodarudu maraninchina taruvaata cathedral workshop kosam palarayini sekarinchadam konasaginchadu. taruvaata jacopo bahusha pradhana vaakili yokka jumb kosam pannendu palarayi vigrahaalaku bangaaru alankarananu kooda amalu chesi, cathedrallo itara panulanu puurti chesaadu. 1382 mariyu mariyu jacopo florence looni lagzia dii priyorilo panichesinatlu namodu cheyabadindi mariyu mariyu athanu prato nundi vyapari francesco dii marco daatini yokka avignon kaaryaalayaaniki naalugu panel paintings andinchaadu. andinchaadu jacopo florenceloni shaan lorenzo charchi kosam balipeetaanni chitrinchaadu (ippudu honolu museum off art loe undhi). athanu florencelo, 1398 mae 2 taruvaata mariyu 1400 kii mundu maraninchaadu. tirigi chellinchadaaniki abhyardhanalu. abhyardhanalu dii seon yokka "saints laurence mariyu margaretto christ chiled nursing madonna" anedi hester diamond estate mariyu mariyu ashwitzlo champabadina german yoodu kalaa charitrakaarudu mariyu curator ayina august libman mayer vaarasudi madhya oka parishkaaraaniki uddesinchabadindi.

jacopo dee seeyon jacopo dee seeyon (c. 1325-c. 1399) jamhuria fluorance mein eek atalvi gothak door kaa masoor thaa. zindagi aur carrier. 1320 aur 1330 kay darmiyan fluorance mein paida huay wah apnay teen baday bhayiyon andrea ddee seeyon ddee archangelo (jasay aurkagna kahaa jaataa hay)yee nardo ddee seeyon aur metio ddee seeyon kay saath qareebi taaluq rakhtay haine. dee seeyon (jiss kaa talfaz dee choo 'nee hay) bhayee aksar bahami taawan say kaam kartay thay. jacopo papulo sancti meeri naawal mein aur baad mein zindagi mein papulo sancti laurenty mein rehta thaa. mein 1366-68 jacopo nay jajon aur notariyon kay guild haall florence mein eek baday chamber parr kaam kiyaa (maslub kay saath eek zindah bach jaanay waala mazbah kaa tukda national gallery landan mein hay). 1368 mein andrea kii moth kay baad jacopo nay apnay bhayee kay kachh commission sanbhaal liyay misaal kay toor parr kunwari kii penting makmal karnay kii zamanat deena aur sent methio kay mazbah kay takday kii zamah daari sanbhalna donon aursanmichal fluorance kay liye. inhon nay 1369 mein aartay dee medesi ayee speziyali mein daakhlah liyaa aur 1384yee 1387 aur 1392 mein guild kay qonsalon mein say eek thay. jacopo nay penter nakolo ddee petro jairini kay saath bhee baqayedgi say kaam kiyaa. mein 1370-71 inhon nay saan paiyar megure fluorance kay charch kii oonchi qurban gaah kay liye polypatic tayaar kiyaa. necolo kuu majmuyi design kay liye adayegi kii gayee thee jabkah aisa lagtaa hay kahh jacopo bayaniye kaa zamah daar rehaa hay. yaha mazbah chudhawein sadee kay fluorance mein sharoo honay waalay sabb say baday mazbahon mein say eek hay aur ghaliba albezi khaandaan nay asay sharoo kiyaa thaa. qurban gaah kay baarah aham pinal national gallery landan mein haine leakin sent petter kii zindagi kay munazir dikhanay waala predila muntashir how gayaa hay. donon masuron nay dobarah fluorance kay taksaal kay zariah muqarar kardah kunwari kii tajposhi kay baday pinal parr 1372-73 mein taawan kiyaa aur 1386 mein inhein palazo dee paryuri voltera mein konsal chamber kay liye aalaan kay fresco kay liye commission mosul hawaa. 1378 aur 1380 kay darmiyan jacopo nay florence cathedral mein kaam kiyaa-asay meto zaamin kay toor parr darj kiyaa gayaa hay-aur apnay bhayee kii moth kay baad cathedral workshop kay liye sing marmar kii kharidari jaari rakhee. baad mein jacopo nay shayed markazi porch kay jumb kay liye sing marmar kay baarah majsamon kay liye sonay kii sajawat bhee anjaam dee aur cathedral mein deegar kaam makmal kiye. 1382 aur 1385 mein jacopo kuu logiya dee tarji fluorance mein kaam kartay hoay record kiyaa gayaa hay aur 1386 mein iss nay prato say taajir francesco ddee marco detiny kay ayognan aafs kuu chaar pinal pentings farahim kein. 1391 mein jacopo nay fluorance mein saan lorenzo kay charch kay liye qurban gaah kuu paint kiyaa (abb honololo museum aaf aart mein). 2 mayee 1398 kay baad aur 1400 say pehley wah fluorance mein inteqal kirr gayey. wapsi kay daway. 2020 mein ddee seeyon kaa "medona narsing dee chryst child wad cents larns aind margaret" hester diamond kii jayedad aur agast lebman mear kay waaris eek german yahudi aart morakh aur curator kay darmiyan tasfiye kaa maqsad thaa juu 1944 mein aashotz mein maaraa gayaa thaa.

0000e5f47e5f8d00645ebbff24e8d6e7d198d897baccb4298524dceaad771a58

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33714975

2011 Kakkonen – Finnish League Division 2

2011 Kakkonen – Finnish League Division 2 League tables for teams participating in Kakkonen, the third tier of the Finnish soccer league system, in 2011. Promotion playoffs. BK-46 qualify for final 1 – 0 SJK qualify for final 4 – 1 SJK promoted 5 – 1 on aggregate Footnotes. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

2011 kakkunen-finis leeg bibhag 2 2011 sonot finlandor football leeg pronalir tritiyo stor kakkunenot ongxogrohon koraa dolxomuhor baabe leeg tebul. prosar play-off. bi. key.-46 suranto 1-0ror baabe jugyota orjon kore esjeke suranto 4-1ror baabe jugyota orjon kore esjeke muth 5-1 unnit koraa hoisil

2011 kakkonen-finish leeg bibhag 2 2011 saale finish football leeg byabosthar tritiya stor kakkonene ongshogrohonkari dalgulir jonno leeg tabil. padonnati play-off. bii. keey-46 1-0 finale khelar jogyata orjon korey. esjeke final 4-1-err jonno jogyata orjon korey esjeke samogrikbhabe 5-1 podey unnito hoyeche

2011 kakkonen-finish leag vibhag 2 2011 maan finish sokara leag systemna trija star, kakkonenmaa bhaag letee teamo maate leag koshtako. promotion playoff. bii. keey.-46 final 1-0 maate kwolifay thaay chhe esjeke anteem 4-1 maate kwolifay thaay chhe aesjekene coole maleene 5-1 badhatee aapvama aavee

2011 kakkonen-finish leag division 2 2011 mein finish socker leag pranali key teesare star, kakkonen mein bhaag lene vaali teams key liye leag table. padonnati playoff. bee. key.-46 ney antim 1-0 key liye arhata praapt kii sjk antim 4-1 key liye arhata praapt kartaa haye sjk ney kull milakar 5-1 koo padonnat kiya

2011 kakkonen-finnish leigh vibhaga 2 2 finnish saakar leigh vevastheya moorane hantada kakkonennalli bhagavahisuva tandagalige leigh tablegalu. prachaarada playafgalu. bii. keey-46 antima antima arhate padeyuttade. eszeke antima antima arhate padeyuttade. eszeke ottu 5-1 sthaanamaanavannu galisitu

2011 kakkonen-finish leag vibhag 2 2011 madhye, finish socker leag pranalichya tisya staravaril kakkonenmadhye bhag ghenanya sanghansathi leag table. padonnati playoff. bii. keey.-46 antim 1-0 sathee patra esjeke antim 4-1 sathee patra esjekene ekoon 5-1 ashee padonnati dilee

2011 cacconen-finnish ligg divijana 2 2011 ray finnish football ligg systemer truteeja stara cacconen ray anshagrahana karuthiba dala paain ligg tebul . padonnati play off. bii. kee.-46 final 1-0 paain jogyata arjan karichhi. esjeke final 4-1 paain jogyata arjan karichhi. esjeke 5-1 ray padonnati paichi

2011 kakkonen-finnis leeg division 2 2011 witch, finland dee football leeg pranali dey teeje paddhar, kakkonen witch hissa lainn valiaan teaman laee leeg table. tarakki playf. bee. keey.-46 final 1-0 laee qualify karda haii. aiss. jey. keey. final 4-1 laee qualify karda haii. esjeke noon kull milaa keey 5-1 tarakki ditti gaee

2011 kakkonena-finnish leag vibhaagah 2 2011 tame varshe finnish-saakar-leag-vyavasthaayaah truteeye stare, kakkonen ityasmin bhaagam agruhnaat dalanam krute leag-saaraneeh. padonnati-play-aaf. bee. key.-46 antimaartham arhati 1-0 esjke antimaartham arhati 4-1 esjke-samsthaayaah padonnatih 5-1 iti.

2011 kakkonen-finnish leak pirivu 2 2011 aam aandil finnish kaalpandhu leak amaippin moontraavathu adukku kaakkonenil pankerkum anigalukkaana leak attavanaigal. padhavi uyarvu playofgal. pii. kae-46 iruthip poattikku 1-0 endra kanakkil thaguthi pettrathu. esjege iruthi 4-1 kku thaguthi perukirathu esjege moththam 5-1 padhavi uyarvu pettrathu

2011 kakkonen-finnish leag division 2 2011loe finnish sacker leag vyavasthalo moodava shreni ayina kakkonenlo palgone jatlaku leag pattikalu. promotion playoffs. bii. keey-46 finalku arhata 1-0 eszeke final 4-1kii arhata saadhinchindi. eszeke mottam 5-1kii padoonnati pondindi

0000ef10723f1a43c424d1b49a165f7134dfc930899fc88daac4db26bb259247

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=68348189

2014 Campeonato Mineiro

2014 Campeonato Mineiro Football championship of Minas Gerais, Brazil The 2014 Campeonato Mineiro was the 100th edition of the state championship of Minas Gerais organized by the FMF. The competition began on 26 January and ended on 13 April 2014. The competition was won by Cruzeiro winning their 38th Campeonato Mineiro. The final consisted of two 0-0 draws between Cruzeiro and Atlético Mineiro so Cruziero won the title by virtue of their superior performance in the first stage. Cruzeiro were unbeaten throughout the competition. Format. First stage. The 2014 Módulo I first stage was contested by 12 clubs in a single round-robin tournament. The four best-placed teams qualified for the final stage and the bottom two teams were relegated to the 2015 Módulo II. The two best-placed teams not already qualified for the 2014 seasons of the Série A, Série B or Série C, gained berths in the 2014 Série D. Knockout stage. The knockout stage was played between the 4 best-placed teams from the previous stage in a two-legged tie. If two teams tied on aggregate goals, the team that had the better results in the first stage would win the tie. First stage. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Semi-finals. "Atlético Mineiro advanced to the finals." "Cruzeiro advanced to the finals." Finals. "Tied 0–0 on aggregate, Cruzeiro were declared champions due to their better performance in the first stage." Final classification. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

2014 campionatu miniru 2014 sonor campionatu miniru aasil ef. em. ef.-ror dwara ayujit minas geraisor rajyik championswipor 100 xongkhyok xongskoron. protijugitakhon 26 januaryt aarombho hoisil aaru 2014 sonor 13 aprilot xomapto hoisil. krujiruwe teulukor 38 xongkhyok campionatu miniru joy kori protijugitakhonot joylabh korisil. finalot krujiru aaru atletiku minirur maajot dutaa 0-0 dro "aasil, xeyehe krujiruwe prothom porzayot teulukor utkristo prodorxonor baabe khitap joy korisil. krujiru gutei protijugitakhonot oporajeyo aasil. formate. prothom porzay. 2014 sonor medulu aai prothom porzayot etaa round-robin protijugitakhonot 12taa clube protidondita korisil. sarikhon xorbosrestho sthan laabh koraa dole suranto porzayor baabe jugyota orjon korisil aaru tolor dutaa dolok 2015 sonor dwitiyo porzayor dololoi owonomito koraa hoisil. itimodhye 2014 sonor siri e, siri bi baa siri chi sijonor baabe jugyota orjon nokora dutaa shrestho sthan laabh koraa dole 2014 sonor siri di-too sthan laabh korisil. nockout porzay. nockout porzaytu purbor porzayor 4taa shrestho sthan laabh koraa dolor maajot dui bhorir taait khelaa hoisil. jodi dutaa dole muth go "loto xoman hoy, tente prothom porzayot bhaal folafol laabh koraa doltuwe taait joyee hoh" bob. prothom porzay. <<// <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<> semi finalot. "atletiku miniruwe finaloloi aagbarhi goisil." "krujiruwe finaloloi aagbarhi goisil." suranto. "muth 0-0 xomotulyo hoi thoka krujiruk prothom porzayot teulukor unnot prodorxonor baabe champion ghuxona koraa hoisil." suranto shrenibibhajon. <<// <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>

2014 campionato miniro 2014 campionato miniro chhilo eff. emm. eff dwara ayojit minas jeraiser rajyo championshiper championshiper sanskaran. protijogitati 26shhey januari shuru hoy ebong 13ee april 2014-ayee shesh hoy. cruziro taader taader campionato miniro jitey eyi protijogitai joylav corren. finale cruziro ebong atletico miniro modhye duti 0-0 dra chhilo taai prothom porjaye taader uchchotoro performancer karone cruziro shiropa jitechilen. cruziro puro protijogita judey aporajito chhilen. format. prothom porjai. 2014 saaler prothom porjayer prothom rounde ekti round-robin turnamente 12tii club protidwondita korechilo. sera charti doll chudanta porjayer jonno jogyata orjon korey ebong nicher duti doll 2015 saaler dwitiya porjaye abonomito hoy. sera duti doll jeguli itimadhye cerrie ayee, cerrie bii baa cerrie shee-err 2014 morshumer jonno jogyata orjon koreni, 2014 cerrie dii-teey sthan orjon koreche. nockout porbo. nockout porboti dui payer taite ager porber sera 4tii doler modhye khela hoyechilo. duti doll jodi samogrik gole soman hoy, tobey prothom porjaye jey doll vall folafol paabe seey tye jitobe. prothom porjai. <*> </Â> semiphinal. "atletico miniro finale uthhe asen." "cruziro finale uthhe zaan." final. "samogrikbhabe 0-0 somotai, prothom porjaye taader vall performancer karone krujiroke champion ghoshana koraa hoy." chudanta shrenibibhag. <*> </Â>

2014 campeonato miniro 2014 campeonato miniro aee aef. aema. aef. dwara aayojit minas geraizni raajy champiyanshipni champiyanshipni aavrutti hatee. aaa spardhaa 26 january sharoo thaee hatee aneey 13 april april roj samaapt thaee hatee. aaa spardhaa cruzero temnee temnee campeonato miniro jeeteene jeetee hatee. finalmaan cruzero aneey atletico miniro vachche beey 0-0 drow hataa, tethee cruzero pratham tabakkama temnaa shreshth pradarshanne kaarane khitaab jeetyo hato. cruzero samagr spardhaa darmiyan ajey rahyaa hataa. swaroop. pratham tabakko. 2014 modulo I pratham tabakko aek round-robin tournamentma 12 clubo dwara ladvaamaa aavyo hato. chaar shreshth sthaane rahelee teamo anteem tabakka maate kwolifay thaee hatee aneey neecheni beey teamone 2015 modulo II maan parat mokali devaamaa aavee hatee. siirii aee, siirii bii athavaa siirii see nee 2014 season maate pahelethee jaj kwolifay naa thayelee beey shreshth sthaane rahelee teamoae 2014 siirii dii maan berth melvee hatee. nockout tabakko. nockout tabakko agaauna tabakkani 4 shreshth sthaane rahelee teamo vachche beey pagnee taaima ramvaamaa aavyo hato. jooe beey teamo ekandar goal parr barabari karey, too jeey team pratham tabakkama vadhu saaraa parinaamo melavashe teey tye jitashe. pratham tabakko. <</Â> semee final. "atletico miniro finalmaan aagad vadhyo." "cruzero finalmaan aagad vadhyo." final. "coole maleene 0-0 thee barabari parr, kruzirone pratham tabakkama temnaa saaraa pradarshanne kaarane champiyan jaaher karvaamaa aavyaa hataa." anteem vargikaran. <</Â>

2014 campionato miniro 2014 campionato miniro aff. aim. aff. dwara aayojit meenas gerais kii raajya championship kaa 100vaan sanskaran thaa. pratiyogita 26 janwari koo shuru hui aur 13 aprail 2014 koo samaapt hui. pratiyogita cruzero ney apani 38veen campionato miniro jeetkar jeeti thee. final mein cruziro aur atletico miniro key beach dou 0-0 drow they, isaliye cruziro ney pahale charan mein apane behtar pradarshan key kaaran khitaab jeetaa. cruzero poori pratiyogita mein ajeya rahey. praarup. pahala charan. 2014 key pahale charan mein ack hii round-robbin tournament mein 12 clubon dwara pratispardha kii gaee thee. chaar sarvshreshth sthaan praapt karane vaali teams ney antim charan key liye arhata praapt kii aur neeche kii dou teams koo 2015 key dwiteeya daur mein bhej diyaa gayaa. dou sarvshreshth sthaan praapt karane vaali teemen joe pahale seey hii siri aeye, siri bee yaa siri see key 2014 satron key liye arhata praapt naheen curr paaee theen, ney 2014 siri dee mein sthaan praapt kiya. nockout charan. nockout charan dou pair vaale tyee mein pichhale charan seey 4 sarvshreshth sthaan parr rahane vaali teams key beach khela gayaa thaa. yadi dou teemen kull goal parr barabari parr rahati hain, tou pahale charan mein behtar parinam paane vaali team barabari parr jeet jaayegi. pahala charan. <> </Â> semifinal. "atletico miniro final mein aage badhe." "cruzero final mein aage badhe." final. "kull milakar 0-0 seey barabari parr, cruziro koo pahale charan mein unake behtar pradarshan key kaaran champion ghoshit kiya gayaa." antim vargeekaran. <> </Â>

2014 campionato miniro 2014rahra campionato miniro efmf ayojisida minas gerais raajya championshipna 100neey aavruttiyaagide. ee spardheyu janavari 26randu praarambhavaagi 2014rahra april 13randu konegonditu. ee spardheyalli cruziro tamma 38neey campionato minirovannu geddaru. antima pandyavu cruziro mattu atletico miniro naduve 0-0 eradu dragalannu olagondittu, aaddarinda modala hantadalli avara uttama pradarshanada kaaranadindaagi cruziro prashastiyannu geddaru. cruziro spardheya uddakkoo ajeyaraagiddaru. svaroopa. modala hanta. 2014rahra modala hantada pandyaavaliyalli onde round-rabin pandyaavaliyalli 12 klabgalu spardhisiddavu. naalku atyuttama sthana padeda tandagalu antima hantakke arhate padedive mattu kelagina eradu tandagalannu 2015rahra eradane hantada pandyakke vargaayisalaagide. 2014rahra seesangalige eegaagale arhate padeyada eradu atyuttama sthaanadalliruva tandagalu, seri aa, seri bii athawa seri sii, 2014rahra seri dii yalli sthaanagalannu galisidavu. nockout hanta. eradu-kaalina samabaladalli hindina hantada 4 atyuttama sthana padeda tandagala naduve nockout hantavannu aadalaayitu. eradu tandagalu ottu golugalalli samabala saadhisidare, modala hantadalli uttama phalitaamshagalannu padeda tandavu tye annu gelluttade. modala hanta. <> </Â> semiphinal. "atletico miniro finalge munnadedaru." "cruziro finalge munnadedaru." final. "ottaareyaagi 0-0 samabaladalli, modala hantadalli avara uttama pradarshanadindaagi cruziro avarannu champiyan endu ghooshisalaayitu." antima vargeekarana. <> </Â>

2014 campionatto miniro eph. emm. eph samghadippicha minas geraayisile samsthaana chaambyanshippinte nooraamathe pathippaayirunnu 2014 campionatto miniro. januvari januvari aarambhicha malsaram 2014 epril epril avasaanichu. avarude 38-aamath campionatto miniroyil crusero vijayichu. finalil crusero atlettikko mineroy thammilulla rund 0-0 samanilakal ulppettathinaal aadya ghattatthile mikacha prakadanatthinte peril crusero kireedam nedi. malsarathiludaneelam crusero tholviyariyaathe ninnu. formet. aadya ghattam. 2014 modulo I aadya ghattathil orotta raundu robin toornamentil 12 clubbukal malsarichu. mikacha naalu teamukal avasana ghattathilekku yogyatha nedukayum thaazheyulla rund teamukal 2015 modulo II lake tharamthaazhthappedukayum cheythu. 2014 seasonile serry eiii, serry bii allengil serry sii ennivaykku ithinakam yogyatha nediyittillaattha rund mikacha teamukal 2014 serry dii yill berth nedi. nokktu ghattam. rund kaalukalulla samanilayil muun ghattathil ninnu mikacha sthaanathulla 4 teamukal thammilaan nokkautt ghattam kalichathu. rund teamukal motham golukalil samanilayilayal, aadya ghattathil mikacha phalangal nediya team samanilayil vijayikk. aadya ghattam. <</Â> semiphinal. "atlettikko miniro finalilekku munneri." "crusero finalilekku munneri." final. "mothatthil 0-0 nuu samanilayil pirinja crusero aadyaghattathile mikacha prakadanam kaaranam chaambyanmaaraayi prakhyaapichu." anthima vargeekaranam. <</Â>

2014 campionato miniro miniro campionato miniro hii eff. emm. eff. neey aayojit kelelya minas geraisachya rajya ajinkyapad spardhechi 100 vee aavrutti hotee. hii spardha 26 janewari roji suru jhaali aanee 13 april 2014 roji sampali. kruzirone tyanchi 38 vee campionato miniro jinkun hii spardha jinkley. antim samnyat cruziro aanee etaletiko miniro yanchyat 0-0 asey done anirnit samne jhaale, tyamule kruzirone pahilya tappyatil tyanchya utkrusht kamgirimule vijetepad patkavale. cruzero sampoorn spardhet aparajit hota. swaroop. pahila tappa. 2014 chya pahilya tappyatil pahilya fereet 12 sanghanni ekach raund-robbin spardhet bhag ghetala hota. chaar sarvottam sthanavaril sangh antim tappyasathi patra tharale aanee talashi asalelya done sanghanna sanghanna 2015chya fereet sthanchyut karnyat aale. siirii aii, siirii bii kinwa siirii seechya 2014 chya hangamasathi aadhich patra naan tharalelya done sarvottam sthanavaril sanghanna 2014 chya siirii dii madhye jaaga midali. baad fericha tappa. done payanchya barobarit mageel tappyatil sarvottam sthanavar asalelya 4 sanghanmadhye baad fericha tappa khelala gela. jarr done sangh ekoon goalwar barobari sadhat asateel, tarr jyaa sanghala pahilya tappyat changle parinam midale teey sangh barobari jinkatil. pahila tappa. <<// <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<> upantya pherii. "etaletiko miniro antim fereet pohochala." "cruziro antim fereet pohochala." antim pherii. "ekoon 0-0 neey barobari sadhali, pahilya tappyatil tyanchya changlya kamgirimule kruzirola vijete ghoshit karnyat aale." antim vargikaran. <<// <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>

2014 campionato miniro 2014 campionato miniro fmfdwara ayojit minas jeraisko rajya championshipko 100 aun sanskaran thiyo. pratiyogita 26 janawarima suru bhayo rar 13 april 2014 maa samapta bhayo. yo pratiyogita krujirole afno 38 aun campionato miniro jiteka thie. finalma krujiro rar atletiko minirobich dui 0-0 barabari bhaeko thiyo tyasaile krujirole pahilo charanma uniharuko utkrishta pradarshanko adharma upadhi jityo. krujiro pratiyogitabhari aparajit thie. dhancha. pahilo charan. sann 2014 ko pahilo charan ekal round-robin pratiyogitama 12 clubharudwara pratispardha garieko thiyo. chaar utkrishta sthanma raheka toliharu antim charanka lagi yogya bhae rar talka dui toliharulai 2015 ko dosro charanma sarieko thiyo. dui utkrishta sthanma raheka toliharu pahile nai 2014 sijanka lagi yogya bhaenan, siri ae, siri bee wa siri see, 2014 siri dee maa birthaharu prapta gare. nockout charan. nockout charan dui-khutta barabarima aghillo charanbata 4 sarwashreshtha sthanma raheka toliharu bitch khelieko thiyo. yadi dui toliharu samagra golma barabarima rahe bhane, pahilo charanma ramro parinam paeko tolile barabari jitnechha. pahilo charan. <</>> semifinal. "atletiko miniro finalma puge." "krujiro finalma puge." final. "samagrama 0-0 barabarima raheko, krujirolai pahilo charanma uniharuko ramro pradarshanka karan champion ghoshit gariyo." antim wargikaran. <</>>

2014 campionato miniro 2014 campionato miniro thila aif. emm. aif. dwara ajojita minas geraisara rajya championshipra 100tama sanskarana. ehi pratijogita januari 26 ray arambha hoithila ebong april 13,2014 ray shesh hoithila . ehi pratijogitare cruziro semananka 38tama campionato miniro jitithile. finalre cruziro ebong atletico miniro madhyare duiti 0-0 dra hoithila, tenu cruziro pratham parjyajare semananka unnat pradarshan karanaru title jitithile. cruziro samagra pratijogitare aparajit rahithile. formatt. pratham parjyaja. 2014rahr pratham parjyajara pratham parjyaja gotie round-rabin turnamentare 12tii club dwara pratidwandita karajaithila. charoti shrestha-abasthapita dala chudanta parjyaja paain jogyata arjan karithile ebong tala duiti dalaku 2015 modulo 2 ku abnamit karajaithila . purbaru 2014 sijan paain jogyata hassel karinathiba duiti shrestha-sthanaprapta dala, seri aii, seri bii kimba seri sii, 2014 seri dii ray sthana hassel karithile. nockout parjyaja. dui goda bisista taire purba parjyajaru 4 tii shrestha sthana adhikara karithiba dala madhyare nockout parjyaja khelajaithila . jadi duiti dala mote goal upare samaana huanti, tebe pratham parjyajare jeun dala bhal phalaphal hassel kariba, shay tye jitiba. pratham parjyaja. <Â> </Â> semi-final. "atletico miniro finalaku unneet hoithile." "cruziro finalaku agrasara hoithile." final. "motamoti bhabe 0-0 ray barabar rahithiba krujironku pratham parjyajare semananka unnat pradarshan karanaru champion ghoshana karajaithila." chudanta bargikarana. <Â> </Â>

2014 campionato miniro 2014 campionato miniro eff. aimm. eff. duaara aayojit minas grice dee raaj championship daa daa sanskaran see. ih mukabala 26 janwari noon shuru hoiaa see atey 13 aprail 2014 noon khatam hoiaa see. ih mukabala cruziro neey aapna aapna campionato miniro jitt keey jittiaa see. final witch cruziro atey atletico miniro darmiaan 0-0 naal daraa hoye iss laee cruziro neey pahile padaa witch aapne bihtar pardarshan dey caarn khitaab jittiaa. cruziro poore mukabale dauran ajetu rahey. format. pahila padaa. 2014 daa pahila padaa ikk single raoond-robin tournament witch 12 kalabban duaara khediaa giaa see. chaar sarbottam sathaan prapat teaman neey antim padaa laee qualify keeta atey hethliaan doou teaman noon 2015 dey dooje padaa witch bhej ditta giaa. doou sarbottam sathaan prapat teaman joe pahilan hii seeree aii, seeree bee jaan siree see dey 2014 dey season laee qualify naheen qarr sakiaan, neey 2014 seeree dee witch sathaan prapat keete. nockout padaa. nockout padaa doou-pair vaale tyee witch pichle padaa toon 4 sarbottam sathaan valiaan teaman vichkaar khediaa giaa see. jacker doou teaman kull golan naal barabar rahindiaan hunn, taan jiss team dey pahile padaa witch bihtar natije hunde hunn, uh tyee jitt javegi. pahila padaa. <<// <> semifinal. "aletico miniro final witch pahunch giaa." "cruziro final witch pahunch giaa." final. "kull milaa keey 0-0 naal barabari 'teey rahey, pahile padaa witch bihtar pardarshan caarn cruziro noon champion ailaniaa giaa." antim vargikaran. <<// <>

2014 campionato miniro 2014 tame varshe campionato miniro iti ef. emm. ef. ityanena ayojita minas-gerais-rajya-pratiyogitaa-kreedaayaah 100 tamah samskaranah aasit. 26 janavaree dinaanke aarabhy 2014 april 13 dinaanke samapta abhavat. kruziro ityayam 38 tamam campionato miniro iti spardhayam vijayam praapnot. antimaayaam kruziro-etaletiko-miniro-ityetayoho madhye 0-0 iti samaantar-dwayam aasit, ataha prathama-charane teshaam utkrushta-pradarshanasy karanat kruziro-varyaha upaadhim praapnot. kruziro sampoorne spardhayam ajeyah aasit. swaroopam. prathama-charanam. 2014 modu-aii prathama-charanam 12 club-dwara ekasyaah raund-rabin-spardhayam spardhitam aasit. chaturnaam shreshta-sthana-praaptau dalau antima-charanasya krute arhatah, tathaa cha adhah dwau dalau 2015 tame varshe modu-II madhye sthaanabhrashtau. 2014 tame varshe siree-e, siree-bee athavaa siree-see ityetayoho rutubhyah poorvamev yogyatam naa praaptaah shreshta-sthana-dwau dalau 2014 tame varshe siree-dee ityasmin sthaanau praaptavantah. nocout-charanam. poorvatah chaturtha-shresht-sthana-prapta-dalanam madhye dvidala-sama-spardhayam naakaut-charanam kreeditam aasit. yadi dwayoh dalayoho samagra-golayoho samatulyam bhavati tarhi prathama-charane uttama-parinaman praaptah dalah sama-samaankam praaptum arhati. prathama-charanam. <<// <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<> semee-final. "etaletiko miniro antimam prati agacchat." "cruziro antimam prati agacchat." antimam. "samagratayaa 0-0 samatulya, prathama-charane teshaam uttama-pradarshanasy karanat cruziro chyaamp-vijetaaroopen ghoshitaah." antimam vargeekaranam. <<// <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>

2014 campeonato miniro 2014 campeonato miniro enbathu eff. emm. eff aerpaadu seitha minas jeroisin maanila saambiyanshippin 100 vadhu pathippaakum. inthap poatti janavari 26 andru thodangi aepral 13,2014 andru mudivadainthathu. inthap poattiyil cruciro avarkalin 38vadhu campeonato miniroavai ventraar. iruthip poattiyil cruciro mattrum atletico miniro idaiyae 0-0 endra irandu samanilaigal irunththana, enavae muthal kattaththil avarkalin sirantha seyalthiranin kaaranamaaga cruciro pattatthai ventraar. poatti muzhuvathum cruciro thoalviyadaiyavillai. vadivam. muthal kattam. 2014 madulo aii muthal kattam oru ravund-raabin poattiyil 12 kilappugalaal poattiyittathu. naanku sirantha idam pettra anigal iruthi kattaththirku thaguthi petrtrana mattrum keezh irandu anigal 2015 motulo II kku tharamirakkappattana. aerkanavae 2014 seesangalukku thaguthi peraatha irandu sirantha anigal, chery aee, chery pii allathu chery chii, 2014 chery dii ill perththugalaip petrtrana. naak awood nilai. naak awood kattam munththaiya kattaththil irunthu sirantha 4 anigalukku idaiyil irandu kaall samanilayil vilaiyaadappattathu. irandu anigal moththa koolgalil saman seithaal, muthal kattaththil sirantha mudivugalaip pettra anii dye-aii vellum. muthal kattam. <> </Â> araiyiruthi. "atletico miniro iruthip poattikku munnaerinaar." "cruciro iruthip poattikku munnaerinaar." iruthip poatti. "moththaththil 0-0 endra kanakkil saman seiyappatta cruciro, muthal kattaththil avarkalin sirantha seyalthiran kaaranamaaga saambiyangalaaga arivikkappattanar." iruthi vagaippaadu. <> </Â>

2014 campionato miniro 2014 campionato miniro anedi efmf nirvahinchina minas geroys rashtra championship yokka 100va edition. eee pootii janavari 26naa praarambhamai 2014 april 13naa mugisindi. eee pootiiloo cruziro vaari 38va campionato minironu geluchukunnadu. finallo cruziro mariyu atletico miniro madhya rendu 0-0 dralu jarigaayi, kabatti modati dasalo vaari atyuttama pradarsana kaaranamgaa cruziro titlenu geluchukunnadu. cruziro pootii antataa ajeyamgaa nilichaadu. aakruti. modati dasha. 2014 maadyulo I modati dasalo oke round-rabin tornamentlo 12 clublu pootii paddayi. naalugu uttama sthaanaalu kaligina jatlu tudi dasaku arhata saadhinchaayi mariyu diguva rendu jatlu 2015 modu-2kii digajarai. 2014 seasonlalo ippatike arhata saadhinchani rendu uttama sthaanaalu kaligina jatlu, seree eah, seree bii ledhaa seree sii, 2014 seree dii loe sthaanaalanu pondaayi. nakout dasha. nakout dasha munupati dasha nundi naalugu uttama sthaanaalalo unna jatla madhya rendu kaalla tailo jarigindi. rendu jatlu mottam goals thoo samanamga unte, modati dasalo merugaina phalitaalu saadhinchina jattu tye gelustundi. modati dasha. <</Â> semiphinals. "atletico miniro finalku cherukunnadu." "cruziro finalku cherukunnadu." finals. "mottamgaa 0-0 thoo samamga unna cruzironu modati dasalo merugaina pradarsana kaaranamgaa champiyanluga prakatinchaaru." tudi vargeekarana. <</Â>

2014 campunito minero 2014 kaa campunito minero aif ayem aif kay zeer ahtamam minaas geeri kii riyasati champine ship kaa 100 waan edition thaa. muqabilah 26 januri kuu sharoo hawaa aur 13 apreel 2014 kuu khatam hawaa. yaha muqabilah crozero nay apnay 38 wein campunito minero kuu jeeth kirr jeeta thaa. final crozero aur atleto minero kay darmiyan 0-0 say duu draa parr mushtamil thaa lehza crozero nay pehley marhalay mein apnee behatar karkardgi kii wajah say tytle jeeta. crozero puray muqabilay mein naqabil shakast rahay. shakal. pehla marhalah. 2014 kay pehley marhalay mein 12 kalbon nay eek round raaban tornament mein muqabilah kiyaa thaa. chaar behtareen position waali teamein final marhalay kay liye kawalifai kirr gayein aur nichli duu teamon kuu 2015 kay dosray marhalay mein muntaqil kirr diyaa gayaa. duu behtareen position waali teamein juu pehley hyee seeri aey seeri bee yaa seeri see kay 2014 kay seezan kay liye kawalifai nahein kirr skee thein nay 2014 seeri ddee mein barth haasil kii. naak aaot marhalah. naak aaot marhalah duu taangon waalay tayee mein pachlay marhalay say 4 behtareen position waali teamon kay darmiyan kheela gayaa thaa. agar duu teamein majmuyi goal parr baraabar how jaati haine tuu jiss team kay pehley marhalay mein behatar nataij hotay haine wah tayee jeeth jaaye gee. pehla marhalah. <</Â> seemi final. "atleto minero final mein aagay badh gayaa." "crozero final mein aagay badhay." final. "majmuyi toor parr 0-0 say baraabar crozero kuu pehley marhalay mein inn kii behatar karkardgi kii wajah say champine qaraar diyaa gayaa." hatmi darjah bundi. <</Â>

0000f072fbe7a3748c51f59f5f04847507c4b59bb13eb8559864654820ba3553

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53747577

Feel (Kendrick Lamar song)

Feel (Kendrick Lamar song) "Feel" (stylized as "FEEL.") is a song by American rapper Kendrick Lamar, from his fourth studio album "Damn", released on April 14, 2017. The fifth track on the album (tenth on the "Collector's Edition" of "Damn"), the song was written by Lamar and Mark Spears, a.k.a. Sounwave, and produced by Sounwave. The song features bass from bass guitarist Thundercat and vocals from Chelsea Blythe. Lyrics. The song sees Lamar taking a deeper look into the void and isolation caused by fame and success, specifically how he feels detached from his family and friends. A common recurrence in "Feel" is the phrase "Ain't nobody prayin' for me", a sentiment that Lamar "revisits elsewhere". Critical reception. In a positive review, writers of "Rolling Stone" magazine said "with round, textured notes from the Grammy-winning bass virtuoso Thundercat and a rickety, rim-shot drum pulse, "Feel" nods to the live-musician inflections of "To Pimp a Butterfly" – or the sixth track from last year's "untitled unmastered." Ann Powers of "NPR Music" also gave a positive review, saying "Feel" was the first song that "jumped out" at her on "Damn". Powers also commented that the song is reminiscent of "To Pimp a Butterfly". Samples. The song contains a sample of the song "Stormy" by American musician O. C. Smith from the album "For Once in My Life". It also contains interpolations from "Don't Let Me Down" by Fleurie from the album "Love and War". Live performances. Lamar has performed "Feel" as an encore on the Damn tour. Credits and personnel. Credits adapted from the official "Damn" digital booklet. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

onubhob korok (kendrik laamor geet) "onubhob korok" ("onubhob korok" hisape xoilibodho.") hoise aamerikan repar kendrik lamoror etaa geet, teur soturtho studio 'elbam" "daam" "ror poraa, ji 14 april, 2017-too mukoli hoisil. elbamtur ponchom trektu (" "daam" "ror" "collectors edition" "ror doxom), gittu laamor aaru mark spiyar, sounwavor dwara likha hoisil aaru sounwave projujona korisil. gittut bes giterbadok thundercator bes aaru chelsi blythor kontho aase. gitor kotha. gittut laamore khyati aaru xofolotar folot huwa xunyota aaru bischinnotar uporot gobhir dristi nibodho koraa dekha yaay, bixexkoi teu nijor poriyal aaru bondhuborgor poraa kenekoi bischinno onubhob kore. onubhob" ror etaa xadharon punorabritti hoise "mur baabe kuneu prarthona nokore" xobdotu, etaa onubhob ji laamore "aan thait punoruddhar kore". xomaluchonamulok aadoroni. ek itibasok porzaluchonat, "rolling stone" alusonir lekhoke koichil je "graami-bijoyi bes vertuo" cho "thundercate aaru rikiti, rim-swot drum palsor brittakar, texser nutor xoite" "etaa pokhila protihot koriboloi"-baa juwa bosoror "xirunambihin unmastered" ror xostho trektur live-xongitogyor probhawot munduri maare."eno. pi. aar. musicor eno powers-u ek itibasok porzaluchona disil, koichil je" "onubhob" "aasil prothom geet ji" "obhixap" "too teur uporot" "bahiroloi ulai goisil. xoktirxokole logote montobyo korisil je gittuwe "etaa pokhilar proti probhab peluwa" ror kotha monot pelai diye. nomuna. gittut aamerikan xongitogyo oh "ror" sto "rmee" gittur etaa nomuna aase. chi. mur jiwanat ebaror baabe" elbamtur poraa smith. iyat "prem aaru juddho" elbamor frurir "dont lett mii daaun" ror ontorbhukto ongxou aase. live prodorxon. laamore ei bhromonot "onubhob" korise. credit aaru kormosari. sorkari "dyam" digital pustikar poraa grohon koraa krititwo.

onubhob korun (kendrick lamar gaan) "onubhob korun" ("onubhob korun" hisabe shailikrito.") american rapper kendrick lamar ekti gaan, taar choturtho studio album" "dyama" "theke, 14ee april, 2017-ayee mukti paay. albumer pancham track (" "dyama" "-err" "collectors edishana" "-err dasham), ganti lamar ebong marqa spear, sunwave dwara lekha hoyechilo ebong sunwave dwara utpadito hoyechilo. gantite bases guiterbadok thundercater bases ebong chelsey blyther kontho royeche. gaaner kotha. gantite lamarke khyati ebong safalyer karone srishto shunnota ebong bichchinnotar dike govirbhabe nojor ditey dekha yaay, biseshoto tini kibhabe taar poribar ebong bondhuder theke bichchinno bodh corren. anubhuti"-err ekti sadharan punorabritti holl "keu amar jonno prarthona korche naa", emon ekti anubhuti jaa lamar "onno kothao punarbibechana korey". samalochanamulak abhyarthana. ekti itibachak porjalochonai, "rolling stone" magaziner lekhakra bolechen "grammy-vijayi bases gunee bojropitto ebong ekti rikiti, rima-shhata drum pulls theke brittakar, texture note soho", "ekti prajapati-baa goto bochorer" shironamhin muster "theke shostho tracker live-sangitagya inflectiongulite matha nadche."enn. pii. arr sangiter ayana powersow ekti itibachak porjalochona diyechilo, bolechilo jey" "onubhob" "chhilo prothom gaan jaa" "abhishap" "-ayee taar dike" "jhanpiye porechilo" ". powers arow montobbo koreche jey ganti "ekti projapotir pimp korar" kotha money koriye deyo. namuna. gantite american sangitagya oo-err "stormy" gaaner ekti namuna royeche. shee. amar jeebone ekbarer jonno" album theke smith. etey "prem ebong juddho" album theke fluory "amake hotash korben naa" theke interpolation royeche. live performance. lamar eyi sofore ekti encore hisabe "onubhob" korechen. credit ebong karmi. official "dyama" digital booklet theke grihito credit.

pheel (qendriqa lamar geet) "pheel" ("pheel" tareeke shailibaddh.") aee american rapper qendriqa lamarnu geet chhe, jeey temnaa chothaa studiyo album" "dayman" "noon chhe, jeey 14 april, april roj release thayu hatoo. album parnoo paanchmu track (" "dayman" "nee" "collectorni aavrutti" "parr dasmu), aaa geet lamar aneey marqa bhaala, sounwave dwara lakhvaamaa aavyu hatoo aneey sounwave dwara utpaadit karvaamaa aavyu hatoo". aaa gitamaa baas gitaarvaadak thundercateno baas aneey chelsey blythenaa avaajo chhe. geeto. aaa gitamaa lamar prasiddhi aneey safalataane kaarane thataa shunya aneey algataamaa undanpurvak dhyaan aape chhe, khaas kareene teey tenaa parivaar aneey meetrothi kevee reete alag padey chhe. laagani" maan aek saamanya punraavartan aee shabdsamuh chhe "koee maaraa maate praathnaa karatu nathee", aek aevee laagani keey jeey lamar "anyatra pharii juae chhe". vivechanaatmak swaagat. aek sakaratmak samikshaamaa, "rolling stone" megezeenna lekhakoae kahyoo hatoo keey "graamee-vijeta baas varchuso thundercate aneey aek rickitty, rima-shhota drum pulsney gola, texture notes saathe, jivant-sangitkaarnaa inflectionsne" feels "butterflyne prabhaavit karvaa maate-athavaa gayaa varshnaa" sheershak vinaanaa master "maanthi chhaththa track."aena. pii. aar. sangeetni aena powersay pann hakaaraatmak samiksha aapee hatee, aema kaheene keey" "pheel" "aee pratham geet hatoo jeey" "dayman" "parr tenaa parr" "koodee gayoo". " sattaoae aevee pann tippani curry hatee keey aaa geet "butterflyne pimp karvaanee" yaad apaave chhe. namunaao. aaa gitamaa american sangeetkaar oo. naa "stormi" geetno namoono chhe. see. maaraa jeevanma aek vaar" aalbammathi smith. temaa "prem aneey yuddh" aalbammathi fluory dwara "maney neeche naa doo" maanthi pann antarveshan chhe. jivant pradarshan. lamre aaa pravasma aek encor tareeke "pheel" karyoo chhe. credit aneey karmchaareeo. sattavaar "dhikkaar" digital pustikamathi svikarvama aavel credit.

feel (kendrick lamar geet) "mahsoos karein" (jaisa kii "mahsoos karein" key roop mein shailibaddh.") americi rapper kendrick lamar kaa ack geet haye, joe unake chauthe studio album" "dammon" "seey haye, joe 14 aprail, 2017 koo jaari kiya gayaa thaa. album kaa paanchvaan track (" "dammon" "key" "collector key sanskaran" "parr dasvaan), geet lammer aur maark bhaala, saunvev dwara likhaa gayaa thaa aur saunvev dwara nirmit thaa. iss geet mein baas gitarvadak thundercat kaa baas aur chelsey blythe kaa gaayan haye. geet. geet mein lamar koo prasiddhi aur safalata key kaaran honey vaale shoonya aur algaav parr gaharaai seey nazar daalate hue dekhaa gayaa haye, vishesh roop seey vaha apane parivaar aur doston seey alag mahsoos kartaa haye. mahsoos" mein ack aam punaravritti vakyansh haye "koee bhee merey liye prarthana naheen curr rhaa haye", ack bhavna joe lamar "kaheen aur phir seey dekhta haye. aalochanatmak swaagat. ack sakaratmak sameeksha mein, "rolling stone" patrika key lekhakon ney kahaa kii "grammy-vijeta baas gunee thundercat aur ack rickeaty, rima-shott drum puls key goal, banaavat vaale notes key saath," ack titali koo prabhaavit karane key liye "key live-sangeetkaar prabhaavon koo sir hilaate hue mahsoos karate hain-yaa pichhale saal key" sheershakaheen master "key chhathe track."aine. pee. aar. sangeet kii aine shaktiyon ney bhee ack sakaratmak sameeksha dee, yeh kahate hue kii" "feel" "pahala geet thaa joe" "dhikkaar" "parr usa parr" "kood gayaa" ". shaktiyon ney yeh bhee tippani kii kii yeh geet "ack titali koo lubhaane" kii yaad dilaata haye. namoone. iss geet mein americi sangeetkaar oh key "stormy" geet kaa ack namuna haye. see. merey jeevan mein ack baar key liye" album seey smith. isamen "prem aur yuddh" album seey fleery dwara "mujhe nirash naa karein" seey antarveshan bhee shamil hain. live pradarshan. lamar ney iss shandar daure mein ack encore key roop mein "feel" kaa pradarshan kiya haye. credit aur karmchari. aadhikarik "dhikkaar" digital pustika seey anukoolit credit.

