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+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/bf2c2201-dfe3-4df6-adb2-e8ef1b56a0a0", "title": "Commission Regulation (EEC) No 1822/85 of 1 July 1985 amending Regulation (EEC) No 2931/81 suspending the customs duties applicable on certain agricultural products coming from Greece", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "html,pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#legislation_secondary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#regulation,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Commission", "date": "1985-07-01", "subjects": "Greece,suspension of customs duties", "workIds": "celex:31985R1822,oj:JOL_1985_172_R_0007_009", "eurovoc_concepts": ["Greece", "suspension of customs duties"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/bf2c2201-dfe3-4df6-adb2-e8ef1b56a0a0", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["html", "pdfa1b", "print"]}
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+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/8ecd2d2a-847d-4826-9dc5-98cf85a2ef11", "title": "85/330/EEC: Commission Decision of 28 June 1985 on precautionary measures with regard to the buying in of rape seed", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "html,pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#decision,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#legislation_secondary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Commission", "date": "1985-06-28", "subjects": "fixing of prices,intervention buying,oil seed rape", "workIds": "celex:31985D0330,oj:JOL_1985_169_R_0096_053", "eurovoc_concepts": ["fixing of prices", "intervention buying", "oil seed rape"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/8ecd2d2a-847d-4826-9dc5-98cf85a2ef11", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["html", "pdfa1b", "print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/b764966d-eb82-4afc-940a-c544a9cfb8e6", "title": "Commission Regulation (EEC) No 1806/85 of 28 June 1985 amending Regulation (EEC) No 1836/82 laying down the procedure and conditions for the disposal of cereals held by intervention agencies", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "html,pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#legislation_secondary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#regulation,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Commission", "date": "1985-06-28", "subjects": "sale,wheat", "workIds": "celex:31985R1806,oj:JOL_1985_169_R_0073_041", "eurovoc_concepts": ["sale", "wheat"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/b764966d-eb82-4afc-940a-c544a9cfb8e6", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["html", "pdfa1b", "print"]}
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+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/ae0ddcb7-dfb9-47c8-a2a2-ea096a80fb0b", "title": "85/329/EEC: Commission Decision of 28 June 1985 on precautionary measures with regard to durum wheat", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "html,pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#decision,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#legislation_secondary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Commission", "date": "1985-06-28", "subjects": "fixing of prices,intervention buying,intervention price", "workIds": "celex:31985D0329,oj:JOL_1985_169_R_0094_052", "eurovoc_concepts": ["fixing of prices", "intervention buying", "intervention price"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/ae0ddcb7-dfb9-47c8-a2a2-ea096a80fb0b", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["html", "pdfa1b", "print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/9b530ec5-19d3-44f7-899e-24062c6fda7c", "title": "Bulletin of the European Communities. No 3/1985, Volume 18.", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#publication_general,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "Secretariat-General", "date": "1985-06-28", "subjects": "ECSC,EU activity,EU policy,EU publication,European Community,common strategy,customs union,deepening of the European Union,enlargement of the Union,international relations,serial publication", "workIds": "genpub:PUB_CBAA85003", "eurovoc_concepts": ["ECSC", "EU activity", "EU policy", "EU publication", "European Community", "common strategy", "customs union", "deepening of the European Union", "enlargement of the Union", "international relations", "serial publication"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/9b530ec5-19d3-44f7-899e-24062c6fda7c", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["pdfa1b", "print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/88d499b4-3989-49ad-8f4c-9a6fcbd21b3d", "title": "85/355/EEC: Seventh Council Decision of 27 June 1985 on the equivalence of field inspections carried out in third countries on seed-producing crops", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "html,pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#decision,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#legislation_secondary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "Council of the European Union", "date": "1985-06-27", "subjects": "marketing standard,seed,third country", "workIds": "celex:31985D0355,oj:JOL_1985_195_R_0001_004", "eurovoc_concepts": ["marketing standard", "seed", "third country"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/88d499b4-3989-49ad-8f4c-9a6fcbd21b3d", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["html", "pdfa1b", "print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/ae3c6a6a-17b8-4a47-acdf-e877164682ab", "title": "Council Directive 85/339/EEC of 27 June 1985 on containers of liquids for human consumption", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "html,pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#directive,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#legislation_secondary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "Council of the European Union", "date": "1985-06-27", "subjects": "action programme,beverage,consumer information,environmental impact,packaging,waste recycling", "workIds": "celex:31985L0339,oj:JOL_1985_176_R_0018_011", "eurovoc_concepts": ["action programme", "beverage", "consumer information", "environmental impact", "packaging", "waste recycling"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/ae3c6a6a-17b8-4a47-acdf-e877164682ab", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["html", "pdfa1b", "print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/74d4c8e2-8d35-4991-ae4b-6ed01e2b99f7", "title": "85/336/EEC: Council Decision of 27 June 1985 concerning a supplement in respect of cadmium to Annex IV to the Convention for the protection of the Rhine against chemical pollution", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "fmx4,html,print,xhtml", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#decision,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#legislation_secondary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "Council of the European Union", "date": "1985-06-27", "subjects": "Rhine Valley,cadmium,chemical pollution,international convention,pollution control measures,pollution of waterways", "workIds": "celex:31985D0336", "eurovoc_concepts": ["Rhine Valley", "cadmium", "chemical pollution", "international convention", "pollution control measures", "pollution of waterways"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/74d4c8e2-8d35-4991-ae4b-6ed01e2b99f7", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["fmx4", "html", "print", "xhtml"], "text": "L_1985175EN. 01003601. xml\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n5. 7. 1985\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\n\n\nEN\n\n\nOfficial Journal of the European Communities\n\n\nL 175/36\n\n\n\n\n\nCOUNCIL DECISION\nof 27 June 1985\nconcerning a supplement in respect of cadmium to Annex IV to the Convention for the protection of the Rhine against chemical pollution\n(85/336/EEC)\nTHE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES,\nHaving regard to the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community, and in particular Article 235 thereof,\nHaving regard to the proposal from the Commission\u00a0(1),\nHaving regard to the opinion of the European Parliament\u00a0(2),\nHaving regard to the opinion of the Economic and Social Committee,\nWhereas by Council Decision 77/586/EEC of 25 July 1977\u00a0(3) the Community approved the Convention for the protection of the Rhine against chemical pollution, hereinafter referred to as the \u2018Chemical Convention\u2019, and the Additional Agreement to the Agreement signed in Berne on 29 April 1963 concerning the International Commission for the Protection of the Rhine against Pollution, hereinafter referred to as the \u2018International Commission\u2019;\nWhereas under Article 5 of the Chemical Convention the International Commission proposes limit values for the discharge of certain substances into the surface waters of the Rhine basin by way of amendments to Annex IV to the Chemical Convention; whereas under Article 14 of the Chemical Convention, unanimous acceptance by the Contracting Parties is necessary for the entry into force of those amendments;\nWhereas the International Commission has established limit values for cadmium in the form of a proposal designed to supplement Annex IV to the Chemical Convention;\nWhereas Directive 83/513/EEC\u00a0(4) lays down limit values for the discharge of cadmium into the aquatic environment of the Community; whereas these limit values are identical to those set out in the proposal of the International Commission;\nWhereas it is desirable that the Community, as a Contracting Party to the Chemical Convention, adopts the abovementioned proposal,\nHAS DECIDED AS FOLLOWS:\nArticle 1\nThe proposal from the International Commission for the Protection of the Rhine against Chemical Pollution, intended to supplement in respect of cadmium Annex IV to the Convention for the protection of the Rhine against chemical pollution, is hereby adopted on behalf of the European Economic Community. The text of the proposal is attached to this Decision. Article 2\nThe President of the Council will notify the Government of the Swiss Confederation, in accordance with the procedures laid down by the Chemical Convention, of the adoption of the proposal referred to in Article 1. Done at Luxembourg, 27 June 1985. For the Council\n\n\nThe President\n\nA. BIONDI\n\n\n\n\n(1)\u00a0\u00a0OJ No C 16, 17. 1. 1985, p. 7. (2)\u00a0\u00a0OJ No C 94, 15. 4. 1985, p. 131. (3)\u00a0\u00a0OJ No L 240, 19. 9. 1977, p. 35. (4)\u00a0\u00a0OJ No L 291, 24. 10. 1983, p. 1. ANNEX\nProposal from the International Commission for the Protection of the Rhine against Pollution to supplement Annex IV to the Convention on the protection of the Rhine against chemical pollution, signed in Bonn on 3 December 1976\nThe International Commission for the Protection of the Rhine against Pollution,\nHaving regard to the Convention on the protection of the Rhine against chemical pollution, signed in Bonn on 3 December 1976,\nHaving regard in particular to Articles 3, 4, 5 and 14 thereof,\nProposes to the Contracting Parties to the Convention that Annex IV to the Convention of 3 December 1976 be supplemented as follows in respect of cadmium:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSubstance or group of substances\n\n\nOrigin\n\n\nLimit value in terms of the maximum concentration of a substance\n\n\nLimit value in terms of the maximum quantity of a substance\n\n\nTime limit for existing discharges\n\n\nRemarks\n\n\n\n\n1\n\n\n2\n\n\n3\n\n\n4\n\n\n5\n\n\n6\n\n\n\n\nCadmium\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1. Zinc mining, lead and zinc refining, cadmium metal and non-ferrous metal industry\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMonthly average of 0,2 milligrams of cadmium per litre of discharge\n\n\n\u00a0\n\n\n1. 1. 1989\n\n\n\n\u00a0(1)\n\u00a0(2)\n\u00a0(3)\n\u00a0(4)\n\n\n\n\n\nFor existing discharges the provisional limit value of 0,3 milligrams of cadmium per litre of discharge is valid as a monthly average\n\n\n\u00a0\n\n\n1. 1. 1986\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2. Manufacture of cadmium compounds\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMonthly average of 0,2 milligrams of cadmium per litre of discharge\n\n\n\n\u00a0(5)\n\n\n\n1. 1. 1989\n\n\n\n\u00a0(1)\n\u00a0(2)\n\u00a0(3)\n\n\n\n\n\nFor existing discharges the provisional limit value of 0,5 milligrams of cadmium per litre of discharge is valid as a monthly average\n\n\nFor existing discharges the provisional limit value of 0,5 kilograms of cadmium per tonne of cadmium used in production is valid as a monthly average\n\n\n1. 1. 1986\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n3. Manufacture of pigments\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMonthly average of 0,2 milligrams of cadmium per litre of discharge\n\n\n\n\u00a0(5)\n\n\n\n1. 1. 1989\n\n\n\n\u00a0(1)\n\u00a0(2)\n\u00a0(3)\n\n\n\n\n\nFor existing discharges the provisional limit value of 0,5 milligrams of cadmium per litre of discharge is valid as a monthly average\n\n\nFor existing discharges the provisional limit value of 0,3 kilograms of cadmium per tonne of cadmium used in production is valid as a monthly average\n\n\n1. 1. 1986\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n4. Manufacture of stabilizers\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMonthly average of 0,2 milligrams of cadmium per litre of discharge\n\n\n\n\u00a0(5)\n\n\n\n1. 1. 1989\n\n\n\n\u00a0(1)\n\u00a0(2)\n\u00a0(3)\n\n\n\n\n\nFor existing discharges the provisional limit value of 0,5 milligrams of cadmium per litre of discharge is valid as a monthly average\n\n\nFor existing discharges the provisional limit value of 0,5 kilograms of cadmium per tonne of cadmium used in production is valid as a monthly average\n\n\n1. 1. 1986\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n5. Manufacture of primary and secondary batteries\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMonthly average of 0,2 milligrams of cadmium per litre of discharge\n\n\n\n\u00a0(5)\n\n\n\n1. 1. 1989\n\n\n\n\u00a0(1)\n\u00a0(2)\n\u00a0(3)\n\n\n\n\n\nFor existing discharges the provisional limit value of 0,5 milligrams of cadmium per litre of discharge is valid as a monthly average\n\n\nFor existing discharges the provisional limit value of 1,5 kilograms of cadmium per tonne of cadmium used in production is valid as a monthly average\n\n\n1. 1. 1986\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n6. Electroplating\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMonthly average of 0,2 milligrams of cadmium per litre of discharge\n\n\n\n\u00a0(5)\n\n\n\n1. 1. 1989\n\n\n\n\u00a0(1)\n\u00a0(2)\n\u00a0(3)\n\u00a0(6)\n\n\n\n\n\nFor existing discharges the provisional limit value of 0,5 milligrams of cadmium per litre of discharge is valid as a monthly average\n\n\nFor existing discharges the provisional limit value of 0,3 kilograms of cadmium per tonne of cadmium used in production is valid as a monthly average\n\n\n1. 1. 1986\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n7. Manufacture of phosphoric acid and/or phosphatic fertilizer from phosphatic rock\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u00a0\n\n\n\u00a0\n\n\n\u00a0\n\n\n\n\u00a0(1)\n\u00a0(2)\n\u00a0(3)\n\u00a0(7)\n\n\n\n\n\nIf necessary, the limit values for other industries will be proposed by the International Commission at a later stage. In the meantime, the Governments will fix emission standards for cadmium discharges autonomously in accordance with Articles 3 and 4 of the Convention. These standards must take account of the best technical means available and must not be less stringent than the nearest comparable limit value in the above table. Pursuant to Articles 14 and 19 of the Convention, the measures set out in the above table will enter into force after their unanimous acceptance by the Contracting Parties to the Convention. The Contracting Parties will notify their adoption to the Government of the Swiss Confederation, which will acknowledge reception of notification. (1)\u00a0\u00a0The limit values given in the above columns refer to the determination of the cadmium contained in an unfiltered sample. They apply to the total cadmium content of all the waste arising from production processes at the site of the production installation. If the waste water containing cadmium is treated outside the installation in an establishment designed to eliminate the cadmium, Governments may allow the limit values to be applied at the point of discharge at the exit of that establishment. (2)\u00a0\u00a0The daily limit values are obtained by multiplying the monthly limits in the above columns by two. For measuring, analysis and sampling methods, see the recommendations made by the International Commission on 20 June 1983 in Luxembourg. (3)\u00a0\u00a0In the case of industrial sectors where limit values are expressed in terms of both maximum concentration and maximum quantity of cadmium, both should be applied. However, the competent authorities may authorize emission standards which exceed the applicable limit value expressed in terms of maximum concentration where the following two conditions are met:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(a) the volume of waste water discharged is greatly reduced by special water-saving measures; and\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(b) the limit value expressed in terms of the maximum quantity of cadmium is respe\n\n\n\n\n\n(4)\u00a0\u00a0In the case of industrial sector 1, for which there are only limit values expressed in terms of maximum concentration, Governments should \u2014 in an attempt to establish future limit values expressed in terms of maximum quantity, to fix those limit values and to bring them into force on 1 January 1989 \u2014 provide the International Commission, at least every two years, with the relevant figures for the average monthly quantities of per tonne of cadmium produced of cadmium effectively discharged by the various branches in industrial sector 1. (5)\u00a0\u00a0For the time being, it is impossible to fix limit values expressed in terms of maximum quantity. The International Commission will propose such values, where necessary, in accordance with Article 5 of the Convention. If the International Commission does not propose limit values, then the values expressed in terms of maximum quantity (which are to be respected as from 1 January 1986) will be retained. (6)\u00a0\u00a0When this is made absolutely necessary by the technical or administrative situation, governments may suspend up to 1 January 1989 application of the limit values for installations not discharging more than 10 kilograms of cadmium per year where the total volume of all the electroplating tanks is not more than 1,5 m3. (7)\u00a0\u00a0The cadmium content of discharges from industrial sector 7 may be reduced appreciably when the waste containing the cadmium is eliminated. This waste must be eliminated from the discharge where underground storage or recycling is possible in such a way that the danger to the environment is not increased. However, local conditions are such that elimination of this kind is not yet possible everywhere. Consequently, economically acceptable techniques, which allow the cadmium to be extracted systematically from these discharges, are not applicable in these cases. No limit value has therefore been fixed for industrial sector 7. In view of the large quantities of cadmium discharged by industrial sector 7, the International Commission will draw up proposed limit values for that sector as soon as appropriate methods are available. In the meantime, Governments will set emission standards for cadmium autonomously in accordance with Articles 3 and 4 of the Convention, taking account of any possibilities of eliminating the waste containing the cadmium. For new discharges the cadmium must be eliminated from the waste water"}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/6e52ae62-bd37-4ae7-8518-c2b78e205bea", "title": "Council Regulation (EEC) No 1832/85 of 27 June 1985 amending Regulation (EEC) No 2036/82 adopting general rules concerning special measures for peas, field beans and sweet lupins", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "html,pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#legislation_secondary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#regulation,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "Council of the European Union", "date": "1985-06-27", "subjects": "State aid,currency adjustment,leguminous vegetable,terms for aid,world market price", "workIds": "celex:31985R1832,oj:JOL_1985_173_R_0003_009", "eurovoc_concepts": ["State aid", "currency adjustment", "leguminous vegetable", "terms for aid", "world market price"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/6e52ae62-bd37-4ae7-8518-c2b78e205bea", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["html", "pdfa1b", "print"]}
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+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/92497bd3-ff88-4f06-8ffd-3715f9795a58", "title": "Council Directive 85/337/EEC of 27 June 1985 on the assessment of the effects of certain public and private projects on the environment", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "html,pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#directive,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#legislation_secondary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "Council of the European Union", "date": "1985-06-27", "subjects": "building industry,environmental impact,exploitation of resources,impact study,soil resources", "workIds": "celex:31985L0337,oj:JOL_1985_175_R_0040_016", "eurovoc_concepts": ["building industry", "environmental impact", "exploitation of resources", "impact study", "soil resources"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/92497bd3-ff88-4f06-8ffd-3715f9795a58", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["html", "pdfa1b", "print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/d71e16e4-91d8-4f7b-a5ba-ed49eabbb536", "title": "85/340/EEC: Commission Decision of 27 June 1985 authorizing certain Member States to apply intra- Community surveillance to imports of products originating in third countries which have been put into free circulation in the Community and which may be the subject of protective measures under Article 115 of the Treaty (Only the German, Greek, English, French, Italian and Dutch texts are authentic)", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "html,pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#decision,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#legislation_secondary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Commission", "date": "1985-06-27", "subjects": "import policy,market supervision,textile product,third country", "workIds": "celex:31985D0340,oj:JOL_1985_178_R_0017_012", "eurovoc_concepts": ["import policy", "market supervision", "textile product", "third country"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/d71e16e4-91d8-4f7b-a5ba-ed49eabbb536", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["html", "pdfa1b", "print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/26edce9d-b94c-41a8-9323-87d1e3b9b919", "title": "Commission Regulation (EEC) No 1767/85 of 27 June 1985 amending Regulation (EEC) No 685/69 as regards the time limits for payment for butter bought in by intervention agencies", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "html,pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#legislation_secondary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#regulation,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Commission", "date": "1985-06-27", "subjects": "butter,cream,intervention buying,payment", "workIds": "celex:31985R1767,oj:JOL_1985_168_R_0023_022", "eurovoc_concepts": ["butter", "cream", "intervention buying", "payment"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/26edce9d-b94c-41a8-9323-87d1e3b9b919", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["html", "pdfa1b", "print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/2ee3aad1-0463-44fe-8733-a941c0b8d839", "title": "Proposal from the International Commission for the Protection of the Rhine against Pollution to supplement Annex IV to the Convention on the protection of the Rhine against chemical pollution, signed in Bonn on 3 December 1976", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "fmx4,html,print,xhtml", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#agreement_international,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#agreement_non-member-states,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Economic Community", "date": "1985-06-27", "subjects": "Rhine Valley,chemical pollution,environmental cooperation,environmental protection,international convention,pollution control measures", "workIds": "celex:21985A0705(01)", "eurovoc_concepts": ["Rhine Valley", "chemical pollution", "environmental cooperation", "environmental protection", "international convention", "pollution control measures"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/2ee3aad1-0463-44fe-8733-a941c0b8d839", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["fmx4", "html", "print", "xhtml"], "text": "L_1985175EN. 01003701. xml\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n5. 7. 1985\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\n\n\nEN\n\n\nOfficial Journal of the European Communities\n\n\nL 175/37\n\n\n\n\n\nProposal from the International Commission for the Protection of the Rhine against Pollution to supplement Annex IV to the Convention on the protection of the Rhine against chemical pollution, signed in Bonn on 3 December 1976\nThe International Commission for the Protection of the Rhine against Pollution,\nHaving regard to the Convention on the protection of the Rhine against chemical pollution, signed in Bonn on 3 December 1976,\nHaving regard in particular to Articles 3, 4, 5 and 14 thereof,\nProposes to the Contracting Parties to the Convention that Annex IV to the Convention of 3 December 1976 be supplemented as follows in respect of cadmium:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSubstance or group of substances\n\n\nOrigin\n\n\nLimit value in terms of the maximum concentration of a substance\n\n\nLimit value in terms of the maximum quantity of a substance\n\n\nTime limit for existing discharges\n\n\nRemarks\n\n\n\n\n1\n\n\n2\n\n\n3\n\n\n4\n\n\n5\n\n\n6\n\n\n\n\nCadmium\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1. Zinc mining, lead and zinc refining, cadmium metal and non-ferrous metal industry\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMonthly average of 0,2 milligrams of cadmium per litre of discharge\n\n\n\u00a0\n\n\n1. 1. 1989\n\n\n\n\u00a0(1)\n\u00a0(2)\n\u00a0(3)\n\u00a0(4)\n\n\n\n\n\nFor existing discharges the provisional limit value of 0,3 milligrams of cadmium per litre of discharge is valid as a monthly average\n\n\n\u00a0\n\n\n1. 1. 1986\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2. Manufacture of cadmium compounds\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMonthly average of 0,2 milligrams of cadmium per litre of discharge\n\n\n\n\u00a0(5)\n\n\n\n1. 1. 1989\n\n\n\n\u00a0(1)\n\u00a0(2)\n\u00a0(3)\n\n\n\n\n\nFor existing discharges the provisional limit value of 0,5 milligrams of cadmium per litre of discharge is valid as a monthly average\n\n\nFor existing discharges the provisional limit value of 0,5 kilograms of cadmium per tonne of cadmium used in production is valid as a monthly average\n\n\n1. 1. 1986\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n3. Manufacture of pigments\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMonthly average of 0,2 milligrams of cadmium per litre of discharge\n\n\n\n\u00a0(5)\n\n\n\n1. 1. 1989\n\n\n\n\u00a0(1)\n\u00a0(2)\n\u00a0(3)\n\n\n\n\n\nFor existing discharges the provisional limit value of 0,5 milligrams of cadmium per litre of discharge is valid as a monthly average\n\n\nFor existing discharges the provisional limit value of 0,3 kilograms of cadmium per tonne of cadmium used in production is valid as a monthly average\n\n\n1. 1. 1986\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n4. Manufacture of stabilizers\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMonthly average of 0,2 milligrams of cadmium per litre of discharge\n\n\n\n\u00a0(5)\n\n\n\n1. 1. 1989\n\n\n\n\u00a0(1)\n\u00a0(2)\n\u00a0(3)\n\n\n\n\n\nFor existing discharges the provisional limit value of 0,5 milligrams of cadmium per litre of discharge is valid as a monthly average\n\n\nFor existing discharges the provisional limit value of 0,5 kilograms of cadmium per tonne of cadmium used in production is valid as a monthly average\n\n\n1. 1. 1986\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n5. Manufacture of primary and secondary batteries\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMonthly average of 0,2 milligrams of cadmium per litre of discharge\n\n\n\n\u00a0(5)\n\n\n\n1. 1. 1989\n\n\n\n\u00a0(1)\n\u00a0(2)\n\u00a0(3)\n\n\n\n\n\nFor existing discharges the provisional limit value of 0,5 milligrams of cadmium per litre of discharge is valid as a monthly average\n\n\nFor existing discharges the provisional limit value of 1,5 kilograms of cadmium per tonne of cadmium used in production is valid as a monthly average\n\n\n1. 1. 1986\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n6. Electroplating\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMonthly average of 0,2 milligrams of cadmium per litre of discharge\n\n\n\n\u00a0(5)\n\n\n\n1. 1. 1989\n\n\n\n\u00a0(1)\n\u00a0(2)\n\u00a0(3)\n\u00a0(6)\n\n\n\n\n\nFor existing discharges the provisional limit value of 0,5 milligrams of cadmium per litre of discharge is valid as a monthly average\n\n\nFor existing discharges the provisional limit value of 0,3 kilograms of cadmium per tonne of cadmium used in production is valid as a monthly average\n\n\n1. 1. 1986\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n7. Manufacture of phosphoric acid and/or phosphatic fertilizer from phosphatic rock\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u00a0\n\n\n\u00a0\n\n\n\u00a0\n\n\n\n\u00a0(1)\n\u00a0(2)\n\u00a0(3)\n\u00a0(7)\n\n\n\n\n\nIf necessary, the limit values for other industries will be proposed by the International Commission at a later stage. In the meantime, the Governments will fix emission standards for cadmium discharges autonomously in accordance with Articles 3 and 4 of the Convention. These standards must take account of the best technical means available and must not be less stringent than the nearest comparable limit value in the above table. Pursuant to Articles 14 and 19 of the Convention, the measures set out in the above table will enter into force after their unanimous acceptance by the Contracting Parties to the Convention. The Contracting Parties will notify their adoption to the Government of the Swiss Confederation, which will acknowledge reception of notification. (1)\u00a0\u00a0The limit values given in the above columns refer to the determination of the cadmium contained in an unfiltered sample. They apply to the total cadmium content of all the waste arising from production processes at the site of the production installation. If the waste water containing cadmium is treated outside the installation in an establishment designed to eliminate the cadmium, Governments may allow the limit values to be applied at the point of discharge at the exit of that establishment. (2)\u00a0\u00a0The daily limit values are obtained by multiplying the monthly limits in the above columns by two. For measuring, analysis and sampling methods, see the recommendations made by the International Commission on 20 June 1983 in Luxembourg. (3)\u00a0\u00a0In the case of industrial sectors where limit values are expressed in terms of both maximum concentration and maximum quantity of cadmium, both should be applied. However, the competent authorities may authorize emission standards which exceed the applicable limit value expressed in terms of maximum concentration where the following two conditions are met:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(a)\n\n\nthe volume of waste water discharged is greatly reduced by special water-saving measures; and\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(b)\n\n\nthe limit value expressed in terms of the maximum quantity of cadmium is respected. (4)\u00a0\u00a0In the case of industrial sector 1, for which there are only limit values expressed in terms of maximum concentration, Governments should \u2014 in an attempt to establish future limit values expressed in terms of maximum quantity, to fix those limit values and to bring them into force on 1 January 1989 \u2014 provide the International Commission, at least every two years, with the relevant figures for the average monthly quantities of per tonne of cadmium produced of cadmium effectively discharged by the various branches in industrial sector 1. (5)\u00a0\u00a0For the time being, it is impossible to fix limit values expressed in terms of maximum quantity. The International Commission will propose such values, where necessary, in accordance with Article 5 of the Convention. If the International Commission does not propose limit values, then the values expressed in terms of maximum quantity (which are to be respected as from 1 January 1986) will be retained. (6)\u00a0\u00a0When this is made absolutely necessary by the technical or administrative situation, governments may suspend up to 1 January 1989 application of the limit values for installations not discharging more than 10 kilograms of cadmium per year where the total volume of all the electroplating tanks is not more than 1,5 m3. (7)\u00a0\u00a0The cadmium content of discharges from industrial sector 7 may be reduced appreciably when the waste containing the cadmium is eliminated. This waste must be eliminated from the discharge where underground storage or recycling is possible in such a way that the danger to the environment is not increased. However, local conditions are such that elimination of this kind is not yet possible everywhere. Consequently, economically acceptable techniques, which allow the cadmium to be extracted systematically from these discharges, are not applicable in these cases. No limit value has therefore been fixed for industrial sector 7. In view of the large quantities of cadmium discharged by industrial sector 7, the International Commission will draw up proposed limit values for that sector as soon as appropriate methods are available. In the meantime, Governments will set emission standards for cadmium autonomously in accordance with Articles 3 and 4 of the Convention, taking account of any possibilities of eliminating the waste containing the cadmium. For new discharges the cadmium must be eliminated from the waste water"}
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+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/96f31dc9-8b92-40ed-9e38-35f83ee44ca5", "title": "85/338/EEC: Council Decision of 27 June 1985 on the adoption of the Commission work programme concerning an experimental project for gathering, coordinating and ensuring the consistency of information on the state of the environment and natural resources in the Community", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "html,pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#decision,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#legislation_secondary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "Council of the European Union", "date": "1985-06-27", "subjects": "environmental policy,information analysis,natural resources,quality control of industrial products", "workIds": "celex:31985D0338,oj:JOL_1985_176_R_0014_010", "eurovoc_concepts": ["environmental policy", "information analysis", "natural resources", "quality control of industrial products"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/96f31dc9-8b92-40ed-9e38-35f83ee44ca5", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["html", "pdfa1b", "print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/ae81372a-f5c8-4113-9fc6-bfe64958cb41", "title": "Council Regulation (EEC) No 1831/85 of 27 June 1985 amending Regulation (EEC) No 3626/82 on the implementation in the Community of the Convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "html,pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#legislation_secondary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#regulation,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "Council of the European Union", "date": "1985-06-27", "subjects": "animal life,international convention,international trade,plant life,protected species,wildlife", "workIds": "celex:31985R1831,oj:JOL_1985_173_R_0001_008", "eurovoc_concepts": ["animal life", "international convention", "international trade", "plant life", "protected species", "wildlife"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/ae81372a-f5c8-4113-9fc6-bfe64958cb41", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["html", "pdfa1b", "print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/551445bd-54e8-45a6-99dd-746b14356bd4", "title": "Council Regulation (EEC) No 3068/85 of 27 June 1985 suspending tariff concessions and increasing duties under the Common Customs Tariff with regard to certain products originating in the United States of America", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "html,pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#legislation_secondary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#regulation,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "Council of the European Union", "date": "1985-06-27", "subjects": "United States,citrus fruit,common customs tariff,nut,tariff barrier", "workIds": "celex:31985R3068,oj:JOL_1985_292_R_0001_003", "eurovoc_concepts": ["United States", "citrus fruit", "common customs tariff", "nut", "tariff barrier"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/551445bd-54e8-45a6-99dd-746b14356bd4", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["html", "pdfa1b", "print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/46ccd883-5e43-46af-8253-756ecd32eeed", "title": "Commission Regulation (EEC) No 1746/85 of 26 June 1985 amending Regulation (EEC) No 2289/83 laying down provisions for the implementation of Articles 70 to 78 of Council Regulation (EEC) No 918/83 setting up a Community system of reliefs from customs duty", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "html,pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#legislation_secondary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#regulation,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Commission", "date": "1985-06-26", "subjects": "customs formalities,exemption from customs duties,facilities for people with disabilities", "workIds": "celex:31985R1746,oj:JOL_1985_167_R_0023_018", "eurovoc_concepts": ["customs formalities", "exemption from customs duties", "facilities for people with disabilities"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/46ccd883-5e43-46af-8253-756ecd32eeed", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["html", "pdfa1b", "print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/b0648e5e-b9cc-4ec3-9dd3-a54c29302fdf", "title": "Commission Regulation (EEC) No 1745/85 of 26 June 1985 amending Regulation (EEC) No 2290/83 laying down provisions for the implementation of Articles 50 to 59 of Council Regulation (EEC) No 918/83 setting up a Community system of reliefs from customs duty", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "html,pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#legislation_secondary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#regulation,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Commission", "date": "1985-06-26", "subjects": "cultural object,customs formalities,disclosure of information,exemption from customs duties,scientific apparatus,teaching materials", "workIds": "celex:31985R1745,oj:JOL_1985_167_R_0021_017", "eurovoc_concepts": ["cultural object", "customs formalities", "disclosure of information", "exemption from customs duties", "scientific apparatus", "teaching materials"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/b0648e5e-b9cc-4ec3-9dd3-a54c29302fdf", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["html", "pdfa1b", "print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/1a8b056a-080a-4921-bfda-b0d3c766a075", "title": "Commission Regulation (EEC) No 1871/85 of 26 June 1985 amending for the fourth time Regulation (EEC) No 3800/81 determining the classification of vine varieties", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "html,pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#legislation_secondary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#regulation,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Commission", "date": "1985-06-26", "subjects": "marketing,member country,vineyard", "workIds": "celex:31985R1871,oj:JOL_1985_175_R_0009_009", "eurovoc_concepts": ["marketing", "member country", "vineyard"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/1a8b056a-080a-4921-bfda-b0d3c766a075", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["html", "pdfa1b", "print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/d8b026f4-11eb-43e7-80ab-b9f6efbf6139", "title": "MEMORANDUM TOWARDS A EUROPEAN TECHNOLOGY COMMUNITY", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "pdf", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#act_preparatory,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#document_com_other_ec,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Commission", "date": "1985-06-25", "subjects": "EU industrial policy,EU research policy,industry-research relations,innovation,international cooperation,research and development,research expenditure (EU),research programme,technical cooperation,technological change", "workIds": "celex:51985DC0350,comnat:COM_1985_0350_FIN", "eurovoc_concepts": ["EU industrial policy", "EU research policy", "industry-research relations", "innovation", "international cooperation", "research and development", "research expenditure (EU)", "research programme", "technical cooperation", "technological change"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/d8b026f4-11eb-43e7-80ab-b9f6efbf6139", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["pdf"], "text": "ARCHIVES HISTORIQUES \nDE LA COMMISSION \n\nCOLLECTION RELIEE DES \nDOCUMENTS \"COM\" \n\nCOM (85) 350 \n\nVol. 1985/0141 \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\fDisclaimer \n\nConform\u00e9ment au r\u00e8glement (CEE, Euratom) n\u00b0 354/83 du Conseil du 1er f\u00e9vrier 1983 \nconcernant l'ouverture au public des archives historiques de la Communaut\u00e9 \u00e9conomique \neurop\u00e9enne et de la Communaut\u00e9 europ\u00e9enne de l'\u00e9nergie atomique (JO L 43 du 15. 2. 1983, \np. 1), tel que modifi\u00e9 par le r\u00e8glement (CE, Euratom) n\u00b0 1700/2003 du 22 septembre 2003 \n(JO L 243 du 27. 9. 2003, p. 1), ce dossier est ouvert au public. Le cas \u00e9ch\u00e9ant, les documents \nclassifi\u00e9s pr\u00e9sents dans ce dossier ont \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9classifi\u00e9s conform\u00e9ment \u00e0 l'article 5 dudit \nr\u00e8glement. In accordance with Council Regulation (EEC, Euratom) No 354/83 of 1 February 1983 \nconcerning the opening to the public of the historical archives of the European Economic \nCommunity and the European Atomic Energy Community (OJ L 43, 15. 2. 1983, p. 1), as \namended by Regulation (EC, Euratom) No 1700/2003 of 22 September 2003 (OJ L 243, \n27. 9. 2003, p. 1), this file is open to the public. Where necessary, classified documents in this \nfile have been declassified in conformity with Article 5 of the aforementioned regulation. In \u00dcbereinstimmung mit der Verordnung (EWG, Euratom) Nr. 354/83 des Rates vom 1. Februar 1983 \u00fcber die Freigabe der historischen Archive der Europ\u00e4ischen \nWirtschaftsgemeinschaft und der Europ\u00e4ischen Atomgemeinschaft (ABI. L 43 vom 15. 2. 1983, \nS. 1), ge\u00e4ndert durch die Verordnung (EG, Euratom) Nr. 1700/2003 vom 22. September 2003 \n(ABI. L 243 vom 27. 9. 2003, S. 1), ist diese Datei der \u00d6ffentlichkeit zug\u00e4nglich. Soweit \nerforderlich, wurden die Verschlusssachen in dieser Datei in \u00dcbereinstimmung mit Artikel 5 \nder genannten Verordnung freigegeben. COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES \n\nCOM(85) 350 final \n\nBrussels, 25 June 1985 \n\nMEMORANDUM \n\nTOWARDS A EUROPEAN TECHNOLOGY COMMUNITY \n\n~-? JIJiN 19Bs. ~. ~~ \n\n\fCOMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES \n\nCOM(85) 350 final \n\nBrussels,25 June 1985 \n\nMEMORANDUM \n\nTOWARDS A EUROPEAN TECHNOLOGY COMMUNITY \n\nCOM(85) 350 final \n\n\fCONTENTS \n\nI. THE CHALLENGE FACING EUROPE \n\nII. THE EUROPEAN TECHNOLOGY COMMUNITY \n\n1. Legal and political bases \n\n2. Objectives \n\n3. Types of technological research and development (TRD) \n\nprojects and programmes \n\n4. Horizontal back-up tasks \n\n5. Methods of cooperation and financing arrangements \n6. Criteria and methods for selecting priority TRD programmes \n\nANNEX \n\n-\n\n\fTOWARDS A EUROPEAN TECHNOLOGY COMMUNITY \n\nI. THE CHALLENGE FACING EUROPE \n\nTechnological progress plays a central role in our societies because \nof its impact on economic growth and job creation, social and cultural \nprogress, environment and security. (as \nstrategic factor - one which \ncommunication to the Brussels meeting of the European Council in \nMarch 1985) the Community must turn to account in order to regain its \ncompetitiveness and lay the foundations for more vigorous and more \nstable growth and to ensure greater economic convergence by \nincreasing the innovative capacity of all the Member States. It is increasingly becoming a \nthe\u00b7 Commission stressed in its \n\nThe Community has an internal market on a scale similar~: \nto those of Japan and the United States, but it has to face the \ncompetition of those countries with a market segmented by many \nbarriers and with no common technological strategy: with a few \nnotable exceptions, \nR&D policies and resources are applied by \nthe Member States without any coordination. The consequences are beginning to show. Since 1972 the annual growth \nrate in real terms of the production of high technology goods in \nEurope has not exceeded 5% while the rate in the United States is 7,6% \nand in Japan 14%. 1 \n\nEurope's mediocre industrial \nin high-technology products. of \ncover \n190% to 110% (1983). high technology \n\nperformance has eroded its trade surplus \n\nOver a 20-year period the export \nimports into the Community fell from \n\nEurope launched the first two industrial revolutions: \nmissing out on the third? Can Europe be satisfied with its \ncontinuing domination \nmedium-techriology products when the \nnewly industrializing countries of Asia and Latin America are ready \nto take over? Must Europe meekly accept the brain drain to the \nUnited States and Let Japan take over its market shares? \n\nis it now \n\nin \n\nCan Europe maintain its standard of Living, reverse the unemployment \ntrend and ensure that it can stand on its own feet without responding \nto the technological challenges of the outside world? \n\nFor a response to these challenges, Europe has a potentially powerful \narmoury: \n\n1 From 1973 to 1983 the Community's specialization index for \n\ntrade in high technology products fell from 1,01 COECD = 1) to \n0,82 while that of the United States remained constant ~t 1,26 \nand that of Japan went up from 0,7 to 1,26. - 2 -\n\n- For Europe's industry, a continent-wide market rid of the barriers \n\nnow dividing\u00b7 it into unviable segments; \n\n- National R&D \n\nefforts which have maintained the high Level of \nEuropean science but whose dispersal deprives the Community of \nthe synergetic effects and the economies of scale that would \nstem from a collective effort targeted on certain jointly defined \nstrategic priorities; \n\n- The cooperation among European firms which has positive results \nwhen it can flourish under the stimulus given by such research \nprogrammes as ESPRIT, industrial programmes Like Airbus and \nstrategic programmes Like the Space Agency. The Community must therefore as a matter of urgency summon up its \nconsiderable resources to reverse a trend whose present consequences \nare Lost \ndependence and the emigration of its finest research workers. market shares, Less job creation, increased technological \n\nThe Commission considers that Europe will be able to harness \nthe new technologies for a common purpose only if a \ngenuine European Technology Community is established which: \n\n- exploits \n\nthe Community dimension to the utmost extent possible; \n\n- promotes \n\nthe greatest possible synergetic ~ffects from the \n\ninteractions of national and Community efforts. Exploiting the Community dimension \n\nThe Community dimension offers the following advantages: \n\nIt will guarantee that the demand for products and services supplied \nby European projects can expand dynamically as the result of the \nopening up of public contracts and the adoption of international \nstandards preventing the walling-off of markets and restriction \nof competition. There is therefore a close Link between the Commission's proposals \nfor (a) completing the continent-wide market and (b) creating a \nEuropean Technology Community. - The-Community will ensure that the technology effort is closely \ntied in with common policies and in particular with trade and \ncompetition policies; \n\n- Through. cooperation and exchanges, it will increase the \n\npotential of purely national programmes and reduce wastage arising \nfrom unnecessary duplication. - 3 -\n\nIt will give more scope to the universities, individual research \nworkers and specialised SMEs (which are sometimes overlooked in \nstrictly intergovernmental schemes of cooperation owing to the \ncomplexity of industrial groupings and institutional structures). - Lastly, the Community's R&D \n\ninstruments are immediately \n\navailable and can be adapted to the needs of different projects \nin view of the urgency of the action required. Some current \nprogrammes (ESPRIT, BRITE and the definition phase of RACE) \ncan provide a framework for projects that fall naturally within \ntheir general field such as information technologies, broadband \nnetworks and new materials. Synergetic effects of Community/Member Stat~s interattions \n\nThe aim is to combine on the basis of clearly defined objectives: \n\n-\n\n-\n\n-\n\n-\n\nthe use of Community programmes proper; \n\nthe\u00b7development of strictly national programmes; \n\nthe pooling of national programmes by some States, including non-\nCommunity countries, possibly with an additional Community \ncontribution; \n\nidentifying the scope for the synergetic cross-fertilizing of \nhatiorial and Community programmes~ \n\nJust as it is neither possible nornecessary to bring everything \nunder the Community umbrella, so it would be just as inappropriate \nto confine the Community's efforts to the portion of public R&D \nexpenditure which it finances from its own resources, even though \nthat. portion_ is tobe substantially expanded. Bridges must be built \nbetween programmes at different Levels - national, intergovernmental \nand Community -\nobjectives in order to integrate them into a truly Community scientific \nand technological strategy. that contribute to common scientific and technological \n\n* \n\n* \n\n* \n\nSome will argue, against the advantages of the Community dimension, \nthat the Community's decision making and management procedures are \ncomplicated and cumbersome. But in fact the aim must be to exploit \nall the possibilities offered by the Treaties and where necessary \n\n\f- 4 -\n\nadapt their prov,s,ons in order to 9uarantee that account is taken both \nof the interests of all parties and of the need for prompt decisions, \nflexible and decentralised management and appropriate financing \narrangements. That is the Commission's aim in this proposal, in the conviction that \nthe Community's institutional system - which needs to be made more \neffective and more democratic -\nonly guarantee for the European identity and common interests againstthe \nweight 6f national sovereigntie~ Legitimately conce~ned to put \nnational interests first. remains, in the Last resort, the \n\nII. THE EUROPEAN TECHNOLOGY COMMUNITY \n\n1. Legal and political bases \n\nThe European Economic Community can offer the necessary basis for \nLaunching a true European Technology Community, so designed as to \nallow Member States to reserve or restrict their participation to \ncertain programmes only. That having been said, the European Technology Community could be \nbrought into being through a variety of institutional arrangements, \nwhich are set out in a separate paper; \na political commitment, of contractual force,by Member States to give \nthe ~ew. ~Coi~\u00b5nity the powers and resources to take action in its \n:field~ \n\nthey are all founded on \n\n2. Objectives \n\nThe fundamental objective is to strengthen the technological bases \nof European industry and to develop its international competitiveness. To serve this objective, the Technology Community must have the \nremit and the resources to carry out certain actions in the interests \nof the Community: \nprogrammes with the participation, which may vary from one programme \nfirms and research centres \nto another, of the Member States, \n, \nand to carry out horizontal or back up measures in support of the \nTRD programmes. technology research and development \n\nto conduct. It is not proposed at this stage to put forward a definitive \nplan, but the main type,s of measure, whether or not they are -to be \nconducted at the Community's initiative, can be set out as follows. - 5 -\n\n3. Types of technolo~ical research and development (TRD) projects \n\nand programmes \n\n3. 1 Research on generic technologies \n\nThe main object of this type of project is to induce industrial \nfirms to join forces and cooperate with university research centres \nand public authorities for mastery up to the development stage \nof technologies whose specific applications will spread throughout \nthe industrial fabric, modernizing processes or giving rise to \nnew products. These include the technologies of composite materials, \nmicro-electronics and Optronics and those in the huge field of \nbiotechnologies (see Annex). By reason of their very purpose, these projects are generally \nrestricted to the pre-competitive stage, but, over and above the \nresults expected from scie~tific and technical research, they \nwill increasingly draw together European firms, research centres \nand public authorities into the networks that will be the foundation \nfor industrial cooperation proper in production and marketing \nstructures. 3. 2 Development and exploitation of joint facilities for basic \n\nresearch purposes \n\nEurope, both Community and non-Community, has already started \non the path of joint exploitation of Large-scale equipment and \nspecialized Laboratories which it would be absurd to duplicate. It was the motive for establishing CERN in Geneva and the JET \nproject at Culham. Other projects of this type are planned in \nthe same spirit, such as the Synchrotron, and the Oceanography \nCentre. The human and matetial capital which the Member States \nhave already pooled in the Joint Research Centre (JRC) can be \nharnessed in a public service mission which could take the form \nof a programme on the safety of the environment in the broad sense \nand the definition of reference standards. 3. 3 Strategic programmes \n\nThese are technology-intensive programmes or major talent- and \nresource-mobilizing projects whose specific purpose could be a \nfield in the general interest (space exploration, for example) \nor the supply of advanced public services (telecommunications). In this type of programme the R&D phase is only preparatory to \nthe public investment and exploitation phases. - 6 -\n\nBeyond their specific purpose, the strategic programmes would seek \nto open up a \"critical mass\" of public contracts in strategic sectors \nin order to combine demand-pull with the technological-push generated \nby research programmes. The programme of the European Space Agency is the model here. successes have restored Europe's confidence in its technological \nand industrial capacities and shows what can be done when the States \nof Europe aim at a strategic target and agree to pool the bulk of \nthe national resources they are devoting to it. Its \n\nAnother model could be, in telecommunications, the RACE programme \nproposed by the Commission. The IRIS programme proposed by the Italian Presidency for the development \nof the European market in the \"social products\" of informatics could \nalso fall into \n\nthis category. 