text: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor subtype-specific regulation of hepatic and peripheral gene expression in the Zucker diabetic fatty rat.
  Fibrates and thiazolidinediones are used clinically to treat hypertriglyceridemia and hyperglycemia, respectively. Fibrates bind to the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-alpha, and thiazolidinediones are ligands of PPAR-gamma. These intracellular receptors form heterodimers with retinoid X receptor to modulate gene transcription. To elucidate the target genes regulated by these compounds, we treated Zucker diabetic fatty rats (ZDF) for 15 days with a PPAR-alpha-specific compound, fenofibrate, a PPAR-gamma-specific ligand, rosiglitazone, and a PPAR-alpha/-gamma coagonist, GW2331, and measured the levels of several messenger RNAs (mRNAs) in liver by real-time polymerase chain reaction. All 3 compounds decreased serum glucose and triglyceride levels. Fenofibrate and GW2331 induced expression of acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) oxidase and enoyl-CoA hydratase and reduced apolipoprotein C-III and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase mRNAs. Rosiglitazone modestly increased apolipoprotein C-III mRNA and had no effect on expression of the other 2 genes in the liver but increased the expression of glucose transporter 4 and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in adipose tissue. We identified a novel target in liver, mitogen-activated phosphokinase phosphatase 1, whose down-regulation by PPAR-alpha agonists may improve insulin sensitivity in that tissue by prolonging insulin responses. The results of these studies suggest that activation of PPAR-alpha as well as PPAR-gamma in therapy for type 2 diabetes will enhance glucose and triglyceride control by combining actions in hepatic and peripheral tissues.
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entities.type: CHEMICAL CHEMICAL CHEMICAL CHEMICAL CHEMICAL CHEMICAL CHEMICAL CHEMICAL CHEMICAL CHEMICAL CHEMICAL CHEMICAL CHEMICAL GENE-Y GENE-N GENE-Y GENE-Y GENE-N GENE-Y GENE-N GENE-Y CHEMICAL GENE-Y GENE-Y GENE-N GENE-Y GENE-Y GENE-N GENE-N GENE-Y GENE-Y GENE-N CHEMICAL GENE-Y GENE-N CHEMICAL CHEMICAL CHEMICAL CHEMICAL CHEMICAL CHEMICAL
entities.text: fenofibrate rosiglitazone GW2331 glucose triglyceride Fenofibrate GW2331 acyl-coenzyme A CoA enoyl-CoA Fibrates phosphoenolpyruvate Rosiglitazone glucose transporter 4 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase mitogen-activated phosphokinase phosphatase 1 PPAR-alpha insulin peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-alpha insulin PPAR-alpha glucose PPAR-gamma PPAR-gamma retinoid X receptor PPAR-alpha PPAR-gamma PPAR-alpha/-gamma acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) oxidase enoyl-CoA hydratase apolipoprotein C-III phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase phosphoenolpyruvate apolipoprotein C-III Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor Fibrates thiazolidinediones glucose triglyceride thiazolidinediones retinoid