pheel (kendrick lamar haadu) "pheel" ("pheel" endu shailikarisalaagide.") american rapar kendrick lamar avara nalkane studio album" "damn" "naa haadaagiddu, april 14,2017 randu bidugadeyaayitu. albumna aidane haadu (damn naa" "collectors edition" "nalli hattaneyadu), ee haadannu lamar mattu maark eetigalu, sounwave barediddaare mattu sounwave nirmisiddaare". ee haadinalli baas guitar vaadaka thundercat mattu chelsia blythe avara gaayanavide. sahitya. ee haadinalli lamar, khyaati mattu yashassininda untaaguva shoonyate mattu pratyekateya bagge, nirdishtavagi aata tanna kutumba mattu sneehitarinda berpattiruva bagge hege bhaavisuttaane embudannu aalavaagi noduttaane. bhaava" dalli saamaanya punaraavartaneyendare "nanagagi yaaroo prarthisuvudilla" emba nudigattu, idu lamar "berede maruparisheelisuva" bhavane. vimarshaatmaka svaagata. sakaaraatmaka vimarsheyalli, "rolling stone" niyatakaalikeya barahagararu "grammy-vijeta baas virtuso thundercat mattu rikiti, rim-shaat drum palsninda dundaada, texture tippanigalondige," live-musician inflectiongalige "" chitte "-athawa kaleda varshada" shirshikeyillada masteredna aarane track "ge" nodes "endu helidaru."enn. pii. aarr. sangeetada aun powers saha sakaaraatmaka vimarsheyannu needitu," "pheel" "embudu" "domm" "nalli avalannu" "jigidu" "maadida modala haadu endu helide". ee haadu "chitte hodeyuvudu" endu nenapisuttade endu powers pratikriyiside. maadarigalu. ee haadinalli american sangeetagaara oo. avara "starmy" haadina maadariyannu olagondide. sii. nanna jeevanadalli ommeyaadaroo" emba albumna smith. idu "love und waar" albumna fluoriyinda "dont lett mii down" ninda antarveshanagalannu saha olagondide. live pradarshanagalu. lamar avaru pravaasadalli "pheel" annu pradarshisiddare. credit mattu sibbandi. adhikruta "damn" digital kirupustakadinda sweekarisida creditgalu.

pheel (kendrick lammer gaanam) "pheel" ("pheel" aayi stylise cheythirikkunnu.") american rapper kendrick lamarinte naalaamathe studiyo aalbamaaya" "daam" "ll ninnulla oru gaanamaan, 2017 epril 14 nuu puratthirangi. aalbathile anchaamathe track (daamnte" "collectors editionil" "patthaam sthaanam), eee gaanam lamar maarkk spearukalum, sounvevum chernnu rachichu, sounvevu nirmmichu". baas gitaarist thandarkaattil ninnulla baas, chelsey blaithil ninnulla shabdam enniva eee gaanathil ulppedunnu. varikal. prasasthiyum vijayavum moolamundaakunna shoonyathayeyum ottappedalineyum kurichu lammer aazhathil parishodhikkunnath eee gaanam kaanunnu, prathyekichu thante kudumbatthil ninnum suhruthukkalil ninnum thanichaayirikkunnathu thonnunnu. enikku vendi aarum praarthikkunnilla" enna vaakyamaan "pheel" ennathil oru saadhaarana aavarthanam, lammer "mattevideyengilum veendum sandarshikkunna" oru vikaaramaan. vimarsanaathmakamaaya sweekaranam. rolling stoon" maasikayude ezhuthukaar oru nalla avalokanathil paranju, "grammy nediya baas vertuoso thandarkaattil ninnulla vrithaakrithiyilulla kurippukalodum oru rickie, riim-shoat drum pulsinode koodi," oru chithrashalabhathe pimp cheyyaan "-allengil kazhinja varshathe" peridaattha maasttar cheyyaatha "aaraamathe trackle ninnulla thalsamaya-samgeethajnjarude edapedalukalilekku" thalayaattunnu "."" "enn. pii. aarr. myoosikkinte" "aan pavarukalum oru nalla avalokanam nalki," "pheel" "aanu" "daan" "ennathil avale" "chaadiya" "aadya gaanam ennu paranju". oru chithrashalabhathe pimp cheyyaan" ennathine ormmippikkunnathaanu eee gaanamennum powers abhiprayappettu. saambilukal. american samgeethajnjanaaya oo. aarr. aarr. oo. yude "stomsi" enna gaanatthinte oru maathruka eee gaanathil adangiyirikkunnu. sii. ente jeevithathil orikkal" enna aalbathil ninnulla smith. lavu aandu vaar" enna aalbathil ninnulla fluoryude "dond lettu mii daun" ennathil ninnulla interpolationukalum ithil adangiyirikkunnu. live prakadanangal. eee mosham paryadanatthil oru encoraayi lammer "pheel" avatharippichittundu. creditukalum udyogastharum. audyogika "daan" digital booklettil ninnu sweekaricha kredittukal.

pheel (kendrick lamar gaane) "pheel" ("pheel" mhanoon shailibaddha.") heey american rapper kendrick lamarche, 14 april 2017 roji pradarshit jhalelya tyachya chauthya studio album" "dammon" "madheel eka gaane aahe. albammadhil pachve gaane (" "dammon" "chya" "collectorchya aavruttivar dahave), heey gaane lammer aanee marqa bhala, sounwave yanni lihile hote aanee saunavevne nirmiti kelee hotee". yaa ganyat baas gitarvadak thunderketcha baas aanee chelsey blythecha aavaj aahe. geete. yaa ganyat lamarla prasiddhi aanee yashamule nirman jhalelya pokali aanee ektepanachi sakhol dakhal ghetana, visheshtah tyala tyachya kutumbapasoon aanee mitranpasoon kase vegale vatate yakade pahile aahe. bhavna' madhye eka samanya punaravrutti mhanje 'majhyasathi konihi prathna karat nahee' haah vakyansh, eka bhavna jee lamar 'anyatra punha pahate'. samikshatmak swagat. eka sakaratmak punaravalokanat, 'rolling stone' masikachya lekhakanni mhatale qee, 'grammy-vijetya baas virtuoso thunderketchya goal, banavat notes aanee eka rickety, riim-shaut drum pulses, phulpakharala pimp karnyasathi'-kinwa gelya varshichya 'shirshak nasalelya mastard' madheel sahavya trackchya thet-sangitkaranchya pratibhes 'maan' dya."aine. pii. aar. musicchya aine powersney dekhil sakaratmak samiksha dilee, asey mhanat qee" "pheel" "heey pahile gaane hote jeey tichyavar" "damm" "varr" "udee marley". " powerne asehi mhatale aahe qee heey gaane 'phulpakharala pimp karane' yachee aathvan karoon dete. namune. yaa ganyat american sangitkar oo. chya 'stormy' ganyacha namuna aahe. see. phaur vans inn maay life' yaa albammadhil smith. tyat 'prem aanee yuddh' yaa sangrahatil fluorychya 'mallah nirash karoo nakaa' yaa ganyache anuvad dekhil aahet. thet sadarikaran. lamarne yaa dauyat eka pratikatmak mhanoon 'pheel' sadar kele aahe. patt aanee karmchari. adhikrut 'damm' digital pustiketoon swikarleli patt.

feel (kendrick lamar geet) "mahasus garnuhos" ("anubhav" ko rupma shailikrit.") americi rapper kendrick lamarko geet how, unko chautho studio album" "dyam" "batt, april 14,2017 maa jaari garieko thiyo. albumko panchaun track (" "dyam" "ko" "collectorko sanskaran" "maa dashaun), yo geet lamar rar mark bhala, sanawebhadwara lekhieko thiyo rar sanawebhadwara nirmit thiyo. gitma bases gitarwadak thundercatko bass rar chelsey blythko bhokalsa raheko chha. githaru. gitma lamarle prasidhi rar safaltako karan bhaeko shunya rar algaoma gahiro nazar haliraheko dekhinchha, vishesh gari kasari uni afno pariwar rar sathiharubata alag mahasus garchhan. anubhuti" maa ek samanya punarawritti wakyansh how "kohi pani mera lagi prarthana gardaina", ek bhawana june lamarle "anyatra punah bhraman gardacha. alochanatmak swagat. ek sakaratmak samikshama, "rolling stone" patrikaka lekhakharule bhane "gryami-vijeta bass warchuso thundercat rar ek ricky, rim-sutt drum pulsbatt goal, banawat noteharusanga," mahasus garnuhos "" laibh-sangitkar inflexonharuma "" ek titlilai pimp garna "-wa gata warshako" shirshakwihin unmastered "ko chhaitaun track."" "enn. pie. arr. music" "kaa enn powersle pani sakaratmak samiksha dindai" "feel" "pahilo geet thiyo jasle unlai" "dhikkar" "maa" "ufryo" "bhani bhane. pawarle yo geet "butterfly pimp garna" ko samjhana garaunchha bhani pani tippani gare. namunaharu. gitma americi sangitkar o-ko "stormy" gitko namuna samawesh chha. see. smith albumbata "mero jiwanma ek patakaka lagi". yasama album "prem rar yuddha" batt fluorydwara "malai tall nabanaunuhos" batt antarkshepharu pani samawesh chhan. pratyaksha pradarshan. lamarle yass kharab bhramanma ek enkorko rupma "feel" pradarshan gareka chhan. credit rar karmachariharu. adhikarik "dhikkar" digital pustikabata anukulit creditharu.

anubhaba karantu (kendrick lammer geeta) "anubhaba karantu" ("anubhaba karantu" bhabe shaileekruta.") heuchhi americae rapara kendrick lamarnka dwara rachita eka geeta, jaahaa tankara chaturtha studio album" "daam" "ru, jaahaa april 14,2017 ray muktilabha karithila. albummer pancham track (" "daam" "rahr" "kalektaranka sanskaranare dasham), ehi geetati lammer ebong marck barchha, saunwebh dwara likhita ebong saunwebh dwara nirmita . ehi geetare baas guiterbadaka thundercatra baasa ebong chelsey blaithnka kantha rahichhi. gitagudika. ehi geetare lammer prasiddhi ebong saphalata dwara srusti hoithiba shunya ebong bichinnata upare gabhira drusti rakhithiba dekhibaku milichi, bisesh curry shay kipari taanka paribara ebong bandhunkatharu bichhinna anubhaba karanti . anubhaba" ray eka sadharana punarabrutti heuchhi bakyansha "kehi moe paain prarthana karunahanti", eka bhabana jaahaa lammer "anyatra punarbara paridarshan kare . samalochanamoolaka swagata. eka sakaratmaka samikhyare, "roling stone" patrikara lekhakamane kahichanti je "grammy-bijai baas bharchuoso thunder cattra goal, texture note ebong eka rikiti, rimm-sutt drum pulse sahita," eka prajapati pimp kariba "rahr live-musician inflexion-kimba gata barshar" shirshakahina unmastered "rahr shastha track ku munda nuani anubhaba kare ."" "enn. pii. aarr. music" "rahr aann powers madhya eka sakaratmaka samikhya pradan curry kahithile je" "anubhaba" "heuchhi pratham geeta jaahaa" "abhishapa" "ray taanka aadaku" "dame out" "karithila. powers ehaa madhya mantabya deichhanti je ehi geetati "eka prajapati pimp kariba" rahr smarana karaithae . namuna. ehi geetare americae sangeetagya oh. nka "stermy" geetara eka namuna rahichhi. sii. moe jeebanare thare" alabamaru smith. ethire "prem ebong juddha" albummer fluorinka dwara "mote nirash karantu naahin" ru madhya antarkhyepa rahichhi . jibanta pradarshan. lammer ehi duhsahasika gastare eka encore bhabare "anubhaba" pradarshan karichanti . credit ebong karmachari. sarkari "daam" digital pustikaru grahan karajaithiba credit.

feel (candrick lamar geet) "mahisus crow" ("mahisus crow" dey roop witch shailibadh.") amriki rapper candrick lamar daa ikk geet haii, joe 14 aprail, 2017 noon jaari keeti gaee aapni chauthi studio album" "dammon" "daa haii. album daa panjwan track (dammon dey" "colector edition" "daa daswan), ih geet lamar atey maarak barchhe, sonwave duaara likhiaa giaa see atey sonwave duaara tiaar keeta giaa see. iss geet witch baas guitarist thundercat daa baas atey chelsey blythe daa boll haii. boll. geet witch lamar noon prasidhi atey safalta dey caarn paida hoye khalaa atey alagg-thalagpan witch dunghi nazar maarde hoye dekhiaa giaa haii, khaas taur 'teey uh aapne parivaar atey dostan toon alagg mahisus karda haii. mahisus" witch ikk aam duhrao vakansh haii "koee vee merey laee prarthna naheen qarr riha", ikk bhavna joe lamar "kitey horr mudd mudada haii". aalochnatmak suagat. ikk skaratmak samikhiaa witch, "rolling stone" magazine dey lekhakan neey kiha kii "grammy-jetu baas kalatmak thundercat atey ikk kharaab, rima-shaat drum pulse dey goal, texted notes dey naal," live-sangeetkar dey prabhav noon sir hilaunde hoye mahisus karde hunn "ikk titli noon pimp curran laee-jaan pichle saal dey" ann-sirlekhit ann-mastard "dey chheven track noon."ainn. pee. aar. sangeet deeaan ainn. powers neey vee ikk skaratmak samikhiaa ditti, ih kahinde hoye kii" "feel" "pahila geet see joe" "daim" "utte uss utte" "chhaal maar ditti" "see. powers neey ih vee tippni keeti kii ih geet "ikk titli noon pimp curran" dee yaad divaunda haii. namune. iss geet witch amriki sangeetkar ou. dey geet "tufani" daa ikk namuna haii. see. smith album "merrie zindagi witch ikk vaar laee" toon. iss witch album "piaar atey yuddh" toon faluri duaara "mainoon hethan naa sutto" toon interpolation vee shamal hunn. live pardarshan. lamar neey iss shandar daure witch ikk sankhep roop witch "feel" daa pardarshan keeta haii. credit atey karamchari. adhikarat "dammon" digital pustika toon anukulit credit.

anubhootih (kendrick laamar geetam) "feel" ("feel" iti shaileekrutam.") american-ryaapar kendrick laamar ityasya geetam asti, tasya chaturthasya studio-aalbam" demn "ityasya geetam, yat 2017 april 14 dinaanke prakaashitam aasit. aalbam ityasya panchamam geetam (demn ityasya" collectors edition "ityasya dashamam bhaagam), etat geetam laamar-ityanena likhitam aasit tathaa maark-spear, saun-vev ityanena nirmitam, saun-vev ityanena nirmitam. asmin gaane baas gitaar vaadakasya thunder kyaat ityasya baas, chelsey blaith ityasya gayanam cha asti. geetaani. geetam, laamar ityenam khyatya safalatayaa cha utpannasya shunyatam, ekakipanam cha gahanataya avalokayati, visheshatah saha svaparivaaraat mitraihi cha katham vilambam anubhavati iti. anubhootih" ityasmin samanyam punaraavartanam "naa key api mama krute praarthayanti" iti vaakyam asti, eshaa bhavana laamar "anyatra punah punah karoti" iti. vimarshaatmak-sweekaranam. sakaratmakasamikshayam "rolling stone" patrikaayaah lekhakaah avadat yat "grami-vijetaayaah baas-varchuso-thunder kyaat ityasya vruttaakaar-texture-nott-ityanena saha, rickety, rim-shaat drum puls-ityanena saha," feel "iti" laiv-musician-inflection-too pimp a butterfly "-athavaa gatavarshasya" untitled unmastered "ityasya shashtam track-prati nagnaah."enn. pi. aar. music" ityasya aan-powers api sakaratmakam samiksham dattavaan, "feel" iti prathamam geetam yat "dem" ityasmin tasyaah upari "jump aut" iti uktavaan. powers ityanena api abhimatam yat etat geetam "titali-pimp kartum" iti smaraniyam asti iti. namunaah. asmin gaane american-sangeetajnasya o. ityasya "stormee" iti gitasya namuna asti. sii. faar vans inn mai laif" iti aalbam ityatah smit. asmin "love and vaar" iti aalbam ityasya fluory ityasya "dont lett mee down" ityasya antarbhaashanaah api santi. sajeevapradarshane. laamar ityayam durdashayam pravaase "feel" iti sangeetam abhyanayt. runaani tathaa karmakaraah. adhikarikat "daamn" digital-pustikaayaah anugunam credits.

unarvu (kendrick lamar paadal) "unarvu" ("unarvu" poala vadivamaikkappattullathu.") america ropper kendrick lamar ezhuthiya oru paadal, avarathu naankaavathu studio aalbamaana" "damn" "ill irunthu, aepral 14,2017 andru veliyidappattathu. aalpaththin ainthaavathu track (damnin" "collectorin pathippil" "paththaavathu), paadal lamar mattrum maark eettikalaal ezhuthappattathu, sounwave, mattrum sounwave thayaariththathu". inththa paadalil baas kittar kalaignar idi mattrum celsia plaith kural aagiyavai idampettrullana. paadal varigal. pugazh mattrum vettriyaal aerpadum vetrtridaththaiyum thanimaippaduththalaiyum lamar aazhamaagap paarppathai inthap paadal paarkkirathu, kurippaaga avar thanathu kudumbaththinar mattrum nanbarkalidamirunthu pirinththuvittathaaka unarkiraar. unarvu" endra sottrodarin podhuvaana marupirappu "enakkaaka yaarum praarththanai seiyavillai", idhu lamar "vaeru idangkalil marupariseelanai seiyum oru unarvu". vimarsana reethiyaana varavaerpu. oru nermaraiyaana mathippaaivil, "urulum cull" paththirigaiyin ezhuththaalargal "grammy ventra baas nallolukka idi mattrum oru murattutthanamaana, riim-shhaat trum thudippilirunthu vattamaana, texter seiyappatta kurippugaludan," oru pattampoochchiyai pimp seiya "-allathu kadantha aandin" peyaridappadaatha maastar "-inn aaraavathu trackin neradi-isaikkalainarkalin ookkaththirku" thalayasaikkirathu "endru unarnththanar."" "enn. pii. aarr. music" "inn aann bowers oru nermaraiyaana mathippaaivai valangkiyathu," "fill" "enbathu avalai" "damn" "meethu" "veliyae kuthiththa muthal paadal endru kooriyadhu". inththa paadal "oru pattampoochchiyai pimp seivathu" enbathai ninaivoottuvathaagum endrum sakthigal karutthu theriviththana. maathirigal. inthap paadal america isaikkalainar ooo. vinn "puyal" paadalin maathiriyaik kondullathu. chii. enn vaazhkkaiyil oru murai" endra aalpaththilirunthu smith. love andd vaar" endra aalpaththilirunthu fluory ezhuthiya "ennai veelththa vaendaam" enbathilirunthu idaikkanippugalum idhil ullana. neradi nigazhchchigal. lamar inththa moasamaana suttruppayanaththil oru kurukkuvettiyaaga "unarvu" yaii nigazhththiyullaar. varavugal mattrum paniyaalarkal. athikaarappoorva "damn" digital puththagaththilirunthu thaluviya varavugal.

anubhooti (kendrick lamar paata) "anubhooti" (anubhootigaa saileekarinchabadindi.") american rapar kendrick lamar raasina paata, athani nalgava studio album" "damn" "nundi, april 14,2017naa vidudalaindi. aalbamloni aidava track (damn yokka" "collectors edition" "loe padavadi), eee patanu lamar mariyu maark spears, sounwave raasaaru mariyu sounwave nirminchaaru". eee paatalo baas gitaaru vaadyakaarudu thundercat nundi baas mariyu chelsia blythe nundi gaatram unnaayi. saahityam. eee paatalo lamar keerti mariyu vijayam valla kalige shoonyata mariyu ontaritanam gurinchi, mukhyamgaa thana kutumbam mariyu snehitula nundi athanu elaa vidipoyado lothugaa pariseelistaadu. anubhooti" loe oka saadhaarana punaraavruta padabandham "evaruu naa kosam praardhinchadam ledhu", idhi lamar "marekkadaina tirigi chuse bhavana". vimarsanaatmaka swaagatam. rolling stone" patrika rachayitalu saanukuula sameekshalo, "grammy-vijaeta baas vertuso thundercat nundi gundrani, aakruti gala gamanikalatho mariyu oka rickie, rim-shaat drum pulls", "pratyaksha-sangeetakaarula inflectionlaku" "oka seethaakokachilukanu pimp cheyadaaniki"-ledhaa gatha samvatsaram "" paerulaeni mastard "nundi aarava track anie chepparu."enn. pii. aarr. sangeetam yokka aann powers kooda saanukuula sameekshanu ichindi," "pheel" "anedi" "daam" "loe aamepai" "jump avt" "ayina modati paata anie cheppindi". eee paata "oka seethaakokachilukanu chimminchadam" nuu gurtuchestundani kooda powers vyaakhyaaninchindi. namuunaalu. eee paatalo american sangeetakaarudu oo. raasina "tuphaanu" paata yokka namuunaa undhi. sii. naa jeevitamlo okasari" album nundi smith. idhi "love und waar" album nundi fleery dwara "dont lett mii down" nundi interpolationlanu kooda kaligi undhi. pratyaksha pradarsanalu. lamar eee ghoramaina paryatanalo oka encore gaa "pheel" nuu pradarsinchaaru. credit mariyu sibbandi. adhikaarika "damn" digital booklet nundi sweekarinchabadina credits.

ahsaas (candrik laamar gaana) "mahsus karein" (jaisa kahh "mahsus karein" kay toor parr style kiyaa gayaa hay.") americi reeper candrik laamar kaa eek gaana hay juu inn kay choothay studio album" "deman" "kaa hay juu 14 apreel 2017 kuu release hawaa. album kaa panchwan track (deman kay" "clectors edition" "parr daswaan)yee yaha gaana leemar aur maark nezon suun view nay likhaa thaa aur suun view nay tayaar kiyaa thaa. iss gaaney mein baas gtarst thunder cate kaa baas aur cheelsi bleeth kii aawaz shaamil hay. boul. gaaney mein laamar kuu shahrat aur kamiyabi kii wajah say honay waalay khalaa aur tanhayi parr gehri nazar daaltay hoay dekha gayaa hay khaas toor parr wah apnay khaandaan aur doston say alg thalag mahsus kartaa hay. ahsaas" mein eek aam takraar yaha jamlah hay kahh "koyee miray liye duaa nahein kirr rehaa hay"yee eek aisa ahsaas juu laamar "kahein aur dobarah dekhta hay". tanqidi isteqbaliya. eek masbat jaizay mein "roling stone" megzin kay masnafeen nay kahaa kahh "greemi jeetnay waalay baas warchoso thunder cate kay goal banawat waalay noton aur eek kharaab rumm shaat drum puls kay saath" mahsus hotaa hay "laiyo mausiqar kay taasraat kii taraf sarr jhakaa deeta hay" "tatliyon kuu phansa deena"-yaa pachlay saal kay "ghair anwaan yaaftah ghair maahir" kay chhatay track."aine pee aar music kii aine pawarz nay bhee eek masbat jaizah deetay hoay kahaa kahh" "ahsaas" "pehla gaana thaa jiss nay" "laanat" "parr inn parr" "chhalang lagaa dee" ". pawarz nay yaha bhee tabsarah kiyaa kahh yaha gaana "tatliyon kuu daheer laganay" kii yaad dilata hay. namunay. iss gaaney mein americi mausiqar awo kay gaaney "storemy" kaa namunah hay. see. album "meeri zindagi mein eek baar kay liye" say samath. iss mein "mohabat aur jung" album say flaveri kay "majhay mayus naha karein" kay tarjume bhee shaamil haine. laiyo performans. laamar nay iss khufnaak doray mein eek ancor kay toor parr "ahsaas" kaa mazahirah kiyaa hay. creadt aur ahalkaar. sarkaari "deman" degital kitabche say akhz kardah creadt.

0000f3a1c663bd732999142ba96a730ddd38ec145d3ef2e913b3c1750354db45

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki?curid=660660

сударыня

сударыня Russian. Etymology. Feminine form of . Also, contracted form of .

rasian sudarian. byutpotti. naari rup. logote, suktibodho rup.

russian sudan. byutpatti. naarii roop. echhadao, chuktiboddho form.

russian russian. vyutpatti. stree swaroop. pann, karaar swaroop.

russie russie. vyutpatti. stree roop. bhee, anubandhit roop seey.

rashyaada sudanian. vyutpatti. stree roopa. allade, oppandada roopa.

russian sudan. padavyuthpathishaasthram. sthree roopam. koodaathe, karar roopavum.

russian russian. vyutpatti. stree swaroop. tasech, kararbaddha swaroop.

rusi rusi. wyutpatti. stri roop. pani, ko anubandhit roop.

rushiah saudi arab. byutpatti. naaree roop. madhya, chuktinama form.

russie russie. shabdawali. aurat roop. vee, dey ikrarname dey roop witch.

rusee-deshasya sudari-deshah. vyutpattih. stree roopa. api cha, anubandhitaroopam.

russia suudaan. sorpirappiyal. penn vadivam. maelum, oppantha vadivam.

russian. vyutpatti. stree roopam. alaage, oppandam roopam.

rosee sodani. siftiyat. aurat kii shakal. bhee muahidah shadah shakal.

000101564fdc7ed82c0ce4434dc0955de9b2e870c860d08032b8034570025173

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39998549

Brian Wickstrom

Brian Wickstrom American athletic director Brian Wickstrom, (born July 2, 1969) is an American college athletics administrator. Wickstrom served as athletic director at the University of California, Riverside from 2011 to 2013, the University of Louisiana at Monroe from 2013 to 2017, and the University of the Incarnate Word from 2017 to 2019. Wickstrom graduated with his bachelor's and master's degrees in Business Administration from Kansas State University where he was a track and field athlete. He earned a Master of Sports Administration from Ohio University in 1999 and a Doctor of Education/Educational Leadership from Eastern Michigan University in 2006. On August 16, 2017, Wickstrom was named the new athletic director for the University of the Incarnate Word. Wickstrom left Incarnate Word on August 12, 2019. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

briyan wickstrom briyan wickstrom, (jonmo 2 july, 1969) egoraki aamerikan kolej athletics proxaxok. wickstrome 2011 sonor poraa 2013 sonoloike reversider california biswobidyaloy, 2013 sonor poraa 2017 sonoloike monorut thoka louisiana biswobidyaloy, aaru 2017 sonor poraa 2019 sonoloike obotar xobdor biswobidyaloyot ethletik xonsalok hisape karzonirbah korisil. wickstrome kanchas rajyik biswobidyaloyor poraa byoboxai proxaxonot snatok aaru snatokuttor degree laabh korisil zo 'too teu trekk endo field kheluwoi aasil. 1999 sonot teu uhiu biswobidyaloyor poraa krira proxaxonor snatokuttor aaru 2006 sonot pubo mixigan biswobidyaloyor poraa xikhya/xoikhyik netritwor sikitsok degree laabh korisil. 2017 sonor 16 aagostot wickstromok obotar xobdo biswobidyaloyor notun ethletik xonsalok hisape nijukti diya hoisil. 2019 sonor 12 aagostot wickstrome obotar xobdo eri goisil.

bryan wickstrom bryan wickstrom, (jonmo 2 julai, 1969) ekjon markin college athletics proshashok. wickstrom 2011 theke 2013 saal porjonto reverside-err california bishwobidyaloye athletic director, 2013 theke 2017 saal porjonto monrote louigiana vishwavidyalaya ebong 2017 theke 2019 saal porjonto abotar shobdo bishwobidyaloye dayitto palon corren. wickstrom cansus steta university theke byabosai proshashone snatok ebong snatakottar degree niye snatok hohn jekhane tini ekjon track ebong field athlete chhilen. tini 1999 saale ohio vishwavidyalaya theke krida proshashone snatakottar ebong 2006 saale eastern mishigan vishwavidyalaya theke shikkha/shikkhamulak netritter daktar orjon corren. 16ee august, 2017-ayee, wickstromke abotar shobder bishwobidyaloyer notun athletic porichalok hisabe manoneet koraa hoy. wickstrom 12ee august, 2019-ayee abotar shobdo rekhe gechen.

bryan wixtrom bryan wixtrom, (janm 2 julai, 1969) aek american college athletics administrator chhe. wickstrome 2011 thee 2013 sudhee university off california, riverside, 2013 thee 2017 sudhee monaro khaate university off louisiana aneey 2017 thee 2019 sudhee avtaar shabdni universityma athletic director tareeke sevaa aapee hatee. wickstrome cansas state universitymathi business administrationma snaatak aneey master degree saathe snaatak thayaa hataa jyaan teo track anned filled athlete hataa. temane temane oheo universitymathi ramatgamat vaheevatma master aneey aneey purveey mishigan universitymathi shikshan/shaikshanik netrutvamaa doctorni padvi melvee hatee. 16 august, august roj, wickstromne avtaar shabdni university maate navaa athletic director tareeke naam aapvama aavyu hatoo. 12 august, august roj wickstrome avtaar shabd chhodi deedho.

bryan victrome bryan victrome, (janm 2 julaai, 1969) ack americi college athletics prashaasak hain. wickstrom ney 2011 seey 2013 taka california vishvavidyalaya, riverside mein athletic nideshak key roop mein kaary kiya, 2013 seey 2017 taka monro mein louisiana vishvavidyalaya, aur 2017 seey 2019 taka avtaar shabd vishvavidyalaya. wickstrom ney kansas raajya vishvavidyalaya seey vyavasaay prashaasan mein snaatak aur master degree key saath snaatak kiya, jahaan vaha ack track aur feeled athlete they. unhone 1999 mein ohiyo vishvavidyalaya seey khel prashaasan mein master aur 2006 mein purvi mishigan vishvavidyalaya seey shiksha/shaikshik netritva mein doctor kii upaadhi praapt kii. 16 agast, 2017 koo, wickstrom koo avtaar shabd vishvavidyalaya key liye nae athletic nideshak key roop mein naamit kiya gayaa. 12 agast, 2019 koo wickstrom ney avtaar shabd chhod diyaa.

brian wixtrome brian wixtrome, (janana julai 2,1969) obba american kaaleju athletics aadalitaadhikaariyaagiddaare. 2011rinda 2013ravarege rivarsaidnallidda california vishvavidyaalayadalli athletic nirdeshakaragi, 2013rinda 2017ravarege manronalliruva louisiana vishvavidyaalayadalli mattu 2017rinda 2019ravarege avataara padada vishvavidyaalayadalli wixtrome seve sallisiddaru. avaru track mattu feeled athleet aagidda consas state universityinda businesses administrationalli snatakottara mattu snatakottara padavigalannu padedaru. avaru 1999 ralli ohiyo vishvavidyaalayadinda creeda aadalitadalli snatakottara padavi mattu 2006 ralli purva mishigan vishvavidyaalayadinda sikshana/shaikshanika naayakatvada vaidyarannu galisidaru. august 16,2017 randu, wixtrome avarannu avataara padada vishvavidyaanilayada hosa athletic nirdeshakaragi nemisalaayitu. wixtrome 2019rahra august 12randu avataara padavannu bittuhodaru.

bryan wixtram oru american koleju athlattiks administrettaanu bryan wixtrom (jananam juulai 2,1969). 2011 muthal 2013 vare reversidele california sarvakalaashaalayilum 2013 muthal 2017 vare monroyile louisiana sarvakalaashaalayilum 2017 muthal 2019 vare avathara padangalude sarvakalaashaalayilum athlattik director wixtram sevanamanushtichu. track aandu feeld athlattaayirunna kansas stettu yooniversittiyil ninnu bisinus administrationil baachilar, maastezhs birudangal nedi. 1999ll ohiyo sarvakalashaalayil ninnu sports administrationil birudaananthara birudavum 2006ll eestten mishigan sarvakalashaalayil ninnu vidyaabhyaasa/vidyaabhyaasa neethrthwathil doctor nedi. 2017 august 16nuu wixtromine avathara padatthinte sarvakalaashaalayude puthiya athlattik director niyamichu. 2019 august 12nuu wixtrom avathara vaakk upekshichu.

bryan victrome bryan victrome (janm 2 julai 1969) haah eka american mahavidhyalayin ethletics prashasak aahe. wickstrom yanni 2011 teey 2013 paryant california vidyapith, reverside, 2013 teey 2017 paryant monro yetheel louisiana vidyapith aanee 2017 teey 2019 paryant avtar shabd vidyapithat ethletic sanchalak mhanoon kaam kele. wickstrom yanni cances rajya vidyapithatun vyavasay prashasanat padvi aanee padvyuttar padvisah padvi prapt kelee, jithe teey track aanee feeled kheladu hote. tyanni 1999 madhye ohayo vidyapithatun creeda prashasanat padvyuttar padvi aanee 2006 madhye purv mishigan vidyapithatun shikshan/shaikshanik netrutvat doctorchi padvi midavali. 16 august 2017 roji, wickstrome yanna avtar shabdachya vidyapithasathi naveen ethletic sanchalak mhanoon niyukt karnyat aale. 12 august 2019 roji wickstromne avtar shabd sodala.

bryan wixtrome bryan wixtrome, (janma july 2,1969) ek americi college athletics prashasak hun. wickstromle california vishwavidyalaya, riversidema 2011 dekhi 2013 samma, 2013 dekhi 2017 samma manaroko louisiana vishwavidyalayama, rar 2017 dekhi 2019 samma awatar shabdako vishwavidyalayama athletic nirdeshakko rupma sewa gare. wictromle cansas rajya vishwavidyalayabata wyawasaya prashasanma snatak rar master degreeka sath snatak gare jahaan uni track rar field athlete thie. unle sann 1999 maa ohayo vishwavidyalayabata khelkud prashasanma master rar sann 2006 maa purvi mishigan vishwavidyalayabata shiksha/shaikshik netritwako daktarko upadhi prapta gare. august 16,2017 maa, wickstromlai awatar shabdako vishwavidyalayaka lagi nayan athletic nirdeshakko naam diieko thiyo. wickstromle agasta 12,2019 maa awatar shabda chhode.

brian wickstrom brian wickstrom, (janma july 2,1969) jane americae college athletics prashasaka. wikstroma 2011 ru 2013 parjyanta reversider california biswabidyalajare athletic nirdeshaka bhabare karjya karithile, 2013 ru 2017 parjyanta manrore louisiana biswabidyalaja, ebong 2017 ru 2019 parjyanta abatara shabdar biswabidyalaja bhabare karjya karithile. wikstroma cansas rajya biswabidyalajaru byabasai prashasanare snataka ebong snatakottara degree sahita snataka hoithile jeunthare shay jane track ebong field athlet thile . shay 1999 ray ohio biswabidyalajaru krida prashasanare master ebong 2006 ray purba mishigan biswabidyalajaru sikhya/sikhyagata netrutwara daktara arjan karithile. august 16,2017 ray, wikstromanku abatara shabdar biswabidyalaja paain nutan athletic nirdeshaka bhabare namit karajaithila. wickstrom august 12,2019 ray abatara sabda chadithile.

bryne wixtrom bryne wixtrom, (janam 2 julai, 1969) ikk amriki kaalaj athletics parshasak haii. wixtrom neey 2011 toon 2013 takk california university, reverside, 2013 toon 2017 takk monro vikhe luciana university atey 2017 toon 2019 takk avtaar shabad dee university witch athletic director vajon seva nibhai. wixtrom neey kansas state university toon busions administration witch bachelor atey maastar dhigriaan naal graduation keeti jitthe uh ikk track atey feeled athleet see. unhan neey 1999 witch ohio university toon khed parshasana witch maastar dee digri prapat keeti atey 2006 witch purbi mishigan university toon sikkhiaa/viddiak agvai witch doctor dee digri prapat keeti. 16 agast, 2017 noon wixtrom noon avtaar shabad dee university laee navaan athletic director namzad keeta giaa see. wixtrom neey 12 agast, 2019 noon avtaar shabad chaddiaa.

brian wixtrom brian wixtrom (janma julai 2,1969) ekaha american-mahaavidyaalayasya athletics-prashaasakah asti. wixtrom 2011 taha 2013 paryantam, reversad-nagarasya california-vishvavidyaalaye, 2013 taha 2017 paryantam, manro-nagarasya louisiana-vishvavidyaalaye, 2017 taha 2019 paryantam avataar-shabda-vishvavidyaalaye cha athletik-nirdeshakatvena karyam krutavaan. wixtrom, cansas-rajya-vishvavidyaalayaat, yatra saha track-end-feeled-athleet aasit, vyavasaay-prashasanasya snaatak-snaatakottar-upadhya saha snaatakapadaveem praptavan. saha 1999 tame varshe ohiyo-vishvavidyaalayaat creedaa-prashasanasya snatakottaram, 2006 tame varshe eastern-mishigan-vishvavidyaalayaat shiksha/shaikshik-netrutvasya vaidyah cha praptavan. 2017 august 16 dinaanke, wixtrom avataar-shabda-vishvavidyaalayasya nutanasya athletik-nirdeshakasya namakaranam praptavan. wixtrom ityeshah 2019 august 12 dinaanke avataarashabdam prasthitavaan.

priyan wixtrome praiyan wixtrome (prappu juulai 2,1969) oru america kalluri thadagala nirvaagi aavaar. wixtrome 2011 muthal 2013 varai california palkalaikkazhagam, reverside, 2013 muthal 2017 varai monrovil ulla louisiana palkalaikkazhagam mattrum 2017 muthal 2019 varai avathaaram varththai palkalaikkazhagam aagiyavattril thadagala iyakkunaraaka paniyaattrinaar. wixtrome thanathu ilangkalai mattrum muthukalaip pattangaludan pattam pettraar vaniga nirvaagaththil kansas maanila palkalaikkazhagaththil avar oru track mattrum field thadagala veeraraaga irunthaar. 1999 aam aandil oohiyoa palkalaikkazhagaththil vilayaattu nirvaagaththil muthukalaip pattamum, 2006 aam aandil kilakku michikan palkalaikkazhagaththil kalvi/kalvi thalaimai maruththuvarum pettraar. august 16,2017 andru, wixtrome avathaara vaarthaiyin palkalaikkazhagaththin puthiya thadagala iyakkunaraaka niyamikkappattaar. wixtrome august 12,2019 andru avathaara vaarththaiyai vittuch sentraar.

brian wixtrome brian wixtrome, (jananam juulai 2,1969) oka american college athletics administrator. 2011 nundi 2013 varaku california vishwavidyaalayam, reverside loe athletic director gaa, 2013 nundi 2017 varaku monro looni louisiana vishwavidyaalayam loe, mariyu 2017 nundi 2019 varaku avataara padam vishwavidyaalayam loe panicheesaaru. wixtrome consas state university nundi business administrationlo bachelor mariyu masters degreelatho pattabhadrudayyaadu, akkada athanu track und feeled athletga unnadu. athanu 1999loe ohiyo vishwavidyaalayam nundi creeda paripaalanalo masters mariyu 2006loe thoorpu michigaon vishwavidyaalayam nundi vidya/vidya naayakatvam yokka daaktarnu sampaadinchaadu. augustu 16,2017naa, wixtrome avataara padam vishwavidhyaalayaaniki kotta athletic directorga empikayyaadu. wixtrome 2019 augustu 12naa avataara padaanni vidichipettadu.

brine wikstrom brine wikstrom (paidaish 2 jolayi 1969) eek americi college athletics administrator haine. wikstrom nay 2011 say 2013 takk university aaf california rever side 2013 say 2017 takk monro mein loisiana university aur 2017 say 2019 takk autaar lafz kii university mein athletic director kay toor parr khidmaat anjaam dain. wikstrom nay kansaas steat university say buznis administration mein bachelor aur maaster dagriyan haasil kein jehaan wah track aind feld aithlet thay. inhon nay 1999 mein auhaiyo university say sports administration mein maaster aur 2006 mein estern mashee gunn university say doctor aaf ajucation/taleemi qayadat haasil kii. 16 agast 2017 cow wikstrom kuu autaar lafz kii university kay liye neeya athletic director namzad kiyaa gayaa. wikstrom nay 12 agast 2019 kuu autaar lafz chhoda.