4. Horizontal back-up tasks \n\n4. 1 \n\nInternational cooperation \n\nThe European Technology Community should open negotiations with \nnon-Community countries and international institutions on: \n\n-\n\nthe ways and means whereby it could take part in their research \nprogrammes and they could be associated with its own TRD programme; \n\ninternational standards for exchanges of technology (intellectual \nproperty, competition rules, access to information, restrictions \non technology transfers and so on). 4. 2 Coordination of national and Community TRD policies \n\nBesides its own programmes, the European Technology Community would \nalso be required to promote the coordination of national and Community \npolicies, to propose the means of strengthening their complementary \naspects; it would seek to instigate concerted actions which it would \nencourage by bearing coordination costs and possibly by meeting a \nminority share of project costs. 4. 3 Dissemination of knowledge and exploitation of the results \n\nof Community programmes \n\nCommunity action must not be Limited to developing research; it must \nalso help to exploit results which Lend themselves to commercial \napplications. In some cases it may be useful for the Community to \n\n\f- 7 -\n\nhave the means to bear certain pre-development costs, at Least in \npart, in particular in the case of innovative SMEs. 4. 4 Stimulation of the Community's science and technology potential \n\nThis type of horizontal task must be a permanent function of a European \nTechnology Community. The aims and methods can be defined on \nthe basis of the Lessons taught by the current experimental programme \nunder the four-year programme. In this context it might be possible\n2\nof the Economic and Social Committee \na network of centres of excellence recognized and supported by \nthe Community. These centres would agree to cooperate in programmes \nfor information exchange and research worker mobility defined \nby the Community and in framing the training policies required \nto meet any Community shortages of science specialists. to act upon the suggestions \nfor setting up in the Community \n\n5. Methods of cooperation and financing arrangements \n\nThe aim of the following proposals is to reconcile unity of v,s,on \nar:d strategic coherence at Community Level with the greatest possible \nflexibility in the management and financing of programmes and \nin the Level of participation by Member States and their nationals. 5. 1 A coordination framework \n\nThe Community TRD strategy is at present defined in a multiannual \n\nframework programme. This could become a coordination framework \nfor Member States' and Community policies pursued in response \nto needs jointly identified in certain fields. The adoption of \nsuch a framework programme and its periodic review would give all \nthe Member States the opportunity to establish in every field \nwhether Europe has an adequate S-T base and whether the resources \ndeployed will enable its industry to meet outside competition. In the institutional system of the Communities, 3 it is up to \nthe Commission to fulfil its role as the driving force by issuing \nproposals on its own initiative for the adoption and review of \nthe framework programme and following up its implementation. 2Esc, Normann report, Information report on EEC shared-cost research \nprogrammes, Brussels, 1985. 3\nWhich would also be that of the Technology Community under the \nbasic assumption of this paper. - 8 -\n\nIt is up to the Council,acting on the Commission's proposals and after \nconsulting Parliament, to adopt the framework programme and to establish in \nagreement with Parliament the multiannual cash Limit for budget resources 4 \nto cover the Community's participation in the financing of TRD programmes. The Council decisions adopting the major specific programmes could conceivably \nbe taken unanimously, but the ways and means of implementation should then \nbe decided by a qualified majority and with considerable delegation of executive \npowers to the Commission. 5. 2 Flexible cooperation methods \n\nTo carry out ambitious programmes, forms of cooperation must be found which: \n\n- draw together for each project those partners -\n\ngovernments, firms and \n\nresearch centres - wishing \nof the costs and benefits of their cooperation; \n\nto participate on the basis of a clear perception \n\n- Lead to the establishment of industrial consortia and the organization of \n\nintergovernmental cooperation in such a way as to harness the best available \nskills; \n\n-\n\nrely on a European network of research establishment and universities in \nregular touch with each other and able to act as centres for generating \nresearch and technology and disseminating the results; \n\n- allow participation by partners from non-Community countries. Without going into the detail of management approaches and financing techniques, \nthe wide variety of the methods worked out under the Community's research \nactivities should be noted. In precompetitive research, the most widely used and most satisfactory \nmanagement method at present 5 is the shared-cost project whereby the Community \nawards research contracts (50% of the cost financed from the Community budget) \nto multinational groups made up of university research centres, public \nLaboratories and private firms. This method of management has demonstrated its \n\n4\n\ncommunity financing is the catalyst for eliciting contributions from governments \nand business. Community's budget procedures. These Latter sources of financing do not fall within the \n\n5\n\nAccording to the ESC survey of co-contractors (ESC, Normann Report, op. cit. ). - 9 -\n\neffectiveness in the ESPRIT programme, which is primarily designed to \nencourage trans-European cooperation. Another method is the concerted action involving several project promoters \nwho share the financing; \nof concerting and coordination under agreements \nconcerned and certain non-Community countries. the Community defrays only the administrative costs \nsigned by the Member States \n\nFinally, additional programmes \nwishing to take part; \nfield as soon as the new own resotlrces decision has entered into force. these will no Longer be Limited solely to the nuclear \n\nare financed solely by the Member States \n\nSuch management methods can be further adapted to take account of particular \nrequirements and to allow for the greatest possible degree of flexibility in \nparticipation by Member States and their nationals in the various parts of \nthe research programmes. The concerted actions could be broadened to cover a wider range of sectors \nand strengthen their coordination capacity with a modest financial \ncontribution from the Community. The Community could also make a minority contribution to national or \nmultilateral measures, public or private, which are of Community interest; \nthis would be an expanded application of a method of action already used under \nprogrammes to stimulate the Community's scientific and technical potential. Where it is a matter of providing assistance for the exploitation of \nresults with the aim of extending the support given to precompetitive research \n(predevelopment, prototype) and promoting the application, especially by \ninnovative SMEs, of the results, the Community must be allowed to deploy \nnon-budget resources, such as innovation loans and risk capital holdings. The management tool used for the JET programme -\nprovided for in the Euratom Treaty - can serve as the model for other projects \nfor the joint development and exploitation of major scientific facilities. It presents several advantages: \n\nthe joint undertaking \n\n\u2022 variable configuration of national contributions \n\u2022 opening \n\u2022 Legal and financial autonomy \n\u2022 variable Level of Community budget contributions. participation by non-Community countries \n\nto \n\n\f- 10 -\n\nFinally, for the implementation of major strategic programmes for technological \ndevelopment, plans must be laid for establishing, separately for each \nprogramme, European agencies with legal and financial autonomy. This method \nhas been adopted successfully by the European Space Agency for pooling \nnational resources allocated to a programme of common interest. The Community nature of the agencies would be given practical expression by \nthe link with the framework programme and the minority contribution which the \nCommunity could make in the form of a grant (financed out of own resources) \nto the agency's budget, on the understanding: \n\n-\n\n-\n\nthat the agencies would be principally financed by contributions from the \nparticipating Member States; \nCommunity budget; \n\nthese contributions would not pass through the \n\n\u00b7 \n\nthat a minority contribution from the Community budget to the agencies' \noperating expenses and a Community \n\u00b7 budget guarantee for loans issued \nby the agencies should be possible and should be decided on a case-by-case \nbasis by the Council acting by a qualified majority. 5. 3 Mobilization of financial resources \n\nThe scale of the funds needed to promote technological progress and face the \ncompetition from other major countries means, as the European Council has \nrecognized at successive meetings since June 1983, that the resources allocated \nto Community R&D must be substantially increased. Nevertheless, even with such an increase and counting in \nthe Community's other financing instruments (borrowing/lending, additional \nprogrammes, 6 and so on) the share of Community resources allocated to R&D \nwill still be only a small proportion of the total amount of such expenditure \nin Member States' budgets. It is therefore essential that national efforts, which will mobilize the \ngreater part of resources available for TRD, should be targeted on common. objectives and a clear identification of the priorities adopted by each \npartner. For Community measures proper, the management methods and financing \ntechniques (summarized below) open up wide possibilities for adapting to \nspecific situations, the variable participation of Member States and their \nnationals and the association of non-Community countries or international \ninstitutions. 6\n\nProvided for in the new Decision on own resources. - 11 -\n\nThe proposed plan of approach therefore assumes: \n\n-\n\n-\n\nthat the Member States are prepared to define, in a Community context, \nthe strategy lines for action at both national and Community level; \n\nthat the European Council will confirm its determination \nto increase the share of the Community budget devoted to the financing of \nR&D programmes. - 12 -\n\nMANAGEMENT-METHODS AND FINANCING TECHNIQUES \n\nCommunity framework programme \n\n\u2022 Multiannual budget endowment to cover all expenditure from the \n\nCommunity budget provided for in the \u00b7framework programme \n\n1. Research programmes \n\n\u2022 Shared-cost projects (e. g. and private co-contractors) \n\n50% Community budget, 50% public \n\n\u2022 Concerted actions (for the coordination of current research \n\nactivities in Member States). Expenditure from the Community \nbudget limited to covering the general costs of concerting \nand coordination (about 2% of total cost); \nincreased in some cases for the following purposes: \n\nit could be \n\n-\n\n-\n\nto increase the incentive to cooperation, in particular \nwhere research activities are widely dispersed (medical \nresearch, for example); \n\nto go beyond mere concerting of existing programmes and \nencourage the development of hew research. 2. Development and exploitation of - joint facilities \n\n\u2022 Joint undertakings with or without participation of the Community, \n\nall Member States, non-Community countries; \n\n\u2022 Direct action by the JRC under the Community budget, with the \n\npossible addition of \n\n\u2022 Additional programmes under national budgets. 3. Strategic programmes \n\neither: \n\nSpecialized Community agencies \n\nor: \n\nBi-, tri- or multilateral associations of public or \nprivate European undertakings (on the lines of Airbus). - 13 -\n\nSources of finance: \n\n\u2022 Minority contribution from the Community budget to agencies' \n\noperating expenditure \n\n\u2022 Contributions (under an ad hoe breakdown) of the Member States \n\n(or of their undertakings) \n\nTrading \nto Member States. receipts of agencies and invoicing of services \n\nCommunity budget guarantee for agency Loan issues. 4. Measures to-stimulate the Community's S-T potential \n\n\u2022 Contributions from the Community's research budget, with \n\npossible addition of assistance from the structural \nFunds. 5. Aids to exploitation of results (defraying of predevelopment \ncosts) \n\n\u2022 Loans to SMEs (application of new technologies and \n\ninnovation) \n\n(NCI \n\nIV) \n\n\u2022 Risk capital contribution (pilot experiment now under way) \n\n\u2022 Community budget Chapter 75 \n\n\u2022 Invoicing of services rendered. (2) \n\n\f- 14 -\n\n6. Criteria and methods for selecting -priority i'IH>-programmes \n\nScarce financial resources and even scarcer human resources (and Japan's \nexample) suggest that only a small number of carefully sele~ted programmes \nshould be Launched at the same time. decisive voice must be given to those who will be committing their assets \nand whose spirit of enterprise will be the key to industrial success at \nthe end of the road. The aim is not to explore every possible scientific \navenue but to st:rengthe-nthe technological bases of European industry. In the selection of programmes a \n\nThe broad criteria for the selection of the first List of programmes to \nmobilize ta!entand resources and serving precise objectives could be as \nfollows: \n\n\u2022 they must make a substantial contribution to strengthening Europe's \nscientific and technological potentia~ especially in fields where \nthe international competitiveness of its industry is under threat; \n\n\u2022 be of major economic and social value in harmony with the concerns and \n\ncharacteristics proper to our society; \n\nconstitute measures for which the European dimension is a major advantage \nor even a necessity; \n\nthey must be sufficiently attractive in aspiration and content to draw \nthe best brains; \n\n\u2022 they must attract public support. For the selection and detailed planning of priority programmes and projects \nand the definition, for each of them, of participation, financing \nand management methods, the following procedure could be followed: \n\n\u2022 A high-Level group of senior officials under the Commission's authority \nwould be instructed to identify strategic options and priority themes \nand projects, to Lay down the terms of reference for the detailed \ndefinition-of each programme and to draw the conclusions. This \nexecutive group could be assisted by Leading figures from research (in \nparticular members of CODEST) and industry \u2022 \n\n\u2022 For each theme,groups of experts from industry and research convened \n\nby the Commission would define precise programmes with their targets, \ncosts, time scales and conditions of participation. Each group would \nbe chaired by one of its members. - 15 -\n\n\u2022 On the basis of this work,the Commission would draw up proposals \n\neither for projects to be implemented at the Commission's initiative \nor for the means of associating the Community with initiatives by \nMember States which would serve common objectives \u2022 \n\n\u2022 After consultation of the high-level group, the proposals would be \nsent to the Council, which would decide on the Legal and financial \ndetails for each programme adopted. The Commission has already made an initial study of themes which could \nbe adopted~ The Commission has drawn up detailed data sheets (attached) \nfor each of these themes, which are to be regarded as examples rather \nthan proposals: \n\n1. Information technologies and their main applications e. g. computer-aided \nmanufacturing, artificial intelligence and the supercomputer \n\n2. Biotechnologies, in particular genetic and biomolecular engineering \n\nand their applications to health and agro-industry \n\n3. New (e. g. superconducting and ceramic) materials \n\n4. Lasers and optics \n\n5. Big science facilities such as particle/radiation sources and \n\nadvanced windtunnels \n\n6. Broadband telecommunications \n\n7. New-generation means of transport \n\n8. Use of space \n\n9. Conquest of the marine environment \n\n10. Education and training technologies \n\nA necessary first step is to instruct the Commission to launch forthwith \nthe procedure for defining these priority projects so that some projects \ncan be approved by the end of the year. - 16 -\n\nSYNERGETIC AND COMPOUND EFFECTS \n\nThe following project areas are interconnected in many ways and \n\nmutually reinforcing. Table 1 shows the level of interactions between \n\nprojects. To complete the description and give a synoptic view of the whole field, Table 2 \n\nshows, for the measu~es proposed, their potential applications \u00b7and their \n\nimpact on competitiveness and employment, and Europe's relative position \n\nin each area. T A 8 L E \n\nPROJECT INTERDEPENDENCIES \n\nxxx very important \nXX important \nx slight. very slight \n\nTelecommunications \n\nSuperco. ,puters \n\nNew generation of transport systems \n\nHealth-care technologies \n\nEducation and Training \n\nSpace \n\nAgri CU l tura l industrial project \n\n-\nDeep-sea exploitation \n\n'Infori-ation \nTechnologies \n\nmicro and opto-electronics. \u00b7Artificial In. telligence and. ~red Tnfnrma\u2022inn Prncessino \n\nComputer Integrated Manufacturing \nAdvanced materials. New \nl'laterials \n\nSuperconduction \n\nAerospace \n\nprop. Lasers and optics \n\nLarge \n\nHigh-energy physics \n\naccelerators \n\nsynchroton \u00b7 \n\nWindtunnels. E. , \n\"' \n>. Ill \n\nL. 0 \nQ \nIll. , \ne. L. \u00b7;;, \n3 \n0 \ne. c \nu \n\nL. L. 0 \n\nC \n0 \n\u2022r. ,. \"'. \"' \nu \n\u00b71 \nC \na,. c \nCl ~. , \n\"' \n]I \na, \nz \n:c \n\nL. Q. ,. u \n\u00b7;,. ,, \n\n\u2022r \nL. :, \n\nC \n\u2022r \n\n~ \n\n\"' \ne \n\u2022r \nC. ,. L. \"Q \nC \n\n\"'. ,. , \n\nC \n0 \n\u2022r. u \n\nu \n:, \n'O Q \nw V) \n\n\"' \nL. :, \n\u00b7=! \n:, \nu \n\u2022r \nL. Cl \n<[ \n\ne \n0 \n\u2022r. \"' \n3 \n\na, \nIll \nI \nQ. ,. 0 \n\n~ Q \nX \na,. \"' \n\ne \n0 \n\u2022r \n\nu \n\nC \n:, \nE \nE \n0 \nu. ,. , \n\nL. a, \n\n:, \nQ \nE \n0 \nu \nL. Q \n:, \nV) \n\n~. ~ I\\ \n\n)( \nI( \n\n~ X \n1(. X \n\u2022 X \n'< \n\n><. \u00b7 X \n~ \nX. ,<. X. X \n~ )( \n~ \n\n->< \nJ( \"x. XX. X. J<. ,. X \nX. >< \n\nJ< \n\n,I( \n\nX. X. X \n~ \n\nA. \"'. , ~. ,,. , \n\nL. 0 \n\nL. u. , u. J. L. Q \n\nC \n\nC \n\nL. u \n\n~ \n\n:E \n\nI \n0 \n\n0. \u2022r \nL. a, \n\n]I. a,. , \nZE. \"' \n\ne. , \nO\u2022r \n\u2022r 01. 0. I \n\"'. ~ :,. E O. _ e. 0. C. u. e. , \n:, \nC. ,, \n\"'. a,. ,,. ,. , \n~:. ~ \n-~. !'. \"' \n\"'. , \nC n L. Cl. ,. ,. 0. ,, :::: ; C \n\"' \nu. ,, \n'O \u2022r. , \n:,. :E. ,, \n:q ti L. '. \"' \n0. : :, \n\"'. ,, \n\u2022 !~ E \n0 \nL. X. , \n~>( \"' \n>(,. ,. ,. ,. X \n,. ,,_ \n\" }(. \"'. L. ~ \nu \n\u2022r -\nE \n\n><. ,. JI,. u \nC \n> \n<[ \n\n><: \nX \n\n~ \nJI' \n\nQ \n:, \nV) \n\nC \nQ \nu \nL. i()( \n\n0 \nu \n\n:( \n\n'I \n\n)( \n\nIt. X \n\nJI \n\nI( \n\nX \n\nI( \n\nX \n\nu \n\nQ \n\n\u2022 \n\n~ } ( \n\nX \n\nQ \n\nu \n\nC \n\nC \n\n<[ \n\n3' \n\nQ \n0 \n\nIll \nL. 0 \nL. Q. , \n\nQ \n>. C \n0 \n\u2022r \n\na, \nC \nC \n:, \n\nL. a, \nC \na, \nI \n\nC ~ \n0 \n\n0 \nL. c \nu \nC \n>. \"' \n\n\"' \nu \nIll \u2022r \n\"' \nu. ,. c \n\u2022r. >. ,, Cl. ,. c. ,, \n\"' Cl \n\u2022r \n\"' \n:c. J \nI(,'( X. \" \n~w. '\\. \". _. ,. X. ,. ,. ,,. X \n\" \nX \nJf. x. ,. x. ,. X. X. X X X \n\nl<. \"'-\n\nX \n\n;,r \n\nJI \n\nX \n\nX \n\nI( \n\n:,( \n\nX \n\nJI \n\n)< \n\n)<. o( \n\n)( \n\n,It \n\nX \n\nX \n\nXX \n\n\u00b7J<. )( \nX \n\n~ \n>C \n\nX X \n\n,It X. \"' ii'\\. >I. ~ \" )( \n,. _ \n\" \n~ ~ I<. >< \n\" \nX. X \nX \n~ ~ \n\"x X \n~ ~. X \n~ ~ ~ X. \"\"-\n,;_ '/. ' \n~ /. x. ~ /( \n~ ~. l(w \n~ ~ ~. ,c X: \n~ ~ \u2022. ,z,, \n~ ~\\ \n~ \n\n~ X \n\n;( \n\nJ< \n\n)( \n\n)( \n\nX \n\n1(. J', \n\n]( \n\n>( \n\nJ( \n\n~ ~ \nW&i \n\nJI. A: \n><. ~ X \nX \n\n,< \n\n,<. }< \n\nX \n\n>( \n\nJ( \n\nJ( \n\nX \n\nJ( \n\n\"' \nJ( \n'< \n\n\f1. Telecommunications \n\n2. Supercomputers \n\nOBJECTIVE \n\nTECHNICAL \nAn\\JlHJl\"'C \nstimulate econo-1 high / \n~ic activity \ntJi gh performanceJ high- / \n\ndiversified \n\ncomputation \n\nI diversified \n\nk d \n3. New grneration Transport syst~rity of transp. mare \n\non fort and secu\n\n1 \n\nTABLE \n\n2 \n\nIMPACT \n\nOMPETITIVITY \n\nhigh \n\nhigh in small \nsectors \nhigh \n\nPOSITION OF \n\nPOLYVALENCE \n\nI EUROPE \n\ngood \n\nvery high \n\nEEC ACTIONS \nCURRENTLY IN \nTRAIN OR \nPREPARATION. ~ \n\n~ \n\n~ACE, TBB, video \nconferencing \n\nEMPLOYMENT \nhigh/ \n\npositive \n\nnone \n\nslight \n\nvery high \n\nESPRIT \n\nlhigh / \n\npositive \n\ngood \n\nlimited \n\n4. Health-care Technologies \n\n5. \u2022Education and. Training \n\nimprovement in \nhealth 'and tongt. -----------+----,-----,. --~ \n\ndiversified \n\nhigh / \n\n:optimisation of high/ \nhuman resources \n\nd\". f. d \n,vers, ,e \n\nfyr \n\n\u00b7 marked / \n\nltonffii~ \n~2 ~q5V~r;1~~t\". positive \nimportanttdue ta high/positive \nra,nea both dirwctlY \need for \nanpgw_er~. -- ___ & 1nd1rec!l. Y_ \n\nin specialised I slight/ \n\n6. Space \n\nHigh value \n,;id9ed services \n\nhigh/ \n\ndiversified \n\n-------:-. __-~---r. :Use of bios. pher, high/ \n7. Agricultural industrial \n\nsectors \n!high \n\nn. -o;\u2022rt' \n\n\u00b7 \n\n8. Deep-sea exploitation \n\n,. ,,. for-renewable \n1\n\n~aw inater\u00b7ials I moderate/. diversified \n\nand agriculture \n\nspecialized \n\n--I-f-o-~-. --. -,m-i_c_r_o_&_o_p_t_o ___ -+-. emxi:~vt~. :mgenfco. -\n9\nuric-\n\u2022 n. rma 1 on , l \n\nt \n\nTechnol qjes'e ec ron1cs \n\n1 ~ 1 n \n~W'en~freatim 01 \n\npositive \n\nhigh/ \n\u00b7 positive \n\nwithin traditior-weak/ \nal industries \nvery high. medium/ \n\npositive. pos1tive. I \nsatisfactory i very l11111ted \n' \n\n\u00b7. high \n\ngood \n\n__ -~ - - -\n\ngood \n\ngood \n\ngood \n\nI weak \n\nweak_ \n\nI full. - \u2022 \n\nTechnical \nEaucat1Oft \nInitiative \n\npotentially \nconsiderable \n\nCCR \nDGXII-DGVII I \n\nnone \n\nbiotechnC?logies. Artificial Intel \nlJgence and ~dvanced Informa-\nt1on Pr cess,n \n\n11. Computer Integrated Manufact-\n\nuring \n\n\u00b7 \n\nNew fllate \nrials, \n\n-l~vanced materials \n\n1~. Super conduction \n\nI <o. Aerospace prop. 15. Lasers and optics \n\nL \nartge acce_ \nera ors \n\n\u00b7 \n\nSynchroton \n17. 18. Windtunnels \n\n, high/ \n\nl \ngenera \nvery high \n\n\"high/. diversified \n\nscientific and I high i~ the \ntPchnical progr~llong term \nscientific and J high long \n\ntechnic. progres \n\nterm \nhigh-in narrow \nsector \n\n;hypersonic pro-\nlP_uls ion \nSc i ent ifi c and \ntech. progress \n\n\u00b7 \n\nhigh narrow \nelement. particu sector \n\u00b7 \nhigh/. diversified \n\nPhoton-matter \n1nteraction \ni3\u00a5S~RBffN 8~ \nltran!!lnort \n\nhigh/ very \nspecialized \n\nweak , \n\n~very high \n\nslight \n\nm!!dium \n\nmedium \n\nfull \n\nhigh \n\nhigh in the \nlong term \nin the high in \nthe long term \n\nslight in the \nshort term \nslight in the \nshort term \n\nhigh \n\nslight \n\nsatisfactory \n\nvery high \n\nBRITE \n\nsatisfac~ory \n\nimportant \n\nBRITE \n\ngood \n\ngood\u00b7 \n\nhigh \n\nhigh \n\nmarked/ \n\ndiversified \n\nindirect \n\nslight \n\nindirect \n\nslight \n\n- high/ \n1\n\n___ diY. eJ\". S. iii\"rl \n\n!essential \n\nslight \n\ngood \n\ngood \n\nsl_i ght \n\nvery high \n\nl A~~h energy physics Researcb into \n\n:. ery indirect \n\nslight \n\nexcellent \n\nslight \n\nESPRIT \n\nESPRIT \n\nESPRIT. -. J \n\nI \n\n\fA N N E X \n\nPOSSIBLE MOBILIZING PROJECTS \n\nThe projects listed below have been selected because of their potential \nthey should be \nindustrial and socio-economic \nregarded as examples rather than as final proposals, which will have to be \nexamined in much greater detail and discussed in depth and be the subject \nof consultations between the various parties concerned in the political, \neconomic and scientific arenas of the Member States. impact. At \n\nthis stage \n\n1. Information \n\ntechnologies \n\nand \n\ntheir main applications, \n\nsuch \n\ncomputer-aided \nsupercomputer \n\nmanufacturing, \n\nartificial \n\nintelligence \n\nas \nand \n\n2. Biotechnologies, \n\nin particular genetic and biomolecular \n\nengineering \n\nand their applications in the health field and in agro-industry \n\n3. New materials, such as superconductors and ceramics \n\n4. Lasers and optics \n\n5. Large sci enti fi c \n\ninstruments such as parti cle/radi at ion sources and \n\nadvanced windtunnels \n\n6. Broadband telecommunications \n\n7. New-generation means of transport \n\n8. Use of space \n\n9. Mastering the marine environment and exploring the earth's crust \n\n1O. Education and training technologies \n\n\f1-1 \n\n1. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES AND THEIR MAIN APPLICATIONS \n\nThese technologies include microelectronics and optoelectronics, \nthe \nsoftware industry and all the other disciplines associated with data \nin other words all the \nprocessing such as artificial intelligence, \ntechniques \nthe acquisition, \nrole \nan \nprocessing, transmission and storage of information. that play \n\nimportant \n\nin \n\nLarge-scale precompetitive R&D activities are being conducted in this \nfield at both Community and national Levels. At Community level, the \nfor Research and \n(European Strategic Programme \nESPRIT programme \nrepresents a public and \nDevelopment \nin \nprivate-sector \nthe \nperiod 1984-88. Information Technologies) \ninvestment \n\nto a total of 1. 5 mill ion ECU \n\nfor \n\nof \n\ninformation \n\ntechnologies \n\napplications \n\ninclude \nThe main \nintended to meet \ntelecommunications (a speci a L Community programme \nrequirements \nthe Council), \nin this field has been placed before \ndefence, computer integrated manufacture and automated office systems \n(the Last two sectors, also covered by ESPRIT, are of major strategic \nimportance with regard to the provision of products and services), \nALL are \nand consumer electronics with its substantial growth rate. heavi Ly dependent on both advances in information technologies and \nfurther development of them. In all these sectors, additional emphasis should be placed on two \nspecific fields of the work conducted at various Levels within the \nCommunity \nthen \nartificial intelligence and advanced information processing. firstly microelectronic and optoelectronics, \n\nMICROELECTRONICS AND OPTOELECTRONICS \n\nMicroelectronics is at the heart of \nfrom highly sophisticated systems such as \nobservation satellites or professional and personal computers \nwatches and toys. thousands of products ranging \ntelecommunications and \nto \nthe world turnover in this industrial \n\nToday, \n\n\f1-2 \n\nsector is about US$ 30 thousand million, but the estimated turnover \nin other sectors in future years which make use of microelectronics \namounts to more than US$ 660 thousand million. in order to fulfi LL \n\nthe visible part of \n\nthe electromagnetic \nOptoelectronics utilizes \nthe same functions as conventional \nspectrum \nelectronics (e. g. data transmission, processing and storage). Its \nadvantages are a transmission capacity which is thousands of times as \ngreat and a speed which is theoretically 1000 times as great. industry's share of \n\nthis rapidly \nEuropean \nexpanding strategic sector is very small : \nabout 5 % of the world \nmarket in the case of the most advanced products and 10 % as regards \nall products taken together. the world market \n\nin \n\nThe small volume of production combined with the Later arrival of \nmicroelectronic products on the market (mainly integrated circuits) \ndeprives European industry of a source of revenue comparable to those \nof its principal rivals to finance the investments that are necessary \nto remain in the race or even to enter it as a credible runner. European investments over the Last two years were between US $ 300 \nmillion and US$ 400 million while the US and Japanese firms invested \nfour to five times as much during the same period. imperative necessity \n\nAs in case at present in the USA and Japan, a cooperative approach to \nin \nis becoming an \nresearch and development \nEurope. ESPRIT is showing the way for coordinated research within \nthe Community: it is hoped that proper financing will be accompanied \nby a number of major mobilizing and coalescing projects in both the \nequipment field and materials. European production depends for basic \nmaterials and its most critical equipment on imports mostly from the \nUS or more recently Japan. \u00b7 With a few exceptions this dependence \nresults in Europe technology suffering from delivery delays of at \nLeast one year. it is \nto re-establish (or establish) a certain foothold (even by \npossible, \n\nas Japan recently demonstrated, \n\nHowever, \n\n\f1-3 \n\naggressive means as \nin a carefully chosen \nthe case of Japan) \nsector of the market and, by so doing, bring about further advances \nand growth in the sector. in \n\nlicence \nintegrated circuits under \nThe supply or manufacture of \nThere \nappears to be both economically sensible and devoid of risk. is a greater level of integration aimed at obtaining both better \nIncreasing amounts of system \nperformance and lower production costs. manufacturers' know-how is incorporated into the silicon chips which \nare sub-assemblies with considerable added value, not just \"simple\" \ncomponents. Two examples can serve as illustrations \n- semiconductor memories \n- microprocessors \n\nBoth these could suitably be covered by a European programme since \nthey are the driving forces behind the development of the integrated \ncircuits industry and data processing for which Europe now depends on \nthe United States and Japan. Losing control over these sub-assemblies \nwould seriously inhibit innovation capacities as regards the design \nan area in which Europe has traditionally been \nof complex systems, \nvery strong, and would result in a brain drain and loss of jobs. - Random access memories. The aim could be create a 64 megabit memory \nby 1995, \ni. e. a chip with a capacity 100 times that of the present \nadvanced circuits. The only way to do this is to reduce the lateral \ndimensions of the structures (to less than 0,5 um), something which \n\ncannot be done by means of the equipment available today, \nprobably based on \nevolve a new memory cell concept, \ndimensions. The project would call for around 2000 man-years. and to \nthree \n\nThe object would be \n\nto design and \nAdvanced microprocessor. construct, within five year, a European-inspired microprocessor \nincorporating the latest results in terms of breakdown \ncircuit, \nthe aid of an \ntolerance, \nappropriate strategy, \nfor example, \ntechnologies and design \ncertain of \n\narchitecture and addressing. With \n\na joint development, using, \n\nthe micronic manufacturing \n\n\f1-4 \n\nsystems currently being studied \nprogramme, \nwould be needed for this project. the ESPRIT \ncould result in a standard. An estimated 1000 man-years \n\nthe context of \n\nin \n\nused \n\ncircuits, \n\nintegrated \n\nthese widely \n\nsystems \nAlongside \nmanufacturers want \nto reduce the gestation time for an electronic \nassembly in order to make it more competitive. One solution seems tb \nbe to set-up prototype workshops (foundries) for the production of \nintegrated circuits. Because there is only a very limited European \nmarket at present, this could cover construction of the following: \n- silicon signal-processing circuits \n- very high speed GaAs circuits \n\ninvolve the \n\n- The \"Silicon Foundry\" project would \n\nrapid creation \n(approximately 2 years) of a joint European workshop, \nfirst using \nproven CMOS-technology, then a mixed CMOS-bipolar process, properly \nadapted to this type of application like those developed under the \nESPRIT programme. The most important point remains, however, \nthe \ndevelopment of CAD tools and the establishment of a standard cell \nin order to achieve fast and effective integrated circuit \nlibrary, \ninvolve 1000 \nIt is estimated that such a project would \ndesign. man-years and investment in a suitable production line (150 million \nECU). Although there is at present only a very small market for GaAs \nfoundry products, there seems to be a great many applications : \n\u2022 cache memories and ultra-high-speed arithmetic units for super \n\ncomputers; \n\n\u2022 processing of high-speed signals and random logic for broadband \n\ntelecommunications or cellular radiotelephony for example. The considerable \nterms of both equipment and \nin \nbrainpower, required for R&D in respect of manufacturing and design \ntechnologies for ultra-high-speed circuits makes the idea of having \n\ninvestment, \n\na European industrial consortium attractive as regards developing \nthe technology and establishing a pilot unit. An initial estimate \nsuggests that 1000 man-years would be required over five years. 1-5 \n\nThe object of the four projects described above is to maintain or \n\nimprove Europe's position in the field of professional electronics. In order not to be left behind on \n\nthe high-definition television \n\nmarkets of tomorrov and, \n\ntherefore, \n\nin an \n\nimportant part of the \n\nconsumer sector, European industry must provide for the development \n\nof a range of specific integrated circuits for digital coding and \n\ndecoding of \n\nsignals \n\nalong \n\nsimilar \n\nlines \n\nto \n\nthose \n\ncurrent Ly \n\nrecommended for satellite television (DC2-MAC-packet), \n\nas soon as \n\npossible after standards have been defined. With the development of \n\nthe equipment for production and programme-recording, \n\nthe project is \n\nlikely to involve around 1500 man-years over a period of 7 years. 1-6 \n\nARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ADVANCED INFORMATION PROCESSING \n\nintelligence \nArtificial \ndeveloping very rapidly. expert systems are announced at frequent intervals. is \nis a \nNew, more sophisticated and more powerful \n\nrecent discipline \n\nfairly \n\nthat \n\nExpert systems provide a considerable improved service in many areas \nmedicine, biology, chemistry, geology, design aids \nof application \nand fault detection in industry, \nThey have \nrepercussions \nin a L L branches of the economy and expect a direct \nimpact on industrial competitiveness. to name but a few. Although European technology is well placed here (partly thanks to \nJapan has proved in the past \nESPRIT and a few national projects), \nthat efforts which combine basic technology with a careful choice of \nmarkets can place it in a strong position in new high-technology \nsectors (for example memories). Government programmes under way in \nJapan and the United Stated and the concerted R&D efforts of American \nsoftware \ncompanies \nthis fact alone should convince Europe of the need to \ntechnology; \ncontemplate intensifying its efforts in order to avoid a subsequent \n\nfocusing on artificial \n\nintelligence and \n\nare \n\ndecline in its industrial competitiveness in these key sectors. The entire field of artificial intelligence and advanced information \n\nprocessing is currently covered by the Community's ESPRIT programme. The efforts undertaken should nevertheless be intensified with a view \n\nto : \n\n- enhancing the integration of simple artificial intelligence systems \ninto the more complex systems which more closely resemble human \nthought processes and are more capable of meeting the potential \n\nneeds of users; \nimproving the conditions of economic production in order to reduce \n\n-\n\nthe final cost of such systems. the Lack of industrial \nThe diversity of the fields of application, \nexperience in the use of such systems and the relative \"simplicity\" \nof all present day systems taken individually show that a great deal \n\n\f1-7 \n\nof investment still has to be made in order to integrate artificial \nintelligence into systems that can be used by professionals who are \nnot computer specialists. Such investment should cover: \n\n1. The industrialization of the initial results already obtained, \n\nfocusing on : \n\nsoftware \nsystems will have to satisfy industrial production criteria; \n\nas with any software - expert \n\ntechnology, \n\nsince -\n\nthe architecture of complex systems, \nin order to enable expert \nsystems to cooperate with each other and give access to large \nSuch architectures will also have to satisfy \namounts of data. response time, \nexternal contraints relating to confidentiality, \nman/machine interface, etc. ; \n\n-\n\nthe integration of these components into specialized systems by \nmeans of design aids. 2. The intensification of research on basic techniques, with special \nemphasis on modelling: knowledge models, learning models, dialogue \nmodels and \nin \nparticular from progress made in education technologies. These developments benefit \n\nreasoning models. 3. Industrial \n\nawareness \n\nfor \n\nschemes \n\nnew \nSuch action can be facilitated particularly by \nthe disposal of those concerned \n\nthe uses \n\nthese \n\nof \n\ntechnologies. placing specialized centres at \n(see the section on large computers). Two examples of projects may help to \ndesired. illustrate better what \n\nis \n\n\f1-8 \n\n- Expert system for weather forecasting and the environment \n- Knowledge-based multi-sensor system \n\nEach of \nmentioned above. these projects illustrates one of \n\nthe first \n\ntwo points \n\nregard to integration and \n\nindustrial competence with \n\nThe aim of the first project is to use existing basic techniques and \napply them to a specific case of sufficient complexity in order to \nimprove \nthe \narchtitecture of complex systems. This project needs the results of \nrepresentation and hardl ing of \ncurrent studies on the acquisition, \nknowledge and of systems interconnection networks. The developments \nwill include the programming of a complex system, the construction of \na knowledge data-base, and the design and production of architectures \nsuited to cooperation between expert systems. The project is expected \nto take some 1000 man-years over a 5 to 6 year period. should provide \n\nthe second project is to \nby linking two fields, \n\nintensify studies of basic \nThe aim of \nthis \ntechniques ; \nproject \nthe work on \nknowledge models to make knowledge accessible to acquisition systems \nvia a machine/machine or man/machine interface. The work involved is \nexpected to require 250 man-years over a period of at least three \nyears. sensors and knowledge, \n\nthe stimulus \n\nintensify \n\nto \n\n\f1-9 \n\nCOMPUTER INTEGRATED MANUFACTURING \n\nfactory \n\nautomation within \n\na broader \nis at \n\nEncompassing a range of technologies that make it possible to achieve \nframework of \nintegrated \noperations and company management, \nthe heart of a \ncontinually expanding market and is now affecting industrial sectors \nwhere it was unknown (for example, the clothing and food industries). Statistics show that the European market in the computer-aided design \nand manufacturing (CAD/CAM) sector alone was worth US$ 320 million \nthat this market will represent US $ 1. 050 \nin 1982 and forecast \nmillion in 1985 and grow by nearly 50% to US$ 1. 550 million in 1986. CIM \n\nPrecisely because it covers several pre-existing sectors, \nyet extremely difficult to quantify CIM as a whole accurately. it is as \n\nEurope's wealth, whi eh was \nin the past based on its ability to \nproduce goods with a high added value at competitive prices, is today \nthreatened by competition in this area from other countries that \nbenefit from: \n\nlower labour costs (Asia or South America); \n\n-\n- more stringent quality control (Japan); \n- huge internal markets (United States); \n- direct government financing (United States and Japan). Progress in manufacturing technology, which has been made possible by \nthe application of information technology (IT), will soon have a \nmajor impact on factors affecting production (such as the effect of \nlabour cost on the overall cost of production, or the \nthe direct \nimportance of \nlarge scale production, which is partly called into \nquestion by flexible manufacturing systems or FMS). improvements \n\nreliability and \nThe general \nin \nadaptability of manufacturing systems brought about by \nIT offer \nEurope a unique opportunity of regaining its predominant position in \nthe manufacturing industry, provided it makes the necessary efforts. the efficiency, \n\n\f1-10 \n\nthe United States, major R&D activities have been \nIn Japan and \nfinanced by \nthe state in recent years, with remarkable results: \npublic funds amounting to US $ 444 million were thus spent in Japan \nbetween 1972 and 1982 on stimulating the machine-tool \nindustry. Japanese exports in this sector increased \nDuring the same period, \nfrom about half to three times those of the United States. The Japanese are particularly effective in ensuring that ideas and \nenergies are pooled, \nthat cross-fertilization takes place between \ndifferent disciplines and that there is continuity between projects. In the United States, \nthe combined effect on CIM of expenditure by \nthe Department of Defense (DOD) and civil financing is considerable. time been actively supporting \nlong \nThe US Air Force has for a \ndevelopments in CIM, which has made it possible to provide decisive \nfinancial support for a \nthe field. Interest in advanced production technologies in the United States has \nIn general, activities \nconsiderably increased since the seventies. The \nhave been coordinated by the DOD within the MANTECH programme. !CAM (Integrated Computer-Aided Manufacturing) programme, which was \nLaunched in 1977-78 by the US Air Force, has been allocated rapidly \n\nlarge number of projects \n\nin \n\nincreasing funds. it \n\nlet slip \n\nProduction technologies are passing \nthrough a transitional phase. is being given of \nthe opportunity \nEurope cannot \ncapitalizing on existing R&D investments. It must make optimum use of \nthe assets and resources that exist in the Community. The world \nin industrial automation will probably be worth something \nmarket \nbetween US $ 65 million and 75 million \nin 1989, whereas \nit \nrepresented only US $ 15 million in 1983. A great economic effort \nthe European CIM market \nneeds to be made to support such growth: \n\nshould double over the next four years. Nevertheless, without\u00b7 an energetic standardization and coordination \neffort, \nthe results obtained in the different countries would not be \nable to mesh together, and the risk of duplication of research work \n\nwould be great. (3) \n\n\f1-11 \n\nlarge-scale \n\nThe economic and social importance of CIM is decisive, as can be seen \nA motor manufacturer of the size of FIAT \nfrom the example of FIAT. threatening to \nthe recession (which was \nowes its survival through \ncause the collapse of the firm in the seventies) to a great extent to \nin its production processes. introduction of CIM \nthe \nThis clearly brought about major social upheavals, \nthe \ninvolves a transitional phase during \nintroduction of CIM systems \ntheir \nwhich \ncompetitive position \nthe \nThis is an extremely delicate \ncreation of new \ntaken into account when considering \nproblem which will have to be \nplans for European involvement in CIM. is not \njob opportunities. immediately counterbalanced by \n\nit enables \n\nimprovement \n\nto make \n\nsince \n\nfirms \n\nlarge \n\nthe \n\nin \n\nit \n\nenable \n\ntechnological dependence on the United States and Japan \nFurthermore, \nwould prevent Europe embarking on a positive reaction process which \nits own \nwould \ntechnological advances. to envisage \nproduction systems largely based on European technology in which the \ndirect labour cost represents less than 10% of the total cost of the \nproduct. the greatest benefits \nIt \n\nis already possible \n\nreap \n\nfrom \n\nto \n\nin this area is even more essential \n\nthese considerations that an international \nIt can be deduced from \nEuropean effort \nthan it is \ndesirable, particularly since there are examples which demonstrate \nthe validity of such an approach: one of the most obvious examples is \nthe ESPRIT programme, \nin which the Community has proven that it is \nable to act as a major catalyst in promoting R&D on the technologies \nnecessary for the development of CIM. These technologies cannot, \nhowever, create wealth in themselves, as long as they are not applied \neffectively. Two projects, which are described below are therefore being proposed \nas part of the actions planned for the area of CIM. One is aimed at \ndeveloping integration centres for the elements which go to make up \ncomputer-integrated manufacture, which are the result of research \nand which \nwork carried out by European manufacturers as a whole, \nshould make a contribution to consolidating their position on the \nis more \nEuropean and \n\ninternational markets. The other project \n\n\f1-12 \n\nspecific, namely to develop a virtually independant robot to operate \nin a hostile environment. This second project is a concrete example, \nwith a particular topic, of the potential of the new technologies. 1-13 \n\nHIGH-PERFORMANCE COMPUTERS \n\nThe new computer architectures have been designed either to increase \ncomputational power for numerical-data processing (supercomputers) or \nin \nto make possible the processing of symbolic (non-numerical) data, \nsuch applications as artificial intelligence. The European \n\nindustry, which \n\nthe end of 1983. The supercomputer market, which had a value of US$ 15. 000 million in \n1984, \nThis \nis expected to show an annual rate of increase of 20%. market is a US monopoly (IBM and three other companies), \nalthough a \nto fill certain gaps \nnumber of Japanese firms have been attempting \nsince \nis not \nrepresented in this market, has concentrated its effort on medium and \nEuropean users are totally dependent on the US \nlow-power computers. and may soon be similarly dependent on Japan. These users, however, \nin such different industrial sectors as oi L prospecting, \nare found \naerospace - particularly as regards wind \nthe chemicals industry, \ntunnel applications \nand \nmeteorology to quote just a few examples. Moreover, only a Limited \nnumber of supercomputers have been installed in Europe owing to the \nscale of investment required, with consequent disadvantages for the \nthe universities \nwhole fabric of \n(teaching, research). (see advanced wind-tunnel project) \n\nindustry (designers, \n\nusers) and \n\n-\n\nAlthough the symbolic data-processing market is only at the initial \nstage of development, \nit is expected to show considerable growth as \nthe application of artificial intelligence becomes more widespread. Studies reveal a potential for expansion at least as rapid as that of \nPlans for the development of appropriate \nthe supercomputer market. the Japanese under their fifth \nmachines were first announced by \ngeneration project and a similar announcement quickly followed from \nthe US, where a Large number of microelectronics and data-processing \nfirms agreed to pool their efforts. 1-14 \n\nit makes no provision for \n\nAlthough ESPRIT covers the design and development of such machines in \nEurope, \nthem to be made avai Lable to \nSuch experimentation in industrial \nindustrial or university users. contexts provides \nimprovement of \nthe \ndesign. indispensable assistance for \n\nA mobilizing project relating to new computer architectures could be \ndevised as follows: \n\n1. Design and development of new architectures \n\nfinancial resources, \n\nThe human and \ncompetence, \nfor association and cooperation at the European Level. the Level of \nrequired for the development of a supercomputer, call \n\nas well as \n\nArchitectures for symbolic data-processing are covered by ESPRIT \nand some of the relevant projects are already in progress. A \ntypes of \nparallel \n\nintegration of \n\nstudy of \n\nthese \n\nthe \n\ntwo \n\narchitecture as a back-up to the creation of information-handling \nsystems \ncould make use of expert-systems architecture and \ncontribute to their development. 2. Creation of service centres \n\nSpecialist service centres could be created in order to accelerate \n\nthe execution of certain studies and \nthe exploitation of \nresults obtained from ESPRIT and the above-mentioned projects. the \n\nThese centres would be \ncomplementarity of services, \nand promote the use of advanced new computer equipment. the \nspeed up the exchange of information \n\ninterconnected so as to benefit from \n\nThey would make it possibl& to provide: \n\n- bases enabling the designers of new architecture to evaluate \n\ntheir work in progress, \n\n\f1-15 \n\n-\n\n-\n\nresearch facilities and a framework for teaching and training \nexperiments for university staff, \n\nthe software and basic equipment required by industry for the \nimprovement of its software technology, \n\n-\n\nthe user services required. Such centres could be distributed throughout Europe, possibly in a \nspecialized form such as: \n\n- a supercomputer service, operating as a service office1, \n\n- an applications-support centre designed to familiarize potential \noperators with these new computer facilities, provide them with \ntraining in their use and enable them to assess their impact on \nexisting working methods, \n\n- project-support \n\ncentres, \n\ninvolving \n\nindustrialists and \nspread of European products \nparticipants' interests (definition of standards). the Commission, \nand \n\nthe participation of \nthe \nthe \n\ndesigned to promote \nthe convergence of \n\nThe scale of the \n\ninvestment required to launch such a project \n\nmeans that it is difficult, not to say impossible, \nfor industry \nalone to take an initiative. These difficulties could be overcome \nby \nthis \nthe establishment of European-scale cooperation on \nsubject. Two projects may help to illustrate how a supercomputer can be used \nin these fields. 1 Service office : provision, within a network, of a specialized service \n\nshared by a large number of users. 1-16 \n\n- Supercalculator for numerical data-processing \nencompassing \n\ncalculators \n\nHigh-performance \nnumerical data-processing. both \n\nsymbolic \n\nand \n\nThe aim of the first project is to increase computational power for \nnumerical data-processing (100 GFL0PS). This can only be achieved by \nrelying on a number of complementary sectors \nmicroelectronics (As \nGa rapid components, seep. 1-4), software technology (programming \ntools), design aids, plus a number of sectors where it can be applied \n(oil prospecting, chimical industry, aeronotics, meteorology, etc. ). this project calls \nGiven the multi-disciplinary nature of the teams, \nfor a high level of coordination ; \nit is expected to take 2500 man \nyears over 5 to 6 years. The second project, whi eh \nintegrates symbolic and numerical data \nprocessing involves the study of an architecture or rather a family \nthe components of which will be existing computers \nof architectures, \n(supercomputer, non-von Neumann machines) ; \nit will be adaptable to \nranges of applications. This project will benefit from the study of \nsystems and provide a back-up for \narchitecture of multi-expert \nthe \napplications requiring high performances either \n\nterms of \n\nin \n\nvolume of information handled or of the necessary response times. is expected to take some 2000 man-years over a 6 year period. It \n\n\f2-1 \n\n2. BIOTECHNOLOGIES \n\n: \n\ninfrastructures, \n\nresearch support \n\nthe recent advances \n\nin biomolecular engineering \n\nThe first steps taken by the Community to master and exploit modern \nbiotechnologies date back to the launching of a research and training \nprogramme in the field of biomolecular engineering (1982), which was \nfollowed in 1985 by the. approval of a more substantial biotechnology \nprogramme. These programmes are characterized by a choice of topics \nand implementing procedures that should make it possible to remove a \nset of barriers which seriously jeopardize the chances of exploiting \nin Europe \nthe \nthe failure of \ninadequacy of \nfundamental knowledge to keep up with new methods of investigation, \nthe fragmentation (or even divergence) of efforts between one country \nand another and between publicly-funded research and industry, and \nthe difficulty of at last reaching a critical mass. This initial \nCommunity action represents a capital of invested effort which, if it \nis to be fully exploited, \nshould be able to give birth to major \naction projects that pursue commonly-recognized objectives and whose \nThe Commission is today in a \nrepercussions whould be perceptible. position to implement such projects, which can be developed on the \nbasis of \nthrough \nprogrammes in hand, to stimulate intense activity embracing - without \nany discrimination between disciplines -\nthe many scientific and \ntechnical achievements of our time, and lastly to combine existing \nthe \nresources \nCommunity. to carry out pre-competitive work of \n\nthat has been built up \n\ntechnological knowledge \n\ninterest \n\nto \n\nThese projects can be classified under \nthree main headings which \nillustrate effectively the qualities of living matter and the nature \nof its relationships with the environment : \n\n1. Genetic \n\nand biomolecular \n\ntechnologies as applied \n\nto \n\nthe \n\nexploration of the properties of living matter; \n\n2. Agro-industrial \n\ntechnologies \n\nfor \n\nthe benefit \n\nof better \n\ncooperation between agriculture and industry; \n\n3. Health \n\ntechnologies \npreventive medicine. for \n\nthe benefit of \n\nthe development of \n\n\f2-2 \n\nI. Genetic and Biomolecular Technologies \n\nIntroduction \n\nin \n\nlines, \n\nHowever, \n\ntime giving rise \n\nSelection, on the other hand, \n\nthe continuity of phylogenetic \n\nGenomes constitute the basis for differentiation between species and \nfor their \"competitive\" properties. One intrinsic quality of genomes \nthrough the \nis their capacity to reproduce themselves. their \nin \ngenerations and \ninfinitesimal variations which \nreproduction is subject to continual, \naccumulate \nthe well-known phenomenon of \nto \nEvolution is registered by the genome and is \nevolution-selection. inherent to life. is artifactual, \nresulting from the \"dialogue\" between genes and an unstable, changing \nThe process of evolution and selection not only leads \nenvironment. to an enriching of the biosphere by diversifying the capacities of \nin chance errors \nbut also results accidentally \nliving beings, \n(evolutionary \neras; \ngeological \nof \nthe \nindividual, genetic defects and handicaped persons on the scale of \nIt has always been characteristic of human \nhuman generations). activity to exert a strong influence over the selective pole of the \nevolution-selection binomial, \nby selecting animal and plant \ne. g. species for agriculture and by collecting microbial stock for food \nfermentations. cul-de-sacs \n\nscale \n\nof \n\nthe techno logi ea l society is \nTowards the end of the 20th century, \nfaced with the effects of a vastly increased capacity to understand \nand master the evolutionary mechanisms of biomolecules and species, \nwhich have until now been a mystery to us. It is possible for the \nfirst time to control both poles of the evolution-selection binomial \nleap forward which is at the \nsimultaneously. origin of this unprecedented situation comes from the development, in \nonly ten years, of a number of molecular tools which are prodigiously \nsuccessful in elucidating the mechanisms underlying the properties of \nin\u2022 parallel with the development of increasingly \nliving organisms, \neffective back-up \nretrieving and processing \ninstrumentation \nbiological data. technological \n\nfor \n\nThe \n\n\f2-3 \n\nIn the present state of basic \nprojects would \ntechnologies \nCommunity: \n\ntechnologfoal knowledge, \n\ntwo big \nimmediately make use of the most advanced genetic \nindustrial \n\nthe scientific and \n\nthe benefit of \n\nfor \n\n-\n\nthe description of the genomes of a number of higher organisms and \nthe genetic and molecular exploration of some of their functional \nproperties with important implications for the medical sector or \nagro-industry; \n\n- directed evolution making it possible to plan development at the \n\nlevel of molecules and organisms. A. Description of the structure of the genomes of certain higher \norganisms and of the mechanisms determining important functional \nproperties \n\nThis is a task very much of the moment both because of the size of \n\nIn \n\nstake \n\nthe present \n\nis providing \n\ninvolved and both of \n\nis molecular biology which \n\nsynergy between \nthe \ncell \ntraditionally isolated disciplines such as formal genetics, \nthe forfront of this mutual \nbiology and molecular biology. enriching \nformidable \ninvestigatory tools such as restriction enzymes for gene cutting and \ngrafting (splicing), molecular hybridization techniques to identify \ntwo- or three-dimensional electrophoresis \ngenes with DNA probes, \ntechniques to describe the polymorphism of DNA, \nRNA or protein types \nand the kinetics by which they appear, specific marking by monoclonal \nthe ever-increasing number of molecular \nantibodies and, of course, \ncloning vectors permitting in vitro purification, amplification and \nmobility betwen \nunlimited \nnumber of genetic properties. the different hosts of a theoretical, \n\nstudy of genomes has become central \n\nThe \nbecause : \n\nto genetic \n\ntechnology \n\n-\n\nimmediate use of \n\nthe most \nthe abovementioned molecular tools \nconsists in using them to explore the genome and the way in which \nit functions; \n\n\f2-4 \n\n-\n\nin a more distant future, \ntheir exploitation in medicine, industry \nand agriculture will depend on how well the structures and means of \nregulation of \nsources of new genetic \nproperties) of useful organisms are understood. the genomes \n\n(the only \n\nThe genome contains all the silent or expressed genetic data that \neach organism \nthe genetic \"pool\" of its succeeding \ngenerations. transmits to \n\nThe project should be approached in two ways \ntotal genome and on that of the important property. : on the basis of the \n\n- As regards the whole genome, \n\n(genomic \n\nAt his Level, \n\nthe task is so complex and important \nthat well-reasoned choices must be made. One or two animal and \nplant species should be selected and a full set of data compiled on \nlibraries), with physical maps being \ntheir genomes \nproduced gradually. Since the structure of genomes is not fixed, \nit will be important to gain a better understanding of their stable \nthe si Lent sections of the \nstates and changes. genome are particularly important and \nthe project will have to \ninc Lude \nthe study of genetic data sequences common to different \ngenomes, the study of repeated DNA sequences Can as yet unexplained \nminority factor in animals and a majority one in plants), and the \nstudy of the kinetics of transposable elements. Unless account is \ntaken of \nno \nLong-term protocol is conceivable either for the transfer of genes \nthe \nto human beings or for \nbetween species \ncorrection of certain genetic defects affecting human health. internal organization of hereditary material, \n\nthat are useful \n\nthe \n\n- On the basis of the important property, \n\nit is essential to be able \n\nreconstitute \n\nthe metabolic \n\nto \nthe \nexpression of a useful character, and to trace back the molecular \nthe function subject to the control of a given \npath which make \n\u00b7 It is the expressed part of the genome whi eh is \nnumber of genes. intermediaries \n\ninvolved \n\nin \n\n\u2022 \n\nand this task - whi eh complements the preceding \nthen explored, \none -\ncan be satisfactorily completed only if it is perfectly \ntargeted on a limited number of properties that are \"useful\" (in \nterms of their exploitation by man) or, at all events, \"important\" \n\n\f2-5 \n\nfurther developed. latter aspect concerns, \n\nCin terms of health and resistance to illness). This project could \nthen provide a knowledge base and a technological platform enabling \npreventive medicine or the improvement of animal and plant species \nto be \nin \nThe \nparticular, genetic engineering applications in agriculture, which \nthe \nare still held back by our \nbiochemistry, \nthat \nimportance of \ndetermine \nsenescence, reproduction, hybrid vigour, symbiosis, the build-up of \nproteins, carbohydrates and oils, etc. These characters must be \nprecisely defined in terms of essential functions and underlying \nmechanisms if the effectiveness of genetic engineering is to be \nincreased and the scope of its applications broadened. lack of basic knowledge of \nthe characters \nthe higher plants \n\nphysiology and genetics of \neconomic \n\nthe \n\nThe number of these essential functions and of the corresponding gaps \nin the knowledge we could possibly have of them is today so great \nthat no \nrational and effective effort could be made without \nextensively pooling the skills and resources that have scattered \nThe pooling of all these skills \namong a few European laboratories. is not merely necessary in order to attain a critical mass in terms \n\nof scientific investments and optimum distribution of research work; \nthe parallel development of \nit is also a requisite condition for \nadvanced research on a few plants that are cultivated on a large \nscale and constitute some of \nthe common \nin terms of its capacity to produce a \nagricultural policy: barley, \nhigh-calorie \nis \nnutritional \nperfectible Camino acids), the field bean as a source of protein, and \n\nfeedingstuff whose \n\nthe challenges \n\nfacing \n\nanimal \n\nvalue \n\noilseed plants, not to mention the many other species that make it \npossible to exploit natural fibres and secondary metabolites or \nmerely constitute useful sources of genes for protocols involving \ntransfer through natural reproductive barriers (resistance genes, \netc. ). 