text: Activation of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors potentiates heteromeric kainate receptors.
  Kainate receptors (KARs), a family of ionotropic glutamate receptors, are widely expressed in the central nervous system and are critically involved in synaptic transmission. KAR activation is influenced by metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGlu) signaling, but the underlying mechanisms are not understood. We undertook studies to examine how mGlu modulation affects activation of KARs. Confocal immunohistochemistry of rat hippocampus and cultured rat cortex revealed colocalization of the high-affinity KAR subunits with group I mGlu receptors. In hippocampal and cortical cultures, the calcium signal caused by activation of native KARs was potentiated by activation of group I mGlu receptors. In Xenopus laevis oocytes, activation of group I mGlu receptors potentiated heteromeric but not homomeric KAR-mediated currents, with no change in agonist potency. The potentiation of heteromeric KARs by mGlu1 activation was attenuated by GDPβS, blocked by an inhibitor of phospholipase C or the calcium chelator 1,2-bis(o-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA), prolonged by the phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid, but unaffected by the tyrosine kinase inhibitor lavendustin A. Protein kinase C (PKC) inhibition reduced the potentiation by mGlu1 of GluK2/GluK5, and conversely, direct activation of PKC by phorbol 12-myristate,13-acetate potentiated GluK2/GluK5. Using site-directed mutagenesis, we identified three serines (Ser833, Ser836, and Ser840) within the membrane proximal region of the GluK5 C-terminal domain that, in combination, are required for mGlu1-mediated potentiation of KARs. Together, these data suggest that phosphorylation of key residues in the C-terminal domain changes the overall charge of this domain, resulting in potentiated agonist responses.
entities.id: T10 T11 T12 T13 T14 T15 T16 T17 T18 T19 T1 T20 T21 T22 T23 T24 T25 T26 T27 T28 T29 T2 T30 T31 T32 T33 T34 T35 T36 T37 T38 T39 T3 T40 T41 T42 T43 T44 T45 T46 T47 T48 T49 T4 T50 T51 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9
entities.type: CHEMICAL CHEMICAL CHEMICAL CHEMICAL CHEMICAL CHEMICAL CHEMICAL CHEMICAL CHEMICAL CHEMICAL CHEMICAL GENE-N GENE-N GENE-N GENE-N GENE-N GENE-Y GENE-Y GENE-Y GENE-N GENE-Y CHEMICAL GENE-Y GENE-Y GENE-Y GENE-N GENE-N GENE-N GENE-N GENE-N GENE-N GENE-N CHEMICAL GENE-N GENE-N GENE-N GENE-N GENE-N GENE-N GENE-N GENE-N GENE-Y GENE-N CHEMICAL GENE-N GENE-N CHEMICAL CHEMICAL CHEMICAL CHEMICAL CHEMICAL
entities.text: Ser Ser C C glutamate glutamate calcium calcium glutamate kainate Kainate Kainate receptors phosphatase tyrosine kinase Protein kinase C PKC mGlu1 GluK2 GluK5 PKC GluK2 1,2-bis(o-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid GluK5 GluK5 mGlu1 KARs KAR KARs metabotropic glutamate receptor mGlu mGlu KARs BAPTA ionotropic glutamate receptors KAR group I mGlu receptors KARs group I mGlu receptors group I mGlu receptors KAR KARs mGlu1 phospholipase C okadaic acid group I metabotropic glutamate receptors kainate receptors tyrosine lavendustin A phorbol 12-myristate,13-acetate serines Ser