000103043670348578c35bfab1b78e019f7cd41f6cb3cbcf929f2e5dd435c76c

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1034151

The Bottom

The Bottom The Bottom (formerly Botte) is the capital and largest town of the island of Saba, the Caribbean Netherlands, and is the first stop on the way from Saba's Port in Fort Bay towards the rest of the island. In 2001, it had 462 inhabitants of the total 1,349 islanders. History. The Bottom was founded in 1632 by colonists from Zeeland. The original name of the town was "De Botte", old Dutch for "The Bowl", referring to its geographical position in a valley surrounded by the various mountains. The island attracted Irish and Scottish settlers, and the main language became English. "The Bottom" is an English corruption of this name. Infrastructure. The Bottom is home to the government offices, a hospital, a nursing home, a sports field, three churches, a library, various shops and the 200 students of the Saba University School of Medicine. Events. As capital of the island, The Bottom hosts a number of events throughout the year. During the summer, Saba's Carnival, a parade and mass festival, is held just before the Catholic period of Lent. An explosion of colour, music and energy, Carnival parades are accompanied by the music of steel drums and the works of local artists. It is a highly anticipated event on the Saban calendar, when most of the island comes together to dance, sing and enjoy the season. The Saba Carnival usually lasts for a few days, in which the majority of the island's population congregates at The Bottom. Another event held in The Bottom is "Saba Day". This is the celebratory national day of the island, when all offices, schools and businesses are closed. The islanders honour their diversity and culture through various activities, performances and parades. The Bottom hosts a concert at the sports field, where local (and neighbouring) Caribbean artists come to perform. There are fishing competitions at sea, drawing competitions for children, dance performances, cookouts, and more. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> External links. Media related to at Wikimedia Commons

tolor tolor ongxotu (purbote bott) hoise saab dipor rajdhani aaru xorbobrihot sohor, keribiyan netherlands, aaru ee dipor baaki ongxor faale durgo upoxagoror sabor bondoror poraa juwa pothot prothom stop. 2001 sonot iyat muth 1,349 john dipbaxir bhitorot 462 john baxinda aasil. itihax. 1632 sonot jailandor uponibexbadixokole ei tolor ongxotu protistha korisil. sohorkhonor mool naam aasil "di bott", "baati" ror baabe puroni daas, bibhinno porbotere aaguri thoka upotyokat iyar bhougulik owosthanok ullekh kori. diptuwe aairis aaru scots boxoti sthaponkarixokolok aakorxito korisil, aaru mool bhaxatu ingraji hoi porisil. "tolor" hoise ei naamor etaa ingraji durneeti. antohgathoni. tolor faale aase sorkari karzaloy, etaa sikitsaloy, etaa nursing hoom, etaa krira khelpothar, tinita girja, ekhon puthibhoral, bibhinno dukan aaru saaba biswobidyaloyor sikitsa bidyaloyor 200 john saatro-chatri. ghotonaxomuh. diptur rajdhani hisape, tolor ongxotuwe gutei bosorjuri keibatau onusthan aayujon kore. grishmokalot, xabar carnival, ek pared aaru gono utxob, lentor ketholik xomoyor thik aagote onusthito hoy. rong, xongit aaru xoktir ek bisfuron, carnival pareador xoite steel dramor xongit aaru sthaniyo xilpixokolor kaam thaake. eitu saban kelendaror ek oti proityaxito onusthan, jetiya dipor besibhag ongxo nrityo koriboloi, gaboloi aaru ritu upobhug koriboloi ekotrito hoy. saaba carnival xadharonote keidinmanor baabe sole, zo 'too diptur jonoxongkhyar odhikangxoi tolot gutt khaay. tolot onusthito huwa aan etaa onusthan hoise "saaba day". eitu diptur udjaponor rastriyo dibox, jetiya xokolu karzaloy, bidyaloy aaru byoboxai bondho thaake. dipbaxixokole bibhinno karjyokolap, prodorxon aaru kuchkawajor joriyote teulukor boisitryo aaru xongoskritik xonman jonay. tolor ongxot krira khelpotharot etaa xongitanusthan onusthito hoy, zo 'too sthaniyo (aaru suburiya) keribiyan xilpixokole poriwexon koriboloi aahe. xagorot maach dhora protijugita, xixur baabe chitro protijugita, nrityo prodorxon, rondhon protijugita aaru bohutu aase.

nicher dick nicher ongshoti (purbe botte) holl saab dweeper rajdhani ebong brihottomo shohor, carribean netherlands, ebong durgo uposagore subber bondor theke dweeper bucky ongsher dike yawar pothe etty prothom stop. 2001 saale, moat 1,349 john dweepbasir modhye 462 john basinda chhilo. itihas. 1632 saale jailander uponibeshbadira eyi tolodeshti protistha korechilen. shahartir asol naam chhilo "dii boate", "butty"-rawr jonno purano dutch, jaa bivinno pahad dwara beshtito upottokai err bhougolik abosthanke bojhai. dweepti airish ebong scottish bosoti sthaponkarider akrishto korechilo ebong prodhan bhasati ingrezite porinoto hoyechilo. "nicher" eyi naamer ekti ingrezi durniti. porikatthamo. neeche sarkari offices, ekti hospital, ekti nursing home, ekti krida maatth, tinti girja, ekti gronthagar, bivinno dokan ebong saabaa bishwobidyaloyer school off mediciner 200 john shikkharthi royeche. ghotonaboli. dweeper rajdhani hisabe, neeche saaraa bochor dhorey besh koyekti anusthaner ayojan koraa hoy. grissokale, subber carnival, ekti pared ebong gono utsab, catholic samaykaler thhik agey onusthito hoy. rongo, sangeet ebong shaktir bishforon, carnival paredguli ispat drum ebong sthaniya shilpider kaajer saathe thaake. etty saban calendare ekti atyanta prottashito anusthan, jokhon dweeper beshirbhag ongsho nachte, gaan gaite ebong morsum upobhog korte ekotrito hoy. saabaa carnival sadharonoto koyek deane sthayi hoy, jekhane dweeper jonosongkhar beshirbhag neeche joro hoy. neeche onusthito arekti anusthan holl "saabaa deey". eyi dinti dweeper jatiya udjapon, jokhon samasta offices, school ebong byabosa bondho thaake. dweepbasira bivinno karjokrom, anusthan ebong pareder madhyome taader boichitro ebong sangaskritike somman korey. neeche krida maathe ekti concerter ayojan koraa hoy, jekhane sthaniya (ebong protibeshi) carribean shilpira anusthan korte asen. samudre machh dhorar protijogita, shishuder jonno onkon protijogita, nrityo poribeshona, rannar kaaj ebong arow onek kichhu royeche.

taleeye taleeye (agau botte) aee kerebiyan netherlandnaa saabaana taapuni raajdhaani aneey sauthee motoo shaher chhe, aneey keellani khaadimaa saabaana bandarthi baakinaa taapu tarafnaa maarg parno pratham stopa chhe. chhe, coole 1,349 tapuvasiomathi 462 rahevasio hataa. itihas. taleeyani sthaapnaa sthaapnaa zeelendnaa vasaahateeo dwara karvaamaa aavee hatee. aaa nagarnu mool naam "dii botte" hatoo, jeey "baul" maate junun dutch hatoo, jeey viveedh parvatothi gheraayeli kheenma tenee bhaugolik sthitino ullekh karey chhe. aaa tapu irish aneey skotisha vasaahatione aakarshya aneey mukhya bhaasha angreji bunny. "neeche" aee aaa naamno angreji bhrashtachar chhe. maalkhaagat suveedhao. neeche sarkari kachereeo, aek hospital, aek nursing hooma, aek ramatnu medaan, trana church, aek pustakaalay, viveedh dukaano aneey saabaa university school off medicine 200 vidhyarthio chhe. ghatanao. taapuni raajdhaani tareeke, taleeye samagr varsh darmiyan sankhyaabandh kaarykramonu aayojan thaay chhe. unaalaa darmiyan, sebaano carnival, aek pareda aneey saamuhik utsav, lantnaa ketholik samaygaalaa pahelaa yojaay chhe. rung, sangeet aneey urjaano visfot, carnival pareda saathe steelnaa drumnu sangeet aneey sthaaneek kalaakaaroni kruteeo hoya chhe. teey sabaan calendar parr aek khoob apekshit ghatnaa chhe, jyaare motabhagna taapuo nrutya karvaa, gaava aneey mosamno aanand maanvaa maate aek saathe aave chhe. saabaa carnival saamanya reete thodaa divaso sudhee chaale chhe, jemaa taapuni motabhagni vastee taleeye bhegaa thaay chhe. neeche yojaati anya aek ghatnaa "sabaa deey" chhe. aaa taapuni ujavanino raashtriy divas chhe, jyaare tamaam kachereeo, shaalao aneey vyavasaayo bundh hoya chhe. tapuvasio viveedh pravruttio, pradarshan aneey pareda dwara temnee vividhataa aneey sanskrutinu sanmaan karey chhe. neeche ramatnaa medaanmaa aek sangeet kaarykramnu aayojan karvaamaa aave chhe, jyaan sthaaneek (aneey padoshi) kerebiyan kalakaro pradarshan karvaa aave chhe. dariyaamaa machhimarini spardhao, baadako maate cheetra spardhao, nrutya pradarshan, rasoini vaangeeo aneey vadhu chhe.

neeche nichala (poorv mein botte), carribean neatherlands, saaba dweep kii rajdhani aur sabse badaa shahar haye, aur kille kii khaadi mein saaba key bandargah seey dweep key baaki hisson kii or jaane vaale raaste mein pahala padaav haye. 2001 mein, kull 1,349 dweepwasiyon mein seey 462 nivasi they. itihas. neeche kii sthaapana 1632 mein zeeland key upaniveshvadiyon dwara kii gaee thee. shahar kaa mool naam "dee botte" thaa, joe "katora" key liye purana dutch thaa, joe vibhinn pahaadon seey ghiri ghaati mein isaki bhaugolik sthiti kaa ullekh kartaa haye. dweep ney ayrish aur scotish basane vaalon koo aakarshit kiya, aur mukhya bhasha angreji bunn gaee. "neeche" iss naam kaa ack angreji bhrashtachar haye. buniyaadi dhancha. neeche sarkari karyalaya, ack aspatal, ack nursing home, ack khel kaa maidan, teen church, ack pustakalaya, vibhinn dukaanen aur saaba vishvavidyalaya key school off medicine key 200 chhaatr hain. ghatanaaen. dweep kii rajdhani key roop mein, neeche poore varsh kaee karyakramon kii mejbani kartaa haye. garmiyon key dauran, saaba kaa carnival, ack pared aur saamoohik utsav, lent key catholic kaal seey thheek pahale aayojit kiya jaataa haye. rung, sangeet aur oorjaa kaa ack visfot, carnival pared key saath steel drum kaa sangeet aur sthaaniya kalakaron key kaam hotey hain. yeh saban calender parr ack bahupratikshit karyakram haye, jaba dweep kaa adhikansh hissa nritya karane, gaane aur mausam kaa anand lene key liye ack saath aataa haye. saaba carnival aamtaur parr kuchh dinon taka chalata haye, jisamen dweep kii adhikansh aabaadi neeche ikattha hoti haye. neeche aayojit ack anya karyakram "sabaa divas" haye. yeh dweep kaa utsav rashtriya divas haye, jaba sabhi karyalaya, school aur vyavasaay bund hotey hain. dweepwasi vibhinn gatividhiyon, pradarshanon aur pared key madhyam seey apani vividhata aur sanskriti kaa sammaan karate hain. neeche khel key maidan mein ack sangeet karyakram aayojit kiya jaataa haye, jahan sthaaniya (aur padosi) carabian kalakar pradarshan karane aatey hain. samudra mein machhali pakadane kii pratiyogitaaen, bachchon key liye chitrakaari pratiyogitaaen, nritya pradarshan, paak kalaa aur bahut kuchh hain.

kelabhaga kelabhaagavu (hinde botte) keribean netherlands, saba dveepada rajadhani mattu atidodda pattanavagide mattu koteya kolliyalliruva saba bandarininda dveepada ulida bhagakke hoguva daariyalli modala nildaanavaagide. 2001ralli, idu ottu 1,349 dweepawaasigalalli 462 nivasigalannu hondittu. itihaasa. talabhagavannu 1632ralli gelandna vasaahatugaararu sthaapisidaru. pattanada moola hesaru "dii botte", idu "baul" gaagi haleya dutch aagittu, idu vividha parvatagalinda aavrutavaada kaniveyalli adara bhougolika sthaanavannu ullekhisuttade. ee dweepawu airish mattu scottish vasaahatugaararannu aakarshisitu mattu mukhya bhasheyu inglish aayitu. "dhii bottom" embudu ee hesarina inglish bhrashtaachaaravaagide. moolasoukarya. kelabhagadalli sarkari kacherigalu, aspatre, nursing home, creeda maidaana, mooru charchugalu, granthalaya, vividha angadigalu mattu saaba vishvavidyaalayada vaidyakeeya shaleya 200 vidyaarthigalu iddaare. ghatanegalu. dveepada rajadhaniyagi, kelabhaagavu varshavidee halavaaru kaaryakramagalannu ayojisuttade. besigeyalli, saaba corneval, meravanige mattu saamuhika utsavavannu, lentna catholic avadhige swalpa modalu nadesalaaguttade. banna, sangeeta mattu shaktiya spota, corneval meravanigegalu ukkina drumgala sangeeta mattu sthaliya kalaavidara krutigalondige iruttave. idu saban calendernalli atyanta nirikshita kaaryakramavaagiddu, dveepada hecchina bhagavu nrutya maadalu, hadalu mattu rtuvannu anandisalu ottige baruttade. saaba utsavavu samanyavagi kelavu dinagala kaala nadeyuttade, idaralli dveepada bahupalu janasankhyeyu kelabhagadalli ottuguduttade. kelabhagadalli nadeyuva mattondu kaaryakramavendare "saba day". idu dveepada rashtriya acharaneya dinavagiddu, ellah kacherigalu, shalegalu mattu vyavahaaragalu muchchalpaduttave. dweepawaasigalu vividha chatuvatikegalu, pradarshanagalu mattu meravanigegala moolaka tamma vaividhyate mattu samskrutiyannu gouravisuttaare. kelabhaagavu creeda maidaanadalli sangeeta kacheriyannu ayojisuttade, allie sthaliya (mattu nereya) keribean kalaavidaru pradarshana needalu baruttaare. samudradalli meenugaarike spardhegalu, makkaligaagi rekhaachitra spardhegalu, nrutya pradarshanagalu, aduge maaduvikegalu mattu innoo hechchinavugalive.

thaazhe caribean netherlandsile saaba dveepinte thalasthaanavum ettavum valia pattanavumaanu bottom (munbu boat), fort beyile saabayude thuramukhathu ninnu dveepinte backie bhaagangalilekkulla vazhiyile aadyathe stoppaanu ithu. 2001ll motham 1,349 dveepukaaril 462 perr ivideyundaayirunnu. charithram. 1632ll sealandil ninnulla kolanikkaraanu eee adithattu sthaapichathu. vividha parvathangalaal chuttapetta oru thaazhvarayile bhoomishaasthraparamaaya sthaanathe soochippikkunna "bowl" ennathinte pazhaya dutch naamamaya "dii botte" aayirunnu pattanatthinte yadhaartha peru. dweep airish, scotish kudiyettakkaare aakarshikkukayum pradhana bhasha engleeshaayi maarukayum cheythu. "thaazheyullath" ennathu eee perinte oru engleesh apabhramsamaanu. adisthaana soukaryangal. sarkkar offeesukal, oru ashupatri, oru nazhsing hoome, oru sports feeld, moonnu pallikal, oru library, vividha kadakal, saba yooniversitti school oof medisinil ninnulla 200 vidyaarthikal enniva thaazheyaan. sambhavangal. dveepinte thalasthaanamenna nilayil, thaazhathe bhagam varsham muzhuvan niravadhi paripaadikalkk aathidheyathvam vahikkunnu. venalkkaalath, oru pared bahujana utsavavumaaya saabayude carnival, lent catholica kaalaghattatthinu thottumunbu nadakkunnu. nirangaludeyum samgeethathinteyum oorjjathinteyum spodanam, carnival paredukalkkoppam steel drummukalude samgeethavum praadeshika kalakaaranmaarude kalaasrishtikalum undu. dveepinte bhooribhaagavum nritham cheyyaanum paadaanum season aaswadikkaanum othucherunna saban kalandarile valare pratheekshayode kaathirikkunna oru paripaadiyaanithu. dveepile janasamkhyayude bhooribhaagavum thazheyaayi othukoodunna saba carnival saadhaaranayaayi kurachu divasam neendunilkkum. thaazhe nadakkunna mattoru paripadi "saaba dinam" aanu. ellah offeesukalum schoolukalum bisinessukalum adachirikkunna dveepinte aaghosha deseeya dinamaanithu. vividha pravartthanangal, prakadanangal, paredukal ennivayiloode dweep nivaasikal avarude vaividhyatheyum samskaaratheyum bahumaanikkunnu. thaazhe sports feeldil oru kacheri samghadippikkunnu, avide praadeshika (ayal) caribean kalakaaranmaar avatharippikkan varunnu. kadalil malsyabandhana malsarangal, kuttikalkkulla varaykkal malsarangal, nritha prakadanangal, paachakareethikal ennivayum athilereyum undu.

talashi tall (purviche bott) hii caribean netherlandschya sabah betachi rajdhani aanee sarvat mothe shahar aahe aanee phorta bemadhil sabachya bandarapasoon urvarit betakade jaananya margavarcha pahila thamba aahe. 2001 madhye, ekoon 1,349 betavaril rahivashanpaiki 462 rahivasi hote. itihas. talbhagachi sthapana 1632 madhye zeelandmadhil vasahatinni kelee hotee. shaharache mool naav 'dii botte' hote, jeey 'daad baul' sathee june dutch hote, jeey vividh parvatanni vedhalelya khoyatil tyachya bhaugolik sthiticha sandarbh dete. betane ayrish aanee scottish vasahati aakarshit kelya aanee mukhya bhasha ingraji jhaali. "daad bottom" haah yaa navacha ingraji apbhransh aahe. payabhoot suvidha. talashi sarkari karyalaye, eka rugnalay, eka nursing hoome, eka creeda maidan, teen church, eka granthalay, vividh dukane aanee sabah vidyapithachya vaidyakeey shaleche 200 vidyarthi aahet. ghatana. betachi rajdhani mhanoon, talashi varshbhar anek karyakram aayojit kele jaatat. unhalyat, sabancha utsav, eka sanchalan aanee samoohik utsav, catholic kalatil lentchya agadi aadhi aayojit keela jaato. rung, sangeet aanee urjecha sphot, utsavachya miravnukit poladachya dholanche sangeet aanee sthanik kalakaranchya kalakruti asatat. saban dindarshikevaril haah eka atyant apekshit karyakram aahe, jevha bahutek bett nachanyasathi, ganyasathi aanee hangamacha anand ghenyasathi ekatra yete. sabah carnival sahasa kahee divas chalato, jyamadhye betachi bahusankhya loksankhya talashi ekatra yete. talashi aayojit keela jaanara aanakhi eka karyakram mhanje "sabah day". haah betacha utsavi rashtriy divas aahe, jevha serve karyalaye, shaala aanee vyavasay bund asatat. betavaril lock vividh upkram, sadarikaran aanee miravnukinchya madhyamatoon tyanchya vividhatecha aanee sanskraticha sanman karatat. talavar creeda maidanavar eka maifili aayojit kelee jaate, jithe sthanik (aanee shejaril) caribean kalakar sadarikaran karnyasathi yetat. samudrat masemari spardha, mulansathi chitrakala spardha, nrutya sadarikaran, swayampak aanee barech kahee aahet.

talabhaga tala (purbaru botte) heuchhi caribean netherlandsra saabaa dwepara rajdhani ebong sarbabruhata sahara, ebong fort bere thiba saabaa bandararu dwepara abasista ansha aadaku jiba baatare ehaa pratham stop . 2001 masihare, mote 1,349 john dwepabaseenka madhyaru 462 john ethaare basabasa karuthile. itihas. talabhaga 1632 masihare gelander upanibeshabadeemananka dwara sthapita hoithila . saharar moola naama thila "dii bote", jaahaa "daa bole" paain puruna douch thila, jaahaa bibhinna parbata dwara paribestita eka upatyakare ehara bhougolika abasthaku suchita kare . ehi dwepa airish ebong scottish adhibasimananku akarshita karithila ebong mukhya bhasha ingrajire parinata hoithila. "tala" heuchhi ehi namara eka ingraji apabhransha. bhittibhumi. tala bhagare sarkari karjyalaja, eka daktarakhana, eka nursing home, eka creeda khetra, tinoti church, eka library, bibhinna dokan ebong saabaa biswabidyalaja skula off medisinara 200 chhatra achanti. ghatana. dwepara rajdhani bhabe, talabhagare barshasara aneka karjyakram ayojan karajaithae. grishma ruture, saabaa carnival, eka pareda ebong gana utsaba, catholic samaira thick purbaru anusthita hue . ranga, sangeeta ebong shaktira eka bisphorana, carnival pareda sahita ispat drummer sangeeta ebong sthaniah kalakaranka karjya sahita . saban calendarare ehaa eka bahu prateekhita karjyakram, jetebele dwepara adhikansha bhaga nrutya, geeta gaiba ebong rutuku upavoga kariba paain ekathi huanti . saabaa carnival sadharanatah kichhi deane parjyanta chalithae, jeunthire dwepara adhikansha janasankhya tale ekathi huanti . tale ajojita anya eka karjyakram heuchhi "saabaa day". ehaa dwepara jatiah utsaba, jetebele samasta karjyalaja, bidyalaja ebong byabasai banda rahithae. dwepabaseemane bibhinna karjyakalapa, pradarshan ebong pareda madhyamare semanankara bibidhata ebong sanskrutiku sammana karanti . tala bhagare krida khetrare eka sangeeta karjyakram ayojan karajaithae, jeunthare sthaniah (ebong padoshi) caribean kalakaramane pradarshan karibaku asithanti. samudrare machadhara pratijogita, pilamananka paain chitrakala pratijogita, nrutya pradarshan, roshei ebong ahuri aneka kichhi achhi .

hethla hethan (pahilan botte) caribean needarlands dey saaba tapu dee rajdhani atey sabh toon vadda shehar haii, atey fort beey witch saaba dee bandargah toon baaki tapu vall jaanh vaale raste witch pahila stop haii. saal 2001 witch, kull 1,349 tapuvasiaan vicchon iss dey 462 vasneek sunn. itihaas. iss dey hethle hisse dee sathapana 1632 witch zeeland dey bastivadiaan duaara keeti gaee see. shehar daa asal naam "dee botte" see, joe kii "katora" laee purana dutch see, joe vakkh-vakkh pahadan naal ghiri ghaati witch iss dee bhugolik sathiti noon darsaunda haii. tapu neey irish atey scottish vasnikan noon aakarshit keeta, atey mukkh bhasha angrezi bann gaee. "dha bottom" iss naam daa ikk angrezi bhrishtachar haii. buniaadi dhancha. hethan sarkari daftar, ikk hospital, ikk nursing home, ikk khed daa maidaan, tinn church, ikk library, vakkh-vakkh dukanan atey sabaa university school aaf maddison dey 200 vidiaarthi hunn. ghatnavan. tapu dee rajdhani dey roop witch, hethan saal bharr kaee programan dee mezbani keeti jaandi haii. garmiaan dey dauran, saaba daa carnival, ikk pred atey jantak tiuhar, catholic period aaf lent toon theek pahilan aayojit keeta jaanda haii. rung, sangeet atey shakti daa visfot, carnival pred dey naal steel dey dholan daa sangeet atey sathanak kalakaran deeaan rachnavan hundiaan hunn. ih sabaan calender utte ikk bahut hii prateekit ghatna haii, jadon tapu daa ziaadaatar hissa nacchan, gaaun atey season daa anand lainn laee ikkatha hunda haii. saaba carnival aam taur utte kujh dinan laee chalda haii, jiss witch tapu dee bahuginti aabadi hethan ikkathi hundi haii. hethan aayojit ikk horr program "sabaa divas" haii. ih tapu daa jashan manaun vaala rashtari divas haii, jadon saare daftar, school atey carobar bnd hunde hunn. tapuvasi vakkh-vakkh gatividhiaan, pardarshan atey pred raahin aapni vibhinnta atey sabheyachar daa sanman karde hunn. hethla hissa khed dey maidaan witch ikk sangeet samaroh dee mezbani karda haii, jitthe sathanak (atey guandhi) carribean kalakar pardarshan curran laee aaunde hunn. samunder witch machhi fadan dey mukabale, bacchiaan laee chittarkari mukabale, naach pardarshan, khaana pakaun dey mukabale atey horr bahut kujh hunn.

adhah adhah (poorvam botte) keribian-netherlands-deshasya sabaa-dweepe rajadhani bruhattamam cha nagaram asti, tathaa cha fort-bey-madhye sabaa-naukashrayat dweepe sheshabhagam prati gacchatah margasya prathamah viraamah asti. 2001 tame varshe, aahaty 1,349 dweepeeyaanaam madhye 462 janaah atra nivasanti sma. itihaasah. 1632 tame varshe zeelyand-deshasya upaniveshavaadinah asya adhastan-pradesham sthaapayan. asya nagarasya mulanama "dee botte" iti aasit, yat "da baul" ityasya puratanam dutch-bhashyam asti, yat vividhaparvateshu pariveshtite upatyakayam tasya bhaugolika-sthitim soochayati. ayam dweepah airish-skaatish-nivaasinah cha aakarshayat, mukhyabhasha anglabhasha abhavat. "da bottom" iti asya namasya aangl-bhashayaha apabhramshah asti. aadhaarabhoot-vyavasthaa. adhah sarwakaareeyakaaryaalayah, chikitsaalayah, narsing home, kridaanganam, trayah charch, pustakaalayah, vividhaah bhandaraha, tathaa cha saba-vishvavidyaalayasya vaidyashaastravidyaalayas 200 chhaatraah santi. ghatanaah. dweepadyaah rajadhanirupena, adhah varshe aneke kaaryakramaah aayojyante. grishmakaale, sabas carnieval, ekam pared, saamoohik-utsavah cha, catholic-kalat poorvamev aayojyate. varnasya, sangeetasy, urjaayaah cha visphotah, carnieval-pared-ityeteshu, steel-drums-sangeetam, sthaniyakalakaranam krutayah cha bhavanti. saban-panchaange eshah bahupratyaakshitah kaaryakramah asti, yadaa dweepasya adhikaamshah bhaagah nrutyam, geetam, rutum aanandam cha kartum militavaan. saba-utsavah samanyataya katipayadinaani yaavat bhavati, yasmin dweepasya adhikamshajanasankhya adhah samaagacchati. adhah ayojita anyah kaaryakramah "sabaa day" iti asti. ayam dweepasya utsava-raashtriyadivasah asti, yadaa sarve karyalayaha, vidyaalayaah, vyavasaayah cha bandhitaah bhavanti. dweepawaasinah vividha-kaaryaih, pradarshanaih, pared-dwara cha svavividhataam samskrutehe cha sammanam kurvanti. kridaasthale adhah sangeeta-karyakramam aayojyate, yatra sthaaneeyah (sameepasthah cha) caribean-kalakaraha pradarshanm kartum aagacchanti. samudre matsya-spardhaah, balanam krute chitra-spardhaah, nrutya-pradarshanani, pakakala-spardhaah ityaadayah santi.

keezhae keezhae (munbu potte) saabaa theevin thalaynagaram mattrum migapperiya nagaram, caribean netherlandhu, mattrum koattaiyil ulla saabaavin thuraimugaththilirunthu theevin pira pakuthikalai noakkiya vazhiyil muthal niruththamaagum. 2001 aam aandil, moththam 1,349 theevuvaasigalil 462 paer ingku vasiththu vanthanar. varalaaru. 1632 aam aandil jeelendaich saerntha kaalanithuvavaadhigalaal adippaguthi niruvappattathu. nagaraththin asal peyar "dii potte", "kinnam" enbatharkaana pazhaiya duchu, palvaeru malaikalaal soolappatta pallaththaakkil adhan puviyiyal nilaiyai kurikkirathu. inthath theevu airish mattrum scottish kudiyaeriyavargalai eerththathu, maelum mukiya mozhi aangkilamaaka maariyathu. "adippaguthi" enbathu inththa peyarin aangkila oozhal aagum. ulkattamaippu. keezhppagudhiyil arasu aluvalagangkal, oru maruthuvamanai, oru nursingh hoam, oru vilayaattu maithaanam, moontru devaalayangal, oru noolagam, palvaeru kadaigal mattrum sabaa palkalaikkazhaga maruththuvap palliyin 200 maanavargal ullanar. nigazhvugal. theevin thalainagaraaga, keezh pakuthi aandu muzhuvathum pala nigazhvugalai nadaththukirathu. koadaiyil, saabaavin thiruvilaa, oru anivaguppu mattrum vegujana thiruvilaa, catholica kaalamana lenttukku sattru munbu nadaththappadukirathu. niram, isai mattrum aattral aagiyavattrin vedippu, cornival anivaguppugal efku trumkalin isai mattrum ulloor kalaignargalin padaippugaludan ullana. idhu saban naatkaattiyil migavum ethirpaarkkappatta nigazhvaagum, theevin perumpaalaana pakuthikal nadanamaadavum, paadavum, paruvatthai anubavikkavum ontrinaikkirathu. sabaa thiruvilaa vazhakkamaaga sila naatkalukku needikkum, idhil theevin perumbaanmaiyaana makkal keezhae koodivarugiraargal. keezhae nadaiperum mattroru nigazhvu "sabaa thinam" aagum. anaitthu aluvalagangkal, palligal mattrum vanigangkal moodappadum theevin kondaatta thaesiya naall idhu. theevuvaasigal palvaeru seyalpaadugal, nigazhchchigal mattrum anivaguppugal moolam thangal panmugaththanmai mattrum kalaachaaraththai mathikkiraarkal. keezhae ulla vilayaattu maithaanaththil oru kacheriyai nadaththukirathu, angku ulloor (mattrum andai) caribean kalaignargal nigazhththa varukiraargal. kadalil meenpidi poattikal, kuzhandhaigalukkaana varaithal poattikal, nadana nigazhchchigal, samaiyal nigazhchchigal mattrum pala ullana.

diguva diguva (gatamlo botte) carabian netherlands ayina sabaa dveepam yokka rajadhani mariyu atipedda pattanam, mariyu fort beloni sabaa naukaasrayam nundi migilina dveepam vaipu velle maargamlo modati stop. 2001loe, mottam 1,349 mandhi dveepavaasulalo 462 mandhi nivaasitulu unnaaru. charitra. diguva bhaganni 1632loe geland nundi valasavaadulu sthaapinchaaru. eee pattanam yokka asalu paeru "dii botte", idhi "ginne" kosam paatha dutch, idhi vividha parvathaalatho chuttumuttabadina loyalo daani bhougolika sthaanaanni suuchistumdi. eee dveepam airish mariyu scottish sthiranivaasulanu aakarshinchindi, mariyu pradhana bhasha aanglam ayyindi. "diguva" anedi eee paeru yokka aangla avineeti. moulika sadupayalu. diguvana prabhutva karyalayalu, aasupatri, nursing home, creeda maidaanam, moodu charchilu, oka library, vividha dukaanaalu mariyu saaba vishwavidyaalayam school off medicine yokka 200 mandhi vidyaarthulu unnaaru. sanghatanalu. dveepam yokka rajadhaanigaa, diguva bhaagam edaadi podavunaa aneka kaaryakramaalanu nirvahistundi. vesavi kaalamlo, sabaa corniwall, oka kavaatu mariyu saamuuhika panduga, lent yokka catholic kaalaaniki mundu jarugutundi. rangu, sangeetam mariyu shakti yokka paeludu, corniwall kavaatulu ukku drums sangeetam mariyu sthaanika kalaakaarula panitanamtho kalisi untaayi. idhi saban calenderlo entho aasaktigaa eduruchuse karyakramam, dveepamlo chaalaa mandhi kalisi nrutyam cheyadaaniki, paadataaniki mariyu seejannu aasvaadinchadaaniki vastaaru. saaba corniwall saadhaaranamgaa konni rojulu untundi, dheenilo dveepamlooni janabhalo ekkuva mandhi diguvana samavesamavutaru. diguvana jarige maroka karyakramam "sabaa day". anni karyalayalu, paatasaalalu mariyu vyaparalu moosiveyabadinappudu, idhi dveepam yokka veduka jaateeya dinam. dveepavaasulu vividha karyakalapalu, pradarsanalu mariyu kavaatula dwara vaari vaividhyam mariyu samskrutini gouravistaaru. diguvabhagam creeda maidaanamlo oka kachereeni nirvahistundi, ikkada sthaanika (mariyu porugu) carabian kalaakaarulu pradarsana ivvadaaniki vastaaru. samudramlo chepalu patte pootiilu, pillala kosam chitralekhana pootiilu, nrutya pradarsanalu, vantakaalu mariyu marinni unnaayi.

neechey neechey (sabqah botay) jazeeray saaba caribean netherlands kaa darulhukumat aur sabb say badaa qasbah hay aur khaleej qalah mein saaba kii bandargah say jazeeray kay baaqi hasoon kii taraf jaanay waalay raastay mein pehla stop hay. 2001 mein iss mein kill 1,349 jazair kay baashindon mein say 462 baashinde thay. tareekh. neechey kii bunyaad 1632 mein zee lend kay nawabadiyat nay rakhee thee. shehar kaa asl naam "ddee botay" thaa juu "pyalah" kay liye praana dich thaa juu mukhtalif pahaadon say gharaa hawaa eek waadi mein iss kii geografiyayi position kaa hawalah deeta hay. jazeeray nay aairish aur scotsh aabaad kaaron kuu apnee taraf matujah kiyaa aur aham zabaan angrezi bunn gayee. "neechey" iss naam kii angrezi badanwani hay. bunyadi dahancha. neechey sarkaari dafatar eek hospital eek narsing hoam eek kheelon kaa medaan teen girja gahar eek library mukhtalif dukanein aur saaba university school aaf medison kay 200 talbaa haine. waaqiaat. jazeeray kay darulhukumat kay toor parr neechey saal bhar mein mutadid taqribaat kii mezbani kartaa hay. mosam garma kay doraan saaba kaa carniol eek pred aur baday paimanay parr tehwaar catholic door kay lent say theek pehley munaqid hotaa hay. rung mausiqi aur tawanayi kaa eek dhamakah carniol pred kay saath steel drum kii mausiqi aur maqami funkaron kay kaam hotay haine. yaha sabaan calender parr eek intehayi matuqa taqrib hay jabb jazeeray kaa beshtar hasah raqs karnay gaaney aur mosam say lataf andoz honay kay liye aktha hotaa hay. saaba carniol aam toor parr chand dunon takk jaari rehta hay jiss mein jazeeray kii aabadi kii aksariyat sabb say neechey jamaa hoti hay. neechey munaqid honay waali eek aur taqrib "saaba day" hay. yaha jazeeray kaa jashan mananay waala qomi dunn hay jabb tamaam dafatar school aur karobar bund rehtay haine. jazeeray kay baashinde mukhtalif sargarmiyon performans aur pred kay zariye apnay tanoo aur saqafat kaa ehteram kartay haine. nichley hasay mein kheelon kay medaan mein eek concert kii mezbani kii jaati hay jehaan maqami (aur padosi) caribean fankaar perform karnay aatay haine. samandar mein maahi geeri kay muqabilay bachon kay liye drying kay muqabilay raqs kii performans khaana pakanay kay maqamat aur behat kachh haine.

000103e482d4e64fdbd0d41c8fb332c69cca4327b4c648fd2dabebe335010817

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33768429

Ann J. Land

Ann J. Land Ann J. Chambers Land (March 12, 1932 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania – March 9, 2010 in Sea Isle City, New Jersey) was a member of the Philadelphia City Council and a member of the Democratic Party. Early life. Land was a native of North Philadelphia, where she attended John W. Hallahan Catholic Girls High School. After graduating from high school in 1950, she was an office worker, and later became a librarian at the Pennsylvania Senate. Political involvement. She was an active campaigner for John F. Kennedy, and later became a member of the Philadelphia's Democratic Committee. In the late 1970s, she was elected leader of the 38th Ward. City council. In 1980, she won a special election to the Philadelphia City Council, after incumbent George Schwartz resigned in the wake of the Abscam scandal. She was re-elected 1983, and in 1987, she won a second full-term by defeating challenger Michael Nutter. Defeat and later life. In 1991, Nutter again challenged Land, and this time was successful. Nutter would go on to wage a successful campaign for Mayor in 2007. After her defeat, Land was a community-relations specialist with Philadelphia Gas Works. Personal life. Land married her husband, John, in 1954. He was a beverage distributor with a business in West Philadelphia. The couple had five children. She died of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in March 2010 at her home in Sea Isle City, New Jersey. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

eno je. maati eno je. chambers lend (1932 sonor 12 march, philadelphia, pensylvania-2010 sonor 9 march, chi aaijol chiti, niu jarchi) philadelphia sohor porixodor xodosyo aaru gonotantrik dolor xodosyo aasil. prarombhik jiwan. bhumi uttor philadelphier sthaniyo aasil, zo 'too teu john dobliu-too uposthito aasil. halahan ketholik suwali uscho bidyaloy. 1950 sonot haiskulor poraa snatok degree laabh korar pisot, teu egoraki karzaloyor kormosari aasil, aaru pisoloi pensylvania sinetot ejon puthibhoral hisape porigonito hoisil. rajnoitik ongxogrohon. teu john ef-ror baabe egoraki xokriyo prosarkari aasil. kenedi, aaru pisoloi philadelphier gonotantrik xomitir xodosyo hoisil. 1970-ror doxokor xexor faale teu 38 xongkhyok wardor netaa hisape nirbasito hoisil. nogor porixod. 1980 sonot, teu philadelphia nogor porixodor baabe ek bixex nirbasonot joylabh korisil, owoxor kandor pisote bortomanor jorjo swawartje podotyag korar pisot. 1983 sonot teu punor nirbasito hoisil aaru 1987 sonot proityahbankari michael notorok porasto kori dwitiyo xompurno karzokalor baabe joylabh korisil. porajoy aaru poroborti jiwan. 1991 sonot, notore punor bhumik proityahban jonaisil, aaru ei xomoy xofol hoisil. 2007 sonot notare meyoror baabe ek xofol prosar solaisil. teur porajoyor pisot, bhumi philadelphia gesor kaamor xoite ek xomproday-xomporko bixexogyo aasil. byoktigoto jiwan. bhumiye 1954 sonot teur swami jonor xoite bibahpaxot aabodho hoisil. teu poschim philadelphiat etaa byowoxayor xoite paniyo bitorok aasil. dompotihalor paas xontan aasil. 2010 sonor march maahot niu jarsir chi aaisel sohorot thoka teur ghorot dirghodiniya oworudhmulok palmunery rugot akranto hoi teur mrityu hoy.

ayana jeey. jommy ayana jeey. chambers lanned (12 march, 1932 philadelphia, pensylvania-9 march, 2010 shee aail city, neu jersey) philadelphia city counciler sadasya ebong democratic partyr sadasya chhilen. prathomik jeebon. bhumi uttor philadelphier sthaniya basinda chhilo, jekhane tini john dobleeu-teey jog diyechilen. halahan catholic garles hye school. 1950 saale uchcho vidyalaya theke snatok howar porr, tini ekjon offices karmi chhilen ebong porey pensylvania seneter gronthagarik hohn. rajnaitik sampriktata. tini john eff-err ekjon sakriya procharok chhilen. kenedi, ebong porey philadelphier ganotantrik komitir sadasya hohn. 1970-err doshoker shesher dike tini tini oyarda-err neta nirbachito hohn. city council. 1980 saale, tini philadelphia city counciler ekti bishesh nirbachone joyee hohn, bortoman george schwartz absum kelenkarir poriprekkhite podotyag korar porey. tini 1983 saale punornirbachito hohn ebong 1987 saale tini challenger michael notarke porajito korey dwitiya purno meyade joylav corren. porajoy ebong poroborti jeebon. 1991 saale, notter abar jommy challenge korey, ebong eyi samayti sofol hoyechilo. 2007 saale meyorer jonno ekti sofol procharona chalate cholechen notter. taar porajoyer porr, jommy philadelphia gyasa kaajer saathe ekti sampradai-somporko biseshoggo chhilo. byaktigato jeebon. lanned 1954 saale taar swami jonke biye corren. tini poschim philadelphia ekti byabosar saathe panian poribeshok chhilen. eyi dampatir panchti santan chhilo. tini 2010 saaler march maase neu jarsir shee aail sitite taanr barite dirghasthayi obstructive palmonary rogey maaraa zaan.

aena jeey. jameen aena jeey. chamber lanned (march 12,1932, philadelphiya, pensylvania-march 9,2010, see iceley ciity, nyu jarsimaa) philadelphiya ciity councilnaa sabhy aneey demokretika partyna sabhy hataa. praarambhik jeevan. jameen uttar filadelfiyani vatnee hatee, jyaan teneeae john doubleu. maan haajari aapee hatee. hollahan ketholik gearls haai school. school uchch shalamathi snaatak thayaa pachhi, teo aek kaaryalay karmchari hataa, aneey baadmaa pensylvania senetmaa granthpal banyaa hataa. raajkeey sandovani. teey john aef maate sakreey prachaarak hatee. kenedi, aneey pachhithi filadelfiyani lokshaahi sameetina sabhy banyaa. banyaa daykana antamaa, teo teo wardnaa netaa tareeke chuntaya hataa. nagar parishad. parishad, absum kaubhandna pagale haalnaa george schwartze raajinaamu aapyaa pachhi, temane philadelphiya ciity council maate vishesh chuntani jeetee hatee. teo teo fareethi chuntaya hataa aneey aneey temane harif michael nutterne haraaveene beejee purn mudat jeetee hatee. haar aneey pachhinu jeevan. jeevan, natarae fareethi jameenne padkaryo, aneey aaa samay safal rahyo. nutter nutter mayer maate safal abhiyaan chalaavvaa maate aagad vadhashe. temnee haar pachhi, jameen philadelphiya gases varqa saathe samudaay-sambandh nishnaat hatee. angat jeevan. jameenae jameenae tenaa patee john saathe lagna karyaa. teo pashchim filadelfiyama aek vyavsaay saathe peenana vitarak hataa. aaa dampatine paanch baadako hataa. tenee march 2010 maan chronic avrodhak pulmonary rogthee tenaa dariyai taapu shaher, nyu jarsimaa tenaa ghare mrutyu paamee hatee.

aine jey. bhoomi aine jey. chambers laind (12 march, 1932 mein philadelphia, pensylvania-9 march, 2010 mein see aisal city, nyu jersey mein) philadelphia shahar parishad key sadasya aur loktaantrik party key sadasya they. praarambhik jeevan. bhoomi uttari philadelphia kii mool nivasi thee, jahan usane johnn doubleu mein bhaag liya. hollahan catholic girls hyee school. 1950 mein hyee school seey snaatak honey key baad, vaha ack karyalaya karyakarta theen, aur baad mein pensylvania senate mein ack librarian bunn gaeen. raajneetik bhagidari. vaha johnn aff key liye ack sakriya prachaarak theen. kenedi, aur baad mein philadelphia kii loktaantrik samiti key sadasya bunn gaye. 1970 key dashak key anta mein, vaha 38vein ward kii netaa chuni gaeen. nagar parishad. 1980 mein, unhone philadelphia shahar parishad key liye ack vishesh chunaav jeetaa, jaba nivartamaan george schwartz ney absum ghotale key maddenajar istifa dey diyaa. vaha 1983 mein phir seey chuni gaeen, aur 1987 mein, unhone challenger michael nutter koo harakar doosara poorna-karyakal jeetaa. haar aur baad mein jeevan. 1991 mein, nater ney phir seey bhoomi koo chunauti dee, aur yeh samay safal rhaa. nater 2007 mein mahapour key liye ack safal abhiyaan chalaayenge. apani haar key baad, bhoomi philadelphia gais karyon key saath ack samudayik-sambandh visheshagya thee. vyaktigat jeevan. bhoomi ney 1954 mein apane pati, johnn seey shaadi kii. vaha paschim philadelphia mein ack vyavasaay key saath peya vitarak they. dampati key paanch bachche they. march 2010 mein samudri dweep shahar, nyu jersey mein apane ghar parr purani avarodhak fuffusiya bimari seey unaki mrityu hoe gaee.

aun zhe. bhoomi aun zhe. chambers land (march 12,1932, philadelphia, pensylvania-march 9,2010, sea ail city, newjersey) philadelphia city councilna sadasyaraagiddaru mattu democratic pakshada sadasyaraagiddaru. arambhika jeevana. bhoomi uttara philadelphiyaada sthaliyaraagiddaru, allie avaru zaan dablyooge haajaraagiddaru. halahan catholic balakiyara proudhashaale. proudhashaale proudhashaaleyinda padavi padeda nantara, aake kacheria kelasagaararaagiddaru mattu nantara pensylvania senetnalli granthapaalakaraadaru. rajakiya olagolluvike. aake zaan eff avara sakriya pracharakaragiddaru. kennedi, mattu nantara philadelphiyaada prajaprabhutva samitiya sadasyaraadaru. 1970rahra dashakada koneyalli, avaru 38neey wardna naayakaraagi aaykeyaadaru. nagara mandali. mandali, avaru philadelphia nagara mandalige vishesha chunavaneyalli geddaru, eega adhikaaradalliruva georg schwartz avaru absum hagaranada hinneleyalli rajiname needida nantara. avaru avaru maru chunaayitaraadaru mattu mattu, avaru challenger micheal nattar avarannu solisuva moolaka eradane purnaavadhiya chunavaneyalli geddaru. solu mattu nantarada jeevana. jeevana, nattar matte bhoomige savaalu haakitu, mattu ee samayavu yashasviyaayitu. yashasviyaayitu mayer huddege nattar yashasvi prachaaravannu nadesuttiddaru. aakeya solina nantara, bhoomi philadelphia anila karyagalalli samudaaya-sambandhagala tagnaraagiddaru. vaiyaktika jeevana. bhoomi bhoomi tanna pathi zaan avarannu vivaahavaadaru. avaru paschima philadelfiyaadalli ondu vyaapaaradondige paneeya vitarakaraagiddaru. ee dampatige aidu makkaliddaru. aake 2010rahra marchnalli newjersey sea ail citiyalliruva tanna maneyalli deerghakaalada pratirodhaka shvasakoshada kaayileyinda nidhanaraadaru.

aan jeey. bhoomi aan jeey. chembezhs land (march 12,1932, philadelphia, pensylvania-march 9,2010, zee ail sitti, nyoojezhsi) philadelphia sitti kaunsil amgavum demookratik party amgavumaayirunnu. aadyakaala jeevitam. vadakkan philadelphia swadeshiyaaya land avide joonn dablyu. yill chernnu. hallahan catholica penkuttikalude haiskool. 1950 ll haiskoolil ninnu birudam nediya sesham avar oru oafees jeevanakkaariyaayirunnu, pinneedu pensylvania senattil librariyanaayi. rashtreeya pankaalittham. avar joonn eph-nte sajeeva prachaaranakkaariyaayirunnu. kennady, pinneedu philadelphiyayude demookratik kammittiyil amgamaayi. amgamaayi avasaanathil avar 38-aamm vaardinte nethaavaayi thiranjedukkappettu. sitti kaunsil. 1980-ll, absam azhimathiyude pashchaathalatthil nilavile jorjju schwarts raajivachathinethudarnnu avar philadelphia sitti kaunsililekkulla prathyeka thiranjeduppil vijayichu. 1983ll veendum thiranjedukkappetta avar 1987ll velluviliyaaya maikkal nattare paraajayappeduthi randaam thavana poornnamaayi vijayichu. parajayavum pinneedulla jeevithavum. 1991ll nutter veendum bhoomiye velluvilichu, ithavana athu vijayakaramaayirunnu. 2007ll mayer sthaanathekku vijayakaramaya oru pracharanam nadathuvaan nutter thudarnnu. paraajayathinu sesham land philadelphia gyaas varkkukalil community relations specialistaayirunnu. vyakthiparamaaya jeevitam. land 1954-ll bharthaav jonine vivaham kazhichu. addeham padinjaaran filadelfiyayil oru bisinesses paaneeya vitharanakkaaranaayirunnu. eee dambathikalkku anchu kuttikalundaayirunnu. vittumaaraatha shwaasakosha sambandhamaaya rogam baadhichu 2010 maarchil nyoojezhsiyile zee ail sittiyile veettil vachu avar marichu.

aine jeey. jameen aine jeey. chambers land (12 march 1932, philadelphiya, pensylvania-9 march 2010, see aayal ciity, nyu jersey) heey philadelphiya shahar parishadeche sadasya aanee lokshahi pakshache sadasya hote. prarambhik jeevan. land hii uttar philadelphiyachi rahivasi hotee, jithe tine johnn doubleu. laa hajeri lavali. hallahan catholic mulinchi uchch madhyamik shaala. 1950 madhye highschoolmadhun padvi ghetalyanantar, tyaa karyalayin karmchari hotya aanee nantar pensylvania cinetmadhye granthapal banalya. rajkiy sahbhag. tee johnn eff. sathee sakriy pracharak hotee. kenedi, aanee nantar philadelphiyachya lokshahi samitiche sadasya jhaale. 1970 chya dashakachya uttaradhat tyaa 38 vya prabhagachya netya mhanoon nivadalya gelya. nagar parishad. 1980 madhye, ebsum ghotalyachya parshvabhumivar vidyaman george schwartz yanni rajinama dilyanantar, tyanni philadelphiya nagarparishadechi vishesh nivadanuk jinkley. 1983 madhye tyaa punha nivadoon aalya aanee 1987 madhye tine aavhanatmak michael naterla parabhoot karoon dusari purn-mudat jinkley. parabhav aanee nantarche jeevan. 1991 madhye, nutterne punha jaminila aavhan dile aanee hii vel yashasvi jhaali. 2007 madhye nutterne mahapourpadasathi yashasvi moheem rabavali. tichya parabhavanantar, jameen hii philadelphiya gasschya kamanmadhye samuday-sambandh tadnya hotee. vaiyaktik jeevan. landney 1954 madhye ticha patee johnshey lagn kele. too paschim filadelfiyamadhye vyavasay karnara pey vitarak hota. yaa jodpyala paach mule hotee. march 2010 madhye nyu jarsichya see aayal ciity yetheel tichya gharee dirghakalin avarodhak fuffusachya aajarane ticha mrutyu jhaala.