2-6 \n\nB. Methods for controlling molecular evolution \n\nA project aimed at making it possible to plan molecular evolution can \nbe tackled, \nas in the preceding case, via an approach based on \nfunction (a peptide or an enzyme function) or an approach based on \nthe encoding molecule \u00b7 (which on this scale, \nis not a genome, but a \nsimplified molecular matrix, an RNA). The function-based approach is tackled \nin the context of protein \nengineering, which is the subject of a Commission project that forms \npart of its current biotechnology programme. Although this project -\nwhich is still inadequate when compared with the number of active \nis becoming \nmolecules whose \nis sure to develop far beyond the limits of the current \ndesirable -\nprogramme, \nit will not be included in this sheet as a new project \ndesigned to strenghten the technological base already operational in \nthe Community. functional analysis \n\nstructural and \n\nThe encoding molecule \u00b7approach is concretized in the development of a \n\nin order theoretical Ly \n\nhighly futuristic technology designed to provoke the acceleration of \nover a \nmolecular evolution \ncompressed timescale, \nsome of the evolutionary processes which may \nhave given rise to life on earth. The approach springs from a theory \nthat molecules organize \n<\"the hypercycle\"> based on \nthemselves spontaneously in conditions in which Darwinian selection \ntakes place. to reproduce, \n\nthe belief \n\nin \n\nthe \n\nillustration \n\nthe principles on which \n\nthis theory is built have found \nSome of \nperfect experimental \nreplication \nin vitro \nproperties of a molecular matrix CRNA). This system is capable of \nreproducing the type of events that were probably involved in the \norigin of life, by producing random sequences of genetic information \nthrough RNA reproduction. Since such reproduction allows a limited \nthis sel f-repl i eating process gives rise to \ndegree of inaccuracy, \nThe method is aimed at establishing \nvariations in the phenotypes. types of sequences can appear in each replication cycle and \nwhat \n\nstudying the possibility of producing a spectrum of all the possible \ntypes of sequences that is sufficiently dense to make it possible to \n\n\f2-7 \n\nselect those which offer a phenotypical advantage and identify the \nthe acquisition of a property under \nstructures \ninvestigation. responsible for \n\nfor known proteins, \n\ntechnology developed to build this \"machine for accelerating \nThe \nmolecular evolution\" should be exploitable for the screening of very \nlarge numbers of genetic \nthose \nto \nfor optimized \nencoded \nbiotechnological properties. It will make it possible to produce, in \naccelerated time, macromolecules bearing genetic information of a \nthe combination of which would perhaps not have \nnovel nature, \nhad the chance of occurring in nature. information sequences similar \n\nto select \n\nin order \n\ni. e. Biotechnological applications are still subject to the development of \nappropriate technological processes for automated series dilution, \nincubation of molecular populations and growth \nthe synchronized \nmeasurements, all of which will require sophisticated instrumentation \nbased on \nlonger have to \ndepend, however, on any hypothetical progress in science, since it \n\nlaser and computer technology. They no \n\nhas been demonstrated \nbiological evolution and selection. that \n\nthey are \n\nfounded on \n\nthe \n\nlogic of \n\nII. Agro-Industrial Technologies \n\ndevelopments \n\nin knowledge \n\nnotably \nin \nRapid \nbiotechnologies and automation, \nthe socio \neconomic environment in which agriulture operates as a producer of a \ngreat variety of renewable materials, \nsome of which are produced in \nexcessive quantities, while others are insufficient for our needs. techniques, \nrapidly altering \n\nare \n\nand \n\nthe nature, volume and marketing of these products give \nFurthermore, \nrise to problems which research must help to solve, \nin particular by \nproviding openings for greater diversification and an improvement in \nand in their use by the \nthe quality of the raw materials produced, \nconsumer and \nSuch developments would \nobviously reduce the cost of the common agricultural policy, which \ncurrently accounts for the \nthe Community budget. Indeed, closer integration of agricultural and industrial activities, \n\nthe industrial networks. lion's share of \n\n\f2-8 \n\nwhi eh has become desirable and possible mainly through developments \nin the new biotechnologies, could lead to favourable developments and \nit is now possible to \nnew openings for the CAP. Among other things, \ntransform agricultural products into chemicals, \nso introducing a new \nflexibility into the use of our resources. If agricultural production is to be better matched to the needs of \nland \nagricultural \nconsumers \nmanagement and use of agricultural products must be implemented. projects based on \n\nindustry, \n\nand \n\nA. Projects for improved Land use better adapted to the market \n\n- Development of \n\nremote-sensing and computerized soil-management \ntechniques in order to achieve the optimum balance, at regional \nlevel, between various types of crops, grassland, woodland and \nleisure areas. Improvement of the agronomic properties of crops, \n\nso as to reduce \n\nrequired \n\namount of \n\n(fixation of atmospheric \nfertilizer \nthe \nnitrogen) and pesticides in order to cut input costs and damage to \nthe environment; \nimproved adaptability of plants to difficult eco \nclimatic conditions. - Development of crops better matched to the needs of the consumer \n(such as improving the nutritional and organoleptic properties) and \nindustry (polysaccharides, oils and fats with special properties, \nmolecules with high added value, fibres, etc \u2022\u2022 ). B. Projects for better use of products \n\n- Use of starch and sugar as raw materials, under certain market \nfor a wide range of industrial products (organic acids \n\nconditions, \n\nand antibiotics). 2-9 \n\n- Separation, treatment and new uses of milk derivatives. - Development of biosensors to verify the quality of food products \nto \nthe agri-foodstuffs production chain, \n\nthroughout \nrespond more fully to consumer concern about food quality. in order \n\nAgricultural and agri-foodstuffs engineering \nespecially \n\ntools, \nthrough use of advanced monitoring and analytical \n\nimprove \n\nto \n\ntechniques. C. Demonstration projects \n\n- Growing and exploiting industrial products, at farm level, based on \ntechnical and economic \n\nfor \n\nimproved or radically new species, \nevaluation. New harvesting and on-farm processing methods, in the spirit of the \nagricultural refineries described by Rexen and Munck( 1). III. Health Technologies \n\nThe extremely spectacular progress which is now taking place in the \n\ncell pathology and \n\nfields of genetic engineering, \nscientific \ninstrumentation should make it possible to achieve a considerable \nimprovement in diagnostic methods (particularly early diagnosis) and, \nas a result, \nin the rapid treatment of developing diseases or the \nprotection of individuals who are especially susceptible to certain \nforms of attack from the environment. The contribution of the new technologies to preventive medicine can \ntake a wide variety of forms, \nencompassing basic applications of \ngenetic engineering and new developments in the fields of scientific \ninstrumentation and medical equipment. 2-10 \n\nA. Applications of genetic engineering \n\nManufacture of effective totally non-virulent vaccines \n\nIt is now possible, by means of gene cloning in bacteria or by the \nto produce antigens (principally \ntotal synthesis of polypeptides, \nviral) which possess effective vaccinal properties, \nand do not \nnecessitate the maintenance of expensive cell cultures or entail any \nrisk of the spread of living micro-organisms. Foot-and-mouth disease, \nrabies and \nintestinal corona viruses are examples of serious and \nhighly contagious diseases in response to which this manufacturing \nstrategy could be made rapidly operational within the Community. The production of monoclonal antibodies \n\ntissue \n\nthe ability to eliminate \n\nthe chemical \nMonoclonal antibodies have \nstimulated their synthesis. They are formed by \nsubstances whi eh \nhybridomas (i. e. laboratory-produced hybrid cells which combine \nby \nthe ability of a tumour to reproduce indefinitely with the capacity \nof a normal \nto synthesize a given antibody). Monoclonal \nantibodies are already used in general serology for the purification \nthe diagnosis of \nof macromolecules, \ninfectious diseases. A community R&D effort could result in their \nimmunization \nbeing used \nagainst viral or bacterial diseases, \nimmune \nresponses, \nthe localization and identification of tumour cells and \nthe treatment of auto-immune diseases, and cancers. the near future for such purposes as \n\nand blood-typing and \n\nthe manipulation of \n\ncell-\n\nin \n\nSynthesis of nucleic acid probes \n\nDNA (or RNA) probes, which reproduce a definite sequence of genetic \ninformation capable of recognizing the same information and linking \nrange of \nit, \nup with \napplications. enables \ngenetic information to be reproduced from its product, has made it \n\nreverse transcriptase, which \n\noffer \nAn enzyme, \n\nindustries a vast \n\nthe medical \n\npossible to isolate and clone such information and, as a result, \nobtain polypeptides Cinsul in-growth hormone, \n\nto \netc \u2022\u2022 ) whi eh are of \n\nenormous interest to the pharmaceutical sector. 4) \n\n\f2-11 \n\nthe \n\nthan antigen variance for \n\nregards preventive medicine, \n\nthe probe method provides a more \nAs \nidentification of \neffective means \ncertain types of (viral or bacterial) attack to which the organism is \nsubject and, as a result, for the classification of the virulence of \nthe strains and their particular affinity for a given animal species \nor category of individual. Community research will make it possible \nto exploit the probe method more effectively and to apply it, \nin \nto the typology of numerous viruses or bacteria which \nparticular, \nepidemiologists require for confirming their diagnoses. B. Scientific instruments and medical equipment \n\nan \n\nin \n\ninstruments \n\ncan also make \n\nthe United States, \n\nto X-rays) provides a good example of a \n\n(particularly medical \nThe development of scientific \nelectronics) and heavy medical equipment, which is already extremely \nadvanced \nimportant \ncontribution to preventive medicine. This development requires an \nextensive electronics and data-processing infrastructure, whi eh is \nlacking in Europe. Nuclear magnetic resonance Ca technique for the \nthe external measurement of \nselective visualization of organs or \ntheir metabolism based on their chemical properties rather than their \nrevolutionary \nopacity \n(UK) which has been \ndiagnostic tool mainly developed \nexploited on a large scale in the US and Japan. In this field as in \ntreatment of deafness and eye \n(help for hemiplegics, \nmany others \ninterpretation of radiographs, etc \u2022\u2022 ) \ntrouble, patient monitoring, \nthere is a need to combine the considerable breakthroughs made \nin \nin the \nelectronics and data processing with the advances achieved \ntechnology applied to the living being. In this instance also the \nscale of the task to be accomplished makes a Community response the \nonly viable option. in Europe \n\nIn the case of both genetic engineering applications and medical \n\ninstrumentation it appears \nthat Europe's backwardness cannot be \nattributed to a lack of ingenuity on the part of its research workers \nbut that it is mainly due to the fragmentation and isolation of their \nfrequently \nactivities \nthe \nseparates university \nThe \nfrom \ncritical scale required for breakthroughs in preventive medicine can \n\ncompartmentalization which \nresearch \n\nindustrial application. too \n\nand \n\n\f2-12 \n\nonly be achieved through a pooling of resources and infrastructures \nin the Member States and Community efforts to ensure that they are \nused in a systematic and rational manner. 3. NEW MATERIALS \n\ntake pride of place \n\nin all technological achievements, \nMaterials \nin technological \nsince they generally constitute a sticking point \nAny nation or group of nations which were to lose mastery \nprogress. of this field would find itself in a state of dependence on other \ncountries, not only for supplies of the materials themselves, but \nalso in terms of the technological achievements made possible by such \n\nmaterials. The future of such sectors as the motor or aviation industries, \nsuccess of space programmes, \nkinematic robots, biotechnologies (using membrane technology, \nexample), \ndependent on progress in the materials field. the \nthe development of highly sophisticated \nfor \nand the development of bio-compatible prostheses are all \n\nthrough \n\nfatigue or their deterioration \nthan 200. 000 mi L Lion ECU each \nThe deve Lopment of new types of po Lymers and of automated \nfor example, would enable these \n\nThe failure of materials \nthrough corrosion costs Europe more \nyear. Large-series production techniques, \neconomic Losses to be reduced considerably. important \nThe actual production of advanced or new materials is an \neconomic activity. The world market in ceramics, which is currently \nworth more than US$ 400. 000 million (of which a 60\u00be share is held by \nincrease to US $ 20. 000 million over the next ten \nJapan) should \nIt is also estimated that, by the year 2000, there will be a \nyears. market of several tens of \nin composite \nmaterials and of between US $ 10. 000 million and 20. 000 million in \ntechnical polymers. thousand mi L Lion dol Lars \n\nis a Long-standing \n\nThere \nin \nEurope, which still has excellent materials Laboratories and is in no \nway inferior to its overseas competitors in terms of the calibre of \n\ntradition of materials development \n\nits research workers. The annual budgets for materials R&D of all \nthe Member States put together are simi Lar to those of the United \nStates (with a Federal budget of US$ 1. 000 million) or Japan (where\u00b7 \nthe MITI's programme on new materials has a budget of US $ 5. 400 \n\nmillion over ten years). constantly Losing ground: \n\nAnd yet, European materials research is \n\n\f3-2 \n\n- European \n\nlaboratories have been greatly overtaken \n\nin \n\nthe new \n\nmaterials openings that have emerged over the last 20 years; \n\n-\n\nthe major avant-garde inventions in the advanced materials field, \nsuch as amorphous metals, memory alloys, electricity-conducting \npolymers, carbon fibres, etc. have been made in the United States \nand Japan. Nevertheless, European researchers publish extensively, but seem to \ntake no interest in technological transfer: \n\n-\n\nthree out of four patents concerning new materials are filed by \nAmerican or Japanese researchers; \n\n- hundreds of mill ions of dollars are spent each year either on \nstraight imports of new materials or semi-finished products into \nlicences obtained from American and \nthe EEC or on manufacturing \nJapanese companies; \n\n-\n\nthousands of jobs are thus lost each year to the European economy. This genuine technology gap in the materials field can be attributed \nonly to the structural weakness of European research (the Lack of \n\ncoordination, \ncommunication between administrations and \nStates). the dispersion of efforts, duplication and the Lack of \nthe Member \n\nindustry in \n\nEurope's innovation deficiency in the advanced materials field is \n\nnaturally echoed by \ninvolving a degree of risk. the \n\nlack of industrial \n\ninvestment in an area \n\nIn order to remedy this situation and create major innovations or \n\ntwo \n\nlines of development, \n\nfacilitate emergence of new materials, it is necessary simultaneously \nresearch aimed at \nto pursue \nconstantly improving ~xisting or \"advanced\" materials and systematic \nresearch. The study of materials has made \nbroadbased fundamental \nconsiderable advances in recent years as a result of the completion \nor the progress \nlarge-scale scientific and \ntechnical instruments such as particle and radiation sources (see \u00a75 \n\nto project stage of \n\nnamely \n\n\"Large-scale scientific \n\ninstruments\"). Widespread use of \n\nthese \n\n\f3-3 \n\nthe properties of materials, \n\ninstruments on a European level should enable major advances to be \nmade in the field of materials. Research work must focus not only on \nbut also on production \nimproving \nprocesses, utilization techniques \netc \u2022\u2022 ) and \ntesting methods. The categories of materials to be considered are \nfibre, \nsophisticated ceramics, advanced composite materials (metal, \netc \u2022\u2022 > polymers (of the electricity-conducting type, \nfor example), \nnew alloys, and organic molecules or proteins intended for the new \n\"biochips\". (bonding, \n\nshaping, \n\nIn this area, a more specific application could be considered, namely \na model of human \nchemical or biochemical sensors working\u00b7 on \nperceptive organs, which would be likely to have applications both in \nmedicine (diabetes, \nin industrial process control \n(see \u00a72 \"Biotechnologies\">. for example) and \n\nin addition to those at the research \n\nIn connection with \nthe field of materials a specific action on \nsuperconductivity could be commenced. This technology is capable of \nnumerous applications: \nlevel \nsuch as high-energy physics or fusion, more industrial applications \ncan be envisaged, \nin particular in transport (magnetic suspension \ntrains) and in the production and transmission of electrical energy \nindustry has recognized skill in \ncables). European \n(alternators, \nmetallurgy, metal fabrication and \ntemperature sciences and the \nlow \ndevelopment of cryogenic systems at a competitive cost and of the \ntechnology and a European production capacity for superconductor \nmagnets, on demand, could provide important outlets for such skills. A coordinated programme dealing in particular with the development of \nand \nnew \nniobium/tin) \nthe \nsystem \ntechniques for the production of superconductor magnets capable of \nbringing about significant progress in this field. superconductor materials \n\nalloys \nII) and \n\n\"A15\" \n(helium \n\nthe cryogenic \n\nexample \n\nitself \n\n(for \n\nAnother specific action in connection with the materials field could \nbe the study of an advanced aerospace propulsion system, \nsuch as a \nThe development of such a \nram-jet engine for hypersonic speeds. specific \nsystem with hydrogen as \nscientific and technological challenge for the European scientific \nand industrial community. The combination of work on materials, on \n\nrepresent a \n\nfuel would \n\nthe \n\n\f3-4 \n\ncombustion phenomena, on structures and on aerodynamics should ensure \nan independent technological base for Europe, \nin particular in very \nhigh speed commercial aviation. Once more the field could become the \ncentre of interest if the necessary attention were given both to the \nproblems of the market and to the constraints connected with \nthe \nthe European \nprotection of \naerospace industry is not itself capable of financing such a high \nrisk, long term project. the environment. is clear that \n\nIt \n\n\f4-1 \n\n4. LASERS AND OPTICS \n\nFor centuries Europe had the monopoly of the development in optics \n- both its theoretical development and the development of instruments \nand components. However, over the most recent decades Europe has lost \nthis monopoly: many important developments and new applications have \nbeen realized, mainly in the USA and to a certain extent in Japan. But in certain sectors European industry is still exporting more than \nin optics and \nit imports. connected fields coupled with the growing laser industry and the many \npotential applications \nfor \nforeign \nlarge-scale Community \ncompetition and winning back some of the lost ground. represent a valuable starting point \naction \n\nThe generally high \n\nlevel of training \n\naimed at \n\nfacing \n\nto \n\nup \n\nR&D aimed at the development of optics and, \ncould \nimprove \nactivities by \ntechniques. described below. the competitiveness of a \nimproving conventional technology and \n\nlasers \nlarge number of economic \nintroducing new \ntopics are \n\nSome of these possibilities and certain R&D \n\nin particular,. lasers \n\nIndustrial \n\nfor metalworking \n\n(basically Co2 and Nd. Yag) \n(drilling, cutting, welding, deburring, surface treatment) currently \nto 200 dollars per Watt. Complete systems represent an \ncost 50 \ninvestment of anything from 100 000 to 1 million dollars. Although \nin particular because \nthe number of industrial lasers is increasing -\nlaser working offers a degree of accuracy and \nflexibility \nunequalled by conventional \nfor non-metallic \nthe cost of these systems must be reduced further and \nmaterials -\nhigher yields must be obtained as well as better reliability and more \n\nsystems, \n\nleast \n\nat \n\na \n\naccuracy. Special solutions must be found for low-absorption metals \nsuch as gold, silver, copper, brass and aluminium. In chemistry, the development of selective laser photochemistry would \nIsotopic \nimprove the competitiveness of small quantity manufacture. separation, \nthe treatment of radioactive waste and chemical waste, \nthe synthesis of high-value chemical products and pharmaceutical \nproducts of extremely high purity are other potential applications, \nmany of whi eh are a function of the development of lasers in the \nultra-violet range. 4-2 \n\nin certain cases, \n\nIn medicine, the use of lasers is increasing at almost an exponential \nrate and, \nlaser therapy has already shown its \nsuperiority over conventional techniques. Developments could result \nimaging and surgery in \nin fibre optical systems for illumination, \nIn particular, \nareas of the human body which are difficult to reach. to be \nthe development \nparticularly suitable for medical applications by \nreason of its \ncomprehensive range of frequencies, \nits high power density and its \ncapacity for dimensional control of the beam and its impulse length. free-electron \n\nlaser would \n\nseem \n\nof \n\na \n\nNew developments \nin lasers could considerably extend their role in \nsuch as telecommunications, \nfields where they are already well-used, \nin the precise and remote measurement of dimension, shapes, speed and \nacceleration, and in non-destructive testing. and outside \n\nin the field of energy, \n\nthe use made \nin \nFinally, \nthe development of \nthermonuclear research for \nextremely powerful \nlasers could result in studies in parallel with \nthe development of extremely large mirrors for future long di stance \nthe \ncable-less \nunderdeveloped nations of Africa and South America. inertia confinement \n\ntransmission \n\nelectrical \n\nsystems \n\nenergy \n\nin \n\noptical materials with \n\nMany of these applications depend on the development of materials, \ncomponents and techniques such as materials with a refraction index \ngradient; \n(at \nwavelength of the co2 laser); \ntechniques for cathodic pulverization \n(sputtering) \noptical \nfor \nholographic \nmanufacturing processes for semiconductors materials ; \ncomponents with \nthe creation of \ncomputer-generated holograms; non-linear optical effect materials for \n\ninfra-red quality \n\nadherence; \n\nfunctions, \n\nincluding \n\nsurface \n\ncoating \n\nspecial \n\nbetter \n\nhigh \n\nthe manufacture of optical processors; optical quality plastics; \nproduction techniques for aspherical elements, etc. No doubt the economic impact will be considerable. The added value in \nthe optical industry \u00b7(in particular lasers and optical instruments) \namounted to approximately 2 700 million dollars in the United States \nin 1981. All the market indicators predict considerable growth. The \n\nmarket envisaged in the United States for civil lasers should grow \nIt is \nfrom US$ 210 mill ion in 1982 to US$ 1 600 mill ion in 1995. 4-3 \n\nfibres, detectors and \nestimated that in Japan the market for Lasers, \ncomplete systems will grow from US$ 460 million in 1980 to US$ 65 000 \nmillion in the year 2000. Such growth will obviously have effects on employment: \nin the United \nStates, for example, employment in the optical industry grew by about. 20\u00be in the 1978 to 1982 period. Although the examples quoted above are not fully up-to-date and refer \nonly to the situation in the United States, \nit is clear that the \noptical field is one of extremely high technological growth, which is \nindustrial competitiveness \ncapable of improving the quality of life, \nand employment. Two major projects could be envisaged : \nthe development of a continuous co2\n_ laser of around 50 kW within \n-\nfive years could be undertaken at Community \nthe emphasis \nbeing on problems (cost, reliability, beam transport system, energy \nefficiency and power control, ways of machining reflecting metals \nin the industrial use of this \nsuch as aluminium, gold, \ncopper) \ntreatment of metal and other \nlaser for machining and surface \nmaterials. In the future it could also be used for other purposes \nsuch as energy transmission between the earth and satellites or \neven defence in space. level, \n\n- A second line of development could be \n\nlasers emitting at short \nwavelengths (far UV or even X-ray). The most promising solution is \nthe excimer laser which because of the great variety of the laser \nrange of wavelengths suitable for \nmedium can generate a wide \nselective photochemistry \nsynthesis of \nisotope separation, \nextremely pure pharmaceutical and chemical products, manufacture of \nintegrated circuits (lithography, deposition of dielectric films). One objective could be \nlaser emitting 1 kW at a \nwavelength below 200 nm within five years. to produce a \n\nthese specific efforts, \n\nAlongside \nfor \nexample for optical elements, windows and the coatings suitable for \nlaser wavelengths, production techniques, \nfor example, aspherical \nelements or coatings, and the development of components should be \nactively pursued. into materials, \n\nresearch \n\n\f4-4 \n\nthe work proposed in both the optical field and, in certain \nthe laser field would have spin-off in the field of earth \n\nClearly, \ncases, \nobservation systems mentioned in point 2. 6 above. 5-1 \n\n5. LARGE-SCALE SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS \n\nPARTICLE AND RADIATION SOURCES \n\nthe \n\nforces which \n\nthem \nbeen made possibi le by \n\nOver the last 30 years our knowledge of the ultimate components of \nto each other has made \nlink \nmatter and \nconsiderable progress. the \nThis has \nimplementation of more and more powerful accelerators and collision \nthe results of research on the unified theory of \nrings. However, \nforces, kept as simple as possible and based on a reduced number of \nparticles and \nin \nenormous rings several kilometres in diameter. These require funds on \na scale only achievable at a European level and developed and cross \nfertilized by techniques \ntechnological fields \n(materials, superconductor magnets, vacuum technology, etc). can only be confirmed by experiments \n\nin all the advanced \n\nforces, \n\nincluded \n\nintended for \n\nin this same category of equipment are the \n\nlarge \nAlso \nsynchrotrons \nlight beams \ngenerated by particle acceleration (electrons) under the effect of \nlight produced is suitable for many \nexternal magnetic fields. The \napplications both in research and industry (the study of surfaces, \nspectrometry, catalysis, difraction, x-ray lithography, etc). the production of intense \n\nLarge-scale accelerators, \nlike all the other major apparatus managed \nunder the auspices of a number of countries, makes a considerable \ncontribution to bringing together the scientific community of all the \nparticipating countries. these \nIn addition, \nprojects, as well as the importance and novelty of the discoveries \nthey allow helps to regenerate confidence in the destiny of Europe \nand in its capacity to take its proper place in the world by means of \nan increasing joint use of its human and material resources. the sheer size of \n\nlevel, \n\nimmediate and concrete \n\nthe construction and \nOn a more \nlight generator would have \nimplementation of a major synchrotron \nimportant socio-economic spin-off, \nin particular with relation to \nindustrial applications of this radiation and the multidisciplinary \nnature of such applications, which would make this installation a \nplace for the convergence and mutual fertilization of almost all the \n\n(reaction kinetics, \nindustrial \napplications of photochemistry, product analysis, etc), in the field \n\nchemistry \n\nresearch \n\nfields \n\nin \n\n\f5-2 \n\nof materials (study and monitoring of their structure, \ntheir surface properties, \nphases in their preparation, \ncomplex \nthe \nbiochemistry, monitoring and analysis of products, etc). of biotechnology\u00b7 (structure of \n\nfield \n\nthe various \netc) and in \nmolecules, \n\nADVANCED WIND TUNNELS \n\nlevel \n\ntunnel at \n\nthe European \n\nthe use of advanced wind \nThe development of aeronautics requires \ntunnels which simulate flight conditions in the subsonic, trans-sonic \nand hypersonic regimes. These installations are indispensable for the \ndevelopment of new aircraft and engine units. Having an advanced \naerodynamics wind \nis a necessary \ncondition for Europe's competitive position in the aeronautics field \nstudies should be carried out on \nto be conserved. \"numerical wind \nthree-dimensional \nsimulators which require computing power of a Level which should be \nachieved at the beginning of the 1990's. These numerical wind tunnels \nwill enable mathematical models to be constructed of the aerodynamic \nflow round complex-geometry obstacles, and this is crucial for the \nand \ndevelopment \na \nstructural \nconsiderable reduction to be made in the increasing number of hours \nin the wind tunnel which could otherwise rapidly become prohibitive. In addition, \ntunnels\" which \n\nof \nconfigurations. simulations would \n\nhighly-integrated \n\npropulsion unit \n\nenable \n\nfuture \n\nfact \n\nSuch \n\nare \n\nin \n\n\f6-1 \n\n6. BROADBAND TELECOMMUNICATIONS \n\n1. The \n\nof \n\nconvergence \n\ntelecommunications, \n\nand \nthe nature of telecommunications, \naudiovisual systems will modify \nupgrade \n(computerized data \nprocessing) and considerably expand the range of services available \nboth to enterprises and individuals. the use of data-processing equipment \n\nprocessing \n\ndata \n\nTotal investment in telecommunications within the Community over the \nnext 15 years is estimated at between one half and one million Mecu \n(SOO. ODO - 1\u00b7. 000. 000 mill ion ECU). This investment should primari Ly \nand \ncover \ntransmission lines by new products offering greater technical and \neconomic advantages. replacement \n\nswitching \n\nequipment \n\nexisting \n\nthe \n\nof \n\nThese investments and associated services will have a direct impact \nThe establishment of \"data motorways\" will make \non employment. concrete the development and \ninvestment potential of the terminals \nand new services sector and help to stimulate employment based on the \nthe \nprovision of equipment \ncreation of new industrial services. By resolutely progressing as \nregards the \"costs and performance\" of advanced telecommunications \nthe \nthe Community will become more attractive \nservices, \nstandpoint of \nintroduction of new economic activities or the \nrevival of activities. the electronics \n\nindustries and \n\nfrom \n\nthe \n\nfor \n\nEmphasis should therfore be given to the improvement of the quality \nprice ratio of telecommunications equipment and services, and to the \nprovision of advanced services at acceptable costs to the user. This \nthereby guaranteeing \nwill have a \ntheir \nrecoupment of \noperators satisfactory conditions \ninvestments. favourable effect on traffic, \nthe \n\nfor \n\nfields \n\nof microelectronics, \n\nThe development of these sectors will be conditioned by progress made \nin \nand \nthe \ncommunications \nprogress will \nAchievement \nnecessitate considerable efforts aimed both at the establishment of \nadvanced \ninformation-transmission infrastructures and also at the \ndevelopment of terminal equipment, services and new applications. optoelectronics, \n\nsoftware. such \n\nof \n\n\f6-2 \n\n2. From \n\nthe \n\nstandpoint, \n\ntechnological \n\nof \ntelecommunications systems can be said to be dominated, on the one \nby the generalized use of digital rather than analog signals \nhand, \nand, on the other hand, \nby the introduction of optical media to \nreplace the purely electronic means of transmitting and controlling \nthese signals. evolution \n\nthe \n\nswitching, \n\ntransitions \n\nfrom electronics \n\nThe \nto optics offers considerable \nadvantages for the different key telecommunications operations : i. e. transmission, \nprocessing and storage of signals. The \ntechnology of optical signals transmission is already comparatively \nadvanced Cat least in the fibre optics sector), although the other \nfunctions \nlaboratory \ndevelopment. the preliminary \n\nare still at \n\nstage of \n\nthan \n\nfare more efficient \n\nIn theory, optical switching, signals processing and storage should \nthe corresponding electronics-based \nbe \noperations. This is because of the considerable advantage offered by \nregards speed, mobility and wavelength compared with \nlight as \nis \nelectrons. A one-centimetre square optical switching system \nlight beams and \ncapable of processing 10 million \n\nindependent \n\nswitching each in less than 30 picoseconds. In principle, an optical \nthousand \nthe same size could handle \nprocessor of \nthree hundred \ngigabits/second, a figure corresponding to the traffic which would be \ngenerated by a videophone conversation between \nthe two halves of \nhumanity. In the medium and long-term, optical techniques offer the prospect of \nachieving performance/ cost ratios whi eh will make it possible to \nprovide advanced \ntelecommunications services at rates \nequivalent to presen-day telephone charges and therefore acceptable \nto the majority of the population. (broadband) \n\n3. Execution of the following development projects could be considered : \n\n\f6-3 \n\na. Optical telecommunications processor \n\nThis processor is the central element around which \noptical communications \n\nsystem will be built. the entire \nIts principal \n\nfunctions are : \n-\n\ninput/output (multiplexing, demultiplexing, signals recognition \nand conversion, signals transmission and reception, etc. ) ; \n\n- switching; \n- control \n\n(signal processing, \n\ntraffic management, \n\nsystems \n\nmaintenance and monitoring) ; \ninteraction with operators and the environment. -\nThese operations will be executed/monitored using high-performance \nsoftware backed up by advanced, widely distributed systems \n\narchitectures. Estimated resources required \n\n1500 man/years over 10 years. b. Miniaturized radiotelephony \n\ntwo of the kew factors \n\nin the \nMobility and accesibility are \nevolution of communications. Ultra-light personal terminals will \nconstitute the essential elements of such progress in the context \nof public cellular radio. These developments will call for major \nefforts orientated towards the introduction of : \n-\n- high-density cellular radio systems; \n- a flexible frequency and traffic management method. low-power miniature radio transmitter/receivers; \n\nEstimated resources required \n\n400 man/years over 5 years. 4. The initiation of technological development projects with a view to \nthe introduction of broadband integrated communications systems meets \nall the distinguishing criteria of _a major European project offering \n- It will stimulate \nwidespread economic and social advantages. key \ntechnological \n(particularly \nareas \nvarious \nprogress \nIt will also give rise to a \nmicroelectronics and optoelectronics). in \n\nnumber of applications, enjoy considerable support from industry and \nenable Links to be established with existing programmes (e. g. ESPRIT, \n\nnational programmes such as ALVEY, \n\nthe French electronics network \n\n\f6-4 \n\nprogramme and the Federal German microelectronics and information and \ncommunications technology programmes). Lastly, it will contribute to \nthe attainment of the Community's regional development objectives and \nto the creation of jobs and the growth of exports. 7-1 \n\n7. NEW GENERATION TRANSPORT MODES \n\nThe main \nsafety, environmental protection, speed and energy saving. requirements place on \n\nfuture \n\ntransport models will be \n\nnew \n\ninformation and CIM \n\nThe \nthe \ndevelopment of new materials and base technologies, should be able to \nhelp reconcile these principal needs. together with \n\ntechnologies, \n\nSpeed Clinked with safety and environmental protection) \nshould \nrelated first and foremost to both supersonic air transport (see the \nsection on new materials) and high-speed rail transport. The safety, environmental protection and energy-saving aspects would \nbe of prime concern to road transport in order drastically to reduce \nenergy \nthe number \nconsumption in the ten years ahead. Significant progress, based on \nnew technologies, could also be made in urban transport. atmospheric pollution \n\nof collisions, \n\nand \n\nIn the field of road-transport safety and comfort, \nfor ex amp le, a \npriming project should be devoted to the development of a satellite \n\nlarge number of upstream sectors, \n\nfrom an industrial \nassisted navigation system having the advantage, \nstandpoint, of complexity. This aspect would have a knock-on effect \non a \nthe \ndevelopment of digital road maps (high-definition, compact VDU screen \ntechnologies, \nfixed \n(the civilian \nreceivers, \n\nthe provision of digital \n\nsince it involves \n\nsignal accuracy \n\nimprovements \n\nlinks with \n\nradio \n\nand \n\nto \n\nnavigation systems currently available are accurate to 100 metres, \nwhich is inadequate for drivers of road vehicles, even on spacious \na project of this type would have multiple \nmotorways). Moreover, \nrepercussions on other areas of application (management of a fleet of \ntransport vehicles, \nautomation of agricultural machinery etc. ). A \nrequire 12 months of specification \nproject of \ndefinition, two years of parallel feasibility studies covering two or \nthree possible options, and three to four years of pre-industrial \nthe end of phase 2. The \ndevelopment of the options selected at \n\ntype would \n\nthis \n\n\f7-2 \n\ndefinition phase would require 30 man/years. The volume of work in \nthe subsequent phases would depend upon the specifications arising \nfrom Phase 1. A second priming project in the field of road safety could examine \nthe feasibility of an automated motorway transport system. Its aim, \nwhich would be wider than its predecessor as regards the financial \ncommitments needed and its possible impact, would be the development \nof a full-scale prototype automated motorway. The work involved would \nthus be : \n- system design \n\n\u00b7 -\n\n-\n\nthe development of devices providing overall control of automated \nvehicle flows \nthe development of access and regulation systems (in the event of \naccidents or unforeseen breakdowns) \nthe development of on-board control units \n\n-\n- solution of the problems involved in adapting conventional vehicles \n\nto automated movement conditions. Projects of this type are naturally ambitious and costly but, apart \nfrom the fact that it is possible to derive benefit from the research \nand practical work on the automation of rail and urban transport (in \nwhich Europe \nits \nconsiderable impact on improving safety and the overall efficiency of \nroad transport. is very advanced), \n\naccount must be \n\ntaken of \n\nThis second project would need to be spread over a longer period of 8 \n\nto 10 years. It would comprise: \n\n- an 18-month definition phase \n\na three-year feasibility phase, \npublic and private \nroad-safety \nmanufacturers etc. ) would compete with each other \n\ninstitutions (transport \nvehicle \n\nin which groups of companies and \nresearch institutes, \nequipment \n\nmanufacturers, \n\nagencies, \n\n- a \n\nfour \n\nto \n\nfive year experiment under \n\ninstallation of equipment, \n\nreal-life conditions, \ntests and \n\ntrials, \n\n(development and \nconclusions). 7-3 \n\nThe definition phase would require roughly 200 man/years. Any work \nin this sector would be greatly attractive both socially and \ndone \npolitically and would spur technological development. It would thus \nhave a positive effect on, \nthe vehicle and vehicle \nrelated industries and would help to boost the electronics industry, \nwhich would also need to become involved. in particular, \n\n\f8-1 \n\n8. USE OF SPACE \n\nthe American military programmes, \n\nBrought on by \ndevelopment of new detection systems CIR, \nassociated with on-board systems \nanalysis of \nrestrictions on \nsensitive area. the transfer of technology \n\nfor \n\nthe accelerated \nvisible, microwave) \nreal-time processing and \nincreasing \nis a highly \n\nin what \n\nreceived signals will be accompanied by \n\nUnless Europe accelerates its own development of on-board sensors and \nof processing and analysis systems, \nit will fall further and further \nbehind as far as earth observation is concerned. techniques provide extremely \n\nEarth observation \nimportant data for \nclimatology, \nsectors: \nnumerous \nmeteorology, oceanography, hydrology, agriculture (forecasting of \ntransport, \nharvesting patterns), \nfishing and development aid. raw materials (through geology), \n\nthe environment, \n\nprotection of \n\nNot only will such data permit more effective \n\nimplementation of \n\nCommunity policies in all these sectors, but in a sensitive area such \nas agriculture, Europe cannot afford to be without the data that \nwould be available to its competitors. Space is the ideal setting for transnational research with spin-offs \ninterest (joint policies) calling for public \nin areas of common \nfunding, having a mobilizing effect and providing opportunities for \ncooperation with non-member states. taken by \n\nthe European Space Agency \n\nThe decisions \nin January are \nintended to increase Europe's autonomy as regards space exploitation \ntelecommunications, microgravity, space-related \n(earth observation, \nscience and \nregards \nlaunching systems (Ariane programme). independence as \n\ntechnology) and \n\nto maintain \n\nIn order to develop these techniques at European level, one might \nintegrated system of observation and telecommunications \nconsider an \n\nsatellites, making use of those generations of satellite already in \nexistence such as SPOT (France) or ERS-1 CESA), and new developments \n\n\f8-2 \n\nsuch as a large man-tended polar earth-observation platform. latter is currently under discussion \nparticipation in the American space station programme. The \nthe context of Europe's \n\nin \n\napart from their key role \n\nFurthermore, \nintra-Community wideband communications network, \nsatellites will be needed \nsatellites to the analysis centres. in the development of an \ntelecommunications \nto channel data from earth-observation \n\nRadioastronomy using long baseline interferometry has been developed \nconsiderably on earth (e. g. Nan~ay, Cambridge) and has furthered \nIf an interferometer of this type could \nexploration of the universe. be put into orbit around the earth, \nit would be possible to overcome \ncertain constraints such as radio noise or the limitations associated \nwith basic physical dimensions. for advanced \ntechniques for assembling structures in space and highly accurate \npointing of antennae in orbit. It would call \n\ninterferometer, which would \n\nBy analogy, it is also possible to envisage the sending into orbit of \nrequire the \nan optical \ndevelopment of new optical \nin \nconjunction - see \u00a74 - Lasers and optics). Interferometer techniques \nwould certainly involve an element of international cooperation with \nthe United States and the Soviet Union in respect of observations. (mirrors and detectors \n\nin addition \n\ntechniques \n\nFrom 1988 onwards, \n\nPending an opportunity to take part in the development of a space \nstation that should be put into orbit in 1992, Europe has already \nthanks to Spacelab, to carry out experiments on materials \nbeen able, \nto \nin space. manufacture \nparticipate \nthe \n(six-month) \nin \nEuropean Retrievable Carrier. Action is proposed in order to provide \ncoordination back-up for the industries that might be interested in \nproduction in space (pharmaceuticals, crystals, biological processes, \nto acquire greater knowledge of the \netc. ), \navailable opportunities. space missions using \n\nit will be able \n\nthus enabling \n\nlong-term \n\nthem \n\nLikewise, \ncovered by \nHermes manned \n\nthe aims of a European technological programme are also \nThe development of the \nthe European space programme. technological \nspace vehicle, with \ntogether with \n\nshould therefore be actively encouraged, \n\nits different \n\nchallenges, \n\n\f8-3 \n\nany work to further the major political objective that has been set \nof maing Europe fully \nthe manned exploitation of \nspace. independent \n\nin \n\nThe main aims of action relating to production in space should be \n\n-\n\nto increase industry's knowledge of the utilisation of techniques \nfor the manufacture and improvement of products in microgravity and \nhard-vacuum conditions; \nto promote the earliest possible use of production in space through \npilot \nindustrial-scale \noperations. experiments \n\nthe way \n\nthat \n\npave \n\nfor \n\nThese objectives could be attained through : \n-\n-\n\nthe overall coordination of a prospective user community; \nthe identification of the candidate industries which have hitherto \nnot been associated with the European space programme, but could be \ninvolved in the new activities that are becoming possible; \nthe classification and, \nspace authorities, development and \nexperiments. in associ~tion with the competent European \nimplantation of typi ea l pi lot \n\n-\n\n, A first step would be \n\n-\n\nto convene, \nmeeting of the prospective user industries, and \nindicative work programme \nopportunities for those industries. in association with the ESA and the space industry, a \nthen draw up an \nto flight-experience \n\nthat would \n\nlead \n\nThis could be supplemented by : \n-\n\nthe publication of a notice aimed at the industries that might be \n\nin experimental opportunities ; \n\ninterested \nthe selection of an \ninitial list of pilot experiments that could be financed in full ; \nand the establishment of a second list of experiments that could be \nfinanced on a cost-sharing basis. the \nA schedule of costs can be drawn up, \nidentification and \ncomparatively minor expenses \nin \ncoordination of \nin such \ninterested \nprojects and specific allocations for the typical experiments. In the \n\nthe \nthat might be \n\nranging between \n\nthe industries \n\ninvolved \n\n\f8-4 \n\nthe programme would proceed in phases, \n\nlatter case, a cost of nearly 50 million ECU can be envisaged. At all \nevent, \nthe first of which \nwould involve approaches to industry, \nfollowed by th identification \nand development of the pilot experiments and finally the execution of \nthe experiments in orbit. 9-1 \n\n9. CONQUEST OF THE MARIN ENVIRONMENT AND EXPLORATION OF THE EARTH'S \n\nCRUST \n\nMARINE ENVIRONMENT \n\nin the conquest of \n\nEurope, with some 10. 000 kilometres of coastline and almost two \nmillion square kilometres of continental shelf, can play a leading \nthe marine environment and exploit its \nrole \nresources provided that it takes a broad view of its action and \nformulates a plan capable of mobilizing its research and development \ncapacity to the full. a plan \n\nrequires \n\nThe \nimplementation of such \ntechnical difficulties be overcome. surmounting these difficulties that \nexpected. which are already expanding rapidly (electronics, \nand robotics), \nmaterials science, metallurgy and very high pressure technology. that considerable \nIt is from the work involved in \ntechnological spin-off can be \nin sectors \ntelecommunications \nbiology and \n\nThe conquest of the sea implies a challenge, \n\nand other areas such as chemistry, \n\nThe plan could be an opportunity to increase our basic knowledge, \nand develop a host of \nestablishing a \ntechnologies which could come up trumps for Europe in the long term. range of new \n\ntargets, \n\ntechnology \n\nlead makes for an unequal struggle. in \nThe present position of oceanographic science and \nEurope is favourably comparable to that in other nations, in contrast \nin other areas of advanced technology \nto the situation prevailing \nEurope \nwhere our competitors' \nleadership in this promising field, develop the support \ncan assume \nthe resulting industrial \ntechnologies extensively and benefit from \nby choosing the exploitation of the \nspin-off within a few years, \nmarine environment as one of Europe's elements of \ntechnological \nthis without excluding any other strategic \nambition: \napplications. and all \n\nA major objective would be to develop the capability for sustained \n\nphysical presence of man in the seas and on the ocean floor. 9-2 \n\nA key element of the enterprise can be found \nin the design and \nconstruction of modular self-propelled vessels for use as shelters, \nintention of \nfor deep-water exploration and \ndeveloping accommodation capacities and diving depth in stages. for work with \n\nthe \n\nTwo fields of application from which European industry could benefit \nextensively are deep drilling and robot machine development \ndeep \ndrilling for geological exploration and the exploitation of gas and \noil resources; development of robot machines for various tasks such \nas exploration for and exploitation of resources on the sea-bed or \ninspection and maintenance of drilling \nit or \njust below \nequipment, pipelines and cables. the \n\nto \n\nfor \n\nsuitable \n\nstage of \n\nthe analysis will be confined \n\ntechnologies \nThis \nthose \npossessing the greatest potential for applications and growth, \nfor plugging \nmost \nalthough in themselves representing a \ntechnological gaps, which, \nsubstantial \nthe \nexistence of much greater turnovers downstream and are hence of a \nspecial strategic nature. constitute an essential condition for \n\nreinforcing existing skills or \n\nturnover, \n\nSTUDY OF THE EARTH'S CONTINENTAL CRUST \n\nFor some years earth science specialists have been aware of the \nparadox \nthat while great advances have been made since 1968 in \nknowledge of the oceanic crust as a result of the Deep Sea Drilling \nthe earth's \nProject, \ncontinental crust. little is known as yet about \n\nrelatively \n\nresults \n\ncan be \n\nexpected \n\nfrom programmes \n\nthe \nWhat \ncontinental crust ? Essentially, a better knowledge of structures, \nmaterials and fluids and a number of longer-term practical benefits. More specifically: \n1. From a scientific point of view they will provide more information \n\nsurvey \n\nto \n\non : \n- the structure and composition of basement rock, deep sedimentary \n\nbasins and fold systems; \n\n\f9-3 \n\nthe nature and geometry of major intracrustal discontinuities \n(large-scale thrust faults); \nthe nature and depth of the Mohorovicic discontinuity between \nthe crust and the mantle within the Lithosphere; \nthe physical properties of rocks; distribution and effects of \nstresses at depth; \nthe study of fluid phases, \ntheir role in petrogenic and dynamic processes. their origin and circulation and \n\n-\n\n-\n\n-\n\n2. The practical benefits will be in the fields of: \n\n- metallogenics and mineral deposits; development of magma systems \n\n(granitic domes), hydrothermalism at depth, monitoring the \n\nstructure of mineral concentrations; \n\n- geothermal energy, hydrocarbon prospecting (deep basins),. , \n- earthquake mechanisms and earthquake prevention; \n- storage of nuclear waste; \n- design and manufacture of drilling equipment suited to the \n\nextreme conditions encountered in deep drilling. Existing Programmes \n\n1. Major national reflection shooting programmes \n\n: DEKORP \n\nin the \n\nFederal Republic of Germany, ECORS in France, BIRPS in the United \nKingdom, \nThe aim of these \nprogrammes is to identify structures up to depths of around 50 km. Some bilateral cooperation exists. in the U. S. A. , \n\nand so on. COCORP \n\ninternational European Geotraverse programme, \n\nimplemented \nThe \nunder the auspices of the European Science Foundation, pursues \nsimilar objectives. 2. Deep borehole programmes : \n\n- \"ultra-deep\" boreholes \u00b7 (10 to 15 km) \n\nKo La \n\nthe Appalachians \n\n(U. S. A. ) and \n\nin the USSR, a \nthe KTB \n\ndrilling project \nproject in the Federal Republic; \n- medium-depth boreholes (1 to 5 km) \n\nin \n\nFrance, which actually started up during Last Winter, \n\nboreholes of a similar depth in the West of the U. S. A \u2022\u2022 \n\ndeep geology programme in \nand \n\n\f9-4 \n\nThese boreholes can provide samples for direct analysis as well as an \nin situ geological and geochemical \nopportunity for all kinds of \nmeasurements in the boreholes. They are proving essential as a means \nof verifying and clarifying the information obtained from large-scale \nseismic profiling Can example being the Kola drilling project, where \nthe initial assumptions were proved wrong). International Cooperation: Aims and Prospects \n\nAlthough promoters of \n\nthe various programmes \n\nlisted above have \n\ncontacts with each other, genuine international cooperation - which \nis advocated by most specialists - has yet to materialize. Potential \nsubjects for such cooperation would include: \n-\njoint studies of deep structures involving two or more countries; \n- development of methods and instruments for geophysical, geochemical \n\nand hydrological measurements and for drilling boreholes; \n\n- making \n\nsamples \n\nfrom \n\ndeep \n\nboreholes \n\navailable \n\nto European \n\nlaboratories; \n\n- setting up of proper permanent laboratories for the study of the \n\nearth's crust <\"crust labs\" on the lines of the \"space labs\"). The potential benefits of \nconsiderable. cooperation \nIn addition to the anticipated scientific, \n\nthese \n\nin \n\nfields \n\nare \ntechnical \n\nand economic spin-offs, \ndepth \ndialogue \ngeophysicists), who up to now have had few such opportunities. it can also provide an opportunity for in \nand \n\nas geologists \n\nspecialists \n\nbetween \n\n(such \n\n\f10-1 \n\n10. EDUCATION AND TRAINING TECHNOLOGY \n\nIn order to compensate for \n\nIf it is to remain in control of its economic and political future, \nthe Community must re-think and step up its efforts in the field of \nlimited \ntraining. education and \nnatural resources (energy, minerals) \none must develop \ntechnological resources. Although in their various forms \nhuman and \nthe \nthe latter account for almost 7% of the Member States' GNP, \ndemand is increasing and is being met only in part at present. Not \nonly is the range of knowledge and specialists increasing constantly, \nbut in numerous sectors the demand for specialists is growing all the \ntime. in Europe, \n\nthe \n\nConsequently, there is now demand for: \n\na greater variety of courses \ninterdisciplinary requirements, \n\nin order to meet specialized and \n\n- better access to sducation and training, making them available, for \nexample, when and where they are required and not only at certain \nstages in an individual's life and in specific places, \n\n- better adaptation to pupils' specific needs. It is important to meet these needs in order to improve educational \nand training performance in the traditional sense, but it is also \nessential to do so in order to meet the growing demand for continuing \neducation and training among \nThe mismatch \nbetween requirements and available capacity is one of the causes of \nthe structural unemployment that is emerging during this period of \ntechnological development. the active population. The traditional approaches to education and training have made it \ndifficult to remedy t~e mismatch. However, progress in the fields of \ninformation and telecommunications technology offers the opportunity \n\nof adopting a fresh approach, \nand more accessible and improved economic conditions. characterized by greater flexibility \n\n\f10-2 \n\nto broadcast \n\nIt will not be \nThis area is generally known as education technology. to combine data-processing, telecommunications \nsufficient, however, \nand. television \ntype of programmes covered at \npresent, for example, by the Open University of U. K. The development \nthe \nof education will make \npotential offered by \ntechnologies and will call for very \ngreat efforts to be made over a long period. realize completely \n\nit possible \n\nthe new \n\nthe \n\nto \n\nThe proposed type of education should enable all levels of personnel \nto be suited to the changing needs within their organisations and \nenvironments in such a way that relevant education would become an \nintegral and coherent part of professional activities. The technological input required to develop the necessary educational \ninstruments and equipment would be free of any specific cultural \nlanguage and \nlargely \nassociations and could be \ndiscipline. independent of \n\nEducation-related projects would meet \n\nimportant social and economic \n\nstimulate research and \n\nneeds, \nin large \nsectors and help to increase the number of skilled workers available \non the labour market. The resulting products and services: \n\ntechnological development \n\n- would offer opportunities for exporting equipment and software, \n\n- would stimulate job creation in industry and the service sector, \n- would offer fresh opportunities \n\nin relation to \n\nthe educational \n\nrequirements of the developing countries. learning capacities \n\nthe development of \n\none mobilizing project should be devoted to the \nthe benefit of \n\nIn this field, \ndevelopment of European \nadvanced technologies. This project should involve in particular: \n-\nspecifically for educational purposes; \n-\n-\nand training; \n\nthe development of microknowledge models; \nthe development of artificial intelligence techniques for education \n\ninformation \n\ntools and \n\nlanguages \n\ncomputer \n\nfor \n\n-\n\nthe development of sub-function integrated circuits. 10-3 \n\nThe \n\nintroduction of such a project would require between five and \n\nseven years and a research and development investment the equivalent \n\nof 500 man/years over the time-span of the project"}
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+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/0446d12a-bef1-48c3-928e-881cb8308097", "title": "Commission Regulation (EEC) No 1717/85 of 24 June 1985 amending Regulation (EEC) No 2755/80 in respect of the fixing of intervention buying-in prices for the period 15 July to 15 December 1985", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "html,pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#legislation_secondary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#regulation,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Commission", "date": "1985-06-24", "subjects": "intervention buying,price regulations,sheep", "workIds": "celex:31985R1717,oj:JOL_1985_165_R_0009_009", "eurovoc_concepts": ["intervention buying", "price regulations", "sheep"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/0446d12a-bef1-48c3-928e-881cb8308097", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["html", "pdfa1b", "print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/e2a9334a-a28c-475c-83ab-e4b90308292b", "title": "85/319/EEC: Commission Decision of 21 June 1985 concerning applications submitted by G\u00f6rtz & Co., Duisburg, for the refund of anti-dumping duties collected on certain imports of cotton yarn originating in Turkey", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "html,pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#decision,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#legislation_secondary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Commission", "date": "1985-06-21", "subjects": "T\u00fcrkiye,dumping,textile product", "workIds": "celex:31985D0319,oj:JOL_1985_167_R_0050_032", "eurovoc_concepts": ["T\u00fcrkiye", "dumping", "textile product"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/e2a9334a-a28c-475c-83ab-e4b90308292b", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["html", "pdfa1b", "print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/8fe1d383-63f2-4503-8556-dc0ded8808bc", "title": "Commission Regulation (EEC) No 1707/85 of 21 June 1985 on the sale of unprocessed dried figs by storage agencies for the manufacture of alcohol", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "html,pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#legislation_secondary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#regulation,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Commission", "date": "1985-06-21", "subjects": "alcohol,dried product,food processing,pip fruit,sale,storage", "workIds": "celex:31985R1707,oj:JOL_1985_163_R_0038_017", "eurovoc_concepts": ["alcohol", "dried product", "food processing", "pip fruit", "sale", "storage"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/8fe1d383-63f2-4503-8556-dc0ded8808bc", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["html", "pdfa1b", "print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/efa7b164-8791-41c8-87d1-cbf4c5d906a6", "title": "Agreement in the form of an exchange of letters between the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) and the Government of Canada, amending the Agreement between the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) and the Government of Canada of 6 October 1959 for cooperation in the peaceful uses of atomic energy - Agreed minutes to the Agreement in the form of an exchange of letters between the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) and the Government of Canada, amending the Agreement between the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) and the Government of Canada of 6 October 1959 for cooperation in the peaceful uses of atomic energy", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "fmx4,html,pdfa1b,print,xhtml", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#agreement_international,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#agreement_non-member-states,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "Canada,European Atomic Energy Community", "date": "1985-06-21", "subjects": "Canada,cooperation agreement (EU),energy cooperation,nuclear energy,nuclear policy,peaceful use of energy", "workIds": "celex:21985A0731(06),oj:JOC_1985_191_R_0003_01", "eurovoc_concepts": ["Canada", "cooperation agreement (EU)", "energy cooperation", "nuclear energy", "nuclear policy", "peaceful use of energy"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/efa7b164-8791-41c8-87d1-cbf4c5d906a6", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["fmx4", "html", "pdfa1b", "print", "xhtml"], "text": "C_1985191EN. 01000301. xml\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n31. 7. 1985\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\n\n\nEN\n\n\nOfficial Journal of the European Communities\n\n\nC 191/3\n\n\n\n\n\nAGREEMENT\nin the form of an exchange of letters between the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) and the Government of Canada, amending the Agreement between the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) and the Government of Canada of 6 October 1959 for cooperation in the peaceful uses of atomic energy\n(85/C 191/03)\nBrussels, 21 June 1985\nYour Excellency,\nI refer to the Agreement between the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) and the Government of Canada for Cooperation in the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy, signed on 6 October 1959 and subsequently amended by the exchange of letters of 16 January 1978 and 18 December 1981, hereinafter referred to as the \u2018Agreement\u2019. The nuclear relationship between Euratom and Canada has grown significantly and undergone transformation since 1959. There is therefore some importance in updating the Agreement so that it should provide a more stable, predictable and administratively effective legal framework for the expanded relationship between the Contracting Parties. To this end, I have the honour to propose that the Agreement be updated and completed as follows:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1. Pursuant to Article XV. 2 of the Agreement, after the initial period of 10 years, which expired on 17 November 1969, either Contracting Party can terminate the Agreement at any time, subject to six months' notice. The Contracting Parties hereby agree that the Agreement shall remain in force for a further period of 20 years from today's date. If neither Contracting Party has notified the other Contracting Party of its intention to terminate the Agreement at least six months prior to expiry of that period, the Agreement shall continue in force for additional periods of five years each unless, at least six months before the expiration of any such additional period, a Contracting Party notifies the other Contracting Party of its intention to terminate the Agreement. 2. Article IX (1) of the Agreement provides that the prior consent in writing of the Community or the Government of Canada, as the case may be, is required for the transfer beyond the control of either Contracting Party of material or equipment obtained pursuant to the Agreement or source of special nuclear material derived through the use of such material or equipment. In order to facilitate the administration of the Agreement:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(a)\n\n\nIn the case of natural uranium, depleted uranium, other source materials, uranium enriched to 20 % or less in the isotope U-235 and heavy water, Canada hereby provides its consent to the future retransfers of such items by the Community to third parties, provided that:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(i)\n\n\nsuch third parties have been identified by Canada;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(ii)\n\n\nprocedures acceptable to both Contracting Parties relating to such retransfers shall be established;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(b)\n\n\nretransfers to third parties of material or equipment other than those referred to in (a) above, shall continue to require the prior written consent of Canada prior to the retransfer;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(c)\n\n\nin the case of non compliance by Euratom with the provisions in this paragraph, Canada shall have the right to terminate the arrangements made pursuant to this paragraph in whole or in part. 3. Further to Article IX (1) of the Agreement, Canada hereby provides its consent for the retransfer, in any given period of 12 months, to any third party, signatory to the NPT, of the following materials and quantities:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(a)\n\n\nspecial fissionable material (50 effective grams);\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(b)\n\n\nnatural uranium (500 kilograms);\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(c)\n\n\ndepleted uranium (1\u00a0000 kilograms), and\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(d)\n\n\nthorium (1\u00a0000 kilograms). The Joint Technical Working Group shall establish administrative arrangements for the purpose of reviewing the implementation of this provision. 4. With reference to paragraph (d) of the exchange of letters of 16 January 1978 amending the Euratom/Canada Agreement of 1959, Euratom agrees to waive the requirement for prior notification in cases where natural uranium, depleted uranium, other source materials, uranium enriched to 20 % or less in the isotope U-235 and heavy water are received by Euratom from a third party, identified in accordance with paragraph 2 (a) (i) above, which has identified the item or the items as being subject to an Agreement with Canada. In such cases, the item or items shall become subject to the Agreement upon receipt. 5. The Contracting Parties may wish, in particular circumstances, to apply mechanisms other than those set forth in the Agreement in order to:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(a)\n\n\nmake material subject to the Agreement, or\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(b)\n\n\nremove material from coverage of the Agreement. There shall be prior written agreement between the Contracting Parties in each case on the conditions under which such mechanisms are to be applied. 6. The Contracting Parties recognize that the programme provided for in Article II of the Agreement has been successfully carried out and brought to conclusion and reaffirm their commitment to mutual cooperation in nuclear research and development as laid down in Article I. They note that the list of fields of cooperation, set out in Article I, is illustrative and not exhaustive. If the foregoing is acceptable to the Government of Canada, I have the honour to propose that this letter, which is authentic in both English and French, together with Your Excellency's reply to that effect shall constitute an agreement amending the Agreement. The present agreement shall take effect as of the date of Your Excellency's reply to this letter. Please accept, your Excellency, the assurance of my highest consideration. For the European Atomic Energy Community\n\nWILLY DE CLERCQ\n\nBrussels, 21 June 1985\nSir,\nI have the honour to acknowledge receipt of your letter of today's date which reads as follows:\n\u2018I refer to the Agreement between the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) and the Government of Canada for Cooperation in the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy, signed on 6 October 1959 and subsequently amended by the exchange of letters of 16 January 1978 and 18 December 1981, hereinafter referred to as the \u201cAgreement\u201d. The nuclear relationship between Euratom and Canada has grown significantly and undergone transformation since 1959. There is therefore some importance in updating the Agreement so that it should provide a more stable, predictable and administratively effective legal framework for the expanded relationship between the Contracting Parties. To this end, I have the honour to propose that the Agreement be updated and completed as follows:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1. Pursuant to Article XV. 2 of the Agreement, after the initial period of 10 years, which expired on 17 November 1969, either Contracting Party can terminate the Agreement at any time, subject to six months' notice. The Contracting Parties hereby agree that the Agreement shall remain in force for a further period of 20 years from today's date. If neither Contracting Party has notified the other Contracting Party of its intention to terminate the Agreement at least six months prior to expiry of that period, the Agreement shall continue in force for additional periods of five years each unless, at least six months before the expiration of any such additional period, a Contracting Party notifies the other Contracting Party of its intention to terminate the Agreement. 2. Article IX (1) of the Agreement provides that the prior consent in writing of the Community or the Government of Canada, as the case may be, is required for the transfer beyond the control of either Contracting Party of material or equipment obtained pursuant to the Agreement or source of special nuclear material derived through the use of such material or equipment. In order to facilitate the administration of the Agreement:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(a)\n\n\nIn the case of natural uranium, depleted uranium, other source materials, uranium enriched to 20 % or less in the isotope U-235 and heavy water, Canada hereby provides its consent to the future retransfers of such items by the Community to third parties, provided that:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(i)\n\n\nsuch third parties have been identified by Canada;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(ii)\n\n\nprocedures acceptable to both Contracting Parties relating to such retransfers shall be established;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(b)\n\n\nretransfers to third parties of material or equipment other than those referred to in (a) above, shall continue to require the prior written consent of Canada prior to the retransfer;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(c)\n\n\nin the case of non compliance by Euratom with the provisions in this paragraph, Canada shall have the right to terminate the arrangements made pursuant to this paragraph in whole or in part. 3. Further to Article IX (1) of the Agreement, Canada hereby provides its consent for the retransfer, in any given period of 12 months, to any third party, signatory to the NPT, of the following materials and quantities:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(a)\n\n\nspecial fissionable material (50 effective grams);\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(b)\n\n\nnatural uranium (500 kilograms);\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(c)\n\n\ndepleted uranium (1\u00a0000 kilograms), and\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(d)\n\n\nthorium (1\u00a0000 kilograms). The Joint Technical Working Group shall establish administrative arrangements for the purpose of reviewing the implementation of this provision. 4. With reference to paragraph (d) of the exchange of letters of 16 January 1978 amending the Euratom/Canada Agreement of 1959, Euratom agrees to waive the requirement for prior notification in cases where natural uranium, depleted uranium, other source materials, uranium enriched to 20 % or less in the isotope U-235 and heavy water are received by Euratom from a third party, identified in accordance with paragraph 2 (a) (i) above, which has identified the item or the items as being subject to an Agreement with Canada. In such cases, the item or items shall become subject to the Agreement upon receipt. 5. The Contracting Parties may wish, in particular circumstances, to apply mechanisms other than those set forth in the Agreement in order to:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(a)\n\n\nmake material subject to the Agreement, or\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(b)\n\n\nremove material from coverage of the Agreement. There shall be prior written agreement between the Contracting Parties in each case on the conditions under which such mechanisms are to be applied. 6. The Contracting Parties recognize that the programme provided for in Article II of the Agreement has been successfully carried out and brought to conclusion and reaffirm their commitment to mutual cooperation in nuclear research and development as laid down in Article I. They note that the list of fields of cooperation, set out in Article I, is illustrative and not exhaustive. If the foregoing is acceptable to the Government of Canada, I have the honour to propose that this letter, which is authentic in both English and French, together with Your Excellency's reply to that effect shall constitute an agreement amending the Agreement. The present agreement shall take effect as of the date of Your Excellency's reply to this letter. I have the honour to inform you that the Government of Canada is in agreement with the contents of your letter, and to confirm that your letter and this reply, which is authentic in English and French, shall constitute an agreement amending the Agreement between the Government of Canada and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) of 6 October 1959, as amended, which shall enter into force on the date of this letter. \u2019\nPlease accept, Sir, the assurance of my highest consideration. For the Government of Canada\n\nJacques GIGNAC\n\n\n\nAGREED MINUTES\nto the Agreement in the form of an exchange of letters between the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) and the Government of Canada, amending the Agreement between the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) and the Government of Canada of 6 October 1959 for cooperation in the peaceful uses of atomic energy\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1. Paragraph 2 (a) of the present Agreement contemplates simplified procedures for transfers of nuclear items. 2. In implementation of such provision Canada shall provide the Community with, and keep up to date, the list of countries to which nuclear items can be transferred in accordance with the aforementioned provision. In identifying such countries Canada will take into account both the non-proliferation policy of the Canadian Government and requests made by the Community to cover its industrial and commercial interests. Canada will be prepared to consider any requests by the Community for the maintenance of any countries on the list or the inclusion of any additional countries on it. 3. During the negotiations on 19 and 20 November 1984, the Canadian delegation stated, with reference to paragraph 2 (a) (ii) of the present Agreement, that Canada would use its best endeavours in discussions with other trading partners concerned progressively to simplify as far as possible, consistent with its non-proliferation policy, the notification and related procedures connected with retransfers. Canada's general aim is to establish a network of partner countries amongst which Canadian-origin nuclear material could circulate as easily as possible. 4. With reference to paragraph 5 of the present Agreement, the intention of the Contracting Parties would be, jointly and progressively, to develop a body of administrative precedents aimed at enabling individual cases to be treated expeditiously"}
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+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/34038826-76c5-4566-ac9b-280c20942f53", "title": "Council Regulation (EEC) No 1700/85 of 19 June 1985 on the import system applicable in 1985 to products falling within subheading 07.06 A of the Common Customs Tariff and originating in third countries which are not members of GATT", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "html,pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#legislation_secondary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#regulation,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "Council of the European Union", "date": "1985-06-19", "subjects": "import levy,import restriction,third country", "workIds": "celex:31985R1700,oj:JOL_1985_163_R_0014_010", "eurovoc_concepts": ["import levy", "import restriction", "third country"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/34038826-76c5-4566-ac9b-280c20942f53", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["html", "pdfa1b", "print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/ea6cebb8-5b4d-4517-b690-83e943c2da13", "title": "Commission Regulation (EEC) No 1672/85 of 19 June 1985 laying down detailed rules concerning aid for the transhumance of sheep, goats and cattle in Greece", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "fmx4,html,pdfa1b,print,xhtml", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#legislation_secondary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#regulation,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Commission", "date": "1985-06-19", "subjects": "EAGGF Guarantee Section,Greece,State aid,farm animal,livestock farming,transport of animals", "workIds": "celex:31985R1672,oj:JOL_1985_160_R_0037_020", "eurovoc_concepts": ["EAGGF Guarantee Section", "Greece", "State aid", "farm animal", "livestock farming", "transport of animals"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/ea6cebb8-5b4d-4517-b690-83e943c2da13", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["fmx4", "html", "pdfa1b", "print", "xhtml"], "text": "L_1985160EN. 01003701. xml\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n20. 6. 1985\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\n\n\nEN\n\n\nOfficial Journal of the European Communities\n\n\nL 160/37\n\n\n\n\n\nCOMMISSION REGULATION (EEC) No 1672/85\nof 19 June 1985\nlaying down detailed rules concerning aid for the transhumance of sheep, goats and cattle in Greece\nTHE COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES,\nHaving regard to the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community,\nHaving regard to Council Regulation (EEC) No 764/85 of 12 March 1985 introducing aid for the transhumance of sheep, goats and cattle in Greece\u00a0(1), and in particular Article 2 thereof,\nWhereas in order to ensure that it is effective and economical, the aid for transhumance may be granted only if certain minimum requirements concerning the number of animals transported and the distance covered between pastures are observed; whereas, however, it is not appropriate to fix a minimum distance in the case of sea transport given the high cost of this form of transport;\nWhereas the aid for transhumance cannot be properly monitored without clear documentary evidence concerning the applications presented by livestock farmers and other supporting documents;\nWhereas, in order to facilitate the declaration of annual expenditure to be submitted by Greece under Commission Regulation (EEC) No 1723/72 of 26 July 1972 relating to the clearance of accounts of the European Agricultural Guarantee and Guidance Fund, Guarantee Section\u00a0(2), certain elements should appear in these declarations from the start of the expenditure at the level of the national administration;\nWhereas the measures provided for in this Regulation are in accordance with the opinion of the Management Committee for Sheep and Goats and the Management Committee for Beef and Veal,\nHAS ADOPTED THIS REGULATION:\nArticle 1\n1. Aid within the meaning of Regulation (EEC) No 764/85 may be granted only for the transportation of not less than eight livestock units of sheep, goats and/or bovine animals. The definition of the livestock unit shall be that laid down in Article 7 (1) of Council Directive 75/268/EEC of 28 April 1975 on mountain and hill farming and farming in certain less-favoured areas\u00a0(3). 2. In the case of transportation exclusively by lorry and/or rail, the minimum distance to be covered shall be 50 kilometres. Article 2\n1. Greece shall adopt the necessary measures to ensure the effective monitoring of the use of the aid for transhumance. Monitoring shall cover at least the following supporting documents:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\na carriage invoice or invoices showing the means of transport, the number and type of animals transported, the distance covered and the cost of transport,\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\ntwo certificates showing the number of animals transported, one issued by the local authority of the place of departure and the other by the local authority of the place of arrival,\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\na statement by the livestock farmer giving details of the number in his flocks or herds, his method of stock-farming, the number of animals transported, the means of transport used, the distance covered and the places of departure and arrival. 2. Aid for transhumance shall be granted for a single journey from the winter to the summer pastures or vice versa. It shall be paid to livestock farmers after they have made application in respect of the following removal. Livestock farmers whose herds or flocks have been reduced between two applications shall lose, as regards the first application, the right to aid for the transport of the amount of livestock by which their flocks or herds have been reduced. However, there shall be no loss of the right to aid:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nwhen the farmer gives over his farm to his family successor up to the third degree of relationship,\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nin the case of force majeure and in particular in the case of contagious diseases requiring the compulsory slaughter of all or part of the farmer's herds or flocks. 3. The supporting documents referred to in paragraph 1 shall form part of each application file for aid. Article 3\nInformation showing for each \u2018nomos\u2019 the number of applications paid, their total amount and the year concerned, shall be provided in the declarations of expenditure under Regulation (EEC) No 1723/72. At the same time, Greece shall forward to the Commission, annexed to these declarations, particulars of current scheduled charges for the transportation of livestock by lorry, rail and sea. Article 4\nThis Regulation shall enter into force on the third day following its publication in the Official Journal of the European Communities. This Regulation shall be binding in its entirety and directly applicable in all Member States. Done at Brussels, 19 June 1985. For the Commission\n\nFrans ANDRIESSEN\n\nVice-President\n\n\n\n\n\n(1)\u00a0\u00a0OJ No L 86, 27. 3. 1985, p. 4. (2)\u00a0\u00a0OJ No L 186, 16. 8. 1972, p. 1. (3)\u00a0\u00a0OJ No L 128, 19. 5. 1975, p. 1"}
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+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/2b6354c3-a960-4bce-b43d-ffd85c5af57f", "title": "WRITTEN QUESTION NO 759/85 BY MR RICHARD COTTRELL TO THE COMMISSION: AMERICAN QUOTAS ON THE IMPORT OF SWEETENED PRODUCTS FROM THE COMMUNITY", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#question_parliamentary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#question_written,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "COTTRELL,European Parliament", "date": "1985-06-18", "subjects": "Community preference,EU employment policy,GATT,United Kingdom,United States,citrus fruit,committee of inquiry,common agricultural policy,confectionery,farming sector,import,import restriction,investment,sugar,tariff quota,trade policy,trade restriction,trading operation", "workIds": "celex:91985E000759", "eurovoc_concepts": ["Community preference", "EU employment policy", "GATT", "United Kingdom", "United States", "citrus fruit", "committee of inquiry", "common agricultural policy", "confectionery", "farming sector", "import", "import restriction", "investment", "sugar", "tariff quota", "trade policy", "trade restriction", "trading operation"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/2b6354c3-a960-4bce-b43d-ffd85c5af57f", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["print"]}
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+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/4ff490f3-dbb6-4331-a2ea-a3ca59f974a8", "title": "COMPLETING THE INTERNAL MARKET: WHITE PAPER FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN COUNCIL (MILAN, 28-29 JUNE 1985)", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "pdf", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#act_preparatory,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#document_com_other_ec,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#white-paper_ec,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "DG III \u2013 Industry,European Commission", "date": "1985-06-14", "subjects": "application of EU law,customs union,free movement of capital,free movement of goods,free movement of persons,free movement of workers,freedom to provide services,industrial cooperation,public procurement,single market", "workIds": "celex:51985DC0310,comnat:COM_1985_0310_FIN", "eurovoc_concepts": ["application of EU law", "customs union", "free movement of capital", "free movement of goods", "free movement of persons", "free movement of workers", "freedom to provide services", "industrial cooperation", "public procurement", "single market"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/4ff490f3-dbb6-4331-a2ea-a3ca59f974a8", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["pdf"], "text": "ARCHIVES HISTORIQUES \nDE LA COMMISSION \n\nCOLLECTION RELIEE DES \nDOCUMENTS \"COM\" \n\nCOM (85) 310 \n\nVol. 1985/0130 \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\fDisclaimer \n\nConform\u00e9ment au r\u00e8glement (CEE, Euratom) n\u00b0 354/83 du Conseil du 1er f\u00e9vrier 1983 \nconcernant l'ouverture au public des archives historiques de la Communaut\u00e9 \u00e9conomique \neurop\u00e9enne et de la Communaut\u00e9 europ\u00e9enne de l'\u00e9nergie atomique (JO L 43 du 15. 2. 1983, \np. 1), tel que modifi\u00e9 par le r\u00e8glement (CE, Euratom) n\u00b0 1700/2003 du 22 septembre 2003 \n(JO L 243 du 27. 9. 2003, p. 1), ce dossier est ouvert au public. Le cas \u00e9ch\u00e9ant, les documents \nclassifi\u00e9s pr\u00e9sents dans ce dossier ont \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9classifi\u00e9s conform\u00e9ment \u00e0 l'article 5 dudit \nr\u00e8glement. In accordance with Council Regulation (EEC, Euratom) No 354/83 of 1 February 1983 \nconcerning the opening to the public of the historical archives of the European Economic \nCommunity and the European Atomic Energy Community (OJ L 43, 15. 2. 1983, p. 1), as \namended by Regulation (EC, Euratom) No 1700/2003 of 22 September 2003 (OJ L 243, \n27. 9. 2003, p. 1), this file is open to the public. Where necessary, classified documents in this \nfile have been declassified in conformity with Article 5 of the aforementioned regulation. In \u00dcbereinstimmung mit der Verordnung (EWG, Euratom) Nr. 354/83 des Rates vom 1. Februar 1983 \u00fcber die Freigabe der historischen Archive der Europ\u00e4ischen \nWirtschaftsgemeinschaft und der Europ\u00e4ischen Atomgemeinschaft (ABI. L 43 vom 15. 2. 1983, \nS. 1), ge\u00e4ndert durch die Verordnung (EG, Euratom) Nr. 1700/2003 vom 22. September 2003 \n(ABI. L 243 vom 27. 9. 2003, S. 1), ist diese Datei der \u00d6ffentlichkeit zug\u00e4nglich. Soweit \nerforderlich, wurden die Verschlusssachen in dieser Datei in \u00dcbereinstimmung mit Artikel 5 \nder genannten Verordnung freigegeben. COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES\n\nC0MC85) 310 final \n\nBrussels, 14 June 1985\n\nCOMPLETING THE INTERNAL MARKET\n\nWhite Paper from the Commission \nto the European Council \n(Milan, 28-29 June 1985)\n\nC0MC85) 310 final\n\n\fCONTENTS\n\nDeclarations by the European Council \nrelating to the Internal Market\n\nINTRODUCTION\n\nPART ONE : THE REMOVAL OF PHYSICAL BARRIERS\n\nI. II. Introduction\nControl of goods\n\nCommercial and economic policy\nHealth\nTransport\nStatistics\nConclusion and timetable\n\nIII. Control of individuals\n\nPART TWO : THE REMOVAL OF TECHNICAL BARRIERS\n\nI* \n\nFree movement of goods\n\nThe need for a new strategy \nThe chosen strategy \nHarmonisation - a new approach \nPreventing creation of new obstacles \nMutual recognition \nNuclear materials\n\nII. Public procurement\n\nIII. Free movement for labour and the professions :\n\na new initiative in favour of Community Citizens\n\nIV. Common market for services\nTraditional Services \nFinancial services \nTransport\nNew technologies and services\n\nV. Capital movements\n\nVI. Creation of suitable conditions for \nindustrial cooperation\n\nCreation of a Legal framework facilitating \ncooperation between enterprises \nIntellectual and industrial property \nTaxation\n\nVII. Application of Community law\nInfringements\nTransparency\nCompetition policy and state aids\n\n\f 2 \n\n-\n\n-\n\nPART THREE : THE REMOVAL OF FISCAL BARRIERS \n\nI. Introduction \n\nCommercial Traffic and Value Added Tax \nThe Individual Traveller \nExcises \n\nII. Approximation \n\nThe Broad Picture \nValue Added Tax \nExcises \n\nIII. The Commission's proposals \n\nValue Added Tax \nExcises \nEnforcement \nDerogations \n\nCONCLUSION \n\nANNEX : Timetable for completing the \n\nInternal Market by 1992\n\n41\n\n41\n43\n44\n45\n\n46\n47. 48\n50\n\n51\n51\n53\n53\n54\n\n55\n\n\f- 3 ~\n\nDECLARATIONS BT THE EUROPEAN COUNCIL \nRELATING TO THE INTERNAL KARKET\n\n\"The European Council. instructs the Council :\n\n- to decide/, before the end of March 1983, on the priority \nmeasures proposed by the Commission to reinforce the \ninternal market\"\n\nCopenhagen, 3/4 December 1982\n\n\"It asks the Council and the Member States to put in hand without \ndelay a study of the measures which could be taken to bring about \nin the near future. the abolition of all police and customs formalities for \npeople crossing intra-Community frontiers. \"\n\nFontainebleau, 25/26 June 1984\n\n\"The European Council. appropriate formations :\n\nagreed that the Council, \n\nin its \n\nshould take steps to complete the Internal Market,. including implementation of European standards\"\n\nthe European Council laid. following. fields of action : \n\na) action to achieve a single \ncreating a more favourable \nenterprise, \ncompetition and \nCommission to draw up a deta \ntimetable before its next mee\n\nDublin, 3/4 December 1984\n\nparticular emphasis cn the\n\nlarge market by 1992 thereby \nenvironment for stimulating \ntrade 'r \nit called upon the \nled programme with a specific \ning\". Brussels, 29/30 March 1985\n\n\f\"Unifying this market (of 320 million) presupposes that Member \nStates will agree on the abolition of barriers of all kinds, \napproximation of legislation and tax \nharmonisation of rules, \nstructures, strengthening of monetary cooperation and the necessary \nflanking measures to encourage European firms to work together. It \nis a goal that is well within our reach provided we draw the \nlessons from the setbacks and delays of the past. The Commission \nwill be asking the European Council to pledge itself to completion \nof a fully unified internal market by 1992 and to approve the \nnecessary programme together with a realistic \nand binding \ntimetable. \"\n\nIn such terms did the Commission define its task in the \"Programme \nof the Commission for 1985\u00ae* which was presented to the European \nParliament on 6 March. On 29 and 30 March, the European Council in \nBrussels broadly endorsed this view and\n\n\"laid particular emphasis on. action to achieve a single \nmarket by 1992 thereby creating a more favourable environment \nfor stimulating enterprise, competition and trade ; it called \nupon the Commission to draw up a detailed programme with a \nspecific timetable before its next meeting'5. This White Paper is designed to spell out the programme and \nGiven the European Council's clear and repeated \ntimetable. commitment to the completion of the common market, the Commission \ndoes not intend in this Paper to rehearse again the economic and \npolitical arguments that have so often led to that conclusion. Instead the Commission, which wholeheartedly shares the Council's \ncommitment and objective, sets out here the essential and logical \nconsequences of accepting that commitment, together with an action \nprogramme for achieving the objective. The Treaty clearly envisaged from the outset the creation of a \nsingle integrated internal market free of restrictions on the \nmovement of goods; the abolition of obstacles to the free movement \nof persons, services and capital; the institution of a system \nensuring that competition in the common market is not distorted; \nthe approximation of taws as required for the proper functioning of \nthe common market; and the approximation o f indirect taxation in \nthe interest of the common market. In the early days attention concentrated on the common customs \ntariff, which was established eighteen months ahead of the 12-year \nprogramme set out in the Treaty. It was a remarkable achievement - \none that we can look back on with pride and one from which we can \nderive inspiration for the future. That task achieved, attention \nturned to indirect taxes. The high water mark was perhaps the \nadoption - unanimously by the Council - of the 6th VAT directive in \n1977. But thereafter momentum was lost partly through the onset of \nthe recession, partly through a lack of confidence and vision. - 5 -\n\n6. 7. 8. of \n\nbut \n\nalso \n\nStates, \n\nelimination \n\nmeasures having \n\nThe recession brought another problem. The Treaty specifically\nrequired not simply the abolition of customs duties as between the \nquantitative \nthe \nMember \nrestrictions and of all \nequivalent effect. Originally it was assumed that such \"non-tariff barriers\", as they \nwere of limited importance compared with \nare commonly called, \nBut during the recession they multiplied as each \nactual duties. Member State endeavoured to protect what it thought was its short \nterm interests - not only against third countries but against \nfellow Member States as well. Member States also increasingly \nsought to protect national markets and industries through the use \nThe \nof public funds to aid and maintain non-viable companies. provision in the EEC Treaty that restrictions on the freedom to \nprovide services should \"be progressively abolished during the \ntransitional period\" not only failed to be implemented during the \ntransitional period, but over important areas failed to be\nimplemented at all. Disgracefully, that remains the case. But the mood has begun to change, \nand the commitment to be\nrediscovered : gradually at first, but now with increasing tempo. The Heads of State and Governments at the European Council meeting \nin Copenhagen in 1982 pledged themselves to the completion of the \ninternal market as a high priority. The pledge was repeated at \nat Dublin in December of that year; \nFontainebleau in June 1984; \nand, most recently, in Brussels, in March 1985. The time for talk \nhas now passed. That is what this \nThe time for action has come. White Paper is about. The case for the completion of the internal market has been argued\nelsewhere: and, as the communiqu\u00e9s at successive European Councils\nit has been accepted by the Heads of State and \nhave indicated, \nGovernments of the Member States. But it is worth recalling that \nthe objective of completing the internal market has three aspects :\n\n- First, \n\nthe welding together of the ten, \n\nsoon to be twelve, \nindividual markets of the Member States into one single market of \n320 million people ;\n\n- Second, \n\nensuring that this single market is also an expanding \n\nmarket - not static but growing ;\n\n- Third, to this end, ensuring that the market is flexible so that \nmaterials, and of capital and \n\nresources, both of people and \ninvestment, flow into the areas of greatest economic advantage. 9. Whilst, therefore, the discussion in this Paper will be directed \nprimarily to the first of these objectives there will be a need to \nkeep the other two objectives constantly in mind and to ensure that \nthe measures taken contribute to those ends. 10. For convenience the measures that need to be taken have been \nclassified in this Paper under three headings :\n\n\f 6 \n\n-\n\n-\n\n- Part one : the removal of physical barriers\n\n- Part two : the removal of technical barriers\n\n- Part three : the removal of fiscal barriers. 11. 12. 13. The most obvious example of the first category are customs posts at \nfrontiers. Indeed most of our citizens would regard the frontier \nposts as the most visible example of the continued division of the \nCommunity and their removal as the clearest sign of the integration \nof the Community into a single market. Yet they continue to exist \nmainly because of the technical and fiscal divisions between Member \nStates. Once we have removed those barriers, and found alternative \nways of dealing with other relevant problems such as public \nthe reasons for the \nsecurity, \nexistence of the physical barriers will have been eliminated. immigration and drug controls, \n\nThe reason for getting rid entirely of physical and other controls \nbetween Member States is not one of theology or appearance, but the \nhard practical fact that the maintenance of any internal frontier \ncontrols will perpetuate the costs and disadvantages of a divided \nmarket ; the more the need for such controls diminishes - short of \ntotal elimination - the more disproportionate become the costs, \nexpenses and disadvantages of maintaining the frontiers and a \ndivided market. While the elimination of physical barriers provides benefits for \ntraders, particularly through the disappearance of formalities and \nof frontier delays, \nit is through the elimination of technical \nbarriers that the Community will give the large market its economic \nand industrial dimension by enabling industries to make economies \nAn example of \nof scale and therefore to become more competitive. this second category - \ntechnical barriers - are the different \nstandards for individual products adopted in different Member \nStates for health or safety reasons, \nor for environmental or \nHere the Commission has recently launched a \nconsumer protection. major new initiative which has been welcomed and endorsed by the \nCouncil. The barriers to the freedom to provide services could \nperhaps be regarded as a separate category; but these barriers are \nanalogous to the technical barriers which obstruct the free \nmovement of goods, and they are probably best regarded as part of \nthe same category. There is an additional merit in such an approach \nsince the traditional dichotomy between \"goods\" and \"services\" has \nfostered an attitude in which \"services\" are somehow regarded as \nTechnical \ninferior and relegated to the bottom of the queue. barriers are technical barriers whether they apply to goods or \nservices and all should be treated on an equal footing. The \ngeneral thrust of the Commission's approach in this area will be to \nmove away from the concept of harmonisation towards that of mutual \nBut there will be a continuing role \nrecognition and equivalence. for the approximation of Member States' laws and regulations, \nas \nlaid down in Article 100 of the Treaty. Clearly, action under \nthis Article would be quicker and more effective if the Council\n\n\f14. 15. 16. 17. 18. - 7 -\n\nwere to agree not to allow the unanimity requirement to obstruct \nprogress where it could otherwise be made. approximation. The removal of fiscal barriers may well be contentious and this\ndespite the fact that the goals laid down in the Treaty are quite\nexplicit and that important steps have already been taken along the \nthe reasons why\nroad of \napproximation of fiscal legislation is an essential and integral \nelement in any programme for completing the internal market are \nexplained in detail in Part Three of \nof indirect taxation will raise severe problems for some Member \nStates. It may, therefore, be necessary to provide for derogations*\n\nthis Paper. Approximation\n\nbeing so, \n\nThis \n\nWe recognise that many of the changes we propose will present\nconsiderable difficulties for Member States and time will be needed \nfor the necessary adjustments to be made. The benefits to an \nintegrated Community economy of the large, expanding and flexible \nmarket are so great that they should not be denied to its citizens \nbecause of difficulties faced by individual Member States. These \nto some degree they must be \ndifficulties must be recognised, \nbut they should not be allowed permanently to \naccommodated, \nfrustrate the achievement of the greater progress, \nthe greater \nprosperity and the higher level of employment that economic\nintegration can bring to the Community. Last year, the Commission submitted a Consolidation Programme\nidentifying a series of proposals to be adopted by the Council in \nThis White Paper pursues this effort in a wider \n1984 and 1985. perspective and with a view to completing the Internal Market by \n1992. It therefore comprises the essential items of last year's \npaper without expressly repeating the Consolidation Programme which \nstilt remains valid. (1 )\n\nThis White Paper is not intended to cover every possible issue\nwhich affects the integration of the economies of the Member States \nIt focusses on the Internal Market and the \nof the Community. necessary to achieve a single \nmeasures which \nintegrated market embracing the 320m people of the enlarged\nCommunity. There are many other matters - all of them important in\ntheir own way - which bear upon economic integration, \nindirectly \naffect the achievement of the Internal Market and are the subject \nof other Community policies. are directly \n\nFor example, it is a fact that in order to facilitate the key role \nwhich the internal market can play in the policy for the recovery \nof industrial structures, the suspension of internal borders must \nbe accompanied by actions which strengthen research and the \ntechnological base of the Community's industry. Such actions will \nIt is \nallow firms to benefit from the size of the single market. within this context that the present work of strengthening the \nCommunity's technological base should be seen. C0MC84) 305 final of 13 June 1984. 8 \n\n-\n\n-\n\n19. 20. 21. 22. Similarly, the strengthening of coordination of economic policies \nand the EMS will be essential factors in the integration of \nnational markets. However, any action taken to ensure the free \nmovement of factors of production must necessarily be accompanied \nby increased surveillance by the Commission in the field of \ncompetition rules to ensure that firms and Member States adhere to \nthese rules. a strong and coherent competition \npolicy must ensure that the partitioning of the internal market is \nnot permitted to occur as a result of protectionist state aids or \nrestrictive practices by firms. Moreover the commercial identity of \nthe Community must be consolidated so that our trading partners \nwill not be given the benefit of a wider market without themselves \nmaking similar concessions. In particular, \n\nThere are many other areas of Community policy that interact with \nthe Internal market in that they both affect its workings and will \nbenefit from the stimulus that will be provided by its completion. This is particularly true of transport, social, \nenvironment and \nconsumer protection policy. As far as social aspects are concerned, \nthe Commission will pursue the dialogue with governments and social \npartners to ensure that the opportunities afforded by completion of \nthe Internal Market will be accompanied by appropriate measures \naimed at fulfilling the Community's employment and social security \nobjectives. The Commission is firmly convinced that the completion of the \nInternal Market will provide an indispensable base for increasing \nthe prosperity of the Community as a whole. The Commission is, \nhowever, conscious that there may be risks that, by increasing the \npossibilities for human, material and financial services to move \nwithout obstacle to the areas of greatest economic advantage, \nexisting discrepancies between regions could be exacerbated and \ntherefore the objective of convergence jeopardized. This means that \nfull and imaginative use will need to be made of the resources \navailable through the structural funds. The importance of the funds \nwill therefore be enhanced. Although this White Paper will touch on these matters where they \nhave a direct bearing on the working of the Internal Market, \nit \nwilt not attempt to cover them in full and in detail as they \nrepresent considerable areas of study in their own right and merit \nThe existence of \nseparate and fuller consideration elsewhere. these problems does not mean that the frontiers and other frontier \ncontrols should not be abolished. On the contrary the task we face \nis to find solutions to the problems on the basis that the \nfrontiers will have been abolished. 