enn jey. jamin enn jey. chambers land (march 12,1932 filadelfia, pensylvania-march 9,2010 samudri ail city, nyu georcyma) filadelfia city councilca sadasya rar democratic partyka sadasya thie. prarambhik jiwan. lanned uttari filadelfiako muel niwasi thiin, jahaan unle john wma bhag liin. halahan catholic ketty hai schol. sann 1950 maa hai schoolbata snatak garepachhi, uni ek karyalaya karmachari thiin, rar pachhi pensylvania cinetma librarian banin. rajnitik sahabhagita. uni john efka lagi sakriya pracharak thiin. kenedy, rar pachhi filadelfiako loktantrik samitiko sadasya bane. sann 1970 ko dashakko antyama uni 38 aun wardki neta chunieki thiin. nagar parishad. sann 1980 maa, unle filadelfia city councilko vishesh chunawa jitin, wartaman george schwartzle absom scandleko prishthabhumima rajinama die. uni 1983 maa punah nirvachit bhain, rar 1987 maa, unle chunautidata micheal naterlai haraera dosro purna-karyakal jitin. haar anie pachhiko jiwan. sann 1991 maa, nutterle feri bhumiko chunauti die, rar yo samaya safal bhayo. nutterle sann 2007 maa meyarka lagi safal abhiyan chalaeka thie. unko parajayapachi, lanned filadelfia gyas karyaharuma samudayik-sambandha visheshagya thiyo. wyaktigat jiwan. landley sann 1954 maa afna pati jonasanga vivaha garin. uni paschim filadelfiama wyawasaya garne peya padartha witarak thie. dampatika paanch santan thie. unko march 2010 maa nyu georcyko samudri tapu saharma unko gharma chronic awarodhak fuffusiya rogbata mrityu bhayo.

enn jay. jami enn jay. chambers land (march 12,1932, philadelphia, pensilbhania-march 9,2010, sii aaile city, nyu georcy) philadelphia city kaunasilara jane sadasya ebong democratic partyra jane sadasya thile. prarambhika zeeban. land uttara philadelphiar moola basinda thile, jeunthare shay zohn waa. ray adhyajana karithile. halahan catholic balika uccha bidyalaja 1950 masihare haiskularu snataka heba parey, shay jane offices karmachari thile, ebong parey pensilbhania sinetare jane librarian hoithile. rajanaitika anshagrahana. shay zohn aif nka paain jane sakriya pracharaka thile. kenedi, ebong parey philadelphiar ganatantrika kamitira sadasya hoithile. 1970 dashkar shesh bhagare shay shay warder neta bhabe nirbachita hoithile. nagara parishad. 1980 masihare, shay philadelphia city council paain eka swatantra nirbachanare bijai hoithile, jetebele barttamanara george schwartz absam skandalaku drustire rakhi istafa deithile. shay 1983 ray punarbara nirbachita hoithile, ebong 1987 ray, shay challenger michael natarnku parasta curry dwiteeja purnakalina jitithile. parajaya ebong parabarti zeeban. 1991 masihare, nutter puni thare bhumiku challenge karithile, ebong ether saphala hoithile. nutter 2007 ray meyer paain eka saphala abhijana chalaithile. taanka parajaya parey, jami philadelphia gas karjya sahita eka sampradai-samparka bisheshagya thile . byaktigata zeeban. land 1954 ray taanka swamee jannku bibaha karithile. shay paschima philadelaphiare eka byabasai sahita paniah bitaraka thile . ehi dampatinkara panchti santan thile. shay march 2010 ray nyu jarsira sii aisal saharare thiba taanka ghare chronic obstructive palmonary rogare mrutyubarana karithile.

ainn jey. zameen ainn jey. chambers lend (12 march, 1932 fildelfia, pensylvania witch-9 march, 2010 samundari tapu shehar, nioo jarsi witch) fildelfia city consul daa member atey democratic party daa member see. mudhla jeevan. lend uttri fildelfia dee mool nivasi see, jitthe usne jauhan w witch padahi keeti. halahan catholic gerals hyee school 1950 witch hyee school toon graduate honn toon baad, uh ikk daftar karamchari see, atey baad witch pensylvania senate witch ikk librarian bann gaee. rajneetak bhagidari. uh john eff laee ikk sargaram pracharak see. canady, atey baad witch fildelfia dee jamhuri kameti daa member bann giaa. 1970 dey dahake dey akheer witch, uh uh ward dee neta chunhi gaee. nagar consul. sann 1980 witch, uss neey fildelfia city consul laee ikk vishesh chonh jitti, jadon maujuda jaaraj schwartz neey absam ghutale dey maddenazar astifa dey ditta see. uh 1983 witch dubara chunhi gaee see, atey 1987 witch, usne chunhauti denh vaale michael nutter noon haraa keey dooja poora karajkal jittiaa. haar atey baad witch jeevan. sann 1991 witch, nutter neey firr toon zameen noon chunhauti ditti, atey ih vaar safal riha. nattar neey 2007 witch mayer laee ikk safal muhim chalai. aapni haar toon baad, lend fildelfia gais dey kamman witch community-relations mahr see. nijji jeevan. lend neey 1954 witch aapne patee jauhan naal viaah karvaiaa. uh pachmi fildelfia witch ikk carobar dey naal ikk peenn vaale padarath vitrak see. iss jode dey panj bacche sunn. march 2010 witch samundari tapu shehar, nioo jarsi witch aapne gharr witch purani rukawat vaali pulmonary bimari naal uss dee maut hoow gaee.

enn jey. bhoomih. enn jey. chambers-lyand (maarch 12,1932, fildelfia, pensylvania-maarch 9,2010, see-ail-city, nyoo jersey) fildelfia-nagar-parishadasya sadasyah, lokataantrik-dalasya sadasyah cha aasit. praarambhikajeevanam. bhoomih uttar-philadelphia-pradeshasya mulanivasini aasit, yatra saa jaan doubleu ityasmin abhyanayt. halaahan catholic balika ucchavidyaalayaha. 1950 tame varshe ucchavidyaalayaat snaatakapadaveem praapya saa karyalaya-karmachaari aasit, anantaram pensylvania-seenet-madhye granthagarika abhavat. raajanaitik-sahabhagita. saa jaan ef ityasya krute sakriyah prachaarakah aasit. kenedy, anantaram cha philadelphia-deshasya lokataantrik-samityaah sadasyah abhavat. 1970 tamasya dashakasy ante saa 38 tame wardsya netree nirvachita. nagaraparishada. 1980 tame varshe, ebsam-kandasya anantaram, vartamaanasya jaarj schwarts ityasya tyaagapatrasya anantaram, saa philadelphia-nagar-parishadasya krute visheshanirvaachane vijayam praapnot. saa 1983 tame varshe punah nirvachita, 1987 tame varshe chyaanjar-mckell nutter ityenam parajayya dviteeyavaaram purnakaalam jitavatee. parajaya, pashchat jeevanam. 1991 tame varshe, nutter-ityanena punah bhoomim pratipratisandhih abhavat, tathaa cha eshah samayah saphalah abhavat. 2007 tame varshe nutter ityeshah meyar-krute safalaprachaaram kartum pravruttah. tasyaah parajayanantaram, bhoomih philadelphia-vaayu-kaaryeshu samudaay-sambandha-visheshadnyah aasit. vyaktigatajeevanam. lyand-varyaha 1954 tame varshe swapatneem jaan-varyam parineetavaan. saha pashchim-philadelphia-nagare vyavasaayasya peya-vitarakah aasit. dampatee pancha putraah aasan. saa 2010 maarch-maase nyoo jersey-nagarasya see-ail-nagare swagruhe chronic-obstructive-pulmanary-rogena mrutaa.

aen jay. nilam aen jay. sambers land (maarch 12,1932 philatelpia, benzylvania-maarch 9,2010 kadal theevu nagaram, neu jersey) philatelpia nagara councilin uruppinaraagavum jananayagak katchiyin uruppinaraagavum irunthaar. aarambagaala vaazhkkai. vadakku piladelpiyaavai poorveegamaagak konda nilam, angku avar john doublue. halahan catholica penkal uyarnilaip palli. 1950 aam aandil uyarnilaip pallyil pattam pettra piragu, avar oru aluvalaga uuzhiyaraaka irunthaar, pinnar benzylvania senattil noolagar aanaar. arasiyal eedupaadu. avar john eff-kkaana oru seyalil pirachchaaragaraaga irunthaar. kennadi, pinnar piladelpiyaavin jananayagak kuzhuvil uruppinaraaga aanaar. 1970kalin pirpaguthiyil, avar 38vadhu wardin thalaivaraaga thernthedukkappattaar. maanagara sabai. 1980 aam aandil, filadelbia nagara sabaikku oru sirapputh therthalil avar vettri pettraar, tharpoothaiya jaarj swards thappiyoodiya uuzhalai aduththu rajinama seithaar. avar 1983 ill meendum thernthedukkappattaar, 1987 ill, avar sawal seiyum michael nattaraith thoarkadiththu irandaavathu muzhu kaalatthai ventraar. thoalviyum, pirkaala vaazhkkaiyum. 1991 aam aandil, nattar meendum nilatthai sawal seithaar, inththa murai vetrtrikaramaaka irunththathu. 2007 aam aandil maeyarukkaaga oru vetrtrikaramaana prachchaaraththai nattar maerkolvaar. avarathu thoalvikkup piragu, nilam philatelpia erivaayu panigaludan samooga-uravugal nipunaraaga irunththathu. thanipatta vaazhkkai. nilam thanathu kanavar jaanai 1954 ill tirumanam seithu kondaar. avar maerku piladelpiyaavil oru vanigaththudan paana viniyoagastharaaga irunthaar. inththa thambathikku ainthu kuzhandhaigal irunththanar. avar maarch 2010 ill neu jersiyil ulla kadal theevugalil ulla thanathu veettil naalpatta thaduppu nuraiyeeral noayaal iranthaar.

enn zhe. bhoomi enn zhe. chhambers land (marchi 12,1932, philadelphia, pensylvania-marchi 9,2010, sea ail city, newjersey) philadelphia city council sabhyudu mariyu democratic party sabhyudu. prarambha jeevitam. bhoomi uttara philadelphiaku chendinadi, akkada aame zaan doubleuki haajarayyindi. halahan catholic baalikala unnata paatasaala. paatasaala unnata paatasaala nundi pattabhadruraalaina taruvaata, aame karyalaya udyogigaa, taruvaata pensylvania senatelo librarian ayyaru. raajakeeya prameyam. aame zaan eff kosam churukaina prachaarakarta. kennedy, taruvaata philadelphia prajaasvaamya kamiteelo sabhyudayyadu. 1970la chivaralo, aame 38va vaarduku nayakuraliga ennikayyaaru. nagara mandali. mandali, aame philadelphia nagara mandaliki pratyeka ennikalaloo vijayam saadhinchindi, prastuta georg schwartz absum kumbhakonam nepathyamlo rajinama chesina taruvaata. aame aame tirigi ennikayyaaru, ennikayyaaru, aame challenger maikhel nattarnu oodinchadam dwara rendava puurti-kaalanni geluchukundi. otami mariyu taruvaata jeevitam. jeevitam, nattar mallee bhoomini savaalu chesindi, mariyu eee samayam vijayavantamaindi. vijayavantamaindi mayer kosam vijayavantamaina pracharanni nutter konasaaginchaaru. aame otami taruvaata, bhoomi philadelphia gyaas panulatho community-relations specialistga undedi. vyaktigata jeevitam. bhoomi bhoomi thana bhartha jaannu vivaham chesukunnadu. athanu paschima philadelphialo oka vyaapaaramtho paaneeyaala pampineedaarugaa unnadu. eee dampatulaku aiduguru pillalu unnaaru. aame marchi marchi newjerseelooni sea ail cityloni thana intlo deerghakaalika obstructive pulmonary vyaadhitho maraninchindi.

aine jay. zameen aine jay. chambers lend (12 maarch 1932 flodelfia pensalvania mein-9 maarch 2010 samandari jazirah shehar neo jarsi mein) fladelfia stee konsal kay rakan aur democratic paarti kay rakan thay. ibtadayi zindagi. lend shamali fladelfia kii rehney waali thee jehaan iss nay jaan dabliyo mein taleem haasil kii. haalhaan catholic garlaz hayee school. 1950 mein hayee school say faarig altehseel honay kay baad wah eek aafs warkar thein aur baad mein pensalvania senate mein librarian bunn gayein. seyasi shamoliyat. wah jaan aif kay liye eek faal muham chalanay waali thein. canady aur baad mein fladelfia kii jamhuri committy kay rakan bunn gayey. 1970 kii dahayi kay aakhir mein wah 38 wein waard kii rehnuma muntakhib hoyein. stee konsal. 1980 mein inhon nay fladelfia stee konsal kay liye eek khususi intekhaab jeetaa jabb maujudah jaarj shwartz nay absam scandle kay tanazar mein istefi day diyaa. wah 1983 mein dobarah muntakhib hoyein aur 1987 mein inhon nay challenge karnay waalay michael nutter kuu shakast day kirr dosri makmal madat jeeth lee. shakast aur baad kii zindagi. 1991 mein nutter nay dobarah zameen kuu challenge kiyaa aur yaha waqat kamiyab rehaa. nutter nay 2007 mein mear kay liye eek kamiyab muham chalayi. apnee shakast kay baad lend fladelfia gees kay kaamon mein community relations kii maahir thee. zaati zindagi. lend nay 1954 mein apnay shohar jaan say shaadi kii. wah maghrabi fladelfia mein eek karobar kay saath mashrubaat kay taqsim kaar thay. iss joday kay paanch bachay thay. wah maarch 2010 mein neo jarsi kay see aaisal stee mein apnay gahar parr daaimi rukawat phephadon kii bemari say inteqal kirr gayein.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37899371

A Quiet Drink

A Quiet Drink A Quiet Drink is the third novel by the English author Deborah Moggach, first published in 1980. Unlike her previous novels it departs from the autobiographical. Plot introduction. The book is set in London and concerns Claudia, a magazine editor whose husband has just left her, Steve Mullen, a cosmetics representative, and his wife June. Claudia is still yearning after her husband but then finds herself a lodger, the mysterious Alistair, a librarian who keeps a diary which Claudia is desperate to read. Steve is realising his marriage to June is beginning to lose its sparkle, while June has given up her job and is spending time at the library trying to educate herself. Eventually Steve and Claudia meet and go for "a quiet drink" which has far-reaching consequences. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

etaa xanto paniyo e silent drink hoise ingraji lekhika deburah mugasor tritiyokhon uponyax, jitu prothombaror baabe 1980 sonot prokaxito hoisil. teur purbor uponyaxxomuhor biporite ee atmojibonimulokor poraa prithok. plotor porisoy. kitapkhon londonot nirmito aaru iyar bixoy hoise claudia naamor egoraki alusonir xompadok, jaar swamiye eimatro taik eri goise, steve mulen, ejon proxadhon protinidhi, aaru teur potni june. claudiai etiyau swamir baabe aakul aakorxito hoi aase kintu taar pisot nijoke ejon lojar, rohosyomoy elisteyar, ejon puthibhoral rokha ejon puthibhoral bisari paay jiye claudia porhiboloi hotax hoi thoka etaa diary raakhe. steve upolobdhi korise je junor xoite teur bibahoi iyar ujjwolota heruwaboloi aarombho korise, aanhate junoi sakori tyag korise aaru nijoke xikhyito koriboloi chesta kori puthibhoralot xomoy kotaise. owoxexot steve aaru claudia log hoy aaru "etaa xanto paniyo" khaboloi yaay jaar xudur proxari porinam aase.

ekti shanto panian aaa saileta drink ingrezi lekhok deborah mogacher tritiya uponyas, jaa 1980 saale prothom prokashito hoy. taanr ager uponyasgulir biporite etty attojibonimulok theke alada. plot bhumika. boiti londoner prekkhapote rachito ebong claudia, ekjon magaziner sompadok, jaar swami sobematro taake chhede choley gechen, stibha mullen, ekjon prosadhoni protinidhi ebong taar stree junke niye. claudia ekhono taar swamir jonno akul akangkha korey kintu tarpor nijeke ekjon lodger, rahasyamay alastair, ekjon gronthagarik khunje paay jey ekti diarry rakhe jaa claudia padte moria. stibha bujhte paare jey juner saathe taar bibah taar ujjolota harate shuru koreche, onnodike june taar chakri chhede diyeche ebong nijeke shikkhito korar chesta korey libraryte somoy katache. abosheshe stibha ebong claudia milit hoy ebong "ekti shanto panian" paan korey jaar sudurprasari porinoti royeche.

shaant pinun aaa sayalta drink aee angreji lekhak debora moggaachnee triji navalkathaa chhe, jeey saupratham saupratham prakashit thaee hatee. temnee agaauni navalkathaaothee vipareet teey aatmakathaatmakthi alag chhe. plooat parichay. aaa pustak londonma seeta karvaamaa aavyu chhe aneey teey claudia, aek saamyeek sampaadak, jemnaa pateeae hamanaa jaj temne chhodi deedhaa chhe, steve mullen, aek saundarya prasadhanona pratinidhi aneey temnee patnee juuna saathe sambandhit chhe. claudia haju pann tenaa patini zankhna karey chhe parantu pachhi potaane aek lojar, rahasyamay elister, aek granthpal shodhe chhe jeey aek diary raakhe chhe jeey claudia vaanchvaa maate aatur chhe. stevene khyaal aave chhe keey juuna saathena tenaa lagna tenee chamak gumaavvaanu sharoo curry rahyu chhe, jyaare junae tenee nokri chhodi deedhi chhe aneey potaane shikshit karvaanaa prayasma pustakalayma samay pasaar curry rahee chhe. aakhare steve aneey claudia maley chhe aneey "shaant pinun" pivaa jaay chhe, jenaa durgaamee parinaamo aave chhe.

ack shaant peya aeye silent drink angreji lekhak deborah moggack kaa teesara upanyaas haye, joe pahali baar 1980 mein prakaashit huaa thaa. unake pichhale upanyason key vipareet yeh aatmakathaatmak seey alag haye. kathaanak parichay. yeh pustak landan mein sthaapit haye aur claudia, ack patrika sampaadak jisake pati ney abhee-abhee usey chhod diyaa haye, steve mullen, ack saundarya prasaadhan pratinidhi aur unaki patni juuna seey sambandhit haye. claudia abhee bhee apane pati key liye taras rahee haye, lekin phir khud koo ack lodger, rahasyamay alastyre, ack librarian paataa haye joe ack diarry rakhta haye jise claudia padhane key liye betaab haye. steve koo ehsas hoe rhaa haye kii juuna key saath usaki shaadi apani chamak khone luggy haye, jabaki juuna ney apani naukari chhod dee haye aur vaha khud koo shikshit karane kii koshish mein pustakalaya mein samay bitaa rahee haye. antatah steve aur claudia milate hain aur "ack shaant peya" key liye jaate hain jisake doorgaami parinam hotey hain.

shaanta paneeya aa silent drink embudu inglish lekhaki deborah moggak avara moorane kaadambariyaagiddu, idannu modalu 1980 ralli prakatisalaayitu. avara hindina kaadambarigaliginta bhinnavagi idu aatmacharitreyinda duravide. kathaavastuvina parichaya. ee pustakavu landannallide mattu claudia, niyatakaalikeya sampaadaka, aakeya pathi avalannu torediddaane, soundaryavardhakagala pratinidhiyaada steve muellen mattu avana patni zoon. claudia innoo tanna gandanannu hudukutta hambalisuttaale, aadare nantara avalu obba vasatigruhadavalaagi, nigoodha alastair, granthapaalakanaagi, claudia odalu hataasharaagiruva dinachariyannu ittukolluttaale. zoon jotegina tanna maduveyu tanna holapannu kaledukollalu praarambhiside endu steve aritukondare, zoon tanna kelasavannu tyajisi granthaalayadalli tannannu taanu sikshana padeyalu prayatnisuttide. antimavagi steve mattu claudia bhetiyaguttare mattu duragami parinaamagalannu hondiruva "shaanta paneeya" kke hoguttaare.

oru shaanthamaaya paaneeyam 1980ll aadyamaayi prasidheekaricha engleesh ezhuthukaariyaaya deborah mogaachinte moonnaamathe novalaanu eiii sailit drink. avarude muun novalukalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi ithu aathmakathaaparamaaya novalukalil ninnu vyathichalikkunnu. plott aamukham. landanile katha parayunna eee pusthakam, avale upekshichu bharthaav aduthide poya magazin edittar cladia, soundaryavardhaka prathinidikalaaya steevu mullan, bhaarya juun ennivarekkurichaanu. cladia ippozhum bharthaavine kothikkunnundengilum pinneedu oru lodger, nigoodamaaya alastair, cladia vaayikkaan aagrahikkunna oru dayari sookshikkunna oru librarian enniva kandethunnu. joonumaayulla thante vivaahathinte thilakkam nashtappedaan thudangiyathayi steevu manassilakkunnu, juun thante jolie upekshichu libraryil samayam chelavazhikkukayum svayam vidyaabhyaasam nedaanulla sramathilaanu. oduvil steevum claudia kandumuttukayum dooravyaapakamaaya prathyaaghaathangal undaakkunna "shaanthamaaya oru paaneeyathinu" pookukayum cheiyunnu.

eka shant pey aaa silent drink hii ingraji lekhika deborah moggackchi tisari kadambari aahe, jee pahilyanda 1980 madhye prakashit jhaali. tichya aadhichya aadhichya tee aatmacharitratmak kadambaripasun vegali aahe. kathanak parichay. heey pustak londonmadhye aadharit aahe aanee claudia yaa niyatkalikachya sampadkashi sambandhit aahe, jyacha patee nuktach teela sodoon gela aahe, steve mullen, saundaryaprasadhan pratinidhi aanee tyachi patni juuna. claudia ajunahi tichya patichi tahan ghet aahe parantu nantar teela eka lodger, rahasyamay elistyre, eka granthapal aadhalato joou eka diary thevato jee claudia vachanyasathi betab aahe. junashi asalelya tyachya lagnachi chamak qamee houu lagali aahe heey stevela kalate, tarr junane tichi nokri sodali aahe aanee too swatahla shikshit karnyachya prayatnat granthalayat vel ghalvat aahe. akheris steve aanee claudia bhetatat aanee 'shant pey' ghetat jyache durgami parinam hotat.

euta shanta peya aha silent drink angreji lekhika debora mogachko tesro upanyas how, june pahilo patak sann 1980 maa prakashit bhaeko thiyo. unka aghillo upanyasharuko viparit yo atmakathatmakbata alag chha. kathanak parichaya. yo pustak londonma sett garieko chha rar claudia, ek patrika sampadak jasko patile bharkharai unlai chhodeka chhan, steve mulena, ek cosmetics pratinidhi, rar unaki shrimati junasanga sambandhit chha. claudia ajhai pani afno patika lagi tirkhaunchhin tara tyasapachhi afulai ek lazar, rahasyamaya alastyre, ek librarian bhettaunchhin jasle diary rakhchhin june claudia padhna betab chha. junasangko afno vivahale afno chamak gumauna thaleko stibhlai thaha bhairaheko chha, jabki junele afno jagira chhodeko chha rar afulai shikshit garne prayasma pustakalayama samaya bitaundai chha. antatah steve rar claudia bhetchhan rar "shanta peya" kaa lagi janchhan jasko durgami parinamharu hunchhan.

eka shant paniah aii silate drink' heuchhi ingraji lekhika deborah mogaknka truteeja upenyas, jaahaa prathame 1980 ray prakashita hoithila. taanka purba upenyas tulanare ehaa atmajibani thaaru alga . plut parichai. ehi pustakati landanare aadharita ebong ehaa claudia namaka jane patrikara sampadaka, jahanka swamee tanku nikatare chhadi chaali jaichanti, stibh mullen, jane prasadhan samagri pratinidhi ebong taanka patni junnka bishajare. claudia ebe bii taanka swameenka paain utkanthita, kintu taa 'parey nijaku jane lazar, rahasyamai alastair, jane librarian bhabe paithae, jie eka diary rakhe, jaahaaku claudia padhibaku utkanthita hoithae. stibh anubhaba karuchanti je june sahita tankara bibaha ehara chamaka haraiba arambha karichhi, jetebele june taanka chakiri chhadideichi ebong nijaku sikhita karibaku chesta karuthiba laibrereere samai bitauchhi . sheshare stibh ebong claudia bheti "eka shant paniah" paain jaanti jahara suduraprasari parinam achhi .

ikk shaant peenn angrezi lekhak deborah mogach daa teeja nawal 'aii silent drink' haii, joe pahili vaar 1980 witch prakashit hoiaa see. uss dey pichle navlan dey ulat ih swaijivani toon vakkh haii. plaat dee jaanh-pachanh. ih kitaab london witch sathapat keeti gaee haii atey ikk magazine sampadak claudia, jiss dey patee neey uss noon chhadd ditta haii, steve mullen, ikk cosmetics pratinidh atey uss dee patni juun naal sabandhat haii. claudia ajey vee aapne patee dee ichha rakkhdi haii parr firr aapne aap noon ikk lajjar, rahassmai elistair, ikk librarian paundi haii joe ikk diari rakkhdi haii jiss noon claudia padhan laee betaab haii. steve noon ahsas hoow riha haii kii juun naal uss daa viaah aapni chamak guauna shuru qarr riha haii, jadon kii juun neey aapni naukari chhadd ditti haii atey library witch aapna samaan bitaa keey aapne aap noon sikkhiat curran dee koshish qarr riha haii. akheer witch steve atey claudia milde hunn atey "ikk shaant peenn" laee jaande hunn jiss dey durgami natije hunde hunn.

nishshabdam peyam a sailet drink iti aangl-lekhikaa debora mogaak ityasya truteeyam upanyasam asti, yat prathamavaaram 1980 tame varshe prakaashitam aasit. tasyaah poorvakathaabhih bhinnam etat atmakathatmakat pruthak bhavati. plaatu-parichayah. landan-nagare sthaapitam pustakam, patrikaa-sampaadikaa claudia, yasya pati sadyah eva tam parityajat, steve mullen, saundaryaprasaadhana-pratinidhihi, tasya patnee joon cha ityetaan prati chintayati. claudia adyaapi swapatnah anvishyate, parantu tatah swayam vasatigruham, rahasyamayee alastair, granthagarikam, yat dairi sthaapayati, yat claudia pathitum vyagrataa asti iti jaanaati. steve ityayam avabodhayati yat joon-masena saha tasya vivaahasya sparkle-nashtah bhavitum aarabhate, yadaa kii joon-maasah swakaaryam parityajy swayam shikshayitum pustakaalaye samayam yaapayati. ante steve tathaa claudia militvaa "shaantam peyam" sweekartum gacchanti yasya duragami parinaamaah bhavanti.

amaithiyaana paanam oru amaithiyaana paanam enbathu aangkila ezhuththaalar deborah mokkaakkin moontraavathu naavalaagum, idhu muthanmuthalil 1980 ill veliyidappattathu. avarathu munththaiya naavalkalaip poalallaamal idhu suyasaridhaiyilirunthu vilagich selkirathu. kadhaikkalam arimugamaagum. landanil amaikkapattulla inththa puththagam, claudia, oru paththirigai aasiriyar, avarathu kanavar avarai vittuch sendruvittaar, steve mullan, oru azhagusaathanap pirathinithi mattrum avarathu manaivi juun. claudia innum thanathu kanavaraip pattri aengkukiraar, aanaal pinnar thannai oru lauder, marmamaana alastair, oru noolagar, avar oru naatkurippai vaiththirukiraar, idhu claudia padikka aasaippadugiraar. juun maathaththudanaana thanathu tirumanam adhan pirakaasaththai izhakkath thodangukirathu enbathai steve unarkiraar, athae neraththil juun thanathu vaelaiyai kaivittu noolagaththil neraththai selavittu thannaip payitruvikka muyarchikkiraar. iruthiyil steve mattrum claudia santhiththu "oru amaithiyaana bhaanaththirku" selkiraargal, idhu tholainoakku vilaivugalai aerpaduththukirathu.

nissabda paaneeyam aangla rachayita deborah moggatch raasina moodava navala eah sailent drink, idhi idhi modatisaari prachurinchabadindi. aame munupati navalala maadirigaa kakunda idhi aatmakatha nundi vaerugaa untundi. katha parichayam. eee pustakam londonlo sett cheyabadindi mariyu claudia, oka patrika sampadakudu, aame bhartha aamenu vidichipettina steve muellen, soundarya saadhanaala pratinidhi mariyu athani bhaarya juun. claudia ippatikee thana bhartha kosam aaraatapadutondi, conny appudu tananu taanu oka ladger, marmamaina alastyre, oka librarian, athanu oka daireeni unchukuntaadu, claudia chadavadaaniki aatrutagaa undhi. juun thoo thana vivaham daani merupunu kolpovadam praarambhinchindani steve grahistaadu, juun thana udyogaanni vadulukuni, librarylo samayam gaduputuu tananu taanu vidyaavantulanu chesukunenduku prayatnistaadu. chivariki steve mariyu claudia kalusukuni "nissabda paaneeyam" kosam velataaru, idhi suduura parinaamaalanu kaligi untundi.

eek perscon mashrub eek perscon mashrub angrezi masnaf debora mogach kaa teesra naawal hay juu pehli baar 1980 mein shaye hawaa thaa. inn kay pachlay naawalon kay barakas yaha sawanah umri say alg hay. plaat kaa taaruf. yaha kitaab landan mein tartib dee gayee hay aur iss kaa taaluq claudia say hay juu eek megzin editor hay jiss kay shohar nay ubhee asay chhod diyaa hay steve molan eek cosmetics kay numainde aur iss kii bewi joone. claudia abb bhee apnay shohar kay liye tadap rahee hay leakin phir khood kuu eek laajar prasrar elsteer eek librarian dhondti hay juu eek diary rakhti hay jasay claudia padhnay kay liye bay cheen hay. steve kuu ahsaas how rehaa hay kahh joone say iss kii shaadi apnee chamak khona sharoo kirr rahee hay jabkah joone nay apnee nokari chhod dee hay aur library mein waqat guzaar kirr khood kuu taleem deenay kii koshish kirr rehaa hay. aakhir kaar steve aur claudia miltay haine aur "eek perscon mashrub" kay liye jaatay haine jiss kay door russ nataij hotay haine.

000104ce42580a0bdfa5ac3f65f11c5477ea85b8f7f8834af59462be58dae5d2

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43831922

Gino Pozzo

Gino Pozzo Italian businessman and football club owner(born 1965) Gino Pozzo (born 1965) is an Italian businessman and managing director and legal owner of Watford Football Club, who owns a sports investment group focused on the football sector. Early life. He is son of Italian businessman Giampaolo Pozzo and a member of the prominent Italian business-owning Pozzo family. Career. Pozzo got his start in football as soon as he left university in his early 20s and has built his career around talent scouting and development of high-potential players. Pozzo is reportedly heavily involved in the day-to-day running of Watford F.C., as well as negotiating transfers between his father's football club Udinese Calcio in Italy. Over the past decade, Pozzo and his family have become notable for their multi-club ownership strategies, including transferring players between Watford F.C., Udinese Calcio, and Granada CF (with Granada CF sold to Chinese businessman Jiang Lizhang in June 2016). Pozzo runs an international scouting team of 25 to 30 people who seek players through attending every significant competition around the world, especially in developing markets like South America, Africa, and Eastern Europe. Pozzo is reported to have a pattern of investing small sums of money into high-risk players. His larger clubs' network has helped his business to minimize player acquisition costs while maximizing the profit from surging transfer fees as players are transferred and loaned among 'sister clubs' and later sold at a premium achieving high returns. Pozzo's career experience and business model has led to identifying talent at his three clubs and has been consistently applied to Udinese Calcio for over 25 years, leading some to call it the "talent factory". Granada CF and Watford achieved promotion to La Liga and Premier League, respectively, through Pozzo's network and transformation from distressed situations. Pozzo's success includes the development of the clubs' own stadiums. Watford F.C.. In June 2012, he and his father acquired Watford Football Club from previous owner Laurence Bassini. Pozzo became the sole owner in 2014. Pozzo is often found at the training grounds and has been known to monitor all players through GPS devices that track the players' performance data while in training. He is known to have minimal contact with players and addresses them as little as once per year, yet observes his teams locally on a weekly basis. All major decisions regarding the trading of players are made between Gino Pozzo, Scott Duxbury (chief executive of Watford Football Club), and Cristiano Giaretta (technical director of WFC). They have been known to acquire many players from South America, citing lower wage costs however still being highly skilled athletes. Watford were promoted from the Football League Championship to the Premier League on 25 April 2015. Since 2015, Watford Football Club's annual revenues have increased by more than £100m. In 2019, Watford made it to the FA Cup Final but were beaten by Manchester City. In the 2019/20 season, Watford finished in 19th place in the Premier League and were relegated to the EFL Championship. In the 2020/21 season, Watford finished in 2nd place in the EFL Championship and were promoted back into the Premier League. In the 2021/22 season, Watford finished in 19th place in the Premier League and were relegated back to the EFL Championship. In the 2022/23 season, Watford finished in 11th place in the EFL Championship and remained there Personal life. Pozzo is married to Carla Pozzo and they have two daughters and a son together. They have been living outside London since they left Spain. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

jinu puju jinu puju (jonmo 1965) ejon italy byowoxayi aaru watford football clubber porisalona xonsalok aaru aainee maalik, ji football khondor uporot gurutwo diya ek krira biniyug gutor goraki. prarombhik jiwan. teu italyr byowoxayi giyampulu pujur putro aaru italyr bixisto byowoxayi-malikanadhin puju poriyalor ejon xodosyo. keriyar. 20 bosoror aarombhonite biswobidyaloy eraar loge loge pujjuwe footbolot aarombhoni korisil aaru protibhar scouting aaru uscho xombhabyo kheluoixokolor bikaxor aaxe paxe teur keriyar gorhi tulisil. watford ef-ror doinondin dourot poju jothesto porimane jorito buli janibo poraa goise.chi., logote italyr teur pitrir football club udinis kelsio "ror maajot sthanantoror bixoye alusona kore. juwa doxokot, puju aaru teur poriyaltu teulukor bohu-clubber malikanar kouxolor baabe ullekhjugyo hoi porise, jaar bhitorot aase watford ef-ror maajot kheluoixokolok sthanantor koraa.chi., udinij kelsio ", aaru grenada cf (grenada cfor xoite june 2016 sonot china byowoxayi jiang lizhank bikri koraa hoisil). pojuwe 25ror poraa 30 john lukor ek antohrastriyo scouting doll solay jiye xomogro biswor protitu guruttopurno protijugitat ongxogrohon kori kheluwoi bisare, bixexkoi dokhyin aamerika, africa aaru pubo europor dore unnoyonxil bojarot. poo 'jute uscho bipodaxongka thoka kheluoixokolor baabe xoru porimanor dhon biniyug korar ek aarhi thoka buli janibo poraa goise. teur dangor klabxomuhor networke teur byowoxayok kheluoir odhigrohon byoy hraax korat xohay korise aaru logote kromanwoye sthanantor masulor poraa laabh xorbadhik korise kiyonu kheluoixokolok 'bhogni klabxomuh' ror maajot sthanantorito koraa hoy aaru rino diya hoy aaru pisot uscho laabh orjon kori primijomot bikri koraa hoy. pojur karrier obhigyota aaru byowoxayik arhiye teur tinikhon klabot protibha sinakto korar dixe loi goise aaru 25 bosororu odhik xomoy dhori udines kelsio "too dharabahikbhabe proyug koraa hoise, jaar folot kisumane iyak" protibha karkhana "buli obhihito korise. grenada cf aaru watforde pujur network aaru kostokor poristhitir poraa poribortonor joriyote krome laliga aaru primiyar leegot podunnoti laabh korisil. pojur xofolotat klabxomuhor nijor stadiumxomuhor bikax ontorbhukto aase. watford ef.chi.. 2012 sonor june maahot teu aaru teur deutake purbor maalik laurence basinir poraa watford football club odhigrohon korisil. poo 'jo' 2014 sonot ekmatro maalik hoisil. poo 'jo' praye proxikhyon khelpotharot puwa yaay aaru proxikhyonor xomoyot kheluoixokolor prodorxonor tothyo onuxoron koraa gps deviceor joriyote xokolu kheluoik nirikhyon koriboloi jonaa yaay. teu kheluoixokolor xoite nyuntomo xomporko rokhar baabe jonajat aaru bosorot ebarkoi komkoi teulukok xombudhon kore, tothapiu xaptahik bhittit sthaniyobhabe nijor dolbur porzobekhyon kore. kheluoixokolor banijyo xomporkiyo xokolu guruttopurno xiddhanto jinu puju, scott doxbury (watford football clubber mukhyo karzobahi), aaru christianu giareta (wfcr karikori xonsalok) ror maajot luwa hoy. teuluke dokhyin aamerikar poraa bohutu kheluwoi laabh koraa buli jonaa yaay, komm mojurir khorsor kotha ullekh kori jodiu etiyau uscho dokhyo kheluwoi. 2015 sonor 25 aprilot watfordok football leeg championswipor poraa primiyar leegoloi unnit koraa hoisil. 2015 sonor poraa watford football clubber barxik raajoh 100 million poundotkoi odhik briddhi paise. 2019 sonot watforde ef. e. kaapor finalot prowex korisil jodiu menchester sitir haatot porasto hoisil. 2019/20 sijonot watforde primiyar leegot 19tomo sthanot xex korisil aaru ee. ef. el. championswipoloi obonomito hoisil. 2020/21 sijonot, watforde efl championswipot dwitiyo sthanot xomapto korisil aaru primiyar leegoloi punor podunnoti laabh korisil. 2021/22 sijonot watforde primiyar leegot 19tomo sthanot xex korisil aaru ee. ef. el. championswipoloi punor owonomito hoisil. byoktigoto jiwan. puju carla pujur xoite bibahpaxot aabodho hoise aaru teulukor dujon konya aaru ejon putro aase. spain eraar pisore poraa teuluke londonor bahirot baax kori aahise.

jino pozzo jino pozzo (jonmo 1965) ekjon italiya byabasayi ebong watford football cluber byabosthapona porichalok ebong aini malik, jini football khaate mononibesh koraa ekti krida biniyog gosthir malik. prathomik jeebon. tini italiya byabasayi giampolo pojor putro ebong bishishto italiya byabasayi-malikanadhin pozzo poribarer sadasya. pesha. 20-err doshoker godar dike vishwavidyalaya chhede yawar saathe sathei pozzo footballe taanr suchona korechilen ebong protibha scouting ebong uchcho-sombhabonamoy kheloader bikashke kendra korey taanr karmajiban gadey tulechilen. pozzo watford eff-err protidiner dauder saathe byapokbhabe jorito boley jaanaa geche.shee., pashapashi italite taar babar football club udiniz calcior modhye sthanantarer jonno alochona korey. goto eka doshke, pozzo ebong taar poribar taader bohu-club malikana kaushaler jonno ullekhjoggo hoye utheche, jaar modhye royeche watford eff-err modhye kheloader sthanantar koraa.shee., udiness calcio, ebong granada cf (granada cf soho june 2016 saale cheena byabasayi ziang lizhangyer kachhe bikri koraa hoy). pozzo 25 theke 30 joner ekti antorjatik scouting doll chaalaay jaaraa vishwajude protiti ullekhjoggo protijogitai ongshogrohoner madhyome kheloader sandhan korey, biseshoto dakkhin america, africa ebong purbo europer moto unnayanshil bajargulite. pozzo uchcho jhunkipurno kheloader jonno samanno ortho biniyoger ekti pattern royeche boley jaanaa geche. taar brihottor clubgulir network taar byabosake kheload adhigrahaner kharach hrass korte sahayata koreche ebong sthanantar phii briddhi theke munafa sorbadhik korey toley kaaron kheloader 'boone club'-err modhye sthanantorito ebong dhaar deoa hoy ebong porey uchcho return orjon korey premiume bikri koraa hoy. pojor kormojiboner obhiggota ebong byabasayik model taar tinti clubey protibha sonakto korar dike porichalito koreche ebong 25 bochorero beshi somoy dhorey udinis calciote dharabahikbhabe prayog koraa hoyeche, jaar foley keu keu etike "protibha karkhana" boley abhihito koreche. granada cf ebong watford pojor network ebong durdoshagrosto poristhiti theke rupantarer madhyome jothakrome laliga ebong premiere lige padonnati orjon koreche. pojor safalyer modhye royeche clubgulir nijaswa stadiumgulir unnayan. watford eff.shee.. 2012 saaler june maase, tini ebong taanr baba ager malik laurence basinir kachh theke watford football club orjon corren. 2014 saale pozzo ekmatro malik hohn. pozzo prayashai proshikkhoner maathe pawa yaay ebong gps devicer madhyome samasta kheloader porjobekkhon korar jonno porichito jaa proshikkhoner somoy kheloader performancer tothyo track korey. tini kheloader saathe nyuntama jogajog rakhar jonno porichito ebong bochore ekbarer moto taader sambodhan corren, tobuo saptahik vittite sthaniyobhabe taanr dolgulike porjobekkhon corren. kheloader banijya somporkito samasta borh siddhanta jino pozzo, scott doxbury (watford football cluber prodhan nirbahi) ebong christiano giareta (dobluefc-rawr projuktigoto porichalok)-rawr modhye neoa hoy. taaraa dakkhin america theke onek kheload orjon korar jonno porichito, qama betoner kharacher kotha ullekh korey jodio ekhono taaraa atyanta dokkho kridavid. 2015 saaler 25shhey april watfordke football leeg championship theke premiere lige unnito koraa hoy. 2015 saal theke, watford football cluber barshik aay 100 million poundero beshi briddhi peyeche. 2019 saale, watford fa kaaper finale uthechilo kintu manchester sitir kachhe porajito hoyechilo. 2019/20 morsume, watford premiere lige 19tomo sthane shesh corren ebong efl championshipe abonomito hohn. 2020/21 morsume, watford efl championshipe 2yoy sthane shesh corren ebong premiere lige firey asen. 2021/22 morsume, watford premiere lige 19tomo sthane shesh corren ebong efl championshipe firey asen. byaktigato jeebon. pozzo carla pojor saathe bibahito ebong taader dui meye oo eka chhele royeche. spena chhadar porr theke taaraa londoner baire bosobas korche.

jino pozzo gino pozzo (janm 1965) aek italian udhyogpati aneey watford football klabnaa managing director aneey kaanuni maaleek chhe, jeey football kshetra parr dhyaan kendrit kartaa ramatgamat rokaan juthnee maliki dharaave chhe. praarambhik jeevan. teo italian udhyogpati giampolo pojonaa putra chhe aneey agranee italian vyavsaay-malikina pozzo parivaarnaa sabhy chhe. karkirdi. pozzo 20naa daaykaani sharuaatmaa university chhodata jaj footballma sharuaat curry hatee aneey pratibha scouting aneey uchch sambhaveet khelaadionaa vikaasnee aaspaas potaani kaarkidrinu nirmaan karyoo chhe. pozzo katheet reete watford aefnaa rojinda dodmaa bhaare saamel chhe.see., temaj italyma tenaa pitani football club udineez calcio vachche sthaanaantaranni vataghato karey chhe. chhella daykama, pozzo aneey teno parivaar temnee bahoo-club maliki vyooharachnaao maate nondhpaatra bunny gayaa chhe, jemaa watford aef vachche khelaadioni transferno samaavesh thaay chhe.see., udnese calcio aneey grenada cf (grenada cf saathe juuna 2016maan cheeni udhyogpati jiang lizangne vechvaamaa aavyu hatoo). pozzo 25 thee 30 lokonee aantarrashtriy scouting team chalaave chhe, jeey vishvbharni darek nondhpaatra spardhama bhaag laeene, khaas kareene dakshin america, africa aneey purveey europe jevaa vikasshil bajaroma khelaadioni shodh karey chhe. pozzo uchch jokham dharaavtaa khelaadiomaa naanee rakam rokaan karvaanee reet dharaave chhe. temnee motee klabonaa networke temnaa vyavsaayne khelaadionaa sampadan kharchane ghatadvama madad curry chhe, jyaare transfer feemaa vadhaaro thavaathi nafo mahattam karvaamaa aave chhe kaaran keey khelaadione 'bahen clubo' vachche transfer karvaamaa aave chhe aneey loona aapvama aave chhe aneey pachhithi unchaa valtar praapt kareene premium parr vechvaamaa aave chhe. pozona karkidrina anoobhav aneey vyavsaaynaa namunathi temnee trana klabomaa pratibhaaone odakhvaamaa madad malee chhe aneey 25 varshthi vadhu samaythi teey satat udineez kelsiyomaa laagu karvaamaa aave chhe, jenaa kaarane ketlaak loko tene "pratibha karkhana" kahe chhe. grenada see. aef. aneey watforde pozona network aneey sankatgrast paristhitiomathi parivartan dwara anukrame laliga aneey premiere leegma badhatee haansal curry hatee. poseony safaltama klabnaa potaana stadiumno vikaas saamel chhe. watford aef.see.. juuna 2012 maan, temane aneey temnaa pitaae agaauna maaleek laurence basini pasethi watford football club hastgat curry hatee. 2014maan pozzo ekmatra maaleek banyo hato. pozzo ghanivaar taaleem medanoma jovaa maley chhe aneey teey jee. pii. aesa. upkarano dwara tamaam khelaadeeo parr najar raakhvaa maate jaanitu chhe jeey taaleem darmiyan khelaadionaa pradarshan detaane track karey chhe. teey khelaadeeo saathe ochhama ochho sampark raakhvaa maate jaanito chhe aneey varshmaa aek vaar jetalu ochhu temne sambodhit karey chhe, tema chhataa saaptaahik dhorane sthaaneek stare tenee teamonu nirikshan karey chhe. khelaadionaa vepaarne lagata tamaam motaa nirnayo jino pozzo, sqota duxbury (watford football klabnaa chief executive) aneey christiano giareta (doubluefcina technical director) vachche levaamaa aave chhe. teo ochha vetan kharchane taankine dakshin americathi ghanaa khelaadeeo melavaa maate jaanita chhe, joke haju pann teo uchch kooshal ramatveero chhe. watfordne 25 april 2015naa roj football leag champiyanshipmathi premiere leegma badhatee aapvama aavee hatee. 2015thee, watford football clubney vaarshik aavakma 100 million poundthi vadhuno vadhaaro thayo chhe. 2019maan, watforde aefae kapnee finalmaan pravesh karyo hato parantu tene manchester ciity dwara haravvama aavyo hato. 2019/20 seasonma, watford premiere leegma 19maa sthaane rahyo aneey tene ee. aef. aela. champiyanshipma sthaanbhrasht karvaamaa aavyo. 2020/21 seasonma, watforde ee. aef. aela. champiyanshipma beeja sthaane samaapt karyoo aneey temne premiere leegma paachha badhatee aapvama aavee. 2021/22 seasonma, watford premiere leegma 19maa sthaane rahyo aneey tene ee. aef. aela. champiyanshipma parat mokali devaamaa aavyo. angat jeevan. pozzo carla pozzo saathe lagna karyaa chhe aneey temne beey dikareeo aneey aek dikaro chhe. teo spain chhodya pachhi londonni bahaar rahee rahyaa chhe.