23. A detailed timetable for implementing the Commission's proposed \nprogramme of measures for the removal of physical, technical and \nfiscal barriers is to be found in the Annex to this Paper. - 9 -\n\nPART ONE : THE REMOVAL OF PHYSICAL BARRIERS\n\nI. INTRODUCTION\n\n24. 25. 26. 27. 28. It is the physical barriers at the customs posts, the immigration \ncontrols, the passports, the occasional search of personal baggage, \nwhich to the ordinary citizen are the obvious manifestation of the \ncontinued division of the Community - not the \"broader and deeper \nCommunity\" envisaged by the original Treaties but a Community still \ndivided. These barriers are equally important to trade and \nindustry, commerce and business. They impose an unnecessary burden \non industry flowing from the delays, formalities, \ntransport and \nhandling charges, \ntiveness. thus adding to costs and damaging competi\u00ad\n\nThere is therefore a double reason for removing the physical \nbarriers - an economic reason and a political reason. The setting \nup of the ad hoc Committee on a People's Europe at the \nFontainebleau European Council (the Adonnino Committee) is ample \ntestimony to the importance of the political concept. There is no \narea in which progress, where it can be made, would be more visible \nor more directly relevant to the aims, ambitions and vision of the \nCommunity. Under the Treaty, customs duties and quantitative restrictions in\nintra-Community trade have been abolished. Customs posts at \ninternal frontiers have, \ncontinued to exist as a \nhowever, \nconvenient point at which to check compliance with national \nindirect taxation rules. Use has also been made of this continued \nofficial presence to enforce national protective measures relating \nto for example terrorism, \nother prohibited goods and \ndrugs, \nMeasures adopted by the Community itself have led \nimmigration. Member States to use internal frontier posts \nfor controlling\naspects of common policies (agriculture and steel) and for applying \nsafeguard clauses. Our objective is not merely to simplify existing procedures, but to \ndo away with internal frontier controls in their entirety. In some \ncases this will be achieved by removing the underlying causes which \ngive rise to the controls. In others it will be a matter of finding \nways and means other than controls at the internal frontiers to \nachieve comparable levels of protection and/or information. Where the underlying causes consist partly of national policies and\npolicies which are not yet fully developed,\npartly of common \nachieving our objective will require national policies either to be \nprogressively relaxed and ultimately abandoned where they are no \nlonger justified, or replaced by truly common policies applicable\nCommunity policies which are not yet\nto the Community as a whole. fully developed and at present give rise to internal frontier\n\n\f29. 30\u00e9 \n\n31. 10 \n\n-\n\n-\n\ncontrols will have to be amended so as to obviate the need for \nIt follows that once these barriers have been removed, \ncontrols. the reasons for the existence of controls at internal frontiers \nwill have been eliminated. pro\u00ad\n\nThe Commission recognises, however, that certain national \ntective measures do not in all their aspects fall within the scope \nof the Treaty. Two very important examples are measures against \nterrorism and the illicit trade in drugs. The Commission shares the \nlegitimate concerns of the Member States about the need to control \ndrugs and terrorism and is well aware of the role of internal \nfrontier posts in this respect. It needs to be stressed, however, \nthat frontier controls are by no means the only or indeed the most \neffective measures in this regard. If the objective of abolishing \nall internal frontier controls is to be met, alternative means of \nprotection \nthey exist, \nbe found \nObvious examples are improving controls at the \nstrengthened. external frontiers of the Community ; \nusing spot-checks at the \nand further enhancing cooperation \ninternal frontiers and inland \nbetween the national authorities concerned. where \n\nneed \n\nwill \n\nor, \n\nto \n\nInternal frontier controls are made on both goods and individuals \nhealth, \nand are motivated by fiscal, \nstatistical and police considerations. Individuals and their \npersonal property are usually checked by customs and police or \nimmigration officials, \nand goods by customs and sometimes more \nspecialised authorities. commercial, \n\neconomic, \n\nThe customs authorities' primary role at internal frontier posts - \nor within the Member State where formalities and checks take place \ninland - is to ensure that the indirect taxation system of the \nMember State in question (VAT, excise duties) continues to operate. It therefore follows that, from the customs viewpoint, the problem \nof removing physical controls is largely related to that of \nremoving fiscal barriers. This latter problem is dealt with in \ndetail in Part Three of this Paper. 32. The considerations which apply to goods and individuals are very \ndifferent. We therefore examine them separately. II. CONTROL OF 800BS\n\n33. customs \n\nTo date Community action has concentrated on alleviating internal \nfrontier formalities and facilitating the movement of goods. To\nthis end and in accordance with Articles 12, 30 and 95 of the EEC-\nTreaty, the Commission has ensured and will continue to ensure that\nthe \nnon\u00ad\nobserve \ndiscrimination and proportionality. The Community transit procedure \nand the single administrative document are concrete examples of the \nachievements reached by means of Community legislation ; they can \nand should be improved further in the medium term (for example by \nWhere appropriate, \nrenouncing the Community transit guarantee). there should be increased use of electronic data transmission\n\nthe principles \n\nauthorities \n\nof \n\n\f 11 \n\n-\n\n-\n\non the basis of common standards. In addition, \n\nsystems, \nimplementation of the fourteenth VAT directive would greatly \nsimplify internal frontier formalities by shifting the collection \nof VAT to inland tax offices ; but it will not in itself eliminate \nthe need for customs checks at frontiers either on entry into the \nimporting country \nwith greater reason, from the exporting \ncountry in order to provide proof of actual export. or, \n\nthe\n\n34. 35. In order to provide a suitable foundation for further progress, the \nCommission will at an early stage seek a commitment from the Member \nStates that no new or more stringent controls or formalities \nrelating to goods are introduced. With cooperation between Member \nStates, \nfurther simplification at internal frontiers might be \nachieved by avoiding duplication of controls on both sides of the \nit might be \nfrontier (so-called \"banalisation\"). possible for the exporting Member State to obtain proof of actual \nexport of goods or statistical data on exports from the customs \noffice of entry in the importing Member State importation. But the \nfact remains that to shift from the alleviation to the elimination \nof internal frontier controls requires a major and qualitatively \ndifferent approach. To do this we need to find ways of abolishing \nthe barriers which give rise to the need for the different controls \nimposed on goods. For example, \n\nCommercial and economic policy\n\nCommission \n\nCommercial policy measures affecting Member States individually\n(residual import quotas maintained by some Member States > import \nmeasures taken by the Community but limited to one or several\nMember States only ; individual import quotas for Member States as \npart of a Community-wide measure or of an agreement coordinated by \nthe Community) may lead the Commission on the basis of Article 115 \nof the EEC Treaty to authorise a Member State to \nexclude the\nproduct under protection from \nfree movement within the territory \nof the Community. National measures stemming from authorisation by \ninternal \nthe \nfrontiers. It is worth noting that it is the absence of or failure \nto apply a common policy which give rise to such action. It follows \nthat, until the powers transferred by the Treaty to the Community \nare fully exercised and the common commercial policy has been \nstrengthened in such a way that all national protection measures \nand all regional quotas set\u00bb\u00b7. up by the Community can be abolished, \nthere will be a continuing need for some form of control. The \nCommission takes the view that it is not an unreasonable aim to \nachieve this abolition of national and regional quotas by 1992. Nevertheless we recognise that \nthere may well be considerable\nproblems to be overcome. necessarily \n\nformalities \n\ninvolve \n\nat \n\n36. any import \nIf Article 115 were no longer to be applicable, \nrestrictions would have' to be applied on a Community-wide basis. The enforcement of such quotas, which relies to a large extent on \nthe administrations of Member States, \nwould require intensive \ncooperation between national administrations and the Commission. Should it prove impossible to eliminate all individual quotas for\n\n\fMember States by 1992, \nbe the instrument of their application. applying quotas would need to be found. internal frontier controls could no longer \nAlternative ways of \n\nThe case is different for the use of clauses to cope with \nimbalances giving rise to serious threat of balance-of-payments \ndifficulties. It is not possible realistically to set out a precise \ntimetable for progressive restriction of the use of Article 108, in \nlink between this Article and economic \nview of the direct \nsituations of individual Member States. But if the aim of \neliminating internal frontier controls by 1992 is to be achieved, \nmeasures applicable at internal frontiers will need to be renounced \nby then. For example, \n\nCertain mechanisms applying to trade in agricultural products also \nmonetary \nrequire controls at internal frontiers. compensatory amounts are applied to trade in certain commodities on \nexport and import ; countervailing charges under Article 46 can be \napplied to trade in commodities where no common organisation has \nyet been agreed ; certain taxes and other mechanisms can be needed \nin other commodity sectors. Clearly these requirements must be \nabolished through the development of the relevant parts of the \nCommon Agricultural Policy. It would further require the automatic \nof monetary \nadjustment of agricultural prices \nrealignment, preferably within the EMS ; the setting-up of common \norganisations for agricultural products not so far covered, with \nthe aim of removing the possibility of recourse to Article 46 ; and \nadaptation of other market organisations. Trade in steel too is \nsubject to additional controls stemming from the Common Steel \nPolicy and environmental policy (control of transport of dangerous \nand toxic wastes). Steps will also have to be taken to cope with \nthe consequences for these policies of the elimination of internal \nfrontier formalities. the case \n\nin \n\nHealth\n\nAs regards health protection, the internal frontier posts are often \nused for making veterinary and plant health checks. These controls \nstem from differences in national public health standards, which \ngive national authorities grounds for checking that imported \nThe Community has, \nproducts conform to national requirements. therefore, set out to implement a programme for the harmonisation \nof essential health requirements, \na technically complex and \nprocedurally slow process. But even where there is harmonisation, \ninternal frontier controls have not always been eliminated because \nMember States still insist on carrying out their own checks. Some \nsteps have been taken to transfer inland the checks on veterinary \nand plant health certificates. But there are gaps in these \nmeasures: their general adoption will depend upon mutual acceptance \nby Member States that the checks on goods have been properly \napplied by the exporting State. As a further early step towards the objective of abolishing \ninternal frontier controls by 1992, all veterinary controls (live\n\n\f41. 42. 43. 44. - 13 -\n\nanimats and animal products) and plant health controls will have to \nbe limited to the places of departure, and controls of veterinary \nand plant health certificates made at the places of destination \n(together with control of products if there are reasons to assume \nfraudulent or negligent practices). more common standards will have to be esta\u00ad\n\nTo facilitate this, \nblished for trade between Member States and for imports from third \ncountries for those live animals and animal products where they are \nstill lacking. Animal products conforming to these standards would \nreceive a Community mark. In addition supervising authorities in \nthe country of origin would have to check goods for consumption in \nother \ncoordinated \nin \nprocedures. Mutual trust would be enhanced by the appointment of \nCommunity inspectors to check that controls were being correctly \nMember States should cooperate in \ncarried out. fighting fraudulent practices in the Community framework, and rules \nof liability in cases of damage resulting from fraudulent or \nnegligent practices would need to be established. Furthermore, \n\naccordance \n\ncountries, \n\nCommunity \n\nwith \n\nCertain import restrictions and quarantine measures would still be \njustified on grounds of protection of plant and animal health, in \nIn order to harmonise as far as \nline with common standards. common policies designed to fight \npossible such restrictions, \ndisease would have to be strengthened. In order to meet the objective of 1992, a major effort at Community \nand at Member States level will be needed to achieve common levels \nand policies for veterinary and plant health and to align national \nstandards to common standards as much as possible. To the extent \nthat this can be achieved, the role of the veterinary and phyto- \nsanitary certificate could be drastically reduced and specific \nFor animal \nrestrictions only needed for disease emergencies. products, use of the health mark would be sufficient. Transport\n\nMost intra-Community transport ope\u00ad\n\nOther internal frontier controls are aimed at the carriage of goods \nand have to do either with the administration of transport policy \nor with safety requirements. for which vehicles must carry \nrations are subject to quotas, \ntransport authorisations. The authorisations and the books of \nrecord sheets are mostly checked at the frontier. If these controls \nare to be abolished, \nthe transport quotas themselves must be \nprogressively relaxed and abolished. Goods - particularly dangerous \nMoreover, \nproducts - may also be checked for safety reasons. vehicles are increasingly being checked at the frontier for \ncompliance with national requirements ; this is particularly true \nin the case of motor coaches. Systematic safety controls at \ninternal frontiers will need to be eliminated. Road vehicles which \nenter a Member State would however remain liable to check under the \nsame conditions as apply nationally to road vehicles. The adoption \nand proper enforcement of common safety standards would greatly \nfacilitate this process. 45. 46. - 14 -\n\nStatistics\n\ninitially simplify \n\nSystematic formalities are carried out for statistical purposes ;\nthe statistics are required not only by the Member States but also \nby the Community. The introduction of the single administrative \nbut\ndocument will \nthe\nadditional harmonisation or elimination will be needed if \ndifferent statistical data are to be presented in a uniform way by \n1992. Furthermore, statistical data will have to be collected not \non the basis of documents accompanying goods, but from firms in the \nway that \npresent. techniques, \ntrade statistics can be compiled. statistics on internal activities are collected \nat\nModern methods of data collection, including sampling\n\nwill help to ensure that accurate and comprehensive \n\nformalities, \n\nfrontier \n\nConclusion and timetable\n\ntask \n\nmajor \n\nlegislative \n\nGiven the technical complexities of the measures to be adopted and\nwhich will fall \nthe \nthe Commission intends that this work should be \ninstitutions, \nplanned in two stages. In the first stage, the emphasis should be \nto shift, \nwhere possible by 1988, controls and formalities away \nfrom the internal frontiers. In the second stage, the aim would be \nto coordinate policies and approximate legislation so that the \ninternal frontier barriers and controls are eliminated in their \nentirety by 1992. Community\n\nto \n\nIII. CONTROL OF INDIVIDUALS\n\n47. 48. 49. 50. The formalities affecting individual travellers are a constant and. concrete reminder to the ordinary citizen that the construction of\na real European Community is far from complete. Even though these controls are often no more than spot checks, they \nare seen as the outward sign of an arbitrary administrative power \nover individuals and as an affront to the principle of freedom of \nmovement within a single Community. This prompted the Fontainebleau European Council to give the\nAdonnino Committee the task of examining the measures to be taken \nto bring about \"the abolition of all police and customs formalities \nfor people crossing intra-Community borders\u201d. The Committee thought \nthis aspect to be so important that it presented an interim report \nin March of this year. The formalities in question are, in normal circumstances, of two\ndifferent kinds : \npolice checks relating to the identity of the\nperson concerned and the safety of personal effects being carried^ \nWe\nand tax checks relating to personal effects being carried. concentrate here on the police checks. The removal of fiscal \nbarriers and controls is covered in Part Three. 51. 52. 53. 54. - 15 -\n\nThe Commission's efforts and initiatives in this area have been \naimed at making checks at internal frontiers more flexible, as they \ncannot be abolished altogether until, in line with the concerns \nexpressed by the European Council, \nadequate safeguards are \nintroduced against terrorism and drugs. Agreement has already been reached on the Commission's proposal for \na common passport testifying to the individual's position as a \ncitizen of a Member State. As an additional step towards abolition \nof physical controls the Commission has proposed the introduction \nof a means of self-identification which would enable the autho\u00ad\nrities to see at a glance that the individual is entitled to free \npassage - the Green Disc. This proposal is at present before the \nCouncil and should be adopted forthwith. As noted in the introduction to this Part, police checks at in\u00ad\nternal frontiers are bound up with the legitimate concerns of the \npolitical authorities in the fight against terrorism, \ndrugs and \ncrime. Consequently, they can only be abolished as part of a \nlegislative and administrative process whereby they are transferred \nto the strengthened external frontiers of the Community and \ncooperation between the relevant national authorities is further \nenhanced. The Commission will at an early stage seek a commitment from the \nMember States that no new or more stringent controls or formalities \naffecting individuals are introduced at inernal frontiers. The \nCommission will as a next step be proposing measures to eliminate \ncompletely by 1988 checks on leaving one Member State when entering \nThis type of check has already been virtually abolished \nanother. This step \nin practice at internal frontier crossings by road. police \nbetween \nwould \nauthorities and the information transmission networks to enable the \npolice in the country of entry to carry out checks an behalf of the \nA system of this kind would \npolice in the country of departure. provide continuing protection \nin the combat against terrorism. Moreover, such a system would not preclude security - as opposed to \nidentity - checks being carried out in airports. administrative \n\ncooperation \n\nentail \n\nthe \n\n55. By 1992, \nthe Commission wishes to arrive at the stage whereby \nchecks on entry are also abolished for Community citizens arriving \nfrom another Community country. To this end, directives will be \nproposed concerning:\n\nThe approximation of arms legislation; the absence of checks \nmust not provide an incentive to buy arms in countries with \nless strict legislation. A proposal will be made in 1985 \nwith the target of approval in 1988 at the latest;\n\nThe approximation of drugs legislation: \nmade in 1987, for adoption in 1989 ;\n\nproposals will be\n\nthe abolition of checks at internal\nNon-Community citizens: \nfrontiers will make it much easier for nationals of non-\n\n\f- 16 -\n\nCommunity countries to move from Member State to another. As \na first step*, the Commission will propose in 1988 at the \nlatest coordination of the rules on residence, entry and \naccess to employment, \nto nationals of non- \napplicable \nCommunity countries. In this regard problems may arise over \nthe question of the change of residence of non-Community \ncitizens between the Member States, and these will need to be \nlooked at. 'Measures will be proposed also in 1988 at the \nlatest on the right of asylum and the position of refugees. Decisions will be needed on these matters by 1990 at the \nlatest^\n\nVisa policy: \nthe freedom of movement for non-Community\nnationals, which visas provide, may undermine the agreements \nIt will \nwhich Member States have with non-member countries. therefore be necessary to go further than the existing \ncollaboration in the context of political cooperation and \ndevelop a Community policy on visas. This would need to \nstrike the right balance between national foreign policy \nprerogatives and preserving the effectiveness of existing \nbilateral agreements. \u00b7 The requisite proposals should be made \nThere will also be a need to \nin 1988 for adoption by 1990. fix common rules concerning extradition policy,. The \nnecessary proposal, to be made in 1989, should be adopted by \n1991. 56. The adoption of these measures by the Council, accompanied by a \nredeployment of resources to strengthen controls at the external \nfrontiers, \nand enhanced cooperation between police and other \nrelevant agencies within the Member States, should enable police \nchecks at internal frontiers to be eliminated by 1992. - 17 -\n\nPART TWO : THE REMOVAL OF TECHNICAL BARRIERS\n\n57. 58. 59. I. 60. The elimination of border controls, \nimportant as it is, does not \nof itself create a genuine common market. Goods and people moving \nwithin the Community should not find \nferent Member States as opposed to meeting them at the border. obstacles inside the dif\u00ad\n\nif a product is lawfully manufactured and\n\nThis does not mean that there should be the same rules everywhere,\nbut that goods as well as citizens and companies should be able to \nSubject to certain important \nmove freely within the Community. constraints (see paragraph 65 below), the general principle should \nbe approved that, \nmarketed in one Member State, there is no reason why it should not \nbe sold freely throughout the Community. Indeed, the objectives of \nnational legislation, such as the protection of human health and \nlife and of the environment, are more often than not identical. It \nfollows that the rules and controls developed to achieve those \nobjectives, although they may take different forms, essentially \nand so should normally be accorded \ncome down to the same thing, \nrecognition in all Member States, not forgetting the possibilities \nWhat is true for \nof cooperation between national authorities. goods, is also true for services and for people. If a Community \ncitizen or a company meets the requirements for its activity in one \nmember State, there should be no valid reason why those citizens or \ncompanies should not exercise their economic activities also in \nother parts of the Community. The Commission is fully aware that this strategy implies a change \nin habits and in traditional ways of thinking. What is needed is a \nradical change of attitude which would lead to new and innovative \nsolutions for problems - real or apparent - which may appear when \nborder controls no longer exist. FREE MOVEMENT OF GOODS\n\nincrease stock holding costs; \n\nWhilst the physical barriers dealt with in Part One impede trade \nflows and add unacceptable administrative costs (ultimately paid by \nthe consumer), \nbarriers created by different national product \nregulations and standards have a double-edged effect: they not only \nadd extra costs, but they also distort production patterns;increase \nunit costs; \ndiscourage business \ncooperation, and fundamentally frustrate the creation of a common \nUntil such barriers are removed, \nmarket for industrial products. Community manufacturers are forced to focus on national rather than \ncontinental markets and are unable to benefit from the economies of \nscale which a truly unified internal market offers. Failure to \nachieve a genuine industrial common market becomes increasingly \nserious since the research, development and commercialisation costs \nin order to have a realistic prospect of\nof the new technologies, \n\n\fbeing internationally competitive, require the background of a home \nmarket of continental proportions. The need for a new strategy\n\nover the years, \n\nThe harmonisation approach has been the cornerstone of Community \naction in the first 25 years and has produced unprecedented \nprogress in the creation of common rules on a Community-wide basis. However, \na number of shortcomings have been \nidentified and it is clear that a genuine common market cannot be \nrealised by 1992 if the Community relies exclusively on Article 100 \nof the EEC Treaty. There will certainly be a continuing need for \nbut its rote will be reduced as new \naction under Article 100; \napproaches, resulting in quicker and less troublesome progress, are \nagreed. At least, as far as veterinary and phytosanitary controls \nare concerned,Article 43 makes possible qualified majority voting : \nthe Council however has regularly used Article 100, which requires \nThe Commission does not \nunanimity, as an additional legal base. Where Article 100 is still \nthink this position is justified. considered the only appropriate instrument, \nways of making it \noperate more flexibly will n e e d #to be found. Clearly, action under \nthis Article would be quicker and more effective if the Council \nwere to agree not to allow the unanimity requirement to obstruct \nprogress where it could otherwise be made. The new strategy must be coherent in that it will need not merely \nto take into account the objective of realizing a common market per \nbut also to serve the further objectives of building an \nse, \nexpanding market and a flexible market. It must aim not simply to \nremove technical barriers to trade, but to do so in a manner which \nwill \nand \nincreasing \ncompetitiveness, leading to greater wealth and job creation. efficiency \n\ncontribute \n\nindustrial \n\nto \n\nthe \n\ngiven \n\ntherefore, \n\nprinciple, \n\nIn \n16 July 1984) of the essential \n(Conclusions on Standardization, \nequivalence of the objectives of national legislation, \nmutual \nrecognition could be an effective strategy for bringing about a \nThis strategy is supported in \ncommon market in a trading sense. particular by Articles 30 to 36 of the EEC Treaty, which prohibit \nnational measures which would have excessively and unjustifiably \nrestrictive effects on free movement. recognition\n\nCouncil's \n\nit \n\nmarket, \n\nbarriers to trade \n\nBut while a strategy based purely on mutual recognition would \nand lead to the creation of a genuine \nremove \ncommon trading \nmight well prove inadequate for the \npurposes of the building up of an expanding market based on the \ncompetitiveness which a continental-scale uniform market can \ngenerate. On the other hand experience has shown that the \nalternative of relying on a strategy based totally on harmonization \nwould be over-regulatory, \nwould take a long time to implement, \nwould be inflexible and could stifle innovation. What is needed is \na strategy that combines the best of both approaches but, above \nall, allows for progress to be made more quickly than in the past. - 19 -\n\nThe chosen strategy\n\n65. The Commission takes into account the underlying reasons for the\nand recognises the essential\nexistence of barriers to trade, \nlegislative objectives in the \nequivalence of Member States' \nprotection of health and safety, \nIts \nharmonization approach is based on the following principles :\n\nand of the environment. - a clear distinction needs to be drawn in future internal market \ninitiatives between what it is essential to harmonize, and what \nmay be left to mutual recognition of national regulations and \non the occasion of each \nstandards ; \nharmonisation initiative, the Commission will determine whether \nnational regulations are excessive in relation to the mandatory \nrequirements pursued and, thus, constitute unjustified barriers \nto trade according to Article 30 to 36 of the EEC Treaty \u00b7,\n\nthis implies that, \n\n- legislative harmonisation (Council Directives based on Article \n100) will in future be restricted to laying down essential health \nand safety requirements which will be obligatory in all Member \nproduct to free \nStates. movement ;\n\nConformity with this will entitle a \n\n- harmonisation of industrial standards by the elaboration of \nEuropean standards will be promoted to the maximum extent, but \nthe absence of European Standards should not be allowed to be \nDuring the waiting period \nused as a barrier to free movement. while European Standards are being developed, \nthe mutual \nacceptance of national standards, with agreed procedures, should \nbe the guiding principle. 66. The creation of the internal market relies in the first place on\nthe willingness of Member States to respect the principle of free \nmovement of goods as laid down in the Treaty. This principle allows \nthe Commission to require the removal of all unjustified barriers \nto trade. But it is not sufficient when barriers are justified \nunder the Treaty. Similarly, there will be cases where the intro\u00ad\nduction of common standards, particularly in the high technology \nsectors, \ncompetitivity of Community industries. international\n\nencourage \n\nincrease \n\nwill \n\nthe \n\nand \n\nHarmonisation - a new approach\n\n67. Article 100 of the Treaty empowers the Council, acting unanimously \non a proposal from the Commission, to legislate by Directive for \nregulations and administrative \nthe approximation of the laws, \nactions of Member States which directly affect the establishment or \nthe functioning of the common market. a number of \nshortcomings have been recognized in the procedures established for \nthe implementation of Article 100. However, \n\n68. The practice of incorporating detailed technical specifications in \nDirectives has given rise to long delays because of the unanimity \nrequired in Council decision making. Henceforth, in those sectors\n\n\f 20 \n\n-\n\n-\n\nwhere barriers to trade are created by justified divergent national \nregulations concerning the health and safety of citizens and \nlegislative harmonization \nconsumer and environmental protection, \nwill be confined to laying down the essential requirements, \nformity with which will entitle a product to free movement within \nthe Community. The task of defining the technical specifications of \nproducts which \nlegislated \ndeemed to \nrequirements, will be entrusted to European Standards issued by the \nComit\u00e9 Europ\u00e9en de la Normalisation (CEN) or by sectoral European \nStandards in the electrical and building sectors such as CENELEC, \nUEAtc or RILEM, acting on qualified majority votes. will be \n\nconform \n\ncon\u00ad\n\nto \n\nThe Commission is taking steps to strengthen the capacity of these \nEuropean Standards bodies and also, \nin the telecommunications \nsector, of CEPT. This is seen not only as a necessary adjunct to \nthe \"new approach\", but as an essential ingredient in the gradual \nreplacement of national standards by European Standards in all \nareas. The Council generally should off-load technical matters by making \nmore use of its powers of delegation as recommended by the European \nCouncil. Article 155 of the EEC Treaty makes express provision for \nthis possibility and opens the way to a simplified legislative \nThis procedure has already been used successfully in \nprocedure. customs matters and with the adaptation of existing directives to \ntechnical progress. The encouraging results suggest that this \nprocedure should be extended. This general policy will put particular emphasis on certain \nsectors : \nand\ntelecommunications, construction and foodstuffs. information \n\ntechnology \n\ninclude \n\nthese \n\nas \n\nso \n\nto ensure \n\n- in the information technology and telecommunications sector, the \nCommission wants to establish specific rules which take account \nof the requirement for much greater precision and more rapid \ndecision-making \nmunication and interworking between the users and operators \nthroughout \nthe \nresponsibility of public authorities and particularly the PTT'S. In this context it is important that this task be undertaken as \nand that the resulting \nmuch as possible on a common basis, \ncertification \nspecifications \n(and \nprocedures) be mutually recognised from the start. Recent \nCommission proposals as well as the agreement concluded in July \n1984 with CEPT have been in keeping with this tendency;\n\ncompatibility, \n\ncorresponding \n\nCommunity. intercom\u00ad\n\nusually \n\nsector \n\ntasks \n\nThis \n\nthe \n\nand \n\nis \n\n- because of the existence of a wide range of products in the field \nof construction, \nthe Commission will proceed to establish \nEuropean codes concerning buildings in such a way as to ensure \ncompatibility between components and the structures in which they \nwill be used. The Commission considers that such action will of \nitself contribute to deregulation efforts;\n\n\f- 21 -\n\nin the foodstuffs sector, Community Legislative action has been \nconcentrated, and will continue to be concentrated, on issuing \n\"horizontal\" directives governing the use of food additives, \nlabelling regulations etc. , where the essential need to protect \nthe health and safety of consumers is involved. In line with the \n\"new approach\", and in line with the recommendations of the Dooge \nCommittee, the Commission will propose more efficient procedures \nfor the implementation of Article 100 harmonisation in this \nsector. This approach will be based on the principle of \ndelegating to the Commission, advised by the Scientific Committee \nfor Food, the task of drawing up and managing the more detailed \nand technical aspects of these directives, leaving the Council \nfree to concentrate on the essential safety and health criteria \nwhich must be observed. To this end, the Commission will submit a \ncommunication to the Council and to the European Parliament \nbefore the end of 1985, and it will propose the extension of \nDirective 83/189/EEC to the food sector. 72. The Commission considers it essential that in all programmes\ndesigned to achieve a unified internal market, the interests of all \nsections likely to be affected e. g. both sides of industry,\ncommerce and consumers, \nIt further \nconsiders that such interests should be incorporated in the policy \non the health and safety of workers and consumers. That is why \narrangements have been made to ensure the participation of consumer \nrepresentative bodies in the work of CEN and CENELEC ; and the \nCommission, with the assistance of the Consultative Consumers \nCommittee, will take \ninterests are consulted. further steps to ensure that consumer\n\nare taken into account. 73. Moreover, the Commission will review all pending proposals in order \nto withdraw such proposals as are considered to be non-essential or \nwhich are not in line with the new strategy. Preventing creation of new obstacles\n\n74. 75. Experience shows that a State's membership of the Community is not \nalways sufficiently reflected in the attitudes and outlook of its \nadministrations. When Member State Governments deem new acts or \nregulations to be necessary for national purposes, they do not \nalways or automatically, in drafting their national instruments, \ntake account of the Community dimension or of the need to minimise \nthe difficulties for relations between Member States. Opportunities \nare thus lost for making simple and inexpensive improvements. In order to prevent the erection of new barriers. Directive \n83/189/EEC now obliges Member States to notify the Commission in \nadvance of all draft regulations and standards concerning technical \nspecifications that they intend to introduce on their own \nterritory. A standstill on adoption must then be instituted by the \nnotifying Member State, during which the draft can be considered by \nthe Commission and the other Member States in order to determine \nwhether it contains any elements likely to create barriers to trade \nand, if so, to start remedial action under Articles 30 or 100. - 22 -\n\nThis new \"information\" procedure which came fully into force on\n1. 1. 1985, constitutes a major step forward and has already been \nsuccessful in pre-empting a number of potential obstacles to the \nfree movement of goods between Member States. It is necessary \ntherefore that this procedure, which does not yet cover all \nindustrial products, be extended to cover for example the food and \npharmaceutical sectors. In the field of environmental protection a \ncomparable improvement could easily be achieved by making \nobligatory the gentleman's agreement on notification which has \nexisted since 1973. Mutual recognition\n\nFollowing the rulings of the Court of Justice, both the European \nParliament and the Dooge Committee have stressed the principle that \ngoods lawfully manufactured and marketed in one Member State must \nbe allowed free entry into other Member States. In cases where \nharmonisation of regulations and standards is not considered \nessential from either a health/safety or an industrial point of \nview, \nimmediate and full recognition of differing quality \nstandards, food composition rules, etc. must be the rule. In par\u00ad\nticular, sales bans cannot be based on the sole argument that an \nimported product has been manufactured according to specifications \nwhich differ from those used in the importing country. There is no \nobligation on the buyer to prove the equivalence of a product \nproduced according to the rules of the exporting State. Similarly, \nhe must not be required to submit such a product to additional \ntechnical tests nor to certification procedures in the importing \nState. Any purchaser, be he wholesaler, retailer or the final \nconsumer, should have the right to choose his supplier in any part \nof the Community without restriction. The Commission will use all \nthe powers available under the Treaty, particularly Articles 30-36, \nto reinforce this principle of mutual recognition. In the specific area of testing and certification procedures, a \nmajor initiative will soon be launched to bring about within the \nCommunity mutual recognition of tests and certification so as to \navoid the wasteful duplication of tests which in some sectors is \nthe rule rather than the exception. This initiative will involve \nthe drawing up of common conditions and codes of practice for \nimplementation by Laboratories and certification bodies. These \ncodes will be based on existing codes of Good Laboratory Practice \nand Good Manufacturing Practice which are already in wide use. The net long term effect of adopting and implementing this new \nstrategy will be to reduce the regulatory burden on enterprises \nwhishing to operate on a Community wide basis. In those (henceforth \nmore limited) areas where harmonisation of regulations will still \nbe required, enterprises will only have to meet a single set of \nharmonised rules rather than 10 or 12 different sets in order for \ntheir products to enjoy free circulation throughout the Community. Similarly the application of the new approach to standardisation \nand the move towards the principle of mutual recognition in an \nincreasing number of other areas will speed up the decision-making\n\n\f- 23 -\n\nprocess and avoid the need for a further layer of Community rules \nto be super-imposed on national rules. Muclear materials\n\n80. Because of the special nature of nuclear material, transfers of \nsuch material between Member States are subject to specific \nconditions. In November 1984, the Commission proposed a revision of \nChapter VI of the Euratom Treaty. Inter alia, this proposal would \nensure both the unity of the internal nuclear market and the \nvalidity of such conditions under Community law. II. PUBLIC PROCUREMENT\n\n81. 82. 83. 84. Public procurement covers a sizeable part of GDP and is still \nmarked by the tendency of the authorities concerned to keep their \npurchases and contracts within their own country. This continued \npartitioning of individual national markets is one of the most \nevident barriers to the achievement of a real internal market. The basic rule, contained in Article 30 et seq. of the EEC Treaty, \nthat goods should move freely in the common market, without being \nsubject to quantitative restrictions between Member States and of \nall measures having equivalent effect, fully applies to the supply \nof goods to public purchasing bodies, as do the basic provisions of \nin order to ensure the freedom to provide \nArticle 59 et seq. services. Specific provisions seeking to terminate discriminatory \npractices in the supply of goods were laid down in Directive \n70/32/EEC, whilst Directive 77/62/EEC intends to open the awarding \nEqually, as far as \nprocedures to Communitywide competition. public works contracts are concerned. Directive 71/305/EEC \ncoordinates the awarding procedures in order to make the awarding \nprocess transparent to potential bidders in the whole of the \nCommunity. Directive 71/3Q4/EEC concerns the freedom to provide \nservices in this field. Statistics however indicate a minimal application of the Direc\u00ad\ntives; less than 1 ECU in 4 of public expenditure in the areas \ncovered by the co-ordination Directives is the subject of \npublication in the Official Journal and thus, even theoretically, \nof Community-wide competition. The Commission will open discussions with Member States and through \nthem with the awarding entities on the application of the \nDirectives. Such discussions have to be based on detailed studies \nof the Directives' transposition and application in each Member \nState, concentrating on a number of key areas such as procedural \ndetails (splitting of contracts, \nuse of single tendering), \nparticular entities (Defence, Health, Regional Government), and \nproducts (computers, vehicles, medical equipment and supplies). In \naddition further action will be taken to improve the quality and \nspeed of the publication of notices to tender and especially to\n\n\fdevelop the 'electronic publishing system TED (Tenders'' Electronic \nDaily). In order to stimulate a wider bpening up of tendering for public \ncontracts, there is a serious and urgent need for improvement of \nthe Directives to increase transparency further. Priority should be \ngiven to a system of prior information ; to publication of the \nintention to use single tender procedures ; to publication of the \nawards of contracts ; and to improved quality and frequency of \nstatistics. Moreover, in view of the high volume of contracts \nfalling below the present levels of the threshold where \nthe \nDirectives apply, a review of these levels would seem appropriate. more visible action by the Commission in policing \nBesides, \ncompliance with existing law will increase the credibility of the \nCommunity's efforts to break down the psychological barriers to \ncrossing frontiers. Four major sectors - energy, transport, water and (in the case of \nsupply contracts) telecommunications - are at present not covered \nby Directives. Whi1st it is clear that enlargement of coverage must \nbe realised before 1992, additional action is required to take \naccount of the fact that some of the awarding entities in these \nsectors fall under public law, while others are private bodies. Possible options are an approximation approach by way of Di rectives \nand/or a competition approach based on Articles 85, 86 and 90 of \nmore \nthe EEC Treaty, \npragmatic approach, such as \nnications sector. The Commission will submit proposals before the \nend of 1987. sometimes combined with an initially \n\nhas been tried in the telecommu\u00ad\n\nCommunity-wide liberalisation of publie procurement in the field of \npublic services is vital for the future of the Community economy. Article 58 of the EEC Treaty fully applies but, at present, only \nconstruction contracts are covered by Directive 71/305/EEC \u00b7, the \nsupply of goods may include incidental services only to the extent \nthat the value of the latter does not exceed that of the products \nthemselves. This limitation should be removed so that access to \npublicly financed service contracts such as the services associated \nwith the construction industry are also opened up to suppliers from \nother Member States. There are also certains services in the new \ntechnology area (see paragraphs 113- 123 below) which need a large \nmarket of continental dimensions in order to realise their full \npotential. An example would be data processing in all its forms, a \nsector where possible procurement policies have a major impact. Furthermore, the transformation of contracts to purchase into \ncontracts for the supply of services is already having an impact \non the coverage of the supplies Directive, mainly in the field of \ncomputers. The Commission will submit proposals before 1987 which \nshould lead to Council action in 1988 by the latest. - 25 -\n\nIII. FREE HOVEHENT FOR LABOUR AND THE PROFESSIONS : A NEU INITIATIVE IN\n\nFAVOUR OF COMMUNITY CITIZENS\n\n88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. The Commission considers it crucial that the obstacles which still \nexist within the Community to free movement for the self-employed \nand employees be removed by 1992. It considers that Community \ncitizens should be free to engage in their professions throughout \nthe Community, if they so wish, without the obligation to adhere to \nformalities which, in the final analysis, could serve to discourage \nsuch movement. In the case of employees, it should be noted that such free\nmovement is almost entirely complete and the rulings of the Court \nof Justice restrict the right of public authorities in Member \nStates to reserve posts for nationals. Certain problems still \nexist, however, and the Commission intends to make the necessary \nproposals which will eliminate the last obstacles standing in the \nway of the free movement and residence of migrant Community \nworkers. Furthermore the Commission will take measures in order to \nremove cumbersome administrative procedures relating to residence \npermits. The Commission has already submitted a proposal concerning \nthe taxation of these workers and their families. The main problem \nin this case is the taxation of wage-earners who reside in one \nMember State and earn their income in another (this affects mainly \nfrontier workers). The Commission will also make further efforts to bring about the \nadoption and swift implementation of its proposal concerning the \ncomparability of vocational training qualifications aimed at \nensuring that vocational proficiency certificates are more easily \ncomparable. In practical terms, this objective should be achieved \nby 1988 so that the second phase can be launched before 1990. This \nsecond phase would involve the introduction of an European \n\"vocational training card\", serving as proof that the holder has \nbeen awarded a specific qualification. In the field of rights of establishment for the. self-employed,\nlittle progress has been made, the main reason being the\ncomplexities involved in the endeavour to harmonize professional \nqualifications. However these endeavours have resulted in a \nconsiderable degree of freedom of movement for those engaged in the \nowing to the hold-ups \nhealth sector. previously experienced in this sphere, indicated its desire to \npromote measures that would offer tangible improvements in the \neveryday life of Community citizens. In particular, during the \nmeeting in Fontainebleau it called for the creation of a general \nsystem for the mutual recognition of university degrees. In line \nwith the same philosophy, the Commission believes that there should \nbe mutual recognition of apprenticeship courses. The European Council, \n\nThe Adonnino Committee submitted a preliminary report in March this \nyear which contains some guidelines on this subject, and the \nCommission has been requested to put them into concrete form. For this reason, with the aim of removing obstacles to the right of \nestablishment, the Commission - which approved the conclusions of \nthe Adonnino report - will submit to the Council a draft framework\n\n\f- 26 -\n\n94. Directive on a general system of recognition in the course of this \nyear. The main elements in this system will be : the principle of\nmutual trust between the Member States; the principle of the \ncomparability of university studies between the Member States; the \nmutual recognition of degrees and diplomas without prior \nharmonization of the conditions for access to and the exercise of \nprofessions ; and the extension of the general system to salary \nearners. Lastly, any difference, notably as regards training, \nbetween the Member States would be compensated by professional \nexperience. be restricted to the workforce only. Finally, measures to ensure the free movement of individuals must \nnot \nConsequently, the \nCommission intends to increase its support for cooperation \nprogrammes between further education establishments in different \nMember States with a view to promoting the mobility of students, \nfacilitating the academic recognition of degrees and thus diplomas, \nand helping young people, in whose hands the future of the\nCommunity's economy lies, to think in European terms. At the end of \nthis year, it will make new proposals on this subject, notably \nconcerning a Community scholarship scheme of grants for students \nwishing to pursue part of their studies or the acquisition of \nrelevant professional experience in another Member State. IV. A COMMON MARKET FOR SERVICES\n\n95. In the Commission's view, it is no exaggeration to see the \nestablishment of a common market in services as one of the main \nTrade in \npreconditions for a return to economic prosperity. The \nservices is as important for an economy as trade in goods. diversity of activities which can be classed as \"services\" and the \nfact that the providers of services seem unaware of their common \ninterests in the sector are two of the reasons why their role and \nimportance have been undervalued for so long. Another reason has \nbeen the fact that, in the past, many services were provided by \nindustry itself whereas now there is a trend to create specialist \ncompanies or at least specialist units for service activities. Despite the provisions of Articles 59 and 62 of the Treaty, \nprogress on the freedom to provide services across internal \nfrontiers has been much slower than the progress achieved on free \nmovement of goods. This is particularly regrettable, since in \nrecent years specialisation and the rapid development of new types \nof services has done much to demonstrate the potential for growth \nand job creation in the service sector as a whole. 96. Two examples should suffice to illustrate this potential, and to \npoint out the risk that the Community might lose ground to its main \ntrading competitors if it fails to take sufficiently far-reaching \naction. 97. First, in 1982 market services and non-market services already\naccounted for 57% of the value added to the Community economy while \nindustry's contribution has dropped to less than 26%. Secondly, a\n\n\f- 27 -\n\ncomparison of employment prospects in the different sectors between \n1973 and 1982 reveals that there has been a steady decline in \nemployment in industry, \nwhich became even more rapid after \nBy contrast, over the same period, more than 5 million \n1979/1980. jobs were created in the Community's market services sector. This \nfigure, while impressive in absolute terms, looks less so relative \nto the equivalent figures for the USA (13. 4 million) and even \nAnother cause for concern is that in the \nJapan (6. 7 million). Community, unlike in our main competitors, this trend has tailed \noff since 1980 as a result of the recession. 98. Although freedom to provide services in the Community has been\ndirectly applicable since the end of the transitional period as the \nCourt of Justice recognized in the Van Binsbergen judgement, firms \nand individuals have not yet succeeded in taking full advantage of \nthis freedom. 99. For these reasons, the Commission considers that swift action should\nbe taken to open up the whole market for services. This applies \nboth to the new service areas such as information marketing and \naudiovisual services ; and to the so-called traditional (but \nrapidly evolving) services such as transport, banking and insurance \nwhich, if properly mobilised, can play a key supporting role for \nindustry and commerce. \"Traditional\u201d Services\n\n100. Of prime importance - because the Community has been depriving \nitself of the potential benefits for far too long - is the need to \nopen up the cross-border market in the traditional services, \nnotably banking and insurance and transport. The Commission would \nemphasize here that proposals necessary to open up these two \nsectors have already been made but still await Council's decision. The Council should, therefore, take the appropriate decisions as \nindicated in the timetable to be completed by 1990. Financial services\n\n101. The liberalisation of financial services, linked to that of capital \nmovements, will represent a major step towards Community financial \nintegration and the widening of the Internal Market. 102. The accent is now put increasingly on the free circulation of \n\n\"financial products\", made ever easier by developments of \ntechnology. Some comparison can be made between the approach \nfollowed by the Commission after the \"Cassis de Dijon\" judgements \nwith regard to industrial and agricultural products and what now \nhas to be done for insurance policies, \nhome-ownership savings \ncontracts, consumer credit/ participation in collective investment \nschemes, etc. The Commission considers that it should be possible \nto facilitate the exchange of such \"financial products\" at a \nCommunity level, using a minimal coordination of rules (especially \non such matters as authorisation, \nfinancial supervision and \netc) as the basis for mutual\nreorganisation, \n\nwinding up, \n\n\f- 28 -\n\nrecognition by Member States of what each does to safeguard the \ninterests of the public. 103. Such harmonisation, particularly as regards the supervision of \n\nongoing activities, should be guided by the principle of \"home\ncountry control\". This means attributing the primary task of\nsupervising the financial institution to the competent authorities \nof its Member State of origin, to which would have to be commu\u00ad\nnicated all information necessary for supervision. The authorities \nof the Member State which is the destination of the service, whilst \nnot deprived of all power, would have a complementary role. There \nwould have to be a minimum harmonisation of \ndards, though the need to reach agreement on this must not be \nallowed further to delay the necessary and overdue decisions. surveillance \n\nstan\u00ad\n\n104. The implementation of these principles in the field of credit \n\ninstitutions (especially banks) is being pursued actively, in par\u00ad\nticular on the following lines :\n\n- the standards of financial stability which credit institutions \nmust live up to and the management principles which they must \napply (concerning, for instance, their own funds, the solvency \nand liquidity ratios, the monitoring of large exposures) are \nbeing thoroughly coordinated ;\n\n- the rules contained in the fourth and seventh company law Direc\u00ad\n\ntives on annual accounts and consolidated accounting are being \nadapted to the sector of credit institutions ;\n\n- furthermore, the conditions which must be fulfilled by insti\u00ad\n\ntutions seeking access to the markets as well as the measures to \nbe taken at Community level when it comes to reorganising or \nwinding up an institution in case of crisis are being coordi\u00ad\nnated;\n\n- to name a more specific area, the Commission is working towards\nthe mutual recognition of the financial techniques used by\nmortgage credit institutions and of the rules applying to the \nsupervision of such institutions. 105. As regards insurance undertakings, \n\nMoreover, \n\ndirectives adopted in 1973\n(non-life) and 1979 (life) to facilitate the exercise of the right \nof establishment already coordinate rules and practices for the \nsupervision of insurers and particularly of their financial \nstability. close cooperation between supervisory \nauthorities has been in existence for a long time. The ground is \nthus prepared for freedom of services across frontiers, which\nshould therefore not present insurmountable problems, especially \nsince the Directive of 11 May 1960 liberates capital movements with \nregard to premiums and payments in respect of all forms of \ninsurance. It must \nto facilitate the exercise of freedom of services in non-life\ninsurance by spelling out the part to be played by the various \nsupervisory authorities in cross-frontier operations has not yet\n\nnevertheless be noted \n\nthat a Directive intended\n\n\f- 29 -\n\nbeen adopted by the Council. It will furthermore be necessary in \nthe near future to examine closely those aspects of freedom of \nservices which are peculiar to life assurance. 106. In the securities sector, the coordination of rules applicable to \nundertakings for collective investment in transferable securities \n(UCITS) is aimed at providing equivalent safeguards for investors \nin respect of the units issued by UCITS, irrespective of the Member \nOnce approved by the \nState in which the UCITS is situated. authorities in its home Member State, a UCITS will be able freely \nto market its units throughout the Community, without permitting \nadditional controls to be introduced. Thus this directive would be \nan example of the principle of \"home country control\". Mutual \nrecognition will be made possible by the coordination of the \nsafeguards offered by the financial product in question. 107. Apart from the UCITS proposal, other work still remains to be done \nto ensure that securities markets operate satisfactorily and in the \nbest interests of investors. Work currently in hand to create a \nEuropean securities market system, \nbased on Community stock \nexchanges, is also relevant to the creation of an internal market. This work is designed to break down barriers between stock \nexchanges and to create a Community-wide trading system for \nsecurities of international interest. The aim is to link stock \nexchanges electronically, so that their members can execute orders \nthe best conditions to \non the stock exchange market offering \ntheir clients. Such an interlinking would substantially increase \nthe depth and liquidity of Community stock exchange markets, and \nwould permit them to compete more effectively not only with stock \nexchanges outside the Community but also with unofficial and \nunsupervised markets within it. Transport\n\n108. The right to provide transport services freely throughout the \nCommunity is an important part of the Common Transport Policy set \nout in the Treaty. It should be noted that transport represents \nmore than 7 % of the Community's g. d. p. , and that the development \nof a free market in this sector would have considerable economic \nconsequences for industry and trade. The recent decision of the \nCourt in the case brought by the European Parliament against the \nCouncil for failure to act in the field of the common transport \npolicy (Case 13/83) highlights the necessity of making rapid \nprogress in this area. 109. In addition to the measures already mentioned in the context of the \nelimination of frontier checks in road haulage traffic, the \ncompletion of the internal market requires the following actions in \nthe transport sector :\n\n- for the transport of goods by road between Member States, the \nphasing out of quantitative restrictions (quotas) and the \nestablishment of conditions under which non-resident carriers may\n\n\f- 30 -\n\noperate transport services in another Member State (cabotage) \nwill be completed by 1988 at the latest. - for the transport of passengers by road, freedom to provide \n\nservices will be introduced by 1989. - for \n\nthe \n\ntransport \n\ninternational \n\ninland\nwaterway,freedom to provide services where this is not yet the\ncase will be introduced. Where necessary, conditions will be \nestablished under which non-resident carriers may operate inland \nnavigation services in another Member State (cabotage). Both \nmeasures should come into effect by 1989. of goods \n\nby \n\n- the freedom to provide sea transport services between Member\nStates shall be established by the end of 1986 at the latest,\nthough with the possibility of a limited period for phasing out\ncertain types of restrictions. - in the air transport sector, it is necessary to provide by 1987 \nfor greater freedom in air transport services \nbetween Member \nStates. This will involve in particular changing the system for \nthe setting and approval of tariffs, and limiting the rights of \nGovernments to restrict capacity and access to the market. 110. Implementation of common policy measures in the transport sector by \nthe dates mentioned above will require decisions by the Council by \nDecember 1985 (air fares and some aspects of maritime transport) ; \nby June 1986 (remaining aspects in the aviation and maritime \nsectors) ; and by December 1986 (road haulage, inland waterways, \ncoach services). 111. If the Council fails to make progress towards the adoption of \nproposed Regulations concerning the application of competition \nrules to air and to sea transport, the Commission intends to take \nDecisions recording existing infringements and authorising Member \nStates to take measures as determined by the Commission according \nto Article 89 of the EEC Treaty. 112. All these measures form only part of the common transport policy \nwhich extends to other measures (e. g. state aid policy, improvement \nof railway financing, \nharmonization in the road sector, \ninfrastructure planning and investment) which are not of direct \nrelevance to the internal market but which are an essential element \nof this policy. New technologies and Services\n\n113. The development of new technologies has led to the creation and \ndevelopment of new cross-border services which are playing an \nincreasingly important role in the economy. However, these \nservices can develop their full potential only when they serve a \nlarge, unobstructed market. This applies equally to audiovisual \nservices, \ninformation and data processing services and to \ncomputerized marketing and distribution services. - 31 -\n\n114. In addition, the Commission would stress that a market free of \nobstacles at Community level necessitates the installation of \nappropriate telecommunication networks with common standards. 115. In the field of audiovisual services, the objective for the \nCommunity should be to seek to establish a single Community-wide \nbroadcasting area. Broadcasting is an important part of the \ncommunications industry which is expected to develop very rapidly \ninto a key sector of the Community economy and will have a decisive \nimpact on the future competitiveness of Community industries in the \ninternal market. 116. In accordance with the Treaty objective of creating a common market \nfor services, all those who provide and relay broadcast services \nand who receive them should be able, if they wish, to do so on a \nCommunity-wide basis. This freedom goes hand in hand with the \nright of freedom of information regardless of frontiers. 117. As a result of the development of broadcasting within essentially \nnational frameworks, legal obstacles, actual and potential, lie in \nthe path of those seeking to develop broadcasting activities across \nThese obstacles consist mainly of \nthe borders of Member States. different limitations on the extent to which broadcast programmes \nmay contain advertising ; as well as of the rights of owners of \ncopyright and related rights to authorise retransmission by cable \nOn the basis of \nof broadcasts for each Member State separately. the Commission's Green Paper, \non the \nestablishment of the common market for broadcasting, especially by \nsatellite and cable, a number of measures are necessary to realise \na single Community-wide broadcasting area. As a first step towards \nthis objective, the Commission will submit appropriate proposals in \n1985. The Council should take a decision before 1987. adopted in May 1984, \n\n118. The information market is also undergoing far reaching changes as a \nresult of the application of new information technologies. These \nchanges are mainly due to :\n- the almost exponential growth of the amount of information \n\navailable ;\n\n- the growing speed with which new information becomes obsolete ;\n- the strong tendency of information to flow across borders; and\n- the application of new information technologies. 119. Information itself and information services are becoming more and \nmore widely traded and valuable commodities, and in many respects \nprimary resources for industry and commerce. The opening of the \nmarket for it is therefore of increasing importance. Moreover, the \nfunctioning of markets for other commodities depends upon the \ntransmission and availability of information. As a commodity, \nhowever, it has unique and difficult properties. 120. The information market has been supported by a series of programmes \nThe \ndecided by the Council on 27 July 1981 and 27 November 1984. current one is due for mid-term evaluation in the course of this \nIt\nyear. But a satisfactory internal market requires more. - 32 -\n\nrequires, as the European Council has recognized, a common policy \nand strategy within which a transparent regulation and transparent \nconditions can be built. The Commission has issued a general \ndiscussion paper on this subject and intends to follow it up with \nappropriate proposals and guidelines in the period 1985-1987. 121. The European marketing and distribution system will also undergo a \nthorough technological transformation. Home videotex will permit \nthus \nthe ordering of products direct from the manufacturer, \nrevolutionizing traditional distribution channels, while ensuring \ngreater market transparency. These new technologies, which will \nbring in their wake a need for adequate consumer protection, could \nlead to increased commercial activity within the Community, \nparticularly in the mail-order sector. 122. Electronic banking. too will promote information and commercial \nThe new payment cards (memory cards, on-line cards) \ntransactions. will tend to replace existing cheques and credit cards. Although \nan agreement already exists on the compatibility of videotex \nequipment in the Community, there is no similar agreement for the \nproduction of the new cards. 123. The Commission intends to make proposals to help define common \ntechnical features of the machines used to produce the new payment \ncards, so that they can be identical throughout the Community. It \nin conformity with Community \nwill also seek to encourage, \ncompetition rules, the conclusion of agreements at European level \nbetween banks, \nproducers and consumers on the \ncompatibility of systems, networks linkage, user rules and/or rates \nof commission. traders, \n\nV. CAPITAL MOVEMENTS\n\n124. Greater liberalisation of capital movements in the Community should \n\nserve three aims. 125. First, the completion of a large internal market inevitably invol\u00ad\n\nThe free movement of goods, services \nves a financial dimension. and persons must also mean that firms and private individuals \nthroughout the Community have access to efficient financial \nservices. The \neffectiveness of the harmonisation of national \nprovisions governing the activities of financial intermediaries and \nmarkets would be greatly reduced if the corresponding capital \nmovements were to remain subject to restrictions. 126. Secondly, it must be stressed that monetary stability, in the sense \nof the general level of prices and exchange rate relations, is an \nessential precondition for the proper operation and development of \nthe internal market. In this regard, action to achieve greater \nfreedom of capital movements would need to move in parallel with\nthe steps taken to reinforce and develop the European \nMonetary System. Exchange-rate stability and convergence of \neconomic policies help the gradual removal of barriers to the free\n\n\f- 33 -\n\nmovement of capital; conversely, greater financial freedom leads to \ngreater discipline in the conduct of economic policies. 127. Thirdly, the decompartmentalisation of financial markets should \nboost the economic development of the Community by promoting the \noptimum allocation of European savings. The task is to set up an \nattractive and competitive integrated financial system for both \nCommunity and non-Community business circles. 128. A number of Member States have had to make use of the protective \nclauses provided for in the Treaty (Articles 73 and 108(3))to \nmaintain or reintroduce restrictions on capital movements which are \nFrom now on the \nin principle liberalised under Community law. Commission's attitude towards the use of safeguard clauses will be \ngoverned by the following criteria :\n\n- authorization to apply protective measures should be for a \n\nlimited period;\n\n- measures should be continually reviewed and gradually abolished \n\nas the difficulties which originally justified them diminish;\n\n- agreement should be reached not to apply the protective clauses \nto capital movements which are so short term as to be classified \nas speculative and which are most directly Linked to the free \nmovement of goods, services and persons. 129. Generally speaking, however, capital now moves more freely in the\nCommunity than at the end of the 1970s. The United Kingdom removed \nall exchange controls in 1979 and the arrangements applied in \nDenmark now comply with the Community rules in force. December 1984, the Commission authorised France, Italy and Ireland \nto retain, according to the above criteria, in varying degrees, \nrestrictions on certain capital movements. These decisions took \ninto account the measures taken on this occasion by the French and \nItalian authorities to relax such restrictions. These derogations \nhave been renewed for a limited period. In\n\n130. Unlike the Treaty provisions relating to free trade in goods and \nservices, the principle of freedom of capital movements does not \napply directly. All progress towards such freedom involves an \nextension, by way of Directives, of the Community obligations last \nLaid down in 1960 and 1962. The following two aims must be pursued \nin view of this extension :\n\n- as an accompaniment to measures to coordinate the conditions \nunder which financial intermediaries operate and thus to promote \nthe development of a common market in financial services. To \nthis end, \na proposal for a Directive concerning the \nliberalisation of transactions in the units issued by collective \ninvestment undertakings for transferable securities is currently \nA similar liberalizing proposal \nbeing discussed by the Council. will be necessary in due course in the mortgage lending field;\n\n\f- 34 -\n\n- in order to adapt Community obligations to changes in financial \ntechniques and so improve the arrangements for operations which \nhave grown substantially in importance. Action will have to be \ntaken at Community level to liberalise operations such as the \nissue, placing and acquisition of securities representing risk \ntransactions in securities issued by Community \ncapital, \ninstitutions and long-term commercial credit. 131. In addition to the responsibility which Community bodies have for \ncreating and administering a legislative framework for the \nliberalisation of capital movements they will have to take action \nwith a view to gradually liberalizing all operations of Community \ninterest. 132. The Commission intends to step up its monitoring of any exchange \ncontrol measures which, while not infringing Community obligations \nto liberalise capital movements, \nnevertheless constitute a \npotential obstacle to payments relating to normally liberalised \ntrade in goods, services or capital. Following the \"Luisi-Carbone\" \njudgement of 31. 1. 1984, the Commission has already informed Member \nStates about the limits to the controls which Member States may \napply. From 1992 onwards, any residual currency control measures \nshould be applied by means other than border controls. VI. CREATION OF SUITABLE CONDITIONS FOR INDUSTRIAL COOPERATION\n\n133. The removal of internal boundaries and the establishment of free \nmovement of goods and capital and the freedom to provide services \nare clearly fundamental to the creation of the internal market. Nevertheless, \nCommunity action must go further and create an \nenvironment or conditions likely to favour the development of \ncooperation between undertakings. Such cooperation will strengthen \nthe industrial and commercial fabric of the internal market \nespecially in the case of small and medium sized enterprises, which \nare particularly sensitive to their general environment precisely \nbecause of their size. 134. In spite of the progress made in creating such an environment, \ncooperation between undertakings of different Member States is \nstill hampered by excessive legal, \nfiscal and administrative \nproblems, to which are added occasional obstacles which are more a \nreflection of different mental attitudes and habits. It is, \nhowever, the Commission\u2019s function to take steps to deal with any \ndistortion of competition arising from the partitioning of markets \nby means of agreements on business practices or undisclosed aid \nfrom public funds. The Commission will also continue to apply \ncompetition rules by authorizing cooperation between undertakings \nwhich can promote technical or economic progress within the \nframework of a unified market. 135. The Commission will also seek to ensure that Community budgetary \nand financial facilities make their full contribution to the \ndevelopment of greater cooperation between firms in different\n\n\f- 35 -\n\nMember States. It will seek to guide future research programmes in \nthis direction, both at the precompetitive research stage and at \nthe stage of pilot or demonstration projects. The ESPRIT and BRITE \nprogrammes now underway have already had a very positive impact on \nEuropean firms in terms of the opportunities for cooperation which \nthey represent. The Regional Fund must also be enabled to \ncontribute to greater cooperation between firms. Creation of a legal framework facilitating cooperation between \nenterprises. 136. The absence of a Community legal framework for cross-border \nactivities by enterprises and for cooperation between enterprises \nof different Member States has led - if only for psychological \nreasons - to numerous potential joint projects failing to get off \nthe ground. The Community is now, for the first time, setting the \nstage for a new type of association to be known as the \"European \nEconomic Interest Grouping\" that will be governed by uniform \nCommunity legislation and will make it easier for enterprises from \ndifferent Member States jointly to undertake specific activities. 137. Also, it is worth noting that a Council decision is still awaited \non the proposed statute for a European Company. The Commission is \nconscious that the creation of an optional legal form at Community \nlevel holds considerable attraction as an instrument for the \nindustrial cooperation needed in a unified Internal Market. A \ndecision on the proposed statute will clearly be needed by 1992. In \nthe interim period, \nthe Commission intends to concentrate on \nmeasures to approximate national laws and does not preclude the \npossibility of amending its European Company proposal in order to \nbuild on results achieved in discussions of approximation measures. 138. The small number of one-man businesses apart, enterprises are \ngenerally organised in the form of companies or firms, and the \nCommunity rule on non-discriminatory treatment applies to them when \nformed in the Community. This rule is of prime importance where the \nacquisition of shareholdings is concerned. 139. There is a case, \n\nhowever, for making better use of certain \nprocedures such as offers of shares to the public for reshaping the \npattern of share ownership in enterprises, \nsince the rules \ncurrently in force in this sphere vary a great deal from one \ncountry to another. Such operations should be made more attractive. This could be done by requiring minimum guarantees, particularly on \nthe information to be given to those concerned, while it would be \nleft to the Member State to devise procedures for monitoring such \noperations and to designate the authorities to which the powers of \nsupervision were to be assigned. A proposal will be made in 1987 \nand the necessary decisions should be taken by 1989. 140. As and when the internal market is developed further, enterprises \nincorporated in the form of companies or firms will become more and \nmore involved in all manner of intra-Community operations, \nresulting in an ever-increasing number of links with associated\n\n\f- 36 -\n\nenterprises, creditors and other parties outside the country in \nwhich the registered office is Located. To keep pace with this \ntrend, a series of measures have already been taken or are under \ndiscussion aimed at coordinating Member States laws, especially \nthose governing limited companies, which, in economic terms,\nconstitute the most important category. 141. Admittedly, this approximation of legislation is designed to secure \nequivalent protection for those concerned but these are, to a very \nlarge extent, enterprises too. In point of fact, by improving the \nlegal relationship between enterprises, the coordination of company \nlaw has at the same time improved cooperation between them. 142. Nevertheless, a company constituted under a specific national law\n\nas a natural person when it\n\nThe traditional\n\nup by companies \n\nenjoy the same facilities \n\ndoes not \ncomes to moving from one Member State to another. ways of setting up in another Member State involve the \nfor which non- \nestablishment of subsidiaries or branches, \ndiscriminatory treatment is expressly laid down in the Treaty of \nRome. As things stand now, however, the legal position of branches \nset \nfrom other Member States is far from\nThus, to the extent that \nsatisfactory throughout the Community. certain matters affecting the corporate sector have already been \nharmonised, branches established in the Community and forming an \nintegral part of an enterprise should also reap the benefits of \nsuch harmonisation under a legislative policy of deregulation. With \nthis in mind, the obligation, say, to publish accounts relating \nonly to the activities of a branch established in the Community\nshould be dispensed with in all cases, provided a copy of the \nparent company's accounts is filed with the registration body \nresponsible for the branch. A proposal will be made in 1986 to \npermit a decision by the Council in 1988. 143. If it is to satisfy the needs of a genuine internal market, the\nCommunity cannot concentrate simply on the arrangements for \ncreating subsidiaries or branches in order to make it easier for \nenterprises to set up in other Member States. Enterprises must \nalso be able to engage in cross-border mergers within the \ncould constitute the last stage in a\nCommunity. This facility \nprocess of cooperation beginning, \nwith the \nfor example, \nstraightforward acquisition of a shareholding. On the face of it, \nadoption of the Commission's proposal for a tenth Di rective seems \nto pose fewer difficulties especially as it could, to a very large \nextent, settle the matter by reference to the rules already in \nforce on internal mergers. 144. In practice, cooperation will result more often than not in the \ncreation of a group of legally separate but associated enterprises. This development is already the subject of coordination in the \nfield of consolidated accounts. However, is it possible to stop \nthere ? \nThe fact is that the transparency of the group is not the \nA fair balance must also be struck between \nonly issue at stake. the interests of the group as a whole and its members, especially \nHowever,\nminority shareholders and creditors of subsidiaries. - 37 -\n\nthere are serious gaps in most Member States' Legislation on the \nmatter, which is still too closely modelled on the idea of company \nautonomy, an idea largely overtaken, it would seem, by the degree \nof concentration that now exists. Depending on the outcome of \nthe Commission is considering making a \ncurrent consultations, \nproposal to this end. Intellectual and industrial property\n\n145. Differences in intellectual property laws have a direct and \nnegative impact on intra-Community trade and on the ability of \nenterprises to treat the common market as a single environment for \ntheir economic activities. 146. It will be necessary, as a first step, to reach a decision on the \nCommunity Trademark proposal and on the proposal approximating \nnational trade mark laws. Considerable advantages will flow from \nthis which will enable undertakings to adapt their activities to \nthe full scale of the Community by making it possible for them to \nobtain on a single application one trade mark covering all the \nMember States. In order to allow the Community trade mark system to \nbe adopted by the Council, the Commission will make the necessary \nsupplementary proposals \nlation \u00b7, the fees regulation ; the siting of the Community Trade \nMark office and- its working language ; the rules of procedure of \nThe Council should decide on these matters \nthe Boards of Appeal). by 1987. (i. e. the rules implementing the regu\u00ad\n\n147. The picture has recently been further complicated by the need to \nadapt existing trademark systems to technological change in a \nnumber of areas including computer software, microcircuits and \nbiotechnology. In order to create a firm legal foundation for \ninvestment in new techniques, the systems must be adapted in a \nconvergent manner so that these changes will not weaken an already \nimperfect intellectual property market. 148. In the patent field, the Luxembourg Convention on the Community \nPatent signed in 1975 which will offer important advantages to \nindustry, has not yet entered into force. The Commission favours a \nsolution whereby the Convention enters into force immediately, at \nleast amongst those Member States who are in a position to ratify \nit. patent \n\nconcerning \n\n149. The Commission accordingly intends to propose to the Council \nmeasures \nbiotechnological \ninventions and the legal protection of microcircuits, the latter as \na matter of urgency, in 1985. In addition, problems in the field of \ncopyright and related rights will be examined in a consultative \ndocument to be published in 1985 with a view to establishing \npriorities. In this context, the introduction of a Community \nframework for the legal protection of software will be given \nparticular attention. protection \n\nof \n\n\f- 38 -\n\nTaxation\n\n150. The Commission intends to publi sh, by the end of 1985, a White\nPaper on the taxation of enterprises in the Community. This will \nserve the purpose of fitting the various proposals already pending \nbefore Council into a general framework; It will also be an\nopportunity for assessing the need for further common action in \nthis field. There is, indeed, a widespread feeling in private \nenterprise in Europe that our fiscal environment for risk capital \nand for innovation compares badly with that of our major \ncompetitors. 151. In the meantime the Commission will urge the Council to complete \nongoing work on a group of proposals which aim at removing \nobstacles to cooperation between European firms (on tax treatment \non taxation of mergers and on \nof parents and subsidiaries, \navoidance of double taxation), \nand to give high priority to \nharmonizing indirect taxes on transactions in securities as well as \nto the proposal which will allow wider use of carry forward and \nbackward of losses in all Member States. V H. APPLICATION OF COMMUNITY LAW \n\nInfringements\n\n152. The Community's political and legislative efforts to create an \nexpanded home market for the people and the industries of the \nCommunity, will be in vain if the correct application of the agreed \nrules is not ensured. under the pressure of \nUnfortunately, \nMember States have not always withstood the \neconomic crisis, \ntemptation to yield to protectionist measures, and the large volume \nof complaints that the Commission has received has prevented it \nfrom dealing with them within a reasonable period. There is no \nreason why Member States, whose Heads of State and Government are \ncommitted to the completion of the Internal Market, should not \nexpect and welcome the knowledge that the Commission will carry out \nits duties of enforcing the rules that make such a completion \npossible, even if such enforcement is likely sometimes to affect \nthem directly and individually. 153. Of the total number of complaints received by the Commission, some \n60 %, i. e. on average 255 each year, relate to Articles 30-36 of \nthe Treaty, but because of the lack of resources it can, in a given \nyear, settle only one hundred cases. The resulting delays and \nbacklogs benefit the infringing States, impede systematic action, \nlead to political and economic disequilibria of infringement \nproceedings, and frustrate the confidence of industry as well as \nthat of the man in the street. Measures have to be taken to remedy \nthe situation. 154. Moreover, the Commission will continue its general action of im\u00ad\n\nproving and rationalising its internal procedures in order to \ncorrect violations rapidly and effectively. It will closely combine\n\n\f- 39 -\n\nits actions of prevention and cure, and it will consider the \npossible introduction of sanctions \nand will explore all\npossibilities for interim measures to suspend the enforcement of \nany national legislation which manifestly infringes Community law. Transparency\n\n155. Elimination of unjustified trade barriers is traditionally done on \na case-by case basis by individual infringement proceedings. Given \nthe practical shortcomings of piecemeal proceedings, the Commission \nwilt have to take more systematic action, by publishing general \ncommunications setting out the legal situation particularly in \nregard to Articles 30 to 36 for the whole of an economic sector or \nin relation to a particular type of barrier. These communications \nwould serve as a guide for public authorities regarding their \nobligations, as well as for Community citizens regarding the rights \nwhich they enjoy. The Commission will gradually establish \n\n156. The Commission intends to publish before 1988 communications on\nmotor-cars, foodstuffs, pharmaceuticals, and chemical products as \na\npriority sectors. definite link between its proposals for harmonisation of laws and \nits communications setting out the impact of Articles 30 to 36. In \nany case, it is understood that, in the event of approximation \nlagging behind the agreed schedules, the Council's inaction cannot \nrelieve the Commission of its obligation to take whatever measures \nare necessary to ensure free movement of goods within the Community \nunder conditions which are consistent with the aims of the Treaty \nand the deadline of 1992. Competition policy and state aids\n\n157. A strong competition policy will play \n\nrole in\na fundamental \nIt will \nmaintaining and strengthening the internal market. contribute to an \nand to\nimproved allocation of resources \nreinforcement of the efficiency and competitiveness of European \ncompanies. As the Community moves to complete the Internal Market, \nit will be necessary to ensure that anti-competitive practices do \nnot engender new forms of local protectionism which would only lead \nto a re-partitioning of the market. 158. In this context, it will be particularly important that the\n\nCommunity discipline on state aids be rigorously enforced. There \nare tendencies to spend large amounts of public funds on state aids \nto uncompetitive industries and enterprises. Often, they not only \ndistort competition but also in the long run undermine efforts to \nincrease European competitiveness. They represent a drain on scarce \npublic resources and they threaten to defeat efforts to build the \ninternal market. As the physical and technical barriers inside the \nCommunity are removed, \nthe Commission will see to it that a \nrigorous policy is pursued in regard to state aids so that public \nresources are not used to confer artificial advantage to some firms \nover others. An effective Community discipline will make it \npossible to ensure that available resources are directed away from\n\n\f- 40 -\n\nnon-viable activities towards competititive and job creating \nindustries of the future. The Commission is drawing up an inventory of state aids and will \npublish by 1986 a report setting out the implications for future \nstate aids policy. - 41 -\n\nPART III - THE REMOVAL OF FISCAL BARRIERS\n\nI. INTRODUCTION\n\n160. Fiscal checks feature prominently among the functions carried out\n\nat the Community's internal frontiers. Consequently^ the removal of \nfrontier controls is bound to have inescapable implications for the \nMember States as far as indirect taxes are concerned. The\nadjustments that will be needed to solve these practical problems \nare also very much in line with the terms of the commitment\nundertaken by those who signed the Treaties and with historical \ndevelopments since then. 161. When the Customs Union was achieved in 1968, \n\nit was already\napparent that the mere removal of tariffs would not enable a true \nand that differences in \ncommon internal market to be created; \nturnover taxes in particular were the source of serious distortion \nand hence a serious obstacle to the completion of the Internal\nThat such a situation might arise was foreseen in the\nMarket. Article 99 specifically provided that the \nTreaty itself. Commission should make proposals for the approximation of indirect \ntaxation when this was needed for the completion of the internal \nmarket; and Article 100 provided the legal means for so doing. 162. Accordingly, in 1967, the Member States decided that the existing \nturnover taxes must be replaced by a Value Added Tax levied on a \ncommon basis. It was recognized from the outset that the \nimposition of such a tax on a common basis would raise many \ndifficulties for Member States and would have to be phased in over \na period of years. But it is clear from both the First and the \nSecond VAT Directives which gave effect to this decision that a \ncommon basis was not only intended but was regarded as essential. 163. The adoption of a harmonized VAT was given further impetus by the \nCouncil Decision in 1970 that the Community should be financed \nthrough \"own resources\". A significant element in this new \"own \nresources\" regime was the allocation to the Community of the yield \nof part (not to exceed a rate of 1 per cent) of the harmonized VAT. It is clear from the Directives that what was in mind was not a \nnotional calculation but the allocation of a specific share of an \nactual harmonized tax. The following year (1971) saw the adoption \nof a Council Resolution confirming its intention to create an area \nwithin which goods, services and capital could circulate freely and \nwithout distortions of competition. Not only was a common tax base \nregarded as essential to achieve this end, but common tax rates as \nIn the words of the Resolution : \"Before \nwell were contemplated. the end of the first stage, the Council will deliberate on the \nstudies undertaken, and on the proposals made, by the Commission \nconcerning the approximation of rates of value added tax and of \nexcise duties. \"\n\n164. The broad principles of the harmonized common tax base for VAT were \nlaid down in outline in the Second VAT Directive dated 11 April \nThis was followed after a period of intensive consideration \n1967. and discussion,\u00b7 by the Sixth VAT Directive, adopted in 1977 which \nset out in great detail the provisions of the common base. Because\n\n\f- 42 -\n\nreaching agreement on a number of \nof the problems involved in \ndifficult and contentious issues,, the Sixth Directive contains a \nnumber of lacunae as well as special schemes, derogations and \ntransitional provisions. At the same time, Article 35 of the \nDirective specifically provided that these derogations and special \narrangements should ultimately be brought to an end. Nowhere is \nthe general philosophy set out more succinctly than in the preamble \nto the Directive. This declares :\n\n\"Whereas account should be taken of the objective of \nabolishing the imposition of tax on the importation and the \nremission of tax on exportation in trade between Member \nStates; \nwhereas it should be ensured that the common system \nof turnover taxes is non-discriminatory as regards the origin \nof goods and services, so that a common market permitting fair \ncompetition and resembling a real internal market may \nultimately be achieved\". Since 1977 a number of supplementary Directives have been adopted \nand a number await the Council's decision. 165. Soon after the first steps were taken to harmonize turnover taxes, \nthe Community turned its attention to excise duties. As a first \nalcoholic drinks and \nstep the Commission identified tobacco, \nhydrocarbon oils as the products on which excises should be levied \n- a choice which coincides with the coverage adopted by most Member \nStates. 166. In the case of tobacco, a limited degree of harmonization has \nalready been achieved. The basic directive adopted in 1972 defined \nthe structures of excise duty on cigarettes; \nprovided for \nharmonization in successive stages; \nand defined a range of \nrelationships between the specific duty and the total duty. In the \ncase of alcoholic drinks and hydrocarbon oils, little progress has \nbeen made despite the presentation by the Commission of a whole \nrange of directives. At the same time, however, a limited degree \nof progress has been made as a result of judgements by the European \nCourt which have compelled Member States to abandon tax \narrangements which benefited domestic producers to the detriment of \nproducers in other Member States. 167. It is clear from what has been said above that the harmonization of \nindirect taxation has always been regarded as an essential and \nintegral part of achieving a true common market. Momentum has been \nlost in recent years but this was due essentially to the impact of \nthe recession on the economic policies of Member States and \npreoccupation with other problems. But progress is being resumed \nand now we must proceed vigorously if we are to achieve the target \ndate of 1992 for the completion of the Internal Market. 168. If goods and services and people are to move freely from one member \nState to another in just the same way as they can move within a \nmember State, it is essential that frontier controls be abolished. are primarily designed to ensure that each member \nSince these \nState can collect the revenue in the form of indirect taxation to \nwhich it feels entitled, there are clear implications for the \nindirect taxation policies of individual Member States. Let us be \nquite clear that we are talking here not in terms of frontier \nfacilitation, i. e. simplifying frontier procedures in the way that\n\n\f- 43 -\n\nthe Directive on the Harmonization of Frontier Procedures and the \nSingle Administrative Document aim to do, but in terms of removing \nthe frontiers altogether as only in this way is it possible to \nachieve the stated objective of free movement of goods and of \npeople. 169. Indirect taxes, whether in the form of VAT or excises, enter more\nor less directly into the final price of the goods or services on \nwhich they are imposed. Different levels of taxation are therefore \nreflected in different price levels. are substantial, the differences in final prices will also be \nsubstantial, though small differences can often be absorbed either \nGiven the relationship \nin margins or by consumer indifference. between prices and levels of taxation, we need to consider whether \nor not it would be practically possible, in the absence of frontier \ncontrols, \nfor \nLevels of indirect taxation. Member States to charge significantly different\n\nIf the differences in level\n\n170. The considerations which apply to commercial traffic and to the\nindividual traveller are not the same. They are therefore treated \nseparately in the following paragraphs : the VAT dimension is\nthe analysis is then widened to include the\nexamined first \nexcises. Cowercjal Traffic and Value Added Tax\n\n171. The starting point must be the 14th VAT Directive and the system of\npostponed accounting which shifts the accountancy procedures for \nVAT from frontiers to inland tax offices. The strongest point in \nfavour of the 14th VAT Directive is that it embodies a tried and \nproven system, operated by Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxemburg, \nand previously by Ireland and the United Kingdom. For a variety of \nreasons, none of them convincing in the Commission's view, \nthe\nDirective has not yet been adopted by the Council, and this despite \nthe fact that the system it incorporates has the solid backing of \npractical experience behind it. Adoption of the 14th VAT Directive \nwould unquestionably represent a valuable step forward \nin\nsimplifying procedures and speeding the flow of commercial traffic. It would not, however, result in the complete abolition of frontier \ncontrols since documentation would still have to be provided at the \nfrontier and Member States would still wish to retain the power to \ncheck movements of goods as a protection against fraudulent \ntransactions which would deprive them of revenue. 172. If, therefore, frontiers and with them frontier controls are to be \nabolished, a satisfactory Community procedure will need to be found \nby which sales and purchases across borders would be treated in \nexactly the same way as similar sales and purchases within the \nborders of the Member States. In other words, the sale would be \ntaxable in the hands of the vendor and the VAT incurred by the \npurchaser would be deductible irrespective of the Member State in \nIt would then be necessary, to set up a \nwhich it has been charged. Community \"Clearing House System\" to ensure that VAT collected in \nthe exporting Member State and deducted in the importing Member \nState was reimbursed to the latter. Computerisation of procedures \nwill play an important role in this context. - 44 -\n\n173. In principle the Clearing House System described above would create\na situation for taxable persons within the borders of the Community \nidentical to that which exists within the borders of the individual \nMember States. But in practice the present widely divergent rates \nand coverage of VAT would expose the system to the risk of heavy \nand systematic fraud and evasion. Apart from other devices it \nwould be all too easy for traders in high rate Member States to \nobtain supplies from low rate Member States and omit them from \ntheir records. practices would result in serious distortion of trade between low \nrate and high rate Member States. No one would pretend that fraud \nand evasion do not occur at present and would not continue even if \ntax rates and coverage were approximated. But the scale on which it \ncould occur after the abolition of frontier controls without\napproximation would be unacceptably large. Not only would this be a loss of revenue, but such\n\n174. Furthermore, \n\nthe Clearing House System could not deal with the\nproblem of the small trader not registered for VAT who could \nlegitimately \ndo so where\nshop across the border and would \nsignificant differences in taxation and corresponding differences \nin prices existed. 175. The only conclusion that can be drawn from this analysis is that no\nmeans exists \nand thus the\nof removing the frontier controls \nfrontiers if there are significant tax and corresponding price \ndifferences between the Member States. The Individual Traveller\n\n176. The fact that tax levels vary greatly from one member State to \nanother results in considerable differences in prices and creates a \npowerful incentive for people living in high tax countries to cross \nthe border and shop in low-tax countries. It needs to be \nremembered that many land'frontiers in the Community cross heavily \nThe Benelux countries, France and Germany come \npopulated areas. together in a geographical knot where cross-border shopping is easy \nand increasingly customary. Similar active cross-border shopping \ntrade is found between Denmark and Germany and between the adjacent \nareas of Ireland and Northern Ireland. 177. It would not be possible without the introduction of a whole range\nof new and offensive controls to discriminate between \"genuine\" \ntravellers and those who crossed frontiers to go shopping. It has \nequally already been recognised that it is unacceptable to attempt \nto collect tax from every individual traveller carrying dutiable \ngoods in however small quantities. For these reasons, and to \nfacilitate travel within the Community, a system of \"travellers' \nFirst adopted in 1969, they now \nallowances\" has been developed. stand at goods worth 280 ECU plus modest prescribed quantities of \ncigarettes and alcoholic drink. Because of the problems of cross- \nborder shopping, increasing difficulty has been experienced in\nobtaining the agreement of Member States to even modest increases \nin the travellers' allowances. While an increase to 350 ECU may be \nagreed shortly, \ncumstances the Commission and the Parliament would consider to be \nreasonable. below what even in the present cir\u00ad\n\nthis is \n\n\f- 45 -\n\n178. The very existence of travellers\u00ae allowances, their modest amounts \nand the \ndisproportionate difficulty in obtaining agreement to \nlimited increases all demonstrate that it would be impossible to \ndismantle the fiscal frontiers unless there were a considerable \nmeasure of approximation of indirect taxation. Excises\n\n179. As far as the individual traveller is concerned, the position in \nrelation to excises does not greatly differ from that relating to \nVAT. This analysis concentrates therefore on the considerations \naffecting commercial traffic. 180. At present, so far as the trade is concerned, goods subject to\nexcise duties are usually kept in bonded warehouses under control \nof the authorities, the tax being suspended. The tax is then \ncharged when goods are taken from the bonded warehouse for \nconsumption, that is, delivered to a distributor, or direct to a \ncustomer. When goods are exported, they are usually exported \"in \nbond\" i. e. duty is suspended and cancelled after proof of export. This in itself requires a check at the frontier. Correspondingly, \nchecks are made and the potential liability is duly established at \nthe point of entry into the importing country. are imported into bond, duty then has to be paid. Alternatively, \nthe goods may be received into a bonded warehouse and duty is then \ncharged in the importing country only when the goods are about to \ngo into consumption, i. e. when they are delivered from the bonded \nwarehouse to a distributor or direct to the customer. While this \nsystem ensures that tax is charged only in the country where the \ngoods are ultimately consumed, and at the rates of tax chargeable \nin that country, it presupposes the maintenance of existing\nthorough frontier formalities. Unless the goods\n\n181. It already open to the Council to produce the first simplification\nof existing frontier procedures by adopting the directives on \ncommon structures for the excises which are already before it. A \nfurther streamlining could be achieved by linking national systems \nof excise suspension. Goods could then go from their place of \nproduction or from a bonded warehouse in the exporting country and, \nwith a minimum of control, cross the frontier to a bonded warehouse \nin the importing country. The excise due would not be calculated \nand charged until the goods were taken out of \"bond\" in the country \nBut though this system would indeed simplify\nof destination. controls at the frontiers, it would not in itself mean that they \ncould be abolished. 182. If frontier controls were dismantled while the present wide \ndifferences in excise taxation persisted, the system would be\nexposed to fraud and evasion. This situation would allow excised \ngoods to be routed through a bonded warehouse in a low rate \ncountry, taken out of \"bond\" there and shipped on for consumption \nin a high rate country. There would also be a strong incentive for \nthose traders in high rate countries who were not covered by the \nbonded warehouse system to obtain their goods in low rate \ncountries. The only way of dealing with these problems would be to \nimpose frontier controls, the very thing we are seeking to abolish. * \n\n\f- 46 -\n\n183. We conclude that there is no way of removing frontier controls for \ngoods subject to excise duties whilst the present significant \ndifferentials in coverage and rates continue to exist. 184. Whether from the point of view of commercial traffic or of the \nindividual traveller, we conclude that the removal of frontiers \ntogether with the associated controls will require for practical \nreasons not only the setting up of a Community Clearing House \nSystem for VAT and a linkage system for bonded warehouses for \nexcised products, but also a considerable measure of approximation \nof indirect taxes. monization, which has come to imply absolute identity in every \nrespect, is not essential and for this reason we should now use the \nterm \"approximation\". We wish to make it clear that complete har\u00ad\n\n11 * \n\nAPPROXIMATION\n\n185. The first question that has to be answered is how close does \napproximation have to be. The short answer is that it must be \nsufficiently close that the operation of the common market is not \naffected through distortions of trade, diversion of trade and \neffects on competition, in this connection, American experience is \ninstructive. In the United States there are no fiscal frontiers as \nsuch, nor is there complete harmonisation of retail taxes as \nAmerican evidence therefore \nbetween the individual states. suggests that some variations can be accommodated; but, in order to \ntake account of market forces, these need to be limited in scale, \nwith differences of upto 5% even between neighbouring states co\u00ad\nexisting without undue adverse effects. Transposing this experience \ninto the Community context would suggest a margin of +/- 21/2 per \ncent either side of whatever Target Rate or Norm is chosen. In the \nthis would be a very significant degree of \ncase of \nflexibility. Thus, for example, if the Norm for the standard rate \nwere 16 1/2 per cent, actual rates adopted by Member States could \nbe in the range of 14 per cent to 19 per cent. These figures are \ninserted purely as an illustration although as a matter of interest \nthe range of 14 per cent to 19 per cent encompasses the standard \nIn the \nrates imposed by six of the nine Member States with VAT. case of excises, the indicative range of +/- 2 1/2 per cent would \nbe less significant as excises frequently account for a large \nproportion of the retail price. VAT, \n\n186. Retail markets are often tolerant of quite significant differences \nin retail prices. Distance, convenience, service, image and a host \nof other factors enter into consumer choice; \nprice is only one. But where competition is severe, prices do tend to move to a common \nIn such circumstances minor differences in tax levels tend \nlevel. to be absorbed by the trade, leaving the ultimate retail price to \nThe pressures thus exerted on the \nthe consumer little affected. trade will be transmitted to government. Thus market forces will \nthemselves create pressures to achieve a degree of approximation \nand in one case have already done so in the Community. - 47 -\n\nThe Broad Picture\n\n187. It will require a great deal of statistical and econometric work \nbefore specific proposals can be put forward. Much of this work \ncan only be done by or in association with Member State \nadministrations. Indeed it would be surprising if many Member \nStates had not, as a matter of routine, already made such studies. This White Paper therefore confines itself to a general analysis \nwhich will enable the broad picture to be seen and leave the \ndetailed studies to be undertaken as part of the preparatory work \non the draft directives which will be required. 188. Table 1 sets out the total yield of indirect taxation, subdivided \ninto VAT and Excises, as a proportion of GDP in each of the \nMember States in 1982. 189. The point which emerges immediately is that for most Member States \nthere are no very significant differences from the average in the \ntotal yield of indirect taxation. TABLE 1 - Indirect taxation as percentage of the GDP (1982)\n\nPer cent \n\nBelgium\nDenmark\nGermany\nFrance\nIreland\nItaly\nLuxembourg\nNetherlands\nUnited Kingdom\n\nWeighted EC\nAverage (2)\n\nVAT \n\n7. 67\n9. 84\n6. 34\n9. 19\n8. 22\n5. 48\n6. 04\n6. 83\n5. 22\n\nEXCISES \n\ntotal \n\nBig five(1) \n\n2. 39\n5. 87\n2. 70\n2. 22\n8. 91\n2. 84\n4. 24\n2. 36\n4. 58\n\n2. 29\n3. 27\n2. 58\n2. 12\n7. 63\n2. 72\n3. 75\n1. 92\n4. 35\n\n7. 05\n\n3. 63\n\n3. 37\n\nVAT AND\nEXCISES\n\n10. 06\n15. 71\n9. 04\n11. 41\n17. 13\n8. 32\n10. 28\n9. 19\n9. 79\n\n10,. 68\n\n(1) Tobacco products, beer, wine, spirits and mineral oil products\n(2) Excluding Greece, where the necessary statistics were not avai\u00ad\n\nlable\n\n190. Looked at in this way approximation presents a manageable budgetary \nproblem for most Member States and it would not seriously disturb \nthe existing relationship between direct and indirect taxation. The exceptions are Denmark and Ireland both of which rely heavily \non indirect taxation and where the present level measured as a \npercentage of GDP is 50 per cent or more above the Community \naverage. - 48 -\n\n191. When one Looks at the yield of the VAT and of the excises \nseparately, bigger differences appear. In the case of the VAT a \npreponderance of Member States have a yield around 6 per cent of \nGDP (i. e. within the range 6 per cent +/- 1 per cent) but four \nStates have yields higher than this, of which two exceed 9 per \ncent. In the case of the excises, there are five Member States \nwith yields between 2 per cent and 3 per cent of GDP, three Member \nStates with yields of around 5 per cent and one member State, \nIreland, with a yield of no less than 8. 9 per cent. 192. To sum up, the problem in most Member States is not so much the \ntotal yield of indirect taxation but the composition of that yield \n- the division between VAT and the excises and within the excises \nthe differences in tax burden between different sectors and \nBut given adequate time and flexibility for \ndifferent products. spreading the change over a period of years, \nand given the \nnecessary political will, the approximation could be realized and \nit could be handled with no greater difficulty than many Member \nStates have encountered in determining their domestic tax policy. Value Added Tax\n\n193. There are three questions to be addressed in the case of VAT :\n\n(1) the common base or coverage;\n(2) the number of rates; and\n(3) the level of the rate or rates, and particularly of the main or \n\nstandard rate. All these issues are interlocking : the extent of the coverage has\nan important bearing on the number of rates; \nand the level of \nrates is linked both to the number and to the coverage. 194. The 2nd VAT Directive introduced the main principles and the 6th \nVAT Directive went a long way to fill in the necessary details of a \ncommon VAT base in the European Community. In some areas it was \nnot possible, however, to achieve unanimity. As a result certain \ngaps were left to be covered by subsequent directives, and a number \nof derogations were included. 