jino pojo gino pojo (janm 1965) ack italvi vyavasaayi aur watford football club key prabandh nideshak aur kanuni malik hain, joe football kshetra parr kendrit ack khel nivesh samooh key malik hain. praarambhik jeevan. vaha italvi vyavasaayi giampolo pozzo kaa betaa haye aur pramukh italvi vyavasaay-malik pozzo parivaar kaa sadasya haye. carrier. pozzo ney apane 20 key dashak kii shuruat mein vishvavidyalaya chhodane key saath hii football mein apani shuruat kii aur unhone apane currier kaa nirmaan pratibha scouting aur uchch kshamata vaale khilaadiyon key vikas key ird-gird kiya. pozzo kathit taur parr watford aff key dinn-pratidin key sanchaalan mein bahut adhik shamil haye.see., saath hii itali mein apane pitaa key football club udineez calcio key beach sthanantaran parr baatchit bhee. pichhale ack dashak mein, pozzo aur unakaa parivaar apani bahu-club swaamitva ranneetiyon key liye ullekhaniya hoe gaye hain, jisamen watford aff key beach khilaadiyon koo sthanantarit karna shamil haye.see., udineez calcio, aur grenada see. aff. (grenada see. aff. key saath juuna 2016 mein cheeni vyavasaayi jiang lizang koo becha gayaa). pojo 25 seey 30 logon kii ack antarrashtriya scouting team chalaata haye joe duniya bhar mein harr mahatvapurna pratiyogita mein bhaag lene key madhyam seey khilaadiyon kii talash kartaa haye, vishesh roop seey dakshin america, africa aur purvi europe jaise vikaasheel baajaron mein. pozzo mein uchch jokhim vaale khilaadiyon mein chhoti raashi nivesh karane kaa ack pattern bataaya gayaa haye. unake badey clubon key network ney unake vyavasaay koo khilaadi adhigrahan laagat koo cumm karane mein madad kii haye, jabaki sthanantaran shulk mein vriddhi seey laabh koo adhikatam kiya haye kyonki khilaadiyon koo 'bahan clubon' key beach sthanantarit aur udhaar diyaa jaataa haye aur baad mein uchch laabh praapt karane vaale premium parr becha jaataa haye. pozzo key currier key anubhav aur vyavasaay model ney unake teen clubon mein pratibha kii pehchaan kii haye aur 25 seey adhik varshon seey lagaatar udini calcio mein lagu kiya gayaa haye, jisase kuchh loga ise "pratibha karkhana" kahate hain. grenada see. aff. aur watford ney pozzo key network aur sankatgrast sthitiyon seey parivartan key madhyam seey kramshah laliga aur premiere leag mein padonnati hassil kii. pozzo kii safalata mein clubon key apane stadiums kaa vikas shamil haye. watford aff.see.. juuna 2012 mein, unhone aur unake pitaa ney pichhale malik laurence basini seey watford football club kaa adhigrahan kiya. 2014 mein pozzo ekmatra malik bunn gayaa. pojo aksar prashikshan key maidanon mein paaya jaataa haye aur prashikshan key dauran khilaadiyon key pradarshan detta koo track karane vaale jee. pee. aiss. upkaranon key madhyam seey sabhi khilaadiyon kii nigrani karane key liye jaanaa jaataa haye. vaha khilaadiyon key saath nyuntam sampark rakhane key liye jaane jaate hain aur prati varsh ack baar key roop mein cumm seey cumm unhein sambodhit karate hain, phir bhee saptahik aadhar parr sthaaniya roop seey apani teams kaa nireekshan karate hain. khilaadiyon key vyaapaar key sambandh mein sabhi pramukh nirnay gino pozzo, scott duxbury (watford football club key mukhya karyakari) aur christiano giaretta (wfc key takniki nideshak) key beach kiye jaate hain. way cumm vetan laagat kaa hawala dete hue dakshin america seey kaee khilaadiyon koo praapt karane key liye jaane jaate hain, halanki way abhee bhee atyadhik kushal khilaadi hain. watford koo 25 aprail 2015 koo football leag championship seey premiere leag mein padonnat kiya gayaa thaa. 2015 key baad seey, watford football club key vaarshik rajaswa mein 100 million pound seey adhik kii vriddhi hui haye. 2019 mein, watford ney aff. aeye. cup final mein jagah banaai, lekin manchester city ney unhein haraa diyaa. 2019/20 season mein, watford premiere leag mein 19vein sthaan parr rahey aur unhein ee. aff. ell. championship mein vaapas bhej diyaa gayaa. 2020/21 season mein, watford ney ee. aff. ell. championship mein dusare sthaan parr samaapt kiya aur unhein premiere leag mein vaapas padonnat kiya gayaa. 2021/22 season mein, watford premiere leag mein 19vein sthaan parr rahey aur unhein vaapas ee. aff. ell. championship mein vaapas bhej diyaa gayaa. vyaktigat jeevan. pozzo kaa vivaah carla pozzo seey huaa haye aur unaki dou betiyaan aur ack betaa haye. spen chhodane key baad seey way landan key baahar reh rahey hain.

gino pojho gino pojho (janana 1965) obba italian udyami mattu watford football clubna vyavasthapaka nirdeshaka mattu kaanoonu maaleekaraagiddu, avaru football valayada mele kendrikarisida creeda hoodike gumpina malikaragiddare. arambhika jeevana. aata italiya udyami giampolo pojho avara maga mattu italiya pramukha vyapara-maaleeka pojho kutumbada sadasyaragiddare. vrattijeevana. pojho avaru tamma 20 rahra dashakada aarambhadalli vishvavidyaanilayavannu toreda takshana footballnalli tamma aarambhavannu padedaru mattu pratibhe scouting mattu hecchina saamarthyada atagarara abhivruddhiya sutta tamma vrattijeevanavannu nirmisiddaare. varadiya prakara, pojho, watford eff naa dainandina otadalli hecchu todagisikondiddaane.sii., jotege italiyalliruva avana tandeya football club udinis calcio naduve vargaavanegala matukate. kaleda dasakadalli, pojho mattu avara kutumbavu tamma bahu-club malikatvada kaaryatantragalige hesaruvaasiyaagive, idaralli aatagararannu watford eff naduve vargaayisuvudu seride.sii., udeeniyan calcio, mattu granada cf (granada cf annu zoon 2016 ralli cheenee udyami jiang lijhangge marata maadalaayitu). pojho 25rinda 30 janara antaaraashtriya scouting tandavannu nadesuttiddu, avaru vishvadaadyantada pratiyondu pramukha spardheyalli, visheshavaagi daksina america, africa mattu purva europinantaha abhivraddhishila marukattegalalli bhagavahisuva moolaka aatagararannu hudukuttaare. pojho hecchina apaayada aatagaararige sanna mottada hanavannu hoodike maaduva maadariyannu hondide endu varadiyagide. avara dodda klabgala jaalavu atagarara swadhina vechchavannu kadime maadalu avara vevahaarakke sahaaya maadide, jotege hechchuttiruva vargaavane shulkadinda laabhavannu garishthagolisuttade, ekendare aatagararannu 'sahodari klabgala' naduve vargaayisalaaguttade mattu saala nidalaaguttade mattu nantara hecchina laabhavannu saadhisuva preemiyange marata maadalaaguttade. pojho avara vrattijeevanada anubhava mattu vevahaara maadariyu avara mooru klabgalalli pratibhegalannu gurutisalu kaaranavaagide mattu 25 varshagalinda nirantaravagi udeeniyaada calciyoge anvayisalpattide, idu kelavaru idannu "pratibhe karkhane" endu kareyalu kaaranavaayitu. grenada cf mattu watford kramavagi paliga mattu premiere leagge, pojhoda jalabandha mattu sankashtada paristhitigalinda parivartaneya moolaka badti padedaru. pojhoda yashassu klabgala swanta kridaanganagala abhivraddhiyannu olagondide. watford eff.sii.. zoon 2012 ralli, avaru mattu avara tande hindina maalikaraada laurence basini avarinda watford football club annu swadhinapadisikondaru. 2014ralli pojho ekaika maalikaraadaru. pojho samanyavagi tarabeti maidaanadalli kandubaruttade mattu tarabetiyalliruvaaga atagarara kaaryakshamateya dattaamshavannu track maaduva gps sadhanagala moolaka ellah aatagararannu melvichaarane maadalu hesaruvaasiyaagide. aata aatagaararondige kanishta samparkavannu hondiddaane mattu varshakke ommeyashte avarannu uddeshisi maatanaaduttaane, aadaroo varakkomme sthaliyavaagi tanna tandagalannu gamanisuttaane. atagarara vyaparakke sambandhisida ellah pramukha nirdhaaragalannu gino pojho, scott duxbury (watford football clubna mukhya karyanirvahaka) mattu christiano giaretta (doubluefcy taantrika nirdeshakaru) naduve tegedukollalaguttade. avaru daksina americadinda aneka aatagararannu padedukondiddaare endu tilidubandide, kadime vetanada vechchavannu ullekhisi, aadare innoo hecchu nurita kridaapatugalaagiddaare. watford avarannu 25 april 2015 randu football leigh champiyanshipninda premiere leagge badti nidalaayitu. 2015 rinda, watford football clubna varshika aadaayavu 100 million poundgaliginta hechchaagide. 2019ralli, watford efa cup finalge praveshisidaru aadare manchester cityannu solisidaru. 2019/20 rtuvinalli, watford premiere leagnalli 19neey sthaanadalli mugisidaru mattu efl champiyanshipge kelagilidaru. 2020/21 rtuvinalli, watford efl champiyanshipnalli 2neey sthaanadalli mugisidaru mattu matte premiere leagge badti padedaru. 2021/22 rtuvinalli, watford premiere leagnalli 19neey sthaanadalli mugisidaru mattu efl champiyanshipge maralidaru. vaiyaktika jeevana. pojho carla pojho avarannu vivahavaagiddaare mattu avarige ibbaru putriyaru mattu obba maganiddaane. avaru spain toredagininda landannina horage vasisuttiddare.

gino poso oru itaaliyan bisinasukaaranum managing director football mekhalayil shradha kendreekarikkunna oru sports investment grouppinte udamayumaaya watford football klabinte niyama udamayumaanu gino poso (jananam 1965). aadyakaala jeevitam. itaaliyan bisinasukaranaaya giampolo posoyude makan pramukha itaaliyan bisinesses udamasthathayilulla poso kudumbatthile amgavumaanu addeham. currier. 20-kalude thudakkathil sarvakalashaala vittayudane poso football thudakkamkurichu, koodaathe kazhivukal kandethunnathinum uyarnna saadhyathakalulla kalikkaarude vikasanathinum chuttum thante currier kettippadukkukayum cheythu. watford eph-nte dainamdina oottathil poso valareyadhikam earppettirikkunnuvennu reportund.sii., athupole italiyile pithaavinte football klabbaya udinees calcio thammilulla kaimatta charchakalum. kazhinja dashakathil, poso kudumbavum watford eph.-lake kalikkaare maattunnath ulppedeyulla multy-club udamasthaavakaasha thanthrangalkk shradheyamaayi.sii., udinees calcio, granada cf (granada cf 2016 juunil chainees bisinasukaranaaya jiang lizanginu vittu). lokamembaadumulla ellah pradhana malsarangalilum, prathyekichu thekke america, aphrica, kizhakkan europe thudangiya vikaswara vipanikalil pankedukkunnathiloode kalikkaare thedunna 25 muthal 30 vare aalukalulla oru anthaaraashtra scouting team poso nadathunnu. uyarnna apakadasaadyathayulla kalikkarkkaayi cheria thukakal nikshepikkunna oru maathruka posoic undennu reportund. kalikkaare 'sahodari clubbukal' idayil kaimaattam cheyyukayum vaaypayedukkukayum pinneedu uyarnna varumanam nedunna preemiyathinu vilkkukayum cheiyunnathinaal vardhicha transfer pheesukalil ninnulla labham paramavadhi vardhippikkunnathinop kalikkaar ettedukkunnathinulla chelavu kuraykkaan addehathinte valia klabbukalude shringhala addehathinte bisinasine sahayichu. posoyude currier anubhavavum bisinus modalum addehathinte moonnu klabbukalile kazhivukal thirichariyunnathilekku nayichu, 25 varshathilereyaayi ithu sthiramaayi udeenees kaalsiyoyil prayogikkappedunnu, ithu chilare ithine "taalant factory" ennu vilikkaan prerippikkunnu. granada sii. eph, watford enniva yathaakramam laligayilekkum premiier leagilekkum sthaanakkayattam nedi, posoyude shringalayiloodeyum durithapoornamaaya saahacharyangalil ninnulla parivartthanatthiloodeyum. klabbukalude swantham stadiyangalude vikasanam posoyude vijayathil ulppedunnu. watford eph.sii.. 2012 juunil adhehavum pithavum muun udama laurence baasiniyil ninnu watford football club swanthamaakki. 2014ll poso eaka udamayaayi. pariseelana groundukalil palappozhum kaanapedunna poso parisheelanathinidayil kalikkaarude prakadana daatta tracucheyyunna gps upakaranangaliloode ellah kalikkaareyum nireekshikkunnathaayi ariyappedunnu. kalikkarumaayi kuranja sanbarkkame ulloo ennum varshathil oru thavana maathram avare abhisambodhana cheiyunnuvennum ariyappedunna addeham aazhchathorum praadeshikamaayi thante teamukale nireekshikkunnu. kalikkaarude vyaapaaravumaayi bandhapetta ellah pradhana theerumaanangalum gino poso, scott duxbury (watford football klabbinte cheef executive), christiyaano gearetta (dablyu. eph. siyude saankethika director) ennivar thammilaan. kuranja vethanachelavu choondikkaatti avar thekke amerikkayil ninnu niravadhi kalikkaare svanthamaakkiyathaayi ariyappedunnu, ennirunnaalum avar ippozhum uyarnna vaidagdhyamulla athlattukalaan. 2015 epril 25 nuu watford football leag chaambyanshippil ninnu premiier leagylake sthaanakkayattam nedi. 2015 muthal watford football klabbinte vaarshika varumanam 100 milyan poundiladhikam vardhichu. 2019ll watford eph. eiii kapp finalil athiyengilum maanchastar cityode parajayappettu. 2019/20 seasonil, watford premiier leagil 19-aamm sthaanathethukayum EFL chaambyanshippilekku tharamthaazhthappedukayum cheythu. 2020/21 seasonil, watford EFL chaambyanshippil randaam sthaanathethukayum premiier leagylake veendum sthaanakkayattam nedukayum cheythu. 2021/22 seasonil, watford premiier leagil 19-aamm sthaanathethukayum veendum EFL chaambyanshippilekku tharamthaazhthappedukayum cheythu. vyakthiparamaaya jeevitam. poso carla poso vivaham kazhichu, avarkk rund penmakkalum oru makanumundu. spain vittathumuthal avar landanu purathaanu thaamasikkunnath.

jino pozzo jino pozzo (janm 1965) haah eka italian vyapari aanee watford football clubcha vyavasthapakiy sanchalak aanee kayadeshir malak aahe, joou football kshetravar laksh kendrit kendrit creeda guntavanuk gatacha malak aahe. prarambhik jeevan. too italian vyapari giampolo pozocha mulga aahe aanee prasiddha italian vyavasay-malkichya pozzo kutumbacha sadasya aahe. karkird. 20 chya dashakachya suruvatila vidyapith sodalyanantar pozone footballmadhe suruvat kelee aanee tyane pratibha shodh aanee uchch-sambhavya kheladunchya vikasachya bhovati tyachi karkird tayar kelee. watford efchya dainandin dhavnyat pozzo mothya pramanat guntalela asalyache sangitale jaate.see.tasech italitil tyachya vadilanchya football club udini calciomadhye badalansathi vataghati kelya. gelya dashakbharat, pozzo aanee tyache kutumb tyanchya bahu-club malkichya dhoranansathi ullekhaneey jhaale aahet, jyat watford eff darmyan kheladunchi badali karane samavisht aahe.see., udini calcio aanee granada see. eff. (granada see. eff. saha juuna 2016 madhye chiinii vyapari jiang lizangla vikale gele). pozzo 25 teey 30 lokancha aantarrashtriy scouting sangh chalavato, jeey jagbharatil pratyek mahattvachya spardhet, visheshtah dakshin america, africa aanee purv europasarkhya vikasansheel bajarpethanmadhye sahbhagi houn kheladuncha shodh ghetat. pozomadhye uchch jokhim asalelya kheladunmadhye chhotya rakmanchi guntavanuk karnyacha eka namuna asalyache nondavale jaate. tyachya mothya clubchya jaalyamule tyachya vyavasayala kheladu sampadan kharch qamee karnyas madat jhaali aahe, tarr vadhatya hastantaran shulkatoon jastit jaast napha midato, kaaran kheladunchi badali kelee jaate aanee 'bhagini club' madhye karj dile jaate aanee nantar uchch paratava midvat teey haptyavar vikale jaate. pozochya karkirdicha anubhav aanee vyavasay modelmule tyachya teen klabmadhil pratibha olakhalya gelya aahet aanee 25 varshanhun adhik kaal udini calciomadhye satatyane lagoo hott aahe, jyamule kahinni tyala 'pratibha karkhana' mhatale aahe. granada see. eff. aanee watford yanni pozochya jaalyachya madhyamatoon aanee sankatgrast paristhitinmadhun parivartan ghadavun anukrame laliga aanee premiere leegmadhye padonnati midavali. pozochya yashamadhye clubchya swatachya kridanganancha vikas samavisht aahe. watford eff.see.. juuna 2012 madhye, tyane aanee tyachya vadilanni mageel malak laurence basinikadun watford football club vikat ghetala. 2014 madhye pozzo haah ekmev malak banala. pozzo anekada prashikshan maidanavar aadhalato aanee prashikshanadarmyan kheladunchya kamgirichya mahiticha magova magova jee. pii. ess. upkarnandware serve kheladunvar laksh thevanyasathi olakhala jaato. too kheladunshi kiman sampark sadhato aanee varshatoon ekdach tyanna sambodhit karato, tarihi too saptahik aadharavar sthanik patalivar tyachya sanghanche nirikshan karato. kheladunchya vyaparasandarbhat serve mothe nirnay jino pozzo, scott duxbury (watford football clubche mukhya karyakari) aanee christiano giaretta (doubleu. eff. see. chey tantrik sanchalak) yanchyat ghetale jaatat. qamee vetanacha kharch jaree asala taree teey ajunahi atyant kushal kheladu aahet asey sangoon teey dakshin amerikemadhun anek kheladu midavatat asey olakhale jaate. 25 april 2015 roji watfordla football leag ajinkyapad spardhetun premiere leegmadhye badhati denyat aalee. 2015 pasoon, watford football clubchya varshik mahasulat 100 dashalaksh paundanpeksha jaast vaadh jhaali aahe. 2019 madhye, watfordne eff. aii. chashak antim fereet pravesh keela parantu manchester citykadoon tyancha parabhav jhaala. 2019/20 hangamat, watfordne premiere leegmadhye leegmadhye sthan midavale aanee tyala eae. eff. ell. ajinkyapad spardhet sthanchyut karnyat aale. 2020/21 hangamat, eae. eff. ell. ajinkyapad spardhet watfordne dusare sthan midavale aanee tyanna punha premiere leegmadhye badhati denyat aalee. 2021/22 hangamat, watfordne premiere leegmadhye leegmadhye sthan midavale aanee tyanna eae. eff. ell. ajinkyapad spardhet parat pathvanyat aale. vaiyaktik jeevan. pozoche lagn carla pozoshi jhaale aahe aanee tyanna done mulee aanee eka mulga aahe. spain sodalyanantar teey londonbaher rahat aahet.

jino pojo jino pojo (janma 1965) ek italian wyapari rar watford football clubka prabandha nirdeshak rar kanuni malik hun, jo football kshetrama kendrit khelkud lagani samuhako malik hun. prarambhik jiwan. uni italian wyapari giyampolo pozzoka chhora rar pramukh italian wyawasaya-swamitwa pojjo pariwarka sadasya hun. currier. pojjole afno 20 ko dashakko suruma vishwavidyalaya chhodesangai footballma afno suruwat gare rar pratibha scouting rar uccha-sambhawit kheladiharuko wikasko waripari afno carrier nirman gareka chhan. pojo kathit rupma watford efko dainik daudama dherai sanlagna chha.see., sathai italyma unko bubako football club udineej calcio beach sthanantaranko warta gardai. pachhillo dashakma, pojjo rar unko pariwar uniharuko bahu-club swamitwa rananitiharuka lagi ullekhaniya bhaeka chhan, jasma watford ef beach kheladiharu sthanantaran garne samawesh chha.see., udineej calcio, rar granada cf (june 2016 maa chiniyan wyapari jiang lijhanglai bechieko granada cfsanga). pojjole 25 dekhi 30 janako antarrashtriya scouting tolly chalaunchhan jasle vishwabharka pratyek mahatwapurna pratiyogitama bhag liera kheladiharu khojchhan, vishesh gari dakshin america, africa rar purvi europe jasta vikasashil bajarharuma. pojosanga uccha jokhim bhaeka kheladiharuma thorai rakam lagani garne dhancha raheko bataieko chha. unko thula clubharuko networkle unko wyawasayalai kheladi adhigrahan lagatharu cum garna maddat gareko chha jabki badhdo sthanantaran shulkabata nafa adhikatam gardai kheladiharulai 'bahini clubharu' beach sthanantaran rar rina diinchha rar pachhi uccha return prapta garne primiyamma bechinchha. pojoko carrierko anubhav rar wyapar modelle unka tinn clubharuma pratibha pahichan garna netritwa gareko chha rar 25 warsha bhanda badhi samayadekhi lagatar udini calcioma lagu garieko chha, jasle garda kehile yasalai "pratibha karkhana" bhanchhan. granada cf rar watfordle pojoko sanjal rar sankatpurna paristhitiharubata rupantaranko madhyambata kramashah laliga rar premiere ligma padonnati hasil gare. pojoko safaltama clubharuko afnai stadiumharuko vikas samawesh chha. watford ef.see.. june 2012 maa, uni rar unka bubale aghillo malik lawrence basinibata watford football club prapta gare. pojo sann 2014 maa ekmatra malik bane. pojo prayaha prashikshan maidanma painchha rar prashikshanma hunda kheladiharuko pradarshan deta track garne gps upkaranharu marfat sabai kheladiharuko nigarani garna chininchha. uni kheladiharusanga nyunatam samparka bhaeko rar uniharulai warshama ek patakko rupma sambodhan garne bhanera chininchha, taipani saptahik adharma sthaniya rupma afna toliharuko awalokan gardacha. kheladiharuko wyapar sambandhi sabai pramukh nirnayaharu jino pojo, scott doxbury (watford football clubka pramukh karyakari), rar cristiano giaretta (dabluefsiko prawidhik nirdeshak) bitch garinchha. uniharule cum jyala lagatko hawala dindai dakshin americabata dherai kheladiharu prapta garna parichit chhan tara ajhai pani uccha kushal kheladiharu hun. watfordlai 25 april 2015 maa football ligg championshipbata premiere ligma badhawa diieko thiyo. 2015 dekhi, watford football clubko warshik rajaswa £100 million bhanda badhile badheko chha. sann 2019 maa, watford fa cup finalma puge tara manchester cityle harae. 2019/20 sijanma, watford premiere ligma 19 aun sthanma samapta bhayo rar EFL championshipma punahsthapita gariyo. 2020/21 sijanma, watford efl championshipma dosro sthanma samapta bhayo rar premiere ligma punah badhuwa bhayo. 2021/22 sijanma, watford premiere ligma 19 aun sthanma samapta bhayo rar EFL championshipma firta pathaiyo. wyaktigat jiwan. pojo carla pojojisanga vivahit chhan rar uniharuka dui chhori rar ek chhora chhan. spain chhodedekhi nai uniharu london bahira basdai aeka chhan.

jino pojo jino pojo (janma 1965) jane italiah byabasajee ebong watford football clubber parichalana nirdeshaka ebong aaingata malika, jie football khetra upare dhyana deuthiba eka krida nibesh gosthira malika. prarambhika zeeban. shay italiah byabasajee giampaolo pojonka pua ebong italiah byabasajee malikanare thiba jane bisista pojo paribarara sadasya. kyariyara. 20 dashkar prarambhare biswabidyalaja chhadiba matre pojo phutabalare nijara arambha karithile ebong pratibha skauting ebong uccha sambhabya khelalinka bikashaku nei nijara kyariyara nirmana karichanti. watford aif rahr dainandina daudare pojo atyadhika jadita bolly suchana milichi .sii., ebong italyre taanka pitanka football club udiniz calcio madhyare sthanantarana paain alochana madhya karithile. gata dashandhi madhyare, pojo ebong taanka paribara semanankara bahu-club malikana ranneeti paain ullekhaneeah hoiparichhanti, jeunthire watford aif madhyare khelalinku sthanantara kariba antarbhukta .sii., udinija calcio, ebong granada sii. aif. (granada sii. aif. sahita june 2016 ray chinara byabasajee jianga lijhanganku bikri karajaithila). pojo 25 ru 30 john lokanka eka antarjatija skauting dala chalauchhanti jeunmane biswara pratyeka gurutwapurna pratijogitare joga dei khelali khojanti, bisesh curry dakhina america, africa ebong purba europe pari bikashashila bajaarare . adhika bipada thiba khelalinka paain chhot parimanara artha nibesh karibara eka dhancha pojo pakhare thiba suchana milichi. taanka bruhata klabagudikara netawarka taanka byabasajaku khelali adhigrahan kharchaku hrass karibare sahajya karichhi ebong bardhita sthanantara shulkaru labhaku sarbadhika karichhi kaaran khelalimananku 'bhaunee club' madhyare sthanantara ebong runa diajae ebong parey uccha return hassel curry premium ray bikri karajae . pojonka kyariyara abhigyata ebong byabasajika model taanka tinoti klabare pratibha chinhat karibaku aanichi ebong 25 barsharu adhika samai dhari kramagata bhabare udinis kyalasiore prajoga karajaichi, jaahaa kichhi lokanku ehaaku "pratibha karkhana" bolly abhihita karichhi . granada sii. aif. ebong watford pojonka netawarka ebong durdasha paristhitiru paribartana madhyamare jathakrame laliga ebong premiyara ligg ku padonnati hassel karithile. pojonka saphalatare klabagudikara nijaswa stadiamera bikash antarbhukta . watford aif.sii... june 2012 ray, shay ebong taanka pita purba malika lawrence basininkatharu watford football club hassel karithile. 2014ray pojo ehara ekamatra malika hoithile. pojo prajatah prasikhyana padiaare dekhajae ebong gps device madhyamare samasta khelalinku nirikhyana karibaku janashuna jaahaa talim samajare khelalinka pradarshan tathyaku track kare . shay khelalimananka sahita sarbanimna jogajoga rakhiba paain janashuna ebong barshaku thare pari comm semananku sambodhita karanti, tathapi saptahika bhittire sthaniah bhabare taanka dalagudiku nirikhyana karanti . khelalinka karbar sambandheeah samasta pramukh nishpatti jino pojo, scott doxbury (watford football clubber mukhya karjyanirbahee) ebong cristiano giaretta (wfsira baishajika nirdeshaka) madhyare niajae . semane dakhina aamerikaru aneka khelalinku hassel kariba paain janashuna, comm majuri kharchaku darshai, tathapi uccha kushali athlet . watfordku 25 april 2015 ray football ligg championship ru premiyara ligg ku padonnati diajaithila. 2015 ru, watford football clubber barshika rajaswa 100 nijuta paundaru adhika brudhi paichi . 2019 ray, watford fa cop phainalare prabesha karithile kintu manchester city dwara parasta hoithile. 2019/20 ruture, watford premiyara ligre 19tama sthanare samapta karithile ebong EFL championship ku abnamit hoithile. 2020/21 ruture, watford ee. aif. ell. champianasipare 2jaiah sthanare rahi puni premiyara ligg ray padonnati paithile. 2021/22 ruture, watford premiyara ligre 19tama sthanare samapta karithile ebong EFL championship ku pratyabartana karithile. byaktigata zeeban. pojo carla pojonku bibaha karichanti ebong semanankara duiti jhia ebong gotie pua achanti. spain chhadiba paratharu semane london bahare rahuchanti.

jino pojo gino pojo (janam 1965) ikk italvi vapari atey wetford football club daa parbandh nirdeshak atey kanunni maalak haii, joe football khetar utte kendrat ikk khed nivesh samooh daa maalak haii. mudhla jeevan. uh italvi vapari giampolo pojo daa puttar haii atey pramukh italvi karobari-maalak pojo parivaar daa member haii. carrier. jiven hii usne aapne 20 dey dahake dey arambh witch university chaddi, pojo neey football witch aapni shuruat keeti atey aapna carrier pratibha dee khoj atey ucch-sambhavi khidariaan dey vikas dey duaale banaiaa haii. pozo kathit taur utte watford eff dey rozana dey challan witch bahut ziaada shamal haii.see., naal hii itali witch aapne pitaa dey football club udineez calcio dey vichkaar tabadale laee gallbat keeti. pichle dahake dauran, pojo atey uss daa parivaar aapniaan multy-club malkiat rannitiaan laee prasidh hoow gaye hunn, jiss witch watford eff dey vichkaar khidariaan noon tabdil karna shamal haii.see., udnese calcio, atey grenada see. eff. (grenada see. eff. noon juun 2016 witch cheeni vapari jiang leezang noon wetch ditta giaa). pojo 25 toon 30 lokan dee ikk antarashtari scouting team chalaunda haii joe dunia bharr dey harr mahattavpuran mukabale witch hissa lae keey khidariaan dee bhaal karde hunn, khaskar dakkhni amrica, africa atey purbi yoorap varge vikashsheel bazaran witch. dassiaa jaanda haii kii pojo ucch jokham vaale khidariaan witch thodhiaan rakman daa nivesh karda haii. uss dey vadde kalabban dey network neey uss dey carobar noon khidari prapati deeaan lagtan noon ghatt curran witch sahaita keeti haii jadon kii transfer fees witch vaadhe toon vaddh toon vaddh laabh hunda haii kiunki khidariaan noon 'bhainn kalabban' witch tabdil keeta jaanda haii atey udhaar ditta jaanda haii atey baad witch ucch return prapat curran vaale premium 'teey vechiaa jaanda haii. pojo dey carrier dey tazarbe atey karobari maadal neey uss dey tinn kalabban witch pratibha dee pachanh keeti haii atey 25 saalan toon lagatar udnese calcio witch lagu keeta giaa haii, jiss naal kujh lokan neey iss noon "pratibha factory" kiha haii. grenada see. eff. atey watford neey pojo dey network atey dukhi sathitiaan toon tabdili raahin kramvaar laliga atey premiere leeg witch tarakki prapat keeti. pojo dee safalta witch kalabban dey aapne stadiuman daa vikas shamal haii. watford eff.see.. juun 2012 witch, uss neey atey uss dey pitaa neey pichle maalak laurence basini toon watford football club prapat keeta. 2014 witch pojo iklauta maalak bann giaa. pojo aksar sikhlai dey maidanan witch paaiaa jaanda haii atey ih jee. pee. aiss. upkarnan raahin saare khidariaan dee nigrani curran laee janhiaa jaanda haii joe sikhlai dauran khidariaan dey pardarshan dey ankadiaan noon track karde hunn. uh khidariaan naal ghatto-ghatt samparak rakkhan laee janhiaa jaanda haii atey saal witch ikk vaar unhan noon sambodhan karda haii, firr vee haftavari adhaar 'teey sathanak taur' teey aapniaan teaman daa nirikhan karda haii. khidariaan dey vapaar dey sambandh witch saare vadde faisle gino pojo, scott duxbury (watford football club dey mukkh karajkari) atey cristiano giareta (w. eff. see. dey takniki nirdeshak) vichkaar keete jaande hunn. uh ghatt tankhah laagat daa havala dinde hoye dakkhni amrica toon bahut saare khidariaan noon prapat curran laee jaane jaande hunn, halanki ajey vee ucch kushal athleet hunn. watford noon 25 aprail 2015 noon football leeg championship toon premiere leeg witch tarakki ditti gaee see. 2015 toon, watford football club dee salana aamdani witch 100 million pond toon vaddh daa vaadha hoiaa haii. saal 2019 witch, watford neey eff. aii. kapp dey final witch thaan banayi parr manchester city neey uss noon haraa ditta. 2019/20 season witch, watford premiere leeg witch witch sathaan utte riha atey usnoon ee. eff. aill. championship witch tabdil qarr ditta giaa. 2020/21 season witch, watford ee. eff. aill. championship witch dooje sathaan utte riha atey usnoon premiere leeg witch waps tarakki ditti gaee. 2021/22 season witch, watford premiere leeg witch witch sathaan utte riha atey usnoon waps ee. eff. aill. championship witch waps bhej ditta giaa. nijji jeevan. pojo daa viaah carla pojo naal hoiaa haii atey uhanan deeaan doou dhiaan atey ikk puttar hunn. spain chaddan toon baad toon uh london toon bahr rahi rahey hunn.

jino pojo gino pojo (janma 1965) ekaha italian-vyaapaarih, vyavasthaapakah nirdeshaka, watford-football-club ityasya vaidhaanikah swami cha asti, yah football-kshetrasya upari kendreekrutasya creedaa-nivesha-samuhasya swami asti. praarambhikajeevanam. saha italian-vyavasaayinah giampolo pojjo ityasya putrah, italian-vyavasaayasya pramukhasya pojjo-parivaarasya sadasyah cha asti. vruttihi. 20 tame varshe vishvavidyaalayaat nishkasanat eva pojjo ityayam football-kridaayaam aarabhat, tathaa cha pratibhayaha scouting tathaa cha uccha-sambhaavya-kridapatunam vikaasasya paritah swasya vruttijeevanam niramaat. watsford-ef ityasya dainandina-dhaavane pojjo ityasya vyaapakaroopen sahabhaagah asti iti kathyate.sii., api cha italee-deshasya tasya pituhu football-club-udinees-calcio-madhye sthanantaranasya vishaye vartalapaha. gatadashke, pojjo, tasya parivaarah cha bahu-club-svaamitva-karyanitibhyaha, yathaa watford-ef-madhye kridapatunam sthanantaranaya, ullekhaneeyah abhavat.sii., udinees-calcio, granada-see. ef. cha (granada-see. ef. ityanena saha joon 2016 tame varshe chinadeshasya vyavasaayinaa jiang-lizang ityasmai vikreeyat). pojjo ityayam 25 taha 30 jananam antarashtriya-scouting-dalam chaalayati, ye vishvasya pratyekam mahattvapoornaspardhayam, visheshatah dakshina-america, africa, poorva-europe ityadinam vikasataam vipanyaam, bhaagam sveekrutya kreedakaah anvishyanti. pose-kridaayaam alpa-dhanasya niveshasya prakaarah adhika-apayayukta-kreedakeshu asti iti kathyate. tasya bruhattaraanaam club-samuhanam jaalasy saahaayyen kreedakaah adhigrahanavyayam nyooneekartum tasya vyavasaayah sahayyam akarot, tathaa cha sthanantaranashulkasya vruddhyaa laabham adhikatamm krutavaan, yatah kreedakaah 'bhaginee-club-madhye' sthaanaantaritaah runagrahaah cha bhavanti, anantaram adhika-pratiphalam praapya adhikamulyena vikreeyante. pojjo ityasya vrutti-anubhawah, vyavasaay-pratiroopam cha tasya trayanam club-madhye pratibhaam chinvantum prerayati, 25 varshaanaam api adhikam yaavat udinees-calcio-ityatra nirantaram prayuktam bhavati, yena kechan tam "tailant-factory" iti aahvayanti. granada see. ef. tathaa watford ityeshaa kramashah laliga tathaa premiyar leag ityetayoho krute, pose-ityasya jaalasy madhyamena, durdashaayaah paristhitayah cha parivartya padonnatim avaapnot. pojjo ityasya safalataayaam club-ityeteshaam svakiyanam kridangananam vikaasah antarbhavati. watford ef.sii.. 2012 joon-maase saha tasya pitaa cha poorvasya swami laurence basini ityatah watford-football-club iteedam praaptavantah. 2014 tame varshe pojjo ekamaatrah swami abhavat. pose-creedaa praayah prashikshanakshetreshu drushyate, prashikshanakaale kreedakebhyah pradarshanasy dattaamsham nirikshamananam jee. pee. ess. upakaranaih sarve kreedakaah nireekshayitum prasidhah asti. saha kreedakaih saha nyunatamam samparkam karoti iti dnyaayate, tathaa cha varshe ekavaaram yaavat nyoonam bhaashayati, tathaapi saptahikarupena sthaniyarupena swasya dalaan nireekshati. kridapatunam vyaapaarasy vishaye sarvaani pramukhah nirnayaah gino pose-, scott duxbury (watford-football-club ityasya mukhyakaryakarta), christiano giaretta (doubleu. ef. see. ityasya takaniki-nirdeshaka) ityetayoho madhye bhavanti. te dakshina-amerikadeshat bahavah kreedakaah arjayanti iti dnyaayate, nyoon-vetana-vyayam ullikhan tathaapi te adyaapi atyantam kushalaah kreedakaah santi. watford-varyaha 2015 april 25 dinaanke football-leag-chaampiyanship-taha premiyar-leag-krute padonnatah abhavat. 2015 tamavarshaat, watford-football-club-ityasya vaarshik-raajaswah 100 dashalax-paund-taha adhikaa vardhata. 2019 tame varshe, watford-varyaha ef. e. cup-antima-kridaayaam pravishtah, parantu maanchestar-nagaren parajitah. 2019/20 kreedaarutuve, watford-varyaha premiyar-leag-kridaayaam 19 tame sthaane samaapayat, tathaa cha ee. ef. ell.-chaampiyanship-kridaayaam sthaanabhrashtah abhavat. 2020/21 kreedaarutuve, watford ityeshah ee. ef. ell.-chaampiyanship-kridaayaam dwiteeyasthaane samaapayat, punah premiyar-leag-madhye padonnatah abhavat. 2021/22 kreedaarutuve, watford-varyaha premiyar-leag-kridaayaam 19 tame sthaane samaapayat, tathaa cha punah ee. ef. ell-chaampiyanship-kridaayaam sthaanabhrashtah abhavat. vyaktigatajeevanam. pose-varyaha carla pose-ityanena saha vivaahitah asti, teshaam dwau putraah, ekaha putrah cha santi. spen-deshaat nishkasanat aarabhy te landan-nagaraat bahihi nivasanti sma.

jino boso jino boso (pirappu 1965) oru itaaliya thozhilathibar mattrum wadford kaalpandhu kilappin nirvaaga iyakkunar mattrum satta urimaiyaalar aavaar, avar kaalpandhu thuraiyil kavanam seluththum vilayaattu muthaleettuk kuzhuvai vaiththirukiraar. aarambagaala vaazhkkai. avar itaaliya thozhilathibar giambolo bosovin maganum, mukiya itaaliya vaniga urimaiyalaraana boso kudumbaththin uruppinarum aavaar. thozhil. boso thanathu 20 kalin murpaguthiyil palkalaikkazhagaththai vittu veliyaeriyavudan kaalpandhil thanathu thodakkaththaip pettraar, maelum thiramai thaeduthal mattrum uyar thiran konda veerargalin valarcchiyaich suttri thanathu vaazhkkaiyai uruvaakkiyullaar. wadford eff inn andraada oottaththil boso perithum eedupattullathaaka koorappadugiradhu.chii., athae poal itaaliyil ulla avarathu thanthaiyin kaalpandhu kilap udinees calcio idaiyae idamaattrangkal pechchuvaarththai. kadantha paththaandugalil, poasoavum avarathu kudumbaththinarum wadford eff idaiyae veerargalai maattruvathu udpada pala kilap urimai uththigaluku kurippidaththakkavargalaaga maarinar.chii., udinees calcio, mattrum granada cf (granada cf udan juun 2016 ill seena thozhilathibar jiang lishankirku virkappattathu). ulagengkilum ulla ovvoru kurippidatthakka poattiyilum, kurippaaga thenn america, aprica mattrum kilakku iropa poantra valarum santhaigalil pankerpathan moolam veerargalaith thaedum 25 muthal 30 paer konda sarvadesa saaranak kuzhuvai boso nadaththukiraar. adhiga aapaththulla veerargalukku siriya alavilaana panaththai muthaleedu seiyum oru vadivaththai boso kondiruppadhaaga koorappadugiradhu. avarathu periya kilappugalin network avarathu vanigaththirku veerar kaiyagappaduththum selavugalaik kuraikka uthaviyathu, athae neraththil veerargal 'chakoothari kilapkalukku' idaiyil maattrappattu cuddon vaangkappaduvathaal, adhiga varuvaayai adaivatharku preemiyaththil virkappaduvathaal, adhigariththu varum parimaatrak kattanaththilirunthu laapaththai athikarikkirathu. phosovin thozhil anubavam mattrum vaniga maathiri avarathu moontru kilapkalil thiramaikalai adaiyaalam kaana vazhivaguththullathu, maelum 25 aandugalukkum maelaaga udinees calciovil thodarnthu payanpaduththappattu varukirathu, ithanaal silar adhai "thiramai thozhirchaalai" endru alaikka vazhivagukkirathu. granada cf mattrum wadford muraiyae lalika mattrum premiier leekkirku padhavi uyarvu pettranar, phosovin network mattrum thuyaramaana soozhnilaigalilirunthu maattram moolam. bosovin vetrtriyil kilappugalin sontha stadiangalin valarchchiyum adangkum. wadford eff.chii.. juun 2012 ill, avarum avarathu thanthaiyum munththaiya urimaiyaalar laurence paasiniyidamirunthu wadford kaalpandhu kilappai vaangkinar. 2014 aam aandil boso oray urimaiyalaraanaar. boso perumpaalum payirchi maithaanangkalil kaanappadugiradhu, maelum payirchiyin poathu veerargalin seyalthiran tharavaik kankaanikkum gps saathanangal moolam anaitthu veerargalaiyum kankaanikkum endru ariyappadugirathu. avar veerargaludan kurainthapatcha thodarbaik kondiruppadhaagavum, aandukku oru murai mattumae avarkalai uraiyaattruvathaakavum ariyappadugiraar, iruppinum vaaraanthira adippadaiyil thanathu anigalai ullooril kankaanikkiraar. veerargalin varththagam thodarpaana anaitthu mukiya mudivugalum jino boso, scott tuxbury (wadford kaalpandhu kilappin thalaimai nirvaagi) mattrum christiano kyaretta (dabluefchiyin thozhilnutpa iyakkunar) idaiyae edukkappadugindrana. avarkal thenn amerikkaavilirunthu pala veerargalaip peruvathaaka ariyappadugirathu, kuraindha uuthiya selavugalaik kaaranam kaatti, iruppinum innum adhiga tiramaiyaana vilayaattu veerargalaaka ullanar. wadford 25 aepral 2015 andru kaalpandhu leak saambiyanshippilirundhu premiier leekkirku uyarthappattaar. 2015 muthal, wadford kaalpandhu kilappin varudaanthira varuvaai 100 million pavundugalukku mael athikariththullathu. 2019 aam aandil, wadford efa kooppai iruthip poattikku munnaerinaar, aanaal monsester nagaraththaal thoarkadikkappattaar. 2019/20 paruvaththil, wadford premiier leakil 19 vadhu idaththil mudiththu, eee. eff. ell saambiyanshippirku tharamirakkappattaar. 2020/21 seasonil, wadford eee. eff. ell saambiyanshippil 2 vadhu idaththil mudiththu meendum premiier leekkirku uyarthappattaar. 2021/22 paruvaththil, wadford premiier leakil 19 vadhu idaththil mudiththu meendum eee. eff. ell saambiyanshippirku veliyaettrappattaar. thanipatta vaazhkkai. boso carla bosovai mananthaar, avarkalukku irandu magalgal mattrum oru magan ullanar. avarkal speyinai vittu veliyaeriyathil irunthu landanukku veliyae vasiththu varukintranar.