195. Three of the supplementary directives stemming from \n\nthe 6th\nDirective have already been adopted by \n(the 8th\nDirective concerning arrangements for the refund of VAT to taxable \na directive on VAT \npersons established in another member State; \nexemptions for final importation of certain goods; \nand the 10th \nDirective on VAT on the hiring out of movable tangible property). the Council \n\n196. Eight other draft Directives are still pending before the Council. Together with three forthcoming proposals they aim at carrying \nforward the work of achieving the common VAT base. After their \napproval the main outstanding problem in this area will be the\nremaining derogations. They will have to be tackled by subsequent \nThe principal areas where substantial differences in \nproposals. coverage still exist are: food; second-hand goods; \nfuel and\ntransport; and the treatment of small traders and farmers. Some of \nthe most important derogations are connected with zero-rating of \nThis is why\nfood and other goods and services in Ireland and UK. - 49 -\n\nVAT coverage is as Low as 35 per cent of private consumption in \nIreland and 44 per cent in the United Kingdom whereas most Member \nStates cover about 90 per cent. The high rates of tax imposed in \nIreland and the comparatively low yield in the United Kingdom are \nboth a reflection of this restricted coverage. A move towards a \nmore uniform basis would therefore be helpful in both these \nrespects. 197. Table 2 shows the rates of VAT in force in the Member States as at \n\n31 March 1985. 198. As far as the number of rates is concerned, seven out of the nine \nMember States at present impose VAT at a reduced rate or rates in \naddition to the standard rate and three of these also impose a \nThis would suggest that a common system would be \nhigher rate. likely to have more than one rate. Nevertheless, despite the \npresent predominance of multiple rate systems, there are strong\narguments in favour of a single rate. \u2022 \n\nTABLE 2 - POSITIVE RATES OF VAT IN MEMBER STATES (1): As at March\n1985. VAT Rates\n\nlower \n\nstandard \n\nhigher \n\nVAT as per\u00ad\ncentage of \nGDP\n\n-\n\n6 and 17\n\nBelgium\nDenmark\n7\nGermany\n5. 5 and 7\nFrance\n10\nIreland (3)\n2 and 9\nItaly\n3 and 6\nLuxembourg\n5\nNetherlands\nUnited Kingdom(3) -\n\n19\n22\n14\n18. 6\n23\n18\n12\n19\n15\n\n25 (2)\n\n-\n\n-\n\n33. 3\n-\n38\n\n-\n\n-\n\n-\n\n7. 67\n9. 84\n6. 34\n9. 19\n8. 22\n5,48\n6. 04\n6. 83\n5. 22\n\n(1) Greece has not yet introduced VAT. (2) An additional luxury tax of 8 per cent is charged on certain \n\n(3) Ireland and the United Kingdom apply zero rates to a wide range \n\nproducts. of goods and services. 199. As regards the level of rates, it is of more than passing interest \nthat approximation within a range of 14 per cent to 19 per cent for \nthe standard rate (i. e. a Norm of 16 1/2 per cent + 1 - 2 1/2 per \ncent) would encompass six of the nine Member States which have a \nA range of 15 per cent to 20 per cent (a norm of 17 1/2 per\nVAT. - 5 o -\n\ncent +/- 21/2 per cent) would encompass five Member States out of \nthe nine. It must be stressed that these are only illustrative \nexamples : specific proposals must await more detailed study. The\nCommission will in due course publish the results of these studies \nas a basis for further discussions. Excises\n\n200. In the case of the excises, Member States have fairly common\ncoverage as regards the excise duties on manufactured tobacco, \nalcoholic beverages and hydrocarbon oils. The main exception is \nwine. No duty is charged on wine in Italy or Greece, it is charged \nonly on sparkling wine in Germany and only on imported wine in \nLuxembourg. Likewise certain hydrocarbon oil products are exempted \nfrom duty in some Member States: for example, heavy fuel oil in\nBelgium, \ndomestic heating oil in Belgium and Luxemburg, and \nlubricants in Belgium, France and the Netherlands. 201. In view of the large number of excisable products (for example 28 \nalcoholic beverages, 7 mineral oils) it is not practicable to show \nall the rates for the Member States. Table 3 does, however, give a \nrepresentative picture of comparative excise duty levels in the \nCommunity. TABLE 3 - EXAMPLES OF EXCISE DUTIES IN MEMBER STATES - AS AT MARCH \n- - - --- \u2014 \u2014 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -\nT985 \n\nECU per \n\n20 cigar- 1 litre \nof beer \nettes \n\n1 litre \nof wine \n\n0. 75 lit 1 lit of Revenue\npremium \nof 40% \npetrol \nspirits \n\nfrom\nthese\nexcises \nin per \ncent of \nGDP (1)\n\nBelgium\nDenmark\nGermany\nFrance\nGreece\nIreland\nItaly\nLuxembourg\nNetherlands\nUnited K. 0. 73\n1. 96\n1. 02\n0. 31\n0. 28\n1. 14\n0. 57\n0. 54\n0. 74\n1,. 25\n\n0. 13\n0. 65\n0. 07\n0. 03\n0. 22\n1. 14\n0. 18\n0. 06\n0. 23\n0. 70\n\n11) 1982 figures \n(2) estimated average\n\n0. ,33\n1. 35\n0. 00\n0. 03\n0. 00\n2. 74\n0. 00\n0. 13\n0. 33\n1. 60\n\n3. 78\n9. 58(2)\n3. 43\n3. 37\n0. 16\n7. 84\n0. 75\n2. 54\n3. 79\n7. 70\n\n0. 25\n0. 28\n0. 23\n0. 36\n0. 29\n0. 36\n0. 49\n0. 20\n0. 28\n0. 29\n\n2. 29\n3. 27\n2. 58\n2. 12\nn. a\n7. 63\n2. 72\n3. 75\n1. 92\n4. 35\n\n202. For cigarettes the rates vary from 0. 28 ECU per packet of 20 \nThe striking feature of the \n(Greece) to 1. 96 ECU (Denmark). figures for beer, \nwine and spirits is that in each case the\nheaviest taxation is to be found in Denmark, Ireland and the United\n\n\f- 51 -\n\nKingdom. Since the excise duties represent an extremely high \nproportion of the retail price (up to 69 per cent for cigarettes, \n52 per cent for petrol), such wide discrepancies in excise taxation \nare bound to have significant effects on market prices and hence on \nthe markets themselves. III. THE COMMISSION'S PROPOSALS\n\n203. The broad approach must now be for the Council to agree that ways \nmust be found to ensure that the adjustment that will be required \nwhen internal frontier controls are abolished in 1992 is not too \nabrupt and that the interim period be put to the best possible use. A good start would be provided by Council agreement to intensify \nefforts at completing work on the VAT base and the structure of \nthe excises, mainly on the basis of proposals already presented by \nSimultaneously the Commission will put forward a \nthe Commission. standstill proposal to ensure that existing differences with. respect to the number of VAT rates and the coverage of excises are \n\nnot widened. 204. A next step which we would hope could be taken in 1986 will be for \nthe Commission to present Target Rates or Norms together with \nproposed ranges of variation. Member States will then have the \noption of moving a given indirect tax immediately or in a series of \nshifts towards the common rate band. During the same period \nfurther consideration will need to be given to existing derogations \nwhich have distorting effects on the Internal Market to see whether \nthey need to be continued. The administrative arrangements \nnecessitated by the new proposals will need to be put into place. 205. The following paragraphs set out the specific measures the \nCommission proposes should be taken together with reasonable target \ndates. VAT and excises are examined separately and in turn. Value Added Tax\n\n206. Work on the common VAT base should now be taken forward by the \napproval of proposals already presented by the Commission to the \nThey cover subjects like works of art, antiques and used \nCouncil. goods, the import of \nfinal consumers \nsecond hand goods \n(including the problem of double taxation) and the temporary \nimportation of goods other than motor cars etc; and some Limited \nmoves towards abolition of derogations provided for in the 6th VAT \nDirective. by \n\nThere are eight draft directives involved. Considerable work has \nalready been done by the Council on a number of the draft \ndirectives and they should all be approved by the end of 1986. 207. Three proposals will be presented by the Commission in 1985,\n\ndealing with the special schemes for small businesses, for flat- \nrate farmers and for passenger transport. These should then be \napproved in the course of 1986. - 52 -\n\n208. While this work is proceeding in the Council, the Commission will, \nput forward proposals for a \nin the course of this year, \n\"standstill\". It will not be possible at this stage to define \nthis in terms of rates, but provisions should be adopted which \nwill exclude the proliferation of VAT rates in Member States, or \nthe widening of the gap between VAT rates, since this would make \nsubsequent adjustment more difficult. 209. Work on the next decisive stage, the approximation of rates, would \ncommence after the Commission had presented the proposals. These \nwill cover :\n\n- the rate structure, i. e. whether the common VAT system has one, \ntwo or even more rates; \nif more than one rate is to be adopted \nthe proposals must indicate which goods and services should be \ncharged at each of the rates;\n\n- the Target Rate(s) or Norm(s), i. e. the central rate or rates, \n\ntogether with the permitted ranges of variation around them. The proposals for the rate band or bands should be accompanied by a \nstandstill provision, under which Member States would undertake not \nto move away from, but only towards, the common goal. 210. On the basis of these proposals, the necessary adjustment of rates \ncan then go forward. Member States would have a period of some \nyears, following the adoption of the directives, in which to \ncomplete approximation by the end of 1992. 211. During the same period outstanding problems on the coverage of VAT\nThey include VAT derogations with\n\nwill need to be resolved. distortive effects, such as significant differences in taxation \nbetween Member States \nservices. The \nCommission will put forward the necessary proposals as soon as it \nis clear what the future objectives for rates will be as these are \ndecisive factors in assessing the risk or extent of distortion. of the same goods or \n\n212. The final element on the VAT side will be the new arrangements for \ntreating sales and purchases across borders in the same way as \nthose within Member States, with the sale taxable in the hands of \nthe vendor and the VAT incurred by the purchaser deductible \nirrespective of the Member State in which it had been charged. The \nonly formality which would be required of the taxable purchaser \nwould be to include the deductible VAT in the box in his tax return \nwhich corresponds to his supplier's Member State. A Clearing \nHouse System would have to be set up between the Member States so \nthat the VAT collected in the exporting Member State and deducted \nin the country of import could be credited to the latter. With \nmodern information technology such a Clearing House System would \nnot demand heavy resources. But it would require mutual confidence \nThe Clearing \nbetween Member States' VAT collecting authorities. House System could be brought into operation before the process \nof rate approximation had been completed. This would achieve a \ndecisive simplification for \ncommercial transactions before the \nfull new tax structure came into force by the end of 1992. - 5 3 -\n\nExcises\n\n213. In the case of the excises, Council negotiations on the structure \nof the duties on alcoholic drinks are now far advanced, and a \nNext \npackage solution should be achieved before the end of 1985. in line, for approval before the end of 1986, will be the excise \nstructure for mineral oil products, and the third stage of the \ncommon cigarette duty structure. The relevant proposals are \nThe next step will be for the \nalready before the Council. Commission to table proposals for the final stage of the cigarette \nduty structure and for a common \nstructure for the excises on \nother manufactured tobacco. These proposals should in their turn \nbe approved in the course of 1987. 214. In framing proposals for common rates it is necessary to look at \nthe VAT and excises together. The reason for this is that high \nyields from VAT often tend to be counterbalanced by low yields from \nthe excises and vice versa. In short the figures to be adopted for \nthe excise rates are dependent to some extent on the rates adopted \nfor VAT. The two sets of proposals must be presented together. The \nCommission proposals for excise rate bands will therefore be \nThere \npresented alongside the similar VAT proposal during 1986. will be a proposal for a rate band for each of the excises to be \nretained (tobacco products, beer, wine, intermediary products, \nThese will need to be \nspirits and mineral oil products). whereby Member States would \naccompanied by a \"standstill\", \nundertake to avoid moving away from the common bands. 215. During the subsequent period up to the end of 1992, Member States\nwill need to carry out the adjustments required to the coverage of \ntheir excises and the approximation of rates. coverage will include the extension or introduction of a wine \nexcise in some Member States and the abolition or reduction of all \nexcises other than the common ones, where these \nwould create \ndistortions in the operations of the Common Market. Examples are \nexcises on tradeable goods, such as coffee or tea. The changes in\n\n216. Finally, \n\nit will be necessary to introduce a system to link \ntogether the bonded warehouse systems in individual Member States \nin order to allow intra-Community transactions in excised goods to \ntake place without frontier controls. Proposals for such a linked \nsystem will be tabled as the approximation of rates goes forward. It will be possible for this to be done separately for each group \nof excises, probably with mineral oils, where present deviations \nare smallest, as the forerunner. Enforcement\n\n217. It is not, of course, enough simply to pass Community legislation. One must also ensure that the rules of the Treaty and of the \nderived legislation adopted under it are implemented and enforced. In the fiscal as in the other spheres, pursuit of infringements of \nthe existing Community law must go hand in hand with positive \nlegislative measures. The Commission has a duty not only to propose \nlegislation under Article 99 of the Treaty, but also to seek \nrespect of the principles of non-discrimination laid down in \nArticle 95. It will continue to carry out that duty as an essential\n\n\f- 54 -\n\nelement of the drive to eliminate all barriers to the completion of \nthe Internal Market. Derogations\n\n218. It has already been made clear in the Introduction to this White \nPaper that the Commission recognises that the approximation of \nindirect taxation will give rise to considerable problems for some \nMember States ; and that as a consequence it may be necessary to \nprovide for derogations. There are areas of considerable political \nsensitivity which may have to be accommodated in this way. Nevertheless it is in the general interests of the Community that \nsuch derogations should be kept to the minimum. - 55 -\n\nCONCLUSION\n\n219. Europe stands at the crossroads. We either go ahead - with \nresolution and determination - or we drop back into mediocrity. We \ncan now either resolve to complete the integration of the economies \nof Europe; or, through a lack of political will to face the immense \nproblems involved, we can simply allow Europe to develop into no \nmore than a free trade area. 220. The difference is crucial. A well developed free trade area offers\nsignificant advantages : it is something much better than that\nwhich existed before the Treaty of Rome; better even than that \nwhich exists today. But it would fail and fail dismally to release \nthe energies of the people of Europe; it would fail to deploy \nEurope's immense economic resources to the maximum advantage; and \nit would fail to satisfy the aspirations of the people of Europe. 221. The free movement of goods is an important, valuable and possibly \nindispensable step which has to be taken before economic \nintegration can be achieved. But it is not the ultimate goal; at \nbest it is the indispensable precursor. This philosophy is clearly \nreflected in the Treaties themselves. The Customs Union was the \nfirst objective of the Treaty of Rome. But that it was by no means \nintended as the last is clearly demonstrated by the fact that what \nthe Treaty established was the European Economic Community. The \npreamble to the Treaty starts with the declaration :\n\n- \"Determined to lay the foundations of an ever closer union \namong the peoples of Europe, resolved to ensure the eco\u00ad\nnomic and social progress of their countries by common \naction to eliminate the barriers which divide Europe\". 222. Just as the Customs Union had to precede Economic Integration, so \nEconomic Integration has to precede European Unity. What this White \nPaper proposes therefore is that the Community should now take a \nfurther step along the road so clearly delineated in the Treaties. To do less would be to fall short of the ambitions of the founders \nof the Community, incorporated in the Treaties; it would be to \nbetray the trust invested in us; and it would be to offer the \npeoples of Europe a narrower, less rewarding, less secure, less \nprosperous future than they could otherwise enjoy. That is the \nmeasure of the challenge which faces us. Let it never be said that \nwe were incapable of rising to it. Annex to the White Paper\n\nTIME TABLE FOR COMPLETING \nTHE INTERNAL MARKET BY 1992\n\n\fCONTENTS\n\nINTRODUCTION\n\nPART ONE : THE REMOVAL OF PHYSICAL BARRIERS\n\n2. Veterinary and phytosanitary controls \n\nI. CONTROL OF GOODS \n\n1. Various controls\n\ni. Period 1985-1986\nii. Period 1987-1992\n\ni. Period 1985-1986\nii. Period 1987-1992\nII. CONTROL OF INDIVIDUALS \ni. Period 1985-1986 \nii. Period 1987-1992\n\nPART TWO : REMOVAL OF TECHNICAL BARRIERS\n\nI. FREE MOVEMENT OF GOODS\n\n1. New approach in standards policy \n\ni. Period 1985-1986 \nii. Period 1987-1992\n2. Sectoral proposals : \n\n2. 1. Motor vehicles \n\n2. 2. Tractors and Agricultural machines \n\ni. Period 1985-1986\nii. Period 1987-1992\n\ni. Period 1985-1986\nii. Period 1987-1992\n\n, \n\n2. 3. Food Law \n\ni. Period 1985-1986\nii. Period 1987-1992\n2. 4. Pharmaceuticals and high-tech-\n\nmedicines \ni. Period 1985-1986\nii. Period 1987-1992\n\n2. 5. Chemical products \n\ni. Period 1985-1986\nii. Period 1987-1992\n2. 6. Construction and construction \n\nproducts\n\ni. Period 1985-1986\nii. Period 1987-1992\n\n2. 7. Other items \n\ni. Period 1985-1986\nii. Period 1987-1992\n\nII. PUBLIC PROCUREMENT \n\ni. Period 1985-1986\nii. Period 1987-1992\n\nP- i *H\n\nP- 5\n\np. 6\n\nP- 12\n\nP- 14\n\nP* 15\np. 15\n\np. 15\n\nP- 16\n\nP- 17\n\np. 18\n\np. 19\n\nP- 20\n\nP- 21\n\n\fIII. FREE MOVEMENT FOR LABOUR AND THE PROFESSIONS\n\np. 23\n\ni. Period 1985-1986\ni i. Period 1987-1992\n\nIV* COMMON MARKET FOR SERVICES\nT. Financial Services \n\n1. 1. Banks\n\ni. Period 1985-1986 \nii. Period 1987-1992\n\n1. 2. Insurance\n\ni. Period 1985-1986 \nii. Period 1987-1992\n\n1. 3. Transactions in securities\ni. Period 1985-1986 \nii. Period 1987-1992\n\n2. Transport\n\ni. Period 1985-1986 \nii. Period 1987-1992\n3. New technologies and services \ni. Period 1985-1986\n\np. 25 \np. 25\n\np. 26\n\np. 26\n\np. 27\n\np. 28\n\nV. CAPITAL MOVEMENTS\n\ni. Period 1985-1986 \nii. Period 1987-1992\n\nVI. CREATION OF SUITABLE CONDITIONS FOR INDUSTRIAL \n\n- - - - - - - - - - - - \u2014 - - - - - -\n\nCOOPERATION \n1. Company Law\n\n2. Intellectual and industrial property\n\ni. Period 1985-1986 \nii. Period 1987-1992\n\ni. Period 1985-1986 \nii. Period 1987-1992\n\ni. Period 1985-1986\n\n3. Taxation\n\nVII. APPLICATION OF COMMUNITY LAW\n\n1. Transparency\n\ni. Period 1985-1986 \nii. Period 1987-1992\n2. Competition policy and state aids\ni. Period 1985-1986\n\nPART THREE : REMOVAL OF FISCAL BARRIERS\n\nI. V. A. T. i. Period 1985-1986 \nii. Period 1987-1992\n\np. 33\n\n\fEXCISE DUTIES\n\ni. Period 1985-1986 \nii. Period 1987-1992\n\n\fINTRODUCTION\n\nI. The Commission's White Paper sets out the essential and logical \nconsequences of accepting the European Council's repeated commitment \nto completing the Internal Market by 1992, together with an action \nprogramme of the measures needed to meet that objective. This Annex \nto the Paper sets out the detailed timetable for implementing the \nCommission's proposed programme. The timetable is set out in tabular form and is divided into Parts \nwhich correspond to the Parts of the main body of the Paper. Within \neach Part of the timetable, the specific measures proposed by the \nCommission are separated into two periods, 1985 to 1986 and 1987 to 1992, \naccording to the year in which the Commission's proposal will be made. However, the timetable for the period 1985 to 1986 also includes \nmeasures which, though not necessarily mentioned in the body of the \nPaper, have already been proposed to the Council and. remain an essential \npart of the Commission's Programme for completing the Internal Market. The specific measures set out in the timetable aim to eliminate barriers \nof all kinds (physical, technical and fiscal). They would have an impact \ndirectly or indirectly, on the lives of all Community citizens and on \nthe functions of Community enterprises of all kinds. By 1992, Community \ncitizens would for the first time be free to move within the Community \nwithout systematic checks on their identity or personal belongings; \ngoods would be freed of all controls at internal frontiers; Community \nmanufacturers would be able to market freely their goods on the basis \nof mutually agreed standards throughout the Community; and enterprises \nwould be relieved of the current obstacles to providing cross-border \nservices. Clearly, the Internal Market cannot be completed at a stroke. The \ninterim period leading up to 1992 must be put to the best possible use to \nensure that the adjustments needed to cope with the final dismantling of \ninternal frontiers are not too abrupt. Progress towards the objective \nneeds to be discernible at an early stage, and will be so,provided that \nthe proposed timetable is respected. When will Community citizens and enterprises see tangible evidence of the \neffect of the measures proposed? The following milestones along the path \nto completion of the Internal Market give some indication of the progress \nand benefits the Commission would wish to see. Fpr Community citizens, and in particular, travellers, the first evidence \nwould be the further easing of border controls and the introduction of \nincreased duty free allowances by 1986; by 1988, checks on individuals \nleaving one Member State for another would be eliminated; and by 1992, \nall systematic checks on the movement of citizens within the Community \nwould disappear. As far as the control of goods is concerned, controls on the amount of \nfuel carried by commercial road vehicles would be abolished by 198S; \ncontrols on transport authorisations wil-l- be eliminated by 1986; by 1988 \nveterinary controls will be limited to places of departure and controls \non veterinary and plant health certificates to the places of destination;\n\n\fI I. also by 1988 controls of road transport quotas would be abolished; \nby 1992, further harmonisation of veterinary and plant health standards \nand the use of the Community health mark for animal products would \neliminate the need for fr o n tie r controls. Community manufacturers would benefit progressively between now and \n1992 from the Commission's proposed new approach to technical harmonisation \nand standards policy and from the approximation of national laws. The \nCommission's specific proposals will cover a very wide range of products, \nsuch as motor vehicles, tra c to rs and a g ricultural machines, food, chemical,\n\n' l and pharmaceutical products. Progress \ntowards the elimination of barriers to trade will vary from sector to \nsector, but in the pharmaceutical sector, for example, a l l obstacles to \nthe free circulation of pharmaceutical products would be removed by 1990. Further benefits to Community manufacturers and suppliers will accrue \nfrom the opening up of tendering for public contracts. By 1988, four \ntranspo rt, water and telecommunications) would \nmajor sectors (energy, \nbe included in the system of prior information and publicity. In the financial services f i e l d , greater freedom to provide services in \ninsurance. other than li f e insurance would be achieved as early as 1986; \nby 1989, there would be freedom to supply services in the motor l i a b i l i t y \ninsurance \nand by 1991, obstacles to the supply of li f e insurance \nwould be eliminated. sector; \n\nEarly evidence of progress would be seen in the transport sector. The \nfreedom to provide sea transport services between the Member States would \nbe established by the end of 1986; \nin the a irtr ansport sector by 1987 and in the road transport of goods \nsector by 1988. The transport of passengers by road would be \nliberalised by 1989. there would be similar achievements \n\nSignificant landmarks in harmonising i n t e l l e c t u a l and industrial property \nlaws would be the creation in 1987 of a Community Trade Mark and the entry \ninto force in the same year of the Luxembourg Convention on the Community \nPatent. TIMETABLE FOR COMPLETING\n\nTHE INTERNAL MARKET BY 1\n\n- The present time table has been drawn up in such a way as to allow at \n\nleast one year for the Member States to implement the measures \nconcerned. - Asterix denotes existing proposals mentioned in last years \n\nconsolidation programme C0M(84)305 final of 13. 6. 1984. - Two asterixs denote proposals made a f t e r presentation of consolidation \n\nprogramme. PART ONE : THE REMOVAL OF PHYSICAL BARRIERS\n\nI. CONTROL OF GOODS\n\nSubject\n\nDoc nu\n\nDate of \nCommis\u00ad\nsion's \nproposal\n\nExpected \ndate for \nadoption \nby Council\n\n1. Various controls \nPERIOD 1985-1986\n\nSimplification of Community t r a n s i t \nprocedure : discontinuance of presen\u00ad\ntation of t r a n s i t advice note and \nguarantee*\n\nDuty free admission of fuel contained \nin the fuel tanks of commercial motor \nvehicles*\n\nRoad transport : Abolition of control \nof quotas at border crossings\n\nTransport of t r a v e lle r s : aboli\u00ad\ntion of border controls related to \ntransport authorisations\n\nC0M(79)456\n\n1979\n\n1986\n\n\"COM (84) 171\n\n1984\n\n1985\n\n1985\n\n1985\n\n1986\n\n1986\n\nPeriod 1985-86 l i s t s existing proposals (one or two asteri xs) to be \n\nadopted by the Council within this period and new proposals to be \npresented \n\nin 1985 and 1986. \u201c\n\n\f- 6 -\n\nSUBJECT \n\nDoc. n\u201c\n\nDate of\nCommis-\nsion's\nproposal\n\nExpected\ndate for\nadoption\nby Council\n\n\u2666Accession of Spain and Portugal :\ntechnical adaptation\n\nAct of\nlegislation\n85-86\n\n\u2666Single Administrative Document (SAD) \nfollow up\n\nC0M(82) 401\n\n1985\n\nIntroduction of common\nborder posts (\"banalisation\")\n\nAbolition of customs presentation\ncharges\n\nPERIOD 1987-1992\n\nCompletion of work leading to\nf u l l abolition of a l l remaining\nimport formalities and controls\non goods between Member States :\n- s t a t i s t i c a l harmonisation\n- elimination of a l l national\nprotective measures and a l l\nregional quotas, in line with\nthe Community's commercial policy\n\n- Tax approximation on\n\nV. A. T. and excise duties (see\nPart Three). 2. Veterinary and phytosanitary controls\n\nPERIOD 1985-1986\n\n- live animals of the bovine species:\n\namended eradication directives to provide \nfor final eradication of tuberculosis, \nbrucellosis and leukosis in a l l Member \nStates including Portugal and Spain\n\n- live animals of the porcine species : \n\nmodify, intensify and prolong Directives\non eradication of classical swine \nfever in the Community as a whole and of \nAfrican swine fever in Sardinia, Spain and \nPortugal\n\n- creation of a special veterinary fund to \nfinance the above mentioned eradication\nprogrammes and provide financial assistance \nin relation to control and eradication \nof other diseases which may arise\n\n1985\n\n1986\n\n1986\n\n1985\n\n1986\n\n1987\n\n1990\n\n1989\n\n1987-\n1989\n\n1989\n\n1988-\n1990\n\n1985\n\n1986\n\n1986 \n\n1987\n\n1986 \n\n1987\n\n\u2666\n\fSUBJECT\n\n- 7 -\n\nDoc. n\u00b0\n\nDate of \nCommis\u00ad\nsion's \nproposal\n\nExpected \ndate for \nadoption \nby Counci l\n\n- production and trade in milk*\n\n- production and trade in medicated \n\nfeeding stuffs*\n\n- hormone growth promoters\n\n- microbiological controls (meats \n\npoultry, red meat)*\n\n- boar meat*\n\nCOM(71)64+ \nC0M(71)1012+ \nCOM(72)884\n\n1971\n\n1985\n\nC0M(81)795\n\nCOM(84)295\n\n1981\n\n1984\n\n1985\n\n1985\n\n1981\n\n1985\n\nCOM(81)500+ \nC0M(84)439\n\nCOM(83)655\n\n- medical examination of personnel*\n\nCOM(84)337\n\n- personnel responsible for inspection* COM(81)504\n\n- minced meat and similar\n\n- a n tibiotic residues*\n\n\u201c control of residues**\n\nCOM(81)\n\nC0M(85)192\n\n- pedigree of bovine animals*\n\nCOM(79)649\n\n\"T979\n\n- pedigree of porcine animals\n\n- imports of meat products from \n\nth ir d countries (animal and public \nhea1th)\n\n- swine fever\n\n~ control of foot and mouth disease\n\nC0M(84)530\n\nCOM(84)900\n\n1984\n\n1984\n\nCOM(82)\n+ C0M(83)584\n\n- Aujesky disease and swine \n\nvesicular disease\n\n- semen of animals\n\n- modification of Directives \n72/461/EEC and 72/462/EEC\n\nC0M(82)529\n\nCOM(83)512\n\nC0M(84)500\n\n- modification of Directive 77/99/EEC \n\non meat products\n\n- f i r s t revision of the safeguard\n\nclause concerning the veterinary sector: \nthe exporting Member State takes\nthe appropriate measures subject \nto Community decision\n\n1983\n\n1984\n\n1981\n\n1981\n\n1985\n\n1983\n\n1984\n\n1985\n\n1985\n\n1985\n\n1985\n\n~ m s --------- -\n\n1985\n\n1985\n~ m \u00eb ------------\n1986\n\n1986\n\n1985\n\n1985\n\n1985\n\n1985\n\n1986\n\n1986\n\n1987\n\n\f 8 \n\n-\n\n-\n\nSUBJECT \n\n~ \n\nDoc. nB \n\nDate of \nCommis- \nsion's \nproposal \n\nExpected\ndate for\nadoption\nb\u00ff Council\n\n- formulation of directives concerning \nanimal health problems relating to \ntrade in :. live poultry, poultry meat and \n\nhatching eggs. dogs and cats\n\n- live animals of the bovine and porcine \nspecies : amend Directive 64/432 to pro\u00ad\nvide for inspection and c e r t i f i c a t i o n in \nherd of origin and, when necessary, re\u00ad\ninspection at place of destination\n\n- products of animals of the bovine and \nporcine species and of poultry; amend \nDirectives 72/461/EEC, 80/215/EEC and \n71/118/EEC to provide for inspection \nand \nc e r t i f i c a t i o n at the place \nof production \nin the case of suspicion of \nfraud at the place of destination\n\nand re-inspection, \n\n- reinforcement of Community checks of \n\napplication by on-the-spot Commission \ninspectors; budget proposal\n\n- reinforcement of arb itr ati o n of \n\ndi sputes\n\n- application of a Community veterinary \n\naction programme to control \ni r r e g u l a r i t i e s and fraud in the \nmovement of animals and animal \nproducts\n\n- modification of the rules of fr ontier \n\ncontrols relating to welfare of \nanimals in international transport in \norder to realise the free circulation\n\nProposal to amend Directive 77/93\n(plant health)* \n\nDefinition of role of Community \nplant health inspectorate \n(amending Directive 77/83)\n\nAmendments to Art. 15 of Directive \n77/93 (improvements to the \noperation of safeguard provisions)\n\n1986\n\n1987\n\n1986\n\n1987\n\n1986\n\n1987\n\n1986\n\n1987\n\n1986\n\n1986\n\n1987\n\n1987\n\n1986\n\n1987\n\nC0M(84)288\n\n1984\n\n1985\n\n1985\n\n1986\n\n1985\n\n1986\n\n\fSUBJECT\n\nt\n\n9 -\n\nDoc. n\u00b0\n\nDate of \nCommis\u00ad\nsion' s \nproposal\n\nExpected \ndate for \nadoption \nby Council\n\nFurther alignment of additional \nplant health standards set up \nby Member States in respect \nof third country\nproducts (amending Directive 77/93)\n\nBudget proposal enabling establishment \nof Community plant health inspecto\u00ad\nrate\n\nProposal for a Directive concerning \nthe fixing of guidelines for the \nevaluation of additives used in \nanimal foodstuffs\n\nProposal for fixing maximum levels \nfor pesticide residues in foodstuffs \nof animal origin*\n\nProposal for fixing maximum levels \nfor pesticide residues in feeding- \nstu ff s*\n\nProposal for the modification of \ndirective 76/895/EEC (maximum \nlevels for pesticide residue in \nf r u i t and vegetable)\n\nProposal to amend the annex of \ndirective 76/895/EEC concerning \nresidues of pesticides in and on \nf r u i t and vegetables (ethoxyquin \nand diphenylamine)*\n\nProposal to amend directive 79/117 \non the prohibition of certain \nplant protection products (ethylene \noxide)*\n\nProposal for the placing of plant \nprotection products on the market*\n\nProposal for the improvement of \nCommunity systems of c e r t i f i c a t i o n \nof seeds\n\nProposal for a system of c er t i f i c a t i o n \nof reproductive materials in f r u i t \nplants\n\nProposal for 4 years research programme \ninto effective methods of controlling \ncertain harmful organisms\n\n1985\n\n1986\n\n1986\n\n1987 Budget\n\n1986\n\n1987\n\nCOM(80)14\n\n1980\n\n1985\n\nC0M(77)377\n\n1977\n\n1986\n\n1986\n\n1987\n\nCOM(82)883\n\n1983\n\n1985\n\nCOM(82)712\n\n1982\n\nCOM(76)427\n\n1976\n\n1985\n\n1986\n\n1985\n\n1986\n\n1986\n\n1988\n\n1986\n\n1987\n\n\f- 10 \n\n-\n\nSUBJECT \n\nDoc. n\"\n\nDate of \nCommis\u00ad\nsion's \nproposal\n\nExpected \ndate for \nadoption \nby Council\n\nPERIOD 1987-1992\n\n- live animals of the bovine species \nformulate directives for eradiction \nof contagious bovine pleuro\u00ad\npneumonia in Portugal and Spain \nand for Blue Tongue \non Greek Islands\n\n- embryos of farm animals : Directive \n\nfor trade\n\n- formulation of Directives concerning \n\nanimal health problems relating \nto trade in:. live animals of equine species. live animals of bovine and \n\ncaprine species. live fish and fish products\n\nProposals limiting inspections to \nplaces of departure and proposals \nconcerning the checking of plant health \nc e r t i f i c a t e s at the places of \ndestination\n\n- establishment of certain rules \n\nof l i a b i l i t y in respect of plant \nhealth\n\n- brucellosis in small ruminants\n\n- echninocolissis\n\n- formulation of directives\n\nconcerning veterinary inspection \nproblems relating to trade in \nanimals and animal products \nnot covered by existing \nDirectives\n\n- harmonised health conditions \nfor production and trade in :. sh ell fis h and crustaceare and \n\npreparation. fish and fish products. game meat, products and preparations\n\n- pedigree animals not covered by \n\nexisting Directives\n\n1987\n\n1988\n\n1987\n\n1987\n\n1988\n\n1988\n\n1987\n\n1988\n\n1987\n\n1988\n\n1988\n\n1988\n\n1988\n\n1989\n\n1989\n\n1989\n\n1988 \n1988 \n1988 \n\n1989 \n1990 \n1990\n\n1988 \n\n1989\n\n\f- 11\n\nSUBJECT \n\nDoc. n0 \n\n- simplification of annexes in Directive\n\n77/93 (plant health) \n\n- alignment of national standards and\n\nintra-Community standards in plant health \n\n- reduction in role of\n\nphytosanitary c e r t i f i c a t e \nin intra-Community trade\n\n- proposal for a system of c e r t i f i c a t i o n \n\nin reproduction materials for\ndecorative plants \n\nharmful organisms especially \nin seed potatoes and in f r u i t \nplant reproductive material\n\nRevision of labelling rules for \nfood, drawn up in view of a uniform\nEEC label \n\nGuidelines for checking requirements \nin connection with the approval of \nplant protection production\n\n- extension of application \nDirectives 66/401/EEC,\n70/437/EEC and 70/458/EEC seedlings \n\n- proposal for creation of a \n\nEuropean law on plant breeders\n\n- harmonisation of control of \n\nfoot and mouth disease \n\n- harmonised health conditions for \n\nproduction and trade in food products\nof animal origin not covered by \nexisting legislation e. g. - second revision of the safeguard \n\nclause concerning the\nveterinary sector:\nthe exporting Member State\ntakes the appropriate measures in\norder to avoid specific measures in\nintra-Community trade. Date of \nCommis- \nsion's \nproposal \n\nExpected\ndate for\nadoption\nby Council\n\n1989 \n\n1990\n\n1989 \n\n1990\n\n1990 \n\n1991\n\n1989 \n\n1987 \n\n1990\n\n1989\n\n1987 \n\n1987 \n\n1988\n\n1988\n\n\u2014 \u2014\n\n1987 \n\n~ \n\n1987 \n\n~\n\n1990 \n\n~~ \n\n\u00cf99\u00d4 \n\n1988\n\n1877\n\n1992\n\n\u00cf992T\n\n1991 \n\n1992\n\n- pathogens in feedingstuffs\n\n1991 \n\n1992\n\n\f 12 \n\n-\n\n-\n\nSUBJECT\n\nDoc. nu\n\n- application of health standards to \n\nnational products\n\n- suppression of veterinary c e r t i f i c a t e s \nof animal products and simplification \nof c e r t i f i c a t e s for live animals. - suppression of plant health c e r t i f i c a t e s\n\nDate of \nCommis\u00ad\nsion's \nproposal\n\nExpected \ndate for \nadoption \nby Council\n\n1991\n\n1992\n\n1991\n\n1991\n\n1992\n\n1992\n\nII. CONTROL OF INDIVIDUALS\n\nPERIOD 1985-1986\n\nSixth Directive relative \nto exemptions in international \ntrave l : increase to 400 ECU*\n\nSeventh Directive relating to \nexemptions in international travel : \ntax-free sales*\n\nTax r e l i e f s to be allowed on the \nimportation of goods in small \nconsignments of a non-commercial \ncharacter*\n\nDirective on the easing of \ncontrols at intra-Community \nBorders**\n\nDirective on the approximation \nof arms legislation\n\nDirective concerning abolition of \npolice controls when leaving one \nMember State to enter \nanother (intermediary stage)\n\nPERIOD 1987-1992\n\nDirective on the approximation \nof drugs legislation\n\nDirective on the coordination \nof rules concerning the status of \nth ir d country nationals. Directive on the coordination \nof rules concerning the right \nof asylum and the status of\nrefugees\n\nCOM(83)117\n\n1983\n\n1985\n\nC0M(83)166\n\n1983\n\n1986\n\nCOM(83)730\n\n1983\n\n1985\n\nCOM(85)224 \nCOM(85)749\n\n1985\n\n1985\n\n1985\n\n1988\n\n1986\n\n1988\n\n1987\n\n1989\n\n1988\n\n1990\n\n1988\n\n1990\n\n\f- 13 -\n\nSUBJECT \n\nDoc. n\u00b0 \n\nDirective on the coordination\nof national visa policies \n\nDirective on the coordination \nof rules concerning extradition\n\nDate of \nCommis- \nsion's \nproposal \n\nExpected\ndate for\nadoption\nby Council\n\n1988 \n\n1990\n\n1989 \n\n1991\n\n\f'S\u00dc\u00cb'Xe CT \n\n- 14 -\n\nDoc. nu \n\nDate '0? \nCommis- \nsi on's \nproposal \n\nExpected\ndate for\nadoption\nby Council\n\nPART TWO : THE REMOVAL OF TECHNICAL BARRIERS \n\nI. FREE MOVEMENT OF GOODS\n\n1. New approach in technical harmonisation and standards policy \n\nPERIOD 1985-1986\n\nProposal for the extension \nof information procedures \non standards and technical rules (amendment \nof directive 83/189/EEC)\n\nStandardisation in the\nadvanced manufacturing equipment\nsector\n\nCer tification : index of bodies\n\nRecognition of t e s t s and c e r t i f i c a t e s\n\nConstruction sector :\n\n- specific index of bodies \n- Eurocodes : adoption of EC1, \n\nEC2, EC3 and EC8 \n\n- Recognition of t e s t s and \n\ndecisions \n\nPERIOD 1987-1992\n\nProposals to be made for machine \nsafety, pressure vessels, road \nmaking equipment, \ne l e c t r i c a l interferences, l i f t i n g \nequipment in order to implement\nthe new approach \n\nElectromedical equipment\n\n1986\n\n1987\n\n1986\n\n1986\n\n1986 \n\n1986 \n\nNo formal\ndecision\nneeded\n\nNo formal \ndecision \nof the \nCouncil \nneeded\n\nIn principle\nno formal \ndecision \nof the Council \nneeded\n\nNo formal\ndecision\nof the\nCouncil\nneeded\n\n1987 \n\n1988 \n\n1987-1988\n\n1989\n\n\f- 15 -\n\nSUBJECT \n\nDoc. n\"\n\nDate of \nCommis\u00ad\nsion's \nproposal\n\nExpected \ndate for \nadoption \nby Counc i l\n\n2. Sectoral proposals concerning approxistation of laws\n\n2. 1. Motor vehicles\n\nPERIOD 1985-1986\n\n- gaseous emissions passenger\n\ncars\n\n- gaseous emissions\n- diesel particulates\n- speed limits\n- revision of framework \nDirective 70/156/EEC\n\n- revision of breaking Directive\n\nPERIOD 1987-1992\n\nRevision of European t e s t procedure \nfor gaseous emissions\n\nRevision of limit values for gaseous \nemissions of cars below 1400 cc\n\nGlobal assessment of protective \ncha racteristics of passenger cars \nin frontal and lateral impact\n\nImplementation of EEC type approval \nscheme for other motor vehicles (buses \nand coaches, motorcycles)\n\nAdaptation of existing Community \nRegulations\n\n2. 2 Tractors and Agricultural machines\n\nPERIOD 1985 to 1986\n\nImplementation Directive 74/150/EEC \n(weight and dimensions, driveshaft, \nengine stopping device, windscreen wipers \nfoot rest)\n\n1985\n\n1985\n1985\n1985\n1986\n\n1986\n\n1987\n\n1987\n\n1987\n\n1985\n\n1986 \n1986\n1986\n1987\n\nno decision \nneeded\n\n1987\n\n1987\n\n1988\n\n1989\n\n1990. 1987-90\n\nNo decision \nneeded\n\n1986\n\n1987\n\n\f- 16 -\n\nSUBJECT\n\nDoc. n0\n\nDate of \nCommis\u00ad\nsion's \nproposal\n\nExpected \ndate for \nadopt i on \nby Council\n\nPERIOD 1987-1992\n\nAdaptation of existing Community \nRegulations\n\n1987-90\n\nNo decision \nneeded\n\n2. 3. Food law\n\nPERIOD 1985-1986\n\nGeneral Directive on food additives \n(in part modification of existing \ndi rectives)\n\nGeneral Directive on materials and \na r t i c l e s in contact with food (amendment)\n\nGeneral Directive on food for p articu lar \nnutri tio n al uses (amendment)\n\nGeneral Directive on food labelling \n(amendment)\n\n1985\n\n1986\n\n1985\n\n1986\n\n1985\n\n1986\n\nT985\n\n1986\n\nGeneral Directive on food inspection\n\n1986\n\n1987\n\nGeneral Directive sampling and methods \nof analysis\n\nCOM(84)39\n\n1984\n\nGeneral Directive on quick frozen food\n\nManagement of existing vertic a l \nDirectives (procedure)\n\nFlavourings*\n\nExtraction solvents*\n\nPreservatives* \n(modi fi cati on)\n\nEmulsifiers (modification)\n\nInfant formulae and follow-up milk \n(die te tic foods)*\n\nC0M(84)489\n\nC0M(80)286 \nC0M(82)166\n\nC0M(83)626\nC0M(85)79\n\n1984\n\n1985\n\n1980\n\n1983\n\nC0M(81)712\n\n1981\n\nCOM(84)4\n\nCOM(84)703\n\n1984\n\n1984\n\n1985\n\n1985\n\n1986\n\n1985\n\n1986\n\n1985\n\n1985\n\n1986\n\nCocoa and chocolate consolidation*\n\nT\u00dcMT53T787\n\nT984------- ---- T935-------\n\n\fSUBJECT\n\n- 17 -\n\nDoc. n0\n\nDate of \nCommis\u00ad\nsion's \nproposal\n\nExpected \ndate for \nadoption \nby Council\n\n1985\n\n1985\n\n1985\n\n1985\n\n1986\n\n1986\n\n1986\n\n1985\n\nCoffee extracts chicory extracts \n(modification)\n\nC0M(84)138\n\n1984\n\nObligation to indicate ingredients \nand alcoholic strength*\n\nC0M(82)626\n\n1982\n\nClaims in the labelling of foodstuffs* COM(81)159\n\nSimulants (plastic materials in contact \nwith foodstuffs)*\n\nCOM(84)152\n\nModified starches*\n\nCOM(84)733\n\n1981\n\nT984\n\n1984\n\n1985\n\n1985\n\nCOM(84) 23\n\n1984\n\nl-ruit Juices e t c. (modification)\n\nJams etc (Modification)\n\nProposal for a Directive amending \nDirective 79/581/EEC \non consumer protection in the \nindication of the prices \nof foodstuffs\n\nPERIOD 1987-1992\n\nuenerai Directive on irradiation \nof foodstuffs\n\nGeneral Directive on new foodstuffs \nobtained by a biotechnological process\n\nAdditional labelling requirements \n(Nutrition labelling)\n\n1987\n\n1987\n\n1989\n\n1988\n\n1988\n\n1990\n\nAdaptation of directives on technical progress\n\n1987-1989\n\n1988-1990\n\n2. 4. Pharmaceuticals and high-technology medicines \n\nPERIOD 1985-1986\n\nrroposais Tor Directive concerning \nthe placing on the market of high- \ntechnology medicinal products incl. those derived from biotechnology*\n\nCOM(84)437\n\n1984\n\n1986\n\nProposal amending Directive 75/318/EEC \nconcerning the test ing \nof medical s p e c i a l i t i e s\n\nIdem\n\n1984\n\n1986\n\n\f 18 \n\n-\n\n-\n\nSUBJECT\n\nDoc. nu\n\nDate of \nCommis\u00ad\nsion's \nproposal\n\nExpected \ndate for \nadoption \nby Council\n\nProposal amending Directive 81/852/EEC \nconcerning veterinary medicinal \nproducts\n\nProposal for a Council Recommendation \nconcerning t e s t s relating to the pla\u00ad\ncing on the market of medical \ns p e c i a l i t i e s\n\nProposal for a Council Directive \namending Directive 65/65/EEC \nconcerning medical s p e c i a l i t i e s\n\nPrice transparency in prices of \nmedicines and social security refunds\n\nMembership of the European Pharmaco\u00ad\npeia\n\nPERIOD 1987-1992\n\nExtension of Directives to medicinal \nproducts not already included\n\nAmendment to the Directive on \nveterinary medicines\n\nPharmaceutical products :\n- completion of work eliminating \n\nobstacles to free circulation of \npharmaceutical products\n\nHarmonisation of condition \nof distrib u ti o n to patients\n\nInformation of doctors and patients\n\n2. 5. Chemical products\n\nPERIOD 1985-1986\n\nCouncil Directive relating to \nr e s tr ic tio n s on the marketing \nand use of PCBs (polychlorinated \nbiphenyls)\n\nCouncil Directive relating to \n\"Restrictions on the marketing and \nuse of asbestos\"\n\nIdem\n\n1984\n\n1986\n\nIdem\n\n1984\n\n1986\n\nIdem\n\n1984\n\n1986\n\n1986\n\n1988\n\n1986\n\n1987\n\n1987\n\n1987\n\n1989\n\n1989\n\n1989\n\n1990\n\n1990\n\n1990\n\n1991\n\n1991\n\nCOM(84)513\n\n\u201c COMI 79) 419 \n\nC0M(83)556\n\n1984\n\n1979\n\n1983\n\n1985\n\n1985\n\n\fCOM(85)217\n\n1985\n\n1986\n\n- 19 -\n\nSUBJECT\n\nDoc. n\u00b0\n\nCommission Directive adapting the \nDirective 67/548/EEC \"Dangerous \nsubstances\"\n\nCommission Directive relating \nto \"Ammonium n itr ate\"\n\nNon-ionic detergents (modification \nof the existing directive)\n\nClassification, packaging and \nLabelling of dangerous preparations\n\nMembership of the European \nAgreement on detergents\n\nCOM(85)63\n\nLiquid f e r t i l i z e r s\n\nPERIOD 1987-1992\n\nSecondary f e r t i l i z e r s\n\n- Oligo-elements in f e r t i l i z e r s\n\n- Method of analysis for secondary \nf e r t i l i z e r s and oligo-elements\n\n2. 6. Construction and construction products\n\nPERIOD 1985-1986\n\nDirective on safety of buildings \n(resistance to earthquakes, other \naccidental damage, prevention of \nprogressive collapse)\n\nDirective on r e l i a b i l i t y (fitne ss for \npurpose) and durability of buildings \n(res ponsibility of designers, builders)\n\nDirective on t e s t methods for \nreaction to f i r e and resistance \nto f i r e of building materials \nand components\n\nDate of \nCommis\u00ad\nsion's \nproposal\n\nExpected \ndate for \nadoption \nby Council\n\n1985\n\n1985\n\nNo\ndecision\nneeded\n\nNo\ndecision\nneeded\n\n1985\n\n1985\n\n1986\n\n1987\n\n1988\n\n1986-1987\n\n1986\n\n1988\n\n1989\n\n1990\n\n1989\n\n1991\n\n1985\n\n1986\n\n1985\n\n1986\n\n1986\n\n1986\n\n\f 20 \n\n-\n\n-\n\nSUBJECT\n\nDoc. n\"\n\nDate of \nCommis\u00ad\nsion's \nproposal\n\nExpected \ndate for \nadoption \nby Council\n\nDirective to prohibit the introduction \nof new or modified building regulations \nat local government levels for a period \nof 5 years\n\nRevolving cranes\n\nPERIOD 1987-1992\n\nRevision of Directives on safety \nr e l i a b i l i t y and durability of \nbuildings in light of new Eurocodes \nEC 4, 5, 6, 7\n\nDirective on f i r e safety in public \nbuildings and hotels\n\nDirective on insulation products \n(protection of health of building \nworkers and occupants). Development and introduction of a Model \nCode for building regulations (based on \nUN-EC models)\n\nDirective on safety and r e l i a b i l i t y of \nspecial structures (masts, towers, long \nbridges, d r i l l i n g platforms, water- \nretaining structures)\n\n2. 7 Other iteas\n\nPERIOD 1985-1986\n\n1985\n\n1978\n\n1986\n\n1986\n\n-\n\n1988\n\n1978\n\n1989\n\n1988\n\n1987\n\n1988\n\n1990\n\n1992\n\n1990\n\n1992\n\nHousehold appliances : airborne noise* C0M(81)811\n\nSafety of toys*\n\nMeasuring instruments and methods of \nmetrological control : electronic \ndevices (amending 71/316/EEC)\n- tyre pressure gauge\n- carbon monoxide measurement\n\nChemical properties of toys\n\nProposal for a Council directive \non e l e c t r i c a l toys\n\nCOM(83)323\n\nCOM(78)766\n\nCOM(80)850\nCOM(80)850\n\nHydraulic diggers (noise)\n\n5. 10. 81\n\n1981\n\n1983\n\n1978\n\n1980\n1980\n\n1985\n\n1986\n\n1981\n\n1985\n\n1985\n\n1986\n\n1985\n1986\n\n1986\n\n1987\n\n~ i m ---------\n\n\f- 2 1 -\n\nSUBJECT\n\nDoc. n\u00b0\n\nDate of \nCommis\u00ad\nsion's \nproposal\n\nExpected \ndate for \nadoption \nby Council\n\nProtection of hotels against \nf i r e (proposal for a recommen\u00ad\ndation)\n\nMetrology c er tif ic a tio n\n\nIndividual protective devices \nequipment:. helmets for motorcycle \ndrivers (result of notifica tion \non the basis of 189/83 directive). safety boots and shoes (idem)\n\nProposal for a revision of Chapter \n6 of the Euratom Treaty concerning \nnuclear materials\n\nProposal for a Directive on \nconsumer protection in \nrespect of the indication of \npri ces\nfor non-food products\n\nGeneral Council Directives on cos\u00ad\nmetics (amendment)\n\nPERIOD 1987-1992\n\nProposal for general Directive \nin t e x t i les\n\nProposal for a Directive on \nflammability\n\nIndividual protective devices :\n- eye protective devices\n- respiratory protective devices\n- indu strial safety belts\n- protective clothing\n\nMetrology completion of work\n\nII. PUBLIC PROCUREMENT \n\nPERIOD 1985-1986\n\nImprovement of Directives \non public procurement\n\n21. 2. 84\n\n1984\n\nT986\n\n1986\n\n1988\n\n1986\n\n1987\n\n1986\n\n1987\n\nCOM(84)606\n\n1984\n\n1987\n\nC0M(83)754\n\n1983\n\n1985\n\n1986\n\n1988\n\n1987\n\n1988\n\n1988\n\n1989\n\n1987\n1988\n1988\n1989\n\n1987\n\n1988\n1990\n1990\n1991\n\n1989\n\n1985 \n\n1987\n\n\f 22 \n\n-\n\n-\n\nSUBJECT \n\nDoc. nu\n\nPERIOD 1987-1992\n\nImprovement of Directives on public \nprocurement\n\nExtension of Directives to excluded \nsectors - telecommunications and energy\n\nPublic procurement in the fie ld of \nservices ; opening up of markets for \np rio r ity sectors\n\nPublic work procurement : additional \nharmonisation of procedures\n\nPublic procurement of services : \nother sectors\n\nExtension of Directives to excluded sectors: \ne l e c t r i c i t y or water\n\nImplementation of Directives \n1990-1992\n\nDate of \nCommis\u00ad\nsion's \nproposal\n\nExpected \ndate for \nadopt i on \nby Council\n\n1987\n\n1987\n\n1987\n\n1989\n\n1989\n\n1989\n\n1988\n\n1988\n\n1989\n\n1990\n\n1991\n\n1990\n\n\f-23. -\n\nSUBJECT -------------------------- \n\n\u2018W ^ \u2019\u00b7 \n\nCommis- \nsio n 's \nproposal \n\nExpected\ndate for\nadoption \nby Council\n\nI I I. free movement\n\n for\n\n labour\n\n and the professions\n\nPERIOD 1985-1986\n\nProposal allowing the \nelimination of remaining \nobstacles related to the \nmovement and residence of migrant \nCommunity workers**\n\nProposal concerning the \nharmonization of income taxation \nprovisions with respect to \nfreedom of movement for workers \nwithin the Community\n\nProposal concerning the \ncomparability of vocational \ntraini ng- qu al ificat ions\n\nProposals for promoting \nstudent mobility and coopera\u00ad\ntion between further education \nestablishments in different \nMember States\n\nProposal for the development of \ncooperation programmes between \nMember States for apprentices \nundergoing vocational training\n\nProposal for the development\nof youth exchanges in\nthe Community including\nyoung people in vocational training and\nvoluntary work abroad. Proposals for cooperation between \nhigher education and industry \nfor advanced training relating to \nnew technologies (COMETT)\n\nProposal for a Directive \nconcerning t r a n s itio n a l measures \nfor access to a c t i v i t i e s in the \ntechnical fie ld and \nfor t h e i r exercise*\n\nProposal for a Directive \nconcerning the coordination \nof provisions in respect of \ntraining of engineers*\n\nCOM(85)48 \nFinal\n\n1985\n\n1987\n\nC0M(79)737\nFinal\n\n1979\n\n1985\n\nCOM(83)482 \nC0M(84)406\n\n1983\n1984\n\n1985\n\n1985 \n\nT986 \n\n1986\n\n\u00ceW T\n\n1985\n\n1986\n\n1985\n\n1986\n\nC0M(69)934\n\n1969\n\n1985\n\nCOM(69)934\n\n1969\n\n1985\n\n\fSUBJECT\n\n- 24 -\n\nDoc-n\u00b0\n\nDate of \nCommis\u00ad\nsion's \nproposal\n\nExpected \ndate for \nadoption \nby Council\n\nProposal for a Directive \non the coordination relating to \ncommercial agents*\n\nC0M(76)670 \nCOM(78)773\n\n1976\n1978\n\n1985\n\nProposal for a Directive \nconcerning the coordination \nof provisions in respect of \ncertain a c t i v i t i e s in the \nfield of pharmacy*\n\nAmended proposal for a \nDirective concerning the \nmutual recognition of \ndiplomas in pharmacy**\n\nProposal for a Council \nDirective on specific training \nin general medical practice**\n\nRight of Establishment:\nProposal for a Directive setting \nup a general system of mutual \nrecognition of higher \neducation diplomas\n\nRight of residence for nationals \nof Member States not yet \nor no longer employed*\n\nCOM(81)4\n\n1981\n\n1985\n\nCOM(84)15\n\n1984\n\n1985\n\nC0M(84)654\n\n1984\n\n1986\n\n1985\n\n1987\n\nCOM(79)215 \nC0M(8Q)358 \nCOM(80)649\n\n1979\n\n1985\n\nPERIOD 1987-1992\n\nProposal concerning the elimination \nof cumbersome administrative pro\u00ad\ncedures relating to residence permits\n\nProposal concerning the introduction \nof a European \"vocational training \ncard\" proving the qualification of i t s \nholder\n\nAssessment on the functioning of \nthe general system of mutual reco\u00ad\ngnition and eventual proposal in order \nimprove i t\n\nto\n\n1987\n\n1988\n\n1989\n\n1990\n\n1990\n\n1991\n\n\f\"SUBJECT \n\n- -25 ~\n\nDoc. n0 \n\nDate of \nCommis- \nsion's \nproposal \n\nExpected\ndate for\nadoption\nby Council\n\nIV. C0B80M MARKET FOR SERVICES\n\n1. FINANCIAL SERVICES\n\n1. 1. Banks\n\nPERIOD 1985-1986\n\nProposal for a Directive \non the accounts of banks\n\nProposal for a Directive \non the accounts of foreign \nbranches of banks\n\nProposal for a Directive \non the freedom of establishment \nand the freedom to supply \nservices in the field of \nmortgage credit\n\nProposal for a Directive on \nreorganisation and winding-up of \ncredit i n s titu ti o n s\n\nProposed Recommendation on \nthe harmonization of \nthe concept of own funds\n\nProposed Recommendation on the \nestablishment of a guarantee \nsystem of deposit within the \nCommunity\n\nProposed Recommendation on the \ncontrol of large exposures by \ncredit i n s titu ti o n s\n\nPERIOD 1987-1992\n\nCOM(81)84 \nC0MC84)124\n\n1984\n\n1987\n\n1985\n\n1987\n\nCOM(84)730\n\n1985\n\n1988\n\n1985\n\n1987\n\n1985\n\n1986\n\n1986\n\n1987\n\n1986\n\n1988\n\nProposal for a Second Directive \non coordination of credit i n s titu ti o n s\n\n1987 \n\n1989\n\n\fSUBJECT\n\n- 26 -\n\nDoc. n\u201c\n\nDate of \nCommis\u00ad\nsion's \nproposal\n\nExpected \ndate for \nadoption \nby Council\n\n1. 2. Insurance \n\nPERIOD 1985-1986\n\nproposal tor a Directive \nto f a c i l i t a t e freedom to provide \nservices in insurance other than \nl i f e insurance\n\nProposal for a Directive on \ncoordination of laws relating to \nlegal expenses insurance\n\nProposal for a Directive \nconcerning credit insurance\n\nProposal for a Directive \non insurance contracts\n\nProposal tor a Directive concerning \nthe winding-up of insurance companies\n\nProposal for a Directive on the \naccounts of insurance \nundertakings\n\nProposal for a 3rd Directive \nconcerning motor l i a b i l i t y insurance\n\nPERIOD 1987-1992\n\nrroposai tor a Directive on \nfreedom to supply services \nin the motor l i a b i l i t y \ninsurance sector\n\nProposal for a Directive for \nfreedom to supply services \nin the fie ld of lif e insurance\n\n1. 3. Transactions in s ecurit ies\n\nPERIOD 1985-1986\n\nProposal for a Directive for the \ncoordination of laws, regulations, \nand administrative provisions \nregarding collective investment \nundertakings for \ntransferable secur ities\n\nC0M(75)516 \nCOM(78)63\n\nC0MC79J396 \nCOM(82)43\n\nC0M(79)459\nC0M(82)255\n\nCOM(79)355\nmodified\nC0M(80)854\n\n1978\n\n1986\n\n1979\n\n1979\n\n1979\n\n1986\n\n1986\n\n1987\n\n1988\n\n1988\n\n1989\n\n1989\n\n1986\n\n1989\n\n1987\n\n1989\n\n1987\n\n1991\n\nC0M(76)152 \nC0M(77)227\n\n1976\n\n1985\n\n\fDate of \nCommis\u00ad\nsion' s \nproposal\n\nExpected \ndate for \nadoption \nby Council\n\n1985\n\n1988\n\nSUBJECT\n\n- 27 -\n\nDoc. n0\n\nProposal for a Directive \nconcerning information to be \npublished when major holdings \nin the capital of a listed \ncompany are acquired or disposed of\n\nProposal for a Directive coordinating \nthe requirements for the drawing up, \nscrutiny and d is tribution of the \nprospectus to be published \nwhen s ecurities are offered for \nsubscription or sale to the public\n\nPERIOD 1987-1992\n\nProposal for a Directive \nconcerning investment advisors\n\n2. TRANSPORT\n\nPERIOD 1985-1986\n\n(see control \nof goods)\nRoad transport, abolition \nof border controls related \nto transport authorisations. \u2605Air transport : fares\n\n\u2605Air transport : b i l a t e r a l agreements, \narrangements and memoranda of under\u00ad\nstanding between Member States\n\n\u2605Air transport : application of \nArticle 85 EEC\n\n\u2605Community quota for the carriage of \ngoods by road between Member States : \nfinal stage\n\nCOM(80)893 \nmodified \nCOM(82)441\n\n1981\n\n1988\n\n1987\n\n1989\n\nCOM(81)396 \nC0M(84)72\n\n1981\n\n1985\n\nCOM(84)72\n\n1984\n\nC0M(84)72\n\nCOM(83)340 \nREG 3621/84\n\n1984\n\n1983\n\n1986\n\n1987\n\n1986\n1988\n\n\u2605Access to the inland waterway freight C0M(67)722 \nmarket\n\n1967 \n\n1989\n\n\u2605Non-resident car riers : national \ntransport services\n\nC0M(82)816 \n\n1982 \n\n1988\n\n\f-28 -\n\nSUBJECT\n\nDoc. na\n\nDate of \nCommis\u00ad\nsion's \nproposal\n\nExpected \ndate for \nadoption \nby Council\n\nCOM(85) 90\n\n1985\n\nT$85\n\n1986\n\n---------\n\n\u2666Maritime transport (freedom to \nprovide services in the \nsea transport sector)\n\nLiberalisation of coach services\n\n3. NEW TECHNOLOGIES AND SERVICES\n\nPERIOD 1985-1986\n\nProposal for a Directive in \norder to coordinate certain \naspects of the national laws \nregulating advertising on radio \nand television\n\nProposal for a Directive in \norder to coordinate certain aspects \nof the national laws regulating copy\u00ad\nrights in simultaneous cable transmission \nof programmes\n\nProposals concerning the gradual \nopening up of the market in \ninformation services\n\nProposal concerning the definition \nof common technical features of \nthe machines used to produce the new \npayment cards\n\nProposals encouraging the \nconclusion of agreements between \nbanks, traders, producers and \nconsumers on the compatibility of \nsystem networks, linkage user \nrules and/or rates of commission\n\nV. CAPITAL MOVEMENTS\n\nPERIOD 1985-1986\n\n1985\n\n1987\n\n1985\n\n1987\n\n1986\n\n1987\n\n1986\n\n1987\n\n1986\n\n1987\n\nLiberalisation of units in collective \ninvestment undertakings for \ntransferable securities\n\nCOM(78)63 \nCOM(79) 328\n\n1979\n\n1985\n\nProposal for a Directive\nconcerning the liberalisation \nof transactions concerning \nmortgages\n\n1986\n\n1987\n\n\f- 29 -\n\nSU8JECT \n\nDoc. nu \n\nProposals for the lib e ra lis a tio n \nof operations such as the issue, \nplacing and acquisition of \ns ecurities representing risk \nc ap i tal , transactions in \nsec u rit ies issues by Community \nin s t i t u t i o n s and long-term\ncommercial credit\n\nDate oi \nCommis- \nsion's \nproposal \n\nExpected\ndate for\nadoption\nby Council\n\n1986\n\n1987\n\nVI. CREATION OF SUITABLE CONDITIONS FOR INDUSTRIAL COOPERATION\n\n1. Company law\n\nPERIOD 1985-1986\n\nProposals for a Regulation \nfor an European Economic \nInterest Grouping\n\nProposal for a Fifth Company \nLaw Directive (structure \nof public limited companies)\n\nProposal for a Tenth Directive \nconcerning cross-border mergers\n\nProposal for an Eleventh \nCompany Law Directive to \ndispense branches of \nfrom \ncompanies \npublishing separate accounts\n\nPERIOD 1987-1992\n\nProposal tor a Directive on the \nliquidation of companies\n\nProposals for a Directive on \ntake over bids\n\nProposal for a Directive\non the relationship of undertakings\nin a group\n\nCOM(73)2046 \nC0M(78)139\n\n1973\n1978\n\nCOM(72)887 \nC0M(83)185\n\n1973\n1983\n\nC0M(84)727\n\n1985\n\n1985\n\n1988\n\n1987\n\n1986\n\n1988\n\n1987\n\n1987\n\n1988\n\n1989\n\n1989\n\n1990\n\n\f- 3 0 -\n\n\u201cS\u00dcBjTcT\" \n\n~~ \n\nDcc~na \n\nDate of \nCommis- \nsi on's \nproposal \n\nExpected\ndate for\nadoption\nby Council\n\nAmendment to proposal for \na Regulation on the Statute for \na European Company\n\nCOM(70)600 \nCOM C 75 >150\n\n1970\n\n1975\n1988\n\n1990\n\n2. I n tellectu al and industrial property \n\nPERIOD 1985-1986\n\nAmended proposal for a\nRegulation on Community \ntrade marks \n\nAmended proposal for a First \nDirective to approxi\u00ad\nmate the laws of the Member \nStates relating to trade marks \n\nProposal for a Regulation on the \nrules needed for implementing \nthe Community trade mark\nregulation \n\nProposal on the s i t e of the \nCommunity trade mark office\nand i t s working language \n\nProposal for a Regulation on \nthe rules of procedure for the \nBoards of Appeal of the Community\ntrade mark's Office \n\nProposal for a Regulation \non the fees to be paid \nto the Community Trade\nMark Office \n\nProposal for a Directive on \nlegal protection of micro-\nc i r c u i t s \n\nAmended Convention on\nthe Community Patent\n\nCreation of a Community\nPa tent's Appeal Court (C0PAC)\n\nC0M(8Q)635 \nC0M(84)470 \n\n1980\n1984 \n\n1987\n\nCQM(80)635 \n\n1980\n1985 \n\n1987\n\n1985 \n\n1987\n\n1986 \n\n1987\n\n1986 \n\n1987\n\n1986 \n\n1987\n\n1985 \n\n1987\n\nSignature Entry\nby Member\nStates in\n1986\n\ninto\nforce in\n1987\n\nSignature Entry\nby Member\nStates\nin 1986\n\ninto force\nin 1987\n\n\f- 31 -\n\nSUBJECT\n\nDoc-nu\n\nPERIOD 1987-1992\n\nProposal for a Directive on legal \nprotection of biotechnological \ninventions\n\nProposal for a Directive to protect \ncomputer programs\n\nDate of \nCommis\u00ad\nsion's \nproposal\n\nExpected \ndate for \nadoption \nby Council\n\n1987\n\n1989\n\n1987\n\n1989\n\n3. Taxation (Removing tax obstacles to \ndiff er ent Member States:)\n\ncooperation between enterprises in\n\nPERIOD 1985-1986\n\nArbitration procedure concerning \nthe elimination of double taxation*\n\nC0M(76)611\n\n1976\n\nCOM(69)6\n\n1969\n\n1985\n\n1985\n\nCommon system of taxation applicable \nto parent companies and th e ir \nsubsidiaries*\n\nCommon system of taxation of mergers, \ndivisions and contributions of \nassets*\n\nHarmonization of taxes on \ntransactions in secur ities\n\nVII. APPLICATION OF COMMUNITY LAW\n\n1. Transparency \n\nPERIOD 1985-1986\n\nC0M(69)5\n\n1969\n\n1985\n\nC0M(76)124\n\n1976\n\n1986\n\nCommunication of the Commission in \nrelation to Article 30 of the Treaty \non price fixing and on sickness \ninsurance concerning pharmaceuticals\n\n1985\n\nNo\ndecision\nneeded\n\nPERIOD 1987-1992\n\ncommunication ot the Commission \nin relation to Article 30 of the Treaty \non the conditions of allowing on the \nmarket of foodstuffs\n\n1987\n\nNo \u00b7\ndecision\nneeded\n\n\f_ 32 \u201e\n\nSUBJECT\n\nDoc. n\"\n\nCommunication of the Commission in\nrelation to Article 30 of the Treaty\non the elimination of controls and\nformalities on goods\n\n2. Competition policy and s t a t e aids \n\nPERIOD 1985-1986\n\nDate of\nCommis-\nsion's\nproposal\n\nExpected\ndate for\nadoption\nby Council\n\n1989\n\nNo\ndecision\nneeded\n\nInventory of State aids and report \nsetting out the implications of \nfuture stat e aids policy\n\n1986 \n\nNo\ndecision\nneeded\n\n\f- 33 -\n\nSUBJECT \n\nDoc ,n\u00b0 \n\nDate of \nCommis- \nsion's \nproposal \n\nExpected\ndate for\nadoption\nby Council\n\nPART THREE: REMOVAL OF FISCAL BARRIERS\n\nI. V. A. T. PERIOD 1985-1986\n\nProposal for a Council Decision \nproviding for a s t a n d s t i l l \nensuring:\n- no proliferation of VAT rates \n\nin Member States\n\n- no widening of the gap between\nVAT rates in each Member State\n\n14th V. A. T. Directive concerning \ndeferred payment on importation*\n\nCOM(82)402\n\nProposal on f l a t rate farmers\n\nProposal on passenger transport\n\nProposal on special schemes for \nsmall business\n\n/th V. A. T. Directive works of a r t , \nc o lle ct o rs' items, antiques and \nused goods*\n\nl\u00fcth V. A. T. Directive concerning \nexpenditure on which tax is not \ndeductible*\n\n,13th V. A. T. Directive concerning \ntax refunds to persons not esta\u00ad\nblished in the Community*\n\n16th V. A. T. Directive concerning \nimports by final consumers of \ngoods which have already borne \ntax in another Member State*\n\n1/th V. A. T. Directive concerning \nthe temporary importation of goods \nother than means of transport*\n\niiith V. A. T. Directive concerning \nthe abolition of certain derogations \n(Article 28(3) of Directive 77/388/CEE\n\nIvth V. A. T. Directive : miscellaneous\nsupplementary and amending provisions \nof Directive 77/388/EEC\n\n1985\n\n1986\n\n1982\n\n1985\n\n1985\n\n1985\n\n1986\n\n\u00cf986\n\n1985\n\n1986\n\n1978\n\n1986\n\n1983\n\n1986\n\n1982\n\n1986\n\nCOM(77)735 \nC0M(79)249\n\nCOM(82)870 \nC0M(84)84\n\nCOM(82)443 \nC0M(83)413\n\nCOM(84)318\n\n1984\n\n1986\n\nCOM(84)412\n\n1984\n\nCOM(84)649\n\n1984\n\n1985\n\n1986\n\nCOM(84)643\n\n1984\n\n1986\n\n\f- 34 -\n\nSUBJECT\n\nDoc. n\u201c\n\nDate of \nCommis\u00ad\nsion's \nproposal\n\nExpected \ndate for \nadoption \nby Council\n\nDirective on the stores of ships, \na i r c r a f t and international trains*\n\nCOM(79)794\n\n1980\n\n1986\n\nProposal concerning the rate \nstructure (number of rates)\n\nProposal fixing the common rate(s) \nand corresponding s t a n d s t i l l \narrangement\n\nPERIOD 1987-1992\n\nProposal concerning abolition \nof derogations with d is to rtiv e \neffects\n\nProposal concerning the establishment \nof a V. A. T. Clearing House System\n\nI I. EXCISE DUTIES\n\nPERIOD 1985-1986\n\nProposal for a Council Decision providing \nfor a s t a n d s t i l l ensuring no introduction \nof new excise duties which give rise to \nborder formalities\n\nProposals concerning harmonization \nof the structure of excise duties on \nalcoholic drinks*\n\nProposal for an excise duty on wine\n\nProposal concerning the introduction \nof a th ird stage concerning the \nharmonization of the structure \nof cigarette duty*\n\nProposal concerning the harmoni\u00ad\nzation of the structure of excises \non mineral oiIs\n\n1986\n\n1987\n\n1986\n\n1987\n\n1987\n\n1988\n\n1989\n\n1990\n\n1985\n\n1972\n\n1982\n\n1985\n\n1985\n\n1986\n\n1985\n\n1985\n\n1985\n\n1985\n\n1972\n\n1986\n\nC0M(72)225\nFinal\nCOM(82)153 \nFinal\nC0M(85)150 \nFinal\nCQM(85)151\nFinal\n\nC0M(72)225\nFinal\n\nCOM(80)69\n\n1980\n\n1986\n\nCOM(73)1234\n\n1973\n\n1986\n\n\f- 35 -\n\nSUBJECT \n\n\u2014\u201c \n\nDoc. rT \n\nProposal concerning the harmonization \nof the structures of excise duties\non other manufactured tobacco \n\nProposal concerning the\nfinal stage of the harmonization\nof the structure of cigarette duty \n\nProposals on common rate bands for \na l l harmonized excise duties and \ncorresponding s t a n d s t i l l\narrangement \n\nPERIOD 1987-1992\n\nProposals concerning the gradual \nabolition or reduction of excises \nnot covered by the Common system \nand giving rise to border formalities\n\nProposal concerning the introduction \nof a linkage between national bonded \nwarehouses for excise goods\n\nDate of \nCommis- \nsion's \nproposal \n\nExpected\ndate for\nadoption\nby Council\n\n1986 \n\n1987\n\n1986 \n\n1987\n\n1986 \n\n1987\n\n1987-1989\n\n1988-\u25a01989-\n1990\n\n1989\n\n1990"}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/b8dffc7c-1b9b-4157-9ae5-9b0b01d3e276", "title": "RESOLUTION EMBODYING THE OPINION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT ON THE PROPOSAL FROM THE COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES TO THE COUNCIL (DOC. C 2-34/85 - COM(85) 182 FINAL) FOR A REGULATION AMENDING REGULATION (EEC) NO 2969/83 ESTABLISHING A SPECIAL EMERGENCY MEASURE TO ASSIST STOCK-FARMING IN ITALY", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#act_preparatory,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resolution_legislative_ep,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development,European Parliament", "date": "1985-06-14", "subjects": "Italy,agricultural structure,financial aid,interest rate subsidy,livestock farming,woman farmer", "workIds": "celex:51985AP0034", "eurovoc_concepts": ["Italy", "agricultural structure", "financial aid", "interest rate subsidy", "livestock farming", "woman farmer"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/b8dffc7c-1b9b-4157-9ae5-9b0b01d3e276", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/35e76047-4f09-44e7-afe6-0cd41def6c47", "title": "RESOLUTION EMBODYING THE OPINION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT ON THE PROPOSAL FROM THE COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES TO THE COUNCIL FOR A REGULATION ON A PROGRAMME OF SUPPORT FOR TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE HYDROCARBONS SECTOR (COM(84) 658 FINAL)", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#act_preparatory,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resolution_legislative_ep,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "Committee on Industry, Research and Energy,European Parliament", "date": "1985-06-14", "subjects": "COST,EU aid,conciliation,dissemination of information,energy policy,hydrocarbon,self-sufficiency in energy,small and medium-sized enterprises,technology", "workIds": "celex:51985AP0036", "eurovoc_concepts": ["COST", "EU aid", "conciliation", "dissemination of information", "energy policy", "hydrocarbon", "self-sufficiency in energy", "small and medium-sized enterprises", "technology"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/35e76047-4f09-44e7-afe6-0cd41def6c47", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/4fd5f214-21ca-4020-834e-28b794d86368", "title": "RESOLUTION ON A EUROPEAN TECHNOLOGICAL RESEARCH PROJECT", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#act_preparatory,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resolution_initiative_own_ep,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resolution_other_ep,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Parliament", "date": "1985-06-13", "subjects": "financing,research and development,research programme,scientific cooperation,technology", "workIds": "celex:51985IP0516", "eurovoc_concepts": ["financing", "research and development", "research programme", "scientific cooperation", "technology"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/4fd5f214-21ca-4020-834e-28b794d86368", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/9cf20b8e-3d81-4090-8662-bb68dd6295a8", "title": "RESOLUTION ON THE POLITICAL SITUATION IN SRI LANKA", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#act_preparatory,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resolution_initiative_own_ep,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resolution_other_ep,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Parliament,Rainbow Group in the European Parliament", "date": "1985-06-13", "subjects": "European Parliament,Sri Lanka,diplomatic profession,human rights,refugee,right of asylum,violence", "workIds": "celex:51985IP0466", "eurovoc_concepts": ["European Parliament", "Sri Lanka", "diplomatic profession", "human rights", "refugee", "right of asylum", "violence"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/9cf20b8e-3d81-4090-8662-bb68dd6295a8", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/3f445f25-31dc-4055-8b04-d7b7d7d06014", "title": "Council Regulation (EEC) No 1620/85 of 13 June 1985 amending Regulation (EEC) No 3599/82 on temporary importation arrangements as regards the date of its implementation", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "html,pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#legislation_secondary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#regulation,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "Council of the European Union", "date": "1985-06-13", "subjects": "sociocultural facilities,temporary admission", "workIds": "celex:31985R1620,oj:JOL_1985_155_R_0054_031", "eurovoc_concepts": ["sociocultural facilities", "temporary admission"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/3f445f25-31dc-4055-8b04-d7b7d7d06014", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["html", "pdfa1b", "print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/dfa88d09-9830-44d1-abd3-a7a71097ac02", "title": "RESOLUTION ON THE VIOLENCE AT THE FOOTBALL MATCH IN BRUSSELS ON 29 MAY 1985", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#act_preparatory,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resolution_initiative_own_ep,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resolution_other_ep,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "Communist and Allies Group,European Democratic Group,European Parliament,Group of the European People\u2019s Party,Liberal and Democratic Group,Socialist Group in the European Parliament", "date": "1985-06-13", "subjects": "Belgium,citizens' Europe,education,proposal (EU),public awareness campaign,public hearing,safety standard,sport,violence", "workIds": "celex:51985IP0408", "eurovoc_concepts": ["Belgium", "citizens' Europe", "education", "proposal (EU)", "public awareness campaign", "public hearing", "safety standard", "sport", "violence"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/dfa88d09-9830-44d1-abd3-a7a71097ac02", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/4b0983ec-8886-4096-8df8-e6b77c6c13d5", "title": "Resolution of the Ministers responsible for Cultural Affairs, meeting within the Council, of 13 June 1985 concerning a European sculpture competition", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "html,pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#act_other_oj_l,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#legislation_complementary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "Representatives of the Governments of the Member States", "date": "1985-06-13", "subjects": "artistic creation,cultural event,sculpture,work of art", "workIds": "celex:41985X0622(02),oj:JOC_1985_153_R_0003_01", "eurovoc_concepts": ["artistic creation", "cultural event", "sculpture", "work of art"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/4b0983ec-8886-4096-8df8-e6b77c6c13d5", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["html", "pdfa1b", "print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/f8cbd1ab-ffec-4371-8a0c-841ce7c2815c", "title": "RESOLUTION ON THE TRIAL OF SOLIDARITY LEADERS ADAM MICHNIK, BOGDAN LIS AND WLADYSLAW FRASYNIUK", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#act_preparatory,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resolution_initiative_own_ep,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resolution_other_ep,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Parliament,Group of the European People\u2019s Party,Socialist Group in the European Parliament", "date": "1985-06-13", "subjects": "Poland,human rights,political prisoner,trade union", "workIds": "celex:51985IP0479", "eurovoc_concepts": ["Poland", "human rights", "political prisoner", "trade union"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/f8cbd1ab-ffec-4371-8a0c-841ce7c2815c", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/2e76fd99-e5a3-486e-a4e9-cf01fde87e06", "title": "RESOLUTION ON ECONOMIC RELATIONS BETWEEN THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY AND LATIN AMERICA", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#act_preparatory,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resolution_other_ep,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "Committee on External Economic Relations,European Parliament", "date": "1985-06-13", "subjects": "Andean Community,Argentina,Brazil,European Investment Bank,International Monetary Fund,Latin America,Mexico,bank,cooperation agreement,economic relations,generalised preferences,human rights,indebtedness,investment,trade relations", "workIds": "celex:51985IP0045", "eurovoc_concepts": ["Andean Community", "Argentina", "Brazil", "European Investment Bank", "International Monetary Fund", "Latin America", "Mexico", "bank", "cooperation agreement", "economic relations", "generalised preferences", "human rights", "indebtedness", "investment", "trade relations"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/2e76fd99-e5a3-486e-a4e9-cf01fde87e06", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/78b121fb-8c1f-4640-bd73-6b8e2acc60ca", "title": "85/363/ECSC, EEC, Euratom: Final Adoption of the general budget of the European Communities for the financial year 1985", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#budget,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#legislation_secondary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Parliament", "date": "1985-06-13", "subjects": "Community budget,European Community", "workIds": "budget:BUDGET-1985-1,celex:31985B0363,oj:JOL_1985_206_R_0001_001", "eurovoc_concepts": ["Community budget", "European Community"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/78b121fb-8c1f-4640-bd73-6b8e2acc60ca", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["pdfa1b", "print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/3efaad87-5481-466a-9379-7b06e783e124", "title": "RESOLUTION ON AID FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE DISASTER-STRICKEN AREA BETWEEN KRUISHOUTEM, ZINGEM AND OUDENAARDE IN THE BELGIAN PROVINCE OF EAST FLANDERS", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#act_preparatory,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resolution_initiative_own_ep,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resolution_other_ep,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Parliament,Group of the European People\u2019s Party", "date": "1985-06-13", "subjects": "Belgium,EU aid,flood,natural disaster,woman farmer", "workIds": "celex:51985IP0506", "eurovoc_concepts": ["Belgium", "EU aid", "flood", "natural disaster", "woman farmer"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/3efaad87-5481-466a-9379-7b06e783e124", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/ec6f14c1-b146-4f75-a61f-2dff98dfa9ef", "title": "ASSENT NO 27/85 GIVEN BY THE COUNCIL, PURSUANT TO ARTICLE 56 (2) (A) OF THE TREATY ESTABLISHING THE EUROPEAN COAL AND STEEL COMMUNITY, TO ENABLE THE COMMISSION TO GRANT THE FOLLOWING GLOBAL LOAN: DM 200 MILLION (CIRCA 89,92 MILLION ECU) TO THE WESTDEUTSCHE LANDESBANK GIROZENTRALE, DUESSELDORF (FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY)", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "html,pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#act_preparatory,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#assent_ceca_council,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "Council of the European Union", "date": "1985-06-13", "subjects": "ECSC aid,ECSC loan,North Rhine-Westphalia,financial institution", "workIds": "celex:51985KG0027,oj:JOC_1985_158_R_0007_01", "eurovoc_concepts": ["ECSC aid", "ECSC loan", "North Rhine-Westphalia", "financial institution"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/ec6f14c1-b146-4f75-a61f-2dff98dfa9ef", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["html", "pdfa1b", "print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/7675024f-3f06-427b-9ed3-0032c7855ea8", "title": "RESOLUTION ON THE TAKING OF HOSTAGES IN LEBANON", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#act_preparatory,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resolution_initiative_own_ep,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resolution_other_ep,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Parliament,Liberal and Democratic Group", "date": "1985-06-13", "subjects": "Lebanon,illegal restraint,terrorism,violence", "workIds": "celex:51985IP0459", "eurovoc_concepts": ["Lebanon", "illegal restraint", "terrorism", "violence"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/7675024f-3f06-427b-9ed3-0032c7855ea8", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/8551192e-b9d1-413f-97b7-08a73ad61c5c", "title": "Council Regulation (EEC) No 1661/85 of 13 June 1985 laying down the technical adaptations to the Community rules on social security for migrant workers with regard to Greenland", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "fmx4,html,pdfa1b,print,xhtml", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#legislation_secondary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#regulation,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "Council of the European Union", "date": "1985-06-13", "subjects": "Denmark,European social policy,Greenland,migrant worker,social legislation,social security", "workIds": "celex:31985R1661,oj:JOL_1985_160_R_0007_009", "eurovoc_concepts": ["Denmark", "European social policy", "Greenland", "migrant worker", "social legislation", "social security"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/8551192e-b9d1-413f-97b7-08a73ad61c5c", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["fmx4", "html", "pdfa1b", "print", "xhtml"], "text": "L_1985160EN. 01000701. xml\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n20. 6. 1985\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\n\n\nEN\n\n\nOfficial Journal of the European Communities\n\n\nL 160/7\n\n\n\n\n\nCOUNCIL REGULATION (EEC) No 1661/85\nof 13 June 1985\nlaying down the technical adaptations to the Community rules on social security for migrant workers with regard to Greenland\nTHE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES,\nHaving regard to the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community, and in particular Article 51 thereof,\nHaving regard to the proposal from the Commission drawn up after consulting the Administrative Commission on Social Security for Migrant Workers,\nWhereas the Treaty amending, with regard to Greenland, the Treaties establishing the Communities\u00a0(1) entered into force on 1 February 1985;\nWhereas the Annexes to Regulation (EEC) No 574/72\u00a0(2), as last amended by Regulation (EEC) No 1660/85\u00a0(3), should be amended in order to take account of the new scope of Regulation (EEC) No 1408/71\u00a0(4), as last amended by Regulation (EEC) No 1660/85, corresponding to that of the Treaties;\nWhereas rights that were acquired or were in the process of being acquired during the period in which Greenland belonged to the European Communities by nationals of Member States who had worked in Greenland, as well as rights acquired during that period by such nationals who had worked in the territory of a Member State and who reside in Greenland, should be safeguarded;\nWhereas it is desirable to maintain benefit entitlement in the event of sickness or maternity during residence outside the competent State in the case of employed or self-employed persons and members of their families whose situation calls for the immediate provision of such benefits,\nHAS ADOPTED THIS REGULATION:\nArticle 1\nThe following sections of the Annexes to Regulation (EEC) No 574/72 are hereby repealed:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nin Annex 1, Section B:\nPoint 4,\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nin Annex 2, Section B:\nthe heading \u20181. Denmark with the exception of Greenland\u2019 and point 2,\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nin Annex 3, Section B:\nthe heading \u20181. Denmark with the exception of Greenland\u2019 and point II,\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nin Annex 4, Section B:\nthe heading \u20181. Denmark with the exception of Greenland\u2019 and point II,\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nin Annex 10, Section B:\nthe heading \u20181. Denmark with the exception of Greenland\u2019 and point II. Article 2\nThis Regulation shall not affect:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nany rights acquired or in the process of being acquired during the period in which Greenland belonged to the European Communities by nationals of Member States other than Denmark who worked in Greenland during that period,\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nany rights acquired or in the process of being acquired during the period in which Greenland belonged to the European Communities by nationals of Member States who worked in the territory of a Member State other than Denmark and who reside in Greenland. Article 3\nThe provisions of Article 22 (1) (a) and (3) of Regulation (EEC) No 1408/71 and of Articles 21 and 23 of Regulation (EEC) No 574/72 shall remain in force in the event of a stay in Greenland of nationals of Member States meeting the conditions required by the legislation of Member States other than Denmark. The Treaty amending, with regard to Greenland, the Treaties establishing the European Communities shall not preclude the application of the provisions referred to in the first paragraph in the event of a stay of Danish nationals resident in Greenland in the territory of a Member State other than Denmark. Article 4\nThis Regulation shall enter into force on the day of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Communities. It shall apply with effect from 1 February 1985. However, Article 3 shall apply only from the date of entry into force of this Regulation. This Regulation shall be binding in its entirety and directly applicable in all Member States. Done at Luxembourg, 13 June 1985. For the Council\n\n\nThe President\n\nG. DE MICHELIS\n\n\n\n\n(1)\u00a0\u00a0OJ No L 29, 1. 2. 1985, p. 1. (2)\u00a0\u00a0OJ No L 74, 27. 3. 1972, p. 1. (3)\u00a0\u00a0See page 1 of this Official Journal. (4)\u00a0\u00a0OJ No L 149, 5. 7. 1971, p. 2"}
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+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/653683b2-b674-48f9-aa97-75be4a16686a", "title": "WRITTEN QUESTION NO 666/85 BY MR ANDREW PEARCE TO THE COMMISSION: COST OF COLLECTION OF CUSTOMS DUTIES", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#question_parliamentary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#question_written,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Parliament,PEARCE", "date": "1985-06-10", "subjects": "EU Member State,administrative formalities,carriage of goods,civil servant,customs,customs duties,customs union,harbour installation,night work,own resources,pay,redemption,supervisory power,transport policy,working time", "workIds": "celex:91985E000666", "eurovoc_concepts": ["EU Member State", "administrative formalities", "carriage of goods", "civil servant", "customs", "customs duties", "customs union", "harbour installation", "night work", "own resources", "pay", "redemption", "supervisory power", "transport policy", "working time"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/653683b2-b674-48f9-aa97-75be4a16686a", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["print"]}
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+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/c0e15ac2-34b5-4535-90d5-e91c559ac5ee", "title": "WRITTEN QUESTION NO 682/85 BY MRS MARIJKE VAN HEMELDONCK TO THE COMMISSION: MEASUREMENT OF TONNAGE OF FISHING VESSELS", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#question_parliamentary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#question_written,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Parliament,VAN HEMELDONCK", "date": "1985-06-10", "subjects": "Court of Justice of the European Union,EU Member State,EU law,conservation of fish stocks,conservation of resources,fisheries policy,fishing industry,fishing vessel,judgment of the Court (EU),proposal (EU)", "workIds": "celex:91985E000682", "eurovoc_concepts": ["Court of Justice of the European Union", "EU Member State", "EU law", "conservation of fish stocks", "conservation of resources", "fisheries policy", "fishing industry", "fishing vessel", "judgment of the Court (EU)", "proposal (EU)"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/c0e15ac2-34b5-4535-90d5-e91c559ac5ee", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/fbb71200-78d6-4aa8-a01d-46011dcbfa11", "title": "WRITTEN QUESTION NO 670/85 BY MR ANDREW PEARCE TO THE COMMISSION: CUSTOMS CLEARANCE OF CONTAINERS", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#question_parliamentary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#question_written,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Parliament,PEARCE", "date": "1985-06-10", "subjects": "carriage of goods,container,customs,free movement of goods,harbour installation,storage,transport policy", "workIds": "celex:91985E000670", "eurovoc_concepts": ["carriage of goods", "container", "customs", "free movement of goods", "harbour installation", "storage", "transport policy"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/fbb71200-78d6-4aa8-a01d-46011dcbfa11", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/d877612e-952a-4ae0-a5f1-b0fae3017041", "title": "85/385/EEC: Council Decision of 10 June 1985 setting up an Advisory Committee on Education and Training in the Field of Architecture", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "fmx4,html,pdfa1b,print,xhtml", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#decision,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#legislation_secondary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "Council of the European Union", "date": "1985-06-10", "subjects": "advisory committee (EU),architecture,comitology,educational system,recognition of diplomas", "workIds": "celex:31985D0385,oj:JOL_1985_223_R_0026_013", "eurovoc_concepts": ["advisory committee (EU)", "architecture", "comitology", "educational system", "recognition of diplomas"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/d877612e-952a-4ae0-a5f1-b0fae3017041", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["fmx4", "html", "pdfa1b", "print", "xhtml"], "text": "L_1985223EN. 01002601. xml\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n21. 8. 1985\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\n\n\nEN\n\n\nOfficial Journal of the European Communities\n\n\nL 223/26\n\n\n\n\n\nCOUNCIL DECISION\nof 10 June 1985\nsetting up an Advisory Committee on Education and Training in the Field of Architecture\n(85/385/EEC)\nTHE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES,\nHaving regard to the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community,\nHaving regard to the draft decision submitted by the Commission,\nWhereas, in its Resolution of 6 June 1974 concerning the mutual recognition of diplomas, certificates and other evidence of formal qualifications\u00a0(1), the Council declared itself in favour of the establishment of Advisory Committees;\nWhereas, in the context of the mutual recognition of diplomas, certificates and other evidence of formal qualifications in architecture, it is important to ensure a comparably high standard of education and training;\nWhereas in order to contribute to the achievement of this objective an Advisory Committee should be set up to advise the Commission,\nHAS DECIDED AS FOLLOWS:\nArticle 1\nAn Advisory Committee on Education and Training in the Field of Architecture, hereinafter called the \u2018Committee\u2019, shall be set up under the auspices of the Commission. Article 2\n1. The task of the Committee shall be to help to ensure a comparably high standard of education and training for architects throughout the Community. 2. It shall carry out this task in particular by the following means:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\ncomprehensive exchange of information as to the education and training methods and the content, level and structure of theoretical and practical courses provided in the Member States;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\ndiscussion and consultation with the object of developing common approaches to the standard to be attained in the education and training of architects and, as appropriate, to the structure and content of such education and training including criteria relating to practical experience;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nkeeping under review the adapatation of the education and training of architects to developments in teaching methods and to new problems arising for architects as a result of social, scientific and technical developments and to the protection of the environment. 3. The Committee shall carry out the advisory tasks assigned to it under Council Directive 85/384/EEC of 10 June 1985 on the mutual recognition of diplomas, certificates and other evidence of formal qualifications in architecture, including measures to facilitate the effective exercise of the right of establishment and freedom to provide services\u00a0(2). 4. The Committee shall communicate to the Commission and the Member States its opinions and recommendations including, when it considers it appropriate, suggestions for amendments to be made to the Articles relating to the education and training of architects in Directive 85/384/EEC. 5. The Committee shall also advise the Commission on any other matter which the Commission may refer to it in relation to the education and training of architects. Article 3\n1. The Committee shall consist of three experts from each Member State as follows:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\none expert from the practising profession;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\none expert from the universities or equivalent teaching institutions in the field of architecture;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\none expert from the competent authorities of the Member State. 2. There shall be an alternate for each member. Alternates may attend the meetings of the Committee. 3. The members and alternates described in paragraphs 1 and 2 shall be nominated by the Member States. The members referred to in the first and second indents of paragraph 1 and their alternates shall be nominated on a proposal from, or after appropriate consultation with, the practising members of the profession or the universities or equivalent teaching institutions in the field of architecture. The members and alternates thus nominated shall be appointed by the Council. Article 4\n1. The term of office of members of the Committee shall be three years. Upon expiry of this period, the members of the Committee shall remain in office until they are replaced or their term of office is renewed. 2. The term of office of a member may end before expiry of the period of three years by virtue of the resignation or death of the member of his replacement by another person in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 3. Such an appointment shall be for the remainder of the term of office. Article 5\nThe Committee shall elect a Chairman and two Vice-Chairman from its own membership. It shall adopt its own rules of procedure. The agenda for meetings shall be drawn up by the Chairman of the Committee in consultation with the Commission. Article 6\nThe Committee may set up working parties and may call upon or allow observers or experts to assist it in connection with any particular aspect of its work. Article 7\nThe secretariat shall be provided by the Commission. Done at Luxembourg, 10 June 1985. For the Council\n\n\nThe President\n\nM. FIORET\n\n\n\n\n(1)\u00a0\u00a0OJ No C 98, 28. 8. 1974, p. 1. (2)\u00a0\u00a0See page 15 of this Official Journal"}
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+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/351bbbcb-fbef-411e-a3e9-a71b1926fb3c", "title": "Council Regulation (EEC) No 1554/85 of 4 June 1985 on the conclusion of the Agreement between the European Economic Community and the Government of the Republic of Seychelles on fishing off Seychelles", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "fmx4,html,pdfa1b,print,xhtml", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#legislation_secondary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#regulation,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "Council of the European Union", "date": "1985-06-04", "subjects": "Seychelles,agreement (EU),fishing agreement,fishing industry,territorial waters", "workIds": "celex:31985R1554,oj:JOL_1985_149_R_0001_003", "eurovoc_concepts": ["Seychelles", "agreement (EU)", "fishing agreement", "fishing industry", "territorial waters"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/351bbbcb-fbef-411e-a3e9-a71b1926fb3c", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["fmx4", "html", "pdfa1b", "print", "xhtml"], "text": "L_1985149EN. 01000101. xml\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n8. 6. 1985\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\n\n\nEN\n\n\nOfficial Journal of the European Communities\n\n\nL 149/1\n\n\n\n\n\nCOUNCIL REGULATION (EEC) No 1554/85\nof 4 June 1985\non the conclusion of the Agreement between the European Economic Community and the Government of the Republic of Seychelles on fishing off Seychelles\nTHE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES,\nHaving regard to the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community, and in particular Article 43 thereof,\nHaving regard to the proposal from the Commission,\nHaving regard to the opinion of the European Parliament\u00a0(1),\nWhereas it is in the Community's interests to approve the Agreement between the European Economic Community and the Government of the Republic of Seychelles on fishing off Seychelles, signed in Brussels on 23 May 1985,\nHAS ADOPTED THIS REGULATION:\nArticle 1\nThe Agreement between the European Economic Community and the Government of the Republic of Seychelles on fishing off Seychelles is hereby approved on behalf of the Community. The text of the Agreement is attached to this Regulation. Article 2\nThe President of the Council shall give the notification provided for in Article 14 of the Agreement\u00a0(2). Article 3\nThis Regulation shall enter into force on the third day following its publication in the Official Journal of the European Communities. This Regulation shall be binding in its entirety and directly applicable in all Member States. Done at Luxembourg, 4 June 1985. For the Council\n\n\nThe President\n\nL. GRANELLI\n\n\n\n\n(1)\u00a0\u00a0OJ No C 172, 2. 7. 1984, p. 144. (2)\u00a0\u00a0The date of the entry into force of the Agreement will be published in the Official Journal of the European Communities by the General Secretariat of the Council. AGREEMENT\nbetween the European Economic Community and the Government of the Republic of Seychelles on fishing off Seychelles\nTHE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY, hereinafter referred to as the \u2018Community\u2019, and\nTHE GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF SEYCHELLES, hereinafter referred to as \u2018Seychelles\u2019,\nCONSIDERING the spirit of cooperation resulting from the ACP-EEC Convention and the good cooperation relations which exist between the Community and Seychelles;\nCONSIDERING the wish of the Government of Seychelles to promote the rational exploitation of its fishery resources by means of intensified cooperation;\nRECALLING that, in particular in respect of sea fishing, Seychelles exercises its sovereignty or jurisdiction over a zone extending up to 200 nautical miles from its coast,\nTAKING INTO ACCOUNT the work of the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea;\nDETERMINED to conduct their relations in a spirit of mutual trust and respect for each other's interest in the sphere of sea fishing;\nDESIROUS of establishing the terms and conditions governing activities of common interest to both parties,\nHAVE AGREED AS FOLLOWS:\nArticle 1\nThe purpose of this Agreement is to establish the principles and rules which will in future govern, in all respects, the fishing activities of vessels flying the flags of Member States of the Community, hereinafter referred to as \u2018Community vessels\u2019, in the waters over which the Seychelles has sovereignty or jurisdiction in respect of fisheries, hereinafter referred to as \u2018Seychelles fishing zone\u2019. Article 2\nThe Government of Seychelles shall permit fishing by Community vessels in the Seychelles fishing zone in accordance with this Agreement. Article 3\n1. The Community undertakes to take all appropriate steps to ensure that its vessels observe the provisions of this Agreement and the rules governing fishing in the Seychelles fishing zone. 2. The authorities of Seychelles shall notify the Commission of the European Communities of any proposed change to the said rules. Article 4\n1. Fishing activities in the Seychelles fishing zone may be carried out by Community vessels only if so authorized by the authorities of Seychelles at the Community's request. 2. The issue of a licence shall be subject to payment of the fees due by the shipowners concerned. 3. The amount of the fee and the methods of payment shall be as specified in the Annex. Article 5\nThe Parties undertake to coordinate action, either directly or within international organizations, to ensure the management and conservation of the living resources in the Indian Ocean, and particularly in respect of highly migratory species, and to facilitate the relevant scientific research. Article 6\nIn return for the fishing opportunities accorded under Article 2, the Community shall participate, in accordance with the conditions and arrangements stipulated in the Protocol attached to this Agreement, in the execution of projects connected with the development of fisheries in Seychelles, without prejudice to the financing for which Seychelles is eligible under the ACP-EEC Convention. Article 7\nThe Parties agree to enter into consultations in the event of a dispute concerning the interpretation or application of this Agreement. Article 8\nA Joint Committee is hereby set up to ensure that this Agreement is applied correctly. The Committee shall meet, at the request of either Contracting Party, alternately in Seychelles and in the Community. Article 9\nNothing in this Agreement shall affect or prejudice in any manner the view of either Party with respect to any matter relating to the Law of the Sea. Article 10\nThis Agreement shall apply, on the one hand, to the territories in which the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community is applied and under the conditions laid down in that Treaty and, on the other hand, to the territory of the Republic of Seychelles. Article 11\nThe Annex and the Protocol form an integral part of this Agreement and, unless otherwise specified, a referrence to this Agreement shall constitute a reference to them. Article 12\nShould the authorities of Seychelles decide, as a result of developments in the state of stocks, to take conservation measures which affect the activities of Community vessels, consultations shall be held between the Parties in order to adapt the Annex and the Protocol referred to in Article 4 and Article 6 respectively of this Agreement. Article 13\nThe Agreement shall be concluded for an initial period of three years from the date of its entry into force. Unless one of the Parties ends it by giving notice to that effect six months before the date of expiry of the three-year period, it shall remain in force for further periods of two years unless denounced by notice given at least three months before the date of expiry of each such two-year period. In that event the Contracting Parties shall enter into negotiations to determine by common agreement what amendments or additions to the Annex or Protocol are required. Article 14\nThis Agreement shall enter into force on the date on which the Parties notify each other of the completion of the procedures necessary for this purpose. Article 15\nThis Agreement, drawn up in duplicate in the Danish, Dutch, English, French, Greek, German and Italian languages, each of these texts being equally authentic, shall be deposited in the archives of the General Secretariat of the Council of the European Communities, which shall transmit a certified copy to each of the Contracting Parties. Udf\u00e6rdiget i Bruxelles, den treogtyvende maj nitten hundrede og femogfirs. Geschehen zu Br\u00fcssel am dreiundzwanzigsten Mai neunzehnhundertf\u00fcnfundachtzig. \u0388\u03b3\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u0392\u03c1\u03c5\u03be\u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2, \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u039c\u03b1\u0390\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03af\u03bb\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bd\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bf\u03b3\u03b4\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5. Done at Brussels on the twenty-third day of May in the year one thousand nine hundred and eighty-five. Fait \u00e0 Bruxelles, le vingt-trois mai mil neuf cent quatre-vingt-cinq. Fatto a Bruxelles, add\u00ec ventitr\u00e9 maggio millenovecentottantacinque. Gedaan te Brussel, de drie\u00ebntwintigste mei negentienhonderd vijfentachtig. For Det europ\u00e6iske \u00f8konomiske F\u00e6llesskab\nF\u00fcr die Europ\u00e4ische Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft\n\u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0395\u03c5\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03b1\u03ca\u03ba\u03ae \u039f\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u039a\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\nFor the European Economic Community\nPour la Communaut\u00e9 \u00e9conomique europ\u00e9enne\nPer la Comunit\u00e0 economica europea\nVoor de Europese Economische Gemeenschap\n\n\n\n\n\nFor republikken Seychellernes regering\nF\u00fcr die Regierung der Republik Seschellen\n\u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03ad\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0394\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03a3\u03b5\u03cb\u03c7\u03b5\u03bb\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd\nFor the Government of the Republic of Seychelles\nPour le gouvernement de la r\u00e9publique des Seychelles\nPer il governo della Repubblica delle Seicelle\nVoor de Regering van de Republiek der Seychellen\n\n\n\n\n\n\nANNEX\nConditions for the pursuit of fishing activities by Community vessels in the Seychelles fishing zone\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1. The competent authorities shall forward, at regular intervals, the list of the vessels which will fish under the Agreement. 2. The fees provided for in Article 4 of the Agreement and payable by the owners of vessels referred to in 1 above are hereby set at 20 ECU per tonne caught in the Seychelles fishing zone. 3. Once the Agreement enters into force, the sum of 120\u00a0000 ECU shall be paid by the shipowners to the Seychelles' Treasury as an advance on the fees. 4. A provisional statement of the fees due in respect of each fishing year shall be drawn up at the end of each calendar year, on the basis of the catch statements drawn up by the shipowners and forwarded simultaneously to the Seychelles' authorities and to the competent authorities of the Commission of the European Communities. The corresponding amount shall be paid to the Seychelles' Treasury by 31 December of the current year at the latest. The final statement of the fees due in respect of a fishing year shall be drawn up by the competent authorities of the Commission of the European Communities, taking into account available scientific opinion, particularly of FAO and ORSTOM experts established in Seychelles, and any statistical data which can be gathered by an international fishing organization in the Indian Ocean. The shipowners shall be notified of the statement and shall have 30 days in which to meet their financial obligations. 5. All payments of the fees provided for in this Annex shall be made via the relevant Community authorities. 6. Upon expiry of the Agreement, the sum paid as an advance shall be deducted from the final payment; however, if the amount of the sums due for actual fishing operations in the course of the first year does not equal the advance, the corresponding outstanding sum shall not be recoverable. 7. Before application of the Agreement, the Seychelles' authorities shall give notice of the arrangements for the payment of fees, and in particular the accounts and the currencies to be used. 8. While they are engaged in fishing activities in the Seychelles fishing zone, vessels shall communicate to the Victoria radio station every three days their position and catches and, at the end of each trip, the result of their catches. Vessels shall take observers on board, at the request of the authorities of Seychelles. An observer must not be present for longer than the time required to make spot checks on the catches. Moreover, vessels may take on board, at the request of the Seychelles' authorities, Seychellois fishermen to carry out the role of observer over and above their seamen's duties; such member of the crew carrying out the duties of observer shall have access to the places and documents necessary for these purposes. 9. The Seychelles' authorities and the beneficiaries of the Agreement will lay down the conditions for using port equipment. 10. To avoid any adverse effect on small-scale fisheries in Seychelles, fishing by seiners shall not be authorized in the continental shelf area as defined by the 200-metre isobath or within the three-mile limit around the rafts placed by Seychelles. PROTOCOL\nbetween the European Economic Community and the Government of the Republic of Seychelles\nArticle 1\nPursuant to Article 2 of the Agreement and for the period of application of this Protocol, which is limited to three years, authorizations to fish in the Seychelles fishing zone shall be granted to 27 ocean-going freezer tuna boats, although the number of such vessels fishing simultaneously may not exceed 18. In addition, and at the request of the Community, certain further authorizations may be granted for other categories of fishing vessel on terms to be established within the Joint Committee, up to an annual average of the equivalent of 1\u00a0000 gross register tons. Article 2\n1. The Community shall contribute towards the financing of a scientific programme in Seychelles to gain greater knowledge of fish stocks concerning the region of the Indian Ocean surrounding the Seychelles islands, particularly in respect of highly migratory species. At the request of the Government of Seychelles, this contribution can go towards the cost of international meetings to improve both the aforesaid knowledge and the management of fishery resources. 2. For the first period of application of the Agreement, this contribution may not exceed 250\u00a0000 ECU. Article 3\nPending the availability of more extensive knowledge in respect of the fishery resources of the Seychelles fishing zone, the financial contribution referred to in Article 6 of the Agreement shall be subject to the following rules:\nThe amount of the contribution referred to in Article 6 of the Agreement shall be fixed at a first rate of at least 900\u00a0000 ECU for the duration of the Protocol, payable in three equal annual instalments. This amount shall cover the fishing activities referred to in Article 1 up to, in the case of tuna fishing, a catch weight in the Seychelles fishing zone of 6\u00a0000 tonnes of tuna fish per year; if the amount of tuna caught by Community vessels in the Seychelles fishing zone exceeds this quantity, the abovementioned amount shall be increased accordingly; however, irrespective of the amount actually caught, the ceiling for financial compensation shall be fixed at 3\u00a0000\u00a0000 ECU for the duration of the Protocol, payable in three equal annual instalments"}
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+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/1516e261-2ee7-466c-9259-0d1e71a40a12", "title": "WRITTEN QUESTION NO 586/85 BY MR RUDOLF WEDEKIND TO THE COMMISSION: QUALIFYING EXAMINATION FOR TOURIST GUIDES FROM OTHER MEMBER STATES OF THE COMMUNITY IN FRANCE", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#question_parliamentary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#question_written,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Parliament,WEDEKIND", "date": "1985-06-03", "subjects": "EU national,France,Greece,Italy,anti-discriminatory measure,freedom to provide services,nationality,professional qualifications,protectionism,testing,tourism", "workIds": "celex:91985E000586", "eurovoc_concepts": ["EU national", "France", "Greece", "Italy", "anti-discriminatory measure", "freedom to provide services", "nationality", "professional qualifications", "protectionism", "testing", "tourism"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/1516e261-2ee7-466c-9259-0d1e71a40a12", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/5d2a6d76-195e-48d9-a0b7-ffbf6e526055", "title": "WRITTEN QUESTION NO 577/85 BY MR GENE FITZGERALD TO THE COMMISSION: CONSEQUENCES FOR THE HEALTH OF PERSONS USING DATA-PROCESSING EQUIPMENT AT WORK", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#question_parliamentary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#question_written,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Parliament,FITZGERALD", "date": "1985-06-03", "subjects": "COST,Eurofound,case study,computer,computer systems,fact-finding mission,illness,labour law,motherhood,occupational safety,public health,radioactivity,research programme,technology,woman,workplace", "workIds": "celex:91985E000577", "eurovoc_concepts": ["COST", "Eurofound", "case study", "computer", "computer systems", "fact-finding mission", "illness", "labour law", "motherhood", "occupational safety", "public health", "radioactivity", "research programme", "technology", "woman", "workplace"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/5d2a6d76-195e-48d9-a0b7-ffbf6e526055", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["print"]}
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