jino pojo jino pojo (jananam 1965) oka italian vyaapaaravaetta mariyu watford football club managing director mariyu leagal yajamani, athanu football rangampai drushti saarinchina creeda pettubadi samuuhaanni kaligi unnadu. prarambha jeevitam. athanu italian vyaapaaravaetta giampolo pojo kumarudu mariyu pramukha italian vyapara yajamani pojo kutumbamlo sabhyudu. vrutti. pojo thana 20va dasakam praarambhamlo vishwavidyaalayaanni vidichipettina ventane footballo thana prarambhanni pondaadu mariyu pratibhanu scouting cheyadam mariyu adhika-sambhaavya aatagaalla abhivruddhi chuttoo thana vruttini nirminchukunnadu. watford eff yokka rojuvaaree runninglo pojo ekkuvagaa paalgontunnaadani nivedinchabadindi.sii., alaage italeelooni athani tandri football club udinis calcio madhya badileela gurinchi charchalu jaripaaru. gatha dasaabdamloo, pojo mariyu athani kutumbam vaari bahula-club yajamanya vyuuhaalaku prasiddhi chendaayi, vaatlo whatpord eff madhya aatagallanu badilee cheyadam kooda undhi.sii., udinese calcio, mariyu granada cf (granada cf thoo juun juun chainees vyaapaaravaetta jiang lizangku vikrayinchabadindi). prapanchavyaaptamgaa, mukhyamgaa dakshina america, africa mariyu thoorpu airopa vanti abhivruddhi chendutunna marketlalo prati mukhyamaina pooteeki haajaru kavadam dwara aatagallanu korukune 25 nundi 30 mandhi vyaktulatoe kuudina antarjaateeya scouting brundaanni pojo naduputondi. pojo adhika-pramaada aatagaallalo chinna mottaalanu pettubadi pette namuunaanu kaligi unnatlu nivedinchabadindi. athani pedda klabla network aatagallanu badilee chesi, 'sodari clublu' madhya runam teesukoni, taruvaata adhika raabadini saadhinche premiyanku vikrayinchadam valla badilee rusumulu peragadam dwara laabhaalanu penchutuu aatagaalla samuparjana kharchulanu tagginchadaaniki athani vyaapaaraaniki sahaayapadindi. pojo yokka vrutti anubhavam mariyu vyapara namuunaa athani moodu clublalo pratibhanu gurtinchadaaniki daariteesindi mariyu 25 samvatsaraalaku paiga udinis calcioku sthiramgaa vartimpajeyabadindi, kontamandi dheenini "tolent factory" anie pilustaaru. grenada cf mariyu watford varusaga laliga mariyu premiere leagku, pojo yokka network mariyu baadhaakaramaina paristhitula nundi parivartana dwara padoonnati saadhinchaaru. pojo yokka vijayamlo klabla sonta staediyamla abhivruddhi kooda undhi. watford eff.sii.. juun juun, athanu mariyu athani tandri munupati yajamani laurence basini nundi watford football klabnu konugolu chesaaru. chesaaru pojo ekaika yajamani ayyadu. pojo tarachugaa sikshanaa maidaanaallo kanipistundi mariyu sikshanalo unnappudu aatagaalla paniteeru daetaanu track chese gps parikaraala dwara aatagaallandarinii paryaveekshinchadaaniki prasiddhi chendindi. athanu aatagaallato takkuva parichayaanni kaligi untaadani mariyu samvatsaraaniki okasari matrame vaarini sambodhistaadani, ayinappatikee varanikokasari sthaanikamgaa thana jatlanu gamanistaadu. aatagaalla vyaapaaraaniki sambandhinchina anni pradhana nirnayaalu jino pojo, scott duxbury (watford football club cheef executive) mariyu christiano giaretta (doubluefcy technical director) madhya teesukobadataayi. vaaru takkuva vaetana kharchulanu paerkontuu dakshina america nundi chaalaa mandhi aatagallanu sampaadinchinatlu telisindi, ayithe ippatikee vaaru atyanta naipunhyam kaligina kreedaakaarulu. watford 25 april 2015naa football leag championship nundi premiere leagku padoonnati pondaadu. 2015 nundi, watford football club vaarshika aadaayam 100 million poundla kante ekkuva perigindi. perigindi, watford efae cup finalku cherukunnadu, conny manchester city chetilo odipoyaadu. 2019/20 seasonlo, watford premiere leaglo 19va sthaanamlo nilichi, EFL chhampiyanshipku digajaaraaru. 2020/21 seasonlo, watford EFL chhampiyanshiplo 2va sthaanamlo nilichi, tirigi premiere leagloki padoonnati pondaadu. 2021/22 seasonlo, watford premiere leaglo 19va sthaanamlo nilichi, tirigi EFL chhampiyanshipku digajaaraaru. vyaktigata jeevitam. pojo carla pojonu vivaham chesukunnadu mariyu vaariki iddaru kumartelu mariyu oka kumarudu unnaaru. vaaru speyin vidichipettinappati nundi london velupala nivasistunnaaru.

gino pozo gino pozo (paidaish 1965) eek atalvi taajir aur minijing director aur watford fitt baal kalb kay qanuni maalik haine juu fitt baal kay shobay parr markoz kheelon kii sarmayah kaaree kay grop kay maalik haine. ibtadayi zindagi. wah atalvi taajir gempolo pozo kaa betaa hay aur atalvi karobari maalik pozo khaandaan kaa eek rakan hay. carrier. pozo nay apnee 20 kii dahayi kay awail mein university chhodte hyee fitt baal mein apnee sharoaat kii aur apnaa carrier telent scouting aur aalee salahiyat waalay khiladiyon kii tarqi kay gird banaya. pozo mubinah toor parr watford aif kay rozmarah kay chalanay mein behat ziyadah malus hay.see.yee saath hyee saath atlee mein apnay waalid kay fitt baal kalb adeneez calcio kay darmiyan muntaqli parr baath cheet bhee. pachli dahayi kay doraan pozo aur iss kaa khaandaan apnee milty kalb kii malkiyat kii hakmat amliyon kay liye qaabil zakar how gayey haine bashmol watford aif kay darmiyan khiladiyon kii muntaqli.see.yee adeneez calcio aur grenada see aif (grenada see aif kay saath joone 2016 mein cheeni taajir jiyang lezang kuu farokhat kiyaa gayaa). pozo 25 say 30 afraad parr mushtamil eek beenn alaqwami scouting team chalata hay juu duniya bhar mein harr aham muqabilay mein sharkat kay zariye khiladiyon kii talaash mein hay khaas toor parr janubi america afriqah aur mashriqi europ jaisi tarqi pazeer mandiyon mein. pozo kay baaray mein bataya jaataa hay kahh iss mein ziyadah khatray waalay khiladiyon mein chhoti raqam kii sarmayah kaaree kaa eek namunah hay. inn kay baday kalbon kay neet wark nay inn kay karobar kuu khiladiyon kay hasool kay ikhrajat kuu kumm karnay mein madad kii hay jabkah muntaqli kii badhti hoyee fees say ziyadah say ziyadah munafa haasil kiyaa hay keunkah khiladiyon kuu 'behan kalbon' kay darmiyan muntaqil aur qarz diyaa jaataa hay aur baad mein aalee munafa haasil karnay waalay premium parr farokhat kiyaa jaataa hay. pozo kay carrier kay tajarbay aur karobari maadal nay inn kay teen kalbon mein telent kii shanakhat kii hay aur 25 saal say ziyadah arsey say adeeni calcio parr mustaqil toor parr laago kiyaa gayaa hay jiss kii wajah say kachh loag asay "telent factory" kehtay haine. grenada see aif aur watford nay pozo kay neet wark aur preshan kunn halaat say tabdili kay zariye baltarteeb leega aur premier leeg mein tarqi haasil kii. pozo kii kamiyabi mein kalbon kay apnay steadium kii tarqi shaamil hay. watford aif.see.. joone 2012 mein iss nay aur iss kay waalid nay pachlay maalik larns baasini say watford fitt baal kalb haasil kiyaa. pozo 2014 mein waahid maalik bunn gayaa. pozo aksar tarbiti medanon mein paaya jaataa hay aur yaha jee pee aiss devices kay zariye tamaam khiladiyon kii nigrani karnay kay liye jaana jaataa hay juu tarbiyat kay doraan khiladiyon kii karkardgi kay ddita kuu track kartay haine. wah khiladiyon kay saath kumm say kumm raabtay kay liye jaana jaataa hay aur saal mein eek baar inn say khataab kartaa hay phir bhee haftah waar bunyaad parr maqami toor parr apnee teamon kaa mashahidah kartaa hay. khiladiyon kii tajarat say mutaliq tamaam baday faislay gino pozo scott diksbury (watford fitt baal kalb kay cheef execto)yee aur christiano gyareta (dabliyo aif see kay takniki director) kay darmiyan kiye jaatay haine. wah kumm ajrat kay ikhrajat kaa hawalah deetay hoay janubi america say behat say khiladiyon kuu haasil karnay kay liye jaanay jaatay haine tahim abb bhee wah intehayi hunner mund khilaadi haine. watford kuu 25 apreel 2015 kuu fitt baal leeg champine ship say premier leeg mein tarqi dee gayee. 2015 kay baad say watford fitt baal kalb kii salanah aamadni mein 100 millin pound say ziyadah kaa izafah hawaa hay. 2019 mein watford nay aif aey cup kay final mein jagah banayi leakin manchister stee say shakast khaa gayey. 2019/20 seezan mein watford premier leeg mein 19 wein maqaam parr rehaa aur asay ayee aif eel champine ship mein muntaqil kirr diyaa gayaa. 2020/21 seezan mein watford nay ayee aif eel champine ship mein dosri position haasil kii aur inhein premier leeg mein dobarah tarqi dee gayee. 2021/22 seezan mein watford premier leeg mein 19 wein maqaam parr rehaa aur asay ayee aif eel champine ship mein waps bhej diyaa gayaa. zaati zindagi. pozo kii shaadi carla pozo say hoyee hay aur inn kii duu betiyan aur eek betaa hay. wah speen chhodnay kay baad say landan say baahir rahh rahay haine.

00010589e7924d84c31f4c04ec79541db66c20de0c570c9cdb3d108da4b68000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=73758914

Jan Szczepski

Jan Szczepski Jan Bogusław Szczepski (12 December 1910 – 12 December 2011) was a Polish ornithologist. He was the founder of the Gdañsk ornithological research station and conducted studies on bird migration. Szczepski was born in Warsaw and grew up in Poznañ where he went to high school. In 1933 he became a ringer and began to study agriculture at the University of Poznan but his studies were interrupted in 1939 by World War II. He served in the underground home army and took part in the Warsaw Uprising. After 1945 he graduated as an agricultural engineer. In 1946 he joined the polish ringing centre and began to reorganize the activities and setting up a network of ringers across the country. He also examined the role of birds in control of the Colorado beetle ("Leptinotarsa decemlineata"). In 1957 he established a ringing centre in Górki Wschodnie, Sobieszewo Island near Gdañsk and worked there until his retirement in 1976. He published extensively both in scientific journals and in the popular media. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

jaan sojeposki jaan bob 'go' slo 'sojeposki (12 disembor 1910-12 disembor 2011) ejon polich pokhyibigyani aasil. teu jidesk pokhyibidya gowexona kendror protisthapok aasil aaru sorair probrojonor uporot odhyoyon korisil. sojeposki waros 'too jonmogrohon korisil aaru dangor hoisil pujonot zo' too teu haiskuloloi goisil. 1933 sonot teu egoraki ringer hoi pore aaru pujnan biswobidyaloyot krixi odhyoyon koriboloi aarombho kore kintu 1939 sonot dwitiyo biswojudhor folot teur odhyoyon byahot hoisil. teu bhugorbhostho griho xenat xewa aagborhaisil aaru juddho bidruhot ongxogrohon korisil. 1945 sonor pisot teu krixi obhijonta hisape snatok degree laabh kore. 1946 sonot teu polich ringing centerot jugdan kore aaru xomogro dexote ringeror ek network sthapon kori karzokolapxomuh punor xongothito koriboloi aarombho kore. teu colorado bittle ("leptinotersa deslinata") niyontronot sorair bhumikau porikhya korisil. 1957 sonot teu gdancekor usoror sobijeu dipor gorki woschodinit etaa ringing center sthapon korisil aaru 1976 sonot teur owoxor grohon nokoraloike taat kaam korisil. teu boigyanik alusoni aaru jonopriyo xongbad madhyom duyutate byapokbhabe prokax korisil.

jyana szchepsky zaan bogusla szchepsky (12 december 1910-12 december 2011) chhilen ekjon polisha pokkhibiggani. tini zidesk pokkhibidya gobeshona kendrer protisthata chhilen ebong pakhir abhibasan niye gobeshona porichalona korechilen. sezepsky oyarasote jonmogrohon corren ebong pojone bede othen jekhane tini uchcho bidyalaye giechilen. 1933 saale tini ekjon ringer hoye othen ebong poznan bishwobidyaloye krishi niye padashona shuru corren kintu 1939 saale dwitiya bishwojuddher karone taanr padashona byahoto hoy. tini bhugorbhostho home armite kaaj korechilen ebong wars bidroher ongsho hoyechilen. 1945 saaler porr tini krishi prakaushali hisebe snatok hohn. 1946 saale tini polisha ring centere jog deena ebong karjokrom punargathan ebong saaraa deshe ringergulir ekti network sthapon korte shuru corren. tini colorado bittle ("leptinotersa diselinata") niyantrane pakhir bhumikao porikkha korechilen. 1957 saale tini gdansker kachhe soeziu dweeper gorki waschodney-teey ekti ring center protistha corren ebong 1976 saale abosar neoar agey porjonto sekhane kaaj corren. tini boigyanik journal ebong janapriya midia ubhoy khettrei byapokbhabe prakash corren.

jaana zazepsky jaana boguslo tzepsky (12 december 1910-12 december 2011) aek polisha pakshishastri hataa. teo gdansk pakshishastriy sanshodhan kendrana sthaapak hataa aneey pakshee sthalaantar parr abhyaso haath dharya hataa. sezepskyno janm vaarasomaa thayo hato aneey teey posnanma uchharyo hato jyaan teey uchch shaalaama gayo hato. hato teo aek ringer banyaa aneey posenan universityma krushee abhyaas karvaanu sharoo karyoo parantu parantu beeja vishvyuddhne kaarane temno abhyaas vikshepit thayo hato. temane bhugarbh gruh senaama sevaa aapee hatee aneey yuddhnaa badvaamaa bhaag leedho hato. 1945 pachhi temane krushee ijner tareeke snaatak thayaa. thayaa teo polisha ringing centermaa jodaya aneey pravruttionu punargathan karvaanu aneey deshbharma ringersnu network sthaapit karvaanu sharoo karyoo. temane colorado bhamaro ("leptinotarsa deslenata") naa niyantranma pakshioni bhoomikani pann tapaas curry hatee. hatee temane gdansk najiknaa soizevo taapu parr gorkey vsachodneema ringing centerni sthaapnaa curry aneey aneey temnee nivrutti sudhee tyaan kaama karyoo. temane vaignanik saamyiko aneey lokpreey madhyamoma vyaapakpane prakashit karyoo.

zaan zezepsky zaan boguslav zezepsky (12 disambar 1910-12 disambar 2011) ack polish pakshi vigyaani they. way gdansk pakshi vigyaan anusandhaan kendra key sansthaapak they aur unhone pakshi pravaas parr adhyayan kiya. zezepsky kaa janm varsau mein huaa thaa aur way posion mein paley-badhe jahan way hyee school gaye they. 1933 mein way ack ringer bunn gaye aur poznan vishvavidyalaya mein krishi kaa adhyayan karna shuru curr diyaa, lekin 1939 mein dwiteeya vishva yuddh key kaaran unaki padhaai baadhit hoe gaee. unhone bhoomigat grih senaa mein seva kii aur yuddh vidroh mein bhaag liya. 1945 key baad unhone ack krishi engineer key roop mein snaatak kiya. 1946 mein way polish ringing center mein shamil hoe gaye aur gatividhiyon koo punargathit karna shuru curr diyaa aur desh bhar mein ringers kaa ack network sthaapit karna shuru curr diyaa. unhone calorado bhring ("leptinotarsa diseamlinta") key niyantran mein pakshiyon kii bhoomika kii bhee jaanch kii. 1957 mein unhone gdansk key paas sobizvo dweep key gorki vschody mein ack ringing center kii sthaapana kii aur 1976 mein apani sevaanivritti taka vahaan kaam kiya. unhone vaigyaanik patrikaon aur lokpriya media donon mein badey paimaane parr prakaashit kiya.

zaan szepsky zaan bogusla szepsky (12 december 1910-12 december 2011) polish pakshishaastragnaraagiddar. avaru gdansk pakshishaastra samshodhanaa kendrada sthaapakaraagiddaru mattu pakshi valaseya bagge adhyayanagalannu nadesidaru. szepsky warsa dalli janisidaru mattu pojnaadalli beledaru, allie avaru proudhashaalege hodaru. 1933ralli avaru ringer aadaru mattu poznan vishvavidyaalayadalli krushiyannu adhyayana maadalu praarambhisidaru, aadare 1939ralli eradane mahayuddhadindagi avara adyayanakke addiyaayitu. aata bhoogata home sainyadalli seve sallisidaru mattu warsa dangeyalli bhagavahisidaru. 1945rahra nantara avaru krishi engineer aagi padavi padedaru. 1946ralli avaru polish ringing centerge seridaru mattu chatuvatikegalannu marusanghatisalu mattu deshaadyanta ringargala jaalavannu sthapisalu praarambhisidaru. avaru colorado jeerunde ("leptinotarsa deslinata") niyantranadalli pakshigala patravannu saha parishilisidaru. 1957ralli avaru gdansk baliya soisjevo dveepada gorki vschodiniyalli ringing kendravannu sthaapisidaru mattu 1976ralli nivruttiyaguvavaregoo allie kelasa maadidaru. avaru vaignaanika niyatakaalikagalalli mattu janapriya madhyamagalalli vyaapakavaagi prakatisidaru.

jaann schepsky jaann boguslo schepsky (12 desember 1910-12 desember 2011) oru poolish pakshishaasthranjanaayirunnu. addeham gdansk pakshisanketha gaveshana kendratthinte sthaapakanum pakshikalude kudiyettathekkurichu padanangal nadathukayum cheythu. vaarsoyil janicha schepsky valarnnathu haiskoolil padicha posnayilaanu. 1933ll addeham oru ringaraayi maarukayum posnan sarvakalashaalayil krishi padikkaan thudangukayum cheythuvenkilum 1939ll randaam lokamahaayudham addehathinte patanam thadassappeduthi. addeham bhoogarbha aabhyanthara sainyathil sevanamanushtikkukayum varso prakshobhatthil pankedukkukayum cheythu. 1945nuu sesham addeham kaarshika enchineeyaraayi birudam nedi. 1946ll addeham poolish ringing sentaril cherukayum pravartthanangal punasamghadippikkaanum raajyathudaneelam ringarukalude oru shringhala sthaapikkaanum thudangi. colorado vandukalude (leptinotarsa deslinatta) niyanthranatthil pakshikalude pankum addeham parishodhichu. 1957ll addeham gdaanskinaduthulla soisevo dveepile gorkey vschodiniyil oru ring sentar sthaapikkukayum 1976ll viramikkunnathuvare avide pravartthikkukayum cheythu. addeham shaasthra jenalukalilum janapriya maadhyamangalilum vipulamaayi prasidheekarichu.

zaan zazepsky zaan boguslav zazepsky (12 december 1910-12 december 2011) heey polandache pakshishastradnya hote. teey gdansk pakshishastriy sanshodhan kendrache sansthapak hote aanee tyanni pakshyanchya sthalantaravar abhyas keela. zazepskicha janm warsau yethe jhaala aanee too poznan yethe vadhala jithe too highschoolmadhye gela. 1933 madhye teey ringer banale aanee tyanni poznan vidyapithat sheticha abhyas karnyas suruvat kelee parantu 1939 madhye dusya mahayuddhamule tyanche shikshan viskalit jhaale. tyane bhoomigat swadeshi sainyat seva kelee aanee yuddhanchya uthavat bhag ghetala. 1945 nantar tyanni krishi abhiyanta mhanoon padvi prapt kelee. 1946 madhye teey polish ringing centermadhye sameel jhaale aanee tyanni upkramanchi punarrachana karnyas aanee deshbharat ringersche jaale ubharanyas suruvat kelee. tyanni colorado bhring ("leptinotarsa deslenata") chya niyantranat pakshyanchya bhoomikechihi tapasani kelee. 1957 madhye tyanni gdanskjavalachya sobizevo betavaril gorkey vschodnee yethe ringing centerchi sthapana kelee aanee 1976 madhye tyanchya nivruttiparyant tethe kaam kele. tyanni vaidnyanik niyatkalikanmadhye aanee lokpriy madhyamanmadhye mothya pramanat prakashit kele.

zahn sjepsky zahn bogusla sjepsky (12 december 1910-12 december 2011) ek polandka pakshiwid thie. uni gdansk pakshi vigyan anusandhan kendraka sansthapak thie rar unle pakshi basainsaraibare adhyayan gareka thie. sjepsky warsauma janmieka thie rar pojnanma hurkeka thie jahaan uni hai schol gae. sann 1933 maa uni ringer bane rar pojnan vishwavidyalayama krishi adhyayan garna thale tara dosro vishwayuddhale sann 1939 maa unko adhyayanma badha badha. unle bhumigat griha senama sewa gare rar warsa vidrohama bhag lie. sann 1945 pachhi unle krishi engineerko rupma snatak gare. sann 1946 maa uni polish ringing centrema samel bhae rar gatiwidhiharuko punargathan garna rar deshbhari ringarharuko sanjal sthapana garna thale. unle kolorado bittle ("leptinotarsa deslenata") ko niyantranma charaharuko bhumikako pani jaanch gare. sann 1957 maa unle gdansk najikaiko soijevo tapuko gorki wschodnima euta ringing centre sthapana gare rar sann 1976 maa afno sewaniwritti nabhaesamma tyahan kaam gare. unle vaigyanik journal rar lokpriya mediama wyapak rupma prakashit gare.

zaan sjepsky zohn bogusla sjepsky (12 december 1910-12 december 2011) jane poland pakheebigyanee thile. shay jii. dii. aii. enn. ess. kee. pakhi bigyana gabeshana kendra pratisthata thile ebong pakhi sthanantarana upare adhyajana karithile. sejjepsky warsathare janmagrahana karithile ebong pojnare badhithile jeunthare shay haiskul jaithile. 1933 masihare shay jane ringara hoithile ebong poznan biswabidyalajare krushi adhyajana arambha karithile, kintu 1939 masihare dwiteeja biswajudha jogun tankara adhyajana badhaprapta hoithila. shay bhutala gruha senare karjya karithile ebong warsa bidrohare anshagrahana karithile. 1945 masiha parey shay jane krushi engineer bhabe snataka hassel karithile. 1946 masihare shay polish ringing sentarare joga deithile ebong karjyakalapagudiku punargathana kariba ebong saaraa deshare ringaragudikara eka netawarka sthapana kariba arambha karithile. shay colorado bittle ("leptinotarsa dyslinata") nijantranare pakheenka bhumika madhya jancha karithile. 1957 masihare shay gdansk nikatasta sobijebho dwepare gorki wsachodanire eka ringing centre pratistha karithile ebong 1976 masihare absar neba parjyanta sethare karjya karithile. shay ubhaja baigyanika patrika ebong lokpriya ganamadhyamare byapaka bhabare prakash karithile.

jaan zezepsky jaan bogusla sazchepsky (12 dasambar 1910-12 dasambar 2011) ikk polish panchhi vigiaani see. uh jee. dee. aii. aiss. keey. panchhi vigiaan khoj station dey sansthapak sunn atey unhan neey panchhiaan dey parvas baare adhiaen keete. zezepsky daa janam varsa witch hoiaa see atey uh pojnan witch vadda hoiaa see jitthe uh hyee school giaa see. sann 1933 witch uh ikk ringer bann giaa atey usne pojnan university witch khetibadi daa adhiaen karna shuru qarr ditta parr 1939 witch dooje vishav yuddh caarn uss dee padahi witch vighan piaa. uss neey bhumigat gharelu saina witch seva nibhai atey varsa vidroh witch hissa liaa. 1945 toon baad unhan neey khetibadi engineer vajon graduation keeti. sann 1946 witch uh polish ringing center witch shamal hoow gaye atey gatividhiaan noon punargathit karna atey desh bharr witch ringran daa ikk network sathapat karna shuru qarr ditta. unhan neey colorado beatle ("leptinotersa desmalinata") dey niyantaran witch panchhiaan dee bhumika dee vee jaanch keeti. sann 1957 witch uhanan neey gdansk dey nede sorki vischodni, soizevo tapu witch ikk ringing center sathapat keeta atey sann 1976 witch aapni retirement takk utthe kamm keeta. uhanan neey vigiaanak rasaliaan atey prasidh media dovan witch viaapak taur utte prakashit keeta.

jaan sjjepski jaan bogusla sjepsky (12 december 1910-12 december 2011) ekaha polish-pakshishaastradnyah aasit. saha gdansk-pakshiya-shodhakendrasy samsthaapakah aasit, paksheesampravaasasya vishaye adhyayanm akarot cha. sjepsky varsa-nagare ajayata, pojnaa-nagare cha vardhata, yatra saha ucchavidyaalayam gatavaan. 1933 tame varshe saha ringer abhavat, poznan-vishvavidyaalaye krushi-adhyayanm aarabdhavaan, parantu 1939 tame varshe dviteeyavishvayuddhe tasya adhyayanm baadhitam abhavat. saha bhumigata-gruhasenaayaam sevaam akarot, varsa-vidrohe cha bhaagam praapnot. 1945 tame varshe saha krushi-abhiyantruroopena snaatakapadaveem praptavan. 1946 tame varshe saha polish-ring-center-madhye sammilitah, karyanam punargatanam, sampoorne deshe ring-vaadyaanaam jaalasy sthapanam cha aarabdhavaan. saha colorado-bhrungasya ("leptinotarsa disimlinata") niyantrane pakshinam bhumikam api parikshayat. 1957 tame varshe saha gdansk-nagarasya sameepe sobeesevo-dweepe gorkey wschodnee-ityatra ring-kendram asthaapayat, 1976 tame varshe nivruttaparyantam tatra karyam krutavaan. saha vaidnyaanik-niyatakalikasu, lokapriy-maadhyameshu cha vyaapakaroopen prakashitavan.

john ssepsky john bogusla ssepsky (12 disambar 1910-12 disambar 2011) oru bolish paravaiyiyalaalar aavaar. avar kudansk paravaiyiyal aaraaichi nilaiyaththin niruvanar mattrum paravai idampeyarvu kuriththa aaivugalai nadaththinaar. ssepsky vaarsaavil piranthaar, maelum avar uyarnilaip pallikkuch sendra poasnaavil valarnthaar. 1933 aam aandil avar oru rinker aanaar, maelum bosnan palkalaikkazhagaththil vivasaayam padikkath thodangkinaar, aanaal 1939 aam aandil irandaam ulagap poarinaal avarathu padippu thadaipattathu. avar nilaththadi ullnaattu iraanuvaththil paniyaattrinaar mattrum poark kilarchiyil pankettraar. 1945kkup piragu avar vivasaayap poriyaalaraagap pattam pettraar. 1946 aam aandil avar bolish rinking maiyaththil saernthaar, maelum nadavadikkaigalai maruseeramaikkavum, naadu muzhuvathum rinkarkalin valaiyamaippai amaikkavum thodangkinaar. avar vannappoochi vandu ("leptinodorsa demlinata") kattuppaattil paravaikalin pangaiyum aaivu seithaar. 1957 aam aandil avar kidansk arugae ulla soissevo theevil oru rinking myyaththai niruvinaar, maelum 1976 aam aandil avar oaivu perum varai angku paniyaattrinaar. avar ariviyal paththirigaigalilum pirabalamaana uudakangkalilum virivaaga veliyittaar.

zaan szepsky zaan bogusla szepsky (12 december 1910-12 december 2011) oka polish pakshi shaastravetta. athanu gdansk pakshula parisoedhanaa kendram sthaapakudu mariyu pakshi valasapai adhyayanalu nirvahinchaadu. szepsky varsavlo janminchaadu mariyu athanu unnata paatasaalaku vellina pojnaalo perigaadu. 1933loe ayana oka ringer ayyadu mariyu poznan vishwavidhyaalayamlo vyavasayanni adhyayanam cheyadam praarambhinchaadu, kaani 1939loe rendava prapancha yuddham kaaranamgaa athani adhyayanalu antaraayam kaliginchaayi. athanu bhoogarbha gruha sainyamlo panichesi, yuddha tirugubaatulo palgonnadu. 1945 taruvaata ayana vyavasaya injaneergaa pattabhadrudayyaadu. 1946loe athanu polish ringing centerlo chaeri, karyakalapalanu punarvyavastheekarinchadam mariyu desavyaaptamgaa ringerla netvarknu erpaatu cheyadam praarambhinchaadu. athanu kalarado beatle ("leptinotarsa dyslinata") niyantranalo pakshula paatranu kooda pariseelinchaadu. 1957loe athanu gdansk sameepamloni sobisjovo dveepamlooni gorki vschodylo oka ringing centarnu sthaapinchaadu mariyu 1976loe padavee viramana chese varaku akkada panicheesaadu. athanu shaastreeya patrikalalo mariyu pramukha madhyamalalo vistrutamgaa prachurinchaadu.

jaan zepsky jaan bogoslao zakipaski (12 dasambar 1910-12 dasambar 2011) poland kay maahir parindon thay. wah gadansk ornithological recerch station kay baanee thay aur inhon nay parindon kii hijrat parr mutaliat kiye. zezpisky waarisa mein paida hoay aur pozna mein play badhay jehaan inhon nay hayee school mein taleem haasil kii. 1933 mein wah eek rangar bunn gayey aur pozaan university mein zaraat kii taleem haasil karnaa sharoo kirr dee leakin 1939 mein dosri jung azeem kii wajah say inn kii taleem mein khalal padaa. inhon nay zeer zameen hoam aarmi mein khidmaat anjaam dain aur waarisa baghawat mein hasah liyaa. 1945 kay baad inhon nay zarayi engineer kay toor parr graduation kiyaa. 1946 mein inhon nay paalish rangang center mein shamoliyat akhtiyar kii aur sargarmiyon kuu dobarah manzam karnaa aur milk bhar mein rangaron kaa neet wark qayem karnaa sharoo kiyaa. inhon nay colorado bettle ("laptinotarsa desmilinata") kay control mein parindon kay kirdaar kaa bhee jaizah liyaa. 1957 mein inhon nay gadansk kay qareeb sobezio jazeeray kay gorki washodni mein eek rangang center qayem kiyaa aur 1976 mein apnee retirement takk wahaan kaam kiyaa. inhon nay sciency jarayed aur maqbool mediya donon mein baday paimanay parr shaye kiyaa.

00010f5a4c640320b61d1f9892b4428985a99c509527bf1380601d09c57dc97f

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7258441

Pierre Carette

Pierre Carette Belgian terrorist Pierre Carette (born 21 September 1952 in Charleroi, Belgium) was the leader of the Belgian extreme-left terrorist group Communist Combatant Cells or CCC. Although Carette was sentenced to lifelong imprisonment for terrorist attacks, he was released in 2003. However, he was briefly arrested again on 5 June 2008 because of a parole violation, but was released by the court on 18 June. Life and work. Pierre Carette became politically active when establishing a committee striving for the release of captured members of the Red Army Faction (RAF) in West Germany. Before that, he had already distributed documents calling for armed struggle against capitalism, including translation of RAF-pamphlets. In 1982, he published a magazine called "Subversion" for a while. Shortly afterwards, he was a driving force for the establishment of the CCC. Starting in October 1984, this group carried out a series of attacks on political and military targets (but not people), until the apprehension of Carette and three other members in a fastfood restaurant in Namur on 16 December 1985. The CCC-members were brought to trial in 1988. In October 1988, Carette was sentenced to lifelong imprisonment, mainly because of an attack on the building of the Federation of Belgian Enterprises (VBO) in Brussels on 1 May 1985, when two Firefighters were killed in spite of a warning. On 23 February 2003, Carette was the last CCC-member to be released from prison. In October 2002, he had given an interview to journalists of the VRT television program "Ter Zake" without permission. In September 2003, he confronted Wilfried Martens on the television program "Nachtwacht". Martens was the prime minister of Belgium at the time of the attacks, and even received police protection against the CCC. Carette stated that he still has the same convictions and that his struggle continues. Pierre Carette was arrested again on 5 June 2008, after police arrested a number of Belgians with ties to the Political-Military Communist Party, which had been plotting terror attacks in Italy. Some of those arrested had been CCC-members, and it was found that he had re-established contact with them, which had been prohibited by his parole conditions. However, as his parole conditions had been modified to allow him to have contact with his CCC associates in a peaceful context, and the police had not bugged his telephone calls with Bertrand Sassoye, there was no way to prove that his contact with Sassoye had been other than peaceful.

piyere keret piyore keret (jonmo 21 septembor 1952 beljiyamor charleroyot) beljiyamor sorom-bauponthi xontraxbadi gutt communist combatant chell baa sisisir netaa aasil. jodiu keretok xontraxbadi aakromonor baabe aajiwon karadondor xasti diya hoisil, teuk 2003 sonot mukoli koraa hoisil. obosye, per "lo ulonghonor baabe 2008 sonor 5 junot teuk punor kichu xomoyor baabe greptar koraa hoisil, kintu 18 junot aadalote teuk mukoli kori disil. jiwan aaru kaam. poschim germanyt redd aarmi gutt (raaf) ror bondi xodosyoxokolok mukoli korar baabe chesta kori thoka ekhon xomiti protistha korar xomoyot piyere kerete rajnoitikbhabe xokriyo hoi porisil. iyar purbe teu itimodhye pujibador biruddhe xoxostro xonggramor aahban jonuwa nothipotro bitoron korisil, jaar bhitorot aasil raaf-pamphletor onubad. 1982 sonot teu kichu xomoyor baabe "dhongxatmok" naamor ekhon alusoni prokax korisil. iyar kichu xomoyor pisote teu sisisi protisthar baabe ek salok xokti aasil. 1984 sonor octobor maahor poraa aarombho kori ei doltuwe 1985 sonor 16 disemborot namuror etaa fastfood resturentot keret aaru aan tinijon xodosyor axongka nuhuwaloike rajnoitik aaru xamorik lokhyobostur uporot (kintu manuhor uporot nohoy) keibatau aakromon solaisil. 1988 sonot sisisi-xodosyoxokolok bisaroloi onaa hoisil. 1988 sonor octoborot, keretok aajiwon karadondor xasti diya hoisil, mukhyotoh 1985 sonor 1 mey 'too brachelsot federation owo beljian enterprise (bhibio')-ror ottalikat aakromonor baabe, jetiya xotorkobani diyar pisotu dujon ogninirbapok nihot hoisil. 2003 sonor 23 februaryt keret karagaror poraa mukti puwa sisisi-ror xexgoraki xodosyo aasil. 2002 sonor octobor maahot teu onumoti obihone bhi. aar. ti. television onusthan "ter jek" ror xangbadikxokolok etaa xakhyatkar disil. 2003 sonor septembor maahot teu television onusthan "nastawact" too wilfried martensor mukhamukhi hoisil. aakromonor xomoyot martens beljiyamor prodhanmontri aasil, aaru aanoki sisisir biruddhe aarokhyir xurokhyau laabh korisil. kerete koichil je teur etiyau ekei biswax aase aaru teur xonggram obyahot aase. 2008 sonor 5 junot italyt xontraxbadi aakromonor porikolpona kori thoka rajnoitik-xamorik communist partyr xoite xomporko thoka keibajonu beljianok arokhyiye greptar korar pisot piyore keretok punor greptar koraa hoisil. greptar huwa lukoxokolor maajor kisuman sisisi-xodosyo aasil, aaru eitu puwa goisil je teu teulukor xoite punor jugajug sthapon korisil, jitu teur perulor sortor dwara nixidho koraa hoisil. obosye, jihetu teur perolor sortobur xantipurno poristhitit teur sisisi xohojugixokolor xoite jugajug koriboloi onumoti diboloi xoloni koraa hoisil, aaru arokhyiye bartrand sasuyer xoite teur telephon kolbur baag koraa nasil, sasuyer xoite teur xomporko xantipurno aasil buli proman korar kunu upay nasil.

piyere carete piyere carrett (jonmo 21 septembara 1952, charleroy, belgium) chhilen belgiumer charam-bampanthi santrasi gosthi communist combattant seela baa ccc-rawr neta. jodio santrasbadi humler daye karetke ajibon karadanda deoa hoyechilo, 2003 saale taake mukti deoa hoyechilo. tobey, parol longghoner karone 2008 saaler 5ee june taake abar sangkhiptabhabe greptar koraa hoyechilo, kintu 18ee june adalat taake mukti deyo. jeebon oo kaaj. poschim germanyte reeda armi gosthir (ruff) bondee sadasyader muktir jonno ekti committy gathon korar somoy piyere carrett rajnaitikbhabe sakriya hoye othen. err agey, tini itimadhye punjibader biruddhe soshostro sangramer ahoban janiye nothi bitoron korechilen, jaar modhye chhilo ruff-pustika anubad. 1982 saale tini kichhu somoyer jonno "dhongshattok" naame ekti patrika prakash corren. err alpo kichudin porei tini sisi protisthar chalikashakti hoye othen. 1984 saaler octobor theke shuru korey, eyi gosthiti rajnaitik oo samrik lokkhobostute (kintu manush noy) dharabahik akraman chaalaay, 1985 saaler 16ee december namur ekti fastfood restoran carrett ebong arow tinn sadasyer ashanka naa haoya porjonto. 1988 saale sisi-sadasyader bicharer aota aanaa hoy. 1988 saaler octobore, caretke ajibon karadonde dandito koraa hoy, mulat 1985 saaler 1 meey brasselse phedareshana off belgian enterprise (vbo)-err bhobone humler karone, jokhon satarkabarta sotteo duijon damakalkarmi nihoto hohn. 2003 saaler 23shhey february, currett chhilen shesh sisi-sadasya jini karagar theke mukti paan. 2002 saaler octobore tini anumati chharai vert television anusthan 'terr zaak'-err sangbadikder ekti sakkhatkar diyechilen. 2003 saaler septembore, tini television anusthan "nachatwatch"-ayee wilfried martenser mukhomukhi hohn. humler somoy martens belgiumer prodhanmontri chhilen ebong emonki cccr biruddhe pulish surakkhao peyechilen. carrett bolechilen jey taanr ekhono ekoi biswas royeche ebong taanr sangram abyahoto royeche. italite santrasbadi humler shadayantrakari rajnaitik-samrik communist partyr sange jukto besh koyekjon belgianke pulish greptar korar porr 2008 saaler 5ee june piyere karetke abar greptar koraa hoy. greptarkritoder modhye koyekjon sisi-sadasya chhilen ebong dekha geche jey tini taader saathe punra jogajog sthapon korechilen, jaa taar parol shorto dwara nishiddho chhilo. tobey, jehetu taar paroler shortoguli poriborton koraa hoyechilo jaate seey taar ccc sahojogider saathe shantipurno prekkhapote jogajog korte paare ebong pulish bartrand sassoer saathe taar telephone kalguli bugg koreni, taai sassoer saathe taar jogajog shantipurno chhada onno konao upay chhilo naa.

pier carrett piyare carrett (janm 21 september 1952 charleroi, belgium) belgian aatyantik-daberi aatankvadi jooth saamyavaadi ladaaku kosho athavaa see. see. see. naa netaa hataa. aatankvadi humalaao maate keretne aajivan kednee sajaa fatkarvama aavee hovaa chhataa, tene september mukt karvaamaa aavyo hato. jooe keey, perolnaa ullanghanne kaarane 5 juuna juuna roj tenee fareethi toonk samay maate dharapkad karvaamaa aavee hatee, parantu 18 junanaa roj adalat dwara tene mukt karvaamaa aavyo hato. jeevan aneey kaary. pashchim germanyma laal sainya jooth (raaf) naa kabaje karaayela sabhyone mukt karvaa maate aek sameetini sthaapnaa karatee vakhate piyare carrett raajkeey reete sakreey banyaa hataa. teey pahelaa, temane mudivaad saame sashastr sangharsh maate haakal kartaa dastavejo vahenchee deedhaa hataa, jemaa raaf-pamphletnaa anuvaadno samaavesh thaay chhe. chhe temane thodaa samay maate 'vidhvansak' naamnu saamyeek prakashit karyoo hatoo. tenaa thodaa samay pachhi, teo see. see. see. nee sthaapnaa maate prerak bada hataa. october october sharoo kareene, aaa juthe 16 december meey roj namurma fastfood restaurantmaa carrett aneey anya trana sabhyoni aashanka sudhee raajkeey aneey lashkari lakshyo (parantu loko nahee) parr shrenibaddh humalaao karyaa hataa. see. see. see.-sabhyo parr october cases chalavvama aavyo hato. october october, keretne aajivan kednee sajaa fatkarvama aavee hatee, mukhyatve 1 meey meey roj braselsamaa federation off belgian entreprises (vee. bii. oo.) nee imaarat parr humalaane kaarane, jyaare chetvani chhataa beey agnishaamako maarya gayaa hataa. 23 februari februari roj, carrett jailmathi mukt thanari chhelli see. see. see.-sabhy hatee. october october temane vrt television kaarykram 'tair zack' naa patrakaarone parvangi vinaa interview aapyo hato. september september, temane television kaarykram "nachatwalk" parr wilfried martensano saamno karyo hato. humla samaye martons belgiumnaa vadaa pradhaan hataa aneey temne see. see. see. saame police suraksha pann malee hatee. keretae janaavyu hatoo keey temne haju pann aee jaj manyatao chhe aneey temno sangharsh chaalu chhe. italyma aatankvadi humalaanu kaavtaru ghadee rahela raajkeey-lashkari saamyavaadi paksh saathe sambandh dharaavtaa sankhyaabandh belgian lokonee polise dharapkad karyaa baad 5 juuna juuna roj pier keretnee fareethi dharapkad karvaamaa aavee hatee. dharapkad karaayela ketlaak loko see. see. see.-sabhyo hataa, aneey aevu jaanvaa malyun hatoo keey temane temnee saathe fareethi sampark sthaapit karyo hato, jeey temnee perol sharato dwara pratibandhit karvaamaa aavyo hato. jooe keey, tenaa perolnee sharatomaa ferfar karvaamaa aavyo hato jethee teey shaantipurn sandarbhma tenaa see. see. see. sahyogeeo saathe sampark curry shake, aneey polise tenaa telephone collsne bertrand saasoye saathe jodyo naa hato, tethee saasoye saatheno teno sampark shaantipurn sivaay anya hato teey saabit karvaano koee rasto nahoto.

piyare carrett piyare carrett (janm 21 sitambar 1952 koo charleroy, belgium mein) belgium key charam-vampanthi aatankvaadi samooh communist ladaakoo prakoshth yaa see. see. see. key netaa they. halanki carrett koo aatankvaadi hamalon key liye aajivan karawas kii sajaa sunai gaee thee, lekin unhein 2003 mein riha curr diyaa gayaa thaa. haalaanki, unhein parol ullanghan key kaaran 5 juuna 2008 koo phir seey giraftar kiya gayaa thaa, lekin adalat ney 18 juuna koo unhein riha curr diyaa thaa. jeevan aur kaary. piyare carrett raajneetik roop seey sakriya hoe gaye jaba unhone paschim germany mein laal senaa gutt (raaf) key pakade gaye sadasyon kii rihaai key liye ack samiti kii sthaapana kii. isase pahale, unhone pahale hii poonjivaad key khilaf sashastr sangharsh kaa ahwan karane vaale dastaavez vitarit curr diye they, jisamen raaf-parche kaa anuvaad bhee shamil thaa. 1982 mein unhone kuchh samay key liye "vidhvans" naamak ack patrika prakaashit kii. isake turant baad, way see. see. see. kii sthaapana key liye ack prerak shakti they. octuber 1984 mein shuru hue, iss samooh ney raajneetik aur sainya lakshyon (lekin logon parr naheen) parr kaee hamale kiye, jaba taka kii 16 disambar 1985 koo namur mein ack fast food restaraan mein carrett aur teen anya sadasyon kii ashanka naheen hoe gaee. see. see. see.-sadasyon parr 1988 mein mukadama chalaaya gayaa thaa. octuber 1988 mein, carrett koo aajivan karawas kii sajaa sunai gaee thee, mukhya roop seey 1 maee 1985 koo brussels mein belgium udyam mahasangh (vee. bee. oh.) key bhawan parr hamale key kaaran, jaba ack chetavani key bavjood dou agnishamakon kii maut hoe gaee thee. 23 farwari 2003 koo carrett jail seey riha honey vaale antim see. see. see.-sadasya they. octuber 2002 mein, unhone binaa anumati key vee. aar. tii. television karyakram "tair zake" key patrakaron koo ack sakshatkar diyaa thaa. sitambar 2003 mein, unhone television karyakram "nachatwatch" mein wilfried martense kaa saamana kiya. hamalon key samay martense belgium key pradhaan mantri they, aur yahaan taka kii unhein see. see. see. key khilaf pulis suraksha bhee millie thee. carrett ney kahaa kii unhein abhee bhee vahee vishvaas haye aur unakaa sangharsh jaari haye. piyare carrett koo 5 juuna 2008 koo phir seey giraftar kiya gayaa, jaba pulis ney raajneetik-sainya communist party seey sambandh rakhane vaale kaee belgiumiyon koo giraftar kiya, joe itali mein aatankvaadi hamalon kii sajish rutch rahey they. giraftar kiye gaye logon mein seey kuchh see. see. see.-sadasya they, aur yeh paaya gayaa kii unhone unake saath phir seey sampark sthaapit kiya thaa, jise unaki parol sharton dwara pratibandhit kiya gayaa thaa. haalaanki, choonki usaki parol kii sharton koo sanshodhit kiya gayaa thaa taaki vaha shantipurna sandarbh mein apane see. see. see. sahyogiyon key saath sampark curr sakey, aur pulis ney usake telephone coll koo bertrained sasoye key saath naheen jodaa thaa, isaliye yeh saabit karane kaa koee tarika naheen thaa kii sasoye key saath uska sampark shantipurna thaa.

pier carrette pier carrett (janana 21 september 1952, charleroy, belgiumnalli) belgiumna teevra-eda bhayotpadaka gumpu communist combattant sell athawa ccc naayakaraagiddaru. bhayotpadaka daaligaligaagi carettege jeevaavadhi jailu shikshe vidhisalaagiddaroo, 2003ralli aatanannu bidugade maadalaayitu. aadaagyoo, perol ullanganeya kaaranadindaagi 2008rahra zoon 5randu aatanannu matte sankshiptavaagi bandhisalaayitu, aadare zoon 18randu nyayalayadinda bidugadeyaayitu. jeevana mattu kelasa. paschima germaniyalli serehidida kempu sainyada banada (roff) sadasyarannu bidugade maadalu prayatnisuttidda samitiyannu sthapisidaga pier carrett raajakiyavaagi sakriyaraadaru. adakkoo modalu, avaru bandavalashahiya viruddha sashastra horatakke karey needuva daakhalegalannu eegaagale vitarisiddaru, idaralli roff-karapatragala anuvaadavoo serittu. 1982ralli, avaru swalpa samayadavarege "vidhvamsaka" emba niyatakaalikeyannu prakatisidaru. swalpa samayada nantara, avaru sii. sii. sii. yaya sthaapanege preraka shaktiyagiddaru. 1984rahra octoberninda praarambhisi, ee gumpu rajakiya mattu military gurigala mele sarani daaligalannu nadesitu (aadare janara mele alla), 1985rahra december 16randu namurina phaast phud restorentnalli carrett mattu itara moovaru sadasyaru bhayabheetaraaguvavarege. 1988ralli sisi-sadasyarannu vichaaranege olapadisalaayitu. 1988rahra octobernalli, mukhyavaagi 1985rahra mayee 1randu braselsnalliruva federation off belgian enterprises (vbo) kattadada mele nadeda daaliya kaaranadindaagi, echcharikeya horataagiyoo ibbaru agnishamaka sibbandigalu saavannappida kaarana, carettege jeevaavadhi jailu shikshe vidhisalaayitu. 2003rahra phebravari 23randu, seremaneyinda bidugadeyaada koneya sisi-sadasye carrett. 2002rahra octobernalli, avaru anumatiyillade vrt duradarshana karyakrama "terr jaak" naa patrakartarige sandarshanavannu niididdaru. 2003rahra septembernalli, aata "natchtwatcht" emba duradarshana kaaryakramadalli wilfried martens avarannu edurisidaru. daaliya samayadalli martens belgiumna pradhana mantriyagiddaru mattu ccc viruddha police rakshaneyannoo padedaru. taanu innoo adhe nambikegalannu hondiddene mattu tanna horaatavu munduvariyuttade endu carrett helidaru. italyalli bhayotpadaka daalige sanchu roopisuttidda rajakiya-military communist pakshadondige sambandha hondidda halavaaru belgium janarannu polisaru bandhisida nantara, 2008rahra zoon 5randu pier caretteyannu matte bandhisalaayitu. bandhitaralli kelavaru sisi-sadasyaraagiddaru, mattu aata avarondige samparkavannu punah sthaapisiddu kandubandide, idannu aatana perol sharattugalinda nisheedhisalaagittu. aadaagyoo, shaantiyuta sanniveshadalli tanna sisi sahachararondige samparkavannu hondalu anuvu maadikodalu avana perol sharattugalannu maarpadisiddarinda mattu polisaru avana duravani karegalannu bertrand saasoyge samparkisadiddarinda, sasoy jotegina avana samparkavu shaantiyutavaagittu embudannu sabitupadisalu yaavude margaviralilla.

piyar kaaratt beljian theevra-idathu theevravaada grouppaaya communist kombaattant cellukalude (sii. sii. sii) neethaavaayirunnu piyari kaarett (jananam 1952 septambar 21, beljiyathile charleroyil). theevravaada aakramanangalkk aajeevanantha thadavinu shikshikkappettenkilum 2003ll addehathe mochippichu. ennirunnaalum, parol lamghanathethudarnnu 2008 juun juun addehathe veendum hrasvamaayi arast cheythenkilum juun juun kodathi addehathe mochippichu. jeevithavum joliyum. padinjaaran germmaniyil pidikkapetta redu armi vibhaagathile (raaf) amgangale mochippikkaan sramikkunna oru samiti roopeekarichappol piyar kaarett raashtreeyamaayi sajeevamaayi. athinumumbu, raaf-laghulekhakalude vivarthanam ulppede muthalaalithathinethiraaya sayudha poraattatthinu ahvaanam cheiyunna rekhakal addeham ithinakam vitharanam cheythirunnu. 1982ll addeham kurachukaalathekku "subversion" enna peril oru maasika prasidheekarichu. taamasiyaathe, sii. sii. sii sthaapikkunnathinulla prerakashakthiyaayirunnu addeham. 1984 october muthal, eee samgham rashtreeya, sainika lakshyangalkk nere (pakshe aalukalalla) aakramanangalude oru parambara nadatthi, 1985 desember 16 nuu naamoorile oru phaast phudu restorantil kaaretteyum mattu moonnu amgangaleyum bhayappeduthunnathuvare. 1988 octoberil, pradhaanamaayum 1985 meyy 1 nuu brasselsile federation oof beljian enterprisasinte (vii. bii. oo) kettidatthinu nereyundaaya aakramanathethudarnnu, munnariyipp nalkiyittum rund agnishamana senaamgangal kollappettathinethudarnnethu, kaaretteye aajeevanantha thadavinu shikshichu. 2003 februvari februvari jayilil ninnu mochithanaaya avasaanathe sisi-amgamaayirunnu kaarett. 2002 octoberil addeham anuvaadamillaathe vii. aarr. tii. television paripaadiyaaya "terr sackie" leeii maadhyamapravarthakarkk oru abhimukham nalkiyirunnu. 2003 septambaril "naachtvaachu" enna television paripaadiyil addeham wilfried martensine nerittu. aakramanasamayathu beljiyathinte pradhaanamanthriyaayirunna martensinu sisisiyil ninnu police samrakshanam polum labhichu. thanikk ippozhum athe bodhyangalundennum thante poraattam thudarukayaanennum kaarett paranju. italiyil bheekaraakramanathinu padhathiyittirunna rashtreeya-sainika communist partyumaayi bandhamullah niravadhi beljiyakkaare police arast cheythathine thudarnnu 2008 juun 5 nuu piyar carette veendum arasttilaayi. arastilaayavaril chilar sii. sii. sii amgangalaayirunnuvennum parol vyavasthakal moolam nirodhichirunna avarumaayi addeham veendum bandham sthaapichathaayum kandethi. ennirunnaalum, samadhaanaparamaaya pashchaathalatthil thante ccc koottaalikalumaayi bandhappedaan anuvadikkunnathinaayi addehathinte parol vyavasthakal parishkkarichathinaal, bertrand saasoiyumaayi police addehathinte telephone kolukal bugg cheyyaathathinaal, saasoyiyumayulla addehathinte sanbarkkam samaadhaanaparamallaathe mattonnaayirunnuvenn theliyikkaan margamilla.

piyare carrett piyare carrett (janm 21 september 1952, charleroy, belgium yethe) haah belgiumchya atyant davya dahashatvadyanchya communist ladhau gut kinwa see. see. see. chaa neta hota. dahashatvadi hallyansathi caretla aajivan karavasachi shiksha sunavanyat aalee asali taree 2003 madhye tyachi sutka karnyat aalee. tathapi, parolchya ullanghanamule 5 juuna 2008 roji tyala punha kahee kalasathi atak karnyat aalee, parantu 18 juuna roji nyayalayane tyachi sutka kelee. jeevan aanee kaam. paschim germanymadhye laal sainya gatachya (raaf) tabyat ghetalelya sadasyanchya sutkesathi prayatnasheel samitee sthapan kartana piyare carrett rajkiyadrushtya sakriy jhaale. tyapurvi, tyanni aadhich bhandavalshahiviruddha sashastr sangharshache aavahan karnari kagadpatre vitarit kelee hotee, jyat raff-patrakanchya anuvadasah. 1982 madhye tyanni kahee kalasathi 'vidhvansak' navache eka masik prakashit kele. tyanantar thodyach kalat, teey see. see. see. chya sthapanesathi prerak shakti hote. aktoobar 1984 pasoon, yaa gatane 16 december 1985 roji namur yetheel phasta food restaurantmadhye carrett aanee itar teen sadasyanchya bhitiparyant rajkiy aanee lashkari lakshyanvar (parantu lokanvar nahee) halle kele. see. see. see. sadasyanvar 1988 madhye khatala chalavanyat aala. aktoobar 1988 madhye, caretla aajivan karavasachi shiksha sunavanyat aalee, pramukhyane 1 meey 1985 roji braselsmadhil belgian entreprises federationchya (vhee. bii. oo.) imarativar jhalelya hallyamule, jevha ishara deunahi done agnishamak marle gele. 23 februwari 2003 roji carrett haah turungatoon sutka jhalela see. see. see. chaa shevatcha sadasya hota. aktoobar 2002 madhye tyanni parvangishivay vhee. aar. tii. durchitravani karyakram 'tair zek' chya patrakaranna mulakhat dilee hotee. september 2003 madhye, tyane television karyakram 'natchetwatcht' madhye wilfried martenscha samna keela. hallyanchya velee martons heey belgiumche pantpradhan hote aanee tyanna see. see. see. viruddha polis sanrakshanahi midale hote. caretne sangitale qee tyala ajunahi tech vishvas aahet aanee tyacha sangharsh suruch aahe. italimadhye dahashatvadi hallyancha cutt rachananya rajkiy-lashkari communist pakshashi sambandh asalelya anek belgian lokanna polisanni atak kelyanantar 5 juuna 2008 roji piyare carrett yanna punha atak karnyat aalee. atak kelelyanpaiki kahee see. see. see.-sadasya hote aanee asey aadhalun aale qee tyane tyanchyashi punha sampark prasthapit keela hota, joou tyachya parol atinmule pratibandhit hota. tathapi, tyachya parolchya atinmadhye badal karnyat aale hote, jenekarun tyala tyachya see. see. see. sahkanyanshi shantatapurn sandarbhat sampark sadhata yeil aanee polisanni tyache durdhvani bertrand sasoyeshi sampark sadhala navhata, tyamule tyacha sasoyeshi sampark shantateshivay dusra hota heey siddha karnyacha konatahi marg navhata.

piyare keret piyare carett (janma 21 september 1952 charleroi, belgiumma) belgiumko charam-wamapanthi atankawadi samuha communist ladaku cell wa sisisika neta thie. yadyapi keretlai atankawadi akramanka lagi ajiwan karawasko sajaya sunaieko thiyo, unlai 2003 maa riha gariyo. yadyapi, unlai 5 june 2008 maa pyarol ullanghanko karan feri chhoto samayaka lagi giraftar garieko thiyo, tara 18 junema adalatle riha gareko thiyo. jiwan rar kaam. paschim germanyma redd armi gutt (raf) kaa bandi sadasyaharuko rihaika lagi prayas garne samiti sthapana garda piyare carett rajnitik rupma sakriya bhae. yasaghi nai unle punjiwadwiruddha sashastra sangharshako awhan garne kagajatharu witaran garisakeka thie, jasma ruff-pamphletharuko anuwad pani samawesh thiyo. sann 1982 maa unle kehi samayaka lagi "subversion" namak patrika prakashit gare. tyasko kehi samayapachi, uni sisisiko sthapanaka lagi prerak shakti thie. october 1984 maa suru bhaeko, yass samuhale 16 december 1985 maa namurko fastfood resturentma carett rar anya tean sadasyaharuko shanka nabhaesamma rajnitik rar sainya laxyaharuma (tara manisharu hoina) shringkhalabadha akramanharu garyo. sisisi-sadasyaharulai sann 1988 maa muddama lyaieko thiyo. october 1988 maa, carettalai ajiwan karawasko sajaya sunaieko thiyo, mukhyataya 1 mey 1985 maa braselsma belgium udyamharuko mahasangha (bhibo) ko bhawanma bhaeko akramanko karan, jab chetawaniko bawajud dui zana agnishamak marieka thie. 23 february 2003 maa, carett jailbata riha hune antim sisi-sadasya thie. october 2002 maa, unle anumati bina bhart television karyakram "terr zaak" kaa patrakarharulai antarwarta dieka thie. september 2003 maa, unle television karyakram "nachatwact" maa wilfried martensko samana gare. akramanko samayama martens belgiumka pradhanmantri thie, rar sisisi viruddha police suraksha pani prapta gare. keretele aafusanga ajhai pani ustai vishwas raheko rar unko sangharsh jaari raheko batae. italyma atankawadi hamalako shadyantra racheko rajnitik-sainya communist partysanga sambandha rakhne dherai beljiyamwasiharulai praharile pakrau garepachhi 5 june 2008 maa piyare caretlai feri pakrau garieko thiyo. pakrau pareka madhye kehi sisi-sadasyaharu thie, rar unle uniharusanga punah samparka sthapit gareko fela paryo, june unko pyarol sartaharudwara pratibandhit garieko thiyo. yadyapi, unko pyarol sartaharu unlai shantipurna sandarbhama afna sisi sahayogiharusanga samparka garna anumati dina parimarjan garieko thiyo, rar praharile unko telephone kalharulai bertrand sasoyasanga bug gareko thiena, sasoyasangko unko samparka shantipurna bahek anya thiyo bhanera pramanit garne kunai tarika thiena.

pier carrett pijere carrett (janma 21 september 1952, charleroi, belajijamre) belajiarara charam-bamapanthi aatankabadee gosthi communist commattant cells baa ccsir neta thile. jadio aatankabadee aakraman paain kartenku ajiban karadandare dandita karajaithila, 2003 ray tanku mukta karajaithila. tathapi, parol ullanghana hetu tanku 5 june 2008 ray puni sankhipta bhabare girapha karajaithila, kintu june 18 ray court dwara mukta karajaithila . zeeban ebong karjya. paschima germanyre redd armi gosthi (raf) rahr bandi sadasyamananku mukta kariba paain eka kamiti pratistha kariba samajare pier carte rajanaitika bhabare sakriya hoithile. ehaa purbaru, shay punjibada biruddhare sashastra sangram paain document bunton karisarithile, jeunthire raf-panflater anubada antarbhukta thila. 1982 masihare shay kichhi samai paain "sababharjan" namaka eka patrika prakash karithile. ehara kichhi samai parey, shay sii. sii. sii. pratistha paain eka preraka shakti thile. october october arambha curry, ehi gosthi rajanaitika ebong samarika lakhya upare ekadhika aakraman karithila (kintu lokamane nuhen), jeparjyanta 16 december meey namur eka fastfood resturantare keret ebong anya tini john sadasyanka aashanka nathila. 1988 masihare sisi-sadasyamananku bicharaku anajaithila. october october, keretanku ajiban carabas dandadesh diajaithila, mukhyatah 1 meey meey braselsare federation off belgian entreprise (bhi. bii. oh.) rahr kotha upare aakraman hetu, jetebele dui john agnisham karmachari eka chetabani satwe mrutyubarana karithile. 2003 masiha februari 23 tarikhare, carrett jelru mukta hoithiba shesh sisi-sadasya thile. october 2002 ray, shay bina anumatire bhiarati television karjyakram "terr jaaka" rahr sambadikamananku eka sakhyatakara deithile. september 2003 ray, shay television karjyakram "nachtwact" ray wilfried martensanku samnah karithile. aakraman samajare martens belgiumer pradhanamantri thile, ebong epariki ccc biruddhare police surakhya madhya paithile. keret kahithile je tankara ebebi sehi samaana biswasa rahichhi ebong tankara sangharsha jaari rahichhi. italyre aatankabadee akramanara sadajantra karuthiba rajanaitika-samarika communist party sahita samparka thiba aneka belajijanku police girapha kariba parey, 2008 masiha june 5 tarikhare pijere karetanku punithare girapha karajaithila. girapha hoithiba byaktimananka madhyaru keteka sisi-sadasya thile, ebong ehaa janibaku milithila je shay semananka sahita punah samparka sthapana karithile, jaahaa taanka parol sarta dwara nishidha hoithila . tebe, taanka parol sarttabalire paribartana karajai tanku shantipurna sandarbhare taanka ccc sahajogeemananka saha jogajoga karibaku anumathi diajaithila, ebong police taanka telephone kalgudiku bertrand sasoe sahita sanjoga karinathila, tenu sasoe sahita tankara jogajoga shantipurna byatita anya kaunasi upaiah nathila bolly pramana karibara kaunasi upaiah nathila.

piar carrett peear carrett (janam 21 satambar 1952 charlaroi, belgium witch) belgian atie-khabbe attvadi samooh communist ladaku saillan jaan see. see. see. daa neta see. halanki carrett noon attvadi hamliaan laee umar bharr dee qaid dee sazaa sunayi gaee see, parr uss noon 2003 witch rihaa qarr ditta giaa see. halanki, uss noon parol dee ulanghna caarn 5 juun 2008 noon firr toon griftar qarr liaa giaa see, parr adalat neey 18 juun noon rihaa qarr ditta see. jeevan atey kamm. peear carrett udon rajneetak taur utte sargaram hoow giaa jadon pachmi germany witch laal saina dey dhade (raaf) dey fadey gaye memberan dee rihayi laee ikk kameti dee sathapana keeti gaee. iss toon pahilan, uh pahilan hii poonjivad virudh hathiaarband sanghrash daa sadda denh vaale dastavez vandd chukke sunn, jiss witch raaf-pamphlets daa anuvad vee shamal see. sann 1982 witch, unhan neey kujh samein laee "vigaad" namak ikk magazine prakashit keeta. iss toon thodhi dair baad, uh see. see. see. dee sathapana laee ikk prerak shakti sunn. aktubar 1984 witch shuru hoye iss samooh neey rajneetak atey fauji teechiaan (parr lokan utte naheen) utte kaee hamle keete, jadon takk kii 16 dasambar 1985 noon namur dey ikk faast food restaurant witch carrett atey tinn horr memberan daa darr naheen see. see. see. see.-memberan utte 1988 witch mukaddama chalaiaa giaa see. aktubar 1988 witch, carrett noon umar bharr dee qaid dee sazaa sunayi gaee see, mukkh taur utte 1 maee 1985 noon brasals witch federation aaf belgian entreprises (vee. bee. ou.) dee imaarat utte hamle dey caarn, jadon ikk chetavani dey bavjood doou agg bujhaun vaale maare gaye sunn. 23 farvari 2003 noon carrett aakhri see. see. see.-member see jiss noon jailh toon rihaa keeta giaa see. aktubar 2002 witch, unhan neey binan aagiaa dey vee. aar. tii. television program "tair zack" dey pattarkaran noon ikk interview ditti see. satambar 2003 witch, uss neey television program "nachatwakt" witch wilfried martons daa sahmana keeta. martons hamliaan dey samein belgium dey pardhan mantri sunn, atey ithon takk kii see. see. see. dey virudh pulis surakhiaa vee prapat keeti. carrett neey kiha kii uss noon ajey vee uhee vishwas haii atey uss daa sanghrash jaari haii. itali witch attvadi hamliaan dee sajish rach rahee rajneetak-fauji communist party naal sabandhan vaale kaee belgianan noon griftar curran toon baad 5 juun 2008 noon peear carrett noon dubara griftar keeta giaa see. griftar keete gaye lokan vicchon kujh see. see. see.-member sunn, atey ih paaiaa giaa kii unhan neey unhan naal samparak mudd sathapat keeta see, jiss noon unhan dee parol deeaan shartan duaara varjit keeta giaa see. halanki, uss dee parol deeaan shartan noon sodhiaa giaa see taan joe uh shantipuran sandrabh witch aapne see. see. see. sahiyogiaan naal samparak qarr sake, atey pulis neey uss deeaan telephone kaalan noon bertrand sasoye naal naheen jodiaa see, iss laee ih saabat curran daa koee tarika naheen see kii sasoye naal uss daa samparak shantipuran see.

piyare keret piyare karette (janma 21 september 1952, chaarleroy, belgium-nagare) belgian-charam-vaama-bhayotpaadakasamoohasy communist-fattent-cells athavaa see. see. see. ityasya netaa aasit. yadyapi keret-varyaha bhayotpaadak-akramanartham aajeevan-kaaraavaasasy dandah praapnot, tathaapi 2003 tame varshe saha muktah abhavat. tathaapi, saha 2008 joon 5 dinaanke paerol-ullamghanasya karanat punah alpakalam yaavat gruheetah, parantu joon 18 dinaanke nyayalayena muktah abhavat. jeevanam tathaa karyam cha. pashchim-germany-deshe raktasenaayaah (raaf) gutasya bandinam sadasyanam vimochanaartham prayatnam kurvatee samitim sthapayitva piyare-keret raajanaitikaroopen sakriyah abhavat. tatah poorvam saha poonjeevaadasya viruddham sashastra-sangharshasya aahvaanam akurvan, tathaa cha raaf-patranam anuvaadam cha pralekhyat. 1982 tame varshe saha "subversion" iti patrikaam kinchitkalam yaavat prakashitavan. tadanantaram kinchitkalat saha see. see. see. ityasya sthapanartham prerakashaktih aasit. 1984 october-masat aarabhy, ayam samoohah raajanaitik-sainya-lakshyeshu (parantu jananam upari naa) akramananam shrunkhalaam akarot, yaavat 1985 december-masasya 16 dinaanke namur-nagarasya faast-food-bhojanaalaye keret tathaa anyatrayam sadasyam shankitam naa jaatam. 1988 tame varshe see. see. see.-sadasyanam parikshanam krutam. 1988 tame varshe october-maase, keret aajeevan kaaraavaasasy dandah praapnot, mukhyataya 1985 tame varshe mey-masasya 1 dinaanke brasals-nagare belgian-udyama-sanghasya (vee. bee. o.) bhavanasya upari aakramanasy karanat, yadaa ekam chetaavaneem api aasit, tadaa dwau agnishaamakaah mrutaah. 2003 februvari 23 dinaanke, carte karagarat muktah antimah see. see. see.-sadasyah aasit. 2002 october-maase, saha viarti-dooradarshanasy karyakramasya "terr zaake" ityasya patrakaran vinaa anumatyaa sakshatkaram dattavaan. 2003 september-maase, saha "nachtwacht" iti dooradarshan-kaaryakrame wilfried martons-varyam sammukhikrutavan. aakramanasamaye martons ityeshah belgium-deshasya pradhaanamantri aasit, tathaa cha see. see. see. ityasya viruddham arakshakanam rakshanm cha praapnot. keret ityanena avadat yat tasya api tathaiva vishvaasaha asti, tasya sangharshah api prachalati iti. italee-deshe bhayotpaadak-aakramanasy shadayantram kurwantah raajanaitik-sainya-communist-dalena saha sambadhaah anekaah belgian-janaah aarakshakaih gruheetaah, tatah param 2008 joon 5 dinaanke piyare-karette punah gruheetah. bandhiteshu kechan see. see. see.-sadasyaah aasan, tathaa cha saha taan punah samparkam sthapitavan iti dnyaatam, yat tasya perol-shartaih nishiddham aasit. parantu, tasya see. see. see. sahakarmibhihi saha shaantiyuta-sandarbhe samparkam kartum tasya parol-shartaah parivartitaah aasan, tathaa cha aarakshakaih tasya doorabhaash-calls-madhye bertrand saasoy ityanena naa abhoot, ataha saasoy ityanena saha tasya samparkah shaantiyutah aasit iti niroopayitum anyat upaayah naseet.

piyarae carett piyarae currate (prappu septumber 21,1952, beljiathin chaarleraai nagaril) beljiya theevira idathusaari payankaravaathak kuzhuvaana communist poaraali kuzhukkalin thalaivar aavaar. bayangaravaathath thaakkuthalkalukkaaga kerettukku vaazhnaal siraiththandanai vithikkappattaalum, avar 2003 ill viduvikkappattaar. iruppinum, barol meeral kaaranamaaga juun 5,2008 andru avar meendum surukkamaaga kaithu seiyappattaar, aanaal juun 18 andru neethimandraththaal viduvikkappattaar. vaazhkkai mattrum vaelai. maerku germanyil kaipattrappatta sivappu iraanuva pirivin (roff) uruppinargalai viduvikka muyarchikkum oru kuzhuvai niruviyapoathu piyarae currate arasiyal reethiyaaga surusuruppaaga irunthaar. adharku munbu, avar aerkanavae muthalaaliththuvaththirku ethiraana aayuthap poaraattaththirku alaippu viduththa aavanangkalai viniyoagiththirunthaar, idhil roff-thundu pirasurangkalin mozhipeyarppum adangkum. 1982 aam aandil, avar sirithu kaalaththirku "sathiththittam" endra paththirigaiyai veliyittaar. sirithu kaalaththirkup piragu, chii. chii. chii niruvuvatharkaana undhu sakthiyaaga avar irunthaar. october 1984 ill thodangi, inththa kuzhu arasiyal mattrum iraanuva ilakkugal meethu thodarchchiyaana thaakkuthalkalai nadaththiyathu (aanaal makkal alla), disambar 16,1985 andru naamooril ulla oru thuritha unavu unavagaththil keratte mattrum moontru uruppinarkal achchappadum varai. chii. chii. chii-uruppinarkal 1988 aam aandil visaaranaikku kondu varappattanar. october 1988 ill, kerettukku vaazhnaal siraiththandanai vithikkappattathu, mukkiyamaaga 1985 mae 1 aam thaethi presselsil beljiya niruvanangalin koottamaippin (vii. pii. ooo) kattidam meethu thaakkuthal nadaththiyathaal, irandu theeyanaippu veerargal kollappattanar. pipravari 23,2003 andru, siraiyil irunthu viduvikkapatta kadaisi sisisi uruppinar currate aavaar. october 2002 ill, avar anumathiyintri vrd tholaikaatchi nigazhchchiyaana "terr jaak" paththirikaiyaalarkalukku oru nerkaanalai valangkiyirunththaar. 2003 septambaril, avar "notchwacked" endra tholaikaatchi nigazhchchiyil wilfried martensai ethirkondaar. thaakkuthalkalin poathu martens beljiathin pirathamaraaga irunthaar, maelum sisisi-kku ethiraaga bolees paathukaappaiyum pettraar. thanakku innum athae nambikkaikal iruppathaakavum, avarathu poaraattam thodarkirathu endrum currate koorinaar. itaaliyil bayangaravaatha thaakkuthalkalukku sathiththittam theettiya arasiyal-iraanuva communist katchiyudan thodarpudaiya pala beljiyargalai poleesaar kaithu seithathai aduththu, 2008 juun 5 andru piyarae currate meendum kaithu seiyappattaar. kaithu seiyappattavargalil silar sisisi-uruppinargalaaga irunththanar, maelum avar avarkaludan thodarbai meendum niruviyiruppathu kandariyappattathu, idhu avarathu barol nibanthanaigalaal thadaiseiyappattathu. iruppinum, avarathu barol nibanthanaigal avarathu sisisi koottaaligaludan amaithiyaana soozhalil thodarbu kolla anumathikkum vagaiyil maattriyamaikkappattathaal, poleesaar avarathu tholaipaesi azhaippugalai bertrand sasoy moolam pizhaiyidaathathaal, sasoy udanaana avarathu thodarbu amaithiyaanathaaka irunththathu enbathai niroobikka vazhi illai.

pier corrett piere corrett (jananam 21 september 1952, charleroy, belgium) belgium teevra-vaama teevravaada samuuham communist poraata vibhagalu ledhaa sisisi nayakudu. teevravaada daadulaku paalpadinanduku corrett jeevitakaala jailu siksha vidhinchabadinappatikii, athanu athanu vidudala cheyabaddaadu. ayithe, perol ullanghana kaaranamgaa 2008 juun 5naa atanni mallee kluptamgaa arrestu chesaaru, conny juun 18naa kortu vidudala chesindi. jeevitam mariyu pani. paschima germanylo erra sainyam vargam (raaf) loe bandhinchabadina sabhyulanu vidudala cheyadaaniki prayatnistunna oka kamiteeni erpaatu chesinappudu pierry corrett rajakeeyamgaa churukuga maararu. antaku mundu, athanu appatike pettubadidaarii vidhaanaaniki vyatiraekamgaa saayudha pooraataaniki pilupunicche patraalanu pampinhee chesaadu, veetilo raaf-karapatraala anuvaadam kooda undhi. undhi ayana kontakaalam paatu "vidhvamsaka" anae patrikanu prachurinchaaru. aaa taruvaata koddikaalaanike, ayana sisi sthaapinchadaaniki chodaka saktigaa unnaaru. 1984 octoberulo praarambhamaina eee brundam, 1985 december 16naa naamuurlooni faast phud restaurantlo corrett mariyu maroe mugguru sabhyula bhayam varaku, raajakeeya mariyu sainika lakshyalapai (conny prajalu kaadu) varusa daadulanu nirvahinchindi. aktobaru sisi-sabhyulanu vichaaranaku teesukuvacchaaru. aktobaru aktobaru, pradhanamgaa 1985 mae 1naa brasselsloni federation off belgian entreprises (vbo) bhavanampai daadi chesinanduku, iddaru agnimaapaka sibbandi maraninchinappatikii, corrett jeevitakaala jailu siksha vidhinchabadindi. 2003 fibravari 23naa jailu nundi vidudalaina chivari sisi-sabhyudu corrett. 2002 octoberulo, ayana anumati lekunda vrt television karyakramam "terr jaak" paatrikeyulaku interview icchaaru. 2003 septembarulo, athanu television karyakramam "natchtwatcht" loe wilfried martensenu edurkonnadu. daadula samayamlo martens belgium pradhana mantrigaa unnaaru, alaage sisisi nundi pooliisu rakshana kooda pondaaru. tanaku ippatikee adhe nammakalu unnayani, thana poraatam konasagutondani corrett paerkonnaadu. italeelo ugravaada daadulaku kutra pannutunna raajakeeya-sainika communistu paarteetho sambandham unna aneka mandhi belgianlanu pooliisulu arrestu chesina taruvaata, 2008 juun 5naa pier kaaretnu mallee arrestu chesaaru. arestaina vaarilo kondaru sisi-sabhyulu, mariyu athanu vaaritho tirigi sambandhaanni yerparachukunnatlu kanugonabadindi, idhi athani perol sharatula dwara nishedhinchabadindi. ayithe, saantiyuta sandarbhamlo thana sisisi sahacharulanu sampradinchadaaniki veelugaa athani perol sharatulu savarinchabaddaayi, mariyu pooliisulu athani telephone kaalsnu bertrand saasoyto bugg cheyakapovadam valla, saasoyto athani parichayam saantiyutamgaa undatame kakunda veredi anie niroopinchadaaniki maargam ledhu.

paiyar carriot paiyar carriot (paidaish 21 satambar 1952 charleroi belgium mein) belgium kay intehayi bayein baazo kay dehshat gird grop communist jangi khalyaat yaa see see see kaa rehnuma thaa. agarcha carriot kuu dehshat girdanah hamlon kay alzaam mein amar qaid kii sazaa sanayi gayee thee leakin asay 2003 mein rehaa kirr diyaa gayaa. tahim pirol kii khalaaf warzi kii wajah say asay 5 joone 2008 kuu dobarah mukhtasir toor parr giraftar kiyaa gayaa leakin adaalat nay asay 18 joone kuu rehaa kirr diyaa. zindagi aur kaam. paiyar carriot iss waqat seyasi toor parr srgarm how gayey jabb inhon nay maghrabi germani mein reed aarmi dhaday (raaf) kay giraftar arkaan kii rehayi kay liye eek committy qayem kii. iss say pehley wah pehley hyee sarmayah daari kay khalaaf maslah jadujahad kaa mutalibah karnay waali dastawezaat taqsim kirr chakay thay jinn mein raaf pumfilt kaa tarjumah bhee shaamil thaa. 1982 mein inhon nay kachh arsey kay liye "takhrib kaaree" kay naam say eek megzin shaye kiyaa. iss kay foraa baad wah see see see kay qayaam kay liye eek moharrik qoot thay. aktobar 1984 mein sharoo honay waalay iss grop nay seyasi aur foji ahdaaf (leakin logon parr nahein) parr hamlon kaa eek silsilah anjaam diyaa jabb takk kahh 16 dasambar 1985 kuu namoor kay eek faast foud reestoran mein carriot aur teen deegar arkaan kuu khufzadah nahein kiyaa gayaa. see see see kay arakeen parr 1988 mein moqhadhima chalaya gayaa. aktobar 1988 mein carriot kuu amar qaid kii sazaa sanayi gayee bunyadi toor parr 1 mayee 1985 kuu barsalz mein federation aaf belgium interprise (wee bee awo) kii emarat parr hamlay kii wajah say jabb duu fayer fyters kuu intebah kay bawajood halaak kirr diyaa gayaa. 23 faroori 2003 cow carriot jail say rehaa honay waali see see see kii aakhri rakan thee. aktobar 2002 mein inhon nay baghair ajazat kay wee aar tye teeli vision prograam "tair zaak" kay sahafiyon kuu intervieve diyaa thaa. satambar 2003 mein inhon nay teeli vision prograam "nachtochat" mein wilfred martens kaa saamna kiyaa. martens hamlon kay waqat belgium kay wazeer aizam thay aur yahaan takk kahh inhein see see see kay khalaaf police tahfuz bhee haasil thaa. carriot nay kahaa kahh asay abb bhee wahee yaqeen hay aur iss kii jadujahad jaari hay. paiyar caritay kuu 5 joone 2008 kuu dobarah giraftar kiyaa gayaa jabb police nay seyasi foji communist paarti say taaluq rakhnay waalay mutadid beljiyayon kuu giraftar kiyaa juu atlee mein dehshat girdanah hamlon kii sazish kirr rahee thee. giraftar kiye gayey afraad mein say kachh see see see kay rakan thay aur yaha paaya gayaa kahh iss nay inn kay saath dobarah raabtah qayem kiyaa thaa juu iss kii pirol kii sharaet kii wajah say mamnua thaa. tahim chonkah iss kii pirol kii sharaet mein tarmim kii gayee thee taakah wah praman tanazar mein apnay see see see saathiyon say raabtah kirr sakay aur police nay iss kii teeli phone kaalz kuu bertrand sasuay say nahein jadaa thaa iss liye yaha saabat karnay kaa koyee tariqah nahein thaa kahh sasuay kay saath iss kaa raabtah praman kay elawah aur thaa.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9982153

Exapostilarion

Exapostilarion The Exapostilarion (, pl. ἐξαποστειλάρια "Exapostilaria"; Russian Ексапостила́рий) is a hymn or group of hymns chanted in the Eastern Orthodox and Greek-Catholic Churches at the conclusion of the Canon near the end of Matins. The Exapostilarion is chanted after the Little Litany that follows the Ninth Ode of the Canon. Overview. The term "exapostilarion" is related to the word Apostle, which itself is derived from a Greek word meaning “sent out.” It has this name because in ancient times a chanter was sent out from the choir into the center of the church to chant this hymn. The exapostilaria ask God to enlighten the minds of the faithful that they might worthily praise the Lord in the verses of the Lauds which follow, and in the Great Doxology. At simple services on weekdays, especially during Great Lent, the normal exapostilaria are replaced with the Photagogicon (; Slavonic: Светиленъ "Svetilen", pl. Светилны, "Svyetilniy"), "Hymn of Light." The Lenten form of the photagogica are chanted in the Tone of the Week, are of a penitential nature, and are similar in performance to the Triadica (Hymns to the Trinity) that were sung near the beginning of Matins. On Sundays, just before the exapostilarion the canonarch (or, the deacon in Russian practice) recites the verses for the singing of “Holy is the Lord our God” three times. On Sundays, the theme of the Exapostilarion reflects the concept of the Myrrh-bearing Women being sent to bring the Good News (Gospel) of the Resurrection of Christ to the Apostles, and is drawn from the Resurrection Gospel that was chanted before the Canon. During Holy Week the Exapostilarion is of great significance and is solemnly chanted in the center of the church by three singers (or by the entire choir). The Matins service on most of the Days of Holy Week is referred to as the "Bridegroom Prayer," after the theme of the Exapostilarion for those days: "I see Thy bridal chamber adorned..." (a reference to the Tomb of Christ). At Pascha (Easter) the Exapostilarion is chanted first by the clergy and then repeated twice by the choir to a particularly joyful melody. In the flesh Thou didst fall asleep as a mortal man, O King and Lord. Thou didst rise on the third day, raising Adam from corruption, and destroying death: O Pascha of incorruption, the Salvation of the world! Notes. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

expostillerion exapostilorion (, pl. εxαποστειλάρια "exapostilaria"; rasian eksap 'steeloriya) hoise ek stobo baa stobor gutt ji pubo orthodox aaru greek-ketholik girjat metinor xexor faale onuxaxonor xexot jop koraa hoy. onuxaxonor nowom oh 'dodd onuxoron koraa xoru litanir pisot exapostilorion jop koraa hoy. xongkhipto biboron. exapostilorion" xobdotu prerito xobdotur xoite xomporkito, jitu nijei etaa greek xobdor poraa udbhob hoise jaar ortho hoise "pothiuwa".iyar ei naamtu aase kaaron prasin kaalot ei stutigit jop koriboloi gayok dolor poraa girjar majoloi etaa gaan pothiuwa hoisil. exapostiloriyai isworok biswaxixokolor monn alukito koriboloi onurudh kore jaate teuluke poroborti proxongxar slukot aaru mohan doxulogyt probhur proxongxa koriboloi jugyo hoh 'bob paare. xoptahor dinburot xorol xewaxomuhot, bixexkoi great lentor xomoyot, xadharon exapostiloriak fotag "jikonor xoite xoloni koraa hoy (; slavonicoh svetilen" swetilen ", pl. swetilini, "swetilini"), "puhoror stutigit."photagujikar lenten ruptu xoptahtur sworot jop koraa hoy, ek onutap prokritir hoy, aaru prodorxonot triadica (tritwor baabe stutigit) ror xoite eke hoy jibur maatinor aarombhonir usorot guwa hoisil. deubare, exapostillerionor thik aagote kennarke (baa, rasian onuxilonot dicon) "pobitro hoise aamar bhogowan bhogowan" gantur baabe tinibar slokbur abritti kore. deubare, exapostilorionor bixoybostuwe khristor punorutthanor xuxmasar (gospel) preritoxokolor usoroloi aaniboloi preron koraa morro-baahok mohilaxokolor dharonak protipholito kore, aaru punorutthan gospelor poraa aahoron koraa hoy jitu onuxaxonor xonmukhot jop koraa hoisil. pobitro xoptahot ei exapostilorionor jothesto gurutwo aase aaru girjar majbhagot tinijon gayokor (baa xomogro gayok dolor) dwara iyak xotorkobhabe jop koraa hoy. pobitro xoptahor besibhag dinot metin xewak "boruror prarthona" buli kuwa hoy, xei dinburor baabe expostillerionor bixoybostur pisotoh "moi tumar biyar kuthalitu xojuwa dekhisu..."(khristor xomadhir etaa ullekh). poschimot (istor) prothome poriyalor luke exapostilorion jop kore aaru taar pisot gayok dole dubarkoi etaa bixexbhabe anondodayok xurot punorabritti kore.

expostellerion exapstellerion (, pl. εxαποστειλάρια "exapostilaria"; russian expostillery) holl ekti stob baa stabgulir samashti jaa mattinser shesher dike purbo gonda ebong greek-catholic girjagulite gaan koraa hoy. canoner nobom ooda anusaran korey chhoto litanir porey exapostellerion jopp koraa hoy. sangkhipto biboron. exapsteelerion" shobdoti prerito shobder saathe somporkito, jaa nijei ekti greek shobdo theke udbhuto jaar ortho "pathano hoyeche.err eyi namti royeche kaaron prachinkale eyi stobganti jopp korar jonno gayakdal theke girjar kendre ekti montro pathano hoto. exapstelleria isshorke biswasider monke alokito korar jonno anurodh korey jaate taaraa poroborti proshongshar ayate ebong mohan doxologyte prabhur proshongsha korar jogyo hotey paare. saptaher dingulite sadharan porishebagulite, biseshoto greta lenter somoy, sadharan exapstelleria photagogicon diye protisthapito hoy (; slavonic svetilena "svetilena", pla. swetilini, "swetilini"), "alor stob."photagozicar lenten rupti saptaher sware jopp koraa hoy, ekti anutap prokritir hoy ebong mattinser shurute gaoa trayi (tritter stotro)-err anurup. robibar, expsteelerianer thhik agey canonarch (baa, russian onushilone dicon) "pobitro amader isshor prabhu" gawar jonno tinbar ayatguli abritti corren. robibar, expsteelerianer thimti preritder kachhe khrister punorutthaner susmachar (gospel) aanar jonno pathano gondho-bohonkari mohilader dharonati protifolito korey ebong punorutthaner gospel theke neoa hoy jaa canoner agey jopp koraa hoyechilo. pobitro saptahe exapostellerion atyanta tatporjopurno ebong tinjan gayak (baa puro gayakdal) dwara girjar kendre shroddhar saathe jopp koraa hoy. pobitro saptaher beshirbhag diney mattin porishebake "borer prarthona" hisabe ullekh koraa hoy, seii dingulir jonno expostillerioner thimer poreh "aami upner bibaher kokkhoti sajjito dekhte pachchi..."(khrister samadhir ekti ullekh). poschim (easter)-ayee padrira prothome exapostellerion jopp corren ebong tarpor gayakdal dwara biseshbhabe anandadayak surey dubar punorabritti koraa hoy.

expostillarian exopostillarian (, pl. εxαποστειλάρια "exapostilaria"; russian exeposteelary) aee purveey rudhichust aneey grick-ketholik charchoma mattinsnaa antanee najik siddhaantnaa samaapan parr uchcharvama aavtaa stotro athavaa stotrono samooh chhe. siddhaantnaa navmaa shlokne anusartaa naana litnee pachhi exopostillariano jaap karvaamaa aave chhe. zankhi. exapostillarian" shabd apostal shabd saathe sambandhit chhe, jeey pote grick shabd parthee aavyo chhe jeno arth thaay chhe "bahaar moklel".tenu aaa naam chhe kaaran keey praachin samayma aaa stotrano jaap karvaa maate gayakvrundmathi churchnee madhyamaa aek gaayak mokalvaamaa aavto hato. exopostilleria bhagvanne vafaadaar lokonaa manane prabuddh karvaa maate kahe chhe keey jethee teo pachhini prashansaoni panktioma aneey mahaan doxologyma bhagvanni prashansa karvaa yogya bunny shake. athvadiyana divasomaa saral sevaoma, khaas kareene motaa dhiraan darmiyan, saamanya exopostilleriane photagogican (; slavonic swetilen "swetilen", pl. shvet, "shvetilni"), "prakashnu stotra"."photagojikanu lanton swaroop athvadiyana swarmaan uchcharvama aave chhe, teey pashchaataapni prakrutinaa hoya chhe, aneey pradarshanmaa tridica (trinityna stotro) jevu jaj hoya chhe jeey mattinsnee sharuaatni najik gaavaama aavtu hatoo. ravivaarnaa roj, purvgrahnaa thodaa samay pahelaa, sant (athavaa, russian prathaama dican) trana vakhat "pavitra bhagvaan aapana bhagvaan chhe" naa gaayan maate panktionu pathan karey chhe. ravivaarnaa roj, exapostillarianni theem kharistna punrutthaannaa saaraa samachar (gospel) neey prerito sudhee laavvaa maate mokalvaamaa aavtee mirr-bearing maheelaoni vibhavnane pratibimbit karey chhe, aneey teey punrutthaan gospelmathi levaamaa aave chhe jeno siddhaant pahelaa jaap karvaamaa aavyo hato. pavitra saptah darmiyan aaa utsaahjanak prasangnu khoob mahatv chhe aneey churchnee madhyamaa trana gaayako (athavaa samagr gaayakvrund dwara) dwara teno pavitra reete jaap karvaamaa aave chhe. pavitra athvadiyana motabhagna divasomaa matannee sevaane "varrajani praathnaa" tareeke odakhvaamaa aave chhe, teey divaso maate expostillarianni theem pachhih "huun tamara lagna samarambhne sushobhit joun chhu..."(kharistni kabarno sandarbh). pashchim (easter) maan paadario dwara pahelaa exapostillariano jaap karvaamaa aave chhe aneey pachhi gaayakvrund dwara khaas kareene aanandkarak melodimaa beey vaar punraavartan karvaamaa aave chhe.

expostillerian exapostillerian (, pl. εxαποστειλάρια "exapostilaria"; russie exposteelary) ack bhajan yaa bhajanon kaa samooh haye joe purvi roodhivaadi aur greek-catholic churchon mein mattin key anta mein cannon key samaapan parr gaaya jaataa haye. cannon key nauvein odd kaa anusaran karane vaale chhote litney key baad exapostillerian kaa jaap kiya jaataa haye. avalokan. exapostillerian" shabd prerit shabd seey sambandhit haye, joe swayam ack yunani shabd seey liya gayaa haye jiska arth haye "baahar bheja gayaa.iska yeh naam isaliye haye kyonki pracheen kaal mein iss bhajan kaa jaap karane key liye gaayak mandal seey church key kendra mein ack bhajan bheja jaataa thaa. exapostillaria bhagwan seey vishvaasiyon key munn koo prabuddh karane key liye kahata haye kii way prashansa key shlokon mein bhagwan kii prashansa karane key yogya hoe sakate hain, joe baad mein aatey hain, aur mahaan doxology mein. saptah key dinon mein saral sevaaon mein, vishesh roop seey mahaan lent key dauran, samanya exapostilleria koo photagogican seey badal diyaa jaataa haye (; slaavonikah svetilen "svetilen", pl. swetilani, "swetilani"), "prakaash kaa bhajan."photagozica key lenton roop koo saptah key swar mein jup kiya jaataa haye, praayashchitt prakriti key hotey hain, aur pradarshan mein tribhuj (trimurti key liye bhajan) key samaan hotey hain joe mattins kii shuruat key paas gaaye gaye they. ravivaar koo, poorv-poorv-poorv seey thheek pahale canonarch (yaa, russie abhyaas mein decan) teen baar "pavitra bhagwan hamaare bhagwan hain" key gaayan key liye chhandon kaa paath kartaa haye. ravivaar koo, exapostillerian kaa vishay masih key punrutthan kii achchi khabar (susamachar) preriton koo laane key liye bheji jaa rahee mirh-dhaaran karane vaali mahilaaon kii avadharana koo darshaata haye, aur punrutthan susamachar seey kheencha gayaa haye joe cannon seey pahale jup kiya gayaa thaa. pavitra saptah key dauran exapostillerian kaa bahut mahatva haye aur church key kendra mein teen gayakon (yaa poore gaayak mandal dwara) dwara iska jaap kiya jaataa haye. pavitra saptah key adhikansh dinon mein mait kii seva koo "doolhe kii prarthana" key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye, una dinon key liye exapostillerian key vishay key baadah "main aapke dulhan key kaksh koo sajaaya huaa dekhta huun..."(masih key makbare kaa sandarbh). pascha (easter) mein poorv-prastuteekaran kaa jaap pahale paadari varg dwara kiya jaataa haye aur phir gaayak mandal dwara vishesh roop seey anandapurna dhuna key liye dou baar dohraya jaataa haye.

exapostillarian exapostillarian (, pla. εxαποστειλάρια "exapostillaria"; russian exapostillary) purvada saampradaayika mattu greek-catholic charchugalalli myaatingala koneyalli cannon koneyalli pathisalaada stotragalu athawa stotragala gumpagide. cannon ombattane odd annu anusarisuva sanna litani nantara exapostillarian annu pathisalaaguttade. avalokana. exapostillarian" emba padavu apostala emba padakke sambandhiside, idu swatah "kaluhisalaagide" embarthada greek padadinda bandide.idakke ee hesaru bandide ekendare praachina kaaladalli ee stotravannu pathisalu gaayakavrundadinda churchna madhyabhaagakke ondu mantravannu kaluhisalaaguttittu. nishtaavantara manassannu belagisalu exapostillaria devarannu keluttade, avaru nantarada hogalikeya padyagalalli mattu mahan doxologyalli bhagavantanannu stutisalu yogyaraagiruttaare. vaarada dinagalli sarala sevegalalli, visheshavaagi dodda saalada samayadalli, saamaanya exapostilleriavannu photagojikanninda badalaayisalaaguttade (; slavonic sweatylen "sweatylen", pla. sweatilny, "sweatilny"), "belakina stotra"."photagojikada lenton roopavannu vaarada dhwaniyalli pathisalaaguttade, pashchattapada svaroopavannu hondiruttade mattu myaatingala aarambhadalli haadalaada triyadikeyannu (trimoortigalige stotragalu) pradarshanadalli holuttade. bhaanuvaaragalandu, exapostillariange swalpa modalu canonarch (athawa, russian acharaneyalli deacon) "pavitranu namma devaru" emba haadige padyagalannu mooru baari pathisuttaane. bhaanuvaaragalandu, exapostillarianna vishayavu kristana punarutthaanada suvaarteyannu (suvaarte) apostalara balige taralu kaluhisalaaguva marh-hondiruva mahileyara parikalpaneyannu pratibimbisuttade mattu cannon munde pathisalaada punarutthaanada suvaarteyinda tegedukollalagide. pavitra vaaradalli exapostillarian bahala mahatvaddagide mattu churchna madhyabhaagadalli moovaru gayakaru (athawa idee gayakaru) idannu gouravadinda pathisuttaare. pavitra vaarada hecchina dinagalli nadeyuva mattin seveyannu "varana prarthane" endu kareyalaaguttade, aaa dinagala exapostillarian vishayada nantarah "naanu ninna vadhuvina kotadiyannu alankarisiruvudannu noduttene..."(kristana samadhiya ullekha). pashcha (eestar) nalli, padrigalu modalu exapostillarian annu pathisuttaare mattu nantara gayakaru eradu baari visheshavaagi santoshadaayaka ragakke punaraavartisuttaare.

bahirmukhitpana daad exapostillerian (, pl. εxαποστειλάρια "exapostilaria"; russian exaposteelary) heey eka stotra kinwa stotrancha samooh aahe, jeey purv orthodox aanee greek-catholic charchmadhye mattinchya shevati cannonchya shevati pathan kele jaate. cannonchya navvya odane odane chhotya litninantar exapostilleriancha jup keela jaato. vihangavalokan. exapostillerian' haah shabd preshit yaa shabdashi sambandhit aahe, joou swatach greek shabdavarun aala aahe jyacha arth 'pathavala gela' assa aahe.yala heey naav aahe kaaran pracheen kalat yaa stotrecha jup karnyasathi gayakvrundatun charchchya madhyabhagi eka mantra pathavala jaat asey. exapostilleria dewala vishvasoo lokanchya manat prakash aananyachi vinanti karato jenekarun teey tyanantarchya stutichya shlokanmadhye aanee mahan doxologymadhye prabhuchi stutee karnyas yogya tharoo shaktil. aathvadyachya divashi sadhya sevanmadhye, visheshtah mothya danyachya kalat, samanya exapostilleriachya jaagi photagogican (; slavonica sweatylen "sweatylen", pl. swetili, "swetili"), "prakashache stotra."chhayachitradnyanache lenton swaroop aathvadyachya swarat japale jaate, teey pashchattap swarupache asatat aanee sadarikaranat mattinchya suruvatichya sumaras gayalya gelelya tridica (trimurtisathi stotra) sarkhe asatat. ravivari, bahishkaran honyachya agadi aadhi, sant (kinwa, russian pratheteel dharmopadeshak) teen vela "pavitra haah aapala dev aahe" yaa ganyasathi shlokanche vachan karato. ravivari, bahishkaracha vishay, khristachya punarutthanachi suvarta (suvarta) preshitanparyant pohochavanyasathi pathavalya pathavalya raktavahinya dharan dharan striyanchi sankalpana pratibimbit karato aanee punarutthanachya suvartetun kadhala jaato, jyacha kanonsamor jup keela gela hota. pavitra aathvadyat bahishkarache khoop mahatva asate aanee charchchya madhyabhagi teen gayak (kinwa sampoorn gayakvrundadvare) tyacha gauravpurvak jup karatat. pavitra aathvadyachya bahutansh divasanmadhye divasanmadhye matin seves 'varchi prathna' asey sambodhale jaate, tyaa divasansathichya bahishkarachya sankalpanenantarh 'mallah tuzi vadhuchi kholee sushobhit jhaleli disate..."(khristachya thadgyacha sandarbh). pashch (easter) madhye, padrivarg pratham bahishkrut dhvanicha jup karato aanee nantar gayakvrundadvare donada vishesh anandadayi ragane tyachi punaravrutti kelee jaate.

bahirmukhikaran exapostillerian (, pl. εxαποστειλάρια "exapostilaria"; rusi exapostilary) mattinko antyama cananko samapanma purvi rudhiwadi rar grick-catholic charchaharuma mantra garieko bhajan wa bhajanharuko samuha how. cananko nawaun odd pachhyaune sano litney pachhi exapostillerianko jap garinchha. awalokan. exapostillerian" shabda prerit shabdasanga sambandhit chha, june afai greek shabdabata aeko how jasko artha "pathaiyo.yasako yo naam chha kinbhane prachin samayama yo bhajanko jap garna gayak mandalibata charchako kendrama euta bhajan pathainthyo. exapostilariale wishwasiharuko dimaglai prabudha garna bhagawanlai sodhcha kii uniharule pachhika prashansa padaharuma rar mahan doxologyma prabhuko prashansa garna yogya huna sakchhan. karyaka dinharuma sadharan sewaharuma, vishesh gari thulo rinko samayama, samanya exapostillerialai photagojikanle pratisthapan garinchha (; slebhonikah sweatilen "sweatilen", pl. swetilni, "swetilni"), "prakashko bhajan."photagojikako lenten roop haptako swarma jap garinchha, prayashchit prakritiko hunchha, rar mattinko surutira gaieko tribhuj (trimurtika bhajanharu) sanga pradarshanma mildojuldo hunchha. aitawarharuma, exapostillerianko thik aghi canonarch (wa, rusi abhyasma decon) ley "pawitra prabhu hamro bhagawan how" ko gayanka lagi padaharu tinn patak path gardacha. aitawarharuma, exapostillerianko vishayavastule khrishtako punarutthanko susamachar (susamachar) preritharulai lyauna pathaieka mirra-asar garne mahilaharuko awadharanalai pratibimbit gardacha, rar punarutthan susamacharbata liieko how june cananko agadi jap garieko thiyo. pawitra haptako samayama exapostillerianko thulo mahatwa hunchha rar charchako kendrama tinn gayakharu (wa sampurna gayakdwara) dwara gambhiratapurwak jap garinchha. pawitra haptako adhikansh dinharuma matin sewalai "dulaha prarthana" bhaninchha, tee dinharuka lagi expostillerianko vishayavastu pachhih "mahm tapainko dulahi kakshalai sajaieko dekhchhu..."(khrishtako chihanko sandarbha). paschim (easter) maa exapostillerian pahile padariharudwara jap garinchha rar tyasapachhi gayakdwara vishesh gari anandadayi dhunma dui patak दोहोऱ्याइन्छ।.

bahirbhutata exapostillarian (, pl. εxαποστειλάρια "exapostilaria"; rushiah expstillary) heuchhi eka bhajan kimba bhajan samooha jaahaa prachya orthodox ebong greek-catholic charchare mattin shesh aadaku cannon sheshare japa karajae . cannor nabam odaku anusarana karuthiba chhot litani parey exapostillarian japa karajae . samikhya karantu. exapostillarian" shabdati prerita sabda sahita jadita, jaahaa nije eka greek shabdaru aasichhi jahara artha "pathajaichi.ehara ehi naama rahichhi kaaran pracheen kaalare ehi bhajan japa kariba paain geetikaramandalaru churcher madhyabhagaku eka mantra pathajauthila. exapostillaria biswastanka manaku alokita karibaku bhagabananku anurodha kare jaahaa semane parabarti prashansare ebong mahan doxology ray prabhunku prashansa karibaku jogya . saptahara dinagudikare sadharana seba pradan samajare, bisesh curry bruhat runa samajare, sadharana exapostillaria photagogican (; slebhonikah swetilen "swetilen", pl. swetilni, "swetilni"), "alokar bhajan."phatagojikara lenten rupati saptahara swarare japa karajae, eka anutapa prakrutira, ebong pradarshanare trai (tritwaku bhajan) sahita samaana jaahaa mattin aarambhare gaana karajaithila . rabibara deane, bahirbhuta hebara thick purbaru, canonarch (kimba, rushiah abhyasare dicon) tini thara "pabitra heuchhanti prabhu ammer bhagaban" geeta gaiba paain pada paath karanti . rabibara deane, exapostillarioner bishajabastu preritamananka nikatare khristanka punaruthanara susamachara (susamachara) aaniba paain pathajaithiba marh-bahn karuthiba mahilanka dharanaku pratiphalita kare, ebong ehaa punaruthana susamachararu niajaithae jaahaa cannon purbaru japa karajaithila . pabitra saptahare ehi utsargeekruta utsabara bahuta gurutwa rahichhi ebong churcher kendrare tini john gajaka (kimba samagra gajaka dala) nka dwara ehaaku gambhiratara saha gaana karajae . pabitra saptahara adhikansha dinare mattin sebaku "barr prarthana" bhabare ullekha karajae, sehi deane paain expostillaron bishajabastu pareh "mun tumara bibaha kakhyaku sajjit dekhuchhi ....."(khristanka samadhi bishajare eka sandarbha). paschima (easter) ray, padarimane prathame exapostillarian japa karanti ebong taa 'parey gajaka dala dwara eka bisesh anandadajaka surare duithara punarabrutti karajae .

visfotak expostellerian (, pl. εxαποστειλάρια "exapostilaria"; russie éksapopostilāriy) ikk bhajan jaan bhajnan daa samooh haii joe purbi orthodox atey yunani-catholic charchan witch mattin dey ant dey nede cannon dey ant witch jaapiaa jaanda haii. cannon dey nauven odd toon baad chhote litney toon baad expostillerian daa jaap keeta jaanda haii. sankhep jankari. expostillerian" shabad rasool shabad naal sabandhat haii, joe aapne aap witch ikk yunani shabad toon liaa giaa haii jisda arth haii "bahr bhejiaa giaa".iss daa ih naam iss laee haii kiunki prachin qaal witch iss bhajan daa jaap curran laee ikk bhajankar noon giddha toon church dey kendra witch bhejiaa jaanda see. expostilleria pramatma noon vafadaran dey manaan noon chaanan denh laee kahinda haii kii uh parshansa deeaan aaitan witch prabhu dee parshansa curran dey yog hoow sakde hunn, atey mahaan doxology witch. hafte dey dinan witch sadharan sevavan witch, khaas taur utte mahaan udhaar dey dauran, aam expostilleria noon photogogican naal badal ditta jaanda haii (; slavonic swaitilen "swaitilen", pl. swaitilni", "swaitilni"), "chaanan daa bhajan."photogogica daa lenton roop hafte dey surr witch jaap keeta jaanda haii, ikk tapassiaa dey subhaa daa hunda haii, atey pardarshan witch tridica (triek dey bhajan) dey samaan hunde hunn joe mattin dee shuruat dey nede gaae gaye sunn. aitwar noon, expostiliarian toon theek pahilan canonarch (jaan, russie abhiaas witch decan) "pavittar prabhu saada devta haii" dey gaaun laee tinn vaar paath karda haii. aitwar noon, expostillerian daa visha masih dey punar-uthaan dee khush khabri (injeel) rasoolan takk liaun laee bhejiaan jaa rahiaan mirah-dhaarak aurtan dee dharna noon darsaunda haii, atey punar-uthaan dee injeel toon liaa giaa haii joe cannon dey sahmane japp keeta giaa see. pavittar hafte dauran expostilliern bahut mahattavpuran haii atey tinn gaikan (jaan poore gaika duaara) duaara church dey kendra witch sachmuch jaap keeta jaanda haii. pavittar hafte dey ziaadaatar dinan witch mutton seva noon "laade dee prarthna" kiha jaanda haii, uhanan dinan laee expostilliern dey vishe toon baadaa "main tuhade viaah dey kamre noon shingariaa hoiaa vekhda haan..."(masih dee kabar daa havala). paccha (easter) 'teey padrian duaara pahilan expostillerian daa jaap keeta jaanda haii atey firr gaika duaara doou vaar ikk vishesh taur' teey khushi dee dhun laee duhraiaa jaanda haii.

bahirgamanam bahirgamanam (, pla. εxαποστειλάρια "exapostilaria"; rusie exapostilary) iti ekam bhajanam vaa bhajananam samoohah asti yat poorveeya-roodivaadeeshu greek-catholic-charchushu mattin-ityasya ante cannon ityasya ante mantranam bhavati. cannon ityasya navama-odd ityasya anugunam laghu-litney ityasya anantaram exapostillerian ityasya japaha bhavati. avalokanam karotu. exapostillerian" iti padam apostal iti shabden saha sambaddham asti, yat svayameva greek-shabdat nishpannam asti yasya arthah "preshitah" iti.asya naam asti yatah prachinakale asya stotrasya japaartham gayakavrundat charchasya madhyabhaage ekaha mantravaadakah preshitah aasit. exapostilleria iti devaaya praarthayati yat vishvaaseenaam manaan prabuddham kuru yena te anuvartaneshu prashamsaanaam shlokeshu, mahatee doxalogy ityasmin cha prabhum stutim kartum yogyah bhavet. karyadineshu saralasevaanaam samaye, visheshatah gret lent-samaye, samanya-exapostilleria ityasya sthaane fotagozican (; slaavonikh sweatylen "sweatylen", pla. swetilnee, "swetilnee"), "prakashasya stotram."fotagozica ityasya lenton-roopam saptahasya swarasya ucchaaranam bhavati, prayashchitta-svabhaavasya bhavati, tathaa cha pradarshanm tri-gitasya (trimoorteh stutihi) sadrusham asti, yat mattin-ityasya aarambhe gaayitam aasit. ravivaasareshu, xapostillerian ityasya poorvam, canonarch (athavaa, russian-abhyaase deacon) "pavitrah bhagavatah asmakam dewah asti" iti gitasya shlokan trivaaram pathati. ravivaasareshu, exapostillerian iti vishayavastuh, kristasya punarutthaanasy suvichaaram (suvichaaram) preshitaanaam krute preshite mrudwah strinam avadhaaranaam pratibimbayati, tathaa cha punarutthanam suvichaaraat ahruta asti yat cannon ityasya poorvam pathitam aasit. pavitrasaptaahe, exapostillerian ityasya mahatee mahatta bhavati, charchasya kendre trayah gaayakaah (athavaa sampoornah gaayakavrundah) nishtaapoorvakam japanti. pavitrasaptaahaah adhikaamshadineshu mattin-sevaa "vara-prarthana" iti nirdishtaa bhavati, tebhyah dineshu "aham bhavatah vivaah-kaksham alankrutam pashyaami" iti vishayaankitasya anantaram..."(christ ityasya samaadhyaah sandarbhah). pashchim-samaye (easter) poorva-padasya ucchaaranam prathame paadriyah kurvanti, tatah gaayakavrundah visheshatayaa aanandamay-raagam dvivaaram punaraavartayati.

velippuram exaphostylarian (, pl. εxαποστειλάρια "exapostilaria"; russia exabostillary) enbathu kilakku marabuvazhi mattrum kiraekka-catholica devaalayangalil maedingalin mudivil niyathippadin mudivil ucharikkappadum oru paadal allathu paadalkalin kuzhu aagum. niyathipathiyin onbathaavathu paadalaip pinpattrum siriya litanikkup piragu exaphostylarian uchcharikkappadukirathu. kannoattam. exabostillarine" endra soll apposthalan endra vaarththaiyudan thodarpudaiyathu, idhu "anuppappattathu" endru porulpadum kiraekka vaarththaiyilirunthu perappattathu.pandaiya kaalangalil inththa paadalai ucharikka paadagar kuzhuvilirundhu devalayaththin maiyaththirku oru mandhiravaathi anupappattathaal idharku inththa peyar ullathu. visuvaasigalin manathai olirach seiyumaaru kadavulidam exabostillaria kaetkirathu, ithanaal avarkal aandavaraip paaraattuvatharku thaguthiyaanavargal, adhaith thodarnthu varum paaraattukkalin vasanangkalilum, periya taxologyilum. vaara naatkalil eliya sevaigalil, kurippaaga periya kadangalin poathu, saathaarana exabostillaria photagogicon moolam maattrappadukirathu (; slavonic sweadlen "sweadlen", pii. ell. svettilni, "svettilni"), "oliyin paadal."olippathivin lenton vadivam vaaraththin thoniyil uchcharikkappadukirathu, oru thavam iyalpudaiyathu, maelum avai maedingalin thodakkaththil paadappatta mukkoanaththirku (mummoorthikku keerththanaigal) oththa seyalthiran kondavai. nyaayitrukkizhamaigalil, exaphostylariancu sattru munbu kananark (allathu, russia nadaimuraiyil teaken) "punithamaanavar namathu kadavulaagiya aandavar" endra paadalukkaana vasanangkalai moontru murai oothukiraar. nyaayitrukkizhamaigalil, kiristhuvin uyirththezhuthalin narcheythiyai (narcheythi) appoasthalarkalukkuk kondu varuvatharkaaka mirr thaangkum penkal anuppappadugiraargal endra karutthai exaphostylarian karupporul pirathipalikkirathu, maelum idhu uyirththezhuthal narcheithiyilirunthu perappadukirathu. punitha vaaraththin poathu exaphostylarian miguntha mukkiyathuvam vaainththathu mattrum devalayaththin maiyaththil moontru paatakarkalaal (allathu muzhu paadagar kuzhuvaalum) punithamaaga uchcharikkappadukirathu. punitha vaaraththin perumpaalaana naatkalil maattin saevai "manamagan praarththanai" endru kurippidappadugiradhu, antha naatkalukkaana exabostillerine karupporulukkup praku "ungkal thirumana arai alangarikkappattiruppathai naan kaankiraen..."(kiristhuvin kallarai pattriya kurippu). basha (eestar) ill exaphostylarian muthalil madhagurumaargalaal uchcharikkappadukirathu, pinnar paatakarkalaal irandu murai kurippaaga magizhchchiyaana mellisaiyil meendum paadappadukirathu.

exapostilleration exapostillarian (, pl. εxαποστειλάρια "exapostillaria"; russian exapostilary) anedi thoorpu sampradaaya mariyu greeku-catholic charchilalo mattin chivarilo connon mugimpulo pathinche shlokaalu ledhaa shlokaala samuuham. connon yokka tommidava oodnu anusarinche chinna litany tarvaata exapostillarian pathinchabadutundi. sameeksha. exapostillarine" anae padam apostaludu anae padaaniki sambandhinchinadi, idhi "pampabadindi" anie ardham vachhe greeku padam nundi udbhavinchindi.dheeniki eee paeru undhi endukante puraatana kaalamlo eee shlokanni pathinchadaaniki gayaka brundam nundi charchi madhyalo oka mantram pampabadedi. exapostillaria vishwaasula manassulanu prakaasavantam cheyamani devudini adugutundi, tadwara vaaru taruvaata vachhe prasamsala shlokaalalo mariyu goppa doxologylo prabhuvunu stutinchadaaniki arhulu. varapu rojulalo saadhaarana sevalalo, mukhyamgaa grate lent samayamlo, saadhaarana exapostillaria photagogicon (; slavonic sweatlen "sweatlen", pl. swetilanee, "swetilanee"), "kaanti shlokam."photagogica yokka lenten roopam vaaram yokka swaramlo pathinchabadutundi, paschaattaapa swabhaavam kaligi untundi mariyu pradarsanalo mattins praarambhamlo paadina trayam (trimuurtulaku shlokaalu) nuu pooli untundi. aadivaaram naadu, exapostillarian kuu mundu canonarch (ledhaa, russian aacharanalo deacon) "pavitrudu mana devudu" anae patanu paadataaniki shlokaalanu moodusaarlu pathistaadu. aadivaaram naadu, exapostillarian yokka itivruttam kreestu punarutthaanam yokka suvaartanu (suvaarta) apostalulaku andinchadaaniki pampabade marh-baring mahilala bhavananu pratibimbistumdi, mariyu punarutthaanam suvaarta nundi teesukobadindi, idhi connon mundu pathinchabadindi. pavitra vaaramlo exapostillarian goppa praamukhyata kaligi untundi mariyu charchi madhyalo mugguru gayakulu (ledhaa mottam gayaka brundam) gouravamgaa pathistaaru. pavitra vaaramlooni chaalaa rojulalo jarige mattin sevanu "varudi praarthana" anie pilustaaru, aaa rojula exapostilleration theem tarwatah "neenu mea pelli gadini alankarinchadaanni chuustunnaanu..."(kreestu samadhi gurinchi oka suuchana). paschima (eestar) vadda exapostillarian nuu modata mataachaaryulu pathistaaru, taruvaata gayaka brundam rendusaarlu pratyaekamgaa santoshakaramaina sraavyatatoe punaraavrutam chestundi.

ghair mamuli expastellerine (yee pl. εxαποστειλάρια "exapostilaria" vovo rosee expastellery) eek geeth yaa taqarib kaa garwah hay juu mashriqi orthodocs aur yunani catholic girja gharoon mein meaton kay aakhir mein cannon kay ikhtatam parr gaaya jaataa hay. cannon kay nawein oad kay baad aaney waali chhoti letani kay baad expastellerine kaa naarah lagaya jaataa hay. jaizah. expastellerine" kii astalah kaa taaluq lafz rasool say hay juu khood eek yunani lafz say makhuz hay jiss kaa matlab hay "bheja gayaa".iss kaa yaha naam iss liye hay keunkah qadeem zamanay mein iss geeth kaa mantar karnay kay liye koyar say charch kay markaz mein eek mantar bheja jaataa thaa. expastelleria khadaa say duaa kartaa hay kahh wah wafadar kay zahnon kuu roshan karay taakah wah iss kay baad aaney waali tareefon kii aayaat mein aur azeem doxology mein rabb kii tareef karnay kay qaabil how. haftay kay dunon mein saadah khidmaat parr khaas toor parr great lent kay doraan aam expastelleria kuu photogogican say tabdil kirr diyaa jaataa hay (vovo slovenik: sweetlin "sweetin"yee pl. sweetelni "sweetelni")yee "roshni kaa geeth."photogogica kii lenton shakal haftay kay lehjay mein chalayi jaati hay tapsiya kii noiyat kii hoti hay aur karkardgi mein tridica (taslis kay liye tamsil) say milti jalti hay juu meaton kay aaghaz kay qareeb gaaye gayey thay. atwaar cow expestaleration say theek pehley cannork (yaa rosee amal mein ddakan) teen baar "muqadas rabb humara khadaa hay" kay gaaney kay liye aayaat padhta hay. atwaar cow expestelrine kaa mozua iss tasavur kii akaasi kartaa hay kahh maseeh kii qayamat kii khush khabar (anjeel) kuu rasoolon takk pahunchanay kay liye marjh waali khwatin kuu bheja jaa rehaa hay aur yaha qayamat kii anjeel say akhz kiyaa gayaa hay juu cannon say pehley jaa kirr sanayi gayee thee. muqadas haftay kay doraan expastellerine behat ahmiyat kaa haamil hotaa hay aur charch kay wast mein teen gulukaron (yaa puray koyar kay zariah) kay zariah iss kaa aqeedat say naarah lagaya jaataa hay. muqadas haftay kay ziyadah tarr dunon mein mateen kii khadmat kuu "dolhay kii duaa" kahaa jaataa hay inn dunon kay liye expastellerine kay mozua kay baad: "mein aap kay dulhan kay kamray kuu sajaa hawaa dekhta hoan..."(maseeh kay maqbaray kaa hawalah). piss (ester) mein pehley paadriyon kay zariye expastellerine kaa naarah lagaya jaataa hay aur phir koyar kay zariye duu baar eek khaas toor parr khushgawar raag mein dohraya jaataa hay.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42934680

Davis Ducart

Davis Ducart Davis Ducart (active from c. 1761, died 1780/81), was an architect and engineer in Ireland in the 1760s and 1770s. He designed several large buildings and engineering projects. He had associations with the canal builders of the time and the mining industry and worked on many projects in the County Tyrone coalfield. Early life and identity. His origins are uncertain, but thought to be Piedmontese and/or Sardinian. No relatives were mentioned in his will. Richard Killeen (2012) states that Ducart was an architect from Sardinia. Major projects in Ireland. In Limerick Ducart produced the plan of plots to be leased in the Georgian extension of the city known as Newtown Pery and also those of the Custom House (1769), now home to the Hunt Museum. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

debhis ducart debhis ducart (chi-ror poraa xokriyo. 1761 sonot mrityu huwa (mrityu 1780/81), 1760 aaru 1770-ror doxokot irelandor ejon sthopotibid aaru obhijonta aasil. teu keibatau dangor ottalika aaru obhijantrik prokolpor noxa prostut korisil. xei xomoyor khaal nirmata aaru khonon udyugor xoite teur xomporko aasil aaru county tyrone koyola khetrot bohutu prokolpot kaam korisil. prarombhik jiwan aaru porisoy. teur utpotti onischito, kintu piedmonties aaru/baa sardinian buli dharona koraa hoy. teur issat kunu aatmiyor ullekh nasil. rechard kiline (2012) koy je ducart sardiniyar ejon sthopotibid aasil. irelandor guruttopurno prokolpoxomuh. limeric ducarte newtown peree naamere jonajat sohorkhonor georgian xomproxaronot liz diyar porikolpona prostut korisil aaru logote custom housor (1769) porikolponau prostut korisil, zo 'too etiya sikar xongrohaloy aase.

david ducart davies ducart (shee theke sakriya. 1761, mrityu 1780/81), 1760 ebong 1770-err doshke irelander ekjon sthopoti ebong prakaushali chhilen. tini besh koyekti borh bhobon ebong prakaushal prokolper naksha toiri korechilen. tatkalin khaal nirmata ebong khoni shilper sange taanr somporko chhilo ebong tini county tyron kayalakkhetre onek prokolpe kaaj korechilen. prathomik jeebon ebong porichoy. taar utpotti anishchito, tobey piedmonties ebong/athoba sardinian boley money koraa hoy. taanr ichchapotre konao atmiyaswajaner ullekh chhilo naa. richarda killen (2012) bolechen jey ducart sardinier ekjon sthopoti chhilen. irelander prodhan prokolpo. limeric-ayee ducart newtown perry naame porichito shohorer georgian somprosarone ebong custom houser (1769) bhu-khondo liz deoar parikalpana toiri korechilen, jaa ekhon shicker jadughar abashsthol.

david ducart davis ducart (see thee sakreey. 1761, mrutyu pamya hataa), 1760 aneey aneey daykama irelandma architect aneey angineer hataa. temane ghanee motee imaarato aneey ijneri projectnee rachnaa curry hatee. teey samaynaa naher nirmatao aneey khankam udhyog saathe temnu jodaan hatoo aneey temane kaauntii tyrone kolsa kshetramaa ghanaa project parr kaama karyoo hatoo. praarambhik jeevan aneey odakh. tenee utpatti aneeshchit chhe, parantu teey piedmonties aneey/athavaa sardinian hovaanu manvama aave chhe. temnee vasiyatma koee sambandhiono ullekh karvaamaa aavyo naa hato. richard killin (2012) janaave chhe keey ducart sardinia architect hataa. irelandma mukhya projects. limerickma ducarte newtown peree tareeke odakhaata shahernaa georgian vistaranma aneey custom house (1769) naa plooat bhaade aapvani yojnaa taiyar curry hatee, jeey havey shikaar sangrahaalaynu ghar chhe.

davis duckart davis ducart (see seey sakriya. 1761, mrityu 1780/81), 1760 aur 1770 key dashak mein ireland mein ack vastukar aur engineer they. unhone kaee badee imaraton aur engineering pariyojanaon kaa design taiyar kiya. unakaa usa samay key nahar nirmaataon aur khanan udyog key saath sambandh thaa aur unhone county tyrone koyla kshetra mein kaee pariyojanaon parr kaam kiya. praarambhik jeevan aur pehchaan. unaki utpatti anishchit haye, lekin peedmonteej aur/yaa sardinian maanaa jaataa haye. unaki vaseeyat mein kissy rishtedaar kaa ullekh naheen thaa. richard killin (2012) kaa kahana haye kii ducart sardinia key ack vastukar they. ireland mein pramukh pariyojanaaen. limeric mein ducart ney shahar key georgia vistaar mein patte parr diye jaane vaale bhukhandon kii yojana banaai jise neutown perry key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye aur custom house (1769) key bhukhand bhee, joe abb shikaar sangrahalaya kaa ghar haye.

davis ducart davis ducart (sii yinda sakriyavagide. 1761, maranahondida (ID1), 1760 mattu 1770rahra dasakagalalli airlendnalli vaastushilpi mattu enginiyar aagiddaru. aata halavaaru dodda kattadagalu mattu engineering yojanegalannu vinyaasagolisidaru. aata aaa kaalada kaaluve nirmaanagaararu mattu ganigaarike udyamadondige odanaatavannu hondiddaru mattu kaunti tyrone kalliddalina kshetradalli aneka yojanegalalli kelasa maadidaru. arambhika jeevana mattu gurutu. avana moolavu anishchitavaagide, aadare piedmonties mattu/athawa sardinian endu bhaavisalaagide. aatana uyilinalli yaavude sambandhikara ullekhaviralilla. richard killein (2012), ducart avaru saardiniyada vaastushilpi endu heluttaare. airlendna pramukha yojanegalu. limericanalli, ducart avaru neutown peri endu kareyalpaduva nagarada georgian vistaraneyalli mattu eega bete vastusangrahaalayakke neleyagiruva custom house (1769) nalli guttigege needuva yojanegalannu roopisidaru.

davis ducart davis ducart (sii yill ninnu sajeevamaan. 1761, maranamadanju (aii. dii. 1), 1760kalilum 1770kalilum irelandile oru vaasthushilpiyum enchineeyarumaayirunnu. niravadhi valia kettidangalum enchiniyaring padhathikalum addeham roopakalppana cheythu. akkaalathe kanal nirmmaathaakkalumaayum khanana vyavasayavumaayum addehathinu bandhamundaayirunnu, koodaathe kaundi tyron kalkkarippaadathil niravadhi padhathikalil pravarthichu. aadyakaala jeevithavum vyakthithvavum. addehathinte uthbhavam anishchithathvathilaanu, pakshe peedmontees koodaathe/allengil sardinian aanennu karuthappedunnu. addehathinte vilppathrathil bandhukkalekkurichu paraamarshichittilla. sardiniyayil ninnulla oru vaasthushilpiyaayirunnu ducart ennu richard killeen (2012) parayunnu. irelandile pradhana padhathikal. limericil ducart nyoodaun perry ennariyappedunna nagaratthinte georgian vipuleekaranathilum ippol vettayaadal myoosiyathinte aasthaanamaaya kasttam housinteyum (1769) plottukal paattatthinu nalkaanulla padhathi thayyarakki.

davis ducart davis ducart (see pasoon sakriy. 1761, mrutyu 1780/81), 1760 aanee 1770 chya dashakat irelandmadhye eka vastuvisharad aanee abhiyanta hota. tyanni anek mothya imarati aanee abhiyantriki prakalpanchi rachana kelee. tyaa kalatil kalwa bandhanare aanee khaan udyog yanchyashi tyanche sambandh hote aanee tyanni county tyrone kolasa kshetrat anek prakalpanvar kaam kele. prarambhik jeevan aanee olakh. tyache mool anishchit aahe, parantu teey piedmonties aanee/kinwa sardinian asalyache manale jaate. tyachya ichchemadhye konatyahi natevaikancha ullekh navhata. richard killin (2012) mhanato qee ducart haah sardiniyacha vastuvisharad hota. irelandmadhil pramukh prakalp. limerikmadhye ducartne newtown peree mhanoon olakhalya jaananya shaharachya georgian vistaramadhye aanee aata shikar sangrahalayache ghar asalelya custom hausachya (1769) bhukhandanchi bhadepatti denyachi yojana tayar kelee.

devis ducart devis ducart (see batt sakriya. 1761, mrityu 1780/81), 1760 rar 1770 ko dashakma ayarlandma ek wastukar rar engineer thie. unle dherai thula bhawan rar engineering pariyojanaharuko design gare. unle tyas samayaka nahar nirmankartaharu rar khani udyogsanga sambandha rakheka thie rar county tyrone koila kshetrama dherai pariyojanaharuma kaam gareka thie. prarambhik jiwan rar pahichan. unko utpatti anishchit chha, tara piedmonties rar/wa sardinian manincha. unko icchapatrama kunai afantako ullekha garieko thiena. richard killin (2012) bhanchhan kii ducart sardiniaca wastukar thie. ayarlandka pramukh pariyojanaharu. limerickma ducartle nyutauna peri bhanera chinine saharko georgian vistarma bhadama line plutharuko yojana tayar parey rar custom house (1769) ko pani, june ahile shikar sangrahalayako ghar how.

devis ducart devis ducart (c ru sakriya . 1761, mrutyu 1780/81), 1760 ebong 1770 dashakare irelander jane sthapati ebong engineer thile. shay aneka budd budd kotha ebong injinijaring prakalpara parikalpana karithile. shay samaira kenal nirmata ebong khani shilpa sahita tankara samparka thila ebong county tyron koila khetrare aneka prakalpare karjya karithile. prarambhika zeeban ebong parichai. tankara utpatti anischita, kintu piedmontis ebong/kimba sardinian bolly bibechana karajae . taanka ichhapatrare kaunasi samparkeejanka naama ullekha karajai nathila. richard killin (2012) kahichanti je ducart sardiniar jane sthapati thile. irelander pramukh prakalpa. limericre ducart nyutauna peri naamare janashuna saharar georgian samprasaranare ebong bartamana shikara sangrahalajara ghara thiba custom houses (1769) ray liz debaku plut yojana prastuta karithile.

david dcart davis ducart (c toon sargaram. 1761, maut 1780/81), 1760 atey 1770 dey dahake witch ireland witch ikk architect atey engineer see. unhan neey kaee vaddiaan imaratan atey engineering projectan dee rachna keeti. uss samein dey nahir nirmatavan atey khannan udyog naal uss daa sabndh see atey uss neey kaoonti tyrone colla khetar witch bahut saare projectan utte kamm keeta. mudhla jeevan atey pachanh. uss dee utpati anishchit haii, parr ih peedmonteez atey/jaan sardinian manniaa jaanda haii. uss dee vasiat witch kise vee rishtedaar daa zikar naheen see. richard killin (2012) dassdi haii kii ducart sardinia daa ikk architect see. ireland witch pramukh project limeric witch ducart neey shehar dey georgian vistaar witch lease utte ditte jaanh vaale platan dee yojna tiaar keeti jiss noon newtaoon pairi vajon janhiaa jaanda haii atey custom haaoos (1769) dey vee, joe hunn shikar ajaib gharr daa gharr haii.

davis duckert davis ducart (c ityatah sakriyah. 1761 tame varshe, mrutah (ID1), 1760 tame varshe 1770 tame varshe cha ireland-deshe vaastukaarah abhiyantru cha aasit. saha anekebhyah bruhad-bhavananam, abhiyaantriki-pariyojananam cha vinyaasam krutavaan. tasya tatkaaleenaih jalamaarganirmaatrubhih, khanan-udyogena cha saha sambandhah aasit, tathaa cha kaunti-tairon-cole-feeled-madhye anekeshu prakalpeshu karyam krutavaan. praarambhikajeevanam tathaa parichayah. tasya utpattih anishchitah asti, parantu peedmontees tathaa/athavaa sardinian iti manyate. tasya icchaapatre kaachit parijanah naa ullekhitaah. richard killin (2012) ityeshah vadati yat ducart ityeshah sardinia-nagarasya vaastukaarah aasit iti. ayarlyaand-deshe pramukhah prakalpaah santi. limerick-nagare ducart-varyaha newtown peree iti namna prasiddhasy nagarasya georgian-vistaare, adhunaa shikaar-sangrahaalayasy nivaasasthaane, custom-house (1769) ityatra cha pattarupena diyamananam bhukhamdanam yojanam nirmitavaan.

davis dugard davis dugard (c ilirunththu seyalil ullathu. 1761, iranthaar), 1760kall mattrum 1770kazhil ayarlaandhil oru kattidak kalaignar mattrum poriyaalar aavaar. avar pala periya kattidangal mattrum poriiyal thittangalai vadivamaithaar. akkaalaththin kaalvaai kattupavargal mattrum surangath thozhilthuraiyudan avar thodarbugalaik kondirundhaar, maelum kavundi dyrone nilakkari violil pala thittangalil paniyaattrinaar. aarambagaala vaazhkkai mattrum adaiyaalam. avarathu thoattram nichchayamatrathu, aanaal beadmondies mattrum/allathu saardiniyan endru karudhappadugiradhu. avarathu uyilil uravinargal yaarum kuripidapadavillai. dugard saardiniyaavaich saerntha kattidak kalaignar endru richard killin (2012) koorukiraar. ayarlaandhil ulla mukiya thittangal. limeric dugard, newdown berry endru azhaikkappadum nagaraththin jaarjiya virivaakkathilum, ippoathu vaettai arungaatchiyagaththin thaayagamaaga irukkum sunga illaththilum (1769) kuththagaikku vidappada vaendiya nilangkalin thittatthai uruvaakkinaar.

davis ducart davis ducart (c nundi kriyasilamga undhi. 1761, maraninchaadu (ID1), 1760luu mariyu 1770laloe irelandlo vaastusilpi mariyu injanir. ayana aneka pedda bhavanalu mariyu injaneering prajectulanu roopondinchaaru. ayana aaa kaalamlooni kaaluvala nirmaanakartalatoo mariyu ganula tavvakam parisramatho anubandham kaligi unnaaru mariyu county tyrone boggu kshetramlo aneka prajectulalo panicheesaaru. prarambha jeevitam mariyu gurtimpu. athani muulaalu anischitamgaa unnaayi, conny peedmantees mariyu/ledhaa sardinian anie bhaavistaaru. ayana veelunaamaalo bandhuvula prastaavana ledhu. richard killin (2012) ducart sardiniaku chendina vaastusilpi anie paerkonnaadu. irelandlo pradhana prajectulu. limeric ducart neutown peri anie piluvabade nagaram yokka georgian vistaranalo mariyu ippudu vaeta museumku nilayamaina custom house (1769) loe leejuku ivvaalsina plaatla pranaalikanu roopondinchaadu.

ddios docart ddios docart (c say faal. 1761yee wafaat 1780/81)yee 1760 aur 1770 kii dahayi mein ireland mein eek mamaar aur engineer thay. inhon nay kayee bury emaraton aur engineering kay mansubon kaa design banaya. iss kii iss waqat kay nehar bananay waalon aur kaan kanee kii sanaat kay saath waabistagi thee aur iss nay county tyrone cole feld mein behat say mansubon parr kaam kiyaa. ibtadayi zindagi aur shanakhat. iss kii asl ghair yaqeeni hay leakin khayaal kiyaa jaataa hay kahh yaha pedmonity aur/yaa sardinin hay. iss kii marzi mein kasee rishtah daar kaa zakar nahein thaa. richard clean (2012) kaa kehna hay kahh docart sardinia say taaluq rakhnay waala eek mamaar thaa. ireland mein baday mansubay. lemaric mein docart nay shehar kii jarjiyayi tausia mein lease parr diye jaanay waalay plaaton kaa mansubah tayaar kiyaa jasay neo town peeri kay naam say jaana jaataa hay aur custom house (1769) kay plaat bhee juu abb shikaar museum kaa gahar hay.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15347050

NDUFS5

NDUFS5 Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 5 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the "NDUFS5" gene. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> Further reading. <templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />

eno. di. ef. ess. 5 naadh dehydrogenage [ubicbinun] aairon-salfar pro 'tinn 5 hoise etaa utxesok ji manuhor maajot "endufs5" jinor dwara encode koraa hoy.

enn. dii. eff. eff naadh dehydrogeness [ubicbinone] ayron-sulfur protein 5 holl ekti utsechok jaa manusher modhye modhye zina dwara encode koraa hoy.

aena. dii. aef. aesa. 5 naadh dehydrogenase [ubquinon] aayarn-sulfur protein 5 aee aek utsechak chhe jeey manushyamaa "endoofs 5" janin dwara encoded thayel chhe.

aine. dee. aff. aiss. 5 naadh dehydrogenase [ubquinone] iron-sulfur protein 5 ack enzyme haye jise manushyon mein "enduffs5" jeane dwara kootbaddh kiya jaataa haye.

enn. dii. eff. eff naad dehydrogenase [ubiquinon] kabbina-sulfur protein 5 embudu manavaralli "enduffs 5" jeenninda sanketisalpattiruva kinvavagide.

aine. dii. eff. ess. 5 naadh dehydrogenase [ubquinone] loh-sulfur prathine 5 heey eka enzyme aahe jeey manavanmadhye "enduffs 5" janukadware encode kele jaate.

enn. dii. jayu. aif. ess. 5 naadh dehydrogeness [yubikwinon] iron-sulfur protein 5 heuchhi eka enzyme jaahaa manishamananka madhyare "ndufs5" zin dwara encoded hoichhi .

ainn. dee. yuu. eff. aiss. 5 naadh dehydrogenase [ubquinone] iron-sulfur protein 5 ikk anzime haii joe manukkhan witch "ndufs5" jeane duaara incode keeta jaanda haii.

enn. dii. ef. ess. 5 naad dehydrogeness [ubiquinan] airan-sulfur protein 5 iti enzaim asti yat maanaveshu maanaveshu vamshavaahibhihi encode krutam asti.

enn. dii. eff. eff naat dehydragenase [eupiquinone] irumbu-kandhaga puratham 5 enbathu manitharkalil "nandufs 5" marabanuvaal kuriyidappatta oru nothiyaagum.

enn. dii. eff. ess5 naadh dehydrogenase [ubiquinon] iron-sulfur protein 5 anedi maanavulalo "enduffs5" janyuvu dwara encode cheyabadina enjaim.